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(INDEX  SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN-iEUM  with  No.  4134,  J»n.  19, 


THE 


ATHENAEUM 


JOURNAL 


OF 


LITERATURE,    SCIENCE,    THE    FINE   ARTS,    MUSIC, 

AND    THE    DRAMA. 

JULY  TO  DECEMBER, 

1906. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  BY  JOHN  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  ATHEN.EUM  PREBS,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE. 

PUBLISHED  AT  f*HE  OFFICE,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE,  E.G., 

BY  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  AND  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS. 

SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  AND  NEWSMEN  IN  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY. 
AGENT8  FOR  SCOTLAND,  MESSRS.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  AND  MR.  JOHN  MENZIE8,  EDINBURGH. 


MDCCCCVI. 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN&UM  with  No.  4134,  Jau.  19,  1907 


)(o 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4134,  Jan.  19, 1907. 


INDEX      OF      CONTENTS. 

JULY  TO  DECEMBER,  1906. 


LITERATURE. 

Reviews. 
Abbott's  (E.  A.)  Johannine  Grammar,  154 ;  Silenus  the 

Christian,  7G6,  802 
Accounts  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland,  ed. 

Sir  J.  B.  Paul,  Vol.  VI.,  185 
/cebal's  (P.)  Face  to  Face  and  Dolorosa,  tr.  Hume.  38 
Acton,  Lo;d,  and  his  Circle,  ed.  Abbot  Gasquet,  472 
Acton's  (Lord)  Lectures  on  Modern  History,  ed.  Figgis 

and  Laurence,  359 
Afanassiew's     (A.    A.)     Russische    Volksmarchen,    tr. 

Meyer,  12 
Agnus's  (O.)  Minvale  :  the  Story  of  a  Strike,  439 
Aicard's  (J.)  Beniamine,  38 

Ainger,  Alfred,  The  Life  and  Letters  of,  by  Sichel,  325 
Albanesi's  (Madame)  I  Know  a  Maiden,  330;  A  Little 

Brown  Mouse,  687 
Alcott's  (L.  M.)  Rose  in  Bloom,  733 
Alliston's  (N.)  Reconnoitres  in  Reason  and  the  Table 

Book,  547 
Almashrak,  The,  ed.  Rahman.  094 
Andreas  and  The  Fates  of  the  Apostles:  Two  Anglo- 
Saxon  Narrative  Poems,  ed.  Krapp,  155 
Anethan's  (Baroness  A.  d')  It  Happened  in  Japan,  544 
Annual     Volumes :     St.     Nicholas — The     Sunday    at 
Home — The    Girl's    Own    Paper— The    Boy's    Own 
Paper — Our  Little   Dots — The   Child's  Companion — 
The  Cottager  and  Artisan— The  Child's  Own  Maga- 
zine— Young    England,    511 ;     Blackie's    Children's 
Annual,  651 ;  The  Prize — Chatterbox,  652 ;  Chums, 
732 
Anthology  of  Australian  Verse,  ed.  Stevens,  826 
Appleton's  (G.  W.)  Miss  White  of  Mayfair,  38;   The 

Ingenious  Captain  Cobbs,  460 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  retold  by  Davidson, 

651 
Aristophanes :  The  Birds,  ed.  Rogers,  265 ;  The  Frogs, 

ed.  Tucker,  363 
Armstrong's  (A.  C.)  Short  Spins  round  London,  101 
Arnold's  (Matthew)  Merope,  &c.  ed.  Collins,  68 
Arnold's    Shilling    Arithmetic     without    Answers,    by 
Kirkman  and  Little  — Modern  French,  Book  I.,  by 
Hutton,  69 
Arnold's   (W.  T.)  Studies  in  Roman  Imperialism,  ed. 

Fiddes.  235 
Arnold-Forster's  (H.  O.)  The  Army  in  1906,  683 
Ashley's  (P.)  Local  and  Central  Government,  615 
Atherton's  (G.)  Rezanov,  687 

Atlay's  (J.  B.)  The  Victorian  Chancellors,  Vol.  I.,  129 
Avery's  (E.  McK.)  History  of  the  United  States  and  its 

People,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  157 
Awdry's  (Miss  P.)  A  Country  Gentleman  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Centurv,  828 
Awful  Airship,  The-The  Silly  Submarine -The  Mad 

Motor,  by  Robinson  and  Copeland,  651 
Bacheller's  (I.)  Silas  Strong,  363 
Bagehot's  Literary  Studies,  Vol.  III.,  102 
Baldwin's  (May)  Pear's  Adventures  in   Paris— Dora,   a 

High-School  Girl,  652 
Ball's  (W.)  Sussex,  100 
Barclay's  (A.)  The  Worsleys,  544 
Bardoux's  (J.)  Essai  d'une  Psychologie  de  l'Angleterre 

Contemporaine,  12 
Barnes-Grundy's    (M.)   Marguerite's  Wonderful  Year, 

767 
Barr's  (A.  E.)  The  Hallam  Succession,  733 
Barr's  (J.)  Laughing  through  a  Wilderness,  207 
Barrington's  (C.  G.)  Seventy  Years'  Fishing,  98 
Bashford's  (H.  H.)  The  Trail  Together,  650 
Battersby's  (H.  F.  P.)  The  Avenging  Hour,  578 
Bausteine,  Parts  5  and  6,  332 
Beak's  (G.  B.)  The  Aftermath  of  War,  768 
Beasts  733 

Bedford's  (F.  D.)  A  Night  of  Wonders,  733 
Begbie's  (H.)  The  Priest.  613 

Beldam's  (G.  W.)  Great  Bowlers  and  Fieldsmen,  270 
Bengal  in  1750-57.  ed.  Hill.  179 
Benn's  (A.  W.)  The  History  of  English  Rationalism  in 

the  Nineteenth  Century,  208 
Bennett's  (A.)  The   Sinews  of  War,  087;   Whom  God 

hath  Joined,  731 
Benson '8  (A.  C.)  Upton  Letters,  271 
Benson's  (E.  F.)  Paul,  543 
Benson's    (R.    H.)    The    Queen's    Tragedy,    37;    The 

Sentimentalists,  797 
Bensusan's  (S.   L.)  The  Wonderful  Adventures  of  Mr. 

Rabbit  and  Uncle  Fox— The  Man  in  the  Moon,  051 
Bernhardi's  (Lieut. -Gen.  von)  Cavalry  in  Future  Wars, 

tr.  Goldman,  573 
Besant's  (Sir  W.)  Mediaeval  London,  Vol.  I.,  05 
Bible,  Interlinear.  1611  and  1885,  333 
Bindloss's   (H.)   The    Cattle-Baron'a   Daughter,   67  ;    A 

Damaged  Reputation.  050 
Birds'  Tea-Party,  The.  69 

Birukoff's  (P.)  Leo  Tolstov  :  his  Life  and  Work,  Vol.  I., 
178 


Black's  (K.  M.)  The  Scots  Churches  in  England,  213 
Blackwood's  (A.)  The  Empty  House,  768 
Blackwood's  (I.  C.)  The  Flower  Fairy  Tale  Book,  653 
Blake,  William  :   a  Critical  Essay,  by  Swinburne,  149 ; 
The  Letters  of,  ed.  Russell— The  Poetical  Works  of, 
ed.    Ellis,  011,  059;  The  Life   of,   by   Gilchrist,  ed. 
Robertson,  828 
Bland's  (H.)  Letters  to  a  Daughter,  051 
BIoundelle-Burton's  (J.)  Traitor  and  True,  67  ;  Knight- 
hood's Flower,  363 
Blunt's  (R.)  Paradise  Row,  610,  092 
Blyth's  (J.)  Lawful  Issue,  796 
Boer  War  :  Sir  F.  Maurice's  History,  Vol.  T.,  40 
Bonn's  (M.  J.)  Die  englische  Kolonisation  in  Irland,  123 
Book-Auction  Records,  ed.  Karslake,  Vol.  III.,  Part  3, 

213  ;  Part  4,  365 
Book  of  Birthdays,  by  Morgan  and  Rountree,  731 
Book  of  Romance,  The,  652 
Book   of  Sports  and  Pastimes  for   Young   People,   ed. 

Benson,  831 
Book-Prices  Current,  Vol.  XX.,  769 
Booth's  (Mrs.  B.)  Twilight  Fairy  Tales,  733 
Borough  Customs,  ed.  Bateson,  Vol.  II.,  610 
Boiehton-Leigh's  (Rev.  B.  G.  F.  C.  W.)  Memorials  of  a 

Warwickshire  Family,  305 
Boulenger's  (Mv)  L'Amazone  blessee,  510 
Bourget's  (P.)  Etudes  et  Portraits  :  Sociologie  et  Litera- 
ture, 320 
Bousset's  (W.)  Jesus,  tr.  Trevelyan,  153 
Bovet's  (M.  A.  de)  Noces  Blanches  -Vierges  Folles,  238 
Bowen's  (M.)  The  Viper  of  Milan,  298 
Bradby's  (G.  F.)  The  Great  Davs  of  Versailles,  827 
Braddon's  (M.  E.)  The  White  House,  730 
Brady's  (('.  T.)  The  Patriots  of  the  South,  707 
Brandes's  (G. )  Recollections  of  my  Childhood,  540 
Brazil's  (A.)  The  Fortunes  of  Fhilippa,  731 
Brereton's   (Capt.)  With  Roberts  to  Candahar — Roger 

the  Bold,  051 
Britain  Long  Ago  :  Stories  from  Old  English  and  Celtic 

Sources,  retold  by  Wilmot-Buxton,  09 
British  Isles,  The.  69 
Brodrick's  (Hon.  G.  C.I  The  History  of  England  (1801- 

1837).  completed  by  Potheringham.  64 
Brown  Linnet's  Why-Why  and  Tom  Cat,  510 
Brown's  (V.)  Venus  and  the  Woodman,  796 
Brown's  (W.  J.)  The  Austinian  Theory  of  Law,  823 
Rrowne's  (E.  G.)  A  Literary  History  of  Persia,  822 
Browns,  The  :  a  Book  of  Bears,  732 
Brummell,  George,  et  George  IV.,  by  Monvel,  475 
Brunetiere's  (F.)   Histoire  de  la  Litterature  Franoaise 

Classique,  1518-1830,  39 
Bunny's  Foxy  Grandpa's  Surprises.  652 
Bunting's  (F.)  Harold's  Town  and  its  Vicinity,  101 
Burke's  Landed  Gentry  of  Great  Britain,  301 
Burkitt's  (F.  C.)  The  Gospel  History  and  its  Trans- 
mission, 795 
Burmester's  (F.  G.)  Clemency  Shafto,  37 
Buxton's  (C.  R.)  Electioneering  Up-to-Date.  240 
Byron  in  Russian,  830 

Cadbury's  (E.)  Women's  Work  and  Wages,  240 
Caird's  (Mrs.  M.)  Romantic  Cities  of  Provence,  441 
Caldecott's  (R.)  Picture  Book,  Nos.  1  and  2,  512 
Calendars:    Patent  Rolls,  1232-1247,  9;    Edward  III., 

Vol.  VIII.,  1348-1350,  10 
Callaway's  ('1.)  King  David  of  Israel.  239,  276 
Callaway's  (G)  Sketches  of  Kafir  Life,  185 
Cambray's    (P.)    Dictionary  of    Political    Phrases  and 

Allusion^,  769 
Cambridge,  George,  Duke  of  :  a  Memoir  of  his  Private 

Life,  ed.  Dr.  Sheppard,689 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  IV.,  725 
Cambridge's  (A.)  A  Happy  Marriage,  510 
Campbell's  (W.)  Ian  of  the  Arcades,  70S 
Capes's  (B.)  A  Rogue's  Tragedv,  508 
Car,  The,  Road-Book  ai.d  Guide,  100 
Carey's  (R.  N.)  No  Friend  like  a  Sister,  439 
barter's  (J.  B. )  The  Religion  of  Numa,  12 
Cartrie,  Count  de,  Memoirs  of,  ed.  Masson,  399 
Cautley's  (C.  H.)  The  Millmaster,  768 
Cervantes's  El   Ingenioso  Hidalgo  Don  Quijote   de    la 

Mancha,  ed.  Cortejnn,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  328 
Chadwick's  (W.  E.)The  Social  Teaching  of  St.   Paul, 

300 
Chaine's  (L.)  Les  Catholiques  francais  et  leurs  Difficultes 

actuelles,  301 
Chambers's  Concise  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  ed.  Patiick, 

512 
Charlton's  (R.)  Mave,  125 
Chesson's  (N.)  Father  Felix's  Chronicles,  796 
i  hesterton's  (G.  K.)  Charles  Dickens,  294 
Chevrillon's  (A.)  Un  Cn'puscule d'Islam,  617 
Child's  Christmas,  The,  by  Robioson  and  Sharp,  651 
Chisholm's  (L.)  The  Golden  Staircase.  827 
Cholmondeley's  (M.)  Prisoners,  329 
Christie's  (G.  F.)  Round  the  Ole  Plantation,  651 
Christinas  Cards,  Calendars,  Diaries,  &c,  513,  655,  691 


Church's  (Prof.  A.  J.)  The  Children's  Odyssey,  653 

Churchill,  Lird  Randolph,  by  Lord  Rosebery,  395 

Churchill  s  (W.)  Coniston,  97 

Claretie's  (G.)  Derues  1'Empoisonneur,  691 

Clark's  (Rev.  A.)  A  Bodleian  Guide  for  Visitors,    54 

Clegg's  (T.  B.)  The  Wilderness,  578 

Clerici's  (G.  P.)  A  Queen  of  Indiscretions,  tr.  Chapman, 

728 
Clifford's  (H.)  Heroes  of  Exile,  12 
Cobb's  (T.)  Collusion,  238 ;  The  Boy  Tramp,  652 
Coke's  (D.)  The  Comedy  of  Age,  400 
Coleridge's  (M.   E.)  Ihe  Lady  on  the  Drawing-room 

Floor,  730 
Collings's  (J.)  Land  Reform,  128 
Collingwood's  (H.)    Across    the    Spanish    Main,    651 ; 

David  Leslie's  Luck,  653 
Collins's  (F.)  The  Luddingtons,  362 
Conant's  (C.  A.)  The  Principles  of  Money  and  Banking, 

401 
Conrad's  (J.)  The  Mirror  of  the  Sea,  513 
Continental  Literature  :    German,  357 ;    Russian,  358 ; 

Italian,  395  ;  Spanish,  397 
Conwav's  (Dr.  M.)  My  Pilgrimage  to  the  Wise  Men  of 

the  East,  690 
Conybeare's   (F.   C.)   Selections    from    the   Septuagint 

according  to  the  Text  of  Swete,  239 
Conyers's  (D.)  The  Strayings  of  Sandy,  767 
Cornford's  (C.)  The  Defenceless  Islands,  101 
Correspondence  of  Two  Brothers,  by  Lady  G.  Ramsden, 

436 
Coulevain's  (P.  de)  L'He  inconnue,  70 
Coupin's  (H.)  The  Romance  of  Animal  Arts  and  Crafts, 

511 
Crawford's  (F.  M.)  A  Lady  of  Rome,  577 
Crawford's  (J.  H.)  From  Fox's  Earth  to  Mountain  Tarn, 

088 
Criste's  (Capt.  O.)  Napoleon  und  seine  Marschalle,  127 
Crockett's  (S.  R.)  The  White  Plumes  of  Navarre,  509 
Croker's  (B.  M.)  The  Youngest  Miss  Mowbray,  298 
Crombie's  (W.)  Simple  Simon  and  his  Friends,  732 
Curtis's  (F.  J.)  Second  French  Book,  364 
Dalby's  (W.)  The  Ivorv  Raiders,  331 
Dalkeith's  (L.)  ^Esop's  Fables,  72 
Dalton's  (W.)  Saturday  Bridge,  99 
Dante  :  Readings  on  the  Inferno,  by  Vernon,  300 
Daudet's    (E.)    Histoire    de    Immigration    pendant    la 

Revolution  Franchise,  38 
Davenport's  (F.  G.)  The  Economic  Development  of  a 

Norfolk  Manor,  1080-1505,  125 
Davidson's  (J.)  Holiday  and  other  Poems,  151 
Dearmer's  (M.)  A  Child's  Life  of  Christ,  653 
Deeping's  (W.)  Bess  of  the  Woods,  98 
De  Lancey's  (Lady)  A  Week  at  Waterloo  in  1815,  70 
Deland's  (M.)  The  Awakening  of  Helena,  153 
De  La  Warr's  (Countess)  A  Twice  Crowned   Queen  : 

Anne  of  Brittany,  610 
De  Morgan's  (W.)  Joseph  Vance  :  an  Ill-written  Auto- 
biography, 97 
Dent's  Everyman's  Library,  334 
Dent's  First  Exercises  in  French  Grammar,  byBatchelor, 

69 
Derbyshire  Charters,  Descriptive  Catalogue  of,  compiled 

by  Jeayes.  829 
De  Rothschild's  (J.  A.)  Shakespeare  and  his  Day,  211, 

244 
Dewar's  (D.)  Bombav  Ducks,  98 
Dexter's  (Dr.  H.  M.'and  M.)  The  England  and  Holland 

of  the  Pilgrims,  120 
Dickberry's  (F.)  The  Nymph,  207 
Dickens,  Charles,   by  Chesterton,  294  ;  The  Works  of, 

Vols.  I.  and  II.,  Sketches  by  Boz,  508;  The  Comedy 

of,  by  Mrs.  Perugini,  547 
Dickins's  (F.    V.)   Primitive  and   Mediaeval  Japanese 

Texts.  576,  020.  738 
Dictionaries:  A  New  English,  ed.  Murray,  Bradley,  aid 

Craigie,  234 
Dilnot's  (F.)  Scoundrel  Mark,  825 
Dix's  (E.  R.  McC.)   Books  printed  in  Dublin  in   the 

Seventeenth  Century,  127 
Dobell's  (B.)  Catalogue  of  Books  printed  for  Private  Cir- 
culation, 582 
1   Dodds's  (W.)  Algebra  for  Beginr.ers,  304 
I   Dogs  of  War,  The,   by  Emanuel  and  Aldin,  731 
Doyle's  (A.  C.)  sir  Nigel,  687 
Dracott's  (E.)  Simla  Village  Tales,  333 
Drnmmond's  (H.)  The  Cuckoo,  331 
Dry's  SolJats  Ambassadeurs  sous  le  Directoire,  127 
Dudeney's  (Mrs.  II.)  Gossips  Green,  362 
Duffs  (L.  G)  Periwinkle,  688 
;   Dunsany's  (Lord)  Time  and  the  Gods,  513 
I  lurham,  First  Earl  of,  Life  and  Letters  of  the,  by  Reid, 

539 
Dutt's  (W.  A.)  King's  Lynn  with  its  Surroundings,  157 
I  Early  English  Prose  Romances  :  Vol.  II.,  Robin  Hood, 

186 
Eccott's  (W.  J.)  The  Hearth  of  Hutton,  730 


IV 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  4134,  Jan.  19, 1907 

July  to  December  1906 


Edgehill's  (E.  A.)  An  Enquiry  into  the  Evidential  Value 

of  Prophecy.  299 
Elar's  (J.  J.)  The    Apocalypse,  the  Antichrist,  and  the 

End,  154 
Eliot's  (C.  W.)  Great  Riches,  G15 
Elkington's  (E.  W.)  Adrift  in  New  Zealand,  654 
Elton's  (Mrs.  0.)  The  Story  of  Sir  Francis  Drake,  511 
Elton's  (O.)  Frederick  York  Powell  :  a  Life,  821 
Elysian  Reciters,  The,  Books  I.  to  IV.,  69 
Enacryos's  La  Juive,  731 
Enchanted  Land,  The,  653 
Engel's  (G.)  The  Philosopher  and  the  Foundling,  tr.  Lee, 

688 
English  Catalogue  of  Books,  1901-1905,  691 
English  Hymnal,  The,  360 
English  Sonnets,  A  Book  of,  213 
Episcopal  Registers  of  Exeter,   Part  II.,  ed.  Hingeston- 

Randolph,  828 
Essex's  (J.  R.)  Fools  Rush  In,  796 
Eugenie,  Empress,  Life  of  the,  by  Stoddart,  477,  549 
Euripides  :  Andromache,  ed.  Norwood,  70 
Evelyn,  John,  Diary  of,  ed.  Wheatley,  155 ;  Notes  by 

Dobson,  765 
Everett-Green's  (E.)  Dickie  and  Dorrie,  652  ;  A  Heroine 

of  France,  653  ;  Percy  Vere,  732 
Everyman  :  a  Morality,  illustrated  by  Dudley,  185 
Fairy  Gold,  652 

Fairy  Tale  Series,  Books  I.  to  V.,  69 
Farjeon's  (B.  L.)  Mrs.  Dimmock's  Worries,  330 
Farrow's  (G.  E.)  The  Escape  of  the  Mullingong,  651 
Father  Tuck's  Annual,  513 
Fenn's  (G.  M.)  '  Tention  !  510  ;  Hunting  the  Skipper, 

653 
Ferguson's    (G.    D.)   Lectures  on   the    History  of  the 

Middle  Ages,  125 
Feulal  Aids,  1284-1431,  Vol.  IV.,  269 
Fifty-Two   New  Stories  for  Boys— Fifty-Two   Pioneer 

Stories,  ed.  Miles,  732 
Findlater's  (J.  H.)  The  Ladder  to  the  Stars,  509 
Finnemore's   (J.)   The   Empire's   Children— Foray  and 

Fight,  510 
Finot's   (J.)  Race  Prejudice,  tr.  Miss  F.  Wade-Evans, 

770 
Fitch,  Sir  Joshua,  by  Lilley,  64 
Fletcher's   (J.   S.)   Highcroft  Farm— A  Maid   and  her 

Money,  613 
Floran's  (M.)  L'Esclavage,  614 
Forgotten  Tales  of  Long  Ago,  ed.  Lucas,  652 
Four  Lives  from  North's  Plutarch,  ed.  Carr,  ON 
Franciscan  Days,  tr.  and  arranged  by  Howell,  573 
Eraser's  (E.)  The  Enemy  at  Trafalgar,  121 
Eraser's  (Mrs.  H.)  In  the  Shadow  of  the  Lord,  473 
Frazer's    (J.    G.)    Adonis,    Attis,    Osiris :    Studies     in 

Oriental  Religion.  540 
Frenssen's  (G.)  Holyland,  tr.  Hamilton,  400 
Fry's  (C.  B.)  Great  Bowlers  and  Fieldsmen,  270 
Fysher's  (J.)  A  Mornynge  Remembraunce,  581 
Gallaher's  (D.)  The  Complete  Rugby  Footballer,  365 
Gambier's  (Commander)  Links  in  my  Life  on  Land  and 

Sea,  404 
Gaunt's  (M.)  Fools  Rush  In,  796 
Genevois's  (H.)  La  Defense  Nationale  en  1870-71,  242 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  The,  301 
Gerard's  (D.)  The  Compromise,  124 
Germain's  (A.)  Cceurs  inutiles,  474 
Germany,  by  Gould  and  Gilman,  212 
Gibbs's  (P.)  Men  and  Women  of  the  French  Revolution, 

513 
Gibson's  (L.  S.)  Burnt  Spices,  650 

Gilchrist's  (A.)  The  Life  of  William  Blake,  ed.  Robert- 
son, 828 
Gillies's  (H.  C.)  The  Place-Names  of  Argyll,  236 
Gilson's  (R.  R.)  Miss  Primrose,  67 
Girvin's  (B.)  The  Tower— The  Zoo,  512 
Gissing's  (G.)  The  House  of  Cobwebs,  10 
( lodfrey's  (E.)  The  Bridal  of  Anstace,  9 
Golden  Astrolabe,  The,  by  Bryce  and   De  Vere  Stac- 

poole,  652 
Golf  Greens  and  Greenkeeping,  ed.  Hutchinson,  689 
Gonner's  (E.  C.  K.)  Interest  and  Saving,  184 
Gould's  (Sir  F.  C.)  Political  Caricatures,  1006,  800 
Gould's  (S.  B.)  A  Book  of  the  Rhine    trom  Cleve    to 

Mainz,  212 
Graham's  (E.  M.)  True  Romances  of  Scotland,  731 
Graham's  (J.)  German  Commercial  Practice  connected 

with  the  Export  and  Import  Trade,  Part  II.  364 
Grand-Carteret's  L'Oncle  de  1'Europe,  158 
Grandgant's  (C.  H.)  An  Outline  of  the  Phonology  and 

Morphology  of  the  Old  Provencal,  547 
Gray  Mist,  (ill 

Green,  T.  H.,  Memoirs  of,  ed.  Nettleship,  653 
Greg's  (W.   W.)  Pastoral  Poetry  and  Pastor 
295 


ral  Drama, 


Grenfell's  (B.  P.)  The  Hibeh  Papyri,  Part  1.,  263 
Greswell's    (Rev.   W.)  The  Forests  and  Deer  Parks   of 

Somerset,  617 
Gribble'rt  (F. )  The  Pillar  of  Cloud,  330 
Grier's  (S.  C.)  The  Heir,  543 
Grierson's  (II.  J.  O.)  The  First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth 

Century,  728,  773,  803,  831 
Griffin's  (E.  A.)  A  Servant  of  the  King,  17:; 
Grimm's  and  Andersen's  Fairy  'fairs,  651 
Grimm'fl  Household  Stories,  733 
Groser's  (II.  C.)  The  Ho<<l<  of  Animal 


Gruyer's  (P.)  Napoleon,  King  of  Elba,  English  Trans- 
lation, 616 
Gwatkin's  (H.  M.)  The  Knowledge  of  God,  265 
Gwynn's  (S.)  The  Fair  Hills  of  Ireland,  685 
Haggard's  (Lieut.-Col.  A.  C.  P.)  The  Real  Louis  XV., 

301 
Haggard's  (H.  Rider)  Benita,  330 
Hains's  (T.  J.)  The  Voyage  of  the  Arrow,  363 
Hakluyt's  (R.)  The  Principal  Navigations,  &c,  of  the 

English  Nation,  437 
Halevy's    (Dr.     E.)     Le    Radicalisme    Philosophique, 

Vol.  III.,  41 
Hall's  (E.  K.)  The  Story  of  the  Scarecrow,  731 
Hall's  (H.  R.)  Days  before  History,  732 
Hall's  (Sir  S.)  A  Short  History  of  the  Oxford  Movement, 

o:>  t 

Hall's  (W.  H.)  The  Official  Year-Book  of  New  South 

Wales  for  1904-5,  240 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  by  Oliver,  39 
Hamilton's  (A.)  Afghanistan,  11 
Harben's  (W.  N.)  Ann  Boyd,  767 
Hare's  (C.)  A  Queen  of  Queens  :  the  Making  of  Spain, 

12 
Harper's   (C.   G.)   The   Hastings  Road— The  Brighton 

Road,  100  ;  The  Old  Inns  of  Old  England,  794 
Harriman's  (K.  E.)  The  Girl  Out  There,  153 
HanisBurland's  (J.  B.)  The  Broken  Law,  651 
Harrison's  (Mrs.  B.)  Latter-Day  Sweethearts,  37 
Harrison's  (Mrs.  D.)  The  Stain  on  the  Shield,  825 
Harrison's  (F.)  Memories  and  Thoughts,  476 
Hart's  (W.  C.)  The  Confessions  of  an  Anarchist,  213 
Harte's  (Mrs.  E.  B.)  The  Price  of  Silence,  37 
Havell's  (E.  B.)  Benares,  the  Sacred  City,  575 
Havell's  (H.  L.)  Stories  from  Greek  Tragedy,  69' 
Hawthorne's  Stories  of  Ancient  Greece,  733 
Hawtrey's  (V.)  Suzanne,  182 
Hay's  (M.)  A  German  Pompadour,  96 
Hazlitt,  William,  Index  to  the  Collected  Works  of,  5S1 
Heddle's  (E.  F.)  Girl  Comrades,  731 
Hellenic  Herald,  The,  582 

Herbert,  Sidney  :  a  Memoir,  by  Lord  Stanmore,  726 
Herodotus  :  Melpomene,  ed.  Shuckburgh,  69 
Hervey,  Hon.  William,  Journals  of,  1755-1814,  296 
Hichens's  (R.)  The  Call  of  the  Blood,  362 
Hill's  (C.)   The   House  in  St.   Martin's  Street:  being 

Chronicles  of  the  Burney  Family,  647 
Hill's  (Headon)  Unmasked  at  Last,  267 
Hiliiers's  (A.)  An  Old  Score,  67 
Hilton-Simpson's  (M.  W.)  Algiers  and  Beyond,  579 
Hoare's  (J.  D.)  Arctic  Exploration,  579 
Hoare's  (T.  W.)  Plauts,  Birds,  Fisiies,  and  Insects,  364 
Hobbes's  (J.  O.)  The  Dream  and  the  Business,  266 
Hobson's  (J.  A.)  Canada  To-day,  476 

Hodgson's  (W.  E.)  Salmon  Fishing,  99 
Hoen's  (Maximilian  Ritter  von)  Aspern,  127 

Hoffman's  (A.  S.)  Romeo  and  Juliet,  652 

Hohenlohe,  Prince  Chlodwig  of,  Memoirs,  tr.  Chrystal, 
734 

Holder's  (C.  F.)  Life  in  the  Open,  9S 

Holdsworth's  (A.)  The  Iron  Gates,  650 

Hollis's  (G.)  Dolphin  of  the  Sepulchre,  653 

Holmes's  (U.)  The  Arncliffe  Puzzle,  298 

Hope's  (A.)  Sophy  of  Kravonia,  508 

I  loppin's  (J.  M.)  The  Reading  of  Shakespeare,  211 

Hornaday's  (W.  T.)  Camp-Fires  in  the  Canadian  Rockies, 
579 

Hornung's  (E.  W.)  Rattles,  the  Amateur  Cracksman,  102 

Hosken's  (II.)  A  Widow  by  Choice,  401 

House  that  Glue  Built,  The,  732 

Housman's  (L.)  Mendicant  Rhymes,  182 

Howard's  (K.)  The  Whip  Hand,  509 

Howard's  (N.)  Constantine  the  Great  :  a  Tragedy,  398 

Hulbert's  (H.  H.)  The  Passing  of  Korea,  765 

Hume's  (F.)  The  Black  Patch,  474 

Hunt's  (A.  S.)  The  Hibeh  Papyri,  Part  I.,  263 

Hussey  s  (E.)  A  Girl  of  Resource,  238 

Hutton's  (E.)  Cities  of  Spain,  183 

Hyett's  Gloucester  in  National  History,  405 

Hyne's  (C.  J.  C  )  Trials  of  Commander  McTurk,  270 

Hyrst's  (H.    W.   G.)  Adventures  in  the  Great  Desert, 
511 

Imperial  Strategy,  by   the  Military   Correspondent  of 
The  Times,  93 

Inaugural  Lectures  delivered  by  Members  of  the  Faculty 

of  Theology,  ed.  Peake,  240 
Inge's  (W.  R.)  Studies  of  English  Mystics,  34,  75 

Ingegnieros's   (Dr.)    La  Legislation    du  Travail  dans  la 
Republique  Argentine,  440 

Inghs  s  (H.  R.  G.)  Short  Spins  round  London,  101 
Innes's  (A.  D.)  Ten  Tudor  Statesmen,  125 

lnnes's  (N.)  The  Surge  of  War,  545 

lota's  Smoke  in  the  Flame,  730 

Jaricot,  Pauline  Marie,  by  Maurin,  tr.  Sheppard,  180 

Jeppe's  (C.)  The  Kaleidoscopic  Transvaal,  615 

Jepson's  (E.)  The  Triumph  of  Tinker,  543 

Jerrold's  iVV.)  The  Silvery  Thames,  100 

Jespersen's  ((J.)  Growth  and  Structure  of  the  English 
Language,  331 

Jewish  Encyclopaedia,  The,  Vol.  NIL,  208 

Joachim's  (H.  a.)  The  Nature  of  Truth,  '.1.') 

•  lul),  in  the  Revised  Version,  ed.  Driver — Commentary 

c.l.  Wright,  tr.  Hirsch,  239 
Johnson's  (W.  S.)  Orangia :    a  (geographical  Reader  of 
the  Orange  River  Colony    364 


Johnston's  (Sir  H.)  Liberia,  63 

Johnston's  (R.  L.  N.)  The  Songs  of  Sidi  Hammo,  735 

Joinville,  Memoirs  of  the  Lord  of,  tr.  Wedgwood,  270 

Judd's  (A.  M.)  Pharaoh's  Turquoise,  330 

Junk's  (W.)   Internationales  Adressbuch  der  Antiquar- 

Buchhandler,  513 
Jusserand's   (J.  J.)  A  Literary  History  of  the  English 

People,  440 
Justyne's  (Q.  L.  F.)  The  Stronger  Power,  768 
Juvenile  Literature,  510,  651,  731 

Kaempfer's  (E.)  The  History  of  Japan,  tr.  Scheuchzer,  6 
Kakuzo's  (O.)  The  Book  of  Tea.  512 
Kearton's  (R.)  Nature's  Carol  Singers,  732 
Keating's  (J.)  The  Queen  of  Swords,  509 
Keats's  Odes,  Sonnets,  and  La  Belle  Dame  sans  Merci, 

213 
Keightley's  (S.  R.)  A  Beggar  on  Horseback,  825 
Kelman  s  (J.  H.)  Chalmers  of  New  Guinea,  733 
Kenealy's  (A.)  Lady  Fitzmaurice's  Husband,  401 
Ker's  (D.)  Among  the  Dark  Mountains,  651 
Kernahan's  (Mrs.  C.)  The  Mvstery  of  Magdalen,  2^7 
Kerr's  (S.  P.)  From  Charing  Cross  to  Delhi,  333 
Kester's  (V.)  The  Fortunes  of  the  Landrays,  270 
King,   William,   Archbishop  of  Dublin,   Autobiography 

and  Correspondence  of,  ed.  Sir  C.  S.  King,  469 
Kinnear's  (J.  B.)  The  Foundations  of  Religion,  300 
Kipling's  (R.)  Puck  of  Pook's  Hill,  404 
Klado's   (Capt.)  The   Battle   of  the   Sea  of  Japan,  tr. 

Dickinson  and  Marchant,  41 
Klein's  (Abbe  F.)  In  the  Land  of  the  Strenuo.us  Life,  40  ; 
La  Decouverte  du  Vieux  Monde  par  un  Etudiant  de 
Chicago,  691 
Knight  Errant  of  the  Nursery,  The,  732 
Knollys's  (G.)  Ledgers  and  Literature,  547 
Kny  vett's  (Sir  H.)  The  Defence  of  the  Realme,  828 
Ladd's  (G.  T.)  The  Philosophy  of  Religion,  6 
Lambert's    (Dr.   J.   C.)    The    Romance    of    Missionary 

Heroism,  511 
Landon's  (P.)  Under  the  Sun,  828 
Lang's  (A.)  Orange  Fairy  Book,  511 
Lang's  (J.)  Stories  from  Don  Quixote,  72  ;  The  Story  of 

Lord  Clive,  733 
Latin-Anglo-Saxon  Glossary,  Late  Eighth-Century,  in  the 

Leiden  University,  ed.  Hessels,  331 
Laurie's  (S.  S. )  Synthetica,  267 

Lawrence's  (Sir  Thomas)  Letter-Bag,  ed.  Layard,  649 
Lawton's  (F.)  Anthology  of  French  Poetry,  183 
Layard's  (A.)  Billy  Mouse,  511 

Lea's  (J.)  The  Romance  of  Animal  Arts  and  Crafts,  511 
Leach's  (A.  F.)  History  of  Warwick  School,  8 
Leacock's  (Dr.  S.)  Elements  of  Political  Science,  476 
Lee's  (J.)  Uncle  William,  767 

Lee's  (S.)  Notes  and  Additions  to  the  Census  of  Copies  of 
the   Shakespeare  First  Folio,   212  ;  Shakespeare  and 
the  Modern  Stage,  with  other  Essays,  648 
Le  Feuvre's  (Miss  A.)  Miss  Lavender's  Boy,  &c,  511 
Legend  of  Sir  Perceval,  by  Weston,  Vol.  I.,  206,  242 
Leighton's  (R.)  Monitor  at  Megson's,  652 
Leland,  Charles  Godfrey  :  a  Biography,  by  Pennell,  686 
Le  Queux's  (W.)  The  Invasion  of  1910,,  156 
Lesage's  (C.)  L'lnvasion  anglaue  en  Egypte  :   L' Achat 

dej  Actions  de  Suez,  654 
Lesueur's  (D.)  The  Power  of  the  Past,  768 
Letters  and  Papers  relating  to  the  First  Dutch   War, 

Vol.  III.,  ed.  GardineV  and  Atkinson,  35 
Letters  and  Recollections  of  George  Washington,  434 
Leyds's  (Dr.)  The  First  Annexation  of  the  Transvaal,  332 
Library,  The,  127,  582 
Lilley's  (A.  L.)  Sir  Joshua  Fitch,  64 
Lindsay's  (T.  M.)  History  of  the  Reformation :  Vol.  I., 

Germany,  471 
Little  Folks  Story  Book,  732 
Littmann's  (E.)  Semitic  Inscriptions,  156 
Livingstone's  (A.)  A  Sealed  Book,  182 
Livy :  The  Second  Macedonian  War,  ed.  Hemsley  aud 

Aston,  70 
Lloyd's  (A.  B.)  Uganda  to  Khartoum,  404 
Locke's  (W.  J.)  The  Beloved  Vagabond,  613 
Lodge  in  the  Wilderness,  A,  735 

Lodge's  (R.  D.)  The  Story  of  Hedgerow  and  Pond,  733 
London  Topographical  Record,  Vol.  III.,  72 
London's  (Jack)  Cruise  of  the  Dazzler — Moon  Face,  477 
Longinus :     Libellus    de    Sublimitate,    ed.    Prickard — 

English  Translation,  by  the  same,  544 
Loti's  (P.)   L'lude,  tr.  Inman,  ed.   Sherard,   102;  Dis- 
enchanted, tr.  Mrs.  Bell,  206 
Louisa,  Queen,  of  Prussia,  by  Moffat,  293 
Lovell's  (L.)  The  Walcott  Twins,  733 
Lucas's  (C.  P.)  The  Canadian  War  of  1812,  241 
Lucas's  (E.  V.)  Listener's  Lure,  473;    A  Wanderer  in 

London,  512 
Lucas's  (M.  D.  C.)  The  Adventures  of  B.ibs,  511 
Lucas's  (St.  J.)  Quicksilver  and  Flame,  578 
Luce's  (M.)  Handbook  to  Shakespeare's  Works,  210 
Liidemanns  (H.)  Biblical  Christianity,  tr,  Canney,  240 
Lydgate's  (J.)  A  Iy tell  treatise  of  the  horse,  the  sheep, 

and  the  ghoos  -The  Churl  and  the  Bird,  546 
Lyra  Britannica,  Parts  I.  and  II.,  selected  by  Pertwee, 

'is:; 

Lytton,  Robert,  First   Marl  of,  Person.il  and  Literary 

Letters  of,  ed.  Lady  Betty  Balfour,  505 
Maartens's  (M.)  Tho  Woman's  Victory,  &o.,  545 
Mabie,  Todd  k  Bard's  Swan  Fountain  Pen,  77' ► 
McAulay's  (A.)  The  Safety  of  the  Honours,  400 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATIIEN.EUM  with  No.  4131,  Jan.  19,  1907] 


July  to  December  1906 


INDEX    OF   CONTENTS 


McCarthy's  (J.  H.)  The  Illustrious  O'Hagan,  543 
MacColl's  (M.)  The  Royal  Commission  and  the  Ornaments 

Rubric,  326 
McCutcheon's  (G.  B.)  Nedra,  (514 
Macdonald's  (A.)  The  Lest  Explorers,  651 
Macdonald's    (F.)    Jean    Jacques    Rousseau:    a    New 

Criticism,  470,  549,  584 
Machen's  (A.)  The  House  of  Souls,  129 
Machiavelli's  (N.)  The  Florentine  History,  tr.   Thom- 
son, 264 
Machray's  (R.)  The  Private  Detective,  401 
Macllwaine's  (H.  C.)  The  White  Stone,  652 
Mackay  s  (D.)  Second  French  Book,  364 
McKean's  (D.  B.)  A  Boy's  Visit  to  Iceland,  510 
Mackenzie's  (W.  C.)  A  Short   History  of  the  Scottish 

Highlands  and  Isles,  333 
McLaughlin's  (F.)   The  Fothergills  of  Ravenstonedale, 

102 
Macmillan's  (M.)  The  Last  of  the  Peshwas,  651 
McNeil's  (E.)  The  Lost  Treasure  Cave,  732 
Madan's  (A.  C.)  Senga  Handbook,  71 
Maeterlinck's  My  Dog,  tr.  A.  T.  de  Mattos,  365 
Mahaffy's  (J.  P.)  The  Silver  Age  of  the  Greek  World, 

581 ;  An  Epoch  in  Irish  History,  617 
Maitland's  (F.    W.)  The  Life  anl  Letters   of  Leslie 

Stephen,  684 
Malet's  (L.)  The  Far  Horizon,  729 
Mann's  (M.  E.)  TheEglamore  Portraits,  238 
Marchant's  (B.)  A  Girl  of  the  Fortunate  Isles,  731 
Marriott's  (C.)  Women  and  the  West,  768 
Marsh's  (R.)  In  the  Service  of  Love,  182 
Marshall's  (H.  E.)  Stories  of  William  Tell,   510;  Scot- 
land's Story,  732 
Martin's  (Dr.  R.)  The  Future  of  Russia,  tr.  Friederichs, 

798 
Masefield's  (J.)  A  Sailor's  Garland,  827 
Master-Man,  The,  363 
Mastin's  (J.)  The  Stolen  Planet,  67 
Mathers's  (H.)  Tally  Ho  1  267 
Matheson's  (M.  C.)  Women's  Work  and  Wages,  240 
Mathews's  (F.  A.)  The  Undefiled,  439 
Maud's  (0.  E.)  Felicity  in  France,  71 
Maugham's  (H.  N.)  Richard  Hawkwood,  767 
Maugham's  (R.  C.  F.)  Portuguese  East  Africa,  579 
Maurice's  (Major-General  Sir  F.)  History  of  the  War  in 

South  Africa,  1899-1902,  Vol.  I.,  40 
Maurin's  (M.  J.)  Pauline  Marie  Jaricot,   tr.   Sheppard, 

180 
Maxwell's  (G.)  The  Miracle-Worker,  509 
Maxwell's  (General)  Pribbles  and  Prabbles,  333 
Maxwell's  (D.)  A  Cruise  across  Europe,  546 
Maxwell's  (W.  B.)  The  Guarded  Flame,  238 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  Sue— The  Hill-Top  Girl— The  Colonel's 

Boy,  652 
Meakin's  (N.)  The  Enemy's  Camp,  730 
Melandra  Castle,  ed.  Conway,  269 
Meline's  The  Return  to  the  Land,  405 
Mellottee's  (P.)  Histoire   economique  de  l'lmprimerie, 

Vol.  I.,  209 
Melton's  (R.)  Cesar's  Wife,  37 
Melville's  (L.)  The  First  Gentleman  of  Europe,  512 
Meredith,   George,  The  Poetry  and  Philosophy  of,  by 

Trevelyan,  5;  Meredith  Pocket-Book,  158 
Merry  Pages  for  Little  Folk,  732 

Metcalfe's   (W.  M.)  A  History  of  the  County  of  Ren- 
frew, 268 
Mijatovich's  A  Royal  Tragedy,  690 
Millard's  (T.  F.)  The  New  Far  East,  546 
Miluer's  (Lord)  Work  in  South  Africa,  by  Worsfold,  689 
Minor   Poets   of  the   Caroline   Period,  ed.   Saintsbury, 

Vol.  II.,  793 
Mistral,  Memoires  of,  475 
Moffat's  (M.  M.)  Queen  Louisa  of  Prussia,  293 
Molesworth's  (Mrs.)    The   Wrong  Envelope,    &c,    10; 

Jasper,  511 
Montague's  (E.  R.)  Tales  from  the  Talmud,  156 
Montesquieu's  Lettres  Persanes,  ed.  Pellissier,  364 
Montgomery's  (H.J  Dictionary  of  Political  Phrases  and 

Allusions,  769 
Montgomery's  (K.  S.)  The  Ark  of  the  Curse,  731 
Monvel's  (R.  B.  de)  George  Brummell  et  George  IV., 

475 
Moore's  (G.)  Memoirs  of  my  Dead  Life,  101 
Moore's  (N.  H.)  Children  of  other  Days,  733 
Morel's  (E.  D.)  Red  Rubber,  580 
Morris's  (J.)  Makers  of  Japan,  205 
Mountmorres's    (Viscount)    The    Congo    Independent 

State,  800 
Muir's  (R.)   A  History  of  Municipal   Government   in 

Liverpool,  235 
Mulholland's  (R.)  Our  Sister  Maisie,  731 
Murray's  Handbook  for  Ireland,  177 
Murray's  (D.  C.)  The  Brangwyn  Mystery,  330 
Myrtle's  (M.)  How  to  Dress  a  Doll,  733 

Nachod's  (O.)  Geschichte  von  Japan,  Vol.  I.,  152 

Napoleon,  King  of  Elba,  by  P.  Gruyer,  616 

Nation  Beige.  La,  174 

Needhain's  (R.)  Somerset  House,  Past  and  Present,  il"> 

Nella's  Baby  Town  Ballads,  732 

Nesbit's    (E.)    Man    and    Maid.    129;    The   Incomplete 

Amorist,  473;  The  Railway  Children,  510  j  The  Story 

of  the  Amulet,  653 
Nevill,    Lady    Dorothy,    Thy    Reminiscences    of,    ed. 

R.  Nevill,  574 


Newbolt's  (H.)  The  Old  Country,  730 

New  Editions,  Reprints,  &c,  41,  42,  72,  103,  156,  185, 

271,  300,  301,  334,  364,  366,  402,  406,  546,  547,  618, 

655,  690,  735,  770,  801,  830.  831 
Newmarch's  (R.)  Songs  to  a  Singer,  &c,  183 
Nicholson's  (M.)  The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles,  797 
Ninet's  (M.)  Un  Petit  Voyage  a  Paris  69 
Noble's  (E.)  Fisherman's  Gat,  362 
O'Connor's  (Capt.  W.  F.)  Folk-Tales  from  Tibet,  512 
Oldmeadow's  (Ernest)  The  North  Sea  Bubble,  405 
Old   Testament    in    Greek,    Part    I.,   ed.    Brooke    and 

McLean,  67 
Oliver's  (F.  S.)  Alexander  Hamilton,  39 
Oliver's  (G.  A.  S.)  German  Commercial  Practice,  Part  II , 

364 
Olivier's  (S.)  White  Capital  and  Coloured  Labour,  800 
Ollivier's  (E.)  L'Empire  Liberal,  Vol.  XL,  237,  443 
Oman's  (C)  The  Great  Revolt  of  1381,  124,  215 
O'Neil's  (N.)  A  Song-Garden  for  Children,  510 
Onions's  (O.)  Back  o'  the  Moon,  768 
Oppenheim's  (E.  P.)  A  Lost  Leader.  473 
Orczy's  (Baroness)  I  Will  Repay,  579 
Osborne's  (W.  A.  and  E.)  German  Grammar  for  Science 

Students,  69 
Osbourne's  (Lloyd)  The  Motormaniacs,  545 
Outcault's  (R.  F.)  Tige  :  his  Story.  732 
Overton's  (Rev.  J.  H.)  A  History  of  the  English  Church, 

294 
Oxenham's   (J.)    Profit  and  Loss,    182;   A   Princess  of 

Vascovy,  509 
Oxford  Higher  French  Series,  ed.  Delbos  :  Memoires  de 

Madame  Campan,   ed.  Bradley — Jocelyn,  by  Lamar- 

tine,    ed.     Legouis  —  Salammbo,     by    Flaubert,    ed. 

Lauvriere,  68 
Ozaki's  (Y.  T.)  The  Japanese  Fairy  Book,  732 
Pack  of  Queer  Cards,  A,  511 

Pageant  of  Elizabethan  Poetry,  A,  ed.  Symons,  547 
Paget's  (E.)  Bishop  Patteson,  733 
Pain's  (B.)  Wilhelmina  in  London,  182 
Palmer's  (F.)  Lucy  of  the  Stars,  298 
Palmer's  (W.  S.)  An  Agnostic's  Progress,  268 
Parvus  Cato,  Magnus  Cato,  tr.  Burgh,  581 
Paterson's  (E.  S.)  True  Romances  of  Scotland,  731 
Paton's  List  of  Schools  and  Teachers,  185 
Paul's  (H.)  Stray  Leaves,  364;  A   History  of  Modern 

England,  Vol.  V.,  545 
Paulsen's  (F.)  The  German  Universities  and  University 

Study,  tr.  Thilly  and  Elwang,  609 
Pease's  (H.)  Of  Mistress  Eve,  9 
Pemberton's  (Max)  The  Lady  Evelyn,  544 
Pennell's  (E.  R.)  Charles  Godfrey  Leland,  686 
Pennington's  ( W.  H.)  Sea,  Camp,  and  Stage,  770 
Penny's  (F.  E.)  The  Tea  Planter,  544 
Penrose's  (Mrs.  H.  H.)  Rachel  the  Outsider,  439 
Pepper's  (C.  M.)  Panama  to  Patagonia,  364 
Perrett's  (W.)  The  Story  of  King  Lear,  71 
Perugini's  (Mrs.)  The  Comedy  of  Charles  Dickens,  547 
Phelps's  (E.  S.)  The  Man  in  the  Case,  797 
Phillpotts's  (E.)  The  Poacher's  Wife,  578;  The  Sinews 

of  War,  687 
Pichon's  (J.  E. )  Premieres  Notions  de  Vocabulaire  et  de 

Lecture,  364 
Pickering's  (S.)  The  Basket  of  Fate,  767 
Pickthall's  (M.)  The  House  of  Islam,  297 
Pilon's  (E.)  Portraits  Francais,  269 
Pitt,   William  [Earl  of  Chatham],  Correspondence  of, 

ed.  Kimball,  799 
Pixy  in  Petticoats,  A,  474 
Piatt's  (E.  M.)  A  History  of  Municipal  Government  in 

Liverpool,  235 
Pliny :    C.   Plinii   Caocilii  Secundi   Epistularum   Liber 

Sextus,  ed.  Duff,  363 
Politovsky's  From  Libau  to  Tsushima,  tr.  Major  Godfrey, 

270 
Pollard's  (E.  F.)  A  Girl  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  733 
Pontifex's  A  Book  of  Bridge,  99 
Potter's  (B.)  The  Tale  of  Mr.  Jeremy  Fisher,  512 
Powell,  Frederick  York,  by  Elton,  821 
Powells  (F.)  The  Wolfmen,  652 
Pratt's  (Col.)  Military  Law  Examiner,  271 
Prevost's  (M.)  Monsieur  et  Madame  Moloch,   17  1 
Prichard's  (K.  and  II.)  New  Chronicles  of  Don  Q.,  768 
Prins's  (A.)  De  l'Esprit  du  Gouvernement  democratiquc, 

Essai  de  Science  politique.  476 
Propertius,  tr.  Phillimore,  71 

Public  School  French  Primer,  by  Siepniann  and  Pellis- 
sier, 69 
Publishers'  Circular,  The,  Christmas  Number,  735 
Pullen-Burry's  (B.)  Ethiopian  Exile,  39 
Punshon's  (E.  K.)  Rhoda  in  Between,  825 
Purchas's  (S.)  Hakluytus  Posthumus  or  Purchas    his 

Pilgrimes,  437 
Queiroz's  (E.  dc)  Our  Lady  of  the  Pillar,  tr.  Prestage, 

238 
Quiggin'B  (E.  C)  A  Dialect  of  Donegal,  327 
Quiller-Couch's  (A.  T.)  From  a  Cornish  Window,  71  ; 

Sir  John  Constantine,  687  ;  The  Pilgrims'  Way,  826 
Quiller-Couch's  (M.)  The  Carroll  Girls,  510 
Quinn's  (J.  II.)  A  Narrative  of  Occurrences  in  the  Life 

of  Edmund  Howard,  103 
Raleigh's  (W.)  The  English  Voyages  of  the  Sixteenth 

Century,  137 
ltamsden^s  (Lady  G.)  Correspondence  of  Two  Brother-, 

436 


Randal's  (J.)  The  Manager's  Box,  767 

Ransome's  (A.)  A  Child's  Book  of  the  Seasons — A  Child's 

Book  of  the  Garden — A  Child's  Book  of  Pond  and 

Stream,  733 
Raper's  (C.  L.)  The  Principles  of  Wealth  and  Welfare, 

402 
Raymond's  (W.)  School  History  of  Somerset,  08 
Redesdale's  (Lord)  The  Garter  Mission  to  Japan,  122 
Reed's  (M.)  A  Spinner  in  the  Sun,  797 
Reid's  (S.  J.)   Life  and  Letters  of  the   First  Earl   of 

Durham,  539 
Relton's  (Rev.  F.)  A  History  of  the  English  Church,  294 
Reynolds's  (Mrs.  B.)  Thalassa,  125 
Reynolds's  (Mrs.  F.)  Hazel  of  Hazeldean,  439 
Rhoscomyl's  (O.)  Flame-bearers  of  Welsh  History,  126  ; 

Old  Fireproof,  614 
Ridding's   (Right  Rev.  G.)  The  Church  and  Common- 
wealth, 300 
Road,  Rail,  and  Sea,  by  Robinson  and  Jerrold,  651 
Roberts's  (C.  G.  D.)  The  Heart  that  Knows,  650 
Roberts's  (M.)  The  Red  Burgee,  768 
Robertson's  (J.  M.)  A  Short  History  of  Free  Thought,  268 
Robertson's  (W.  B.)  Foundations  of  Political  Economy, 

616 
Robertson's  (W.  G.)  Gold,  Frankincense,  and  Myrrh,  653 
Robinson's  (E.  K.)  The  Religion  of  Nature,  34 
Rorison's  (E.  S.)  The  Swimmers,  439 
Rosebery's  (Lord)  Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  3S5 
Ross's  (M.)  Some  Irish  Yesterdays,  545 
Rossetti,  William  Michael,  Some  Reminiscences,  541 
Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques,  a  New  Criticism,  byMacdonald, 

470,  549,  584 
Royal  Navy  List  and  Naval  Recorder,  158 
Royde's  (N.  G)  The  Pillow  Book,  617 
Russell's  (G.  W.  E.)  Social  Silhouettes,  440 
Russo-Japanese  War :  The  Battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan, 

by   Klado,   41 ;  From  Libau  to  Tsushima,  by  Politov- 

sky,  270 ;  The  Battle  of  Tsushima,  by  Semenoff,  798  ; 

Russo-Japanese  War,  Part  I..  799 
Ryves's  (K.  C.)  At  the  Sign  of  the  Peacock,  650 

Sabatini's  (R.)  The  Trampling  of  the  Lilies,  767 

St.  Aubyn's  (A.)  The  Greenstone,  400 

St.  Paul,  the  Man  and  his  Work,  by  Weinel,  tr.  Biene- 

mann,  154 
Sanderson's  (E.)  Great  Britain  in  Modern  Africa,  411 
Santayana's  (G.)  The  Life  of  Reason,  Part  V.,  128 
Saunders's  (M.)  The  Story  of  an  Eskimo  Dog.  732 
Schiller's  Dramas  and  Poems  in  England,  by  Rea,  157 
Schloesser's  (F.)  The  Greedy  Book  :  a  Gastronomical 

Anthology,  795 
Schooling's  (J.  H.)  The  British  Trade  Year-Book,  440 
Sea  Songs  and  Ballads,  selected  by  Stone,  827 
Selincourt's  (H.  de)  A  Boy's  Marriage,  767 
Sellar's  (E.  F.)  The  Story  of  Lord  Roberts,  510 
Selous's  (E.)  Tommy  Smith's  Other  Animals,  733 
Semenoff's    (Capt.)  The  Battle  of  Tsushima,  tr.  Capt. 

Lindsay,  798 
Semenoff's  (M.  E.)  Une  Page  de  la  Contrc-Revolution 

russe,  301 
Seton's  (T.)  Animal  Heroes,  241 
Shadow  Scenes  from  the  Bible,  732 
Shakspeare  :    Macbeth,    ed.  Crook,  69 ;  The  Works  of, 
Vols.   III.-V.,  Stratford-on-Avon  Edition,  210,    243, 
274,  305 ;  Handbook  to  his  Works,  by  Luce,  210  ;  The 
Reading  of,   by  J.  M.  Hoppin,  211;  Additions  to  the 
Census  of  the  First  Folio,  by  Lee,  212  ;  and  his  Day, 
by  J.  A.  De  Rothschild,  244;  and  the  Modern  Stage, 
by  Lee,  648;  his  Pronunciation,  bv  Vietor,  797  i  The 
First  Folio,  ed.  Porter  and  Clarke,  798 
Shann's  (G.)  Women's  Work  and  Wa^es,  240 
Shaw's  (W.  A.)  The  Knights  of  England,  438,  481 
Shelley's  (B.)  Enderby,  238 
Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe  :  Hellas,  tr.  Castelain,  830 
Sheppard's  (A.  T.)  Running  Horse  Inn,  509 
Sheringham's  (H.  T.)  The  Enemy's  Camp,  730 
Sherrin,''s  (C.  A.)  Western  Tibet  and  the  British  Border- 
land, 542 
Shore's  (F.  T.  and  W.  T.)  The  Fruit  of  the  Tree,  544 
Sicard's  (M.)  Sainte  Marie  Madeleine,  654 
Sichel's  (E.)  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Alfred  Ainger,  326 
Sienkiewicz's  (H.)  The  Field  of  Glory,  153 
Signs  of  the  Times,  582 

Silberrad's  (U.  L.)  The  Second  Book  of  Tobiah,  767 
Simple  Plan,  The,  768 
Simpson's  ( V.  A.)  Occasion's  Forelock,  688 
Skinner's  (R.  P.)  Abyssinia  of  To-day,  821 
Skrine's  (F.  H.)  Fontenoy;  and  Great  Britain's  Share  in 

the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  33 
Sladen's  (D.)  Carthage  and  Tunis,  616 
Sloman's  (A.)  A  Grammar  of  Classical  Latin,  363 
Smith's  (P.  H.)  The  Wood  Fire  in  No.  3,  545;  The  Tides 

of  Barnegat,  578 
Smith's  (G.  Le  B.)  Haddon,  the  Man  >r,  the  Hall,  269 
Smith's  (M.)  Frere'a  Housekeeper,  125 
Smith's  (W.)  Psj  die  and  Soma,  513 
Sociological  Papers,  Vol.  II.,  102 
Somers's  (S.)  A  Serpent  in  his  Way,  826 
Somerville's  (E.  QD.J  Some  Irish  Yesterdays,  546 
Sophocles,  Electra,  tr.  Whitelaw,  68 
Souvenirs  Historiques  du  Capit&ine  Krettly,  71 
Speight's   (H.)    mdderdale,    from    Nun    Monkton    to 

\\  I,,  in  ide,  129 
Spilsbury'a  (Major  A.  G.)  The  Tourmaline  Expedition, 
"  433 


VI 


THE    ATHENMM 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  4134,  Jan.  19, 1907 


July  to  December  1906 


Catholic  Missions  in  Oxfordshire,  209 
Stead's  (R.)  Adventures  on  Great  Rivers,  Dli 
Stead's  W.  J.)  The  Complete  Rugby  Footballer,  365 
Steedman's  (C.  and  A.)  Lazy  John   oil 
Steedman's  (C.  M.)  The  Child's  Life  of  Jesus,  olO 
Rtppl's  ( F   A)  A  Sovereign  Remedy,  181 
Stenger's(G)  La  Societe  franchise  pendant  le  Consulat, 

Stepahen!Les9ne,  Life  and  Letters  of,  by  Maitland,  084 
smart's  (J   A  )  The  Wages  of  Pleasure,  5<8 
Stevenson1;  \t\.   The   Works  of,    Pentland  Edition, 

Vols.  I.-1V.,  610 
S'evenson's  (Rev.  J.  G.)  The  Challenge  6o2 

to  the  Text  of  Swete,  239  ,   .  q 

Stnddart's  (J  }  Life  of  the  Empress  Eugenie,  4<7,  549 
Ss  (S,i  Benjamin)  Pictures,  Letterpress  by  Mac 

Donagh, 405 
Stone's  (J.  H.)  Connemara,  177 

Story  of  the  Teasing  Monkey   511  Hardv- 

Strang's  (H.)  One  of  Clive's  Heroes,  652;  Jack  Hardy 

Samba,  732 
Stranger's  (P.)  Toll  Marsh,  37 
S+rjum's  fR  )  The  Man  Apart,  820 
ISs,    William,    BishJp   of    Oxford,  Letters  of,  ed. 

StadTefin'the  History  and  Art  of  the  Futon  Provinces 

of  the  Roman  Empire,  ed.  Ramsay,  biz 
Stmt's  (H.)  Idola  Theatii,  95  . 

Sunbury's  (G.)  The  Ha'penny  Millionaire,  267 
Sutcliffe's  (H.)  A  Benedick  in  Arcady,  9< 
Swinburne's  (A.  C) William  Blake  :  a  Critical  Es8ay,l49 
Syrett's  (N.)  The  Fairy  Doll,  733 
Tales  for  Tiny  Tots,  732  ,    „  r 

Taylor's  (H.  R.)  The  Old  Surrey  Foxhounds,  ed.  G.G., 

Tayfor'B  (J.  W.)  The  Coming  of  the  Saints  435 
Te4ue's  (V  )  Night  Fall  in  the  Ti-Tree,  830 
Thomas's  (E.)  The  Heart  of  England,  735 
Thompson's  (P.  A.)  Lotus  Land,  506 
Thorburn's  (A.)  My  Friend  Poppity,  653 
Thome's  (Guy)  Helena's  Love  Story,  614 
Thornton's  (C  )  The  Fothergills  of  Ravenstonedale   102 
Tolstoy,  Leo  :  his  Life  and  Work,  Vol.  I.,  compiled  by 

Tout's  (Prof.)  Advanced  History  of  Great  Britain,  654 

Tracy's  (L.)  Waifs  of  Circumstance,  767 

Traherne,  Thomas,  The  Poetical  Works  of,  ed.  Dobell, 

158 
Travers's  (G.)  Growth,  768 
Tregarthen's  (J.  C)  The  Life-Story  of  a  Fox  688 
Trevelyan's   (G-   M.)   The   Poetry  and    Philosophy  of 

George  Meredith,  5  .  «__ 

Treves's  (Sir  F.)  Highways  and  Byways  in  Dorset,  20/ 
Trial  of  Eugene  Marie  Chanterelle,  365 
Trowbridge's  (W.  R.  H.)  Court  Beauties  of  Old  White 

hall,  507  „.  ...        ,,  .    •  rrQQ 

Turner's  (E  )  In  the  Mist  of  the  Mountains,  /33 
Turner's  (G.  ¥■)  Frost  and  Friendship,  651 
Tynan's  (K.)  The  Story  of  Bawn,  578 
Tytler's  (S.)  The  Girls  of  Inverbarns.  <o8 
Upton's  (F.  K.)  The  Golliwogg's  Desert  Island,  733 
Urquhart's  (P.)  The  Eagles,  153 

Valny  to  Waterloo,  tr.  and  ed.  Douglas,  617 

Vance's  (L.  J.)  The  Private  War,  363 

Van  Dyke's  (Rev.  Dr.  H.)  Ideals  and  Applications,  54 < 

Van  Dyke's  (J.  C.)  The  Opal  Sea,  241 

Van  Dyke's  (Dr.  P.)  Renascence  Portraits,  125 

Vaughan's  (H.  M.)  The  Last  of  the  Stuarts,  471 

Vayaand  Luskod's  (Count  V.  de)  Empires  and  Emperors 

of  Russia,  &c,  41 
Verbeek's    (G.)    The  Upside    Downs    of    Little    Lady 

Lovekins  and  Old  Man  Muffaroo,  652 
Vernede's  ( R.  E.)  Meriel  of  the  Moors,  614 
Vernon's  (W.  W.)  Readings  on  the  Inferno  of  Dante,  oOO 
Victoria  County  Histories  :  Somerset,  Vol.  I. ;  Devon, 

Vol.  I. ;  Cornwall,  Vol.  I.,  ed.  Page,  763 
Victor's  (W.)  Shakespeare's  Pronunciation,  797 
AVack's  (II.  W.)  In  Thamesland,  212 
Wales"  s  (H.)  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Villiers,  98 
Walker's  (Rev.  11.  J.)  The  Mystick  Pair,  &c,  183 
Wallas's  (Mrs.  (I.)  The  Land  of  Play,  651 
Walton's  (Mrs.  O.  F.)  Unbeaten  Paths  in  Sacred  Story, 

511  .       „ 

Warden's  (F.)  Law,  not  Justice,  9 
Warner's  (A.)  Seeing  France  with  Uncle  John,  830 
Warren's  (K.)  Treasury  of  English  Literature,  826 
Warwickshire    painted    by   Whitehead,    described 

Holland,  233 
Washington,  George,  Letters  and  Recollections  of,  434 
Watson's  (II.  H.)  Andrew  (Joodfellow,  826 
Watson's  (K.)  The  Gaiety  of  Fatma,  401 
Watson's  (Mrs.  L.)  A  Girl  of  Dreams,  735 
Watson's  (L.)  Hints  to  Young  Authors,  334 
Watson's  (Mrs.  R.  A.)  Roger  Haigh,  Ohartermaster,  733 
Webster's  (A.)  Somerset  House,  Past  and  Present,  05 
iel'g  (H.)  St.  Paul,  the  Man  and    his  Work,  tr. 
Hiuneinann,  154 


Wells's  (H.  G.)  In  the  Days  of  the  Comet,  362;  The 

Future  in  America,  614 
Wells's  (J.)  The  Oxford  Degree  Ceremony,  42 
wVstell's    (P)  Every  Boy's  Book  of   British  Natural 

W?sWsy(J511L.)  The  Legend  of  Sir  Perceval,  Vol.  I., 
206,242 

Wh&s8  ^.SSSCiSLr  to  the  Birds,  511 
Whthaw-s  (F.)   The   Boys    of  Brierley  Grange-The 

Competitors,  510;  King  by  Combat  652 
Whistler's  (C.  W.)  A  Sea  Queen  s  Sailing,  653 
wi,UKv'a  (V,  }  The  Whirligig  of  Time,  3.50 
White's  (FM)  The  Corner  House-The  Yellow  Face, 

WMtechurch's  (V.  L.)  The  Locum  Tenens,  651 
Whittaker's  (T.)  Apollomus  of  Tyana,  &c  184 
Whitty's   (E.   M.)    St.  Stephen's   in   the    Fifties,    ed. 

McCarthy,  405  ,    _„_ 

Wlm's  Who— Who's  Who  Year-Book,  1 35 
WilkinsoK  (Bishop)  Twenty  Years  of  Continental  Work 

WflW^ft  Staple  Inn  :  Customs  House,  Wool  Court, 

and  Inn  of  Chancery,  150 
Williams's  (M.)  The  Bar,  298 
Willing's  (S.)  Young  Pickles,  653  „„ 

Wilson  Barrett's  (A.)  The  House  over  the  Way,  38 
WinTe's  (E '  G.  A )  A  School  History  of  Warwickshire,  68 
Wintle's  (G.)  Meshes  of  Mischance,  298 
Witton's  (W.  F.)  Dies  Romam,  70 
Wollstonecraffs  (Mary)  Original  Stones,  ed .  Lucas  241 
Wood's  (SirE.)  From  Midshipman  to  Field-Maishai,  W6 
Wood's  (M.)  A  Tangled  I   9 

Wood's  (W.)  Survivors'  Tales  of  Great  Events,  olO 
Worsfold's   B  )  Lord  Milner's  Work  in  South  Africa,  689 
Wright's  (Rev.  C.  H.  H.)  Daniel  and  his  Prophecies 
239  ;  Daniel  and  his  Ciitics-The  Book  of  Isaiah,  and 
other  Historical  Studies.  299 
Wright's  (W.  P.)  School  and  Garden,  09 
Writing  on  the  Wall,  The,  11 
Wyllarde's  (D.)  As  Ye  have  Sown    ,30 
Wyndham's  (G.)  Ronsard  and  La  Pleiade,  648 
Wyndham's  (H.)  Audrey,  the  Actress  6/ 
Wynter's  (P.  H.  M.)  On  the  Queen's  Errands,  301 
Yardley's  (M.  H.)  Sinless,  439 
Yatess  (Dr.  M.  T.)  Surrey,  Books  I.  and  H.,  69 
Year-Books  of  Edward   II.  :    3  Edward  II.,  1309-10, 

Vol  III.,  by  Prof.  Maitland,  10 
Yeats's  (W.  B.)  Poems,  1899-1905,  770 
Yorke's  (H.  R.)  France  in  1S02,  361 
Young  People,  The,  581 
Young's  (C.)  Tales  of  Jack  and  Jane,  boo 
Young's  (F  )  Christopher  Columbus  and  the  New  World 

of  his  Discovery,  576 
Yoxall's  (J.  H.)  Beyond  the  Wall,  20, 
Zilwa's  (L.  de)  The  Web  of  Circumstance,  363 


Oxford  Notes,  772 

'  Paradise  Row,'  692 

Parish  Registers,  Gleanings  from,  187,  244 

'  Polimanteia,'  The  Authorship  of,  44 

Prior  Papers  at  Longleat,  303 

Publishers  and  The  Times  Book  Club,  104,  ,443,  478, 

548,  583 
«  Quail,"  To,  15  73,  103 

"Raheen,"  Irish  Word,  336 

Register  of  Teachers,  72 

Rousseau :  a  New  Criticism,  549,  584       _ 

Royal  Historical  Societv  :  New  Publications  158 

St.  Clement's  Danes,  Gleanings  from,  159, 187 

Sales,  15,  74, 105,  480,  584.  693,  737.  738,  773,  803,  832 

Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York  and  the  New  York 
Shakespeare  Society,  479,  657.  693,  738,  t  i  4 

Shakespeares,  Other  William,  188,  214 

Shakespeare:  Stratford  Town  Shakespeare,    243,    Zt% 
305  ;  his  Birthplace,  619 

"  Sidney's  Sister.  Pembroke's  Mother,    159 

'Silanus  the  Christian,' 802 

Southey,  Robert,  and  Willem  Bilderdyk,  480 
Spelling,  The  New,  271,  804 

Voynich  Collection  of  Lost  and  Unknown  Books,  105 


Poetry. 
Grand  Salut,  Le,  by  F.  E.  Coates,  103 
Moon  of  Leaves,  The,  by  R.  M.  Watson,  130 

Origfnal  Papers. 
Aberdeen  Quatercentenary  Feast,  407 
Advanced  Historical  Teaching  131 


by 


^thandune  (Edington),  Battle  of,  180,  303 
Anglo-Indian  Portraits,  584  im  Mr 

Australian  Religion:  a  Correction,  43   480.  515 
Belvoir  Household  Accounts,  The,  274,  335,  369 
Berard  and  the  Lrestrygones,  104 
'BibliothecaSarraziana,' 131,  692 
Bibliotheque  Nationale,  Paris,  An  interesting  Find  in 

the,  243  .     L.       __. 

Booksellers'  Provident  Institution,  274 
Buchanan,  More  Facts  about,  44 
Buchanan  Quatercentenary  at  Glasgow,  bob 
•  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore,  The,'  159 
"Cain  "  and  the  Moon,  186,  515,  584 
Cambridge,  Notes  from,  13,  802 
Canning  and  the  Tilsit  Articles,  407 
Canterbury  and  York  Society,  443 
Caxton,  Remarkable  Find  of  a,  619 
Chesson's  (  Mrs.) '  Selected  Poems,'  274,  305 
'  Club  Law,'  The  Comedy,  242 
Dublin,  Notes  from,  479 

Eyesore  of  the  Pir.ieus,  160  ,,.,.,000001 

'  First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,   (73,  80o,  831 
France  and  Austria  in  ]  870,  549 
'Great  Revolt  of  1381.  The,' 215 
Henry  V.,  The  Birth-Year  of,  104,  159    188 
Historical  Manuscripts  Commission :  Some  Recent  Ke 

ports,  187 
Hohenlohe  Memoirs,  The,  514 
Keats,  Portraits  of,  803 
Lamb's  Letters,  The  Case  of,  736 
Legend  of  Sir  Perceval,  242 
Lever's  '  Widow  Malone,'  243 
Library  Association  at  Bradford,  272,  302 
Lincoln's  Inn,  The  Origin  of,  335,  443 
London  Library  Catalogue,  Supplement  to  the,  i  I 
London  University  and  its  Schools,  367  ^ 
Maasinger,  Philip,  Two  Poems  of,  273,  303 
Mazarin,  The  Marriage  Myth  of,  44 
"  Minoan  "  School  of  Fence  73 
Open  Road,  The,'  14,  44 
Ormulum,'  where  was  it  written?  43,  73, 104 


Obituaries. 
Aide,  C.  H.,  804,  812.     Aitken,  R.    304      Amer,  R    45. 
Audebrand,  P.,  305.    Baddeley,  M.  J.  B..  658.    Bate- 
son,  Miss  M.,  736.     Beale,  Miss  D ...  620      Beljame 
Prof.  A.,  337.  368.     Black,  C  B.    409.      Brunetiere, 
P.,  771.     Collins,  W.,  75.   Craig    W.  J.    773.    Craigie, 
Mrs.  P.,  187.     Danzer,    K.,  369.    David,  J.  J.,   <38. 
Dupont,  P.,   694.      Duval,   P..  16.     Ermch,  K.,  445. 
Faux     W.,  409.      Graham,  Mrs.   Cunninghame,  305. 
Harbnrger,    Prof.    E.,    621.     Harris,    T.    L-,    100. 
Hedenstjerna,   A.,    516.      Heims,   P.     17.     Herbert, 
Hon.  A.,  585.     Himly,  L.  A.,   445.     Jacob,    H,  620. 
Justen.  P..  659.     Kirchbach,  W.,  338.     Klaczko,  J., 
738.     La  Touche,  Mrs.  J.,  738.     Leighton,  P.,  bit). 
Leng,  Sir  J.,  774.     Lengle,  P.  E,  516.     Levert.n, O., 
369.      Lowry,    H.   D.,    516.      Maitland     Prof.    831. 
Martin,  Pere,  738.     Marx,  A.,  75.     Matheson  Dr.  G., 
244.     Nicholls,  Rev.  A.  B.,  738.     PezuelaN.de  la, 
585.     Poupin.  V.,   16.     Pouvillon,  E.,  482.     Rainy, 
Principal,   831.      Raven,   Canon  J.  J.,  366.     Seville, 
A.,  551.    Riddell,  Mrs.  J.  H.,  369.     Rousse,  A.  l.h., 
161.     Saar.  F.  von,  131.     Savage- Armstrong.  Dr.  b:., 
106.      Seidel.   H.,    621.      Sewell,   E.  M.,   214,    216. 
Seyffert,  Prof.  O.,  130.    Shuckburgh,  E.  S-,75.    Sorel, 
A.,  15.     Spurr,   H.    A.,   16.      Tangye    Sir  R.,  482. 
Taube.  G.,  585.     linger,  G.  F  ,  482      Vanderkmdere, 
L.,  621.     Vassallo.  Senor  L.  A.,  190.    Villedeuu,  M. 
de',  659.    Zwiedineck,  Dr.  H.,  694. 
Gossip. 
■Parliamentary  Papers,  17,  45,  76,  133,  190,  305,  338,  370    410, 
44.    m82    516,15?  621,  «94,'739,  774,  804    832,    Academie 
Francaise,  Aware,  of  Prizes,  75.    Booksellers'  ^dent 
Institution,    106,    217,   369.     Report    on    th e    G'«R    a"^ 
Bequests  to  American  Libraries  during  1905, 161.    Number 
of  Matriculated  Students  at  the  German  Universities,  190. 
Annual  Report  of  the  Cambridge  (Mass  )  Dante  Societj, 
337        Close    of    the   historical    Libraine  Nouvelle,  481. 
Opening    of    the    Hornby    Library    at    Liverpool,    550. 
Newsvendors'    Benevolent    and    Provident   1^™°  = 
Dinner,  585.    Royal  Irish  Academy  X^S™-*™^-0} 
tlie  Prix  Vie  Heurcuse  to  Madame  Andn5  Corthis    <74. 
Award  of  the  Prix  Goncourt  for  1906  to  the  Brothers 
Jerome  and  Jean  Tharaud,  804. 


SCIENCE. 

Reviews. 

Albe's  (E   E.  F.  d')  The  Electron  Theory,  585 

Allen's  (J.  F.)  Some  Founders  of  the  Chemical  Industry, 

American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Almanac  for  1909, 

624  _  ,   „a 

Anthropological  Institute.  Journa  ,  79 
Avmita.'e'sTF  P  )  A  History  of  Chemistry,  834 
M^onomisiJ;  Nachrichten,  18, 79, 193,  220, 588,  662, 808 

Astrophysical  Journal,  48  

Berlin 's  (L.  E.)  Marine  Boilers   tr.  Robertson,  218 

British  Association  :  President  s  Address,  133 

British  Blood-sucking  Flies,  Illustrations  of,  Notes  by 

Austen,  371  „     <n._  -.. 

Cambrian  Natural  Observer  for  1905,  340 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  Observatory,  Report  for  1905,  553 
Caven's  (R.  M.)  Systematic  Inorganic  Chemistry,  371 
Chlmberlin-s  (T.C.)  Geology :  Earth  History,  Vols.  II. 

and  III.,  19l  ...    ,   _ofl 

Clouston's  (T.  S.)  The  Hygiene  of  the  Mind  739 
Collett's  (A.)  A  Handbook  of  British  Inland  Bi:ds,  217 
Connaissance  des  Temps  for  1908,  340 
Copperthwaite's  (W.  C)  Tunnel  Shields  218 
Curtis's  (A.  C)  The  Small  Garden  Beautiful   192 
Dennett's  (rVk.)  At  the  Back  of  the  Black  Man's  Mind, 

832 
Dcwar's  (G.  A.  B.)  The  Faery  Year,  833 
Dreyer's  (J.  L.  E.)  History  of  the  Planetary  Systems 

from  Thales  to  Kcple-,  245 
Putt's  (W.  A.)  Wild  Life  in  East  Angha,  410 
Eichhorn's  (G.)  Wireless  Telegraphy  587 
Elliot's  (G.  F.  S.)  The  Romance  of  Plant  Life,  44b 
Elms's  (E.  F.  M.1  *  Pocket-Book  of  British  Birds,  218 
Fidler's  (T.  C.)  Civil  Engineering,  552 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4134,  Jan.  19,  1907] 


July  to  December  1906 


INDEX    OF     CONTENTS 


vix 


Folk-lore,  79,  446 

Gill's  (R.)  The  CHCls-Problem,  739 
Gautier's  (A.)  Diet  and  Dietetics,  tr.  Rice-Oxley,  162 
Gibson's  (C  R.)  Electricity  of  To-day,  776,  835 
Gloag's  (M.  R.)  A  Book  of  English  Gardens,  621 
Greenwich  Astronomical  and  Magnetical  and  Meteoro- 
logical Observations  for  1904,  779 
Gregory's  (J.  W.)  The  Dead  Heart  of  Australia,  76 
Hallock's  (W.)  Outlines  of  the  Evolution  of  Weights 

and  Measures  and  the  Metric  System,  775 
Hampson's  (W. )  Paradoxes  of  Nature  and  Science,  776 
Harting's  (J.  E.)  Recreations  of  a  Naturalist,  106 
Harvard  College  Observatory,  Circulars,  19,779,  836 
Hedley's  (G.  W.)  Elementary  Chemistry,  Part  II.,  835 
Hill's  (Mrs.  L.)  The  Management  of  Babies,  739 
Hobson's   (Dr.  H.   O.)  Helouan,   an  Egyptian  Health 

Resort,  and  How  to  Reach  It,  805 
Huber's  (J.  B.)  Consumption,  17 
Hyslop's  (Y.)  Science  and  a  Future  Life,  647 
Jastrow's  (J.)  1  he  Subconscious,  482,  519 
Johnson's  (A.  T.  M.)  Electric  Flashes,  696 
Jones's  (H.   C.)  The   Electrical  Nature  of  Matter  and 

Radio-Activity,  306 
Jordan's  (D.  S.)  A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Fishes,  77 
Journal  de  Physique,  518 

Joutel's  Journal  of  La  Salle's  Last  Voyage,  1684-7,  307 
Keane's  (A.  H.)  Asia,  276 
Kellogg's  (V.  L)  American  Insects,  78 
Knuth's  (P.)  Handbook  of  Flower  Pollination,  tr.  Davis, 

Vol.  I.,  305 
Kodaikarial  and  Madras  Observatories,   Bulletins,  246, 

372,  808 
L' Anthropologic,  192,  697 

Lajonqui&re's  (E.  L.  de)  Ethnographie  du  Tonkin  Sep- 
tentrional, 276 
Langlois's  (Dr.  J.  P.)  Revue  Annuelle  d'Hygiene,  518 
Lauder's  (G.  D.)  Systematic  Inorganic  Chemistry,  371 
Leonard's   (Major  A.    G.)   The   Lower    Niger  and    its 

Tribes,  832 
Liverpool  Astronomical  Society,  Annual  Report,  589 
Lockyer's  (Sir  N.)  Stonehenge  and  other  British  Stone 

Monuments,  Astronomically  Considered,  306 
Long's  (W.  J.)  Brier-Patch  Philosophy,  805 
Man,  776 

Mann's  (G.)  Chemistry  of  the  Proteids,  191 
Martin-Duncan's   (F.)   Insect  Pests  of   the   Farm  and 

Garden.  371 
Massee's  (G.)  A  Text-Book  of  Fungi,  696 
Memorie   della    Societa   degli    Spettroscopisti   Italiani, 

79,  193,  307,  553,  699,  808 
Moncrieff's  (A.  R.  H.)  The  World  of  To-day,  77 
Morris's  (C.)  Heroes  of  Discovery  in  America,  77 
Moulton's  (F.  R.)  An  Introduction  to  Astronomy,  78 
Naylor's  (M.  H.)  Common  Ailments,  739 
Newcomb's  (S.)  A  Compendium  of  Spherical  Astronomy, 

245 ;  Side-Lights  on  Astronomy,  834 
Newman's  (G.)  Infant  Mortality,  17 
Noble's  (Sir  A.)  Artillery  and  Explosives,  694 
Norris's  (W.)  Modern  Steam  Road  Wagons,  306 
Oxford  University  Observatory,  Annual  Report.  519 
Paris  Observatory,  Rapport  Annuel  for  1905,  136 
Parker's  (C.  A  )  A  Guide  to  Diseases  of  the  Nose,  371 
Parkhurst's  (J.  A.)  Researches  in  Stellar  Photometry  779 
Perkin's  (F.  M.)  Practical  Methods  of  Inorganic  Che- 
mistry, 835 
Phillpotts's  (E.)  My  Garden,  621 
Philosophical  Magazine,  518 
Pitt-Rivers's  (Lieut.-Gen.  A.   Lane-Fox)  The  Evolution 

of  Culture,  &c,  ed.  Myres,  833 
Pratt's   (A.   E.)  Two  Years  among  New  Guinea  Can- 
nibal, 76 
Ralfe's  (P.  G.)  The  Birds  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  218 
Rivers's  (W.  H.  R.)  The  Todas,  551 
Roberts's  (C.  G.  D.)  Discoveries  and  Explorations  in  the 

Century,  276 
Roberts's  (H.)  The  Book  of  Rarer  Vegetables,  192 
Roscoe,  Sir  H.  E.,  The  Life  and  Experiences  of,  77 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  Memoirs,  277 
Royal  Society  0f  Edinburgh,  Proceedings,  339 
Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries  of  Copenhagen 

for  1904,  Memoires,  339 
Royal  Society's  Proceedings,  518 
Sainsbury's  (H.)  Principia  Therapeutica,  17 
Salisbury's  (R.  D.)  Geology  :    Earth  History,  Vols.  II. 

and  III.,  191 
Schryver's  (S.  B.)  The  Chemistry  of  the  Albumens,  192 
Science  Year-Book  for  1907,  834 
Shearman's  (A.  T.)  The  Development  of  Symbolic  Logic, 

338 
Shenstone's  (W.  A.)  The  New  Physics  and  Chemistry, 

775 
Slosson's  (M.)  How  Ferns  Grow.  306 
Stanford's  Octavo  Atlas  of  Modern  Geography,  77 
Starling's  (E.  H.)  Recent  Advances  in  the  Physiology  of 

Digestion,  162 
Stewart's  (P.)  The  Diagnosis  of  Nervous  Diseases,  739 
Stopes'R  (M.  C.)  The  Study  of  Plant  Life  for  Young 

People,  445 
Strasburger's  (E.)  Rambles  in  the  Riviera,  804 
Studies  in  Pathology,  ed.  Bulloch,  805 
Thomas's  (N.  \V.)  Bibliography  of  Folk-lore  for  1905, 

446  ;  Native  Races  of  Australia,  774,  812,  812 
Thurston's  (E.)  Ethnographic  Notes  in  Southern  India, 
445 


Treatise  on  Zoology,  ed.  Lankester  :  Part  V.,  Mollusca, 

by  Pelseneer,  371 
Veitch's  (J.  H.)  Hortus  Veitchii,  46 
Victoria   History  :    Berkshire,  by  Ditchfield  and  Page, 

Vol.  I.,  161 ;  Nottingham,  ed.  Page,  Vol.  I.,  370 
Voyage  of  the  Scotia,  by  Three  of  the  Staff,  516 
Wade's  (H.  T.)  Outlines  of  the  Evolution  of  Weights 

and  Measures  and  the  Metric  System,  775 
Whitaker's  (J.  I.  S.)  The  Birds  of  Tunisia,  217 
Wilson's  (F.  R.  L.)  Elementary  Chemistry,  Part  II.,  835 
Woods's  (F.  H.)  For  Faith  and  Science,  696 
Woods's  (H.)  ^Ether,  776 

Wythes's  (G.)  The  Book  of  Rarer  Vegetables  192 
Yorke's  (J.  P.)  Applied  Electricity,  517 

Original  Papers. 

Anthropological  Notes,   79,  135,  162,  192,  339,  446,  553, 

697,  776 
'  Electricity  of  To-day,'  835 
Origines  de   la  Radio -Activite  et  la  Vieillesse  de  la 

Matiere,  621 
Precision  des  Lois  Physiques  &c.,  107, 134 
Research  Notes,  46,  245,  518,  659,  805 

Societies. 

Anthropological  Institute— -Mr.   W.  Crewdson  on   'A 

Visit  to  the  Hopi  Indians  at  Oraibi,'  698 
Aristotelian—  623,  778 
Asiatic — Sir  J.  Bourdillon  on  '  The  Pathan  Sultans  of 

Bengal,' 660.    Also  806 
Astronomical — 806 
British  Academy— Dr.    D.  G.  Hogarth   on   'Artemis 

Ephesia,'   587.     Prof.  S.    P.    Thompson   on   '  Petrus 

Peregrinus    and    his    "Epistolade   Magnete,'"   739. 

Prof.  A.  Souter  on  '  The  Commentary  of  Pelagius  on 

the  Epistles  of  Paul,'  806 
British  Archaeological  Association — 740,  807 
British  Numismatic — Elections,  135,  519,  778 ;  Annual 

Meeting,  778.     Also  18 
Challenge-) — Annual  Meeting,  588.     Also  48 
Entomological— Elections,  483,  622,  740,  777.    Also  587 
Faraday- -79,  661.  835 
(Jeofo^'ra^-Elections,  660,  806.     Also  47,  739 
Hellenic- -18,  740 
Historical— Elections,  661,  835 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers — Elections,  740.    Also 

588,  623,  698,  807 
Linnean— Elections,  18,  587,  807.    Also  698 
Mathematical—  Annual  Meeting,  623;  Elections,  807 
Meteorological— £61,  807 
Microscopical— 18,  587,  777 
Numismatic— Elections,  519,  661,  835 
Philological— -Mr.  W.  A.  Craigie  on  the  N  Words  for 

the    Society's    'Oxford    English     Dictionary,'    623; 

Elections,  778 
Physical- 48,  588,  778 
Royal  Instiltttion— Elections,  18,  740 
Society  of  Antiquaries— 47,  777,  807 
Society  of  Biblical  Archa-ology— 588,  807 
Society  of  Engineers— Annual  Meeting,  778.    Also  410, 

588,  740 
Zoological— 18,  661,  777,  835 

Obituaries. 

Anderson,  Dr.  F.,  836.  Bischoffsheim,  R.,  48.  Blake, 
Rev.  J.  F.,  48.  Bogdanor,  Dr.  A.,  193.  Boltzmann, 
Dr.  L.,  307.  Brouardel,  Prof.  P.  C.  H.,  108.  Christo- 
manos,  A.  K.,  553.  Clarke,  C.  B.,  277.  Cohn,  Prof. 
H.,  339.  Dredge,  J.,  219.  Drude,  Prof.  P.,  48. 
Dzierzon,  Dr.  J.,  588.  Finlayson,  Prof.  J.,  483. 
Oudemans.  Prof.  J.  A.  C,  807.  Pfitzer,  Prof.  E., 
778.  Piette,  L.  E.  S.,  79.  Prunier,L.  A.,193.  Rayet, 
Prof.  G.  A.  P.,  136.  Thaer,  Prof.  A.,  808.  Ward, 
Dr.  H.  M.,  246. 

Gossip. 

Parliamentary  Papers,  48,  79,  307,  371,  411,  483,  624,  661, 
699.  Presentations  to  Sir  W.  Perkin,  135.  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers :  Award  of  Medals  and  Prizes,  410. 
Royal  Scottish  Museum,  Edinburgh  :  Acquisitions,  483. 
Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  British  Astronomical  Associa- 
tion, 553.  Award  of  a  Nobel  Prize  to  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson, 
741.  Award  of  the  Lalande  Prize,  Valz  Prize,  and 
Janssen  Medal,  836. 


FINE  ARTS. 


Armstrong's  (E.  A.)  Axel  Herman  Haig  and  his  Work, 

108 

Babylonian  Expedition  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania :  Excavations  at  Nippur,  Part  I.,  340 

Bayley's  (R.  C.)  The  Complete  Photographer,  699 

Blomfield's  (R.)  Studies  in  Architecture,  220 

Bloom's  (Rev.  J.  H.)  English  Seals,  483 

Botticelli,  by  Diehl,  411 

British  School  at  Athens,  The  Annual  of  the.  No.  XI., 
Session  1904-1905,  372 

Bumpus's  (T.  F.)  The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales, 
Third  Series,  556 

Burlington  Magazine.  110.  249,  310.  375,  557.  701,  840 

Caldicott's  (J.  W.)  The  Values  of  Old  English  Silver 
and  Sheffield  Plate,  ed.  Gardner,  662 

Calthrop's  (D.  C.)  English  Costume,  Vols.  I.  and  II., 
137;  Vol.  III.,  699 


Catalogues :     Loan    Collection    of    Portraits    in    the 

Examination  Schools,  Oxford,  1906,  341 ;  Greek  Coins 

of  Phrygia,  by  Head,  448 
Clausen's  (G.)  Aims  and  Ideals  in  Art,  699 
Clinch's  (G.)  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  164 
Clouston's   (R.    S.)   English   Furniture    and  Furniture 

Makers  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  308 
Correggio,  by  Moore,  624 
Coxhead  s  (A.  C.)  Thomas  Stothard,  R.A. :  an  Illustrated 

Monograph,  837 
Crane's  (W.)  Flowers  from  Shakespeare's  Garden,  809 
Cunynghame's  (H.  H.)  On  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 

Art    Enamelling    upon    Metals,    Second     Edition — 

European  Enamels,  520 
Davis's    (Theodore    M.)    Excavations:    The    Tomb    of 

Hatshopsitu,  by  Davis,  Naville,  and  Carter,  741 
Diehl's  (C.)  Botticelli,  411 
Dillon's  (E.)  The  Arts  of  Japan,  662 
Drawings,  Measured,  Portfolio  of,  Vol.  I.,  194 
East's  (A.)  Landscape  Painting,  779 
Edinburgh,  by  Williamson,  341 
Episcopal  Arms  of  England  and  Wales,  279,  486 
Frankau's  (J.)  Eighteenth-Century  Colour  Prints,  838 
French   Art    from   Watteau   to   Prud'hon,    ed.   Foster, 

Vol.  I.,  19;  Vol.  II.,  836 
Graves's  (A.)  The  Royal   Academy  of  Arts,  Vol.  VI., 

79;  Vol.  VII.,  808 
Greek  Epigraphy,  Introduction  to,  Part  II.,  ed.  Roberts 

and  Gardner,  136 
Groot's  (C.  H.  de)  Die  Urkunden  iiber  Rembrandt,  20 
Haig,  Axel  Herman,  and  his  Work,  by  Armstrong,  10S 
Hardie's  (M.)  English  Coloured  Books,  555 
Harrison's  (J.  E.)  Primitive  Athens,  as   described   by 

Thucydides,  521 
Hayden's  (A.)  Chats  on  Old  Prints,  742 
Hind's  (C.  L  )  The  Education  of  an  Artist,  372 
Home's  (G.)  Yorkshire  Dales  and  Fens,  521 
Inchbold's  (A.  C.)  Under  the  Syrian  Sun,  809 
Jones's  (E.  A.)  The  Church  Plate  of  the   Diocese   of 

Bangor,  411 
Lang's  (A.)  Portraits  and  Jewels  of  Marv  Stuart,  193, 

221,  249 
Lechat's    (H.)   La    Sculpture  attique   avant   Phidias- 
Phidias  et  la  Sculpture  grecque  au  cinquieme  Siecle, 

742 
Library  Work,  139 
Lippmann's   (F.)   Engraving  and  Etching,  revised  by 

Lehrs,  tr.  Hardie,  279 
Macalister's   (R.   A.    S.)   Bible    Side-Lights    from    the 

Mound  of  Gezer,  277 
McKay's  (W.  D.)  The  Scottish  School  of  Painting.  246 
Maitres  de  l'Art :  Botticelli,  by  Diehl,  411 ;  Verrocchio, 

by  Revmond,  624 
Maxwell's  (Sir  H.)  Official  Guide  to  the  Abbey-Church, 

Palace,  and  Environs  of  Holyroodhouse,  308 
Medallic  Illustrations  of  the   History  of  Great  Britain 

and  Ireland,  Plates  XLI.-L.,  279 
Michel's  (E.)  Rembrandt :  a  Memorial  of  his  Tercen- 
tenary, 163 
Millet,  Jean  Francois,  The  Drawings  of,  447 
Moore's  (G.)  Reminiscences  of  the  Impressionist  Painters, 

341 
31oore's  (T.  S.)  Correggio,  624 
Nesbitt's  (F.  E.)  Algeria  and  Tunis,  278 
Pasteur's  (V.  M.)  Gods  and  Heroes  of  Old  Japan,  838 
Pope's  (A.)  The  Old  Stone  Crosses  of  Dorset,  247 
Prideaux's  (S.  T.)  Modern  Bookbindings,  81 
Raven's  (Rev.  Dr.)  The  Bells  of  England,  307 
Rembrandt:  Die  Urkunden  iiber  Rembrandt,   20,   485, 

557,  590,  663;  a  Memorial   of  his  Tercentenary,   by 

Michel,    163 ;    Des    Meisters    Radierungen    in     402 

Abbildungen,  by  Singer,  373 
Reymond's  (M. )  Verrocchio,  624 
Ronaldson's  (T.  M.)  Drawings  of  New  College,  Oxford, 

838 
Salaman's  (M.  C.)  The  Old  Engravers  of  England,  742 
Sanford's  (F.  G.)   The   Art   Crafts   for   Beginners,  ed. 

Phillips,  662 
Sharp's  (W.)  Fair  Women  in  Painting  and  Poetry,  838 
Simpson's  (F.  M.)  A  History  of  Architectural  Develop- 
ment, Vol.  I.,  220,  250 
Singer's  (H.  W.)  Rembrandt :  Des  Meisters  Radierungen 

in  402  Abbildungen,  373 
Stalev's  (E.)  The  Guilds  of  Florence,  555 
Stothard,  Thomas,  R.A.  :  an  Illustrated  Monograph,  by 

Coxhead,  837  _, 

Strang,  William  :  Catalogue  of  his  Etched  Work,  Essay 

by  Binyon,  108  .  7rio 

Stuart,   Mary,   Portraits  and  Jewels  of,  by  Lang,  J9.5, 

221,  249 
Taylor,  Talbot  J.,  Collection,  308 
Theobald's  (H.  S.)  Crome's  Etching*,  7"" 
Tompkins's  (H.)  In  Constable's  Country,  779 
Trigga's  (H.  I.)  The  Art  of  Garden  Design  in  Italy,  554 
Verrocchio,  by  Revmond,  624 
Yinycomb'8   (J.)  Fictitious  and   Symbolic  Creations  in 

Art,  247 
Walters'8  (II.  B.)  The  Art  of  the  Greeks.  742 
Weir'a  (1.1  The  Kreek  Painter's  Art.  7  i-'i 
Weisbaeh's  (W.)  Der  junge  Diirer,  81 
Williamson's    (M.    G.)    Edinburgh  :    a    Historical    and 

Topographical  Account  of  the  City,  .".II 
Original  Papers. 

Archaeological  Notes,  309,  839 

Archaeological  Societies,  Congress  of.  50 


Till 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENjEUM  with  No.  4134,  Jan.  19. 1907 

July  to  December  1906 


.British  Archaeological  Association,  138,  166 

British  Museum  :    Photographing  at  the,  21,   8^,  J.1V  , 

Gift  of  Coins  to  the,  701 
Carhampton  Hundred  Churches  of,  308,  373 
Cross-Hunting  in  the  Peak,  A  Day's,  279  . 

National  Gallery,  22,  164,  195,  248,  412,  701;  Foreign 

Catalogue,  780,  838 
Rembrandt,  The  Newest  Light  on,  485,  55,,  590,  663 
Roval  Archaeological  Institute  at  Worcester,  13, ,  165 
Sales,  21,  50,  82, 110,  558,  664,  701,  743,  781,  810 
Stuart,  Mary,  Portraits  of,  221,  249 
Exhibitions. 
Alpine  Club,  743 

Baillie  Gallery,  50,  374,  449,  522,  553,  663,  700 
Brook  Street  Art  Gallery,  50 
-Chenil  Gallery,  22,  589 
Connell  &  Sons'  ( Vlessrs.)  Gallery,  590 
Dickinson's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  341,  412,  449,  590 
Dore  Gallerv,  781 

Dowdeswell's  (Messrs.)  Galleries,  589,  743 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund's  Exhibition,  49 
Egyptian  Antiquities  in  Liverpool  and  London,  109 
Exposition  d'OSuvres  d'Art  du  XVIII.  Siecle,  485 
Fine-Art  Society,  22,  486,  626,  781 
XJoupil  Gallery,  590,  626,  809 
Grafton  Galleries.  412,  486,  521,  590 
•Graves  &  Co.'s  (Messrs.)  Galleries,  557 
Gutekunst's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  590 
Hunt,  Holman,  Exhibition,  448 
Institute  of  Oil  Painters,  522 
International  Art  Gallery,  810 
Leicester  Galleries,  50,  412,  700,  743 
Macdonald's  (Mr.  W.  A.)  Gallery,  663 
Mendoza's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  521,  663 
Modern  Gallery,  486,  743 
New  Dudley  Gallery,  50,  374,  486,  521,  590 
New  English  Art  Club,  781 
New  Gallery  :  Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  699 
Paterson's  (Mr.  W.  B.)  Gallery,  486,  626,  781 
Peter  Pan  in  Kensington  Gardens,  700 
Quest  Gallery  :  Scenes  in  West  Somerset,  21 
Rembrandt  Gallery,  663 
.Rowley's  (Mr.  A.  J.)  Gallery,  663,  743 
Royal  Academy:  Summer  Exhibition,  48 
Royal  Society  of  British  Artists,  522,  556 
-Royal  Water-Colour  Society,  625 
Ryder  Gallery.  50,  449,  626 
.Shepherd's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  522,  700 
Society  of  Twelve,  662 
Whitechapel  Art  Gallery,  590 
Wilson's  (Miss  M.)  Pastels,  626 

Obituaries. 

Alesi,  H.  d',  626.  Batsford,  B.,  82.  Benner,  J.,  557. 
Bouchot,  H.,  486.  Breton,  J.,  49.  Cezanne,  P.,  557- 
Chaigneau,  F.,  557.  Charles,  J.,  278.  281.  Demaille, 
L.  C,  810.  Du  Bois,  H.  P.,  375.  Fliiggen,  J.,  590. 
Foster,  G.,  22.  Haquette,  G.  J.  M.,  195.  Jacottet, 
L..  557.  Kellen,  J.  P.  van  der,  111.  Kitson,  S.  J.. 
626.  Lalauze,  A.,  522.  Langlois,  P.,  782.  Laurent- 
Desrousseaux.  H.  A.  L.,  195.  Leroux,  E.,  281.  Long- 
field,  T.  H..  590.  Mali,  Prof.,  449.  Micklethwaite, 
J.  T.,  557,  589,  777.  Murray,  J.  G.,  195.  Schrodl, 
A.,  51.  Stevens,  A.,  250.  Telepy,  K.,  449.  Thaulow, 
F.,  626.  Thone,  F.,  51.  Varma,  R.,  557-  Zajacz- 
kowski,  T.,  590. 

Gossip. 

•  Parliamentary  Papers,  22.  National  Gallery  of  Ireland  : 
Acquisitions,  22.  The  Munster-Connacht  Exhibition  at 
Limerick,  110.  Award  of  the  Grand  Prix  de  Rome,  139. 
Tate  Gallery:  Acquisitions,  166,  221,  280,  341.  Gift  of 
M.  E.  Ricard  to  the  Museum  at  Marseilles,  167. 


MUSIC. 

Reviews. 


Schumann,  Clara,  by  Litzmann,  Vol.  II.,  195 
Sibelius,  Jean,  by  Mrs.  Newmarch,  250 
Society  of  British  Musicians  Year-Book  (1906-7).  ldj» 
Streatfeild's  (R.  A.)  Modem  Muaic  and  Musicians,  702 
Taylor's  (S.)  The  Indebtedness  of  Handel  to  Works  ot 

other  Composers,  841 
Tchaikovsky,  by  Evans— by  Lee,  840 
Wagner,  Richard,  Life  of,  by  Ellis,  Vol.  V.,  82  ;  Tristan 

und  Isolde,  167  ;  by  Newman,  840 
Weingartner's  (F.)  Ueber  das  Dirigiren,  tr.  Newman,  664 

Original  Papers. 

'  Tempest,  The,'  as  an  "  Opera,"  222,  281 
Thomas,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  486 


Bamett's(.T.  P.)  Musical  Reminiscences,  841 
Baughan's  (E.  A.)  Music  and  Musicians,  167 
Baumann's  (E.)  Les  Grandes  Formes  de  la  Musique  : 

L'<Euvre  de  Camille  Saint-Saens,  167 
Beethoven,  by  Walker,  840 
Builder,  The,  627 

Children's  Songs  of  Long  Ago,  ed.  Kidson,  744 
Ellis's  (W.  A.)  Life  of  Richard  Wagner,  Vol.  V.,  82 
Gardiner's  (V.)  A  Nursery  Medley,  744 
Lederer's  (Dr.  V.)  Ueber  Heimat  und  Ursprung  der 

mehrstimmigen  Tonkunst,  Vol.  I.,  449,  486 
Leschetizky,  by  Hullah,  840 
Litzmann's  (B.)  Clara  Schumann,  Vol.  II.,  195 
Living   Masters  of    Music,   ed.    Newmarch  :    Giacomo 
Puccini,  byT)ry ;  Theodor  Leschetizky,  by  Hullah,  840 
Mainland's  (J.  A.'-F.)  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians, 

Vol.  III.,  811 
Master  Musieians,  ed.  Crowest :  Tchaikovsky,  by  Evans, 

840 
Music,  Vocal  and  Instrumental,  23,  281 
Music  of  the  Masters,  ed.  Dry  :  Beethoven,  by  Walker  ; 

Wagner,  by  Newman  ;  Tchaikovski,  by  Lee,  840 
Musical  Association,  Session  1905-6,  Proceedings,  702 
Newmarch's  (Mrs.  R.)  Jean  Sibelius,  250 
Puccini,  by  Dry,  840 

■  Oxford  History  of    Music:    The    Polyphonic    Period, 
Part  II.    y  Wooldridge, 


Operas,  Concerts,  &c. 

Ainsley's  (Miss  I.)  Concert,  51 

Avriola's  (Master  P.)  Performance,  487 

Ballad  Concerts,  558,  783 

Beecham's  (Mr.  T.)  Orchestral  Concert,  591 

Birmingham  Musical  Festival,  412,  450,  451 

Bispham's  (Mr.  D.)  Song  Recital,  664 

Bowen's  (Mr.  Y.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  810 

Broadwood  Concerts,  558,  626 

Buhlig's  (M.  R.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  744 

Busoni's  (Signor)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  522,  810 

Cahier's  (Madame  C)  Vocal  Recital,  810 

Cherniavsky  Brothers'  Concert,  702 

Coates's  (Mr.  J.)  Vocal  Recital,  23 

Crystal  Palace  Concert,  558 

Dodge's  (Miss  E.)  Concert,  51 

Eadie's  (Miss  K.)  Concert,  558 

Elman's  (M.  M.)  Violin  Recital,  744 

Epstein's  (Mr.  R.)  Chamber  Concert,  51 

Fromm's  (Madame  M.)  Concert,  558 

Godowsky's  (M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  591 

Greene's  (Mr.  P.)  Recital,  744  . 

Guildhall    School    of    Music:     Barnett's    'Mountain 

Halle  (Lady)  and  Borwick's  (Mr.  L.)  Violin  and  Piano- 
forte Recital,  522 
Hambourg's  (Mr.  M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  522 
Handel  Festival,  22 
Hereford  Musical  Festival,  310,  342 
Joachim  Concerts,  664,  701,  744 
Jones's  (Mr.  D.)  'Cello  Recital,  783 
Kihl's  (Mr.  V.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  558 
Klean's  (Miss  B.)  Vocal  Recital,  627 
Kreisler's  (Mr.  F)  Violin  Recital,  413 
Lhevinne's  (M.)  Orchestral  Concert,  451 
London  Choral  Society :  Concert,  558 ;  Sir  E.  Elgar  s 

'The  Kingdom,'  782 
London  Symphony  Orchestra  :  Concert,  591 
London  Trio  Concert,  522 
Lunn's  (Madame  K.)  Vocal  Recital,  591 
Lyric  Theatre  ;     Moody  -  Manners    Opera    Company  : 
'Faust,'  '  Cavalleria  Rusticana,'  '  Pagliacci,'  'II  Tro- 
vatore,'  196  ;  '  The  Marriage  of  Figaro,'  223 
Massenet's  '  Ariane, '  558 
Maurel's  (M.  V.)  Pupils'  Concert,  111 
Navas's  (M.  R.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  558 
Obree's  (Miss  L.)  Vocal  Recital,  810 
Pachmann's  (M.  V.  de)  Pianoforte  Recital,  664 
Patron's  Fund  Concert,  701 
Patti's  (Madame)  Farewell  Concert,  714 
Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre  :   '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield, 

782 
Promenade  Concerts,  223,  250,  282,  311,  342,  375,  413, 

451,  487,  522,  558 
Risler's  (M.  E.)  Beethoven  Recitals,  664,  744 
Royal  Choral  Society  :   '  Elijah,'  591 
Royal    College     of    Music  :    Concert,    23 ;    Stanford  s 

'  Shamus  O'Brien,'  702 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden  :  Tschaikowsky's  'Eugene 
Oneghin,'   23;    Gluck's    'Armide,'    51,  83;    Verdi's 
'Aida'— 'Don  Giovanni,'   83;  'La  Boheme,'  111.— 
Autumn  Season  :  '  Madama  Butterfly,'  '  La  Boheme,' 
451;    'Rigoletto,'   487,    522;    'La  Tosca,'   Gounod's 
'Faust,'   '  Aida,'    487;    '  Adriana  Lecouvreur,'   522; 
Giordano's  '  Fedora,'  590  ;  Mile.  Gay  as  Carmen,  664 
Sarasate's  (Seiior)  Violin  Recital,  487 
Savoy  Theatre  :  '  The  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,'  782 
Sharpe's  (Mr.  E.)  Composers'  Recital,  591;  American 

Recital,  627 
Sherwin's  (Miss  A.)  Pupils'  Concert,  51 
Spalding's  (Mrs.  A.)  Concerts,  558,  627 
Strang's  (Miss  S.)  Vocal  Recital,  627 
Symphony  Concert,  744 

Obituaries. 

Cross,  A.  H.,  250.  Garcia,  Seiior  M.,  23.  Gura,  E., 
282.  Jacobi,  G.,  342.  Lohse,  Frau  J.,  139.  Luigini, 
A.,  139.  Mount,  G.,  84.  Ravini,  J.  H.,  487. 
Stassow,  W.  W.,  664.     Stockhausen,  J.,  414. 

Gossip. 

'The  Messiah'  at  the  Guildhall,  Cambridge,  196.  The 
Bayreuth  Festival  o<  1906,  223.  Festival  at  Salzburg  in 
Honour  of  Mozart,  2o0.  Miss  E.  M.  Smyth's  Opera 
'  Strandrecht '  at  Leipsic,  627.  Music  at  the  Banquet  of 
the  Livery  Club  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Musicians 
—"Diamond  Jubilee"  of  the  Exeter  Oratorio  Society, 
702.  Music  in  Dublin,  745.  Rev.  H.  Cart  on  Spanish 
Music,  810. 


DRAMA. 

Reviews. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  ed.  Glover  and  Waller,  Vols.  II. 

and  III.— Variorum  Edition,  Vol.  II..  250 
Calderon,  Eight  Dramas  of,  tr.  FitzGerald,  112 
Campbell's  (Prof.)  Translation  of  ^Eschylus,  811 
Garrick  and  liis  Circle,  by  Mrs.  C.  Parsons,  703 
Martin's    (Sir    T.)    Monographs  :    Garrick,   JUacready, 

Rachel,  and  Baron  Stockmar,  111 
Parsons's  (Mrs.  C.)  Garrick  and  his  Circle,  703 
Rivista  delle  Biblioteche,  842 

Williams's  (H.  N.)  Later  Queens  of  the  French  Stage,  168 
Wyndham's   (H.   S.)   The  Annals    of    Covent   Garden 

Theatre  from  1732  to  1897,  703,  746 

Original  Papers. 

'  Dictionary  of  the  Drama,  The,'  591 

'  Eumenides,  The,'  at  Cambridge,  704,  745 

Literary  Drama  in  Dublin,  665 

'  Nero,'  The  Anonymous  Play  of,  559,  592 

Terence's  '  Phormio '  at  Westminster,  841 

Theatres. 

Adelphi— Carr's  'Tristram  and  Iseult,'  283;   Besier's 

'The   Virgin  Goddess,'    523,   666;    'A  Midsummer 

Night's  Dream,'  745 
Apollo  —  '  Peter's  Mother,'  784 
Camden— Jerome's  '  Tommy,'  746 
Comedy— Capt.  R.  Marshall's  « A  Wire  Entanglement,' 

376  ;  '  Raffles,'  666 
Coronet—'  The  R>yal  Flower,'  284 ;  Goldsmith's  *  The 

Good-Natured    Man,'   487;    Wills's    'The   Vicar    of 

Wakefield,'  592 
Court—'  You  Never  Can  Tell,'  52 ;  '  John  Bull's  Other 

Island,'   343;   Galsworthy's  'The   Silver  Box,'   375; 

Hankin's  'The  Charity  that  began  at  Home,'  Hill's 

'  Guinevere,'  524 ;  *  Man  and  Superman,'  560 ;  Shaw's 

'  The  Doctor's  Dilemma,'  665 
Criterion -Peple's   'The   Prince   Chap,'  84;    Tarpey's 

'The     Amateur    Socialist,'   452,    487;    Miss   Unger's 

'The  Lemonade  Boy,'  488;  Tarpey's  'The  Collabo- 

Drury  Lane— Hall  Caine's  '  The  Bondman,'  342,  414  ; 

'  Sindbad,*  842 
Duke  of  York's  -'Toddles,'  283;  Barrie's  'Peter  Pan, 

811 
Garrick— Bourchier's  'Down  our  Alley,'  140;  Locke's 

'  The  Morals  of  Marcus,'  283,  311 ;  '  Macbeth,'  783 
Haymarket  —  Howard's  'Compromising  Martha,'  312; 

'  The  Man  from  Blankley's,'  560 
His  Majesty's— 'The  Winter's   Tale,'  282;    Morton's 

'  The  Newcomes,'  560 ;  Revival  of  '  Richard  II.,'  665 
Lyric—'  Monsieur  Beaucaire,'  52  :  Baroness  Orczy  and 

Mr.   Barstow's  'The  Sin  of  William  Jackson,'  252; 

Hamilton  and  Devereux's  '  Robin  Hood,'  523 
New  Royalty— French  Comedy  Season,  24.  52,  84, 112  ; 

Hannan's  '  The  Electric  Man,'    '  The  Setting  of  the 

Sun,'  628  ;  Courtney's  '  On  the  Side  of  the  Angels,'  811 
Prince  of  Wales's—  Alice  in  Wonderland,'  812 
Scala— Hauptmann's  '  The  Weavers,'  tr.  Mary  Morison, 

783 
Shaftesburu-'  The  Electric  Man,'  842 
Terry's—'  He 's  much  to   Blame,'   Sturgesss   'Yellow 

Fog  Island,'  414;   Hay's   'A  Restless  Night,'  524; 

'  Little  Red  Riding  Hood,'  842 
Vaiidevlle-'  The  Belle  of  Mayfair,'  842 
Waldorf-  Wyatt  and  Morris's  '  Mrs.  Temple  sTelegram, 

Fenn  and  Pryce's  '  His  Child,'  312;  Miss  C.  Lipman's 

'Julie  Bonbon,' 704 
Wyndham's— Mrs.  H.  de  la  Pasture  s  'Peter  s  Mother, 

Hamilton's  '  The  Sixth  Commandment,'  343;  '  Turtle- 
doves,' 560 ;  '  David  Garrick,'  666 

Obituaries. 

Ashcroft,    W.    E.,    560.      Clarke,    G.    (O'Neill),    560, 
Danvers,  E.,  812.   Durand,  Mile.  C,  224.   Giacosa,  G. 

283  Kinghorne,  M.  A.,  628.  Linden,  Miss  L.,  312. 
Raimond,  M.,  140.  Reeve,  W.,  746.  Ristori,  Signora, 
451.    Toole,  J.  L-,  139. 

Gossip- 
Mr  Jones's  'The  Hypocrites*  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Hull, 

284  Mr  H  B.  Irving  in  America,  414,  842.  The  Malone 
Society— Messrs.  Dix  and  Sutherland's  'Matt  of  Merry- 
mount'  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  488. 
The  National  Theatre  Society  at  the  Abbey  Theatre, 
Dublin  .'524.  Yeats's  '  The  Shadowy  Waters,  784.  Mr. 
Lanebrldge's  'The  Spell'  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Man- 
chester 628.  Mr.  Vachell's  'Her  Son'  at  the  Theatre 
Roval,  Glasgow- Yeats's  '  Deirdre'  at  the  Abbey  Theatre, 
Dublin,  704  Chester  Miracle  Plays  at  Bloomsbury  Hall, 
746  812.    Statue  to  Sir  Henry  Irving,  811. 


MISCELLANEA. 

'  Native  Races  of  Australia,'  812,  842 

Owen,  Robert,  as  Lecturer,  344 

"  Pettitoes,"  842 

Shakspeare  and  John  o'  Combe,  344 

'  Venus  and  Adonis '  :  a  Spanish  Coincidence,  284 


THE  ATHEN^Sum^      s 

|0urnal  ol  (Knglislj  antr  JoxtiQn  literature  §$twm,  tljt  $'mt  &xts,  fftnxit  antt  tht  Drama* 


J- 


y*4*sm 


No.   4106. 


SATURDAY,  JULY  7,  1906. 


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c 


(Erntrcttonai. 

TTNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,    NOTTINGHAM. 

RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIP. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE.  NOTTINGHAM, 
.offer  a  SCHOLARSHIP  for  SCIENTIFIC  RESEARCH,  tenable  for 
One  Year,  of  the  value  of  sal.,  together  with  Free  Admission  to  the 
College,  open  to  any  Graduate  of  a  British  University. 

Candidates  will  be  required  to  give  evidence  of  suitable  training  and 
.capacity  for  conducting  an  Original  Research.  The  successful  Candi- 
date will  be  required  to  devote  himself  to  some  subject  of  Research  to 
4ie  approved  by  the  Senate. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than  SEPTEMBER  1,  1906,  on 
•forms  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 

It  is  intended  to  award  a  similar  SCHOLARSHIP  in  DECEMBER. 
Applications  by  DECEMBER  IS. 

JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

;Under  the  Management  of  a  Committee  appointed  by  the  Teachers' 
Guild,  College  of  Preceptors.  Head  Mistresses  Association, 
Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses,  and  Welsh  County  Schools 
Association.) 

Address— 74.  Gower  Street,  London,  W.C. 
Registrar-Miss   ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 
Hours  for  Interviews— 10.30  a.m.  to  l  p.m.,  2  to  5  p.m.     Saturdays 
•until ."  p.m. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  M.A.  (late  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  0£ 
Bedford  College,  London  :  The  Master  of  Peterhouse.  Cambridge. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  tc 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GAISRITAS,  TURING  k  CO., 
■who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  iu  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36.  Sackvillc  Street,  Loudon.  W. 


Situations  Vacant. 

A  BERDEEN  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  SCIENCE  MISTRESS  in 
vihis  SCHOOL,  where  the  work  professed  includes  Physics,  liotanv. 
.mil  Chemistry.  Candidates  must  have  passed  the  Cambridge  Natural 
Sciences  Trii>os  or  possess  University  Degrees.  The  Salary  is  l.vtf.  to 
commence.  Duties  to  begin  October  1.— Address  (sending  three 
printed  copies  of  Testimonials!  THE  CLERK  OF  THE  SCHOOL 
BOARD,  22,  Union  Terrace,  Aberdeen,  on  or  before  JULY  12. 


K 


HEDIVIAL    SCHOOL    OF    LAW,     CAIRO. 


LAW  LECTURESHIP. 

The  EGYPTIAN  MINISTRY  of  EDUCATION  invites  applications 
for  the  post  of  LECTURER  in  the  ENGLISH  SECTION  of  the 
KHEDIVIAL  SCHOOL  of  LAW,  CAIRO  Salary  B15Z.,  rising  to  8201. 
Candidates  must  be  University  Men,  having  either  a  Law  Degree  or 
other  Legal  Qualification,  and  must  have  some  knowledge  of  French. 
The  successful  applicant  will  tie  required  in  the  first  instance  to 
Lecture  (in  English)  on  Roman  Law. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by 
copies  only  of  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  before  JULY  14,  1906,  to 
DOUGLAS  DUNLOP,  Esq.,  Gullime.  East  Lothian  to  whom  Can- 
didates may  apply  by  letter  for  further  information. 


HARTLEY     UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE, 
SOUTHAMPTON. 
Principal— S.  W.  RICHARDSON,  D.Sc.Lond. 
The   COUNCIL    invite    applications    for    the    appointment    of 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  PHYSICS. 
Salary  130,.,  rising  to  2007.  per  annum. 

Particulars  and  conditions  of  the  appointment  may  be  obtained  on 
application  to  the  Registrar. 

Applications,  giving  particulars  of  age.  training,  qualifications,  and 
experience,  with  three  copies  of  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to 


the  PRINCIPAL  on  or  before  July  12,  1906. 


D.  KIDDLE,  Registrar. 


/CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY  DAY  TRAINING 

\J  COLLEGE. 

The  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  EDUCATION  in  this 
COLLEGE  is  VACANT  by  the  appointment  of  R.  L.  Archer.  M.A.. 
to  the  Professorship  of  Education  at  Bangor.— Candidates,  who  must 
have  taken  an  Honours  Degree  either  at  Cambridge  or  Oxford,  and 
must  be  competent  to  supervise  Teaching  in  School,  should  apply  to 
the  Principal.  OSCAR  BROWNING,  M.A.,  King's  College.  Cambridge, 
for  information  as  to  the  details  of  the  work  and  the  remuneration. 

Applications  will  be  received  up  to  JULY  31. 


c 


OUNTY        OF        LONDON. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  LECTURERS  IN  ENGLISH   LITERATURE 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  LECTURERS  in  ENGLISH  LITERATURE  in  (II 
Ordinary  Evening  Centres  ;  [21  Selected  Higher  Institutions 

The  Salary  for  the  Lecturers  at  the  Evening  Centres  will  be  10s.  6(1. 
an  evening. 

Candidates  should  be  prepared  to  deliver  Courses  of  about  Twenty- 
five  Lectures,  accompanied  by  Class  Instruction  on  one  or  more 
selected  periods  of  English  Literature  from  the  Elizabethan  to  the 
Victorian  periods.  .  .,,  ,       , 

The  Salary  for  Lecturers  at  the  Umber  Institutions  will  lie  11.  an 
evening.  Candidates  should  be  qualified  to  deliver  courses  of  an 
advanced  tvpe  on  one  or  more  of  the  periods  indicated  above. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  official  form  to  be  obtained  from 
the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council.  Education  Offices,  Victoria 
Embankment,  W.C. ,  to  whom  thev  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
Id  >.m.  on  SATURDAY,  July  14,  1906,  accompanied  by  copies  of  three 
Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  form  of  application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee,  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G.  L.  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C. 


KING  CHARLES  I.  SCHOOL, 
KIDDERMINSTER. 
SECOND  GRADE. 
The  GOVERNORS  will  shortly  appoint  a  HEAD  MASTER. 
Residence  provided  [free  from  Rates  and  Taxes),  with  accommodation 
for  about  20  Boarders.  Must  be  a  Graduate  of  a  British  University. 
but  need  not  beta  Holy  Orders.  Stipend  1501.,  and  Capitation  Fee.:/, 
per  Scholar  per  annum.  Average  number  of  Boys  for  past  five  years, 
pio     canvassing  will  disqualify. 

Applications  t,>  be  sent  on  or  before  JULY  14.  For  further 
information  and  Forms  of  Application  apply  to  THOS.  F.  IVENS, 
Solicitor,  Kidderminster,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


B 


OROUGH        OF        SWINDON. 


E I  if  CATION  (  oM  M ITTEE. 

SWINDON  AND  NORTH  WILTS  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  AND 

TECHNICAL  INSTITUTION. 

Principal— Mr.  G.  H,  BURKHARDT,  M.Sc. 

The  COMMITTEE  require.  EARLY  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  the 

services  of   a  FoKM    MASTER    holding    special    qualifications   for 

teaching  History  in  Upper  Forms.    He  must  have  had  experience  In 

teaching  in  a  Secondary  School,  and  should  have  taken  a  good  degree 

with     lli-tory    as     a     principal    subject     in    the    final    examination. 

Commencing" salarv  I4n/   a  year. 

Also  a   FORM    MISTRESS,  holding  -pedal   qualifications  for  the 
teaching  of  History  and  English.    Commencing  Salary  I00t  a  year. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  by  JULY'  20,  may  be 
had  iron,  w.  BEATON,  Secretary. 

Education  Offices,  Town  Hall,  Swindon, 
July  3,  1906. 

TTENT      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


RAMSGATE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

col'NTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.  RAMSGATE. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an   ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  the  aliove-named  School,  to  teach  Two  of  the  following  Subjects : 

English   Literature.   Mathematics,    Experimental   Science,    French, 

Ability  to  take  part  in  Games  desirable. 

Initial  Salary  HOI.  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Com. 
inittce  s  Scale,  by  annual  increments  of  71.  10s.  for  the  firel  Two  Years, 
then  of  :,/.,  to  a  maximum  of  ii"'.  or  l.vi/.  per  annum  (according  to 

academic  qualifications!. 

Application   Forms  will  be  supplied   by  Mr.   A.  It.    R.   FRANKS. 
Technical  School,  Ramsgate,  to  whom  thev  must  Ik-  returned  so  as  t.. 
reach  him  not  later  than  BATURDAY,  July  21.  1906. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee, 

PRA8   W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C,  July  4,  1908. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


K 


ENT    EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 


DARTFORD  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  DARTFORD. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  the  above-named  SCHOOL  to  teach    English  Subjects— especially 

English  Literature.     Qualifications  to  teach  also  Mathematics  and 

the  Theory  of  Music  desirable. 

Initial  Salary  100?.  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the 
Committee's  scale,  by  annual  increments  of  71.  His.  for  the  first  Two 
Years,  then  of  HI.  to  a  maximum  of  140(.  or  1-">ii(.  per  annum,  according 
to  academic  qualifications. 

Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  D.  F.  BROW,  Technical 
Institute.  Hartford,  to  whom  thev  must  lie  returned  so  as  to  reach 
him  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  July  14.  1906. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee, 

ERAS.  W.  CROOK.  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C,  June  28,  190U. 


K 


ENT  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


FOLKESTONE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  FOLKESTONE. 

■WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT    an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  tne  aboy,   o  imed  School.     Candidates  should  be  qualified  to  teach 

Geography.  Nature  Study.  Drill,  and  general  Form  subjects.    Ability 

to  take  part  also  in  Games  desirable. 

Initial  salarv  100?.  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Com- 
mittee's scale, 'by  annual  increments  of  ~it.  mis.  for  the  first  two  years, 
then  of  hi.  to  a  maximum  of  140i.  or  15U(.  (according  to  academic 
qualifications!. 

Application  forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  T.  WILKINs,  IN,  Radnor 
Chambers,  Cheriton  Place,  Folkestone,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
so  as  to  reach  him  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  duly  21,  1906. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK.  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row.  London,  W.C,  duly  4,  lHOti. 

VENT    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


TONBRIDGE   HIGHER  EDUCATION   SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  TONBRIDGE. 

An    ASSISTANT    MISTRESS    is    REQUIRED,   in   SEPTEMBER 

NEXT,  at  the  above-named  School.     Candidates  should  be  qualified  to 

teach  English  Subjects,  especially  History  ami  Geography.     Candidates 
should  be  graduates  or  si,,, old  possess  equivalent  qualifications 

Initial  Salarv  lnoi.  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Com- 
mittee s  scale,  by  annual  increments  of  7'.  108.  for  the  first  two  yean 
ami  then  by  .V.  to  a  maximum  of  1401.  01  l">"o  per  annum,  according  to 

'"  Applioiioi'i  'loVmsw'-ni  be  supplied  bv  Mr   A.  II.  NEVE.  The  Castle. 
Tonbridge.  to  whom  they  should  be  returned  so  as  to  reach  him  not 
later  than  Saturday,  JULY  '-'1,  1306. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

By  order  of  the  c niittee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROoK.  Se  retary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London.  W.C,  duly  4.  l!KXi. 


D 


ERBYSHIRE  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


BUXTON  PUPIL  TEACHERS'  CENTRE  FOR  GIRLS 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  posi    ol    B     HEAD    MISTRESS. 
Commencing  Salary  ]">"'.     ih'  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS     l      nmenctag 
Salary  l"~>/      Candidates  must  be  specially  qualified,  either  in  English 
Subjects  or  in  Mathematics  and  Science. 

Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  experience,  together 
with  copies  Of  tlnee  re.  "lit  Testimonials  should  be  sent,  before 
.ll'I.Y  14.  to  the  DIREi  TOR  OF  EDUCATION,  County  Education 
Office.  Derby. 

/BOUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WEST  RIDING 

V7  OF  YORKSHIRE. 

EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT. 
STAFF  APPOINTMENTS  IN  SECONDARY  SCHOOLS. 
The  WEST  RIDING  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  will  require,  in 
SEPTEMBER,  the  services  of:— 

oNE  assist  \nt  MASTER  to  teach  English  8nl      ti    French, 

.,n,l  t.eographv.     Salary  uo'  _ 

ONE      ASSISTANT      MISTRESS     to     teach     En. 

Singing   Needlework,  and  Drill     SalarylOOI. 
one  assistant  mistress  to  teach  Mathematics  and  Latin. 


201. 


oNE    ASSISTANT    MISTRESS  to  teach  Englisl    <   imposition. 

History  ami  Physical  E\ci<  ises  ,,r  Class  Singing      S 
oNE  assistant  M 18TRE88  to  teach  Junior  and  Eindi 

Subjects.      Salary  I""/  ,    _       ,.   , 

one  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  General  English,  Cbu» 
singing,  and  Drawing.    Salary  1001. 
Applications  for  these  post*  musl  be  made  on  I 
from  the  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT    8e-  'Vv' 

Wakefield,  where  thej  must  b  returned  nol  latei  than  MONDAY, 
duly  Iff,  I9M  Copies  ol  ao(  more  than  three  recent  Te5tuuouialii 
must  be  -ent  witii  the  applii    I 

in;  will  be  a  disqualification. 


BOUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  \Y EST  RIDING 

\j  OF  YORKSHIRE. 

EDUCATION      D  EPA  RTM  ENT. 
HIGHER  EDUCATION, 

The   west   riding    EDUCATION    committee   require   the 
•errices  ol  an  ORGANIZING   MASTER,  qualified  In  Sdi 
Mathematics    for  the  purpose  ol  taking  Courses  of  Instruction  for 
Groups  ol  Elemei  nneated  and  Supplementary), 

and  of  undertaking 'some   Teaching   in  Secondary  Schools.      Salary 
2002,  l"'i  annum.  .- 

tnulic  itions   must    Ik-   made  on    Forms  to  I-  obtained   iroiu   the 
EDUCATION   DEPARTMENT  Becondarj  .County  Hall.  Wakefield 
where  they  must  he  returned  not  later  than  JULY  is.  1S0U.     I 
not    more  "than   three   recent  Testimonials   must    lie  scut   with   the 
application. 

Cau>a«ing  will  be  a  disqualification. 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


SENIOR  MASTER  (RESIDENT)  WANTED, 
SEPTEMBER.  Graduate.  Classics  and  French  and  German. 
Must  lie  thoroughly  experienced.  Salary  from  1007.  —  Apply 
PRINCIPAL,  Ashville  College,  Harrogate. 

EST  SUFFOLK  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


W 


SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ART  MASTER  for  the 
SCHOOL  of  ART  at  lil'RY  ST.  EDMUNDS.  The  successful  Candi- 
date will  he  expected  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the  service  of  the 
Committee,  and  to  take  Pay  and  Evening  Work.  Commencing  Salary 
aid?,  per  annum,  with  annual  increments  to  2502. 

Travelling  i Income >t ion i  expenses,  and  an  allowance  if  out  on  County 
Business  for  the  night,  will  also  he  granted. 

Applications  to  be  made  on  or  before  JULY 7, 1906,  on  a.  Form  to 
be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  on  receipt  of  stamped,  addressed 
foolscap  envelope. 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES,  County  Education  Secretary. 

5,  Crown  Street,  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 

PUBLISHER  requires  the  Exclusive  Services  of 
a  GENTLEMAN  of  Experience,  to  undertake  the  duties  of 
LITERARY  ADVISER,  READER,  and  BOOK  EDITOR.  Age 
under  40.  Experience  of  Publishing  an  advantage.— State  Salary 
required  and  full  particulars  in  confidence  to  Box  fis,  44,  Chancery 
Lane,  W.C 

Situations   Utantea. 

REQUIRED,  a  post  as  LADY  SECRETARY. 
Literary  Work  preferred.  Thoroughly  trained  ;  well  educated  ; 
Shorthand  .110!;  Type-Writing  (Remington,  Underwood);  Book- 
Keeping.  Out.  per  annum  resident ;  100!.  non-resident.— Box  1IS0, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

A    YrOUNG  MAN  desires  Position  as  PRIVATE 

A  SECRETARY  or  CONFIDENTIAL  CLERK.  Knows  Two 
Foreign  Languages.  Several  years'  experience.  Excellent  references. 
— Address  Y".  XL,  8,  Birchin  Lane,  E.C. 

AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER  S  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


JftiscfUaiuous. 


WELL  -  KNOWN  LONDON  PUBLISHING 
HOUSE  can  PUBLISH  limited  number  of  clever  ORIGINAL 
NOVELS.  4c.,  for  Autumn  Season  on  advantageous  terms.— Write,  in 
first  instance,  BOOKS,  care  of  Anderson's  Advertising  Agency,  14, 
King  William  Street.  Strand,  W.C. 

TO  PUBLISHERS. —GENTLEMAN,  with 
capital,  yming.  energetic,  with  critical  taste  in  Modern  Litera- 
ture, wish.-.-,  to  ENTER  PI  BUSHING  HOUSE  with  view  to  eventual 
Partnership.— Address  X.,  Box  1131,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

WANTED,  as  READER  and  COMPANION, 
a  GENTLEMAN  of  Literary  tastes,  to  travel  and  live  abroad  : 
must  he  unmarried  ;  have  pleasant  voice  ;  cultivated  and  conversa- 
tional;  good  sailor;  and  able  to  ride.  Highest  references  required. 
Liberal  salary.— J.  P.,  4,  Earl's  Court  Road,  Kensington,  W. 

TRANSLATIONS,  RESEARCH  WORK,  &c., 
required  by  qualified  LADY,  thoroughly  conversant  with  Six 
Modern  Languages.  Technical  and  other  Subjects.— Address,  D.  P., 
27,  Comeragh  ltoad.  West  Kensington,  W. 

T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken  at    the 

»  J  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  — J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


A 


RTISTIC       BOOKBINDING.  — Miss 

WINIFRED  STORES,  11,  Gavton  Road,  Hampstead.  BINDS, 
HALF-BINDS,  or  REPAIRS  BOOKS.  Pupils  received.  Terms  on 
application.    Bindery  open  to  Visitors  10  to  5,  Saturdays  excepted. 

TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C, 

TYPE-WRITING.—  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms— Misses  E.  B.  and  I,  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  &c,  accurately  TYPED, 
Carbons,  3d  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

TVI'K  WRITING,  SHORTHAND,  and  TRANS- 
LATIONS.     Established   1890.      Highest  references.  —  Miss 
HAMER  JONES,  10  and  60,  Chancery  Dane,  W.C.  [First  Floor). 

AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  8  TORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  M.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
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N°  4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


MESSRS.    CONSTABLE'S     LIST. 


THE    BIOGRAPHY    OF    THE 

SEASON. 

SECOND     IMPRESSION. 

THE  LIFE  OF 

ALFRED  AINGER. 

By  EDITH  SICHEL, 

Author    of    'Catherine    de'    Medici.' 

With  1  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  6  Half -Tone 

Illustrations. 

Demy  8vo,  12s.  6cf.  net. 

"  A  charming  biography  of  one  "of  the  few  wits 

of  our  time As  we  read  the  story  of  his  life  a 

most  attractive  personality  is  revealed." 

Academy. 

"  Miss  Sichel  is  well  and  favourably  known  as 
a  writer,  and  she  will  certainly  lose  nothing  of  her 

reputation  by  her  '  Life  of  Canon  Ainger.' Her 

subject  is  a  delightful  one,  and   her  treatment  of 
it  is  worthy  of  the  occasion." — Country  Life. 

"  Miss  Sichel  has  done  a  distinguished  work  ; 
her  style  is  animated  and  sympathetic,  and  she 
is  gifted  with  a  very  strong  power  of  dramatic 
vision,  and  a  most  commendable  habit  of  thorough- 
ness."— Times. 

"Miss  Sichel  whilst  treating  her  subject  with 
complete  sympathy  and  appreciation,  has  an 
ability  to  discriminate  which  is  rare  in  a 
biographer." — Globe. 

"Miss   Sichel  has  done  her  work  skilfully  and 

sympathetically This  delightful  book." 

Daily  News. 

"  She  has  attempted,  and  with  considerable 
success,  to  transfer  to  the  pages  of  a  book  that 
delicate  and  elusive  charm  of  personality  which 
conspicuously  belonged  to  Canon  Ainger." 

Daily  Telegraph. 

MR.    TREVELYAN'S    NEW 
VOLUME. 

THE  POETRY  AND 

PHILOSOPHY       OF 

GEORGE   MEREDITH. 

By  GEORGE  M.  TREVELYAN. 

Crown  8vo,  3s.  Qd.  net. 

"  Mr.  Trevelyan's  monograph  on  the  poetry  and 
philosophy  of  George  Meredith  is  an  admirable 
example  of  literary  appreciation.  Being  at  once 
sympathetic  and  discreet,  it  avoids  the  pitfalls 
which  await  the  commentator  on  a  living  author, 
and  gives  the  reader  precisely  the  kind  of  assist- 
ance that  he  needs." — Westminster  Gazette. 

"  The  book  is  an  admirable  critical  essay  which 
will  please  Mr.  Meredith's  admirers  and  help  to 
add  to  their  number." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"A  very  sincere  and  generous  tribute  from 
a  disciple  to  a  teacher." — Saturday  Review. 

"This  is  a  good  book." — Speaker. 


RE  A  D  Y  IM MEDIA  TEL  Y. 

THE  MEREDITH 

POCKET  BOOK. 

Prose  Passages  from  the  Works 
o-F  George  Meredith. 

And  Arranged  by  G.  M.  T. 

32mo,  full  limp  leather,  2s.  6d.  net. 


ALEXANDER 
HAMILTON. 

By  F.  S.  OLIVER. 

Illustrated   with  Portraits. 
Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

[Second  Impression. 

"  Mr.  Oliver  has  chosen  his  hero  well.  He  has  written 
of  what  Hamilton's  career  illustrates  and  teaches  with  great 
ability,  with  great  enthusiasm  and  persuasiveness.  He  has 
depicted  Hamilton  with  force  and  clearness,  with  humour, 
with  sympathy,  and  charm.  He  has  treated  a  big  subject 
in  a  large  and  masterly  way.  No  book  has  appeared  lately 
which  conveys  a  more  valuable  lesson  or  one  more  tactfully 
and  skilfully  unfolded." — Times. 

"Mr.  Oliver  has  written  a  life  of  'Alexander  Hamilton' 
....of  which  we  need  only  say  that  it  is  worthy  of  the 
subject.  And  besides  being  a  sympathetic  biography  of  a 
remarkable  character,  it  is  a  stimulating  and  suggestive 
political  study,  which  should  be  read  by  all  Englishmen 
interested  in  constructive  Imperialism." 

National  Review. 

"  Hamilton  stands  out  vividly  and  certainly  as  a  man  and 
as  a  statesman.  Mr.  Oliver  has  given  proof  of  a  powTer  to 
brush  aside  irrelevancies  and  grasp  the  essentials  of  a 
situation,  which  is  rare  indeed  in  this  age  of  chroniclers." 

Da  Hi/  Teleyraph. 

"  Mr.  Oliver  has  revealed  for  the  first  time  to  the  average 
English  reader  the  significance  of  an  extraordinary  person- 
ality and  the  waning  of  a  period  ;  he  has  thrown  reflex  light, 
as  he  intended,  upon  the  deepest  of  our  own  problems,  and 
we  do  not  hesitate  at  all  to  say  that  he  has  written  one  of 
the  distinguished  books  of  a  decade.  Since  Lord  Rosebery's 
monograph  upon  Pitt,  to  which  it  is  perhaps  most  nearly 
related  in  style  and  method,  there  has  been  no  equally  acute 
criticism  of  the  idea  of  statesmanship  and  the  psychology  of 
popular  government. " — Outlook. 

"  Adequately  supplies  a  real  want  in  political  history. . . . 
a  living  portrait  of  the  man  himself  is  vigorously  drawn  in 
the  midst  of  the  historical  and  political  chapters." 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  in  the  Tribune. 

"The  author  has  accomplished  his  task  with  admirable 
judgment  and  entire  success.  His  forcible  style  lends 
vigour  and  reality  to  the  various  characters  as  they  cross 
the  stage,  while  his  political  insight  gives  a  permanent 
value  to  the  work." — Daily  News. 


A  BOOK  OF  SUPREME  INTEREST. 

THE  HISTORY  OF 
WARWICK  SCHOOL. 

By  A.  F.  LEACH. 

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N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


SATURDAY,  JULY  7,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

A  New  Study  of  Meredith        6 

The  Philosophy  of  Religion 6 

An  Early  History  of  Japan      6 

Warwick  Schooi 8 

New  Novels  (Of  Mistress  Eve ;  Law,  not  Justice  ; 

The  Bridal  of  Anstace  ;  A  Tangled  I )        . .        . .        9 

Year-Books  and  Calendars       9 

Short  Stories 10 

Our  Library  Table  (Afghanistan  ;  The  Writing  on 
the  Wall ;  Heroes  of  Exile  ;  A  Queen  of  Queens  ; 
The  Religion  of  Numa  ;  Russian  Folk-Stories  ;  A 
French  View  of  the  English  in  War)  . .         . .  11—12 

List  of  New  Books 13 

Notes  from  Cambridge;  'The  Open  Road';  "To 
Quail";   M.  Albert  Sorel;  Sales       ..         13—15 

Literary  Gossip        16 

Science— Medical  Books ;  Societies;  Gossip      17—18 
Fine    Arts  —  French    Art    from    Watteau    to 
Prud'hon;   Die  Urkunden  uber  Rembrandt; 
Scenes   in   West  Somerset  ;    Photographing 
at  the  British   Museum;    The  Currie  and  'c 

other  Sales  ;   Gossip 19—22 

Music— The  Handel  Festival  ;  Eugene  Onkghin  ; 
Vocal  and  Instrumental  Music;  Gossip- 
Performances  Next  Week 22—24 

Drama— Gossip 24 

Index  to  Advertisers       24 


LITERATURE 


The  Poetry  and  Philosophy  of  George 
Meredith.  By  George  Macaulay  Tre- 
velyan.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Trevelyan's  is  the  most  detailed 
and  elaborate  study  of  Mr.  Meredith's 
poetry  that  has  yet  appeared.  It  is  a 
manifest  labour  of  love,  the  work  of 
an  enthusiastic  admirer,  as  appreciative 
criticism  should  be.  It  is  also  mainly 
just  and  discriminating  in  temper,  which 
is  rarer  in  the  case  of  a  poet  who  moves 
most  critics  to  extremes  of  panegyric  or 
antipathy.  The  volume  aims  at  being  a 
kind  of  guide  to  Meredith  the  poet,  a 
Meredith  manual.  It  studies  the  poems 
in  all  their  varieties,  and  the  poet  in 
all  his  aspects.  It  is  not  brilliant  or 
subtle,  and  its  treatment  is  not  always 
exhaustive.  But  it  is  sound,  under- 
standing, and,  as  we  have  said,  mostly 
balanced  work.  In  the  case  of  a  poet  so 
intricate,  perhaps  we  should  not  com- 
plain that,  in  his  zealous  delving  into 
detail,  Mr.  Trevelyan  leaves  us  with  a 
rather  confused  impression  of  perspective. 
He  declines,  as  a  hopeless  task,  to  attempt 
a  summary  of  his  own  pages,  his  own 
views.  What,  then,  must  be  the  plight 
of  the  reviewer  ?  We  certainly  have  a 
difficulty  in  seeing  the  wood  for  the  trees. 
We  are  sensible  that  the  author  has  covered 
much  and  various  ground,  that  with  most 
of  his  industrious  and  cultivated  analysis 
we  have  been  in  sympathy,  that  some- 
times we  have  tended  to  dissent  or  sup- 
plement. It  is  a  compliment  to  his 
appreciation  of  this  fine  and  strongly 
original  poet  that  our  remarks  prove 
chiefly  to  concern  Mr.  Meredith's  limita- 
tions. 

Mr.  Trevelyan  takes  a  sane  and  un- 
biassed view  of  the  poet's  obscurity — 
a  point  on  which  sanity  and  discrimination 


are  not  common.  In  all  such  cases  one 
aide  sees  only  cloudy  affectation,  another 
declares  the  difficulty  to  rise  solely  from 
depth  of  thought.  He  admits  (though  a 
firm  Meredithian)  that  there  is  obscurity 
of  expression  :  partly  from  certain  gram- 
matical (or  ungrammatical)  mannerisms  ; 
partly  from  the  peculiar  use  of  incessant, 
restless,  and  momentary  imagery — meta- 
phor whizzing  after  metaphor,  each  so 
condensed  as  to  need  reflective  attention  ; 
and  partly  from  the  poet's  packed  and 
pemmican-hke  style.  He  allows  the  gram- 
matical tricks  to  be  faulty — the  docking 
of  relatives  and  connexions  generally, 
and  so  forth.  They  are  all  parts  of  Mr. 
Meredith's  lust  for  compression,  as  he 
says.  But  he  hardly  notes  sufficiently 
the  poet's  harassment  of  his  readers  when 
he  says  that  these  tricks  are  soon  mastered 
and  give  no  further  trouble.  For  they 
and  the  quest  of  compression  which  begets 
them  lead  Mr.  Meredith  intermittently 
into  sheer  bad  grammar.  The  omitted 
connexions  land  him  in  confused  con- 
nexions. The  reader,  dazed  and  thrown 
off  the  scent,  has  finally  to  hark  back  and 
pick  up  in  an  earlier  clause  the  antecedent 
of  something  which,  according  to  all 
grammatical  logic,  should  refer  to  the 
clause  immediately  preceding.  The  con- 
nexion is  so  present  to  the  poet's  mind 
that  he  forgets  it  will  not  be  equally 
present  to  the  mind  of  the  reader,  who  can 
only  follow  the  grammar,  not  being  pre- 
scient of  the  author's  intention.  Simi- 
lar obtuseness  to  the  reader's  necessary 
limitations  in  following  the  processes  and 
transitions  of  the  poet's  mind  (obtuse- 
ness displayed  not  always  in  grammar 
alone,  but  in  wider  questions  of  reference) 
studs  Mr.  Meredith's  pages,  and  becomes 
cumulatively  exasperating  to- readers  hard 
tried  enough  by  the  legitimate  difficulty  in 
the  nature  of  his  style.  Such  things  repre- 
sent the  kind  of  failing  which  a  poet  never 
suspects,  and  which  his  friends  lack  the 
courage  to  tell  him. 

Mr.  Meredith's  passion  for  pregnancy 
has  other  consequences,  not  noted  by 
Mr.  Trevelyan.  The  latter  dismisses 
somewhat  too  lightly  the  thorniness  of 
metre  which  this  poet  shares  with  Brown- 
ing, though  admitting  it  to  be  often  a 
defect.  But  the  mischief  is  that  it  is  a 
constant  defect.  A  knotty  manner  of 
thought  must  bring  knotty  metre,  since 
without  correspondence  of  expression 
between  substance  and  versification 
versification  would  be  metrical  nonsense. 
But  even  when  a  passage  relaxes  into 
beauty  the  verse  does  not  relax  with  it ; 
it  remains  unsoftened,  and  still  rattles 
and  jolts.  That  is  indefensible.  Yet 
this  poet  can  write  fluent  verse  :  '  Love 
in  a  Valley  '  is  beautiful  metre,  '  Attila  ' 
in  its  virile  way  has  no  uncalled-for 
obstructions  to  the  metrical  torrent.  It 
would  seem  a  poem  must  be  altogether 
fluid  or  altogether  rubbly.  Commonly 
it  is  the  latter.  Much  of  this  is  from 
the  hunger  after  compression.  Beauty 
and  fluency  and  spaciousness  of  movement 
demand  mostly  a  certain  proportion  of 
polysyllables,  or  the  lines  grow  cramped 
and    frozen.     Mr.    Meredith    knows    this, 


and  in  theory  reprobates  the  pettiness  of 
Saxon  monosyllables  and  dissyllables, 
trotting  after  each  other  like  a  file  of 
pigmies.  But  when  it  comes  to  packing 
words  in  a  line,  you  can  edge  in  thrice  as 
many  of  these  as  of  their  long-limbed 
companions.  So,  in  practice,  the  Mere- 
dithian verse  is  largely  formed  of  such 
short  words,  flattened  on  each  other  like 
a  layer  of  sardines.  For  the  like  reason, 
these  thick-set  little  vocables  are  often 
wedged  into  the  unaccented  place,  where 
a  lighter  syllable  had  been  preferable. 
The  total  result  is  that  the  lines  become 
jammed  and  will  not  move,  or  only  with 
creaking  like  the  limbs  of  a  Dutch  doll. 
The  poet  loves  his  Latin  and  Romance 
words,  but  grudges  their  house-room  (so 
to  speak)  in  his  crowded  tenement. 
When,  in  fact,  it  is  a  choice  between 
metre  and  compactness,  metre  has  the 
wall. 

Mr.  Trevelyan  insists  much  on,  but 
cannot  exaggerate,  the  amazing  intellectual 
and  imaginative  fecundity  of  the  poet. 
That  generative  energy  is  ceaseless  as  the 
productive  forces  of  a  tropical  forest,  and 
Mr.  Meredith  has  a  fiery  restlessness  like 
that  of  his  own  Attila.  The  imaginative 
without  the  intellectual  fertility  would 
have  made  him  a  more  popular  poet. 
But  fantasy  with  him  is  wedded  to  the 
English  love  for  definite  thinking,  for  a 
"  message  "  ;  and  the  product,  under 
the  fierce  blast  of  his  energy,  is  something 
that  often  makes  Browning  babes'  meat. 
This  sleepless  generative  energy  is  at  once 
his  strength  and  his  undoing.  His  central 
fault,  the  flaw  which  sums  up  all  other 
flaws,  is  precisely  the  obverse  side  of  this 
brilliant  power — it  is  the  restlessness  of 
his  poetry.  "  Quandoque  bonus  dormitat 
Homerus  "  ;  but  Meredith — never.  Better 
were  it  if  he  did  sometimes  sleep,  at  the 
right  time.  The  great  thing  lacking  to 
his  poetry  is  repose.  Throughout  this 
incessant  germination  of  thoughts  and 
images  there  is  a  lack  of  relief,  of  space. 
He  is  at  constant  high  pressure  ;  and  so 
in  the  packed  mass  of  brilliance  there  is 
likewise  a  want  of  breadth. 

Yet  we  scarcely  agree  with  Mr.  Trevelyan 
as  to  the  poet's  wealth  of  thought.  There 
is  a  surprising  wealth  of  thoughts  ;  every- 
thing is  elaborated  through  a  creative 
profusion  of  veritably  matted  ideas — a 
tangled  detail  of  individual  thoughts. 
But  beneath  this  expressional  thought  (as 
we  might  call  it)  the  basic  thought  is  not 
of  great  amount,  Mr.  Meredith's  poetry, 
as  we  think,  expresses  again  and  again, 
with  an  astonishingly  perpetual  variety 
of  utterance,  a  few  basic  ideas.  Yet,  if 
we  are  unable  to  regard  him  as  a  profound 
or  original  thinker  (in  the  deeper  meaning 
of  the  words),  the  philosophy  of  life  he  has 
based  on  these  ideas  is  his  own  ;  and  that 
in  a  poet  is  what  chiefly  matters.  Mr. 
Trevelyan  is  whole-hearted  in  his  admiring 
acceptance  of  that  philosophy,  which 
might  perhaps  be  summed  thus  : — you 
must  not  go  behind  Nature,  but  take  her 
as  she  is  and  fit  yourself  to  her,  suffering 
gladly  her  laws  of  death  as  of  birth,  of 
winter  as  of  spring  ;  and  to  do  this  you 
must  learn,   like  her,   the  correlation   of 


6 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


forces  and  the  conservation  of  energy. 
Which,  like  most  summaries,  conveys 
nothing  till  it  is  explained  ;  so  the  reader 
had  best  fall  back  on  Mr.  Trevelyan. 
Mr.  Meredith's  gospel,  like  most  modern 
"  messages,"  has  one  chief  defect  :  it  is 
a  gospel  for  the  few.  Under  its  poetic 
garlands  and  insistence  on  the  joy  of  life 
it  is  more  iron  than  Stoicism.  It  demands 
an  austere  strength.  The  limitation  of 
so  many  modern  evangels,  poetic  and 
other,  which  compel  admiration,  may  be 
summed  up  in  one  sentence  :  "  Salvatio 
fortibus,  vee  infirmis."  And  of  these  is 
Mr.  Meredith's.  It  offers  strength  to  the 
strong  ;  to  him  that  hath  it  gives  more. 
The  weak  must  admire,  and  look  for 
another  prophet,  unless  they  submit  to 
Nietzsche's  sentence  that  their  case  is 
hopeless.  And  Ave  are  few  of  us  "  super- 
men." 

But  these  are  details  which  concern 
chiefly  (as  we  have  said)  the  poet's  limita- 
tions. The  book  remains  a  good  and 
helpful  book,  which  really  expounds  Mr. 
Meredith's  strength  without  shirking  the 
acknowledgment  that  he  is  more  trying 
than  a  poet  should  be  ;  and  it  should 
increase  the  number  of  his  intelligent 
admirers.  A  hard  nut,  but  worth  the 
cracking,  says  Mr.  Trevelyan  in  effect  to 
hesitant  readers.  And  he  has  given  them 
(shall  we  say  ?)  a  pair  of  nut-crackers. 


The  Philosophy  of  Religion.  By  George 
Trumbull  Ladd.  2  vols.  (Longmans 
&  Co.) 

Prof.  Ladd  is  well  known  in  Europe  and 
America,  both  as  a  diligent  psychologist 
who  has  done  much  for  his  science  (espe- 
cially on  its  physiological  and  experimental 
side)  and  as  the  author  of  several  works 
of  a  speculative  or  metaphysical  character. 
It  is  now,  he  tells  us,  nearly  forty  years 
since  the  study  of  man's  religious  experi- 
ence and  development  became  for  him  an 
absorbing  interest.  '  The  Philosophy  of 
Religion  '  certainly  does  honour  even  to 
such  an  origin  by  the  breadth  of  its 
acquaintance  with  the  phenomenology  of 
religion  and  the  maturity  and  insight  of 
its  criticism.  No  subjects  are  more 
repellent  —  none  certainly  are  more 
neglected  at  the  present  time  by  trained 
scholars — than  those  which  do  not  profess 
to  be  amenable  to  a  settled  positive 
scientific  method,  and  yet  lie  outside 
that  limited  range  of  aesthetic  criticism 
or  abstract  speculation  to  which  we  are 
accustomed.  A  subject  which  requires 
to  be  treated  by  methods  of  fundamentally 
different  natures — which  requires  to  be 
dealt  with,  first  scientifically,  then  as 
scientifically  as  possihle,  and  then  from 
the  standpoint  of  ultimate  postulates  or 
assumptions — is  more  likely  to  be  familiar 
among  the  torch-bearers,  who  are  many, 
than  among  the  mystics,  who  arc  few. 

Prof.  Ladd's  two  volumes  contain  not 
only  an  extensive  study  of  religions  accord- 
ing to  the  comparative  method  and  a 
large  amount  of  information  as  to  the 
development  of  particular  religions,  but 
also    an    analytical    account    of     man's 


religious  nature  and  a  metaphysical  treat- 
ment of  the  well-worn  doctrines  of  natural 
theology.  That  part  of  the  work  which 
comes  first  and  deals  with  the  phenomeno- 
logy of  the  subject  will  be  found  the  most 
attractive.  It  is  distinguished  by  more 
freshness,  and  attains  to  more  success, 
than  is  perhaps  possible  in  speculative 
philosophy  : — 

"  It  is  an  essential  factor  in  the  use  of  the 
philosophical  method  that  the  investigation 
of  man's  actual  religious  experience  should 
proceed  with  that  calm  and  confident,  but 
limited  reliance  upon  human  reason  which 
culture  in  this  method  both  commends  and 
justifies." 

Such  an  investigation  is  not  condemned 
to  remain  entirely  positive,  colourless, 
and  uncritical  on  pain  of  being  dependent 
upon  metaphysical  assumptions  or  dogmas 
as  to  the  truth  of  which  men  may  dispute 
for  ever.  Much  may  be  done  to  examine 
the  ideals  of  the  religious  life  in  the  light 
of  their  own  origin,  nature,  and  history  : 
"  The  experience  of  the  race  must  furnish 
the  ground  of  standing  for  the  reflective 
thought  and  critical  conclusions  of  the 
individual  mind."  Thus,  for  example,  on 
the  vexed  question  of  the  classification  of 
religions,  Prof.  Ladd  concludes  that  a 
scientific  classification  of  the  various 
religions  of  humanity  is  impracticable  ; 
and  indeed  it  is  not  necessary  for  a  treat- 
ment, as  satisfactory  as  is  possible,  in  the 
nature  of  the  case,  of  the  differentiation 
and  unification  of  religions  and  of  man's 
religious  development.  There  are  certain 
standards  of  religious  values  which  arise 
out  of  the  facts — more,  there  are  certain 
standards  which  we  are  forced  to  use. 
Without  them  no  theory  of  development 
is  possible,  no  critical  account  of  religious 
history,  no  "  phenomenology  "  worthy  of 
the  name.  They  may  be  grouped  under 
three  heads  as  psychological,  historical, 
or  speculative.  The  extent  to  which 
the  different  functions  of  the  human  mind 
are  expressed  by  any  religion — whether, 
for  example,  it  appeals  to  the  emotions 
solely  on  the  side  of  fear ;  whether 
the  doctrine  credo  quia  absiirdum  is  its 
attitude  to  the  intellect — this  is  one 
standard.  Historically,  again,  certain 
religions  have  displayed  the  gift  of 
metabolism,  and  survived  by  their 
capacity  for  self -reform.  "  All  abiding 
religions  find  themselves  constantly  called 
upon  to  improve  their  conceptions  "  ;  but 
some  have  hated  this  improvement  for  its 
own  sake.  Again,  there  is  the  vaguer  and 
wider  test  of  conformity  with  men's 
ideals.  On  the  large  scale  rationality  can 
be  detected  from  its  opposite,  metaphysics 
apart.  The  ideals  of  reason,  as  Prof. 
Ladd  well  says,  "  are  not  strangers  to  the 
struggles,  the  wandering,  and  the  upward 
climbing  of  man  in  the  actual  historical 
process  of  his  evolution." 

One  of  the  best  chapters  in  the  book 
deals  with  the  question — often  assumed 
to  be  of  speculative  importance — whether 
religion  is  really  universal  among  mankind, 
and,  as  allied  to  this,  with  that  feature  of 
Buddhism,  Islam,  and  Christianity  which 
makes  them  claim  to  be  of  right  the 
religion  of  all  mankind.     As  to  the  origin 


of  religion,  the  precise  earliest  form,  if  it 
were  historically  discoverable,  may  well 
enough  have  been  different  for  different 
portions  of  the  human  race,  and  those 
who  try  to  prove  a  single  origin  in  totem- 
ism,  magic,  or  n^thology,  or  in  ancestor- 
worship,  or  man's  first  discovery  of  his 
"  soul,"  cannot,  from  the  nature  of  the 
case,  succeed.  The  laws  of  the  develop- 
ment of  religions  are  carefully  discussed, 
and  in  chap.  ix.  certain  laws — in  a  loose, 
if  modest  sense  of  the  term — are  suggested 
as  actual  modes  by  which  humanity 
appears  to  have  progressed  in  its  religious 
beliefs. 


The  History  of  Japan,  together  with  a 
Description  of  Siam,  1690-2.  By  Engel- 
bert  Kaempfer,  Physician  to  the  Dutch 
Embassy  to  the  Emperor's  Court,  and 
translated  by  J.  G.  Scheuchzer,  F.R.S. 
3  vols.     (Glasgow,  MacLehose  &  Sons.) 

The  story  of  Tokugawa  Japan  is  a  romance. 
After  the  welter  of  centuries  the  Three 
Islands  and  Three  Thousand  Islets  enjoyed 
absolute  peace,  within  and  without  their 
borders,  for  over  two  hundred  years.  The 
Christian  nightmare  existed,  but  as  a 
nightmare  only  ;  it  influenced  the  policy 
of  the  rulers,  but  did  not  disturb  the  peace 
of  mind  of  the  people  of  Japan.  The 
West  was  almost  wholly  excluded ;  it 
looked  in  with  Dutch  eyes  through  the 
chink  of  Deshima,  but  through  that  chink 
Japan  did  not  care,  or  did  not  dare,  to 
look  upon  the  outer  world.  That  a  people 
who  only  a  few  decades  earlier  had 
rejoiced  in  the  wider  life  thrown  open  to 
them  by  the  advent  of  the  Spaniards 
and  Portuguese,  should,  all  at  once,  have 
been  content  to  be  shut  up  within  their 
own  four  seas  is  an  historical  puzzle. 
These  volumes  do  not  solve  the  enigma 
but  they  do  reduce  its  proportions  in 
the  full  and  vivid  portrait  they  present 
of  seventeenth-century  Japan. 

Engelbert  Kaempfer  was  born  at  Lem- 
gow,  in  Westphalia,  in  1651.  He  studied 
medicine,  and  accompanied  a  Swedish 
embassy  to  Persia.  He  afterwards  tra- 
velled in  Russia,  and  later,  entering  the 
service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company 
— the  famous  Maatschappij — sailed  from 
the  Persian  Gulf  for  Batavia  in  1688. 
Thence  he  went,  first  to  Siam,  and  lastly 
to  Japan.  He  arrived  at  Nagasaki  in 
September,  1690,  and  remained  there 
until  November,  1692.  Thus  he  was  only 
two  years  and  two  months  in  the  country. 
He  must  at  once  have  set  to  work  to  acquire 
what  was  possible  of  the  spoken  language 
and  to  collect  the  immense  and  varied 
stores  of  information  upon  which  the  in- 
comparable '  Historia  Imperii  Japonici 
Germanice  Scripta '  was  solidly  established. 
Every  page  of  this  monumental  work 
bears  witness  to  his  energy  and  industry — 
to  his  powers  of  observation,  honesty  of 
purpose,  and  liberality  of  thought.  It  is, 
and  will  always  be,  not  only  a  main  source 
of  our  knowledge  of  old  Japan,  but  also 
one  of  the  world's  classics  in  the  domain 
of  descriptive  history. 

In  the  first  three  books  of  the  '  Historia,' 
dealing     with     the     geography,     climate, 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


fauna,  and  flora  of  the  empire,  its  annals 
and  political  state,  and  its  religions,  it  is 
easy  to  detect  inaccuracies.  We  shall 
not  dwell  upon  these.  It  should  be 
remembered  how  difficult  it  must  have 
been  for  Kaempfer,  without  a  mastery 
of  the  language  then  unattainable,  to 
gain  any  first-hand  knowledge  of  these 
matters.  It  was  even  a  more  laborious 
task — and  one  not  unaccompanied  with 
risk  of  death  to  his  informants,  and  of 
banishment  to  himself — by  conversation 
and  inquiry,  to  accumulate  within  a 
couple  of  years,  and  within  the  prison- 
space  of  Deshima,  the  extraordinarily 
copious  mass  of  materials  in  every  division 
of  his  subject,  which  enabled  him  to 
produce  the  '  Historia.'  Where  personal 
■observation  was  possible  he  is  always  a 
faithful  witness,  as  shrewd  as  accurate, 
while  his  reflections  are  invariably  both 
just  and  acute.  To  the  reader  of  to-day 
it  is  precisely  the  record,  simple  and 
picturesque,  of  what  he  saw,  heard,  and 
thought  that  is  most  interesting.  In  his 
preface,  a  model  of  dignified  modesty, 
after  referring  to  the  general  difficulty  of 
•obtaining  information  in  Japan  and  its 
causes,  he  describes  how  friendly  officials, 
"  even  in  such  things,  which  they  are 
•otherwise  strictly  charged  to  keep  secret," 
assisted  him,  influenced  by  the  medical 
and  other  aid  he  afforded  them  and  "  by  a 
cordial  and  plentiful  supply  of  European 
liquors  "■ — in  particular,  an  "  Ottona," 
or  chief  officer,  whom  he  had  cured  of  a 
"  distemper "  and  instructed  in  Dutch, 
and  who,  in  return,  procured  and  explained 
to  him  Japanese  books  on  all  sorts  of 
subjects. 

On  the  arrival  of  Kaempfer's  ship 
De  Waelstrom  at  Nagasaki  (September 
24th,  1690)  the  usual  pedantically  minute 
precautions  were  taken  by  the  Japanese 
authorities.  Most  of  these  seem  to  have 
been  entirely  unnecessary  from  any  point 
of  view  ;  the  Dutch  trade,  though  then 
confined  to  one  ship  each  year,  was  too 
valuable  to  the  town  of  Nagasaki  to  be 
abolished,  but  it  was  regarded,  neverthe- 
less, as  a  source  of  quasi-moral  infection 
— even  the  body  of  a  man  who  had  died 
was  "  narrowly  viewed,  to  see  whether 
there  was  any  cross  or  other  mark  of  the 
Popish  Religion  upon  it."  The  dread  of 
Catholicism  and  of  the  Portuguese,  indeed, 
amounted  to  a  monomania.  On  one 
occasion  a  sailor  from  the  Dutch  ship  in 
the  harbour  of  Nagasaki  fell  overboard, 
no  one  perceiving  the  accident.  The 
next  morning  at  the  usual  roll-call  he  was 
missed,  and  the  "  fear  lest  it  should  be  a 
Roman  Catholick  Priest,  who  made  his 
escape  into  the  country,"  caused  such  a 
consternation  that  some  of  the  soldiers 
were  already  "  preparing  to  rip  open  their 
bellies,"  when  the  finding  of  the  body 
ended  the  trouble. 

Life  on  Deshima  must  have  been  almost 
intolerable.  The  dimensions  of  the  island 
were  about  80  yards  by  240  yards.  From 
this  narrow  prison  excursions,  under 
guard,  were  occasionally  allowed  into  the 
country,  for  which  relief,  however,  the 
small  community,  rarely  exceeding  seven 
in  number,  was  heavily  mulcted.     At  first 


(about  1640-80),  several  ships  were  allowed 
to  enter  each  year,  and  very  high  profits 
were  made,  chiefly  by  the  import  of  silk 
and  cloth,  and  the  export  of  copper  and 
gold.  But  in  Kaempfer's  day  the  trade 
does  not  appear  to  have  realized  more 
than  about  100,000Z.  per  annum,  if  as 
much.  Most  of  the  gross  profits  went  into 
the  pockets  of  some  120  to  150  "  inter- 
preters "  and  the  twenty-four  landlords 
of  Deshima.  In  fact,  the  whole  business 
was  exploited  by  the  Nagasaki  authorities 
for  the  benefit  of  themselves  and  the  town, 
the  Yedo  Government  being  appeased  by  a 
rigorous  execution  of  the  edicts  against 
foreigners  and  Christianity.  Over  450,000 
taels  thus  resulted  to  the  "  magistrates 
and  inhabitants  "  of  Nagasaki. 

The  events  of  the  year  were  the  arrival 
of  the  Dutch  ship,  usually  about  Septem- 
ber, and  the  official  journey  to  the  Yedo 
Court  in  February  or  March.     Kaempfer 
made  two  of  these  journeys,  andgives  elabo- 
rate and  lively  descriptions  of  each.     On 
the  road,  despite  innumerable  absurd  and 
indeed  imbecile  regulations,  the  penitents 
— for    as    such    almost    they    travelled — 
managed  to  see  something  of  the  country 
and  people,  and  the  energetic  physician 
was  able  to  fill  his  notebook.       Of  the 
various  places  traversed  he  gives  excellent 
descriptions,    and    to    those    who    knew 
Japan   in   the   sixties    and   seventies   his 
pictures  of  popular  life  might  almost  seem 
drawn  from  their  own  experiences.     His 
reception  at  Court,  and  the  absurd  and 
degrading    exhibitions    the    members    of 
the   Company   were   forced   to    make    of 
themselves    for    the    amusement    of    the 
Shogun    and  his  ladies,  have  often  been 
cited.     Yet  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
the  rudeness  was  intentional.     Kaempfer 
bears  witness  to  the  courtesy  always  ex- 
tended  to   himself  and   his   companions  ; 
and  the  passion  for  things  foreign  that 
existed   to    the   full   in   the    seventeenth 
century — despite    the    seclusion    of     the 
country — as  it  had  done  in  the  sixteenth, 
and  still  does  in  the  twentieth,  was,  rather 
than   mere   vulgar   curiosity,    responsible 
for  these  extorted  displays.     The  Japanese, 
he  tells  us  in  his  preface,  are  "  as  civil,  as 
polite    and    curious    a  nation    as    any  in 
the    world,    naturally    inclined    to    com- 
merce and  familiarity  with  foreigners,  and 
desirous  to  excess  to  be  informed  of  their 
histories,  arts,  and  sciences."     Nor  were 
the    Dutch    altogether    treated    as    mere 
traders:      the    Captain     travelled    in     a 
norimono  like  a  daimyo — a  most  interest- 
ing   plate,    showing    the    retinue    of    the 
Dutch   ambassadors  on  their  journey  to 
Court,    appears     in    vol.     ii.    p.    105 — his 
kotow  was  not  different  from   that  of  a 
grandee,  and  when  making  it  he  sat  on  the 
same  mat  as  the  proudest  daimyo  occupied 
when    saluting    the    Shogun.       At    that 
time  the  Japanese  seemed — as  is  to  some 
extent  still  the  case — a  mass  of  contradic- 
tions.    They  were  courteous   and  gentle 
in   the   ordinary   intercourse   of   life,    but 
the  whole  society,   so  to  speak,   existed 
under  a  constant  shower  of  blood.     Death 
by  cross,  sword,  or  fire,  and  self-slaughter 
followed  close  upon  mere  trumpery  pecula- 
tions,   or    trivial    smugglings,    or    slight 


breaches  of  a  pedantic  ceremonial.  Every 
year  many  thousands  of  fives  were  thus 
sacrificed.  In  the  eighteenth  century 
Arai  Hakuseki,  the  foremost  statesman  of 
the  age,  contemplated  suicide  simply 
because  he  thought  a  particular  financial 
policy  he  had  in  view  might  not  succeed. 
On  one  occasion  300  men  slew  themselves 
as  the  issue  of  a  vendetta. 

This  terrible  system  obtained  during 
centuries  of  profound  peace,  external  and 
internal.  In  part  its  existence  is  explained 
by  the  Christian  and  Portuguese  spectre 
which  troubled  the  minds  of  the  rulers. 
When  the  English  ship  Return  visited 
Japan  in  1673,  the  diary  of  which  is 
printed  as  an  appendix  to  the  '  Historia,' 
the  captain  was  rigorously  examined  as  to 
his  nationality  and  religion,  and  denied 
all  commerce  with  the  country — notwith- 
standing the  grant  of  privileges,  shown 
by  a  Japanese  copy  to  have  been  made 
during  the  Firando  period,  some  forty 
years  earlier — upon  the  mere  ground  that 
the  King  of  England  had  married  a  Portu- 
guese princess.  The  Portuguese  were 
hated  as  the  original  introducers  of 
Christianity  ;  Christianity  was  feared,  for 
it  had  served  as  a  bond  of  union  in  a 
powerful  coalition  of  western  daimyos 
which  threatened  the  despotism  of  the 
Yedo  court,  maintained  not  so  much  by 
armed  force  as  by  an  elaborate  system 
of  espionage,  by  unrelenting  severity  of 
administration,  and  by  the  continuous 
detention  in  Yedo  of  the  families  of  the 
daimyos  as  quasi-hostages  for  the  two 
hundred  and  sixty  or  seventy  territorial 
lords,  who  were  themselves  allowed  to 
be  absent  from  the  eastern  capital  for 
six  months  only  each  year. 

Kaempfer  died  in  1716,  leaving  behind 
him  the  '  Historia  '  in  MS.  In  1712  he 
had  published  the  well-known  'Amcenitates 
Exotica?,'  which  may  be  described  as 
notes  of  a  naturalist  in  foreign  countries. 
From  the  German  manuscript  of  the 
'  Historia '  the  English  translation  (pub- 
fished  in  1727  in  two  folio  volumes 
richly  illustrated)  was  made  by  J.  G. 
Scheuchzer  (the  name  is  variously 
spelt),  librarian  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane  (as  we 
learn  from  Sir  A.  Geikie's  interesting  bio- 
graphical note  on  the  Scheuchzer  family 
prefixed  to  the  first  of  these  volumes), 
and  afterwards  Foreign  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Society  in  conjunction  with 
Dillenius.  Scheuchzer  died  in  1729,  at 
the  early  age  of  twenty-seven.  His  father, 
a  Swiss,  was  the  author  of  the  once  famous 
'  Beschreibung  der  Natur-Historie  des 
Schweizerlandes,'  which  Sir  A.  GeiMe 
describes  as  "one  of  the  most  notable 
landmarks  in  the  progress  of  modern 
science." 

The  folios  on  Japan,  including  the 
'Historia.'  are  becoming  scarce,  nor 
are  modern  readers  content  to  handle 
these  immense  volumes.  Kaempfer,  con- 
sequently, is  Utile  lead,  even  by  the  va>t 
tribe  of  bookmakers  who  take  Japan  for 
their  Bubject,  Yel  he  is  a  classic,  both 
in  a  special  and  in  a  genera]  sense.  Neither 
Caron,  nor  Linschooten,  nor  Montanus 
can  compare  with  him.  He  presents  the 
mosl    veracious  and  complete  picture  of 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


old  Japan  in  existence — the  only  one,  it 
is  not  too  much  to  say,  now  worth  regard- 
ing. The  '  Historia  '  cannot  die,  for  it 
has  no  rival,  while  its  style  is  as  lively  as 
its  matter  is  interesting.  It  reads,  as 
we  have  already  said,  like  a  romance,  yet 
it  is  the  achievement  of  a  scientific  tra- 
veller, as  unique  in  relation  to  Japan  as 
the  work  of  Marco  Polo  was  in  relation 
to  China.  The  publishers  are  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  their  enterprise.  They 
have  rendered  a  real  service  to  history 
and  to  letters.  The  volumes  are  well 
printed  in  large  type  on  good  paper. 
The  whole  of  the  '  Historia '  is  here, 
with  all  the  numerous  illustrations,  maps, 
and  plans,  in  clear,  though  necessarily 
reduced,  facsimile.  We  have  not  detected 
a  single  error  or  omission.  There  is  a 
full  index.  In  fine,  the  reproduction  is, 
in  every  respect,  worthy  of  its  original, 
and  in  its  new  and  convenient  form  the 
'  Historia  '  should  meet  with  many  readers, 
as  an  achievement  of  the  highest  interest 
in  itself,  and  as  the  beginning  and  founda- 
tion of  all  true  knowledge  of  the  pattern 
people  of  the  twentieth  century. 


History   of    Warwick  School.     By    A.    F. 
Leach.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Leach  is  by  far  the  most  industrious 
of  the  annalists  of  England's  early  schools, 
and  historians  and  students  of  social  life 
owe  him  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  correcting 
the  various  views  that  were  current  as  to 
the  educational  halo  that  was  supposed 
to  surround  the  boy  king  Edward  VI.  and 
his  Council.  Warwick  is  at  the  present 
time  attracting  considerable  notice  on 
account  of  one  of  those  now  fashionable 
pageants,  which,  if  correctly  marshalled, 
ought  to  do  much  in  the  way  of  teach- 
ing local  history.  Mr.  Leach's  book  on 
Warwick  School  is  therefore  opportune, 
particularly  as  the  educational  story, 
going  back  to  remote  times,  is  closely 
blended  with  the  origin  and  development 
of  the  borough  and  its  collegiate  church. 

Mr.  Leach  has  made  good  use  of  the 
important  chartulary  of  the  collegiate 
church  of  Warwick,  which  is  frequently 
quoted  by  Dugdale  both  in  his '  Monasticon ' 
and  in  his  '  History  of  Warwickshire.'  It 
is  well  known  to  antiquaries  interested  in 
the  county,  for  its  presence  in  the  Public 
Record  Office  has  long  been  recorded,  and 
its  whereabouts  chronicled  in  lists  of 
chartularies  in  early  manuals,  such  as  that 
of  Sims,  which  was  issued  in  1856.  One 
of  the  first  of  the  charters  transcribed  in 
this  register  of  college  evidences  is  that 
of  Henry  I.  whereby  the  canons  were  con- 
firmed, inter  alia,  in  the  possession  of 
Warwick  School,  to  hold  it  in  the  same 
way  as  they  had  held  it  in  the  time  of  the 
king's  father  and  grandfather,  and  in  the 
time  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  The 
schools  of  England  that  can  really  lay 
claim  to  pre  -  Norman  antiquity  may 
probably  be  counted  on  the  fingers  of  a 
single  hand,  and  such  a  fact  at  once 
gives  distinction  to  the  Grammar  School 
of  Warwick.  It  is  just  as  well  that  Mr. 
Leach  should  restate  this  fact,  as  many 


seem  to  have  forgotten  it  ;  but,  as  the 
charter  appears  in  the  third  volume  of  the 
original  edition  of  the  '  Monasticon,' 
which  is  open  to  every  one,  it  is  straining 
a  point  to  term  this  restatement  a  "  dis- 
covery," as  is  done  in  the  preface. 

At  the  end  of  the  preface  is  a  revelation 
so  unexpected  that  it  cannot  fail  to  startle 
all  historical  students  and  those  concerned 
in  the  due  custody  of  England's  muniments. 
The  following  is  the  short  paragraph  in 
question  : — 

"  Above  all,  those  interested  in  the  history 
of  the  Collegiate  Church  are  indebted  to 
Dr.  Gore,  who  when  Bishop  of  Worcester 
allowed  me  the  use  at  home  of  the  Episcopal 
Registers,  from  which  a  large  part  of  it  has 
been  derived." 

It  is  of  the  first  importance  that  the 
attention  of  those  concerned  should  be 
drawn  to  this  remarkable  act  of  careless 
good-nature  on  the  part  of  Dr.  Gore.  It 
seems  doubtful  if  such  action  is  legal,  and 
even  if  legal,  it  is  highly  inexpedient  that 
registers  of  such  importance  and  value 
should  be  entrusted  to  private  hands, 
away  from  their  place  of  custody.  Even 
the  home  of  so  able  and  trustworthy  a 
scholar  as  Mr.  Leach  is  not  the  place  where 
the  registers  of  a  mediaeval  see  should  find 
shelter.  Small  blame  attaches  to  Mr. 
Leach  for  obtaining  the  custody  of  a 
unique  manuscript  of  legal  as  well  as 
historic  value  for  the  purpose  of  leisurely 
consultation.  Scores  of  scholars,  equally 
careful  with  himself,  would  rejoice  to  have 
such  opportunities  ;  but  Dr.  Gore,  if  this 
action  goes  unchecked  and  unquestioned, 
will  have  set  up  a  most  dangerous  pre- 
cedent. We  should  like  to  know  if  the 
Registrar  of  Worcester  diocese,  who  is,  we 
presume,  the  responsible  person,  gave  his 
consent  to  this  removal  of  registers  from 
his  custody.  It  is  an  entirely  different 
matter  to  allow  such  registers  to  be  de- 
posited at  the  Public  Record  Office  for 
the  purpose  of  transcription,  as  is,  we 
believe,  the  case  with  the  earliest  register 
of  a  Welsh  see  at  the  present  moment ;  but 
to  suffer  them  to  go  into  private  hands  is 
indefensible.  An  important  register  of  a 
Western  see  suffered  severely,  to  our 
knowledge,  from  this  cause  in  Victorian 
days.  Probably  Mr.  Leach's  frank  state- 
ment at  the  close  of  his  preface  will  work 
its  own  remedy.  The  publication  of  such 
a  paragraph  ought  to  raise  a  protest  of 
sufficient  vigour  to  prevent  laxities  of  the 
sort. 

This  book,  though  curiously  discursive 
in  places,  contains,  like  all  the  author's 
writings,  a  good  deal  of  new  and  well- 
marshalled  information  with  regard  to 
both  school  and  college,  and  particularly 
as  to  the  dissolution  and  refoundation 
of  the  former  in  1545  as  "  The  King's 
Newe  Scole  of  Warwick."  But  the 
writer  seems  unable  to  shake  himself 
clear  of  the  flippancies  and  comments  in 
questionable  taste  which  have  marred 
some  of  his  previous  works.  Surely  the 
recent  Boer  war  was  not  so  distinguished 
a  campaign  as  to  justify  its  incidents  being 
lugged  in  to  form  parallels  to  events  of 
English  history  at  the  opening  of  the  tenth 
century.     But    in    Mr.    Leach's    opinion 


"  Alfred  was  the  Roberts,  Edward  was- 
the  Kitchener  of  the  Danish  war." 
Ethelfled's  line  of  fortresses  was  "  a  policy 
of  blockhouses  "  ;  and  further  illustra- 
tions are  drawn  from  "  Kruger's  famous- 
fort  at  Johannesburg,"  and  his  attempt 
"  to  overcrow  the  Outlanders." 

The  college  chartulary  contains  a  long 
list  of  all  the  church  goods,  drawn  up  in 
1407,  which  is  exceptionally  interesting 
and  unusual,  especially  in  the  matter 
of  books  other  than  service  books  ;  but 
this  is  not  cited  by  Mr.  Leach.  A  long 
Latin  inventory  of  relics,  of  the  year  1445r 
appears,  however,  in  another  place  in  the 
chartulary,  and  this  fist  Mr.  Leach  takes- 
the  trouble  to  translate  in  extenso ;  he 
also  cites  from  yet  another  English  relic 
list  of  1465,  adding  certain  unseemly  gibes- 
of  his  own. 

In  his  comments  on  "a  piece  of  the 
Cross  "  he  states  that  it  has  been  esti- 
mated that  "  there  were  enough  pieces  of 
the  true  cross  in  England  alone  to  build  a 
three-decker  battleship  of  the  Nelson  era.'T 
This  old  sneer  was  originated  by  Erasmus,, 
and  improved  successively  by  Calvin,  Vol- 
taire, and  Swift.  It  remained  for  Mr, 
Leach  to  put  forth  the  most  modern  ver- 
sion ;  he  has  probably  never  seen  the 
minute  particles  or  tiny  specks  of  wood 
that  lay  claim  to  be  relics  of  the  true- 
Cross.  Had  he  read  the  bibliography  of 
the  subject,  such  a  sentence  would  have 
been  erased. 

On  the  entrjr  "  j  gird  ell  of  oure  ladies  T 
goddes  moder's,  with  39  longe  barres," 
Mr.  Leach  adds  words  which  he  surety 
must  have  known  would  give  pain  to 
many  reverent  minds:  "Her  waist  must 
have  been  of  ample  proportions."  Such  a 
comment  is  not  only  needlessly  irreverent,, 
but  also  shows  archaeological  ignorance  ; 
the  usual  lady's  girdle  of  early  days  had  a 
long  pendent  end — an  intrinsic  part  of 
the  girdle — which  hung  down  in  front 
below  the  buckle,  often  reaching  nearly 
to  the  ground. 

The  recital  of  this  considerable  string 
of  relics,  "  amazing  records  of  credulity 
and  superstition,"  gives  the  writer  the 
occasion  to  remark  that  it  was 

"  the  preservation  of  relics  like  these  and 
all  they  imply  which  explain  and  justify 
the  determination  of  the  more  zealous  among 
the  reformers  to  leave  none  of  these  '  hot- 
beds of  superstition,'  whether  of  the  regular 
or  the  secular  clergy,  unplundered  nor  their 
inmates  undisp  rsed." 

This,  surely,  is  a  most  singular  and 
simple  view  to  be  held  by  any  scholar 
acquainted  with  the  sixteenth-century 
documents  relating  to  the  spoliation  of 
monastic  and  collegiate  foundations.  It 
was  the  "  sylver  hernys  " — to  use  the  term 
of  the  Warwick  chartulary — which  at- 
tracted the  plunderers,  and  not  the  dis- 
persion of  relics.  This  is  easily  proved, 
for  the  agents  of  Edward  VI.  who  entered 
upon  what  Dr.  Jessopp  terms  the  "  Great 
Pillage "  of  the  parish  churches  were 
identical  in  aim,  and  often  in  personality, 
with  the  agents  of  Henry  VIII.  who  sacked 
the  monasteries ;  yet  the  former  had 
never  a  relic  to  disperse,  and  were  honest 
enough   to   acknowledge   that  they   were 


N°  4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


9 


animated  by  a  desire  to  gain  "  a  great 
masse  of  money  "  of  which  the  king  had 
need. 

There  are  not  a  few  mistakes  to  be 
noted  up  and  down  these  pages.  Thus 
the  priory  of  St.  Sepulchre,  Warwick, 
was  surrendered  in  1536,  and  not  in  1538  ; 
the  canons  or  fellows  of  several  of  our 
college  churches,  including  some  of  the 
more  important,  did  have  a  common 
table  ;  and  "  the  gal  on  of  swete  wyne  for 
the  Vicars  on  Ester  day,  1537,"  could  not 
have  been,  as  Mr.  Leach  supposes,  for  the 
Communion,  but  was  probably  for  their 
own  consumption  at  table,  for  no  more 
wine  would  have  been  required  at  that 
time  for  Easter  masses  than  on  any  other 
day. 

It  is  disappointing  to  find  that  Mr. 
Leach  does  not  discuss  the  question  of  the 
supposed  early  connexion  of  St.  Dubricius 
with  Warwick,  and  the  establishment  there 
of  an  episcopal  seat.  The  subject  is  cer- 
tainly well  worth  careful  examination ; 
that  the  deanery  of  Warwick  used  to  be 
known  as  the  deanery  of  Christianity 
supplies  some  slight  corroboration  of  the 
tradition.  At  all  events,  Dubricius  was 
a  real  person,  and  cannot  be  dismissed 
as  a  mere  figment  of  the  imagination 
because  his  life  has  been  unduly  em- 
broidered. Mr.  Leach,  though  dealing 
at  length  with  the  origin  of  Warwick,  is 
content  to  adopt  the  easy  expedient  of 
dismissing  the  subject  with  the  remark 
that  Dubricius  "  is  a  little  too  mythical  a 
person  for  us,  and  had  a  little  too  won- 
derful a  career." 

The  author  is  at  his  best  when  he  comes 
to  more  modern  times,  and  enters  upon 
the  history  of  the  school  after  its  refounda- 
tion. This  period  occupies  more  than 
half  of  the  book,  and  throws  much 
general  light  on  secondary  education  in 
post-Reformation  days. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


Of    Mistress    Eve.     By    Howard    Pease. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

This  sequel  to  '  Magnus  Sinclair  '  covers 
the  period  from  Worcester  fight  to  the 
Restoration.  Eva  Heron,  now  last  of 
her  race,  takes  refuge  where  her  kins- 
woman the  Countess-Dowager  of  Dorset, 
of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery,  Ann 
Clifford  by  birth,  reigns  on  the  English 
border,  holding  her  own  with  difficulty 
among  Cromwellian  major-generals  and 
recalcitrant  Puritan  tenants.  That 
famous  dame  somewhat  outshines  her 
protegee,  who  bears  up  nevertheless  with 
much  spirit  against  the  advances  of  several 
gallant  lovers  and  her  own  romantic 
vow  not  to  wed  till  the  "  king  comes 
home."  When  her  wishes  are  accom- 
plished she  goes  with  her  young  husband 
to  Court,  and  is  exposed  to  dangers 
at  the  hands  of  Charles  and  his  parasites. 
Here  our  old  friends  Oswald  and  Geordie 
go  through  a  wilderness  of  adventures 
on  her  account.  The  combats  are  as 
spirited,  the  Northumbrian  dialect  as 
sound,   and  the   colour  of   the   times  as 


truthful  as  in  the  former  story.  The 
author  fears  there  are  some  anachronisms. 
We  have  detected  none,  except  that  Nell 
Gwyn  is  brought  on  the  scene  rather  soon, 
and  Sir  Matthew  Hale's  knighthood  seems 
antedated. 


Law,  not  Justice.     By  Florence  Warden. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Miss  Rose  Brander,  the  Australian 
actress,  is  one  of  those  heroines  for  whom 
it  is  difficult  to  feel  any  other  sentiment 
than  that  of  exasperation.  Not  only  does 
she  insist  upon  sacrificing  her  child,  her 
sister,  her  lover,  and  herself  for  the 
worthless  scoundrel  whom  she  has  married, 
but  she  meekly  acquiesces  in  his  desertion 
of  her  and  the  kidnapping  of  her  boy. 
Sir  Richard  Dartrey,  alias  Luke  Adisham, 
takes  advantage  of  the  fact  that  Miss 
Brander,  whom  he  had  married  in  Aus- 
tralia, is  his  deceased  wife's  sister,  to 
contract  another  alliance  with  a  rich 
American  in  England,  and  then,  to  relieve 
himself  of  further  responsibility,  en- 
deavours to  arrange  a  suitable  marriage 
for  the  lady  of  his  first  choice.  Even  this 
cold-blooded  course  of  conduct  does  not 
close  the  catalogue  of  his  crimes,  for  two 
charges  of  manslaughter,  not  to  speak  of 
the  death  of  his  American  wife,  for  which 
he  is  indirectly  responsible,  stand  against 
him  by  the  time  the  fond  and  faithful 
Rose  receives  him  back  with  full  forgive- 
ness. The  story  has  less  vitality  than 
this  author's  earlier  tales. 


The    Bridal    of    Anstace.     By    Elizabeth 

Godfrey.  (John  Lane.) 
A  vanishing  bridegroom  (Greek)  ;  the 
blanching  (in  a  few  hours)  of  the  hair  of 
the  bride  ;  her  speedy  departure  alone, 
under  an  assumed  name  ;  and  the  sub- 
sequent washing  up  by  the  sea  (as  it  were 
at  her  very  feet)  of  the  legal  wife,  whose 
death  has  been  too  readily  accepted  as  a 
fact,  are  some  of  the  chief  points  in  Miss 
Godfrey's  story.  Could  anything  sound 
much  more  melodramatic  or  hackneyed  ? 
Yet  the  web  spun  round  this  unpromising 
material  is  not  open  to  such  a  charge. 
The  atmosphere  and  manner  of  telling 
are  too  quiet,  thoughtful,  and  competent 
for  that.  If  the  book  cannot  be  said  to 
contain  a  philosophy  of  life  (and  that  one 
expects  only  from  poets  and  great  writers) 
it  does  at  least  suggest  an  individual  con- 
ception of  some  of  the  difficult  circum- 
stances and  passages  of  human  existence, 
shaped  in  part  by  fate,  in  larger  part  by 
character.  In  a  notice  of  this  sort,  how- 
ever, one  can  but  touch  shortly  on  the 
particular  rather  than  the  general  trend. 
The  author  has  the  gift  of  presenting 
distinctly  places  and  persons.  Those  who 
know  the  district  chosen  should  be  aware  of 
the  reality  and  suggestiveness  of  the  land- 
scape. We  have  spoken  of  certain  improba- 
bilities in  circumstance  and  situation  be- 
cause they  seem  specially  out  of  key,  out  of 
the  range  and  character  of  the  book.  But 
the  reader  will  find  that  the  way  in  which 
they  are  introduced  and  treated  prevents 
them  from  being  obtrusive  or  ridiculous. 


The  picture  shows  experience  of  life, 
powers  of  reflection,  and  a  simple  and 
flowing  style  which  would  cover  more 
sins  than  are  to  be  found  here. 


A  Tangled  I.     By  Montagu  Wood.     (E. 
Grant  Richards.) 

This  is  a  tangled  and  unsatisfactory  tale 
of  mixed  personalities.  We  say  "  mixed  " 
rather  than  "  exchanged,"  which  the 
author  would  perhaps  prefer,  since  it 
is  a  conundrum  to  discover  where  Harry 
Temple  takes  up  the  tale,  and  where  it 
is  again  resigned  to  Harry  Hamilton,  or 
exactly  which  individual  it  is  under  the 
guise  of  Harry  Temple  whom  Lamia  has 
the  misfortune  to  marry.  To  add  to  the 
general  confusion,  Mr.  Wood  adopts  a 
fantastic  style,  of  which  his  definition  of 
love  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  sample  : — 

"  What  was  this  Love  ?  this  perpetual 
writhe  of  the  spirit  in  the  coil  of  its  own 
bafflement,  this  bedwarfraent  of  the  world 
for  the  Gargantuation  of  an  individual,  this 
aggrandizing  of  a  particle  to  the  eclipsement 
of  the  aggregate  ?  " 

We  suppose  that  the  author  understands 
his  own  language,  but  until  he  is  content 
to  employ  the  simple  form  of  English 
which  he  shows  occasionally  to  be  within 
his  reach,  we  cannot  pretend  to  appreciate 
what  undoubted  cleverness  and  originality 
his  matter  contains. 


YEAR-BOOKS    AND    CALENDARS. 

Calendar  of  the  Patent  Rolls,  1232-1247. 
(Stationery  Office.) — A  change  in  the  treat- 
ment of  the  Rolls  is  marked  by  this  volume. 
Instead  of  their  contents  being  printed  in 
full  and  in  the  original  Latin — as  was  done 
for  the  previous  years  in  this  series  as  well 
as  in  that  published  by  the  old  Record  Com- 
mission— English  abstracts  of  the  documents 
are  given,  as  in  the  other  calendars  of  Rolls 
prepared  by  the  Public  Record  Office.  The 
change,  we  think,  is  necessary  and  wise. 
The  Patent  Rolls  have  always  been  so 
familiar  to  antiquaries,  and  so  much  of  their 
more  important  contents  is  printed  in  the 
'  Foedcra,'  that  one  does  not  expect  from 
these  volumes  much  fresh  light  on  the  history 
of  the  time.  These  pages  cover,  for  instance, 
the  latter  part  of  the  great  career  of  Hubert 
de  Burgh  without  adding  to  our  knowledge. 
There  is,  it  is  true,  mention  of  his  niece, 
Nigel  de  Mowbray's  widow  ;  but  we  think 
that  there  is  here  a  misreading,  and  that  she 
was  niece  not  of  Hubert,  but  of  Hugh  de 
Pateshull.  On  minor  points  there  is  much 
of  interest.  A  summons  to  the  ancient, 
court  of  Shepway  in  1242  illustrates  its 
Parliamentary  character,  for  each  of  tho 
Cinque  Ports  is  summoned  to  send  twelve 
mon  with  its  bailiffs  that  the  Chancellor  and 
the  Warden  may  "  provide  by  the  counsel  of ' ' 
the  barons  for  the  defence  of  the  coast. 
Another  entry  supplies  some  valuable 
details  on  the  standing  guard  at  Windsor 
Castle  in  1242,  knights,  watchmen,  and 
engineer,  with  tho  wages  of  each.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  entries  relate  to  Gascony, 
and  one  of  them  reminds  us  of  the  long- 
famous  Spanish  war-horse,  for  it  speaks  of 
the  king  buying  chargers  (destriers)  at 
Roncevaux.  His  carthorses,  we  observe, 
were  bought  at  Stamford  fair  by  his  marshal. 
At  the  same  fair,  apparently,  were  bought 
cloths  for  his  wardrobe,  and  also  at  Stow  fair, 

9 


id 


THE    AtHEN^UM 


N°4i06,  July?,  1906 


the  cloths  coming  from  Lincoln,  York, 
Beverley,  and  Leicester.  The  young  king 
valued  his  tailors,  and  when  one  of  them 
was  captured  beyond  seas,  we  read  of  "  all 
the  merchants  of  the  power  of  France 
arrested  in  England  by  his  order  "  therefor. 
One  of  the  most  curious  things  in  the  volume 
is  a  receipt  for  relics  borrowed  by  the  king 
for  his  life  from  a  Norwich  priory  :  "  pieces  " 
of  Zachariah  the  prophet,  of  Aaron's  rod,  and 
of  St.  Hermolaus  jostle  one  another  in  the 
list.  With  this  one  may  contrast  the  king's 
charter  granting  "  the  high  priestship  "  (as 
it  is  here  rendered)  of  all  Jews  of  England 
to  Elias  le  Evesk  of  London.  Another 
ecclesiastical  dignitary  makes  an  unexpected 
appearance  in  the  Archbishop  of  Trondhjem, 
who  is  licensed  to  transport  a  shipload  of 
corn  annually  for  his  church  from  England, 
in  accordance  with  grants  by  Henry  II. 
and  his  sons.  The  art  of  war  receives  illus- 
tration in  entries  relating  to  a  fort  erected 
in  the  Isle  of  Rhe  in  1242.     An  engineer  was 

"sent  to  view   in  the   Isle  where  a  mound  {mota) 

can  be  made  to  strengthen  a  castle so  that  the 

king  may  build  a  castle." 

We  suspect  that  "  strengthen  "  represents 
the  word  firrnandum,  which,  when  applied 
to  castles,  means  to  "  establish."  The  fact 
is  that  we  here  have  evidence  of  the  use  at 
this  late  date  of  the  primitive  fortress  repre- 
sented by  a  mound  crowned  by  wooden 
defences  ;  for  another  entry  states  that 
"  a  wooden  castle  "  was  being  made  for  it 
at  "  l'Entre  Deux  Mers,"  just  as  Henry  II. 
had  shipped  wooden  castles  to  Ireland  on 
his  expedition  thither  seventy  years  before. 
The  index  to  this  volume  is  as  excellent  as 
usual,  and  bears  witness  to  the  skill  and 
patience  devoted  to  the  toilsome  work  of 
identification.  There  are  very  few  places  that 
have  baffled  its  compiler,  but  "  Northton," 
we  may  mention,  is  Norton,  Suffolk  ;  and 
Newton,  which  is  named  four  times,  is  not 
in  Warwickshire,  but  is  Newton  Valence, 
Hants.  "  Berburg  "  is  Bourbourg,  a  well- 
known  chatellany.  Under  '  Nunchamp  ' 
there  might,  perhaps,  have  been  a  cross- 
reference  to  '  Longo  Campo.' 

The  third  volume  of  Prof.  Maitland's 
masterly  Y ear-Books  of  Edward  II.  :  3  Ed- 
ward II.,  1009-10  (Selden  Society),  has 
made  its  appearance  within  a  year  of  its 
predecessor,  though  even  at  this  excellent 
rate  of  a  volume  a  year  it  will  take  twenty 
years  to  complete  the  edition  of  the  Year- 
Books  of  Edward  II. 's  reign.  The  bulk  of 
the  volumes  is,  however,  largely  due  to  the 
cxhaustiveness  of  Prof.  Maitland's  re- 
rearches.  He  has  had  to  deal  with  some 
twelve  different  manuscripts,  and  as  most 
of  these  represent  independent  reports  taken 
for  their  own  information  by  as  many  law 
students,  who  haunted  the  courts  note-book 
in  hand,  the  accomplished  editor  is  some- 
times able  to  set  forth  three  or  four  indepen- 
dent versions  of  the  same  trial,  none  ot  which 
can  rightly  be  dispensed  with,  as  each  has 
some  features  peculiar  to  itself.  The  greater 
part  of  the  Introduction  is  taken  up  witli  a 
critical  examination  of  these  various  manu- 
scripts. This  investigation  is  set  forth  with 
all  Prof.  Maitland's  wonted  lucidity  and 
humour,  and  is  the  more  interesting  to  the 
non-lawyer  since  he  pauses  to  bring  out 
many  of  the  more  general  bearings  of  his 
material  for  English  history.     In  particular, 

we  note  hifl  remarks  on  tlie  limitations  and 
vagaries  of  the  reporters,  who,  as  he  truly 
says,  "  can  be  trusted  only  as  far  as  we  can 
see  them."  But  the  study  of  various 
versions  and  of  the  record  of  each  ease  its  the 
Assize  Rolls  has  cleared  up  many  points  of 
difficulty.  The  hero  of  the  volume  is  William 
de  Bereford,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Common 
Bench,  whose  shrewd  sayings,  round  oaths, 


witty  jests,  clear  insight  into  the  point  at 
issue,  and  unpedantic  resolve  to  get  at  the 
root  of  the  matter  should  ensure  for  him  a 
high  place  among  the  judicial  worthies  of 
the  Middle  Ages.  Of  particular  interest  is 
the  anecdote  told  by  Bereford  of  Edward  I.'s 
personal  participation  in  a  suit  in  which  the 
much-tried  Isabella,  Countess  of  Albemarle, 
was  summoned  before  Parliament  to  answer 
"  touching  what  should  be  objected  against 
her,"  and  was  then  suddenly  called  upon  to 
respond  to  thirty  fresh  articles  of  complaint. 
Some  of  the  judges  were  bold  enough  to 
argue  that  this  procedure  was  legal,  and 
Edward  himself  listened  to  them  from  his 
seat  in  Parliament.  Chief  Justice  Hengham, 
however,  laid  down  that  "  the  law  wills 
that  no  one  should  be  taken  by  surprise  in 
the  King's  Court  "  ;  and  at  last  Edward, 
"  who  was  very  wise,"  arose  and  said,  "  I 
have  nothing  to  do  with  your  disputations, 
but,  God's  blood  !  you  shall  give  me  a  good 
writ  before  you  arise  hence  !  "  We  may  well 
agree  that  this  story,  as  Prof.  Maitland  says, 
"  deserved  unearthing."  The  loyalty  of 
Berefcrd  to  Edward's  memory  shines  out 
also  in  his  exclamation  with  reference  to  the 
clause  in  consimili  casu  of  the  Statute  of 
Westminster  the  Second,  "  Blessed  be  he  that 
made  that  statute  !  "  Among  the  various  cases 
of  particular  interest  is  the  much-reported 
case  of  Ferrers  v.  Vescy,  which,  as  Prof. 
Maitland  shows,  throws  light  not  only  upon 
some  legal  points,  but  also  on  the  history 
of  the  great  house  of  Vescy  then  on  the  verge 
of  extinction.  It  is  only  right  to  put  on 
record  the  great  services  of  Mr.  G.  J.  Turner 
in  helping  the  editor  in  the  preparation  of 
this  volume.  "  If  I  could  have  had  my 
way,"  writes  Prof.  Maitland,  "  his  name 
would  have  appeared  along  with  mine  on 
the  title-page." 

Mr.  Isaacson's  new  volume  of  the  Calen- 
dar of  the  Patent  Rolls:  Edward  III.,  Vol. 
VIII.,  1348-1350  (Stationery  Office),  covers 
a  period  chiefly  memorable  for  the  ravages 
of  the  first  and  direst  visitation  of  the  Black 
Death.  It  is  remarkable  how  few  are  the 
direct  references  to  the  pestilence  contained  in 
it.  The  royal  officials  continued  at  their  work 
undisturbed  by  the  desolation  around  them, 
and  the  clearest  evidence  of  the  severity 
of  the  plague  is  to  be  found  in  the  enormous 
increase  in  the  number  of  presentations  to 
benefices  in  the  royal  gift.  Some  allowance 
must,  of  course,  be  made  for  the  extra- 
ordinary number  of  benefices  then  conferred 
by  the  king  on  account  of  his  seizure  of  the 
alien  priories  and  their  patronage  ;  but  many 
more  now  went  to  him  as  custodian  of  the 
lands  of  the  numerous  dignitaries  whose 
offices  were  rendered  vacant  by  the  plague. 
The  result  was  a  remarkable  aggregation  of 
patronage.  Nor  are  more  direct  references  to 
the  plague  altogether  wanting.  We  read,  for 
example,  how  all  the  canons  of  Ivychurch 
died,  save  one,  during  the  vacancy  of  the 
office  of  prior  ;  how  the  parishioners  of  a 
church  in  the  suburbs  of  Bristol  were 
excused  for  omitting  to  obtain  a  licence 
from  the  Crown  for  enlarging  their 
churchyard  by  land  held  in  mortmain, 
because  their  old  churchyard  was  filled 
by  reason  of  the  late  pestilence  ;  how 
the  Earl  of  Arundel  had  forgiven  him  the 
third  of  the  farm  of  an  estate  leased  from 
the  Crown  because  its  profits  had  been  very 
greatly  diminished  through  the  plague  ; 
how  the  burgesses  of  Oxford  were  so  im- 
poverished that  they  were  respited  for  ten 
years  from  the  levying  of  toll  and  great 
customs  on  goods  exposed  for  sale  in  their 
market,  and  how,  for  the  same  reason  of 
poverty  through  the  pestilence,  the  Priory 
of  South  wick  was  allowed  to  take  back  the 
profits  of  its  temporalities  accruing  to  the 


Crown  during  the  vacancy  of  the  office  of 
prior.  Other  notable  points  in  this  volume 
are  inspcximus  charters  of  earlier  date 
printed  in  full,  as  on  pp.  187-8,  486,  and 
54  G.  The  index  is  good,  and  deserves  special 
commendation  for  the  accuracy  with  which 
Welsh  place-names  have  been  identified. 


SHORT    STORIES. 


The  House  of  Cobwebs.  By  George 
Gissing.  (Constable.) — The  position  of  Mr. 
Gissing  in  the  literary  world  continues  to 
be  discussed  with  variable  results.  His 
admirers  as  a  rule  claim  for  him  a  dominant 
place  which  more  temperate  critics  must 
refuse  to  admit.  It  is  probable  that  his 
individual  talent  has  provoked  the  discussion, 
which  is  at  all  events  a  testimony  to  his 
importance  in  modern  fiction.  Mr.  Sec- 
combe,  who  writes  as  a  friend  and  an 
admirer,  adds  to  this  volume  of  tales  a 
singularly  detached  and  equitable  appre- 
ciation. He  is  obviously  affected  by  his 
personal  attitude,  but  at  times  he  stands 
aloof,  and  makes  his  pronouncements  with 
judicial  austerity  : — 

"There  is  an  absence  of  transcendental  quality 
about  his  work,  a  failure  in  humour,  a  remoteness 
from  actual  life,  a  deficiency  in  awe  and  mystery, 
a  shortcoming  in  emotional  power,  finally,  a  lack  of 
the  dramatic  faculty,  not  indeed  indispensable  to 
a  novelist,  but  almost  indispensable  as  an  ingre- 
dient in  great  novels  of  this  particular  genre." 

All  this,  in  disparagement,  is  perfectly 
true  ;  yet  there  remains  the  fact  that 
Gissing's  sincerity,  his  sympathetic  observa- 
tion, his  extreme  patience  and  relevancy, 
made  for  him  a  place  in  modern  fiction.  It 
is  probable  that  '  New  Grub  Street,'  as 
Mr.  Seccombe  suggests,  was  his  best  work. 
It  is  certain  that  '  The  Papers  of  Henry 
Ryecroft  '  contained  more  individual  Gissing, 
the  scholar  manque,  the  unbeneficed  biblio- 
phile, than  any  other  book  from  his  pen.  And 
his  posthumous  '  Will  Warburton  '  revealed 
the  growing  wildings  of  humour  and  melior- 
istic  cynicism  in  his  genius.  It  cannot  be 
doubted  that  had  he  lived  he  would  have 
painted  on  a  larger  canvas  and  with  better 
proportion.  But  what  is  certain,  and  is 
rendered  positive  by  this  book,  is  that  he 
had  little  artistic  sense  of  the  short  story. 
These  are  mere  blotches  of  feeling,  studies 
of  atmosphere  ;  they  are  never  stories.  They 
might  have  found  their  use  in  corners  of  a 
long  novel.  They  have  neither  beginning 
nor  ending,  only  being  ;  and  they  might 
well  leave  off  before  or  after  their  conclusion. 
Never  was  there  a  more  glaring  lack  of 
the  "  dramatic  "  than  in  Mr.  Gissing.  He 
refuses  to  transmute  life  into  any  unities, 
as  he  always  refused  to  transfigure  it.  And  so 
life  appears  in  his  work,  as  it  appeared  to 
him,  unsanctified  by  the  grateful  sense  of 
laughter.  In  one  instance  only  have  we 
been  able  to  detect  a  sub-ironic  humour  here, 
and  that  is  in  the  story  entitled  '  A  Charming 
Family.'  But  even  here  a  lesser  intellect 
and  a  more  capable  artist  would  have  made 
more  of  it  ;  for  with  all  Gissing's  gifts  he 
stood  apart  from  artistry.  Ho  was  an  intel- 
lectual observer  painfully  toiling  with 
brushes  the  use  of  which  he  hardly  under- 
stood. 

The  Wrong  Envelope,  and  other  Stories. 
By  Mrs.  Molesworth.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — 
These  are  tales  of  a  bygone  pattern,  some- 
what flavourless  and  abounding  in  italics. 
The  characters,  with  their  stilted  remarks 
and  elaborate  soliloquies,  have  little  to  do 
with  reality,  wlrile  the  ex  cathedra  comments 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


11 


of  the  author  are  seldom  more  striking  than 
the  following  : — 

"  But  Despard  was  honestly  in  love  after  all,  as 
many  better  and  many  worse  men  have  been  before 
him,  and  will  be  again." 

The  principal  story  is  called  '  That  Girl 
in  Black,'  and  tells,  among  other  things, 
how  Despard  Norreys — cool,  contemptuous, 
blase — all  but  died  of  brain  fever  on  being 
refused  by  the  mysterious  Miss  Fforde,  who 
is  afterwards  discovered  to  be  no  less  a 
person  than  Lady  Margaret  Fforde,  daughter 
to  the  Earl  of  Southwold.  A  short  extract 
will  give  an  idea  of  the  general  manner  of 
the  book  : — 

"Two  days  later  came  the  afternoon  of  Lady 
Valence's  garden  party.  It  was  one  of  the  garden 
parties  to  which  '  everybody '  went — Despard 
Norreys  for  one,  as  a  matter  of  course.  He  had 
got  more  gratification  and  less  annoyance  out  of 
his  second  meeting  with  Miss  Fforde  ;  for  he 
flattered  himself  he  knew  how  to  manage  her  now 
— '  that  little  girl  in  black,  who  thinks  herself  so 
wonderfully  wise,  forsooth  ! '  " 

The  other  stories  are  similar  in  tone  and 
subject,  with  the  exception  of  '  A  Strange 
Messenger,'  which  forsakes  Society  for  a 
colliery  district,  and  treats  of  the  super- 
natural. The  concluding  tale  of  the  volume 
'  A  Ghost  of  the  Pampas,'  by  the  late  Mr. 
Bevil  R.  Molesworth,  the  author's  son,  calls 
for  no  comment. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  interest  and  importance  of  Mr. 
Angus  Hamilton's  Afghanistan  (Heinemann) 
lie  in  its  last  few  pages.  The  greater  portion 
of  the  volume  is  what  is  commonly  known 
as  a  gazetteer  :  a  compilation  describing 
Afghanistan  and  its  neighbourhood  in  the 
usual  somewhat  dull  fashion,  unfortunately, 
however,  enlivened  here  and  there  by 
language  of  extreme  ferocity  with  regard  to 
Russia.  This  exaggeration  of  style  detracts 
from  the  value  of  the  book.  Few  readers 
will  like  the  terms  of  the  dedication  to  Lord 
Curzon,  in  which  the  reference  to  the 
"  splendour  "  of  his  natural  gifts,  and  the 
"  indelible  impression  upon  India  "  of  his 
Viceroy alty,  will  diminish  the  real  value  of 
those  services  which  Lord  Curzon  rendered, 
in  some  cases  with  imperfect  success  so  far 
as  concerns  popularity  with  either  side  in 
India.  As  for  the  attacks  on  Russia,  it  is 
possible  to  be  a  disbeliever  in  Russian 
assurances  without  employing  such  language 
as  we  find  here.  The  unwisdom  of  these 
passages  is  matched  by  that  of  those  referring 
to  the  present  Ameer.  There  is  much  in 
the  book — which  contains,  indeed,  an  enor- 
mous mass  of  matter  bearing  upon  Afghan- 
istan— to  raise  our  opinion  of  the  states- 
manship of  the  present  ruler,  who  in  many 
respects  is,  more  than  is  generally  believed, 
a  true  son  of  his  father.  To  invade  his 
territories  because  he,  as  a  great  Oriental 
potentate,  sometimes  seems  to  the  plain 
Briton  to  play  a  double  part,  especially 
where  Mohammedan  saints  (styled  by  his 
father  "  Popes  ")  are  concerned,  would  be 
to  delight  our  enemies.  Surely  it  is  better 
to  remain,  as  the  Government  of  India  does 
remain,  upon  good  terms  with  a  king  and  a 
people  who  at  least  dislike  the  Russians  as 
much  as  they  do  ourselves,  and  who,  even 
by  Mr.  Hamilton's  admission,  would  fight 
against  invasion  by  either  neighbour.  Why, 
then,  say  with  indignation  against  the  late 
Cabinet,  and  against  Mr.  Balfour  personally, 
"  It  is  evident  that  the  subjugation  of 
Afghanistan  to  the  interests  of  India  is 
incomplete.  ..  .The  Amir  is  disaffected  and 
untrustworthy  "  ?     Why  project  and — con- 


trary to  official  statements — try  to  force  on 
the  Ameer  a  railway  to  Kandahar  and  a 
railway  to  Kabul  ?  Why  even  make  the 
Kabid-River  railway,  and  mark  it  on  the 
map  as  likely  to  terminate  at  Dacca,  an 
Afghan  town,  when  it  is  perfectly  well 
known  that  nothing  would  induce  the 
Ameer  to  consent  to  such  prolongation,  and 
when  it  is  impossible  to  convince  the 
majority  of  scientific  soldiers  that  it  would 
possess  military  value  ?  The  money  which 
has  been  spent  upon  this  fad  of  Lord 
Kitchener's  has  been  worse  than  thrown 
away. 

Over  and  over  again  Mr.  Hamilton  attacks 
Russia  :  "  The  indulgent  nature  of  the 
British  Government  has  now  been  pushed 
to  the  limit  of  its  endurance."  What  steps, 
then,  besides  those  in  Afghanistan  which  are 
impossible,  does  Mr.  Hamilton  suggest  ? 
He  professes  to  state  the  whole  of  the 
proposals  of  Lord  Curzon  to  the  Ameer  at 
the  time  of  the  Dane  Mission,  and  to  explain 
the  refusal  of  every  one  of  them.  It  has 
been  stated — we  believe  with  the  authority 
of  Lord  Curzon — that  no  such  conditions 
were  proposed  by  himself  or  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  and  that  the  instructions  to 
Sir  Louis  Dane  were  directly  those  of  the 
Home  Cabinet.  Mr.  Hamilton  explains, 
indeed,  that  Lord  Curzon  came  home  in 
part  to  push  them  on  the  attention  of  the 
Cabinet  ;  but  this  we  cannot  believe.  Mr. 
Hamilton  thinks  that  we  are  on  the  verge 
of  war,  though  he  appears  to  us  rather  to 
provoke  it.  We  do  not  believe  that  there 
are  "  abundant  signs  that  Russia  is  pro- 
posing to  find  compensation  in  the  Middle 
East  for  the  downfall  of  her  prestige  in 
Further  Asia."  The  situation  is  one  in 
which  Russia  can  affect  our  policy  by  alarm 
rather  than  really  injure  us.  By  a  show  of 
activity  on  the  Afghan  frontier — where  her 
sentries  are  continually  "sniped  at  "  by  the 
Afghan  regular  forces,  on  Mr.  Hamilton's 
own  admission — she  can  produce  certain 
political  results.  Where  is  the  advantage 
which  she  would  derive  fromattacking  Herat, 
with  all  the  risk  of  never-ending  war  with  the 
tribes  ?  Mr.  Hamilton  contradicts  himself, 
for,  after  giving  an  interesting  account  of  the 
state  of  things  upon  the  frontier  and  showing 
how  constantly  the  Russians  have  accepted 
treatment  which  Great  Powers  seldom  put 
up  with,  he  declares  that  Russia  is  "  the 
supreme  and  dominating  factor  in  Afghan- 
istan." That  she  can  take  Herat  we  do  not 
deny  ;  we  deny  only  that  she  can  possibly 
stand  to  gain  by  doing  so.  In  almost  every 
chapter  we  find  suggestions  such  as  "  that 
she  would  stoop  to  any  pretext,  however 
infamous,  to  secure  her  ends."  Whatever 
may  be  the  historical  evidence  in  favour 
of  such  views,  we  fail  to  find  a  policy  based 
upon  them.  But  Mr.  Hamilton  is  used  to 
strong  language,  and  is  almost  as  hostile 
to  Germany  as  to  Russia,  which  leads  us 
to  suppose  that  he  is  willing  to  face  steps 
likely  to  produce  that  coalition  of  France, 
Russia,  and  Germany  which  is  the  night- 
mare of  most  alarmists.  In  the  preface 
Mr.  Hamilton  makes  free  use  of  statements, 
insome  degree  similartohisown,  in  the  famous 
memorandum  of  Sir  Charles  MacGregor. 
He  names  the  confidential  volume  as  though 
it  had  been  published.  It  is  the  case  that 
copies  were  circulated  among  those  inter- 
ested in  this  country  and  it  has  been 
admitted  that  a  copy  reached  the  hands  of 
the  Russian  Government  and  was  the  subject 
of  formal  complaint.  We  believe,  however, 
that  subsequent  quotations  published  in 
this  country  have  not  given  the  full  text. 

One  of  the  matters  in  which  Mr.  Hamilton 

replies  to  himself  is  the  famous  Orenburg- 
Tashkend  railway.  In  many  parts  of  the 
Volume   it   appears   as   solely   political   and 


strategic,  but  in  a  note  to  his  tables  it  is  a 
"  happy  accomplishment  "  which  has 
become  "  a  factor  of  the  greatest  economic 
importance  in  the  commerce  of  Central 
Asia."  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  one  of 
the  charges  against  Russia  is  that  she  has 
stored  at  the  frontier  the  material  for  a 
light  railway  to  Herat  :  not  till  after  we  had 
boasted  to  the  world  of  having  stored  the 
material  for  a  double  line  of  broad-gauge 
railway  from  our  frontier  to  Kandahar.  A 
passage  which  bears  upon  the  chances  of 
our  marching  our  "  500,000  men  "  to  meet 
Russia,  or  Russia  marching  her  Manchurian 
hordes  to  meet  us,  refers,  in  language  based 
upon  that  of  Sir  Thomas  Holdich  and  of  the 
members  of  the  recent  Seistan  mission,  to 
the  "  500  miles  "  of  "  waterless  desert  "  ; 
and  again,  to  "  500  miles  over  uninhabited 
waterless  country."  Yet  this  is  rightly 
stated  to  be  the  best  route. 

Many  facts  brought  out  in  the  volume 
are  of  considerable  interest.  We  have 
statistics  of  the  price  of  rifles,  which  show 
the  enormous  sum  the  tribesmen  of  our 
frontier  are  willing  to  pay  for  each  class  of 
rifle  available  for  use  in  the  constant  little 
wars.  In  the  excellent  account  of  the 
negotiations  with  the  late  Ameer  it  is 
suggested  that  we  deserted  him  about 
Penjdeh.  The  fact,  however,  is,  as  shown 
in  the  Blue  Book,  that  we  were  prepared 
to  fight,  until  he  assured  us  that  Penjdeh  was 
not  considered  Afghan  and  was  not  of 
strategic  value,  and,  in  other  words,  recom- 
mended the  course  which  was  actually 
pursued.  We  are  interested  to  hear  that  it 
was  at  one  time  proposed  to  build  "  costly 
and  expensive  fortifications  "  in  the  Khyber 
Pass.  We  are  inclined  to  think  that  it  was 
never  seriously  proposed  by  any  one  to  erect 
fortifications  more  important  than  those 
which  were  put  up  by  the  Royal  Engineers 
at  Lundi  Kotal  and  afterwards  taken  by 
the  Afridis.  The  arguments  against  regular 
fortifications  in  the  pass  have  always  been 
considered  overwhelming  by  all  the  chief 
military  partisans  of  every  policy. 

The  book  is  not  to  be  commended  on 
literary  grounds.  It  contains  a  great  deal 
of  repetition,  as,  for  example,  with  regard 
to  the  turn-out  of  the  gun  factories  at 
Kabul  ;  but  we  commend  it  to  our  readers 
as  a  repository  of  information.  The  ma]) 
is  far  from  good.  While  the  railway  to 
Dacca  which  will  not  be  made,  is  shown, 
we  do  not  discover  that  to  Parachinar,  in 
the  Kuram  ;  and  several  of  our  military 
stations  in  and  near  the  Zhob  are  missing. 
Some  of  the  photographs  are  valuable,  but 
some  are  worthless  by  reason  of  misdescrip- 
tion or  vagueness.  The  Hindus  at  p.  120 
have  not  the  Hindu  type  ;  and,  to  speak 
generally,  we  find  an  absence  of  careful 
editorial  revision.  One  bad  mistake  is  the 
unintelligible  "  Humai  "  for  Harnai. 

Another  alarmist  volume  reaches  us 
from  the  same  publisher,  and  lias  for  title 
The  Writing  on  the  Wall.  It  is  pseudony- 
mous, but  the  author  is  clearly  an  officer 
who  has  given  some  attention  to  his  military 
studies.  The  author  challenges  comparison 
with  that  great  literary  work  '  The  Battle 
of  Dorking'  by  introducing  Denbies  (where 
General  Chesney's  first  shot  was  fired)  into 
one  of  his  battles  against  the  Germans,  and 
into  two  of  his  battle  maps.  The  British 
fleet  has  been  crippled,  and  the  Germans 
invade  us  with  eight  corps,  take  London, 
and  impose  a  humiliating  peace.  The  author's 
object  is  to  press  forward  universal  service 
in  some  form.  In  his  account  of  the 
inquiries  which  followed  the  South  African 
War  he  confuses  the  Elgin  Commission  with 

the     Ksher     Committee,     but     elsewhere     his 

direct    statements   are    accurate,   although. 


12 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


by  a  confusion  pardonable  in  a  soldier,  he 
is  vague  about  tlxe  relations  of  the  King  of 
England  to  his  Cabinet,  and  sets  up  a  pleasant 
rivalry  between  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
War  (sitting  in  his  Army  Council)  and  a 
Cabinet  called  by  the  King  (rather  than  by 
the  Prime  Minister),  which  take  opposite 
action  at  the  same  instant  of  time.  The 
author  has  a  low  opinion  of  our  fighting 
powers,  and  holds,  perhaps  with  truth,  that 
only  few  of  our  best  regulars  are  fit  to  be 
compared  with  the  Russians  beaten  in 
Manchuria  "  in  endurance  and  the  way  they 
took  punishment."  He  goes  on  to  assert 
with  the  confidence  of  a  regular  soldier  that 
"  the  superior  intelligence  and  imagination 
of  our  auxiliary  troops,  which  was  not  com- 
bined with  discipline,  only  added  to  their 
incapacity  for  bearing  heavy  losses."  We 
doubt  whether  he  is  justified  in  assuming 
the  superiority  of  the  German  cavalry  as 
one  of  the  reasons  why  "  the  Germans  had 
France  practically  at  their  mercy  " — in  a 
year  which  is  yet  to  come.  The  better 
view,  at  the  present  time,  is  that  the  French 
cavalry  is  at  least  equal  to  the  German. 

Heroes     of     Exile.     By     Hugh     Clifford. 
(Smith,    Elder    &    Co.)  —  "The    ligan    of 
history."     Thus   the   author   well   describes 
the  fragments  of  submerged  romance  which 
he  has  recovered  in  these  short  essays.     The 
Portuguese   renegade   Fernao    Lopez,    "  the 
earliest  exile  of  St.  Helena,"  recalls  in  some 
respects   the   inspiration   of   Defoe,    and    in 
nothing  more  than  the  shrinking   from  the 
hard   world   of   the   solitary   who   had  won 
consolation    in    his    intimacy    with    nature. 
The  next  chapter  tells  how  George  Ross,  son 
of  a  Jacobite  who  had  settled  in  the  Orkneys, 
was  pressed  at  sea  into  the  old  Company's 
service,    and   took   part   in   the   capture   of 
Java.     The  fruits   of  that   dashing  victory 
were  lost  when  the  faineants  at  home  made 
Raffles   surrender   the   island.     His   reports 
were  many  years  afterwards  found  unopened 
in  the  official  pigeon-holes.     Ross  left  Java 
in  a  ship  of  his  own  building,  and  settled  in 
the  Keeling  Islands,  represented  then  by  an 
uninhabited  atoll.  The  benevolent  despotism 
of  his  descendants  (some  of  whom  this  writer 
remembers  at  St.  Andrews  as  grand  swimmers 
and   football   players)   seems  likely  to   lose 
its  simplicity  and  seclusion  now  a  telegraph 
station  is  to  be  erected.     This  '  Romance  of 
a    Scots    Family  '    is    well    worth    reading. 
'  The  King  of  the  Sedangs,'  a  French  adven- 
turer in  the  hinterland  of  Annam,  provides 
much    amusement.     The    Emperor    of    the 
Sahara  is  ineffectual  in  comparison.     Other 
pieces   are   '  Wreckage   of   Empire,'   dealing 
with  the  ruined  palaces  and  people  of  Cam- 
bodia ;    '  A  Hungry  Heart,'  that  of  the  four- 
teenth-century  traveller   Ibn  Batuta  ;     and 
'  A    Dying    Kingdom,'    Brunei    in    Borneo. 
1  Time  and  Tobago  '  is  happy  in  ending  with 
a  note  of  hope  for  that  microcosm  of  political 
change.      "  Rubber  "  is  to  produce  elasticity. 
'  Jos6  Riaz  the  Filipino  '  tells  the  fate  of  a 
reformer  in  that  dark  corner  of  the  earth 
who  seams  to   have  been  an  honest  man. 
'  The  Record  of  Somdet  Phra,'  the  Siamese 
devotee  who  threw  off  the  yoke  of  China, 
takes  us  back  to  a  simpler  and  grander  age. 
Here  the  writer  shows  at  his  best  his  insight 
into  the  Eastern  mind,  and  elsewhere  he  is  an 
impressive   delineator   of  the   grandeur  and 
squalor  which  meet  in  Eastern  scenes. 

A  Queen  of  Queens  :  the  Making  of  Spain. 
By  Christopher  Hare.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 
— The  compiler  of  this  volume  takes  such  ;'. 
feminine  interest  in  the  details  of  costume 
and  pageantry  as  to  warrant  the  suspicion 
that  the  name  on  the  title-page  is  a  pseudo- 
nym. Be  that  as  it  may,  the  book  adds 
little  to  our  knowledge  ;  at  its  best,  it 
summarizes  the  chapters  in  some  unrevised 


edition  of  Prescott's  work,  and  it  is  disfigured 
by  interpolated  errors  which  could  never 
have  been  made  by  any  one  acquainted  with 
Spanish.  The  estimate  of  Isabella's  cha- 
racter is  uncritical,  not  to  say  gushing.  To 
represent  her  as  "a  devoted  mother  " 
exceeds  the  bounds  of  biographical  licence. 
A  document  printed  (or  rather  misprinted) 
on  p.  293  contradicts  this  view,  and  any 
lingering  doubt  is  dispelled  by  Rodriguez 
Villa's  monograph,  '  La  Reina  dona  Juana 
la  loca.'  It  is  forgotten  that  Isabella's  share 
in  the  administration  is  constantly  exag- 
gerated by  patriotic  Castilian chroniclers  bent 
on  belittling  the  Aragonese,  Ferdinand.  But, 
generalities  apart,  there  are  few  pages  in 
this  biography  without  a  serious  blunder. 
Roderick  was  not  killed  on  the  banks  of  the 
Guadalete  (pp.  8,  9,  and  230)  ;  the  battle 
in  question  took  place  by  the  Barbate, 
and  Roderick  lived  to  fight  two  years 
h  ter  at  Segoyuela.  The  mistake  arises 
from  a  confusion  between  the  Guadalete 
and  the  Guadabeca  (the  latter  being 
the  Arabic  name  of  the  Barbate  river). 
Lord  Rivers  cannot  well  have  been  present 
at  the  attack  on  Loja  in  1486  (p.  1G0)  ;  he 
was  executed  three  years  previously.  The 
story  of  Torquemada  and  the  thirty  pieces 
of  silver  (p.  216)  rests  on  the  dubious  autho- 
rity of  Paramo  ;  it  is  a  devout  fiction. 
Juan  II.  is  stated  to  have  composed  his  own 
chronicle  (p.  62)  ;  the  work  was  really 
written  by  Alvar  Garcia  de  Santa  Maria  and 
some  unknown  collaborators.  It  is  not  the 
fact  that  an  edition  of  Sallust  was  the  second 
book  printed  in  Spain  (p.  198)  :  the  '  Com- 
prehensorium  '  certainly  comes  before  it, 
and  may  possibly  be  earlier  than  the  '  Trobes 
en  lahors  de  la  Verge  Maria  '  ;  the  '  Trobes  ' 
is  undated,  and  the  attribution  to  1474  is 
conjectural.  It  is  startling  to  read  that 
Cicero  praised  the  Cordovan  poets  (p.  263)  ; 
in  the  '  Pro  Archia  '  he  goes  out  of  his  way 
to  ridicule  those  uncouth  provincial  versifiers. 
The  "  dramatic  attempts  of  Enrique  de 
Villena"  (p.  267)  would  no  doubt  be  interest- 
ing if  they  had  survived  ;  but  they  have  not, 
and  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  they 
ever  existed.  The  writer  evidently  refers  to 
certain  clumsy  coplas  recited  at  the  corona- 
tion of  Ferdinand  I.  of  Aragon  in  1414  ;  these 
coplas,  however,  are  not  by  Villena,  and  are 
not  even  written  in  Spanish.  It  would  be 
easy  to  prolong  the  list  of  mistakes.  De- 
cidedly this  is  not  a  book  to  be  trusted. 

The  Religion  of  Numa,  and  other  Essays 
on  the  Religion  of  Ancient  Rome.  By  J.  B. 
Carter.  (Macmillan.) — The  object  of  Mr. 
Carter's  five  essays  is  to  give  a  popular  sketch 
of  the  principal  phases  in  the  religious  life 
of  the  Roman  people,  from  the  earliest  days 
to  the  establishment  of  the  Empire.  The 
first  stage  is  that  of  the  primitive  kingdom, 
when  the  gods  were  almost  impersonal 
powers  associated  with  the  ordinary  acts 
of  daily  life.  The  second,  which  is  connected 
with  the  name  of  Servius,  is  marked  by  the 
incoming  of  certain  deities — Hercules,  Castor, 
Minerva,  Diana  —  Greek  in  origin,  but 
naturalized  by  previous  residence  in  Latium 
or  Etruria,  and  so  admitting  of  acceptance 
without  disturbance  of  the  essentially 
Roman  character  of  the  State  religion.  The 
third  period  extends  from  the  establishment 
of  the  Republic  to  the  end  of  the  Second 
Punic  War,  and  is  entitled  '  The  Coming  of 
the  Sibyl ' — the  introduction  of  the  Sibylline 
Books,  and  the  use  made  of  the  oracles  con- 
tained in  them,  being  regarded  as  the  cause 
of  the  growth  of  superstitious  and  orgiastic 
cults,  and  of  an  ii-ruption  of  Greek  deities, 
culminating  in  the  introduction  from  Phrygia 
of  the  cult  of  the  Magna  Mater.  The  con- 
sequence of  this  is  a  period  of  decline  of  faith 
and  increase  of  superstition  during  the  re- 


maining years  of  the  Republic  ;  and  the 
history  is  closed  by  the  revival  of  State 
religion  attempted,  and  to  some  extent 
established,  by  Augustus,  with  the  all- 
important  addition  of  the  cult  of  the  im- 
perial house.  Mr.  Carter  gives  no  autho- 
rities and  not  too  many  details  ;  hence  his 
book  will  not  supply  the  needs  of  real 
students  of  the  subject.  The  excessive 
importance  attached  to  the  Sibylline  Books 
will  not  be  universally  accepted,  and  needs 
more  concrete  proof  than  he  adduces,  as  it 
is  made  the  pivot  of  the  whole  development 
of  Roman  religion.  Others  may  demur  to 
the  tacit  assumption  that  the  primitive 
religion  of  formal  gods  and  formal  worship 
represents  an  age  of  gold,  from  which  all 
subsequent  movement  was  decline.  Never- 
theless, the  book  will  serve  well  as  an  intro- 
duction to  the  subject,  being  clearly  and 
forcibly  written  ;  and  a  study  of  Roman 
religion  is  necessary  to  those  who  would 
obtain  any  clear  insight  into  the  essential 
Roman  character. 

Russische  Volksmarchen.  Gesammelt  von 
Alexander  A.  Afanassiew.  Deutsch  von 
Anna  Meyer.  (Vienna,  C.  W.  Stern.) — 
The  Germans  were  before  us  in  directing 
attention  to  the  rich  collections  of  Slavonic 
folk-tales,  and,  indeed,  the  Russians  them- 
selves had  not  shown  much  interest  when 
the  work  of  Dietrich  appeared  at  Leipsic  in 
1831,  '  Russische  Volksmarchen.'  To  this 
work  an  introduction  was  prefixed  by  Jacob 
Grimm.  Other  Slavonic  peoples  were  soon 
introduced  to  the  Western  public  :  Chodzko, 
professor  at  the  College  de  France,  translated 
some  tales  into  French,  and  Wilhelmina, 
daughter  of  Vuk  Stephanovich,  gave  ver- 
sions of  some  Serbian  folk-tales  in  German. 
If  we  take  the  Western  Slavs,  we  get,  earlier 
than  any  other  specimens,  "  Marchen  und 
Sagenbuch  der  Bohmen.  Herausgegeben 
von  A.  W.  Griesel.     Prag,  1820." 

The  time  of  folk-tales  was  to  come,  and 
at  first  they  were  subjected  to  a  good  deal 
of  "  improvement  "  to  fit  them  for  refined 
circles.  Thus  even  Bozena  Nemcova  in 
her  '  Bachorky  '  dared  not  give  them  in 
their  complete  simplicity,  just  as  Percy 
made  the  '  Ballads  '  more  refined  for  his 
readers.  We  think  that  the  credit  of  calling 
attention  to  Slavonic  popular  literature  in 
England  belongs  to  W.  R.  S.  Ralston, 
who  published  his  '  Russian  Folk-tales ' 
in  1873.  Many  of  the  best  of  these  were 
from  Afanasiev,  and  were  a  real  revela- 
tion to  the  British  public.  Other  writers 
followed,  such  as  Wratislaw  in  his  '  Sixty 
Slavonic  Folk-tales,'  1889.  Several  of  the 
tales  in  Madame  Anna  Meyer's  volume  are 
also  translated  in  Ralston's  and  Wratislaw's 
books.  We  have  compared  some  of  her 
versions  with  the  originals,  and  have  found 
them  accurate.  The  work  of  Afanasiev  has 
now  become  scarce  in  Russia,  but  it  mirst 
always  have  great  value,  be'mgbahnbrechender, 
as  the  Germans  say.  But  we  must  not 
forget  that  Dahl  (Kazak  Luganski)  had 
gone  before.  He  was  the  compiler  of  the 
great  Russian  dictionary  which  is  now 
appearing  in  a  third  edition,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Baudoin  de  Courtenay,  and  also  of 
a  very  valuable  collection  of  Russian  proverbs. 

The  pieces  in  the  present  volume  are  well 
chosen  ;  they  are,  indeed,  old  favourites, 
and  we  trust  that  Madame  Meyer  will  fulfil 
her  promise  of  giving  her  Viennese  country- 
men other  specimens  of  this  curious  literature. 

M.  Jacques  Bardoux  has  recently  pub- 
lished, through  M.  Felix  Alcan  of  Paris, 
Essai  dhme  Psychologic  de  V Angleterre  con- 
temporaine  :  Les  Crises  belliqueuses.  The 
book  is  not  very  fresh,  as  English  readers 
are  acquainted  with  large  portions  of  it 
which  havo  appoarod  in  well-known  reviews 


N°  4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


13 


and  have  been  the  subject  of  comment  in 
this  country.  It  contains  an  enormous 
mass  of  work,  put  together  in  such  a  way, 
however,  as  to  leave  no  clear  impression  on 
the  reader's  mind.  The  doctrine  appears, 
on  the  whole,  to  be  that  the  Briton,  like 
Fuzzy wuzzy,  is  essentially  a  "  fighting 
man,"  although,  not  being  anxious  to  be 
killed,  he  is  not  "  a  first  class  fighting  man." 
The  French  mind  is  drawn  towards  general 
considerations,  and  the  English  critic  is 
notoriously  disinclined  to  accept  them. 
On  the  present  occasion  we  cannot  but  feel 
that  most  English  opinion  will  be  in  favour 
of  rejecting  doctrines  which,  although 
politely  expressed,  are  far  from  compliment- 
ary to  our  nation.  Many  of  M.  Bardoux's 
remarks  by  the  way  are  undoubtedly  sound  ; 
as,  for  example,  his  general  statement  of 
"  the  difficulty  with  which  "  the  English 
"  grasp  the  soul  of  a  foreign  nation  and 
judge  it  with  impartiality."  Yet  it  would 
be  possible  to  produce  a  good  deal  of  evidence, 
even  in  this  case,  upon  the  other  side.  We 
in  this  country  were  right  and  the  French, 
with  more  reason  for  knowing,  were  wrong, 
in  the  analysis  of  Russian  and  Japanese 
character,  and  consequently  in  precon- 
ception of  the  probabilities  of  the  recent 
war.  The  usual  over-statements  of  authors 
with  a  philosophical  doctrine  to  demonstrate 
are  to  be  found  in  M.  Bardoux's  volume. 
We  are  told  that  "  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean 
War  Cobden  and  Bright,  and  recently,  in 
reference  to  the  South  African  War,  John 
Morley  and  Sir  Henry  Campbell-Bannorman, 
learnt  the  cost  of  not  yielding  to  the  current  " 
of  national  warlike  opinion.  It  would 
hardly  be  gathered  from  the  use  made  of 
temporary  facts  that  Sir  Henry  Campbell- 
Bannermann  became  Prime  Minister,  with 
Mr.  Morley  as  a  colleague,  on  account  of 
the  absence  of  support  by  the  electorate 
of  the  views  set  forward  by  M.  Bardoux  as 
essentially  British.  The  profound  division 
of  opinion  in  the  nation  upon  such  subjects 
will  not  be  appreciated  by  the  foreign  reader. 
Exaggerations  are  not  wanting.  Writers 
who  are  slightly  eccentric  are  quoted  along 
with  those  of  acknowledged  weight,  and  the 
result  is  what  the  French  call  "  a  salad." 
In  this  way  there  is  introduced  into  one  of 
the  most  serious  arguments  of  M.  Bardoux 
the  statement  that  "  the  ceremonies  of  the 
Coronation  literally  reproduced  those  pre- 
scribed "  for  the  crowning  of  Solomon  : 
"  the  same  acclamation  '  God  save  the  King  !' 
the  same  Hebrew  word  '  Amen.'  "  The  cry 
quoted  by  M.  Bardoux — far  from  accurately 
— and  the  "  Amen,"  figured  in  the  corona- 
tion of  Louis  XV.  and  of  his  predecessors  at 
Rheims,  and  no  argument  as  to  the  Biblical 
fighting-basis  of  English  civilization  can  be 
based  upon  such  comparisons.  A  good  many 
mistakes  in  English  names  show  an  absence 
of  careful  correction  by  the  author. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Hibbert  Journal,  July,  2/6  net. 
Nicklin  (T.),  Old  Testament  History  for  Sixth-Form  Boys  : 

Part  I.,  3/ 
Westminster  Lectures,   Second   Series,  edited  by  Rev.  F. 

Aveling,  6  vols.,  C>d.  net  each. 
Yooll  (H.),  The  Ethics  of  Evangelicalism,  2/0 

Law. 
Chirk  (E.   C),    History  of   Roman   Private  Law;    Part  I., 

Sources,  4/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Bumpus  (T.  1'.),  The  Cathedrals  and  Churches  of  the  Rhine 

and  North  Germany,  6/  net. 
Harrison  (T.  E.)  and  Towns. nd  ( W.  G.  P.),  Si  one  Terms  com- 
monly used  in  Ornamental  Design,  3/8  net. 
Maxwell  (Sir  H.),  Official    Guide   to  the  Abbey-Church, 

Palace,  and  Environs  of  Bolyroodhouse,  6</.  net. 
Pictorial  London,  Part  L,  ~d.  net. 
Portfolio  of  Measured  Drawings:  School  of  Architecture, 

Liverpool,  Vol.  I.,  21/ net. 
Rembrandt,  Part  IX.,  2,6  net. 


Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Carman  (Bliss),  Sappho  :  One  Hundred  Lyrics,  1/6  net. 

Cox  (F.  J.),  Songs  of  the  Car,  with  "I)e  Omnibus"  Rhymes, 
3/6  net 

Bawnsley  (H.  D.),  A  Sonnet  Chronicle,  1900-6,  2/6  net. 

Scenes  from  the  Great  Novelists,  adapted  for  Amateur  Per- 
formance by  E.  Fogerty,  Costume  Edition,  2/6  net. 

Songs  and  Memories,  2/6  net. 

Watson  (G.  L.  de  St.  M.),  With  Brandished  Bawble,  2/6  net. 

Wattson  (E.  E.),  A  Forfeited  Eden,  and  other  Poems,  1/ 

Wedmore  (M.),  Essays  and  Verses,  2/6  net. 
Bibliography. 

Brown  (J.  D.),  Subject  Classification,  15/  net. 

Newark,   New  Jersey,   Free  Public   Library,   Seventeenth 
Annual  Report. 

Savage(E.  A.),  Manual  of  Descriptive  Annotation  for  Library 
Catalogues,  5/  net. 

Philosophy. 

Alliston  (N.),  Reconnoitres  in  Reason  and  The  Table-Book, 
5/  net. 

Baldwin  (J.  M.),  Thought  and  Things,  Vol.  I.,  10/6  net. 

Bulletin    of    the    Philosophical    Society    of     Washington, 
Vol.  XIV. 

Fames  (F.  It.),  Emancipation;  or,  a  Message  of  the  Twen- 
tieth Century,  2/6 

Jastrow  (J.),  The  Subconscious,  10/  net. 

Major  (I).  R.),  First  Steps  in  Mental  Growth,  5/  net. 
Political  Economy. 

Danson  (J.  T.),   Economic  and  Statistical  Studies,  1840-90, 
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Collectanea   Anglo  -  Premonstratensia,   edited   by    F.    A. 
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Eastland  Company,  Acts  and   Ordinances,  edited  by  M. 
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YVhish  (C.   W.),    Reflections  on  some  Leading  Facts  and 
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Geography  and  Travel. 
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How  to  see  Bristol,  1/ 
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Forbes  (A.  II.),  A  Concise  History  of  Europe,  2/  net. 

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FOREIGN. 

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13m.  20. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
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San  (Tei),  Notes  sur   l'Art  japonais :    la  Sculpture  et  la 

Ciselure,  3fr.  50. 
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Weissbach  (F.  H.),  Die  Inschriften  Nebukadnezars  II.  iin 
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Music. 
Pino  (A.),  J.  S.  Bach,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Strowski  (F.),  Montaigne,  Ofr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Despngnet  (F.),   La  Republique  et  le  Vatican,  1870-1906, 

3fr.  50. 
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Roux  (F.),  Balzac  Jurisconsults  et  Crimmaliste,  3fr.  50. 
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NOTES    FROM    CAMBRIDGE. 

One  May  term  is  wonderfully  liko  another 
short,  overcrowded,  a  mingling  of  examina- 
tion and  hospitality,  an  army  of  lady  visitors 
furnished  with  all  tho  paraphernalia  of  war, 
music,  and  dancing,  degrees  conferred,  and 

then good-bye,  all  is  over.  And  the  readers 

of  Thc'Athcyxcvvm  naturally  inquire  whether 
learning  has  flourished  amid  all  this  ttirmoil 
and  confusion.  The  question  is  somewhat 
embarrassing,  and  one  to  be  answered  -with 
many  preliminary  hems  and  hahs.  Well, 
nearly  every  one  lias  been  examined,  includ- 
ing the  examiners  themselves,  whose  papers 
have  undergone  a  pretty  searching  criticism 
at  the  hands  of  their  colleagues  ;  then  we 
have  talked  and  written  and  published  fly- 
sheets  about  education  ;  we  have  lamented 
the  degeneracy  of  the  age,  and  the  inefficiency 
of  the  University  as  compared  with  those  in 
other  lands  ;  some  of  us  perchance  have  cast 
our  eyes  over  a  book  or  two,  but  this,  like 
tho  use  of  the  middle  voice  of  AoiV  has  been 
very  seldom,  the  rush  and  lnirry  of  a  brief 
May  term  not  permitting  such  luxuries  as 
study  in-  contemplation. 

First  and  foremost,  however,  the  mathe- 
maticians have  had  their  periodical  attempt 
to  abolish  the  Senior  Wrangler.  It  is  true 
ho  is  an  anomaly,  but  what  of  that  ?  So  are 
his  Grace  OUT  Chancellor,  the  Worshipful  the 
\  i,-(--('hii.ncellor.  the  heads  of  houses,  the 
professors,  proctors,  and  all  who  bear  office 
in  this  body.  So  are  degrees,  hoods,  caps 
and  gowns. 'hands,  bulldogs,  college  porters, 
college  feasts,  and  a  host  of  other  things, 


u 


THE     A  T  IT  E  N  M  U  M 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


necessary  and  unnecessary.  The  name  of 
the  Senior  Wrangler  began  to  be  printed,  if 
I  recollect  aright,  in  the  days  Eclipse  was 
winning  his  triumphs  on  the  turf.  New- 
market was  producing  its  wonderful  horses 
and  Cambridge,  not  to  be  behindhand,  gave 
the  world  its  prize  undergraduate.  The 
Senior  Wrangler  is  an  institution  peculiar 
to  Cambridge.  For  generations  the  world 
stood  agape  at  this  wonderful  boy,  and  on 
rare  occasions  it  was  permitted  to  wonder 
still  further  because  the  annual  prodigy  had 
justified  his  existence  by  reaching  the 
episcopal  or  judicial  bench.  There  arc  some 
such  successes  still  among  us  judging  the 
people.  As  a  rule,  however,  the  Senior 
Wrangler  subsided  into  obscurity,  produced 
3,  mathematical  work,  took  pupils,  and  lived 
to  overhear  people  say,  "  That  queer  old 
man  with  a  big  head  and  a  stoop  was  Senior 
Wrangler.  They  said  in  his  year  that  his 
was  the  most  marvellous  intellect  ever 
known.  What  has  he  done  since,  did  you 
say  ?  Well,  'er— nothing."  Still,  it  will 
not  be  without  regret  that  many  see  the 
Senior  Wrangler  pass  away.  There  have 
been  some  great  names  at  the  head  of 
the  Tripos — Paley,  Baron  Alderson,  and 
Bishop  Philpott ;  Profs.  Stokes,  Cayley,  and 
Adams  ;  Justices  Stirling,  Romer,  and 
Moulton.  Whewell  and  Lord  Kelvin  were 
both  Second  Wranglers,  the  former  being 
beaten  in  the  Tripos  and  Smith's  Prize  by 
one  who,  as  the  great  Master  of  Trinity 
said,  "  was  rightly  named  Jacob,  for  he  had 
supplanted  him  these  two  times  "  ;  and  the 
latter  yielding  Ids  pride  of  place  to  Dr. 
Parkinson,  the  kindest  of  men,  whose 
knowledge  on  subjects  of  even  greater 
importance  to  many  of  us  than  the  purest 
of  applied  mathematics  was  unsurpassable. 

Not  being  a  mathematician,  I  do  not 
perhaps  fully  comprehend  why  the  changes 
proposed  are  considered  to  be  advantageous 
to  the  study  of  the  subject,  but  the  argu- 
ment seems  to  be  something  like  this.  It  is 
desirable  that  as  many  students  of  science 
and  mochanics  as  possible  should  have  a  good 
elementary  education  in  mathematics,  and 
comparatively  few  are  capable  of  deriving 
any  advantage  from  the  pursuit  of  the  more 
difficult  subjects  of  the  present  Tripos.  An 
easy  examination — to  be  taken,  if  desired, 
in  the  first  year — would  be  an  inducement 
to  many  to  study  mathematics  at  school, 
and  would  relieve  the  better  men  of  the 
necessity  of  keeping  up  their  elementary 
work  during  the  three  years  of  a  university 
career.  To  give  a  man  the  title  of  Senior 
Wrangler  for  an  examination  passed  at  the 
end  of  his  first  year — as  it  is,  some  Senior 
Wranglers  are  only  second-year  men — would 
be  little  short  of  an  absurdity.  Consequently 
the  name  and  dignity  should  be  abolished. 
There  seems  a  good  deal  of  sense  in  the  new 
arrangement,  and  there  are  those  who  think 
that  a  little  compulsory  mathematics  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos  might  somewhat 
hunt  the  numbor  of  First  Classes  of  Part  I. 
With  respect  to  the  two  popular  modern 
Triposes,  Natural  Science  and  History,  it  is 
a  remarkable  fact  that  in  the  former  the 
examiners  are  able  to  arrange  their  first 
Classes  in  three  goodly  columns,  whereas 
the  more  modest  historians  find  about  three 
names  worthy  of  such  a  distinction. 
u  The  great  Greek  question  has  received 
its  quietus  for  the  present.  The  "rump" 
of  the  old  syndicate  made  its  report  with 
its  divagation  scheme.  A  debate  was  held. 
Mr.  Page,  of  Charterhouse,  took  the  oppor- 
tunity of  denouncing  clerical  head  masters 
— a  somewhat  irrelevant  topic  which  he 
seldom  fails  to  introduce— and  to  declare 
that  B.  in  Scientia  would  soon  become 
B.  imcientiaz.    But  the  controversy  was  dead. 


Several  parsons  came  up,  lunched  at  the 
expense  of  their  colleges,  and  voted  non 
placet  ;  and  even  many  of  the  residents  who 
had  voted  placet  last  year  joined  them.  The 
grace  was  thrown  out  by  a  majority  of  about 
three  to  one,  and  now  we  talk  of  a  commission. 
The  older  folks  who  "  run  "  the  University 
are  always  bringing  up  this  bogey,  and  have 
told  the  younger  men  so  often,  "If  you  don't 
do  as  I  tell  you,  I'll  give  you  over  to  that 
great  ugly  man,"  that  nobody  is  frightened, 
and  some  are  even  of  opinion  that  the 
threatened  commission  might,  to  their  great 
disgust,  reform  our  official  reformers. 

The  University  is  in  a  chronic  state  of 
impecuniosity,  and  those  who  are  respon- 
sible for  its  progress  are  often  in  despair 
at  the  magnitude  of  their  task  ;  nor  is  the 
cry  for  more  funds  unjustifiable  when  the 
efforts  made  by  Cambridge  to  meet  the  grow- 
ing demands  of  all  studies  are  considered. 
But  never  was  an  appeal  more  deserving  of 
a  hearty  response  than  that  made  by  the 
Vice-Chancellor,  the  Librarian,  and  Mr.  J.  W. 
Clark,  the  Registrary,  on  behalf  of  the 
Library.  About  17,500£.  has  been  promised, 
but  nearly  150,0002.  is  required  to  endow 
the  Library  and  make  it  worthy  of 
its  position.  Every  member  of  the 
University  —  past,  present,  and  future  — 
ought  to  contribute ;  and  those  who  have 
had  the  advantage  of  knowing  Mr.  J.  W. 
Clark  in  their  undergraduate  days  (and 
their  name  is  legion)  ought  to  make  a 
point  of  giving  liberally  to  a  cause  he  has 
so  much  at  heart.  I  detest  writing  begging 
letters,  but  the  cause  is  sufficient  to  overcome 
my  natural  repugnance. 

It  has  almost  become  a  regular  institution 
that  Cambridge  should  be  visited  by  some 
members  of  the  Working  Men's  College. 
It  was  founded  in  1854  by  F.  D.  Maurice, 
Tom  Hughes,  and  others,  and  excites  a  good 
deal  of  interest  in  the  University  at  the 
present  time.  Those  who  have  had  the 
pleasure  of  entertaining  the  members  of  the 
College  have  been  very  favourably  impressed 
by  the  modesty,  intelligence,  and  apprecia- 
tiveness  of  their  guests.  But  some  people 
have  the  most  amusing  notions  of  what  is 
meant  by  "  working  men."  It  may  be  pre- 
mised that  those  who  attend  the  Working 
Men's  College  are  as  a  rule  taken  from  the 
most  intelligent  class  of  clerks  and  craftsmen, 
not  more  perfect  than  the  rest  of  us,  but 
sufficiently  devoted  to  intellectual  pursuits 
to  value  all  that  Cambridge  has  to  show. 
I  was  greatly  diverted  at  the  anticipations 
one  lady  had  formed  of  the  guests  she  had 
agreed  to  entertain.  Her  ideal  of  a  working 
man  seemed  to  have  been  formed  by  a 
shepherd  she  had  once  met,  but  she  had 
modified  this,  on  hearing  that  the  College 
was  in  London,  by  imagining  its  members 
to  be  plastery  instead  of  pastoral.  I  fancy 
she  would  have  been  honestly  disappointed 
had  she  known  that  many  of  them  were  as 
good  judges  of  music,  to  which  she  professes 
an  attachment,  as  herself. 

But  we  had  more  exalted  guests  in  the 
shape  of  a  cousin  of  the  Emperor  of  China 
and  his  suite.  The  Celestial  dignitaries 
impressed  every  one  by  the  dignity  and 
composure  of  their  behaviour.  Even  the 
undergraduates  in  the  gallery  wero  unwilling 
to  make  fun  of  the  ceremony  of  conferring 
degrees  upon  our  visitors.  True,  t  lie  function 
savoured  more  of  a  barbaric  civilization  than 
of  a  progressive  university,  and  if  on  their 
return  the  recipients  of  degrees  chose  to 
erect  a  temple  in  honour  of  the  occasion, 
some  of  our  exalted  personages  might  easily 
figure  as  gods.  Our  Vice-Chancellor  would 
do  for  the  god  of  genial  welcome,  and  a  niche 
woidd  bo  found  for  the  Registrary.  Moral 
philosophy  might  furnish  a  smiling  god  of 


negation,  and  natural  science  a  god-that- 
graceth-the-feast.  The      Public      Orator 

might  represent  the  god-who-divideth-the- 
air-with-his-hand  ;  and  others  might  be 
added  to  the  pantheon  of  Cambridge.  Un- 
fortunately, the  Chinese  came  on  Ascension 
Day,  and  were  debarred  by  the  religious 
scruples  of  the  University  from  witnessing 
an  examination.  M.  Cambon,  the  French 
Ambassador,  was  the  sole  other  recipient 
of  an  honorary  degree — a  matter  for  sincere 
congratulation.  We  have  been  bestowing 
this  honour  so  lavishly  that  hardly  any 
eminent  man  can  escape  these  decorations. 
The  French  professors  who  visited  Cambridge 
at  the  time  of  the  races  were  more  happily 
employed  in  enjoying  the  hospitality  of  the 
Master  of  Peterhouse,  who  hired  the  Pitt 
lawn  at  "  Grassy  "  Corner  in  order  to  give 
them  the  best  possible  view  of  our  aquatic 
contests. 

Rowing  and  cricket  seem  both  to  flourish 
in  Cambridge.  Two  boats  at  least — Third 
and  First  Trinity — were  of  unusual  excellence; 
the  Jesus  boat  would  have  been  good  but  for 
some  of  its  oarsmen  having  a  bad  fit  of  the 
"  blues  "  ;  and  Christ's  and  Trinity  Hall 
were  above  the  average.  Our  cricketers 
seem  to  be  reviving  the  days  when  Cam- 
bridge really  supplied  England  with  ex- 
ponents of  the  art. 

The  Cambridge  Review  has  been  showing 
considerable  friskiness  in  its  old  age.  Mr. 
A.  C.  Benson's  remarkable  literary  facility 
has  been  the  subject  of  parody  ;  and  that 
great  discoverer  of  new  truths,  Mr.  Butler 
Burke,  has  turned  on  his  critics  in  a  some- 
what amazing,  not  to  say  epoch-making 
letter.  The  May  week  number  was  rather 
witty,  though  many  of  its  points  were  only 
for  our  limited  academic  circle.  J. 


'THE    OPEN    ROAD.' 

The  correspondence  which  has  recently 
appeared  in  your  columns  under  this  heading 
must  have  seemed  to  the  majority  of  your 
readers  to  involve  little  more  than  a  question 
of  good  taste  ;  but  I  think  the  facts  illustrate 
some  of  the  uncertainties  of  Copyright  Law, 
and  prove  also  that  the  enforcement  of  a 
legal  right  under  this  law  may  sometimes 
confer  no  real  benefit  upon  an  author,  while 
it  does  involve  others  equally  concerned  in  a 
serious  loss.| 

The  right  of  Mr.  Lucas  to  a  half  share  in 
'  The  Open  Road  '  was  never  disputed  ;  but 
I  could  never  understand  his  claim  to  the 
copyright,  nor  can  I  understand  his  complaint 
that  he  has  lost  money  on  this  book  by  the 
bankruptcy  of  Mr.  Richards.  He  certainly 
lost  a  modest  sum  representing  part  of  his 
share  of  the  profits  due  in  November,  1904  ; 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  he  has  gained  the 
entire  copyright,  and  the  value  of  the  latter 
greatly  exceeds  the  former. 

The  law  as  to  personal  contracts  between 
publisher  and  author  is  so  clear  that  under 
ordinary  circumstances  I  should  have  given 
up  '  The  Open  Road  '  on  demand  as  soon  as 
the  current  stock  had  been  exhausted  ;  but 
when  asked  to  transfer  this  and  other  books 
to  another  publisher  it  seemed  to  me  that 
Mr.  Lucas  asked  for  more  than  he  was  entitled 
to  have,  and  in  the  interests  of  the  creditors 
as  a  body  I  felt  bound  to  resist  what  appeared 
to  me  to  be  a  very  unfair  claim,  and  I  hold 
this  opinion  still. 

There  is  ample  evidence  to  prove  that 
'  The  Open  Road  '  was  compiled  expressly 
for  Mr.  Grant  Richards  on  lines  that  had 
been  mutually  agreed  between  the  parties, 
and  no  inconsiderable  part  of  the  work  was 
done  by  the  publisher.  Numerous  letters 
are  extant  showing  that  the  publisher  wrote 
to  his  own  literary  friends  for  permission 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


15 


to  make  extracts  from  their  writings,  and  in 
these  instances  the  necessary  permissions 
were  sent  to  Mr.  Richards,  and  not  to  Mr. 
Lucas.  It  was  not  until  after  the  book  had 
been  arranged  that  Mr.  Lucas  wrote  the 
publisher  suggesting — I  use  his  own  word — 
that,  as  he  had  received  nothing  down,  he 
should  share  the  profits  by  way  of  remunera- 
tion. To  this  request  Mr.  Richards  replied  : 
"This  shall  be  so."  Under  this  rough-and- 
ready  agreement  Mr.  Lucas  obtained,  during 
the  years  that  followed,  an  aggregate  sum 
such  as  no  publisher  in  his  senses  would  have 
given  him  for  the  original  MS.  complete. 
It  is  well  known  that  the  success  of  a  book 
of  this  character  depends  as  much  upon 
artistic  taste  in  production  and  business 
advantages  in  distribution  as  it  does  on  the 
literary  taste  displayed  in  the  compilation. 
It  is  not  disputed  that  the  publisher  contri- 
buted these  essentials,  and  he  seems  to  have 
made  no  charge  in  the  joint  account  for 
working  expenses,  although  his  business 
establishment  was  costing  him  nearly  8,000Z. 
a  year. 

So  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  copyright 
was  always  regarded  by  Mr.  Richards  as  his 
own  property,  subject  of  course  to  a  division 
of  the  profits,  and  at  no  time  prior  to  the 
bankruptcy  did  Mr.  Lucas  make  any  claim 
to  it.  A  few  months  after  my  appointment 
as  trustee  I  noticed  that  the  stock  was  running 
low,  and  in  courtesy  I  advised  Mr.  Lucas 
that  I  was  about  to  reprint.  This  would 
have  benefited  him  even  more  than  the 
estate,  and  would  have  left  any  question  of 
rights  as  it  stood.  But  instead  of  falling 
in  with  this  common-sense  arrangement  he 
immediately  issued  notice  of  injunction, 
and  for  many  months  '  The  Open  Road  ' 
was  withdrawn  from  circulation,  thereby 
involving  all  creditors  without  distinction 
in  a  serious  loss.  Eventually  the  Court 
held  that  Mr.  Lucas  was  entitled  to  the 
copyright,  on  the  ground  that  the  contract 
was  personal,  and  Mr.  Richards  had  neg- 
lected to  take  an  assignment. 

The  results  of  this  dispute  may  be  summed 
up  as  follows  :  Mr.  Lucas  won  his  case 
on  a  point  of  law — the  only  point  in  his 
favour,  in  my  opinion.  The  creditors  of 
the  estate  have  been  deprived  of  their  half 
interest  in  what  once  was  a  valuable  asset, 
and  to  this  account  must  be  added  the  loss 
caused  by  withdrawing  the  book  from  circu- 
lation, the  costs  of  legal  expenses  forced 
on  the  estate  without  adequate  reason,  and 
a  further  200Z.  which  I  allowed  Mr.  Moring 
as  compensation  for  his  loss  of  the  pub- 
lishing rights.  Altogether  the  creditors 
have  been  deprived  of  some  six  or  seven 
hundred  pounds  that  would  otherwise  have 
been  available  for  dividend. 

In  a  legal  sense  any  publisher  has  a  right 
to  issue  a  "  double  "  of  '  The  Open  Road  ' 
or  any  similar  compilation,  and  publishers 
are  as  much  exposed  to  this  form  of  com- 
petition as  authors.  A  great  many  mendacious 
stories  have  been  freely  circulated  about 
Mr.  Grant  Richards  and  his  late  business  ; 
but,  knowing  as  I  do  the  worst  that  has  been 
proved,  I  still  think  that,  had  his  creditors 
been  allowed  to  retain  his  former  share  in 
the  copyright  of  '  The  Open  Road,'  Mrs. 
Richards  would  have  abstained  from  pub- 
lishing any  book  calculated  to  depreciate 
their  interests.  But  apart  from  Mr.  Lucas 
these  creditors  have  nothing  more  to  lose. 
By  taking  advantage  of  a  weak  point  in  a 
generous  but  defective  agreement  Mr.  Lucas 
has  involved  the  estate  in  a  heavy  loss,  and 
many  authors  with  a  much  more  substantial 
claim  to  public  sympathy  have  to  suffer. 
That  being  the  case,  I  hardly  think  "  public 
opinion  "  will  be  entirely  on  one  side. 

H.  A.  Moncrieff, 
the  Trustee  of  the  property  of  Grant  Richards. 


"TO    QUAIL." 

The  '  New  English  Dictionary '  shows 
that  there  are  two  distinct  verbs  to  quail, 
viz.,  quail,  to  cower,  and  quail,  to  coagulate. 
The  latter  is  from  the  Latin  coagulare  ;  and 
I  merely  mention  it  in  order  to  clear  it  out 
of  the  way. 

But  as  to  quail,  to  cower,  it  is  shown  that 
it  is  quite  unconnected  with  the  verb  to 
quell,  with  which  I  had  proposed  to  connect 
it.  The  verdict  is  that  "  the  early  spelling 
and  rimes  prove  a  Mid.  Eng.  quailen  (with 
diphthongal  ai),  for  which  there  is  no  obvious 
source." 

I  now  propose  to  prove  that  there  is  a 
fairly  obvious  and  quite  certain  source  for 
it,  viz.,  from  the  name  of  the  bird  with  the 
same  spelling.  Obviously,  this  complies 
with  all  phonological  laws  ;  so  that  it 
merely- remains  to  connect  the  senses.  The 
connexion  is  simply  this,  viz.,  that  (whether 
rightly  or  wrongly)  the  bird  was  proverbially 
connected  with  the  notion  of  quailing, 
cowering,  squatting,  or  cringing. 

My  first  witness  is  the  celebrated  author 
of  '  The  Clerk's  Tale,'  who  says  in  his  famous 
epilogue  to  that  tale,  "  And  thou  shalt 
make  him  couche  as  doth  a  quaille  "  ;  where 
couehe  is  duly  explained  in  the  '  N.E.D.,' 
§17,  by  "  to  lie  down,  crouch,  cower,  as  a 
beast,  in  obedience,  fear,  &c."  ;  see,  e.g., 
Genesis  xlix.  14. 

Next,  see  the  proverbial  phrase  given  in 
the  same,  s.v.  '  Couch-quail.'  All  three 
quotations  are  to  the  point  : — 

"  To  lowre,  to  droupe,  to  knele,  to  stowpe, 

to  play  cowche  quale." — Skelton,  ' Speke  Parrot,' 
1.  420. 

"If  there  be  such  dogges men  must  chastice 

them  and  make  them  couch  quaile." — More,  'Con- 
futation (f  Tindale,'  'Works,'  p.  586,  col.  1. 

"  How  I  have  made  the  knaves  for  to  play  couch 
quail." — Thersites,  in  Hazlitt's  ed.  of  Dodsley's 
'  Plays,'  i.  39(3. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  proverbial 
couching  of  the  quail  became  a  perfectly 
general  idea,  and  could  be  used  of  dogs 
and  knaves  likewise. 

More  might  be  said  ;  but  I  propose  to 
clinch  the  business  by  showing  that  precisely 
the  same  usage  is  current  in  modern  Pro- 
vencal. 

Mistral's  Provencal  dictionary  gives  the 
substantive  caio,  a  quail,  whence  is  derived 
the  phrase  "  faire  la  caio  [lit.  to  play  the 
quail],  se  terror,  se  blottir." 

And  this  is  how  Cotgrave  explains 
blotir  (sic)  :  "  to  squat,  skowke,  or  lie  close 
to  the  ground,  like  a  daring  Larkc,  or 
affrighted  foul."  Walter  W.  Skeat. 


M.    ALBERT    SOREL. 

The  death  on  Friday  in  last  week  of  M. 
Albert  Sorcl  is  a  most  serious  loss  to  the 
ranks  of  French  historians.  His  great 
erudition,  his  skilful  manipulation  of  masses 
of  detail,  and  his  impartiality  place  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  nineteenth-century  historians, 
French  or  otherwise.  It  may  be  said  of 
M.  Sorel,  as  of  many  other  great  men,  that 
lie  made  more  noise  in  going  out  of  the  world 
than  he  ever  made  whilst  in  it,  for  in  spite 
of  his  contributions  to  historic  knowledge, 
he  remained  up  to  the  end  of  his  too  short 
life  a  mere  name  to  the  person  of  average 
intelligence :  a  grave  historian,  occupied 
only  with  his  hooks. 

M.  Sorel  was  horn  at  llonfleur  on 
August    13th,    1842.   and  obtained   a  post    in 

the  .Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  of  which 
during  the  Franco-German  War  ho  was 
Chief  Secretary  to  the  Government  of 
National    Defence.     He    not    only    took    a 


prominent  part  in  the  making  of  the  history 
of  that  eventful  period,  but  was  also  destined 
to  become  its  historian,  for  in  1875  he  pub- 
lished his  '  Histoire  diplomatique  de  la 
Guerre  franco -allemande,'  in  two  volumes. 
During  the  succeeding  years,  and  con- 
currently with  various  public  appointments, 
he  wrote  a  number  of  other  books,  notably, 
in  collaboration  with  his  friend  M.  Funck- 
Brentano,  a  '  Precis  du  Droit  des  Gens  ' 
(1876).  His  other  books  included  '  Essais 
d'Histoire  et  de  Critique  '  (1883);  and  a 
monograph  on  Montesquieu  (1887),  which 
is,  I  believe,  the  only  one  of  his  writings  yet 
translated  into  English.  It  was  not,  how- 
ever, until  1885  that  his  full  powers  as  an  his- 
torian revealed  themselves,  when  he  published 
the  first  volume  of  his  great  work  '  L'Europe 
et  la  Revolution  francaise.'  This  work, 
which  occupied  its  author  for  just  twenty 
years,  is  a  monument  of  minute  research 
and  energy.  In  the  interval  which  elapsed 
between  the  first  volume  and  the  eighth  he 
published  a  number  of  literary  and  historical 
essays,  which  dealt  with  such  varied  subjects 
as  Madame  de  Stael  and  Guy  de  Maupassant, 
Napoleon  and  Hoche,  and  the  partition  of 
Poland. 

If  his  works  never  appealed  to  the  popular 
imagination,  like  those  of  Taine  and  Michelet 
in  France,  and  those  of  Macaulay  and  J.  R. 
Green  in  England,  their  author  at  least  had 
nothing  to  complain  of  on  the  score  of  official 
recognition,  for  he  was  the  recipient  of  the 
highest  distinctions  to  which  a  Frenchman 
can  aspire.  When  the  Ecole  Libre  des 
Sciences  Politiques  was  formed  he  became 
one  of  its  professors  ;  lie  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academie  des  Sciences 
Morales  et  Politiques  in  1889,  where  he 
succeeded  Fustel  de  Coulanges  ;  and  in 
1894  he  took  the  place  of  Taine  at  the 
Academie  Francaise.  The  great  work  of 
his  life  was  on  three  occasions  honoured 
with  the  Prix  Gobert.  W.  R. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold 
from  the  27th  to  the  30th  ult.  the  following  hooks 
and  MSS. :  Jane  Eyre,  first  edition,  1847,  17/.  10s.  T. 
Campbell's  original  MS.  of  the  Life  of  Mrs.  Siddons, 
21?.  Cokaync's  English  Peerage,  8  vols.,  1887  98, 
24/.  Curtis's  Botanical  Magazine,  1793  1893,  62/. 
Martin  Chuzzlewit,  first  edition,  with  several 
proof-sheets  corrected  hy  Dickens,  IS  14,  31/. 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,  first  edition,  Blightly  im- 
perfect, 2  vols.,  1766,  70/.  Hemes  de  I'Usaige 
de  Baieux,  printed  on  vellum  (Paris,  1515),  36/. 
Hone  B.V.M.,  MS.  on  vellum,  XV.  Century. 
12  miniatures,  40/.  Moore's  Journals  and  Letters 
of  Lord  Byron,  extra  illustrated,  1830,  37/. 
T.  Campbell's  original  MS.  of  Lochiel's  Warning, 
1802,  15/.  Decker's  The  Dead  Terme,  or  West- 
minster's Complaint,  1608,  44/.  Baxter's  Coloured 
Oil  Prints  (14:!),  40/.  Poliphilus,  Aldus,  1  199,  101/. 
Illuminated  MS.  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter, 
L490-1515  (?),  70/.  Harding's  Portraits  of  the 
Royal  Family,  printed  in  colours,  1805-6,  35/.  10s. 
Montaigne's  Essais,  by  Florio,  1003,  50/.  Museum 
Worsleyanum,  presentation  oopy  to  Nelson, 
1794,  51/.;  Platonis  Opera  Graoe,  editio 
princeps,  Venet.,  Aldus.  1513,  24/.  Plutarchi 
Opera,  editio  princeps,  Venet.,  Aldus,  1509  19, 
75/.  Lamb's  Mra.  Leicester's  School,  firsl  edition, 
1809,  39/.  Nelson's  Prayer  Book,  I7<i0.  41/. 
Redford's  Art  Sales,2v  Is.,  1888,  18/.  5a.  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  with  Colin  Clout,  firsl  edition, 
1590-6,  49/.  10a. ;  Complaints,  firsl  edition,  1591, 
65/,  Tunstall'e  De  Arte  Supputandi,  Pynson,  1522, 
•Jf,/.  Tennyson's  The  Throstle,  onlj  two  copies 
printed,  1889,26/.  Redoute,  Les  Roses,  1817-24, 
s.S/.  Silius  [talicus,  1471,  finely  bound,  .'->!/. 
Lilford's  British  Birds,  1885-97,  14/.  Gould's  Birds 
of  Great  Britain,  1873,  60/.  Loggan's  Ozonia  et 
(  ant  [llustrata,  L675  88,21/.  r>-.  ScottishActs,  1597- 
1647,20/.  Knox'BFiral  Prayer  Book  in  Gaelic,  1567, 
305/.  Burns'-  autograph  of  the  song  Nancy,  36/. ; 
Aut  graph  Letter  to  the  Rev.  John   Skinner,  110/. 


16 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4106,  July  7,  1006 


Official  Correspondence  of  Charles,  Lord  Whit- 
worth,  1701-25,  141/.  Shakspeare,  First  Folio, 
imperfect,  1623,  245/.  Breviarium  Romanum,  MS. 
on  vellum,  Sa>c.  XIV.,  36/.  Blake's  Poetical 
Sketches,  1783,  presentation  copy,  109/.  The 
Triall  of  Treasure,  a  New  and  Merry  Enterlude, 
1567,  160/.  Darius,  a  Pretty  New  Enter- 
lude, 1577,  122/.  John  Evangelist,  Interlude, 
J.  Waley,  n.d.,  102/.  Lusty  Juventus,  Interlude, 
J.  Awdely,  n.d.,  140/.  Appius  and  Virginia, 
a  New  Tragicall  -  Comcdie,  1575,  101/.  Octavia, 
by  Thomas  Nuce,  H.  Denham  (1566?),  82/.  Still's 
Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  (1575),  180/.  Jacob  and 
Esau,  a  Comedie,  1568,  148/.  Wapull's  Time 
tarryeth  for  no  Man,  1576,  176/.  Nice  Wanton,  a 
Prettie  Interlude,  J.  Allde  (1561),  169/.  Heywood's 
Playe  of  the  Weather,  J.  Awdley,  n.d.,  90/.  Welth 
and  Helth,  an  Interlude,  n.d.  (15 — ),  195/.  Preston's 
Cambises,  E.  Alkie  (1570?),  169/.  Ingelend's 
Interlude  of  the  Disobedient  Child,  T.  Colwell 
(c.  1567),  233/.  The  Interlude  of  Youth,  J.  Waley, 
n.d.,  230/.  New  Custome,  an  Interlude,  A.  Veale, 
n.d.,  155/.  Impatient  Poverty,  an  Interlude,  J. 
Kynge,  1560,  150?. 

Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson  sold  on  Thursday 
and  Friday  in  last  week  an  important  collection  of 
books,  including  a  portion  of  the  art  library  of  the 
late  James  Staats  Forbes.  The  following  were 
some  of  the  chief  prices  :  Haden's  Etudes  a  l'Eau- 
forte,  25  plates,  165/. ;  Vienna  Gallery,  12  parts, 
21/. ;  Museo  del  Prado,  27/.  6s. ;  The  National 
Gallery,  21/. ;  The  Hermitage  Gallery,  26/.  5s. ; 
English  Art,  15  parts,  proof  copy,  15/.  15s. ; 
Catalogue  of  the  Secretan  Collection,  51.  5s. ; 
Ongania's  Monographs  on  Venice,  25  vols. ,  23/.  ; 
Menpes's  Etchings  and  Dry-Points  (Japan), 
16/.  168. ;  Burlington  Fine-Arts  Club,  Catalogue  of 
Miniatures,  15/.  15s. ;  Grands  Peintres  Francais  et 
Etrangers,  6/.  10s. ;  and  Redford's  Art  Sales, 
18/.  7s.  (id.  The  sale  also  included  Gould's  Birds 
of  Great  Britain,  38/. ;  The  Sportsman's  Companion, 
1760,  6/.  5s.  ;  Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  10  vols, 
only,  14/.  15s. ;  Bacon's  Apologie,  1605,  and 
Apophthegmes,  1626,  15/.;  and  Autograph  Letter 
of  Washington,  26/. 

Messrs.  Hodgson  &  Co.  included  in  their  sale 
last  week  the  library  of  the  late  Mrs.  Porter  and 
other  properties.  The  following  are  the  chief 
prices  :  The  Engraved  Works  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, 3  vols.,  60/.  Blagdon's  Life  of  George 
Morland,  coloured  plates,  34/.  Hepplewhite's 
Cabinet  -  Maker  and  Upholsterer's  Guide,  17/. 
Water-Colour  Drawings  by  Bunbury  and  others 
in  a  folio  album,  37/.  Keats's  Endymion,  first 
edition,  boards,  uncut,  26/.  Apperley's  Life  of  a 
Sportsman,  21/.  The  Tudor  Translations,  40  vols., 
22/.  Defoe's  Works,  20  vols.,  12/.  Carlyle's 
Works,  34  vols.,  13/.  15s.  Didot's  Greek  and 
Latin  Classics,  86  vols.,  25/.  English  Historical 
Review,  1886-1906,  18  vols.,  16/. 


Uitoarg  (Soss'ip, 

E.  Grant  Richards  will  publish  shortly 
a  new  volume  of  poems  by  Mr.  John 
Davidson,  entitled  '  Holiday,  and  other 
Poems.'  This  is  the  first  volume  of  lyrical 
verse  from  Mr.  Davidson's  pen  for  many 
years.  In  a  prose  appendix  Mr.  Davidson 
delivers  himself  of  some  debatable  remarks 
on  poetry. 

A  further  interesting  announcement 
is  made  in  connexion  with  the  "  Stratford 
Town  Shakespeare,"  of  which  vol.  vii. 
will  shortly  be  issued.  The  Shakespeare 
Head  Press  will  give  as  frontispiece  to 
vol.  viii.  the  firsl  direct  reproduction  of 
the  famous  Garrick  Club  bust  of  Shak- 
speare. Hitherto  all  representations  of 
this  bust  have  been  made  from  one  of  the 
two  plaster'  casts  thereof,  as  it  was  said  to 
be  impossible  to  obtain  a  successful  photo- 
graph of  the  original  black  terra-cotta 
bust.    This  difficulty  has,   however,  been 


overcome,  and  the  result  is  an  admirable 
addition  to  the  extant  portraits  of  Shak- 
speare. The  publishers  have  secured  from 
Mr.  M.  H.  Spielmann  an  elaborate  essay  on 
Shakspearean  portraits  for  the  last  volume 
of  this  edition. 

About  the  middle  of  the  month  the 
Manchester  University  Press  will  publish  a 
volume  of  '  Studies  in  Roman  Imperialism  ' 
by  the  late  W.  T.  Arnold,  of  The  Manchester 
Guardian.  It  consists  of  the  fragments 
ready  for  publication  of  a  considerable 
work  on  the  history  of  the  early  Empire, 
on  which  Mr.  Arnold  was  engaged  when 
incapacitated  by  his  fatal  illness.  Mr. 
Edward  Fiddes,  Special  Lecturer  in  Roman 
History  in  the  University,  is  editing  the 
work.  The  volume  will  include  some 
account  of  Mr.  Arnold's  life  by  his  sister, 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  and  his  colleague, 
Mr.  C.  E.  Montague.  A  new  edition  of 
Mr.  Arnold's  well-known  '  Roman  Pro- 
vincial Administration '  is  announced  for 
September  by  Mr.  Blackwell,  of  Oxford. 
It  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  Shuckburgh. 

Mr.  Heinemann  announces  for  publica- 
tion in  the  early  autumn  '  Madame 
Recamier  and  her  Friends,'  by  M.  Herriot. 
At  the  last  meeting  of  the  French 
Academy  it  was  decided  to  award  l,000fr. 
of  the  Bordin  Prize  to  M.  Herriot  for 
this  book. 

A  '  History  of  Sierra  Leone  '  in 
popular  form,  by  Mr.  A.  B.  C.  Sibthorpe,  is 
announced  for  publication  by  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  will  publish  before 
long  a  humorous  story  by  Mr.  Philip 
Treherne,  author  of  '  A  Monte  Carlo  Ven- 
ture '  and  '  Miss  Chesterton's  Decision.' 
The  title  will  be  '  A  Love  Cure.' 

The  Rev.  Bridgeman  Boughton-Leigh's 
'  Memorials  of  a  Warwickshire  Family ' 
will  be  published  this  month  by  Mr. 
Henry  Frowde.  Sir  H.  Gilzean-Reid  in  a 
prefatory  note  points  out  that  the  Leigh s 
and  Boughton-Leighs  are  a  notable  race. 

Georg  Brandes  has  just  published 
some  interesting  Ibsen  letters  in  the 
Scandinavian  papers,  written  in  1889-90, 
to  a  young  lady  in  Vienna,  whom  Ibsen 
met  in  Tirol. 

Among  the  new  Fellows  elected  at  the 
recent  general  meeting  of  the  British 
Academy  are  Dr.  R.  H.  Charles,  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang,  Mr.  Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  Dr. 
J.  E.  McTaggart,  and  Dr.  Edward  Moore. 
The  last  named  has  also  been  elected  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Accademia 
della  Crusca. 

The  Historical  Association,  formed  on 
May  19th,  met  last  Saturday  at  University 
College,  W.C.,  to  consider  the  draft  consti- 
tution presented  by  the  temporary  com- 
mittee appointed  at  the  first  meeting.  The 
constitution  having  been  adopted,  Prof. 
Firth  was  unanimously  elected  President ; 
a  number  of  well-known  historians  and 
teachers  of  history  were  then  elected  Vice- 
Presidents  or  Members  of  the  Council. 
The  Association,  which  will  not  trench 
upon  the  provinces  of  the  Royal  Historical 


Society  or  The  English  Historical  Review, 
has  as  its  aims  (1)  to  collect  information 
about  systems  of  historical  teaching  and 
the  material  available  (books,  maps,  illus- 
trations, &c);  (2)  to  distribute  such  in- 
formation among  the  members ;  (3)  to 
encourage  local  centres  for  the  discussion 
of  questions  relating  to  the  study  and 
teaching  of  history  ;  (4)  to  represent  the 
needs  of  the  study  and  teaching  of  history 
to  all  authorities  having  control  over 
education.  Full  information  can  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Secretary,  Miss  M.  A. 
Howard,  7,  Chenies  Street  Chambers, 
W.C. 

Next  Wednesday  the  library  collected 
by  the  late  F.  D.  Mocatta  and  the  endow- 
ment fund  raised  by  public  subscription 
will  be  presented  to  University  College  on 
behalf  of  the  Jewish  Historical  Society. 

We  hear  with  regret  of  the  death  of 
Mr.  H.  A.  Spurr  at  the  early  age  of 
thirty-six.  Mr.  Spurr  worked  as  journalist 
on  The  Eastern  Morning  News,  The  Sunday 
Times,  and  The  Family  Herald.  He  was 
the  author  of  two  successful  little  books, 
'  A  Cockney  in  Arcadia  '  and  '  Bachelor 
Ballads '  ;  liter,  he  devoted  his  time  to  a 
book  on  '  The  Life  and  Writings  of 
Alexandre  Dumas,'  together  with  transla- 
tions of  Dumas's  plays  and  fairy  stories. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Paul 
Duval,  who  wrote  much  in  the  Paris 
newspapers  and  published  many  books 
under  the  pen-name  of  Jean  Lorrain.  M. 
Duval  was  born  at  Fecamp  in  1855.  His 
earlier  volumes  of  verse,  '  Le  Sang  des 
Dieux,'  '  Les  Griseries,'  and  others, 
showed  the  influence  of  Baudelaire.  From 
about  1880  he  became  an  active  journalist. 
The  list  of  his  published  novels,  or  what 
passed  as  such,  is  long.  One  of  the  most 
popular  is  dull  and  incomprehensible  to 
the  English  reader  not  deeply  versed  in 
French  argot,  and  nearly  all  are  of  the 
decadent  type. 

M.  Victor  Poupin,  who  died  last  week 
at  Chatelneuf  (Jura),  represented  Jura  in 
the  Chambre  des  Deputes  for  fifteen  years. 
He  was  in  his  sixty-eighth  year,  and  was 
a  militant  Republican  journalist  in  the 
time  of  the  Second  Empire,  when  he 
founded  "La  Petite  Bibliotheque  Na- 
tionale"  and  'La  Bibliotheque  Demo- 
cratique."  The  list  of  his  published 
books  includes  translations  of  Juvenal 
and  Cicero.  His  '  La  Guerre  et  l'Empire ' 
and  '  Qu'est-ce  que  la  Republique  ?  '  en- 
joyed great  success  in  their  day. 

M.  Fernand  Henry's  translation  into 
French  verse  of  Mrs.  Browning's  '  Sonnets 
from  the  Portuguese,'  which  we  noticed 
at  length  in  The  Athcnmum,  was 
"crowned"  by  the  Academy  at  the  sit- 
ting of  June  28th.  The  Academy  has 
also  given  him  500fr.,  part  of  the  Prix 
Langlois,  in  respect  of  the  same  book. 
This  prize  is  for  translations,  and  parts  of 
it  are  awarded  also  to  M.  Auguste  Ray- 
mond for  a  translation  of  a  German  book 
on  '  Greek  Thinkers,'  presumably  that  of 
Dr.  Gomperz  ;  to  M.  Urbain  Mangin  for 
a    translation    of    Ferrero ;    and    to    M. 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


17 


Alauzit   for   a   version   of   Prof.   William 
James's  book  on  '  Religious  Experiences.' 

Another  French  poet  had  the  happi- 
ness of  being  "  crowned"  last  week — M. 
Paul  Hubert,  to  whom  has  been  awarded 
the  1906  Prix  Sully -Prudhomme,  of  the 
value  of  l,500fr.  The  poem  which  has 
won  this  distinction  is  taken  from  a 
volume  entitled  '  Horizons  d'Or,'  which  is 
to  appear  shortly,  and  which  one  member 
of  the  commission  appointed  to  make  the 
award  has  described  as  "  Les  Georgiques 
de  la  France."  M.  Hubert  was  until 
recently  connected  with  Le  Monde  Moderne, 
and  is  a  native  of  Languedoc,  the  charms 
of  which  have  inspired  many  of  his  verses. 

The  '  Memoires  de  Mistral,'  which,  with 
the  numerous  illustrations,  have  proved 
a  popular  feature  of  Les  Annates 
Politiques  et  Litteraires  during  the  last  six 
months,  will  shortly  appear  as  a  book. 
There  will  be  three  forms  of  it :  one 
version  in  French,  and  another  in 
Provencale,  whilst  the  third  will  be  an 
Edition  de  luxe  and  will  include  both  texts 

Nietzsche's  sister  and  biographer,  Frau 
Elisabeth  Foerster-Nietzsche,  reaches  her 
sixtieth  year  this  month.  Her  portrait, 
by  Prof.  Hans  Olde,  is  to  be  presented  to 
her,  and  to  be  placed  in  the  "  Nietzsche- 
Arc  hiv  "  at  Weimar. 

The  death,  in  his  sixtieth  year,  is 
announced  from  Kiel  of  Paul  Heims, 
better  known  by  his  pen-name  of  Ger- 
hard Walter.  His  stories  were  for  the 
most  part  graphic  descriptions  of  life  on 
the  coast  and  the  sea,  with  which  he  was 
thoroughly  acquainted.  His  best-known 
book  is  '  Rund  um  die  Erde,'  a  description 
of  his  experiences  on  a  cruiser  during 
many  years. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week 
are  Annual  Report  of  the  Deputy  Master 
and  Comptroller  of  the  Mint  (Is.) ;  Code 
of  Regulations  for  Public  Elementary 
Schools,  with  Schedules  (3d.) ;  Eleventh 
Report  of  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  Scotland  (3s.  Id.)  ;  and  two  which  we 
name  under  '  Fine  Art  Gossip.' 


SCIENCE 


MEDICAL    BOOKS. 

Infant  Mortality  :  a  Social  Problem.  By 
George  Newman,  M.D.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — 
This  book  is  the  first  volume  of  "  The  New 
Library  of  Medicine,"  issued  under  the 
general  editorship  of  Dr.  Saleeby.  It  deals 
with  one  of  the  most  important  national 
problems  of  the  present  day.  Modern 
sanitation  lias  led  to  so  great  an  increase  in 
the  longevity  of  adults  that  nearly  all  the 
life-insurance  companies  are  yielding  large 
dividends  or  paying  considerable  bonuses, 
but  the  number  of  deaths  occm-ring  in  children 
under  a  year  old  shows  no  diminution. 
They  die  in  as  large  numbers  as  they  did 
thirty  years  ago — partly  from  what  may  be 
called  "  prematurity,"  or  insufficient  vitality, 
partly  from  the  dirty  surroundings  inseparable 
from  extreme  poverty,  but  chiefly  from 
the     ignorance     and     neglect    of    maternal 


duties  which  form  a  marked  characteristic  of 
too  many  English  women.  The  appearance  of 
Dr.  Newman's  book,  the  recent  Conference 
on  Infantile  Mortality,  and  the  Report  of 
the  Interdepartmental  Committee  on  Physical 
Deterioration  show  that  a  determined 
attempt  is  being  made  to  reduce  the  number 
of  infants  who  die  from  causes  other  than 
those  of  preventible  disease  in  the  ordinary 
acceptation  of  the  term.  The  problem  to  be 
solved  varies,  as  is  shown  by  Dr.  Newman's 
maps,  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 
In  some  parts  it  is  due  to  the  overwork  of 
the  mother  in  mills  and  factories,  leading 
to  the  production  of  effete  progeny ;  in  other 
parts  overcrowding  leads  to  premature 
death  from  epidemic  diarrhoea  ;  whilst  in 
others,  again,  gross  ignorance  of  the  needs 
of  a  baby  leads  to  its  early  death.  Medical 
officers  of  health  therefore  are  unable  to  lay 
down  hard-and-fast  rules  for  the  prevention 
of  infantile  mortality,  but  it  is  clear  that  they 
are  keenly  alive  to  the  necessity  for  imme- 
diate and  vigorous  action.  Dr.  Newman's 
book  directs  attention  to  the  various  means 
which  appear  to  promise  the  most  satis- 
factory results.  It  is  written  well  and 
clearly,  and  should  be  read  by  every  one 
who  is  interested  in  preventing  the  waste 
of  child-life  which  is  occurring  not  only  in 
England,  but  also  throughout  every  civilized 
country. 

Principia  Therapeutica.  By  Harrington 
Sainsbury,  M.D.  (Same  publishers.) — It  was 
a  good  thought  of  Dr.  Sainsbury  to  publish 
the  series  of  essays  to  which  he  has  given  the 
title  '  Principia  Therapeutica.'  He  is  dis- 
tinguished as  a  physiologist,  as  a  pathologist, 
and  as  a  clinical  physician,  and  it  is  only 
a  man  with  a  grasp  of  these  fundamentals 
who  should  venture  to  write  on  therapeutic 
science.  The  subject  has  been  somewhat 
neglected  of  late  years  in  its  broadest 
aspects,  though  there  has  been  no 
lack  of  books  on  materia  medica  pub- 
lished for  the  use  of  students  and  medical 
practitioners.  Dr.  Paris  treated  thera- 
peutics scientifically  in  his  '  Pharmacologia,' 
and  they  were  dealt  with  in  a  more  popular 
form  by  Dr.  Milner  Fothergill.  Dr.  Sains- 
bury takes  up  a  position  between  these  two 
authors.  He  writes  gracefully,  and  so 
clearly  that  the  reader  is  carried  from  point 
to  point  without  any  sense  of  fatigue,  and 
with  hardly  any  knowledge  of  the  depths 
he  is  sounding.  But  the  caution  might 
be  prefixed  to  this  book  which  the  old 
translator  gave  to  the  reader  of  the  fables 
of  Bidpai  : — 

"  He  that  beginneth  not  to  read  this  book  from 
the  beginning  to  the  encle,  and  that  advisedly 
followeth  not  the  order  he  findeth  written,  shall 
never  profit  anything  thereby.  But  reading  through 
and  oft,  advising  what  bee  readeth,  hee  shall  find 
a  marveylous  benefit  thereof." 

To  such  a  one  the  book  will  rank  as  one  of 
the  golden  works  of  medicine. 

The  book  opens  with  a  short  dialogue,  in 
the  manner  of  Erasmus's  '  Colloquies,' 
between  a  pathologist  and  a  physician,  to 
show  that  all  is  not  revealed  in  the  deadhouse, 
though  much  may  be  learnt  there  about  the 
processes  of  disease.  Dr.  Sainsbury  then 
discusses  the  problem  which  continuously 
confronts  every  medical  man,  "  What  is 
best  to  be  done  for  the  patient  ?"  He  lays 
due  stress  upon  the  tendency  of  every  living 
body  to  recover  from  injury  and  disease, 
the  "vis  medicatrix  untune"  of  the?  ancients 
which  is  really  a  manifestation  of  the  reserve 
powers  of  the  tissues,  and  not  any  positive 
active  principle  making  for  health.  The 
existence  of  a  reserve  power — unknown  for 
each  individual,  and  on  each  occasion  when 
it  is  needed — makes  the  Hippocratic  maxim 
of  "  Primum  non  nocere  "  ns  valuable  now 


as  when  it  was  first  enunciated.  But  non 
nocere  by  itself  does  not  epitomize  the  whole 
duty  of  a  physician.  When  it  has  been 
acted  upon  literally  it  has  been  styled  fit- 
tingly a  "  meditation  upon  death,"  because 
the  physician  has  folded  his  hands  and  done 
nothing.  For  its  full  use  the  qualification 
primum  is  essential.  The  physician  is  bound 
to  act  after  a  time.  Ho  may  and  should 
call  to  his  aid  drugs  or  a  surgeon  before  it  is 
too  late,  and  he  thus  illustrates  in  the  fullest 
sense  the  second  part  of  the  maxim  "  secundo 
prodesse,"  for,  having  sought  in  the  first 
place  not  to  do  harm,  he  should  next 
assist,  if  possible,  the  action  of  nature. 

The  principles  of  prescribing  and  the 
essentials  of  dietetics  are  then  passed  in 
review.  It  is  pleasant  to  notice  that  Dr. 
Sainsbury  takes  up  a  position  consonant 
with  the  teachings  of  common  sense — that 
no  scheme  of  diet  can  be  of  universal  appli- 
cation, and  that  alcohol  can  be  used  advan- 
tageously as  well  as  abused.  Some  detached 
notes  in  the  chapter  dealing  with  the  order 
of  treatment  might  well  be  elaborated  in 
a  second  series  of  essays  of  a  nature 
similar  to  those  contained  in  the  present 
volume. 

Consumption  :  its  Relation  to  Man  and 
his  Civilization,  its  Prevention  and  Cure. 
By  John  Bessner  Huber,  M.D.  (J.  B. 
Lippincott  Company.) — This  book  deals 
somewhat  discursively  with  the  subject  of 
consumption  in  its  many  aspects.  There  is 
hardly  detail  enough  for  the  medical  man 
who  is  in  search  of  the  latest  advances,  but 
it  will  be  useful  to  him  as  it  contains  a  good 
account  of  the  different  sanatoria,  both  in 
the  United  States  and  in  Europe,  which  are 
devoted  to  the  service  of  consumptives  ; 
whilst  for  the  general  reader  who  from  any 
cause  is  especially  interested  in  the  subject 
of  pulmonary  phthisis  there  is  a  fund  of 
information  in  regard  to  prophylaxis  and 
general  treatment.  Attention  is  drawn  to 
the  cruelty  of  sending  phthisical  patients 
away  from  their  homes  to  health  resorts 
which  are  not  known  personally  to  the  medical 
attendant,  unless  care  be  taker  to  send  them 
with  an  introduction  to  some  responsible 
person  in  the  district.  An  intimate  know- 
ledge of  the  poorer  districts  in  New  York 
enables  the  author  to  show  that  the  sa,nitary 
conditions  of  the  slums  there  a,re  infinitely 
worse  than  those  occurring  in  tho  most 
neglected  parts  of  our  largo  cities.  He  tells  us 
that  there  are  many  wards  in  the  borough  of 
Manhattan  where  the  population  attains  a 
density  of  six  to  eight  hundred  or  even  a 
thousand  per  acre,  whereas  the  most  densely 
populated  districts  of  Paris,  Vienna,  London, 
or  Prague  do  not  exceed  four  hundred  in 
the  same  area.  Consumption  claims  many 
lives  in  these  congested  areas  of  New  York  ; 
but  the  Tenement  House  Act  has  recently 
given  increased  powers  tc  the  Public  Health 
Department,  and  there  is  good  reason  to 
hope  that  these  Augean  stables  may  at  last 
be  cleansed. 

The  author  lias  read  widely,  and  has 
selected  a  series  of  apposite  quotations  from 
great  writers  as  headings  to  his  chapters, 
but  his  own  style  is  so  peculiar  and  involved 
as  to  make  the  book  difficult  to  rend.  Tin  se 
peculiarities  aie  well  summed  up  by  a  clergy- 
man of  Dr.  Huber's  acquaintance  who  writes 
to  him  about  one  of  his  books  :  "  1  cannot 
say  it  is  easy  reading.  The  words  of 
brobdignagian  [sic]  majesty  and  geological 
ruction  made  getting  along  like  riding 
on  a  log  road."  The  illustrations  are  good, 
there  is  a  fair  index,  anil  there  are  some 
interesting  appendixes,  one  showing  the 
percentage  of  alcohol  in  the  various  "  non- 
alcoholic "  tonics  and  bitters  recommended 
for  the  use  of  inebrial 


18 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


SOCIETIES. 

Linnean. — June  21.— Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Miss  L.  S.  Gibhs,  Miss  E.  J. 
Welsford,  Mr.  W.  Denison  Roebuck,  and  Mr.  H.  J. 
Waddmgton  were  admitted  Fellows. — Mr.  H.  E. 
Houghton  and  Mr.  T.  Fox  were  elected  Fellows. 
— Mr.  W.  Saville  Kent  exhibited  transparencies 
and  lantern-slides  in  a  three-colour  process  of 
photographs  of  fish  and  associated  fauna  of  the 
Polynesian  coral-reefs. — The  Chairman,  the  Rev. 
T.  R.  R.  Stebbing,  and  Mr.  W.  Carruthers  con- 
tributed to  the  discussion  which  followed. — Prof. 
F.  E.  Weiss  showed  a  section,  and  an  enlarged 
drawing  of  a  section,  of  the  root-tip  of  Lyginodtn- 
dron  oldhamium,  a  fossil  Cycadotilix  from  the 
Lower  Coal-Measures,  displaying  an  extraordinary 
preservation  of  the  young  tissues. — Dr.  D.  H. 
Scott  and  Mr.  Carruthers  spoke  on  the  highly 
interesting  character  of  the  section. — Mr.  H.  J. 
Waddington  exhibited  some  eases  of  prepared 
Crustacea,  in  series  from  the  youngest  to  the  fully 
adult  state. — The  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing  and 
Prof.  C.  Stewart  referred  to  the  remarkable 
excellence  of  the  preparations.  —Miss  L.  S.  Gibbs 
read  an  abstract  of  her  paper,  'A  Contribution  to 
the  Botany  of  Southern  Rhodesia,'  illustrating  her 
remarks  by  lantern-slides  from  her  own  negatives. 
Twenty-three  new  species  were  described. — Dr. 
Rendle  opened  a  discussion,  followed  by  Prof. 
Weiss,  Mr.  E.  G.  Baker,  and  Sir  Dietrich  Brandis. 
— Mr.  Carruthers  read  a  paper  on  'The  Authentic 
Portraits  of  Linnaeus,'  with  lantern-slides. — The 
third  paper  was  by  Dr.  0.  Stapf,  entitled  '  Planta? 
Nova;  Daweaiue  in  Uganda  Lectaa.'  —  Mr.  W. 
We6che  gave  an  abstract  of  a  paper,  contributed 
by  Mr.  J.  Hopkins  n,  on  '  The  Genitalia  of 
Diptera,'  illustrating  his  remarks  by  lantern-slides 
from  his  drawings. — The  next  meeting  will  be  held 
on  November  1st. 


Zoological.—  June  19. —Sir  Edmund  G.  Loder, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report 
on  the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  May. — 
Dr.  W.  T.  Caiman  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Dr.  A. 
Duges,  a  specimen  of  the  crustacean  Pahnnon 
jamaieensis,  Herbst,  from  the  Atoyac  River,  Vera 
Cruz.  He  also  exhibited  a  photograph  of  a  lobster 
with  abnormal  chehe. — Dr.  C.  G.  Seligmann,  the 
Society's  Pathologist,  exhibited  and  made  remarks 
up  n  the  heart  of  a  tiger  that  had  died  in  the 
menagerie.  He  also  exhibited  some  feathers  from 
the  tail  of  a  cock  pheasant  which  were  gradually 
assuming  the  pattern  of  the  feathers  of  the  hen 
bird. — Mr.  W.  Saville  Kent  exhibited  a  scries  of 
lantern-slides,  taken  from  photographs  in  natural 
colours,  illustrating  the  fish  and  associated  fauna 
of  the  Polynesian  coral  reefs. — Sir  Charles  Eliot 
communicated  a  paper  entitled  '  On  the  Nudibranchs 
of  Southern  India  and  Ceylon,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  the  Collections  and  Drawings  preserved  in 
the  Hancock  Museum  at  Neweastle-on-Tyne.' — The 
Hon.  Walter  Rothschild  exhibited  specimens  of, 
and  described,  a  new  species  of  zebra,  intermediate 
between  Equua  ze&raand  E.  burchdli,  from  North- 
East  Rhodesia,  and  a  new  bushbuck  from  Portu- 
guese Fast  Africa.  He  also  exhibited  specimens  of 
the  forest-pigs,  Hylochcerua  meinertzhageni,  Pota- 
mochoerus  johnsioni,  and  /'.  charopotamua  damonis, 
and  described  certain  distinctive  features.-  -A  paper 
was  read  from  Dr.  G.  Stewardson  Brady  containing 
an  account  of  the  Entomostraca  taken  during  a 
bathymetrical  survey  of  the  New  Zealand  lakes, 
and  a  e  imparison  of  this  fauna  with  that  of  the 
English  lakes,   which   appeared    to    present  very 

similar   physical    conditions.      A    paper    by  Prof.  (j. 

Chilton,  dealing  with  the  higher  Crustacea  obtained 

during    the    same    survey,    was   also    read.      Mr.    C. 

Tate  Regan  read  a  paper  entitled  'A  Classification 
of  the  Selachian  Fishes.'-  A  paper  by  Mr.  V.  F. 
Laidlaw  gave-  an  account  i  I  the  Polyclad  Turbellaria 
from  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  collected  by  Mr.  C. 
Crossland.  Messrs.  F.  G.  B.  Meade-Waldo  and 
M.  J.  Nieoll  gave  an  account  of  a  large  unknown 
marine  animal  they  had  observed  oil'  the  coast  of 
Brazil  during  then-  cruise  in  the  Karl  of  Crawford's 
yacht  the  Valhalla. — This  meeting  c!ose  I  the 
session  1905  li. 


by  Mr.  W.  R.  Reeves.  It  bears  Pritchard's 
address,  1(52,  Fleet  Street,  and  was  made  for 
Mr.  T.  M.  Ray. — Dr.  Hebb  exhibited  some  high- 
power  stereo-photomicrographs  of  diatoms,  received 
from  Mr.  D  Ilman,  of  Adelaide.— The  President 
read  a  paper  '  On  the  Structure  of  some  Carbon- 
iferous Ferns.'  He  pointed  out  the  change  which 
had  taken  place  during  the  last  three  years  in  our 
conception  of  the  Carboniferous  ferns.  So  many 
examples  of  fern-like  plants  were  now  known  to 
have  borne  seeds,  or  were  suspected  of  having 
been  seed-bearers,  that  comparatively  few  un- 
doubted ferns  were  left ;  and  it  was  questioned 
whether,  at  least  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous,  true 
ferns  existed.  One  family,  the  Botryopteridea?, 
was  admitted  to  be  well  represented  in  Lower  as 
well  as  Upper  Carboniferous  times  ;  and  Mr. 
Newell  Arbor  has  proposed  to  establish  a  group  of 
Primofilices  to  include  this  and  other  primitive 
ferns  of  the  Palseozic  age.  The  object  of  the 
communication  was  to  give  a  few  illustrations  of 
this  ancient  race  cf  ferns.  The  Botryopterideffi 
were  first  described,  beginning  with  the  type 
genus  Botryopteris.  The  genus  Zygopteris  was 
next  considered.  A  new  genus  from  the  Lower 
Coal-Measures  of  Lancashire,  for  whioh  the  name 
of  Botrychioxylon  was  proposed,  was  then  de- 
scribed. Two  or  three  <  ther  examples  of  the 
family  having  been  noticed,  Dr.  Scott  described 
certain  annulate  fern  sporangia.  The  germination 
of  spores  within  a  sporangium  was  demonstrated, 
and  this  sporangium  had  recently  been  identified 
as  belonging  to  Stauropteris  ohlhamia.  The  paper 
was  illustrated  by  fossil  and  recent  sections 
thrown  on  the  screen. 


Royal  Institution.  —  July  2. — The  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  President,  in  the  chair. — The 
Hon.  Arthur  Stanley,  Dr.  T.  B.  Hyslop,  and  Dr. 
J.  G.  McKendrick  were  elected  Members. 


Microscopical.    June   20.— Dr.  W.  H.   Scott, 

President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  J.  T.  Holder  ex- 
hibited and  described  a  microscope  made  by 
Andrew  Pritchard  in  1846,  and  lent    for  exhibition 


Hellenic. — June  25. — Prof.  Percy  Gardner, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Chairman  delivered 
his  annual  address,  summarizing  the  progress  of 
archaeological  research  for  the  previous  twelve 
months.  Having  alluded  to  the  losses  the  Society 
had  sustained  during  the  year  by  death,  he  selected 
two  or  three  points  in  the  year's  work  for  special 
note.  Among  these  were  the  excavations  at  Sparta 
conducted  by  the  British  School  at  Athens,  and 
the  reconstruction  and  restoration  of  ancient 
buildings  in  Greece,  notably  of  the  Erechtheion 
at  Athens.  In  the  sphere  of  publication  the  most 
important  work  that  had  appeared  was  the  monu- 
mental book  on  the  temple  of  Aphaia  at  /Egina  by 
Prof.  Furtwangler  and  his  colleagues,  Dr.  Fiechter 
and  Dr.  Thiersch.  The  waste  products  of  the  earlier 
excavations  had  been  made  use  of,  and,  by  the 
combination  of  the  newly  found  fragments  with 
those  already  at  Munich,  an  entirely  novel  arrange- 
ment of  the  pedimental  sculptures  had  been 
attained.  In  this  the  stiff  and  mechanical  balance  of 
figure  against  figure  had  been  replaced  by  fighting 
groups  on  either  side  of  the  central  figure  of 
Athena.  From  this  it  would  seem  that  the  rigid 
symmetry,  which  for  a  century  has  passed  for  an 
essential  characteristic  of  yEginetan  art,  is  due 
rather  to  Cockcrell  and  Thorwaldsen  than  to  the 
school  of  Onatas. — Mr.  Cecil  Smith  gave  an  illus- 
trated communication  on  the  arrangement  of  the 
Parthenon  pediments.  The  so-called  Victory  of 
the  eastern  pediment  should  now  be  transferred 
to  the  western,  as  recently  discovered  documen- 
tary evidence  proved  that  this  torso  was  found  at 
the  western  end  of  the  Parthenon,  and  the  figure 
appears  in  Carrey's  drawings  of  the  western  gable. 
If,  as  seems  likely,  she  is  there  to  be  identified  as 
Kris,  the  pediments  would  be  left  without  any 
representation  of  attendant  Victories — a  most 
unlikely  contingency,  whether  we  consider  the 
place  which  Victory  took  in  Greek  mythology,  or 
the  tendency  of  the  Greek  artist  to  make  his  com- 
position clear  by  the  introduction  of  subsidiary 
figures  like  these,  or  the  analogies  supplied  by 
painters  of  contemporary  vases.  Mr.  Cecil  Smith 
considered  that  small  figures  of  Victory  did  once 
exist  in  both  the  pediments.  In  the  eastern  gable 
a  Victory  would  fill  the  empty  apex  admirably  : 
in  the  western  she  might-  appear  to  emerge  from 
the  sacred  olive,  which  would  give  her  the  neces- 
sary support.  —  Prof.  Percy  Gardner  was  elected 
Presjdent  for  a  term  of  five  years,  in  succession  to 


the  late  Sir  Richard  Jebb  ;  and  a  scheme  proposed 
by  the  Council  for  the  creation  of  a  class  of  Student 
Associates  was  adopted. 


British  Numismatic. — June  27. — Mr.  Bernard 
Roth,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. — After  a  resolution  of 
sympathy  with  the  President,  Mr.  Carlyon-Britton, 
who  was  absent  owing  to  a  family  bereavement, 
Mr.  Roth  read  a  paper  on  'Ancient  British  Coins \ 
f  und  at  South  Ferriby,  near  Barton-on-Humber.' 
These  comprised  seven  gold  and  eighteen  silver 
pieces  of  the  Brigantes,  and  were  collected  from 
time  to  time  as  the  Humber  washed  away  the 
banks  of  what,  from  the  numerous  other  relics  dis- 
closed, seems  to  have  been  an  ancient  cemetery. 
Although  the  gold  coins  added  a  second  specimen  of 
the  supposed  unique  piece  Evans  K.  11,  it  was  in 
the  silver  that  the  real  interest  lay.  When  Sir  John 
Evans  published  his  standard  work  on  '  The  Coin- 
age of  the  Ancient  Britons  '  no  silver  currency  was 
known  of  the  Brigantes  ;  but  a  few  years  ago  five 
specimens  were  discovered  at  Honley,  near  Hud- 
dersfield,  which  had  been  buried  in  an  ox-bone. 
The  eighteen  examples  described  in  detail  by  Mr. 
Roth  therefore  formed  a  new  chapter  in  our  know- 
ledge of  the  currency  north  of  the  Trent  in  the 
first  century.  In  illustration  of  the  subject  a 
series  of  the  coinage  of  the  Brigantes  was  exhibited 
from  the  collections  of  Sir  John  Evans,  Mr.  Car- 
lyon-Britton, Mr.  T.  Sheppard,  and  the  author.— 
Amongst  other  exhibitions  were  the  Peninsular 
Medal  with  seven  bars,  the  gold  order  as  Knight 
of  Hanover,  and  the  armorial  seal  of  Sir  John  P. 
Hopkins,  by  Major  Freer  ;  a  series  of  coins  of 
Charles  I.  bearing  the  initial  R  for  Rawdins,  the 
engraver,  by  Miss  H.  Farquhar ;  an  original  of  the 
Upcott  token  with  a  re-strike  of  it,  recently  de- 
scribed as  "a  trial  piece,"  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Hamer ; 
and  a  countermarked  Spanish  dollar  issued  by  John 
Morris,  of  Paisley,  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Baldwin. 


Sbmntt  (Hosstp. 

Many  friends  of  the  late  Prof.  W.  F.  R. 
Weldon  have  expressed  the  desire  for  some 
memorial,  not  only  of  the  man  himself,  but 
also  of  that  movement  to  which  he  devoted 
himself  so  strenuously — the  application  of 
exact  methods  of  statistical  inquiry  to  pro- 
blems in  zoology.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  the  memorial  should  consist  of  a  portrait 
(medallion  or  bust)  in  the  Museum  at  Oxford, 
a  cast  of  which  might  be  placed  in  University 
College,  London,  and  of  a  prize  (medal  or 
premium)  which  should  be  awarded  periodic- 
ally to  the  author  of  the  most  valuable 
biometric  publication  of  recent  date.  Con- 
tributions will  be  devoted  to  the  portrait  in 
the  first  place,  and  may  be  sent  to  Dr.  G.  H. 
Fowler,  58,  Bedford  Gardens,  W.,  or  Prof. 
Karl  Pearson,  University  College,  W.C.,  or 
directly  to  the  Old  Bank,  Oxford. 

The  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society 
were  divided  about  a  year  ago  into  two  series, 
one  mathematical  and  physical,  and  the  other 
biological.  A  subscription,  paid  in  advance 
at  a  reduced  price  for  either  series,  now 
entitles  subscribers  to  receive  parts  as  soon 
as  they  are  published,  or  else  the  volumes 
when  complete,  in  boards  or  in  paper  covers. 
Eacli  number  of  Proceedings  now  also  con- 
tains an  announcement  on  the  cover  of  the 
more  recent  memoirs  of  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  as  published  separately  in 
wrappers,  and  the  prices  at  which  they  can 
be  obtained. 

Mr.  Frank  E.  Ross,  of  the  International 
Latitude  Observatory,  Caithersburg,  Mary- 
land, publishes  in  No.  4101  of  the  Astro- 
nomische  A'achrichten  elements  which  lie  lias 
computed  (from  observal  ions  obtained  during 
the  last  two  oppositions  of  the  planet)  of  the 
seventh  satellite  of  Jupiter.  He  finds  its 
period  to  amount  to  2f)9,7  days,  and  the 
mean  distance  from  tho  planet  to  be  0-078 
in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distanco  front 


N°4i06,  July  7,  1008 


TSE    ATSEN^UM 


19 


the  sun,  or  about  7,250,000  miles.  This 
satellite  is  only  slightly  more  distant  from 
Jupiter  than  the  sixth,  i.e.,  about  170,000 
miles  ;  but  on  account  of  their  large  eccen- 
tricities they  do  not  approach  each  other 
within  two  millions  of  miles.  The  mutual 
inclination  of  their  orbits  is  about  28°-l. 

In  No.  116  of  the  Harvard  College  Obser- 
vatory Circular  Prof.  E.  C.  Pickering  proposes 
a  plan  for  concerted  action  amongst  astro- 
nomers to  obtain  by  photography  a  "Durch- 
musterung  "  of  variable  stars,  registering 
thei  ■  number  and  distribution  down  to  the 
sixteenth  magnitude.  This  may  be  accom- 
plished, he  thinks,  by  exposures  of  one  hour 
or  (better)  two  hours,  and  photographic 
telescopes  of  eight  or  more  inches  in  aperture. 
The  number  of  variables  now  known  exceeds 
three  thousand,  and  systematic  co-operation 
in  extending  it  is  desirable. 


FINE   ARTS 


French    Art    from    Watteau  to    Prud'hon, 
together  with  an  Introduction  and  some 
Studies    in    the    Social    History    of    the 
Period  by  Various  Authors.     Edited  by 
J.  J.  Foster.     Illustrated.     Edition  de 
Luxe.     Vol.  I.     (Dickinsons.) 
The  sumptuous  volume  we  have  before 
us  is  but  the  first  of  a  series  of  three  to 
be  devoted  to  French  art  of  the  eighteenth 
century.     For  some  time  past  there  has 
been  in  England  a  gradual,  though  steady 
increase    of    artistic    esteem    for    French 
pictures    of   the    period ;    and   it    is    no 
doubt    in   response    to    this    feeling  that 
Mr.   Foster  has  undertaken    the    editor- 
ship of  these  beautiful,  and,  let  us  hasten 
to  add,  erudite  editions  de  luxe. 

Rich  in  brilliancy  and  effect,  though 
occasionally  obviously  studied  in  pose, 
the  works  of  the  French  painters  under 
the  ancien  regime  have  nearly  all  one 
salient  characteristic,  which  is,  for  the 
most  part,  totally  lacking  in  our  English 
masters  of  the  same  period  :  this  is  arti- 
ficiality, which,  in  a  great  many  instances, 
it  is  difficult  to  believe  was  not  deliberately 
attained.  Owing  to  this  quality  (in  this 
instance  it  cannot  be  termed  a  defect), 
many  French  pictures  hung  close  together 
fatigue  the  eye,  as  may  be  noted  at  anv 
exhibition  of  the  works  of  Boucher, 
Watteau,  Fragonard,  and  the  like.  The 
masterpieces  of  the  French  School  are  seen 
to  the  best  advantage  when  one  or  two 
only  are  placed  amidst  appropriate  and 
carefully  selected  surroundings. 

As  Mr.  Foster  says  in  his  preface, 
French  art  of  the  period  of  which  we  have 
been  speaking  is  comparatively  little 
understood  by  the  English  ;  whilst  ex- 
haustive and  thoroughly  comprehensive 
books  upon  the  subject,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  late  Lady  Dilke's  admirable 
volume  on  French  painters  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  may  be  looked  for  almost 
in  vain.  For  this  reason  this  luxurious 
work  is  all  the  more  welcome,  written  as 
it  is,  not  only  by  English,  but  also  French 
experts,  contributors  possessing  a  real 
knowledge  of  the  masters  of  whom  they 
treat.  At  the  same  time,  it  must  be 
thoroughly  understood  that  it  does  not 
enter    upon   much    detailed   criticism,    or 


make  any  attempt  to  instruct  the  ignorant. 
It  assumes,  indeed,  a  considerable  know- 
ledge of  French  art  on  the  part  of  the 
reader  ;  whilst  a  somewhat  detached  and 
romantic  manner  has  been  adopted  in  the 
various  descriptions  of  the  painters  and 
their  lives.  On  the  other  hand,  the  poetic 
tone  adopted  has  (so  far  as  we  can  test  it) 
in  no  case  led  to  inaccuracy. 

Especially  admirable  is  the  Introduction 
by  M.  Robert  de  la  Sizeranne,  who  has 
thoroughly  grasped  the  spirit  of  that 
century  which  had  its  dreams  expressed 
by  Watteau,  and  its  life  pictured  by 
Chardin. 

The  keen  intellects  of  the  time  caught  a 
glimpse  of  everything,  desired  everything, 
loved  everything,  and  grasped  eagerly 
at  any  new  idea.  This  is  why  Talleyrand 
declared  that  only  he  who  had  lived  at 
that  period  could  realize  the  joy  of  being 
alive.  Life,  it  is  probable  from  all  we 
know,  reached  its  zenith  of  intensity  in 
the  France  of  Louis  XV.  Says  M.  de  la 
Sizeranne  : — 

"  President  Roosevelt  is  strangely  deluding 
himself  if  he  imagines  that  his  childish  philo- 
sophy of  optimism  and  effort  can  lend  to 
life  a  charm  it  never  knew  before  ;  the  most 
insignificant  gallant  of  the  Court  of  Louis  XV. 
experienced  more  varied  sensations  than  any 
rough-rider  or  industrial  king  has  ever  been 
able  to  procure  for  himself." 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  century  signs 
were  not  wanting  of  that  impending 
catastrophe  which  was  to  put  the  shepherd- 
esses of  Boucher  and  the  dainty  ladies  of 
Fragonard  for  ever  to  flight.  In  1790 
Cochin  uttered  a  cry  of  indignation  against 
those  who  persisted  in  seeing  only  rose- 
coloured  angels  among  the  blackest  clouds. 
In  the  course  of  the  same  year  he  died, 
but  others  less  favoured  than  he  outlived 
all  that  they  had  painted,  loved,  and 
created  in  the  world  of  art  which  faded 
away  before  the  rise  of  the  Revolution. 

Four  artists  may  be  said  to  belong  both 
to  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  cen- 
turies. These  are  Prud'hon,  Hubert 
Robert,  Vernet,  and  Madame  Vigee  le 
Brun.  The  last  was  the  only  one  who 
really  saw  modern  life  somewhat  as  it  is  to- 
day. She  who  had  gazed  on  Madame  du 
Barry  in  her  drawing-room  at  Luciennes 
lived  to  witness  the  rise  of  democracy 
and  some  of  the  great  victories  of  science. 
Her  heart,  however,  never  beat  in  response 
to  the  utopian  visions  and  the  altruistic 
schemes  of  the  new  France  which  had 
arisen  on  the  ruins  of  that  old  world 
which  had  crumbled  away.  Prud'hon, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  the  aftermath  of  the 
Revolution — the  dove,  says  M.  de  la 
Sizeranne,  that  follows  the  tempest.  Art, 
he  continues,  in  its  highest  expression  does 
not  necessarily  represent  the  society  of  a 
given  period,  but  rather  illustrates  what 
that  society  desires  to  be.  Watteau,  for 
instance,  never  saw  those  half- Venetian, 
half-visionary  fetes  that  he  painted.  On 
the  other  hand,  art  does  not,  as  a  rule 
delineate  the  picturesque  side  of  things 
as  they  are  until  they  have  ceased  to  be  : 
the  patriarchal  customs  depicted  by 
Greuze  were  on  the  point  of  extinction  at 
the    time    he    painted    them,    and    large 


families  were  becoming  rare  when  they 
were  glorified  by  his  brush. 

More  than  one-sixth  of  the  entire 
number  of  pages  is  occupied  by  M. 
Sizeranne's  Introduction,  which,  indeed, 
may  be  said  to  be  the  principal  feature 
of  the  volume.  The  first  painter  dealt 
with  is  Nicholas  de  Largilliere,  whom 
Mr.  Foster  describes  as  the  represen- 
tative of  a  transitional  period,  and  a 
painter  whose  work  shows  an  eman- 
cipation from  that  formality  which  was 
so  marked  a  feature  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  The  influence  of  Rubens 
may  be  clearly  traced  in  many  of  his 
pictures,  which  abound  in  richness  and 
joyousness  of  colouring.  As  a  portrait 
painter  he  was  rated  very  high  by  his 
contemporaries,  whilst  he  also  painted 
landscape,  animals,  and  still  life.  His 
principal  excellence  as  a  painter  lay  in  his 
colouring,  which,  owing  to  the  especial 
method  he  employed,  still  retains  much 
of  its  original  freshness  and  beauty.  In 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery  are  three 
Stuart  pictures  by  him,  one  of  which,  the 
Chevalier  de  St.  George  as  a  boy  with  his 
little  sister  Louise,  is  of  considerable  im- 
portance. This  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Duchesse  de  Berri,  at  whose  death  it  was 
acquired  by  the  late  Lord  Orford. 

Rigaud  and  De  Troy — their  lives  and 
work — are  ably  described  and  criticized, 
Mr.  O.  M.  Hueffer  writing  of  the  first, 
whilst  M.  Remy  Salvator  forms  an  estimate 
of  the  latter's  work  with  which  we  cordially 
agree.     He  says  : — 

"  If  our  artist  [de  Troy]  was  somewhat 
neglected  by  amateur  art  historians,  and  if 
he  has  never  known  the  exceptional  favour 
which,  thanks  to  a  Goncourt  or  an  Arsene 
Houssaye,  attaches  to  Fragonard,  to  Watteau, 
to  Chardin,  or  to  Boucher,  he  is  nevertheless, 
to  a  careful  observer,  an  artist  of  the  greatest 
merit.  His  faults  are  those  of  his  age,  and 
he  had,  on  the  other  hand,  a  variety  of  com- 
position and  colouring  distinctly  modern, 
which  places  him  in  the  very  first  rank  of  the 
artists  of  his  time." 

Only  eight  and  a  half  pages  are  devoted 
to  Rigaud,  which  seems  to  us  somewhat 
too  little.  Mr.  Hueffer  says  :  "A  list  of 
the  persons  painted  by  Rigaud  during  the 
sixty-two  years  over  which  his  working 
life  extended  would  read  like  a  page — 
several  pages  indeed — of  French  history." 
In  our  opinion  it  is  rather  to  be  wished 
that  such  a  list  had  been  added.  In  the 
sections  dealing  with  Lancret  and  Watteau 
this  has  been  done,  and  it  seems  a  pity 
that  a  series  of  lists  was  not  appended  in 
the  case  of  each  painter,  as  it  would  greatly 
have  increased  the  value  of  the  book  for 
reference. 

A  considerable  number  of  pages  are 
devoted  to  an  excellent  appreciation  of 
Watteau  from  the  pen  of  the  editor 
himself.  "  Watteau."  says  Mr.  Foster, 
"  seems  to  treat  his  landscape  much  as 
Shakspeare  has  done  in  '  As  You  hike  It.' 
Throughout  that  exquisite  pastoral,  if  our 
ears  arc  attuned,  we  catch  the  'native 
wood-notes  wild'  that  Milton  heard  and 
speaks  of  in  '  L'AUegro.'  We  are  conscious 
that  the  action  of  the  play  all  takes  place 
'  en  plein  air,'  as  the  French  say  ;  the  sylvan 
background  is  there,  hut  no  details  of  the 
landscape  are  ever  obtruded." 


20 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4106,  July  7,  1906 


The  painter,  indeed,  never  seems 
to  insist  upon  his  landscape,  though 
he  renders  it  with  much  fidelity,  as  a  care- 
ful examination  discloses.  Well  did  he 
realize  that  landscape  gains  an  added 
charm  when  serving  as  a  foil  to  human 
interest  or  emotion,  which  it  is  capable 
of  accentuating.  As  Mr.  Foster  puts  it, 
"  the  world  of  Watteau  is  a  poetic  world— 
his  works  are  poems  painted  upon  canvas 
to  which  one  must,  as  it  were,  be  attuned  in 
order  to  realize  their  subtle  harmony,  beauty, 
and  high  poetic  significance." 

Watteau  paid  a  visit  to  England,  where 
he  remained  for  about  a  year  ;  but  this 
in  no  way  influenced  his  art— an  art  which 
'  never  really  reflected  the  outside  world 
or  the  everyday  life  of  the  men  and  women 
around  him.  He  delighted  in  the  crea- 
tions of  his  fancy,  and  his  gallants  and 
the  richly  dressed  ladies  who  share  their 
pleasures  were  creatures  of  his  imagina- 
tion, to  be  found  only  in  the  fancy  realm 
of  Arcadia.  Devoid  of  sensuality  and 
exempt  from  passion,  they  spend  an  exist- 
ence of  perpetual  leisure  wherein  the 
trumpet  call  of  duty  is  never  heard. 

Nattier,  Le  Moyne,  and  Lancret  are 
the  three  other  painters  included  in  the 
first  volume.  Nattier,  says  Mr.  Frederick 
Wedmore,  who  is  responsible  for  the  excel- 
lent account  of  that  artist's  life  and  work 
if  he  was  not  a  recorder,  exhaustive  and 
final,  of  individual  character,  was  at  least 
a  significant  and  sympathetic  historian 
of  his  age  ;  as  has  been  excellently  said, 
his  work  has  the  charm  of  France,  and 
he  succeeded  in  presenting  the  first  half 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  His  end  was 
pathetic,  for  this  graceful  artist,  who  in 
his  time  had  "  made  lasting  so  many  a 
smile,"  who  had  lived  with  wealth  and 
with  '  beauty,    died   poor   and    neglected 

in  1766.  .  ,    t     « 

M.  Henri  Frantz  deals  with  Le  Moyne, 
a  painter  whose  allegorical  style  is  now 
hopelessly  out  of  favour,  though  his 
happy  colouring  cannot  even  to-day  fail 
to  evoke  admiration.  Le  Moyne  com- 
mitted suicide  in  1737,  his  brain  having 
some  time  before  given  way,  it  is  said  in 
consequence  of  the  position  he  was  forced 
to  assume  in  order  to  paint  ceilings. 

The  study  of  Lancret  is  by  M.  Eugene 
Langevin,  and  this  talented  critic  has 
much  that  is  interesting  and  instructive 
to  say  about  that  painter,  of  whom  he 
writes, 

"  If  ho  lacks  that  distinction  which  his 
master  [Watteau]  owed  to  his  constant 
practice  of  Flemish  and  Venetian  art  and 
to  his  own  natural  gifts,  if  ho  cannot  produce 
those  glowing  and  rutilant  tonalities  full  of 

golden   sheen,  those  rich  colours, ho  at 

least    possessed    a    palette    both    rich    and 
refined." 

On  the  whole,  Lancret's  work  is  very 
unequal,  much  of  it  excellent,  but  a  good 
deal  execrable.  Perseverance  and  hard 
work  were,  we  think,  in  a  large  measure 
responsible  for  the  success  which  he 
enjoyed;  but  it  is  impossible  to  believe 
that  he  was  by  nature  dowered  with  any 
especial  degree  of  talent.  Germany  pos- 
sesses, in  all  probability ,  the  most  important 
works  painted  by  Lancret,  for  the  great 


Frederick  loved  his  pictures,  whilst  in 
England  are  many  more  fine  Lancrets 
than  in  France.  The  '  Dejeuner  au 
Jambon,'  now  at  Chantilly,  is  about  the 
best  picture  ever  painted  by  this  artist. 
It  abounds  in  spirit  and  vivacity. 

At  the  end  of  the  volume  is  an  appendix 
in  the  shape  of  an  admirable  translation, 
by  Miss  E.  M.  Foster,  of  the  memoir  of 
Watteau  by  the  Comte  de  Caylus.  She 
is  also  the  translator  (in  a  style  which  is 
above  praise)  of  the  articles  by  French 
contributors. 

The  book  is  one  which  is  certain  to  be 
treasured  by  art-lovers,  for,  apart  from 
the  learning  and  charm  of  the  letterpress 
the  eye  is  delighted  by  many  beautiful 
illustrations.  Especially  excellent  "are 
'Madame  de  Pompadour'  (plate  iv.), 
'Louis  XV.'  (plate  xii.),  and  'Lord 
Brooke '  (plate  xxxix.) ;  whilst  amongst 
the  coloured  reproductions  we  would 
select  '  La  Surprise  '  (plate  xxii.)  and  '  A 
Lady '  by  Nattier  (plate  xxxviii.)  as  reaching 
a  very  high  standard  of  artistic  perfection. 


Die   Urkunden    uber   Rembrandt.     Von  C. 
Hofstede  de  Groot.     (The  Hague,  Nijhoff.) 

The    tercentenary   of    Rembrandt's   birth 

is  now  at  hand,  and  a  plentiful  crop  of  new 
publications  dealing  with  his  life  and  works 
will  commemorate  the  event.  There  can 
hardly  be  one  among  them  of  more  real 
utility  to  the  student  than  this,  the  third 
volume  of  a  series  of  Quellenstudien  on  the 
history  of  art  in  Holland,  of  which  Dr. 
Hofstede  de  Groot  is  the  editor.  In  this  case 
he  is  not  merely  editor,  but  also  solely  re- 
sponsible for  the  compilation  and  annotation 
of  the  documents,  and  his  name  is  a  guarantee 
for  the  solidity  and  thoroughness  of  the  work. 
The  scope  of  the  publication  is  wide,  for  it 
includes  every  original  document  bearing  on 
Rembrandt  himself,  his  works,  his  family, 
and  his  pupils  from  1575,  the  date  of  the 
purchase  of  the  family  mill  at  Leyden  by 
Rembrandt's  grandmother  and  her  second 
husband,  to  1721,  the  date  of  the  publication 
of  the  third  volume  of  Houbraken,  the  last 
writer  who  was  personally  acquainted  with 
Rembrandt's  pupils,  being  himself  the  pupil 
of  one  of  them,  Samuel  van  Hoogstraten. 
The  documents,  over  four  hundred  in  number, 
are  drawn  from  the  most  varied  sources, 
and  have  hitherto  been  contained  m  a  very 
large  number  of  books  and  periodicals  acces- 
sible only  in  large  libraries.  Dr.  de  Groot 
has  rendered  an  inestimable  service  by  bring- 
ing them  all  together  in  a  compact  form,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  his  example  may  be 
followed  by  special  students  of  other  great 

masters.  .         .  •  •     i 

Every  document  is  given  m  the  original 
lammage,  usually  Dutch,  and  summarized 
in  'Gorman,  the  language  in  which  the 
editor's  commentary  on  the  contents  is  also 
written.  We  were  perplexed  on  p.  477  by 
the  lack  in  the  German  summary  of  an 
equivalent  for  the  somewhat  startling 
"  Sprokkelmaent  "  ;  it  is  only  on  the  second 
appearance  of  the  word  on  p.  490  that  tho 
eloss  "Eobruar"  clears  up  the  mystery. 
Tho  previous  publication  is  cited  with 
scrupulous  accuracy  in  overy  case  where  the 
document  is  not  new  ;  and  tho  commentary 
is  limited  to  the  elucidation  of  obscurities, 
the  refutation  of  inaccuracies,  and  the  identi- 
fication, whenever  it  is  possible,  of  pictures, 
drawings,  or  etchings  mentioned  in  old  inven- 
tories   or    early    criticisms    of    Rembrandt. 


Here  Dr.  de  Groot's  unrivalled  knowledge 
of  the  work  of  Rembrandt  as  it  exists  to-day 
gives  great  value  and  interest  to  liis  exposi- 
tion, and  the  cases  in  which  he  is  baffled  will 
serve  to  stimulate  research  by  putting  the 
problem  more  plainly  before  other  students. 
The  relation  of  the  vicissitudes  of  pictures 
by  Rembrandt  since  1700  is  reserved  for  a 
further  work  announced  in  the  preface,  a  new 
edition  of  the  section  devoted  to  Rembrandt 
in  Smith's  '  Catalogue  Raisonne.' 

The  story  of  Rembrandt's  own  life  here 
intermittently  related  is  sad,  for  it  is  the 
happy  people,  like  the  happy  nations,  that 
have    no     history,     and    when    documents 
abound  they  are  more  apt  to  tell  a  tale  of 
woe  than  to  chronicle  success.     In  this  case 
they  shed  a  pitiless  light  on  the  bereavements 
and  privations  which  the  indomitable  painter 
underwent   in   his   later   years.     We    knew 
already  that  he  was  a  keen  collector  of  works 
of  art  in  his  prosperous  early  days  at  Amster- 
dam, and  here  his  purchases  at  auctions  are 
frequently  recorded.     One  of  these  becomes, 
if  interpreted  rightly  by  Dr.   de  Groot,   of 
especial    interest   for   English  readers.     On 
March  19th,  1637,  in  the  course  of  the  three 
weeks'  sale  of  the  collection  of  Jan  Basse,  a 
book  of  the  works  of  Lucas  van  Leyden  was 
purchased,  evidently  for  Rembrandt  himself, 
by  Rembrandt's  pupil  Leendert  Cornehsz  van 
Beyeren,  for  the  large  sum  of  637  florins.     It 
survived  the  wreck  of  Rembrandt's  fortune 
in  1656,  but  in  1668  it  had  been  made  over 
jointly  by  Rembrandt  and  his  son  Titus  to 
a  creditor  to  whom  they  owed  600  florins. 
In  1670  it  was  restored  to  the  guardian  ot 
Rembrandt's    granddaughter    Titia  on    the 
payment  of  628  florins  for  capital  and  interest. 
This  book,  Dr.  de  Groot  suggests,  may  be 
identical  with  the  black-leather  volume  now 
in  the  British  Museum,  with  the  inscription 
"  Lucas.     Teekeninge  1637  "  upon  the  bind- 
ing  which  contained,  when  it  was  acquired 
in  1892  at  the  Barnard  sale,  a  few  drawings 
by  Lucas  van  Leyden  of  the  finest  quality. 
But  there  are  grave  difficulties  in  the  way  ot 
accepting   this   identification.     In   the   nrst 
place,  the  text  quoted  on  p.   385  seems  to 
imply  that  the  book  itself  contained  prints, 
the  "work"  of  Lucas  van  Leyden  in  the 
usual  sense  of  the  word  as  used  by  collectors, 
and  that  the  drawings  were  separate,      lho 
volume   in   the   British   Museum   contained 
"  teekeninge,"  i.e.  drawings,  chiefly  if  not  ex- 
clusively.   Moreover,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  many  similar  volumes  are  known,  most 
of  them  in  the  British  Museum  but  some 
still    in    private    hands,    which    contain,    or 
formerly    contained,    the    works    of    Durer, 
Jost  Amman,  Aldegrever,  Bolten  of  Zwolle, 
Gerung  ("  Griinewald  "),  and  other  artists 
all  uniformly  bound  in  black  leather  and 
dated  1637.     These  did  not  belong  to  Rem- 
brandt, so  far  as  the  evidence  goes,  and  thus 
the  binding  of  the  Lucas  van  Leyden  volume 
cannot     have     been     done    for     him    after 
March    19th.     That  volume  could   only  be 
proved    to    have    been    Rembrandt  s    it    it 
should  be  ascertained  that  all  tho  companion 
volumes  wore  in  the  Basse  collection  and 
passed  into  other  hands.     In  that  case  they 
must  have  been  bound,  or  at  least  the  inscrip- 
tions must  have  been  put  upon  the  bindings, 
immediately    before    the    sale.     The    only 
extracts  here  quoted  from  the  Basso  cata- 
logue are,  of  course,  those  relating  to  Rem- 
brandt's   purchases,    so    that    there    is    no 
evidence  but  that  of  the  MS.  sale  catalogue 
itself    in  tho  municipal  archives  at  Amster- 
dam,' which   can    settle    tho    question    con- 
clusive^ v.    Tho  actual  identification  suggested 
bv  Dr.  do  Groot  appears  to  be  just  as  tempt- 
ing   and  just  as  improbable  when  examined 


N°  4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


21 


closely,  as  the  suggestion,  long  ago  weighed 
and  rejected  by  Mr.  Colvin,  that  the  black- 
leather  volumes  belonged  to  Arundel,  who 
returned  from  his  travels  at  the  end  of  1636, 
and  left  his  purchases  ice-bound  at  Rotter- 
dam till  early  in  1637.  But  there  is  a  fair 
chance  that  the  volume  of  drawings  now  in 
London  may  have  been  a  companion  to  the 
volume  of  prints  acquired  by  Rembrandt 
from  the  same  collection.  The  few  extracts 
quoted  in  Obreen's  Archie]  show  that  col- 
lections of  the  work  of  Durer  (two  volumes), 
Beham,  and  Israhel  van  Meckenen  fetched 
considerable  prices  at  the  Basse  sale. 

It  is  interesting  to  find  that  Dr.  de  Groot 
regards  as  possibly  correct  the  tradition 
recorded  by  Vertue  that  Rembrandt  visited 
England  in  1661-2,  and  painted  portraits 
at  York  and  Hull. 

Information  about  the  etchings  is  not  so 
abundant  as  that  which  concerns  the  pictures. 
We  must  be  content  here  with  alluding  to  a 
single  detail  connected  with  the  former. 
Wishing  to  see  what  light  the  documents 
would  throw  on  the  question,  discussed 
by  Mr.  A.  M.  Hind  in  The  Burlington 
Magazine  for  March,  whether  Rembrandt 
etched  a  portrait  of  his  father,  we  were 
puzzled  by  an  apparent  contradiction.  On 
p.  131,  speaking  of  a  painted  portrait  of 
the  father,  Dr.  de  Groot  refers  us  to  a 
document  of  February  11th,  1679  (the 
catalogue  of  Rembrandt's  etchings  in  the 
possession  of  Clement  de  Jongl  at  his  death), 
as  a  proof  that  Rembrandt's  contemporaries 
knew  of  an  etched  portrait  of  Harmen 
Gerritsz  van  Ryn.  The  list  printed  on 
pp.  406-9  contains,  however,  no  mention 
whatever  of  such  a  portrait,  and  we  turned 
back  baffled  to  p.  131.  The  difficulty  was 
only  resolved  when  we  looked  at  the  first 
publication  of  the  list  in  '  Oud-Holland  ' 
(1890,  p.  180).  There,  sure  enough,  No.  53 
is  '  Rembrandts  vader.'  This  important 
item  has  been  strangely  omitted  in  Dr.  de 
Groot's  reprint.  No.  54  of  the  original  list 
has  now  become  No.  53,  and  all  the  numbers 
are  consequently  wrong  from  that  point  to 
the  end.  The  suppression  of  this  item  is  not 
deliberate,  since  Dr.  de  Groot  bases  an  argu- 
ment on  its  presence  in  the  list  ;  and  the 
omission  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  a 
single,  though  somewhat  serious,  oversight 
in  a  publication  otherwise  edited  from  begin- 
ning to  end  with  unremitting  care. 


THE    QUEST   GALLERY:     SCENES   IN 
WEST  SOMERSET. 

The  pictures  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Mease  Lomas, 
which  will  remain  on  exhibition  in  Bond 
Street  till  about  the  close  of  this  month, 
have  rightly  attracted  a  good  deal  of  atten- 
tion from  artists,  who  cannot  fail  to  be 
impressed  by  the  skill  and  originality  dis- 
played, though  these  qualities  do  not  so 
readily  appeal  to  the  eye  of  the  ordinary 
visitor.  The  pictures  of  this  small  but  most 
interesting  collection  are  all  taken  from  the 
district  immediately  surrounding  the  delight- 
ful little  country  towns  of  Minehead  and 
Porlock,  though  the  former  has  lost  much 
of  its  old-time  charm  since  it  became  a 
railway  terminus.  The  particular  character- 
istic of  these  pictures  is  the  effect  of  light 
and  shade,  which  has  seldom  been  put 
fortli  after  so  bold  and  faithful  a  fashion  by 
a  landscape  painter.  Mr.  Lomas,  in  his 
earlier  days,  went  through  the  usual  curricu- 
lum at  South  Kensington,  followed  up  by 
periods  of  study  under  the  most  efficient 
teachers  of  both  Rome  and  Paris.  In  his 
out-of-the-way  home  among  the  fair  sur- 
roundings of  West  Somerset,  Mr.  Lomas 
had  the  courage,  however,  to  discard  much 


that  he  learnt  in  his  student  days,  and  for 
some  fifteen  years  he  has  followed  a  line  of 
his  own.  It  has  obviously  been  his  en- 
deavour to  treat  each  subject  under  special 
conditions  of  light,  not  aiming  at  any  start- 
ling contrasts  or  floods  of  brilliant  sunshine, 
but  laying  on  his  colours  in  flat  sympathetic 
tones,  and  arriving  at  a  natural  and  faithful 
result  by  means  that  look  simple  enough 
when  the  result  is  achieved. 

The  earliest  painted  and  the  most  unusual 
of  these  landscapes,  though  perhaps  a  trifle 
crude  to  the  ordinary  eye,  are  A  Sunny 
Afternoon,  Brattcn,  and  Sunlight  in  Horner 
Woods,  of  both  of  which  there  are  smaller 
and  larger  studies.  The  former  shows  a 
typical  West-Country  cottage  at  the  corner  of 
a  lane,  with  an  equally  typical  West-Country 
cottage  matron  on  the  doorstep,  shading 
her  eyes  with  hand  uplifted  to  the  brow  ; 
every  inch  of  the  canvas  breathes  the 
quiet,  restful  spirit  of  a  home  in  summer- 
time in  a  Somersetshire  lane.  You  are  not 
struck  at  once  with  the  remarkable  clever- 
ness of  the  painting  of  the  light  and  shade. 
Such  a  thought  may  come  to  you,  but  only 
on  reflection  ;  and  this  is  as  it  should  be. 
The  deep  browns  of  the  foliage  and  the  flicker 
of  white  on  the  water  of  the  Horner,  with 
the  outline  of  the  old  packhorse  bridge  of 
West  Luccombe  in  the  gloom  of  the  back- 
ground, have  a  striking,  but  not  so  pleasant 
an  effect. 

Mr.  Lomas's  later  landscapes  are  rather 
more  genial  in  treatment  than  the  two  just 
named,  and  possess  more  general  attraction. 
Those  that  seem  to  show  the  least  of  his 
special  gifts,  and  yet  are  very  winning,  are 
A  Hazy  Morning,  Devon  Cattle,  and  the 
porch,  with  aged  yew  and  old  churchyard 
cross,  of  Porlock  Church.  The  August  glow 
on  the  main  street  of  Porlock  village  can 
scarcely  fail  to  charm  many  who  may  not 
know  the  fascinations  of  that  original  and 
but  slightly  spoilt  little  town.  Each  picture 
will  give  pleasure  to  those  who  know  and 
love  this  district,  especially,  perhaps,  the 
Ship  Inn,  Porlock,  with  the  Lynton  coach 
at  the  door,  the  North  Hill,  Minehead,  and 
the  two  views  of  Porlock  Bay  from  the  opposite 
ends  of  the  Weir  and  Hurstone  Point.  By 
the  by,  it  is  to  be  wished  that  the  catalogue 
had  not  helped  to  perpetuate  the  modern 
misnomer  of  HurZstone  Point.  In  addition 
to  the  landscapes,  plans  and  a  series  of  photo- 
graphs of  "  Windrush  "  and  its  furniture 
are  exhibited.  They  prove  that  Mr.  Lomas 
possesses  many  of  the  qualifications  of  an 
architect.  "  Windrush  "  is  the  name  of  a 
small  and  cunningly  arranged  house,  ex- 
panded from  a  cottage  with  much  taste  and 
skill,  in  the  upper  part  of  Hawkcombe,  above 
Porlock. 

Mr.  Lomas  did  well  to  follow  the  advice 
of  his  friends  in  bringing  some  of  his  remark- 
able pictures  to  London.  He  will  be  heard 
of  again.  J.  C.  C. 


PHOTOGRAPHING    AT    THE    BRITISH 
MUSEUM. 

As  one  who  has  been  concerned  with  the 
making  of  photographs  in  the  British  Museum 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  I  may  perhaps 
be  allowed  to  comment  upon  the  new  regu- 
lations which  the  authorities  have  made, 
and  which  involve  a  charge  for  leave  to  use 
the  photographic  room.  This  charge, 
although  a  small  one  (2s.  for  the  first  hour, 
and  Is.  per  hour  afterwards)  to  a  person 
making  only  an  occasional  use  of  the  facilities, 
becomes  serious  when  the  room  is  often 
wanted.  Without  doubt  a  difficulty  has 
arisen  in  consequence  of  the  greatly  increased 
number  of  persons  who  wish  to  make  photo- 
graphs   there,    sometimes    causing    a    delay 


of  a  week  or  more  before  admission  to  the 
studio  can  be  obtained,  while  the  accomoda- 
tion is  only  slightly  increased  from  that 
provided  thirty  years  ago.  Until  the 
Trustees  are  able  to  provide  better  accomoda- 
tion, would  it  not  be  well  if  some  such  regu- 
lation were  made  as  that  enforced  at  the 
National  Gallery  upon  persons  wishing  to 
make  copies  of  pictures — namely,  that  in 
ordinary  cases,  before  a  student's  ticket  is 
granted,  the  applicant  has  to  prove  com- 
petence by  works  submitted  to  the  Keeper  ? 
The  photographing  of  printed  books,  still- 
more  of  drawings  and  MSS.,  is  a  difficult 
matter,  and  few  amateurs  arrive  at  success 
until  they  have  had  considerable  practice, 
which,  it  is  not  too  much  to  ask,  should  be- 
obtained  otherwise  than  at  the  cost  of  the- 
time  of  the  officials  at  the  British  Museum. 
Emery  Walker. 


THE  CURRIE  AND  OTHER  SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie's  sale  last  Saturday,  which- 
comprised  the  collection  of  drawings  and  pictures 
formed  by  the  late  Lady  Currie,  and  other  pro- 
perties, proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  a  season  which  ends  in  a  fortnight  or  so.  A 
total  of  30,791?.  \5s.  Qd,  was  realized  by  149  lots. 

Lady  Currie's  collection  of  46  lots  produced 
6,945/.  4a.  Qd.,  and  was  chiefly  remarkable  on* 
account  of  some  charming  sketches  by  R.  Cosway 
and  J.  Downman.  By  the  former  there  were- 
seven  (the  largest  was  only  11^ in.  by  8§in.),  viz.,. 
Mrs.  Nesbitt  Pitt,  in  white,  seated  in  a  landscape,. 
300gs.  ;  The  Fair  Stepmother,  ladies  of  the  Loftus 
family,  probably  portraits  of  Lady  Elizabeth 
Townshend,  second  wife  of  General  W.  Loftus, 
M.P. ,  and  of  his  two  daughters  by  his  first  wife, 
l,150gs.  (this  work  was  engraved  by  E.  Stodart 
in  1889,  and  is  reproduced  as  frontispiece  to  F.  B. 
Daniell's  '  Catalogue  Raisonne '  of  Cosway's 
engraved  works,  1896)  ;  George  IV.  when  Prince- 
of  Wales,  305gs.  (engraved  "in  the  chalk  manner  " 
by  L.  Saillair,  1787  ;  in  the  Beckett  Denison  sale 
of  1885  it  realized  only  7'2gs. )  ;  Lavinia,  Lady 
Spencer,  as  Juno,  1806,  95gs.  ;  A  Lady,  seated  <  n 
a  couch,  holding  a  book  and  some  flowers,  170gs.  ;. 
A  Youth,  standing  by  a  column,  holding  a  book, 
1805,  75gs.  ;  and  Miss  Barker,  engraved  by  M. 
Bovi,  4'2gs.  By  Downman,  John  Edwin  and  Mrs- 
Wells  in  O'Keefe's  play  '  Agreeable  Surprise,' 
1787,  fetched  820gs.  (doubtless  this  is  the 
work  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  1788, 
No.  452,  as  'Lingo  and  Cowslips') ;  Miss  Kemble,  in 
white,  with  large  cap,  1784,  490gs.  ;  A  Gentleman, 
in  blue  coat  and  wig,  1783,  95gs.  (purchased  in 
1886  for  21.  15s.).  Ozias  Humphry,  Mrs.  Aliington, 
in  white,  under  an  archway,  sold  for  390gs.  (at 
the  Addington  sale  in  1886  only  42gs.).  N. 
Lavreince,  a  pair  of  interiors  with  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  l,040gs.  J.  M.  Moreau  le  jeune,  Les 
Adieux,  engraved,  200gs.  The  few  pictures  of 
note  in  this  collection  included  :  A.  Cuyp,  River 
Scene,  with  sailing  boats  and  figures,  lings.  F. 
Guardi,  Piazzetta  and  Quay  of  St.  Marks.  Venice,, 
a  pair  on  panel,  400gs.  (J.  Henderson  sale,  1882, 
38gs.  ;  and  W.  Lee  sale,  L888,  120Z.).  C.  Janssens, 
Lucius  Carey,  second  Viscount  Falkland,  killed  at 
Newbury,  and  his  wife  Lettice,  daughter  of  Sir 
R.  Morison,  210gs. 

The  sensation  of  the  day  was  Turner's  picture 
with  the  title  of  'The  Rape  of  Europa,1  which 
was  bought  by  Mr.  Walter  R.  Cassels  in  1871  for 
295gs.,  and  by  him  lent  to  the  (aiildhall  in  1899 
it  was  now  purchased  for  b\4<in._'s.  by  Messrs. 
Colnaghi  &  Co.  It  is  said  to  have  hem  "painted 
about  1836,"  hut  is  probably  later  than  that.  The 
same  small  property  included  Romney's  well- 
knownand  frequently  reproduced  portrait  (painted 
tor  .Mrs.  Tighe  in  1*789)  of  John  Wesley:  it  was 
acquired  by  Mr.  Caasels  at  the  Butterworth  sale 
in  I sT.S  fur  the  then  unprecedented  price— for  a 
male  portrait  of  530gs.  ;  hut  it  now  fetched 
720gs.  Reynolds's  Master  Coxe  aa  the  Young 
Hannibal,  engraved  by  Townley  in  1792,  brought 
600gs.,  as  against  the  380gs.  paid  for  it  at  the 
Brooks  sale   in    1871.      P.   Perugino,  St.    Francis 

receiving  the  Stigmata.  330g8.  (Novar  sale,  ls7s. 
260gs.).  In  the  various  other  properties  there 
were  three   important  Raeburna  :  Mrs.  Johnston,. 


22 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


wife  of  Commodore  Johnston,  1791,  l,o00gs.  ;  Dr. 
Adam  Ferguson,  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  at 
Edinburgh  University,  l,100gs.  (both  these  were 
lent  to  the  Raeburn  Exhibition  in  187(5,  and  to  the 
Scottish  National  Portrait  Exhibition  in  1884), and 
Mrs.  Robertson,  nit  Inglis,  of  Alt-na-Skiach,  in 
red  dress,  l,250gs. 

Among  the  other  pictures  were :  G.  Morland,  Bovs 
Bathing,  engraved  by  E.  Scott,  1804,  l,200gs. 
Reynolds,  Sir  John  Macpherson,  in  reel  coat  and 
white  stock,  25ogs.  (purchased  for  the  Scottish 
National  Portrait  Gallery).  Gainsborough,  The 
Market  Cart,  lfiOgs.  (one  of  several  versions  of  the 
National  Gallery  picture:  at  the  Northwick  sale  in 
1859  it  realized  70gs.).  F.  Cotes,  Lady  Catherine 
Manners,  in  white,  seated  in  a  landscape,  95gs. 
Sir  J.  Watson  Gordon,  Portraits  of  Two  Boys, 
400gs.  Sir  W.  Beechey,  a  Lady,  in  white  dress 
witli  blue  sash,  120gs.  J.  Crome,  Buildings  and 
Sheds  on  a  River,  160gs.  Of  the  three  pictures 
catalogued  as  by  Hoppner,  the  most  important  was 
one  (which  may  be  a  Romney  or  a  Beechey)  in  a 
shocking  condition  of  neglect,  a  lady  in  white 
dress  with  blue  ribbons,  650gs.  ;  Charles,  eleventh 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  in  crimson  robes  with  gold  lace, 
450gs.  ;  and  Queen  Caroline,  in  black  dress,  400gs. 
Titian,  a  Lady,  in  grey  and  green  dress,  on  panel, 
140gs. ;  Gentile  da  Fabriano,  The  Adoration  of  the 
Magi,  on  panel,  210gs.  (these  two  were  in  the 
W.  Graham  sale  of  1886,  and  then  realized  60gs. 
and  85gs.  respectively).  P.  de  Hooch,  Interior, 
with  a  lady,  nurse,  and  children,  95gs.  Romney, 
Mrs.  Dorothea  Morley,  n6e  Jarvis  or  Jervis,  in 
white  dress  and  yellow  sash,  2,500gs.  (painted  in 
1789-90,  the  artist  receiving  30gs.  for  it)  ;  A 
-Gentleman,  in  brown  dress  and  white  stock,  300gs. 
G.  J.  Laquy,  A  Lady,  in  red  dress,  pouring  milk 
into  a  jar,  on  panel,  240gs.  (at  Christie's  on 
June  3rd,  1836,  it  realized  7|gs.).  Van  Dyck, 
James  Stuart,  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Lennox,  in 
black  slashed  dress,  210gs.  (purchased  in  1888  for 
llOgs.).  H.  Walton,  Edward  Gibbon,  in  buff  coat 
and  vest,  on  panel,  9  in.  by  6xin.,  engraved  by  J. 
Fittlcr,  L15gs.  (this  portrait,  which  Mas  lent  to  the 
Oxford  Exhibition  this  spring  by  Lord  Sheffield, 
was  now  purchased  by  Mr.  Cust  for  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery), 

Monday's  sale,  which  comprised  a  variety  of  old 
pictures  from  numerous  sources,  furnished  a  mild 
surprise,  a  Giorgione,  Nymphs  on  the  Bank  of  a 
River,  on  panel,  39in.  by  60in.,  selling  for  the 
unexpected  sum  of  920gs.  A  "Rembrandt," 
Jacob  and  Laban,  fetched  200gs.  ;  and  a  Romney 
study  of  a  female  figure,  with  white  drapery, 
240gs. 

The  total  realized  by  the  Molinier  sale  in  Paris, 
to  which  we  referred  last  week,  was  793,676fr., 
the  most  important  lot  on  the  last  day  being  a 
bronze  figure  of  Christ,  of  the  "  epocjue  romane," 
which  realized  10,550fr. 


Jfiiu-^Vrt  (Dossip. 

Last  Wednesday  we  were  invited  to  the 
private  view  at  the  Fine-Art  Society's  rooms 
of  water-colours  of  '  Gay  Gardens  '  by  Miss 
Kate  M.  Wyatt,  and  etchings,  paintings, 
and  studies  by  Mr.  William  Strang,  A.R.A. 

The  exhibition  of  etchings  by  Mr.  Augustus 
John  at  the  Chenil  Gallery,  King's  Road, 
( Ihelsea,  having  created  extraordinary  interest 
it  lias  boon  decided,  in  response  to  many 
inquiries,  to  continue  it  until  the  end  of  July. 
A  number  of  new  drawings  and  paintings 
have  been  added. 

M.  W.  B.  writes  :— 

"The  information  given  on  the  notice-board 
iffixedl  » the  railing  in  the  North  Vestibule  of  the 
National  Gallery,  and  intended  to  supplement  the 
ciirrenl  edition  of  the  official  catalogue,  has  in  the 
la  i  few  days  been  broughl  uptodate.  It  would, 
however,  be  interesting  to  know  why  the  'Venus 
md  Cupid'  by  Velazquez  should  be  given  on  this 
notice  board  as  No.  2057,  as  the  picture  itself  lias 
from  the  first  been  Labelled  No.  2055.  There,  is, 
surely,  a  sufficient  number  of  inaccuracies 
in  the  labels  in  the  Gallery  already,  without  it 
being  considered  advisable  to  perpel  rate  any  mure.'' 

Thk  death  occurred  last  Tuesday  at 
llalton,  Leeds,  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Foster,  R.B.A., 


at  the  age  of  fifty-one.  Mr.  Foster  was  a 
frequent  exhibitor  at  the  Academy  from 
1876  onwards. 

We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  announce 
a  handsome  gift  to  the  Birmingham  Art 
Gallery,  Mr.  J.  R.  Holliday  having  offered 
to  supplement  a  former  gift  of  "  some 
subscribers  "  by  upwards  of  300  drawings 
in  water  colours,  chalk,  pencil,  and  pen-and- 
ink  by  Millais,  Ford  Madox  Brown,  and 
Frederick   Sandys. 

The  proposal  to  establish  a  Modern  Art 
Gallery  in  Dublin,  which  has  been  in  abey- 
ance for  some  months,  is  at  last  taking 
practical  shape.  The  committee,  acting  in 
conjunction  with  the  Corporation,  are  about 
to  take  temporary  premises,  pending  the 
erection  of  a  permanent  building,  for  the 
housing  of  the  pictures  already  in  hand. 
Amongst  those  acquired  for  the  Modern  Art 
Gallery  are  several  Corots,  Constables,  and 
other  pictures  from  the  Forbes  collection, 
and  a  number  of  works  by  contemporary 
English  and  continental  painters. 

One  of  the  latest  acquisitions  for  the 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland  is  an  interesting 
male  head  by  William  Key,  a  sixteenth- 
century  Flemish  painter,  the  master  and 
relative  of  Adriaen  Thornasz  Key,  one  of 
whose  finest  portraits  is  in  the  Dublin 
Gallery,  and  who  is  justly  celebrated  for  his 
magnificent  head  of  William  the  Silent  at 
the  Hague.  The  newly  acquired  portrait — 
more  distinctively  Flemish  in  character  than 
that  by  Adriaen,  whose  work  shows  strong 
traces  of  Dutch  influence — represents  a 
man  in  the  prime  of  life,  wearing  a  ruff. 
The  modelling  of  the  face  is  particularly 
good.  Another  acquisition  is  a  portrait  of 
a  lady  by  Robert  Hunter,  the  eighteenth- 
century  Irish  portrait  painter.  This  work, 
which  was  formerly  attributed  to  Reynolds, 
represents  a  young  lady  in  a  green  brocade 
dress,  with  gold  and  pearl  embroideries.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  Miss  Woolley,  a  famous 
actress  and  friend  of  the  Sheridans. 

Mr.  W.  B.  D  Alton,  Curator  of  the  South 
London  Art  Gallery,  Peckham  Road, writes : — 

"  May  I  solicit  your  help,  through  ihe  medium 
of  The  Athenoium  towards  an  exhibition  of  prints, 
drawings,  and  paintings  of  Old  London  which  it  is 
proposed  to  hold  in  this  gallery  during  the  autumn  ? 
I  should  be  glad  if  any  one  willing  to  contribute 
would  communicate  with  me  at  the  gallery.  All 
loans  to  the  exhibition  would  be  insured  whilst  on 
show  and  during  transit." 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  ( 1-J-eZ. )  and  the 
Report  of  the  Irish  National  Gallery  (Id.) 
have  been  issued  as  Parliamentary  Papers. 

In  addition  to  the  pictures  mentioned  in 
a  recent  issue  the  Melbourne  Gallery  has  been 
fortunate  enough  to  secure  Mr.  C.  H. 
Shannon's  '  Marmiton  Girls  '  and  '  The 
Nursery  Floor  '  sketches,  Mr.  Steer's 
'  Japanese  Robe,'  some  drawings  by  Mr. 
John,  and  good  examples  of  Burne-Jones, 
Prof.  Legros,  and  others.  Melbourne  will 
thus  have  a  better  representative  collection 
of  modern  English  art  than  any  other  city 
in     the    Empire    except    Birmingham    and 

I  )ublin.  The  purchases  will  be  on  exhibition 
at  Messrs.  Agnew's  before  they  leave  England. 

M.  Etienne  Moreau-Nelaton,  the  well- 
known  artist,  whose  works  appear  at  each 
Salon  of  the  Societe  Nationale  des  Beaux- 
Arts,  has  made  a  "  superbe  donation  "  to  the 
national  museums  of  France,  in  the  form  of 
a  collection  of  92  pictures  and  59  drawings 
in  water  colour  and  pastel.  This  collection, 
which  has  been  formed  by  the  artist  with 
great  care,   includes   35  pictures   by   Corot, 

II  by  Delacroix,  and  works  by  Fantin- 
Latour  and  others. 


The  proposal  to  impose  a  duty  of  20  per 
cent,  on  ancient  objects  of  art  entering  France 
has  been  officially  accepted  by  M.  Poincare, 
and  will  be  included  in  his  Budget  for 
1907.  It  is  naturally  viewed  with  the 
most  lively  antagonism  by  French  fine-art 
dealers. 

The  exhibition  of  old  and  modern  Danish 
masters  next  year  at  the  Guildhall  has  now 
been  sanctioned  by  the  City  Council,  and 
Mr.  A.  G.  Temple  intends  to  visit  Copen- 
hagen in  the  autumn  to  confer  with  the 
Danish  authorities  and  artists. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Crystal  Palace.—  The  Handel  Festival. 

A  part  of  '  Israel  in  Egypt '  was  given  on 
Thursday,  June  28th,  the  second  day  of 
the  festival.  It  seemed  a  pity  not  to 
perform  the  whole  work,  for  the  choir  was 
a  magnificent  one,  and  the  opportunity 
for  displaying  its  powers  unique.  The 
framers  of  the  festival  programme,  how- 
ever, wished  to  devote  the  third  day  to 
'  Judas  Maccabseus,'  but  naturally  felt 
that  the  great  epic  oratorio  could  not  be 
altogether  ignored.  Already  in  Handel's 
time,  though  for  a  different  reason,  not 
only  was  a  portion  given  at  the  second 
performance  of  the  work,  but  it  was  also 
"  intermixed  with  songs."  As  on  the 
Tuesday  in  '  The  Messiah,'  so  again  on 
the  Thursday  the  first  chorus  was  not  well 
rendered  ;  but  after  that  the  choral  sing- 
ing became  impressive. 

The  second  part  of  the  programme  con- 
sisted of  a  selection  from  Handel's  sacred 
and  secular  works.  Six  numbers  were 
given  for  the  first  time  at  a  Handel  Festival : 
two  choruses,  "  See  the  proud  chief " 
from  '  Deborah,'  and  the  stately  "  Then 
round  about  the  starry  throne "  from 
'  Samson  '  ;  two  airs  from  '  Semele  '  and 
'  Hercules,'  and  an  air  and  chorus  from 
'  Alceste  '  ;  also  the  Overture  to  '  Siroe.' 
When  some  excerpts  from  '  Lohengrin  ' 
were  given  for  the  first  time  at  a  Phil- 
harmonic Concert  in  1855,  a  well-known 
writer  remarked  (and  with  reason)  that 
"  it  was  like  giving  you  bits  of  eggshell 
for  breakfast  instead  of  the  whole  egg." 
In  the  case  of  excerpts  from  Handel's 
works  for  the  stage  this  saying,  however, 
would  not  apply.  The  conventional  form 
of  opera  in  his  day  prevented  sustained 
dramatic  interest.  A  revival  of  his  operas 
could  only  be  of  historical  interest,  yet 
they  contain  many  gems  which  lose 
nothing  of  their  beauty  and  power  by 
performance  on  the  concert  platform. 
Madame  Kirkby  Lunn  gave  a  cold 
rendering  of  "  Return,  0  God  of  Hosts," 
but  in  the  great  air  "  See,  see,  they  come," 
from  '  Hercules,'  she  made  the  most  of 
the  dramatic  opportunities  which  the 
music  offered.  Miss  Agnes  Nicholls  de- 
serves great  praise  for  her  singing, 
although  the  tempo  of  "  0  had  I  Jubal's 
lyre "  was  somewhat  hurried.  Messrs. 
Charles  Saunders,  Kennerley  Kumford, 
and  Watkin  Mills  were  all  successful. 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


23 


Saturday  was  devoted  to  '  Judas  Macca- 
bseus,'  a  grand  work  magnificently  per- 
formed. The  soloists  were  Miss  Agnes 
Nicholls,  Miss  Perceval  Allen,  and  Messrs. 
Ben  Da  vies  and  Robert  Radford.  Every 
one  concerned  seemed  determined  to 
make  it  a  red-letter  day.  Dr.  Cowen  has 
proved  himself  a  worthy  successor  to  Sir 
August  Manns.  He  has  tried,  and  with  a 
large  measure  of  success,  to  make  his  choir 
feel  and  express  the  meaning  of  the  words, 
and  thus  give  life  to  the  music.  The 
frequent  repetition  of  '  The  Messiah ' 
led  in  many  cases  to  a  conventional, 
expressionless  style  of  singing  which 
accounts  for  Handel's  music  being  often 
thought  old-fashioned.  But  truly  great 
works,  whatever  their  age,  if  worthily 
interpreted,  cannot  fail  to  impress.  The 
orchestral  playing  throughout  the  festival 
was  of  a  high  order  ;  particularly  worthy 
of  mention  was  the  delicacy  displayed  in 
quiet  passages,  for  instance,  in  the 
.delightful  'Berenice'  Minuet.  The  valu- 
able services  of  Mr.  Walter  H.  Hedgcock 
at  the  organ  well  deserve  recognition. 


Covent  Garden. — Eugene  Oneghin. 

TschaIkowsky's  '  Eugene  Oneghin,'  given 
for  the  first  time  at  Covent  Garden  yester- 
day week,  was  produced  at  Moscow  in 
1879,  and  first  played  in  London  at  the 
Olympic  Theatre  in  1892,  under  the  con- 
ductorship  of  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood.  The 
Russian  composer,  like  Schubert,  was  not 
lacking  in  dramatic  power,  but  it  showed 
itself  principaUy  in  his  songs  and  instru- 
mental compositions.  The  workin  question, 
though  interesting,  is  too  much  in  the  spirit 
of  Italian  opera  of  the  old  school  to 
take  hold  of  the  public  of  to-day.  Tscha'i- 
kowsky  was  out  of  sympathy  with 
Wagner's  reforms,  yet  modern  composers 
for  the  stage  who  have  made  a  name — 
Mascagni,  Puccini,  and  others  —  have 
shown,  and  without  servile  imitation, 
how  much  they  have  benefited  by 
Wagner's  crusade  against  convention. 
Then,  again,  Tscha'ikowsky's  music  pre- 
sents, with  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
dance  movements,  none  of  that  national 
character  which  is  so  prominent  in  his 
symphonies,  neither  has  it  genuine  emo- 
tional power.  The  composer  describes 
liis  work  as  "  Lyrical  Scenes,"  and  he 
appears  to  have  regarded  the  story  as 
little  more  than  a  framework  for  his 
songs  and  choruses.  We  may,  however, 
thank  the  Covent  Garden  management 
for  letting  us  hear  the  work.  Mile. 
Destinn  sang  extremely  well,  though, 
for  such  a  character  as  Tatiana,  rather 
too  much  in  high  tragedy  style.  Signor 
Battistini,  the  Oneghin,  was  more  suc- 
cessful as  singer  than  as  actor.  The  piece 
was  admirably  mounted.  Signor  Cam- 
panini  conducted. 


VOCAL    AND    INSTRUMENTAL 

MUSIC. 

From  Messrs.  Novello  &  Co.  we  have 
received  a  large  assortment  of  music.  We 
may  begin  with  Bach,  who  wrote  a  great 
number  of  church  cantatas,  and  as  it  formed 
part  of  his  duties  as  cantor  of  St.  Thomas's 


to  be  ready  with  a  new  one  every  Sunday, 
it  is  surprising  to  find  so  much  great  music 
in  them  :  constant  work  makes  a  ready, 
though  not  often  an  inspired  pen.  We 
have  before  us  four  with  English  words. 
The  Lord  is  my  Shepherd,  a  paraphrase  of 
the  twenty-third  Psalm,  composed  in  1731- 
1732,  is  very  beautiful,  and  there  are  touches 
of  realism  in  it  which  show  a  master  hand  : 
the  harmonic  colouring  at  the  reference  to 
"  death's  dark  vale,"  the  lively  triplets  and 
diatonic  harmonies  to  express  gladness  of 
heart,  and  the  chromatic  passages  at  the 
mention  of  the  table  spread  "  in  presence 
of  mine  enemies."  O  teach  me,  Lord,  my 
Days  to  Number,  has  an  impressive  opening 
chorus  in  which  there  are  bold  harmonies 
that  sound  quite  modern,  and  by  way  of 
close  a  lovely  chorale  "  World,  farewell  " 
— melody  and  harmony  by  J.  Rosenmuller, 
music  director  at  St.  Thomas's  nearly  forty 
years  before  Bach  was  born.  A  third, 
There  is  nought  of  Soundness,  contains  a 
delightful  soprano  aria,  "  Hearken,  when 
with  trembling  accents."  The  fourth,  an 
Ascensiontide  Cantata  (or  oratorio,  as  Bach 
named  it),  is  full  of  interest  ;  it  includes,  by 
the  way,  the  "  Agnus  Dei  "  solo  for  alto, 
with  different  words,  of  the  Mass  in  b  minor. 

A  new  edition  has  been  published  of  Samuel 
Sebastian  Wesley's  wonderfully  fine  anthem 
The  Wilderness. — Of  Brahms  we  have  the 
Ave  Maria,  Op.  12,  and  the  seven  Marien- 
lieder,  Op.  22,  with  English  words,  and  all 
for  female  chorus.  The  latter  are  not 
sacred  compositions,  but  settings  of  old 
texts  based  on  mediseval  legends  concerning 
the  Virgin  Mary.  They  are  quaint,  and 
most  of  them  simple.  Nos.  2  and  3  are  the 
most  characteristic  :  the  solemn  ending  of 
the  one  foreshadows  the  later  Brahms,  while 
the  other  is  both  picturesque  and  pathetic. — 
The  Oriana  is  a  collection  of  early  madrigals, 
British  and  foreign,  the  first  twenty-five 
numbers  of  which  consist  of  a  re-edition,  by 
Mr.  Lionel  Benson,  of  '  The  Triumphs  of 
Oriana,'  originally  published  in  London  by 
Thomas  Morley  in  1603.  This  is  the  first 
modern  reprint  of  a  work  which  more  than 
three  hundred  years  ago  placed  English 
composers  in  this  particular  branch  on  an 
equality,  to  say  the  least,  with  the  best 
Italian  masters. 

Three  numbers  have  been  issued  of  a  series 
entitled  Old  English  Violin  Music,  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Alfred  Moffat,  another 
attempt,  similar  to  the  "  Old  English  Organ 
Music,"  to  remind  musicians  of  native 
works  half,  or  in  some  cases  totally,  forgotten. 
Of  old  violin  music,  i.e.  for  violin  "  with  a 
thorough  bass  for  the  harpsichord,"  there  is  a 
large  quantity.  The  three  numbers  in 
question  are  sonatas  by  Lates  (1710-70), 
leader  of  the  concerts  at  Oxford  ;  Henry 
Eccles,  who,  together  with  Henry  Purcell, 
contributed  incidental  music  to  D'Urfey's 
'  Don  Quixote  '  ;  and  William  Babell,  who, 
by  the  way,  arranged  the  favourite  airs  in 
Handel's  '  Rinaldo  '  as  lessons  for  the  harp- 
sichord. The  pianoforte  part  has  been 
skilfully  evolved  from  the  figured  bass  by 
Mr.  Moffat. 

The  series  of  Old  English  Organ  Music, 
edited  by  Mr.  John  E.  West,  has  reached 
No.  20.  Bach  in  his  organ  works  has  natu- 
rally thrown  many  composers  into  the  shade  ; 
the  older  English  composers  have  indeed, 
as  the  editor  remarks,  been  much  neglected. 
A  series,  however,  which  includes  pieces  by 
Matthew  Lock,  Orlando  Gibbons,  Purcell, 
Blow,  Boyce,  and  Samuel  Wesley  may,  or 
at  any  rate  ought  to,  revive  interest  in  them. 
The  organ  music  composed  before  Handel 
and-  Bach  is  specially  interesting,  as,  for 
instance,  the  Loek  '  Voluntary  '  (in  No.  14) 
or  Purcell's  'Voluntary  on  the  Hundredth 
Psalm  Tune  '   (in  No.    1G).     Organists   may 


find  the  music  of  this  collection  old  in  form 
and  phraseology,  but  for  all  that  it  is  any- 
thing but  dry. 

To  turn  from  old  to  modern  music,  a  word 
may  be  said  about  Mr.  J.  H.  Foulds's  Varia- 
zioni  ed  Improvisati  su  un  Tenia,  Originate, 
for  pianoforte  solo,  Op.  4.  The  theme  is 
attractive,  and  the  variations  clever  and 
often  effective  ;  yet,  taken  as  a  whole, 
there  seems  no  justification  for  the  term 
"  Improvisati."  And  by  the  way,  woidd 
not  a  plain  English  title  have  been  the 
right  thing  ?  British  composers  surely  no 
longer  need  italianize  either  their  names  or 
the  titles  of  their  pieces. 

Of  other  modern  British  instrumental 
music  we  note  first  Sir  Hubert  Parry's 
scholarly,  yet  pleasant  Lady  Radnor's  Suite 
for  strings,  arranged  for  piano  solo  by  Emily 
R.  Daymond. — Sir  Edward  Elgar's  Orchestral 
Variations,  arranged  for  pianoforte  duet  by 
John  E.  'West,  are  welcome  in  this  con- 
venient form  to  those  unacquainted  with  the 
work,  also  to  those  who  can  recall  the  orches- 
tral colouring  which  adds  so  much  to  the 
effect  of  the  music.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  Edward  German's  spirited  Welsh 
Rhapsody,  presented  in  like  manner  by  the 
composer  himself.- — Much  incidental  music 
for  plays  is  apt,  when  the  latter  are  with- 
drawn, to  fall  into  oblivion  ;  hence  com- 
posers select  from  their  scores  certain  numbers 
for  suites  or  for  separate  publication.  Grieg's 
'  Peer  Gynt  '  suites  offer  a  notable  instance 
of  successful  transfer  ;  so  far,  indeed,  as 
London  is  concerned,  that  music  has  never 
been  heard  in  connexion  with  the  play. 
Reference  was  recently  made  in  these 
columns  to  Mr.  S.  Ccleridge-Taylor's  '  Nero  ' 
music,  and  he  has  now  effectively  arranged 
for  pianoforte  solo,  also  for  pianoforte  and 
violin,  two  of  the  most  characteristic  numbers 
— the  Intermezzo  (Singing  Girls'1  Chorus) 
and  the  Eastern  Dance. 


Jftiistral  Gossip. 

A  woed  or  two  must  be  said  concerning 
two  works  performed  by  the  students  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Music  at  the  sixth  Patron's 
Fund  Concert,  which  took  place  at  Queen's 
Hall  on  Tuesday  evening.  One  was  a  '  Sym- 
phonic Rhapsody  '  by  Mr.  H.  Gibson,  a 
musical  illustration  of  a  poem  by  Mr. 
Meredith.  The  music  is  somewhat  vague, 
and  the  orchestration  tentative,  though  not 
always  satisfactory;  but  the  work  bears 
traces  of  thought  and  earnest  feeling.  Th  i 
other  was  a  symphony  by  Mr.  A.  von  Aim 
Carse,  clever,  singularly  clear  in  form,  and 
showing,  as  is  perhaps  natural,  the  influence 
of  more  than  one  composer. 

Mk.  John  CoATES,  the  well-known  tenor, 
gave  his  hist  vocal  recital  in  London  at 
Bechstein  Hall  on  June  14th.  His  rendering 
of  songs  of  various  kinds  showed  marked 
skill  and  intelligence.  He  was  particularly 
successful  in  some  highly  interesting  songs 
by  Debussy  and  Lieder  by  Weingartner, 
which  he  repeated,  with  equal  success,  at  a 
second  recital  last  Saturday, 

Senoi;  .M\m  el  Gar<  la  died  last  Sunday 
at  his  London  residence.  Lasl  year  he 
celebrated  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  his 
birth,  which,  according  to  Madame  Pauline 
Viardot,  took  place  a1  Zafra  (Catalonia)  on 
March  17th.  1805.  He  accompanied  his 
father  to  America  to  1885,  bul  on  returning 
to  Kurope  in  1S-J!)  settled  in  Paris,  and 
devoted  himself  to  teaching  singing,  Jenny 
kind.  Prof.  Stockhausen,  and  Mr.  Santley 
being  among  his  pupils.  In  1848  he  came 
to    London,    and    was    appointed    professor 


24 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  a  post 
which  lie  retained  until  1895.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  the  laryngoscope. 
Further  may  be  noted  his  '  Memoire  sur  la 
Voix  humaine,'  presented  to  the  French 
Institut  in  1840,  and  his  '  Traite  complet 
de  l'Art  du  Chant,'  published  in  1847. 
Details  concerning  this  great  teacher  have 
often  appeared  in  print  ;  hence'  this  short 
notice  of  an  exceptionally  long  life. 

Messrs.  Sotheby  will  sell  by  auction 
next  Monday  and  Tuesday  letters  by 
Mendelssohn,  Meyerbeer,  Spontini,  Spohr, 
and  Tscha'ikowsky  ;  a  copy  of  the 
Rev.  John  Mainwaring  s  '  Memoirs  of  the 
Life  of  the  late  George  Frederick  Handel,' 
presented  to  Charles  Wesley  by  his  father, 
the  Rev.  Charles  Wesley,  and  among  six 
original  sketches  by  Landseer,  one  of 
Paganini  the  violinist. 

Two  pupils  of  M.  Lenepveu,  MM.  Dumas 
and  Andre  Gailhard,  have  won  the  Premier 
Grand  Prix  de  Rome  and  the  Premier 
Second  Grand  Prix,  respectively.  The 
Deuxieme  Second  Grand  Prix  has  been 
awarded  to  M.  Le  Boucher,  who  studied 
with  M.  Faure,  and  afterwards  with  M.  Widor. 


Mon.- 
Mnx. 


Wkd. 
Turns 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sat.  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Mr.  Charles  Phillips's  Concert,  ■':  rseehstein  Hall. 
Miss  Lucie  van  Hoist's  Cello  Recital,  ::,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Mr.  John  Dunn's  Orchestral  Recital,  8::o,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Mr.  Epstein's  Concert,  B.30,  Broadwood's. 
Miss  Inka  von  Linprun's  Concert,  ::,  Steinwav  nail. 
Miss  Irene  Ainsley's  Concert,  :!.1.">.  ISechstein'Hall. 
Miss  Minnie  Traccy's  .Second  Vocal  Recital,  s.:;o,  .Eolian  Hall 
Miss  E.  Dodge's  Concert,  •':.  .Eolian  Hall. 
Mis*  .tmotha's  Grand  Conceit,  H.:;o,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Marguerite  Claire's  Concert,  ;),  .Eolian  Hall. 
M.  Hollmans  Recital,  :!.]->,  Eechstein  Hall. 
Misses  Violet    and  Doris  Maeintyre's  Concert,   8.30    Queen's 

Small  Hall. 
Miss  Mabel  Winston's  Concert,  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 


DRAMA 


28ramatit  Olosstp. 

First  produced  at  the  Varietes  in  Febru- 
ary, '  La  Piste  '  of  M.  Victorien  Sardou  is  a 
return  to  that  veteran  dramatist's  early 
manner  as  exemplified  in  '  Les  Pattes  de 
Mouche.'  Its  idea  owes  something,  more- 
over, to  '  Les  Vieux  Garcons,'  a  work  also  of 
considerable  antiquity.  Casimir  Rebillon  has 
married  Florence,  a  pretty  woman  who  is 
divorced  from  her  first  husband,  Philippe 
Jobelin.  These  second  nuptials  are  fairly 
happy  until  in  his  wife's  escritoire  Casimir 
discovers  a  sufficiently  passionate  and  com- 
promising love  letter  which  bears  no  date. 
The  question  is,  To  which  period — that  of 
her  first  or  her  second  nuptials— does  this 
document  belong  ?  This,  after  many  comic 
scenes  have  been  educed,  is  answered  in  a 
fashion  wholly  satisfactory  to  the  later 
spouse.  It  is  needless  t  >  say  with  how 
much  aplomb  Madame  Rejane  supported 
at  the  Royalty  the  part  of  Madame  Rebillon, 
of  which  she  was  the  first  exponent.  It  is, 
however,  scarcely  worthy  of  her  brilliant 
talents. 

Madame  Brandes  began  her  season  at 
the  Royalty  on  Monday  as  Dominique 
in  '  Le  Passe  '  of  M.  de  Porto-Riche.  First 
produced  at  the  Od6on  on  December  30th, 
1897,  after  passing  through  the  hands  of 
Madame  Sarah  Bernhardt  and  Madame 
R6jane,  who  both  of  them  shrank  from  the 
part  of  the  heroine,  the  piece  obtained 
a  considerable  success.  It  is  a  saddening, 
though  brilliantly  written  work,  and 
abounds  in  epigrammatic  phrase.  Madame 
Brandes,  who  suffered  perceptibly  from 
hoarseness,  created  a  powerful  effect  as 
the  heroine,  every  phase  (of  which  there  are 


many)  being  shown  with  complete  mastery. 
The  general  performance  was  moderate. 

The  often-promised  production  by  Mr 
Forbes  Robertson  of  Mr.  George  Bernard 
Shaw's  '  Antony  and  Cleopatra  '  will,  it  is 
now  announced,  take  place  during  the  artist's 
American  trip. 

It  is  no  uncommon  thing  in  drama  to 
employ  a  juvenile  actress  to  personate  in  a 
first  act  a  heroine  who  in  the  remaining 
scenes  is  presented  by  a  woman  of  ripe  years. 
In  the  case  of  the  '  Prince  Chap,'  to  be  given 
at  the  Criterion  on  the  16th  inst.,  no  fewer 
than  three  actresses  will  present,  in  as  many 
consecutive  acts,  a  heroine  who  passes  from 
childhood  to  womanhood  during  the  progress 
of  the  action. 

In  the  production  at  the  Adelphi  of  Mr. 
Corny ns  Carr's  '  Tristram  and  Iseult,'  to  be 
expected  early  in  September,  Mr.  Matheson 
Lang  will  play  Tristram,  and  Miss  Edith 
Wynne  Matthison,  Brangwaine. 

Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones's  new  play 
'  The  Hypocrites  '  will  be  given  during  the 
autumn  at  the  Hudson  Theatre,  New  York. 
The  author  will  sail  during  the  present  month 
to  superintend  the  rehearsals. 


To  Correspondents.— F.  C.  C—  R.  R.  R.— E.  D.— R.  D. 
C.  A.  M.  F.— W.  H.  G.  F.— Received. 

R.  D.— Suppressed  as  agreed. 

M.  T.  M.— G.  N.— Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


rn     H     E  ATHEN^UM. 

SCALE  OF  CHARGES  FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS 

*  8.  d. 

5  Lines  of  Pearl 0   3   6 

75     , (Half  Column) 1  16    0 

A  Column 3    3    0 

A  Page       990 

Auctions  and  Puhlic  Institutions,  Five  Lines  48.,  and  8rf.  per  line  of 

Pearl  type  beyond. 

IN  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ADVERTISEMENTS,  CARE 

SHOULD  HE  TAKEN  TO  MEASURE  FROM 

RULE   TO   RULE. 

Advertisements  across  Two  Columns,  one-third  extra  beyond  the 

space  occupied,  the  first  charge  being  30s. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
The  Athenaeum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


T 


H     E 


A     T     H      E     N     M     U     M, 


PRICE  THREEPENCE. 


Is  published  every  KUIl'A  V  in  time  for  the  Afternoon  Mails.  Teruit 
of  Suliscripiii.ii,  lieu  by  post  to  all  r»'r's  ot  tlir  Cliitod  Kiiwdoui :  Kur 
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N°  4106,  July  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


25 


MR.     H  EI  N  EM  ANN'S     NEW     BOOKS. 


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something — as  far  as  it  is  possible — about  the  Japanese, 
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perusal  of  Dr.  Kaempfer's  pages." — Daily  Mail. 

"  It  is  an  amazing  book;  one  wonders  that  a  single  pair 
of  eyes  could  have  seen  so  much,  that  a  single  brain  could 
have  reasoned  so  much  and  so  well  about  so  many  things.' 

Liverpool  Post. 

VOLUMES  PREVIOUSLY  PUBLISHED  IN 
MESSRS.  MACLEHOSE'S  LIBRARY  OF  TRAVELS. 

Purchas's 

Collection  of  Voyages 

Entitled     Hakluvtus     Posthumus     or     Purchas     lli- 
Pilgrimes.    By  SAMUEL  PURCHAS,  B.D.    20  vols. 

demy  Svo,  cloth,  gilt  top,  lis-.  <ii/.  net  per  voL 

[Vols.  XIII.  and  XIV.  immediately. 

This  is  the  First  Reprint  since  the  Original  Edition 
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Coryat's  Crudities 

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Savoy,  Italy,  Rhetia,  Switzerland,  High  Germany,  and 
the   Netherlands.      By   THOMAS    CORYAT.  '  This 
Edition  contains  facsimile  Reproductions  <>f  all  the 

Illustrations  in  the  Original  Edition.     2  vols,  demy  8l  0 
cloth,  gilt  top,  -o.v.  net.  [Nearly  out  "/print. 


IN  PREPARATION". 

Lithgow's 

Painful   Peregrinations 

The  Tol  ill  Discourse  of  the  Bars  Adventures,  and 
painefull  Peregrinations  of  long  nineteene  \ 
Ttavayles  from  sect  la  ml  to  the  most  famous  Kingd 
i„  Europe.  Asiaand  Africa.  By  WILLIAM  LTTHGOW. 
This  Edition  "ill  contain  facsimile  Reproductions  of  all 
the  Illustrations  in  the  Original  Edition.  Complete  in 
l  vol.  demy  Bvo,  cloth,  gilt  top,  12*.  Bd,  net. 

EDITION  DK  LUXE  <m  Hand-made  Paper  with  Proofs  of 
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Further  Volumes  will  be  announced. 


Glasgow:  JAMES  MACLEHOSE  &  SONS, 
Pubinhti'S  to  the  L'nirerxity. 

London,  New   York,  and  Toronto: 
MACMTLLAN  a:  CO.,  Ltd. 


28 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  7,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO^S_BO<^^  READING. 

THE    CAM^^  HISTORY. 

EDITED    BY    S.     F.     HARMER,    Sc.D.     F.R.S.,    and    A.     E.     SHIPLEY,    M.A.     F.R.S. 

TO  BE  COMPLETED  IN  TEN  VOLUMES,  8vo,  PKICE  17s.  NET  EACH. 


WORMS,  LEECHES,  &c. 

VOLUME  II. 
FLATWORMS.  By  F.  W.  Gamble,  M.Sc.  NEMERTINES.  By  Miss  L.  Sheldon. 
THREADWORMS,  &c.  By  A.  E.  Shipley,  M.A.  F.RS.  ROTIFERS.  By  Marcus 
Haktog,  M.A.  POLYCHAET  WORMS.  By  W.  Blaxland  Benham,  D.Sc. 
EARTHWORMS  AND  LEECHES.  By  F.  E.  Beddard,  M.A.  F.R.S.  GEPHYREA, 
&c.    By  A.  E.  Shipley,  M.A.  F.R.S.    POLYZOA.    By  S.  F.  Harmer,  Sc.D.  F.R.S. 

SHELLS. 

VOLUME  III. 
MOLLUSCS  AND  BRACHIOPODS.    By  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Cooke,  A.  E.   Shipley,  M.A. 
F.R.S.,  and  F.  R.  C.  Reed,  M.A. 

INSECTS  AND  CENTIPEDES. 

VOLUME  V. 

PERIPATUS.    By  Adam  Sedgwick,  M.A.  F.R.S.    MYRIAPODS.    By  F.  G.  Sinclair. 
M.A.    INSECTS.    Part  I.    By  David  Sharp,  M.A.  F.R.S. 
*»*  Volume  I.,  dealing  with  PROTOZOA  (including  Sea  Anemones,  Jelly  Fish,  Star  Fish,  &c),  will  be  ready  shortly,  and  Volume  IV.,  dealing  with  SPIDERS,  SCORPIONS,  and 
CRUSTACEA,  is  in  the  press. 


INSECTS.     PART  II. 

VOLUME  VI. 
HYMENOPTERA    continued    (Tubulifera    and    Aculeata),    COLEOPTERA,    STREPSI- 
PTERA,      LEPIDOPTERA,      DIPTERA,      APHANIPTERA,     THYSANOPTERA, 
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FISHES,   &c. 

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F.RS.     FISHES  (Systematic  Account  of  Teleostei).     By  G.  A.  Boulenger,  F.R.S. 
HEMICHORDATA.       By   S.     F.    Harmer,     Sc.D.    F.R.S.       ASCIDIANS     AND 
AMPHIOXUS.    By  W.  A.  Herdman,  D.Sc.  F.RS. 

AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILES. 

VOLUME  VIII. 
By  Hans  Gadow,  M.A.  F.R.S. 

BIRDS. 

VOLUME  IX. 
By  A.  H.  Evans,  M.A.    With  numerous  Illustrations  by  G.  E.  Lodge. 

MAMMALIA. 

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RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIP. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  NOTTINGHAM, 
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Syllabus  from  the  Hon.  Secretary,  J.  KIRKPATRICK  .Professor 
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]«,  Princess  Square,  Plymouth,  July  .">,  1906. 


u 


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/CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY  DAY  TRAINING 

\J  COLLEGE. 

The  i«ist  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  EDUCATION  in  this 
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be 


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Applications  are  invited  for  post  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  this 
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for  a  limited  number  of  boarders.  Additional  Science  buildings  are 
now  in  course  of  erection.  Applicants  must  be  graduates  of  some 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Applications,  stating  age, 
whether  married  or  single,  and  qualifications,  with  two  recent  Testi- 
monials, must  be  sent,  marked  "Grammar  School  Mastership,"  by 
AUGUST  1  to  S.  and  S.  H.  PILGRIM,  Hinckley,  Clerks  to  the 
Governors  of  the  said  School. 


D 


E     R     B     Y 


SCHOOL. 


The  GOVERNORS  of  DERBY  SCHOOL  invite  applications  for 
the  post  of  HEAD  M ASTER.  Graduate,  under  4-5  years  of  age. 
Guaranteed  Salary  500?. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in,  before  AUGUST  11,  to  WILLIAM 
COOPER.  Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Derby,  from  whom  copies  of  the 
Scheme  and  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


K 


ENT      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


RAMSGATE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  RAMSGATE. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  the  above-named  School,  to  teach  Two  of  the  following  Subjects  : 

English   Literature.    Mathematics,    Experimental   Science,    French. 

Ability  to  take  part  in  Games  desirable. 

Initial  Salary  lio;.  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Com- 
mittee's Scale,  by  annual  increments  of  7?.  His.  for  the  first  Two  Y'ears, 
then  of  57.,  to  a  maximum  of  140?.  or  150?.  ]>er  annum  (according  to 
academic  qualifications). 

Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  A.  R.  R.  FRANKS. 
Technical  School,  Ramsgate,  to  whom  thev  must  be  returned  so  as  to 
reach  him  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  July  21,  1906. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee, 

_  FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C.,  Jiily  4,  1U0R. 


K 


ENT    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


FOLKESTONE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  FOLKESTONE. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  the  above-named  School.    Candidates  should  lie  qualified  to  teach 

Geography,  Nature  Study,  Drill,  and  general  Form  subjects.    Ability 

to  take  part  also  in  Games  desirable. 

Initial  salary  ion?,  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Com- 
mittee's scale,  by  annual  increments  of  7?.  10s.  for  the  first  two  years, 
then  of  .V.  to  a  maximum  of  140?.  or  150?.  (according  to  academic 
qualifications). 

Application  forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  T.  WILKINSON,  Radnor 
Chambers,  Cheriton  Place,  Folkestone,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
so  as  to  reach  him  not  later  than  SATURDAY.  July  21,  1906. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  order  of  the  Committee, 

FRAS.  w.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C.,  July  4.  1908. 


K 


ENT  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


TONBRIDGE   HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  TONBRIDGE. 

An    ASSISTANT    MISTRESS    is    REQUIRED,   in   SEPTEMBER 

NEXT,  al  the  above-named  School.    Candidates  should  be  qualified  to 

teaeh  English  Subjects,  especially  History  and  Geography.    Candidates 

should  be  graduates  or  should  possess  equivalent  qualifications. 

Initial  Salarv,  loo?,  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Com- 
mittee's scab-,  by  annual  increments  or  -,i.  ins.  for  the  first  two  years 
and  then  by  57.  to  a  maximum  of  14"?.  or  1501.  per  annum,  according  to 
acadciiii.  qualifications. 

Application  forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  A.  H.  NEVE.  The  Castle, 
Tollbridge,  to  whom  they  should  be  returned  so  as  to  reach  him  not 
later  than  Saturday,  JULY  21,  1908. 
Canvassing  will  Ik- considered  a  disqualification. 
By  order  of  the  Committee, 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
44.  Bedford  Row,  London,  W .<'.,  July  1.  1906. 


T   EYTON      HIGHER      EDUCATION 

XJ  COMMITTEE, 

PUPIL  TEACHER  CENTRE. 

The  above  COMMITTEE  repnire  for  their  CENTRE  the  services 
Of  a  LADY  well  qualified  in  Practical  and  Theoretical  Botanj  and 
either  in  English  or  French  or  Mathematics.  The  Lady  appointed 
would  also  be  r.-,. lire, i  to  take  part  in  the  General  Class-Work  of  the 
Cent  re.    Salary  100?.,  rising  to  laW.  by  annual  in.  n- nts  of  lot. 

Applications,  stating  age.  with  full  details  of  training,  teaching 
experience,  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by  three  reoenl 
testimonials,  and  the  names  and  addresses  of  three  Referee-,  to  be 
sent  on  oi  before  Friday.  July  ao,  to  the  secretary  of  the 
COMMITTEE,  Technical  Institute,  Leyton  N.E. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


B 


0  R  0  U  G  H        OF        SWINDON. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

SWINDON  AND  NORTH  WILTS  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  AND 

TECHNICAL  INSTITUTION. 

Principal-Mr.  G.  H.  BURKHARDT,  M.Sc. 

The  COMMITTEE  require.  EARLY  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  the 

services  of   a  FORM    MASTER    holding    special    qualifications  for 

teaching  History  in  Upper  Forms.     He  must  have  had  experience  in 

teaching  in  a  Secondary  School,  and  should  have  taken  a  good  degree 

with    History   as    a    principal   subject    in    the   final   examination. 

Commencing  salarv  140/.  a  year. 

Also  a  FORM   MISTRESS,  holding  special  Qualifications  for  the 
teaching  of  History  and  English.    Commencing  Salary  lixi/.  a  year. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  bv  JULY'  20,  may  be 
had  from  W.  SEATON,  Secretary. 

Education  Offices.  Town  Hall,  Swindon, 
July  3,  I9n«. 


E 


AST    HAM     TECHNICAL     COLLEGE 


WANTED,  au  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  with  good  qualifications  in 
Chemistry,  Physics,  and  Mathematics,  to  give  instruction  in  these 
subjects  in  the  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  and  EVENING  CLASSES. 
The  number  of  Teaching  Hours  will  be  reasonable,  and  opimrtunity 
will  be  afforded  for  Research.  Salary  1252.  per  annum.— Applications, 
on  Printed  Forms  tit  lie  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  must  reach 
the  Technical  College,  East  Ham.  E..  before  HI  a.m.  on  JULY'  it. 

W.  H.  BARKER,  B.Sc,  Principal. 


c 


I    T    Y 


O   F 


SHEFFIELD. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS. 

The  SHEFFIELD  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  will  require,  in 
SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  the  following  TUTORS  for  the  TRAINING 
COLLEGE  tor  TEACHERS:— 

ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  OF  METHOD,  who  must  hold  the  Higher 
Froebel  Certificate,  and  may  be  required  to  help  with  the  Teaching  of 
French.    Salarv  100?.,  Resident. 

LADY  TUTOR  IN  HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY.  Salary  100.. 
Resident. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  may  be  had  on  application  to  the 
undersigned,  should  be  returned  not  later  than  JULY  21,  1900. 

Personal  canvassing  will  disqualify  Candidates. 

JNO.  F.  MOSS,  Secretary. 

Education  Office,  Sheffield,  July  9,  1901!. 


c 


OUNTY   BOROUGH   OF   BOLTON. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

WANTED,  a  SENIOR  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the  PUPIL- 
TEACHERS'  CENTRE  (about  250  Girls i.  Salary  170?.,  rising  by 
annual  increments  of  5?.  to  2002.  A  University  Qualification  lor  its 
equivalent),  and  wide  experience  in  a  Secondary  School  or  Pupil- 
Teachers'  Centre,  necessary. 

Application  Form  and  List  of  Duties  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of 
stamped  addressed  envelope. 

The  last  day  for  receiving  applications,  which  should  be  sent  to  the 
undersigned,  is  JULY  is. 

FREDC.  WILKINSON.  Director  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Nelson  Square,  Bolton. 

OUNTY      BOROUGH      OF      BOLTON. 


C 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
WANTED,   a   SENIOR    ASSISTANT    MISTRESS   for   the   MUNI- 
CIPAL  SECONDARY    SCHOOL    .about    3S0   Girlst.      Salary    17"?.. 
rising  by  annual  increments  of  7,1.  to  2001.    A  University  Qualification 

ior  its  equivalent),  and  wide  experience  in  a  large  Secondary  Girls' 
School,  necessary. 

Application  Form  and  List    of   Duties  will  Ik-  sent   on   receipt   of 
stamped  addressed  envelope. 

The  last  day  for  receiving  applications,  which  should  be  Sent  to  the 
undersigned,  is  JULY  18. 

FREDC.  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Nelson  Square,  Bolton. 


K 


ING'S    NORTON     AND     NORTHFIELD 

URBAN  DISTRICT  COUNCIL. 

The  above  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of  a 

LIBRARIAN,  at  a  Salary  of  7"/.  per  annum. 

Preference  will  be  given  to  a  <  Candidate  having  previous  experience 
in  Library  Work. 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  take  charge  of  on.-  ..i  the 
Council's  Libraries,  under  the  supervision  ,.t  the  Chief  Librarian. 

Further  particulars  of  the  duties  mav  be  obtained  on  applii  ation  to 
th.- undersigned. 

Applications,  endorsed  "  Librarian."  accompanied  by  not  more  than 

lio..    recent  Testimonials,  must  be  received   at    the  Office  ->:    the 

undersigned  not  later  than   12  o'clock  noi n  MONDAY,  July  hi. 

1906.  B]  order. 

EDWIN  DOCKER,  Clerk  to  thi  Council. 
10,  Newhall  street.  Birmingham;  Julj 


TUTORS.-  For  Coirespondenee  Classes.  - 
WANTED,  tullv  qualified  TUTORS  in  the  following  :- 
LANGUAGES  MATHEMATICS,  CHEMISTRY  PHY8ICS,  ME- 
CHANICS, POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  LAW,  HISTORY,  ENGLISH, 
.v.  Lpply.  in  fiist  Instance,  bv  letter,  to  COACH.  Boi  1138 
Athenaeum  Press.  I.:.  Breams  Buildings,  Chancery  Lam-.  B.C. 


Situations    tKRanko. 

A  YOUNG  MAX  desires  Pocritian  h  PRIVATE 
SECRETARY  or   CONFIDENTIAL   CLERK.      K. ,..«■.    Two 
Foreign  Languages,    Several  years' experience.    Excellent  rel 
—Address  Y.  M  .  8,  Birchin  Lane,  EC, 

N     active    YOUNG     MAN     (23)     requires 

SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS    or    BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
_      Can  siiMily  good  references.— T..  B 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


A 


30 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MONOCHROME  OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART  BY  THE 
AUTOTYPE  PEJ.MANEM  PROCESS. 


Amongst  the  numerous  Publications  may  be  mentioned : — 

SELECTIONS  from 

The  NATIONAL  GALLERY,  London. 

The  WALLACE  COLLECTION. 

The  TATE  GALLERY. 

The  WALKER  ART  GALLERY,  Liverpool. 
DRAWINGS  by  HOLBEIN  from  the  Royal 

Collection,  Windsor  Castle 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A. 

The  Principal  Works  by  this  Master. 

SELECTED    EXAMPLES    of   Sacred    Art 

from  various  Collections. 

ETCHINGS  by  REMBRANDT. 

DRAWINGS  by  ALBERT  DUBER. 

PICTURES  from  the  LOUVRE  and  LUXEM- 
BOURG, PARIS. 

Prospectuses  of  above  Issues  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 


Full  particulars  of  all  the  Company's  Publications 
are  given  in 

THE      AUTOTYPE     FINE  -  ART 

CATALOGUE.  Now  ready,  Enlarged  Edition,  with 
Hundreds  of  Miniature  Photographs  and  Tint  Blocks 
of  Notable  Autographs.  For  convenience  of  reference 
the  Publications  are  arranged  Alphabetically  under 
Artists'  Names.    Post  free,  One  Shilling. 

A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


iHtsrdlamoits. 

WANTED,  for  a  RESPONSIBLE  POSITION, 
:i  GENTLEMAN  of  good  education  and  business  capacity, 
with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  French  anil  German  Languages.— 
Write  full  particulars  to  Box  1133,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancer}'  Lane,  EC. 


A       PUBLIC    SCHOOLMAN,     and     OXFORD 

-rL  CLASSICAL  SCHOLAR  i  l!i>wi  mid  like  to  meet  with  HOLIDAY 
01  TKA\  Kl.LI.NG  ENGAGEMENT  for  AUGUST  and  SEPTEMBER 
or  part.  Would  coach  Boy  for  Entrance  Public  School  or  otherwise 
—Box  1132,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.G. 


WANTED,  as  READER  and  COMPANION, 
a  GENTLEMAN  of  Literary  tastes,  to  travel  and  live  ahroad  ; 
must  be  unmarried;  have  pleasant  voice;  cultivated  and  conversa- 
tional ;  gooil  sailor;  and  aide  to  ride.  Highest  references  required. 
Liberal  Salary. — I.  G..  Dux-  1134,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Encyclo- 
paedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or  non-resident  Secre- 
taryship. Classics,  French,  German.  Italian,  Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon. 
Special  Subjects:  Mvthology  and  Literature.  Varied  experience.— 
Miss   8ELBY    30,   Northumberland   "" 


Talbot  Road,  W. 


and    Place,   Bayswater   (formerly  53, 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials. — A.B  ,  Bos  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  — J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  B.W. 


rjlRAINING  FOR  PRIVATK  SECRETARIAL 
"*-  WORK  AN!)  INDEXING. 

Secretarial  Bureau  :  B2a,  COND0IT  ST.,  BOND  ST.,  London,  w. 
Founded  1895.  Telephi i  2426  G inn. 

MISS  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sei.  Tripos). 

Employed  bi  the  Im.h  Orncs  as— Indexer  of  the  East  India 
i  panj  -  Re I-  ;  Dutch  and  Portuguese  Translal.,, 

The  Drapers  Company's  Records  Catalogued  and  Arranged. 

Im'imii  oi  The  Records  of  the  County  Borough  of  Cardiff;  The 
Warrington  Town  Records  ;  The  Clue  Hooks  of  the  lioval  Commissions 
on:  London  Traffic,  The  Supply  oi  Food  In  Timed  War.  Motor  Cars. 
Canali  and  Waterways  ;  The  Minutes  of  (he  Education  Committee  oi 
the  Somerset  County  Council. 

Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  trains  from  Three  to  Six  Pupils  erery 
ye.-n  for  Private,  Secretarial,  and  Special  indexing  Work,  The 
training  is  one  of  Apprenticeship,  Pupils  starting  as  Junior  Members 

of  the  Staff  and  working  up  through  all  the  liraneh.-s.     It.  is  prael  ie.,1 

on  actual  work,  each  Pupil  being  Individually  coached.    The  training 
consists  of   indexing— which    Includes    Research  Work  and    Precis 
Writing    Shorthand,  Type- Writing,  and  Business  Training 
THE  TECHNIQUE  OF   INDEXING.     By  Mou    Petbebbiiidoe. 

Bs.  3d.  i»st  free. 


WANTED,  SHORT  JEWISH  STORIES  for 
publication  in  a  Weekly  Newspaper.  —  Proposals  or  Manu- 
scripts to  be  sent  to  Box  S.  4009,  care  of  Ornstein  Brothers,  Advertising 
Agents,  31  and  32,  King  William  Street,  E.C. 


FICTION.— SEVERAL    STORIES    OFFERED 
FOE   SERIAL   USE,    Newspapers  or  Magazines.— Well-known 

Author.  Length  from  6,000  to  laO.OoO  words.  Descriptive  List,  with 
Terms  (moderate),  sent  on  application  to  SERIAL,  Box  1135,  Athenaeum 
Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C'. 


lusimsa  for  Disposal. 

SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLING  BUSINESS 
FOR  SALE.  A  very  old-established  Business,  situated  in  South 
London  ;  very  wide  connexion  ;  good  Shop  and  Two  Booms  and  Lava- 
tory; side  entrance;  long  Lease;  rent  40?.  Well  selected  Stock. 
Proprietor  retiring.  Unusual  opportunity  for  a  Gentleman  having  a 
taste  for  Books.  Easy  terms  can  he  arranged.— A.  B.,  care  of  J.  E. 
May,  Advertisement  Agent,  08,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 


TYPE- WRITING.—  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  &c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  Sil.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


TYPE-WRITING,  SHORTHAND,  and  TRANS- 
LATIONS.      Established    1899.       Highest   references.  —  Miss 
HAMER  JONES,  59  and  00,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.  (First  Floor). 


AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9<i.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlhank  Roxhorough  Road,  Harrow. 


T 


YPE-WRITING,  9tf.  per  1,000  words.     Trans- 
lations.—w.  T.  CURTIS,  10,  Haringey  Park,  Crouch  End,  N. 


THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TYPE-WRITERS,  Ltd. 
(CO-PARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY), 

CECIL  HOUSE,  116,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

(Over  Messrs.  Lilley  4  Skinner's.) 

SHORTHAND,  TYPING.  DUPLICATING,  TRANSLATING, 

TRACING,  4c 

A  limited  number  of  Pupils  taken. 

"Living  Wage."    Little  overtime.    No  work  given  out.    Offices  well 

lighted  and  healthy.     MSS.  kept  in  fireproof  safe.    Efficient  Staff. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WHITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C.  

TYPE- WRITING.— AUTHORS'  MSS.  of  every 
description  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  promptness  and  accuracy 
at  7'?.  per  1,000  words.  Envelope  Addressing  and  Duplicating 
Circulars  at  lowest  terms.  Specimens  and  Testimonials  on  applica- 
tion.—Miss  ALDERSON,  50,  Boroughgate,  Appleby,  Westmorland. 


JUtljors'   Agents. 

rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

-1.  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  34.  Paternoster  Row 


lUtaspajttr  Agents. 

XTEWSPAPER  PROPERTIES 

i-1      BOUGHT,  SOLD,  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 

EVERY  REQUISITE. 

The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 

and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  particulars  from 

THE    IMPERIAL    NEWS    AGENCY, 

2  and  4,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.C. 


ATORTHERN     NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 

-i-l  KENDAL,  ENGLAND. 

Supplies  Editors  withall  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 

from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts. 


GTatalogius. 


CATALOGUE  No.  45.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
and  Books,  including  an  extensive  and  fine  Collection  of  the 
Plates  of  Turner's  LI  HER  STUDIORIIM  and  other  Engravings  after 
Turner— Hogarth's  Engravings  — Whistler's  Etching!-  Works  by 
Ruskin,  4c.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  2,  Church  Terrace, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

LEIGHTON'S 
TLLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE   of    EARLY 

JL  PRINTED  and  other  INTERESTING  HOOKS,  MANUSCRIPTS, 

and  BINDINGS, 

OFFERED  FOR  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  W. 

Thick  Svo,  1.738  pp.,  0,200  items,  with  upwards  of  1,350  Reproductions 

in  Facsimile. 

Bound   in   art  cloth,   gilt  tops,  25s.  ;    half-morocco,   gilt  tops,  30«. 

Part  X.  (Supplement)  containing  A,  with  205  Illustrations. 

Price  2s.    .Just  issued. 


A  NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

XV  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SI-INK  4  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
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and  Cataloguers.  16,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W  .  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


GLAISHER'S        REMAINDER         BOOK 
CATALOGUE.    JUNE  SUPPLEMENT  NOW  READY. 
Extensive  Purchases  of  Publishers'  Remainders  at  Greatly  Reduced 
Prices. 
WILLIAM  GLAISHER,  Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller, 
265,  High  Holhorn,  London,  W.C. 
Alsoauseful  CATALOGUE  of  POPULAR  CURRENT  LITERATURE 
and  one  of  FRENCH  NOVELS,  CLASSICS,  4c 


JUST  PUBLISHED,  THE  INTERNATIONAL 

O  BOOK  CIRCULAR,  No.  142,  containing  a  Classified  List  of 
NEW  and  numerous  valuable  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS.  Specimen 
gratis.— WILLIAMS  4  NORGATE,  Book  Importers,  14,  Henrietta 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


BOOKS.— All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookfinder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  make  a  special 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists.  Special  List  of  2.000  Books  I  particularly  want  post  free. 
— EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-10,  John  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
mingham.   Chaucer,  1501,  21?.  ;  Bacon.  Essayes,  1025,  15Z.  15s. 


HH.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street,  Leicester 
.  issues  CATALOGUES  of  MSS.  and  RARE  BOOKS  post  free 
to  Book  Collectors.  No.  18,  just  issued,  contains  Early  Continental 
Provincial  Presses  —  Edition  of  Don  Quixote— Rare  Tracts— Books 
relating  to  America,  4c 


A   UTOGRAPH    LETTERS.— FOR    SALE, 

J\-  SMALL  COLLECTION.— George  III.,  Lords  North,  Grenville, 
Cornwallis,  Thurlow,  Eldon,  Brougham,  Grey,  Melbourne,  Lytton, 
Palmerston,  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Canning,  Wilborforce,  H.  Walpole,  4c— 
Apply  GEORGE  STEVENSON,  33,  St.  John  Street,  Oxford. 


WANTED,  SIX  fine  old  CHIPPENDALE 
CHAIRS  with  carved  wheat-ear  backs.— Send  Photo  or  rough 
Sketch  with  price  to  CHIPPENDALE,  care  of  S.  Thrower, 20,  Imperial 
Buildings,  Ludgate  Circus.  London,  E.C. 


^ahs  bg  JUirtion. 


Engravings,  Etchings,  and  Drawings,  and  an  important 
Collection  of  Original  Drawings  by  Linley  Sambourne  for 
some  of  his  famous  Cartoons  which  appeared  in  'Punch' 
between  1889  and  1903, 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY.  July  18,  and  Following  Day. 
atl  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS  and  DRAWINGS  (Framed  and 
in  the  Portfolio!,  comprising  Fancy  Subjects  of  the  English  School, 
including  a  Collection  of  Engravings  after  H.  Bunburv.  the  Property 
of  a  BARONET  ;  Salisbury  Cathedral,  by  D.  Lucas,  after  J.  Constable, 
proof  before  letters  ;  Mezzotint  and  other  Pot  traits,  including  Master 
Lambton,  by  S.  Cousins,  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  brilliant  proof  before 
letters— Lady  Rushout  and  Daughter,  by  T.  Burke,  after  A.  Kauffman 
—Miss  Potts  as  Thais,  by  F.  Bartolozzi,  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds— Lady 
Elizabeth  Compton,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  after  W.  Peters— and  others; 
Etchings,  by  Rembrandt,  Meryon,  J.  M.  Whistler.  &c.  —  Arundel 
Society  Publications— Scrap  Books  containing  Collections  of  Views — 
an  important  Collection  of  Original  Drawings  by  Linley  Sambourne 
for  some  of  his  famous  Cartoons  which  appeared  in  Punch  between 
188ti  and  mo:!— Drawings  by  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones  and  others. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Books  and  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  18,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  FRIDAY,  July  20,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
BOOKS  anil  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  Standard  Works  in  the 
various  Branches  of  Literature  —  Archa>< ■logical  and  Topographical 
Works— Early  Printed  and  Rare  Books— First  Editions  of  Modern 
Authors— Sporting  Rooks,  4c— Lord  Lilford's  Birds  of  the  British 
Islands— Aiken's  Illustrations  to  Popular  Songs— Gould's  Birds  of 
Europe.  Monograph  of  the  Family  of  Toucans,  and  Birds  from  the 
Himalaya  Mountains,  4c. 

May  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 
Valuable  Books  and  Illuminated  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  Julv  23,  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  BOOKS  and  I  LLC  M  IN ATED  ami  other 
MANUSCRIPTS,  including  valuable  and  interesting  books  and  Tracts, 
the  Propertv  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  selected  from  the  Library  in  his 
Yorkshire  house:  the  LIBRARY  of  TIKIS.  FORCES  KELSALL,  Esq. 
dhe  intimate  friend  of  Beddoes);  and  other  Properties,  including 
many  interesting  and  rare  Books  and  Tracts  Printed  in  the  Sixteenth 
and  Seventeenth  Centuries  (four  with  Autograph  Signatures  of  Ben 
Jonsoni — scarce  American  Tracts— Early  Writings  on  Astrology  and 
Witchcraft— rare  Plays  and  Poetical  Tracts— Tracts  on  Trade,  History, 
Economics,  4c— Illuminated  Manuscripts,  including  Horse,  Bibles, 
Vita;  Sanctorum.  York  Missal  and  Ritual.  Anglo-Italian  Carmelite 
Missal,  a  Twelfth-Century  Life  of  St.  Cntbbcrt-fine  Earlv  Historical 
and  Poetical  Manuscripts— Heraldic  and  Genealogical  Manuscripts- 
Three  rare  Original  Tracts  by  Thos.  Nash  -  a  large  Collection  of 
Engravings  of  Wild  and  Sporting  Animals,  by  J.  E.  Ridingcr—  First 
Editions  of  Modern  Writers— Sporting  and  other  Books  with  Coloured 
Plates,  4c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Curiosities. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS'  Next  Sale  of  CURIOS  will 

take  place  on  TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY,  July  17  and  18, 


M 


and  will  include  a  ;■ 
Laces,    including     Fie 


-Old  Antique 

Brussels,   and    Embroidered   Muslins— 

me   from    Japan— Chinese  and  Thibetan 

Flags— Brasses.  &c.    Also  a  very  rare  II n  Bone  Apron— Coins— 

Pictures— Prints— and  a  great  variety  of  miscellaneous  Curios  from  all 
i  tarts. 

On  view  Monday  prior  lOto  -land  mornings  of  Sales.  Catalogues  on 
application  to  the  AUCTIONEER.  88,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
London.  W.C. 

Arms  and  Armour. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his  Sale  of 
CURIOS  on  WEDNESDAY,  July  18,  Two  Suits  of  Armour 
mounted  on  Figures  and  a  Small  Collection  of  European  and  Asiatic 
Weapons. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVKNS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  arc  held  EVERT  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms.  38,  King 
Street.  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  tor  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, SLIDES,  and  OBJ  ECTI V  ES  —  Telescopes  -  Theodolites  — 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  instruments  Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  accessories  iii  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture— Jewellery — and  other  Miscellaneous  Property, 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morniug  of  Sale.' 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


31 


The  Library  of  the  late  J.  J.  VEZEY,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Microscopical  Society  (removed  from,  Lewisham). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancerv  Lone,  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY.  July  19,  and  Following  Par,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  above  LIBRARY  and  other  PROPERTIES,  comprising 
Thomson's  Illustrations  of  China  and  its  People,  4  vols.— 
Anderson's  Pictorial  Arts  of  Japan,  and  other  Fine  Art  and  Illus- 
trated Books— Billings'  Baronial  Antiquities  of  Scotland,  4  vols.— 
The  Tudor  Translations :  Montaigne  and  Plutarch,  9  vols.— The 
Cambridge  Shakespeare,  40  vols.  Large  Paper— Pepys'  Diary  by 
Wheatley,  10  vols.— The  New  Library  Edition  of  Buskin,  25  vols.— The 
Gentleman's  Magazine  Library.  Large  Paper,  30  vols.— Hakluyt 
Society's  Publications,  52  vols.— Royal  Microscopical  Society's 
Transactions  and  Journal,  1844-1906,  30  vols.— Books  on  the  Micro- 
scope, Electricity,  Natural  History  and  Music— Curtis's  British 
Entomology,  Pi  vols.— Morris's  British  Birds,  &c,  9  vols.— Sets  of  the 
Writings  of  Defoe,  Scott,  Dickens,  and  others— the  Century  Dictionary, 
8  vols,  half -morocco— Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  25  vols.,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

The  Library  of  a  Gentleman  removed  from  the  Country, 
and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancerv  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  July  25,  and  Following  Day  at  1  o'clock,  the  above 
LIBRARY,  comprising  a  Selection  of  Standard  Works  in  all  classes  of 
Literature.  Catalogues  are  preparing. 


Valuable  Law  Books— Mahogany  Bookcases — and  other 
Library  Furniture. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  at  their  Booms  on  FRIDAY.  July  27.  valuable 
LAW  BOOKS,  including  the  LIBRARY  of  a  BARRISTER,  hand- 
some Mahogany  Bookcases  and  other  Library  Furniture  —  and 
Engravings,  &e.  Catalogues  on  application. 

Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  WC 
on  WEDNESDAY,  July  25,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  CONTENTS  of  SEVERAL  SMALL 
PRIVATE  LIBRARIES,  including  a  long  Series  of  Standard 
Works  on  Travel,  Biography,  and  Art  —  Tracts  and  Pamphlets 
—Knight's  History  of  England,  extending  to  33  vols,  and'extra-illus- 
trated  —  Hasted's  Kent,  extra-illustrated  —  Boccaccio's  Decameron, 
by  Payne  —  Coloured  Plates  of  Spoiling  Sublets  —  Blake's  Gates 
of  Paradise,  Authors  Copy  —  Illustrations  of  the  Book  of  Job 
Proof  Plates— Burner's  Cecilia,  corrected  for  the  Press  in  the  Hand- 
writing of  the  Authoress— Pine's  Horace,  Post  Est  Edition— Arm- 
strong s  Life  of  Turner,  Japanese  Vellum  Copy  — Lyson's  Reliquiae 
Britannico-Roiname.  4  vols.— Moore  and  Lindley's  Feins— Ex-Libris— 
Specimens  of  Early  Printing— Adam's  Works  in  Architecture— House- 
hold Accounts  of  the  Royal  Family  of  Fiance.  l.l.W  to  15K4  (Original 
MSS.)— Autograph  Letters— Civil  War  Tracts— Works  on  Costume  with 
Coloured  Plates,  and  many  other  interesting  items. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  Following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  street,  St.  James's 
Square  :— 

On  MONDAY,  July  16  (at  1  o'clock).  BIJOU- 
TERIE and  OBJECTS  of  VERTU  of  Miss  K.  H.  BETTS,  deceased, 
and  OBJECTS  of  VKRTU  from  various  sources. 


On  MONDAY,  July  16  (at  1  o'clock),  MODERN 

DTURES    and    DRAWINGS,    the    Property    of    JOHN     KIRK- 

(at  1  o'clock),  OLD 


PICTUR 
LAND,  Esq., 

On   TUESDAY,    July 

ENGRAVINGS  and  DRAWINGS 

On  TUESDAY,  July  17  (at  2  o'clock),  CHOICE 

WINES  of  G.  H.  TOD  HEATLY.  Esq.,  deceased,  and  others. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  17  (at  3.45  p.m.),  upwards 

of  15,000  CIGARS. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  18  (at  1  o'clock),  OLD 

ENGLISH  SILVER  PLATE  from  various  sources. 

On  THURSDAY,  July  19  (at  1  o'clock),  POR- 


On  FRIDAY,    July   20,    PICTURES   by  OLD 

MASTERS.  J 


Jftaga^ittes,    &c. 


T 


HE 


ON  TUESDAY  NEXT. 

EDINBURGH       REVIE  W. 

No.  417.    JULY,  1906.    8vo,  price  6s. 

1.  LORD  RANDOLPH  CHURCHILL. 

2.  CLLUMINISM  AND  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

3.  THE  NOVELS  OF  MR.  MARION  CRAWFORD. 

4.  AN  ILLUSTRIOUS  CAVALIER. 

5.  ALFRED  HE  MUSSET.  POET. 

li.  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  WHIG  PARTY. 

7.  A  REPRESENTATIVE  PHILOSOPHER. 

8.  VITERBO. 

9.  RATIONALISM  AND  APOLOGETICS. 

10.  MARINO  FALIER. 

11.  THE  POLITICAL  SITUATION  IN  ASIA. 

12.  THE   NEW   PARLIAMENT  AND   THE  EDUCATIONAL 

CONTROVERSY. 
LONGMANS.  GREEN  &  CO,  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.C. 


THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine  Street, 
London.  W.C.,  July  14.  contains  :— 
THE  Armstrong  COLLEGE,  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE  ifull 
illustrations) ;  \\  oik  and  Play  at  the  Congress  of  Architects  ;  Sculpture 
at  the  Royal  Academy  (with  numerous  illustrations! ;  i  >l.l  London  Sit,  , 
in  the  Strand  Neighborhood  (concluded  i;  Fire  Resistance  of  Buildings 
in  Reinforced  Concrete;  Letter  from  Paris;  The  clergy  and  Artists' 
Association  Exhibition;  Roofs:  Constructionally  Considered  iStn.  l.-nt  - 
lolumni,  &c— Irom  Office  as  above  (W.;by post,  4W.I  ;  or  through  anv 
Newsagent.  -m—i  i 

TH  E  ROYAL  7T6~C  I  E  T  Y  j 

Or.  Science  in  the  State  and  En  the  Schools. 
By  Sir    WILLIAM    HLGGINS,    K.O.R.    o.M. 
Royal  Bvo,  with  25  Illustrations,  4s.  Si.  net. 
Contains  a  Sketch  of  the  Early  History  of  the  Society  followed  by 
what  it  has  done  and  is  now  doing  f„r  the  nation.     Thi-h,.nk  tre  it-,  of 
the  importance  for  onr  national  industries  of  s,-iei  <e  in  -dl  education 

as  well  as  of  its  intrinsic  intellectual  v t..get  her  wit  I,  a  chapter 

°f  th  1 i""        influence  which  Science  has  had  ui>on  the  thought 

Twenty  full-page  illustrations  of  portraits  and  objects  of  Interest 
belonging  to  the  Royal  Society. 

METHUEN  &  CO.  88,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  Loudon.  W.I 


MESSRS.   CONSTABLES   LIST. 


POPULAR    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
SET  IN  AUTHORITY.     By  Sara  Jeannette  Duncan, 

Author  of  '  An  American  Girl  in  London,'  '  The  Path  of  a  Star,'  &c. 

ANTHONY    BRITTEN.      By    Herbert   Macilwaine, 

Author  of  '  Dinkinhar,'  'Fate  the  Fiddler,'  &c.  [Second  Impression. 

HENRY  NORTHCOTE.      By  J.  C.  Snaith,  Author  of 

'  Broke  of  Covenden,'  '  Mistress  Dorothy  Marvin,'  &c.  [Second  Impression. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  COBWEBS,  and  other  Stories.     By 

GEORGE  GISSING,  Author  of  '  The  Private  Papers  of  Henry  Ryeeroft,'  &c.    [Second  Impression. 

FACE    TO    FACE.      By    Francisco    Acebal.     Trans- 
lated by  MARTIN  HUME. 

THE    EVASION.     By  E.  B.  Frothingham,  Author  of 

'  The  Turn  of  the  Road.' 

ALL  THAT  WAS   POSSIBLE.      By    Howard    Sturgis, 

Author  of  '  Belchamber. ' 


IE    CORELLFS 


will     be    Published 

With  Frontispiece  Portrait  of  the  Author. 
Price  6s. 


is     month. 


NEW    BOOKS    AT    THE    LIBRARIES. 
THE  LIFE  OF  ALFRED   AINGER.     By    Edith    Sichel, 

Author  of  'Catherine  de  Medici.'      With  Photogravure  Frontispiece   and   other   illustrations. 
Demy  8vo,  12s.  6c?.  net.  [Second  Impression. 

A    GERMAN     POMPADOUR.     The   Extraordinary 

History  of  Wilhelmina  von  Gravenitz  Landhofmeisteur  of  Wurtemberg.      By  MARIE  HAY. 
12s.  6c?.  net. 

SOME    LITERARY    ECCENTRICS.      By  John    Fyvie, 

Author  of  '  Some  Famous  Women  of  Wit  and  Beauty,'  &c.     Illustrated.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

ALEXANDER    HAMILTON.      By  F.  S.  Oliver.      Illus- 

trated  with  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  Qd.  net.  [Second  Impression. 

THE    HISTORY   OF    WARWICK    SCHOOL.      By    A.  F- 

LEACH.     With  many  Illustrations  and  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  10s.  net. 

ANIMAL    HEROES.      By    Ernest   Thompson    Seton, 

Author  of  '  Wild  Animals  I  have  Known,'   '  Lives  of  the  Hunted,'   '  Monarch  of  the  Big  Bear,'  &c. 
With  2(X)  Illustrations.     6s.  net. 


NEXT     WEEK'S      BOOKS. 
THE  MEREDITH  POCKET-BOOK.     Selections  from 

the  Writings  of  GEORGE  MEREDITH.     Arranged  by  <;.  M.  T.     32mo,  lambskin,  2s.  M.  net. 

BY  ORDER  OF  THE  COMPANY.     By  Mary  Johnston. 

New  Pocket  Edition  with  Frontispiece.     Cloth,  2.-.-.  6'/.  net  ;  leather,  .'!-.  &f.  net. 

THE    OLD    DOMINION.     By   Mary   Johnston.     New 

Pocket  Edition.     With  Portrait  Frontispiece.     Cloth,  2a.  Bd  net  ;  Leather,  3s.  6c&  net. 

THE  WOMAN'S   VICTORY,   and   other  Stories.     By 

MAARTEN  MAARTENS,  Author  of  '  The  Healers,'  '  Dorothea,-  to.     Ciwn  Bvo,  6* 

THE    LIFE   OF   PASTEUR.     By   Rene  Vallery-Radot. 

Popular  Edition.     With  Photogravure  Frontispiece.     Demy8vo,  la.  •>'/.  net. 


London  :  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  k  CO.,  Limited. 


32 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S 

LIST. 


THE  GARTER  MISSION 
TO  JAPAN. 

BY 

LORD      REDESDALE,    G.C.V.O.     K.C.B., 

Author  of  ' Tales  of  Old  Japan.'    Extra  crown  8vo,  6s. 

TIMES.—"  Much  has  been  written,  and  not  a  little  well 
written,  about  Japan  of  recent  years.  But  nothing  has 
been  better  written  than  this  tale  of  New  Japan  by  the 
distinguished  author  of  ' Tales  of  Old  Japan.'" 

HIGHWAYS  AND  BYWAYS  SERIES. 
New  Volume. 

DORSET. 

BY 

SIR     FREDERICK    TREVES,    Bart., 

G.C.V.O.  C.  15.  LL.  D.     Illustrated  by  JOSEPH  PENNELL. 
Extra  crown  8vo,  6s. 

MORNING  POST.— ""Sot  only  every  native  of  Dorset, 
but  all  who  love  the  natural  beauties  of  England,  seen 
with  fresh  vision  and  depicted  with  the  grace  and  thought 
of  a  cultured  writer,  should  read  this  excellent  book." 

WINSTON  CHURCHILL'S 

NEW  NOVEL. 
CONBSTON. 

By  the  AUTHOR  of  '  RICHARD  CARVEL,'  &c. 

Illustrated.     Crown  8vo,  6s. 

NEW  NOYEL  BY  AUTHOR  OF 
«THE  GARDEN  OF  A  COMMUTER'S  WIFE.' 

THE   GARDEN,   YOU, 
AND  I. 

By  BARBARA.     Illustrated.     Crown  8vo,  6s. 


A   SYSTEM    OF  APPLIED 
OPTICS. 

Being  a  Complete  System  of  Formula*  of  the  Second  Order, 
and  the  Foundation  of  a  Complete  System  of  the  Third 
Order,  with  Examples  of  their  Practical  Application.  By 
H.  DENNIS  TAYLOR.     4to,  30s.  net. 

THE 

EVERSLEY  SERIES. 

Globe  8vo,  red  cloth,  4s.  net  each. 
A  SELECTION  OF 

STANDARD    WORKS     IN     PROSE 
AND    POETRY 

FROM  ALL 
PERIODS  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 

CONTAINS 

164      VOLUMES, 

AMONG  WHICH   ARE  WORKS  BY 

DEAN  CHURCH.    10  vols. 
SHAKESPEARE.     10  vols. 
LAMB.     7  vols. 

WORDSWORTH.    12  vols. 
CHARLES  KINGSLEY.     13  vols. 
MATTHEW  ARNOLD.     8  vols. 
J.  R.  GREEN.     16  vols. 

JOHN  MORLEY.    12  vols. 
EMERSON.     6  vols. 
HUXLEY.    12  vols. 

R.  H.  HUTTON.     7  vols. 

SIR   R.  JEBB.     1  vol. 
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N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


33 


SATURDAY,  JULY  14,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
FONTENOY     AND    THE    WAR    OF    THE    AUSTRIAN    SUC- 
CESSION   33 

The  Religion  ok  Nature 34 

Studies  or  English  Mystics      34 

The  First  Dutch  War       35 

New  Novels  (Clemency  Shaf to  ;  The  Queen's  Tragedy  ; 
Latter-Day  Sweethearts ;  Caesar's  Wife ;  Toll 
Marsh  ;  The  Price  of  Silence  ;  Face  to  Face  and 
Dolorosa  ;    Miss   White  of   Mayfair ;    The  House 

over  the  Way  ;  Benjamine)        37 — 38 

French  History        38 

Some  American  Books       39 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Official  History  of  the 
Boer  War ;  The  Battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  ;  Le 
Badicalisme  philosophique  ;  Prescott's  Works  and 
Life  ;  The  Oxford  Degree  Ceremony  ;  Dumas  ; 
English  Prime  Ministers  ;  Shakspeare  and  Tenny- 
son ;  The  World's  Classics)        40—42 

List  of  New  Books 42 

Australian  Religion  ;  Where  was  the  '  Ormu- 
lum'  Written?  The  Authorship  of  '  Poli- 
manteia'  ;  More  Facts'about  Buchanan  ;  'The 
Open  Road  '  and  '  Traveller's  Joy  ' ;  The 
Marriage-Myth  of  Mazarin  ..        ..         43—44 

Literary  Gossip        45 

Science  —  Hortus   Veitchii  ;    Research   Notes; 

Societies  ;  Gossip         46—48 

Fine  Arts  — The  Royal  Academy;  M.  Jules 
Breton  ;  The  Egypt  Exploration  Fund's 
Exhibition  ;    Congress    of    Archaeological 

Societies;  Sales;  Gossip      48—50 

Music— Gluck's'Armide';  Gossip;  Performances 

Next  Week 51—52 

Drama— Gossip 52 

Index  to  Advertisers        52 


LITERATURE 


Fontenoy  ;  and  Great  Britain's  SJiare  in 
the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession 
(1741-1748).  By  Francis  Henry  Skrine. 
With  an  Introduction  by  Field-Marshal 
Earl  Roberts.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

Mr.  Skrine  has  done  good  service  in  giving 
to  the  world  this  careful  study  of  the  War 
of  the  Austrian  Succession.  He  begins 
his  work  by  a  general  survey  of  the  con- 
dition of  England  and  France  in  1740. 
This  is  undeniably  the  best  way  in  which 
to  introduce  the  reader  to  the  details  of 
the  war  to  be  studied  ;  for  the  conduct 
of  armies  depends  no  less  on  an  efficient 
administration  by  Governments  than  on 
the  spirit  of  the  peoples  concerned.  In 
both  respects  Great  Britain  and  France 
were  lacking  ;  and  this  doubtless  explains 
why  the  war  dragged  on  in  so  indecisive 
a  manner.  Much  as  we  may  commend 
Mr.  Skrine's  method  in  approaching  his 
subject,  we  must  demur  to  some  of  his 
statements  in  this  introductory  part  of 
the  work.  It  is  hardly  correct  to  say  that 
"  Europe  was  still  organized  on  a  feudal 
basis."  It  is  certainly  incorrect  to  make 
the  assertion  respecting  the  two  Western 
Powers  which  Mr.  Skrine  had  mainly  in  view. 
Monarchy  had  prevailed  over  feudalism 
both  in  England  and  France.  After  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  the  administration  in 
civil  and  military  affairs  was  distinctly 
monarchical,  not  feudal.  Feudalism  sur- 
vived as  an  active  force  in  agrarian  matters 
only  ;  and  Mr.  Skrine,  by  an  unfortunate 
habit  of  self-contradiction  which  is  not 
seldom  apparent  in  this  volume,  admits 
that  the  "  great  nobles  who  served  as 
provincial  governors  were  little  else  than 
figureheads."  The  sketch  of  British  life 
and  government  is  more  satisfactory, 
though  sufficient  stress  is  not  laid  on  the 
weakness  resulting  from  the  insular  pre- 


judice of  our  forefathers  against  the  House 
of  Brunswick  and  its  intensely  Hanoverian 
proclivities.  Enough  space  also  is  not 
given  to  German  politics,  out  of  which  the 
war  arose.  Doubtless  it  was  wise  not  to 
drag  the  reader  very  far  into  that  intricate 
tangle  ;  but,  if  he  is  intelligent,  he  will 
desire  to  understand  more  clearly  why  a 
struggle  between  Prussia  and  Austria 
became  one  mainly  between  England  and 
France.  The  statement  (p.  24),  "  Great 
Britain  meanwhile  was  being  dragged  into 
the  vortex  of  continental  war,"  is  insuffi- 
cient for  a  work  which  bears  the  title 
affixed  to  Mr.  Skrine's  book.  It  is  also 
inexact  to  speak  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire as  "  the  German  Empire  "  ;  and  the 
reference  on  p.  20  to  Frederick  II. 's 
revival  of  certain  old  claims  on  "  the 
Austrian  provinces  of  Silesia  and  Glatz  " 
will  surprise  careful  students  of  Prussian 
and  Austrian  history.  Glatz  was  a  county, 
and  did  not  figure  among  the  districts  or 
"  duchies  "  of  Silesia  to  which  Frederick  II. 
laid  claim. 

These  slips  in  the  early  part  of  the  book 
do  not  materially  affect  its  value  as  a 
whole ;  but  they  are  regrettable.  The 
succeeding  chapters,  which  deal  with 
military  affairs,  are  far  more  trustworthy. 
There  is  a  good  account  of  the  condition 
of  the  British  and  French  armies,  though 
the  author  would  have  strengthened  this 
part  of  his  subject  if  he  had  given  illus- 
trative extracts  from  the  D'Argenson 
memoirs,  and  had  made  use  of  some  of 
the  materials  named  in  the  Hon.  J.  W. 
Fortescue's  '  History  of  the  British  Army  ' 
(vol.  ii.).  Mr.  Skrine  gives  a  life-like 
account  of  that  great  soldier  Maurice  de 
Saxe.  He  calls  attention  to  the  important 
innovation,  due  to  him,  of  marching  in 
step,  and  to  the  suggestiveness  of  such 
sentences  as  these  in  his  '  Reveries  '  : — 

"  Let  every  man  be  compelled  to  dedicate 
to  his  country  the  years  which  are  often 
squandered  in  debauchery  "  ; 

and  this  :  — 

"  Put  the  best  troops  in  the  world  behind 
entrenchments,  and  you  ensure  their  dis- 
comfiture ;  or  at  any  rate  you  lead  them 
to  think  of  defeat  rather  than  victory." 

Of  the  overwhelming  importance  of  morale 
in  war  De  Saxe  had  a  keen  perception  ; 
witness  these  dicta  : — 

"  Man  is  an  engine  whose  power  is  the 
soul." 

"  This  assemblage  of  oppressors  and 
oppressed  we  term  Society,  and  we  gather 
all  its  vilest  and  most  despicable  elements 
to  turn  them  into  soldiers."  _.  *_\j 

Obviously  he  saw  the  enormous  force 
which  would  be  possessed  by  any  nation 
that  systematically  organized  the  flower 
of  its  manhood  for  war.  Carnot  and 
Bonaparte  were  to  utilize  that  force  when 
moved  to  energy  by  the  French  Revolu- 
tion ;  but  De  Saxe,  as  later  Guibert, 
clearby  pointed  the  way  to  that  system 
of  conscription  which  popularly  consti- 
tuted Governments  could  alone  venture 
to  employ.  In  a  short  but  suggestive 
Introduction  to  this  work  Earl  Roberts 
considers  this  point. 

The  account  of  the  battle  of  Dettingen 
here  presented  is  scarcely  adequate.     The 


dispositions  of  the  Anglo- German  forces 
are  not  clearly  enough  set  forth,  and  the 
description  of  the  fighting  itself  is  scrappy. 
Mr.  Skrine  has  passed  over  some  of  the  inci- 
dents of  the  day,  such  as  that  of  George  II.  's 
charger  bolting  with  him  to  the  rear.  He, 
however,  does  full  justice  to  the  personal 
courage  of  the  King  ;  and  his  account  of 
the  battle  is  enlivened  by  quotation  from 
the  letters  written  by  Lieut. -Col.  Charles 
Russell  to  his  wife.  But  why  is  there 
no  plan  of  the  battle  ?  There  are  few 
battles  in  which  a  plan  is  more  needed,  if 
the  reader  is  to  realize  the  incredible  folly 
of  Gramont's  attack,  when  Fabian 
tactics  would  have  placed  the  allies  in  a 
most  difficult,  if  not  hopeless  situation. 

This  criticism  cannot  be  brought  against 
Mr.  Skrine's  account  of  Fontenoy,  which 
is  supplemented  by  an  excellent  contem- 
porary plan  and  an  explanation,  which  is 
complete  but  for  the  lack  of  any  indication 
of  the  quarter  in  which  Leuze  lies.  To 
this  battle  Mr.  Skrine  has  very  properly 
devoted  a  great  deal  of  space  ;  and  his 
account  is  perhaps  the  fullest  and  most 
interesting  which  has  yet  been  written. 
Though  less  methodical  than  that  given 
by  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue,  it  abounds 
in  picturesque  detail,  as  in  the  description, 
drawn  from  a  French  source,  of  the  charge 
of  the  Black  Watch,  "  who  rushed  upon 
us  with  more  violence  than  ever  sea  did 
when  driven  by  a  tempest."  We  incline, 
too,  to  agree  with  Mr.  Skrine  that  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland  must  bear  the  responsibility 
not  only  for  the  fatal  delays  before  the 
final  advance  on  Fontenoy,  which  gave 
the  Marechal  de  Saxe  time  to  fortify  his 
position,  but  also  for  the  confusion  in  the 
orders  to  Ingoldsby  which  caused  that 
officer  to  lose  valuable  time  in  the  attack 
on  the  French  left  wing.  Of  the  final 
attempt  made  by  Cumberland  to  retrieve 
the  day,  and  of  the  magnificent  advance 
of  the  British  foot  through  the  deadly 
gap  north  of  Fontenoy,  Mr.  Skrine  supplies 
a  spirited  account,  well  garnished  with 
details  drawn  from  contemporary  sources. 
It  has  sometimes  been  said  that  the  loss 
of  the  battle  of  Fontenoy  is  a  puzzle. 
Surely,  in  the  light  of  all  the  information 
here  brought  together,  the  marvel  is  that 
the  British  infantry  came  so  near  to  win- 
ning a  fight  in  which  their  leaders  made 
so  many  blunders  and  their  allies  behaved 
with  so  much  discretion.  Mr.  Skrine 
is  of  opinion  that  the  Marechal  de  Saxe 
made  only  one  mistake,  namely,  in  not 
forming  a  redoubt  in  the  gap  between 
Fontenoy  and  the  redoubt  D'Eu.  But, 
whatever  the  marshal  may  have  said,  or 
may  be  reported  to  have  said,  after 
the  battle,  it  is  almost  certain  that  he 
left  that  gap  in  order  to  tempt  an  attack 
in  the  very  quarter  where  he  might 
reasonably  hope  to  convert  the  fighting 
into  a  mere  battue.  That  the  British 
should  come  so  near  to  forcing  their  way 
through  was  inconceivable  to  men  who 
had  not  seen  Blenheim.  If  Marlborough 
and  Cutts  had  changed  places  with 
Cumberland  and  Ingoldsby,  perhaps  the 
gap  might  have  been  forced,  or,  more 
probably,  Saxe's  left  would  have  been 
turned  ;     but  either  of  those   tasks   was 


34 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


beyond  the  powers  of  their  incompetent 
successors. 

We  have  no  space  in  which  to  follow 
Mr.  Skrine  through  his  account  of  Rocoux 
and  Laffeldt,  Louisburg  and  Culloden  ;  it 
is  brief,  but  on  the  whole  satisfactory.  The 
volume  gains  in  value  by  the  insertion  of 
four  serviceable  appendixes,  a  bibliography, 
a  good  index,  and  a  large  number  of  notes 
on  the  officers  who  had  a  share  in  the  war. 
The  bibliography,  and  we  believe  also  the 
notes,  are  remarkable  for  one  strange 
omission,  namely,  the  failure  even  to 
name  the  work  of  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue 
cited  above. 

Mr.  Skrine's  style  is  generally  good  ; 
but  occasionally  it  suffers  from  the  popular 
habit  of  dragging  in  up-to-date  references 
and  remarks.  Excess  of  emphasis  and  the 
piling  up  of  discordant  metaphors  are  also 
faults  against  which  he  should  be  on  his 
guard.  The  following  sentence  in  chap.  i. 
is  not  to  be  commended  : — 

"  The  leaven  of  1789  was  at  work  fifty 
years  before  the  cataclysm  which  modified 
the  whole  current  of  thought  and  action, 
producing  the  germs  of  every  discovery  which 
the  men  of  Victoria's  reign  claimed  as  their 
own." 
Leaven,  cataclysm,  current,  germs  ! 


The    Religion    of    Nature.     By    E.    Kay 
Robinson.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

This  book  deserves  serious  consideration. 
It  is  a  scientific  attempt  to  "  justify  the 
ways  of  God  to  man,"  and  Mr.  Kay 
Robinson's  earnestness  and  zeal  in  his 
self-imposed  task  are  exemplary.  The 
problem  he  has  to  face  is  difficult,  and  has 
baffled  inquiries,  one  might  say,  from  the 
beginning  of  time.  "Are  God  and  Nature 
then  at  strife  ?  "  asked  Tennyson  some 
fifty  years  ago.  It  is  precisely  the  seeming 
ruthlessness,  the  cruelty  of  Nature,  that 
has  been  the  stumbling-block  to  many 
patient  thinkers.  Mr.  Kay  Robinson, 
having  found  a  haven  of  refuge,  is  anxious 
that  others  should  share  it.  His  little 
book  has  a  noble  aim  ;  it  remains  to  be 
inquired  how  far  it  realizes  that  aim. 

The  key  of  his  solution  is  simply  this — 
that  real  suffering  can  only  be  experienced 
when  it  is  "  conscious  "  ;  and  that  since 
man  is  the  only  animal  which  has  attained 
consciousness,  man  alone  can  suffer  pain. 
This  contention  is  ingeniously  and  care- 
fully elaborated  and  illustrated  : — 

"  To  feel  pain  is  a  bodily  sensation  ;  to 
dislike  the  feeling  of  pain  is  a  conscious 
thought  ;  and  this  '  consciousness  '  which 
distinguishes  in  the  human  mind  between 
pleasure  and  pain,  as  things  desirable  or 
otherwise,  is  only  another  phase,  in  fact  or 
in  word,  of  the  '  conscience  '  which  dis- 
tinguishes between  good  and  evil." 

To  make  Mr.  Robinson's  argument 
clearer  we  will  quote  his  illuminating 
metaphor  : — 

"  The  mind  of  an  animal  may  be  likened 
to  an  ordinary  telegraph -office  under  an 
ordinary  telegraph-master,  whose  conduct 
is  regulated  by  routine  and  rule,  every 
message  received  being  dealt  with  jn-omptly 
in  the  ordinary  course  of  business.  The 
human  mind,  on  the  other  hand,  resembles 
a   more  important  telegraph-office  of  which 


a  superior,  responsible  official  has  supreme 
charge.  There  is  still  the  ordinary  telegraph 
master  attending  to  the  routine  work,  so 
that  to  outward  seeming  the  receipt  and 
dispatch  of  messages  scarcely  differs  from 
the  ordinary  system  ;  but  the  responsible 
official  all  the  while  exercises  the  power  of 
deciding  that  a  certain  class  of  message 
shall  be  treated  in  a  certain  way,  that  one 
shall  be  given  preference  and  another  put 
in  the  background." 

Thus,   "  except  from  the  human  point 
of  view,  there  is  no  happiness  or  unhappi- 
ness    in    the    world."     Animals,    seen    in 
Mr.  Robinson's  vision,  are  but   automata 
stalking  through  a  life  dominated  by  a 
superior   animal   which  has   emancipated 
itself  to  suffering.     That  is  the  author's 
interpretation  of  the  phrase,  "  God  made 
man    in    His    own    image."     Thus    Mr. 
Robinson  insists  on  a  supreme  break  in 
evolution,  on  a  gap  which  is  not  bridged. 
He  asks,  "  Where  will  you  draw  the  line 
between  the  animal  and  the  vegetable  ?  " 
and  he  might  very  well  be  countered  with 
the   retort,    "  Where   will   you   draw   the 
line  between  the  animal  and  the  human  ?  " 
The  Solomon  Islanders,  as  he  points  out 
himself,   have   been   known   to   eat   their 
young,  as  do  rabbits  or  hedgehogs.     One 
cannot  help  thinking  that  Mr.  Robinson's 
work   is    vitiated   here   by   his   optimism. 
If  he  had  been  content  to  claim  less,  and 
that  something   of  importance,   it   might 
have  been  conceded  him.     The  sensitive 
plant  winces  on  the  alarm  of  danger.     He 
would  have  us  believe  that  animals  stand 
on   the    same   footing.     But   it   is    all   a 
matter    of    nervous    development.     It    is 
certain  that  lower  organisms  have  little 
or  no  capacity  to  suffer  pain  ;  it  is  equally 
certain  that  the  higher  animals  in  the  as- 
cending scale  have  an  increasing  capacity. 
Pain  has  been  established  by  Nature  for 
a  beneficent  purpose— that  is,  as  a  danger 
signal ;  and  the  higher  the  organic  develop- 
ment of  the  animal — that  is  to  say,  the 
more  complex  and  sensitive  its  nervous 
system — the  greater  is  the  susceptibility 
to  pain.     We  are  not  justified  in  assuming 
a  gap  between  man  and  the  lower  animals, 
except  in  so  far  as  the  mental  consciousness 
of  man  enhances  pain.     That  is  not  to  say, 
however,  that  because  man  feels  suffering 
more,  animals  do  not  feel  it  at  all.     There 
are    gradations    in    human    capacity    to 
suffer  ;  no  one  would  suppose  for  a  moment 
that  a  North  American  Indian  suffers  like 
a  highly  civilized  European. 

But  if  we  cannot  accept  Mr.  Robinson's 
comfortable  creed  in  its  integrity,  we  can 
be  grateful  to  him  for  emphasizing  certain 
truths.  He  wages  incessant  war  on  what 
may  be  called  anthropopsychic  sentiment- 
alism,  which  assumes  in  the  lower  animals 
human  emotions  and  aspirations.  Much 
of  the  pain  which  seems  to  be  experienced 
by  these  animals  is  merely  defensive. 
Thus  a  dog  will  yell,  like  the  Red  Queen, 
when  in  danger  of  an  injury,  whereas  after 
the  injury  it  is  as  likely  as  not  to  settle 
down  quietly  to  recuperate.  On  the  whole 
we  prefer  to  quote  Mr.  Robinson's  own 
words  as  a  better  solution  than  that  which 
he  has  gallantly  attempted  : — 

"  Whereas  it  is  only  in  exciting  moments 
that  man  ceases  to  be  conscious  of  mental 


pain,  and  is  thus  thrown  down  for  the 
instant  to  the  level  which  other  animals 
always  occupy,  they  instinctively  resent 
injury  to  their  bodies  as  much  as  we  do,  and 
express  their  instinct  in  very  similar  fashions, 
yet  almost  any  other  instinct  seems  strong 
enough  to  make  them  neglect  the  injury — 
as  when  a  monkey,  or  a  dog,  or  a  dormouse, 
or  a  parrot,  will  lacerate  its  own  live  flesh 
for  want  of  something  better  to  do." 

The  fact  is  that  while  only  some  human 
acts  are  automatic,  many  more  actions 
are  automatic  in  the  lower  animals  ;  and 
in  unconscious  automatism  there  must 
be  less  pain  than  in  conscious  acts. 

But  Mr.  Robinson's  optimism  extends 
to  man,  and  he  will  not  even  deprecate 
that  pain  which  he  is  forced  to  acknow- 
ledge man  suffers.  He  declares,  that  the 
use  of  suffering  is  "to  impel  the  creature 
concerned  to  seek  a  remedy  and  apply  a 
cure,"  which  is  a  very  fair  statement  of 
the  truth.  But  there  is  a  considerable 
step  between  that  fact  and  the  claim 
which  he  seems  to  make  that  pain  is  the 
cause  of  progress.  Suffering  has  obviously 
increased  with  civilization,  but  is  it  more 
likely  that  suffering  has  promoted  civiliza- 
tion than  that  civilization  has  been  attended 
by  greater  sacrifices  ?  "  You  judge  your 
mind's  dimensions  by  the  shade  it  casts." 

"  I  do  not  believe  that  positive  unhappiness 
or  suffering  exists  in  this  world.  I  believe 
that  it  is  all  comparative,  and  that  the  com- 
parison is  always  in  our  favour  in  the  long 
run." 

This  is  a  brave  saying,  but  we  fear  it  is 
not  scientific.  It  has  a  fine  pulpit  oro- 
tundity,  and  nothing  more.  In  the  first 
place,  positive  unhappiness  is  a  phrase 
with  no  meaning,  since  in  this  measured 
world  everything  is  relative.  And  then 
the  conclusion  is  evidently  incapable  of 
demonstration  except  to  an  infinite  know- 
ledge. Mr.  Robinson  is  no  monist,  but 
for  that  he  gives  no  reasons. 

"  The  point  in  which  we  especially,  perhaps 
solely  resemble  God  is  our  consciousness,  the 
independence  of  our  minds  from  the  control 
of  bodily  matter.  There  is  in  us  the  germ 
of  a  superior  existence — something  which 
lifts  us  above  the  world  of  matter  by  which 
we  are  surrounded  ;  something  which  con- 
vinces us  that  our  souls  are  independent  of 
our  bodies  with  all  their  weaknesses." 

Yet  in  the  scheme  of  evolution  he  pro- 
pounds he  does  not  indicate  this  develop- 
ment, but  contents  himself  with  merely 
accepting  the  barriers  between  humanity 
and  its  contemporary  fellow-creatures. 
So  that  in  the  end  we  must  find  a  verdict 
of  "  not  proven,"  at  the  same  time  acknow- 
ledging with  lively  gratitude  the  suggestive- 
ness  and  the  admirable  ideal  of  this  inter- 
esting book. 


Studies  of  English  Mystics.     St.  Margaret's 
Lectures,     1905.      By    William    Ralph 
Inge,  D.D.     (John  Murray.) 
Yet    another    book    on    mysticism  !     Of 
late  years  there  has  been  a  steady  and  con- 
tinuous,   if   thin,    supply    of   such    books 
from  the  press  ;    and  it  is  not  an  insig- 
nificant   sign    of    the    times.     With    this 
smoke  there  must  be  some  fire  ;  the  books 
I  (one  conceives)   presuppose  some  public. 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


35 


It  is,  we  imagine,  a  reaction  against  the 
forces  of  materialism  and  agnosticism.  But 
though  this,  in  itself,  may  be  agood  sign,  we 
have  no  love  for  popular  mysticism.  The 
terms  "  mystic  "  and  "  mysticism  "  are 
so  loosely  used,  indeed,  that  one  is  never 
sure  beforehand  what  may  be  meant  by 
them.  If  a  man  turns  a  table  or  keeps 
a  private  "  spook,"  he  is  a  mystic  ;  if  he 
writes  poems  of  a  more  or  less  spiritual 
order  (and  very  little  will  do),  he  is  a 
mystic  ;  if  he  writes  about  people  who 
were  considered  mystics,  he  is  himself  a 
mystic  ;  nay,  if  he  writes  about  people 
who  wrote  about  mysticism,  he  is  a  mystic. 
We  should  not  be  surprised  if  acquaint- 
ance with  the  differential  calculus  were 
held  to  constitute  a  man  a  mystic  ;  for 
•ordinary  people  do  not  understand  it — 
and  that  is  "  mysticism."  Nor  do  we 
think  that  amateur  and  undisciplined 
dalliance  with  what  is  called  mysticism 
{even  when  such  dalliance  is  not  mainly 
curious  rather  than  reverent)  is  likely  to  be 
a  healthy  influence  on  most  lives.  It 
must  often  mean  mere  religious  wilfulness 
and  whimsicality. 

Apart  from  our  distrust  of  all  popu- 
larization of  "  mysticism,"  however,  we 
have  no  special  quarrel  with  Dr.  Inge's 
book,  which  is  likely  to  be  as  little  harmful 
as  such  books  may  be.  Dr.  Inge  (we  say 
it  without  offence)  is  something  of  a  half- 
baked  mystic.  The  ultimate  end  of  all 
mystical  writers  is  intimate  personal  union 
and  intercourse  with  God  ;  and  a  great 
part  of  the  most  eminent  among  these 
writers  profess  to  deal  with  guidance 
towards  such  union.  It  is  necessarily 
intimate,  personal,  and  transcendental  or 
(that  dreaded  word  !)  supernatural.  That 
is  the  summit  :  there  are  many  half-way 
houses,  many  chalets,  the  dwellers  in 
which  have  not  reached  the  summit.  But 
they  believe  and  are  encouraged  by  the 
reports  of  those  who  have,  no  less  than  by 
their  own  experiences.  Dr.  Inge,  however, 
is  chiefly  concerned  with  the  occupants 
of  the  chalets  and  half-way  houses,  and 
with  the  dwellers  on  the  summit  only  in 
so  far  as  their  experiences  tally  with  those 
of  the  less  advanced  mystical  writers. 
The  vivid,  but  comparatively  vague 
intuitions  and  apprehensions  of  the  Divine 
presence  and  guidance  which  are  the 
-elementary  stage  in  mystical  treatises 
make  to  him  all  that  is  worth  acceptance. 
The  rest  he  calls  imagination  and  subjec- 
tive delusion — extravagance,  word  dear 
to  the  sober  English  mind  ! 

For  Dr.  Inge  is  rootedly  Britannic.  He 
likes  an  airing  among  the  heights,  but 
always  provides  for  his  return  to  the  safe 
domestic  hearth.  He  will  ramble  appre- 
ciatively among  the  aerial  utterances  of 
the  mystics,  but  when  at  the  end  of  his 
pilgrimage  he  unloads  his  scrip,  he  offers 
you  with  a  sigh  of  satisfaction  some  scraps 
of  solid  beef  and  mutton — most  wholesome 
fare,  but  scarcely  worth  (one  thinks)  such 
laborious  questing,  when  they  might 
have  been  picked  up  nearer  home.  For 
this  reason,  however,  Dr.  Inge's  mysticism 
is  calculated  to  be  more  wholesome  for 
those  to  whom  this  popular  mysticism 
appeals.     The  average  Englishman  needs 


precisely  religious  beef  and  mutton  ;  nor 
can  he  do  himself  much  good  by  spasmodic, 
unguided  attempts  to  fare  "  o'  the 
chameleon's  diet,"  for  which  he  is  wholly 
unfitted. 

Dr.  Inge's  methods  naturally  issue  in 
not  a  little  vagueness.  It  is  visible  at 
the  outset,  when  he  discusses  the  nature 
of  mysticism.  There  is  nothing  over 
which  a  true-bred  Anglo-Saxon  is  more 
comfortably  vague  than  a  definition. 
Usually  it  proves  to  be  a  description — 
and  loose  enough  even  so.  The  simplest 
definition,  in  the  present  case,  is  for  Dr. 
Inge  as  satisfactory  as  any — "  Mysticism 
is  the  love  of  God."  As  well  say  that 
gastronomy  is  the  love  of  food.  It  sub- 
serves the  love  of  food,  and  so  with 
mysticism.  But  neither  is  what  it  sub- 
serves. 

The  constitution  of  the  book  is  signifi- 
cant, in  view  of  what  we  have  said  con- 
cerning the  author's  limited  acceptance  of 
mystical  writers  and  writings.  He  has 
a  very  catholic  range  of  authors,  and  from 
each  he  quotes  much  that  is  interesting 
and  illuminating.  But  they  none  of  them 
go  much  beyond  the  more  elementary 
stages  of  the  mvstical  road  :  they  are 
not  "  advanced  "  mystics.  Perhaps  John 
Law  is  an  exception  :  by  virtue  not  of  his 
own  experience,  but  on  account  of  the 
ideas  he  borrowed  from  Boehme — and 
Dr.  Inge  shakes  his  head  over  the  more 
transcendental  of  these.  We  hold  no 
brief  for  any  ideas,  certainly  not  Boehme's ; 
we  merely  note  the  fact  as  a  symptom. 
It  would  be  the  same  were  they  St.  Teresa's 
(and,  indeed,  the  author  is  still  more 
emphatic  about  some  of  the  advanced 
Catholic  mystics). 

Accepting  his  deliberate  choice  of  limita- 
tions, we  find  much  of  interest  in  Dr. 
Inge's  book.  We  have  Julian  (or  Juliana) 
of  Norwich,  the  recluse  whose  "  revela- 
tion "  has  recently  been  reprinted  and 
edited  ;  a  monastic  countryman  of  hers 
from  whom  Dr.  Inge  cites  some  very  fine 
things  ;  John  Law,  whose  '  Serious  Call ' 
was  once  frequent  in  every  serious  house- 
hold ;  and  to  conclude,  studies  of  Words- 
worth and  Browning  as  mystics.  Perhaps 
the  most  attractive  of  these  is  Julian,  by 
reason  of  the  tender  simplicity  and  modesty 
which  throw  into  relief  some  surprising 
flashes  of  deep  intuition.  But  of  most 
general  interest  will  be  the  studies  of  the 
two  poets,  since  most  people  think  they 
know  Wordsworth,  and  a  considerable 
number  would  like  to  know  Browning. 

The  '  Wordsworth  '  is  characteristic  of 
the  author's  merits  and  limits.  He  reviews 
very  sympathetically  and  intelligently  the 
main  features  of  the  poet's  teaching,  nor 
does  he  neglect  its  more  esoteric  elements. 
He  notes  appreciatively  those  passages  of 
'  The  Prelude,'  in  particular,  which  (in 
Shelley's  words)  "  waken  a  sort  of  soul  in 
sense,"  so  that  the  very  rocks  to  the  poet 
become  vital  and  quick,  and  seem  to 
impress  themselves  on  his  being.  But 
when  Dr.  Inge  sums  up,  to  our  surprise 
all  these  things,  all  the  more  esoteric 
features  of  Wordsworth,  are  dismissed  as 
something  peculiar  to  the  poet's  own  nature, 
not  significant  to  other  men.     All  Words- 


worth's teaching  which  matters,  we 
discover,  is  reducible  to  a  practical  aphor- 
ism or  two  of  undeniable  excellence  and 
utility  (so  undeniable,  indeed,  that  one 
thinks  of  Mrs.  Gamp's  illustrious  remon- 
strance), but  these  things  scarcely  re- 
quired a  stout  volume  of  very  wordy 
poetry  for  their  enunciation.  "  There 
needs  no  ghost,  my  lord,  come  from  the 
grave  To  tell  us  this."  But  they  are 
good,  safe  Anglo-Saxon  truisms  ;  more- 
over, they  are  undoubtedly  taught  by 
Wordsworth. 

The  '  Browning  '  gives  more  result,  for 
under  Browning's  obscurity  there  was 
concreteness  ;  he  himself  had  a  decided 
relish  for  beef  and  mutton.  But  we 
arrive  at  the  conviction  that  on  Dr.  Inge's 
premises  all  poets  of  any  seriousness  are 
mystics,  and  there  is  no  particular  reason 
why  any  other  singer  should  not  have 
figured  in  place  of  Browning.  Any  one 
who  (in  Browning's  own  words)  "  follows 
the  inner  light  "  is  a  mystic.  A  great 
many  people  may  thank  the  writer  after 
the  manner  of  M.  Jourdain  :  "  For  these 
many  years  I  have  been  a  mystic  without 
knowing  it ;  and  I  have  all  the  obligation 
in  the  world  to  you  for  telling  me  of  it  !  " 

But  whatever  we  may  think  of  Dr. 
Inge's  own  conclusions,  let  us  say  dis- 
tinctly that  his  analysis  of  these  various 
writers  is  always  lucid,  tends  to  under- 
standing and  illumination ;  he  knows 
how  to  treat  interestingly  what  in  many 
hands  would  be  dry  ;  he  has  done  his 
work  well,  and  will  be  read  with  interest 
even  by  those  who  dissent  from  his  ideas 
and  some  of  his  judgments.  Only  why 
does  he  say  that  Wordsworth  was  "afraid 
of  passionate  love  "  ?  He  disapproved 
the  "  tumults  of  the  soul  "  ;  but  there  is 
in  him  profound  passion  (which  is  just  the 
distinction  between  him  and  his  imitators). 
How  few  understand  that  deep  passion, 
like  deep  waters,  is  strong  and  tranquil  ! 


Letters   and   Papers   relating   to   the   First 

Dutch  War.     Vol.  III.     Edited  by  S.  R. 

Gardiner  and  C.  T.  Atkinson.     (Navy 

Records  Society.) 
The  papers  contained  in  this  volume  were 
selected  and  arranged  by  the  late  Prof. 
Gardiner,  under  whose  care  they  were  to 
have  seen  the  light  ;  but  his  lamented 
death  necessitated  the  transfer  of  the  work 
to  another  hand.  The  division  of  the 
editorial  work  is  approximately  equal. 
Prof.  Gardiner  wrote  the  introduction 
and  the  majority  of  the  notes  to  the  first 
part  of  the  volume.  Mr.  Atkinson  has 
added  some  notes  to  the  first  part,  and 
written  both  notes  and  introduction  to  the 
second. 

The  two  previous  volumes  of  this  ex- 
haustive work,  issued  now  six  years  ago, 
carried  the  story  down  to  the  battle  of  the 
Kentish  Knock.  The  two  sections,  num- 
bered VII.  and  VI 11.,  included  in  the 
present  volume  describe  respectively 
Tromp's  voyage  to  Re,  with  the  battle 
fought  off  Dungeness  on  November  30th, 
1652  ;      and    the    reorganization    of    the 


36 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


English  fleet  which  resulted  from  the 
reverse  then  sustained.  The  method 
followed,  as  in  the  former  volumes,  is  to 
give  in  chronological  arrangement  both 
the  English  and  the  Dutch  accounts. 
These  are  drawn  mainly  from  original 
sources — the  archives  of  the  Hague,  the 
official  correspondence  in  our  own  Record 
Office,  in  the  British  Museum,  and  else- 
where— with  occasional  excerpts  from 
obscure  contemporary  periodicals  or  pam- 
phlets, included  for  the  sake  of  continuity. 
The  result  is  most  satisfactory,  and  when 
future  volumes  have  brought  the  under- 
taking to  completion,  the  student  will 
have  at  his  disposal  such  a  wealth  of 
authentic  material  as  is  available  for  no 
other  of  our  naval  wars. 

The  book  appears  opportunely.  At  the 
present  moment  "  commerce  protection  " 
is  in  the  air  ;  wild  theorizing,  based  for 
the  most  part  on  a  minimum  of  historical 
fact,  meets  us  everywhere.  It  is  profit- 
able, therefore,  to  turn  to  the  story  of 
Tromp's  short  campaign  in  the  winter  of 
1652-3 — a  campaign  the  outlines  of  which 
were  determined  by  the  imperative  need 
of  safeguarding  a  very  large  merchant 
marine — and  to  consider  whether  there 
are  no  lessons  for  to-day  in  the  movements 
and  opinions  of  one  of  the  greatest  masters 
of  naval  warfare.  This  may  the  more  easily 
be  done  as  the  interest  is  not  dispersed 
over  a  confusing  variety  of  subjects. 
Part  VII.,  which  relates  to  the  battle  of 
Dungeness  and  the  safe  wafting  of  the 
Dutch  merchant  fleets  past  their  enemy's 
shores,  is  concerned  almost  exclusively 
with  the  strategical  dispositions  and  move- 
ments ;  as  to  the  actual  tactics  and  details 
of  the  battle  it  adds  nothing,  for  there 
was  nothing  more  to  be  said.  It  has  long 
been  known  that  Blake  engaged  when  the 
trend  of  the  land  brought  him  down  on 
to  the  Dutch  fleet,  and  that  the  Dutch  for 
their  part  were  hard  put  to  it  to  beat  up 
against  the  strong  offshore  wind  in  order 
to  get  into  action.  But  why  Blake  fought 
at  all,  and  how  he  came  to  have  so  few 
ships  with  him  at  the  critical  juncture — 
these  matters,  together  with  Tromp's 
plans  and  movements,  have  till  now 
remained  obscure. 

The  fact  seems  to  be  that  the  victory 
gained  over  De  With  at  the  Kentish  Knock 
in  September  had  bad  effects.  The  victors 
did  not  realize  the  extent  to  which  dis- 
sensions and  discontent  in  the  Dutch 
fleet  had  contributed  to  their  success,  and 
fell  straightway  into  the  commonplace 
error  of  undervaluing  the  enemy.  The 
fleet  was  dispersed,  though  not  to  so  great 
an  extent  as  Colliber  has  led  us  to  suppose, 
and  a  great  number  of  ships  were  laid  up 
for  a  leisurely  refit  at  the  very  time  when 
the  Dutch  were  straining  every  nerve  to 
take  the  sea  again  in  force.  An  added 
circumstance  that  weighed  heavily  in  the 
scale  against  Blake  was  that  during  this 
false  lull  English  privateering  flourished, 
and  withheld  from  the  State's  ships  a 
large  proportion  of  the  men  who  would 
otherwise  have  been  available.  The  enemy 
had  been  forced  by  the  discontent  rife  in 
the  fleet  to  augment  the  pay  of  the  sea- 
men, and  though  a  very  similar  spirit  was 


growing  in  our  own  navy,  the  Council  of 
State  had  not  yet  been  led  by  the  logic  of 
events  to  make  equivalent  concessions. 
Apart  from  the  absence  from  the  English 
fleet  of  that  political  partisanship  which 
had  acted  as  such  a  heavy  drag  on  De 
With,  the  parallel  between  the  Kentish 
Knock  and  Dungeness  is  very  close.  On 
either  side  defeat  resulted  in  strenuous 
efforts  to  increase  the  fleet  at  disposal,  to 
"  new-model "  the  navy,  and  improve 
the  status  of  the  seamen.  And  in  each 
case  the  effort  was  rewarded  by  success. 

The  riddle  why  Blake  accepted  action 
may  be  said  to  be  solved.  It  was  not, 
of  course,  a  matter  of  quixotism  ;  Blake 
and  Tromp  understood  and  respected  each 
other  far  too  well  to  feel  any  need  to  play 
to  the  gallery.  But,  being  in  the  false 
position  in  which  Tromp  found  him, 
Blake  had  no  choice.  If  it  were  not  that 
the  move  was  so  intrinsically  sound,  we 
might  almost  say  that  with  Tromp  the  idea 
of  turning  the  Downs  into  a  rat-trap  was  an 
obsession  :  he  had  done  so  with  excellent 
results  thirteen  years  previously,  he  had 
all  but  done  so  in  the  case  of  Ayscue  in 
July  of  this  year  (i.  299),  and  he  had  every 
opportunity  of  doing  so  now.  These 
papers  show  us  what  was  in  his  mind. 
Writing  to  the  States  General  a  few  days 
after  the  action  when  a  spell  of  heavy 
weather  had  deprived  him  of  his  fireships 
he  said  (p.  160)  : — 

"  Fireships  are  very  urgently  needed  in 
the  fleet,  the  more  especially  as  the  English 
are  so  afraid  of  them  that  they  ■will  never  lie 
with  their  fleet  where  they  can  come  at  them." 

It  is  absurd  to  suppose  that  Blake  was 
not  aware  of  what  the  move  would  be  if 
he  remained  at  anchor  in  the  Downs. 
Even  the  batteries  which  had  afforded 
some  protection  to  Ayscue  had  been  dis- 
mantled, and  there  was  nothing  to  prevent 
Tromp  from  attacking  at  his  own  time 
with  every  advantage  of  wind  and  tide. 
The  move  had  in  fact  become  the  "  fool's 
mate "  of  the  game,  and  these  were 
expert  players.  It  is  also  tolerably  clear 
that  Blake  saw  no  particular  reason  to 
shun  an  encounter.  Numerically  his  fleet 
was  but  equal  to  the  half  of  Tromp's, 
but — as  is  now  well  established — -the 
English  ships  were  individually  of  greater 
force,  and  Blake  had  fought  against  odds 
before  without  having  to  give  way.  And 
so  the  event  came  to  him  as  a  surprise 
(p.  92)  :- 

"  I  am  bound  to  let  your  Honours  know 
in  general  that  there  was  much  baseness  of 
spirit,  not  among  the  merchantmen  only, 
but  many  of  the  State's  ships,  and  therefore 
I  make  it  my  humble  request  that  your 
Honours  would  be  pleased  to  send  down 
some  gentlemen  to  take  an  impartial  and 
strict  examination  of  the  deportment  of 
several  commanders,  that  you  may  know 
who  are  to  be  confided  in  and  who  are  not." 

The  strategical  mistake  was  largely  to 
blame,  though  he  did  not  realize  it ;  but 
the  shortage  of  men  and  its  effects  were 
ever  before  his  eyes.  That  the  reason 
assigned  by  Blake  was  in  itself  sufficient 
was  tacitly  admitted  at  head-quarters, 
the  more  so,  perhaps,  as  the  admission 
cloaked  the  strategical  failure.     An  inquiry 


therefore  was  promised,  and  held  ;  the- 
offending  captains  were  punished,  but 
leniently  ;  and  a  code  of  Articles  of  War 
was  issued — a  code  the  importance  of 
which  has  been  overshadowed  by  the- 
better-known  Act  of  Charles  II.  It  must 
not,  however,  be  taken  for  granted  that 
the  difficulty  of  manning  the  fleet  was 
entirely  overcome,  for  as  long  as  the  old 
haphazard  methods  of  entering  men  lasted' 
— to  within  living  memory,  in  fact— this- 
disadvantage  continued,  hooking  back 
to  this  very  period,  Pepys  sighed  for  the- 
good  old  days  when  things  went  so  well ; 
but  the  strong  light  of  contemporary 
evidence  shows  that,  even  when  excep- 
tional efforts  had  been  made,  the  result 
left  much  to  be  desired.  The  concluding: 
papers  of  the  volume  seem  to  contradict 
each  other  on  this  point.  The  reason  is 
that  they  give  the  judgments  of  men  in  very 
different  circumstances.  "It  did  much 
rejoice  me  to  see  so  gallant  a  fleet  together r 
being  upward  of  50  sail,  and  truly  I  think 
well  manned,"  wrote  Peter  Pett  on  Feb- 
ruary 10th,  1652/3,  after  a  visit  to  the  fleet 
in  the  Downs.  But  on  the  very  day  of 
Pett's  visit  the  Generals  of  the  Fleet  pre- 
sented the  opposite  opinion  :  "  Many  of 
the  ships  with  us  (as  the  Commanders- 
inform  us)  are  in  great  want  of  seamen." 
The  strategy  of  the  campaign  is  clear 
and  above  board.  The  Council  of  State 
had  under-estimated  the  power  of  recovery 
of  their  enemy,  and  Blake  had  concurred  in, 
or  at  least  had  not  protested  against,  the 
dispersal  of  force  which  left  him  too  weak 
at  the  decisive  point.  The  States  General- 
did  not  err  in  this  respect.  Their  instruc- 
tions to  Tromp  were  sometimes  inadequate 
and  even  incomprehensible,  but  the  general 
effect  was  to  concentrate  all  the  available 
naval  force  of  the  country,  and  to  leave 
him  a  fairly  free  hand  as  to  the  wielding 
of  it.  His  duty  was  to  collect  and  escort 
past  the  English  shores  the  whole  of  the 
outward-bound  merchant  fleet  which  could 
not  sail  without  convoy,  to  escort  it  as  far 
as  the  Isle  of  Re,  and  to  bring  back  the 
homeward-bound  trade  which  he  would 
find  awaiting  him.  But  even  this  task 
was  secondary.  He  was  at  the  same  time 
to  seek  out  the  enemy  and  destroy  him, 
and  this  was  to  be  his  "  first  and  principal 
object."  Tromp,  when  he  received  these 
instructions,  did  not  know  how  great 
a  force  he  was  likely  to  meet,  and  not  un- 
naturally was  impressed  by  the  magnitude 
of  the  charge.  "  I  could  wish,"  he  wrote 
four  days  before  the  battle,  "  to  be  so 
fortunate  as  to  have  only  one  of  the  two 
duties,  to  seek  out  the  enemy  or  to  give 
convoy  ;  for  to  do  both  is  attended  by 
great  difficulties."  Circumstances,  how- 
ever, played  into  his  hands.  The  enemy 
needed  but  little  seeking  out  ;  he  was 
lying  at  the  very  door,  so  that  Tromp  was 
able  to  leave  his  charge  on  the  threshold 
while  he  sought  to  clear  the  way.  Strate- 
gically Tromp's  action  was  all  that  could 
be  desired  ;  he  put  the  finishing  touches 
to  the  instructions  he  had  received,  which 
in  themselves  were  sound.  But  it  is  an 
interesting  subject  for  speculation  as  to 
what  might  have  happened  had  the  English 
fleet  been  concentrated  to  the  westward. 


N°410?,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


37 


where  it  would  have  met  Tromp  encum- 
bered with  his  great  charge,  in  much  the 
same  manner  as  it  did  a  few  months  later, 
on  the  occasion  of  his  return  journey. 
Could  one  fleet  have  stood  such  a  double 
strain  ? 

Tromp,    having   gained    an    advantage 
over  his  enemy,  was  disposed  to  follow  it 
up  ;   but  here  he  was  met  by  difficulties  of 
pilotage   such   as   have   marred   many   a 
pretty  scheme.     He  wished  to  go  into  the 
Thames  to  crush  Blake  before  he  could 
be  reinforced,  but  no  pilots  could  be  found 
who  would  undertake  the  charge  of  the 
fleet  amongst  the  sands.     This  is  interest- 
ing, for  avowedly  there  were  many  men  in 
the  Dutch  fleet  who  knew  the  waters  well ; 
yet  the  mere  probability  of  the  removal 
or  shifting  of  buoys  and  marks  in  war 
time  made  them  decide  that  the  matter 
was   beyond  their  power.     The  incident 
may   be   recommended  to   the   attention 
of  students  of  the  "  Alien  Pilot  Danger." 
In  this  connexion  we  would  suggest  that 
further  notes  on  some  of  the  dark  points 
involved  would  have  been  welcome.     It 
is  not  easy  to  know  what  channels  were 
in  use  in  the  Thames  at  this  date — in  fact, 
few  men  know  more  of  the  matter  than  is 
to  be  drawn  from  Wagenaer  and  Seller, 
the  total  of  which  does  not  amount  to 
very  much.     But  for  the  proper  under- 
standing of  all  our  wars  with  the  Dutch  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  hydrography  of 
both  sides  of  the  southern  part  of  the  North 
Sea  is  imperative.     A  chart  of  the  Dutch 
waters  is  given  in  vol.  ii.  ;  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  in  a  future  volume  a  corresponding 
chart  of  the  Thames  estuary,  as  known 
to  Blake,  will  be  offered.     As  a  contribu- 
tion to  such  a  chart  we  would  suggest 
that  the  "  Lassen  "  (p.  236)  is  undoubtedly 
the   "  Last,"    and  that   "  King's   Deep  " 
(p.    233,    &c.)   was   probably   the   Dutch 
name  for  the  "  Barrow  Deep." 

In  the  translation,  which  otherwise  is 
adequate  and  even  elegant,  there  are  a 
few  slips  due  to  a  lack  of  exact  technical 
knowledge.  There  were,  for  instance,  no 
brigs  (p.  156),  nor  trysails  (p.  243),  nor 
reefs  (pp.  201,  243),  in  1652  ;  "  main  fore- 
sail "  (p.  260),  presumably  for  "  fore 
course,"  is  a  nautical  monstrosity  ;  and 
ships  do  not,  in  English  at  any  rate,  "run" 
when  sailing  by  the  wind  (p.  202).  These 
minutiae  would,  perhaps,  be  scarcely 
worthy  of  mention,  were  it  not  for  the  fact 
that  the  antiquary  has  no  other  printed 
quarry  than  the  volumes  of  the  Navy 
Records  Society  in  which  to  seek  for 
material. 

A  further  somewhat  important  con- 
sideration, as  the  book  has  already  at- 
tained to  three  large  volumes,  and  pro- 
mises to  run  into  as  many  more,  is  whether 
it  would  not  be  advisable  to  issue  an 
index  before  the  end  is  reached.  The 
material  collected  is  of  the  highest  value, 
but  at  present  not  too  easy  of  access. 


NEW   NOVELS. 
Clemency    Shajto.     By   Frances    G.    Bur- 

mester.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
This  is  a  painful  drama  of  a  domestic 
life   governed   by   passion   and   pleasure.  I 


In  it  a  mother's  past  misdeeds  wreck  the 
opening  hopes  and  possible  happiness  of 
a  daughter  whose  childhood  has  been  made 
sad  and  solitary  by  the  same  cause.  It  is 
also  the  story  of  two  temperaments  (not 
without  good  in  them)  exasperated  and 
embittered  by  lack  of  sympathy  and  the 
concealment  and  mystery  that  flow  from 
evil.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  the  stuff  of 
average  human  nature  about  some  of  the 
people  even  in  their  rascality. 


The  Queen's  Tragedy.     By  Robert  Hugh 
Benson.     (Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons.) 

It  is  the  novelist  rather  than  the  annalist 
who  seems  able  to  tell  the  truth  about 
Mary  Tudor.     That  she  was  human  and  a 
woman  is  of  service  to  her  reputation  as 
soon  as  we  come  close  to  her,  but  prox- 
imity in  this  case  can  only  be  attained  by 
imagination.     Mr.    Benson   has  not   only 
come   close   to   her  ;     his   mind   has   also 
glowed  with  sympathy  for  her.     She  is  in 
his  pages  a  piteous  woman,  the  sport  of 
extreme  irony  without  peril  to  her  devout- 
ness,   and  on  her  death-bed  visited  gra- 
ciously by  phantasmal  children  of  heaven. 
She   is   unintellectual,    she    toils    at   em- 
broidery ;    Ridley  and  Latimer  are  burnt, 
and  we   see   the   candle   lit   that  is   not 
extinguished  ;    yet  for  an  hour  or  two  we 
are  loyal  to  Mary  because  Mr.   Benson, 
though  no  apologist,  is  the  voice  of  the 
pathos  that  is  hers.    First  love,  a  passion 
for  Philip    of    Spain  in  the  breast  of    a 
woman    of    thirty-seven,    is    tragedy    in 
suspense  from  its  commencement,  and  the 
novelist  makes   her    foolish  heart  flutter 
before  us  till  we  need  the  annalist  to  reduce 
the  temperature  of  our  pity.     There  is  no 
love  story  in  the  book  except  the  queen's. 
Instead  of  the  usual  fictitious  wooing,  there 
is  a  deeply  interesting  study  in  manhood, 
the  subject  being  a  Fellow  of  Cambridge 
who  has  left  the  University  to   become 
one  of  the  queen's  gentlemen.     His  aim 
is  to  be  hard  enough  for  his  loyalty  and 
the  witnessing  of  torture.     He  succeeds 
in  spite  of  his  tenderness  for  a  friend  in 
trouble.     A    priest,    however,    is    shrewd 
enough  to  divine  that  he  is  a  man  at  wilful 
war  with  his  own  nature.     The  writing  at 
the  end  of  the  book  is  fine  and  grandiose. 


Latter-Day  Sweethearts.     By  Mrs.  Burton 
Harrison.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

Americanisms  as  well  as  American  people 
appear  in  this  story  of  the  love  affairs  of 
young  folk  gathered  on  a  liner  bound  to 
England.  Scenes  in  England  and  the 
Riviera  follow,  but  there  is  nothing  very 
vital  in  characterization,  nor  anything 
remarkable  in  the  author's  way  of  writing, 
unless  it  be  the  turns  of  phrasing  already 
mentioned. 

Caesar's  Wife.    By  R.  Melton.    (Methuen 

&Co.) 
"Caesar"  is  the  Leader  of  the  Tory  Oppo- 

silion  in  the  House  of  Commons.  His 
wife  falls  in  love  with  the  member  who 
has   withdrawn   some   of   his   supporters 


into  a  "  cave."  Hence  a  novel  more 
political  than  novels  which  have  no 
politics,  but  without  political  vitality. 
Almost  the  only  way  by  which  British 
politics  can  vitalize  a  story  is  by  wit. 
Real  debates  might  exhaust  the  appetite 
of  a  satirist,  but  they  must  be  heard 
patiently  to  be  properly  depreciated.  Or, 
again,  they  must  be  watched,  as  Jules 
Verne  made  a  character  watch  for  the 
green  ray,  before  an  unlucky  author  can 
get  the  precise  notes  of  their  effectiveness. 
Our  author  visualizes  Parliament  with 
moderate  intelligence  ;  he  does  not  con- 
trive to  interest  one  in  the  subject-matter 
of  his  Bills.  He  indulges,  however,  in 
some  sensational  incidents,  and  kindles 
an  almost  lurid  fire  of  jealousy  in  an  arid 
politician  who  had  forgotten  his  nuptial 
privileges  too  long.  The  art  of  the  book 
is  poor.  People  talk  confidentially  in 
the  wrong  place,  and  that  is  an  offence 
against  reality  not  lightly  to  be  passed 
over.  On  the  whole,  the  effect  is  of  a 
serious  man  trifling  with  his  artistic 
ambition  and  playing  to  a  gallery  which 
can  never  be  trusted  to  buy  even  bad  art. 


Toll     Marsh.      By     Poynton     Stranger. 
(Skeffington  &  Son.) 

Marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's  sister 
has  more  than  once  been  made  the  theme 
of  recent  fiction.     Here  the  point  of  view 
of  the  Church  is  more  prominent  than  that 
of  the  law,  and  the  Duke  of  Newcastle's 
preface  is   sufficient   testimony   that   the 
question  is  here  to  be  taken  very  seriously. 
Kitty   Kermode,    as   she   is   called,    feels 
herself-  morally  bound,  according  to  the 
teaching    of    the    Anglo-Catholic    Church 
by  her  marriage  with  Capt.  Marsh  ;  and 
in  spite  of  his  second  marriage  she  refuses 
to  console  herself,  even  when  she  comes 
to   England,    with   the   love   of   Osborne 
Prior,    though    she    does    not    reject    his 
material  help.     She  is  a  young  woman  of 
considerable    spirit    and   endurance,    and 
no  circumstance  is  omitted  by  the  author 
to  accentuate  the  falseness  of  Jut  position. 
Indeed,   the  interview   between   the   two 
wives    of    the    same    man,    with    Kitty's 
child  as  it  were  between   them,  borders 
dangerously  upon  the  ludicrous.     In  such 
an    impasse    sacrifice    of    life    is   always 
expected,  but  it   seems   unnecessary  that 
Osborne,  who  might  have  been  of  great 
use  to  one  widow,  should  have  gone  with 
Marsh  to  his  well-merited  end. 


The    Price    of   Silence.     By    Mis.    Edith 
Bagot  Harte.     (Greening  &  Co.) 

When  Sir  George  Ellingham  finds  himself 
confronted  with  the  undesirable  first'  wife 
whom  lie  had  long  supposed  to  be  in  her 
grave,  he  docs  not  hesitate  as  to  the  best 
means  of  surmounting  this  serious  obstacle 
to  his  happiness  and  to  the  welfare  of  the 
reigning  Lady  Ellingham  and  her  boy. 
Bui  having  committed  the  eiime  he  is  too 
stupid  to  obliterate  its  traces  successfully 
and  a  great  deal  too  cowardly  to  face  the 
inevitable    consequences.     Therefore    his 

9 


88 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1908 


friend  Guy  Erskine,  who  alone  knows  the 
truth,  and  is  deeply  in  love  with  Hilda 
Ellingham,  permits  the  rope  to  be  placed 
about  his  own  neck,  his  self-assumed 
guilt  being  easily  accepted  by  his  devoted 
brother  and  the  neighbourhood,  whilst 
the  baronet  is  free,  his  name  unsullied, 
to  die,  mainly  of  fright,  in  his  bed.  For- 
tunately for  the  nerves  of  the  reader,  the 
print  of  this  sensational  tale,  which  includes 
another  successful  murder  and  a  still  more 
exciting  attempted  one,  is  large.  Other- 
wise the  strain  would  be  severe  indeed, 
for  the  original  murder  occurs  in  the  first 
chapter,  and  the  deserving  naturally  do 
not  reap  their  due  reward  until  the  last 
three  pages  are  reached. 


Face  to  Face  and  Dolorosa.  Two  Novels 
of  Modern  Spain  by  Francisco  Acebal. 
Presented  in  English,  with  a  Pre- 
face by  Martin  Hume.  (Constable  & 
Co.) 

We  are  not  told  why  the  stories  in  this 
volume  have  been  printed  in  the  reverse 
order  to  that  given  on  the  title-page,  nor 
why  the  first  tale  has  the  running  head-line 
'  Mater  Dolorosa.'  It  is  certainly  the 
better  story :  though  young  Inch- 
aurrandieta  and  his  doting  mother  are 
mere  lay-figures,  the  plodding  old  iron- 
monger is  cleverly  drawn,  and  the  melo- 
dramatic ending  is  neatly  worked  out. 
The  second  novel  contains  some  graphic 
descriptive  passages,  but  the  trite  theme 
of  the  impoverished  noble  confronted 
with  the  prosperous  parvenu  is  not 
handled  with  any  redeeming  freshness. 
The  writer  is  clearly  influenced  by  Ibsen, 
and  has  still  to  acquire  a  personal  method. 
However,  the  book  shows  promise,  and 
the  free  translation  is  readable. 

The  Preface  is  pitched  in  much  too  high 
a  key.  "  Supreme  skill  "  and  "  exquisite' ' 
are  phrases  which  should  be  reserved  for 
masters  and  masterpieces.  The  name  of 
the  author  of  '  Karpathy  Zoltan '  and 
'  Egy  Magyar  Nabob  '  was  Jokai,  not 
"  Joakai."  It  is  a  mistake  to  say  that 
only  one  novel  by  Palacio  Valdes  has  been 
translated  into  English  :  four  of  his  novels 
have  appeared  in  translations  published 
in  this  country,  and  four  others  have  been 
translated  in  the  United  States. 


Miss     White    of    Mayjair.     By     G.     W. 
Appleton.     (Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 

This  novel  is  an  exceedingly  simple 
narrative  of  incredible  events.  The 
novelist  has  housed  in  Curzon  Street  an 
Egyptologist  who  in  1887,  making  a 
sport  of  revenge,  caused  his  wife  and  her 
lover  to  be  mummified.  The  boyish 
drawing  of  the  notable  barrister  who 
fathoms  the  mystery  of  the  heroine's 
parentage  of  itself  stamps  the  novel  as  a 
juvenile  production,  though  other  works 
stand  to  its  author's  credit.  His  claim 
to  have  written  a  "shocker"  is,  however, 
indubitable,  and  the  shock  it  inflicts  lias 
the  merit  of  being  felt.  One  cannot 
always  say  so  much  for  such  books. 


The    House    over    the    Way.     By    Alfred 
Wilson-Barrett.     (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

Real  life  at  great  expense  sets  lessons  to 
romance  which  it  is  lamentable  to  neglect. 
We  do  not  think  that  if  Mr.  Alfred  Wilson- 
Barrett  had  studied  some  recent  tragedies 
he  would  have  made  so  inept  a  portrait 
as  that  of  the  financier  of  the  story  before 
us.  His  story,  in  so  far  as  it  is  to  interest 
the  public,  is  a  poisoning  case  in  which 
the  financier  is  the  criminal,  a  convict 
the  suspect,  and  the  financier's  ward  the 
intended  victim,  wfc  It  is  told  by  the 
heroine's  lover,  and  careers  to  its  close 
like  a  motor-car  with  one  wheel  gone 
wrong.  So  much  is  mere  truth ;  but 
evidence  is  not  lacking  that  our  author 
possesses  considerable  ability.  The  spirit 
manifested  in  some  of  the  dialogue  is 
free  and  philosophical,  and  a  humour 
at  once  fresh  and  genial  is  exhibited  in 
the  pictures  presented  of  the  motoring 
French  doctor  and  his  "  teuf-teuf."  In 
fact,  the  author  is  a  novelist  vigorous 
enough  to  utilize  the  critic's  straight  word, 
and  clever  enough  to  deserve  it. 


Benjamine.     By    Jean    Aicard.       (Paris, 
Flammarion.) 

'  Benjamine,'  in  spite  of  absence  of  life- 
like characters  consistent  with  themselves 
throughout  the  volume,  is  readable  on 
account  of  the  remarkable  strength  of 
the  situations  presented  by  the  author. 
M.  Aicard  is  not  generally  popular  in 
this  country,  but  the  present  novel  is 
above  his  average. 


FRENCH   HISTORY. 

Histoire  de  V Emigration  pendant  la  Revolu- 
tion Franraise.  Par  Ernest  Daudet.  2  vols. 
(Paris,  Hachette  &  Cie.) — Defective  in 
arrangement,  argument,  and  portraiture, 
this  work  falls  far  short  of  M.  Forneron's 
'  Histoire  des  Emigres  ' ;  moreover,  the  new 
material  M.  Daudet  now  incorporates  with 
the  volumes  he  began  to  issue  twenty  years 
ago  hardly  warrants  the  words  :  "  J'ai  done 
presque  le  droit  de  dire  que  e'est  un  ouvrage 
nouveau  que  je  presente  aux  lecteurs." 
Still,  we  thank  him  for  some  additional 
details  confirming  the  judgment  of  King 
Victor  Amadeus,  who  in  1790,  on  personal 
acquaintance  with  his  son-in-law,  Comte 
d'Artois,  declared  that  "  near  kinship  to  the 
Frencli  Crown  conferred  the  right  to  indulge 
in  utter  ignorance,  to  give  way  to  every 
passion,  to  set  aside  the  laws  of  religion,  of 
morality,  and  of  the  State,  to  be  assured  on 
all  sides  that  the  realm  belongs  to  the  king 
and  to  his  family  "  ;  and,  it  might  be  added, 
to  revel  in  that  species  of  treachery  to 
Louis  XVI.  which  justified  such  a 
description  as  Marie  Antoinette's  cry  of 
"  Cain,  Cain  !  "  In  truth,  never  before  had 
the  confraternity  of  adventurers  boasted  of 
recruits  so  dead  to  honour  and  loyalty  as 
that  aristocratic  horde  of  emigres  who,  said 
Woronzoff,  "  sont  comme  la  pesto.  Partout 
ou  ils  vienncnt,  ils  rongent  la  main  qui  les 
noun-it." 

The  royal  princes  caballed  against  each 
other,  and  the  councils  of  each  were 
weakened  by  internal  treachery.  Tims, 
whilst  Monsieur  (Louis  XVIII.)  finds  his 
private  correspondence  tampered  with  by  his 


minister  the  Due  de  Vauguyon,  the  latter's 
son,  the  Prince  de  Carency,  after  robbing  a 
Frankfort  bank  by  impersonating  the 
Spanish  Ambassador,  is  presently  found  in 
Paris,  selling  the  secrets  and  the  agents  of 
the  royalists  to  B  arras.  There  was  the 
declasse  Comte  d'Antraigues,  the  "  Marat 
of  the  Counter-Revolution,"  who  would  cut 
off  the  heads  of  100,000  constitutional 
royalists,  who  enjoyed  the  special  confidence 
of  the  princes,  who  corresponded  with  all 
the  European  statesmen,  and  who  held  the 
threads  of  all  the  conspiracies  and  operations 
of  the  emigres.  Before  long  he  and  the  still 
more  infamous  Montgaillard  capitalized  their 
knowledge,  and  betrayed  to  the  Directory 
Pichegru's  intrigues  with  the  royalists. 
Perpetually  likening  himself  to  Henri  IV., 
Monsieur  had,  it  must  be  allowed,  inherited 
his  ancestor's  elasticity  of  conscience. 
Together  with  D'Artois  he  had  contributed 
to  the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  by  opposition  to 
a  constitutional  monarchy.  His  manifesto 
in  1795  combined  adherence  to  the  strictest 
principles  of  the  ancien  regime  with  vows  of 
vengeance  against  its  opponents  and  of 
death  to  his  "  brother's  assassins."  In  1797, 
after  18  Fructidor,  this  pensioner  of  England 
is  fooled  into  the  belief  that  not  only  Barras, 
but  also  the  regicide  Carnot,  on  promise  of 
12,000,000  francs,  are  prepared  to  restore 
him  to  the  throne  of  his  ancestors.  Having 
discovered  that  "  on  ne  prend  pas  les  mouches 
avec  du  vinaigre,"  Monsieur  is  now  profuse 
in  offers  of  indemnity  to  his  faithful 
"  Paul,  vicomte  de  Barras,"  whom  he 
appoints  his  "  commissaire  general  a  l'effet 
de  preparer  et  executer  le  retablissement 
pur  et  simple  de  la  monarchie  francaise." 
Still  more  absurd  is  his  appeal  to  Bonaparte 
on  his  return  from  Egypt  to  choose  between 
the  roles  of  Caesar  and  Monk  : — 

"Rendez-moi   cette  armee  toujours   victorieuse 

sous  vos  ordres Dites  ee  que  vous  desirez  pour 

vous,  pour  [Vos  amis],  et  l'instant  de  ma  restaura- 
tion  sera  celui  ou  vos  desirs  seront  accomplis." 

Though  continually  duped  by  his  fraudulent 
agents,  the  inveterate  intrigiier  never  tired 
of  his  game,  nor  of  attempting  to  thwart 
England's  policy  by  means  of  the  alms  she 
bestowed  upon  him ;  for,  as  M.  Daudet 
observes,  Monsieur  was  convinced  that, 
penniless  exile  though  he  was,  "  l'Europe 
ne  pouvait  se  passer  de  lui.  II  etait  la  clef 
de  voute  de  l'equilibre  continental." 

In  dealing  with  England's  treatment  of  the 
expatriated  Bourbons  our  author's  bias 
against  this  country  obscures  his  judgment. 
"  Throw  yourself  into  Brittany  without 
waiting  the  result  of  foreign  negotiations," 
said  the  Empress  Catherine  to  D'Artois  as, 
investing  him  with  the  famous  sword,  she 
pledged  him  to  immediate  action  or  to  death. 
Vaudreuil,  his  intimate  friend,  rejoined, 
"  Lyon,  La  Vendee,  Toulon,  ou  la  tombe, 
voila  ce  qui  lui  convient."  "  C'etait  le  cas 
ou  jamais  pour  le  comte  d'Artois  de  se  jeter 
en  avant.  Mais  le  pourrait-il,  et  surtout  le 
voudrait-il  *  "  observes  M.  Daudet.  Surely 
this  admission  nullifies  his  argument  that 
"  Cain,"  whose  disobedience  to  his  own 
sovereign  had  had  such  fatal  results,  and 
who  during  that  monarch's  life  had  asserted, 
"  II  n'ost  de  roi  que  moi,"  remained  passive 
for  two  years  and  a  half  in  deference  to 
Pitt's  policy.  At  last,  in  August,  1795, 
D'Artois,  at  the  request  of  our  Government, 
set  out  to  invade  La  Vendee,  protected  by 
an  English  fleet  and  supported  by  4,000 
English  troops,  in  order  to  effect  a  junction 
with  Charetto's  forces.  But  the  prince 
declined  to  venture  beyond  the  security 
afforded  by  the  He  d'Yeu.  Admiral  Warren 
repeatedly  oxhorted  him  to  attempt  the 
mainland,  promising  to  remain  at  hand  to 
re-embark   him   in   case   of   misadventure ; 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


39 


"  Je  ne  veux  pas  aller  Chouanner,"  was  the 
poltroon's  reply  (Forneron,  '  Hist,  des 
Emigres,'  vol.  ii.  p.  137).  M.  Daudet 
remarks  :  "  II  reste  toutefois  avere  qu'avec 
un  peu  d'audace  il  aurait  pu  passer  en  France. 
....  Peut-etre  aussi  ne  lui  en  laissa-t-on  pas 
le  temps,"  for  after  three  months  Pitt  recalled 
the  fleet  to  England,  and  "  the  prince  could 
only  obey."  But  surely  three  months  was 
enough  to  enable  the  man  to  make  up  his 
mind  whether  to  fight  or  to  fly.  The  letter 
attributed  to  Charette,  "  Sire,  la  lachete  de 
votre  frere  a  tout  perdu . .  .  .  il  ne  me  restera 
plus  qu'a  perir  inutilement  pour  votre 
service,"  sums  up  the  story. 

Again,  M.  Daudet  plainly  expresses  his 
belief  that  in  undertaking  the  Quiberon 
expedition  in  June,  1795,  "  L'Angleterre.  .  .  . 
avait  cherche  a  detruire  les  seuls  rivaux 
qu'elle  eut  a  redouter. . .  .en  jetant  dans  cette 
aventure  l'elite  de  la  marine  francaise  "  ; 
yet,  from  the  description  he  quotes  further 
on  as  to  the  scandalous  and  licentious  state 
of  that  elite,  it  was  evidently  not  worth  the 
trouble  of  destroying.  After  suggesting  that 
ignorance  or  perfidy  was  the  reason  why 
Puisaye  was  not  supported  by  a  large  English 
force,  he  presently  gives  the  following  from 
the  letter  of  an  officer  attached  to  the  expe- 
dition : — 

"  Je  croirais  que  les  troupes  anglaises  ne  paraitront 
pas  en  France.  Les  prejuges  des  Bretons  s'y  opposent, 
et  la  declaration  de  M.  de  Puisaye  leur  promet  qu'il 
n'y  aura  aucune  troupe  etrangere.  Si  on  en 
demande,  elles  seront  pretes." 

For  the  rest,  we  would  commend  to  M.  Daudet 
the  memoirs  of  that  Comte  de  Puisaye  whom 
he  so  heartily  detests.  Disgusted  by  the 
attacks  on  our  good  faith  made  by  those  who 
were  ever  demanding  from  us  money  to 
squander  on  their  chimerical  schemes,  the 
Comte  asks  : — 

"  Pourquoi  done,  depuis  trois  ans,  sollicitent-ils 
avec  tant  d'empressement  l'intervention  et  les 
secours  [de  l'Angleterre]  ?  et  s'ils  ne  recoivent  l'asile 
et  le  pain  de  sa  generosite  que  pour  la  calomnier, 
ou  meme  en  medire,  se  sont-ils  done  reserves  de 
fournir  a  l'histoire  le  seul  trait  neuf,  peut-etre,  de 
la  depravation  humaine  que  la  revolution  francaise 
ait  produit." — 'Mem.,'  vol.  iv.  p.  33. 

Histoirede  laLitterature  Francaise  Classique, 
1518-1830.  Par  Ferdinand  Brunetiere. — 
Tome  Premier.  De  Marot  a  Montaigne. — 
Deuxieme  Partie.  La  Pleiade.  (Paris,  Dela- 
grave.) — The  view  that  the  "  French  Renais- 
sance "  was  introduced  from  Italy  at  a 
definite  date  in  1492  by  Charles  VIII.  "  sans 
le  savoir,"  continued  by  Louis  XII.  "  sans 
le  vouloir,"  and  consciously  by  Francis  I., 
is  no  longer  held,  though  it  still  persists  in 
our  terminology.  Even  M.  Brunetiere,  who 
in  the  first  part  of  this  work — '  Le  Mouve- 
ment  de  la  Renaissance  ' — clearly  demon- 
strated the  essential  incompatibility  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance  and  the  revival  of 
Western  Europe,  now  tacitly  assumes  that 
they  are  fundamentally  one.  But  this  is 
not  so.  The  Italian  Renaissance  was  a 
literary  and  artistic  movement  founded  on 
Italian  tradition ;  the  revival  of  Western 
Europe  was  at  base  an  economic  one,  caused 
by  the  constant  drain  on  its  resources,  the 
profits  of  its  commerce  being  absorbed  by 
the  great  trading  centres  of  Italy,  of  its 
religion  by  Rome.  In  France  this  move- 
ment, divided  in  aim,  attempted  on  one  side 
to  obtain  possession  of  the  Italian  trading 
centres,  on  the  other  to  compete  with  them  ; 
and  this  division  was  reflected  in  its  religious 
and  literary  aspects.  A  further  complica- 
tion was  caused  in  the  literary  movement  by 
two  things  :  the  invention  of  printing,  which 
upset  the  equilibrium  of  interest  arrived  at 
after  centuries  of  manuscript  production  ; 
and  the  existence  of  a  universal  language, 
which  allowed  of  the  interaction  of  unrelated 


literatures.  But  the  broad  distinction  still 
persisted.  An  Italian  of  the  Renaissance 
was  preoccupied  with  the  manner  of  his 
writing  :  a  writer  of  the  Western  Revival 
with  what  he  had  to  say.  It  is  therefore 
something  more  than  a  coincidence  of  time 
that  makes  M.  Brunetiere  head  the  first  sec- 
tion of  his  history  '  Autour  de  la  Reforme.' 

As  soon,  however,  as  any  idea  of  depend- 
ence on  the  Italian  Renaissance  is  dismissed, 
it  becomes  necessary  to  define  as  clearly  as 
possible  its  influence  on  Western  Europe,  and 
more  especially  on  France.  M.  Brunetiere 
abandons  Burckhardt's  well-known  formula — 
the  tendency  of  the  Renaissance  is  to  indi- 
vidualism— or  rather  substitutes  in  it  human- 
ism. Here  we  cannot  follow  him.  Indi- 
vidualism was  the  new  thing,  the  key-note 
of  the  revival  of  Western  Europe  ;  in  Italy 
it  was  a  deep-seated  characteristic.  As  a 
people  the  Italians  had  never  really  formed 
part  of  the  ordered  framework  of  mediaeval 
society  ;  feudalism  had  been  superimposed 
on  them,  and  had  never  entered  into  their 
being.  Humanism  was  the  new  thing,  the 
vital  principle  of  the  Italian  Renaissance, 
and  it  is  the  influence  of  humanism  on 
French  literature  that  M.  Brunetiere  traces 
in  the  volume  before  us.  The  Pleiad  was  a 
group  of  young  writers,  most  of  whom  had 
studied  the  new  learning  under  Daurat. 
They  were  intensely  French,  eminently 
patriotic,  greedy  of  glory,  lovers  of  art,  pre- 
occupied with  style  ;  and  theirwork  influenced 
the  development  of  French  literature  for 
the  next  two  centuries. 

The  France  of  those  days  had  two  im- 
portant literary  centres,  Lyons  and  Paris. 
Lyons  stood  for  Italy  as  Paris  for  France. 
It  was  the  centre  of  trade  ;  its  banks  were 
in  the  hands  of  Italian  families  ;  its  presses 
poured  Italian  books  and  translations  on  the 
market ;  its  poets  were  the  first  to  imitate 
Italian  forms  and  ideas.  Sceve,  Pontus 
de  Tyard,  Louise  Labe,  rank  chief  among 
them,  the  last  a  fine  poet  too  often  entirely 
overlooked  by  English  readers.  The  '  Olive,' 
the  '  Vers  Lyriques,'  the  '  Erreurs  Amour- 
euses,'  the  '  Cleopatre,'  and  the  '  Amours  de 
Francine  '  are  to  some  extent  a  logical  con- 
sequence of  the  '  Delia '  of  Sceve,  of  the 
poems  of  Louise  Labe.  But  it  was  not  only 
Italian  models  that  influenced  the  Pleiad — 
it  was  all  classical  antiquity.  They  began 
by  adoring  Homer,  and  writing  like  the 
Alexandrians  ;  they  ended  by  worshipping 
Virgil,  and  copying  Seneca  and  Statius  ;  and 
while  Italian  influence  died  away  with  them, 
they  riveted  the  fetters  of  classicism  on 
French  poetry  for  centuries  to  come. 

We  have  no  intention  of  following  M. 
Brunetiere  through  his  detailed  account  of 
the  Pleiad,  or  saying  much  of  his  suggestive 
criticism.  We  agree  with  nearly  every  word 
of  it,  but  it  is  not  complete.  We  want  to 
see  the  other  side,  the  long  process  of  accept- 
ance ;  the  struggle  of  the  spirit  of  Western 
Europe  and  the  Reform  against  the  Italian 
invasion,  and  their  final  defeat  and  disgrace. 
The  countless  editions  of  Marot's  Psalms, 
of  Rabelais,  of  the  Contours,  of  the 
old  romances,  the  '  Quatre  Fils,'  &c,  the 
popular  theatre,  with  its  farces  and  mysteries, 
attest  a  public  untouched  by  the  Italianate 
Court  and  the  humanist  men  of  letters.  The 
defeat  of  the  popular  poetry  is  easy  to  under- 
stand. The  Italian  Renaissance  was  dead 
in  the  days  of  Ronsard,  and  its  effects  were 
temporary  ;  but  the  humanist  movement 
chanced  to  supply  a  national  craving  for 
authority,  and  in  the  train  of  the  forces  of 
authority  in  Church  and  State,  and  led  by 
the  greatest  poet  his  country  has  ever 
produced,  it  conquered.  But  it  is  well 
to  remember  that  the  great  names  of 
the   battle    owe   their    renown    to-day    to 


qualities  far  other  than  those  for  which  they 
were  then?  praised,  and  that  the  lines  of 
Ronsard  read  by  any  but  professed  students 
of  literature  owe  nothing  to  his  poetical 
principles — everything  to  that  expression 
of  the  poet's  personality  which  it  was  the 
mission  of  his  school  to  drive  out  of  French 
poetry. 


SOME    AMERICAN    BOOKS. 

Alexander  Hamilton.  By  F.  S.  Oliver. 
(Constable  &  Co.) — Mr.  Oliver  has  written  a 
very  thoughtful  and  clever  essay  on  the 
life  and  work  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  one 
of  the  chief  f  ramers  of  that  Constitution  under 
which  the  United  States  have  prospered  for 
more  than  a  century.  It  does  not  profess 
to  be  formal  biography,  but  is  rather  intended 
to  illustrate  some  aspects  of  the  problem 
which  is  now  facing  the  people  of  this  country. 
That  problem,  as  Mr.  Oliver  points  out,  is 
curiously  similar  to  that  which  confronted 
the  American  statesmen  after  the  successful 
conclusion  of  the  war  in  which  they  cut 
themselves  adrift  from  the  mother  country. 
It  is  to  devise  some  bond  of  union  for  a 
number  of  distant  and  differently  constituted 
States  :  "  The  final  question  with  us,  as 
with  Hamilton,  is  how  we  may  convert  a 
voluntary  league  of  States,  terminable  upon 
a  breath,  into  a  firm  union."  It  is  curious 
to  notice  how  close  a  parallel  can  be  drawn 
between  our  present  political  situation  and 
that  with  which  Hamilton  and  his  fellow 
constitution-makers  had  to  deal : — 

"The  sentiment  in  favour  of  union  in  the 
abstract  was  practically  universal.  No  man  dared 
o-et  up  boldly  and  proclaim  himself  an  advocate  of 
disintegration.  But  disputes  began  so  soon  as  it 
came  to  a  definition  of  terms.  The  end  was  willed 
sincerely  enough,  but  not  the  means  to  it.  In 
popular  debate  every  plan  put  forward  was  riddled 
with  objections.  The  British  people,  at  any  rate, 
need  have  little  difficulty  in  understanding  such  a 
situation,  since  for  many  years  they  have  been 
living  in  a  similar  one." 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  thirteen 
States,  which  formed  the  germ  of  the  Great 
Republic  were  as  diverse,  in  all  but  race,  as 
any  of  the  colonies  and  dependencies  of 
which  our  Empire  consists.  "  There  is  no 
such  ill-feeling  between  the  States  which 
compose  the  British  Empire  to-day  as  that 
which  existed  between  New  York  or  Massa- 
chusetts and  the  respective  neighbours  of 
each."  South  Carolina  in  1787  was  almost 
as  remote  from  Boston  in  time  as  Cape 
Town  is  to-day  from  London.  Of  course  the 
parallel  must  not  be  carried  too  far,  but 
Mr.  Oliver  has  worked  it  out  in  a  very  inter- 
esting and  instructive  manner.  This  gives 
a  tinge  of  actuality  to  his  historical  essay, 
which  is  also  a  very  solid  and  appreciative 
account  of  Hamilton's  great  work  and  impos- 
ing figure.  Mrs.  Atherton  has  written  a 
novel  on  Hamilton's  life,  and  has  promise. I 
to  give  us  a  full  biography  of  her  hero,  which, 
if  read  along  with  this  admirable  essay,  ought 
to  bring  him  closer  to  our  knowledge  than 
any  of  his  contemporaries  except  Washington  ; 
and,  with  that  one  exception,  there  was  pro- 
bably none  of  them  better  worth  knowing. 

Ethiopia  in  Exile.  By  B.  Pullen-Burry. 
(Fisher  Ohwin.)  -  Miss  Pullen-Burry's  inter- 
esting and  able  book  begins  with  a  study  of 
negro  life  in  Jamaica,  and  goes  on  to  con- 
trast it  with  the  condition  of  coloured  persons 
living  under  American  rule.  It  is  a  valuable 
contribution  to  that  great  racial  problem 
which  demands  the  serious  attention  of 
American  statesmen.  The  author  draws 
an  instructive  parallel  between  the  condition 
of  the  negroes  of  Jamaica  and  those  of  the 
United  States.  In  the  latter  country  the 
struggle   for  existence   has  produced   finer 


40 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


individual  specimens  of  negro  manhood,  but 
there  is  an  acute  racial  problem  which  is  not 
felt  in  our  colonies  : — 

"  Under  British  rule  the  race  is  not  segregated 
from  the  rest  of  the  population  ;  therefore  college- 
bred  youths  are  not  wanted,  it  being  superfluous 
to  train  men  for  professional  life  in  which  there  are 
few  if  any  openings.  The  contradictory  feature  in 
American  politics,  where  democracy  is  the  basic 
principle  of  government,  which  the  race  problem 
affords,  is  this  :  here  is  a  race  within  its  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  backward  and  unassirailable  character, 
a  nation  within  a  nation  unable  to  adjust  itself 
to  its  environment.  Instead  of  democratic  and 
segregative,  the  British  policy  towards  the  emanci- 
pated race  has  been  paternal,  sympathetic,  and 
helpful  ;  thus  our  race  troubles  have  been  nil  as 
compared  with  those  of  America." 

Miss  Pullen-Burry  sees  the  most  hopeful  sign 
in  the  work  done  by  Dr.  Booker  T.  Wash- 
ington and  his  colleagues  for  the  education 
and  racial  elevation  of  the  negro,  and  gives 
a  full  and  interesting  account  of  this  work, 
which  shows  that  the  negro  himself  has  at 
last  undertaken  in  earnest  to  solve  his  own 
problem.  If  the  United  States  Government 
follows  Mr.  Roosevelt's  lead  in  taking  a  sym- 
pathetic view  of  such  efforts,  this  problem 
may  yet  be  solved,  for  in  the  history  of  the 
race,  as  of  the  individual,  all  effective  reforms 
must  come  from  within. 

In  the  Land  of  the  Strenuous  Life.  By 
Abbe  Felix  Klein.  (Chicago,  McClurg  & 
Co.) — From  Tocqueville  and  Mrs.  Trollope  to 
M.  Bourget  and  Prof.  Miinsterberg,  foreign 
observers  have  felt  it  at  once  a  pleasure  and 
a  duty  to  analyze  and  depict  the  life  of  the 
United  States.  Americans  themselves  invite 
this  criticism,  since  it  is  a  commonplace  that 
the  first  question  they  ask  of  visitors  is, 
"  How  do  you  like  our  country  ?  "  Abbe 
Klein,  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  enlightened 
of  the  younger  school  of  French  Catholics, 
now  publishes  an  English  translation  of  his 
recent  book,  '  Au  Pays  de  la  Vie  Intense,' 
which  passed  through  seven  editions  in 
France  within  a  few  months  of  its  issue. 
One  of  the  author's  unusual  qualifications 
for  his  task  is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  like 
Prof.  Miinsterberg,  he  has  been  his  own 
translator,  and  the  work  is  uncommonly  well 
done.  Few  Frenchmen  can  write  English  so 
well  as  the  Abbe,  and  there  is  just  enough 
of  a  foreign  accent  in  his  book  to  render  it 
piquant  and  remind  us  that  the  eyes  through 
which  he  looked  on  the  strange  and  varied 
spectacle  of  American  life  were  trained  in  a 
totally  different  environment.  In  a  preface 
specially  addressed  to  his  American  readers 
the  author  indicates  very  simply  and  clearly 
what  he  found  peculiarly  attractive  in  the 
ways  of  that  great  democracy  which  he 
offers  for  imitation  to  his  countrymen.  He 
went  across  the  Atlantic  in  1902  "as  a  sort 
of  representative  of  a  commercial  establish- 
ment in  the  moral  realm,"  to  study  first  and 
foremost  the  working  of  the  Catholic  Church 
in  the  States,  and  to  see  if  lie  could  draw 
from  its  remarkable  success  in  a  long-hostile 
environment  any  lessons  applicable  to  the 
present  critical  stage  of  its  history  in  France. 
He  goes  on  to  say  to  his  American  friends  : — 

"  Now,  among  the  things  which  you  supply  in 
profusion,  and  which  we  demand,  I  know  nothing 
more  important  nor  more  enviable  than  initiative 
and  tolerance.  The  courage  to  act  and  the  wisdom 
to  permit  others  to  act, — what  is  more  beautiful, 
and  in  our  day  more  necessary,  than  this  ?  If  true 
civilization  is  measured  by  increase  in  the  value  of 
human  personality,  what  is  grander  than  to  develope 
one's  own  nature  in  all  proper  directions,  and  to 
promote  the  development  of  the  capabilities  of 
others  ?  You  are  a  people  at  once  energetic  and 
tolerant  ;  you  promote  without  hindrance  your  own 
freedom,  and  you  respect  as  sacred  the  freedom  of 
all  your  brothers.  In  this  at  least— and  it  is  a 
great  deal— you  deserve  to  be  taken  as  the  model 
of  the  world ;  and  I  count  it  a  favour  of  God  to 


have  the  honour  to  set  this  example  before  France 
just  at  the  moment  when  it  is  most  needed." 

It  would  be  a  mistake,  of  course,  to  ignore 
the  fact  that  the  United  States  have  in  some 
points — as  in  the  recurrent  treatment  of  the 
negro  problem,  and  the  attitude  of  Cali- 
fornia to  its  Chinese  population — departed 
from  this  ideal.  But  in  the  main,  at  any  rate 
where  people  of  the  Caucasian  race  are  con- 
cerned, this  passage  well  expresses  the  contri- 
bution made  by  America  to  the  ideals  of  the 
world.  Abbe  Klein's  book  is  chiefly  a 
fantasia  on  this  theme,  and  it  will  be  read 
with  the  greater  interest  because  of  the 
fresh  point  of  view  from  which  he  studies 
the  familiar  phenomena  of  American  life. 
To  a  French  priest  it  is  a  discovery  to  see 
that  "  in  the  United  States  to  be  a  Catholic 
means  to  practise  the  Catholic  religion," 
as  also  to  find  that  in  Canada  "  men  wax 
hot  over  railroad  affairs  as  we  do  over  the 
question  of  anti-clericalism."  The  great 
advantage  of  seeing  national  life  through 
foreign  eyes  is  that  everything,  as  Holmes 
happily  said,  is  "  depolarized,"  and  the 
essential  features  of  life  emerge,  just  as  Mont 
Blanc  stands  up  above  its  Alpine  fellows 
when  seen  from  Geneva.  This  picturesque 
book  deserves  to  find  as  many  and  as  appre- 
ciative readers  in  the  country  which  it 
describes  as  it  lias  already  found  in  the  land 
to  which  it  holds  up  a  democratic  exemplar. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  official  History  of  the  War  in  South 
Africa,  1899-1902,  of  which  we  have 
received  Vol.  I.  and  Maps  from  Messrs. 
Hurst  &  Blackett,  could  not  have  been 
entrusted  to  better  hands  than  those  of 
Sir  Frederick  Maurice — a  gentleman  of  dis- 
tinction as  well  as  a  pleasant  writer,  and 
master  of  the  art  of  war.  He  has  done  his 
best  witli  an  ungrateful  task.  It  would, 
we  think,  have  been  better  for  the  Govern- 
ment to  abandon  the  intention  to  produce 
the  book.  The  evidence  given  before  the 
Elgin  Commission  might  have  been  supple- 
mented by  the  maps  and  sketches  which 
form  one  of  the  two  volumes  now  issued. 
The  part  of  the  book  before  us  deals  with 
the  origin  of  the  war  and  its  course  up  to 
the  commencement  of  the  operations  of 
Lord  Roberts  in  the  middle  of  February, 
1900.  In  '  The  Times  History  of  the  War  ' 
Mr.  Amery  was  allowed  far  more  space  to 
cover  the  same  ground  ;  and  he  was  free 
from  the  obvious  limitations  imposed  by 
military  opinion  on  a  general  officer  writing 
an  official  history. 

The  most  important  object  to  be  served 
by  a  military  history  is  to  give  students 
such  an  account  of  success  and  of  failure, 
with  the  reasons  in  each  case,  as  to  make 
success  more  probable  and  failure  less  pro- 
bable in  the  future.  It  is  impossible  to 
comment  witli  freedom  upon  the  mistakes 
and  the  deficiencies  of  great  officers  still 
living,  and  in  most  cases  still  holding  high 
command,  when  the  writer  seems  to  wield 
official  thunder.  The  second  volume  of 
Mr.  Amery  contained  his  account  of  the 
battle  of  Ladysmith  and  of  Magersfontein. 
It  was  the  subject  of  much  evidence  given 
before  the  Elgin  Commission.  Mr.  Amery 's 
statements  were  successfully  attacked,  if 
at  all,  upon  one  minor  detail  only.  Sir 
Frederick  Maurice  goes  lightly  over  the 
same  ground,  and  neither  affirms  nor  denies 
the  truth  of  anything  which  lias  sunk 
into  the  public  mind  as  the  result  of  study 
of  the  books  of  Mr.  Amery  and  of  many 
otlior  writers.  No  other  course  was  possible, 
but  the  fact  deprives  the  book  of  the  valuo 
which   might  otherwise   attach   to   it,     Mr. 


AmeryT asserts"  of  the  battle  of  Ladysmith 
that  the  orders  of  the  general  in  command, 
which  he  prints,  were  "  vague  and  sketchy 
to  a  degree  that  was  responsible  for  much  of 
the  subsequent  confusion."  He  explains 
that  the  failure  on  the  right  "was  a  very 
bad  piece  of  staff  work."  He  censures 
General  French,  but  explains  that  the  failure 
of  the  cavalry  was  in  part  due  to  the  defi- 
ciencies in  the  orders.  Although  the  com- 
mander of  the  Boer  left  which  beat  us 
showed  incompetence  and  lack  of  nerve, 
which  led  to  collapse  at  the  beginning  of  the 
battle,  a  divided  command  and  a  complete 
absence  of  staff  did  not  prevent  the  battle 
being  a  victory  for  the  Boers,  who  are, 
nevertheless,  shown  by  Mr.  Amery  to  have 
exhibited  little  courage  or  dash  on  this 
occasion.  Our  "  retirement  soon  lost  all 
semblance  of  order.  The  two  rifle  battalions 
were  especially  bad."  One  company  is 
afterwards  excepted  by  Mr.  Amery  from  this 
condemnation.  The  artillery  behaved  well, 
as  they  did  throughout  the  campaign,  but 
their  conduct  was  "  the  one  bright  spot  in 
one  of  the  gloomiest  days  in  the  history  of 
the  British  army."  "  If  the  Boers  had  been 
led  by  a  general,  or  if  they  had  been  Afridis," 
we  should  have  been  destroyed.  Our  left 
wing  was  "  never  properly  reformed,  but 
dribbled  into  Ladysmith  during  the  after- 
noon." On  the  left  a  whole  column  sur- 
rendered to  a  small  Boer  force.  They  seem 
to  have  been  forgotten  by  headquarters, 
and  Mr.  Amery  records  that  "  no  attempt 
was  made  to  send  any  assistance  to  Carle- 
ton."  Of  this  column  many  men  had 
bolted  in  the  night  and  "  found  their  way 
back  to  Ladysmith."  The  surrender  on  the 
left  is  fully  described  by  Mr.  Amery,  and  it 
is  explained  how  and  why  a  captain  hoisted 
a  white  flag,  then  a  major,  and  finally  the 
colonel  in  command.  "  The  ethics  of  sur- 
render "  are  discussed,  and  the  effect  of  such 
action  in  this  case  on  the  whole  course  of 
the  war  is  fully  given.  The  number  of 
officers  and  men  who  surrendered  is  accu- 
rately stated,  and  the  conclusion  of  the 
painful  chapter  is  "  The  better  men  won." 
"  In  the  open  field  12,000  British  troops 
were  not  a  meitch  for  an  equal  number  of 
Boers."  The  only  point  in  Mr.  Amery 's 
chapter  which  can  be  said  to  have  been 
upset  is  in  a  foot-note,  "  Disorderly  retire- 
ment of  cavalry,"  and,  in  the  text,  "  A 
seething  mass  of  clubbed  and  broken 
cavalry ....  collected  and  reformed  itself." 
This  is  the  story  familiar  to  our  public  and 
to  the  military  world.  It  is,  on  the  whole, 
confirmed  by  the  evidence  before  the  Elgin 
Commission,  and  it  is  at  no  point  contra- 
dicted by  Sir  Frederick  Maurice.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  is  little  said  by  him  of 
the  orders,  which  are  hardly  discussed  or 
explained.  His  account  of  the  cavalry 
reads  like  an  admission  (pp.  180  and  181) 
that  Mr.  Amery  was  right,  but  this  is 
neither  asserted  nor  denied.  The  conduct 
of  tho  three  battalions  of  infantry,  who, 
according  to  all  observers,  "  ran,"  is  pal- 
liated, and  in  the  official  pages  they  "  get 
away  "  with  "  unimpaired  discipline,  but 
with  great  confusion."  The  regimental 
officers  who  were  present  have  in  their 
letters  thrown  much  doubt  upon  the  "  dis- 
cipline." Returning  to  the  subject,  Sir 
Frederick  Maurice  tells  us,  in  the  style  of 
Napier  : — 

"The  troops  quickly  recovered,  and  indeed  but 
few  had  yielded  to  the  shock.  Many  had  gathered 
about  their  officers  with  fixed  bayonets ;  man}', 
hurled  to  the  ground,  had  nevertheless  gripped 
their  weapons  and  looked  not  for  safety,  but  the 
enemy. " 

At  the  end  of  the  chapter,  after  his  account 
of  the  surrender  on  the  left,  Sir  Frederick 
Maurice  quotes  the  official  number  of  officers 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


41 


and  men  taken  by  the  Boers  as  though  these 
all  surrendered  under  Col.  Caileton.  The 
statement  of  Mr.  Amery  is  fuller  and  clearer 
and  the  prisoners  taken  on  the  right  are 
distinguished  from  the  number  who  sur- 
rendered on  the  left  of  our  position. 

When  we  come  to  Magersfontein  the  same 
characteristics  affect  the  two  accounts, 
and  we  do  not  see  that  the  official  history 
justifies  its  existence.  According  to  Mr. 
Amery, 

"a  mob  of  broken  men  stampeded  back  to  the  line 
of  bushes,  leaving  a  hustled,  trampled,  but  stead- 
fast remnant The  highland  brigade  was  now  a 

complete    wreck  ; dribbling    away   across    the 

plain,  helpless,  unnerved,  and  utterly  indifferent  to 
the  orders  and  reproaches  of  its  officers. " 

Sir  Frederick  Maurice  is  more  polite,  but  does 
not  efface  the  impression  which  Mr.  Amery's 
work  has  caused  :  "  The  highlanders.  .  .  . 
gradually ....  ebbed  away  to  the  guns .... 
Fortunately  the  Boers  were  unenterprising." 
The  account  given  of  how  100  men  who 
made  a  separate  attack  were  driven  back 
by  Cronje  illustrates  the  different  methods 
of  the  two  writers.  Mr.  Amery  explains 
that  Cronje  had  lost  his  way  and  had  six 
men  with  him.  Meeting  the  Highlanders 
face  to  face,  the  seven  Boers  blazed  at  them 
and  created  the  impression  that  they  were 
a  host.  In  Sir  Frederick  Maurice's  account, 
which  again  reminds  us  of  the  style  of  Napier, 

'.'Cronje was  aroused  by  the  sound  of  battle, 

and  galloping  to  the  hill  chanced  to  arrive  at  this 
moment.  The  rifles  of  his  escort,  suddenly  smiting 
Wilson's  men  from  an  unexpected  direction  at 
short  range,  checked  them,  and  possibly  changed 
the  issue  of  the  day. " 

We  are  not  here  told  that  Cronje  and  "  his 
escort "  were  but  seven.  Neither  is  the 
statement  denied.  Both  Mr.  Amery  and 
Sir  Frederick  give  our  numbers  as  100. 

A  pleasant  volume  for  the  general  reader 
is  published  by  Mr.  John  Murray  under  the 
title  Empires  and  Emperors  of  Russia,  China, 
Korea,  and  Japan,  by  Monsignor  Count  Vay 
de  Vaya  and  Luskod.  The  distinguished 
Hungarian  ecclesiastic  who  is  responsible 
for  these  sketches  of  travel,  many  of  which 
have  appeared  in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 
the  Deutsche  Rundschau,  and  Pearson's 
Magazine,  comes  near  to  giving  us  a  volume 
of  more  value  than  that  which  he  has  actu- 
ally produced.  But  he  is  only  from  time 
to  time,  as  it  were,  on  the  edge  of  the  really 
interesting  poitions  of  his  subject,  except 
so  far  as  he  may  meet  the  demands  of  the 
ordinary  reader.  We  cannot  but  commend 
the  reticence  which  has  prevented  the  author 
from  violating  the  confidence  of  the  great 
kings  with  whom  he  has  consorted,  but  it  is 
somewhat  tantalizing  to  read  of  "  puppy 
chops  "  at  the  Chinese  State  banquet,  and 
to  learn  little  not  already  known  about  those 
who  were  his  hosts.  We  commend  the 
vc  lume — all  the  more  because  the  author 
has  a  true  conception  of  the  real  greatness 
of  Chinese  art,  of  which  he  writes  : — 

"  We  cannot  fail  to  admire  its  vigour  and  its 
refinement.  During  my  repeated  visits  to  that 
land  it  gave  me  continuous  interest  and  constant 
surprises.  It  is  always  grand,  always  strong,  and 
always  refined." 

When  we  reviewed  Capt.  Klado's  former 
volume  in  May,  1905,  we  informed  our 
readers  that  his  strategy  was  sound,  but  his 
authority  small,  on  account  of  the  fashion 
in  which  he  had  played  with  it.  Messrs. 
Hodder  &  Stoughton  now  publish  The  Battle 
of  the  Sea  of  Japan,  the  translation  being 
by  Dr  Dickinson  and  Mr.  Merchant.  The 
name  of  Capt.  Klado  does  not  inspire  con- 
fidence among  Britons.  But  of  all  those  who 
saw  torpedo  boats  in  the  North  Sea  and  were 
politely  disbelieved  by  Admiral  Fournier 
and  Ins  colleagues,  Capt.  Klado  is  the  least 


"  sympathetic  "  in  Russia.  The  claim  made 
by  Dr.  Dickinson  in  the  preface,  that  "  with 
wonderful  intuition  he  prophesied  the  down- 
fall of  Port  Arthur  and  the  destruction  of 
the  fleet,"  is  one  which  almost  causes  The 
Athenosurn  to  suggest  that  its  own  patent  is 
being  violated.  The  fact  is,  however,  that 
it  was  the  general  belief  among  well-informed 
persons  in  this  country  that  there  would  be 
war  (inasmuch  as  the  Japanese  were  not 
"  bluffing,"  and  the  Russians  thought  they 
were),  and  that  war  must  certainly  lead  to 
the  capture  of  Port  Arthur,  and  probably 
to  the  destruction  of  the  fleet.  The  doubtful 
point  was  whether  the  Russian  fleet  would 
succeed  in  making  its  escape  from  the  China 
seas,  and  would  inflict  so  much  damage 
upon  Togo  in  the  process  as  to  leave  the 
command  of  the  sea  in  dispute  for  some 
years  between  Russia  and  Japan.  No  one 
expected  that  the  Japanese  would  under- 
take great  military  operations  in  the  centre 
of  Manchuria  or  towards  the  north,  but  these 
were,  of  course,  whether  wise  or  unwise, 
rendered  possible  by  a  complete  naval 
supremacy  of  Japan  over  Russia  which  was 
not  anticipated.  Capt.  Klado's  prophecy 
was  unusual  on  the  Continent,  but  was 
general  among  the  highest  authorities  in 
this  country.  We  believe  that  the  Britisli 
Admiralty  had  doubts,  and  that  the  War 
Office  had  not  :  a  curious  exception  to 
general  rule.  At  p.  137  Capt.  Klado  him- 
self sets  up  no  such  scheme  of  prophecy 
as  is  attributed  to  him  in  the  Preface,  and 
rightly  says  of  his  countrymen  :  "  With  no 
less  difficulty  the  fall  of  Port  Arthur  might 
have  been  foreseen." 

There  is  one  curious  and  interesting  piece 
of  pclitical  information  in  this  volume.  We 
quote  the  essential  words  : — 

"Detachments  could  have  been  provided  with 
prepared  materials  and  bodies  of  men  specially 
trained  for  the  rapid  organization  of  a  temporary 
base,  just  as  we  have  had  for  a  long  time  in  the 
Odessa  Military  Circuit.  Year  after  year  at  the 
manoeuvres  there  lias  been  proof  that  crews  and 
materials  can  be  got  ready  and  embarked  in  a 
week." 

This  is  the  secret  of  the  Russian  prepara- 
tions for  a  dash  at  the  Bosporus  when 
necessary.  The  Sultan  has,  however, 
recently  improved  his  defences  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Therapia. 

Dr.  Elie  Halevy  appears  to  complete  in 
a  third  volume  entitled  Le  Radicalisme 
philosophique  his  history  of  the  formation 
of  philosophical  Radicalism,  of  which  the 
first  volume  dealt  with  the  youth  of  Bentham, 
and  the  second  with  the  evolution  of  Utili- 
tarianism between  the  French  Revolution 
and  Waterloo.  The  publisher  is  M.  Felix 
Alcan,  of  Paris.  Dr.  Halevy  has  treated 
more  fully  the  personal  side  of  this  interest- 
ing piece  of  English  history  than  has  any 
British  writer.  Mr.  Graham  Wallas,  in  his 
well-known  volume,  has  described  Place  and 
the  Westminster  Radicals  ;  John  Stuart 
Mill  and  many  others  have  dealt  with  the 
development  of  Utilitarian  doctrine  :  in- 
numerable writers  have  described  William 
Godwin  and  his  times  ;  but  the  compilation 
from  all  sources  which  Dr.  Halevy  has  accom- 
plished is,  we  think,  unique.  Considering 
the  hand  from  which  the  book  has  come, 
we  must  allow  that  there  is  in  it  a  flattering 
disregard  of  the  French  origin  of  much  that 
it  describes.  Ricardo,  for  example,  is  deall 
with,  as  many  will  be  inclined  to  think, 
somewhat  too  exclusively  as  an  English 
phenomenon.  In  the  case  of  Bentham, 
however,  we  recognize  the  remarkably 
detached  character  of  his  teaching,  which 
constituted  part  of  its  great  strength  and 
also  a  weakness. 

The  intellectual  descent  of  James  Mill 
from   Bentham   and   Ricardo,   and   of  John 


Stuart  Mill  from  the  same  two  teachers 
rather  than  from  his  father,  is  well  traced, 
as  are  the  origin  and  early  history  of  The 
Westminster  Review,  and  of  the  Parliament- 
ary group  under  George  Grote.  Much 
material  is  brought  together  with  regard  to 
the  two  Austins,  but  full  use  has  not  been 
made  of  the  very  best  source — the  letters 
from  J.  S.  Mill  and  others,  published  in  the 
collected  works  of  Tocqueville.  The  extent 
to  which  Bentham  has  influenced  the  legis- 
lation of  India,  and  to  which  he,  through 
Wakefield  and  Molesworth,  has  also  affected 
the  constitutional  development  of  Australia 
and  Canada,  is  traced,  but  without  any 
special  account  of  the  settlement  of  South 
Australia  or  New  Zealand.  In  the  pages  which 
immediately  precede  the  merger  of  the  Ben- 
thamites into  the  Manchester  school,  and 
the  resultant  extinction  of  some  of  Bentham's 
cherished  views,  Dr.  Halevy  points  out  what 
he  thinks  the  preponderant  part  played  by 
the  Benthamites  in  the  British  colonial 
system  of  the  last  half-century.  A  different 
view,  which  has  more  regard  to  Elizabethan 
traditions,  would  be  gathered  from  the  pages 
of  Prof.  Hugh  Egerton  and  other  modern 
English  writers,  and  is,  we  think,  more 
accurate. 

The  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company  have  sent 
us  the  "  Montezuma  "  Edition  of  Prescott, 
a  limited  issue  which  is  admirably  complete, 
and  has  every  advantage  of  type,  paper,  and 
editing.  The  edition  runs  to  twenty-two 
volumes,  comprising  '  The  Conquest  of 
Mexico,'  '  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,'  the 
'  Charles  V.'  of  Robertson  (here  included  as 
being  finished  by  Prescott),  and  the  '  Reign 
of  Philip  II.,'  each  of  which  takes  four 
volumes  ;  the  '  Conquest  of  Peru  '  in  three, 
'  Biographical  and  Critical  Miscellanies  '  in 
two,  and  the  single  volume  in  which  Pres- 
cott's  '  Life  '  was  warmly  and  faithfully 
pictured  by  his  friend  Ticknor. 

We  are  always  glad  to  see  new  editions  of 
Prescott,  for  he  is  one  of  the  historians  of  the 
first  rank  who  combine  research  and  accuracy 
with  that  gift  of  style  without  which  the 
dry  bones  of  history  cannot  live.  Many 
people  have  read  Prescott  who  have  read 
nothing  else  of  the  sort  ;  and  in  two  or  three 
cases  known  to  us  ho  has  awakened  to  wide 
interest  in  history  of  all  kinds  those  who 
regarded  it  as  a  dismal  subject,  impossible 
for  the  ordinary  man.  Such  merit  is  possibly 
greater  than  that  of  the  writer  who  labori- 
ously disproves  an  unimportant  point  or 
two,  abuses  his  predecessors,  and  can  never 
penetrate  beyond  a  small  circle  of  specialists 
blinded  to  art,  perhaps,  from  mere  study, 
like  Darwin. 

We  do  not,  however,  imply  that  Frcseott's 
work  as  here  presented  is  in  any  way  behind 
the  requirements  of  modern  research.  In 
spite  of  the  loss  of  his  eye,  he  was  not,  as 
the  proverb  goes,  the  king  of  the  blind  ;  he 
was  untiring  in  the  correction  of  his  works, 
and  we  have  here  the  notes  of  his  secretary, 
John  Foster  Kirk  (himself  an  historian  of 
repute,  though  apt  to  be  too  rhetorical),  as 
well  as  considerable  additions  by  the  editor 
of  the  series,  Prof.  W.  H.  Munro.  Prof. 
Munro  lias  spent  much  time  on  the  Reforma- 
tion period,  and  in  the  points  we  havo 
examined  lie  is  fully  abreast  of  recent 
investigation.  Be  is  the  right  man,  too, 
to  edit  Prescott,  for  he  writes  in  a  lucid  and 
natural  style  which  makes  his  preliminary 
notices  very  agreeable  to  read.  Prescott'a 
career  was  indeed,  as  he  says,  a  romance  in 
itself:  the  man  who  could  write  only  with 
the  aid  of  a  machine  composed  of  parallel 
wires,  who  could  not  read  for  himself,  and 
who  was  in  comfortable  circumstances  was 
the  last  person  whom  one  would  expect  to 
make    a    world-wide    name    by  a    body  of 


42 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


history  larger  than  Gibbon's  and  Macaulay's. 
This  Prescott  achieved,  and  his  work 
deserves  all  the  distinction  of  fine  paper, 
beautiful  type,  and  careful  editing  awarded 
to  him  in  this  limited  issue.  The  binding, 
we  should  add,  is  tasteful  and  durable. 
The  illustrations  do  not  entirely  please  us, 
but  are  undeniably  effective  and  well  above 
the  average  of  such  things.  Prescott's 
'  Biographical  and  Critical  Miscellanies  ' 
contain  some  sound  work,  but  must  be  re- 
garded, we  fear,  as  stodgy  in  these  days. 
They  are  in  that  full-dress  style  which  abhors 
the  wise  freedom  of  the  vernacular. 

The  memoir  of  him  by  Ticknor  is  regarded 
as  almost  classical  in  the  United  States,  and 
makes  very  pleasant  reading.  It  contains 
some  lessons  of  generosity  to  rival  historians 
which  English  scholars  of  to-day  might  well 
take  to  heart.  It  is  too  much  the  fashion  to 
hint  dislike  of  somebody  else's  methods,  to 
denounce  predecessors  as  deficient  in  method 
or  industry,  to  pride  oneself  on  differing 
from  somebody  else  instead  of  on  doing 
one's  own  work  as  well  as  possible.  These 
Pharisaic  ideas  of  self-advertisement  are 
unworthy  of  the  scholar.  Prescott  was  a 
charming  companion,  generally  beloved, 
never  embittered  by  difficulties  which 
would  sour  an  ordinary  man,  never  so  much 
taken  up  by  his  own  work  as  to  be  a  nuisance 
to  everybody  else,  though  his  industry  was 
marvellous.  No  one  knew  for  years  that 
lie  was  writing  history,  and  those  who  inter- 
rupted the  current  of  his  composition  (neces- 
sarily done  for  the  most  part  in  his  brain 
before  it  was  committed  to  paper,  since  he 
could  not  write  roughly,  read,  and  revise) 
were  received  with  such  forbearance  that 
they  had  no  idea  of  having  seriously  hindered 
him.  This  '  Life  '  is  one  of  the  most  gracious 
records  of  a  scholar  that  we  know,  and  the 
whole  edition  is  one  which  would  have 
pleased  Prescott.  One  of  his  secretaries 
has  noted  that  he 

"loved  his  books  almost  as  he  loved  his  children  ; 
he  liked  to  see  them  well  dressed,  in  rich,  sub- 
stantial bindings  ;  and  if  one,  by  any  accident,  was 
dropped,  '  it  annoyed  him,'  he  said  jestingly, 
'  almost  as  much  as  if  a  baby  fell.'  " 

The  Clarendon  Press  publishes  for  Mr. 
J.  Wells  a  little  book  on  The  Oxford  Degree 
Ceremony,  and  has,  he  modestly  says  in  his 
Preface,  furnished  in  the  illustrations  "  its 
most  valuable  part."  But  the  whole  is  an 
admirable  little  piece  of  history,  which  we 
commend  to  all  university  men.  Mr.  Wells 
rightly  maintains  the  dignity  of  tradition, 
which  he  leavens  with  a  pretty  touch  of 
humour  here  and  there. 

Mr.  Dent  is  proceeding  with  his  reissue  of 
the  novels  of  Dumas,  the  latest  of  which  is 
the  Vicomte  de  Bragelonne,  4  vols.  It  is  a 
well-printed  and  illustrated  edition  which 
ought  to  please  many.  Mr.  Dent  has  also 
taken  over  "The  Prime  Ministersof  England," 
a  series  which  has  already  secured  popularity. 
The  Gladstone  has  reached  a  fifth  edition, 
the  Palmerston  a  third,  the  Lord  John 
Russell  (a  sound  piece  of  work  by  the  general 
editor,  Mr.  Stuart  J.  Reid)  a  fourth.  These 
books  afford  a  good  chance  of  studying 
Victorian  history  on  the  personal  side — 
the  side  which  has  most  appeal  to  the 
ordinary  man. 

The  complete  works  of  Shaksptare  have 
been  added  to  Nelson's  "  Now  Century 
Library,"  in  six  volumes.  They  form  an 
attractive  set  which  wo  expect  to  achieve 
popularity  in  spite  of  much  competition. 
The  type  is  unusually  bold  and  clear,  and 
tho  plan  of  printing  six  or  seven  plays  in 
a  volume  prevents  undue  crowding  of  typo 
and  matter,  while  the  use  of  India  paper 
renders  each  instalmonc  convenient  for  the 


pocket.  The  last  volume  contains  the 
poems  other  than  dramatic,  and  a  glossary, 
while  each  has  a  coloured  illustration  by- 
way of  frontispiece. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  now  completed 
their  "  Pocket  Tennyson  "  by  a  fifth  volume, 
Dramas.  We  need  not  repeat  our  commenda- 
tion of  it,  but  may  point  out  that  the  present 
publishers  alone  can  present  the  poet's 
work  in  the  form  which  he  himself  selected 
for  survival. 

The  spirited  venture  known  as  The 
World's  Classics,  due  in  the  first  instance  to 
Mr.  Grant  Richards,  is  being  well  developed 
by  Mr.  Frowde.  We  have  before  us  twelve 
volumes  which  are  neatly  bound,  and,  by 
the  use  of  India  paper,  reduced  to  attractive 
slenderness. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Essays  for  the  Times,  Nos.  11  to  15,  6d.  net  each. 
Foster  (G.  B.),  The  Finality  of  the  Christian,  18/  net. 
Frere  (E.  F.  H.),  The  Dominion  of  Christ,  9d.  net. 
Greenwood  (Rev.  G.),  Book  of  Genesis,  Part  III. 
Liberal  Churchman,  .Inly,  1/ 
MacLaren  (A.),  The  Gospel  according  to  St.  Mark,  Chaps. 

IX.  to  XVI.,  7/6 
Mathews  (S.),  The  Messianic  Hope  in  the  New  Testament, 

10/6  net. 
Summers  (W.  H.),  The  Lollards  of  the  Chiltern  Hills,  3/6 

net. 
Waller  (G.),  A  Biblical  Concordance   on   the  Soul,    the 

Intermediate  State,  and  the  Resurrection,  2/6  net. 

Law. 

Bellot  (H.  H.  L.),  The  Legal  Principles  and  Practice  of 

Bargains  with   Money- Lenders,   Second   Edition,   En- 
larged, 21/ 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
American  Journal  of  Archaeology,  April-June,  Idol.  60c. 
Ball  (W.),  Sussex  Painted  and  Described,  20/  net. 
Elliott  (R.),  Art  and  Ireland,  5/ 

Excavations  at  Nippur,  Text  by  C.  S.  Fisher,  Part  I.,  2dols. 
Johnston  and  Hoffmann's  Royal  Tour  Souvenir,  India,  1905- 

1906,  10/6 
Millet  (Jean  Frangois),  Drawings  of,  with  an  Introductory 

Essay  by  Leonce  Benedite,  84/  net. 
Michel  (E.),  Rembrandt  Harmensz  van  Ri.jn,  a  Memorial  of 

his  Tercentenary,  30/  net. 
Motoritis ;    or,   Other  Interpretations  of  the  Motor  Act, 

Illustrations  by  C.  Crombie,  5/  net. 
Reinhardt  (C.  W.),  Lettering  for  Draughtsmen,  Engineers, 

and  Students,  4/  net. 
Souvenir  Album  of  the  Indian  Tour  of   the  Prince  and 

Princess  of  Wales,  15/  net. 
Whitehead  (F.)  and  Holland  (C),  Warwickshire  Painted 

and  Described,  20/  net. 
Year-Book  of  Photography  and  Amateur's  Guide  for  1906-7, 

edited  by  F.  J.  Mortimer,  ]/ 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Belles-Lettres  Series:  The  Maid's  Tragedy  and  Philaster, 

by  Beaumont  and   Fletcher,   edited  by  A.   H.   Thorn- 
dike  ;   The  London  Merchant,  and  Fatal  Curiosity,  by 

G.  Lillo,  edited  by  A.  W.  Ward,  2/6  net  each. 
Bormann  (E.),  Francis  Bacon's  Cryptic  Rhymes,  7/6  net. 
Bowerbank  (E,  M.),  Cay  Rhymes  on  Hard" Times,  2/6  net. 
Burton  (R.),  Rahab,  5/  net. 
Parvus  Cato,  Magnus  Cato,  translated  by  Benet  Burgh 

15/  net. 
Tylee  (E.  S.),  Trumpet  and  Flag,  and  other  Poems  of  AVar 

and  Peace,  3/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Birmingham  Free  Libraries,  Forty-Fourth  Annual  Report. 
Library  of  Congress :   Select  List  of  Books  on  Municipal 

Affairs,  compiled  by  A.  P.  C.  Griffin. 
Philosophy. 
International  Journal  of  Ethics,  July,  2/6 
Monist  (The),  July,  2/6 

Political  Economy. 

Hattori  (B.)  Local  Finance  in  Japan  in  relation  to  Imperial 

Finance. 
Smart  (W.),  The  Return  to  Protection,  Second  Edition 

3/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Armstrong  (T),  My  Life  in  Connaught,  with  Sketches  of 

Mission  Work  in  the  West,  6/  net. 
Johns    Hopkins    University    Studies :     Early    Diplomatic 

Negotiations  of  the  United  States  witli  Russia   bv  J   C 

Hildt.  ' 

Maurice  (Major-General  Sir  F),  History  of  the  War  in  South 

Africa,  vol.  1.,  21/  net ;  Case  of  29  Maps,  5/ 
Oman  (('.),  The  Great  Revolt  of  1381,  8/0  net. 
Rowntree    (J.    W.),   Palestine    Notes,  and    other    Papers 

2/6  net.  ' 

Smith  (G.  Le  Blanc),  Haddon,  the  Manor,  the  Hall,  10/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Hunting  (F.),  Harold's  Town  and  its  Vicinity,  (\d.  net. 
Dauncey    (Mrs.    Campbell),     An     Englishwoman     in     the 

Philippines,  12/  net. 
Devizes,  Official  Guide,  by  S.  Reynolds,  6rf.  net. 
Eurgronje(C.  S.),  The  Acnennese,  translated  by  A.  W.  S. 

O'Sullivan,  2  vols.,  32/ net. 
Lindley  (P.),  Summer  Holidays,  Edition  de  Luxe. 
Murray's  Handbook    for  Travellers    in  Ireland,    Seventh 

Edition,  revised  by  J.  Cooke,  9/ 


Owen  (G.),  The  Description  of  Penbrokshire,  Part  III., 

edited  by  II.  Owen,  12/6  net. 
Stone  (J.  H.),  Connemara  and  the  Neighbouring  Spots  of 

Beauty  and  Interest,  15/  net. 
Vaya  and  Luskod  (Count  Vay  de),  Empires  and  Emperors  of 

Russia,  China,  Korea,  and  Japan,  15/  net. 
Zimmermann  (J.),  Spain  and  her  People,  8/6  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 

Beldam  (G.  W.)  and  Fry(C.  B.),  Great  Bowlers  and  Fielders, 
21/  net. 

Shaw  (F.  G.),  The  Science  of  Dry  Fly  Fishing,  3/6  net. 

Spalding's  Official  Base-Ball  Guide,  ed.  by  H.  Chadwick,  6rf. 
School-Books. 

Adair  (H.  N.),  French  Historical  Reader,  1/6 

Arnold's  Shilling  Arithmetic,  without  Answers,  by  J.  P. 
Kirkman  anil  J.  T.  Little. 

Bacon,  Selected  Essays,  edited  by  A.  F.  Watt,  1/6 

Pendlebury  (C.)and  Robinson  (F.  E.),  New  Shilling  Arith- 
metic, with  Answers,  1/4 

Shakspeare  :  Macbeth,  edited  by  C.  W.  Crook,  2/ 
Science. 

Baker  (W.  M.),  Algebraic  Geometry,  6/ 

Beggs  (Capt.  S.  T.),  Guide  to  Promotion  in  the  Royal  Army 
Medical  Corps,  3/6  net. 

Heron  (D.),  On  the  Relation  of  Fertility  in  Man  to  Social 
Status,  3/ 

Jones  (H.  C),  The  Electrical  Nature  of  Matter  and  Radio- 
activity, 7/6  net. 

Rice  (H.  H.)  and  Torrance  (W.  M.),  The  Manufacture  of 
Concrete  Blocks  and  their  Use  in  Building  Construction, 
8/  net. 

Starling  (E.  H.),  Mercers'  Company  Lectures  on  Recent 
Advances  in  the  Physiology  of  Digestion,  6/ net. 

Taylor  (H.  D.),  A  System  of  Applied  Optics,  30/  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Elrington  (H),  The  Schoolboy  Outlaws,  2/6 
Havell  (H.  L.),  Stories  from  Greek  Tragedy,  2/6  net. 
Wilmot-Buxton  (E.  M.),  Britain  Long  Ago,  2/6  net. 

General  Literature. 
Bagehot  (W.),  Literary  Studies,  Vol.  III.,  New  Impression, 

3/6 
Churchill  (Winston),  Coniston,  6/ 
Crominelin  (May),  Phoebe  of  the  White  Farm,  6/ 
De  Morgan  (W.),  Joseph  Vance,  6/ 
Doyle  (Sir  A.  C),  Uncle  Bernac,  Third  Impression,  3/6 
Garden  (The),  You,  and  I,  by  Barbara,  6/ 
Green  (O.),  Everyday  Luncheons,  3/6  net. 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Circular,  No.  5. 
Le  Queux  (W.),  The  Woman  at  Kensington,  6/ 
Lewis  (H.  P.),  The  Unguarded  Taper,  6/ 
Meade  (L.  T.),  The  Heart  of  Helen,  6/ 
Montague  (E.  B..),  Tales  from  the  Talmud,  6/ 
Nesbit  (E.),  Man  and  Maid,  6/ 

Phelps  (S.)  and  O'Reilly  (B.  M.),  Where  Two  Worlds  Met,  6/ 
Sunbury  (G.),  The  Ha'penny  Millionaire,  3/6 
Travels  (G.),  Mona  Maclean,  Medical  Student,  6d. 
Vivian  (R.  G.),  Out  of  Darkness,  Light !  5/  net. 
Wales  (H.),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Villiers,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Gordon    (A.),    Die   Bezeichnungen    der   pentateuchischen 

Gesetze,  3m. 
Goyau   (L.   F.   F.),  Vers  la  Joie :    Ames  paiennes,  Ames 

chretiennes,  3fr.  50. 
Hunzinger  (A.),  Lutherstudien :  Part  II.   Section  I.   Das 

Furchtproblem  in  der  kathol.    Lehre  von  Augustin  bis 

Luther,  2m.  60. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Dentelles  Anciennes  (Les)  du  Muse'e  des  Arts  de'eoratifs,  35fr. 
Diehl  (C),  Botticelli,  3fr.  50. 
Wiinsche  (A.),  Neumann  (W.),  u.   Altschuler  (M.),  Monu- 

menta  Talmudica :  Series  I.  Bibel  u.  Babel,  Part  I.,  10m. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Angellier  (A.),  Dans  la  Lumiere  antique :  les  Dialogues 

civiques,  3fr.  50. 
Lorquise  (C),  Les  Invectives,  3fr.  50. 
Poizat  (A.),  Le  Cyclope,  lfr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Elsenhans  (T.),  Fries  und  Kant,  Part  I.,  8m. 

Political  Economy. 
Bridrey  (E.),  La  TMorie  de  la  Monnaie  an  XIV.  Siecle : 

Nicole  Oresme,  15fr. 
Effertz  (O.),  Les  Antagonismes  dconomiques,  12fr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bresciano  (R.),  II  vero  Edgardo  Poe,  21.  50. 
Peter(H),  HistoricorumRomauorumReliquia?,  rec. ;  Vol.  II., 

12m. 
Pilon  (E.),  Portraits  Francais,  XVII.,  XVIIL,  XIX.  Siecles, 
3fr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bellessort  (A.),  Les  Joumees  et  les  Nuits  japonaises,  3f.  50. 

Philology. 
Drerup  (E.),  Isocratis  Opera  Omnia,  Vol.  I.,  14m. 
Reitzeustein  (R.),  llellenistische  Wundererziihlungen,  5ni. 

Science. 
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Hildebrandt  (H.),  Lehrbuch  der  Metallhuttenkunde,  13m. 
Lorentz  (H.  A.),  Abhandlungen  uber  theoretische  Physik, 
Vol.  I.  Parti.,  10m. 

General  Literature. 
Beaume  (G.),  Trottin  de  Paris,  3fr.  50. 
Coulevain  (P.  de),  L'He  inconnue,  Vingt  et  unieme  Edition, 

3fr.  50. 
Georges  (J.),  Les  Contes  de  nion  oncle  paterne,  3fr.  50. 
Loti  (I'.),  Les  De'senchante'es,  8fr.  50. 
Sales  (P),  La  Fille  de  Don  Juan,  3fr.  50. 
Scheffer  (II.),  Les  Loisirs  de  Berthe  Livoire,  3fr.  50. 

%*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


43 


AUSTRALIAN    RELIGION: 

A   CORRECTION. 

May  I  be  allowed  to  correct,  and  to  express 
my  regret  for,  an  unconscious  misrepresenta- 
tion of  the  meaning  of  Mr.  Howitt,  which 
occurs  in  my  '  Secret  of  the  Totem,' 
pp.  197-200,  and  in  other  places  ?  I  under- 
stood Mr.  Howitt  to  mean  ('  Native  Tribes 
of  South-East  Australia,'  p.  500)  that  the 
tribes  with  female  descent  have  no  belief  in 
an  "  All  Father,"  and  I  said  that  here  "  his 
statement  seems  in  collision  with  his  own 
evidence  as  to  the  facts."  From  a  paper  by 
Mr.  Howitt  in  Folk-Lore  (June,  1906,  pp.  174- 
190)  I  gather  that  his  meaning  was  not  what 
I  supposed  (I  quoted  his  passages),  and  that 
bis  statement  was,  when  understood  as  he 
understood  it,  in  accordance  with  his  evi- 
dence. I  much  regret  my  misapprehension, 
not  only  as  to  Mr.  Howitt,  but  as  to  Mr. 
Frazer  in  the  same  passage.  A.  Lang. 


WHERE    WAS    THE    '  ORMULUM ' 
WRITTEN  ? 

Balston  Vicarage,  Cumberland. 

When  Dr.  Bradley  (AtMnceum,  May  19th) 
undertakes  to  identify  the  place  where  the 
'  Ormulum  '  was  written,  he  raises  an  issue 
which  he  cannot  expect  to  pass  unchallenged. 
The  definite  facts  known  about  the  author, 
he  says,  are  that  his  name  was  Orm,  and  that 
he  had  a  brother  Walter  who  was,  like  him- 
self, an  Augustinian  canon.  So  far  he  pro- 
bably carries  everybody  with  him.  When 
he  goes  on  to  say  that  the  "  work,  according 
to  palaeograpbical  and  linguistic  evidence, 
must  have  been  written  about  a.d.  1200  in 
the  North-East  Midlands,"  his  ground  dees 
not  appear  quite  so  safe.  In  the  matter 
of  date,  however,  one  is  glad  to  note  that  he 
has  slipped  back  some  years  beyond  what  a 
past  generation  of  philologists  was  willing 
to  concede.  But  it  is  difficult  to  follow  him 
when  he  selects  the  monastic  house  of  Elsham 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  builds  up  a  theory  on 
what  he  calls  "  extremely  slight  evidence," 
where  plain  men  can  see  no  evidence  at  all. 
Had  Dr.  Bradley  proved  that  Walter  of 
Amundeville's  steward  had  two  sons  Orm 
and  Walter,  and  that  either  or  both  of  them 
were  inmates  of  Elsham,  his  theory  would 
be  worthy  of  consideration.  Inasmuch  as 
the  names  of  the  steward's  sons  are  not 
known,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  either 
of  them  had  taken  the  religious  habit,  Dr. 
Bradley's  hypothesis  may  be  dismissed  as 
wholly  imaginative.  Elsham  had  a  founder 
named  Walter  of  Amundeville  ;  Walter  had 
a  steward  named  William,  son  of  Leofwine  ; 
William  had  unnamed  sons  and  daughters 
and  an  uncle  called  Orm,  who  was,  like  him- 
self, a  villein.  There  is  absolutely  nothing 
else  to  be  gleaned  from  the  charters  to 
connect  the  authorship  of  the  'Ormulum  ' 
with  this  Augustinian  house. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  that  Orm 
the  author  and  Walter,  whom  he  addresses 
as  "  broken*  nun  affterr  )'e  flaeshess  kinde," 
were  members  of  the  Augustinian  order  and 
"  actually  brothers."  For  the  purpose  of 
this  discussion,  so  much  of  Dr.  Bradley's 
paper  on  the  authorship  is  admitted,  and 
no  more.  For  a  considerable  time  I  have 
been  hopeful,  though  not  altogether  con- 
vinced, that  some  day  it  may  be  accepted 
that  the  '  Ormulum  '  was  a  Cumberland  pro- 
duction, and  that  the  date  will  have  to  be 
set  further  back  than  philologists  contem- 
plate. My  reasons  for  suggesting  that  Orm 
and  Walter  were  members  of  the  chapter 
of  Carlisle  are  founded  solely  on  a  study  of 
all  the  available  evidence  relating  to  Cumber- 
land in  the  twelfth  century.     It  is  not  my 


intention  to  review  that  evidence  now.  It 
will  be  sufficient  to  point  out  that  a  Walter 
was  Prior  of  Carlisle,  say  from  1150  to  1170. 
These  are  two  certain  dates  in  his  priorate. 
I  will  also  show  that  he  had  a  brother  Orm, 
though  I  must  confess  that  I  have  not  found 
Orm  described  as  an  ecclesiastic,  clerk, 
chaplain,  priest,  or  canon.  Before  I  discuss 
the  relationship,  a  word  must  be  said  on 
the  social  rank  of  the  brothers — the  stock 
from  which  they  sprang. 

The  priory  of  Carlisle,  soon  after  its  founda- 
tion about  1102,  was  much  indebted  to  the 
munificence  of  the  illjstrious  house  of  Barn- 
borough,  Waldeve,  son  of  Earl  Gospatric  of 
Northumberland,  and  Alan,  son  of  Waldeve, 
being  its  earliest  benefactors.  Alan  gave 
to  the  canons  lands  and  churches  in  Aller- 
dale,  an  extensive  fief  on  the  north-west 
coast  of  Cumberland,  stretching  from  the 
Derwent  at  Workington  to  the  Shauk, 
within  five  miles  of  Carlisle  ;  he  also  gave 
the  Holy  Rood  to  their  church,  and  the 
body  of  his  only  son  for  burial  there.  Now 
this  Alan,  grandson  of  the  famous  earl,  was 
a  near  kinsman  of  Walter,  Prior  of  Carlisle, 
and  Orm  his  brother.  It  is  desirable  to  give 
a  short  table  to  show  the  relationship,  and 
to  make  intelligible  the  evidence  on  which 
I  conclude  that  Walter  and  Orm  were 
brothers  : — 


Ailward. 


Dolfin=Maud. 


Earl  Gospatric. 

I 
Waldeve. 


I  I 

Walter,  Prior    Orm. 
of  Carlisle. 


Wal- 
deve. 


Gos-      Ailward 
patric. 

In  this  list  there  is  little  variety  of  personal 
names  :  evidently  they  all  belong  to  one 
family  or  group. 

In  order  to  curtail  the  argument  I  shall 
select  four  charters  of  Alan,  son  of  Waldeve, 
issued  with  varying  attestation  to  different 
persons  or  institutions,  and  these  are  the 
facts  they  disclose.  The  witnesses  of  Alan's 
charters,  taken  seriatim,  are  : — 

1.  Walter,  Prior  of  Carlisle  ;  Ailward  and 
Gospatric,  sons  of  Dolfin. 

2.  Ailward,  son  of  Dolfin ;  Gospatric, 
Waldeve,  and  Orm  his  brothers. 

3.  Walter,  Prior  of  Carlisle,  and  Gos- 
patric his  brother. 

4.  Ailward,  son  of  Dolfin,  and  Gospatric 
his  brother. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  names  of 
Orm,  Gospatric,  Dolfin,  and  Ailward  were 
prevalent  in  Cumberland  and  Lancashire  at 
this  time,  an  expert  genealogist,  with  a  taste 
for  making  objections,  might  pick  holes  in 
the  pedigree  I  have  compiled  from  these 
charters.  But  when  these  names  are  found 
in  four  charters  by  the  same  magnate,  a 
different  complexion  is  put  on  the  story. 
The  relationship  of  the  donor  to  his  witnesses 
seems  to  make  the  deduction  fairly  accept- 
able. 

It  can  scarcely  be  denied  that  the  Norman 
annexation  of  Carlisle  in  1092  made  little 
change  among  the  territorial  owners  of  the 
district.  Not  more  than  two  fiefs  were  held 
by  Normans  immediately  after  that  event. 
There  was  no  displacement  of  the  English 
(so-called)  tenants,  except  in  the  narrow 
strip  of  territory  on  the  border  line  north 
of  Carlisle  for  defensive  purposes.  Walter 
the  prior  and  Orm  his  brother  clearly  be- 
longed to  one  of  these  English  families.  The 
great  house  of  Gospatric  is  well  known. 
Though  of  Celtic  or  Norse  descent,  the  terri- 
torial owners  after  1092  were  invariably 
described  as  Englishmen.  Feudalism  gained 
little  foothold  in  Cumberland  during  the 
twelfth  century.  The  Norman  ruler  was 
soon  withdrawn  as  a  great  failure.  When 
the  place  was  not  English,  it  was  Scotic. 
The  only  document  we  possess  relating  to 


Cumberland  and  Westmorland  before  the 
Conquest  is  in  English.  Scribes  often  intro- 
duce English  words  into  early  charters.  The 
reconstruction  of  ecclesiastical  institutions 
on  Norman  lines  was  carried  out  by  the 
agency  and  liberality  of  Englishmen.  Adol- 
ulf,  the  first  bishop  of  the  new  see,  created 
in  1133,  was  of  the  same  race.  Probably  the; 
Priory  of  Carlisle  owed  many  of  its  broad 
acres  to  the  fact  that  its  superior  was  not 
only  an  Englishman,  but  connected  witli 
the  principal  families  of  the  district. 

I  have  no  direct  evidence,  as  I  have  said, 
that  Orm,  brother  of  Walter,  was  an  inmate 
of  the  priory  ;  but  there  is  this  singular 
circumstance  about  him.  The  descendants 
of  his  brothers  Gospatric,  Waldeve,  and 
Ailward  appear  as  lay  owners  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, whereas  Orm  and  his  descend- 
ants, if  he  had  any,  drop  out  of  view.  It 
was  a  common  thing  among  the  most  dis- 
tinguished families  of  Cumberland  at  this 
date  for  younger  sons  to  become  clerks. 
The  names  of  many  of  the  local  clergy  are 
distinctly  native,  and  not  a  few  of  them 
were  scions  of  great  houses.  That  Orm's 
name  should  not  appear  as  a  canon  of 
Carlisle,  if  canon  he  was,  need  excite  no 
remark.  For  two  centuries  or  more  after 
the  foundation  of  the  priory,  the  names  of 
not  more  than  half  a  dozen  of  the  canons  are 
known.  The  survival  of  Walter's  name 
may  be  ascribed  to  his  official  position  and 
its  influence  in  the  locality. 

That  Carlisle  was  a  likely  place  for  the 
production  of  the  '  Ormulum  '  there  is  some 
reason  to  believe.     The  canons  must  have 
had  a  reputation  for  learning  a  century  or 
so    later,    when   Edward    I.    selected    them 
to  make  a  report  on  the  history  of  the  rela- 
tions between  the  two  kingdoms  from  the 
documents  and  writings  in  their  possession  ; 
and  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  report  they  pre- 
sented by  the  hand  of  Alan  de  Frysington, 
their  precentor,  is  the  most  exhaustive  and 
the  most   trustworthy   of   all   those   drawn 
up  on  that  occasion  by  the  principal  religious 
houses  of  the  land.     The  report  of  1291  did 
not  reflect  credit  on  the  canons  of  that  date 
half  so  much  as  on  the  work  of  the  scrip- 
torium  during   the   two   previous   centuries 
of  its  existence.     There  was  a  school,  too, 
in  Carlisle  in  the  days  of  Walter  and  Orm 
which  was  no  insignificant  institution.     It 
was  in  some  sense  distinct  from  the  priory, 
though   it   enjoyed  its   patronage.     It    had 
a   separate   endowment,    and   was   in   close 
relation  with  the  bishop.     Itsjearliest  school- 
masters were  canons.     In  a  place  so  remote 
from  the  world,   and  so  difficult  of  access 
except  by  sea,  the  school  of  Carlisle  must 
have    been   the    educational    centre    of   the 
north-western  district  in  the  twelfth  century, 
as  it   undoubtedly  was  at  a  later   period. 
Carlisle  was  just  the  place  where  such  an 
English  work  might   have  been  written  at 
the  date  above  indicated.     The  bishop,  the 
prior,    many    of   the   local   clergy,    and   the 
overwhelming   majority   of   the   lay   folk   ot 
the  neighbourhood   were   Englishmen,   that 
is,    English   as   distinguished   from   French. 
The  manor  where  Dolfin  brought  up  his  five 
sons  was  within  a  short  distance  of  the  school 
and  priory.     One  of  these  sons  had  attained 
an  exalted  position  in  the  Augustinian  Order. 
There  is  nothing  improbable  in  the  supposi- 
tion that  Orm,  another  son  of  such  a  large 
family,   should   have   followed   the   example 
of    his    brother    and    adopted    the    religious 
calling     as     canon     or     schoolmaster.      The 
priory    was   under   sufficient    obligation   to 
Dolfin's    family    connexions    to    entitle    his 
sons  to  adequate  recognition.     The  phrase 
of  the  dedication  in  which  Orm  says,  "  Ice 
hafe  don  swa  suinm  ]>u  badd  &  forj'edd  te 
I'm  wille,"  seems  to  imply  that  Walter  was 
his  official  superior  as  well  as  his  brother 


44 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


after  the  flesh.  The  need  of  a  work  of  this 
kind  would  naturally  appear  to  members 
of  an  institution  which  was  the  cathedral 
chapter  of  the  diocese.  The  gradual  infusion 
of  Norman  ideas  into  the  religious  life  of 
Carlisle,  which  began  in  earnest  after  the 
recovery  of  the  Northern  !  counties  by 
Henry  II.,  would  account  for  Orm's  indigna- 
tion against  that  hateful  crew  which  had 
done  so  much  to  hinder  his  purpose. 

There  is  one  other  point  worthy  of  con- 
sideration. Dr.  Bradley  admits  the  abund- 
ance of  Scandinavian  words  in  the  dialect 
of  the  '  Ormulum,'  though  he  thinks  its 
"  Northern  features  "  reach  only  so  far 
north  as  Lincolnshire.  Let  him  not  be  too 
sure  of  the  latter  proposition.  The  philolo- 
gists are  not  agreed  on  the  precise  location 
of  the  Northern  features.  Hickes,  for 
example,  detected  their  Scotic  flavour.  In 
my  own  opinion,  I  hear  the  peculiarities  of 
Orm's  dialect  every  day  in  the  folk-speech 
around  me.  But  the  waters  of  philology 
are  too  deep  for  my  poor  plummet.  As  the 
ethnological  ancestry  of  the  people  for  whom 
Orm  wrote  is  obviously  an  important  matter, 
I  would  venture  to  suggest  that  the  Scandi- 
navian predominance  in  ancient  Cumbria, 
and  the  permanence  of  its  nomenclature  in 
what  was  without  doubt  a  Cymric  district, 
should  be  examined  closely  by  scholars  like 
Dr.  Bradley  before  they  settle  on  the  Augus- 
tinian  house  which  produced  so  remarkable 
a  treatise  as  that  under  review.  It  may  be 
taken  for  granted  that  Carlisle  was  North- 
umbrian by  instinct  and  tradition  before  it 
became  a  Norman  possession.  The  inter- 
mittent periods  of  Scotic  occupation  had 
little  to  do  with  the  moulding  of  its  language. 
James  Wilson. 


THE 


AUTHORSHIP 
•  POLIMANTEIA.' 


OF 


Dublin,  June  30th,  1906. 


'  Polimanteia  '  (1595)  contains,  as  is 
well  known,  in  a  marginal  note,  the  second 
mention  by  name  of  Shakspeare.  The 
title-page  does  not  name  the  author.  In 
copies  hitherto  described  the  dedication  is 
signed  W.  C.  It  has  been  assumed,  without 
sufficient  reason,  that  W.  C.  stands  for 
William  Gierke.  The  author  was  William 
Covell,  of  Christ's  College  and  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge  (see  '  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.'). 
His  name  is  printed  in  full  at  the  end  of  the 
dedication  in  a  copy  which  I  recently  ob- 
tained. Edward  Dowden. 


MORE  FACTS  ABOUT  BUCHANAN. 

George  Buchanan,  though  of  good  birth, 
was  born  poor,  and  at  last  found  a  resting- 
place  in  a  pauper's  grave,  with,  perhaps, 
not  even  a  headstone  to  mark  where  he  lay 
until  the  Edinburgh  blacksmith  set  up  his 
humble  tribute  with  rude  inscription.  What 
did  it  matter  then  ?  What  does  it  matter 
now  ? 

Let  none  but  wretched  men  bewail  the  dead, 
And  let  them  mourn  the  wretched  dead  alone  : 
Though  one  event  awaits  the  good  and  bad, 
Yet  none  shall  ill  decease  that  well  has  lived, 

as  A.  Gordon  Mitchell  translates  the  lines 
in  the  '  Baptistes  '  beginning 

Mortuos  miseri  Meant, 
Miserosque  tantum. 

Yet  "  wretched  men  "  will  talk,  and  note 
his  poverty  as  an  equivocal  fact.  It  is  true 
that  on  his  return  to  Scotland  ho  hold  posts 
which,  on  paper  at  least,  were  fairly  lucrative. 
There  is  no  hint,  even  on  the  part  of  his  not 
too  generous  enemies,  that  lie  lived  a  loose 
or  spendthrift  life.     Such  facts  as  exist  all 


testify  the  other  way.  Nevertheless,  it  is 
undeniable  that  he  lived,  as  he  died,  a  poor 
man.  The  explanation  may  possibly  be 
found  in  his  well-known  generosity  of  dis- 
position and  contempt  of  riches.  At  the 
time  of  the  Reformation  many  men  obtained 
estates,  and  laid  the  beginnings  of  personal 
and  family  fortune.  Buchanan — one  of  the 
wisest  men  of  his  generation,  and  in  a  position 
to  secure,  had  he  so  desired,  a  share  of  what 
was  going — had  no  ambition  that  way.  He 
lived  from  day  to  day,  like  a  Christian 
philosopher  ;  and  his  one  leading  aim,  all 
the  days,  was  to  make  the  world  better — 
more  enlightened  in  its  ideals,  and  more 
disinterested  in  its  actions. 

Curiously  enough,  one  of  the  first  refer- 
ences to  Buchanan  after  he  finally  came 
back  to  Scotland  is  in  a  charter  granted  by 
William  Cunninghame  of  Craigends,  at 
Glasgow,  on  November  8th,  1561,  by  which 
he  acquired  a  ground  annual  of  twenty 
merks  in  the  lands  of  Yoker,  in  the  barony 
of  Renfrew  ('  Protocols  of  Glasgow,'  vol.  v. 
protocol  1420).  In  1563  William  Galbraith 
of  Balgair,  acting 

"  as  procurator  for  Maister  George  Buchquhannan, 
renunceit,  the  twenty  merks  of  annual  rent  quhil- 
kis  the  saidis  Maister  George  had  to  be  upliftit  in 
the  lands  of  Yoker"  (ibid.,  vol.  iii.  prot.  761). 

In  the  same  year  Buchanan 

"  resigned,  in  favour  of  John  McLawchtlane  and 
Katherine  Galbrayth,  spouses,  the  half  of  the  lands 
of  Auchtincroige,  extending  to  a  two  merkland  of 
old  extent,  with  the  pertinents,  lying  in  the  Earl- 
dom of  Levenax,"  or  Lennox  (ibid.,  iii.  prot.  756). 

This  is  witnessed  by  John  Balquhannen  in 
Cattir,  John  Galbrayth  in  Balgaire,  and 
George  and  Umfred  Galbrayth,  brothers, 
and  sons  of  the  said  John. 

Buchanan's  stay  in  Italy  and  France, 
with  the  Brissac  family,  must  have  been 
full  of  interest.  Italy  was  the  home  of  the 
New  Learning.  Yet  we  know  absolutely 
nothing  as  to  his  fellowship  with  the  scholars 
of  Italy.  A  painting  of  him,  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Earl  of  Buchan,  is  said  to  be  by 
Titian.  Sir  Henry  Raeburn  made  a  copy 
of  this  painting  in  1814,  for  the  Buchanan 
Society,  Glasgow  ;  and  in  a  letter  preserved 
by  the  Society  he  adds  : — 

"Lord  Buchan  is  of  opinion  that  the  original 
was  painted  by  Titian.  I  am  not  well  enough 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  George  Buchanan  to 
be  able  to  say  whether  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
being  painted  by  that  master,  but  it  is  not  unlike 
his  style  ;  and,  at  all  events,  is  an  excellent 
picture." 

The  house  of  Buchan  had  a  certain  interest 
in  the  home  and  family  of  Buchanan.  Card- 
ross,  of  Menteith — where  Buchanan's  mother 
had  a  farm  at  which  her  brilliant  son  spent 
part  of  his  youth  and  manhood — gives  the 
title  of  Lord  Cardross  to  the  heir  of  the  Buchan 
peerage  and  estates.  It  is  known,  too,  that 
one,  at  least,  of  George's  kinsmen,  Sir 
Alexander  Buchanan,  accompanied  the  earl 
in  a  memorable  expedition  to  France,  during 
the  regency  of  Albany.  Buchanan  was 
nearly  fifty  years  of  age  when  he  resided  in 
Italy  ;  and  this  age  corresponds  with  that 
represented  in  the  picture.  It  is,  therefore, 
not  improbable  that  the  portrait  may  have 
been  painted  by  Titian,  and  that  "  the  first 
poet  of  his  age  "  and  the  world-renowned 
painter  held  friendly  converse  beneath  the 
Italian  skies. 

The  Quatercentenary  celebrations  at 
St.  Andrews  and  Glasgow  may  result  in 
some  new  light  on  the  obscurer  periods  in 
George  Buchanan's  history.  Even  should 
they  fail  to  do  this,  they  will,  at  least,  have 
directed  attention  to  the  need  there  is  why 
students  of  Buchanan  should  be  diligent  in 
looking  for  references  to  him  in  contemporary 
writings  and  documents.     The  years  of  his 


Principalship  at  St.  Leonard's  College, 
St.  Andrews,  are,  for  example,  nearly  as 
much  a  blank  as  his  stay  in  Italy.  There 
are  surely  some  records,  burghal  or  academic, 
public  or  private,  in  the  old  city  by  the  sea, 
that  may  help  to  lighten  up  the  darkness. 
Intelligent  research  and  co-operation  are 
above  all  things  needed  ;  and  from  these, 
perhaps  even  yet,  some  facts  regarding 
Scotland's  great  scholar  and  litterateur  may 
be  rescued  from  the  abyss  into  which  they 
have  long  since  passed. 

Robert  Munro,  B.D. 


'THE        OPEN        ROAD'       AND 
'TRAVELLER'S    JOY.' 

Mr.  Moncrieff's  fluent  resume  of  a  very 
difficult  case  would  hang  my  litigious  ten- 
dencies on  a  hair  trigger  ;  but  as  a  matter 
of  fact  the  decision  to  resort  to  the  law  over 
'  The  Open  Road  '  was  a  very  deliberate 
process,  and  was  only  arrived  at  — not  by 
me,  by  the  way,  but  by  my  trade  union, 
the  Authors'  Society — after  all  other  ways 
out  of  the  difficulty  were  found  impossible. 
Surely  the  time  for  the  discussion  of  the 
points  marshalled  by  Mr.  Moncrieff  was  over 
with  Mr.  Justice  Warrington's  judgment,  or 
rather  with  Mr.  Moncrieff's  decision  not  to 
appeal.  E.  V.  Lucas. 


THE  MARRIAGE-MYTH  OF  MAZARIN. 

St.  Mary's,  Bays  water,  W. 

Mention  is  made,  in  the  Athenaeum's 
notice  a  fortnight  ago  of  Mr.  H.  Noel 
Williams's  book  '  Five  Fair  Sisters,'  of  the 
relations  of  Cardinal  Mazarin  and  Anne  of 
Austria  being  an  "  insoluble  problem."  Is 
this  really  the  fact  ?  The  whole  matter 
rests,  surely,  on  the  question  whether 
Mazarin  was,  or  was  not,  a  priest,  or,  more 
exactly,  whether  he  had  been  ordained  sub- 
deacon,  deacon,  or  priest — the  "  sacred 
orders,"  as  they  are  classified  by  the  Catholic 
Church.  After  "  minor  orders "  lay  life 
may  be  reverted  to,  and  marriage  may  take 
place  ;  but,  as  all  the  world  knows,  after 
being  ordained  to  "  sacred  orders,"  a 
Catholic  cleric,  by  the  laws  of  his  Church, 
is  not  free  to  marry.  Nor  does  the  rank  of 
cardinal  affect  the  matter. 

Cardinal  Mazarin  was  a  priest.  Mr. 
Arthur  Hassall  in  his  masterly  book  has  been 
betrayed  into  a  double  lapse  from  his  wonted 
accuracy  in  stating :  "  Being  only  in  deacon's 
orders,  Mazarin,  though  a  cardinal,  could 
lawfully  marry  "  ("  Foreign  Statesmen," 
'  Mazarin,'  p.  11)  ;  and  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc, 
in  an  interesting  review  of  the  volume, 
endorsed  the  slip. 

The  Cardinal's  priesthood  is  established 
by  a  record,  and  demonstrated  by  an  act. 
The  record  is  the  entry  in  what,  I  believe, 
is  an  authoritative  history,  the  folio  of 
Ciacconius,  which  runs  : — 

"Tot  divitiis  Regum  Galliarum  munificentia 
collectis,  ex  hac  vita  abiit  Julius  Mazarinus,  qui 
renuntiatus  Cardinalis  (Jallia^ac  Regisama'tissimus 
nunquam  Urbem  invisit,  quare  licet  Presbyteris 
Cardinalibus  adscriptus,  titulum  non  habuit." — 
'  Vita?  et  Res  Gestae  Pontificum  Romanorum  et 
S,    R.    E.    Cardinalium,'  t.    iv.    015    d.    Roma, 

MDCLXXVII. 

The  act  is  the  Cardinal's  administration 
of  the  Sacrament  of  Extreme  Unction  to  his 
dying  niece,  the  Duchesse  do  Mercceur,  a 
lady  familiar  to  every  reader  of  the  memoirs 
of  Madame  do  Motteville.  To  officiate  in 
such  a  manner  would  have  been  impossible 
to  any  cleric  below  the  rank  of  priest.  That 
Mazarin  so  performed  a  priestly  function  is 
decisively   clear   from   the   memoirs   of   the 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


45 


Abbe  de  Cosnac,  afterwards  Archbishop  of 
Aix,  who  himself  visited  the  young  duchess 
on  her  death-bed.     He  writes  : — 

"  Le  soir,  les  mMecins  commenc^rent  k  changer 
de  ton,  ils  clirent  qu'il  falloit  lui  donner  1'extrSme 
onction.  M.  le  Cardinal  lui  vint  donner  ce  sacre- 
ment." — '  Memoires  de  Daniel  de  Cosnac,' i.  254. 
Paris,  Societe  de  l'Histoire  de  France. 

Will  the  time  ever  come  when  this  marriage 
myth  shall  have  quiet  burial  ? 

Walter  Sylvester. 


Messrs.  Longman  have  in  the  press 
'  Homer  and  his  Age,'  by  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang,  who  is  well  known  as  a  champion  of 
the  historical  unity  of  the  Homeric  epics. 
He  contends  that  they  supply  a  har- 
monious picture  of  a  single  age,  probably 
a  brief  age,  and,  except  in  disputable 
passages,  contain  no  anachronisms. 

Messrs.  Longman  have  also  in  hand 
several  other  interesting  books  :  one  on 
'  English  Local  Government,'  by  Mr. 
Sidney  Webb  and  his  wife ;  '  Recollections 
of  a  Lucknow  Veteran,  1845-76,'  by 
Major-General  Ruggles  ;  and  '  Woman  : 
her  Position  and  Influence  in  Ancient 
Greece,  and  among  the  Early  Christians,' 
by  Principal  Donaldson.  A  memorable 
contribution  to  modern  sporting  literature 
should  be  the  '  Annals  of  the  Corinthians,' 
by  Mr.  B.  0.  Corbett,  for  the  famous 
football  club  has  maintained  a  style 
and  distinction  up  to  international  form 
in  spite  of  the  highly  favoured  and 
specialized  efforts  of  professional  ex- 
ponents of  the  Association  game. 

Mr.  Unwin  has  nearly  ready  for  publi- 
cation a  novel  by  Mrs.  Lee-Hamilton 
("  Annie  E.  Holdsworth  "),  entitled  '  The 
Iron  Gates.'  It  is  primarily  a  study  of 
the  character  of  one  man,  a  slum  philan- 
thropist, but  round  him  are  gathered 
many  varied  types  of  East-End  denizens 
and  would-be  benefactors. 

In  Chambers's  for  August  there  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  Mr.  Lewis  Melville's  papers 
1  Some  Exquisites  of  the  Regency,'  which 
are  to  be  gathered  into  his  forthcoming 
book  on  the  period  of  George  IV.  Several 
papers  deal  with  holiday  travel  and 
amusement.  Mr.  W.  T.  Linskill  writes 
about  '  St.  Andrews  Links  in  the  Days  of 
Young  Tom  Morris.' 

Mr.  Edward  Thomas  is  preparing  an 
anthology  of  songs  and  ballads  to  be  pub- 
lished by  E.  Grant  Richards.  It  is  to  be 
on  entirely  new  lines,  for  not  only  is  it 
intended  to  serve  as  a  country  wayfarer's 
book,  but  also  in  many  cases  the  airs  will 
be  given  as  well  as  the  words.  There  will 
be  love  songs,  drinking  songs,  marching 
songs,  hunting  songs,  folk-songs — for  the 
greater  part  old  songs  to  traditional  airs. 

The  Dublin  Review,  under  Mr.  Wilfrid 
Ward's  editorship,  continues  to  publish 
a  quarterly  poem.  The  verses  'In  a 
Library,'  signed  "  G.  W.,"  in  the  new 
number,  show  that  the  serious  wooing 
of  the  muse  is  not  incompatible 
with  public  affairs,  even  in  the  case  of  a 
politician  \yho  has  held  Cabinet  rank. 


Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son  are  adding  to 
their  "  Red  Letter  Library  "  a  volume 
upon  Matthew  Arnold's  poems,  with  an 
introduction  by  Mrs.  Meynell. 

The  London  County  Council  have 
decided  to  commemorate  by  tablets  the 
residences  of  John  Leech  at  28,  Bennett 
Street,  Stamford  Street,  and  of  Mrs. 
Siddons  at  54,  Great  Marlborough  Street. 
This  is  the  second  residence  of  Mrs. 
Siddons  so  honoured,  as  the  Society  of 
Arts  affixed  a  tablet  to  27,  Upper  Baker 
Street. 

The  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
was  closed  last  Monday  for  a  fortnight. 

'  The  Canadian  War  of  1812,'  by  Mr. 
C.  P.  Lucas,  C.B.,  will  be  issued  imme- 
diately by  the  Oxford  University  Press. 
The  book  has  been  compiled  as  far  as 
possibkfcfrom  the  dispatches  on  both  sides 
relating  to  the  war.  Six  out  of  the  eight 
maps  which  accompany  the  letterpress  are 
contemporary  American  maps  from  the 
Colonial  Office  Library. 

The  Royal  Historical  Society  is  about 
to  remove  from  Serjeants'  Inn,  where  it 
has  been  housed  for  some  years,  as  the 
building  is  to  be  demolished,  and  the 
Council  have  taken  premises  in  South 
Square,  Gray's  Inn.  The  increased 
accommodation  which  will  be  provided 
in  the  new  rooms  will  give  the  Council 
opportunity  to  add  to  the  Library,  and 
they  hope  in  time  to  bring  together  a 
good  collection  of  books,  especially  those 
devoted  to  the  United  Kingdom. 

In  connexion  with  the  George  Buchanan 
Quatercentenary  Celebrations  at  St. 
Andrews  a  volume  will  be  published  early 
in  August  by  Messrs.  Henderson  &  Son, 
University  Press,  St.  Andrews,  and  will  be 
entitled  '  George  Buchanan  :  a  Memorial, 
1506-1906.'  It  will  contain  papers  on 
the  various  aspects  of  the  great  Scottish 
scholar's  life  and  work,  as  well  as  trans- 
lations of  his  verse  by  students  of  St. 
Andrews,  Paris,  and  Bordeaux,  and  by 
othe  rs .  The  contributors  include  prominent 
professors  of  Scottish  and  French  univer- 
sities. An  appendix  will  give  an  account 
of  the  St.  Andrews  celebrations,  including 
Lord  Reay's  oration. 

The  Publishers'  Association  passed  last 
week  two  important  resolutions  : — 

"  1.  That  second-hand  copies  of  net  books 
shall  not  be  sold  under  the  published  price 
within  six  months  of  publication. 

"  2.  That  new  copies  of  net  books  shall 
not  be  treated  as  dead  stock  within  twelve 
months  of  the  date  of  purchase,  nor  shall, 
at  any  time  afterwards,  be  sold  at  a  reduc- 
tion without  having  been  first  offered  to  the 
publisher  at  cost  price,  or  at  the  proposed 
reduced  price,  whichever  is  the  lower." 

These  suggestions,  will,  we  hope,  be  firmly 
carried  out  and  not  speedily  become  a 
dead  letter,  like  other  good  resolutions. 
The  Association  has  not  been  too  vigorous 
in  the  assertion  of  its  views  and  desires, 
though  it  is  strong  enough  to  make  con- 
certed action  effectual. 

Mr.  Richard  Amer,  formerly  law  pub- 
lisher   and    bookseller  of   Lincoln's  Inn 


Gate,  Carey  Street,  passed  away  after  a 
long  illness  on  Saturday  last,  aged  sixty- 
seven  years.  The  business  at  Carey  Street 
was  founded  in  1848  by  his  father,  William 
Amer  whom  he  succeeded  in  1878.  He 
retired  in  1900  from  ill-health.  He  took 
a  deep  interest  in  the  religious  and 
parochial  life  of  the  neighbourhood  in 
which  he  resided,  as  well  as  in  all  matters 
concerning  the  book  trade. 

Some  interesting  books  with  autographs 
will  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  on 
Monday  week  and  following  day.  One, 
a  work  by  John  Selden,  is  a  presentation 
copy  from  the  author  to  Ben  Jonson,  who 
has  written  in  it  his  autograph.  A  second 
is  a  pamphlet  by  Sir  John  Norris  and  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  '  Ephemeris  Expeditions, ' 
&c,  1589,  with  the  autograph  of  Ben 
Jonson  on  the  title.  A  copy  of  Love- 
lace's '  Lucasta,'  1649,  has  the  inscription 
on  the  fly-leaf,  "Charles  Cotton  ex  dono 
authoris."  The  sale  will  also  include  a 
number  of  fine  illuminated  manuscripts, 
and  some  rare  early  printed  books. 

A  matter  affecting  the  liberty  of  the 
press  in  Southern  India,  which  caused 
some  sensation  last  year,  has  just  been 
satisfactorily  settled  through  the  good 
sense  of  the  newly  appointed  Dewan  or 
Minister  of  Mysore,  Mr.  Madhava  Rao, 
CLE.  In  September,  1905,  The  Mysore 
Standard,  a  paper  of  some  position  and 
popularity,  criticized  rather  severely  the 
policy  and  proceedings  of  the  Minister 
who  then  held  office.  He  retaliated  by 
causing  the  paper  to  be  struck  off  the  list 
of  journals  receiving  Government  news, 
and,  more  important,  advertisements. 
This  interdict  was  still  in  force  when  Mr. 
Madhava  Rao  was  appointed  Minister  in 
May  last.  Almost  his  first  act  has  been 
to  cancel  it. 

The  Lady  Mayoress  will  this  afternoon 
unveil  a  tablet  at  the  Printers'  Alms- 
houses, Wood  Green,  to  commemorate 
the  endowment  of  a  home  by  Mr.  J.  R. 
Haworth. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week 
are  List  of  all  Civil  List  Pensions  granted 
during  the  Year  ended  31st  March,  1906 
(Id.) ;  Edinburgh  University,  Ordinances 
with  regard  to  Degrees  in  Veterinary 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  and  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Forestry  (\d.  each) ;  Regula- 
tions for  the  Training  of  Teachers  and  for 
the  Examination  of  Students  in  Training 
Colleges  (5|<i) ;  and  Note  explaining  the 
Repeal  Schedule  of  the  Education  Bill 
(Id.).  We  also  note  some  Papers  under 
'  Science  Gossip.' 

Among  the  documents  presented  to 
Parliament  which  are  required  by  statute 
to  lie  on  the  table  for  forty  days,  in  case 
of  objection  which  might  be  taken  after 
public  business  late  at  night,  are  :  Copy 
of  Statutes  made  by  the  University 
College  Transfer  Commissioners  for  regu- 
lating the  Management  of  (a)  University 
College  School,  Hampstcad.  (b)  the  North 
London  or  University  College  Hospital 
and    the    School   of    Advanced    Medical 


46 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


Studies  connected  therewith,  and  Orders 
made  by  the  Commissioners  supplemental 
to  the  above  Statutes ;  and  Copy  of 
Statutes  made  by  the  Senate  of  the 
University  of  London  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  University  College,  London, 
and  Amendments  to  existing  Statutes  in 
connexion  therewith. 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  school-books  and  educational 
matters. 


SCIENCE 


Hortus  Veitchii.  By  James  H.  Veitch. 
Illustrated  with  50  Photogravure  Plates. 
(Printed  for  private  circulation  only.) 

This  work  might  well  have  been  called  a 
history  of  garden-botany  during  the  last 
three  quarters  of  a  century.  It  is  very 
much  more  than  a  history  of  the  rise  and 
progress  of  a  particular  firm,  remarkable 
as  that  is.  It  is  in  no  sense  a  trade- 
catalogue  or  an  advertisement,  but  it 
appeals  especially  to  garden-lovers  who 
care  for  the  plants  they  cultivate,  to 
botanists  seeking  for  information  as  to  the 
history  of  particular  plants,  and  to  book- 
lovers  to  whom  a  well-got-up  book  has 
attractions  of  its  own.  To  those  who  can 
remember  the  gardens  of  half  a  century, 
or  even  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  the 
present  work  will  be  a  source  of  astonish- 
ment. It  is  not  so  very  long  since  it  was 
the  common  talk  among  gardeners  that 
the  supply  of  "  new  plants  "  (by  which 
they  meant  newly  introduced  plants) 
was  virtually  exhausted,  and  that  the 
world  had  been  so  thoroughly  explored 
that  novelties  of  beauty  or  interest  suffi- 
cient to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
general  body  of  gardeners  were  no  longer 
to  be  expected.  A  perusal  of  the  present 
book  will  dispel  any  such  illusion.  It 
gives  short  biographical  notices  of  the 
collectors  dispatched  at  different  times  to 
various  countries  by  Messrs.  Veitch, 
together  with  full  lists  of  the  plants 
collected  by  them.  At  one  time  the 
Horticultural  Society,  now  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  took  the  lead  in 
the  introduction  of  new  and  valuable 
plants,  and  the  labours  of  David  Douglas 
and  of  Robert  Fortune,  to  name  only  two 
out  of  many,  have  conferred  permanent 
benefit  on  horticulture,  and  an  abiding 
lustre  on  the  Society,  unaffected  by  the 
many  vicissitudes  it  has  undergone.  In 
consequence  of  these  vicissitudes  the 
Society  was  compelled  to  discontinue  its 
work  in  this  direction.  It  has,  however, 
been  taken  up  by  various  firms,  and  by 
none  so  thoroughly  and  comprehensively 
as  by  Messrs.  Veitch.  The  proof  of  that 
assertion  is  amply  afforded  in  the  volume 
before  us. 

But  the  collection  and  introduction  of 
"  new  plants "  by  no  means  represent 
the  whole  of  the  services  to  science  as  well 
as  to  practical  gardening  rendered  by  the 
firm.  At  the  present  moment  the  "manu- 
facture "  of  new  plants,  if  we  may  use 


such  a  term,  is  more  vigorously  pursued 
by  the  general  body  of  nurserymen  than 
is  the  actual  introduction  of  novelties 
from  foreign  climates.  The  process  of 
manufacture  proceeds  mainly  in  two  ways  : 
first,  the  continued  selection  of  the  best, 
or  what  is  thought  to  be  the  best,  together 
with  the  consequent  elimination  of  inferior 
forms  ;  and  secondly,  the  production  of 
new  varieties  by  the  practices  of  cross- 
breeding and  hybridization.  These 
practices  are  now  carried  out  to  an  aston- 
ishing extent.  The  daffodils,  the  roses, 
and  specially  the  orchids  which  are  so 
much  in  favour,  are  nowadays  mostly  of 
hybrid  origin.  In  this  department  Messrs. 
Veitch  were  the  pioneers,  so  far  as  com- 
merce is  concerned,  and  in  spite  of  vigorous 
and  ever-increasing  competition  they  still 
hold  a  foremost  place.  A  doctor  in  a 
provincial  town  in  the  middle  of  the  last 
century  instructed  John  Dominy,  a  fore- 
man in  the  establishment  of  Messrs. 
Veitch,  in  the  method  of  hybridizing 
orchids.  What  has  been  accomplished 
since  in  this  direction  by  Messrs.  Veitch 
and  their  imitators  is  very  remarkable. 

We  think  it  certain  that  the  doctors 
of  a  former  generation  had  better  oppor- 
tunities for  making  themselves  acquainted 
with  morphology  and  systematic  botany 
than  their  successors,  and  we  are  by  no 
means  sure  that  the  education  generally 
afforded  to  the  rising  generation  of  medical 
practitioners  is  likely  to  be  productive 
of  similar  results.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
the  work  before  us  contains  details  as  to 
the  life  and  labours  not  only  of  the  col- 
lectors, but  also  of  the  "  hybridists  " 
employed  by  the  firm.  These  details 
will  be  of  great  value  to  the  botanist  and 
physiologist,  as  we  know  of  no  other  work 
in  which  so  much  authentic  information 
is  supplied.  The  book  is  not  only  well 
got  up,  but  also,  in  view  of  the  mass  of 
details  its  editor  had  to  deal  with,  sur- 
prisingly free  from  errors  of  the  press. 
At  p.  347  James  Donn's  name  is  spelt 
without  the  second  n,  and  the  book  he 
published  was  the  '  Hortus  Cantabri- 
giensis  '  ;  on  the  same  page  "Borgord" 
is  substituted  for  Bongard.  Slips  of  this 
kind  are  few,  and  do  not  detract  from  the 
value  of  one  of  the  most  important  con- 
tributions to  horticultural  literature  that 
have  ever  issued  from  the  press. 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

M.  Saonac,  the  discoverer  of  the  secondary 
rays  produced  by  the  impact  of  the  Rontgen 
radiations  upon  metals  and  other  bodies, 
has  now  followed  up  his  adoption  of  Profs. 
Elster  and  Geitel's  theory  of  a  universal  and 
penetrating  radiation  of  unknown  deriva- 
tion (see  these  Notes  in  Athenceum,  No.  4088) 
by  a  careful  attempt  to  connect  this  with 
the  phenomenon  of  gravitation.  He  assumes 
the  truth  of  Le  Sage's  hypothesis  that  this 
last  is  due  to  a  bombardment  of  corpuscles 
coming  from  outside  the  earth,  and  that 
the  attraction  which  any  two  masses 
have  for  eacli  other  is  causod  by  their 
mutual  action  as  screens  from  this  bombard- 
ment. But  he  suggests  that  this  bombard- 
ment may  well  be  notliing  but  a  shower  of 


Alpha  particles  rained  upon  us  by  some  huge 
radio-active  body,  and  he  attempts  to  give 
experimental  proof  of  this.  His  experi- 
ment, details  of  which  are  given  in  the  current 
number  of  the  Journal  de  Physique,  lacks 
conclusiveness,  owing  to  the  penetration  of 
the  glass  tube  containing  radium  with  which 
it  was  made  ;  but  it  appears  at  the  first 
glance  to  be  well  founded,  and  deserves 
repetition.  If  it  be  confirmed,  there  can 
be  little  doubt  that  the  extra-terrestrial 
source  of  radio-activity  which  it  postulates 
will  turn  out  to  be  the  sun.  This  is  indi- 
cated by,  among  other  things,  the  Puy  de 
Dome  experiments  of  M.  Brunhes  (see 
Athenceum,  No.  4103),  verifying  the  exist- 
ence of  a  strong  positive  radiation  from  the 
sun  in  the  higher  regions  of  our  atmosphere. 

In  this  connexion  it  may  be  as  well  to 
notice  M.  Nordmann's  study  on  '  Le 
Champ  electrique  de  1' Atmosphere,'  which 
appeared  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Revue 
Generate  des  Sciences.  He,  too,  finds  that 
a  general  ionization  of  our  atmosphere  is 
going  on,  to  which  the  leaking  of  a  charged 
electroscope  must  be  attributed,  and  accord- 
ing to  him  also,  this  ionization  reveals  a 
great  excess  of  positive  over  negative  ions 
or  electrons.  Especially  did  he  find  this 
the  case  in  some  observations  taken  by  him 
at  Philippeville  during  the  last  great  solar 
eclipse,  and  this  also  points  to  the  sun  as 
the  final  cause  of  the  phenomenon.  He 
gives  a  very  clear,  if  not  a  very  extended 
examination  of  the  modifications  in  Profs. 
Elster  and  Geitel's  theory  suggested  by  Herr 
Ebert  and  M.  Gerdien,  and  concludes  that 
the  hypothesis  that  the  sun  constantly 
sends  us  Alpha  rays  of  high  ionizing  power, 
and  charged  with  positive  electricity,  is 
consistent  with  all  that  is  known  on  the 
subject.  As  he  points  out,  the  existence  of 
a  large  quantity  of  radio-active  matter  in 
the  sun  is  suggested  by  the  presence  of  the 
spectrum  of  helium,  a  gas  which  is  coming 
more  and  more  to  be  looked  upon  as  the 
concomitant  of  radio-activity. 

Whether  this  really  implies  the  presence 
of  a  large  quantity  of  radium  in  the  sun  is 
another  matter.  Spectroscopy  does  not 
seem  hitherto  to  have  lent  much  support  to 
this  view,  nor  are  we  yet  sufficiently  assured 
of  the  properties  of  this  still  hypothetical 
metal  to  draw  any  exact  conclusion  on  the 
subject.  Moreover,  it  is  by  no  means 
certain — to  use  the  figure  meiosis — that  all 
the  chemical  elements  occurring  in  nature 
have  yet  been  discovered.  Thus  Sir  Nor- 
man Lockyer  and  Mr.  Baxandall,  in  the 
current  number  of  the  Royal  Society's 
Proceedings,  announce  that  they  have  dis- 
covered lines  in  the  spectrum  of  the  Alpha 
star  in  Andromeda  which  somewhat  re- 
semble those  of  aluminium  and  iron,  but 
which  certainly  belong  to  no  terrestrial 
varieties  of  those  metals.  In  the  spectra  of 
Theta  of  Auriga  and  Alpha  of  the  Hunting 
Dogs  they  have  found  other  strange  lines, 
which  seem  to  be  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  characteristic  iron  and  aluminium 
ones,  but  to  be  different  from  those  in 
Andromeda.  The  observations,  which  are 
certainly  of  great  interest,  will  be  con- 
tinued with  regard  to  some  anomalies  that 
have  been  discovered  in  the  spectrum  of 
Epsilon  of  the  Great  Bear.  The  indica- 
tions given  at  present  are  too  faint  to  admit 
of  more  than  very  wide  conjecture,  but  it 
would  not  bo  altogether  surprising  if  this 
proved  the  beginning  of  an  explanation  of 
the  anomalous  position  of  iron  in  the  Periodic 
Law. 

Another  recent  study  of  some  importance 
is  the  doctoral  thesis  of  M.  A.  Blanc  on  what 
he  calls  "  Coheration,"  or  the  function  of 
the  coherers  used  for  the  detection  of 
Hertzian   waves.     M-   Blanc   examines   tho 


N°4l0r,  JULY  14, 


1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


47 


theories  of  M.  Branly,  Sir  Oliver  Lodge, 
and  others  on  the  cause  of  the  principal 
phenomenon  here  involved,  only  to  reject 
them  all,  and  proposes  the  explanation  that 
the  conductibility  of  a  metal  diminishes 
very  quickly  with  its  density.  Hence  he 
thinks  that  the  pressure  on  contact  may 
have  much  to  do  with  the  affair ;  that  among 
the  particles  of  the  coherer  there  are  layers 
of  high  resistance  caused  by  the  separation 
of  the  molecules  at  the  siuface  of  the  metal  ; 
and  that  these  layers  may  give  way  when 
either  mechanical  pressure  or  the  passage 
of  the  current  causes  a  diffusion  of  mole- 
cules. He  takes  account  in  this  connexion 
of  the  classic  researches  of  Spring  on  the 
interdiffusion  of  metals,  and  draws  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  a  disk  of  copper  and  one 
of  zinc,  when  placed  in  contact  and  slightly 
warmed,  both  show  a  coating  of  brass  of 
appreciable  thickness  after  a  few  hours. 

Messrs.  Broca  and  Turchini  have  resumed 
the  work  on  the  specific  inductive  capacity 
of  metals,  which  began  with  the  alterations 
produced  in  an  electrolyte  by  a  current  of 
high  frequency.  Earlier  experiments  had 
informed  us  that,  whereas  a  dielectric  tlixough 
which  a  condenser  is  discharged  shows  a 
distribution  of  potential  in  the  internal 
field  varying  with  the  specific  inductive 
capacity  of  the  dielectric,  a  metal  or  other 
conductor  behaves  under  similar  conditions 
as  though  its  specific  inductive  capacity 
were  infinite.  Experiments  made  with  the 
Hertzian  waves  seemed  to  confirm  this  ; 
but  when  M.  Broca  employed  the  oscillating 
condenser  discharge  transformed  up  in  the 
usual  manner,  a  marked  difference  for 
copper,  platinum,  iron,  and  German  silver 
began  to  manifest  itself.  This  demanded 
the  construction  of  a  special  electrodynamo- 
meter,  and  the  results  announced  leave  a 
good  deal  unexplained.  They  seem,  how- 
ever, to  be  well  founded,  and  will  no  doubt 
be  further  supplemented. 

Another  curious  instance  of  the  "  speci- 
ficity "  of  metals  is  given  by  M.  Victor 
Henri  in  a  recent  communication  to  the 
Societe  de  Biologie,  in  which  he  supplies 
proof  that  the  power  which  metals  in  the 
colloidal  state  possess  of  bringing  about 
chemical  reactions,  in  which  they  do  not 
participate,  by  their  presence  alone,  varies 
according  to  the  metel  employed,  and  in 
inverse  rpt;o  to  the  s'ze  of  the  granules. 
As  has  been  before  si  id  in  these  Notes,  it 
is  to  this  power  on  the  part  of  colloidal 
metals  that  the  efficiency  of  certain  mineral 
waters  in  ejecting  uric  acid  from  the  system 
has  been  attributed. 

Dr.  Marinesco  and  M.  Minea,  in  a  note 
communicated  to  the  last-mentioned  society, 
give  particulars  of  three  cases  in  which  com- 
pression of  the  spinal  cord  caused  by 
injuries  has  been  in  great  measure  cured  by 
the  vis  medicalrix  naturae,.  They  argue  that 
this  goes  to  show  that  nervous  fibres  can  in 
certain  cases  recover  themselves  by  an 
automatic  process  of  regeneration  after 
undergoing  all  but  complete  destruction. 
Until  the  Annates,  which  will  doubtless 
contain  a  full  account  of  the  note  in 
question,  appear,  it  is  difficult  to  say  how 
far  the  cases  quoted  bear  out  their  conten- 
tion. But  if  the  evidence  is  satisfactory, 
it  but  increases  the  mystery  surrounding 
the  nature  of  nervous  action. 

M.  Raphael  Dubois,  of  Lyons,  has  received 
a  grant  from  the  Caisse  de  Recherches 
Scientifiques    (an   institution   which   is   sup- 

fiorted  by,  among  other  things,  the  tax 
evied  on  betting  in  France  by  tlio  pari- 
mutuel  system)  for  his  research  on  "  eobes." 
The  dates  and  other  facts  attending  his  work 
on  these  bodies  were  given  in  The  Athenceum 
four  months  ago  (No.  4088).  F.  L. 


SOCIETIES. 

Geological.—  June  27. — Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 
President,  in  the  chair.  — The  President  announced 
that  tlie  Foreign  Secretary  had,  on  behalf  of  the 
officers  and  Council,  addressed  a  letter  of  con- 
gratulation to  Commendatore  Prof.  Arturo  Issel, 
For. Coir. G.S.,  on  the  occasion  of  the  fortieth 
anniversary  of  his  professorate. — The  following 
communications  were  read  :  '  Interference-Pheno- 
mena in  the  Alps,'  by  Mrs.  Maria  M.  Ogilvie 
Gordon, — and  'The  Influence  of  Pressure  and 
Porosity  on  the  Motion  of  Sub-Surface  Water,'  by 
Mr.  W.  R.  Baldwin- Wiseman. — The  next  meeting 
of  the  Society  will  be  held  on  November  7th. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.— June  21. — Sir  Henry 
H.  Howorth,  V.  P. ,  in  the  chair.  — Mr.  Philip  Norman 
and  Mr.  F.  W.  Reader  submitted  a  paper  on 
'  Recent  Discoveries  in  connexion  with  Roman 
London.'  The  paper  was  divided  into  two  portions. 
The  most  important  discoveries  described  in  the 
first  part  were  those  resulting  from  recent  excava- 
tions in  New  Broad  Street,  just  outside  the  site  of 
the  City  wall,  and  to  the  north  of  the  church  of 
All  Hallows.  Here  there  was  a  small  Roman 
ditch,  and  overlying  it  a  large  mediaeval  ditch,  the 
black  mud  of  which  contained  many  curious 
objects.  At  a  short  distance  west  of  the  church  a 
streamlet  had  passed  under  the  wall  through  a 
well-made  channel.  The  vestry  of  Dance's  church 
was  proved  to  have  been  built  on  the  foundation  of 
a  Roman  bastion — a  fact  which  had  been  long  sus- 
pected owing  to  the  ground  plan  of  the  vestry,  but 
of  which  there  had  hitherto  been  no  certain 
evidence.  Attention  was  called  to  a  piece  of  the 
Roman  City  wall  on  the  south  side  of  Houndsditch, 
and  to  another  east  of  Jewiy  Street,  both  found 
during  the  past  year.  The  former  was  chiefty 
remarkable  for  its  height  of  over  ]  6  f t.  ;  the  latter, 
an  excellent  example,  is  preserved  in  the  offices 
since  built  on  the  site.  An  accurate  plan  had  been 
made  of  a  Roman  bath  which  came  to  light  south 
of  Cannon  Street,  when  a  new  Fire  Brigade  station 
was  being  built  by  the  London  County  Council. 
This,  although  of  no  great  dimensions,  was  an 
isolated  building.  Opportunity  was  afforded  for 
comparing  it  with  a  plan  and  photograph  of  a 
Roman  batli  previously  found  under  the  offices  of 
the  Sun  Insurance  Company  in  Threadneedle 
Street.  Plans  were  exhibited  of  the  massive  walls 
found  some  years  ago  under  Messrs.  Prescott, 
Dimsdale  &  Co.'s  bank  in  Cornhill.  Finally, 
attention  was  called  to  a  considerable  length  of 
wall  which  came  to  light  during  building  opera- 
tions in  the  southern  portion  of  the  City.  It 
passed  diagonally  under  portions  of  Friday  Street 
and  Knightrider  Street,  and  was  constructed  in  a 
way  that  has  been  observed  at  Rome,  but  not 
previously  in  London. 

June28.—  Sir  Henry  H.  Howorth,  V.P.,  in  the 
chair. — The  second  part  of  the  paper  by  Messrs. 
Norman  and  Reader  described  what  was  found 
when,  during  the  early  months  of  1905,  by  kind 
permission  of  the  Post  Office  authorities,  a  shaft 
was  sunk,  at  the  request  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, in  the  street  called  London  Wall,  opposite 
Carpenters'  Hall,  and  in  the  bed  of  the  now  ex- 
tinct stream  latterly  known  as  the  Walbrook,  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  how  it  had  been  crossed 
by  the  Roman  City  wall.  The  excavation  took 
place  on  the  site  of  Bethlehem  Hospital,  which,  as 
shown  in  old  views,  had  here  a  portion  of  the 
City  wall  incorporated  in  it.  On  the  destruction 
of  that  building  about  1817,  the  wall  above  ground 
was  also  demolished,  but  the  Roman  masonry 
beneath  the  then  street  level  was  left  undisturbed, 
the  pavement  being  formed  over  it.  The  Anti- 
quaries' shaft,  just  outside  this  wall,  disclosed  the 
following  facts.  The  to]>  of  the  wall,  which  came 
up  nearly  to  the  Btreet  level,  was  faced  by  several 
layers  of  well-squared  ragstone.  At  a  depth  of 
(i  ft.  8  in.  occurred  a  bonding  course  of  three  tiles. 
of  the  same  character  as  those  that  have  been 
found  at  all  points  of  the  wall  where  it  has  been 
examined.  The  total  depth  of  this  course  of  three 
tiles  was  sin.     Beneath  this  came  five  courses  of 

ragstones,  deeply  embedded  in  mortar,  and  making 
together  a  depth  of  2ft.  .Sin.  Under  these  was 
another  bonding  course   of    three   tiles,  followed 

by  a  further  series  of  ragstones  in  four  row  j, 
the  blocks  being  larger  than  those  above,  and 
gradually  increasing  in  size.     They  rested  on  a  red 


sandstone  plinth  which  was  found  12  ft.  7  in.  below 
the  surface.  This  plinth  is  a  feature  common  to 
the  exterior  face  of  the  City  wall,  and  is  thought  to 
mark  the  Roman  ground  level  ;  it  is  mostly  about 
8§  in.  high,  boldly  chamfered,  and  as  a  rule  rests  on 
a  few  courses  of  rough  ragstone,  with  a  final  footing 
of  clay  and  flint,  in  a  trench  2  to  3  ft.  deep,  cut  in 
the  original  surface.  Here  the  ragstones  beneath 
the  plinth  were  found  to  splay  rapidly  outwards, 
making,  with  the  set-off  of  the  plinth,  an  abutment 
of  2  ft.  from  the  face  of  the  wall.  They  were  of 
large  size,  and  formed  a  solid  substructure 
5  ft.  8  in.  below  the  bottom  of  the  plinth.  Beneath 
this  Mere  the  flints  and  clay,  here  reached  at  a 
depth  of  19  ft.  below  the  roadway.  One  of  the 
most  important  objects  of  this  excavation  was  to 
ascertain  the  nature  of  the  soil  in  the  bed  of  the 
stream  at  various  levels,  and  this  was  accomplished. 
To  a  depth  of  12  ft.  below  the  surface  it  consisted 
of  made  earth,  which  contained  a  few  fragments  of 
Roman  and  mediaeval  pottery,  but  had  evidently 
been  disturbed  at  various  times.  Then  a  band  of 
black  soil  occurred,  about  1  ft.  in  thickness ; 
beneath  this  came  18  in.  more  of  made  earth, 
followed  by  another  band  of  black  soil  similar  to 
that  just  mentioned.  In  the  black  bands  and  the 
earth  between  them  were  found  many  oyster-shells, 
animal  bones,  and  fragments  of  Roman  pottery. 
Below  the  second  band  of  black  earth  came  "a 
distinctly  water-laid  deposit  of  sand  and  silt.  This 
continued  for  about  4  ft. ;  underlying  it  was  1  ft.  of 
fine  sand,  covering  the  top  of  the  ballast  forming 
the  base  of  the  stream.  The  ballast  marks  the  level 
of  the  flint-and-clay  puddling  beneath  the  founda- 
tion of  the  wall.  These  soils  were  continued  right 
against  the  face  of  the  wall,  filling  the  interstices 
between  the  stones,  from  which  it  is  evident  that 
the  wall  had  been  built  across  the  stream  previous 
to  the  silting  up  of  its  bed.  The  wall  had 
doubtless  obstructed  the  natural  course  of  the 
water,  and  had  thus  been  responsible  for  the 
deposit  which  in  course  of  time  accumulated 
against  it.  The  oidy  relics  in  this  lower  portion  of 
the  shaft  were  a  few  fragments  of  Roman-British 
pottery,  one  piece  of  red  Samian  ware,  several 
oyster-shells,  and  two  human  skulls  resting  on  the 
bottom,  in  the  sand  above  the  ballast.  The 
evidence  afforded  by  the  excavation  of  the  shaft 
must  be  judged  in  conjunction  with  the  fact  that 
many  years  ago  two  culverts,  described  respectively 
by  Sir  William  and  Mr.  Roach  Smith,  were  shown 
to  have  passed  through  the  wall  near  this  very  site. 
It  is  clear  that  these  culverts,  and  perhaps  others 
which  have  not  come  to  light,  -were  built  by  the 
Romans  to  carry  the  Walbrook  stream.  Later 
they  became  blocked,  and,  by  the  filling  up  of  the 
stream's  bed,  ultimately  buried.  The  water 
accumulated  and  spread  in  a  broad  expanse  along 
the  north  of  the  wall,  forming  the  swamp  known 
as  Moorfields,  which  did  not  become  dry  ground 
until  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Within  the  City  the  check  in  the  flow  of  the 
current  doubtless  also  caused  important  changes,  a 
peaty  deposit  rapidly  accumulating  in  the  natural 
bed  of  the  watercourse,  and  making  it  in  conse- 
quence shallow  and  stagnant.  Thus  what  in  the 
early  times  of  the  Romans  was  a  clear  stream  of 
considerable  size,  on  the  banks  of  which  houses 
were  plentiful,  forming  perhaps  the  most  fashion- 
able quarter  of  the  City,  became  before  their 
departure  a  mere1  quagmire. 

Mr.  R.  Carraway  Rice,  as  Local  Secretary  for 
Sussex,  reported  the  recent  finding  of  some  Roman 
pottery  near  the  Roman  villa  at  Bignor. — Mr. 
"\Y.  Bemrose,  as  Local  Secretary  for  Derbyshire, 
reported  on  the  successful  endeavours  which  had 
been  made  by  the  local  Archaeological  Society  to 
preserve  uninjured  the  old  buildings  of  the 
Grammar  School  at  Ashbourne.  The  Very  Rev. 
Dean  BlakistoD  exhibited  a  seventeenth-century 
miniature  of  a  lady,  and  a  silver  fork  with  a 
handle  "t  carved  ivory  panels  overlaid  with  amber 
slabs,  of  the  date  1616.— Mr.  .1.  W.  Willis- 
Bund,  as  Local  Secretary  for  Worcestershire, 
called   attention    to    the    threatened    destruction 

(on    account    .if   their    insanitary   condition)   oi    the 

tVw  old  half-timbered  houses  now  remaining  in 
Worcester,  lb'  accordingly  moved  the  following 
resolution,  which  was  seconded  by  Sir  I-'..  \V. 
Brabrook,  and  carried  unanimously  :  "  The  Society 
oi  Antiquaries  of  London,  having  learnt  from  a 
reporl  "i  its  Local  Secretary  that  the  Corporation 
of  Worcester  has,  as  a  sanitary  authority,  made 
closing   orders   in   respect  of  certain   of    the   old 


48 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


Worcester  houses,  and  also  in  some  cases  made 
demolition  orders,  requests  the  Corporation,  before 
making  any  further  orders  of  the  sort,  to  consider 
whether  some  scheme  cannot  be  passed  that  will 
enable  such  houses  to  be  preserved  as  examples  of 
English  domestic  architecture.  That  a  copy  of 
this  resolution  be  sent  to  the  Corporation  of 
Worcester,  and  that  it  be  informed  that  the  Society 
will  gladly  lend  every  assistance  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  such  a  scheme. " 


Physical. — June  22. — Prof.  J.  Perry,  President, 
in  the  chair.  — A  paper  on  '  The  Effect  of  Radium 
in  facilitating  the  Visible  Electric  Discharge  in 
Vacuo '  was  read  by  Mr.  A.  A.  Campbell  Swinton. 
— A  paper  on  '  The  Effect  of  the  Electric  Spark  on 
the  Actinity  of  Metals '  was  read  by  Mr.  T.  A. 
Vaughton. — A  paper  on  '  The  Dielectric  Strength 
of  Thin  Liquid  Films  '  was  read  by  Dr.  P.  E.  Shaw. 
— A  paper  on  '  The  Effect  of  Electrical  Oscillations 
on  Iron  in  a  Magnetic  Field '  was  read  by  Dr. 
W.  H.  Eccles. 

Challenger. — June  27. — Capt.  Wilson-Barker 
in  the  chair.— Messrs.  Holt  and  Byrne  exhibited 
an  interesting  series  of  deep-water  fish  from  the 
N.  E.  Atlantic  Slope  including  Chimwra  mirahilis, 
Collett,  Macrurus  labiatus,  Koehler,  and  Scorpana 
echinata,  Koehler.  Several  of  the  rarer  species 
filled  gaps  in  the  known  area  of  distribution. — The 
Chairman  exhibited  and  made  remarks  on  a  photo- 
graph of  so-called  oily  patches  at  sea,  supposed  to 
be  rich  in  plankton. — The  Secretary  laid  on  the 
table  new  charts  published  by  the  Society  ;  six  of 
these  had  been  prepared  by  Dr.  Schott,  and  showed 
the  mean  annual  isotherms  of  the  ocean  on  Merca- 
tor's  projection  ;  the  seventh  was  a  small  blank 
chart  of  the  world  for  plotting  distributions,  &c. — 
Dr.  Fowler  read  a  paper  entitled  '  A  Destructive 
Test  of  Hensen's  Theory  of  the  Uniformity  of 
Plankton  over  Large  Areas,'  in  which  he  showed 
the  great  variations  in  the  plankton  which  occurred 
on  successive  days  at  stations  close  together,  in  a 
district  apparently  unappreciably  affected  by 
currents. — Dr.  Wolfenden  gave  an  account  of  the 
scientific  cruise  of  his  yacht  Silver  Belle  in  1906  ; 
she  was  chiefly  occupied  in  trawling  and  hydro- 
graphic  work,  from  Dublin  to  Funchal,  and  from 
Gibraltar  to  the  Josephine  Bank  and  N.  Morocco. 
Mr.  Byrne  exhibited  and  commented  on  some  of 
the  fish  obtained  during  the  cruise,  of  which  the 
most  interesting  was  a  fine  specimen  of  the  little- 
known  Himantolophus  reinhardi,  Liitken,  said  to 
have  been  taken  in  shallow  water  near  Gibraltar. 


%cimct  Ctestp. 

The  Rev.  John  Frederick  Blake,  who  has 
just  passed  away  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven, 
was  a  geologist  who  had  worked  much  and 
written  largely  on  the  rocks  and  fossils  of 
the  Jurassic  system  in  Britain.  He  is 
perhaps  best  known  by  his  volume  on  '  The 
Yorkshire  Lias  '  (1876),  written  in  con- 
junction with  Prof.  R.  Tate,  and  his  mono- 
graph on  '  British  Fossil  Cephalopoda  ' 
(1882).  Many  of  his  writings  were  pub- 
lished by  the  Geological  Society,  the  Palav 
ontographical  Society,  and  the  Geologists' 
Association.  For  several  years  he  brought 
out,  single-handed,  the  '  Annals  of  British 
Geology,'  a  work  wliicli  he  started  in  1890 
as  a  continuation  of  the  '  Geological  Record.' 
His  career  was  curiously  chequered.  At  one 
time  he  was  professor  in  University  College, 
Nottingham  ;  at  another  time  he  was 
officially  engaged  on  scientific  work  in 
Baroda.  Prcf.  Blake  was  a  singularly 
accomplished  man,  capable  of  discussing 
almost  any  department  of  geology  and  the 
cognate  sciences;  but  unfortunately  he 
failed  to  reach  the  high  scientific  position 
to  which  his  talents  seemed  to  entitle  him. 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  following 
Parliamentary  Papers  :  Reports  of  the 
British  Delegates  attending  the  Meetings 
of  the  International  Council  for  the  Explora- 


tion of  the  Sea  in  1903,  1904,  and  1905,  and 
Correspondence,  &c,  Vol.  II.,  General  Report 
of  the  Council  for  1902-4  {6s.  9d.)  ;  and 
Report  of  the  Astronomer  Royal  (2|d.). 

The  distinguished  physicist  Prof.  Paul 
Drude,  whose  tragic  death  by  his  own  hand, 
in  consequence  of  overwork,  is  announced 
from  Berlin,  was  the  Director  of  the  Physical 
Institute  in  the  University  of  that  city.  He 
was  born  at  Brunswick  in  1863,  studied 
under  Helmholtz  and  Kirchhoff  and  became 
professor  first  at  Leipsic,  then  at  Giessen, 
and  finally,  in  1905,  at  Berlin.  He  did 
excellent  work  in  all  branches  of  physics, 
and  his  investigations  in  the  field  of  theo- 
retical optics  and  of  electricity  were  im- 
portant. Among  his  best-known  works  are 
'  Lehrbuch  der  Optik  '  and  '  Physik  des 
Aethers  auf  elektromagnetischer  Grundlage.' 

The  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  has 
awarded  the  Hopkins  Prize  for  the  period 
1897-1900  to  Mr.  S.  S.  Hough,  F.R.S.,  Chief 
Assistant  at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  for  his  papers  on  the  dynamical 
theory  of  the  tides,  communicated  to  the 
Philosophical  Transactions. 

The  death  is  announced  cf  M.  Raphael 
Bischoffsheim,  founder  of  the  observatory 
at  Mont  Gros,  Nice  (now  under  the  direction 
of  General  Bassot),  and  in  many  other  ways 
a  great  benefactor  to  French  astronomy. 

Mr.  J.  K.  Rees  has  been  elected  a  Pro- 
fessor Emeritus  of  the  Columbia  University. 
Mr.  Harold  Jacoby  succeeds  him  as  Rutber- 
furd  Professor  of  Astronomy,  and  Dr. 
Charles  Lane  Poor  is  associated  with  Prof. 
Jacoby,  also  with  the  title  of  professor. 

The  Report  of  the  observations  of  the 
total  solar  eclipse  last  August  which  were 
made  by  members  of  the  British  Astro- 
nomical Association  has  recently  been  pub- 
lished. Burgos  was  selected  as  the  head- 
quarters of  the  expedition,  the  leader  of 
which,  Mr.  C.  Thwaites,  remarks  : — 

' '  The  corona  was  of  a  pearly  white  colour,  and 
not  so  bright,  nt  r  were  the  rays  so  long  and 
distinct,  as  in  the  1898  eclipse  ;  it  was  a  typical 
sun-spot  maximum  corona." 

The  observations  of  the  Rev.  T.  E.  R. 
Phillips  and  others  also  stationed  at  Burgos 
were  of  great  interest.  But  the  Report 
contains  in  addition  several  observations 
obtained  at  other  places,  particularly  those 
of  Father  Cortie,  head  of  the  Stonyhurst 
party  at  Vinaroz,  •which  are  illustrated  by 
an  excellent  photograph  of  the  corona  at 
tota-lity.  It  is  matter  of  regret  that  Mr. 
Thwaites  could  not  edit  this  interesting 
Report  on  account  of  his  illness  after  his 
return  ;  but  the  duty  has  been  ably  per- 
formed by  Mr.  F.  W.  Levander,  general 
editor  of  the  Association,  who  unfortunately 
was  not  able  to  take  part  in  the  expedition  ; 
whilst  Mr.  Maunder,  who  organized  it,  went 
to  Labrador  (where  the  weather  defeated 
all  attempts  at  observation)  instead  of  Spain, 
in  consequence  of  an  invitation  from  the 
Canadian  Government  to  take  part  in  an 
expedition  there.  The  Report  has  several 
photographic  illustrations,  not  only  of  the 
eclipse,  but  also  of  Burgos  and  tbe  country 
near  it.  One  represents  the  King  of  Spain 
inspecting  the  instrument  with  which  Mr. 
Thwaites  was  to  observe. 

A  small  planet  was  discovered  photo- 
graphically by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  May  29th, 
and  another  on  the  21st  ult.  Mr.  Metcalf 
also  discovered  one  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  on 
the  14th  ult,  Tbe  latter  describes  in  the 
May  number  of  The  Aslrophysical  Journal 
a  method  which  he  has  devised  for  readily 
detecting  these  objects.  The  plate  is  moved 
in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  ecliptic  at  the 
rate   of   motion   computed   for   that   of   an 


average  small  planet.  He  thus  obtains 
nearly  circular  images  of  such  as  are  regis- 
tered on  the  plate,  and  trails  for  the  stars, 
so  that  it  is  easy  at  once  to  distinguish  the 
two  classes  of  bodies  by  their  appearances. 


FINE   ARTS 


THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 

(Fifth  Notice.) 
ARCHITECTURE. 

It  is  in  coimtry  domestic  work  that  con- 
temporary English  architects  show  to  the 
greatest  advantage.  While  there  is  un- 
fortunately no  living  tradition,  there  are 
various  circumstances  which  to  a  certain 
extent  counteract  its  loss,  such  as  the  large 
number  and  accessibility  of  old  examples, 
and  the  national  love  of  home  life,  thoroughly 
understood  and  appreciated  by  architects. 
But  one  of  the  charms  of  much  of  this  work 
lies  in  its  quietness  and  in  the  fact  that  it  is 
not  designed  up  to  exhibition  pitch.  This 
quietness  is  in  itself  no  mean  achievement, 
if  we  consider  the  complex  requirements  of 
a  modern  house,  but  it  does  not  produce  a 
result  calling  for  detailed  criticism. 

The  exhibits  of  by  far  the  greatest  interest 
and  importance  are  the  brilliant  designs 
shown  by  the  veteran  Mr.  Norman  Shaw 
for  the  rebuilding  of  the  Regent  Street 
Quadrant  (1445-6),  the  Piccadilly  front  of  the 
new  Piccadilly  Hotel  (1439),  and  the  plan 
for  the  rearrangement  of  Piccadilly  Circus 
(1442).  As  these  designs  have  been  pre- 
pared for  the  Office  of  Woods,  the  outlook 
is  indeed  brighter  than  we  had  hoped.  It 
is  an  immense  step  forward  that  a  Govern- 
ment office  should  even  consider  the  ad- 
visability of  replacing  one  of  the  most  dreary 
and  shapeless  of  the  desert  places  in  Central 
London  with  a  well-thought-out  and  stately 
scheme.  Can  it  be  that  the  official  mind  is 
at  last  comprehending  that  dignity  and 
order  in  the  planning  of  streets  and  squares 
are  refreshing  qualities  worth  striving  for, 
even  at  some  pecuniary  sacrifice  ?  But  it 
is  doubtful  if  in  a  case  like  this,  when,  in- 
evitably, most  of  the  buildings  must  be 
rebuilt  during  the  next  few  years,  there 
would  be  any  pecuniary  loss.  A  real  street 
improvement  would  almost  always  produce  a 
financial  profit,  if  the  gain  to  a  sufficient 
amount  of  the  surrounding  property  were 
taken  into  consideration. 

It  is  perhaps  net  very  difficult  to  produce 
a  plan  showing  the  rebuilding  of  any  given 
space  on  fine  architectural  lines.  The 
genius  of  Mr.  Shaw  is  shown  in  the  fine  result 
he  has  obtained  at  what  would  be  a  com- 
paratively small  cost,  and  possibly  even  more 
in  his  having  persuaded  the  Office  of  Woods 
to  commission  him  to  make  such  a  plan  at 
all.  Should  he  be  able  to  crown  his  achieve- 
ment by  inducing  them  to  carry  it  out, 
Londoners  would  indeed  be  indebted  to 
him.  It  is  not  necessary  that  the  whole 
scheme  should  be  carried  out  at  once,  but 
only  that  as  each  portion  is  rebuilt  it  should 
be  in  accordance  with  sonic  such  precon- 
ceived plan. 

Of  the  other  designs  referred  to  there  is 
fortunately  no  doubt  as  to  their  being 
canied  out — in  part  at  least — for  already 
a  start  has  been  made.  It  is  earnestly  to 
be  hoped  that  the  Office  of  Woods  will  not 
be  deterred  by  outside  clamour  from  com- 
pleting the  Quadrant  in  accordance  with  the 
beginning  that  has  been  made,  for,  apart 
from  the  striking  merit  of  Mr.  Shaw's  con- 
ception, it  is  essential  in  tho  case  of  a 
quadrant  that  it  should  form  one  complete 
whole.     The   design   is   illustrated   by   two 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


49 


drawings  :  one  a  general  view  in  perspective, 
and  the  other  an  elevation  of  one  portion. 
There  are  very  considerable  divergences  in 
detail  shown  in  the  two  drawings  ;  and  we 
have  little  doubt  that  the  perspective  draw- 
ing is  the  later,  as  in  every  case  we  think 
it  is  the  finer,  and  it  is  probable  that  Mr. 
Shaw  has  been  busy  still  further  improving 
bis  work. 

The  Piccadilly  front  of  the  hotel  is  chiefly 
remarkable  for  the  setting  back  of  the  centre 
of  the  building  above  the  first  floor,  so  that 
it  forms  three  sides  of  an  open  quadrangle. 
While  the  shops  on  the  pavement  level 
maintain  the  line  of  street  frontage,  above 
there  is  obtained  a  sense  of  space  which 
would  be  extremely  valuable  in  many  of  the 
narrow  thoroughfares  of  London  ;  at  the 
same  time  the  upper  rooms  are  lighted  into 
this  open  quadrangle  instead  of,  as  would 
otherwise  have  been  necessary,  into  a  narrow 
central  court.  The  cornice  to  the  building 
is  carried  across  the  open  side  upon  a  colon- 
nade, thus  forming  a  screen  tying  together 
the  two  wings  and  continuing  the  general 
frontage  of  the  street.  This  is  a  fine  archi- 
tectural conception,  but,  owing  to  the 
length  of  the  colonnade,  the  screen  has  an 
appearance  of  weakness.  This  could,  we 
think,  be  obviated  by  placing  a  second  row 
of  columns  behind  the  first  and  increasing 
the  width  of  cornice  over.  It  may  be  that 
there  would  be  structural  difficulties  in 
supporting  this  second  row,  and  that  some 
loss  of  light  would  be  occasioned,  while  it 
would  of  course  increase  the  cost  ;  but  we 
nevertheless  hope  that  Mr.  Shaw  will  find 
some  means  of  reconsidering  this  portion 
of  his  design. 

Mr.  Shaw  exhibits  one  other  fine  design 
(1449),  but  this  is  of  less  interest,  partly 
from  the  fact  that  we  can  see  the  build- 
ing itself  any  day  we  walk  along  Pall 
Mall,  and  partly  because  it  is  complete  in 
itself,  and  not,  like  the  others,  the  precursor 
of  what  promises  to  be  the  most  splendid 
rebuilding  scheme  of  our  day. 

This  is  not  the  time  to  enter  at  all  fully 
upon  the  difficult  question  of  the  ultimate 
benefit,  or  otherwise,  to  architecture  of  the 
practice  of  appointing  an  advisory  architect 
to  design  the  street  fronts,  while  the  plan 
and  internal  arrangements  are  left  in  other 
hands.  It  may  be  that  it  would  in  time 
produce  a  too  academic  type  of  work, 
arbitrarily  chosen,  and  not  the  expression 
of  the  special  requirements  of  the  individual 
buildings.  If  one  designer  were  to  be 
responsible  for  the  exterior  and  others  for 
the  interior,  and  the  former  to  be  supreme, 
there  would  undoubtedly  be  a  tendency  to 
sacrifice  the  internal  needs  to  the  external 
effect.  Moreover,  if  order  and  sjanmetry 
are  to  be  introduced  into  the  design  of  our 
streets,  individual  buildings  must  lose  some- 
thing of  their  interest,  and  even,  in  some 
cases,  their  utility.  The  whole  question, 
in  fact,  presents  many  difficulties,  and  will 
need  handling  with  the  greatest  care.  How- 
ever, as  far  as  Mr.  Shaw  is  concerned,  a  com- 
parison of  the  Gaiety  Theatre  block  with  the 
other  buildings  in  Aldwych,  and  of  these 
designs  for  the  Quadrant  and  the  hotel  with 
other  recent  rebuilding  in  Regent  Street 
and  Piccadilly,  shows  how  much  we  owe  to 
him,  and  induces  the  wish  that  he  might  be 
permitted  to  exercise  the  same  benignant 
sway  over  other  important  rebuild  ings, 
such  as,  for  instance,  the  Westminster 
Improvement  Scheme. 


M.    JULES    BRETON. 
We   are   sorry   to  hear   of   the  death,  on 
Thursday    in    last    week,    of    this    eminent 
French  landscape  painter,   in   the  seventj'- 


eighth  year  of  his  age.  Although  M.  Breton, 
who  had  been  in  failing  health  for  some  time, 
continued  to  paint  and  exhibit  pictures  up 
to  the  last,  he  had  come  to  be  regarded  as 
a  declining  force  in  French  art,  of  which, 
however,  in  the  days  of  his  prime,  he  was 
one  of  the  chief  glories. 

Breton,  the  son  of  a  peasant,  was  born  at 
Courrieres,  in  the  Pas-de-Calais,  on  May  1st, 
1827,  and  it  is  of  this  unlovely  country  that 
he  has  given  us  highly  idealized  transcripts 
of  nature  seen  through  the  eyes  of  a  painter 
who  was  also  a  poet.  He  studied  art  at  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  under  Drolling,  and 
afterwards  under  Felix  de  Vigne,  whose 
son-in-law  he  subsequently  became.  He 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  Salon  in  1849,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  men  to  discover  the 
artistic  potentialities  of  Brittany.  His 
earliest  known  picture  of  importance  dates 
from  1845,  '  St.  Piat  prechant  dans  les 
Gaules,'  and  is  now  in  the  church  at  Courrieres, 
while  another  of  his  very  early  pictures, 
'  Misere  et  Desespoir  '  (1849),  is  in  the 
museum  of  Arras.  His  fame  dates  from 
1853,  when  he  exhibited  '  Le  Retour  des 
Moissonneurs '  ;  and  two  years  later  his 
three  exhibits  at  the  Salon  won  him  not  only 
a  medal,  but  also  distinction  in  other  ways  : 
the  Empress  Eugenie  purchased  '  Jeunes 
Paysannes  consultant  des  Epis  '  (destroyed 
in  the  fire  at  the  Chateau  de  St.  Cloud  in 
1870)  ;  '  Les  Glaneuses  '  was  purchased  by 
M.  Isaac  Pereire  (in  1872  this  splendid 
picture  brought  the  then  enormous  price  of 
18,200fr.  at  the  Pereire  sale)  ;  whilst  '  Le 
Lendemain  de  la  Saint  Sebastien  '  re\*ealed  an 
unsuspected  and  rarely  repeated  strain  of 
humour  in  the  artist.  Other  successes  followed 
rapidly:  Breton's  Salon  picture  of  1857,  'La 
Benediction  des  Bles,'  which  probably 
marks  his  highest  achievement,  and  which 
won  him  another  medal  is  now  in  the 
Luxembourg,  where  is  also  the  1859  picture 
with  the  title  '  Le  Rappel  des  Glaneuses  en 
Artois.'  His  1858  picture,  '  La  Plantation 
d'un  Calvaire,'  is  in  the  Museum  at  Lille. 
In  1859  he  won  a  first-class  medal. 

In  1861  he  produced  four  important 
pictures,  one  of  which,  '  Le  Soir,'  was 
acquired  by  the  State  ;  a  second  was  '  Les 
Sareleuses,'  which  won  him  the  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  was  until  com- 
paratively recently  in  the  Duchatel  Collec- 
tion, but  is  now  the  property  of  Mr.  Pierpont 
Morgan.  '  Le  Colza '  and  '  LTncendie  ' 
also  belong  to  this  year.  Then  followed 
such  well-known  works  as  '  Gardeuse  de 
Dindons,'  1864  ;  '  La  Fin  de  la  Journee,' 
1865,  at  one  time  the  property  of  Prince 
Napoleon,  and  afterwards  in  the  Gallis  col- 
lection at  Epernay ;  '  La  Moisson,'  1867  ;  '  La 
Recolte  des  Pommes  de  Terre,'  1868  ;  'Grand 
Pardon  Breton,'  1869,  now  in  the  New 
York  Museum  ;  '  Raccommodeuse  de  Filets,' 
1876,  in  the  Douai  Museum  ;  and  '  La 
Glaneuse,'  1877,  which  makes  the  third  of 
his  works  in  the  Luxembourg. 

From  1879  he  occasionally  exhibited  por- 
traits at  the  Salon,  in  that  year  sending  one 
of  his  wife  ;  in  the  1883  Salon  he  had 
three  portraits — Mile,  de  Heredia,  Madame 
A.  Gentil,  and  his  niece ;  and  six  years  later 
he  exhibited  portraits  of  Madame  Alphonse 
Lemerre  and  of  his  daughter,  herself  an 
artist  of  distinction,  Madame  Demont- 
Breton.  The  list  of  his  pictures  is  long, 
and  until  this  year  he  had  been  almost 
invariably  represented  at  the  Salon,  often 
writing  his  own  "  legend"  in  verse,  as  in  the 
case  of  his  picture  in  the  last  year's  Salon 
of  '  L' Amour,'  which  he  dedicated  to 
Mistral. 

Breton  Mas  not  only  an  artist,  but  also 
a  writer  of  charm  in  both  prose  and  poetry. 
In  1886  he  succeeded  Baudry  at  the  Aca- 
demie  des  Beaux-Arts,  and  it  is  well  known 


that  he  wished  to  belong  to  the  Academie 
Francaise  ;  but  his  hopes  in  this  direction* 
were  never  realized.  His  verse  is  philo- 
sophical and  reflective  ;  it  might  even  be- 
termed  Wordsworthian.  For  students  of 
art  his  writings  will  always  possess  an  interest,, 
particularly  his  '  Vie  d'un  Artiste,'  in  which 
the  conception,  growth,  and  achievement  of 
many  of  his  famous  pictures  are  related. 
His  little  book  on  '  Nos  Peintres  du  Siecle  ' 
is  full  of  pleasant  and  instructive  gossip- 
about  most  of  the  great  artists  of  his  time, 
many  of  whom  were  among  his  intimate 
friends. 


THE    EGYPT    EXPLORATION    FUND'S 
EXHIBITION. 

The  Fund's  excavations  during  the  past 
season  were  confined  to  Deir  el-Baharir 
Oxyrhynchus,  and  Hibeh,  and  an  exhibition 
of  the  objects  there  found  was  opened  on 
Tuesday  at  King's  College,  London.  The- 
rooms  in  which  they  are  shown  are  both 
more  spacious  and  more  convenient  than 
those  which  have  been  at  the  disposal  of  the- 
Fund  on  other  occasions,  and  the  exhibits 
are  consequently  displayed  to  much  greater 
advantage  than  in  former  years.  Most  o£ 
them  come  from  the  works  at  Deir  el- 
Bahari  carried  on  by  Dr.  Naville  and  Mr. 
H.  R.  Hall,  assisted  this  year  by  Mr.  Currelly 
and  others.  It  may  be  worth  while  to  recall 
that  these  were  originally  begun  with  the 
intention  of  excavating  the  famous  temple 
of  Queen  Hatasu  or  Hatshepsut  of  the 
Eighteenth  Dynasty,  but  that  about  three- 
years  ago  this  was  discovered  to  be  but  a 
reproduction  of  a  temple  built  on  the  sam& 
spot  some  thousand  years  before  by  King 
Mentuhotep  of  the  Eleventh  Dynasty.  The- 
discovery  led  to  the  revelation  of  an  excellent 
and  original  type  of  art  at  an  age  much 
earlier  than  had  hitherto  been  supposed 
possible. 

The  principal  event  during  the  past  year 
was  the  unearthing  of  the  statue  of  the- 
goddess  Hathor  in  the  form  of  a  cow,  which 
was  announced  at  the  time  in  Dr.  Naville's 
letter  to  The  Athenceum  (No.  4093).  As- 
was  then  mentioned,  it  was  found  intact  in 
a  chapel  lined  with  sculptured  sandstone 
slabs,  and  both  these  and  the  statue  have 
been  removed  to  the  Cairo  Museum,  where 
the  shrine  has  been  carefully  rebuilt.  At 
King's  College  there  is  shown  a  model  of  the- 
cow  by  Mr.  Ogilvy,  which,  together  with 
some  water-colour  sketches  by  Mr.  Reachr 
gives  a  very  fair  idea  of  the  appearance  of  the 
statue  and  its  surroundings  when  first  seen 
by  the  excavators.  The  figure  is  life  size,, 
and  in  very  high  relief  rather  than  in  the 
round,  some  portion  of  the  original  block  of 
stone  being  left  as  a  support  under  the  belly. 
On  this  crouches  the  representation  of  King 
Mentuhotep  in  child  form,  being  suckled 
by  the  goddess,  while  he  also  appears  as 
a  full-grown  man  standing  under  her 
neck.  The  body  and  head  of  the  cow 
are  modelled  with  a  high  degree  of  artistic 
skill,  and  show  the  goddess  emerging  from 
the  water,  with  papyrus  and  other  aquatic 
plants  hanging  from  her  horns.  Her  coat 
is  covered  with  a  kind  of  diaper  pattern, 
this  curious  dappling  being  said  to  be  cha- 
racteristic of  the  Soudanese  cattle  of  to-day  ; 
while  at  one  time  the  head  and  horns  were 
heavily  gilded.  The  inscription  leaves  no- 
doubt  that  the  chapel  was  built  by  the  famous 
conqueror  Thothmes  HI.  as  an  act  of  worship 
to  his  ancestor  Mentuhotep,  who  was  revered 
in  his  time  as  one  of  the  x<)ds  of  the  temple. 

Among  the  other  exhibits  are  several 
representations  of  Mentuhotep,  whose  hawk- 
name  was  Neb-hapet-Ra  ("Lord  of  the 
paddle,"  or  steersman,  "  of  Ra  "'),  in  one  of 


50 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


which  he  is  shown  with  his  Queen  Aashait, 
who  was  probably  a  negress.  In  some  he  is 
triumphing  over  his  enemies,  who  appear 
to  be  the  Aarau,  or  Asiatics  ;  and  it  is  un- 
fortunate that,  thanks  to  the  Eleventh 
Dynasty  temple  having  been  used  as  a 
quarry  by  later  generations,  all  are  too  frag- 
mentary to  supply  any  lengthy  inscrip- 
tions of  historical  value.  There  remain, 
however,  sufficient  pieces  to  yield  the 
name  of  a  hitherto  unknown  king  of  the 
dynasty,  a  Mentuhotep  whose  hawk-name 
appears  to  have  been  Neb-hotep  (Lord  of 
Peace),  with  perhaps  a  throne-name  of 
Neter-hetjet.  There  are  also  relics  (mostly 
fragments  of  painted  sarcophagi)  of  five 
priestesses  of  Hathor,  named  Sadhe,  Hen- 
henet,  Kemsit  (a  negress),  Kauit,  and  Nefer- 
shushusa,  who  seem  to  have  been  all  inmates 
of  the  royal  harem,  and  were  buried  near 
the  king  after  his  death.  Associated  with 
these  are  fragments  of  sculpture,  nearly 
all  in  high  coloured  relief,  containing  much 
beautiful  and  carefully  executed  work. 
This  style  of  treatment  seems  to  be  peculiar 
to  the  period,  and  exhibits  a  high  level  of 
art,  There  is  also  the  head  of  an  Osiride 
figure  of  King  Mentuhotep  himself,  which 
is  supposed  to  have  been  set  up  at  the 
entrance  to  his  tomb.  Among  the  hunting 
scenes  are  many  reliefs  of  animals,  those 
showing  a  fox  robbing  the  nest  of  some 
aquatic  bird  and  a  crocodile  devouring  a 
fish  especially  being  rendered  with  a  truth 
and  delicacy  which  fully  equals  anything 
of  the  much  later  period  of  Tell  el-Amarna. 

The  fragments  from  the  Eighteenth 
Dynasty  temple  also  deserve  careful  study. 
Here  are  two  stelas  of  priests  of  Mentuhotep, 
one  of  which  shows  the  deified  king  making 
offerings  to  Amen,  Mut,  Khonsu  Tefnut, 
and  Hathor,  thereby  proving  that  the 
Egyptian,  like  some  later  faiths,  carefully 
distinguished  between  dulia  and  latria. 
'There  is  also  a  granite  figure  of  the  seated 
scribe  Net-jem,  son  of  the  Lady  Beket-Mut, 
bearing  on  his  shoulders  the  cartouche  of 
King  Merenptah,  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus. 
We  note,  too,  a  relief  showing  the  Prince 
Sa-hathor  embraced  by  the  goddess  whose 
name  he  bears,  and  some  ink  graffiti  from 
which  we  learn  that  pilgrimages  were  made 
during  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth 
dynasties  to  the  shrines  of  Amen-Ra,  Hathor, 
and  Mentuhotep  as  the  three  gods  worshipped 
in  the  temple  ;  while  Mr.  Currelly  has  given 
us  casts  of  some  royal  portraits,  including 
one  of  Thothmes  II.  and  of  Aachmes,  the 
mother  of  Queen  Hatasu.  All  these  will 
have  considerable  historical  interest  when 
time  allows  of  their  being  thoroughly  worked 
out. 

Of  less  archaeological,  but  more  human 
interest,  perhaps,  are  the  tools  of  the  work- 
men and  many  toys  here  displayed,  the 
latter  including  rag  dolls,  toy  papyrus 
books,  and  figures  of  horses  and  horsemen, 
evidently  intended  for  the  amusement  of 
children,  and  not,  as  such  figures  sometimes 
were,  for  the  magically-procured  comfort  of 
the  dead.  There  is  also  a  fine  set  of  palaeo- 
lithic flint  implements  and  weapons,  which 
should  be  of  service  to  anthropologists.  We 
hold  over  till  later  a  notice  of  the  important 
papyri  found  by  Drs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt. 
The  exhibition  will  remain  open  till  August 
4th. 


CONGRESS  OF  ARCH/EOLOGICAL 
SOCIETIES. 

The  SeventeenthfCongress  was  held  at 
Burlington  House  on  Wednesday,  the  4th 
inst.,  Lord  Avebury,  President  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  in  the  chair.  The  meeting 
was  numerously  attended  by  delegates  of 
the  various  societies  in  union. 


A  discussion  arose  on  the  Report  of  the 
Committee  stating  that  the  office  of  Inspector 
of  Ancient  Monuments  had  not  been  filled 
up,  as  required  by  the  statute  instituting  it, 
but  that  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  had  been 
informed  by  Government  that  the  duties 
had  been  committed  to  a  member  of  the 
Office  of  Works.  The  Congress  of  1905  had 
petitioned  Government  to  fill  up  the  post, 
which  had  been  vacant  since  the  death  of 
General  Pitt-Rivers. 

A  general  opinion  was  expressed  that  the 
appointment  of  a  member  of  a  Government 
office  who  had  other  important  duties  was 
very  unsatisfactory,  one  of  the  purposes  for 
which  the  office  was  instituted  under  Lord 
Avebury's  Bill  having  been  that  such  an 
officer  should  not  only  look  after  such  monu- 
ments as  had  been  accepted  by  the  nation, 
but  also  assist  in  the  preservation  of  others 
that  might  ultimately  be  brought  under 
supervision.  For  this  purpose  it  was  essential 
that  the  officer  should  be  independent,  and 
able  to  devote  time  to  travelling  about  the 
country.  Lord  Balcarres,  Chairman  of  the 
Earthworks  Committee  of  the  Congress, 
pointed  to  the  numerous  instances  related 
in  the  Committee's  Report  of  the  destruction 
of  earthworks,  and  showed  how  useful  in 
preventing  such  destruction  an  Inspector  of 
Ancient  Monuments  might  have  been  ;  in  his 
opinion  it  would  be  impossible  for  a  Govern- 
ment official  to  give  the  necessary  time  and 
attention  to  the  work.  This  view  was  sup- 
ported by  the  Earl  of  Liverpool,  Dr.  Laver, 
and  others  ;  and  eventually  Lord  Avebury 
proposed,  and  Mr.  C.  F.  Keyser  seconded, 
a  resolution  expressing  the  views  of  the 
Congress,  which  the  secretary  was  directed 
to  send  to  the  Government. 

The  Earl  of  Liverpool  mentioned,  as 
arising  from  the  expression  of  opinion  at  the 
1905  Congress  in  opposition  to  the  mutila- 
tion of  Capt.  Cornewall's  monument  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  that  he  had  received  a 
communication  from  the  Board  of  Works 
to  the  effect  that,  in  consequence  of  the 
strong  feeling  on  the  subject,  another  place 
had  been  found  for  the  late  Lord  Salisbury's 
monument. 

After  the  usual  business,  a  Report  was 
read  from  the  Committee  appointed  to 
promote  the  study  and  safe  custody  of  Court 
Rolls.  This  stated  that  in  their  opinion  the 
desired  object  could  best  be  obtained  by  the 
formation  of  a  society  for  that  especial 
object.  Somerset  Herald,  the  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Committee,  read  a  draft  of 
suggestions  that  had  been  made  for  the 
formation  of  such  a  society  ;  and  after  Dr. 
Round  had  pointed  out  that  all  that  the 
Congress  had  to  do  was  to  promote,  as  far 
as  lay  in  its  power,  such  formation,  the  Earl 
of  Liverpool  proposed,  and  Col.  Attree,  R.E., 
seconded,  the  adoption  of  the  Report,  and 
an  expression  of  welcome  on  the  part  of  the 
Congress  to  such  a  society  and  of  the  willing- 
ness of  the  Congress  to  assist  in  its  promotion. 

Mr.  Chalkley  Gould  then  read  the  Report 
of  the  Earthworks  Committee,  which  was 
of  a  most  interesting  and  valuable  nature, 
giving  particulars  of  what  had  been  clone  in 
the  year  in  the  way  of  record,  the  year's 
bibliography  on  the  subject,  and  a  large 
list  of  destructions.  It  was  gratifying  to  be 
able  to  mention  a  few  instances  in  which 
threatened  demolition  had  been  averted, 
notably  by  the  exertions  of  Mr.  St.  Clair 
Baddeley  in  the  case  of  Painswick  Beacon, 
in  Gloucestershire,  famous  for  its  wonderful 
view. 

Mr.  Ralph  Nevill  read  some  proposals 
drawn  up  by  him  for  the  Surrey  Archaeo- 
logical Society,  for  a  scheme  for  uniform 
transcription  of  church,  and  especially 
churchyard  inscriptions.  He  proposed  that 
these  should  be  referred  to  a  small  committee, 


who  should  draw  up  a  paper  of  instructions 
that  might  be  generally  applicable.  He 
mentioned  that  the  Suffolk  Institute  had 
already  started  collecting,  and  that  the 
East  Herts  Society  were  on  the  point  of  an 
appeal.  Canon  Warren,  secretary  of  the 
Suffolk  Institute,  and  Mr.  Charles  Partridge 
gave  particulars  of  the  work  that  had  been 
done,  Mr.  Partridge  having  himself  copied 
the  inscriptions  of  64  churchyards  in  Suffolk, 
some  of  which  were  being  published  in  the 
East  Anglian  Notes  and  Queries.  Sir  Edward 
Brabrook,  Prof.  M'Kenny  Hughes,  Lord 
Bplcarres,  Count  Plunkett,  and  many  others 
having  spoken  of  the  extreme  usefulness  of 
such  a  scheme,  a  small  committee  was 
appointed  (with  power  to  add  to  its  numbers) 
to  draw  up  a  paper  of  instructions. 


SALES. 


Messks.  Chkistie  sold  on  the  7th  inst.  the 
following.  Drawings :  D.  Cox,  Landscape,  with 
two  figures  on  a  footpath,  54/. ;  Landscape,  with 
ruined  castle  and  cattle,  52/.  J.  Israels,  The 
Seamstress,  388/.;  Grace  before  Meat,  519?.  Birket 
Foster,  Bird's-nesting,  50/.;  Arran  and  Bute,  210/.; 
View  of  Croydon,  94/.;  Two  Peasant  -  Children, 
seated  on  a  fallen  tree,  52/.;  Road  Scene,  with 
church,  figures,  and  cows,  68/.  A.  Mauve,  Cows 
in  a  Pasture,  68/  S.  Bough,  View  of  Edinburgh, 
50/.  Pictures  :  H.  Harpignies,  The  Ravine,  199/. ; 
The  Edge  of  a  Wood,  178/.  B.  W.  Leader,  The 
Road  by  the  River,  Beredown,  Dartmoor,  117/. 
W.  Maris,  A  Peasant-Girl  and  Two  Cows,  651/. 
H.  Fantin-Latour,  Roses  All  Aflame,  325/. ;  Wood 
Nymphs,  131/.;  A  Bunch  of  Wild  Flowers,  136/. 
Sir  A.  W.  Callcott,  Dutch  Fishing-Boats  Running 
Foul,  110/.  W.  Midler,  Lago  Maggiore,  189/. 
P.  J.  Clays,  Dutch  Fishing-Boats  at  Anchor,  120/. 
Sir  L.  Alma  Tadema,  A  Staircase,  231/. 

On  Monday  Whistler's  chalk  Portrait  of  the 
Artist  fetched  81/. 

The  following  engravings  after  Meissonier  were 
sold  on  Tuesday  :  Piquet,  by  A.  Boulard,  25/. ; 
Generals  in  the  Snow,  by  E.  Boilvin,  25/.;  Partie 
Perdue,  by  F.  Bracquemond,  25/.;  1806,  by  J. 
Jacquet,  33/.;  1807,  by  the  same  (lot  58),  71/.; 
another  example  (lot  72),  68/. ;  a  third  (lot  120), 
57/.;  La  Rixe,  by  F.  Bracquemond,  94/.  A.  H. 
Haig's  etching,  Interior  of  Toledo  Cathedral, 
fetched  25/. 


At  the  Ryder  Gallery  to-day  there  is  a 
private  view  of  oil  paintings  by  Mr.  Eugene 
Benson  and  miniatures  by  Miss  Gertrude 
Massey. 

At  the  New  Dudley  Gallery  there  is  on 
view  till  the  30th  inst.  a  collection  of  water- 
colour  drawings  (from  the  Georges  Petit 
Gallery  at  Paris)  of  Italian  Lakes  and  Land- 
scapes, the  Alps,  the  Riviera,  and  Switzer- 
land, by  M.  Augustin  Rey. 

Messrs.  Ernest  Brown  &  Phillips  have 
held  during  the  last  twelve  months  at  the 
Leicester  Galleries  a  series  of  exhibitions  of 
French  art,  including  the  work  of  Corot, 
Millet,  Daubigny,  Harpignies,  and  J.  E. 
Blanche.  These  are  now  followed  by  an 
exhibition  of  the  work  of  two  well-known 
painters,  MM.  Eugene  Boudin  and  Albert 
Lebourg,  which  was  opened  on  Thursday 
last.  There  is  also  being  shown  a  collection 
of  water-colours  and  drawings  by  deceased 
and  living  masters  of  the  English  school. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  yesterday  there 
was  a  private  view  of  the  work  of  the  late 
Arthur  Tomson  (1858-1905). 

An  exhibition  of  water-colour  drawings 
by  Mr.  Gordon  Home  is  being  held  at  the 
Brook  Street  Art  Gallery  till  the  20th  of  this 
month.  The  private  view  took  place  yester- 
day.    About  fifty  pictures  are  being  shown, 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


and  the  subjects  are  equally  divided  between 
Normandy  and  the  Yorkshire  dales. 

The  death,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  is 
announced  from  Yienna  of  the  distinguished 
painter  Anton  Schrodl.  His  landscapes  are 
characterized  by  the  richness  of  their  colour- 
ing and  the  strong  contrast  of  light  and 
shade.  His  pictures  of  sheep  were  very 
popular. 

The  death,  in  his  fifty-fifth  year,  is  also 
announced  from  Diisseldorf  of  the  talented 
genre  painter  Franz  Thone. 

A  strong  committee  has  been  formed  in 
Paris  for  the  purpose  of  celebrating  the 
centenary  of  Fragonard  next  January,  and 
the  execution  of  a  monument  in  his  memory 
has  been  entrusted  to  M.  August  e  Maillard. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Co  vent  Garden. — Gluck' s  Armide. 

This  opera  was  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  yesterday  week,  for  the  first  time 
in  England.  Gluck,  in  a  letter  to  Le 
Blanc  du  Roullet,  wrote  concerning  it : 
"  J'en  ai  fait  la  musique  de  maniere 
qu'elle  ne  vieillira  pas  si  tot."  Now, 
though  it  is  129  years  since  the  work  was 
produced  at  the  Academie  Royale,  Paris, 
the  music  retains  both  its  freshness  and 
its  charm.  What,  for  instance,  could  be 
more  lovely  than  the  ballet,  solo,  and 
chorus  in  Act  I.,  Rinaldo's  song  with  the 
delicate  accompaniment  in  the  third  scene 
of  Act  III.,  the  following  scene  with  the 
Naiads  and  chorus,  or  the  delicious  choral 
ballet,  "  C'est  l'amour,"  in  Act  IV.  ? 
Gluck  dared  to  be  simple,  yet  never 
became  commonplace — at  any  rate  not 
in  this  work.  Beautiful  music,  it  may 
be  said,  is  not  all  that  is  required  in  an 
opera.  Certainly  not,  but  the  present 
one,  with  its  pastoral,  its  love,  and  its 
enchantment  scenes,  offers  rare  oppor- 
tunities for  music  of  such  kind. 
There  is  a  bold  chorus  of  vengeance 
when  the  news  is  brought  to  Armide 
of  the  deliverance  of  the  captive 
warriors  by  Rinaldo  ;  while  the 
great  duet,  "  Esprits  de  haine  et  de 
rage,"  between  Armide  and  Hidraot, 
and  the  striking  scene  with  Hatred  and 
the  Furies  in  the  third  act,  display 
dramatic  power  of  high  order.  Gluck, 
however,  reaches  his  highest  point  in  the 
final  scene,  after  Armide  has  been  aban- 
doned by  Rinaldo  ;  it  is  a  scene  over 
which  Berlioz  must  have  waxed  eloquent. 
The  orchestral  means  used  by  Gluck  are 
wonderfully  simple,  compared  with  those 
to  which  Wagner  and  other  modern  com- 
posers have  accustomed  us,  and  yet  so 
strong  and  so  direct  are  Gluck's  dramatic 
touches  that  the  difference  does  not  strike 
one  while  listening.  There  are,  neverthe- 
less, features  which  do  show  signs  of 
age  :  the  formal  cut  and  (from  a  dramatic 
point)  length  of  some  of  the  airs,  and 
the  constant  repetition  of  words.  Such 
features  are  so  foreign  to  the  spirit  of 
modern  music  drama  that  it  is  to  be 
feared  public  interest  in   the  work   may 


prove  intermittent.  To  those,  how- 
ever, who  are  able  to  listen  to  it 
for  itself,  settine;  aside  for  the  time  being 
all  thought  of  modern  means  and  modern 
methods,  '  Armide  '  is  indeed  a  wonderful 
work.  It  should  never  be  forgotten 
that  Wagner  was  not  great  by  reason  of 
his  unusually  large  orchestras  and  elaborate 
writing,  but  great  in  spite  of  them.  We 
believe  that  if  the  Opera  Syndicate  were 
to  give  a  series  of  performances  of  Gluck 
operas — a  kind  of  Gluck  festival — on  as 
grand  a  scale  as  the  few  now  being 
given  of  '  Armide,'  the  public  would 
begin  to  appreciate  the  genius  of  the 
eighteenth-century  composer,  or,  at  any 
rate,  enjoy  for  the  time  being  the  rest 
from  the  storm  and  stress  of  much 
modern  music. 

The  production  at  Covent  Garden  was 
very  fine.  Mile.  Breval's  impersonation 
of  Armide  was  highly  artistic  ;  she  was, 
however,  more  impressive  in  the  dramatic 
than  in  the  lyrical  scenes.  M.  Laflitte 
sang  well,  though  he  certainly  found 
some  of  the  music  uncomfortably  high 
for  his  voice.  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn 
as  La  Haine  sang  and  acted  with  marked 
effect.  Madame  Gilibert-Lejeune  and 
Miss  Gleeson-White  as  Le  Plaisir  and 
Sidonie  deserve  praise.  Mile.  Das  as  La 
Na'iade,  and  afterwards  as  Lucinde,  sang 
charmingly.  The  piece  was  magnificently 
mounted,  and  the  dances,  with  Mile.  Aida 
Boni  as  principal  exponent,  were  admirably 
carried  out.  M.  Andre  Messager  con- 
ducted with  all  due  care  and  intelligence, 
but  his  rendering  of  the  music  seemed 
at  times  too  stiff  ;  this  was  particularly 
noticeable  in  Rinaldo's  song  in  Act  III., 
which,  by  the  way,  might  have  been 
taken  a  shade  faster.  And  why  was  the 
duet  "  Esprits  de  haine,"  marked  andante 
in  the  score,  given  as  an  allegro  ?  There 
may  be  some  tradition  justifying  this, 
nevertheless  the  tempo  originally  marked 
seems  to  us  more  in  keeping  with  the 
words. 


iHnsicai  (iossip. 

Two  works  were  performed  for  the  first 
time  in  London  at  Mr.  Richard  Epstein's 
chamber  concert  at  Broad  wood's  on  Monday 
evening.  The  first  was  a  Sonata  in  B  for 
pianoforte  and  violin,  Op.  77,  by  Herr 
Robert  Fuchs,  of  Vienna.  The  work  is  in 
three  movements,  the  last  of  which,  a  refined 
Allegretto,  is  the  most  felicitous.  The  other 
two  sections  contain  pleasing,  if  not  particu- 
larly striking  material.  The  second  novelty 
was  for  two  pianofortes,  Variations  and  Fugue 
on  a  Beethoven  Theme,  Op.  86,  by  Herr 
Max  Roger,  a  comparatively  young  and 
able  composer.  A  first  impression  of  the 
music  is  unfavourable,  because  there  serins 
more  intellect  than  emotional  power  in  it  : 
but  further  acquaintance  with  the  work 
may  modify  this  opinion.  The  performers 
were  Miss  Fanny  1  >avies  and  the  concert- 
giver,  and  they  acquitted  themselves  right 
well  of  a  difficult  task. 

Miss  Irene  Ainsley  made  her  debut  at 
Bechstein  Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon.  She 
is  a  native  of  New  Zealand,  and  by  the  help 
and  on  the  recommendation,  of  .Madame 
Melba,  has  been  studying  for  some  time 
with  Madame  Mathilde   Marches]   in    Paris. 


The  young  singer  has  undoubtedly  a  Una 
contralto  voice,  while  the  name  of  her 
teacher  is  good  guarantee  that  she  has  been 
well  trained  ;  and  of  this  she  herself  gave 
ample  proof.  Miss  Ainsley  has  not  yet 
completed  her  studies,  but  this  much  may 
be  said  :  with  a  voice  like  hers  she  ought  to 
do  well.  For  the  present  there  is  a  lack  of 
life  and  warmth  in  her  singing,  but  how  far 
this  was  owing  to  nervousness  is  a  question 
which  time  will  soon  decide.  Madame 
Melba  herself  played  some  of  the  accom- 
paniments ;  the  rest  were  in  the  able  hands 
of  Mr.  Landon  Ronald. 

The  performances  already  announced  in 
these  columns  of  John  Barnett's  '  Mountain 
Sylph  '  by  the  students  of  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music  were,  on  the  whole,  praise- 
worthy ;  there  were  weak  moments,  but 
the  good  prevailed.  The  revival  of  the 
work,  apart  from  the  rendering  of  it,  was 
interesting.  It  was  produced  in  1834,  and 
the  music  naturally  bears  traces  of  the 
influence  of  Weber.  The  first  act  is  clever, 
but  after  that  interest,  in  spite  of  some 
effective  numbers,  is  apt  to  flag.  The 
opera,  however,  deserved  the  succ< -^  it 
achieved  in  1834,  and  even  now  it  is  excellent 
for  students.  It  is  far  better  to  revive  an 
old  work  such  as  Barnett's  than  to  select 
one  which  is  in  the  regular  operatic 
repertory.  Dr.  Cummings  has  acted  most 
wisely.  Mr.  B.  Soutten,  the  stage  manager, 
and  Mr.  Richard  H.  Walthew,  the  con- 
ductor, added  materially  to  the  success  of 
the  undertaking. 

Mr.  J.  Dorasami,  an  East  Indian  violinist, 
made  his  first  appearance  in  England  at 
Miss  Amy  Sherwin's  fourth  pupils'  concert 
at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Wednesday  evening. 
He  holds  the  instrument  between  the  knees, 
after  the  manner  of  the  Indian  "  sarangee." 
His  instrument  has  somewhat  of  a  viola 
tone,  and  he  uses  a  very  long  bow.  He 
is  principally  self-taught.  His  two  solos 
were  a  Wieniawski  '  Legende,'  and  the  Finale 
of  the  Mendelssohn  Violin  Concerto.  He 
has  excellent  technique  and  good  tone,  and 
in  cantabile  passages  plays  with  marked 
feeling.  A  short  solo  wdiich  was  given  by 
way  of  encore  seemed  to  us  to  be  some 
Eastern  melody. 

Miss  Elizabeth  Dodge,  the  new  American 
soprano,  made  her  first  appearance  at  the 
^olian  Hall  on  Wednesday  afternoon.  The 
lady  has  a  bright  voice,  though  the  quality 
of  her  upper  notes  is  somewhat  shrill.  "  Deh 
vieni  "  from  'Figaro  '  was  well  sung,  as  was 
the  "  Air  de  la  Folie  "  from  '  Hamlet  '  ;  but 
Miss  Dodge's  cliief  successes  were  in  some 
French  songs,  which  she  rendered  with 
marked  taste  and  delicacy.  Mr.  Percy 
Grainger  was  the  pianist,  and  his  solos 
included  Debussy's  interesting  '  Pagodes  ' 
and  '  Toccata.' 

The  Hereford  Musical  Festival  will  take 
place  from  the  1 1th  to  the  1-lth  of  September, 
witli  the  usual  special  service  mi  the  | ae\  ious 
Sunday  by  the  combined  Hereford,  Glou- 
cester, and  Woicester  choirs.  '  Elijah 
will  be  given  on  the  first  morning  (Tuesday). 
and  in  the  evening  Dr.  Davies's  new  work. 
"  hilt  up  your  Hearts."  and  "The  Dream  of 
Gerontius.'  On  the  Wednesday  will  be 
performed  Sir  H.  Fairy's  new  work.  'The 
Soul's  Ransom,'  the  second  pari  of  Bach's 
i?  minor  Mass,  and  Brahms's  Third  Sym- 
phony. Thursday  morning  will  be  devoted 
to  'The  Apostles,1  and  the  evening  to 
Berlioz's  'Te  Deum '  and  'The  Hymn  of 
Praise';  and  Friday  morning  t.p  'The 
Messiah.'  A  miscellaneous  and  a  chamber 
concert    will    be   given    in    the    Shire    Hall    on 

the    evenings    of    Wednesday    and    Friday. 

The    principal    aitists   engaged    are    Madam* 


52 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


Albani  and  Miss  Agnes  Nicholls,  Madame 
Ada  Crossley  and  Miss  Muriel  Foster, 
Messrs.  Ben  Davies  and  John  Coates,  and 
Messrs.  Andrew  Black,  Ffrangcon  Davies, 
and  Plunket  Greene.  The  conductor  will 
be  Dr.  G.  R.  Sinclair,  the  Cathedral  organist. 
The  Birmingham  Musical  Festival  will 
take  place  from  the  2nd  to  the  5th  of 
October.  In  addition  to  Sir  Edward  Elgar's 
new  work,  '  The  Kingdom,'  which  has  been 
already  announced,  there  will  be  three 
novelties :  '  The  Bells,'  by  Mr.  Josef  Hol- 
brooke ;  a  Sinfonietta  in  G  minor,  by  Mr. 
Percy  Pitt :  and  '  Omar  Khayyam,'  by  Mr. 
Granville  Bantock. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 
Mox.— Sat.    Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Ti-ks.    Grand  Concert  [Bishop  of  London's  Fundi.  3.30,  xEolian  Hall. 


DRAMA 


Mvamniic  (Gossip. 

Short  as  it  has  been,  the  London  engage- 
ment of  Madame  Brandes  at  the  New  Royalty 
has  been  prodigal  of  delight.  No  better 
representative  of  Francillon  or  of  Dora  lias 
been  seen  in  this  country,  and  none  pre- 
sumably in  France.  Of  neither  character 
wes  she  the  original  exponent.  On  the  first 
production  of  '  Fiancillon  '  at  the  Comedie 
Francaise  on  January  17th,  1887,  the  part 
of  Francine  de  Riverolles  was  assigned 
Madame  Bartet.  On  September  26th,  how- 
ever, on  her  passage  from  the  Vaudeville  to 
the  Theatre  Francais,  Madame  Brandes, 
fearless  of  competition  with  a  predecessor 
who  might  well  have  been  regarded  as 
formidable,  selected  the  character  for  her 
debut.  Her  success  in  the  role  was  neither 
immediate  nor  undisputed.  After  a  time, 
she  made  the  part  her  own,  and  she  may  now 
claim  to  be  an  ideal  exponent.  While  inform- 
ing the  character  with  passion,  she  remains 
the  great  lady,  and  in  the  height  of  her 
revolt  keeps  in  sight  what  is  owing  to  her 
dignity  and  her  position.  The  piece  retains 
its  charm.  Its  characters  are  brilliantly 
drawn,  and  though  the  doubt  as  to  its  being 
a  veritable  dramatic  masterpiece,  expressed 
at  its  first  production,  is  still  tenable,  it  is 
at  least  masterly  in  style  and  of  tlirilling 
interest.  '  L'Espionne,'  which  followed  on 
Friday,  the  8th,  proved  to  be  the  piece  of 
M.  Sardou  produced  at  the  Paris  Vaudeville 
on  January  22nd,  1877,  with  Blanche  Pierson 
as  the  heroine,  under  the  title  of  '  Dora,' 
then  held  less  compromising  than  that 
originally  proposed,  and  now  at  length 
assigned  it.  In  this  country  it  is  best  known 
under  the  name  of  its  English  adaptation, 
'  Diplomacy.'  Of  the  heroine  Madame 
Brandes  gave  a  superb  representation.  The 
scene  of  the  three  men  was  effectively  ren- 
dered by  MM.  Calmettes,  Severin,  and 
Rousselle.  On  the  whole,  the  performance 
was  inferior  in  strength,  intensity,  and  in- 
terest to  the  memorable  first  representation 
of  '  Diplomacy.' 

'  La  Bascule  '  of  M.  Maurice  Donnay, 
produced  on  Monday,  is  hardly  a  favourable 
specimen  of  its  author's  workmanship.  As 
is  the  case  with  much  modern  dramatic 
work,  it  displays  in  its  first  act  pro- 
mise, which  in  the  following  acts  is  un- 
fulfilled. Its  story  deals  with  the  customary 
difficulty  between  the  wife  and  the  mistress, 
who  alternately  bump  the  ground  and  rise 
in  the  air  during  the  husband's  game  at 
see-saw.  The  piece  is,  however,  well 
written,  and  was  admirably  acted.  As 
Hubert  de  Plouha,  the  hero,  M.  Felix 
Huguenet  once  more  showed  himself  a 
finished  comedian  while  as  Rosine  Bernier, 
Mile.  Gabrielle  Dorziat  (who  at  the  original 


production  at  the  Paris  Vaudeville  on 
October  31st,  1901,  played  a  secondary 
role)  proved  herself  well  worthy  of  her 
promotion.  Much  laughter  was  elicited  by 
the  performance. 

In  reviving  at  the  Court  '  You  Never  Can 
Tell '  Messrs.  Vedrenne  and  Barker  were 
well  advised,  the  performance  seizing  strongly 
on  the  public.  Miss  Henrietta  Watson  is 
excellent  as  Mrs,  Clandon,  and  Miss  Lillah 
McCarthy  an  ideal  Gloria.  Mr.  Louis 
Calvert  gives  a  capital  study  of  the  waiter, 
and  Miss  Dorothy  Minto  and  Mr.  Norman 
Page  are  delightful  as  the  children.  The 
entire  cast  leaves,  indeed,  nothing  to  be 
desired. 

'  La  Belle  Marseillaise  '  of  M.  Pierre 
Berton,  a  piece  in  four  acts  and  five  tableaux, 
produced  at  the  Ambigu  Comique  on 
March  2nd,  1905,  will  be  played  during 
the  approaching  autumn  in  a  version  by 
Mrs.  Madeleine  Lucette  Ryley.  The  piece 
turns  on  the  attempted  murder  of  Napoleon. 
Originally  played  by  M.  Castillon,  Bonaparte 
will  in  England  be  taken  by  Mr.  John  Hare. 

The  run  at  His  Majesty's  of  '  Colonel 
Newcome,'  which  concluded  on  Saturday 
last,  will  be  resumed  with  the  return  of  Mr. 
Tree  to  that  theatre  at  the  close  of  his 
country  tour. 

A  revival  of  '  Lady  Huntworth's  Experi- 
ment,' by  R.  C.  Carton,  with  Mr.  Charles 
Hawtrey,  Mr.  Henry  Kemble,  Mr.  Weedon 
Grossmith,  and  Miss  Compton  in  the  cast, 
will  take  place  at  the  Haymarket  in  the 
autumn,  and  will  be  followed  by  the  pro- 
duction of  a  new  comedy  by  the  same  author. 

The  run  of  '  Monsieur  Beaucaire  '  at  the 
Lyric  finishes  this  evening.  Mr.  Lewis 
Waller  will  reopen  the  theatre  on  October  15th 
with  '  Robin  Hood,'  written  expressly  for 
him  by  Messrs.  Henry  Hamilton  and  William 
Devereux. 

A  version  of  Mr.  George  Moore's  '  Esther 
Waters,'  in  which  Madame  Yvette  Guilbert 
is  to  be  seen,  has  been  prepared  by  the  author 
and  Mr.  Edward  Knoblauch. 

Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  has  adapted, 
under  the  title  of  '  Down  our  Alley,'  the 
'  Crainquebille  '  of  M.  Anatole  France,  and 
purposes  appearing  in  it  on  the  25th  inst., 
before  going  on  his  country  tour. 

Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  has  been  engaged 
for  '  The  Bondman  '  at  Drury  Lane. 


To  Correspondents.— E.  B.  R.— C.  H.— G.  N.— 
A.  L.  M.—  C.  J.  W.— H.  W.— S.  I.  R.—  Received. 

W.  F.  H.  (U.  S.)— Too  brief  for  notice. 

M.  P.— Excellent.        W.  H.— Next  week. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Page 

Authors'  Agents       30 

Autotype  Co 30 

Bagster  &  Sons         54 

Belt,  &  Sons 52 

Bkadshaw's  Guides 53 

Business  for  Disposal      30 

Catalogues       30 

Constable  &  Co 31 

Educationai 29 

Exhibitions      29 

Hurst  &  Blackett 32 

Hutchinson  &  Co £6 

Insi  rance  Companies         55 

Long        32 

Macmiij.an  &  Co 32 

Magazines,  &c 31 

Miscellaneous 30 

Newspaper  Agents 30 

Notes  and  QUERIES 54 

NUTT          55 

Oxford  University  Press         55 

Sales  by  Auction 30 

Situations  Vacant 29 

Situations  Wanted 29 

Surgical  Aid 54 

Type-Writers,  &c 30 


MESSRS.  BELL'S 

NEW  BOOKS. 


NEW    VOLUME    OF   MR.   ROGERS'S 
ARISTOPHANES. 

THE      BIRDS 

OF 

ARISTOPHANES. 

The  Greek  Text  Revised,  and  a  Metrical  Transla- 
tion on  Opposite  Pages,  together  with  Introduction 
and  Commentary. 

By  BENJAMIN  BICKLEY  ROGERS,  M.A. 

Fcap.  4to,  10s.  Qd. 

Also  ready. 

Vol.  V.  (containing  THE  FROGS,  and  THE". 
ECCLESIAZUSAE),  15s.;  and  the  following 
separate  plays  :  THE  THESMOPHORIAZUSAEr 
7*.  Qd.;  THE  FROGS,  10s.  Qd.;  THE  ECCLE- 
SIAZUSAE, Is.  Qd. 

"Must  long  be  the  standard  edition  of  Aristo- 
phanes for  English  readers  who,  while  not  pro- 
fessional scholars,  have  retained  affectionate 
memories  of  their  youthful  exercises  in  ancient 
literature. " — A  thenceum. 


8vo,  12s.  Qd.  net, 

HEREDITY  IN  ROYALTY. 

A  Statistical  Study  in  History 
and  Psychology. 

By  FREDERICK  ADAMS  WOOD,  M.D- 

{Ready  Immediately. 
"  An  exhaustive  analysis  of  the  characteristics 
of  the  members  of  the  reigning  families  in  Europe 
from   the   sixteenth   century  (in  some  cases  from 

the  tenth   century)   downward The   choice    of 

material  is  singularly  fortunate,  and  the  method 
of  treatment  as  far  as  possible  fair  and  impersonal- 
Solid  and  valuable." — Nation. 


Crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 

CITIZENSHIP   AND    THE 
SCHOOLS. 

By  JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS, 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  and  Politics, 
Cornell  University. 


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HOOD. 

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Character. 

By  RACHEL  KENT  FITZ,  A.M.,  and 
GEORGE  WELLS  FITZ,  M.D. 

Illustrated  by  E.  A.  BELL.  [Ready  Shortly. 


NEW  VOLUMES  OF 

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On  thin  Paper,  cloth  2s.  net ;  leather,  3s.  net. 

MARRYAT    (CAPT.).— Mr. 

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by  F.  A.  FRASER.  [Ready  July  25. 

London  :  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS, 
Portugal    Street,    Lincoln's    Inn,    W.C. 


N°  4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


53 


B  R  A  D  S  H  A  W'S      GUIDE. 

SPECIAL      EDITION. 

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BRADFORD. 
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Also  SPECIAL  TABLES  dealing  with  the  following  Places  :— 

LEICESTER.  NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. 

LIVERPOOL.  NOTTINGHAM. 

MANCHESTER.       SHEFFIELD. 


EDINBURGH. 
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These  Tables  indicate  the  Routes  to  and  from  some  of  the  Chief  Towns  in  the  Kingdom,  with  Single, 
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ihe  United  Kingdom,  and  other  sections  dealing  with  Waterways  and 
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FIFTY    YEARS'    RAILWAY    STATISTICS. 

One  of  the  leading  features  is  the  introduction  of  statistics 
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Gives  in  a  succinct  form  full  information  as  to  the 
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and  others  who  for  business  or  political  reasons  are 
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The  contents  have  been  arranged  by  the  author 
after  an  inspection  of  the  whole  of  the  waterways, 
amounting  to  a  mileage  travelled  of  over  14,000  miles. 

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54 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


WORKS    BY 
WILLIAM    THYNNE    LYNN. 


TENTH  EDITION,  price  Two  Shillings. 

CELESTIAL    MOTIONS: 

A  Handy  Book  of  Astronomy. 

Tenth  Edition.   With  3  Plates. 

By    W.   T.    LYNN,    B.A.   F.R.A.S. 

Associate  of  King's  College,  London,  Lay  Reader 
in  the  Diocese  of  Southwark,  Author  of 
'Remarkable  Comets,'  'Remarkable  Eclipses,' 
'  Astronomy  for  the  Young,'  &c. 

"  Well  knovm  as  one  of  our  best  introductions  to 
astronomy." —  Guardian. 


FIRST  EDITION  EXHAUSTED. 

SECOND    EDITION    NOW    READY,   price 
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BIBLE  CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Recorded  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  arranged  under  their  Probable 
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Places  named,  and  a  Supplement  on  English 
Versions. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


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FOURTH    EDITION,   Revised   to   1905,    NOW 

READY,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence. 

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YOUNG. 

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REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES: 

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Times. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


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NEW  TESTAMENT 

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London  : 

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THE     SURGICAL     AID     SOCIETY. 

Chief  Offices— SALISBURY  SQUARE,  FLEET  STREET,  E.C. 

Telephone  No.:   12282  CENTRAL. 

Patron-HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING. 

This  Society  was  established  in  1862  to  supply  Leg  Instruments,  Spinal  Supports, 
Trusses,  Elastic  Stockings,  Artificial  Limbs,  &c,  and  every  other  description  of 
Mechanical  Support,  to  the  Poor. 

OVER  440  PATIENTS   ARE   RELIEVED  EVERY  WEEK. 

CONTRIBUTIONS    EARNESTLY    SOLICITED. 

Annual  Subscription  of  £0  10     6  )  Entitles  to  Two  Recommendations 
Life  Subscription  Of  5      5     0  I  per  Annum. 

Bankers — Messrs.  Barclay  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  54,  Lombard  Street. 

RICHARD  C.  TRESIDDER,  Secretary. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES : — Mayflower  Pilgrims — Montaigne,  Webster,  and  Marston  —  "Grangerizing"  —  Alphonso r 
Haakon — Spanish  "  Soledadilla  " — "  Clever  " — W.  Stow  —  Shakespeare  Allusion  —  Versailles — 
Warwick  Punch  Bowl. 

QUERIES  : — Plus  and  Minus — '  Northamptonshire  Families  ' — Lady  Hope  of  Kerse — •  Diary  of  an 
Invalid ' — ' '  Hypocrite  "  —  Serbian -English  Dictionary  —  Literary  Pastimes  —  ' '  Paauw  "  —  Paul 
Braddon,  Topographical  Artist— Half -Married — St.  Edith — Literary  Allusions — Watling  Street 
— Sun  and  Spirituality — "Solidarity  of  the  human  race" — Bunsen  on  the  Vale  of  York  — 
Mortimer  of  Trowbridge — Tadpole — Heraldic  Surname — Bell  Family  of  Annandale— Bishop  Island 
— "0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be?" — Clement's  Inn  Sundial — "No  riches  from  his  little  store" 
— "Red  ruin" — Anglican  Clergymen — Earthquakes  in  Wales — Chalice  at  Leominster  Church. 

REPLIES: — Hampshire  Booksellers  and  Printers — Kipling's  'With  Scindia  to  Delhi' — "Mother  of 
dead  dogs " — G.  J.  Holyoake  :  Special  Constables — Sir  William  H.  De  Lancey — Devon  Pro- 
vincialisms— Direction  Post  v.  Signpost — Gordon  :  the  Name  in  Russia — May  Light  and  Young 
Men's  Light — Gordon  House,  Kentish  Town — Eton  Swishing — Robert  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford — ■ 
John,  Lord  Trevor — Clocks  with  Words  instead  of  Figures — Churchwardens'  Accounts — Cateaton 
Street — Daniel  Tuvill — Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England — "  Pightle  "  :  "  Pikle  " — Robert 
Wingfield's  Descendants  —  Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — '  Sussex  Drinking-Song  ' — Pidgin 
English— Medical  Coroner— North  Sea  Bubble — Companies  of  Invalids — G.  Rossetti's  '  Tre 
Ragionamenti ' — Americans  in  English  Records — Goethe  :   "  Bells,  bugs,  and  Christianity." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Proverbs  and  Epigrams  of  John  Heywood '— '  Dramatic  Writings  of  Ulpian 
Fulwell' — Skeat's  'Place-Names  of  Bedfordshire'  —  Druitt's  'Manual  of  Costume  '  —  Cotton's. 
'  Inscriptions  on  Tombs  in  Madras ' — '  Trelawny's  Recollections.' 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  :— Shaw's  'Knights  of  England '—Magdalen  College  School  and  the 'D.N.  B.'— Inscriptions  at 
Milan — "Martingale":  its  Etymology — Virgil,  '  .Eneid,'  I.  462 — "  Albion  "  Hotel,  Aldersgate 
Street — Sir  Thomas  More  sainted  by  a  Bask  in  1660 — Lieut. -General  Henry  Hawley — "Tony 
Lumpkin  " — Kipling  Family. 

QUERIES: — Pledge  in  a  Bumper — "Plew"— Queen  Anna  Maria  of  Spain — Royal  Arms  of  Spain — 
Quince  Family — John  Earle  of  St.  Kitts — Commonwealth  Marriages  — Gatton  Inscription — 
Stoughton  Bottles — Nathan  Rothschild  and  Waterloo — Knights  of  the  Round  Table — Caspar 
Boninus — Acts  xxix. :  Lost  Chapter — John  Hoy — 'New  York  Times':  'Christian  Union' — 
"  Dignity  of  Man" — Cockroaches  to  destroj'  Vermin — Horse-shoeing  in  the  Sixteenth  Century — 
Sea-Urchin — Burial-Grounds  and  Cathedrals  :  their  Consecration. 

REPLIES  : — Snakes  in  South  Africa — Maynards  of  Curriglas — Christina,  Queen  of  Sweden — Vowels  on, 
Monuments — Flags — "Duma" — Lombard  Street,  No.  1 — Medical  Coroner — Henry  Alvarez,  S.J.:: 
Henry  Alway — Doncaster  Weather-Rime — Irun,  Spain — Tom  Thumb's  First  Appearance  in 
London — Seddon  Family — "  Egoteles  " — "Roan":  its  Etymology — Sir  John  Fastolf — "  Gula 
Augusti" — Barnes  :  Origin  of  the  Name — "  Mininin,"  a  Shell — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — 
Macaulay  on  the  Thames — Robin  Hood  in  French — '  Aryan  Sun-Myths  ' — References  Wanted. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS:— 'The  Manors  of  Suffolk'— '  Aylwin '—' Burlington '—' Magazine  of  Fine  Arts  r 
— Reviews  and  Magazines. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENE  UM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  SIB  HABRY  JOHNSON'S 
LIBEBIA;  SIB  WALTEB  BE S ANT'S 
MEDIEVAL  LONDON,  VOL.  I. ;  and 
SOMEBSET  HOUSE,  PAST  AND  PBE- 
SENT. 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


55 


Situations  Mtantfu — continued. 

GENTLEMAN,  30,  Graduate  in  Classics,  German' 
FreDch,  English,  and  Philosophy,  good  Shorthand,  Typist,  who 
has  travelled  in  Italv,  Austria,  France,  and  Germany,  wishes  position 
of  trust  as  PRIVATE  SECRETARY,  TUTOR,  LIBRARIAN,  or 
similar.— IX  594,  care  of  Deacon's,  Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 


Jltagafiitts,  &r. — continued. 

THE  LIBRARY, 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Bibliography  and  Library  Lore. 
Price  3s.  net,  or  108,  tW.  per  annum. 
Contents  for  JULY,  Wo.  87  [NowBtady). 
RICHARD   GARNETT  :  VERSES.    Austin  Dobson. 
RICHARD   GARNETT:  REMINISCENCES   AND   NOTES.    G.   K. 
Fortescue.  John  Ballinger,   H.  R.  Tedder,  F.  Barrett,   Edward 
Dowden,  Arthur  Symons,  A.  W.  Pollard. 
RESPONSIBILITY  FOR  THE  PUBLIC  TASTE.   Dr.  Alexander  Hill. 
THE  LADY  DTLKE  GIFT  TO  THE  NATIONAL  ART  LIBRARY. 

Gilbert  R.  Redgrave. 
ON  CHRISTIAN  CAPTIVE  INDULGENCES.    W.  E.  A.  Axon. 
PATRONS    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WRITERS    UNDER    ELIZA- 
BETH AND  JAMES  I.    Ph.  Sheavvn. 
RECENT  FOREIGN  LITERATURE.     Elizabeth  Lee. 
ALEXANDER  MORING,  Ltd., 
"2,  George  Street,  Hanover  Square,  London,  W. 


TEACHERS'    SCRIPTURAL    LIBRARY. 
Price  Sixpence  each  net. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

1.  BRIEF  LESSONS  ON  THE  PARABLES  AND 

MIRACLES  OF  OUR  LORD.  The  First  Part  contains  short 
Expositions  of  the  Parables,  arranged  according  to  Date;  in  the 
Second,  the  Miracles  are  treated  under  the  heads  of  the  Regions 
in  which  they  were  wrought.    With  Two  Illustrations. 

2.  EMINENT     SCRIPTURE     CHARACTERS : 

a  Series  of  Biographical  Studies  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 
Hlustrated  by  Six  Views  of  Biblical  Scenes,  which  will,  it  is  hoped, 
be  found  useful  to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  study  of  the  Holy 
Scripture. 

Published  by  STONEMAN,  29,  Paternoster  Square,  E.C. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF  BENJAMIN  DISRAELI, 

EARL  OF  BEACONSFIELD,  1820-1892. 
-\TOTES        and         QUERIES 

AM      for  APRIL  29,  MAY  13,  27,  JUNE  10,  24,  and  JULY  8, 1893, 

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THE  CLASSICAL  REVIEW 

Vol.  XX.     JULY,  1906.     No.  6.     Is.  U.  net. 

Contents. 

ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  :— 

'  Melandra  Castle. ' 

Varia  Graeca.    T.  W.  ALLEN. 

Notes  on  the  Attic  Orators.    HERBERT  RICHARDS. 

An  Emendation  of  Lucian,  '  Philonseudes '  9.    CAMP- 
BELL BONNER. 

On  the  Use  of  the  Article  with  Ordinal  Numerals  in 
Greek.     JOHN  THOMPSON. 

Notes  on  Horace,  'Odes'  III.  iv.  9,  10.    G.  M.  HIRST. 

On   Two    Passages   of   the    '  Panegyricus    Messallae.' 
J.  P.  POSTGATE. 

On  Three  Passages  of  the  'Silvae'  of  Statins.    J.  P. 
POSTGATE. 

NOTES. 

REVIEWS  :— 

Blaydes's  'Sophoclis  Antigone.'     E.  H.  BLAKENEY. 

'  Midias '  and  '  De  Corona '  of  Demosthenes. 

Goodwin's  'Demosthenes  on  the  Crown.'  T.  NICKLIN. 

Sharpley's  'Herodas.'    J.  ARBUTHNOT  NAIRN. 

Recent  Translations  of  the  '  Rndens.'    E.  A.  SONNEN- 
SCHEIN. 

Phillimore's 'Silvae  of  Statins.'    J.  P.  POSTGATE. 

ARCHAEOLOGY:— 

Triremes.     CECIL  TORR. 

Scarabs.     H.  R.  HALL. 

Furtwangler's  Excavations  in  Aegina.     P.  GARDNER. 

A  Note  on  the  Enneacrunus.     J.  R.  WHEELER. 

Furtwangler's 'Athletics  in  Greek  Art.'    E.  NORMAN 
GARDINER. 

Altmann's  '  Roman  Sepulchral  Altars.'    F.   H.   MAR- 
SHALL 

Carter's  '  Religion  of  Numa.'    F.  H.  MARSHALL. 
BRIEF  NOTICES. 

ARCH.FOLOGICAL  AND  NUMISMATIC  SUMMARIES. 
SUMMARIES  OF  PERIODICALS. 
BOOKS  RECEIVED. 


FOLK-LORE. 


TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY. 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Myth,  Tradition,  Institution, 
and  Custom. 

Vol.  XVII.     No.  2.     JUNE,  190G.     5s.  net. 

Contents. 

BACK-FOOTED  BEINGS.     A.  T.  CRAWFORD  CREE. 

THE  EUROPEAN  SKY-GOD.  V.  THE  CELTS.  ARTHUR 
BERNARD  COOK. 

THE  NATIVE  TRIBES  OF  SOUTH-EAST  AUSTRALIA 
A.  W.  HO  WITT,  LL.I). 

COLLECTANKA  :— Tree  Worship  in  China.  A.R.  WRIGHT. 
— Cairene  Folk-lore.  III.  A.  II.  SAYCE. — The  Cure 
of  Elf-shooting  in  the  North-west  of  Ireland.  JOSEPH 
MEEHAN.—  Additions  to  'The  Gaines  of  Areyleshire 
R.  C.  MACLAGAN. 

CORRESPONDENCE  :  —  Translations  of  Folk-lore  Pub- 
lications. G.  L.  GOMME.— The  Legend  of  Merlin. 
JESSIE  L.  WESTON.  -  Mr.  Clodd  on  Crystal-gazing. 
ANDREW  LANG.  Dues  the  Folk-Lore  Society  Kxist 
for  the  Sludv  of  Early  Institutions  .'  CHARLOTTE  S 
BURNE. 

REVIEWS :— Andrew  Ling,  'The  Secret  of  the  Totem.' 
F.  15.  JEVONS.— Rafael  Kareten, 'The  Origin  of  Wor- 
ship :  a  Study  in  Primitive  Religion.'    R.  it.  MARETT. 

—.Matthew  I,.  Ilew.it,   '  Kantu  Folk-Lore.'     BERTRAM 

('.  A.  WINDLE.-  "I  in-  Czech  Ethnographical  Review.' 
FRANCIS  i>.  march  ANT.  -Aug.  Wunsche,  'Der 
SagenkreisvomgeprelltenTeufeL'  K.  SIDNEY  II  Mil 
LAND.— Allien  Dietericb  and  Richard  Wunsch,  'Re- 
ligionsgeachiehtliche  Versuche  und  Vorarbeiten.'  — 
Jeannie  Gunn,  '  Tin-  Little  Black  Princess  :  a  True  Tale 
of  Life  in  the  Never-Never  Land.'  Edward  clodd, 
'Animism:  the  Seed  of  Religion.'  R.  R  MARETT.— 
'Anthropos.'    CHARLOTTES.  BURNE 


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56 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4107,  July  14,  1906 


5    IMPORTANT    NEW    BOOKS 

PUBLISHED   BY   MESSRS.    HUTCHINSON   &    GO 

LIBERIA: 

The    Negro    Republic    in    West    Africa 

By  Sir  HARRY  JOHNSTON 

With  402  Illustrations  from  Original  Drawings  and  Photographs,  24  Botanical  Drawings,  22  Maps,  and  28  Coloured  Plates 
from  the  Author's  own  Paintings.     Printed  throughout  on  English  Art  Paper,  in  2  vols.,  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  42s.  net. 

What    the     LEADING     PAPERS    say 


The  STANDARD  says:— 
"'Liberia'   is   one   of    the  most  valuable   and 
comprehensive  of  modern  contributions  to  the  sum 

•  of  our  knowledge  of  Africa.  Sir  Harry  Johnston's 
.fine  work  tempts  the  reviewer  to  quotation  upon 
its  every  page.      Other  considerations  forbid  the 

•  extension  of  this  notice  beyond  a  repeated  recom- 
mendation to  the  reader  to  obtain  the  book  for 
himself." 


The  TRIBUNE  says:— 
"Sir  Harry  Johnston  is  to  be  heartily  con- 
gratulated on  the  production  of  this  sumptuous 
and  monumental  work  on  Liberia.  He  has  devoted 
to  the  task  quite  a  remarkable  amount  of  energy, 
thought  and  scholarship." 


The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says:— 
"  To  do  justice  in  the  limits  of  a  brief  review  to 
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related  it  with  rare  sympathy  and  skill." l 

SECOND  EDITION 

BY     THE     WATERS     OF     CARTHAGE      By  Norma.   Lorimer,  Author  of   'By  the  Waters  of 

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THIS  DA  Y 

THE     REAL     LOUIS     THE     XVth       By  Lieut.-Col.  Andrew  C.   P.    Haggard,    Author   of    'The 

1  Regent  of  the  R()ues,'  &c.     In  2  vols,  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  with  32  Page  Illustrations  and  2  Photogravure  Frontispieces,  24s.  net. 

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the  othe r  sS T  o"  Uub  g'at  cleavag  belween  the  thought  of  Darwin  and  the  thought  of  Rousseau  The  story  of  Owen's  extraordinary  success  among  the 
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RING    IN    THE    NEW 
IN    SUBJECTION 

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•ELIJAH.' 

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Berlioz's  Overture 

'LE  CARNIVAL  ROMAIN.' 


Thursday  i                            'THE  MESSIAH.' 

Morning.  1 

__        ,  f               Mr.  Granville  Bantock's  New  Work 

Thursday  )                            'OMAR  KHAYYAM.' 

Evening.  1  STRAUSS S  "TOD  UND  VERKLARUNG. 

Friday  f                   BEETHOVEN'S  MASS  IN  D. 

Morning.  1  TSCHAIKOWSKY  S  VIOLIN  CONCERTO. 


Friday  J 

Evening.  ^ 


Sir  C.  Villiers  Stanford's 

•THE  REVENGE.' 

HYMN  OF  PRAISE '  (Mendelssohn;. 


Principal  Vocalists : 

Mesdames  ALBANI.  AGNES  NICHOLLS,  GLEESON  WHITE. 

ADA  CROSSLEY,  and  MURIEL  FOSTER. 

Messieurs  JOHN  COATES,  WILLIAM  GREEN, 

JOHN  HARRISON,  ANDREW  BLACK.  DALTON  BAKER, 

WILLIAM  HIGLEY.  and  FFRANGCON  DAVIES. 

Solo  Violin :  MISCHA  ELMAN. 

Conductor  :    DR.  HANS  RICHTER. 

Detailed  Programmes  will  he  ready  on  AUGUST  1  NEXT. 

WALTER  CHARLTON,  Secretary. 
5,  Waterloo  Street,  Birmingham. 


T 


HE        GARDEN        OF        KAMA.' 


Whereas  Mr.  WILLIAM   HEINEMANN   published    in 

the  year  1902  a  book  entitled  '  THE  GARDEN  OF  KAMA,' 
by  LAURENCE  HOPE,  and  whereas  it  has  come  to  his 
knowledge  that  infringements  of  his  Copyright,  and 
notably  in  the  form  of  musical  settings  of  poems  contained 
in  this  Volume,  have  recently  heen  committed,  which 
rendered  it  necessary  for  Mr.  WILLIAM  HEINEMANN 
to  commence  proceedings  in  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in 
respect  of  the  said  infringements, 

NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN  That  a  perpetual 
injunction  has  been  granted  as  asked  for  by  him,  and 
warning  persons  from  similar  infringements  in  respect  of 
'THE  GARDEN  OF  KAMA'  or  any  part  thereof,  the 
•  Copyright  of  which  is  vested  in  Mr.  WILLIAM 
HEINEMANN. 


(Bsbtbtttona. 


MEMORIAL  EXHIBITION  of  the  WORK  of 
the  late  ARTHUR  TOMSON  NOW  OPEN  at  THE  BAILLIE 
•GALLERY,  54.  Baker  Street.  W.,  10-6. 


ALPINE  CLUB,  Mill  Street,  Conduit  Street.— 
Large  DECORATIVE  PANELS  by  J.  KERR  LAWSON  are 
'being  EXHIBITED  by  Messrs.  CARFAX  &  CO.  every  day  from 
10  till  6.    Admission  One  Shilling. 


WILLIAM  BLAKE.— EXHIBITION  of 
PAINTINGS  and  WATER  COLOURS,  the  largest  ever 
brought  together  in  England,  at  CARFAX  GALLERY,  24,  Bury 
-Street,  St.  James's,  10  till  6.    Admission  One  Shilling 


OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL— SHEPHERDS 
EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Portraits  by  the 
Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERDS  GALLERY.  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 


T 


HREE    EXHIBITIONS. 


\V.  STRANG.  A.R.A.    100  Paintings  and  Etchings. 
•GAY  GARDENS.    Water-Colours  by  K.  M.  Wyatt. 


THE  FINE-ART  SOCIETY,  H9,  New  Bond  Street. 


^prolribnti  ^Institutions. 

NEWSVENDORS'    BENEVOLENT    ANI 
PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1839. 
Funds  exceed  27.00W. 
Office:  10  and  16,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  EC. 
Patron : 
The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  KG.  K.T. 
President : 
The   LORD   GLENESK. 
Treasurer : 
THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 
OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1839  in  the  City  of 
London,   under  the  Presidency  of  the  late  Alderman  Harmer,  for 
granting   Pensions   and   Temporary    Assistance    to   principals   and 
assistants  engaged  as  vendors  of  Newspapers. 

MEMBERSHIP.— Every  Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  whether  Publisher,  Wholesaler,  Retailer,  Employer,  or 
Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 
enjoy  its  benefits  upon  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
Guineas  for  life,  provided  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
Newspapers,  and  such  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 
of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 
PENSIONS.— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty-six,  the  Men 
receiving  25/.  and  the  Women  20/.  per  annum  each. 

The  "Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund,"  commemorating  the  great 
advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  provides  Ml.  a  year  each  for  Six  Widows  of 
Newsvendors. 

The  "  Francis  Fund  "  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25/.,  and  One 
Woman  20/.,  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  6,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Athenaaan.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeat  of  the 
various  then  existing  "Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  •'Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  employes  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  25/.  per  annum  for 
one  man,  in  perpetual  and  grateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who 
died  May  12,  1899. 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rules  governing  election  to  all  Pensions 
are.  that  each  Candidate  shall  have  been  111  a  Member  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  not  less  than  ten  years  preceding  application  ;  (2)  not  less  than 
fifty-fire  years  of  age  ;  (3)  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Newspapers  for  at  least 
ten  years. 

RELIEF.— Temporary  relief  is  given  in  cases  of  distress,  not  only 
to  Members  of  the  Institution,  but  to  Newsvendors  or  their  servants 
who  may  be  recommended  for  assistance  by  Members  of  the  Institu- 
tion. Inquiry  is  made  in  such  eases  by  Visiting  Committees,  and 
relief  is  awarded  in  accordance  with  the  merits  and  requirements  of 
each  case.  W.  WILKIE  JONES,  Secretary. 


THE    BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1837. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,000/. 
A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty -five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
Guineas  lor  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  :— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 
SECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  (Abbots  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire) for  aged  Members,   with  garden  produce,   coal,   and    medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  house  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Langley 

for  the  use  of   Members  and  their  families  for   holidays  or   during 

convalescence.  ,  .         ,  _ 

SIXTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  or  widows  and  young  children. 

EIGHTH.    The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  benefits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

For  further  information  apply  to   the   Secretary    Mb.    GEORGE 
LARK  Eli,  28,  Paternoster  Row.  E.C 


(Soncational. 


ENGINEERING  AND  CHEMISTRY'. 

CITY      AND     GUILDS      OF     LONDON 
INSTITUTE 
The  Entrance  Examinations  to  the  Institute's  Colleges  are  held  in 

September.    Particulars  of  the  Entran  e  Examinations,  Scholarships, 

Fees    and  Courses  ot   studv    ma]   I btained  from  the  respective 

Colleges  or  from  the  Head  Office  of  the  institute,  Gresham  College, 
Basinghall  Street,  E.C. 

CITY  AND  GUILDS  CENTR  \L  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
(Exhibition  Road,  B.W.I. 
A  College  for  higher  Technical  Instruction  for  Day  Students  not 
under  lti  preparing  to  I..-..  >ineCi\il,  Mechanical,  or  Electrical  Engineers, 
Chemical  and  other  Manufacturers,  and  Teachers,    The  College  is  o 
"  School  of  the  University  of  London    in  the  Faculty  of  Engineering. 
Eee  for  a  full  Assoeiateship  Course,  .:•!»  pel  Session,    Professors  :— 
i  ixil   and    Mechanical    Engineering. —W.  E.  DALBY.  M.A.  lis,. 

Electrical  Engineering.-W.  E.  AYRTon.  F.R.8.  Past  Pres  Inst.E.E. 
chemist,  v. -II.  E.  ARMSTRONG,  I'b  D.  1.1.  D   P.R.8. 
Mechanics  and  Mathematics.-".  HENRICL  Ph.D.  LL.D.  IMS  S. 
CITY  AND  GUILDS  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE,  FIN8BURY. 
i    i  nard  Btreet,  Cttj  Road.  E  C 
A  College  for  Intermediate  Instruction  far  Day  Students  preparing 
to  enter    Engineering  and    chemical    Industries,    and    for    Evening 
students     Fees  go/  per  Session  for  Day  Students.    Professors:— 
Physics  and  Electrical  Engineering— siLYANUS   I'.  THOMPSON, 

'  D.S..  P.R.8.,  Principal  of  the  College. 
Mechanical  Engineering  and    Mathematics— B.   G.   COKER,   M.A. 

D  So   Kits  B.  M  Ins)  U  i:    \  M  rnst.CE. 
Chemistry— R.  MELDOLA,  Fits.  F.l.C. 

tit  \  and  (iitilds  of  London  Institute. 

Gresham  College,  Basinghall  Street,  E.C. 


Yearly  Subscription,  tree  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


FRANCE.-The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DLTON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-.JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES-PDIS, 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  lEst,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGXANI  LIBRARY.  2-21.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,    NOTTINGHAM. 


RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIP. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  NOTTINGHAM, 

offer  a  SCHOLARSHIP  for  scientific  RESEARI  H,  tenable  for 

One  Year,  of  the  value  of  501.,  together  with  Free  Admission  to  the 
College,  open  to  any  Graduate  of  a  British  University. 

Candidates  will  be  required  to  give  evidence  of  suitable  training  and 
capacity  for  conducting  an  Original  Research.  Tie- -'i... -.ml  Candi- 
date will  be  required  to  devote  himself  to  some  subject  of  Research  to 
be  approved  bv  the  Senate. 

Application's  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than  SEPTEMBER  1,  1906,  on 
forms  which  mav  be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 

It  is  intended  to  award  a  similar  SCHOLARSHIP  ill  DECEMBER. 
Applications  by  DECEMBER  15. 

T  ONDON   HOSPITAL  MEDICAL   COLLEGE. 

JLi  (UNIVERSITY   OF   LONDON.' 

SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

SPECIAL  CLASSES  for  the  PRELIMINARY  si  IENTIFIC  M.B. 
EX  UIINATION  (LONDON)  will  COMMENCE  on  I  pi  TOBER  1. 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course  (( Pne  Year)  10  guineas. 

SPECIAL  CLASSES  are  also  held  for  the  INTERMEDIATE  M.B. 
(LONDON),  the  PRIMARY  ami  FINAL  F.R.C.S.,  and  other  Exami- 
nations. MONRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 


JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

(Under  the  Management  of  a  Committee  appointed  by  the  ' 

Guild,  College  of  Preceptors  Head  Mistress,-  Ass...  l.ttnm. 
Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses,  and  Welsh  County  Schools 
Association.! 

Address— 74,  Gower  Street,  London,  V  .C. 
Registrar-Miss    ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 
Hours  for  Interviews— 10.30  a.m.  to  1  P.M.,  2  to  S  p.m.     Saturdays 
until ::  p.m. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD.  SUSSEX 
Head  Mistress-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  late  Second  Mis- 
tress st.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Pri  I 
Bedford  College,  London  :  The  Master  o!  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  «• 
the  CHOKE  of  schools  for  ROYS  or  CURLS  oi 
tutors  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  OARRITAS,  TURING  ft  CO.. 
■who  for  more  than  thirtv  veais  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  i'i« 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING.  Nephen  or  tbs 
late  Bead  Master  of  Uppingham.  'M.  Sackvillc  Street.  London,  w. 


Situations  itarant. 


u 


NIVERSITY        OF        BIRMINGHAM. 


LK.i  TURER  IN  ZOOLOGY 

The    council    invites    applications    for    the    appointment    of 
LECTURER  in  ZOOLOGY. 

Stipend  USOl  pel  annum.  ,      ,     .     , 

Particulars  and  conditions  of  the  appointment  melon 

application  to  the  Be.  rel  in 

Applications,  giving  particulars  as  to  qualifications 
with  six  copies  of  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sen)  I 

GEO.  H.  Moki.i  v    - 


..n  or  before  3  0  LY  31, 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF       BIRMINGHAM. 

ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIP  IN  PRENI  B 

The  council  invite  applications   for  a   -  STANT 

I  BCTURE8HIP    in    FRENCH   LANG!    IG1  RE.   and 
PHILOLOGY,  at  a  Stipend  oi  lSOt  per  annum,   ui 

,1,,,'tiono,  the  IV orol   French      Duties  I  I.1MM 

Application*,                               "  ->\  copies  ol  should 

he  sen)  before  -U'LY   SO,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 

'•"""i1"-'"' '"'""1  SBO.  Il.MoRLLv    s     ,,ury. 


CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY  DAYTRAINLNG 

\j  i  o  1.1.  EG  E. 

The  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  EDUCATION  in  this 
Co]  I  |i.  r.  i-  \  aCANT  b\  the  appointment  ot  It.  I.  \  ler.  M.A.. 
to  the  Professorship  of  Eduction  at  Bangor.-Candidates,  who  must 
have  taken  an  Honour-  Degree  eithei  at  Cambridge  or  Oxford,  and 
must  be  competent  to  supervise  Teaching  In  School,  should  apply  to 
the  Principal  08CAR  BROWNING,  M.A. King's!  ollege  Cambridge, 
foi  information  as  to  the  detail*  oi  the  vfoik  and  the  remun 

Apple  attorn  "  I  '"  'ULY  IX 


58 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE  GOVERNMENT  of  CE1LON  require  a 
LECTURER  in  PHYSICS  and  a  LECTURER  in  CHEMISTR  . 
for  the  COLOMBO  MEDICAL  AND  TECHNICAL  COLLEGES 
Salary  of  each  post  400?.,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  25?.  to  5007.  a 

yThe  Government  also  require  a  SCIENCE  MASTER  for  the 
ROYAL  COLLEGE  COLOMBO,  to  teach  Chemistry  and  Physics  for 
London  University  Pass  Examinations,  including  the  Interme- 
diate B.Sc.    Salary' .'iVi?.,  rising  to  4507.  by  annual  increments  of  257 

Fo- the  above  appointments  preference  will  be  given  to  Graduates 
in  Honours  of  auv  British  University  under  the  age  of  35. 

Salaries  are  subject  to  a  deduction  of  4  per  cent,  as  contribution  to 
the  Widows  and  orphans'  Pension  Fund. 

Free  passages  to  the  Colony.  Leave  and  Pension  on  same  terms  as 
toother  orhcrrs  of  the  permanent  service.  _ 

AppUeaS  should  be  -nt  before  AUGUST  15  to  the  ASSISTANT 
PRIVATE  SKI  'RETARY,  Colonial  Office.  S.V,'..  and  envelopes  should 
he  marked  with  the  name  of  the  post  applied  for.  Copies  only  of 
Testimonials  [not  more  than  six). 

COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  HUDDERSFIELD 
TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 
Principal-J.  F.  HUDSON,  M.A.  B.Sc. 
LADY  LECTURER  in  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  LITERA- 
TURE REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER.  Must  be  competent  to  con- 
duct .lasses  for  Universitv  Examinations  and  the  Training  of 
Teachers.  Experience csM-ntial.  Salary  1307.  For  further  particulars 
apply  to  THOS.  THORP,  Secretary. 


B 


EDFORD     COLLEGE      FOR     WOMEN 

(University  of  London), 

YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 

The    COUNCIL   are  about  to  appoint  for  the  SESSION   1906-7   a 

JUNIOR   DEMONSTRATOR  in  PHYSICS  at  a  Salary  of  757.  per 

Applications,  from  "Women  only,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  by 
JULY  25  to  the  PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  particulars  can  be 
obtained. 


K 


T    E    S    W    I    C    K 


SCHOOL. 


Owing  to  the  acceptance  by  the  Rev.  Cecil  Grant  of  another  post, 
the  HEAD  MASTERSHIP  of  this  SCHOOL  will  be  VACANT  at 
CHRISTMAS. 

The  School  is  conducted  as  a  First-Grade  Boarding  and  Day  School 
Dual'  for  Boys  and  Girls. 

Emoluments:— 1207.,  plus  Capitation  Grant  of  37.  per  Scholar, 
together  with  House,  and  Hostel  for  24  Boys. 

The  School  is  one  of  those  from  which  Candidates  may  offer  them- 
selves for  Hastings  Exhibitions  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  J.  BROATCH,  Esq.. 
Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Keswick,  to  whom  applications  must  be  sent 
on  a  Form  (to  be  obtained  from  him)  not  later  than  SEPTEMBER  10. 
1900. 


H 


INCKLEY   MIXED  GRAMMAR    SCHOOL. 


Applications  are  invited  for  HEAD  MASTERSHIP  of  this  School, 
to  begin  NEXT  TERM  in  SEPTEMBER.  The  present  number  of 
Pupils,  which  is  likely  to  increase,  is  71—47  Boys  and  24  Girls.  The 
Salary  will  be  150?..  a  year,  and  a  capitation  fee  of  27.  per  pupil  per 
annum.  In  addition  to  the  salary  a  modern  House,  with  Garden, 
•adjoining  the  School  buildings  (which  are  also  modern)  is  provided. 
There  is  accommodation  for  a  limited  number  of  Boarders.  Appli- 
cants must  be  graduates  of  some  University  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
Applications,  stating  age,  whether  married  or  single,  and  qualifica- 
tions, with  two  recent  Testimonials,  must  lie  sent,  marked  "Grammar 
S<  hool  Mastership,"  by  AUGUST  1  to 

S.  and  S.  H.  PILGRIM. 
Clerks  to  the  Governors  of  the  said  School. 

Hinckley. 


D 


E     R     B     Y~ 


SCHOOL. 


The  GOVERNORS  of  DERBY  SCHOOL  invite  applications  for 
the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER.  Graduate,  under  45  years  of  age. 
Guaranteed  Salai  v  alio?. 

Applications  to  lie  sent  in,  before  AUGUST  11,  to  WILLIAM 
COOPER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Derby,  from  whom  copies  of  the 
Scheme  and  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


s 


OUT  H-W  E  S  T  E  R  N     POLYTECHNIC, 

MANRESA  ROAD,  CHELSEA. 
A  SENIOR  ASSISTANT  is  REQUIRED  in  the  PHYSICS 
DEPARTM  ENT.  He  w  ill  del  ote  himself  to  the  Physics  Work  of  the 
Secondaiy  Day  School  of  the  Institute.  Secondary  School  experience 
and  good  academic  qualifications  are  essential.  Commencing  Salary 
150Z.  per  annum.— Memorandum  of  Duties  and  Forms  of  Application 
(which  must  be  returned  by  10  v.m.  on  JULY  25)  may  be  obtained 
from  the  SECRETARY. 


WELLINGBOROUGH   GRAMMAR  SCHOOL 
FOR  GIRLS. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

The  GOVERNORS  of  the  above  SCHOOL,  which  is  to  be  OPENED 
in  JAM  ARY  NEXT,  unite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD 
MISTRESS. 

The  School,  when  opened,  will  have  accommodation  for  110  Girls 
and  v.  ill  be  enlarged  a>  soon  as  necssary.  In  competent  hands  the 
School  may  reasonably  be  anticipated  to  prove  an  early  success  and 
the  Governors  are  of  opinion  that  an  energetic  Head  Mistress  would 
have  little  difficulty  in  attracting  to  the  Town  a  considerable  number 
of  Boarders.  The  School  will  be  under  the  same  Foundation  as  the 
Wellingborough  Grammar  School  for  Boys. 

A  University  Degree  or  its  equivalent  and  good  High  School 
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Salary  757.  per  annum,  together  with  Capitation  Fees  of  :!?.  on  the 
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Applications,  with  Testimonials,  which  must  not  exceed  three  in 
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undersigned,  before  AUGUST  17  next. 

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„.  ,  _.       .    _  „.     ,       If-  W.  MILLER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

High  Street,  \\  cllingborough. 


gALA       COUNTY        SCHOOLS. 

«iTPT*,2!r]T*/&5  8EpTEW  BER,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the 

Cnmpul  on  s„b,,.,u.    ,,-,.,. ,„.,,  Iif  ,,,„-,,.,,  A)iro.„,  a  reeommenda- 
1  am      i"  1 1'  iii  •    Ablet  t..  ,  and  class  Singin" 

other  Subi|et,1l,.,i,,l,le:-i;eog,apliy  and  Needlework. 
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Salary  according  to  qualifications. 

Apply  at  on  re,  st.it  ing ■Salary  required  and  enclosing  Testimonials, 
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N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


59 


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— EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-10,  John  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
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CATALOGUE  No.  45. —Drawings,  Engravings, 
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Plates  of  Turner  s  LIBER  STUDIORUM  and  other  Engravings  after 
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Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  a  Selection  from  a 
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and  other  Topographical  Works— a  few  Books  in  Old  English  Litera- 
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interesting  Album  containing  an  Original  Autograph  Contribution 
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Valuable  Books. 

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trated —  Hasted's  Kent,  extra-illustrated  —  Boccaccio's  Decameron, 
by  Payne  —  Coloured  Plates  of  Sporting  Subjects  —  Blake's  Gates 
of  Paradise,  Author's  Copy  —  Illustrations  of  the  Book  of  Job, 
Proof  Plates— Burney's  Cecilia,  corrected  for  the  Press  in  the  Hand- 
writing of  the  Authoress— Pine's  Horace,  Post  Est  Edition— Arm- 
strong's Life  of  Turner,  Japanese  Vellum  Copy— Lysone's  Reliquiae 
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Specimens  of  Early  Printing— Adam's  Worksiu  Architecture— House- 
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DILLEY,    SON    &    READ,   at    t!>     (JOLDEN 
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M 


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T 


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Scotsman. 

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PROGRESS      OF      SCIENCE 
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J.  C.  STOBART,  M.A. 

EDWARD  ARNOLD, 
London  :  41  and  U5,  Maddos  Street,  W. 


60 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4106,  July  21,  1906 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &C0/S  LIST. 
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London :  EVELEIGH  NASH,  32,  Bedford  Street, 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


61 


MESSRS.  METHUEN'S  NEW  NOVELS. 


LADY    BETTY    ACROSS    THE    WATER, 

By  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  N.  WILLIAMSON,  Authors  of  '  The  Lightning  Conductor]  is  already  in  its  Fourth  Edition,  and  a  Fifth  Edition  is  in 
the  Press.     It  is  the  success  of  the  season.     Crown  8vo,  6s. 

"  It  is  a  bright  and  pleasant  story,  good  all  through.    The  authors  have  achieved  a  real  success  in  their  presentation  of  a  beautiful,  wholesome,  natural  English  girl. " 

Daily  Telegraph 

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bright,  humorous,  and  readable. . .  .Everybody  is  pleased— the  Duchess,  relations,  and  friends,  and  last,  but  not  least,  the  reader,  who  feels  that  he  has  had  a  frivolous  and  delightful 
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MESSRS.  METEUEN  will  publish  next  week  a  New  Novel  entitled  THE  BAR,  by  MARGERY  WILLIAMS ;  and  also  a  Story  of 
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the  folloioing  Books  : — 


MAYE. 
CiESAR'S  WIFE. 


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are  devoted  to  the  great  towns,  while  the  splendid  remains  of  Moorish  civilization,  the 
great  cathedrals  and  the  treasures  in  the  galleries,  receive  a  detailed  attention.  But  above 
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THE  LAND  OF  PARDONS.     By  Anatole  le  Braz.     Translated 

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62 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S 


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LIBERIA 


THE   NEGRO   REPUBLIC    IN    WEST 
AFRICA. 

BY 

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With  402  Illustrations  from  Original  Draw- 
ings and  Photographs,  24  Botanical  Drawings, 
22  Maps,  and   28  Coloured  Plates  from  the 
Author's  own  Paintings 

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READ    THESE    REVIEWS 

The  STANDARD  says  :— 

"  'Liberia 'is  one  of  the  most  valuable  and 
comprehensive  of  modern  contributions  to  the 
sum  of  our  knowledge  of  Africa.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  these  two  sumptuous  volumes  will  take 
rank  at  once  as  the  standard  English  work  upon 
the  negro  Republic  of  Africa.  Sir  Harry  John- 
ston's fine  work  tempts  the  reviewer  to  quotation 
upon  its  every  page.  Other  considerations  forbid 
the  extension  of  this  notice  beyond  a  repeated 
recommendation  to  the  reader  to  obtain  the  book 
for  himself." 

The  PALL  MALL  GAZETTE  says:— 
"Few  books  dealing  with  the  African  Continent 
come  up  to  the  high  standard  which  Sir  Harry 
Johnston  already  has  set  himself,  but  in  '  Liberia ' 
those  earlier  works  by  which  his  litei'ary  industry 
is  so  admirably  illustrated  are  certainly  surpassed. 
This  work  will  stand  not  only  as  a  record  of  his 
industry  and  painstaking  research,  but  as  the 
sole  necessary  reference  to  a  little-known  region 
for  many  years  to  come.  It  is  from  the  pens  of 
the  greatest  authorities,  it  is  beautifully  illus- 
trated, admirably  printed,  and  derives  distinction 
from  the  b  ldness,  clearness,  and  precision  with 
which  it  is  set  out." 

The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says :— 
"  To  do  justice  in  the  limits  of  a  brief  review  to 
a  work  which  covers  more  than  1,100  pages  is  a 
task  which  cannot  be  attempted.  Too  much 
cannot  be  said  in  praise  of  its  contents,  and  of  the 
admirable  illustrations  with  which  it  is  accom- 
panied. Sir  Harry  Johnston's  books  on  Africa 
are  amazing  monuments  of  erudition  and  art." 

The  MORNING  POST  sot/s  :— 
"'Liberia'  is  well  worthy  to  rank  with  the 
author's  well-known  work  on  Uganda.  The 
admirable  illustrations  add  greatly  to  the  value  of 
a  book  which  can  scarcely  fail  to  take  its  place  as 
the  standard  work  on  this  interesting  and  little- 
known  corner  of  Africa." 

The  TIMES  says  :— 
"The  interest  with  which  the  welfare  of  the 
negro  race  is  followed  in  this  country  should  secure 
for  the  book  the  attention  to  which  it  is  entitled 
by  virtue  of  the  industry  and  learning  that  have 
been  bestowed  upon  it." 

The  WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE  says:— 
"Sir  Harry  Johnston  is  historian,  geographer, 
zoologist,  statistician,  and  expert  on  the  cha- 
racteristics and  life  of  every  country  that  he  takes 
in  hand.  No  State  in  the  world  is  provided  with 
a  better  book  than  these  two  volumes,  and  very 
few  have  anything  as  good." 


London  :  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster  Row. 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


63 


SATURDAY,  JULY  SI,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

63 
64 
64 
66 


67 


3— 69 


Sir  Harry  Johnston  on  Liberia        

Sir  Joshua  Fitch      

The  History  of  England,  isoi-37        

Medieval  London  and  Somerset  House    .. 

New  Novels  (Miss  Primrose ;  Traitor  and  True ; 
Audrey,  the  Actress  ;  The  Cattle  -  Baron's 
Daughter  ;  An  Old  Score ;  The  Stolen  Planet)  . . 

Books  for  Students  

SCHOOL  -  BOOKS  (English  ;  Modern  Languages  ; 
Classical) 6J 

Our  Library  Table  (A  Week  at  Waterloo  in  1815 ; 
A  French  View  of  England  ;  Memoirs  of  a  French 
Captain ;  Felicity  in  France ;  From  a  Cornish 
Window  ;  The  Story  of  King  Lear  ;  A  Translation 
of  Propertius  ;  Senga  Handbook  ;  "  Told  to  the 
Children  "  ;  New  Editions  ;  London  Topographical 
Record)  70 72 

List  of  New  Books 72 

The  Register  of  Teachers;  "To  Quail";  The 
"Minoan"  School  of  Fence;  Where  was  the 
'Ormulum'  Written?  Supplement  to  the 
London  Library  Catalogue  ;  Sale        . .         72—74 

Literary  Gossip        74 

science— Geography  and  Travel;  The  Life  of 
Sir  Henry  Roscoe  ;  Jordan's  Guide  to  the 
Study  of  Fishes  ;  American  Insects;  Intro- 
duction to  Astronomy  ;  Anthropological 
Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Gossip 76—79 

Fine  Arts— Graves's  Dictionary  of  the  Royal 
Academy;  Modern  Bookbindings;  The  Young 
Durer  ;  Photographing  at  the  British 
Museum;  Sales;  Gossip       79—82 

Music— Ellis's  Life  of  Wagner;  Gossip;  Per- 
formances Next  Week         82—84 

Drama— Gossip 84 

Index  to  Advertisers       84 


LITERATURE 


Liberia.  By  Sir  Harry  Johnston.  With 
an  Appendix  on  the  Flora  of  Liberia 
by  Dr.  Stapf.  2  vols.  (Hutchinson  & 
Co.) 

Four  short  sentences  and  about  as  many 
parenthetic  references  in  various  parts 
of  the  book  were  deemed  sufficient  for 
Liberia  when  Sir  Harry  Johnston  pre- 
pared his  useful  manual  on  '  The  Coloni- 
sation of  Africa '  eight  years  ago.  Since 
then,  however,  he  has  been  making 
further  study  of  "  that  interesting  experi- 
ment in  giving  the  American  Negro  an 
opportunity  of  ruling  and  civilizing  his 
savage  brothers,"  as  he  called  it  in  1898, 
and  the  result  is  the  publication  of  these 
sumptuous  volumes,  even  more  imposing 
than  the  two  he  devoted  to  Uganda, 
which  is  almost  thrice  as  large  and  three 
or  four  times  as  populous  as  Liberia. 
The  work  certainly  seems  inordinately 
weighty,  and  it  is  stretched  out  to  nearly 
1,200  pages,  with  454  illustrations  and 
22  maps,  by  being  made  a  receptacle  for 
encyclopaedic  information  about  West 
African  history,  geography,  geology,  flora, 
fauna,  anthropology,  folk-lore,  languages, 
and  other  matter.  The  author's  name  is 
a  sufficient  guarantee  that  this  mass  of 
information  is,  on  the  whole,  both  inter- 
esting and  instructive  ;  and  if,  by  a  sort 
of  prolonged  magic-lantern  lecture  in 
print,  primarily  on  the  small  part  of 
Africa  in  which  the  lecturer  is  now 
endeavouring  to  develope  the  rubber 
industry,  his  audience  can  be  profitably 
informed  about  affairs  in  a  fourth  or  more 
of  the  whole  continent,  both  lecturer 
and  audience  will  be  gainers. 

Our  complaint  against  Sir  Harry  John- 
ston is  that,  with  all  his  cleverness  and 


brilliance  as  a  draughtsman  (he  is  him- 
self responsible  for  most  of  the  pictures 
as  well  as  the  letterpress),  he  is  somewhat 
wrong  in  his  perspective,  if  not  also  in 
his  facts.  Although  a  good  deal  is  said 
in  the  second  volume  about  the  real 
aborigines  of  the  country,  of  whom  Sir 
Harry  guesses  that  there  may  be  as  many 
as  2,000,000,  they  and  their  claims  to 
consideration  are  unduly  subordinated  to 
the  12,000  or  so  "  Americo-Liberians " 
settled  in  Monrovia  and  other  coast 
towns,  and  the  few  natives,  probably 
under  40,000,  whom  these  "  Americo- 
Liberians  "  have  consented  or  contrived 
to  "  civilize  "  in  the  course  of  the  past 
eighty  years.  Sir  Harry  says,  truly 
enough  : — 

"  It  is  these  people,  after  all,  who  have 
given  Liberia  its  name  and  the  special 
interest  that  it  bears  amongst  the  nations 
of  the  world,  in  that  it  is  an  attempt  to 
educate  the  Negro  on  reasonable  lines  to 
more  complete  self-government  of  the  white 
man's  and  not  the  black  man's  type.  But 
although  these  12,000  Negroes  from  America, 
or  of  American  origin  may  permeate  this 
country  and  serve  as  interpreters  of  its 
aspirations  and  desires  in  the  councils  of 
the  world,  in  the  long  run  the  prosperity  cf 
Liberia  will  rest  chiefly  on  the  shoulders 
of  its  indigenous  population." 

In  accordance  with  this  sound  view, 
Sir  Harry  might  have  been  expected,  in 
his  elaborate  record  of  "  the  founding  of 
Liberia  "  and  of  subsequent  events  con- 
nected therewith,  to  point  out  and  explain, 
even  if  he  could  not  excuse,  the  faults  of 
the  Liberian  pioneers,  not  in  order  to 
lessen  the  praise  he  justly  accords  to  the 
best  of  them,  but  by  way  of  making  clear 
the  changes  of  policy  that  are  necessary 
if  the  republic  is  to  have  a  brighter  future 
under  his  inspiration. 

For  over  twenty-three  centuries  follow- 
ing Hanno's  visit  to  them,  the  natives  of 
the  Liberian  coast,  like  their  neighbours 
on  both  sides,  were  fitfully  and,  towards 
the  end,  very  severely  troubled  by  the 
encroachments  of  aliens  in  search,  first 
of  gold,  then  of  pepper,  and  ultimately 
of  slaves,  before  1816,  when  Henry  Clay 
and  the  American  Colonisation  Society 
(following  the  example  of  the  English 
founders  of  Freetown,  Sierra  Leone,  a 
quarter  of  a  century  before,  and  hoping 
to  improve  upon  it)  proposed  to  make  a 
home  for  some  of  the  200,000  freed  slaves 
then  living  in  portions  of  the  United  States, 
by  settling  them  in  their  parent  continent. 
The  actual  settlement,  preceded  by  un- 
successful trials  of  other  localities,  dates 
from  1822,  when  Jehudi  Ashmun,  a 
Methodist  preacher  of  New  England  stock 
who  had  got  into  trouble  over  a  love 
affair,  escorted  a  shipload  of  Negroes  to 
the  site  of  the  present  Monrovia,  on  the 
Grain  Coast,  where  a  few  dozen  others 
without  a  leader  were  waiting  for  him  ; 
and  barely  more  than  three  years  of  com- 
bined fighting  and  bargaining  with  the 
native  owners  led  to  the  formal  establish- 
ment of  the  colony  on  Independence  Day, 
1825.  The  colony,  never  taken  over  by 
the  United  States  Government,  was 
allowed  to  convert  itself  into  a  republic, 
under  American  and   British  protection, 


in  1847  ;  and  philanthropists  of  both 
hemispheres  regarded  this  result  with 
satisfaction  as  great  and  expectations  as 
sanguine  as  those  incident  to  the  setting 
up  of  the  Congo  State  in  1885. 

Liberia  has  been  by  no  means  so  ghastly 
a  failure  as  the  Congo  State.  On  the 
whole,  its  2,000,000  natives  have  obtained 
more  benefits  than  injuries  from  such 
contact  as  they  have  had  with  the  in- 
truders among  them,  and  the  records  of 
the  republic  show  that  several  of  the 
intruders  or  their  descendants  were  honest 
and  capable  in  the  lines  open  to  them  as 
statesmen  and  patriots.  Sir  Harry  John- 
ston gives  as  favourable  an  account  as 
truth  allows  of  all  the  good  work  done  in 
the  past  three  quarters  of  a  century,  and 
he  is  as  liberal  in  his  apologies  for  some 
shortcomings  as  he  is  reticent  about  others. 
His  partisanship  in  this  respect,  indeed, 
seriously  detracts  from  the  merits  of  his 
book  as  a  guide  on  the  subject.  But,  if 
Sir  Harry  exhibits  only  the  bright  side  of 
the  medal,  the  picture  he  presents  in  no 
way  contradicts,  and  in  the  main  confirms, 
the  opinion  arrived  at  by  all  who  have 
acquainted  themselves  with  the  progress 
of  events  in  Liberia.  The  pioneer  settlers, 
and,  with  few  exceptions,  those  who 
followed  them,  had  through  their  parents 
the  advantage,  such  as  it  was,  of  at  least 
two  or  three  generations'  experience  of 
white  men's  institutions,  and,  perhaps  in 
a  majority  of  instances,  had  more  European 
than  African  blood  in  their  veins.  Planted 
in  a  district  probably  far  remote  from 
their  sources  of  origin,  and  among  alien 
tribes,  they  naturally  considered  them- 
selves vastly  superior  to  the  "  niggers  " 
around  them,  whom  they  were  prepared 
to  treat  with  like  harshness  to  that  from 
which  they  had  escaped.  Paying  no 
regard  to  the  rights  or  property  of  the 
natives,  they  were  always  quarrelling 
with  them,  when  not  fighting  them,  and 
the  perpetual  feud  has  only  in  recent 
times  been  weakened  or  died  out  through 
mutual  recognition  of  the  imprudence  of 
Liberians  and  aborigines  interfering  with 
one  another. 

Hence  the  stagnation  from  which 
Liberia  has  not  yet  emerged.  The  power 
of  its  Government  is  limited  to  the  narrow 
fringe  of  coast,  and  there  are  several  gaps 
even  in  that.  Mandingo  and  Kpwesi 
tribes  dominate  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
north  ;  the  Krumen  are  masters  in  the 
south.  The  latter  prosper  in  their  own 
way,  and  are  strong  enough  to  defy  the 
"  republic,"  which  has  hitherto  done 
little  more  than  keep  itself  alive,  with 
a  poor  pretence  of  civilization.  It  remains 
to  be  seen  whether  the  natural  wealth  of 
the  country,  as  yet  unused  or  abused, 
is  about  to  be  turned  to  good  account, 
with  advantage  to  the  small  body  of 
Liberians  and  to  the  native  population, 
as  well  as  to  the  exploiters,  by  the 
energy  of  the  Development  Company  and 
the  Rubber  Corporation  with  which  Sir 
Harry  Johnston  has  allied  himself.  These 
enterprises  have,  at  any  rate,  a  rare,  if 
not  unparalleled  advertisement  in  the 
book  before  us. 


64 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


The  book  will  also  be  of  value  to  many 
by  reason  of  its  profuse  and  precise  infor- 
mation about  other  Liberian  plants  than 
rubber,  and  about  all  the  races  of  men 
and  every  kind  of  beast,  bird,  insect,  fish, 
and  reptile,  to  be  found  in  the  forests 
that  are  here  even  denser  than  those  in 
Eastern  Congoland.  Its  historical  chapters, 
euphemistic  as  they  are,  should  serve  as 
a  warning  against  reckless  schemes  of 
what  is  incorrectly  called  colonization. 
There  is  still  frequent  talk,  especially  in 
parts  of  the  United  States  where  "  the 
colour  question "  is  gravest,  about  the 
possibility  or  advisability  of  shipping  off 
to  Africa  a  few  millions  of  the  troublesome 
offspring  of  the  slaves  imported  in  bygone 
centuries.  The  example  of  Liberia  shows 
how  likely,  if  not  certain,  it  is  that  similar 
experiments,  on  scales  as  large  or  a  great 
deal  larger,  will  cause  nothing  but  harm 
alike  to  the  outcast  black  citizens  of  the 
United  States  and  to  any  uncivilized 
African  communities  amongst  which  they 
may  be  thrown. 

There  is  a  splendid  show  of  illustrations 
and  maps,  and  the  scientific  portions  of  the 
book  will  attract  specialists.  Some  of  the 
coloured  pictures  of  animals  are  very 
effective  work. 


Sir    Joshua    Fitch.     By    A.     L.     Lilley. 
(Edward  Arnold.) 

Mr.  Lilley  tells  us  that  he  wrote  this 
volume  at  the  request  of  Lady  Fitch,  who 
could  hardly  have  selected  a  more  pains- 
taking and  sympathetic  biographer.  Our 
only  complaint  against  the  writer  is  that 
he  has  given  us  too  untempered  a  eulogium 
of  Sir  Joshua  :  it  is  a  picture  without  any 
shade.  Just  a  suspicion  of  human  frailty 
here  and  there  would  have  made  the 
memoir  more  convincing.  Fitch  had 
troops  of  friends,  who  probably  never 
heard  him  say  an  unkind  word  of  any  one, 
and  who  certainly  uttered  no  unkind 
criticisms  of  him  ;  but  they  would  admit 
that  he  was  not  absolutely  free  from 
human  weaknesses  —  weaknesses  even 
which  endeared  him  to  his  friends,  and 
without  which  friendship  would  have  been 
more  difficult. 

Fitch,  who  was  born  in  1824,  had,  his 
biographer  tells  us,  a  singularly  happy 
life,  and  he  certainly  had  a  most  successful 
and  useful  one  ;  for  we  question  much 
whether  any  man  of  his  day  exerted  a 
wider  and  better  influence  in  educational 
matters  than  he.  He  was  a  born  teacher, 
and  by  experience  and  study  became  one 
of  the  most  prominent  educational 
authorities  of  the  Victorian  period. 
His  energies  were  confined  within  the 
field  of  education,  but  in  the  widest  sense 
of  the  term  ;  and  he  was  an  acknowledged 
expert  in  questions  of  primary,  secondary, 
and  university  teaching.  Mr.  Lilley  de- 
scribes in  considerable  detail  his  official 
and  extra-official  work,  and  appreciates 
highly — but  not,  we  think,  too  highly — 
the  sane,  judicious,  statesmanlike  spirit 
which  animated  him. 

Fitch  began  his  educational  career  as 
assistant   master   at   the   Borough   Road 


School,  and  became  successively  tutor, 
Vice-Principal,  and  (in  1856)  Principal  of 
the  British  and  Foreign  School  Society's 
Training  College  :  he  was  appointed  one 
of  H.M.  Inspectors  of  Schools  by  Lord 
Granville  in  1863,  and  it  is  interesting  to 
learn  from  Mr.  Lilley  that  the  appoint- 
ment was  made  "  through  Mr.  Matthew 
Arnold  "  :  if  this  is  so,  it  is  one  of  the 
many  benefits  conferred  by  Matthew 
Arnold  on  English  public  elementary 
instruction.  The  world — often  unobser- 
vant and  forgetful — remembers  Arnold 
as  critic,  poet,  and  man  of  letters,  but 
does  not  generally  recognize  the  value 
of  the  work  he  did  in  connexion  with 
elementary  schools  for  years  as  an 
inspector. 

Fitch  was  made  Chief  Inspector  in 
1883,  and  shortly  afterwards  succeeded 
Canon  Warburton  as  Inspector  of  Train- 
ing Colleges  for  Women,  and  continued  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  this  post  till  his 
retirement  from  the  service  of  the  Educa- 
tion Office  a  few  years  ago.  Mr.  Lilley 
gives  a  succinct,  but  adequate  account 
of  the  work  he  did  as  H.M.  Inspector,  and 
(this  is  of  importance)  of  his  manner  of 
doing  it. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  routine  work 
of  his  office  under  the  Education  De- 
partment (now  the  Board  of  Education), 
Fitch  served  with  efficiency  on  various 
commissions  and  inquiries  instituted  at 
different  times  by  the  Government ;  and 
he  threw  himself  with  diligence  and  zeal 
into  questions  of  University  reform, 
especially  so  far  as  they  concerned  his 
own  University  of  London,  and  women's 
education.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  and 
chivalrous  advocate  of  all  "  projects, 
educational  or  otherwise,  for  furthering 
the  influence  and  employment  of  women," 
and  was  deeply  interested  in  the  training 
of  women  teachers  in  secondary  schools  ; 
and  when  Queen  Victoria  conferred  the 
honour  of  knighthood  on  him  in  1896,  it 
was  a  great  satisfaction  to  him  to  learn 
that  his  important  work  in  furtherance 
of  women's  education  was  a  cogent  reason, 
among  others,  for  the  distinction. 

Sir  Joshua  was  undoubtedly  "  a  great 
and  wise  authority  on  all  educational 
matters."  He  was  also  a  good  friend  and 
a  genial  companion — a  man  fond  of  his 
club  and  his  home,  and  keenly  appre- 
ciative of  the  pleasures  of  literature  and 
art ;  and  the  account  contributed  by 
Lady  Fitch  of  the  holidays  which  he  "  so 
much  enjoyed  "  agreeably  completes  this 
sketch  of  an  eminent  public  servant. 


The  History  of  England  (1801-1837).  By 
the  Hon.  George  C.  Brodrick.  Com- 
pleted and  revised  by  J.  K.  Fother- 
ingham.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

The  eleventh  volume  of  '  The  History  of 
England,'  edited  by  Dr.  Hunt  and  Dr. 
Reginald  L.  Poole,  bears  signs  of  the  same 
careful  and  conscientious  work  which 
marked  its  predecessors.  In  one  respect 
the  difficulties  attending  its  production 
have  been  exceptional.  The  death  of 
Dr.  G.  C.  Brodrick  left  the  work  incom- 


plete, chaps,  x.,  xii.,  and  xviii.  being  un- 
written and  chap.  xx.  unfinished.  It 
appears  also  that  the  completed  portions 
of  the  work  had  to  be  recast  in  order  to 
bring  the  volume  into  harmony  with  the 
rest  of  the  series.  This  task  fell  to  Mr. 
Fotheringham,  who  may  be  congratulated 
on  the  manner  in  which  he  has  carried 
through  a  labour  of  some  difficulty. 

It  is,  however,  to  be  regretted  that  in 
the  recasting  of  the  work  the  opportunity 
was  not  seized  of  introducing  the  narrative 
by  a  general  survey  of  the  condition  of 
the  United  Kingdom  at  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  The  accession 
to  power  of  the  Addington  Ministry  in 
March,  1801,  and  the  conclusion  of  the 
Peace  of  Amiens  a  year  later,  surely 
furnished  one  of  those  opportunities,  of 
which  the  historian  should  avail  himself, 
of  setting  forth  the  salient  features  of  the 
political  and  social  life  which  he  essays 
to  describe.  The  beginning  of  that  century 
was  a  time  fraught  with  great  possibilities. 
The  conclusion  of  the  Act  of  Union 
opened  up  a  new  future  for  these  islands 
in  the  political  sphere  ;  while  in  matters 
industrial  there  was  in  progress  a  revolu- 
tion which  was  to  modify  the  habits  of 
life  of  artisans  and  render  the  old  electoral 
system  more  antiquated  than  ever.  In 
our  foreign  relations  there  was  at  least  the 
chance,  during  the  Peace  of  Amiens,  of 
cementing  friendly  relations  with  Napo- 
leonic France.  Unfortunately,  we  gain 
from  this  volume  only  partial  glimpses 
of  the  Industrial  Revolution  ;  and  there 
is  scarcely  any  indication  of  the  influence 
which  it  exerted  upon  the  movement  for 
reform  which  culminated  in  the  struggle 
of  1830-32.  Nor  is  there  any  effective 
account  of  the  personal  forces  of  the  period. 
Later  in  the  volume  this  defect  is  partly 
made  good  by  brief  but  excellent  cha- 
racter-sketches ;  sometimes  they  are  intro- 
duced in  no  very  telling  way,  the  sketch 
of  one  of  the  chief  men  of  the  period, 
Brougham,  being  deferred  to  chap,  xvii., 
dealing  with  the  events  of  1835.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  volume  the  narrative 
plunges  straightway  into  the  details  of  the 
Addington  Administration  in  a  manner 
which  obviously  implies  a  knowledge  of 
the  contents  of  the  preceding  volume  of 
the  series.  If  the  reader  possesses  that 
knowledge,  he  will  find  the  account  here 
presented  both  interesting  and  valuable. 

Political  and  diplomatic  affairs,  as  well 
as  the  details  of  the  war,  are  handled  with 
care,  judgment,  and  considerable  literary 
skill.  Naturally,  however,  in  a  narrative 
which  is  very  condensed,  there  are  omis- 
sions, some  of  which  are  regrettable. 
The  importance  of  Nelson's  success  at 
Copenhagen  and  of  the  dissolution  of  the 
League  of  the  Armed  Neutrals  in  the 
spring  and  summer  of  1801  is  not  pointed 
out,  perhaps  because  it  is  assumed  that 
the  reader  is  acquainted  witli  the  events 
which  led  to  the  formation  of  that  great 
confederacy,  as  described  in  vol.  x.  The 
other  causes  which  favoured  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Peace  of  Amiens  are  well 
described,  and  the  brief  survey  of  the 
events  that  led  to  its  rupture  is  not  without 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


65 


merit.  The  final  comment,  however,  is 
curious  : — 

"  We  now  see  that  national  enmity, 
fostered  by  the  press  on  both  sides,  rendered 
friendly  relations  impossible,  and  that, 
even  had  Napoleon  been  willing  to  refrain 
from  aggressions,  peace  was  impossible." 

A  careful  comparison  of  dates  shows  that 
Napoleon's  aggressions  and  his  refusal  to 
grant  England  a  commercial  treaty  were 
at  the  root  of  all  the  bad  feeling  which 
arose,  and  led  to  a  situation  in  which  the 
retention  of  Malta  by  England  was  a 
natural,  even  an  inevitable,  sequel. 
Equally  inconsequent  is  it  to  compare  the 
conduct  of  the  unofficial  English  press 
with  that  of  the  Parisian  press,  which 
was  under  the  control  of  the  First  Consul. 
The  publication  of  Sebastiani's  report  in 
the  Moniteur  of  January  30th,  1803 — 
an  incident  the  significance  of  which  is 
not  here  pointed  out — is  known  to  have 
been  solely  the  work  of  Napoleon.  His 
detention  of  British  subjects  in  France  at 
the  time  of  the  rupture  is  not  noticed. 

The  events  of  the  great  war  are  in  the 
main  very  well  described,  though  in  regard 
to  naval  affairs  we  might  expect,  after 
the  issue  of  the  publications  of  the  Navy 
Records  Society,  to  see  more  importance 
assigned  to  the  persistent  blockade  of  Brest 
by  Cornwallis  and  his  lieutenants.  Further, 
the  assertion,  on  p.  41,  that  before  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar  ended,  "  Napoleon's 
projects  of  invasion  were  utterly  and  hope- 
lessly ruined,"  suggests  a  misconception. 
Napoleon  gave  up  his  plans  of  invasion 
about  August  24th-28th,  when  he  heard 
of  Villeneuve's  retreat  to  Cadiz  after  the 
action  off  Cape  Finisterre  of  July  22nd. 
By  October  21st  the  French  Emperor  had 
received  the  surrender  of  Mack's  main 
force  at  Ulm  (far  more  than  "  30,000  " 
were  captured  in  all),  and  was  preparing 
to  hunt  down  the  other  portions  of  it. 
Further,  Villeneuve,  when  he  put  to  sea 
on  October  19th,  was  about  to  make  for 
the  coast  of  Italy,  not  that  of  England. 
It  may  seem  censorious  to  dwell  on  some 
other  slight  defects  in  what  is,  for  the  most 
part,  an  excellent  narrative  ;  but  we  do 
so  in  the  hope  that  it  may  be  improved 
in  the  second  edition  which  is  sure  to  be 
called  for.  The  harm  which  the  Peace 
of  Tilsit  inflicted  upon  Prussia  was  due 
very  largely  to  a  separate  convention 
between  her  and  France,  in  which  the 
Prussian  negotiator  neglected  to  ensure 
the  naming  of  any  definite  sum  as  the 
price  of  the  withdrawal  of  French  troops. 
It  should  also  be  pointed  out  that  the 
Franco-Russian  treaty  of  alliance  signed 
at  Tilsit  on  July  7th,  concurrently  with 
the  more  general  treaty  between  the  two 
Powers,  was  a  secret  treaty  ;  and  it  is 
rather  misleading  in  substance  and  con- 
fusing in  form  to  continue  thus  : — 

"  No  sooner  did  it  receive  information 
of  this  alliance  than  the  British  Govern- 
ment despatched  a  naval  armament  to 
Denmark,"  &c. 

It  is  the  received  view  that  the  British 
Government  had  no  definite  knowledge  of 
the  terms  of  that  secret  treaty,  or  of  the 
secret  articles  of  the  main  Franco-Russian 
compact  there  signed.    Too  much,  perhaps, 


is  made  on  p.  69  of  the  British  success  in 
the  Basque  Roads  off  Rochefort ;  at  all 
events,  that  affair  ended,  probably  owing 
to  Gambier's  excessive  prudence,  in  some- 
thing very  closely  resembling  a  failure. 
The  Austrian  marriage  of  1810  should 
also,  surely,  be  called  a  masterpiece  of 
the  diplomacy  of  Metternich  rather  than 
that  of  Talleyrand.  The  former  was  a 
principal  in  an  affair  in  which  the  latter 
could  play  only  a  secondary  part.  In 
other  respects  the  events  of  the  years 
1810-15  are  well  set  forth.  The  story  of 
the  Peninsular  War  may  be  especially 
commended.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
the  accounts  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
and  of  Waterloo,  except  that  it  is  an  error 
to  describe  Picton's  division  as  driving 
their  assailants  of  D'Erlon's  corps  "  reel- 
ing backward."  The  evidence  of  several 
of  the  '  Waterloo  Letters '  shows  that 
more  than  one  of  Picton's  regiments  was 
very  hard  pressed  when  the  Union  Brigade 
rode  up  and  turned  the  scale  in  a  decisive 
way. 

We  have  no  space  in  which  to  follow 
the  narrative  through  the  years  of  peace 
which  ensued.  Full  justice  is  done  to 
that  little-known  personage  Lord  Liver- 
pool for  his  tact  in  holding  together  his 
Ministry  and  party,  and  for  his  adminis- 
trative ability.  The  account  of  Canning's 
dealings  with  the  Powers  and  with 
Spanish-American  affairs  may  also  be 
commended.  Less  satisfactory  is  the 
history  of  the  Reform  struggle,  the  pre- 
liminary statement  respecting  the  old 
franchise  and  the  old  distribution  of 
seats  being  somewhat  indefinite.  Here, 
as  in  the  Appendix  '  On  Authorities  '  at 
the  end  of  the  volume,  we  find  no  refer- 
ence to  works  so  well  known  as  Mr. 
Porritt's  '  The  Unreformed  House  of 
Commons,'  Mr.  Graham  Wallas's  'Life  of 
Francis  Place,'  '  The  Life  and  Struggles 
of  William  Lovett,'  Kent's  '  The  English 
Radicals,'  and  Harris's  '  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Radicals  in  Parliament.'  It  would  per- 
haps be  desirable  to  add  to  this  Appendix 
a  section  dealing  with  the  Reform  move- 
ment, and  with  closely  allied  efforts, 
such  as  that  for  the  abolition  of  the  taxes 
on  knowledge  and  for  a  "free  press." 
No  mention  is  made,  either  here  or  in  the 
text,  of  the  efforts  of  Hetheriiigton, 
Cleave,  Henry  Vincent,  and  others  to  do 
away  with  the  absurdly  high  stamp  tax 
on  newspapers,  which  led  to  its  reduction 
in  1836.  On  more  general  topics  no  refer- 
ence is  made  in  the  Appendix  to  the 
Dropmore  and  Minto  papers.  In  the 
paragraphs  on  pp.  336-9  dealing  witli 
the  Tractarians  it  is  strange  to  find  no 
notice  of  Hugh  James  Rose,  whose 
influence  at  Cambridge  contributed  much 
to  the  success  of  the  whole  movement. 
The  survey  of  '  Literature  and  Social 
Progress  '  in  chap.  xx.  is  too  crowded  to 
be  effective.  The  merits  of  Raeburn  are 
underrated ;  and  it  is,  perhaps,  unfair  to 
speak  of  Carlyle's  angularities  of  style  as 
involving  "  obvious  falseness  of  expres- 
sion." 

However,  these  are,  after  all,  com- 
paratively small  defects  in  what  is  ;i 
distinctly  meritorious  achievement.     It  is 


perhaps  the  first  time  that  the  history  of 
the  United  Kingdom  during  the  years 
1801-37  has  been  thoroughly  well  told  in 
a  single  volume  ;  and  the  help  afforded 
by  foot-notes,  bibliographical  appendix, 
and  an  adequate  index  will  ensure  the 
work  a  hearty  welcome  from  every 
student  of  the  period. 


Mediaeval     London. — Vol.     I.     Historical 

and    Social.     By    Sir    Walter    Besant. 

(A.  &  C.  Black.) 
Somerset   House,    Past   and   Present.     By 

Raymond    Needham     and     Alexander 

Webster.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

Besant's  important  posthumous  works 
on  the  history  of  London  have  appeared 
in  a  reversed  chronological  order,  so  that 
the  earliest  in  date  is  the  last  to  see  the 
light.  The  first  to  be  published  was 
'  London  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,' 
which  is  the  best  of  the  series,  as  it  de- 
scribes a  period  of  which  Besant  had  a 
specially  intimate  knowledge.  Then  came 
the  time  of  the  Stuarts,  followed  by  that 
of  the  Tudors  ;  and  now  appears  'Mediaeval 
London,'  beginning  with  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.  The  present  volume  is  pub- 
lished without  any  preliminary  note  of  the 
author,  although  we  learn  from  the  pub- 
lishers' advertisement  that  this  division 
will  be  complete  in  two  volumes,  the 
second  being  devoted  to  Ecclesiastical 
London. 

This  first  volume  discusses  the  history 
of  the  City  in  relation  to  our  kings,  whose 
dealings  with  the  capital  are  succinctly 
recorded.  The  social  condition  of  the 
town  is  also  exhibited  in  its  many  and 
varied  phases.  All  classes — king,  courtiers 
merchants,  and  the  poor — were  congre- 
gated within  the  walls  ;  and  although  the 
people  were  crowded  in  some  parts,  in 
others  there  were  gardens  and  open  spaces. 
The  media? val  Londoner  must  have  lived 
an  essentially  out-of-doors  life,  largely 
from  necessity,  owing  to  the  small  home 
accommodation.  It  is  not  easy  to  guess 
at  the  population  of  London  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  as  we  have  no  accurate  statistics 
to  guide  us  ;  but  there  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  much  increase  in  numbers 
during  the  whole  mediaeval  period,  owing 
chiefly  to  the  prevalence  of  pestilence  and 
war.  It  was  not  until  the  Tudors  reigned 
that  the  City  grew  outside  the  walls  and 
the  suburbs  came  into  being.  Abundance 
of  valuable  material  connected  with 
mediaeval  London  has  been  collected  in 
this  volume,  and  it  is  perhaps  the  best 
illustrated  of  the  series,  in  spite  of  the 
difficulty  of  finding  contemporary  illus- 
trations of  the  period.  A  fancy  portrait 
of  Henry  FitzAilwin,  however,  should 
not  have  been  admitted,  or.  if  admitted, 
not  described,  as  that  of  the  "  First  Lord 
Ma vor  of  London,"  a  title  not  assumed 
until  centuries  later.  Unfortunately,  we 
have  not  so  much  information  as  to  the 
life  of  the  inhabitants  in  these  early 
times  as  we  could  wish.  It  is  this  paucity 
of  information  which  makes  us  esteem 
so  highly  PitzStephen's  vivid  sketch  of 
London  in  the  twelfth  century. 


66 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


The  author  says  that  the  principal 
palace  of  the  kings  of  England  from  Cnut 
to  Henry  VIII.  was  the  King's  House  of 
Westminster,  and  possibly  he  is  correct  ; 
but  there  is  no  authentic  account  of  an 
earlier  king  settled  there  than  Edward 
the  Confessor.  Besant  believed  that  Cnut 
rebuked  the  waves  at  the  Thorney  after- 
wards known  as  Westminster,  although  it 
is  usually  supposed,  and  certainly  with 
more  probability,  that  the  incident  oc- 
curred at  Thorney  in  Sussex,  where  the 
waves  were  those  of  the  sea. 

With  regard  to  the  price  of  food,  which 
was  regulated  by  the  authorities,  Besant 
remarks  : — 

"  These  regulations  answered  roughly  for 
a  little  time,  and  were  then  forgotten  and 
disregarded.  What  was  the  use  of  ordering 
the  fishmonger  to  sell  his  '  best  '  smelts  at 
a  penny  a  hundred,  if  the  supply  were 
limited  and  the  demand  excessive  ?  " 

The  inquirer  is  always  met  with  the 
difficulty  of  knowing  how  far  the  laws 
were  obeyed,  but  we  have  in  the  City 
records  a  large  number  of  instances  in 
which  punishment  was  meted  out  to  the 
tradesmen  who  acted  contrary  to  the 
regulations. 

The  author  makes  some  useful  remarks 
on  the  difficulty  of  calculating  the  value 
of  money  at  different  periods.  As  to 
prices  of  various  objects,  it  is  of  course 
impossible  to  set  up  one  inflexible  rule  ; 
but  we  can  obtain  a  workable  calculation 
for  necessities  in  bulk,  and  for  incomes. 
There  are  many  anomalies  in  the  prices 
of  ordinary  food  ;  thus,  taking  into  con- 
sideration the  change  in  the  value  of 
money,  we  find  that  many  of  the  neces- 
sities of  life  were  dearer  in  the  Middle 
Ages  than  they  are  now,  although  liquor 
was  certainly  cheaper. 

One  important  side  of  London  life  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  have  justice  done  to 
it  in  this  book.  On  p.  319  there  is  a 
short  list  of  the  principal  pageants  during 
nearly  three  hundred  years,  with  a  note 
to  the  effect  that  they  were  rare  events  : 
"  Thus  in  278  years  there  were  twenty- 
seven  Pageants  and  Receptions,  an  average 
of  one  in  every  ten  years."  This  gives  a 
wrong  impression,  from  the  limitation  in 
meaning  of  the  word  "  pageant."  The 
account  of  royal  receptions  is  incomplete, 
and  Mayors'  shows  and  many  other  dis- 
plays of  the  citizens  should  have  been 
included  in  the  list. 

The  great  charm  of  these  volumes  is 
the  individuality  of  the  writer,  who  is 
not  content  merely  to  present  much 
interesting  information  on  the  habits  of 
the  Londoner  in  an  agreeable  form,  but 
also  discusses  the  different  points  as  they 
arise,  and  warns  the  reader  against 
drawing  adverse  conclusions  too  readily, 
owing  to  the  greater  amount  of  evidence 
which  has  come  down  to  us  respecting  the 
evil  than  the  good. 

There  are  some  slips  which  the  author 
might  have  set  right  had  he  lived  to  correct 
the  proofs  ;  thus  on  p.  166  there  is  a  refer- 
ence to  the  Carthusian  Friars,  which  is 
an  unfortunate  instance  of  the  common 
confusion  between  monks  and  friars. 
Although  the  London  Charterhouse  was 


not  founded  until  1371,  the  order  was 
instituted  about  1180,  the  second  of  the 
three  reforms  of  the  Benedictine  rule, 
more  than  a  century  before  SS.  Dominic 
and  Francis  founded  their  orders  of  friars. 
This  handsome  volume  is  a  definite  addi- 
tion to  the  literature  of  London. 

The  history  of  the  old  and  new  buildings 
in  the  Strand  known  as  Somerset  House, 
after  the  founder,  is  so  full  of  interest, 
that  a  capable  account  of  what  hap- 
pened there  during  more  than  three 
and  a  half  centuries  is  welcome.  The 
authors  have  done  their  work  well,  and 
produced  an  illustrated  history  of  one  of 
London's  most  important  palaces  which 
is  both  accurate  and  interesting — adjec- 
tives which  cannot  always  be  joined  in 
notices  of  books  on  London  topography. 

About  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century  Sir  Edward  Seymour,  Earl  of 
Hertford,  brother  of  Lady  Jane  Seymour, 
was  living  in  Chester  Place,  outside 
Temple  Bar,  which  had  been  presented 
by  Henry  VIII. ,  shortly  after  the  death 
of  his  wife,  to  his  brother-in-law.  The 
ground  had  been  previously  occupied  by 
the  houses  of  the  Bishops  of  Lichfield  and 
Coventry — who  before  1541  (when  the  see 
of  Chester  was  founded)  frequently  styled 
themselves  Bishops  of  Chester — and  of 
the  Bishops  of  Worcester  and  Llandaff. 
Although  the  bishops  had  long  occupied 
houses  on  the  river,  it  was  only  a  few  years 
before  Hertford  took  possession  of  his 
property  that  an  Act  of  Parliament  had 
been  passed  for  the  purpose  of  paving 
the  Strand.  By  the  death  of  Henry  VIII. 
in  January,  1547,  Hertford,  as  uncle  of 
the  new  king,  became  his  most  powerful 
subject  and  Protector  of  the  kingdom. 
He,  as  Duke  of  Somerset,  found  Chester 
Place  too  insignificant  a  house  to  match 
his  pride,  so  he  set  to  work  to  build  an 
important  palace,  destroying  the  church 
of  St.  Mary  le  Strand  and  other  buildings 
to  make  room  for  it. 

All  his  doings  were  autocratic,  but  in 
nothing  did  he  give  such  cause  for  un- 
popularity as  in  his  destruction  of  sacred 
buildings  to  find  materials  for  his  mansion, 
those  of  the  houses  on  his  land  not  being 
sufficient  for  his  purpose.  He  used  the 
stones  of  the  church  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem (Clerkenwell),  of  the  cloister  of 
Pardon  Churchyard  on  the  north  side  of 
St.  Paul's,  and  of  the  charnel-house  on 
the  south  side.  He  was  even  supposed 
to  have  intended  to  pull  down  the  church 
of  St.  Margaret,  Westminster.  The  works 
were  carried  on  with  spirit,  but  Somerset 
watched  with  impatience  the  proceedings 
of  the  builders. 

The  question,  Who  was  the  architect  ? 
has  often  been  asked,  and  never  answered. 
Somerset  was  charged  with  bringing 
architects  from  Italy,  and  John  of  Padua, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  been  in  England 
from  1542  to  1549,  may  have  been  the 
architect  of  Somerset  House,  but  there 
is  no  evidence  in  favour  of  the  supposi- 
tion. The  claim  for  John  Thorpe  is 
founded  on  the  drawings  by  him  (in  the 
Soane  Museum)  of  the  ground  plan  and 
elevation  towards  the  Strand  ;  these, 
however,   must  be  copies  by  him  of  an 


existing  building,  because  he  nourished 
some  years  after  the  death  of  Somerset. 

The  building  was  not  finished  when 
Somerset  was  beheaded  in  1552,  and  after 
his  death  an  Act  was  passed  to  divide 
his  estates.  The  palace  was  conveyed  to 
the  Princess  Elizabeth  in  place  of  Durham 
House,  for  which  she  had  made  a  request, 
and  she  lived  in  Somerset  House  occa- 
sionally until  after  she  came  to  the  crown, 
when  she  gave  it  into  the  keeping  of  her 
kinsman  Lord  Hunsdon,  who  died  there 
in  1596. 

Soon  after  the  accession  of  James  I.  a 
conference  of  English  and  Spanish  pleni- 
potentiaries was  held  at  Somerset  House, 
and  a  vivid  representation  of  the  actors, 
painted  by  Marc  Gheeraedts,  is  now  to  be 
seen  at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 
Queen  Anne  of  Denmark  took  up  her 
residence  here  some  months  after  the 
death  of  Elizabeth,  and  the  place  came 
to  be  called  after  her  Denmark  House. 
She  was  surrounded  by  a  gay  and  extra- 
vagant Court,  and  many  of  the  famous 
masques  of  Jonson,  Daniel,  and  others 
were  performed  before  her.  Inigo  Jones 
was  in  high  favour  with  the  Queen,  who 
knew  him  when  he  resided  in  Denmark 
before  her  brother,  the  king  of  that  country, 
brought  him  back  to  England.  He  helped, 
by  means  of  his  special  skill,  to  make 
these  masques  gorgeous  and  successful, 
and  also  rebuilt  much  of  Denmark  House. 
Although  there  are  particulars  of  moneys 
expended  upon  works  and  repairs  "  as 
well  for  new  buildings  as  the  alteration 
of  the  old  "  (1607-10),  we  have  no  clear 
report  of  what  was  really  done.  The 
works  are,  however,  referred  to  in  the 
dedication  to  Daniel's  pastoral  '  Hymen's 
Triumph  '  (1614)  :— 

Here  what  your  sacred  influence  begat, 

Most  loved  and  most  respected  Majesty, 
With  humble  heart  and  hand  I  consecrate 

Unto  the  glory  of  your  memory, 
As  being  a  piece  of  that  Solemnity 
Which  your  magnificence  did  celebrate 
In  hallowing  of  those  roofs  you  reared  of  late 
With  fires  and  chearefull  hospitality. 

jllAnne  died  in  1619,  and  the  next  queen 
to  follow  her  in  the  occupation  of  the  house 
was  Henrietta  Maria,  who,  after  her 
marriage  and  arrival  in  England,  was 
rowed  with  Charles  I.  straight  to  her 
dower-palace.  Here  she  later  presented 
the  Masque  with  even  more  extravagance 
than  the  former  queen. 

In  spite  of  the  splendour  of  the  palace 
and  the  beauty  of  the  river  front,  that 
facing  the  Strand  had  no  very  pleasing 
outlook.     In  1630  it  is  recorded  that 

"  of  late  certain  fishmongers  have  erected 
and  set  up  fishstalls  in  the  middle  of  the 
street,  almost  over  against  Denmark  House, 
all  of  which  were  broken  down  this  month 
of  May,  1630,  lest  in  short  space  they  might 
grow  from  stalles  to  sheddes,  and  then  to 
dwelling  houses,  as  the  like  was  in  former 
times  in  Old  Fish  street  and  in  St.  Nicholas 
Shambles  and  in  other  places." 

After  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  his 
splendid  collection  of  pictures  was  gathered 
from  the  various  palaces,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion of  them  was  brought  to  Somerset 
House  to  be  sold.  The  authors  have 
added  to  the  value  of  their  book  by  giving 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


67 


in  an  appendix  a  catalogue  of  the  goods 
and  pictures,  with  the  prices  at  which 
they  were  sold  between  1649  and  1652. 
This  great  sale  enabled  foreign  kings  to 
obtain  many  of  the  masterpieces  which 
now  adorn  the  chief  galleries  of  Europe. 

Henrietta  Maria  came  back  to  Somerset 
House  after  the  Restoration,  but  did  not 
stay  long,  leaving  it  finally  in  1665. 
Catharine  of  Braganza  followed  her,  and 
the  place  again  became  the  stronghold  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  party,  so  that  the 
murder  of  Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey 
was  said  to  have  taken  place  here,  although 
the  charge  has  never  been  proved.  Catha- 
rine lived  here  as  queen  and  dowager, 
and  did  not  leave  till  1692. 

Although  the  house  was  appropriated 
to  the  Hanoverian  queens — Caroline  and 
Charlotte  respectively — neither  of  them 
lived  here.  The  last  royal  personage  to 
reside  at  Somerset  House  was  the  Here- 
ditary Prince  of  Brunswick  Luneburg, 
who  in  1764  married  the  Princess  Augusta, 
the  daughter  of  George  II. 

When  Queen  Charlotte  was  settled  at 
Buckingham  House  the  State  apartments 
at  Somerset  House  were  handed  over  to 
the  Royal  Academy.  New  buildings 
were  erected  by  Sir  William  Chambers, 
and  room  was  found  for  the  Royal 
Society  and  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. Subsequently  Sir  Robert  Smirke 
built  an  east  wing  for  King's  College, 
and  Sir  James  Pennethorne  completed 
the  west  wing  in  1856. 

Somerset  House  had  an  interesting 
history  during  the  occupancy  of  the  Royal 
Academy  and  other  institutions,  which 
is  well  told  here ;  but  these  bodies 
have  long  since  found  a  new  home  at 
Burlington  House,  and  Somerset  House 
is  now  given  over  entirely  to  Government 
offices.  The  building  itself  remains  one 
of  the  finest  in  London,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  it  will  long  exist  as  evidence 
of  the  architectural  genius  of  Chambers. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


Miss   Primrose.     By   Roy   Rolfe    Gilson. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

This  story  might  have  been  entitled  '  The 
Innocuous  Incidents  of  an  Uneventful 
Life.'  The  heroine  is  a  most  estimable 
girl,  who  cherishes  a  secret  passion  for 
a  young  Englishman,  and  teaches  in  an 
American  "  District  School."  Her  por- 
trait is  painted  with  care  and  skill,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  the  entire  gallery 
of  portraits  here  furnished.  But  the  book 
is  almost  wholly  devoid  of  plot,  and 
although  it  is  written  with  no  little  lite- 
rary skill,  the  average  reader  will  find  it 
lacking  in  interest.  The  author  intro- 
duces a  large  number  of  men  and  women, 
who  are  more  or  less  estimable  ;  but  if  we 
were  to  meet  them  in  real  life  we  should  be 
compelled  to  regard  them  as  rather 
tedious  people,  and  their  tediousness 
clings  to  them  in  the  pages  of  this  story. 
Had  the  book  been  provided  with  a  de- 
finite plot,  we  should  have  felt  that  the 
author  had  not  laboured  in  vain.      As  it  ' 


is,  it  justifies  the  conviction  that  he 
could  write  an  interesting  story,  if 
he  would  only  perceive  that  a  mere 
gallery  of  portraits  does  not  constitute  a 
novel. 


Traitor  and  True.     By  John  Bloundelle- 
Burton.     (John  Long.) 

This  romance  involves  a  conspiracy 
against  Louis  XIV.,  headed  by  De 
Beaurepaire,  the  captain  of  the  Guards. 
It  is  not  so  plausible  as  it  might  have  been 
had  the  chances  of  the  plotters  been  less 
conspicuously  hopeless,  and  the  relations 
between  their  chief  and  the  two  women 
with  whom  he  seems  to  encumber  himself 
more  obviously  necessary.  There  are 
some  sinister  villains  of  an  inferior  type 
engaged,  and  one  has  little  sympathy  for 
them  in  the  slaughter  that  awaits  them 
before  the  mob  of  Paris.  The  more 
disinterested  of  the  ladies  dies  of  heart- 
failure  on  the  very  scaffold,  when  she  hears 
of  the  reprieve  of  her  hero.  Her  devotion 
is  signal,  but  again  its  reasons  are  not 
evident.  An  Englishman  who  is  in  love 
with  the  other  great  lady's  maid  of  honour 
is  the  means  of  detecting  the  conspiracy, 
more  by  luck  than  good  guidance,  perhaps, 
but  with  a  healthy  zeal  and  honesty  which 
will  win  the  reader's  sympathy,  as  it  does 
that  of  his  ingenuous  bride.  His  tre- 
mendous experience  of  being  half  killed 
and  thrown  into  a  river  is  among  the 
incidents  with  which  the  story  bristles. 


Audrey,  the  Actress.     By  Horace  Wynd- 
ham.     (E.  Grant  Richards.) 

This  is  a  realistic  account  of  the  adven- 
tures of  a  young  lady  who  goes  upon  the 
stage.  The  author  knows  his  subject, 
and  to  those  who  share  his  knowledge,  as 
well  as  those  who  have  a  slight  acquaint- 
ance with  matters  theatrical,  his  book  will 
be  readable  enough.  Audrey  rather  dis- 
enchants us  at  the  outset  by  her  lack  of 
piety  towards  her  mother,  and  her  dislike 
of  duty  when  combined  with  cold  mutton. 
But  she  is  a  good  girl  of  a  modern  type 
and  class,  and  improves  on  acquaintance, 
so  that  one  is  glad  when  she  escapes 
the  wiles  of  the  wicked  actor-manager, 
earns  professional  success,  and  marries  the 
hero. 

The  Cattle- Bar  oil's  Daughter.     By  Harold 
Bindloss.     (John  Long,) 

A  deep  love  interest  welds  a  long  chain  of 
combatant  adventure  in  this  virile  story. 
The  "  cattle-baron  "  who  reproduces  in 
the  North-West  of  modern  America  the 
primitive  aristocracy  of  ancient  Europe, 
with  his  following  of  hardy  horsemen, 
"  cowboys,"  and  friends  who,  like  himself, 
hold  the  wide  waste  lands  by  right  of 
occupation  and  conquest,  finds  himself 
and  his  free  society  threatened  by  the 
movement  of  the  "  homestead  "  folk  with 
their  agricultural  swarms.  Torrance  has 
no  stauncher  supporter  than  his  only 
daughter,  who  has  enjoyed  all  the  advan- 
tages, educational  and  other,  that  her 
rough  father's  love  and  wealth  could  give 
her.     But  she  is  gradually  taught,  to  that 


father's  exceeding  grief,  the  worth  of  her 
early  lover,  one  of  her  own  class  and 
neighbourhood,  who  finds  himself  con- 
strained on  principle  to  support  the 
popular  movement  against  the  narrower 
interest  of  Torrance  and  his  friends.  The 
description  both  of  the  details  of  what  is 
actually  war  and  revolution  on  a  small 
scale,  and  of  the  strong  and  diverse  cha- 
racteristics of  individuals,  American,  Ger- 
man, and  other,  shows  once  more  the 
versatility  and  apprehension  of  the  writer. 


An    Old    Score.       By    Ashton     Hilliers. 
(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

The  title  and  get-up  of  this  book  suggest 
a  sensational  novel ;  but  though  there  is  a 
secret  involving  disgrace  between  the 
grandfathers  of  the  hero  and  heroine,  we 
are  not  appalled  or  bored  by  murder  and 
detectives,  and  we  note  with  pleasure  gifts 
of  originality  and  characterization  which 
might  adorn  a  larger  scheme.  The  story 
begins  very  well,  and  can  be  commended 
as  pleasant  reading.  In  matters  of  tech- 
nique the  author  irritates  us  occasionally, 
but  he  can  write  and  observe  too,  so  that 
we  shall  hope  to  see  more  work  of  his. 


The    Stolen    Planet.     Bv    John    Mastin. 
(Wellby.) 

This  is  the  story  of  an  ingenious  inventor 
and  his  friends,  who  made  a  voyage 
through  space  in  an  air  ship  provided 
with  an  apparatus  for  overcoming  the 
force  of  gravitation.  The  idea  is  by  no 
means  new,  and  it  has  not  been  carried 
out  by  Mr.  Mastin  with  any  remarkable 
degree  of  skill.  Still,  the  book  will 
interest  young  people,  and  the  author 
in  his  preface  expresses  the  hope  that  "  it 
may  prove  the  means  of  giving  to  our 
youth  technical  instruction,  combined 
with  excitement  of  a  healthy  kind."  The 
travellers  in  the  air  ship  meet  with  many 
adventures,  and  at  the  end  of  their  voyage 
take  forcible  possession  of  an  asteroid, 
and  bring  it  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
earth,  with  the  intention  of  utilizing  it  as 
a  new  and  improved  moon.  The  un- 
expected and  serious  consequences  of  this 
act  need  not  be  here  revealed,  but  it  is 
odd  that  they  were  not  foreseen  by  the 
scientific  member  of  the  expedition. 


BOOKS    FOR    STUDENTS. 

The  Old  Testament  in  Greek,  according  to 
the  Text  of  Codex  Vaticanus,  supplemented 
from  other  Uncial  Manuscripts.  With  a 
Critical  Apparatus  containing  the  Variants 
of  the  Chief  Ancient  Authorities  for  the 
Text  of  the  Septuagirt. — Part  I.  Genesis. 
Edited  by  Alan  Brooke  and  Norman  M'Lean. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.)— This  is  the 
first  part  of  a  work  which  deserves  the 
warmest  welcome  from  all  who  take  an 
interest  in  theological  studies.  It  will 
supply  a  want  which  has  been  deeply  felt 
by  all  scholars.  It  proceeds  upon  a  definite 
plan  which  it  is  possible  to  carry  out  with 
nearly  complete  success.  It  does  not  pre- 
tend  to  constitute  a  new  text,  but  it  collects, 
arranges,    and   makes   accessible   the   mate- 


68 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


rials  on  which  a  new  text  can  be  constructed. 
It  pursues  the  method  adopted  by  Dr. 
Swete  in  his  manual  edition  of  the  Septua- 
gint,  and  its  text  is  to  be  a  reprint  of  the 
text  of  that  edition  "  with  but  few  altera- 
tions." The  text  of  the  Vatican  is  to  be 
followed  wherever  extant,  its  lacuna?  being 
supplied  from  the  Alexandrian  or  another 
uncial  MS.  The  difference  between  this, 
the  larger  Cambridge  edition,  and  Dr. 
Swete's  manual  edition  lies  in  the  vast  body 
of  information  which  is  conveyed  in  the 
apparatus  criticus.  This  is  to  contain  the 
substantial  variants  found  in  all  the  uncial 
MSS.,  and  in  thirty  cursive  MSS.  selected 
as  representative  ;  in  the  chief  ancient 
versions  made  from  the  Septuagint  ;  and 
in  the  writings  of  Philo,  Josephus,  and  the 
most  important  of  the  early  Christian  writers. 
In  collecting  their  evidence  from  these 
sources  Mr.  Brooke  and  Mr.  M'Lean  have 
been  aided  by  many  friends  and  fellow- 
workers,  but  the  npture  of  this  help  is  not 
to  be  indicated  specifically  till  the  end  of 
the  first  volume.  In  recording  the  evidence 
the  editors  have  adopted  various  contri- 
vances which  are  a  distinct  improvement 
on  the  symbols  used  in  previous  editions 
of  the  Septuagint  and  the  Greek  New  Testa- 
ment, though  in  some  respects  the  large 
space  at  the  disposal  of  Holmes  and  Parsons 
in  their  five  grand  folio  volumes  enabled 
them  to  present  the  evidence  in  such  a  way 
that  it  could  be  understood  without  the 
necessity  cf  mastering  numeious  abbrevia- 
tions, 

We  have  tested  the  first  part  now  before 
us  in  several  places  by  means  of  the  colla- 
tions already  published,  and  the  result  has 
been  eminently  satisfactory.  The  work 
has  been  executed  with  great  accuracy 
and  completeness.  The  most  difficult  and 
complex  pait  of  it  is  the  treatment 
of  quotations  from  the  patristic  writings, 
and  it  is  probably  here  that  some  disappoint- 
ment may  be  felt.  But  possibly  on  full 
consideration  this  disappointment  will  give 
way  to  hearty  admiration  of  the  skill  and 
care  with  which  the  editors  have  dealt  with 
the  dubious  problems  that  they  have  had 
to  encounter.  Thus  Justin  Martyr  is  set 
down  as  quoting  Gen.  i.  2,  but  it  is  not 
noticed  that  he  quotes  verse  3  in  a  way 
quite  peculiar.  Instead  of  eyevero  <£ws  he 
has  lykvtro  ov'tws.  Ashton  proposed  to 
substitute  <£ws  for  ovrtos  in  Justin's  text, 
but  Otto  was  right  in  adhering  to  the  MS. 
authority  oi;tcos.  At  the  same  time  it 
may  well  be  questioned  whether  Justin 
actually  wrote  ovtws  through  a  slip  of 
memory,  or  some  transcriber  substituted  it 
for  (/>ws.  Difficulty  also  appears  to  us  to 
arise  from  a  method  which  the  editors  seem 
to  have  devised  for  abridging  the  symbols 
in  some  cases.  They  indicate  what  is  the 
reading  adopted  by  the  editor  of  certain 
issues  of  the  fathers  by  the  abbreviation 
ed.  This  is  done,  for  instance,  in  Cyprian's 
quotation  from  Gen.  xlix.  8.  The  reading 
laudabunt  is  annotated  "  Cyp.  ed,"  but  the 
other  reading  laudant  is  annotated  "Cyp. 
codd."  Now  one  is  apt  to  imagine  that 
possibly  the  reading  of  the  editor  might  bo 
an  emendation  of  his  own,  whereas,  in  fact, 
laudabunt  is  supported  by  the  best  and  most 
numerous  codices,  and  laudant  by  only  a 
few.  No  doubt  the  editors  will  take  care 
in  their  preface  to  inform  their  readers  fully 
on  such  a  point  as  this. 

The  editors  recognize  their  indebtedness 
to  those  who  have  preceded  them  in  the 
laborious  task  of  editing  the  Septuagint, 
and  especially  to  three  men  who  well  deserve 
the  recognition  now  paid  to  them.  The 
first  two,  Holmes  and  Parsons,  prepared  an 
edition  of  the  Septuagint  which  the  present 


editors  speak  of  as  "  of  enormous  value," 
and  their  labours  are  described  as  "a  re- 
markable feat."  The  third  is  Lagarde, 
whom  they  place  first  among  the  scholars 
of  the  nineteenth  century  who  have  contri- 
buted to  a  knowledge  of  the  Septuagint. 
That  sturdy  and  independent  thinker  and 
philologist  would  have  hailed  with  delight 
the  praise  which  is  justly  bestowed  on  him. 

Matthew  Arnold's  Merope,  to  which  is 
appended  the  Electra  of  Sophocles.  Trans- 
lated by  R.  Whitelaw.  Edited  by  J. 
Churton  Collins.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 
— This  volume,  as  Prof.  Churton  Collins 
explains  in  the  first  words  of  his  preface,  is 
an  experiment.  It  is  an  attempt  to  make 
the  English  reader  understand  the  nature 
and  structure  of  Attic  tragedy.  The  attempt 
is  made  along  two  lines  of  approach  :  by 
means  of  an  original  drama  composed  upon 
classical  models  by  an  English  poet,  and  of 
a  translation  of  an  ancient  Greek  play.  To 
these  Prof.  Collins  has  affixed  a  full  intro- 
duction and  commentary,  avowedly  ad- 
dressed to  students  who  have  no  knowledge 
of  Greek,  though  he  must  have  temporarily 
forgotten  the  public  he  was  addressing 
when,  without  a  word  of  explanation,  he 
wrote  that  "  rude  dialogue  was  exchanged 
between  the  Coryphaeus  and  the  Hypocrites." 
Of  the  success  of  the  experiment  different 
views  will  be  held.  It  cannot  give  the  full 
effect  of  the  Greek  drama,  for  Arnold's 
'  Merope  '  is  not  a  first-rate  play,  and  Mr. 
Whitelaw's  version  of  the  '  Electra,'  though 
excellent,  is  subject  to  the  normal  discount 
of  translations.  Nevertheless  a  sympathetic 
reader  will  obtain  from  them  a  good  idea 
of  the  method  and  structure  of  a  Greek 
play,  and  the  book  may  well  be  found  useful 
by  students  in  connexion  with  a  course  of 
lectures  on  the  subject,  or  with  some  history 
of  Greek  literature.  For  ourselves,  if  we 
wished  to  inspire  an  English  reader  with  a 
sense  of  the  greatness  of  Greek  drama,  we 
should  be  inclined  to  begin  with  J.  A. 
Symonds's  '  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets  ' 
(which  has  the  great  merit  of  infectious 
enthusiasm),  and  follow  it  up  with  Brown- 
ing's '  Balaustion,'  and  Mr.  Murray's  or 
Mr.  Way's  translations  from  Euripides. 
Sophocles  and  iEschylus  are  more  wholly 
and  esoterically  Greek,  and  therefore  lose 
more  in  translation  :  but  after  this  initia- 
tion a  sympathetic  and  receptive  student 
would  be  able  to  realize  something  of  the 
greatness  of  the  original  from  Mr.  Whitelaw's 
Sophocles,  and  Mr.  Morshead's  .^Eschylus. 
He  should  then  at  least  be  able  to  under- 
stand why  some  people  are  unwilling  that  a 
general  acquaintance  with  Greek  should 
perish  out  of  the  land. 

Oxford  Higher  French  Series.  Edited  by 
Leon  Delbos. — Memoires  de  Madame  Campan, 
1785-1792.  Edited  by  H.  C.  Bradby.— 
Jocelyn.  By  A.  de  Lamartine.  Edited  by 
EJmiie  Legouis. — Salammbo.  By  Gustave 
Flaubert.  Edited  by  E.  Lauvriere.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) — In  this  new  set  of  pub- 
lications, "  intended  for  upper  forms  of 
public  schools  and  for  university  and 
private  students,"  and,  like  the  "  Oxford 
Modern  French  Series,"  supervised  by 
M.  Leon  Delbos,  "  an  attempt  is  made  to 
provide  annotated  editions  of  books  which 
have  hitherto  been  obtainable  only  in  the 
original  French  texts  "  ;  and  the  intro- 
ductions are  written  in  French  or  English 
according  to  the  nationality  of  the  respective 
editors,  the  notes  being  throughout  in 
English.  Wo  approve  the  originality,  and 
on  the  whole  the  judgment,  displayed  in  the 
selection  of  the  three  authors  here  repre- 
sented. 

There  is  something  rather  pathetically 
humorous  in  the  spectacle  of  Flaubert — that 


arch-enemy  of  every  convention  and  tradi- 
tion summed  up  in  the  term  "  respectability  " 
— reduced  to  appear  under  an  aspect  so 
essentially  respectable  as  that  of  an  English 
edition  for  the  use  of  young  persons.  But 
the  sombre  grandeur  of  '  Salammbo  '  emerges 
triumphant  from  even  the  decorous  mani- 
pulations thus  necessitated,  and  M.  Lau- 
vriere's  Introduction  must  be  commended 
as  a  really  admirable  study  of  the  author 
and  his  work. 

Praise  is  also  due  to  M.  Legouis  for  his 
spirited  attempt  to  overcome  the  national 
prejudice  against  Lamartine  ;  though  we 
fear  his  sympathetic  and  scholarly  Preface 
will  scarcely  avail  to  reconcile  Young  Eng- 
land, whether  masculine  or  feminine,  to 
the  sugary  (and  watery)  pathos  of  '  Jocelyn.' 

Madame  Campan,  though  only  very 
slightly  "  introduced  "  by  Mr.  Bradby,  will, 
we  fancy,  prove  the  most  popular  of  the 
three,  since  her  memoirs  (of  which  only  a 
portion  is  given)  deal  from  the  inside  with 
a  phase  of  history  inexhaustible  in  its  human 
interest. 

It  is  regrettable  that  the  type  of  this 
edition  should  be  inferior  to  that  of  the 
"  Oxford  Modern  French  Series." 

The  Clarendon  Press  also  publish  a  neat 
and  well-equipped  edition  of  Four  Lives 
from  North's  Plutarch,  edited  by  R.  H.  Carr, 
who  has  paid  special  attention  to  Shak- 
speare's  indebtedness  to  the  old  translator. 
Mr.  Carr's  notes  are  full  and  excellent,  both 
on  the  critical  and  bibliographical  side. 
His  work  was,  of  course,  made  easier  by 
that  of  his  predecessors  in  the  same  field, 
but  his  views  are  sound,  and  he  repeats  our 
own  conclusions  in  his  remarks  on  the  value 
and  common  neglect  of  Plutarch's  writings. 
We  should  like  to  see  this  book  adopted  in 
the  upper  forms  of  public  schools. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

A  School  History  of  Warwickshire.  By 
Bertram  C.  A.  Windle.  (Methuen.) — In 
perusing  this  detailed  account  of  one  of  the 
most  fascinating  of  English  counties  we  are 
reluctantly  forced  to  the  conclusion  that, 
in  spite  of  its  excellence,  it  may  not  meet 
with  the  success  it  deserves.  The  already 
overcrowded  time-table  of  our  schools  will 
not  permit  of  the  adoption  of  a  book  of 
more  than  two  hundred  closely  printed 
pages  on  a  single  county,  except,  perhaps, 
in  the  immediate  locality  concerned.  But, 
though  styled  a  '  School  History,'  the  book 
should  be  read  with  great  interest  by  that 
large  army  of  English-speaking  people  to 
whom  Stratford-on-Avon  and  Kenilworth 
will  ever  appeal.  Mr.  Windle  is  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  his  production,  the  story  of 
the  county  being  told  in  good  straight- 
forward style,  while  the  excellent  illustra- 
tions are  a  real  addition  to  the  volume. 

Another  volume  contains  a  similar  School 
History  of  Somerset  (same  publishers),  by 
Mr.  Walter  Raymond,  who  has  made  good 
use  of  his  special  knowledge  of  the  county. 
The  illustrations  here,  too,  are  excellent, 
and  we  are  glad  to  see  due  attention  paid  to 
folk-lore  and  antiquities.  With  some  of  the 
author's  verdicts  we  should  not  entirely 
agree,  but  in  such  a  '  History  '  things  are 
stated  succinctly  and  with  confidence,  and 
rightly,  for  young  readers.  The  adult  will 
be  able  to  deal  with  exceptions  and  qualifica- 
tions of  general  statements  when  he  reaches 
the  knowledge  of  the  expert. 

The  Age  of  Spenser.  By  J.  C.  Stobart. — 
This    little    manual,    forming    the    second 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


69 


volume  of  the  "  Epoclis  of  English  Litera- 
ture," published  by  Mr.  Arnold,  is  in  future 
to  be  issued  as  '  The  Spenser  Epoch,'  in 
order  to  avoid  confusion  with  another  series. 
In  his  Introduction  to  the  study  of  this 
interesting  period  of  our  literature  the 
.author  has  ably  dealt  with  the  various 
influences  that  gave  birth  to  the  new  era, 
And  has  summarized  the  writings  of  those 
to  whom  later  generations  are  chiefly 
indebted.  The  extracts  have  been  care- 
fully selected  with  the  view  of  leading 
young  readers  to  the  study  of  the  original 
works,  and  the  accompanying  notes  are 
-commendable  for  their  brevity.  We  should 
like  to  see  the  book  adopted  for  classwork 
in  our  secondary  schools,  as  an  antidote  to 
"the  trashy  nonsense  that  finds  its  way  into 
the  hands  and  minds  of  boys  at  the  present 
-day. 

Stories  from  Greek  Tragedy,  by  H.  L. 
Havell,  and  Britain  Long  Ago  :  Stories 
from  Old  English  and  Celtic  Sources,  retold 
by  E.  M.  Wilmot-Buxton  (Harrap),  are 
Ambitious  ventures,  with  which  on  the  whole 
we  are  well  pleased.  The  writers  have 
handled  their  subjects  with  zeal  and  dis- 
cretion ;  and  as  the  books  are  handsome  in 
Appearance  and  strikingly  illustrated,  they 
ought  to  be  a  success.  We  include  them 
under  '  School-Books,'  though  they  are  best 
•suited  for  those  leisure  hours  in  which  the 
■delight  of  reading  for  itself  is  first  realized. 

Shakespeare 's  Macbeth,  edited  by  C.  W. 
■Crook  (Ralph,  Holland  &  Co.),  is  interleaved 
for  the  student's  own  notes,  and  supplies 
competent  aid  to  the  understanding  of  the 
play.  The  introductory  '  Hints  '  are  very 
sensible,  and  we  are  glad  to  notice  an  index 
as  well  as  a  glossary. 

Book  III. A  of  Mr.  Edward  Arnold's 
"  Home  and  Abroad  Readers  "  deals  with 
The  British  Isles,  and  is  well  written  and 
illustrated.  Simplicity  of  language  has 
been  achieved,  and  the  young  reader  will 
not  find  himself  confined  to  the  jejune 
•details  of  the  older  geographies.  We  notice 
mention  of  Scott  and  Melrose  Abbey,  and 
a  quotation  from  Wordsworth  concerning 
the  Lakes. 

Messrs.  Rudd  &  Co.  send  us  The  Elysian 
"Reciters,  Books  I.  to  IV.,  consisting  chiefly 
of  little  pieces  of  verse  with  notes  as  to 
gesture  and  action  which  should  accom- 
pany them,  and  occasionally  music.  Book  I. 
begins  with  '  Nursery  Rhymes  and  Simple 
Verses,'  while  in  Book  IV.  we  get  to  '  Little 
Plays  and  Concerted  Pieces.'  The  books 
are  well  and  clearly  printed.  They 
are  edited  by  Dr.  M.  T.  Yates,  and  the 
Preface  in  each  case  points  out  that  they  are 
'"  eminently  suitable  for  schools."  A  little 
more  modesty  would  have  left  the  critic 
something  to  say  as  to  that.  The  pieces 
are  warranted  to  be  in  accordance  with  the 
trecent  suggestions  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion. They  are  a  mixture  of  old  things  and 
new.  The  new  are  usually  simple,  and  may 
l^e  regarded  as  generally  satisfactory,  though 
we  doubt  if  the  accomplished  men  of  letters 
who  happen  to  belong  to  the  Board  of 
Education  would  think  the  metre  and 
■expression  of  all  these  novelties  excellent. 

Messrs.  Rudd  &  Co.  also  publish  for  the 
Homeland  Association  Surrey,  Books  I.  and 
II.,  by  Dr.  M.  T.  Yates,  forming  the  first 
instalment,  we  think,  of  the  "  Homeland 
Readers."  The  little  books  are  well  illus- 
trated, and  the  author  has  managed  to 
include  a  great  deal  of  interesting  matter 
concerning  the  varied  resources  of  the  county. 

Messrs.  Cassell's  Fairy  Tale  Series, 
Books  I.— V.i  is  remarkably  cheap,  and  with 
its  coloured  plates  as  well  as  black-and-white 


illustrations  and  large  clear  type  may  be 
strongly  commended  for  home  reading. 
The  series  ranges  from  the  familiar  stories 
of  the  nursery  to  '  Stories  of  King  Arthur.' 
The  selection  from  Hans  Andersen  is  well 
made,  and  includes  that  gem  '  Little  Klaus 
and  Big  Klaus.' 

The  same  firm  send  us  School  and  Garden, 
by  W.  P.  Wright,  and  The  Birds'  Tea-Party, 
Book  I.  of  "  Picture  Stories  for  Little  Folks." 
The  latter  is  wonderful,  for  it  costs  only  a 
penny.  '  School  and  Garden  '  contains  a 
story,  and  also  practical  instructions,  such 
as  '  A  Sowing  Table,'  showing  when  vege- 
tables should  be  started  in  the  ground,  and 
how  long  they  take  to  mature. 

Arnold's  Shilling  Arithmetic  withou 
Ansioers,  by  J.  P.  Kirkman  and  J.  T.  Little' 
has  been  compiled  on  the  lines  suggested 
by  modern  reforms,  and  will  provide  a  good 
practical  course  of  training  in  the  subject. 

MODEBN    LANGUAGES. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  send  us  A  Public  School 
French  Primer,  by  Otto  Siepmann  and 
Eugene  Pellissier.  This  volume  is  intended 
for  pupils  who  have  already  gone  through  a 
preliminary  course  of  French,  and  also  for 
older  students  who  are  beginners.  The 
authors  have  experience  as  teachers,  and 
have  done  their  work  thoroughly  and  with 
discretion.  The  book  includes  a  specially 
prepared  '  Reader,'  and  we  are  in  sub- 
stantial agreement  with  the  careful  Preface 
concerning  the  methods  adopted.  At  the 
end  we  find  a  '  Vocabulary,'  '  Biographical 
Index,'  and  '  Index  to  the  Grammar.' 

Arnold's  Modern  French.  Book  I.  By 
H.  L.  Hutton.  (Arnold.) — After  a  few  pre- 
liminary lessons  the  author  gives  some  forty 
pages  of  exercises  on  the  subject  of  a  visit 
to  Paris,  with  a  good  supply  of  questions 
to  be  answered  by  the  student.  The  idea 
commends  itself  as  most  useful  in  facilitating 
the  acquisition  of  such  a  knowledge  of  French 
as  will  prove  serviceable  on  a  tour  in  France. 
The  succeeding  lessons  on  the  same  plan 
afford  interesting  topics  for  conversation 
between  teacher  and  pupil  ;  the  exercises  in 
retranslation  are  of  an  eminently  practical 
nature  ;  and  the  student  will  find  in  the 
grammar  and  vocabulary  all  that  he  should 
need  in  mastering  this  volume,  which  can 
be  recommended  to  those  who  have  ac- 
quired the  elements  of  the  language. 

In  Dent's  First  Exercises  in  French 
Grammar,  by  Miss  F.  M.  S.  Batchelor 
(Dent  &  Co.),  French  is  exclusively  employed 
for  both  rules  and  exercises,  in  accordance 
with  the  new  methods  of  teaching.  The 
little  volume  is  carefully  arranged,  and  may 
be  commended. 

Un  Petit  Voyage  a  Paris  is  an  attractive 
little  volume  written  by  Marguerite  Ninet 
(Blackie  &  Son).  The  simple  story  is 
brightly  told  in  easy  French,  and  the 
descriptions  of  incidents  by  the  way  convey 
a  good  idea  of  the  journey  to  the  French 
capital.  The  many  photogravures  illus- 
trating scenes  and  architecture  will  lend 
additional  interest  to  this  cheap  little  volume, 
which  is  well  printed  in  large  type  on  good 
paper. 

German  Grammar  for  Science  Students. 
By  W.  A.  and  Ethel  Osborne.  (Whittaker 
&  Co.) — Some  knowledge  of  German  is 
necessary  nowadays  to  the  serious  student 
of  almost  every  branch  of  human  learning, 
and  science  demands  it  from  those  who 
would  keep  abreast  with  the  results  of 
modern  research.  The  grammar  before  us 
is,  therefore,  an  excellent  idea,  being  in- 
tended for  those  who  want  to  acquire  the 
German   which   was   not   included   in    their 


early  schooling.  The  authors  have  skilfully 
provided  what  may  be  regarded  as  the 
minimum  of  grammar  for  intelligent  reading 
of  scientific  articles  and  treatises.  Through- 
out the  examples  are  concerned  with  science 
(especially  chemistry)  ;  we  have,  in  fact, 
an  unabashed  short  cut  which  should  lead 
to  rapid  acquisition.  Sound  knowledge  is, 
of  course,  only  to  be  acquired  by  more 
searching  study. 

CLASSICAL. 

Herodotos  :  IV.  Melpomene.  Edited  by 
E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  Litt.D.  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.) — This  book  contains  a 
great  deal  of  information,  and  it  is  written 
by  a  practised  hand  .;  like  most  others  of  its 
kind,  it  appears  to  aim  at  giving  the  learner 
everything  he  wants  (and  more),  so  as  to 
save  him  the  trouble  of  using  any  other 
book  except  the  Greek  dictionary.  For 
that  reason  it  will  be  welcomed  by  private 
students,  and  by  those  who  want  to  get  up 
the  text  for  some  examination.  But  it  is 
not  equally  well  suited  for  work  in  school, 
although  we  make  no  doubt  that  it  was 
meant  for  such  uses.  The  introduction  is 
of  the  right  sort  :  what  it  contains  is 
necessary  for  the  understanding  of  the  text, 
it  is  drawn  from  books  which  would  hardly 
be  accessible  to  the  schoolboy,  and  it  supplies 
a  critical  discussion  of  the  geography  of 
Herodotus.  On  the  other  hand,  chapter- 
headings  in  English  only  save  trouble,  which 
should  be  part  of  the  schoolboy's  education. 
The  notes,  again,  which  fill  186  pages  as 
against  119  of  text,  include  an  index  of 
proper  names  and  the  usual  collection  of 
comments.  If  the  pupil  has  a  Classical  Dic- 
tionary, he  could  dispense  with  the  index  of 
names  ;  but  we  do  not  wish  to  be  captious, 
and  we  admit  frankly  that  the  index  can  do 
no  harm,  while  it  will  probably  save  time. 
The  same  cannot  be  said  of  all  the  notes. 
Geographical  and  ethnological  notes  are  very 
much  to  the  point  ;  but  the  others  do 
not  show  any  real  system.  Some  are  suited 
only  for  beginners,  as  avrov,  L"in  person" 
(p.  121)  ;  Tavry,  "  in  this  respect  "  (p.  169)  ; 
es  fierpijo-iv,  "'in  regard  to  measurement  " 
(p.  187)  ;  and  a  large  number  of  translated 
phrases.  Many  others,  good  in  themselves, 
are  such  as  should  be  reserved  until  after 
the  text  is  read  and  the  need  of  them  felt. 
We  hope  that,  from  the  continual  pointing 
out  of  these  faults,  some  day  editors  and 
publishers  may  be  led  to  consider  their  school- 
books  critically,  from  the  practical  point  of 
view.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  same 
thing  is  said  again  and  again  in  these  notes^ ; 
thus  the  translation  "  personally  "  of  aurds 
occurs  at  least  three  times,  when  it  was 
not  wanted  once.  Dr.  Shuckburgh's  English 
is  often  inelegant.  "  I  am  with  child  with  " 
(p.  128)  should  be  "  I  go  with."  if  the  English 
equivalent  is  wanted  ;  "  to  be  with  child  " 
is  used  absolutely,  or  with  the  preposition 
"  of."  Take,  again,  "  for  from  absolutely 
no  one  professing  to  know  by  the  evidence 
of  his  own  eyes  can  I  gel  any  information" 
(p.  134);  no  careful  teacher  would  pass  such 
a  sentence.  A  few  more  observations  may 
be  added,  -earou  is  not  a  resolved  form  of 
■  ivto.1  (p.  139).  The  rationalizing  explana- 
tion of  the  story  of  the  Symplegades  (p.  178), 
that  it  represents  "  the  appearance  presented 
at  different  points  of  the  voyage  towards 
the  entrance  of  the  Bosporus,"  is  nol  con- 
vincing ;  the  same  would  apply  to  the 
Rhine  and  to  many  other  rivers,  and  there 
is  nothing  alarming  about  the  Bosporus. 
In  ch.  (.I7JI  we  should  take  koj  as  equivalent 
to  ttws,  like  the  Homeric  jrtu  ;  as  philologists 
know,  the  -s  makes  no  difference  in  the 
original  meaning  or  use.  Eating  lice,  which 
the    editor    thinks    difficult    to     believe    in 


70 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1908 


(p.  193),  is  known  both  in  America  and  in 
Africa  at  this  day.  The  phrase  aufroprjTos 
o?o9  (ch.  281H)  needs  explanation  as  well  as 
illustration  ;  and  the  use  of  vo/ii^eiv  with 
the  dative  (ch.  97'21)  is  not  due  to  an  ellipse, 
as  we  see  from  the  examples  in  Thucydides, 
but  is  better  ascribed  to  analogy. 

The  Andro?nache  of  Euripides.  Edited  by 
G.  Norwood.  (Murray.) — This  is  an  excel- 
lent edition  of  a  little-read  play.  We  are 
quite  in  accord  with  the  principles  which 
Mr.  Norwood  enunciates  as  the  basis  of  his 
annotation,  and  which  he  has  carried  out 
well.  We  are  particularly  glad  to  see  that 
ample  space  is  awarded  to  the  interpretation 
of  the  play.  The  difficulties  here  discussed 
are  clearly  for  boys  some  way  advanced, 
who  will  hardly  need,  we  should  think,  to 
be  told  the  principal  parts  of  a  Greek  verb 
like  u/xapravw  in  the  Vocabulary  at  the  end. 
Mr.  Norwood's  notes  are  satisfactory,  brief 
but  pertinent. 

Livy  :  The  Second  Macedonian  War. 
Edited  by  W.  J.  Hemsley  and  John  Aston. 
(Blackie  &  Son.) — This  is  one  of  the  pub- 
lishers' well-known  "Illustrated  Latin  Series." 
The  Introduction  is  too  brief,  we  think,  and 
should  have  included  something  more  about 
Livy  and  his  style.  His  merits  and  defects 
as  an  historian  are  not  sufficiently  dealt  with. 
The  brief  notes  at  the  end  are  satisfactory, 
so  far  as  they  go  ;  but  we  are  of  opinion  that 
here,  as  elsewhere,  the  difficulties  of  Livy  for 
young  scholars  are  underrated. 

In  Dies  Roynani  (Arnold)  Mr.  W.  F.  Witton 
has  selected  short  readings  in  Latin  notable 
either  for  literary  excellence  or  human 
interest.  He  has  also  added  short  accounts 
in  simple  Latin  of  facts  and  institutions, 
knowledge  of  which  Roman  writers  took  for 
granted,  and  has  adapted  some  of  the 
dialogues  of  Erasmus,  which  bring  Latin 
in  touch  with  modern  ideas,  e.g.,  the  second 
piece  is  '  Asking  for  a  Holiday.'  There  is 
no  vocabulary — an  abstention  we  strongly 
approve,  for  the  reasons  which  we  have  often 
stated,  and  which  are  here  set  forth  in  the 
Preface.  We  congratulate  Mr.  Witton  on 
the  selection  and  interesting  contents  of  his 
little  book,  and  hope  it  will  have  the  wide 
success  it  deserves. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

In  A  Week  at  Waterloo  in  1815  (John 
Murray)  Lady  De  Lancey  gives  an  account 
of  the  wound  received  by  her  husband  at 
the  great  battle,  of  the  agony  of  suspense 
caused  to  her  by  the  varying  news  as  it 
came  filtering  through  to  her  at  Antwerp, 
and  of  the  way  in  which  she  tended  him  in  a 
cottage  at  Mont  St.  Jean.  The  story  is  one 
of  genuine  pathos,  which  is,  if  that  be  possible, 
enhanced  by  the  fact  that  they  had  been 
married  less  than  three  months.  Headers 
who  have  not  the  highly  imaginative  faculty 
of  Dickens  may  find  it  difficult  to  agree 
with  his  eulogium  of  it  (written  to  Capt. 
Basil  Hall  on  March  16th,  1841):  "The 
reading  that  most  astonishing  and  tre- 
mendous account  has  constituted  an  epoch 
in  my  life."  But  the  narrative  is  touching 
in  its  simplicity,  and  occasionally  gives  new 
and  startling  glimpses  into  the  horrors  of 
war.  as  when,  on  approaching  Waterloo 
some  three  days  after  the  battle,  the  writer 
says  that  the  horses  of  her  carriage  "screamed 
at  the  smell  of  corruption."  The  wound, 
inflicted  by  a  cannon-ball,  precluded  all 
hope  of  recovery,  at  least  in  days  before 
antiseptic  surgery  had  come  in  ;  and  death 
wasdi  e  ultimately,  Lady  De  Lancey  believed, 
to    inflammation    and    water   in    the    chest. 


It  is  interesting  to  note  Sir  William  De 
Lancey's  judgment  "  that  the  Duke  [at 
Waterloo]  far  surpassed  anything  he  had 
ever  done  before,"  also  that  he  (De  Lancey) 
was  "  quite  tired  of  the  business."  The 
course  of  this  affecting  narrative  enables 
one  to  understand  why  the  terrors  of 
Waterloo — "  a  peculiarly  shocking  battle  " 
— had  no  small  influence  in  disgusting 
Europe  with  war — a  feeling  certainly  shared 
by  Wellington.  The  volume  contains  full 
notes  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Brogden.  His  state- 
ment that  De  Lancey  was  wounded  about 
the  time  of  the  first  fierce  cannonade  by  the 
French,  and  that  that  would  be  nearer 
4  o'clock  than  3,  is  open  to  question.  The 
first  formidable  cannonade  preceded  the 
attack  by  D'Erlon's  corps,  and  took  place 
about  1.45-2  p.m.  Letters  by  Walter  Scott 
and  Dickens  add  interest  to  the  volume. 

The  able  and  successful  lady  novelist 
known  as  "  Pierre  de  Coulevain  "  publishes 
through  MM.  Calmann-Levy  of  Paris  a 
book  about  England,  which  we  commend  to 
our  readers.  L'lle  inconnue  is,  of  course, 
our  own  ;  but  there  is  not  much  in  the  book 
which  concerns  the  Scottish  kingdom.  The 
volume  is  most  curious,  for  it  has  the  dis- 
order of  a  work  by  a  beginner,  but  comes 
from  the  pen  of  one  who  has  been  writing 
for  many  years.  The  explanation,  no 
doubt,  is  that  this  is  her  first  important 
work  not  thrown  into  the  form  of  a  romance, 
though  French  notices  style  it  "  Roman." 
It  is  as  chaotic  as  '  Corinne  '  or  '  Delphine,' 
but,  though  dull  in  parts  and  of  enormous 
length,  not  (like  them)  unreadable  :  on  the 
contrary,  it  is  half-full  of  excellent  pages. 
We  do  not  compare  it  in  style  with  Madame 
de  Stael's  least  attractive  works,  for  it  has 
neither  the  dignity  of  that  author  nor  the 
pretentiousness  of  her  period.  There  is, 
indeed,  one  perfect  line  put  into  a  peasant 
mouth.  The  author,  who  is  Republican, 
and  non-clerical  for  herself,  though  rather 
clerical  for  us  on  this  side  the  Channel,  is 
talking  to  a  poor  Frenchwoman,  whose 
drunken  husband  makes  her  miserable. 
"P.  de  Coulevain  "  tells  the  woman  to 
divorce  the  man,  and  receives  the  reply, 
"  Je  ne  pourrais  pas  lui  faire  cet  affront, 
parce  que  je  l'ai  aime."  The  author  is,  for 
both  the  countries  that  she  loves,  an  optimist, 
and  has  some  fine  passages  which  hopeful 
Socialists  may  one  day  collect.  Describing 
the  beauty  and  comfort  of  certain  parts  of 
London  and  of  Paris,  she  contrasts  them 
with  the  larger  and  seemingly  hopeless 
portions  of  those  cities,  and  then  writes  : — 

"  So  are  they  now,  our  capitals  ;  but  under  the 
active  will  of  God  the  zone  of  light  will  spread 
continually,  and  <  ne  day  reach,  warm  and  vivify- 
ing, the  extremities  themselves.  Of  this  I  am 
profoundly  convinced." 

The  thesis  of  our  author,  which  is  not  novel, 
is  that  the  French  and  the  English  are  made 
to  improve  and  to  complete  each  other,  and 
that  they  know  nothing  of  one  another  ; 
that  each  country  is  at  present  morally  in- 
comprehensible to  the  other.  The  truth  of 
the  belief,  which  she  does  much  to  explain, 
is  proved  by  the  confusion  into  which  she 
falls  when  dealing  in  respect  of  England  with 
Church  questions  interesting  to  her.  What 
is  an  "English  Catholic,"  what  is  "High 
Church,"  what  "Evangelical,"  and  what 
"  Nonconformist  "  ?  "  P.  de  Coulevain  " 
thinks  she  knows  ;  but,  unfortunately,  her 
acquired  learning  bears  no  relation  whatever 
to  fact.  She  thinks  the  religion  which  is 
(perhaps  somewhat  accidentally)  that  of 
France,  "  Catholic,  Apostolic,  Roman," 
suitable  to  the  French  mind.  Some  of  her 
proofs,  addressed  as  it  were  to  us,  are  as 
true   of  many  members   of   the   Church   of 


England  as  they  are  of  any  Gallican  or  French 
LTltramontane.  One  of  her  French  heroines,, 
made  use  of  in  order  to  show  us  that  nuns 
are  the  best  nurses,  explains  how,  after  a 
hideous  night  of  toil,  she  finds  the  best 
repose  in  early  Communion.  This  is  told 
as  a  continental  phenomenon.  It  is  often 
an  English  truth.  On  the  other  hand,. 
"P.  de  Coulevain  "  believes  that  the  French 
"  Congregations  "  will  benefit  by  a  com- 
pulsory residence  outside  France,  approved. 
by  her,  except  so  far  as  certain  useful  estab- 
lishments are  concerned,  and  especially 
by  having  to  live  in  England  :  "  They  will 
become  impregnated  with  the  more  simple 
and  more  virile  spirit  of  English  Catholicism." 
Whether,  however,  she  means  that  of  the 
Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Westminster  or  that 
of  the  Bishop  of  Birmingham  and  of  the 
Christian  Social  Union  she  does  not  make 
clear.  One  of  her  friends,  who  works  among 
the  London  poor,  is  attached  to  a  Church, 
apparently  Established.  When  asked  to 
explain  the  difficulty  of  finding  the  right 
"  clergyman,"  she  explains  of  the  poor 
among  whom  he  will  have  to  live,  "  the 
vagabonds  are  Nonconformist  Dissenters." 
The  answer  is  amazing  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that  it  is  with  the  London  poor  that 
she  is  dealing.  The  author's  own  explana- 
tion fills  us  with  stupefaction  :  "  Vagabonds 
who  are  Nonconformists — Low  Church — 
and  who  insist  on  a  gentleman  pastor." 
The  friends  with  whom  the  author  lived  in 
England  seem  to  have  conveyed  to  her 
only  that  view  of  the  Articles  which  is  con- 
sistent with  the  doctrine  common  to  the 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Congregational 
Churches.  In  the  reflections  which  end  her 
volume  she  alludes  to  the  Holy  Communion 
in  the  Church  of  England  as  being  "  only 
in  memory  of  the  Master."  She  contrasts 
with  this  teaching  that  of  the  Church  in 
France,  which  "  daily  calls  down  divinity 
to  the  altar."  There  is  throughout  the 
volume  no  sign  of  acquaintance  with  the 
more  usual  view  of  the  Prayer  Book  of  the 
Church  of  England.  Like  all  French  writers,, 
she  believes  that  "  the  High  Church  has 
prepared  the  way  "  for  return  to  a  Church 
"which  goes  back  to  St.  Peter  without  any 
break  of  continuity."  She.  would  not,  we 
imagine,  find  it  easy  to  hold  this  faith 
entirely  unshaken,  had  she  mastered  the 
English  Church  position.  On  most  other 
matters  "P.  de  Coulevain  "  is  a  safe  guide. 
Her  criticism  of  the  weakness  of  our  educa- 
tional system,  destroying,  as  she  thinks  it 
does,  the  excellent  results  obtained  in  the 
nursery  and  home,  is  unfortunately  well 
founded.  To  the  artistic  and  poetic  side 
of  our  nature  she  is,  we  think,  unjust. 
Neglecting  or  rejecting  the  whole  of  our  art 
history  between  the  Commonwealth  and  the 
present  time,  she  writes  as  if  early  Victorian 
conceptions  had  directly  succeeded  those 
of  the  Renaissance  or  of  Charles  I.  Wren 
and  the  great  British  artists  of  the  eighteenth 
century  find  no  favour  in  her  pages.  Keats 
is  ignored  ;  the  superiority  of  the  English 
garden  over  that  of  France  unrecognized 
or  forgotten. 

The  observations  of  "  P.  de  Coulevain  " 
on  the  habits  of  the  English  and  the  French 
are  always  interesting  and  amusing,  though 
often  questionable.  She  believes  that  we 
still  eat  roast  meat.  She  charges  us  with 
stuffing  railway  carriages  full  of  luggage 
— a  charge  invariably  made  by  us  against 
her  countrymen.  She  prefers  the  look  of  a 
cathedral  in  the  hands  of  a  continental 
Church  to  that  oi  a  cathedral  "  in  Protestant 
hands."  In  this  respect  she  has  been  led 
astray  by  Westminster  Abbey  ;  and  we 
have  some  ground  for  our  national  belief 
that  the  tawdry  decoration  of  many  popular 
Italian  and  French  cathedrals  detracts  from 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


71 


their  original  beauty.  Her  list  of  women's 
clubs  in  London  is  singularly  imperfect, 
and  omits  altogether  the  oldest  and,  on  the 
whole,  the  most  conspicuous  by  the  influence 
of  its  members.  She  attacks  the  London 
workhouses  and  the  Paris  hospitals.  It 
appears  to  be  ber  belief  that  all  treatment 
of  the  infirm  under  the  Poor  Law  system 
is  disgraceful,  and  all  under  our  hospital 
system  admirable.  She  does  not  seem 
to  have  visited  any  of  our  great  Poor  Law 
hospitals  or  infirmaries,  but  has  apparently 
gathered  her  impression  from  a  single  work- 
house. A  distinction  is  drawn  by  the  author 
between  Belgiavia  and  May  fair  which 
reveals  a  want  of  acquaintance  with  the  real 
difference  between  them.  By  one  cf  the 
few  downright  blunders  in  her  pages  "  Miss 
Browning"  is  substituted  for  Mrs.  Browning. 
The  constant  use  of  the  word  "  Britisher," 
for  "  Briton,"  is  annoying. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  series  of 
memoirs  of  the  Empire  which  have  appeared 
in  recent  years  is  to  be  found  in  a  volume 
by  a  trumpeter  reviewed  by  us  on  Feb- 
ruary 17th.  A  book  entitled  Souvenirs  his- 
toriques  du  Capitaine  Krettly,  Trompette- 
Major  des  Guides  de  Bonaparte  (Paris,  Dela- 
grave),  is  altogether  inferior  to  its  pre- 
decessor. Krettly  was  a  real  man,  and  had 
no  doubt  a  distinguished  career  ;  but  he 
was  entirely  lacking  in  the  literary  facility 
which  belonged  to  his  less-distinguished 
comrade.  The  book,  moreover,  is  not,  we 
think,  new,  but  cut  down  from  two  volumes 
which  appeared  about  three-quarters  of  a 
century  ago. 

Felicity  in  France,  by  Constance  Elizabeth 
Maud  (Heinemann),  gives  some  interesting 
sketches  of  an  autumn  tour  in  Trouville, 
Brittany,  Touraine.  Provence,  and  Fontaine- 
bleau.  There  is  not  a  dull  page  in  the  book, 
though  we  must  confess  that  when  we  had 
Teached  p.  41  we  were  so  tired  of  literal 
translations  of  French  idioms  that  we  turned 
to  the  end  of  the  book  to  see  how  many  more 
pages  of  them  we  had  to  endure.  It  is  a 
pity  that,  in  spite  of  all  the  literary  gifts 
this  volume  indicates,  the  author  should 
write  in  such  a  slovenly  style  as  she  does. 
We  feel  sure  that  these  bright,  sympathetic, 
clearly  seen  glimpses  of  French  life  deserve 
a  little  more  care  from  their  author  in  their 
presentment.  '  Felicity  in  France  '  must  have 
been  pleasant  to  experience  and  pleasant  to 
write  about,  and  the  reader  will  find  much 
pleasure  in  his  turn,  if  he  will  discount  the 
too  frequent  references  to  M.  Combes.  The 
volume  is  dedicated  to  Frederic  Mistral 
with  his  permission,  and  some  of  it  has 
already  appeared  in  The  Fortnightly  and 
Monthly  Review. 

To  criticize  a  critic — one  may  say  a  critic 
of  critics — is  a  process  rather  suggestive  of 
another  chain  which  we  are  told  extends 
ad  infinitum.  It  will  therefore  probably  be 
enough  to  bid  all  readers  who  like  pleasant 
and  discursive  reflections  on  poetry,  nature, 
small  sailing-boats,  cricket,  and  indeed  most 
things  that  healthily  minded  people  talk 
about,  to  read  the  volume  which  Mr.  Quiller- 
Couch  has  recently  published  under  the  name 
of  From  a  Cornish  Window  (Arrowsmith). 
If  they  are  people  who  set  store  by  what 
the  author  calls  "  all  manner  of  things  which 
in  the  temple,  the  palace,  or  the  market-place, 
have  come  to  be  taken  as  axiomatic,"  they 
may  meet  with  an  occasional  shock.  0-  has 
his  own  way  of  looking  at  some  of  these  things 
which  is  not  precisely  that  of  the  good  folk 
who  are  at  ease  in  Gath  or  Ekron.  The  truth 
16  that  he  is  something  of  a  mystic  ;  and  when 
a  man  who  has  rowed  in  his  college  boat, 
sailed  a  28-ton  yawl  from  Salcombe  to  Fowey 
in  the  teeth  of  a  south-westerly  gale,  written 
a  score  of  good  stories,  and  read  all  the  English 


poetry  ever  written,  looks  at  the  world  with 
the  eye  of  a  mystic,  it  is  likely  that  his  judg- 
ments of  current  events  will  be  different, 
and  differently  expressed,  from  that  of,  say, 
the  daily  papers.  There  is  thus  a  certain 
thread  of  connexion  running  through  the 
apparently  rambling  chapters  (each  named 
from  a  month,  and  professing  to  deal  with 
very  various  topics),  which  the  careful 
reader  would  detect,  even  it  he  were  not 
prepared  for  it  by  some  words  in  the  '  Dedi- 
cation '  to  Mr.  William  Archer.  The  state- 
ment that  "they  were  written ....  during 
years  in  which  their  author  has  striven  to 
maintain  a  cheerful  mind  while  a  popular 
philosophy  which  he  believed  to  be  cheap 
took  possession  of  men,  and  translated  itself 
into  politics  which  he  knew  to  be  nasty," 
indicates  very  neatly  the  mood  which  lies 
not  far  off,  whatever  be  the  actual  topic 
under  discussion.  And  the  best  of  it  all  is 
that,  when  the  reader  is  beginning  to  feel 
less  kindly  unto  all  the  earth  than  he  could 
wish,  he  is  brought  into  a  better  frame  by  a 
delightful  piece  of  nonsense  like  '  The  Jubilee 
Cup,'  or  a  choice  bit  of  description  like  that 
entitled  '  Laying  up  the  Boat,'  or  a  snatch  of 
verse,  quoted  or  original,  and  his  heart  is 
lightened.  One  knows  that  Q.  always  likes 
to  leave  a  pleasant  taste  in  his  reader's 
mouth. 

The  Story  of  King  Lear,  from  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  to  Shakespear  e,hy  William  Perrett, 
Ph.D.  (Berlin,  Mayer  &  Muller),  is  published 
in  English  as  No.  XXXV.  of  the  German 
series  '  Palaestra.'  The  author  shows  that 
the  story  makes  its  first  appearance  in  lite- 
rature in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  whose 
"  disrepute  as  a  historian  has  prejudiced 
his  due  appreciation  as  a  writer  of  fiction." 
Geoffrey,  to  make  his  work  complete,  himself 
undertook  to  fill  the  gap  in  Nennius  with 
fitting  successors  to  Brutus  and  ancestors  to 
Arthur.  The  first  part  of  Mr.  Perrett's  book 
traces  the  story,  in  whole  or  in  part,  through 
many  collections  as  a  part  of  folk-lore — 
through  the  various  recensions  of  Geoffrey's 
chronicle,  sometimes  with  a  happy,  some- 
times with  an  unhappy  ending. 

The  second  part  seeks  to  explain,  by  the 
help  of  a  diagram,  the  various  sources 
Shakspeare  might  have  seen,  and  those  that, 
from  the  results,  he  must  have  consulted. 
Mr.  Perrett  disagrees  with  all  previous 
writers  on  the  latter  point.  There  were 
'  The  Faerie  Queene,'  '  The  Mirror  for 
Magistrates,'  Warner's  'England,'  andHolins- 
hed,  supposed  to  be  the  materials  for  ' '  The 
Old  Play,"  which  is  taken  to  have  been  the 
basis  of  Shakspeare's.  Mr.  Perrett  believes 
that  Shakspeare  may  have  read  them  all, 
but  that  none  of  these  had  any  vital  con- 
nexion with  his  '  King  Lear.'  Contrasting 
details  are  given  in  proof  of  this,  and  the 
claim  is  made  out  that  Shakspeare  went 
direct  to  the  fountain  head  for  the  story  on 
which  he  wrote  this  poAverful  tragedy.  It 
is  considered  that  his  attention  was  drawn 
to  the  original  by  the  marginal  references 
of  Holinshed,  and  that  the  "  industrious 
Shakspeare  "  followed  the  story  up.  The 
comparison  of  this  original  with  the  play  is 
shown  to  be  necessary  to  the  elucidation 
of  the  poet's  conception. 

The  book  is  rather  too  abstruse  and  heavy 
for  the  general  reader,  but  scholars  who  are 
interested  in  the  development  of  the  M  arc  Ik  a 
and  the  Saga  may  find  suggestions  therein. 
Those  who  trace  the  sources  of  Shakspeare's 
plays  may  find  much  material  for  thought, 
for,  as  the  author  claims,  the  result  of  follow- 
ing the  genesis  of  a  plot  "  is  not,  as  the  new 
Variorum  edition  states,  the  most  profitless 
department  of  Shakspearean  study." 

Propertius.  Translated  by  J.  S.  Philli- 
more.     (Oxford,     Clarendon     Press.) — Who 


would  withhold  his  sympathies  from  the 
unfortunate  scholar  who  is  commissioned 
to  write  a  translation  of  Propertius  ?  Two 
appalling  difficulties  await  him.  First,  he 
has  to  work  on  a  very  corrupt  text,  so  that 
if  he  is  to  turn  out  a  readable  version,  making 
respectable  sense,  he  must  to  a  large  extent 
constitute  his  text  by  punctuating,  trans- 
posing, and  conjecturing  according  to  his 
own  views.  Secondly,  he  will  be  ex- 
pected to  please  two  very  differenl 
of  readers — the  Latinless  enthusiast  who  is 
curious  to  explore  Propertius,  and  the 
student  of  the  original  who,  reasonably 
enough,  looks  round  for  help.  These  diffi- 
culties are  superimposed  oh  those  that 
always  await  the  translator,  namely,  those 
connected  with  the  actual  state  of  the 
English  language  and  the  various  prevailing 
theories  as  to  the  duties  of  the  faithful  trans- 
lator. How  does  Prof.  Phillimore  come  out 
of  his  ordeal  ?  The  question  is  best  answered 
by  saying  that  the  reading  of  his  version 
has  provided  us  with  a  few  very  pleasant 
hours,  and,  this  being  so,  we  may 
jump  the  rest.  We  are  not  primarily 
concerned  to  go  behind  the  curtain  and  see 
him  constituting  his  text.  II  any  man 
should  have  a  sound  idea  of  what  Propertius 
would  have  written,  it  must  be  such  a  one 
as  our  translator,  who  lias  published  a  text, 
compiled  an  index  to  Propertian  Latinity, 
collected  stcies  of  material  for  a  commentary, 
and  written  a  version  of  the  whcle  of  his 
author's  work.  Besides  producing  an  intel- 
ligible version,  he  has  preserved  with  great 
success  the  character  of  his  original, 
showing  off  its  merits  and  not  hiding  its 
demerits.  The  student  of  the  Latin  who 
takes  Prof.  Phillimore  as  a  guide  will  find 
ample  direction  in  the  foot-notes,  which 
scrupulously  warn  him  of  all  deviations  from 
the  Clarendon  Press  text  of  1902. 

Mr.  A.  C.  Madan,  whose  '  Swahili-EneJish 
Dictionary  '  was  noticed  in  these  columns 
two  or  three  years  ago,  has  produced,  as  the 
latest  fruit  of  his  linguistic  studies  carried 
on  in  North-Eastern  Rhodesia,  a  S*  nga 
Handbook  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press).  The 
Basenga  live  on  both  banks  of  the  Zaml  ezi, 
near  Zumbo — some  in  Portuguese  territory, 
and  some  in  British;  and  there  are  some 
"  settled  in  the  north  of  the  Luangwa  valley, 
as  well  as  among  the  Angoni  eastward." 
Sir  H.  H.  Johnston  considers  them  to  belong 
to  the  Nyanja  stock.  Mr.  Madan  is  of 
opinion  that  "the  Sengas  are  a  weak  tribe, 
....without  enterprise  or  important  arts, 
and  their  dialect  does  not  appear  likely  to 
spread,  or  even  to  hold  its  own  against  the 
unifying  tendencies  already  at  work  in 
North-Eastern  Rhodesia."  What  the  result 
of  these  unifying  tendencies  is  likely  to  be 
he  does  not  state.  Sengabearsacon-iderahlo 
resemblance  to  Nyanja,  but  the  differences 
are,  we  think,  sufficienl  to  justify  its  I 
ment  as  a  separate  language.  The  forms 
lya,  Iwala  (Nyanja  dya,  dwala),  are  "S  ao, 
but  the  word  for  "sun"  is  zua,  i 
The    perfect     in    -lie    (which     Y&O 

hut  not  Nyanja)  exists  in  tin   cas 
syllabic  words  only,  and  has  in  additio 
tense  prefix  -lu-,  as  alufwile,   ""lie  i-  d( 
from  fwa  "  die."     Other  verbs,  v,  ! 
the  tense  prefix,  change  the  final  "  to 
ulufwike,   '•yen   have  arrived,"  from  fwika. 
In  Zulu  this  form  of  the  perfeel  is 
used    by    way    of   a   contraction — ufikt     for 
ufikile.     The    noun-class<  imilar    to 

those   in  Nyanja,  except   that   the  lea 
take-  //;  (m'.t  H)  in  the  plural,  and  that   the 
bu  (here  reduced  to  u)  and  In  classes  ar< 
h,.|,t    separate:    the   former  ha-  ma  in  the 
plural    (so   far  as   it    has  any   plural    at    all), 
and    the    latter    /'    {lusondo,  The 

pronouns — especially    the    demonstratives — 


72 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


show  various  interesting  peculiarities  ;  but, 
by  some  oversight,  the  chapter  treating  of 
them  (p.  24)  omits  all  mention  of  the  pos- 
sessives  after  the  opening  announcement 
that  they  "  are  noticed  here."  They  can, 
however,  be  gathered,  with  a  little  patience, 
from  the  other  parts  of  the  book.  The 
"simple  Xyasa  story"  of  which  a  translation, 
made  by  a  Senga  native,  is  given  on  p.  53, 
as  a  connected  text,  is  a  racy  bit  of  folk-lore. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  T.  C.  & 
E.  C.  Jack  sEsop's  Fables,  by  Lena  Dalkeith, 
with  pictures  by  S.  R.  Praeger,  and  Stories 
from  Don  Quixote,  by  John  Lang,  with 
pictures  by  F.  M.  B.  Blackie,  both  forming 
part  of  the  firm's  excellent  series  "  Told  to 
the  Children,"  which  is  under  the  general 
editorship  of  Louey  Chisholme.  For  the 
first  we  have  nothing  but  praise,  and  the 
only  fault  of  the  second  is  in  the  language, 
which  often  needs  paraphrasing  for  children 
under  eight,  for  whom,  we  conclude,  the 
series  is  specially  meant.  Its  form  is  all 
that  can  be  desired. 

We  are  very  glad  to  see  a  new  and  well- 
printed  edition  of  The  History  of  the  Life  of 
Thomas  Ellwood  (Headley  Brothers),  a  book 
which  always  retains  its  freshness.  This 
edition  has  the  advantage  of  an  Historical 
Introduction  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Summers 
(who  had  exceptional  knowledge  of  Jordans 
and  the  Chalfonts),  and  with  its  excellent 
illustrations  ought  to  appeal  to  the  many 
who  find  delight  in  old-world  Buckingham- 
shire. 

In  "  The  Waterloo  Library  "  Sir  Conan 
Doyle's  Uncle  Bernac  makes  a  welcome 
appearance.  It  has  been  recognized  as  one 
of  the  most  effective  of  the  author's  books. 

The  extraordinarily  successful  David 
Harum  has  appeared  in  an  illustrated 
edition  (C.  A.  Pearson),  for  which  the  artists 
Mr.  B.  W.  Clinedinst  and  Mr.  C.  D.  Farrand 
have  done  some  work  above  the  average. 
This  edition  also  contains  some  interesting 
notes  about  the  author,  who  did  not  live 
to  see  the  success  of  his  book,  and  only 
began  to  write  it  when  his  health  was  failing. 

The  London  Topographical  Record,  Vol.  III., 
printed  at  the  Chiswick  Press,  includes  the 
fifth  and  sixth  annual  reports  of  the  London 
Topographical  Society,  and  some  valuable 
papers  and  addresses.  Col.  Prideaux  con- 
tributes some  erudite  '  Notes  on  Salway's 
Plan  of  1811  of  the  Road  from  Hyde  Park 
Corner  to  Caunter's  Bridge,'  and  Mr.  J.  G. 
Head  chronicles  the  demolitions  due  to 
railway  enterprise  in  Marylebone.  '  Signs 
of  Old  London,'  by  Mr.  Hilton  Price,  is  a 
veritable  mine  of  information,  and  also  of 
romance.  It  is  very  satisfactory  to  find  the 
history  of  London  in  its  passing  as  well  as 
its  past  aspects  so  admirably  looked  after 
by  the  Society,  which  has  already  issued 
several  reproductions  of  remarkable  early 
maps  and  plans  of  the  great  city. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Christian  Evidence  Addresses  on  Topics  of  the  Times,  2/6 
Montgomery  HI.  B.),  Christus  Redemptor,  2/ net. 
Pulgar  (I.),  The  Support  of  Faith,    English   Introduction 

by  ( 1.  S.  Belasco,  2/6  net. 
Sewall(F),  The  Pulpit  and  .Modern  Thought. 
Woods  (F.  H.),  For  Faith  and  Science,  3/6  net. 

Law. 
Macgillivray   (E.  J.),  Digest  of   the   Law  of  Copyright, 

7/6  net. 
Russell  (,\.  [).)  .hkI  Suhrawardy  (A.  A.),  First  steps  in 

Muslim  Jurisprudence,  7/6  net. 
Thatcher   (J.    \\\),   The   students'   Handbook    of    Local 

Government  Law,  3/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archa-ology. 
Art  Revival  in  Austria,  edited  by  C.  Holme,  5/ net. 
Ashbee  (C.  R.),  A  Rook  of  Cottages  and   Little  Houses, 

12/6  net. 
Hartley  (C.  G.),  Moorish  Cities  in  Spain,  1/6  net. 


Hibeh  Papyri,  edited  by  B.  P.  Grenfell  and  A.  S.  Hunt, 

Part  I.,  45/ 
Kiinig  (K.),   Natural-Colour    Photography,   translated   by 

E.  J.  Wall,  2/  net. 
Lippmann  (F.),  Engraving  and  Etching,  translated  bv  M. 

Hardie,  10/6  net. 
Martin    (A.),    The    Small    House :    its    Architecture    and 

Surroundings,  2/  net. 
Staley  (E.),  Lord  Leighton  of  Stretton,  3/6  net. 
Taylor  (T.  J.),  Collection  of  Furniture,  Wood-Carving,  and 
other  Branches  of  the  Decorative  Arts,  25/  net. 
Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Atkinson  (F.),  Mattathias,  and  other  Poems,  4/6  net. 
Chapman  (G.)  and  Shirley  (J.),  The  Tragedie  of  Chabot, 

Admiral!  of  France,  edited  by  E.  Lehman. 
Childe-Pemberton  (H.  L.),  Love"  Knows— and  Waits,  and 

other  Poems,  2/6  net. 
Kerr  (R.  .!.),  The  Tulip  Tree,  and  other  Poems,  1/ 
Monro  (H.),  Poems,  1/ net. 

Radclyffe-Hall  (M.),  'Twixt  Earth  and  Stars,  3/6  net. 
Robertson  (M.),  The  Minx,  a  Domestic  Drama,  2/ 
Wilson  (A.),  Action's  Defense,  and  other  Poems,  Idol. 

Music. 
English   Music  (1604-1904),  Lectures  given  at    the  Music 
Loan  Exhibition,  3/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Croydon,  Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Libraries  Committee. 
Phelp  (J.  W.),  Book-Making  Idealists.    (Privately  printed.) 

Philosophy. 
Palmer  (W.  S.),  An  Agnostic's  Progress,  3/6  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Amery(L.  S.),  The  Fundamental  Fallacies  of  Free  Trade, 

2/  net. 
Cadbury  (E.),  Matheson  (M.  C),  and  Shann  (G.),  Women's 
Work  and  Wages,  6/ 

History  and  Biography. 
Clark  (W.  F.),  The  Story  of  Shetland,  2/6  net. 
English  Historical  Review,  July,  5/ 

Goddard  (A.  R.),  The  Great  Siege  of  Bedford  Castle,  1/  net. 
Hervey  (Hon.  William),  Journals,  1755  to  1814,  12/ 
Inquisitions    and   Assessments    relating  to  Feudal   Aids : 

Vol.  IV.  Northampton — Somerset,  15/ 
Jones  (C.  L.),  The  Consular  Service  of  the  United  States. 
Lucas  (C.  P.),  The  Canadian  War  of  1812,  12/6  net. 
Swinburne  (A.  C),  William  Blake,  New  Edition,  6/ net. 
Tschudi  (C),  Eugenie,  Empress  of  the  French,  translated 
by  E.  M.  Cope,  6/ 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Hamson  (J. ),  Topographical  Guide  to  Naseby Battle-Field,  3d. 
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THE    REGISTER    OF    TEACHERS. 

The  proposal,  contained  in  the  Educa- 
tion Bill  now  under  discussion  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  to  abolish  the  Register  has 
created  widespread  dissatisfaction  and  oppo- 
sition among  all  grades  of  teachers  in  second- 
ary schools,  and  many  resolutions  of  protest 
have  been  forwarded  to  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion. To  understand  this  united  opposition 
it  is  necessary  to  review  the  conditions  that 
have  long  prevailed  in  the  schools  whence 
it  comes.  What  do  we  find  in  those  con- 
ditions ?  A  state  of  things  that  does  not 
exist  in  any  country  where  education  is 
prized,  and  that  cannot  be  permitted  to 
continue  here,  if  our  young  men  are  to  com- 
pete successfully  with  their  foreign  rivals. 

The  inefficiency  of  our  secondary  schools 
is  due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  fact  that, 
while  many  men  have  adopted  teaching 
from  a  real  love  of  the  work,  still  more  have 
entered  the  profession  without  the  slightest 
qualification  for  training  the  boys  entrusted 
to  their  charge.  This  class  of  teacher  has- 
been  recruited  from  various  sources.  There 
is  the  enthusiast  in  athletics,  who  sees  in 
the  long  holidays  of  school  life  the  best 
means  of  enjoying  his  all-important  pursuits  ; 
but  as  the  more  serious  side  of  life  forces 
itself  upon  his  notice,  he  realizes  the  mistake 
he  has  made  in  his  choice,  and  quits  the  pro- 
fession for  something  more  profitable. 
Another  type  is  the  man  who,  from  want  of 
ability  or  funds,  has  failed  to  enter  the  more 
lucrative  professions,  and  has  fallen  upon 
teaching  as  a  last  resource  ;  but  the  energy 
and  spirit  of  such  men  are  not  likely  to  reach 
the  standard  essential  for  successful  work. 
Lastly,  we  find  the  young  man  who  "  does  a 
little  teaching  "  as  a  temporary  arrangement 
while  waiting  for  an  opportunity  to  move 
to  fresh  fields  of  labour. 

Sincere  teachers  through  their  associations 
are  asking  that  teaching  should  be  recog- 
nized as  a  profession  ;  that  men  and  women 
who  have  spent  time  and  money  in  order 
to  train  themselves  for  the  national  work 
should  be  protected  from  the  charlatan  and! 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


73 


inept  ;  and  that  a  Register  should  be  main- 
tained as  a  necessary  means  to  this  end. 
Let  us  examine  the  arguments  against  the 
present  Register. 

It  is  stated  that  Column  A,  which  contains 
the  names  of  all  teachers  qualified  to  teach 
in  elementary  schools,  is  of  no  practical 
value,  since  a  complete  list  of  the  same 
persons  is  kept  by  the  Board  of  Education. 
We  agree  that  this  part  of  the  Register 
might  be  discontinued. 

Column  B,  dealing  with  teachers  in  second- 
ary schools,  occupies  a  totally  different 
position,  for  no  other  list  officially  compiled 
is  in  existence.  The  opponents  of  this 
column  rely  on  two  arguments,  viz.,  that 
many  persons  are  included  who  fall  much 
below  the  required  standard  of  qualification, 
and  that  by  it  is  introduced  an  invidious 
class-distinction  between  teachers  in  different 
types  of  schools.  With  the  first  we  cannot 
but  agree  ;  but  would  it  be  just  to  exclude 
good  teachers  of  long  standing,  who  entered 
upon  their  work  when  such  high  qualifica- 
tions were  not  demanded  ?  In  a  few  years, 
under  permanent  and  more  stringent  regu- 
lations, this  objection  would  be  automatically 
removed.  The  second  argument  is  much 
more  serious,  but  should  be  used,  not  in 
favour  of  the  abolition  of  the  Register,  but 
rather  for  its  reconstruction.  Is  it  not 
possible  to  frame  regulations  which  shall 
be  acceptable  to  the  secondary  teacher 
without  wounding  the  susceptibilities  of  his 
fellow-worker  in  the  elementary  school  ? 
Every  man  or  woman  who  has  obtained  a 
degree  at  a  recognized  university,  and  has 
proved  himself  or  herself,  by  training  or 
experience,  a  capable  teacher,  should  have 
the  right  to  be  entered  on  any  new  Register 
that  is  proposed. 

In  the  Memorandum  on  the  Registration 
of  Teachers  and  the  Abolition  of  the  Register 
issued  by  the  Board  of  Education  much 
stress  is  laid  on  the  fact  that  few  teachers 
are  being  trained  to  qualify  for  admission 
to  Column  B  under  the  permanent  regulations. 
The  real  reason  for  this  is  apart  from 
the  existence  of  a  Register.  Can  it  be  ex- 
pected in  these  times  that  a  man  of  ability 
will  spend  three  years  at  a  university,  and 
an  additional  year  at  a  training  college,  to 
enable  him  to  enter  a  profession  which  offers 
little  in  return  for  heavy  expenditure  of 
time,  money,  and  energy  ?  Let  the  Board 
of  Education  direct  their  efforts  to  remedying 
the  grievances  of  the  teacher.  Then  we  may 
hope  to  see  the  present  scarcity  of  teachers 
disappear,  and  a  better  class  of  man  attracted 
to  the  work. 

The  proposal  of  the  Board  to  maintain 
a  Register  of  Recognized  Schools,  in  lieu 
of  that  of  Teachers,  is  not  welcomed  as  a 
solution  of  the  difficulty.  We  understand 
that  recognition  will  not  be  granted  to  any 
school  that  does  not  satisfy  the  inspector 
with  regard  to  staff.  What  is  to  be  the 
standard  in  judging  the  efficiency  of  such 
staff  ?  Surely  some  Register  is  needed  for 
this  purpose. 

We  accept  the  idea  of  registering  the 
schools  as  excellent,  but  that  is  for  the 
protection  of  parent  and  pupil  ;  and  side 
by  side  with  this  should  go  a  Register  of 
efficient  teachers.  What  would  be  thought  of  a 
recognized  list  of  hospitals  or  medical  homes, 
apart  from  the  Medical  Register  ?  Again,  Ave 
are  convinced  that  the  Board's  policy  will 
prove  an  injustice  to  many  teachers  in  private 
schools,  the  proprietors  of  which  will  in 
most  cases  decline  to  open  their  establish- 
ments to  Government  inspection.  The 
logical  result  of  such  action  will  be  that 
teachers  in  these  schools,  where  the  majority 
of  our  boys  are  still  receiving  their  instruc- 
tion, will  be  deprived  of  all  official  recognition 
as  efficient  members  of  the  profession,  what- 


ever qualifications  they  may  possess,  and 
the  present  difficulty  of  providing  staffs  for 
such  schools  will  be  intensified. 

Rumour  has  stated  that  Mr.  Birrell  is 
reconsidering  the  question  of  the  Register. 
Let  us  hope  that  he  will  be  guided  by  wise 
counsels.  The  choice  between  two  courses 
lies  open  to  him  :  to  attract  men  of  ability 
to  the  work  of  teaching  by  raising  the 
standard  of  the  profession — and  the  Register 
is  really  necessary  for  this  purpose  ;  or  to 
take  a  bolder  step,  and  give  to  teachers  the 
position  and  privileges  of  members  of  the 
Civil  Service.  This  idea  is  at  present,  we 
fear,  not  within  the  range  of  practical 
politics,  but  it  may  be  adopted  some  day. 


TO    QUAIL." 


It  is  quite  certain  that  the  verb  "  to  quail  " 
in  the  sense  of  to  lose  heart,  to  be  discouraged, 
is  identical  with  the  verb  "to  quail,"  to 
coagulate,  to  curdle.  The  sense  of  the  former 
is  simply  a  figurative  sense  of  the  latter.  Just 
as  we  speak  of  the  blood  curdling  through 
fear,  so  we  speak  of  the  heart  quailing. 
This  identification  is  proved  satisfactorily 
by  the  same  two  uses  of  the  cognate  word  in 
French  and  Italian.  In  the  dictionary  of 
the  French  Academy  (1786)  I  find,  "  Cailler, 
coaguler .  .  .  .  Le  sang  se  caille. ' '  In  Fanf ani's 
Italian  dictionary  I  find,  "  Cagliare,  Quagliare, 
accagliare,  aggrumare  ; .  .  .  .  tutte  voci  espri- 
menti  1'  azione  che  fa  il  caglio  nel  latte.  .  .  . 
Per  met.  vale  Cominciare  ad  aver  paura, 
Mancar  d'  animo,  Venir  meno."  So  it 
appears  that  in  Italian  cagliare,  to  quail, 
has  precisely  the  same  two  meanings  as  our 
English  verb,  namely,  to  coagulate,  and 
(metaphorically)  to  lose  heart.  I  cannot 
for  the  life  of  me  see  the  use  of  bringing  the 
bird  named  the  quail  into  the  question. 

A.  L.  Mayhew. 


University  of  Rennes. 
Prof.  Skeat  now  derives  "  quail  "  (verb) 
from  "  quail  "  (the  bird),  and  quotes  Mistral's 
caio.  May  I  quote  our  Welsh  petruso  (to 
fear)  from  petrvs  (partridge,  plur.)  ?  This, 
and  7tt(o£,  7TTa£,  make  for  the  Professor's 
new  derivation  ;  and  yet  I  cannot  help 
referring  his  "  quaile  "  in  "  couch  quaile  " 
to  caudula  (cadula,  cadola),  or  similar  word, 
meaning  "  tail,"  "  cowche  quale  "  signify- 
ing only  the  cevere  ("  tu,  Romule,  ceves  ") 
of  le  chien  couchant.  One  must  thank  the 
Professor  for  reading  "daring  Larke  "  in 
Cotgrave,  and  not  "  dazing,"  that  malady 
of  lection  so  incident  to  philologists,  the 
moment  larks  are  mentioned. 

H.  H.  Johnson. 


THE   "MINOAN  "  SCHOOL  OF  FENCE. 

Everything  "  Mycenaean  "  or  "  Minoan  " 
is  mysterious,  but  not  the  least  obscure  is 
the  problem  of  the  Minoan  school  of  fence. 
We  know  that  bronze  broadswords  were  in 
use  before  the  end  of  the  period  illustrated 
by  the  shaft-graves  discovered  by  Schlie- 
mann  at  Mycenae.  Such  swords  could  deal 
swashing  blows  with  the  edge,  and  statistics 
prove  that  the  cut  occurs  about  twice  as 
often  as  the  thrust  in  the  Iliad.  But  Mr. 
Arthur  Evans's  recent  work  on  the  graves 
of  Knossos  introduces  us  to  two  sorts 
of  Minoan  swords  of  bronze,  apart  from 
the  cut-and-thrust  blade.  There  are  long, 
narrow  bronze  rapiers,  beautifully  propor- 
tioned, and  decorated  all  along  the  blade 
with  delicate  patterns.  They  are  about 
3  ft.  9  in.  in  length,  and  useless  for  cutting 
purposes.  How  were  they  used  ?  There  is 
nothing  more  closely  analogous  to  them  in 


steel  than  the  long  rapier  of  the  Elizabethan1 
time.  Armed  with  that,  the  fighter,  his  left 
foot  forward,  parried  with  the  dagger  in  his 
left  hand,  or  with  a  cloak  thrown  round  his 
left  arm.  But  such  rapiers  were  helpless 
against  a  shield,  as  in  the  rhyme  telling  how 

A  Highlander  once  fought  a  Frenchman  at  Margate, 
"  Brisk  Mounseer  "  had  to  say, 

Me  will  right  you,  begar,  if  you  come  from  your  door ! 
(Ovptoi). 

Now  the  Mycenseans,  to  judge  by  repre- 
sentations in  art,  had  each  his  "  door," 
much  larger  than  a  Highland  targe,  and 
covering  the  whole  body  from  throat  to 
ankles.  Against  these  the  bronze  rapier 
was  futile.  The  smaller  bronze  rapier,  of, 
say,  25  in.  in  length,  might  be  used  to  stab 
down  over  the  top  rim  of  the  shield,  as  in  a  fight 
on  a  well-known  Mycenaean  ring  ;  but  the 
long  bronze  rapier  could  not  execute  that 
difficult  manoeuvre.  It  is  impossible  to 
imagine  how  the  owners  of  such  lengthy 
tucks  as  Mr.  Evans  found  in  "the  Grave 
of  the  Chief  "  fenced,  unless  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan style,  without  shields,  parrying  with 
the  short  dagger  in  the  left  hand.  Dorians 
of  the  early  age  of  iron  ought  to  have  been 
spitted  by  the  long  rapier  before  they  could 
slice  its  owner  with  the  new  iron  broadswords 
To  be  sure,  they  could  catch  the  point  in 
their  bucklers,  and  chop  at  the  head,  and 
probably  this  was  their  method.  But  when 
two  Minoan  gentlemen  gave  each  other 
satisfaction,  in  the  age  of  the  long  bronze 
rapiers,  they  must,  it  seems,  have  discarded 
the  body-covering  shields,  and  fought  in  the 
style  of  Romeo  and  Paris,  or  of  Bussy  and 
the  Mignons  of  Henri  III.  These  facts  give 
us  a  high  opinion  of  Mycena?an  civilization. 

A.  Lang. 


WHERE    WAS    THE     '  ORMULOI  ' 
WRITTEN  ? 

Clarendon  Press,  Oxford. 
The  coincidence  pointed  out  in  Mr. 
Wilson's  able  letter  is  undoubtedly  striking. 
On  the  one  side,  the  '  Ormulum  '  shows 
that  in  the  latter  half  of  the  twelfth  century 
there  were  two  brothers  named  Walter  and 
Orm,  both  Augustinian  canons  ;  and  it 
seems  to  be  implied  (Dedication,  1.  66)  that 
Walter  was  his  brother's  official  superior. 
On  the  other  side  Mr.  Wilson's  documents 
indicate  that,  in  the  same  half  century  there 
was  an  Augustinian  prior  of  Carlisle  named 
Walter,  who  had  a  brother  Orm.  It  is  true 
that  this  Orm  is  not  known  to  have  been  an 
Augustinian  canon,  or  a  Churchman  at  all  ; 
but  there  is  no  proof  that  he  was  not  so,  and 
some  weight  may  fairly  be  allowed  to  the 
fact  that  while  the  three  brothers  of  Walter 
and  Orm  are  recorded  to  have  left  descend- 
ants, Orm  is  not.  The  noteworthiness  of 
the  coincidence  is  no  doubt  somewhat 
diminished  by  the  consideration  that  Walter 
and  Orm  were  very  common  names  ;  but 
it  cannot  have  been  extremely  common  in 
the  twelfth  century  for  one  brother  to  have 
a  Norman  and  the  other  an  Anglo-Danish 
name,  still  less  for  this  particular  pair  of 
names  to  be  thus  associated.  I  am  bound 
to  admit  that,  if  I  could  dispose  of  the 
philological  objections,  I  should  regard  as 
highly  probable  the  conclusion  that  the 
author  of  the  '  Ormulum  '  was  identical  with 
the  brother  of  the  prior  of  Carlisle.  Un- 
fortunately,  these  objections  seem  to  me 
insuperable  ;  and  so  long  as  I  remain  of 
this  opinion  the  interesting  coincidence- 
discovered  by  Mr.  Wilson  cannot  appear 
to  me  to  be  anything  more  than  a  freak  of 
chance.  After  all,  it  is  not  more  extra- 
ordinary than  many  other  coincidences  that 
are  Known  to  be  purely  fortuitous. 

As    Mr.    Wilson    expressly    disclaims    any 


74 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4108,  July -21  j- 1906- 


•competence  to  appreciate  arguments  based 
on  considerations  of  English  historical 
philology,  I  cannot  hope  to  convince  him 
-that  the  objections  to  which  I  have  referred 
have  any  real  weight.  To  explain  them 
fully  would  be  impossible  within  the  limits 
of  a  letter,  but  I  may  briefly  indicate  their 
nature.  The  flexional  peculiarities  of  the 
dialect  of  the  '  Ormulum,'  such  as  -eth  for 
the  third  person  singular  of  the  present,  and 
-en  for  the  infinitive  and  the  present  plural, 
are  characteristic  of  the  "  Midland  "  as 
opposed  to  the  "  Northern  "  dialect  of  early 
Middle  English.  It  is  true  that  the  geo- 
graphical sense  of  the  word  "  Midland  " 
must  in  the  linguistic  application  be  ex- 
tended so  as  to  include  South  Lancashire. 
But  the  dialect  of  Cumberland,  so  far  as  I 
know,  has  never  had  a  trace  of  the  so-called 
"  Midland  "  inflexions  :  it  has  always  been 
(in  the  dialectal  as  in  the  geographical  sense) 
"  Northern."  The  proposition  that  a  work 
written  in  a  distinctly  "  Midland  "  dialect 
had  a  Cumberland  man  for  its  author  will, 
in  the  present  state  of  knowledge,  be  re- 
garded by  all  philologists  as  incredible.  It 
would,  of  course,  be  quite  possible  that 
the  '  Ormulum  '  might  be  the  work  of  a 
man  who  had  migrated  to  Carlisle  from 
some  more  southern  district.  But  this 
assumption  would  not  be  admitted  by  Mr. 
Wilson,  for  unless  the  author  of  the  '  Ormu- 
lum '  was  of  Cumberland  birth  he  cannot 
have  been  the  same  person  as  Orm,  the  son 
of  Dolfin. 

When  Mr.  Wilson  says  that  he  seems  to 
hear  the  peculiarities  of  Orm's  dialect  in 
the  folk-speech  of  his  neighbours,  the  state- 
ment is  perfectly  intelligible.  The  modern 
dialect  of  Cumberland  shares  with  the  dialect 
of  the  '  Ormulum  '  a  great  number  of  words 
(mostly  of  Scandinavian  origin)  that  are 
-absent  from  standard  English,  and  it  retains 
many  phonological  features  which  in  the 
twelfth  century  were  common  to  all  English 
dialects,  but  are  now  peculiar  to  the  North. 
Apparently  it  is  necessary  to  Mr.  Wilson's 
case  that  the  autograph  MS.  of  the  '  Ormu- 
lum '  should  be  assigned  to  a  considerably 
•  earlier  date  than  that  usually  accepted,  viz., 
the  earliest  years  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
Whether  this  is  possible  on  palseographical 
grounds  I  am  not  qualified  to  judge  ;  the 
experts,  however,  seem  to  be  unanimous. 
From  the  linguistic  point  of  view  the  received 
chronology  is  satisfactory  ;  but  the  rapidity 
of  development  in  the  language  which  it 
implies  is  extraordinary,  and  to  put  the  date 
some  thirty  years  further  back  woidd  render 
it  almost  miraculous. 

While  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
'  Ormulum  '  is  written  in  a  Midland  dialect, 
the  proof  that  it  is  East  Midland,  and  not 
West  Midland,  is  a  matter  of  some  difficulty. 
The  criteria  relied  upon  by  earlier  scholars 
for  distinguishing  between  the  two  branches 
of  the  Midland  dialect  in  the  Middle  English 
period  are  now  admitted  to  have  been  largely 
fallacious,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  there 
•are  any  decisive  grammatical  or  phonological 
tests  that  are  valid  for  the  twelfth  century. 
I  must  confess  that  I  have  been  greatly 
perplexed  by  the  abundance  of  words  that 
are  known  only  as  occurring  in  the  '  Ormu- 
lum '  and  in  the  literature  of  the  West  of 
England.  However,  I  now  think  that  this 
phenomenon  admits  of  being  accounted  for 
in  ways  that  do  not  contradict  the  theory  of 
the  eastern  origin  of  the  work.  And,  on 
the  other  side,  there  are  coincidences 
of  vocabulary  and  phrase  between  the 
language  of  Orm  and  that  of  '  Havelok  ' 
and  Robert  Manny  ng  which  seem  to 
me  strongly  to  support  the  orthodox 
view  that  the  '  Ormulum  '  belongs  to  the 
eastern    part    of    the    country.     If    this    be 


admitted,  the  strongly  Scandinavian  colour- 
ing of  the  language,  and  the  admixture  of 
Northern  features,  seem  to  point  decisively 
to  Lincolnshire. 

With  regard  to  my  own  provisional 
hypothesis,  I  freely  admit  that  it  would  be 
quite  illegitimate  except  on  the  assumption 
that  the  balance  of  evidence  is  in  favour  of 
assigning  the  '  Ormulum  '  to  Lincolnshire. 
Those  who  agree  with  me  in  this  opinion  will, 
I  hope,  allow  that  I  was  justified  in  bringing 
forward  any  indications,  however  slight, 
that  might  possibly  afford  a  clue  to  the  more 
precise  determination  of  the  locality.  If 
any  evidence  should  be  discovered  that 
definitely  fixes  the  place  of  origin  of  the 
'  Ormulum,'  I  shall  be  heartily  glad,  whether 
my  conjecture  is  established  or  disproved. 
Henry  Bradley. 


SALE. 
Messrs.  Hodgson  included  in  their  sale  last 
week  a  selection  from  an  old  country  library.  The 
following  were  the  chief  prices  realized  :  Gold- 
smith's Retaliation,  first  edition,  1774,  25/.  Field- 
ing's Miscellanies,  first  edition,  3  vols.,  uncut, 
1743,  13/.  Shenstone's  The  School-Mistress,  first 
edition,  in  the  original  grey  wrapper,  1742,  22/. 
Milton's  Doctrine  and  Discipline  of  Divorce, 
Tetrachordon,  &c,  in  1  vol.,  small  4to,  1644-5, 
19/.  10s.  Papers  relating  to  the  Trade  and  Planta- 
tions of  America,  in  3  vols,  {circa  1770),  32/.  Wash- 
ington's Journal,  1754,  and  other  pamphlets  in 
1  vol. ,  17/.  10s.  Esquemeling's  Bucaniers  of  America, 
1684,  12/.  5s.  Lamb's  John  Woodvil,  presentation 
copy,  with  autograph  inscription  on  title,  1802, 
29/.  Thackeray's  Flore  et  Zephyr  (the  plates 
backed  and  end  wrapper  missing),  1836,  55/.  Dore's 
Illustrations  to  Tennyson's  Vivien,  Elaine,  and 
Guenevere,  proofs,  signed  both  by  the  artist  and 
the  poet,  14/. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  LONDON 
LIBRARY  CATALOGUE. 

Dr.  Hagberg  Wright's  third  Supplement 
to  the  big  Catalogue  of  the  London  Library 
comprises  the  additions  made  from  Janu- 
ary 1st,  1905,  to  March  1st  of  the  present 
year,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  falling-off 
in  either  quantity  or  variety  in  the  old  and 
new  books  which  find  their  way  to  St.  James's 
Square.  Nor  is  there  any  relaxing  in  the 
severely  systematic  method  of  cataloguing. 
The  chief  feature  of  this  part  is  the  exhaustive 
manner  in  which  the  contents  of  certain 
works  are  dealt  with.  The  '  Report  on 
Canadian  Archives,'  1885-1906,  occupies 
about  1£  columns  ;  the  contents  of  the 
Glasgow  edition  of  Hakluyt,  1903-5,  are 
set  out  in  18  columns,  and  form  a  triumph 
of  condensed  cataloguing.  Another  copy 
of  Litta,  '  Famiglie  Celebri  Italiane,'  has 
been  obtained,  and  as  the  arrangement  of 
its  contents  differs  from  that  of  the  copy 
presented  by  Mr.  Yates  Thompson,  the  various 
pedigrees  are  set  out  afresh.  This  is  im- 
portant, as  it  is  the  new  copy  which  members 
may  take  out  of  the  library.  The  contents 
of  Scheible's  'Das  Kloster,'  1845-9,  are 
also  set  forth. 

In  spite  of  its  extraordinary  accuracy,  and 
the  amount  of  care  taken  in  its  compilation, 
there  are  in  this  Supplement  a  few  anomalies 
which  prove  that  no  system   of  catalogue- 
making  ever  invented  can  be  perfect.     For 
instance,     '  Kent's    Directory    of    London,' 
1785,  should  have  been  entered  either  under 
'  Directory  '   or    '  London,'   but  it  only   ap- 
pears under    'Kent's.'     At  p.    100  we   find 
'  Periods  of  European  History,'  whereas  we 
think  it  would  have  been  more  useful  under 
'  European  History,   Periods   of.'     It  is  in- 
consistent,   too,    to    enter    '  Atlas    gen.    de 
Espana  '  under  '  Espana,  with  only  a  cross- 
reference    under     '  Atlas.'     It    would    have 
been    less    pedantic,    and    more    handy    for 
reference,    to    place    the    catalogue    of    the 
library    of    the    Duke    of    Cambridge    under 
'  Cambridge  '   than  under   '  George  William 
F.  C,  2nd  Duke  of  Cambridge.'     There  are 
also  times  when  cross-references  may  become 
both    superfluous    and    ludicrous,    e.g.    the 
two  Burne- Jones  entries  on  p.   16,  and  the 
three  Newdigate   entries   on  p.    93.     These 
are,    however,    idiosyncrasies    rather    than 
blemishes,  and  it  is  distinctly  better  to  over- 
catalogue  a  book  than  to  under-catalogue  it. 
In  addition  to  the  new  Supplement,  Dr. 
Hagberg  Wright  has  just  issued   a  list   of 
periodicals,   publications   of   academies   and 
learned  societies,  annuals,  and  dictionaries 
on  the  shelves  and  tables  of  the  Reading- 
Room    of    the    London    Library,    and    this 
should  greatly  facilitate  reference. 


The  August  number  of  The  Independent 
Review  will  contain  the  following  articles  : 
'  The  Making  of  the  German  Civil  Code,' 
by  Prof.  F.  W.  Maitland  ;  '  The  Native 
Rising  in  Natal,'  by  Mr.  F.  Mackarness, 
M.P.  ;  '  Sweated  Home  Industries,'  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  Ramsay  Macdonald  ;  '  The 
German  Editors  in  England,'  by  Frau  Lily 
Braun  ;  '  Renan's  Early  Note-Books,'  by 
Miss  Alys  Hallard  ;  '  Citizens  of  To- 
morrow,' by  Miss  Margaret  McMillan  ; 
and  '  Schopenhauer,  Pessimism,  and  Art,' 
by  Miss  F.  M.  Stawell,  besides  a  story  by 
Skitaletz  entitled  '  The  Judgment  in  the 
Field.' 

In  the  August  Cornhill  Sir  Clements 
Markham  writes  on  '  The  Objects  of  Polar 
Discovery,'  and  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy  con- 
tributes '  Memories  of  Church  Restora- 
tion.' Count  Zorzi,  the  Venetian  disciple 
of  Ruskin,  sends  the  first  of  two  papers 
on  '  Ruskin  in  Venice.'  In  '  Links  with 
the  Past :  Old  Miniatures,'  Martin  Haile 
surveys  the  exhibition  now  being  held  in 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  at  Paris.  '  At 
Montmirail  in  1814'  is  a  fragment  of 
autobiography  by  a  young  French  girl 
who  saved  her  little  brothers  and  sisters 
after  the  great  battle.  Mr.  Stephen 
Gwynn  has  a  sketch  of  sea  life,  '  When 
the  Herring  Come  In.'  Verse  includes 
'  The  Bather,'  by  Mr.  Leonard  Huxley. 

The  August  number  of  Blackwood 
opens  with  Col.  G.  K.  Scott  Moncrieffs 
article  on  '  Land  for  Military  Training.' 
Sir  Herbert  Maxwell,  who  has  recently 
visited  Montenegro,  writes  on  the  '  Folk, 
Fish,  and  Flowers '  of  that  troubled 
country  ;  and  Sir  George  Scott  describes 
Eastern  marriage  customs  under  the  title 
of  '  Sweetheart  Sweep.'  The  author  of 
'  Drake  '  contributes  a  poem,  '  The  High- 
wayman.' 

Mr.  Murray  is  publishing  a  number  of 
books  of  Imperial  interest  :  '  The  Army 
in  1906,'  by  Mr.  H.  0.  Arnold-Forster, 
MP-  '  Lord  Milner's  Work  in  South 
Africa,  1897-1902,'  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Wors- 
fold,  which  will  contain  some  hitherto 
unpublished  information  ;  two  series  of 
lectures  —  '  Colonization  and  Empire,' 
by  Mr.  F.  A.  Kirkpatrick,  and  '  Empire- 
Builders,'    by   the   Rev.    W.   K.    Stride ; 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


75 


'  Cavalry  in  Future  Wars,'  by  Lieut.- 
General  Frederick  von  Bernhardi,  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  C.  S.  Goldman,  with  an 
Introduction  by  Sir  John  French  ;  and 
'  Nelson  and  other  Naval  Studies,'  by 
the  well-known  writer  of  The  Times,  Mr. 
J.  R.  Thursfield. 

Other  interesting  books  announced  by 
Mr.  Murray  are  '  Adrift  in  New  Zealand,' 
by  Mr.  E.  W.  Elkington,  who  arrived  in 
the  country  with  only  threepence,  and 
spent  seven  years  there  in  various  occupa- 
tions from  bullock-driving  to  journalism  ; 
'  Manica  and  Sofala,'  by  Mr.  R.  C.  F. 
Maugham,  an  account  of  the  little-known 
territory  of  the  Mozambique  Company 
and  of  Portuguese  activity  from  the 
fifteenth  century  ;  and  '  The  Industrial 
Organization  of  an  Indian  Province,'  by 
Mr.  Theodore  Morison,  who  deals  inter 
alia  with  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  of 
the  peasant  population,  the  dangers  of 
facile  credit  and  the  pledging  of  land  for 
debt. 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  will  publish  in 
the  autumn  '  The  Life  of  Sir  Tobie 
Matthew,  Knight,  Bacon's  Alter  Ego,'  by 
his  kinsman  Mr.  Arnold  Harris  Mathew 
and  Miss  Annette  Calthrop.  The  work 
will  be  founded  largely  on  original  and 
unexplored  documents,  and  will  be  pro- 
fusely illustrated  with  portraits  of  the 
celebrities  with  whom  the  versatile  Sir 
Tobie  came  in  contact. 

Mr.  B.  H.  Blackwell,  of  Oxford,  has 
in  hand  a  series  of  "  Selections  from  the 
Despatches,  Minutes,  and  Correspondence 
of  the  Governors-General  and  Viceroys 
of  India."  The  series  will  be  edited  by 
Mr.  G.  W.  Forrest,  C.I.E.,  and  the  first 
volume,  '  Warren  Hastings  '  (1772-85), 
will  appear  early  in  the  autumn.  Docu- 
ments which  are  authoritative  will  thus 
be  exhibited  within  readable  compass, 
instead  of  remaining  scattered  or  difficult 
of  access  in  many  books.  The  volumes 
will  contain  introductions  putting  the 
reader  in  touch  with  the  history  of  the 
period,  and  maps  and  plans  ;  and  the 
best  selection  and  arrangement  may  be 
expected  from  the  editor,  who  has  an  eye 
for  the  vital  and  the  picturesque  as  well 
as  a  long  official  experience  of  Indian 
records. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  has  arranged 
with  Mr.  J.  Ogden  Armour,  of  the  Armour 
Packing  Company  of  Chicago,  to  write 
a  reply  to  the  charges  made  in  '  The 
Jungle  '  and  elsewhere  against  the  Beef 
Trust.  The  book,  which  will  be  published 
in  August,  is  to  be  illustrated,  and  will 
be  called  '  The  Packers  and  the  People.' 

Mr.  Heinemann  will  publish  Mrs. 
Steel's  new  novel,  '  The  Sovereign 
Remedy,'  early  in  August.  The  scene 
of  the  story  is  laid  in  Wales. 

Macmillari 's  Magazine  for  August  in- 
cludes '  Some  Thoughts  on  our  Present 
Discontents  '  ;  Mr.  John  Barnett  describes 
voyages  in  a  steam-launch  in  '  The  Charm 
of  the  Lower  Thames  '  ;  and  Mr.  Michael 
MacDonagh  contributes  an  account  of 
the  historic  office  of  '  Serjeant-at-Arms  ' 
in  the  House  of  Commons  ;  while  '  In  the 


Footprints  of  Camoens '  describes  the 
poet's  wanderings  from  the  Portuguese 
Court  to  India  and  China. 

Temple  Bar  for  August  will  contain  a 
paper  on  '  George  Bernard  Shaw  '  by  Mr. 
Cecil  Chesterton.  Miss  Netta  Syrett  illus- 
trates a  curious  Serbian  superstition  in 
'  The  Shadow  of  Good  Fortune.'  A  "  Stray 
Englishman  "  describes  the  struggles  and 
disillusion  incidental  to  '  Homesteading  in 
the  Canadian  West '  ;  while  Mr.  Binyon 
contributes  a  poem  entitled  '  Parting  and 
Meeting.' 

It  is  with  regret  that  we  record  the 
sudden  deatli  (the  result  of  a  lift  accident) 
of  Mr.  William  Collins,  senior  partner  in 
the  long-established  Glasgow  publishing 
firm  of  William  Collins  &  Sons.  The 
deceased,  from  the  time  that  he  became 
chairman  of  the  company,  exercised  a 
dominating  influence  in  all  questions  of 
management,  with  the  result  that  in 
recent  years  the  business  in  all  its  depart- 
ments has  largely  extended,  alike  in  this 
country  and  in  the  colonies.  Mr.  Collins 
had  reached  the  age  of  fifty-nine. 

Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  never 
had  a  more  devoted  son  than  E.  S.  Shuck- 
burgh,  who  died  suddenly  in  the  train 
coming  from  the  North,  and  was  buried  last 
Saturday.  The  College  history  which  he 
wrote,  and  the  memorial  volume  which 
he  compiled  for  the  Tercentenary  Celebra- 
tion, were  two  notable  features  in  a  life- 
long service  of  loyalty.  He  loved  his 
friends — he  had  no  enemies — with  all  the 
genuine  affection  of  a  transparently  good 
and  lovable  nature  ;  he  loved  life  itself, 
and  the  inexhaustible  interests  of  humanity 
so  much  that  he  wished  never  to  die .  He  was 
an  excellent  classical  scholar  and  historian. 
He  read  constantly  and  comprehensively, 
books  old  and  new  ;  he  talked  well  ;  and 
in  the  midst  of  unceasing  work  the  poetry 
of  his  gentle  nature  revealed  itself  now 
and  again  in  most  graceful  verse.  In  his 
rare  modesty  he  would  not  even  read  the 
reviews  which  praised  his  published  work, 
but  studied  only  the  adverse  criticisms. 

Last  Saturday  Mr.  H.  B.  Wheatley,  the 
President  of  the  Samuel  Pepys  Club, 
conducted  a  party  of  the  Club  and  some 
visitors  to  Huntingdon,  which  formed  a 
starting-point  for  visits  to  Brampton, 
Pepys's  house,  and  to  Hinchingbrooke, 
so  frequently  mentioned  in  Pepys's  'Diary,' 
where  the  party  were  entertained  by  the 
Earl  of  Sandwich,  and  the  fine  pictures 
were  much  admired.  An  interesting  fea- 
ture of  the  occasion  was  the  singing  on 
the  spot  of  a  '  Dialogue  between  Apollo 
and  Neptune,'  bewailing  the  death  of  the 
first  Earl  of  Sandwich.  This,  as  the  neat 
collection  of  Pepysiana  in  the  Club's 
programme  explained,  was  found  among 
the  MS.  music  in  the  Pepysian  Library  at 
Cambridge  two  years  ago,  and  there  is  no 
record  of  its  author  or  composer,  or  even 
of  its  performance.  Huntingdon  Grammar 
School,  containing  some  fine  Norman  work, 
was  also  visited,  and  the  whole  outing  was  a 
a  great  success. 

In  our  review  of  Dr.jlnge's  '  Studies  of 
English  Mystics'  John  Law  should  have 


been    William    Law,    as    more    than    one 
correspondent  kindly  points  out. 

Messrs.  Sotheby  will  sell  next  Tuesday 
two  important  rarities  :  a  small  folio  copy 
of  Cicero,  '  De  Officiis,'  with  103  woodcuts 
by  Hans  Burgmair,  and  a  portrait  after 
Albert  Diirer  (Augsburg,  Steiner,  1535)  ; 
and  a  fine  large  copy,  not  recorded  by 
Hain,  of  the  first  printed  catechism 
(Cologne,  Ulrich  Zell,  about  1470). 

The  Wild  Boar  of  the  Ardennes,  with 
whom  the  English  reader  is  most  familiar 
in  Scott's  novel  of  '  Quentin  Durward,' 
has  always  been  identified  with  William 
de  la  Marck.  A  Belgian  scholar,  Baron 
de  Chestret  de  Haneffe,  has  come  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  title  should  pro- 
perly belong  to  William's  elder  brother 
Everard.  They  were  the  sons  of  John 
de  la  Marck,  Lord  of  Arenberg,  who  owned 
Hesbagne,  and  whose  authority  extended 
to  Bastogne  and  Marche  in  the  Ardennes. 
William  was  designated  the  Bearded, 
while  Everard,  Lord  of  Villance  and 
St.  Hubert,  was  governor  of  the  duchy 
of  Luxembourg.  The  proof  upon  which 
Baron  de  Chestret  mainly  relies  is  that  the 
money  struck  by  Everard  bears  the  dis- 
tinct impression  of  a  boar  unde&  the  crest. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  coins  struck  by 
William  at  Liege  show  only  his  own  effigy, 
the  hair  being  very  long  and  thick,  likea 
mane. 

Mr.  Voynich's  '  Short  Catalogue  of 
Second-hand  Books,'  just  published,  con- 
tains, as  usual,  some  delectable  incunabula 
and  rarities,  which  are  carefully  described, 
with  references  to  Lowndes  and  other 
authorities.  Mr.  Voynich's  good  fortune 
as  a  discoverer  is  equalled  by  his  zeal  in 
annotating  his  finds. 

M.  Adrien  Marx,  who  died  last  week, 
is  an  instance  of  a  journalist  who  long 
outlived  his  fame.  Forty  years  ago,  and 
for  long  afterwards,  he  was  one  of  the- 
most  prominent  men  in  Paris.  Born  at 
Nancy  in  1837,  he  was  destined  for  the 
medical  profession,  and  went  to  Paris  in 
1859  to  continue  his  studies  ;  after  a  time 
he  was  introduced  to  Villemessant,  of  the 
Figaro,  and  his  first  **  Indiscretion  Parisi- 
enne,"  '  Le  Monsieur  qui  conduit  le 
Cotillon,'  appeared  in  that  journal  for 
March  27th,  1862.  He  was  a  born 
journalist,  full  of  energy  and  resource, 
and  endowed  with  a  vivid  imagination. 
He  was  the  first  Parisian  journalist  to- 
invent  and  popularize  the  "  interview," 
and  his  victims  included  nearly  all  the 
famous  people  of  the  day. 

A  further  list  of  prizes  in  the  gift  of 
the  Academie  Francaise  was  published  in 
the  Paris  papers  on  Friday  in  last  week. 
A  good  many  of  the  recipients,  so  fai 
from  being  struggling  young  author-. 
"  arrived  "  some  years  ago.  For  instance, 
M.  Jean  Richepin  carries  off  the  Prix 
Toirac.  4,000fr.,  tor  his  version  of  '  Doi 
Quixote  '  ;  M.  Emile  Bergeral  wins  the 
Prix  Estrade-Delcros,  8,000fr..  for  his 
works  ""  dans  I'ordre  des  etudes  de 
L' Academie  "  ;  .M.  ESdouard  Hod  jiets  the 
Prix  Vitct.  2.0iM)fr..  for  the  "ensemble 
de  ses  ouvrages  "  ;  and  M.  Francois  Fable" 
takes  the  Prix  Alfred  Nee.  value  5,000fr.r 


76 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


.as  author  of  the  "  oeuvre  la  plus  originale 
•  comme  forme  et  comme  pensee." 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  of  general 
interest  to  our  readers  are  :  Regulation  for 
'Technical  Schools,  Schools  of  Art,  &c.  (2d.); 
"Training  Colleges  for  Elementary  Teachers, 
Return  of  Total  Amounts  received,  since 
their  Foundation,  for  Maintenance  from 
Voluntary  Subscriptions,  Endowments, 
&c.  (2d.)  ;  Annual  Report  on  the  Finances 
-of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  (3c?.)  ; 
and  Annual  Statistical  Report  of  the  same 
University  (2d.).  We  also  name  some 
papers  under  our  '  Science  Gossip.' 

SCIENCE 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  TRAVEL. 

The  Dead  Heart  of  Australia.     By  J.  W. 

'Gregory,  D.Sc.  (John  Murray. ) — '  The  Dead 
Heart  of  Australia  '  contains  some  results  of 

.a  geological  and  anthropological  expedition 
into  the  region  round  Lake  Eyre.  The 
author,  Dr.  Gregory,  f ound  himself  among 
the  survivors  of  the  Dieri  tribe  already 
studied  by  Dr.  Howitt,  and  neighbours  of 

'the  Urabunna,  whom  we  know  through  the 
works  of  Messrs.  Spencer  and  Gillen.  Appa- 
rently Dr.  Gregory  means  to  deal  again  with 
these  peoples  "in  another  work."  His 
chapter  on  '  The  Aborigines  '  is  not  satis- 
factory. Perhaps,  like  other  parts  of  his 
volume,  it  is  "  largely  reprinted  from  some 
letters  to  The  Melbourne  Age."  The  manner 
is  popular,  but  the  perplexing  customary 
laws  of  the  natives  cannot  be  elucidated  in 
such  a  style.  One  might  as  well  try  to 
popularize  the  Binomial  Theorem. 

Fossil  bones  were  one  great  object  of  Dr. 

•Gregory's  research,  and  fossil  bones  are  of 
more  general  interest  than  living  laws.     Dr. 

'Gregory  prefers  the  Australian  black  fellow 
to  the  negro,  and  thinks  him  more  or  less 

•of  a  "  Caucasian."  He  is  more  honest  than 
negroes  and  Asiatics,  but,  unlike  them,  he 

•dies  out  in  the  neighbourhood  of  white 
Caucasians — at  least  of  British  Caucasians. 
Of  the  Dieri  all  but  some  one  hundred 
and  fifty  have  gone  to  the  happy  hunt- 
ing grounds  ;  the  rest  are  tended  by 
Mr.  Siebert  and  other  German  missionaries. 
"  Marriages  among  the  aborigines  in  the 
bush  are  sterile,"  and  they  are  almost  sterile 
on  the  mission  station — sad  news.  Once 
upon  a  time  the  local  blacks  must  have  been 
■comparatively  prolific,  for  in  the  dreariest 
places  "  artificial  stone-flakes  are  scattered 
broadcast,"  because,  Dr.  Gregory  thinks, 
blacks  had  no  pockets  to  carry  chips  away, 
and  would  strike  a  flake  as  they  wanted  it, 
and  drop  it  as  soon  as  it  had  served  their 
turn.  Dr.  Gregory's  book  is  rather  one  of 
travel  than  of  scientific  record.  He  gives 
an  interesting  account  of  the  formation  and 
partial  drying  up  of  Lake  Eyre,  where  the 
giant  kangaroos  and  wombats  used  to  live  : 
they  "  died  of  hunger  and  thirst."  The 
native  dog,  or  dingo,  was  their  mate,  but  no 
traces  of  man  have  been  found  among  their 
bones.  The  dog  discovered  Lake  Eyre 
before  man  came  near  it,  and  probably  after 
Bass  Strait  was  formed. 

After  some  remarks  on  '  The  Charm  of  the 
Desert  '  Dr.  Gregory  reaches  the  aborigines, 
and  defends  them  against  the  assertion  that, 
they  "  are  the  most  degraded  members  of 
the  human  family."  They  are  not  "  de- 
graded "  when  unspoilt  by  civilization,  but 
surely  no  known  people  is  less  advanced. 
Mr.  Frazer  is  quoted  for  the  statement  that 
they  "  rank  with  the  lowest  races  in  the 
scale   of  humanity";     and  so   they   do,   if 


absence  of  material  advance  means  "  low- 
ness."  They  have  many  virtues  ;  no 
anthropologist  denies  their  merits  ;  and  they 
learn  quickly  when  they  choose  to  apply 
their  minds  to  study.  They  believe  in  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  says  Dr.  Gregory, 
and  some  of  them  believe  in  an  All  Father. 
But  they  had  no  domesticable  animals,  no 
knowledge  of  the  metals,  no  pottery,  no 
practice  of  agriculture  ;  and  whether  they 
"  must  be  included  in  the  Caucasians  "  or 
not  they  are,  inevitably,  in  the  lowest  known 
grade  of  culture.  They  may  be  finer  fellows 
than  East  African  negroes,  but  they  have  not 
made  the  same  steps  towards  civilization. 
Dr.  Gregory,  with  many  good  authorities 
thinks  that  the  Dieri  have  "  group -marriage1 ' 
but  we  have  seen  no  evidence  that  a  "  group" 
of  men  is  wedded  to  a  "  group  "  of  women, 
and  we  want  to  know  what  is  meant  by  a 
"  group."  By  the  Pirrauru  custom  of  the 
Lake  Eyre  tribes  a  man  has  a  wife,  and  a 
number  of  paramours,  who  may  be  the 
tippa  malku  wives  of  other  men.  If  exogamy 
means  that  "  no  one  may  marry  a  member 
of  his  own  group,"  how  is  "  group  "  here 
to  be  defined  ?  If  Dr.  Gregory  thinks,  as 
he  seems  to  think  (p.  186),  that  exogamy  is 
the  law  produced  by  reflection  on  the  evils 
of  "  close  interbreeding,"  he  differs  from 
most  students  of  the  subject  ;  and  if  he 
holds  that  the  Australian  black  lives  in 
"  villages,"  he  is  mistaken.  But  if  he  merely 
uses,  as  we  think  he  does,  the  term  "village" 
in  an  effort  to  make  his  views  intelligible 
to  the  general  public,  the  public  is  likely 
to  be  misled.  Our  author  asserts  that  an 
Urabunna  can  only  marry  into  one  single 
totem  kin  ;  but  really  the  information  on 
this  point,  collected  by  Messrs.  Spencer  and 
Gillen,  is  not  decisive,  and  perhaps  may  be 
otherwise  interpreted.  "  The  old  marriage 
system  has  completely  collapsed  "  among 
the  Dieri  (p.  19?).  The  system  of  the 
northern  Arunta  is  "in  all  probability  the 
latest  in  development  "  (p.  193),  yet  these 
Arunta  are  sometimes  spoken  of  as  the 
most  "  primitive  "  of  all  the  tribes.  If 
Mr.  Lang  asserts,  as  he  is  said  to  do,  that 
"  the  men  of  the  older  stone  age  had  domes- 
ticated the  ox,  the  horse,  and  the  pig,"  he 
makes  a  most  unwarrantable  statement. 
No  reference  is  given.  Dr.  Gregory's 
opinion  that  the  Australian  tribal  system 
may  be  a  highly  specialized  adaptation  to 
desert  conditions  needs  to  be  corroborated 
by  comparison  with  other  totemic  societies. 
He  thinks  that  the  Arunta  nescience  of  the 
facts  of  generation  "  may  be  a  mere  childish 
make-believe  "  : — ■ 

' '  They  are  not  so  childish  as  to  believe  that,  under 
normal  circumstances,  a  tribe  consisting  only  of 
women  would  have  a  prolific  birth-rate  !" 

In  fact,  they  are  either  really  ignorant,  or 
their  nescience  is  a  result  of  their  unique 
philosophy  of  animism. 

Dr.  Gregory's  account  of  the  transmission 
of  a  native  dance  is  interesting  :  it  came 
from  Queensland,  words  and  all,  to  the 
western  side  of  Lake  Eyre.  Some  myths 
he  finds  to  be  based  on  the  discovery  of  fossil 
bones  of  extinct  species,  a  most  probable 
cause.  A  practical  part  of  the  book  deals 
with  the  possibility  of  watering  the  arid 
heart  of  the  continent  ;  but  this  portion  can 
be  criticized  only  by  geologists  and  engineers. 

The  indexes  of  the  volume  are  excellent, 
the  photographs  are  good,  and  a  useful 
bibliography  is  supplied.  We  look  forward 
with  interest  to  Dr.  Gregory's  promised 
work,  in  which,  doubtless,  he  will  treat  the 
anthropological  problems  of  Australia  more 
fully,  and  in  a  more  strictly  scientific  manner. 

Ttvo  Years  among  New  Guinea  Cannibals. 
By  A.  E.  Pratt.  (Seeley  &  Co.)— The  reader 
who  is  led  by  Mr.  Pratt's  sensational  title  to 


expect  blood-curdling  descriptions  of  canni- 
balistic orgies  must  look  elsewhere  for  grati- 
fication. The  only  instance  of  cannibalism 
definitely  referred  to  is  one  where  an  injured 
husband  took  revenge  on  his  wife's  seducer, 
and  as  the  matter  was  settled  by  the  payment 
of  a  pig  as  compensation,  the  circumstances 
were  probably  exceptional.  Cannibalism 
undoubtedly  exists  in  many  parts  of  New 
Guinea,  but  nowhere,  we  believe,  to  the  degree 
implied  in  the  title.  The  best  proof  of  this 
is  that  Mr.  Pratt  made  a  long  stay  at  a  village 
which  was  brought  by  prolonged  drought 
and  the  failure  of  all  crops  to  actual  starva- 
tion, but  no  act  of  cannibalism  is  mentioned. 
If,  however,  Mr.  Pratt  and  his  son  had 
little  to  fear  from  cannibals,  they  had  abun- 
dant obstacles  to  contend  with  in  making 
their  way  inland  some  fifty  miles  from  Hall 
Sound,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  penetrating 
the  mountainous  and  densely  forested 
country,  and  the  scarcity  of  transport  and 
food.  Carriers  were  everywhere  hard  to 
procure,  and  ready  to  desert  in  the  face  of 
any  danger.  Nevertheless  a  rough  code  of 
honour  seems  to  have  existed,  too  ;  and  if  a 
man  showed  undue  inclination  to  shirk,  his 
companions  did  not  hesitate  to  pick  gigantic 
nettles  and  whip  him  into  a  more  strenuous 
frame  of  mind.  Mr.  Pratt's  object  was  to 
collect  specimens  of  birds  and  insects,  but 
occasionally  the  splendour  of  an  orchid 
proved  irresistible.  The  finest  orchid  dis- 
covered, a  new  Phallonopsis, 

' '  was  found  growing  in  the  fork  of  a  tree  where  it 
had  plenty  of  shade  and  a  rich  damp  bed  of  moss 
and  leaves.  The  leaves  were  very  brilliant  dark 
green,  and  on  the  spray,  which  was  quite  three 
feet  long,  grew  thirty  magnificent  white  flowers  of 
exquisite  fragrance.  Each  specimen  must  have 
measured  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  when 
the  sepals  and  petals  were  extended.  Its  white- 
ness fulfilled  the  most  rigid  canons  of  the  orchid 
fancier,  for  in  judging  orchids  there  are  whites  and 
whites.  You  may  get  a  white  that  is  very  satis- 
factory, but  there  is  a  thick  waxiness  of  blossom 
that  gives  to  a  plant  the  very  highest  value,  and 
this  specimen  was  as  near  the  ideal  as  anything  I 
have  ever  seen." 

When  such  prizes  presented  themselves 
the  native  carrier  proved  himself  the  most 
expert  of  tree-climbers  : — 

"  The  climber  stands  with  his  face  to  the  trunk, 
which,  as  well  as  his  body,  is  encircled  with  a  hoop 
of  rattan  cane.  This  hoop  he  holds  in  each  hand, 
and  his  ankles  are  tied  together.  First  he  leans 
back  till  his  body  has  purchase  on  the  loop,  and 
then,  at  that  moment,  by  the  leverage  of  his 
ankles,  he  makes  an  upward  movement  of  about  a 
foot.  Then  falling  backwards  against  the  hoop, 
and  pressing  his  feet  against  the  trunk,  he  is  sup- 
ported for  the  next  spring.  This  operation  is 
repeated  with  marvellous  dexterity  and  rapidity. 
There  is  no  tree  in  New  Guinea  that  a  native 
cannot  climb  thus." 

The  highest  point  reached  was  Mafalu, 
in  the  Owen  Stanley  Mountains,  about  6,000 
feet  above  sea-level.  Here  the  typical  hot, 
moist  forest  of  the  tropics  was  well  seen  : — 

"  The  hot  sun  scarcely  seemed  to  affect  the  pre- 
vailing damp.  The  rocks  which  beset  our  path 
were  covered  with  lovely-shaded  begonias,  ferns, 
and  trailing  creepers,  intermingled  in  richest  pro- 
fusion of  golden  tints The  trees  are  of  strange 

magnificence,  particularly  the  mountain  pandanus, 
with  its  aerial  roots,  which  cover  an  immense  space 
and  all  converge  into  one  stem  sixty  feet  above  the 
ground,  whence  the  trunk  runs  up  perfectly 
straight.  Around  us  everywhere  were  tree  ferns, 
some  of  them  rising  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  and 
besides  these  there  were  the  enormous  lycopodiums 
with  leaves  ten  feet  long.  Luxuriant  forms  of 
vegetation  were  thickly  clustered  upon  the  trees, 
and  some  of  the  masses  must  have  been  of  enormous 
weight.  They  displayed  a  glorious  profusion  of 
scarlet,  which  had  taken  full  possession  of  the  sup- 
porting trees,  for  far  above  the  domed  mass  of  this 
superb  parasite  one  could  see  large  clusters  of 
brilliant  blossom  here  and  there.     More  humble, 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


77 


but  still  very  beautiful,  was  a  little  fern  which  was 
distinguished  by  an  exquisite  iridescent  blue  all 
over  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  while  on  the  under 
side  the  fronds  that  were  in  seed  showed  a 
brilliant  golden  yellow.  Parrots,  great  and  small, 
flashed  about  us,  and  now  and  then  we  caught  a 
glimpse  of  the  white  cockatoo  with  the  yellow 
•crest  that  is  found  all  over  New  Guinea." 

Most  lovely  of  all  the  forest  denizens  are 
the  humming-birds,  of  which  the  blue 
«pecies  is  the  most  beautiful.  Its  home 
is  the  mountain  pandanus,  and  its  range  in 
Central  New  Guinea  is  from  4,000  to  6,000 
feet  : — 

"The  bird  is  about  the  size  of  a  jay,  and  is  very 
gorgeous.  The  upper  parts  of  its  wings  are  a  sky- 
blue.  The  side  plumes  are  in  gradations  of  brilliant 
greenish-blue  and  ultramarine,  and  when  the  wings 
are  spread  there  is  also  a  band  of  brown  feathers. 
From  the  upper  part  of  the  tail  spring  two 
•elongated  feathers  with  two  light-blue  spatula;  at 
iAie  tips.  In  the  same  pandanus  tree  lives  the 
Astrapia  stephaniaj,  remarkable  for  its  long  tail, 
with  two  violet  feathers  and  a  white  shaft.  The 
upper  part  of  this  bird's  breast  is  a  most  brilliant 
.green,  with  a  band  of  copper  below.  In  one  light 
it  appears  shaded  with  violet.  The  back  of  the 
head  is  violet  with  gold  iridescence." 

In  a  forest  set  with  these  living  jewels  Mr. 
dPratt  woidd  gladly  have  made  a  long  stay, 
but  food  was  very  scarce  and  his  native 
•collectors  began  to  give  trouble.  Finally 
"they  resorted  to  a  coup  de  main  and  acci- 
■dentally  set  fire  to  the  camp,  compelling  a 
hasty  retreat.  The  reader  who  cares  for 
•chronicles  of  forest  life  will  find  many  pleasant 
pages  and  some  good  illustrations  of  the 
little-knowm  scenery  of  the  Owen  Stanleys. 

The  World  01  To-day.  By  A.  R,  Hope 
Moncrieff.  Vol.  V.  (Gresham  Publishing 
Company.) — Each  successive  volume  of  this 
series  confirms  our  favourable  impression  of 
the  care  and  accuracy  of  the  compiler.  The 
present  volume  deals  with  the  South  Ame- 
rican Republics,  and  its  preparation  must 
lhave  presented  extraordinary  difficulties. 
Except  for  certain  parts  of  the  Andes,  there 
is  not  much  recent  liter ature  in  English 
•dealing  with  the  subject,  and  Mr.  Hope 
Moncrieff  has  been  obliged  to  rely  on  the 
marrativesof  travellerswho  visited  thecountry 
from  ten  to  twenty  years  ago.  He  is 
obviously  familiar  with  the  standard  works 
of  travel  in  English,  and  displays  his  cus- 
tomary skill  in  welding  his  widely  gathered 
material  into  a  coherent  whole.  His  instinct 
for  selecting  the  essential  is  rarely  at  fault, 
and  the  series  can  be  recommended  for 
school  libraries  as  a  useful  supplement  to 
the  more  detailed  and  scientific  treatment 
<of  geography  in  the  school  curriculum. 

Heroes  of  Discovery  in  America,  by  Charles 
Morris  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  is  a 
popular  work  of  a  most  acceptable  type,  in 
which  the  author  tells  succinctly,  yet 
attractively,  the  story  of  American  explora- 
tion from  the  days  of  the  early  vikings  and 
their  Vinland  voyages  to  the  year  1905, 
when  a  modern  viking,  Amundsen,  first 
Accomplished  the  North-West  Passage,  by 
j*  forcing  "  his  vessel  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific.  The  author  eschews  con- 
troversial matter  and  minute  topographical 
details,  such  as  can  prove  of  interest  only 
to  students  ;  but  the  personality  of  his 
r  heroes  "  stands  out  in  bold  relief,  and 
their  achievements  and  discoveries  are  told 
remarkably  well.  Captious  critics  might 
•charge  the  author  with  having  shown  some 
bias  in  favour  of  "  heroes  "  of  his  own  blood 
or  nation,  with  having  admitted  to  his 
"  Walhalla  "  a  few  men  not  entitled  to 
that  honour,  and  with  a  few  historical 
mistakes,  such  as  an  error  in  the  date  given 
for  the  birth  of  Columbus,  or  the  supposed 
origin  of  the  naming  of  Maine.  Slips  of 
this  kind  are,  however,  few  and  far  between. 


whilst  the  preponderance  of  Anglo-Saxons 
will  readily  be  forgiven  by  the  readers  for 
whom  the  volume  is  intended.  In  future 
editions  portraits  might  be  substituted  for 
the  views  of  scenery  now  given,  and  a  few 
sketch-maps  introduced,  enabling  the  reader 
to  follow  the  routes  described. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  a  third  edition  of 
Stanford's  Octavo  Atlas  of  Modern  Geography, 
the  maps  of  which  are  creditable  alike  to 
the  late  Mr.  Arrowsmith  and  to  the  resources 
of  the  publisher's  own  geographical  estab- 
lislunent,  and  have  been  farily  well  brought 
up  to  date.  We  are  of  opinion,  however, 
that  the  time  has  arrived  either  for  increasing 
the  number  of  maps,  or  for  rearranging  their 
contents.  At  present  England  and  Wales 
are  actually  represented  by  a  map  the  scale 
of  which  is  smaller  than  the  scale  not  only 
of  the  maps  of  the  sister  kingdoms,  but  like- 
wise of  those  of  a  number  of  foreign  countries; 
whilst  the  "  Commonwealth  "  of  Australia  is 
represented  by  a  single  map  on  the  absurdly 
inadequate  scale  of  225  miles  to  an  inch  ! 
The  index  is  all  that  could  be  desired. 


OUR    LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Life  and  Experiences  of  Sir  Henry 
Enfield  Roscoe,  F.R.S.  Written  by  Himself. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — We  are  glad  that  Sir 
Henry  Roscoe  has  allowed  himself  to  be 
persuaded  by  his  friends  to  publish  this 
volume,  for  it  is  a  book  of  solid  value,  and 
tells  in  simple  language  the  life-story  of  an 
active  man  who  has  done  more  for  certain 
forms  of  education  than  any  other  living 
man.  His  work  in  advancing  technical 
education  and  secondary  education,  espe- 
cially in  spreading  and  improving  the  teach- 
ing of  chemistry,  is  too  well  known  to  need 
dwelling  on. 

The  author's  grandfather,  William 
Roscoe,  was  one  of  the  first  men  of  mark 
produced  by  Liverpool,  and  is  best  known 
as  the  author  of  the  '  Lives  '  of  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici  and  Leo  X.  No  doubt  he  handed 
on  some  of  his  literary  ability  to 
his  grandson.  William  Roscoe  acquired 
Allerton  Hall  and  estate,  near  Liver- 
pool, but  lost  it  with  the  failure  of  the 
Liverpool  Bank  in  1816.  Sir  Henry  as 
a  boy  went  to  the  High  School  of  the  Liver- 
pool Institute,  where  one  of  his  teachers 
was  Balmain,  the  discoverer  of  Balmain's 
"  luminous  paint  "  and  of  boron  nitride  : 
here  his  love  of  chemistry  was  picked  up,  or 
at  all  events  stimulated. 

In  1848  Sir  Henry  entered  University 
College,  London,  where  Thomas  Graham 
and  afterwards  A.  W.  Williamson  were 
Professors  of  Chemistry,  and  to  the  latter 
he  became  assistant.  In  1853,  having  taken 
his  B.A.  degree  tit  the  University  of  London, 
he  went  to  Heidelberg  under  Bunsen,  with 
whom  he  was  associated  in  research  work. 
He  took  his  Doctor's  degree  at  Heidelberg 
in  1854.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Chemistry  at  Owens  College,  Manchester. 
The  institution  was  then  in  a  very  different 
state  from  that  it  attained  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Dr.  Greenwood  as  Principal,  assisted 
by  Sir  Henry  and  his  colleagues.  Our  author 
held  his  professorship  till  the  end  of  1885. 
when  he  resigned  it  in  consequence  of  having 
been  elected  M.P.  for  the  Southern  Division 
of  Manchester.  His  services  to  the  College, 
to  Manchester,  end  to  its  technical  and 
educational  work  during  that  time  were 
immense.  He  remained  in  Parliament  for 
ten  years,  and  was  specially  useful  in  giving 
the  fruits  of  his  knowledge  and  wide  experi- 
ence to  Commissions  and  Committees  :  his 
genial  presence  whs  always  acceptable. 


He  was  instrumental  in  greatly  improving 
the  lighting,  the  drainage,  and  the  ventila- 
tion of  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  His 
'  Primer  of  Chemistry,'  issued  in  a  series 
to  which  Huxley  and  Clerk  Maxwell  also 
contributed,  introduced  the  science  to  many 
thousands  ;  his  '  Lessons  in  Elementary 
Chemistry  '  has  been  translated  into  many 
languages,  and  sold  by  hundreds  of  thousands, 
and  his  larger  '  Treatise  on  Chemistry,' 
written  in  collaboration  with  Schorlemmer, 
is  a  standard  work  on  the  subject.  He  was 
knighted  in  1884  for  his  work  on  the  Technical 
Education  Committee.  He  has  long  been  a 
well-known  figure  at  the  meetings  of  the 
British  Association,  and  was  President  at 
the  Manchester  meeting  in  1887.  His  later 
spheres  of  usefulness  have  included  the  Vice- 
Chancellorship  of  London  University  during 
a  period  of  transition  and  unwonted  activity, 
and  the  chairmanship  of  the  Governing  Body 
of  the  Lister  Institute.  The  jubilee  of 
his  Heidelberg  degree  was  celebrated 
in  1904,  when  many  eminent  men  gathered 
to  do  him  honour.  The  chapter  on  his  home 
life  and  travels  will  appeal  to  an  even  wider 
circle  of  readers  than  the  portions  referring 
more  directly  to  his  work. 

The  book  contains  several  excellent 
portraits,  including  a  recent  one  of  the 
author.  Specially  noticeable,  among  those 
of  men  with  whom  the  author  was  associated 
as  pupil  or  colleague  or  with  whom  he  became 
well  acquainted,  are  the  likenesses  of 
Thomas  Graham,  Alexander  W.  Williamson, 
Bunsen,  Kirchhoff,  Joule,  Pasteur,  Berthelot, 
and  Schorlemmer.  Not  the  least  interesting 
of  the  illustrations  is  '  A  Dream  of  Toasted 
Cheese,'  an  original  and  very  humorous 
coloured  drawing  by  Miss  Beatrix  Potter, 
to  illustrate  '  First  Steps  in  Chemistry,'  by 
Roscoe  and  Lunt. 

In  his  strenuous  and  varied  career  Sir 
Henry  has  played  many  parts,  and  never 
without  distinction.  This  short  record  of 
his  life,  in  his  own  words,  recalling  his 
personality,  his  humour  and  bonhomie,  is 
a  thing  to  be  grateful  for.  Not  alone  to 
his  numerous  friends  and  pupils  will  it  be 
acceptable,  but  it  should  also  be  available 
at  all  public  libraries  as  the  story  of  one  who 
has  made  use  of  his  life  and  health  to  do 
work  which  has  benefited  his  fellow-citizens, 
his  fellow-countrymen,  and  the  world  at 
large. 

A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Fishes.  By  David 
Starr  Jordan.  With  427  Illustrations.  2  vols. 
(Constable  cV  Co.) — This  handsome  and 
admirably  illustrated  work,  in  the  words  of 
its  author,  the  well-known  American  ichthyo- 
logist Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan, 
"treats  of  the  fish  from  all  the  varied  points  of 
view  of  the  different  branches  of  the  study  of 
ichthyology.  In  general  all  traits  of  the  fish  are 
discussed,  those  which  the  fish  shares  with  other 
animals  most  briefly,  those  which  relate  t  i  the 
evolution  of  the  group  and  the  divergence  of  its 
various  classes  most  fully.  In  general  the  writer 
has  drawn  on  his  own  experience  as  an  ichthyo- 
logist, and  with  this  en  all  the  literature  of  the 
Bcience." 

It  would  require  column--  to  give  merely 
a  rough  idea  of  the  contents  oi  this  monu- 
mental work,  of  which  the  index  alone 
occupies  nearly  fifty  pages.  Unfortunately, 
the  index  is  not  so  good  as  it  might  l>e.  in 
consequence  of  some  carelessness  on  the 
part  of  the  compiler;  <..</•.  under  '  Frost 
Fish  '  there  is  only  one  reference,  and  that 
to  microgadus  torncod ;  but  under  '  Lepi- 
dopidse '     in     the     work     itself,     Lepidopua 

CaudatUS,    not     mentioned     in     the     index,     is 

described.  Then  under  the  general  leading 
■  Salmonidse  '  one  would  have  expected  to 
find  the  different  kinds  mentioned  by  name  ; 
but  this  is  not  the  ease,  which  necessitates 
a  hunt  through   many   pages   to   find   any 


78 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


particular  fish.  Although  Dr.  Jordan  in- 
cludes in  his  '  General  Survey  '  all  the  known 
fishes  of  the  world — at  least  all  the  chief 
representatives  of  the  species,  both  extinct 
and  extant — he  deals  more  fully  with  those 
of  North  America  than  with  their  relatives 
in  other  waters.  The  fishes  of  Australasia, 
for  instance,  are  barely  mentioned,  and  such 
an  excellent  monograph  as  the  Rev.  J.  E. 
Tenison-Woods's  '  Fish  and  Fisheries  of 
New  South  Wales  '  is  not  referred  to.  The 
main  defect  of  some  American  ichthyologists 
is  that  they  are  too  catholic  ;  all  is  fish 
which  comes  to  their  net  ;  they  are  too 
ready  to  accept  statement  for  proof— hence 
the  bewildering  nomenclature  of  their 
SalmonidiM  and  the  multiplicity  of  their 
distinctions  without  real  difference.'  Here 
is  a  specimen  of  what  an  American  ichthyo- 
logist of  the  standing  of  Dr.  Jordan  con- 
siders a  probability  : — 

' '  It  seems  probable  that  the  American  trout 
originated  in  Asia,  extended  its  range  to  South- 
East  Alaska,  thence  southward  to  the  Fraser  and 
Columbia,  thence  to  the  Yellowstone  and  the  Mis- 
souri via  T\v,>-Ocean  Pass  ;  from  the  Snake  River  to 
the  Great  Basins  of  Utah  and  Nevada  ;  from  the 
Missouri  southward  to  the  Platte  and  the  Arkansas, 
thence  from  the  Platte  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  the 
Colorado,  and  then  from  Oregon  southward  coast- 
wise and  along  the  Sierras  to  Northern  Mexico, 
thence  northward  and  coastwise,  the  sea-running 
forms  passing  from  stream  to  stream." 

We  grant,  in  view  of  the  impossibility 
of  contradicting  the  Doctor's  view  at  this 
age  of  the  world's  history,  that  the  "  sea- 
running  forms  "  might  have  come  "  via 
Two-Ocean  Pass,"  but  we  may  ask,  How  did 
the  other  "  American  trout "  get  there 
— overland  ? 

The  important  question  of  the  success  or 
non-success  of  artificial  propagation  of 
salmon  is  satisfactorily  settled  if  Dr.  Jordan 
is  right.  He  says,  referring  to  the  depletion 
of  the  American  Pacific  Coast  salmon  rivers 

"The  key  of  the  solution  is  the  artificial  pro- 
pagation of  salmon  by  means  of  well-ordered 
hatcheries.  By  this  means  the  fisheries  of  the 
Sacramento  have  been  fully  restored,  those  of  the 
Columbia  approximately  maintained,  and  a  hopeful 
beginning  has  been  made  in  hatching  red  salmon  in 
Alaska." 

But  the  Doctor  gives  no  proofs.  Salmon 
culture  has  been  carried  on  for  over  fifty 
years  in  Europe,  and  we  should  heartily 
welcome  proof  of  success  which  would 
satisfy  such  experts  as  Mr.  Archer,  Sir 
Herbert  Maxwell,  or  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
who  has  "  cultivated  "  salmon  for  many  a 
year  on  the  Spey. 

It  may  be  said  generally  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  praise  this  fine  work  too  highly  : 
its  twelve  hundred  pages  with  over  four 
hundred  admirable  illustrations  abound  with 
interest,  and  make  it,  as  the  author  hoped, 
"  a  book  valuable  to  technical  students, 
interesting  to  anglers  and  nature  lovers,  and 
instructive  to  all  who  open  its  pages."  A 
welcome  feature  is  the  series  of  portraits  of 
prominent  ichthyologists,  including  Dr. 
G  anther,  Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger,  F.R.S.,  and 
Dr.  Jordan. 

American  Insects.  By  Vernon  L.  Kellogg. 
(Constable  &  Co.) — This  somewhat  massive 
volume  is  another  American  textbook  of 
entomology,  and  it  is  to  America  that  we 
now  look,  and  not  in  vain,  for  our  best  and 
most  complete  information  on  economic 
entomology.  While  in  this  country  our 
first  great  book— and  still  the  classic— the 
immortal  '  Introduction  '  by  Kirby  and 
Spence,  dealt  largely  with  insect  bionomics 
and  little  with  taxonomy,  the  trend  of 
British  entomology  from  their  time  has  been 
in  the  opposite  direction,  and  descriptive 
and  monographic  work  has  generally 
held  the    field,    thus    somewhat    restricting 


a  knowledge  of  insects  to  specialists. 
Since  the  time  of  Darwin,  and  thanks 
to  the  influence  of  his  invigorating  spirit, 
insects  have  been  used  in  numerous 
ways  to  illustrate  the  reality  of  natural 
selection,  or  the  survival  of  the  fittest, 
as  a  great  factor  in  the  concept  of  evolu- 
tion. This  has  created  a  distinct  feature 
in  British  entomological  writings,  and 
though  in  many  cases  it  has  not  unnatu- 
rally produced  much  pure  theory — for  the 
spirit  of  Darwin  is  not  always  united  with 
his  method  in  the  work  of  some  of  his 
followers — it  has  nevertheless  undoubtedly 
added  to  the  popularity  of  the  science,  for 
the  zoological  journalist  finds  in  illustra- 
tions of  a  great  theory  the  requirements  of 
the  general  reader  and  a  welcome  addition 
to  the  culture  of  "  the  man  in  the  street." 
In  America  the  injuries  caused  by  insects 
have  been  long  recognized  as  of  national 
importance,  and  the  commonwealth  of  that 
great  territory  has  very  wisely,  by  financial 
and  other  aid,  enabled  a  number  of  excellent 
workers  to  study  the  question  and  endeavour 
to  find  means  of  mitigating  the  agricultural 
and  other  losses  thus  sustained,  so  that  the 
State  entomologist  has  become  a  permanent 
official,  and  economic  entomology  a  govern- 
mental study  with  a  vast  national  literature. 

Prof.  Kellogg's  aim  has  been  to  combine 
the  systematic,  economic,  and  bionomic 
purviews  in  a  textbook  primarily  devoted 
to  American  insects,  and  in  theoretical 
questions  he  is  on  the  side  of  the  Neo- 
Darwinians,  and  not  on  that  of  the  Neo- 
Lamarckians,  as  are  so  many  of  his  American 
colleagues.  The  Athenaeum  is  not  the  journal 
in  which  to  discuss  such  technical  matters 
as  insect  anatomy  or  taxonomy,  and  the 
three  chapters  which  will  most  interest  the 
general  naturalist  are  those  entitled  '  Insects 
and  Flowers,'  '  Color  and  Pattern  and  their 
Uses,'  and  '  Insects  and  Disease,'  though 
these  consist  principally  of  the  results 
obtained  by  other  workers.  Thus  in  the 
discussion  on  '  Insects  and  Flowers  '  we 
naturally  expect  to  find  considerable  refer- 
ence to  the  work  of  Darwin,  Lubbock  (now 
Lord  Avebury),  and  Plateau  ;  nor  are  we 
disappointed.  '  Color  and  Pattern  and 
their  Uses  '  is  a  subject  treated  from  the 
utilitarian  standpoint,  and  the  question  is 
asked,  "  What  is  the  use  to  the  insects  of 
all  this  colour  and  pattern  ?  "  It  is  singular 
that  this  inquiry,  which  no  evolutionist  can 
ignore,  is  one  which  might  have  been 
put  forward  by  any  of  the  old  teleologists, 
but  since  the  publication  of  '  The  Origin 
of  Species  '  the  problem  is  pursued  by  a 
different  method  and  based  on  another  con- 
clusion. Prof.  Kellogg  admits  the  different 
explanations  of  some  of  the  colour  phenomena 
of  insects  as  appertaining  to  the  obvious, 
the  certain,  the  probable,  and  the  possible  ; 
but  as  a  certain  instance  of  "  protective 
resemblance  "  he  adduceSj  and  with  good 
reason,  the  well-known  example  of  the 
Kallima,  or  "  dead-leaf  butterfly,"  which  he 
twice  figures.  On  each  occasion,  however, 
the  figure  perpetuates  the  old  error  of  the 
butterfly  resting  on  a  twig  with  its  head 
uppermost,  whereas  the  exact  converse  is 
the  case  in  nature  ;  and  although  the  latter 
position  rather  adds  to  than  detracts  from 
its  simulative  appearance,  the  mistake 
affords  an  example  of  the  danger  in  formu- 
lating theories  on  insects  which  may  be 
known  by  museum  specimens  only. 

'  Insects  and  Disease  '  is  a  somewhat  new 
subject  in  entomology,  and  one  of  the  most 
important  for  the  human  race.  As  a  colonial 
problem  it  is  a  factor  of  great  importance  in 
the  "  labour  question,"  for  it  governs  the  pos- 
sibility of  labour  and  is  a  crux  in  colonial 
expansion.  When  it  is  recognized  that  a 
region  may  be  of  a  deadly  malarial  nature 


to  man  as  a  consequence  of  disease-convey- 
ing insects,  and  that  mosquitoes  alone  in 
many  parts  of  the  world  are  at  least  as- 
detrimental  to  the  welfare  of  a  colony  as  an 
armed  invasion,  we  may  well  cherish  the 
names  of  Manson  and  Ross  among  others 
whose  investigations  have  shown  that  the 
spread  of  many  diseases  is  due  to  insects,, 
and  that  the  colonization  of  a  malarial 
region  may  become  an  entomological  ques- 
tion. Prof.  Kellogg  has  well  summarized 
our  present  information  on  the  subject,  and 
drawn  attention  to  future  potentialities. 

An  Introduction  to  Astronomy.  By  Forest 
Ray  Moulton,  Assistant  Professor  of  Astro- 
nomy in  the  University  of  Chicago.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) — The  author  of  this  work  is 
already  favourably  known  by  his  '  Intro- 
duction to  Celestial  Mechanics,'  which  proved 
his  familiarity  with  the  more  strictly  mathe- 
matical departments  of  the  science.  In  his- 
new  work  his  object  is  to  give  the  main  facts 
in  regard  to  observational  and  descriptive 
astronomy.  Numerous  brief  historical  refer- 
ences have  been  introduced  to  show  by  what 
steps  the  marvellous  results  of  astronomical 
investigation  have  been  reached.  Especially 
admirable  is  the  way  in  which  the  results  of 
observation  and  the  accounts  of  the  theories 
which  have  been  built  upon  them  are- 
arranged.  For  example,  in  the  chapter  on 
the  motions  of  the  earth,  the  various  facts 
which  prove  the  heliocentric  theory  are  given, 
in  sequence  ;  whereas  in  a  collection  of 
astronomical  data,  arranged  according  to 
the  methods  of  making  observations,  they- 
would  be  widely  separated. 

Turning  to  some  of  the  disputed  points  in 
astronomy,  we  note  that  Prof.  Moulton 
prefers  Schiaparelli's  view  of  the  time  of 
rotation  of  Venus — that  it  is  equal,  like  that 
of  Mercury,  to  that  of  its  orbital  revolution 
— rather  than  that  of  those  who  accept  a. 
period  about  the  sa.me  as  that  first  put  forth 
by  Cassini  the  elder  (J.  D.,  by  the  by,  not 
J.  J.,  as  our  author  gives  his  initials  on 
p.  323),  viz.,  somewhat  shorter  than  that 
of  the  earth.  The  point  is  very  difficult  to 
settle,  on  account  of  the  thick  atmosphere 
surrounding  Venus,  so  very  different  from 
the  condition  of  Mercury.  We  commend 
his  remark  about  the  foolishness  of  tho 
notion  of  attempting  to  signal  from  the  earth 
to  Mars,  which  shows  forgetfulnessof  the  fact 
that  when  we  see  the  planet  best  (and  then 
at  the  distance  of  35,000,000  miles),  the- 
earth  is  "  new "  with  respect  to  Mars, 
and  invisible  from  that  direction.  With 
regard  to  the  so-called  "  canals  "  on  Mars,. 
he  sets  down  a  resume  of  all  the  facts  known, 
and  does  not  attempt  to  decide  between 
the  different  views.  That  the  "  canals  "' 
are  artificial  formations  seems  to  us  to  be  a 
wild  idea,  nor  did  Schiaparelli,  who  first 
suggested  the  name  "  canals,"  mean  any 
such  thing.  That  the  appearances  are  at) 
any  rate  partly  subjective,  Mr.  Maunder 's 
experiments  may  be  allowed  to  have  proved.. 
However,  on  this,  as  on  most  other  points,. 
Prof.  Moulton  gives  all  the  latest  informa- 
tion. His  book  is  well  brought  up  to  date  ^ 
and  he  mentions,  for  instance,  the  seven 
satellites  now  known  of  Jupiter  and  the  ten 
of  Saturn,  the  furthest  of  which  revolves 
at  a  very  great  distance  from  its  primary,, 
and  in  the  reverse  direction  to  that  of  most 
of  the  other  bodies  of  the  solar  system.  To> 
make  the  book  more  useful  for  teaching,, 
questions  are  given  at  the  end  of  each  chapter. 
It  is  richly  illustrated,  many  of  the  views  of 
the  solar  and  lunar  surfaces,  and  of  the 
nebulae  (we  hope  that  not  many  will  follow 
the  author  in  adopting  nebulas  as  the  plural  of 
nebula),  being  reproduced  by  permission 
from  photographs  taken  at  the  great  Lick 
and     Yerkes     observatories.     The     volume 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


79 


cannot  fail  to  be  acceptable  to  all  who 
■desire  to  be  acquainted  with  astronomical 
science  in  its  latest  developments. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

The  Journal  of  the  Anthropological 
Institute  contains,  as  usual,  a  great  variety 
of  papers.  Mr.  N.  F.  Robarts  describes  a 
British  camp  or  oppidum  discovered  in 
excavating  foundations  for  an  asylum  near 
Wallington,  in  Surrey,  and  suggests  that  that 
place  took  its  ancient  name  of  Waleton,  or 
wall-town,  from  its  proximity  to  that  camp. 
Mr.  A.  L.  Lewis  continues  his  observations 
•on  the  prehistoric  remains  in  Cornwall  by 
an  examination  of  those  in  the  western 
portion  of  that  county.  The  Hon.  John 
Abercromby,  in  a  well-illustrated  paper, 
investigates  the  chronology  of  prehistoric 
glass  beads  and  associated  ceramic  types 
an  Britain,  and  concludes  that  the  importa- 
tion of  long  and  globular  beads  of  vitreous 
material  into  Britain  coincides  with  part  of 
the  Hallstadt  period  of  Central  Europe,  or 
approximately  900  to  600  B.C.  Dr.  Beddoe's 
Huxley  Memorial  Lecture  on  '  Colour  and 
Race  '  notes  changes  in  type  that  his  long 
observation  has  led  him  to  believe  are  gradu- 
ally proceeding  among  ourselves.  With 
regard  to  India,  Mr.  H.  A.  Rose,  local  corre- 
spondent of  the  Institute  at  Simla,  describes 
in  two  papers  the  pregnancy  observances  in 
the  Punjab,  of  the  Hindu  and  Mohammedan 
populations  respectively. 

No  fewer  than  five  papers  relate  to  South 
Africa.  Mr.  C.  A.  Wheelwright,  C.M.G., 
communicates  notes  on  the  native  circum- 
cision lodges  in  the  Zoutpansberg  district 
of  the  Transvaal,  where  he  is  Commissioner. 
Two  papers  relate  to  a  single  tribe,  the 
Bawenda,  of  which  Magato  was  the  ruler 
when  Mr.  William  Grant  visited  it  in  1894, 
before  the  war  with  the  Boers  which  resulted 
in  its  subjugation.  His  observations  may  be 
compared  with  those  of  the  Rev.  E.  Gott- 
schling,  the  missionary  stationed  among  the 
tribe.  A  contribution  from  the  Rev.  W.  C. 
Willoughby,  a  local  correspondent,  relates 
to  the  totemism  of  the  Becwana  tribes  ;  and 
the  fifth,  by  Mr.  Torday  and  Mr.  T.  A.  Joyce, 
is  on  the  ethnography  of  the  Ba-mbala,  a 
Bantu  tribe  hitherto  little  known.  These 
several  collections  form  an  important  addi- 
tion to  our  knowledge  of  the  native  tribes. 

Other  articles  are  by  Mr.  Ling  Roth  on 
tatix  in  the  Society  Islands  ;  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang  on  the  primitive  and  the  advanced  in 
totemism  ;  and  Mr.  S.  H.  Warren  on  the 
■origin  of  "  eolithic  "  flints  by  natural  causes, 
especially  by  the  foundering  of  drifts.  The 
'  Miscellanea  '  include  a  notice  of  Mr.  C.  V. 
Hart  man's  archaeological  researches  in  Costa 
Rica. 

In  Folk-lore  for  June  Mr.  A.  W.  Howitt 
answers  the  criticisms  of  Mr.  Andrew  Lang 
on  his  'Native  Tribes  of  South-East  Aus- 
tralia,' and  concludes  that  the  classificatory 
terms  of  relationship  show  that  the  ancestors 
of  those  tribes  were  at  one  time  in  the  status 
of  group-marriage.  Mr.  A.  B.  Cook  pursues 
his  researches  into  the  European  belief  in  a 
sky-god,  continuing  his  observations  on  the 
Celtic  form  of  that  belief.  Mr.  A.  T.  Craw- 
ford Cree  speculates  on  the  significance  of  the 
inversion  of  the  knees  and  feet  of  certain 
mythical  beings.  Among  the  collectanea 
are  contributions  to  Cairene  folk-lore  by 
Prof.  Sayce. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  M. 
Louis  Edouard  Stanislas  Piette,  which  took 
place  at  Rumigny,  on  June  5th,  in  his 
-eightieth  year.  Many  of  his  contributions  to 
prehistoric  archaeology  have  been  noted  here. 
He  was  a  magistrate,  an  officer  of  public 
instruction,  honorary  president  of  the  Pre- 


historic Society  of  France,  laureate  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  of  the  Academy  of 
Inscriptions,  and  honorary  member  of  many 
learned  societies  in  France  andothercountries. 
The  Congress  of  the  Institut  International 
de  Sociologie,  held  at  the  University  of 
London  in  the  first  week  of  July,  under  the 
presidency  of  M.  Levasseur,  was  very 
successful.  The  subject  prescribed  for  dis- 
cussion was  that  of  les  luttes  societies. 
By  this  means  desultory  discussion  was 
avoided  ;  while  the  subject  itself  was  suffi- 
ciently comprehensive  to  allow  of  its  being 
dealt  with  from  many  diverse  points  of  view. 
The  members  were  welcomed  by  Lord 
Avebury,  as  President  of  the  Sociological 
Society  ;  and  among  the  readers  of  papers 
were  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  and  Dr.  C.  S. 
Loch. 


SOCIETIES. 
-July  2.— Prof.    S. 


Faraday.—  July  2.— Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson 
the  chair.— Prof.  K.  Birkeland,  of  the  University 
of  Christiania,  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Oxidation  of 
Atmospheric  Nitrogen  in  Electric  Arcs ' — Dr. 
Eugene  Haanel,  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior, 
Ottawa,  presented  a  '  Preliminary  Report  en  the 
Experiments  made  at  Saulte  Ste.  Marie,  under 
Government  Auspices,  on  the  Smell  ing  of  Canadian 
Iron  Ores  by  the  Electro-Thermic  Process.'— A 
paper  on  '  Electrolysis  of  Dilute  Solutions  of  Acids 
and  Alkalis  at  Low  Potentials  :  Dissolving  of 
Platinum  at  the  Anode  by  a  Direct  Current,'  by 
Dr.  (k  Senter  was  taken  as  read. 


%timtt  (gossip. 

Next  week  we  shall  publish  the  first  of 
two  articles  on  '  '  La  Precision  des  Lois 
Physiques  '  by  the  well-known  physicist?  M. 
Charles  E.  Guye,  of  Geneva. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Lock's  '  Recent  Advances  in 
the  Study  of  Variation,  Heredity,  and 
Evolution  '  is  one  of  Mr.  Murray's  interest- 
ing announcements.  The  author's  object 
is  to  describe  the  connexion  between  the 
new  science  of  genetics  and  such  develop- 
ments of  Darwinism  as  the  work  of  Mendel. 
The  Edinburgh  University  Court  have 
appointed  Dr.  W.  G.  Smith  to  the  recently 
instituted  George  Combe  Lectureship  in 
General  and  Experimental  Psychology.  Dr. 
Smith  is  a  graduate  of  Edinburgh,  and [through 
his  appointment  vacates  the  position  of 
Assistant  Lecturer  and  Senior  Demonstrator 
in  Physiology  and  Lecturer  in  Experimental 
Psychology  at  Liverpool  University. 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  following 
Parliamentary  Papers  :  Part  II.  of  the 
Annual  Report  of  the  Fishery  Board  for 
Scotland  - —  Report  on  Salmon  Fisheries 
(Is.  l^d.)  ;  and  Report  of  the  Government 
Laboratory  for  the  Year  ended  March  31st 
(3d.). 

Dr.  Sven  Hedin,  who  is  now  on  his  way 
to  the  Karakoram  Pass,  announced  before 
he  left  India  that  one  of  his  main  objects 
was  to  set  at  rest  the  question  of  the  sup- 
posed existence  of  a  great  snowy  range  north 
of  the  lake  region.  He  intended  to  enter 
the  region  in  which  such  a  range  mey  be 
situated  from  the  side  of  Chinese  Turkistan. 
Dr.  Sven  Hedin's  views  do  not  appear  to 
bo  shared  by  the  Survey  of  India  Depart- 
ment. Col.  Bnrrard  in  a  recent  lecture  on 
exploration  in  Tibet  expressed  the  following 
view  :  "  We  have  now  got  out  of  exploration 
all  that  it  can  give  us,  and  our  knowledge 
of  the  country  will  not  advance  further  until 
we  undertake  systematic  surveyB."  The 
only  region  left  for  useful  exploration,  as 
Col.  Burrard  correctly  says,  is  "the  wild 
country  lying  towards  Burma  and  China. 
That  the  Sang-po  of  Tibet  falls  into  the  Brah- 


maputra is  a  fact  conclusively  established  ; 
but  the  upper  courses  of  the  great  rivers  of 
Burma  and  Siam  are  still  unknown." 

Prof.  G.  Muller,  of  Potsdam,  announces 
(Ast.  Nach.,  No.  4105)  the  discovery  of  a 
variable  star  in  the  constellation  Cassiopeia. 
In  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung  '  it  is  num- 
bered +  69°.  179,  and  registered  of  the  65 
magnitude,  which  is  about  its  normal 
brightness,  but  at  a  minimum  it  sinks  down 
to  7"7  :  the  whole  period  is  about  ld.  41'.  41m. 
In  a  general  list  it  will  be  reckoned  as  var. 
77,  1906,  Cassiopeia;.  Harvard  College 
Observatory  Circular  No.  117  also  announces 
a  new  variable  in  the  constellation  Sagit- 
tarius, which  is  numbered  -30°.  16169  in 
the  Cordoba  '  Durchmusterung.'  Its  varia- 
bility was  noticed  by  Mrs.  Fleming  from  an 
examination  of  a  large  number  of  recent 
plates,  the  variation  amounting  to  a  magni- 
tude in  a  period  of  little  more  than  two  days. 
The  normal  magnitude  is  about  8'8,  the  mini- 
mum about  lO'O.  This  star  will  be  reckoned 
as  var.  78,  1906,  Sagittarii. 

We  have  received  the  sixth  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  delict  Societd  degli 
Spettroscopisti  Italiani.  The  principal  paper 
is  a  note  by  Prof.  Bemporad  on  the  rate  of 
variation  of  the  solar  radiation  dining  the 
successive  phases  of  an  eclipse.  There  is 
also  a  description  (with  diagrams)  of  some 
previously  inedited  observations  of  the  solar 
chromosphere  and  protuberances  obtained  by 
the  late  Prof.  Tacchini  (founder  of  the 
Society)  in  1877  and  1878  at  Palermo,  with 
a  spectroscope  constructed  by  M.  Tauber 
at  Leipsic  under  the  direction  of  Zollner. 
The  diagrams  of  the  spectroscopical  images 
of  the  solar  limb  as  observed  at  Catania, 
Kalocsa,  Odessa,  Rome,  and  Zurich  are 
continued  to  June,  1904.  Prof.  Ricco, 
editor  of  the  Memorie,  is  assisted  by  Father 
Blaserna  and  Signor  Fergola. 


FINE   ARTS 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  :  a  Complete 
Dictionary  of  Contributors  and  their 
Work  from  its  Foundation  in  1769  to 
1904.  By  Algernon  Graves.  Vol.  VI. 
(H.  Graves  and  Bell  &  Sons.) 

With    this    instalment,     which    extends 
from  Oakes  to  Rymsdyk,  Mr.  Graves  and 
his   subscribers   have   the   satisfaction   of 
having  three-fourths  of  this  great  under- 
taking within  their  ken  ;    in  other  words, 
rather  more  than  126,000  entries  out  of  a 
probable  total  of  over  164,000  have  been 
printed  and  published,  the  average  number 
of  entries  per  volume  being  about  21,000. 
The  instalment  now  before  us  is  the  most 
important  of  the  work,  as  it  includes  the 
Reynolds     entries — and     Reynolds     is     a 
subject  on  which  Mr.   Graves  lias  prob- 
ably   more    knowledge     than    any    of  his 
critics.      Messrs.     Graves     and     Cronin's 
great  '  History  '  of  the  works  of  the  first 
President   of  the   Royal   Academy   is   so 
exhaustive   that  there  seems   very   little 
left    for  any   one  else   to   unearth.     One 
turns  to,   and  from,   the  Reynolds  entry 
in    this    'Complete    Dictionary'    with    a 
feeling  of  admiration,  for,  out  of  the  long 
list  of   anonymous   portraits   exhibited   at 
the  Royal   Academy  from    1769  to   1790, 
only    about    three    remain    unidentified. 
The  compiler   has   apparently   exhausted 
every    possible    source    of    information. 
There  are,  it  is  true,  a  good  many  "prob- 


80 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


ables,"  as  sporting  people  phrase  it ;  but 
the  identities  suggested  are  founded  on 
substantial  grounds.  If,  however,  we  feel 
unable  to  offer  any  serious  criticism  of 
the  Rejmolds  portion  of  this  dictionary, 
we  can  make  an  addition  to  Mr.  Graves's 
knowledge  concerning  one  of  Reynolds's 
pictures  now  in  the  National  Gallery — 
1  The  Holy  Family,'  painted  for  Macklin 
in  1788.  In  a  contemporary  life  of  Mrs. 
Sheridan,  forming  part  of  an  imperfect 
volume  of  biographies,  the  following  sen- 
tence occurs  : — 

"  Mrs.  Sheridan  was  persuaded  to  sit  to 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  as  a  model  for  the 
Virgin  Mary  when  he  undertook  to  design 
a  Holy  Family  ;  and  I  will  affirm  that  from 
the  day  of  Apelles  to  the  existing  moment 
there  never  was  a  face  more  suitable  to  the 
grand  idea,  or  more  eminently  fraught  with 
the  lineaments  of  sober  loveliness,"  &c. 

We  do  not  insist  upon  the  accuracy  of 
this  statement,  but  those  who  care  to  do 
so  may  compare  the  chief  figure  of  the 
picture  itself  with  the  acknowledged 
portraits  of  this  lovely  woman. 

The  new  volume  contains  an  unusual 
number  of  portrait  painters,  nearly  all  of 
whom  have  fallen  into  oblivion,  and 
whose  work  is  probably  now  ascribed  to 
one  or  other  of  the  half  a  dozen  men  who 
have  survived.  George  Place,  for  in- 
stance (son  of  a  linendraper  on  Essex 
Bridge,  Dublin,  and  a  pupil  of  F.  R. 
West),  exhibited  only  from  1791  to 
1797  ;  his  No.  931  in  the  Academy 
of  1797  is  stated  by  Mr.  Graves  to  be 
'  Baron  de  Medici,'  whilst  Anthony  Pasquin 
called  it  '  Major  de  Medico.'  Bryan 
accords  Place  seven  lines  only,  but  he 
must  have  been  an  expert  artist,  for  he 
secured  some  good  sitters — Sir  John 
Jervis,  Admiral  Buckner,  the  Margravine 
of  Anspach,  and  even  Wolcot  (Peter 
Pindar)  ;  the  numbers  of  some  of  his 
exhibits  in  1791-3  indicate  that  they 
must  have  been  in  oils.  Mr.  Graves 
classes  Alexander  Pope,  the  actor,  as  a 
miniaturist,  but  here,  again,  some  of  his 
exhibits  (particularly  those  from  1785  to 
1792,  and  even  later)  must  have  been  in 
oils  ;  he  continued  to  exhibit  until  1821 
(Bryan  says  he  was  exhibiting  "  from 
1790  to  1821  ";,  and  his  subjects  included 
Lord  Mayor  Boydell,  W.  Woodfall,  M. 
Bryan,  Miss  Siddons,  and  King  the  come- 
dian, ending  with  G.  Robins,  perhaps  the 
famous  auctioneer.  Pope's  wife,  who  after- 
wards married  Francis  Wheatley,  the 
artist,  was  also  an  artist,  and  exhibited 
under  the  name  of  Pope  from  1808  to 
1838  ;  she  painted  portraits  and  views, 
but  particularly  devoted  herself  to  flowers, 
executing  commissions  for  S.  Curtis,  of 
The  Botanical  Magazine.  Some  of  the 
botanical  names  of  her  pictures  as  printed 
in  the  Royal  Academy  catalogues,  and 
faithfully  reprinted  by  Mr.  Graves,  will  jar 
on  the  nerves  of  anyoneat  all  acquainted 
with  botany.  Abraham  Raimbach,  the 
engraver,  figures  here  as  a  miniaturist, 
a  point  about  which  he  is  silent  in  his 
'  Memoirs.'  David  Wilkie  Raimbach,  who 
exhibited  from  1843  to  1863,  and  Miss 
Raimbach,  who  exhibited  from  1835  to 
1855,   both  gained  distinction  as  minia- 


turists, and  were  presumably  children  of 
the  engraver  :  they  are  not  mentioned  in 
Bryan.  During  the  last  few  years  two 
other  members  of  the  Raimbach  family 
have  exhibited  miniatures  at  the  Academy. 
The  Plimers,  Andrew  and  Nathaniel,  are 
here  recorded,  but  together  they  do  not 
fill  a  page,  and  very  few  of  their  anony- 
mous portraits  have  been  identified.  Sir 
W.  C.  Ross's  miniatures  and  other  works 
occupy  nearly  eight  columns.  The  great 
miniature  authority  and  collector  Dr. 
J.  L.  Propert  figures  from  1870  to  1882  as 
an  etcher. 

In  this  volume,  as  in  those  which  pre- 
ceded it,  the  number  of  artists  who  in 
their  day  attained  considerable  eminence, 
but  are  now  forgotten,  or  very  nearly  so, 
is  large.  Where,  for  instance,  shall  we 
find  a  single  example  of  Archer  James 
Oliver,  A.R.A.,  who  was  (with  a  solitary 
exception)  represented  in  every  exhibition 
at  the  Academy  from  1791  to  1841,  and 
whose  studio  in  Bond  Street  for  many  years 
never  wanted  sitters  ?  We  know  from 
Bryan  that  in  the  later  years  of  his  career 
"  his  means  were  reduced,"  and  this  is 
mournfully  implied  by  his  various  resi- 
dences :  from  Upper  Berkeley  Street  in 
1824  he  went  to  No.  4,  London  Road, 
"  near  the  Obelisk  "  ;  then  to  Darlington 
Place,  Southwark  Bridge  ;  and  finally  to 
Blackfriars  Road — all  a  good  deal  less 
noisome  than  in  1906,  but  hardly  fashion- 
able quarters  even  seventy  or  eighty 
years  ago.  Again,  F.  Christopher  Pack, 
who  was  exhibiting  from  1786  to  1840  at 
irregular  intervals,  is  another  artist  who 
would  be  forgotten  but  for  a  few 
lines  in  Bryan,  where,  by  the  way,  the 
father  and  son  are  confused  :  it  was  the 
father,  a  Norwich  tradesman,  who  "  suf- 
fered some  losses."  Various  interesting 
particulars  about  Pack  are  given  in 
Anthony  Pasquin's  '  Authentic  History  of 
the  Artists  of  Ireland  '  (pp.  52-3),  where 
his  work  is  well  spoken  of  :  some  of  his 
portraits  are  yet  to  be  found  in  Norfolk. 
Bryan  says  he  was  "  last  heard  of  in  1796," 
but  at  the  Academy  of  1840  he  exhibited 
a  portrait  of  himself  "  painted  in  the  year 
1787,"  presumably  the  very  picture  which 
he  had  in  the  Academy  of  that  year, 
No.  48.  The  mention  of  Pasquin  (or,  to 
give  him  his  real  name,  John  Williams) 
reminds  us  that  he  himself,  one  of  the 
bitterest  critics  of  the  Academy,  was  also 
an  exhibitor  at  that  institution,  where  a 
picture  by  him  of  three  Indian  chiefs  was 
hung  in  1802.  In  admitting  it  the  Aca- 
demicians showed  great  magnanimity,  and 
Pasquin's  strictures  ceased.  Sir  John 
Dean  Paul,  the  banker,  is  another  name 
which  one  sees  in  this  book  with  surprise  ; 
he  is  not  in  Bryan,  and  yet  he  was  almost 
continuously  represented  at  the  Academy 
from  1802  to  1837.  He  was  the  father  of 
the  banker  whose  public  career  (with  that 
of  his  partners)  came  to  such  an  inglorious 
end  in  1856.  W.  Pickett,  who  was 
exhibiting  views  and  portraits  from  1792 
to  1820,  is  another  forgotten  artist ;  and 
the  same  may  almost  be  said  of  Quadal, 
whose  name,  however,  does  occur  in  Bryan  ; 
he  was  exhibiting  at  the  Academy  from 
1772  to  1793,  and  painted  wild  animals 


"  in  the  manner  of  Snyders  and  Redinger."" 
Pasquin  declared  that  Quadal  "  has  been* 
employed  by  more  sovereigns  and  tra- 
velled into  more  regions  than  any  other 
artist  living  "  ;  he  is  ranked  by  Mr.  Graves 
as  a  "  painter,"  but  he  was  also  an 
engraver,  and  his  No.  658  in  the  Academy 
of  1793,  '  Inside  of  a  Cowhouse,'  was 
probably  either  an  engraving  or  an?. 
etching. 

After  Reynolds,  the  two  most  pro- 
minent portrait  painters  recorded  in  this- 
volume  are  Thomas  Phillips,  whose 
exhibits  extended  from  1792  to  1846,  and 
H.  W.  Pickersgill,  whose  earliest  appear- 
ance was  in  the  Academy  of  1806,  his 
latest  being  in  1872 — honourable  records 
of  54  years  and  66  years  respectively. 
Several  of  Phillips's  portraits  are  now 
at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  the 
publication  of  this  volume  will  give  trie- 
Director  of  that  establishment  an  oppor- 
tunity of  correcting  and  amending  some 
of  the  entries  in  a  future  edition  of  the 
Catalogue.  The  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  for  instance,  is  described  in  the; 
current  edition  of  the  Catalogue  as 
"painted  in  1814,"  but  the  portrait  in 
the  Academy  of  that  year  was  "  painted 
for  the  Corporation  of  Boston,"  whilst  the 
N.P.G.  picture  of  Banks  as  President  of 
the  Royal  Society  was  exhibited  in  1809, 
Dr.  Buckland's  portrait  is  one  of  three 
which  Phillips  exhibited  at  the  Academy 
in  1830,  1832,  and  1842.  The  portrait  of 
Chantrey  is  probably  that  of  1818.  With 
regard  to  the  Pickersgill  portraits  in  the 
N.P.G. ,  that  of  Jeremy  Bentham  was  in 
the  Academy  of  1829,  and  was  apparently 
never  claimed  by  the  sitter,  as  it  was  in  the 
artist's  sale  in  July,  1875  ; .  that  of  George 
Stephenson  is  probably  the  R.A.  portrait 
of  1845,  in  which  the  surname  is  spelt 
"  Stevenson"  ;  and  the  Wordsworth  por- 
trait is  doubtless  that  of  the  1841  Aca- 
demy. 

The  work  of  two  Presidents  fall  within; 
the  limits  of  the  present  volume  :  Rey- 
nolds and  Sir  Edward  J.  Poynter.  The 
latter  first  exhibited  in  1861,  and  eight 
years  later  was  elected  an  A. R.A.  Raebum 
is  another  name  which  occurs  in  this 
volume,  but  his  exhibits  from  1792  to< 
1823  do  not  take  up  much  more  than  su. 
column.  James  Ramsay,  the  two  Pococks, 
David  Roberts,  Pettie,  John  Phillip,  the 
Reinagles,  and  John  Russell  are  among 
the  more  conspicuous  names  recorded  in 
this  volume,  and  the  temptation  to  linger 
over  some  of  these  entries  is  very  great. 
Russell's  '  Mr.  George  Spence '  of  1795 
was  "  one  of  those  tyrants  of  the  teeth, 
vulgarly  called  a  Dentist  "  ;  the  1791 
picture  of  '  A  Lady  and  Three  Children ' 
was  of  Mrs.  Wells,  the  actress,  and  her 
children  by  Edward  Topham  :  the  picture 
is  now  in  a  well-known  private  collection 
in  London.  In  glancing  over  the  Rigaud 
entries  we  notice  one  (R.A.  1786,  No.  11) 
of  '  Capt.  Joseph  Brandt,  alias  Thaye- 
adanegea  of  the  Mohawks  '  :  Romney 
had  painted  him  in  1776,  on  the  occasion 
of  his  first  visit  to  London. 

We  have  noticed  a  good  many  slight 
slips,  which  are  probably  the  fault  not  of 
Mr.  Graves,  but  of  the  compiler  of  the 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


81 


original  catalogues :  e.g.,  "  George  Pilotell" 
<p.  153)  should  be  Georges  Pilotelle  ;  and 
"Galval"  Cairn  (p.  104)  should  be 
-Gulval.  The  frontispiece  to  this  volume 
is  of  Sir  Francis  Grant,  the  sixth  President 
of  the  R.A. 


Modern  Bookbindings  :  their  Design  and 
Decoration.  By  S.  T.  Prideaux.  (Constable 
•&  Co.) — An  account  of  the  best  English 
•and  French  bookbinders  of  the  day,  written 
by  an  artist  of  Miss  Prideaux's  experience 
and  taste,  and  illustrated  by  fifty-four 
selected  examples  of  their  work,  is  a  book 
for  which  all  interested  in  the  subject  may  be 
grateful.  When  this  account  ceases  to  be 
mere  compte  rendu,  and  expands  into  criticism 
of  the  aims  and  methods  of  the  day,  the  value 
of  the  book  is  doubled,  and  the  only  objection 
to  it  that  can  be  raised  is  that,  none  of  the 
artist's  own  work  being  included,  it  is  in- 
complete as  a  representation  of  what  is  being 
done.  There  are  roughly  two  great  classes 
of  bookbindings :  those  in  which  the 
ornament  is  designed  to  bring  out  the  beauty 
of  the  leather  surface,  and  those  in  which 
the  leather  is  used  merely  as  a  convenient 
basis  for  ornament.  The  examples  chosen 
by  Miss  Prideaux  show  that  this  second 
class  is  the  more  popular  with  the  binders 
of  to-day.  And  this  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at,  the  tendency  of  the  majority  of  artists 
being  to  run  riot  in  mere  dexterity  of  work- 
manship. What  we  really  want  now,  in 
this  as  in  most  other  arts,  is  a  return  to  a 
grave  simplicity  of  style,  almost  to  an 
absence  of  any  decoration  beyond  (in  this 
case)  that  inherent  in  the  disposition  of  the 
lettering,  and  the  accentuation  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  cover,  the  labour  thus  dis- 
pensed with  being  more  usefully  spent  on 
perfecting  the  "  forwarding  "  of  the  book. 
Pictorial  designs  on  the  covers  belong  to  the 
same  region  of  taste  as  the  drawing-room- 
table  book  ;  and  the  idea  of  putting  a 
painting  on  a  book-cover,  and  then  pro- 
tecting it  with  a  translucent  material,  is 
altogether  opposed  to  our  notion  of  what 
a  book  should  be.  A  very  interesting  section 
is  that  illustrating  the  work  done  by  women, 
and,  as  might  be  expected  from  their  teachers] 
the  work  strikes  one  as  among  the  best 
shown.  We  regret  that  Miss  Prideaux  did 
not  illustrate  some  of  the  remarkable  bindings 
-designed  by  Mr.  Ricketts  and  executed  by 
Zaehnsdorf  and  others.  The  section  on 
French  binding  introduces  English  amateurs 
;to  some  of  the  younger  school  of  Parisian 
bookbinders.  Tradition  is  so  strong  in  this 
art  there  that  the  revolt  is  accentuated,  and 
in  our  judgment,  goes  far  beyond  admissible 
limits.  The  skill  shown  is  amazing,  but  the 
result  is  deplorable.  A  suggestive  paper  on 
Edition  Binding,'  reprinted  from  The 
Printing  Art,  closes  a  very  instructive  book. 
j  It  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  who 
takes  an  interest  in  the  subject.  If  people 
who  like  books  and  wish  them  well  boimd 
:  would  only  realize  the  importance  of  im- 
!  posing  to  some  extent  their  personal  taste 
;  on  their  bookbinders,  there  would  be  some 
i  hope  for  the  growth  of  the  art  in  this  country, 
i  An  educated  public  is  essential  to  the  con- 
tinued existence  of  any  good  art. 

;  -,-TDer  Junge  Diirer.  Drei  Studien  von  Werner 
Weisbach.     (Leipsic,  Hiersemann.)— In  three 
.  chapters,   which  cannot   fail   to   be   of   deep 
interest  to  students  of  Diirer,  Dr.  Weisbach 
discusses  every  work  which  has  been  reason- 
ably or  unreasonablyattributed  to  the  master, 
from  Ins  earliest  drawing,  his  own  portrait 
dated    1484,    to    the   period,    about   twenty 
i  years  later,  when  he  may  be  said  to  have 
|  reached    maturity   and    passed    the   experi- 
j  mental  stage.     No  exact  date  is  fixed  for 


the  termination  of  the  study ;  but  whether 
Dr.  Weisbach  deals  with  pictures,  engravings, 
woodcuts,  or  drawings,  we  find  him,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  adopting  1503,  Diirer's 
thirty-second  year,  as  the  limit  of  youth. 
He  enters  into  no  detailed  criticism  of  the 
masterpieces  of  1504 — the  '  Adoration  of  the 
Kings  '  in  the  Uffizi,  the  '  Adam  and  Eve,' 
the  '  Life  of  the  Virgin  '  ;  the  '  Green  Passion' 
is  not  mentioned.  In  drawing  the  great 
change  comes  when  Diirer  sets  himself  to 
grapple  seriously  with  the  problems  of 
perspective  and  proportion. 

The  first  chapter  is  devoted   to   Diirer's 
relation    to    German    art    of    the    fifteenth 
century,  the  second  to  his  attitude  towards 
Italian  art  and  the  antique,  the  third  to  the 
period  of  Sturm  und  Drang  which  ensued 
upon  his  return  from  his  first  visit  to  Italy. 
The  belief  that  such  a  visit  took  place  is 
based  on  strong  evidence,  and  is  now  almost 
universally  held,  the  journey  being  regarded 
no  longer  as  an  episode  of  the  Wander  jahre, 
but  as  a  separate  enterpiise  of  the  winter  of 
1494-5,  following  Diirer's  marriage  and  his 
establishment  as  an  independent  master  at 
Nuremberg.     The  author's   construction   of 
Diirer's  biography  during  the    Wanderjahre 
themselves   will  have  been  anticipated   by 
those     who     know    his     previous    writings. 
Dr.  Weisbach  is  still,  as  he  was  ten  years 
ago,  the  most  determined  opponent  of  the 
theory  that  Diirer's  residence  at  Basle  was 
prolonged  from   1492  to   1494,  and  that  he 
spent  those  years  not  only  in  painting  and 
in  acquiring  the  art  of  engraving  on  copper, 
but  also  in  producing  a  very  large  number 
of  illustrations  to    '  Der  Ritter  von  Turn,' 
Brant's  '  Narrenschiff,'  and  other  books,  in 
addition  to  the  unpublished  woodcuts  and 
drawings  on  the  woodblock  for  a  projected 
edition  of  Terence,   which  are  now  in  the 
Basle  Museum.     Though,  that  theory,   pro- 
pounded by  Dr.  Daniel  Burckhardt,  has  to 
some  extent  been  gaining  ground,  we  believe 
that  Dr.  Weisbach  is  right  in  contesting  it. 
We  have  enough  knowledge  of  Diirer's  early 
drawings  to  trace  a  consistent  development 
in  his  art  without  the  interpolation  of  this 
great   mass    of    illustrations.     The    illustra- 
tions   themselves    have    no    appearance    of 
being  the  work  of  a  young  and  experimental 
artist  ;     they    seem     rather     to    betray    a 
practised  hand,  used  to  the  routine  of  the 
trade.     Such   resemblance   to    the   work   of 
Diirer   as  may,   we   admit,   be  detected  in 
them,  can  be  explained  by  the  influence  of 
Schongauer  upon  both  artists  in  common. 
However    tempted    we    may    have    felt,    at 
times,     to     claim    the      '  Narrenschiff  '     for 
Diirer,  we  still  resist  the  temptation  on  re- 
considering   the    evidence.     The    dates    are 
all  against  the   attribution.     Diirer  is  sup- 
posed to  have  left  Basle,  at  the  latest,  in 
1494,    but    illustrations   in    the   same   style 
go     on     appearing     there — in     diminishing 
numbers,  it  is  true,  and  of  inferior  merit — 
till   1499.     Diirer  meanwhile  has  been  pro- 
ducing    his     magnificent     woodcuts  —  the 
'  Apocalypse  '   set  and  others  of  the  same 
calibre — at    Nuremberg.     Then,    when    the 
style  dies  out  at  Basle,  it  reappears,  as  Dr. 
Friedliinder    has    observed,    at   Nuremberg, 
but  in   a   work   which   cannot   possibly   be 
Diirer's,   the   '  Revelations  of   St.   Bridget.' 
That  is  the  one  book  in  which  we  can  find 
a  definite  influence  of  the  anonymous  Basle 
master  ;    in  the  Celtes  books  we  seek  for  it 
in  vain,  except,  perhaps,  in  the  two  '  Ros- 
witha  '   cuts  which  Dr.  Weisbach  will  not 
give  to  Diirer,  though  a  definite  sketch  by 
his   hand   for   one    of    them    exists.      That 
does  not,  after  all,  necessarily  prove  that  he 
drew  the  finished  composition  on  the  block. 
The  evidence,  lastly,  that  Diirer  in  1494  was 
studying   under   some   unknown   master    at 
Strassburg,  not  at  Basle,  is  too  strong  to  be 


set  aside  by  Dr.  Burckhardt's  far-fetched 
emendation  of  the  inscriptions  recorded  in  the 
Imhof  inventory.  That  Diirer  was  at  Basle 
in  1492  and  designed  one  woodcut  for  a 
Basle  publisher  is  certain  ;  that  he  drew  the 
Hamburg  '  Lovers  '  at  Basle  is  probable  ; 
his  portrait  of  1493  may  have  been  painted 
at  Basle,  and  there  is  a  woodcut  of  that  year 
(not  mentioned  in  the  book)  which  may  be 
another  Basle  work  of  Diirer's  ;  but  these 
few  performances  give  us  no  more  warrant 
than  do  the  remaining  certain  drawings  and 
woodcuts  of  Diirer's  youth  for  making  this 
immense  addition  to  his  work. 

To  return  for  a  moment  to  the  '  St.  Bridget,' 
we  are  not  inclined  to  accept  Dr.  Weisbach's 
construction  of  a  group  of  works  by  the  same 
hand  (p.  79).  No.  3  may  pass,  but  we  are 
unwilling  to  admit  that  No.  1  and  No.  2 
are  by  the  same  artist,  or  that  either  is  by 
the  same  hand  as  the  '  St.  Bridget '  illustra- 
tions. In  the  specimens  reproduced  from 
No.  1  (an  incomplete  Passion  on  wood)  and 
No.  2  (a  series  of  seven  drawings  of  the  life 
of  St.  Benedict,  wrongly,  no  doubt,  attri- 
buted to  Traut)  there  are  two  points  of 
resemblance,  a  curly  head  and  a  curious  hat, 
but  a  host  of  differences.  If  the  whole  of 
the  two  sets  could  be  compared,  the  differences 
would  be  overwhelming.  The  drawings  are 
by  a  Nuremberg  artist ;  the  fact  that  the 
arms  of  Geuschmid  and  Tetzel  occur  upon 
two  of  them  concurs  with  the  evidence  of 
style  to  prove  this.  It  is  by  no  means  so 
clear  that  the  Passion  is  of  Nuremberg  origin. 
The  '  Crowning  with  Thorns,'  which  is  com- 
mon, while  the  rest  of  the  series  is  excessively 
rare,  has  architecture  closely  allied  to  certain 
woodcuts  (especially  No.  11  of  Kautzsch's 
reproductions)  in  the  '  Ritter  von  Turn  '  ; 
and  the  long-nosed  ruffians,  one  of  whom 
appears  again  in  the  '  Bearing  of  the  Cross,' 
are  of  an  alien  type. 

We  are  less  in  sympathy  with  Dr.  Weisbach 
when  he  attempts  to  add  to  Diirer's  work 
on  wood  than  when  he  guards  it  on  other 
sides  from  intrusion.  He  has  suggested 
that  two  anonymous  illustrations — one  (p.  17) 
of  1489,  and  another  (p.  18)  of  about  the 
same  date — may  be  works  of  Diirer's  youth. 
The  first  is  insignificant  ;  the  second  is 
remarkable  and  spirited,  indeed,  but  Dr. 
Weisbach's  arguments  cannot  establish  more 
than  some  slight  probability  for  his  attribu- 
tion. A  much  more  important  work  is  the 
large  '  Crucifixion  '  reproduced  on  p.  76. 
We  should  be  inclined  to  attribute  it  to  a 
foreign  (North  Italian  ?)  artist  who  had  seen 
some  of  Diirer's  angels.  The  women  in  the 
group  beneath  the  Cross  are  as  unlike  Diirer 
as  anything  could  be  ;  and  how  could  ho 
have  drawn  this  St.  John  in  sandals  ?  The 
'  Temptation,'  '  Death  of  Judas,'  and  other 
subsidiary  scenes,  however  ordindr,  are  part 
of  the  original  design,  and  it  is  the  second 
state,  not  the  first,  that  they  lack. 

Without  filling  a  space  not  far  short  of 
Dr.  Weisbach's  95  pages  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  touch  upon  more  than  a  few  of 
the  interesting  questions  that  he  discusses. 
His  knowledge  of  the  Italian  Quattrocento 
makes  the  chapter  devoted  to  Diirer's 
relation  to  Italian  art  especially  valuable. 
He  minimizes  the  influence  of  Jacopo  de' 
Barbari  on  Diirer,  regarding  the  suppose! 
effect  of  the  Italian  artist's  engravings  on 
the  German  as  merely  a  phase  in  his  normal 
and  inevitable  development.  Both  alike 
owe  much  to  the  older  German  engravers. 
The  reproduction  and  discussion  of  Diirer's 
study  from  the  nude  in  the  Uffizi  are  valu- 
able ;  the  comparison  of  the  '  Hercules ' 
drawing  at  Darmstadt  with  Pollajuolo's 
picture  at  Newhaven  was  made  independ- 
ently by  a  recent  writer  in  The  Burlington 
Magazine.  It  is  interesting  to  find  the 
'  Virgin  with  the  Monkey  '  confronted  with 


82 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


Lorenzo  di  Credi's  Pistoja  altarpiece.  The 
book  contains,  among  many  illustrations  of 
great  interest,  the  first  reproduction  of  a 
drawing  recently  acquired  by  the  Berlin 
Museum,  in  which  the  subjects  of  two  early 
engravings  (B.  83  and  86)  occur  in  a  juxta- 
position so  surprising  that  the  hypothesis  of 
a  clever  imitation  or  forgery  by  an  early 
draughtsman  irresistibly  suggests  itself. 
We  should  not  expect  Diirer  to  prepare  in 
this  way  for  his  engravings,  but  his  studies 
for  some  much  later  plates  are  equally  dis- 
concerting, and  equally  hard  to  reject.  The 
approximation  to  his  penwork  is  exceedmgly 
close,  and  it  is  difficult  to  credit  an  imitator 
with  the  variations  in  certain  figures.  We 
are  glad  to  find  that  Dr.  Weisbach  does  full 
justice  to  the  important  early  drawing  at 
Oxford  recently  published  by  Mr.  Colvin. 
His  scepticism  with  regard  to  Mr.  G.  Mayer's 
'  Madonna  '  and  the  so-called  '  Behsanus  '  at 
Berlin  might  perhaps  more  fairly  apply  to 
the  overrated  landscape  drawing  at  Erlangen. 
His  criticism  of  the  early  pictures  is  always 
readable  and  generally  sound  ;  he  estimates 
at  its  true  value  the  interesting,  but  second- 
rate  portrait  belonging  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Hesse  which  passed  for  a  Diirer  at  the 
Dusseldorf  Exhibition.  His  attitude  through- 
out the  book  towards  Diirer's  real  or  sup- 
posed performances  is  calm  and  sensible, 
and  he  makes  no  attempt  to  be  original  at 
all  costs.  It  should  be  mentioned,  lastly, 
that  the  book  contains  a  valuable  appendix 
on  Nuremberg  illustrated  books  before  1500, 
and  an  index  specifying  in  detail  the  works 
by  Diirer  discussed  in  the  text. 


PHOTOGRAPHING    AT   THE    BRITISH 
MUSEUM. 

20  and  21,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 
I  bead  with  interest  and  satisfaction  Mr. 
Emery  Walker's  letter  in  your  issue  of 
July  7th,  concerning  the  new  fee  charged 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  for 
photographing  in  the  Museum  studio.  Mr. 
Walker,  whose  experience  of  photographing 
in  the  Museum  is  second  to  none,  is  evidently 
aware  of  the  hardship  thus  created  for  all 
those  who,  for  serious  purposes,  use  this 
studio  ;  but  while  he  laments  the  inability 
of  the  Museum  authorities  to  provide 
sufficient  room  for  all  those  anxious  to  avail 
themselves  in  this  way  of  the  Museum  trea- 
sures, he  omits  to  mention  that  this  new 
tax  falls  principally  on  the  very  class  which 
furnishes  the  Museum  daily  with  the  majority 
of  its  new  additions.  Publishers  are  an  easy 
butt  for  many,  and  as  they  are  few  in  number, 
they  are  the  victims  of  a  form  of  legal 
robbery  which  no  other  trade  would  tole- 
rate :  I  mean  the  tax  on  their  produce  in 
the  form  of  five  "  Duty  "  copies  which  the 
Government  extorts  in  return  for  copyright 
legislation  so  confused  and  unsatisfactory 
that  you  can  never  get  two  lawyers  to  agree 
on  the  meaning  of  any  particular  phase  of  it. 
We  pay  our  ordinary  taxes,  we  are  taxed 
over  and  above  any  other  class  in  the  way 
indicated,  and  now  we  are  to  be  taxed 
for  producing  the  very  goods  on  which  we 
are  again  to  be  taxed. 

I  would  ask  the  Trustees  whether  they 
consider  that  they  are  fulfilling  the  trust 
that  the  nation  has  reposed  in  them  by 
putting  an  impediment  in  the  way  of 
the  cheap  production  of  good  books.  In 
the  case  of  elaborately  illustrated  books, 
dependent  largely  on  the  reproduction  of 
material  which  can  nowhere  so  readily  be 
found  as  in  the  British  Museum,  the  charge 
is  entirely  prohibitive.  We  publishers  may 
be  few  in  number,  but  our  produce  is  at  least 
so  valuable  that  the  nation  demands  it  from 


us  imperatively  and — worse  luck  ! — gratuit- 
ously. I  therefore  appeal  to  the  Trustees 
to  give  to  all  publishers  an  exemption  from 
a  tax  which  may  be  justified  in  the  case  of 
an  experimenting  amateur,  but  is  oppressive 
and  even  destructive  when  levied  on  pub- 
lishers. 

Whether  we  have  means  to  retaliate  I 
cannot  say,  but  I  do  not  see  how  the  Museum 
authorities  could  prevent  us  from  using  an 
imprint  in  Timbuctoo  or  in  Heligoland,  to 
get  entirely  out  of  the  iniquitous  imposition 
of  "  Duty  "  copies.  If  we  did,  the  Trustees 
would  have  to  buy  our  expensive  books, 
and  we  should  probably  very  soon  recoup 
ourselves  for  paying  the  new  tax.  But  I 
hope  there  will  be  no  need  for  us  to 
resort  to  any  such  measures,  and  that  the 
Trustees  will  reconsider  the  matter,  and 
allow  such  exemptions  from  the  rules  which 
they  profess  to  be  forced  to  make  as  will 
remove  an  additional  hardship  on  a  class 
which  is  to-day  already  more  heavily 
burdened  than  any  other  class  in  the 
kingdom.  Wm.  Heinemann. 


SALES. 

The  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Paton  was 
sold  at  Christie's  last  Saturday.  Drawings  :  Sam 
Bough,  The  Pool  of  London,  199/.  W.  Hunt, 
May-Blossom  and  a  Bird's  Nest,  79/.  Pictures  : 
Sam  Bough,  It  was  within  a  Mile  of  Edinbro' 
Town,  525/.  A.  Fraser,  Ashford  Mill,  Derby- 
shire, 283/.  Barncluith  Well,  Clydesdale,  210/. 
W.  McTaggart,  Willie  Baird,  168/.  ;  Ailsa  Craig, 
from  White  Bay,  Cantyre,  252/.  ;  The  Ford,  157/. 
Erskine  Nicol,  An  Hour  with  a  Favourite  Author, 
252/.  Sir  L.  Alma  Tadema,  The  Torch  Dance, 
409/.  ;  In  the  Garden,  241/.  H.  Fantin-Latour, 
The  Idyll,  546/.  H.  Henner,  Solitude,  178/.  ; 
Head  of  a  Girl,  210/.  J.  Israels,  The  Young 
Mariners,  798/.  A.  T.  J.  Monticelli,  Cleopatra, 
283/.  P.  Sadee,  French  Fisherwomen  removing 
Wreckage  on  the  Coast,  120/. 

After  the  Paton  sale  J.  Neuhuys's  drawing 
Washing-Day  brought  78/. 

The  sale  of  engravings  on  Tuesday  was  note- 
worthy for  the  price  fetched  by  the  first  state  of 
Lady  Caroline  Montagu  as  Winter,  by  J.  R. 
Smith  after  Reynolds,  viz.  700/.  Other  engravings 
after  Reynolds  were  :  Duchess  of  Devonshire  and 
Daughter,  by  G.  Keating,  37/.  ;  Lady  Elizabeth 
Foster,  by  F.  Bartolozzi  (lot  41),  56/. ;  and  another 
example  (lot  42),  45/. 


3ftttt-3Ut  (iossip. 

Messrs.  J.  P.  Mendoza  held  at  their 
Gallery  last  Tuesday  a  private  view  of  water- 
colour  drawings,  by  Mr.  Sylvester  Stannard, 
of  '  The  Queen's  Wild  Garden  and  Woods 
round  Sandringham.' 

The  Spring  Salons  are  no  sooner  closed 
than  the  work  in  connexion  with  the  Salon 
d'Automne  is  begun.  The  various  days  for 
the  reception  of  exhibits  have  been  fixed. 
Pictures  will  be  received  on  September  10th, 
11th,  and  12th  ;  sculpture  on  the  13th  and 
14th  ;  whilst  the  entries  in  the  sections  of 
decorative  arts,  architecture,  drawings,  and 
engravings  will  be  received  on  the  15th. 
The  jury  of  the  musical  section  has  already 
finished  its  work  in  connexion  with  the 
autumn  Salon. 

Not  two  years  ago  we  noticed  (Novem- 
ber 12th,  1904)  the  death  of  Mr.  B.  T.  Bats- 
ford,  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-three.  Now 
we  regret  to  hoar  of  the  death  on  the  10th 
inst.  of  his  eldest  son,  Mr.  Bradley  Batsford, 
who  joined  him  in  the  business  in  the  sixties, 
and  had  lately  been  senior  partner,  working 
with  his  younger  brother,  Mr.  Herbert  Bats- 
ford,  the  third  son  of  B.  T.  Batsford,  the 
second  son  (Henry  George)  having  died  after 
eleven  years'  service  in  the  firm.     The  busi- 


ness will  be  continued  under  the  old  style 
(which  has  become  known  throughout  the 
world)  by  Mr.  Herbert  Batsford,  who  will 
be  assisted  by  his  nephew  Mr.  Harry  Bats- 
ford and  Mr.  Smith,  the  head  of  the  staff, 
both  of  whom  have  been  engaged  in  the- 
work  of  the  firm  for  many  years  past. 

Mb.  Murray  has  in  hand  '  The  Life  and 
Works  of  Vittorio  Carpaccio,'  by  the  late 
Prof.  Gustaf  Ludwig  and  Prof.  Pompeo 
Molmenti,  translated  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Hobart 
Cust  ;  and  a  new  "  three-colour  "  book, 
'  A  History  of  British  Water-Colour  Painting,' 
by  Mr.  H.  M.  Cundall,  which  should  be  useful 
for  reference. 

Mr.  W.  Roberts  is  contributing  to  The, 
National  Review  an  article  on  '  The  Ups  and 
Downs  of  Picture  Prices,'  based  on  some 
of  the  more  remarkable  fluctuations  of  the 
last  two  seasons  at  Messrs.  Christie's  sales  and 
elsewhere. 

Mr.  John  Lane  has  in  preparation  a  life 
of  Vincenzo  Foppa  (c.  1430-1516),  the  founder 
of  the  Early  Lombard  School.  This  book 
is  being  written  by  Miss  C.  Jocelyn  Ffoulkes 
and  the  Rev.  Roclolfo  Maiocchi,  of  Pavia. 
It  will  embody  the  results  of  the  most  recent 
and  exhaustive  research  in  Italian  archives, 
and  contain  reproductions  of  all  the  known 
works  of  this  rare  master. 

The  authors  wish  to  make  the  list  of  works 
as  complete  as  possible,  and  will  be  glad  to 
hear  from  any  collector  possessing  paintings 
or  drawings  by  Foppa  or  his  immediate 
followers.  The  period  of  his  activity  covers 
a  space  of  over  sixty  years — a  fact  only 
recently  discovered — so  that  some  of  his  late 
works  may  be  in  existence,  though  at  present 
unrecognized.  Should  paintings  of  this 
class  be  known  to  connoisseurs,  it  would 
greatly  facilitate  the  work  of  identification 
if  they  would  communicate  with  Miss 
Ffoulkes,  care  of  Mr.  John  Lane,  the  Bodley 
Head,  Vigo  Street,  W. 

Messrs.  Jack  will  produce  in  the  autumn 
some  booklets  of  famous  poems  printed  in  bold 
type  and  illustrated  by  well-known  artists 
of  to-day.  The  artistic  work  in  this  series 
will  be  rendered  in  the  full  colours  of  the 
originals,  a  feature  which  will  distinguish 
these  booklets  from  other  ventures  of  a 
similar  kind. 

An  exhibition  of  miniatures  is  being 
organized  in  Berlin,  to  be  opened  during  the 
coming  autumn.  It  will  be  universal  in 
scope,  and  we  hear  that  a  number  of  highly 
important  collections  will  be  laid  under 
contribution. 

Messrs.  Frederik  Muller  &  Co.,  of 
Amsterdam,  have  published  a  handsome 
volume  of  reproductions  of  the  pictures  by 
Dutch  masters  which  they  are  exhibiting 
in  connexion  with  the  tercentenary  of  Rem- 
brandt. Many  of  the  pictures  have  been 
lent  to  Messrs.  Muller  by  private  collectors, 
and  others  form  part  of  their  own  stock. 
Among  pictures  by  artists  of  note  we  observe 
a  fine  pair  of  portraits  by  Elias,  or  Pickenoy, 
whose  commercial  value  received  such  an 
impetus  during  the  season  which  closed  at 
Messrs.  Christie's  rooms  yesterday. 

The  British  Archaeological  Association 
begin  their  Sixty-Third  Annual  Congress  at 
Nottingham  on  Wednesday  next,  and  con- 
clude it  on  the  last  day  of  the  month. 


MUSIC 


Life  of  Richard  Wagner.     By  W.  Ashton 

Ellis.     Vol.  V.     (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
The   first   three  volumes  of  this   '  Life j 
were  announced  as  "  an  authorized  English 


N°  4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


83 


version  of  C.  F.  Glasenapp's  '  Das  Leben 
Richard  Wagner's.'  "  For  reasons,  how- 
ever, explained  in  the  preface  to  the  fourth 
volume,  those  words  were  omitted  from 
its  title  -  page ;  while  the  contents  of 
the  present  instalment  fully  account 
for  similar  absence.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  short  first  and  interesting 
chapter  concerning  '  A  Faust  Overture,' 
the  whole  of  the  volume  deals  with  the 
London  Philharmonic  season  of  1855,  for 
which  Wagner  was  engaged  as  conductor. 
Mr.  Ellis  not  only  gives  copious  extracts 
from  notices  in  prominent  papers,  but 
also  occupies  many  pages  in  showing  how 
little  faith  is  to  be  placed  in  Ferdinand 
Praeger's  '  Wagner  as  I  Knew  Him,' 
which  appeared  in  1892.  But  why  devote 
so  much  space  to  Praeger  and  his  book  % 
The  latter  is  out  of  print,  and  the  German 
'edition  has  long  been  withdrawn  by  the 
publishers,  Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel.  No 
reasonable  man  can  now  doubt  that 
Praeger  not  only  indulged  in  much  wild 
talk,  but  also  falsified  letters  written 
to  him  by  Wagner.  Surely  one  or  two 
glaring  instances  of  his  inaccuracy,  or 
worse,  would  have  been  sufficient.  Mr. 
Ellis  on  pp.  70-71  prints  Wagner's  first 
letter  to  Praeger,  and  side  by  side  the 
"  unblushing  parody  "  the  latter  gave  of 
it  in  his  book  ;  while  later  our  author 
states  that  Praeger,  in  the  German 
translation,  failed  to  give  Wagner's 
original  letter,  and  actually  offered  a 
translation  of  his  English  rendering, 
touched  up  here  and  there  in  order  to 
make  the  reader  believe  that  he  and 
Wagner  were  on  very  intimate  terms. 
This  expose  in  itself  shows  that  no  reliance 
can  be  placed  on  Praeger's  statements. 

The  extracts  from  notices  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic Concerts  may  amuse  and  astonish 
readers  who  know  only  by  hearsay  that 
the  criticisms  of  Wagner's  music  were 
unfavourable ;  but  in  many  instances 
they  might  have  been  curtailed.  Chorley 
and  Davison  were  certainly  prejudiced  in 
their  opinions  of  that  music ;  Mr.  Ellis, 
however,  considers  them  both  to  have 
been  "  honest  Britons."  Not  only  had 
they  both  strongly  felt  the  personal 
influence  of  Mendelssohn,  but  their  opposi- 
tion to  the  "  new  German  school  "  was 
not  altogether  surprising,  for  writers  were 
apt  to  speak  of  Wagner  and  Berlioz  "  with 
Liszt  as  hyphen,"  as  if  they  were  all 
pursuing  similar  aims.  We  know  now 
that  the  aims  of  all  three  were  different, 
also  that  Wagner's  art-work  is  supreme 
at  the  present  day.  But  there  are  two 
other  things  which  may  be  put  forward 
by  way  of  excuse  for  them.  First  of  all, 
the  performances  of  Wagner's  operas,  or 
of  excerpts  therefrom,  in  the  fifties  must, 
as  compared  with  what  we  now  hear,  have 
been  atrocious  ;  even  those  under  Wagner's 
direction  in  1855  must,  for  want  of 
proper  rehearsal,  have  been  more  or  less 
imperfect.  Then,  again,  the  '  Tannhauser  ' 
March,  when  first  given  in  London  (April 
15th,  1854)  by  the  Amateur  Musical 
■Society,  had  been  scored  by  some  one  from 
a  pianoforte  arrangement,  "  the  original 
score  and  parts  not  being'at  hand";  so  that 
the  first  impression  received  of  Wagner  as 


an  orchestral  writer  must  have  been  mis- 
leading. It  is  easy  enough  to  laugh  now 
at  the  opinions  expressed  by  Chorley, 
Davison,  and  other  men  ;  but  after  all, 
when  one  greater  than  Wagner  appears  on 
the  musical  horizon,  the  critics  will  pro- 
bably not  show  to  better  advantage. 
Genius  is  ahead  of  its  age,  including  the 
critics  who  attempt  to  judge  it.  As  for 
Davison,  one  little  fact  will  speak  for 
his  honesty.  Though  prejudiced  against 
Wagner  as  man  and  musician,  he  remarks 
in  his  notice  of  the  performance  of  the 
'  Eroica '  at  the  first  Philharmonic  Con- 
cert that  "  Herr  Wagner  did  good  service 
by  recorrecting  one  of  the  late  conductor's 
'  corrections  '  " — that  correction  being  the 
alteration  of  harmony  in  the  famous 
passage  immediately  preceding  the  re- 
capitulation section  of  the  first  movement. 
This  specially  deserves  mention,  for  the 
late  Sir  George  Grove  in  his  excellent  book 
'  Beethoven  and  his  Nine  Symphonies  ' 
remarks  that  "  Wagner  and  Costa  are  said, 
though  it  is  incredible,  to  have  made  the 
second  violins  play  G."  Grove  could 
scarcely  credit  it  of  either,  but  there  seems 
no  reason  to  doubt  the  statement  of  an 
"  honest  Briton "  that  Costa  was  the 
culprit,  and  Wagner  the  corrector. 

Many  columns  could  be  filled  with 
pleasing,  and  at  times  pungent,  extracts 
from  this  fifth  volume.  The  Praeger 
pages  and  long  extracts  are  in  themselves 
highly  interesting.  They  will  appeal 
strongly  to  readers  who  can  easily  remem- 
ber some  of  the  persons  who  played  im- 
portant parts  in  Wagner's  "  Philharmonic  " 
drama,  and  especially  to  the  few  who 
actually  witnessed  it.  But  the  '  Life ' 
threatens  to  become  of  inordinate  length. 
In  the  preface  to  his  first  volume  Mr.  Ellis 
stated  that  "  I  expect  to  complete  the 
'  Life '  by  a  fourth  volume  in  1903." 
We  have  reached  1906,  and,  though  five 
volumes  have  appeared,  there  are  still 
twenty-eight  years  of  the  highest  import- 
ance to  be  passed  under  review. 

The  present  volume  contains  some 
valuable  '  Supplemental  Notes '  and  a 
capital  Index. 


JRusicsl  (gossip. 

Glitck's  '  Armide '  has  now  been  per- 
formed three  times  at  Covent  Garden,  and 
it  is  announced  for  Tuesday,  the  second 
of  the  last  four  nights  of  the  season. 
We  have  already  expressed  the  hope  that 
the  favourable  reception  accorded  to  it  will 
lead  to  the  introduction  of  other  operas  by 
the  composer.  So  far  as  we  are  aware,  the 
only  performance  of  '  Alceste  '  in  London 
was  the  one  given  by  the  students  of  the 
Royal  College  at  His  Majesty's  Theatre  last 
year  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Charles 
Stanford  ;  while  of  '  Iphigenie  en  Aulis  ' 
and  'Iphigenie  en  Tauride,'  only  the  latter 
has  been  heard  here,  but  not  since  Madame 
Tietjens  sang  in  it  at  Drury  Lane,  more  than 
thirty  years  ago.  With  most  musicians,  no 
doubt,  the  idea  prevails  that  Cluck's  art- 
work is  mainly  of  historical  interest,  and 
the  declaration  of  Wagner  that  Gluck  and 
Mozart — we  quote  from  Mr.  Ashton  Ellis's 
translation — "  serve  us  only  as  load -stars 
on  the  midnight  sea  of  operatic  music,   to 


point  the  way  to ....  an  all-effectual 
Dramatic  art,"  may  havehelped  to  strengthen 
that  idea. 

For  the  performance  of  Verdi's  '  Aida  ' 
at  Covent  Garden  last  Saturday  evening 
there  was  an  exceptionally  fine  cast — Mile. 
Destinn,  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn,  Signor 
Caruso,  Signor  Battistini,  and  M.  Journet, 
as  Aida,  Amneris,  Radames,  Amonasro, 
and  Ramfis  respectively — and  seldom  has 
such  a  glowing  rendering  of  Verdi's  master- 
piece been  given.  Signor  Campanini  con- 
ducted. 

Tuesday  evening  was  devoted  to  Mozart's 
'Don  Giovanni.'  That  the  work  is  performed 
at  all  is  matter  for  congratulation,  but  why 
is  it  not  given  more  in  accordance  with  the 
composer's  intentions  ?  Mile.  Destinn  was 
admirable  as  Donna  Anna,  while  Madame 
Agnes  Nicholls's  impersonation  of  Donna 
Elvira  was  both  able  and  earnest.  Signor 
Caruso  was  not  in  his  best  voice  ;  moreover 
he  sings  Mozart's  music  as  if  it  were  a  duty 
rather  than  a  pleasure.  M.  Gilibert,  as 
always,  proved  an  amusing  Mazetto.  Signor 
Battistini  was  a  good,  if  not  great  Don.  M. 
Messager  conducted.  The  encores  were 
disturbing.  Why  should  not  the  same 
respect  be  paid  to  Mozart  as  to  Wagner  ? 
What  would  be  thought  of  a  repetition  of 
"  Star  of  eve  "  in  '  Tannhauser,'  or  of  the 
"  Forge  "  song  in  '  Siegfried  '  ? 

Messrs.  Frank  Rendle  and  Neil 
Forsyth  have  again  made  arrangements 
with  the  Grand  Opera  Syndicate  and  the 
San  Carlo  Opera  Company  of  Naples  for 
an  eight  weeks'  season  of  grand  opera  in 
Italian,  beginning  on  October  4th.  Special 
engagements  have  been  made  with  Madame 
Melba  and  Madame  Giachetti  ;  the  company 
will  also  be  further  strengthened  by  distin- 
guished artists  from  the  leading  opera- 
houses  in  Italy.  This  will  be  welcome  news 
to  opera-goers,  whose  number  is  certainly 
on  the  increase.  The  interesting  repertory 
includes  '  Don  Giovanni  '  ;  Verdi's  '  Ballo 
in  Maschera,'  '  Traviata,'  and  '  Aida  '  ; 
'  Faust  '  and  '  Carmen  '  ;  Ponchielli's  '  Gio- 
conda,'  and  Boito's  '  Mefistofele  '  ;  while 
Puccini  will  be  represented  by  his  '  Tosca  ' 
and  '  Madama  Butterfly  '  ;  Umberto  Gior- 
dano by  '  Andrea  Chenier  '  and  '  Fedora  '  ; 
and  Alfredo  Catalani  (who  died  in  1893) 
by  '  Lorelei,'  produced  at  Turin  in  1890. 
The  orchestra  will  again  be  under  the  able 
direction  of  Signor  Mugnone. 

During  its  fourth  season  (190G-7)  the 
London  Choral  Society  will  give  five  concerts, 
instead  of  the  usual  four.  Sir  Edward 
Elgar's  '  The  Kingdom  '  will  be  performed 
on  December  10th  ;  Enrico  Bossi's  oratorio 
'  Paradise  Lost '  will  be  produced  on  Febru- 
ary 4th,  and  Mr.  Dalhousie  Young's  setting 
of  'The  Blessed  Damozel  '  on  March  18th. 
The  choir  has  been  increased,  and  now 
numbers  300.  Enrico  Bossi  is  head  of  tho 
Liceo  Musicale  at  Bologna,  and  '  II  Paradiso 
Perduto  '  was  originally  produced  at  Augs- 
burg in  December,  1903.  The  English 
version  of  the  poem,  after  Milton,  by  I..  .\. 
Villains,  is  by  Miss  Florence  Hoare. 

The  Moody-Manners  Company  begin  an 
autumn  season  at  the  Lyric  Theatre  this 
evening  with  a  performance  of  '  Lohengrin.' 
Their  repertory  includes  '  Tannhauser,'  '  The 
Huguenots,'  and  '  Eugene  Oneghin.' 

The  Promenade  Concerts  at  Queen's 
Hall,  with  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood  as  con- 
ductor, begin  on  August  18th  and  end  on 
October  26th.  The  orchestral  novelties  by 
British  composers  include  works  by  Messrs. 
Vaughan  William-.  Norman  O'X.ill.  Gran- 
ville  Bantock,  J.  H.  Foulds,  George  Halford, 
and  Josef  Holbrooke.  The  foreign  novelties 
will   be  by  Arensky,  Blockx,  Boehe,  Boro- 


84 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


dine,  Bruneau,  Busoni,  Dorlay,  Enna, 
Fibich,  Gliere,  Henriques,  Liadoff,  Mous- 
sorgsky,  Petri,  and  Sibelius. 

In  connexion  with  the  University  Exten- 
sion Summer  Meeting  at  Cambridge,  '  The 
Messiah  '  will  be  performed  there  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  A.  H.  Mann,  with  24  voices 
and  33  instruments,  plus  pianoforte  and 
organ,  i.e.,  according  to  the  prospectus,  the 
same  number  as  Handel  had  when  he  con- 
ducted the  work. 

The  first  volume  of  a  complete  critical 
collection,  in  four  volumes,  of  '  Beethovens 
Brief  e  iind  Tagebuchblatter,'  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  Fritz  Prelinger,  of  Vienna, 
will  be  published  by  the  Viennese  firm  C.  W. 
Stern  this  month,  and  the  second  volume 
in  October.  Hitherto  many  of  the  letters 
of  the  composer  have  been  published  in- 
correctly, and  in  some  cases  portions  have 
been  omitted.  Three  of  the  volumes  of  the 
forthcoming  issue  will  contain  the  text  of 
the  letters  and  of  the  diary  leaves,  while 
the  fourth  will  comprise  critical  notes  and 
indexes  of  names  and  subjects. 

The  Bayreuth  Festival  is  announced  to 
begin  to-morrow  with  '  Tristan,'  which  will 
also  be  performed  July  31st,  August  5th, 
12th,  and  19th.  The  following  are  the  dates 
of  the  seven  performances  of  '  Parsifal  '  : 
July  23rd,  August  1st,  4th,  7th,  8th,  11th, 
and  20th.  The  dates  of  the  first  cycle  of 
the  '  Ring  '  are  July  25th-28th,  and  those 
of  the  second  August  14th- 17th.  The  con- 
ductors are  Dr.  Hans  Richter,  Dr.  Carl 
Muck,  and  Herren  Felix  Mottl,  Siegfried 
Wagner,  Michel  Balling,  and  Franz  Beidler. 

The  death  is  recorded,  at  the  ripe  age  of 
eighty-two,  of  Mr.  George  Mount,  who  was 
conductor  of  the  British  Orchestral  Society 
(formed  in  1872  and  dissolved  in  1875),  and 
afterwards  of  the  Amateur  Orchestral 
Society.  He  was  also  occasional  conductor 
of  the  Philharmonic  Concerts,  1884-7. 


PERFORMANCKS  NEXT   WEEK. 
Mom\— Thubs.    Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Mon.— Sat.    Moody-Manners  opera  Company,  8,  Lyric  Theatre. 


DRAMA 


dramatic  Sosatp. 

'  Petite  Peste,'  by  M.  Romain  Coolus, 
in  which  Madame  Marthe  Regnier  took  at 
the  New  Royalty  her  farewell  of  London, 
is  a  sufficiently  hardy  sketch  of  supposed 
Parisian  manners.  Originally  produced  at 
the  Paris  Vaudeville  on  January  13th,  1905, 
it  proved  during  rehearsal  so  free-and-easy 
as  to  shock  the  audience.  On  its  performance, 
accordingly,  a  more  conventional  termination 
was  substituted  for  that  at  first  provided, 
wherein  the  girl  heroine  rejected,  in  favour 
of  free  love,  the  offer  of  marriage  made  her 
by  a  suitor.  To  a  realism  which  is  of  the 
present  day  the  piece  unites  a  libertinage 
which  belongs  to  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
influence  of  which  is  felt  through  the  senti- 
ment with  which  the  whole  is  charged. 
The  petite  peste,  whose  curiously  altru- 
istic experiment  with  her  friend  and 
hostess  consists  in  winning  from  her  an 
objectionable  lover,  was  admirably  played 
by  Madame  Regnier.  Comprising  as  it  did 
M.  Luguet  and  Mile.  Berge,  the  cast  was 
satisfactory. 

'  La  Petite  Fonctionnaire  '  of  M.  Capus, 
which  has  already  been  seen  in  London, 
brought  back  on  Monday  M.  Felix  Galipaux 
and  Mile.  Jeanne  Thomassin.  Thanks  to 
an  excellent  interpretation,  the  piece,  though 
not  one  of  the  author's  best,  obtained  a 
warm  reception. 


'  The  Prince  Chap,'  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Peple, 
with  which  on  Monday  began  an  intercalary 
season  at  the  Criterion,  reaches  this  country 
with  a  reputation  from  America.  That  this 
should  bo  the  case  proves  the  possession  by 
our  Transatlantic  kinsfolk  of  a  keen  appetite 
for  sentimentality,  with  which  the  piece 
overflows.  So  far  as  regards  the  opening 
scenes  the  story  is  pretty  and  tender  enough. 
A  young  sculptor  undertakes  quasi-paternal 
responsibilities  to  Claudia,  a  five-year-old 
child.  As  she  grows  up  into  beautiful  and 
affectionate  womanhood  the  paternal  senti- 
ment changes  into  a  warmer  species  of  regard. 
This  is  all  the  story  that  has  to  be  told. 
So  long  as  the  girl  is  young  and  no  ele- 
ment of  passion  enters  into  their  relations, 
all  has  abundance  of  sweetness  and  grace. 
Nothing  can  be  more  charming  than  the 
humour  of  the  scenes  between  the  girl 
and  her  adopter,  unless  it  is  the  broad 
comedy  flirtations  between  a  grimy 
maidservant,  excellently  played  by  Miss 
Hilda  Trevelyan,  and  an  assistant  of  the 
sculptor.  Mr.  H.  R.  Roberts  resumes  the 
part  of  the  hero,  created  by  him  in  America, 
while  Miss  Betty  Green  and  Miss  Geraldine 
Wilson  are  delightful  as  the  heroine  in 
successive  stages  of  her  infantile  develop- 
ment. The  whole  is  simple  and  thin — too 
thin,  perhaps,  for  an  evening's  entertainment. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  Playhouse  Theatre, 
formerly  the  Avenue,  closed  in  consequence 
of  the  accident  to  the  Charing  Cross  Station, 
will  be  reopened  soon  after  the  end  of  the 
year  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Cyril 
Maude,  who  has  received  20,000Z.  by  way  of 
compensation  from  the  South-Eastern  and 
Chatham  Railway  Company. 

Among  plays  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
Arthur  Bourchier  is  an  adaptation  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Locke  of  his  successful  novel,  '  The 
Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne.' 

Mr.  Seymour  Hicks  is  arranging,  pre- 
sumably for  Christmas,  a  revival  of  '  Alice 
in  Wonderland,'  to  be  supported  by  children. 

'  The  Good  Old  Firm  '  is  the  title  of  a 
farcical  comedy  by  Mr.  Julian  Rochefort, 
to  be  produced  during  the  autumn  by  Mr. 
Edward  Terry. 

At  the  New  Theatre  during  next  month 
will  be  produced  '  Amasis,'  an  Egyptian 
play,  by  Messrs.  Frederick  Fenn  and  M.  P. 
Faraday. 

There  is  some  question  of  the  appearance 
at  the  Lyric  of  Miss  Constance  Collier  in 
'  A  Modern  Magdalen,'  a  play  founded  by 
Mr.  Haddon  Chambers  upon  the  '  Familie 
Jensen,'  produced  a  year  or  two  ago  in  New 
York. 


-J.  H.  M.- 

TO  CORRESPONDENTS.  - 

-J. 

L.— E.  W.- 

-J.  H.— 

Beceived.          E.  B.  R. — 

Have  written. 

H.  S. 

—Noted. 

INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Pace 

ARNOLD      

..       59 

Authors'  AGENTS 

..       58 

..       87 

Belt,  &  sons 

..       8-4 

Catalogues 

..       58 

Dent  &  co 

..       60 

Duckworth  &  Co. 

..       85 

Educational 

..       57 

Exhibitions 

..       57 

Heinehann 

..       88 

Hurst  &  Blackett   .. 

62 

Hutchinson  &  Co. 

..       62 

Longmans  &  Co. 

..      60 

Sampson  Low,  MARST0N 

& 

CO.     . . 

80 

68 

Methuen  &  Co. 

..       61 

Miscellaneous.. 

. .       58 

Murray 

..       59 

Nash        

..       60 

Newspaper  Agents  .. 

. .       58 

Notes  ami  Queries  .. 

..       86 

Provident  Institution! 

..       57 

Situations  Vacant     .. 

..      57 

situations  Wanted  .. 

. .       58 

Type-Writers,  &c.    .. 

. .       58 

Wellwood 

..       87 

MESSRS.  BELL'S 

NEW    EDUCATIONAL   WORKS'. 

Complete  Educational  Catalogue  sent  post  free  on 
application. 


NEW   Y0LUME    OF   MR.    ROGERS'S 
ARISTOPHANES. 

THE      BIRDS 

OF 

ARISTOPHANES. 

The  Greek  Text  Revised,  and  a  Metrical  Transla- 
tion on  Opposite  Pages,  together  with  Introduction* 
and  Commentary. 

By  BENJAMIN  BICKLEY  ROGERS,  M.A.. 

Fcap.  4to,  10s.  Qd. 

Also  ready. 

Vol.  V.  (containing  THE  FROGS,  and  THE 
ECCLESIAZUSAE),  15a.;  and  the  following; 
separate  plays  :  THE  THESMOPHORIAZUSAE,. 
Is.  M.;  THE  FROGS,  10s.  M.;  THE  ECCLE- 
SIAZUSAE, Is.  6d. 

' '  Must  long  be  the  standard  edition  of  Aristo- 
phanes for  English  readers  who,  while  not  pro- 
fessional scholars,  have  retained  affectionate- 
memories  of  their  youthful  exercises  in  ancient 
literature. " — A  thenceum. 


Crown  8vo,  READY  SHORTLY. 

JUNIOR  PRACTICAL  MATHEMATICS. 

By  W.  J.  STAINER,  B.A.Lond.,  Head  Master  of  the 
Municipal  Secondary  School,   York   Place,  Brighton. 
Complete,  2s.  6(7.  ;  or  in  2  Parts :  Part  I.  (consisting 
chiefly  of  ARITHMETIC  AND  ALGEBRA),  1*.  Gd.  ;. 
Part  II.  (GEOMETRY  AND  MENSURATION),  Is.  6<f. 
This    book    lias    been    designed    to   meet    the  needs  of 
preparatory  schools,   public  elementary  and    higher    ele- 
mentary schools,  and  the  lower  forms  of  secondary  schools. 
It  represents  an  attempt  to  correlate  the   studies  of  the 
pupils  in  the  various  branches  of  elementary  mathematics,, 
with  any  work  in  practical  weighing  and  measuring  which* 
they  may  be  afforded  an  opportunity  of  doing,  and  with  the- 
constructional  exercises  generally  known  as  Hand  and  Eye- 
Training. 

The  book  is  generally  in  accord  with  the  'Suggestions  for 
the  Consideration  of  Teachers,  &c.,'  recently  issued  by  the- 
Boarif  of  Education. 

Crown  8vo,  6s.  ;  or  Part  I.  (THE  STRAIGHT  LINE  ANI> 
CIRCLE),  2s.  Gd. 

ALGEBRAIC  GEOMETRY.  A  New 

Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytical  Conic  Sections.    By 
W.  M.  BAKER,  M.A. 


Crown  8vo,  Is.  Gd. 

A  FIRST  YEAR'S  COURSE   IN   PRAC- 
TICAL PHYSICS.    By  JAMES  SINCLAIR,  M.  A.Glas. 
B.Sc.Lond.,     Head    Science    Master     in     Shawlands-- 
Academy,  Glasgow. 
Contents: — Measurement    of    Length  —  Measurement    of 

Area — Measurement  of  Volume— Mass  and  Relative  Density 

— Pressure  of  Air,  &c. — Heat. 

Crown  8vo,  Is.  Gd. 

A    FRENCH    HISTORICAL    READER. 

Being  Short  Passages  giving  Episodes  from  French* 
History  arranged  as  a  First  Reader.  With  Illustra- 
tions, brief  Notes,  and  a  Vocabulary.  By  R.  N. 
ADAIR,  M.A.Oxon.,  Assistant  Master  at  St.  Paul's- 
Preparatory  School. 

Crown  8vo,  Is.  Gd. 

LATIN    UNSEENS.      Selected    and 

Arranged  by  E.  C.  MARCHANT,  M.A.,  Fellow  of 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  and  late  Classical  Master  at 
St.  Paul's  School.  [In  the  press. 

THIRD  EDITION,  ENLARGED,  WITH  FULL  KEY 
TO  ALL  THE  EXAMPLES.     Crown  8vo,  4s.  M. 

PRECIS  AND   PRECIS-WRITING.    By 

A.  W.  READY,  B.A.,  Author  of  'Essays  and   Essay 

Writing,'  &c. 
***  Copies    of    the    Second   Edition    may    still    be    had 
without  Key,  3s.  Gd.  :  and  in  future  the  Book  will  be  issued 
both  with  and  without  the  Key, 


NEW  VOLUME  OF  BELL'S  CLASSICAL 
TRANSLATIONS. 

HOMER.    ILIAD.    Books  III.  and   IY. 

Translated  by  E.  H.  BLAKENEY,  M.A.,  Head  Master 
of  the  King's  School,  Ely.     Is. 
V  Books   I.   and   II.,    Is!,  and  Book   XXIV.,  Is.,   have 
already  been  published,  and  other  Volumes  will  follow  at 
short  intervals. 

London:     GEORGE     BELL    &     SONS, 
Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 


N° 4108,  July  21,  1906  THE    ATHENAEUM 


85 


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86 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4108,  July  21,1906 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


GENERAL  INDEXES. 


THE  FOLLOWING  ARE  STILL  IN 

STOCK:— 

£      s.      d. 

^GENERAL  INDEX, 

FOURTH  SERIES   ..330 


-GENERAL  INDEX, 
SIXTH  SERIES 


0    6    0 


GENERAL  INDEX, 

SEVENTH  SERIES  ..060 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

EIGHTH  SERIES       ..060 

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College;  Roofs,  Structurally  Considered  (Students'  Column):  Com- 
petition Design  for  the  Peace  Palace  at  the  Hague ;  Church  of 
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NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— The  Author  of  «  A  Yorkshire  Tragedy  '—White  Family  of  Southwick— Signs  of  Old  London- 
Jean  d'Etcheberry— Jowett  of  Trinity  Hall  and  the  Epigram  on  his  "  Little  Garden"—"  Ikona/' 
South  African  Term— 'Piers  the  Plowman'— Fielding's  First  Marriage— "Arrival":  "Departure.  ' 

QUERIES -—Defoe  Tracts— Monumental  Brasses— "  Dish  of  turnips  "—Churches  and  Post  Cards- 
Genealogy— Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted— Henry  Paulett  St.  John,  R.N. —The  Three  Choirs— 
Catte  Street— Col.  Charles  Godfrey— Double-barrelled  Opera-Glasses— Darkness  in  London- 
Swift's  Concealment  of  his  Marriage— Pincushion  Sweet— P.  B. ,  Translator,  1708. 

REPLIES  :—  Cresset  Stones— "  Plew  "—Early  Latin-English-Basque  Dictionary  —  Right  to  Arms  — 
St.  Andrew's,  Antwerp  —  Floral  Emblems  of  Countries  —  Lafontaine's  Milkmaid  —  Houses  ot 
Historical  Interest—"  Rime"  v.  "  Rhyme  "—Christopher  Martin  and  the  Defence  of  St.  John's, 
Newfoundland— Royal  Arms  in  Churches— Miller  of  Hide  Hall— Ropes  used  at  Executions- 
Funeral  Invitations  in  Scotland  —  Samuel  Williams,  Draughtsman  —  '  Home,  Sweet  Home'— 
Santorin  and  St.  Irene— Xavier  de  Maistre's  Allusions— Wall  Family— "  Swerve  "—Chepstow 
Castle  and  Sir  Nicholas  Kemeys— Lieut. -General  Henry  Hawley— Bumey  Family— "  Duma  — 
"  0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be  ? "— Gatton  Inscription. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  A  New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles'—'  The  Sketch-Book.' 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  :— Mayflower  Pilgrims— Montaigne,  Webster,  and  Marston  —  "  Grangerizing"  —  Alphonso  : 
Haakon— Spanish  "  Soledadilla  "— "  Clever  "— W.  Stow  —  Shakespeare  Allusion  —  Versailles- 
Warwick  Punch  Bowl. 

QUERIES  :— Plus  and  Minus—'  Northamptonshire  Families  '—Lady  Hope  of  Kerse— '  Diary  of  an 
Invalid '— "  Hypocrite  "  —  Serbian-English  Dictionary  —  Literary  Pastimes  —  ' '  Paauw  —  Paul 
Braddon,  Topographical  Artist— Half-Married— St.  Edith— Literary  Allusions— Wathng  Street 
—Sun  and  Spirituality— "  Solidarity  of  the  human  race "— Bunsen  on  the  Vale  of  Y.°rk  — 
Mortimer  of  Trowbridge— Tadpole— Heraldic  Surname— Bell  Family  of  Annandale -Bishop  Island 
— "  0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be  ?  "—Clement's  Inn  Sundial— "  No  riches  from  Ins  little  store 
—"Red  ruin  "—Anglican  Clergymen— Earthquakes  in  Wales— Chalice  at  Leominster  Church. 

REPLIES  :— Hampshire  Booksellers  and  Printers— Kipling's  '  With  Scindia  to  Delhi  '—"Mother  of 
dead  dogs "— G.  J.  Holyoake  :  Special  Constables— Sir  William  H.  De  Lancey— Devon  Pro- 
vincialisms—Direction Post  v.  Signpost— Gordon :  the  Name  in  Russia— May  Light  and  Young 
Men's  Light— Gordon  House,  Kentish  Town— Eton  Swishing— Robert  Harley,  Earl  ot  Oxford- 
John,  Lord  Trevor— Clocks  with  Words  instead  of  Figures— Churchwardens'  Accounts— Cateaton 
Street— Daniel  Tuvill— Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England— "  Pightle  "  :  "  Pikle  —  Robert 
Wingfield's  Descendants  —  Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted—'  Sussex  Drinking- Song  —Pidgin 
English— Medical  Coroner— North  Sea  Bubble— Companies  of  Invalids— G.  Rossetti  s  Ire 
Ragionamenti '—Americans  in  English  Records— Goethe  :  "  Bells,  bugs,  and  Christianity. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Proverbs  and  Epigrams  of  John  Heywood '— '  Dramatic  Writings  of  Ulpiaji 
Fulwell '— Skeat's  '  Place-Names  of  Bedfordshire  '  —  Druitt's  '  Manual  of  Costume  '  —  Cotton  s 
'  Inscriptions  on  Tombs  in  Madras'—'  Trelawny's  Recollections.' 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
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NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENffilUM  ivill  contain 
Reviews  of  MARIE  EATS  A  GERMAN 
POMPADOUR,  and  HENRY  STURT'S 
IDOL  A  THEATRI. 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^U 


87 


WORKS    BY    WILLIAM    THYNNE    LYNN. 


TENTH  EDITION,  pries  Two  Shillings. 

CELESTIAL      MOTIONS 

A   Handy   Book   of  Astronomy. 

Tenth  Edition.     With  3  Plates. 

By    W.    T.    LYNN,    B.A.    F.R.A.S., 

Associate  of   King's   College,    London ;  Lay   Reader  in  the   Diocese  of   Southwark, 
Author  of  'Remarkable  Comets,'  'Remarkable  Eclipses,'   'Astronomy  for  the  Young,'  &c. 

"  Well  known  as  one  of  our  best  introductions  to  astronomy." — Chiardian. 


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REMARKABLE     COMETS: 

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Astronomy. 

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London  :  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
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REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES: 

A  Sketch  of  the  most  interesting  Circumstances  connected  with  the 
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By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London  :  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
SECOND  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo,  price  Fourpence. 

NEW  TESTAMENT   CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Kecorded  in  the  New  Testament,  arranged  under  their 

Probable  Respective  Dates. 

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and  a  Supplement  on  English  Versions. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"This  compendious  and  useful  little  work." — Guardian,  March  14,  1906. 


London :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 

ASTRONOMY    FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

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London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 


3 individuality 
in   7$ooks. 

The  Wellwood  Boohs  are  uncommercial 
boohs  made  on  the  principle  that  if  a 
thing  is  worth  doing  at  all  it  is  worth 
doing  the  best  one  hnows  how.  They 
are  not  a  "series."  Each  has  its  dis- 
tinctive and  appropriate  format.  Two 
will  be  ready  on  Monday,  July  16,  and 
can  be  obtained  from  any  Boohseller. 

(7)  A  BOOK  OF  ENGLISH  SONNETS. 
Imperial  16mo  (7\  by  5\),  parchment, 
with  a  simple  gold  design  by  Jeanie 
Turnbull.  Pp.  168  +  xx.  The  Edition  is- 
limited  to  535  copies  on  hand-made 
paper  at  12s.  6d.  net  (by  post,  12s.  I0d.), 
and  10  copies  on  Japanese  vellum  at 
£2  2s.  net.  The  printing  is  by  the 
Chiswich  Press,  in  an  exclusive  type 
designed  after  Froben,  an  early  printer 
of  Basle.  The  anthology  ranges  from 
Wyatt  and  Surrey  to  writers  of  the 
present  day,  and  contains  many  copy- 
right pieces  which  have  not  hitherto 
appeared  in  any  collection.  Among  the 
recent  and  living  poets  represented  are: 
Matthew  Arnold,  Mathifde  Blind,  Robert 
Buchanan,  Dr.  Richard  Garnett,  W.  E. 
Henley,  "Fiona  Macleod,"  A.  Mary  F. 
Robinson,  C.  G.  and  D.  G.  Rossetti,  J.  A. 
Symonds,  Oscar  Wilde,  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson, 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Blunt,  Mr.  Robert  Bridgesr 
Mr.  Austin  Dobson,  Mr.  Andrew  Lang, 
Mr.  Eugene  Lee-Hamilton,  Mrs.  Meynell, 
Mr.  John  Payne,  Mr.  Swinburne,  Mr. 
William  Watson,  Mr.  Watts-Dunton,  and 
many  others.  The  right  to  increase  the 
price  of  the  last  few  copies  is  reserved. 

(2)  ODES,  SONNETS,  AND  'LA  BELLE 
DAME  SANS  MERC/.'  By  John  Keats. 
Royal  16mo  {6%  by  5),  bound  in  antique 
grey  boards,  with  label  on  side.  Pp.  65. 
The  edition  is  500  copies  on  hand-made 
paper  at  3s.  6d.  net  {by  post,  3s.  9d.), 
and  15  copies  on  Japanese  vellum  at 
10s.  6d.  net  (by  post,  10s.  9d.).  Printed 
at  the  Ballantyne  Press,  in  Cas/on  old- 
face  type.  This  booh  will  appeal  to 
those  whose  experience  is  that  the 
pleasure  of  reading  beautiful  verse  is 
greatly  enhanced  when  the  paper  and 
printing  also  are  beautiful— and  simple. 

The  Publisher  will  be  pleased  to  send, 
post  free  to  all  who  ash  for  it,  a  Pro- 
spectus oj  these  boohs,  with  a  Specimen 
page  of  'A  Booh  of  English  Sonnets.' 
Each  booh  is  enclosed  in  a  case. 

S.  WELLWOOD  (Dept.  A),  34,  Strand,  London. 


$$ 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4108,  July  21,  1906 


MR.    HEINEMANN'S    EDUCATIONAL    LIST. 


THE  BEST  AND  CHEAPEST  EDITION 

MODERN    ENGLISH    LITERATURE. 

By  EDMUND  GOSSE,  M.A.  LL.D.     Demy  8vo,  72  Portraits,  price  7.*.  6d. 

"A  history  of  literature  accompanied  by  illustrations  is  almost  a  novelty.    The  portraits  increase  the  interest  of  the  book  both  for  the  dilettante  reader  and  for  the  academic 
student." — Birmingham  Post. 

THE  WORLD'S  HISTORY. 

A    SURVEY    OF    MAN'S    RECORD. 

Edited  by  Dr.  H.  F.  HELMOLT.     With  an  Introductory  Essay  by  the  Right.  Hon.  JAMES  BRYCE,  D.C.L.  LL.D.  F.R.S. 


To  be  completed  in  8  super-royal  Svo  vols.    With  many  Maps,  Coloured  Plates,  and  Black-and- White  Illustrations, 
V.  EASTERN  EUROPE— THE  SLAVS.  [October. 

To  be  folloived,  earl//  in  1907,  by  : — 
VI.  THE  TEUTON  AND  LATIN  RACES. 
VIII.  WESTERN  EUROPE  SINCE  1800— THE  ATLANTIC  OCEAN. 


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III.  AVESTERN  ASIA— AFRICA. 
IV.  THE  MEDITERRANEAN  NATIONS. 
VII.  WESTERN  EUROPE  TO  1800. 


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•placing;  them  within  the  reach  of  the  English-speaking  public  in  so  attractive  a  form In  this  comprehensive  work  we  do  not  know  which  to  admire  most— the  erudition  upon  which  it 

is  based,  the  broad  philosophical  standpoint  from  which  it  is  composed,  or  the  boldness  with  which  its  novel  conclusions  are  asserted We  are  certain  that  the  work  will  have  a  great 

effect  in  raising  the  standard  of  historic  study,  in  giving  it  a  proper  direction,  by  showing  how  necessary  the  knowledge  of  the  past  is  for  forming  a  judgment  upon  the  most  important 


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By  the  Rev.  THOMAS  HUGHES,  S.J. 

ALCUIN,  and  the  Rise  of  the  Christian  Schools. 

By  Prof.  ANDREW  P.  WEST,  Ph.D. 

FR0EBEL,  and  Education  by  Self- Activity. 

By  H.  CODRTHOPE  BOWEN,  M.A. 

ABELARD.  and  the  Origin  and  Early  History  of  Universities. 

By  Prof.  JULES  GABRIEL  COMPAYRE. 

HERBART  AND  THE  HERBARTIANS.   By  Charles  de  Garmo,  Ph.D. 
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MAIN  CURRENTS  IN  XIX.  CENTURY  LITERATURE. 


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SPANISH  LITERATURE.    By  J.  Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  Corresponding 

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Introduction  by  CLEMENT  SHORTER. 
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SELECTED  POEMS  OF  MATTHEW  ARNOLD.    2  vols. 

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The  School  for  Scandal— The  Rivals— The  Critic 

THE  WORKS  OF  SHAKESPEARE.    40  vols. 

Introductions  by  GEORGE  BRANDES,  Ph.D. 

Hamlet— Richard  III.— Twelfth  Night— Merchant  of  Venice— Macbeth— Coriolanus— Cymbeline— 
Romeo  and  Juliet—  \s  You  Like  It— Titus  Andronicus— Love's  Labour's  Lost— Trollus  and  Cressida— 
othello  King  bear-  Tempest— All's  Well  that  Ends  Well— Pericles— Julius  Ctesar— Henry  V.— Taming 
of  the  Shrew  Much  Ado  AUmt  Nothing— Henry  VI.,  Parts  l.,  II.,  and  III.— Antony  am  1  Cleopatra- 
King  John— Henry  IV.,  Parts  I.  and  II.  — Merrv  M'iusof  Windsor— Timon  of  Athens -Winter's  Tale 
—  Measure  for  Measure  Richard  1 1.  — Henry  V 1 1 1  -  Comedy  of  Errors— Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona— 
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THE  ATHENAEUM 

ftoxtrnal  of  CSnglisIj  mh  JTnrngn  Ititoato*,  Sbtmttt,  tlji>  Jfitu  %xl%,  $tttsit  atti  tb*  Drama* 


No.  4109. 


SATURDAY,  JULY  28,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


dsljtbitifltts. 


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The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  25!.  per  annum  for 
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tion. Inquiry  is  made  in  such  cases  by  Visiting  Committees,  and 
relief  is  awarded  in  accordance  with  the  merits  and  requirements  of 
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parti' -ipate  in  the  following  advantages  : — 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 

SECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
POI  KTH.  A  Cottage   in  the  Country   [Abbots   Langlov."  Hertford- 
shire) for  ageil  Members,   with  garden  produce,   coal,   and    medical 
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for  the  use  of    Members  and  their  families  for    holidays  or    during 

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(Eimcattonal. 


B 


RITISH    INSTITUTION     SCHOLARSHIP 

FUND. 

At  a  MEETING  of  the  TRUSTEES,  held  on  JULY  19,  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS of  50/.  a  year,  tenable  for  Two  Years,  were  awarded 

In  PAINTING  (General  Competition!  to 
FRANK  ERNEST  BERESFORD,  Royal  Academy  Schools, 
FRANCIS  E.  FITZ.IOHN  CRISP,  Royal  Academy  Schools. 
Competition  restricted  to  Schools  which  did  not  gain  a  Prize 

in  the  General  Competition,  to 
ELINOR  PROBY  ADAMS,  Slade  School. 
PERCY  GLEAVES,  Burslem  School  of  Art. 

In  SCULPTURE  to 
MAGGIE  RICHARDSON.  Royal  College  of  Art. 

In  ENGRAVING  to 
WILLIAM  AINSWORTH  WILDMAN,  Royal  College  of  Art. 

By  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES. 


u 


NIVERSITY      OF       BIRMINGHAM. 


FACULTY  OF  ARTS. 

Classics  -  Prof.     SONNENSCHEIN,     Mr.     CASPARI,     and     Mr 

CHAMBERS. 
English— Prof.  CHURTON  COLLINS  and  Mr.  MACMILLAN. 
German— Prof.  FIEDLER  and  Dr.  SANDBACH. 
French-Prof.  BEVENOT,  Monsieur  DEMEY,  and  (vacant). 
Philosophy— Prof.  MUIRHEAD  and  Miss  WODEHOUSE. 
History-Prof.  MASTERMAN  and  Miss  SEDGWICK. 
Education— Prof.  HUGHES. 
Music-Prof.  Sir  EDWARD  ELGAR. 

FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE. 

Mathematics— Prof.  HEATH,  Mr.    PREECE,    Mr.    McLAREN,   and 

Mr.  GRIFFITH. 
Physics-Prof.    POYNTING,    Mr.    SHAKESPEAR,    Dr.    BARLOW. 

and  Dr.  DENNING. 
Chemistry-Prof.  FRANKLAND,  Dr.   FINDLAY,    Dr.    McCOMBIE, 

Dr.  MURRAY,  and  Mr.  TINKLER. 
Zoology— Prof.  BRIDGE  and  Mr.  COLLINGE. 
Botany— Prof.  HILLHOUSE  and  Mr.  WEST. 
Geology  and  Geography— Prof.  LAPWORTH,  Dr.  GROOM,  and   Mr. 

RAW. 
Mechanical    Engineering  —  Prof.    BURST  ALL,    Mr.    PORTER,    Mr. 

HAZEL,  Mr.  GILL,  and  Mr.  SINCLAIR. 
Civil  Engineering-Prof.  DIXON,  Mr.  HUMMEL,  and  Mr.  BAIN. 
Electrical  Engineering-Prof.   KAPP,    Dr.    MORRIS,    Mr.    KIPPS, 

and  (vacant). 
Metallurgy— Prof.  TURNER,  Mr.  HUDSON,  and  Mr.  LEVY. 
Mining-Prof.  REDMAYNE,  Mr.  BORLASE,  and  Mr.  BRIGGS. 
Brewing— Prof.  BROWN,  Mr.  POPE,  and  Mr.  ROBOTTOM. 

FACULTY  OF  COMMERCE. 

Commerce— Prof.  ASHLEY. 
Finance— Prof.  KIRKALDY. 
Accounting— Prof.  DICKSEE. 
Commercial  Law— Mr.  TILLYARD. 
Spanish  and  Italian— Senor  DE  ARTEAGA. 

DEPARTMENT  FOR  TRAINING  OF 
TEACHERS. 

Prof.  HUGHES.  Miss  CLARK. 

Miss  JOYCE.  Miss  TAYLOR. 

Mr.  ROSCOE.  Miss  WARMINGTON. 

Mr.  MILLIGAN.  Miss  SOWERBUTTS. 

Mr.  BUTLER.  Miss  WALKER. 

Mr.  GRIFFIN.  Miss  COLLIE. 

The  SESSION  1906-7  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  1,  1906. 
.Ill  Courses  and  Degrees  are  open  t<i  both  Men  and  Women  Students. 
Graduates  and  Persons  who  have  passed  Degree  Examinations  of 
other  Universities  may,  after  Two  Years'  Study  or  Research,  take  a 
Master's  Degree. 

SYLLABUSES,  containing  full  information  as  to  University  Regula- 
tions, Lecture  and  Laboratory  Courses,  Scholarships.  &c,  will  be  sent 
on  application  to  the  SECRETARY  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY. 


QT.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

KJ  PADDINGTON,  W. 

(University  of   London.) 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  1. 

The  Medical  School  provides  complete  Courses  for  the  Medical 
Degrees  of  the  Universities  of  Lmdon,  Oxford.  Cambridge,  and 
Durham  ;  for  the  Diplomas  of  M.R.c.s..  L.  K.C.I'.;  and  for  the  Naval 
and  Military  Medical  Sen  ices. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  fM.B.Lon<U.  A  complete  Course 
of  chemistry.  Physics,  and  Biology,  under  recognized  Teachers  of  the 
University,  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  2. 

SIX  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  in  Natural  Science,  value 
145/.  to  52?.  His.  will  be  competed  for  on  SEPTEMBER  24-2.;. 

Calendar  and  full  particulars  on  application  to  the  DEAN. 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  S, shoi .Is  and  Tutors 
Gratis..  —  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (tree 
of  charge!  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  smith, 
Powell  &  SMITH,  School  Agents  [established  is:::;*.  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GAIilUTAS,  TlllllNG  4  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  as,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 


Nearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DoDD.  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


Situations  Harant. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF      GLASGOW. 


CHAIR  OF  GREEK. 

The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
will,  on  OCTOBER  4,  or  some  subsequent  date,  proceed  to  apiwint  a 
PROFESSOR  to  occupy  the  alxtve  Chair,  which  is  now  vacant. 

The  appointment  will  take  effect  as  from  OCTOBER  1,  1SI0S. 

The  normal  Salary  is  fixed  by  Ordinance  at  1,000/.  The  Chair  has  an 
Official  Residence  attached  to  it. 

The  appointment  is  made  ad  vitam  ant  culpam,  and  carries  with  it 
the  right  to  a  pension  on  conditions  prescribed  by  Ordinance. 

Each .  Applicant  should  lodge  with  the  undersigned,  who  will 
furnish  any  further  information  desired,  twenty  copies  of  his 
Application  and  twenty  copies  of  any  Testimonials  he  may  desire  to 
submit,  on  or  before  SEPTEMBER  22,  l!)(«i. 

ALAN   E.  CLAPPERTON, 
Secretary  of  the  Glasgow  University  Court. 

01,  West  Regent  Street,  Glasgow. 


u 


NIVERSITY      COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

(University  of  London.) 

The  COUNCIL  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in 
ANCIENT  HISTORY,  in  succession  to  the  late  Dr.  E.  S.  Shuckburgh. 

Applications,  together  with  such  Testimonials  (not  more  than  three 
copies),  and  such  other  evidence  of  fitness  for  the  post  as  Candidates- 
desire  to  submit,  must  reach  the  PRINCIPAL  not  later  than 
AUGUST  3.  WALTER  W.  SEToN,  Secretary. 

July  20,  1906. 


u 


NIVERSITY        OF        BIRMINGHAM. 


LECTURER  IN  ZOOLOGY. 

The  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
LECTURER  in  ZOOLOGY. 

Stipend  150/.  per  annum. 

Particulars  and  conditions  of  the  apjiointment  may  be  obtained  on 
application  to  the  Secretary. 

Applications,  giving  particulars  as  to  qualifications  and  experience, 
with  six  copies  of  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to  the  Secretary 
on  or  before  J  ULY  31,  1900. 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


THE  GOVERNMENT  of  CEYLON  require  a 
LECTURER  in  PHYSICS  and  a  LECTURER  in  CHEMISTRY 
for  the  COLOMBO  MEDICAL  AND  TECHNICAL  COLLEGES. 
Salary  of  each  ix.st  400!.,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  25/.  to  500/.  a 
year. 

The  Government  also  require  a  SCIENCE  MASTER  for  the 
ROYAL  COLLEGE.  COLOMBO,  to  teach  Chemistry  and  Physics  for 
London  University  Pass  Examinations,  including  the  Interme- 
diate B.Sc.    Salary  350 J.,  rising  to  4501.  by  annual  increments  of  2V. 

For  the  above  appointments  preference  will  l>e  given  to  Graduates 
in  Honours  of  any  British  University  under  the  age  of  35. 

Salaries  are  subject  to  a  deduction  of  4  per  cent,  as  contribution  to 

the  Willows'  and  Orphans'  Pension  Fund. 

Free  passages  to  the  Colony.  Leave  and  Pension  on  same  terms  as 
to  other  Officers  of  the  permanent  service. 

Applications  should  be  sent  before  AUGUST  15  to  the  ASSISTANT 
PRIVATE  SECRETARY,  Colonial  Office,  B.W..  and  envelopes  should 
)«■  marked  with  the  name  of  the  post  applied  for.  Copies  only  of 
Testimonials  mot  more  than  six'. 


POUNTY    BOROUGH  OF    HUDDERSFIELD 

\J  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 

Principal— J.  F.  HUDSON,  M  a  B  Be. 
LADY  LECTURER  in  ENGLISH  LAMM' ACE  and  LITERA- 
TURE REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  Musi  be petent to  con- 
duct (lasses  for  University  Examinations  and  the  Training  of 
Teachers.  Experience-essential.  Salary  i:«>/.  For  further  particulars 
apply  to                                                  THos.  THORP,  Secretary. 


c 


OUNTY    BOROUGH    OF     SUNDERLAND. 


BEDE  I  0LLEG1  LTE  BCHOOL 
WANTED,  to  begin  work  on  SEPTEMBER  n  NEXT:— 
(a|  two  FORM  m  LSTERS,  Oxford  oi  Cambridge  Men  preferred1, 

one  well  qualified  in  Mathematii  -.  the  other  in  English  Bubjei  is. 
(hi  A    EoRM  MISTRESS,  well  qualified  in  English 
,ei  TWO  ASSIST  \NT   MISTRESSES  for  the  PUPIL-TEACHERS' 

SECTION  ol  the  SCHOOL      Both  mud  have  had   general  teaching 

experience  and  be  thoroughly  competent  to  take  French  and  Latin. 

Ability  to  take  Drill  would  be  n  recommendation. 
Everv  candidate  inu-i  have  s  Degree    or.  In  the  case  of  a  Woman, 

Its  Oxford  oi  Cambridge  equivalent).     There  are  already  S7  Members 

ol  the  Pe'manenl  Staff  ol  the  School,  and  4  of  the  appointment*  now 

to  be  made  are  ne*  ones 
Siiim  according  to  Printed  Scale,  which,  with  Application  Form, 

mai  i"  obtained  on  sending  ■  stamped,  addrwaed  too'  i    p  envelope 

t.,  iii,    undersigned,  to  whom  Application  Forms,  v  hen  filled  up, 

should  be  returned. 

K.  w.  BRYERS    Ed  cation  Secretary. 
15,  John  Street,  Sunderland, 


90 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


K 


E    S    W    I    C    K 


8    C    H    0    0    L. 


Owing  to  the  acceptance  by  the  Rev.  Cecil  Grant  of  another  post, 
the  HEAD  MASTERSHIP  of  this  SCHOOL  will  he  VACANT  at 
CHRISTMAS. 

The  School  is  conducted  as  a  First-Grade  Boarding  and  Day  School 
(Dual)  for  Boys  and  Girls. 

Emoluments:— 120?.,  plus  Capitation  Grant  of  3/.  per  Scholar, 
together  with  House,  and  Hostel  for  24  Boys. 

The  School  is  one  of  those  from  which  Candidates  may  offer  them- 
selves for  Hastings  Exhibitions  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  J.  BROATCH,  Esq., 
Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Keswick,  to  whom  applications  must  be  sent 
on  a  Form  ito  lie  obtained  from  him)  not  later  than  SEPTEMBER  10. 
1906. 


D 


E     R     B     Y 


SCHOOL. 


The  GOVERNORS  of  DERBY  SCHOOL  invite  applications  for 
the  iKist  of  HKAI)  MASTER.  Graduate,  under  45  years  of  age. 
Guaranteed  Salary  500?. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in.  before  AUGUST  11,  to  WILLIAM 
CooPER.  Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Derby,  from  whom  copies  of  the 
Scheme  and  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


E 


SSEX       EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


ROMFORD  LOCAL  ADVISORY  SUB  COMMITTEE. 


WANTED,  to  commence  duties  after  the  Summer  Holidays,  a  fully 
qualified  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  above  School,  to  be  carried  on 
for  the  present  in  temporary  premises  in  Romford.  The  Lady 
appointed  must  be  a  Graduate  of  one  of  the  Universities  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  or  have  passed  an  Examination  equivalent  to  that 
for  any  such  Degree.  Salary  20iV.  per  annum,  with  two  annual 
increments  of  207.  each,  and  a  Capitation  Grant  of  1/.  upon  the  first 
SO  paying  Scholars,  and  10s.  for  each  paying  Scholar  after  that  number. 

Applications,  giving  full  particulars  as  to  qualification  and  expe- 
rience of  Secondary  School  Work,  accompanied  by  not  more  than 
three  Testimonials,  should  be  sent,  not  later  than  AUGUST  10;  to  me, 
the  undersigned.  J.  H.  NICHOLAS,  Secretary. 

County  Offices,  Chelmsford. 

"DIRKENHEAD  EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 


WANTED,  for  the  AUTUMN  TERM,  for  the  GIRLS  SECONDARY 
SCHOOL.  BIRKENHEAD.  TWO  FORM  MISTRESSES,  specially 
qualified  to  teach  two  of  the  Subjects  :  Latin.  Geography,  History. 
High  School  experience  or  Secondary  Training  essential,  and  a  Degree 
ilesirable.  Salary  100?.,  rising,  subject  to  satisfactory  service,  by 
annual  increments  of  57.,  to  a  maximum  of  P20?.  per  annum. 

Canvassing  Members  of  the  Committee  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification. 

For  Forms  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  by  AUGUST  1", 
endorsed  "  Secondary  School,"  apply  to 

ROBERT  T.  JONES,  Secretary. 

Education  Department.  Town  Hall.  Birkenhead. 
July  24,  1906. 


T 


HE  COUNTY  SCHOOL, 

ABERDARE,  SOUTH  WALES. 

An  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  is  REQUIRED  for  the  above  (Dual) 

SCHOOL.      Her  duties,  which  will  commence  on  SEPTEMBER  17 

NEXT,   will  be   to    undertake   General    Form  Work   and    a    little 

Elementary  Science. 

Commencing  Salary  100?.  per  annum. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  forwarded  as 
soon  as  possible  to  the  undersigned. 

W.  CHARLTON  COX,  M.A.,  Head  Master. 

FOREST  OF  DEAN  EDUCATION  AND 
LYDNEY  INSTITUTE  COMMITTEE. 
ART  DEPARTMENT. 
An  ASSISTANT  WANTED  in  the  above  Department,  which 
includes  School  of  Art,  Branch  Class,  and  Secondary  School  Art 
Work.  Salary  907.  per  annum-Applications,  stating  age,  qualifica- 
tions, with  Testimonials,  must  be  forwarded  to  Mr.  HOWARD 
HoWELLS,  Head  Master.  School  of  Art,  Lvdney,  Gloucestershire, 
not  later  than  AUGUST  8,  190S. 

R.  BEAUMONT  THOMAS.  Hon.  Sec. 


M 


ETROPOLITAN  BOROUUH  OF  HACKNEY. 


PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 

The  COTTNCTX  of  the  METROPOLITAN  BOROUGH  of 
HACKNEY  inritc  applications  fur  tin-  appointment  of  CHIEF 
LIBRARIAN,  at  an  inclusive  Salary  of  2507.  per  annum  rising  by 
annual  increment  S  of  207.  to  a  maximum  of  3507. 

Applicants  must  be  between  35  and  45  years  of  age,  and  have  had  at 
least  five  years' training  and  experience  in  a  large  Library— for  pre- 
ference a  Public   Library. 

The  person  appointed  "ill  be  required  to  give  security  in  an 
approved  Guarantee-  s,„  iety  in  a  sum  to  be  determined. 

Terms  and  Conditions  of  Appointment,  with  Form  of  Application, 
may  be  obtained  on  amplication   at   tbe   Town   Clerk's  Office,   Town 

Hall,   Ma.  kney. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  less  than  three  recent 
Testimonials,    to    be    scut     to    the     undersigned,    endorsed    "Chief 

Librarian,    not  later  than  AUGUST  21,  I, 

W.  A.  WILLIAMS.  Town  clerk. 


A 


Situations   WLanttb. 

N    ACTIVE    YOUNG     MAN    (23)   requires 

SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT Can  supply  good  references.— T„  Box  1070.  Athcna-uni  Press 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LADY    desires    post    as    LIBRARIAN    and 
SECRETARY  to  Private  Person  orSodety.    Has  considerable 

-in  Library  Work  ;  also  Type-Writing.  Qualified  to  t.a.b 
Pianoforteand  iSInging  ;is  proficient  Accompanist.  Excellent  Testi- 
monials.—D.  J.,  Box  1139,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


JHisttllatmms. 

WANT  HI),  as  READER  and  COMPANION, 
a  GENTLEMAN  of  Literarj  tastes,  to  travel  and  live  abroad : 
must  be  unmarried;  have  pleasanf  voice:  cultivated  and  conversa- 
tional- g,M..|  sailer;  and  aMe  (,,  ,  i,|,.  Highest  references  required. 
Liberal  Salary.-.!.  G„  Box  1134,  Atlieiutum  Press,  18,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


PARTNER  WANTED,  with  500/.  to  1,000/., 
for  PURCHASING  choice  and  valuable  BOOKS.  Outlay 
gradual.  Good  profits.  Experience  not  essential.  Well  educated 
man  preferred.— Address  K.  A.,  care  of  J.  W.  Yickers,  5,  Nicholas 
Lane,  E.C. 

ANY  ONE  who  has  influence  with  Americans 
in  directing  Purchases  of  important  Works  of  Art  from  Private 
Mansions  w ill  be  handsomely  remunerated.— Write  Box  2187,  Willings. 
125,  Strand. 


THE  ALBION  ALLIANCE,  of  19,  Lamb's 
Conduit  Street,  W.C..  is  prepared  to  CANYASS  on  COMMIS- 
SION for  ADVERTISEMENTS  in  a  HIGH-CLASS  PUBLICATION. 
Contracts  undertaken  for  all  Branches  of  Advertising.— Phone  2473 
Holborn. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Enoyolo- 
paedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or  non-resident  Secre- 
taryship. Classics,  French,  German,  Italian,  Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon. 
Special  Subjects  :  Mythology  and  Literature.  Varied  experience. — 
Miss  SELBY,  30,  Northumberland  Place,  Bayswater  (formerly  53, 
Talbot  Road.  W.I. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athentcuin  Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  Frencn.  Flemish,  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience. —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 

WANTED,  SIX  fine  old  CHIPPENDALE 
CHAIRS  with  Carved  Wheat-Ear  Backs.— Send  Photo  or  rough 
Sketch  with  price  to  CHIP  PEN  DALE,  care  of  S.  Thrower,  20,  Imperial 
Buildings.  Ludgate  Circus,  London,  E.C. 

/HOLDERS  GREEN 

CREMATORIUM,  N.W. 


Situated  in  extensive  and  well-laid-out  Grounds, 
about  half-an-hours  drive  from  Oxford  Circus. 

Large  Chapel,  with  two-manual  Organ,  available 
for  any  form  of  Funeral  Service  or  Ceremonial. 

Columbarium   and   Grounds  for  the  permanent 
deposit  of  Urns  and  Monuments. 
LESS  COSTLY  THAN  BURIAL. 

Illustrated  Descriptive  Booklet  post  free  on 
application  to  the  SECRETARY". 

Offices:    324,    REGENT    STREET,    W. 

(near  Queen's  Hall). 

Telephone:    1907   Gerrard. 
Telegrams  :  "  Crematorium,"  London. 


8 2pe-$Eri&ra,  &r. 

TYPE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  &c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

XJL  ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages'.  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duka  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

TYPE- WRITING.—  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type -Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


NORTHERN     NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 
KENDAL,  ENGLAND, 

Supplies  Editors  with  all  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 
from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts. 


NEWSPAPER  PROPERTIES 

BOUGHT,  SOLD,  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 
EVERY  REQUISITE. 
The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 
and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 
Full  particulars  from 
THE    IMPERIAL    NEWS    AGENCY, 
2  and  4,  Tudor  Street.  London,  E.C. 


JVuiljors'  &Qtntz. 

MR,  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing.  Newspaper 
Printing,  and  Stationery  Trades,  Partnerships  Arranged  balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.    All  Business 

sirriodoul  under  Mr    i„- ,'s  personal  supervision.    28,  20,  and  30, 

Paternoster    How,    E.C,    Secretary    to   the    Booksellers'   Provident 


rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

-I-  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  anil  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  34.  Paternoster  Row 


A  THEN^DM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

-t\-    FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athenmtm.  Notes  and  Queries  &c    is 

prepared  to  Sl'BMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK    NEWS 
and  PERIODICAL    PRINTING.— 18,  Bream's  Buildings.   Chancery 


E.C. 


Catalogues. 


BERTRAM  DOBELL, 

SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER, 

77,  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C. 
A  large    Stock    of    Old    and    Rare    Books  in   English  Literature, 
including  Poetry  and  the  Drama— Shakespearian,!— First  Editions  of 
Famous  Authors— Manuscripts— Illustrated  Books,  &c.  CATALOGUES 
free  on  application. 

GLAISHER'S        REMAINDER       BOOK 
CATALOGUE,  POST  FREE  ON  APPLICATION. 
Extensive  Purchases  of  Publishers'  Remainders  at  Greatly  Reduced 
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THE    ATHENAEUM 


93 


SATURDAY,  JULY  ;?S,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


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Imperial  Strategy 

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LITERATURE 


Imperial  Strategy.     By  the  Military  Corre- 
spondent of  The  Times.     (John  Murray.) 

The  important  volume  from  the  pen  of 
Col.  Repington  does  not  suffer  from  the 
fact  that  most  of  its  chapters  are  reprints 
from  The  Times,  Blackwood,  and  other 
sources.  Two  of  the  most  valuable 
chapters,  including  the  one  which  is  by 
far  the  most  disputable  as  regards  the 
questions  which  it  treats,  are  new,  and 
many  others  have  had  the  benefit  of 
revision. 

The  subjects  most  prominent  in  Col. 
Repington's  view  are,  first,  the  defence 
of  India,  and,  secondly,  warlike  action  on 
our  part  to  prevent  the  mouths  of  the  Rhine 
and  other  great  offensive  naval  ports  in 
the  Low  Countries  falling  into  the  hands  of 
Germany.  To  the  discussion  of  the  first 
he  contributes  here  what  we  believe  to 
be  Lord  Kitchener's  opinion,  as  placed 
before  the  Defence  Committee  of  the 
Cabinet  in  the  last  year  of  Mr.  Balfour's 
presidency,  and  in  the  first  of  Sir  Henry 
Campbell-Bannerman's.  We  differ  from 
Col.  Repington  and  from  Lord  Kitchener 
on  grounds  which  have  often  been  stated  in 
The  Athenceum  in  notices  of  recent  books, 
including  that  of  Mr.  Angus  Hamilton 
which  appeared  in  our  number  of  July  7th. 
The  argument  now  presented  is  far  more 
closely  reasoned,  and  better  thought-out, 
than  any  which  has  previously  seen  light, 
and,  while  we  are  not  converted,  we 
admit  to  the  full  the  clearness  and  force 
with  which  the  latest  opinion  of  Lord 
Kitchener  is  stated.  The  problem  of 
the  Low  Countries  is  one  which  has 
received  insufficient  consideration  since 
1815,  but  we  agree  with  Col.  Repington 
that  it  needs  to  be  studied  by  all   who 


desire  to  look  to  the  future,  rather  than 
to  confine  their  attention  to  the  facts  of 
the  present  moment. 

To  begin  with  the  topic  on  which  we 
respectfully  continue  to  entertain  a 
different  opinion  from  that  generally  put 
forward,  we  have  to  justify  our  suggestion 
that  Lord  Kitchener  has  not  during  the 
last  three  years  consistently  maintained 
precisely  the  same  view.  If  his  demands 
have  aroused  fierce  opposition  not  only 
among  supporters  of  economy,  Indian  and 
British,  but  also  among  thoughtful  soldiers, 
it  is  because  the  supposed  facts  upon 
which  the  demand  for  great  change  in 
India  and  at  home  was  based  were,  we 
think,  either  untrue  or  exaggerated.  The 
press  of  India  teemed  with  statements 
which  were  evidently  not  supported  by 
the  information  gathered  by  the  Intelli- 
gence Department  of  the  War  Office,  to 
the  effect  that  Russia  had  strengthened 
her  garrison  in  Turkestan  by  150,000  men. 
The  completion  of  the  Russian  strategic 
railways  was  named  as  having  com- 
pletely modified  the  conditions  of  the 
problem  of  defence,  by  making  the  clanger 
of  attack  more  probable,  whereas  ex- 
amination showed  that  it  has  been  far 
more  affected  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion by  the  unity  of  Afghanistan,  under 
the  present  Ameer,  proving  infinitely 
more  solid  than  had  been  expected 
at  a  moment  when  the  nature  of  the 
Russian  railways  was  already  foreseen. 
The  scare  of  an  advance,  with  railways, 
from  the  Oxus  has  also  been  quieted  in 
the  last  year  by  the  concurrence  of  all 
the  highest  geographical  and  military 
authorities  in  the  view — not  contradicted 
in  the  recent  debate  on  the  Collen  paper, 
now  published — that  railway  construc- 
tion between  the  Oxus  and  the  Hindu 
Kush  from  the  Russian  railway  towards 
Kabul  would  involve  rock-cutting  so 
considerable  as  to  render  serious  advance 
from  that  side  impossible. 

We  now  proceed  to  consider  the  case 
as  stated  by  Col.  Repington,  and,  as  we 
think,  in  the  last  pages  of  the  new  chapter 
'  The  Defence  of  India,'  fortified  by  fresh 
arguments  following  the  exact  line 
recently  taken  by  Lord  Kitchener  in  his 
correspondence  with  the  authorities  at 
home. 

The  chapter  begins  with  a  restatement 
of  the  argument  to  be  found  in  the  earlier 
writings  of  the  Military  Correspondent  of 
The  Times  here  reprinted.  The  "  region 
....  where  we  are  insufficiently  armed  and 
prepared  to  resist  aggression "  is  "  the 
North-West  Frontier."  By  our  virtual 
guarantee  of  Afghanistan  we  are  "  com- 
mitted to  a  course  of  action  which  is  at 
present  beyond  our  military  strength." 
To  the  principal  engagement  we  have 
to  "  add  Lord  Lansdowne's  declaration 
concerning  the  Persian  Gulf."  That 
declaration,  however,  did  not  go  be- 
yond the  previous  declarations  upon 
the  subject,  and,  according  to  the 
doctrine  elsewhere  rightly  put  forward 
in  this  book,  a  Russian  military 
port  on  the  Gulf  shore  would  be  but 
a  hostage  given  to  our  naval  power.  The 
doctrine  of  which  The  Athenaeum  has  often 


attempted  to  point  out  the  weakness  is 
many  times  repeated  :  "  We  have  not 
yet  fully  realized,  neither  have  we  made 
provision  for,  the  necessary  consequences 
of  this  policy  which  we  have  deliberately 
embraced."  The  author  denies  "  our 
power  to  carry  out  "  our  pledges.  He 
suggests  that  we  have  taken  "  no  serious 
steps,  whether  in  agreement  with  the 
Ameer  or  within  our  own  political  border, 
to  render  our  intervention  successful,  or 
even  possible."  We  have  next  much 
information  as  to  the  Dane  mission  to 
the  Ameer,  but  less  than  has  been  given 
by  Mr.  Angus  Hamilton.  Col.  Repington 
suggests  that  we  held  "  the  trumps," 
"  namely,  the  treaty,  the  arms,  and  the 
400,000/.  of  the  accumulated  subsidy." 
Our  own  view  is  that  the  instructions — 
from  the  Cabinet  as  Lord  Curzon  has 
maintained,  or  from  Lord  Curzon,  as 
would  appear  from  the  pages  of  Mr.  Angus 
Hamilton — to  Sir  Louis  Dane  were  most 
unwise,  and  that  the  refusal  of  our  con- 
ditions by  the  Ameer,  certain  in  advance, 
was  the  best  thing  that  could  happen  in 
our  own  interest.  Our  author  asks  how 
we  can  "  wonder  that  in  the  face  of  this 
attitude  the  Ameer  should  have  become 
profoundly  sceptical  of  our  desire  and 
ability  to  help  him."  From  Mr.  Angus 
Hamilton's  more  detailed  account,  though 
he  writes  on  the  same  side,  and  also  in 
support  of  the  policy  of  Lord  Kitchener, 
it  appears  that  the  Ameer  was  "  sceptical  " 
chiefly  because  we  wished  that  our  rail- 
ways should  be  allowed  to  cross  his  frontier. 
We  knew  all  along  that  to  railway  con- 
struction within  his  dominions  he  was, 
with  good  reason,  fiercely  opposed.  We 
are  surprised  that  the  rash  policy  should 
be  supported,  in  a  foot-note  properly  to 
be  styled  "  alarmist,"  which  states  "  that, 
in  the  north,  British  and  Russian  terri- 
tory are  only  divided  by ten  miles." 

It  is  not  seriously  suggested  that  invasion 
will  follow  such  a  route.  In  all  this  early 
part  of  the  chapter,  as  in  the  greater 
TK>rtion  of  the  volume,  it  is  difficult  to 
discern  a  policy.  We  are  to  insist,  it 
seems,  that  the  Ameer  shall  allow  railways 
and  British  garrisons  within  his  territory, 
or  else  we  are  to  refuse  "  any  longer  to 
bind  ourselves  by  agreements."  There 
follows  an  argument  for  suppression  of 
the  independence  of  the  frontier  tribes, 
for  it  is  pointed  out  that,  should  we 
have  to  advance  to  Kabul,  the  tribes 
will  give  us  trouble  on  our  line  of 
communication.  Of  that  fact  there  can 
be  no  doubt,  but  there  is  not  a  trace 
of  reasoned  defence  of  the  advisability 
in  any  event  of  advancing  to  Kabul  ; 
while  the  cost  in  men  and  money,  and 
ultimate  increase  of  risk,  of  attacking  the 
Waziris  and  other  fierce  frontier  men, 
largely  represented  by  a  valuable  element 
in  our  own  army,  may  be  gathered  from 
a  consideration  of  the  results  of  our  last 
great  frontier  war.  Finally,  it  is  admitted 
"  that  since  the  Dane  Mission  left  Kabul 
the  Ameer's  attitude  appears  to  have 
undergone  a  gratifying  change."  Never- 
theless, we  are  "  to  take  advantage  of  the 
ten  years'  term  of  the  treaty  with  Japan." 
During   the   lifetime   of   the   late   Ameer 


94 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


many  feared  that  at  his  death  the  country 
would  be  "  divided  between  rival  claimants 
or  reduced  to  anarchy  "  ;  and  that  in 
this  event  we  might  "  not  find  the  boundary 
line  respected  "  by  Russia.  It  produces 
less  effect  when  we  are  told  the  same  thing 
now. 

A  review  follows  of  the  situation  as  it 
is  thought  to  appear  to  "  the  Committee 
at  St.  Petersburg  "  : — 

"  The  Committee  would  consequently 
decide  that  the  initial  stage  of  the  campaign 
was  all  in  Russia's  favour,  and  that  nothing 
but  Afghan  resistance,  and  difficulties  of 
country  and  supply,  would  have  to  be  taken 
into  account." 

It  is,  of  course,  certain  that  "  Afghan 
resistance  and  difficulties  of  country  and 
supply,"  would  be  the  main  obstacles 
to  the  first  stage  of  Russian  advance. 
The  six  high  authorities  who  alone  con- 
tributed to  the  recent  discussion  in  this 
country  of  the  problem  proved,  from 
various  points  of  view,  that  these  difficulties 
are  stupendous  and  unlikely  to  be  faced. 
Col.  Repington  finally  comes  to  the  opinion, 
stated  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  Mr. 
Balfour  as  that  formed  by  the  Defence 
Committee  on  the  advice  of  their  chief 
military  expert,  that 

41  the  main  lines  of  Russian  advance.... 
are  restricted  to  two  directions — namely, 
first  upon  Kabul  over  the  more  accessible 
paths  of  the  Hindu  Kush,  and  secondly 
•upon  Kandahar  by  Herat,  Farah,  and  the 
Helmund ....  Thus  the  first  operations  of 
a  Russian  Army,  subsequent  to  the  seizure 
of  Afghan  Turkestan  and  Herat,  which 
neither  we  nor  the  Afghans  can  prevent, 
are  by  compulsion  restricted,  leaving  Persia 
for  the  moment  out  of  account,  to  two  lines 
widely  separated  and  leading,  in  a  sense,  to 
divergent  objectives.  ..  .The  advance  over 
the  Hindu  Kush  presents  great  difficulties 
from  the  point  of  view  of  physical  obstacles. 
...  .It  is  not  likely  that  the  Russian  forces 
first  despatched  upon  this  venture  would 
be  large.  The  badness  of  the  paths,  the 
difficulties  and  the  length  of  the  line  of 
march,  and  the  absence  of  resources  do  not 
permit  of  the  employment  of  large  bodies." 

Next  comes  a  defence  of  Lord  Kit- 
chener's railway  policy  : — 

"The  Russians ....  are  at  this  moment 
nearer ....  than  we  are ....  In  order  to 
retrieve  this  situation ....  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment are  at  present  engaged  in  extending 
the  Peshawar  railway  to  Loi  Shuhnan  and 
Khula  towards  Dakka,  and ....  to  Parachi- 
nar." 

The  map  printed  by  Mr.  Angus  Hamilton 
shows  Dakka,  which  is  Afghan,  as  our 
railway  station.  It  was  all  along  certain 
that  we  should  not  be  allowed  to  take  this 
railway  across  the  Afghan  frontier,  and 
the  money  which  has  been  spent  upon  it 
is,  in  our  opinion,  worse  than  wasted. 

Now  comes  the  more  serious  and  the 
fresher  argument  based  upon  the  possi- 
bility of  the  construction  of  a  Russian 
railway  along  the  Persian  frontier  in 
Seistan,  turning  "  the  flank  of  the  position 
taken  up  by  Mr.  Balfour."  Here,  and 
here  only,  we  have  a  possibility,  remote 
though  it  be,  of  contact  between  a  Russian 
force  and  a  force  from  India — upon  the 
Lower  Helmund.  The  country  is  wholly 
destitute  of  supplies,  and  railway  construc- 


tion on  both  sides  would  be  slow  and 
difficult.  The  suitability  of  the  country 
for  camel  transport,  and  the  possession 
by  us  of  the  finest  camels  of  Asia  in  the 
Brahui  districts  upon  this  line,  form  a 
valuable  asset  on  our  side.  Our  com- 
munications lie  with  Karachi  through  a 
country  permanently  pacified  by  Sande- 
man.  The  wisdom  of  the  selection  of  our 
Quetta  position  and  of  our  Pishin  frontier 
is  justified  by  these  new  considerations  ; 
and  the  more  the  map  and  writings  of 
Sir  Thomas  Holdich  and  the  members 
of  the  Seistan  Mission  are  studied,  the 
greater  will  be  seen  to  be  the  advantage 
which  we  possess  as  against  Russia  in 
operations  along  the  northern  frontier  of 
Baluchistan. 

We  cannot  agree  with  our  author  that 
in  toning  down  Lord  Kitchener's  original 
demands  "  Governments  have  remained 
. . .  .persistently  and  discreditably  blind." 
Neither  do  we  believe  that 

"  since  Lord  Kitchener  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Army  in  India,  a  saner 
idea  of  our  Imperial  responsibilities  and  of 
the  means  of  meeting  them  has  fortunately 
prevailed." 

In  an  article  on  Mr.  Balfour's  speech  of 
May,  1904,  criticisms  are  offered  by  the 
author  upon  the  late  Prime  Minister's 
caution  ;  and  he  is  called  upon  to  "  revise 
his  speech  for  publication,"  in  the  sense 
of  observations  offered  by  him  in  reply 
to  Sir  W.  Evans  Gordon  and  others  who 
spoke  in  answer  to  the  opening  statement 
of  the  then  Prime  Minister.  A  foot-note 
says  :  "  The  Prime  Minister's  speech 
was  subsequently  revised  and  reprinted  " 
— which  is  true.  The  revision,  however, 
did  not  affect  the  point  at  issue. 

We  turn  from  the  consideration  of  the 
Indian  problem  to  the  others  presented 
by  Col.  Repington.  We  agree  with  him 
that,  unfortunately,  "  the  land  defence 
of  Egypt  may  one  day  become  the  leading 
theme  of  our  defence  problems."  We 
recognize  the  truth  of  the  argument, 
in  his  chapter  on  the  Low  Countries, 
that  the  annexation  by  Germany 
of  Antwerp  and  of  the  Dutch  ports 
"  would  infallibly  and  materially 
increase  the  already  heavy  strain  of  our 
expenditure  for  defence  by  sea  and  land." 
Here  again,  however,  we  find  that  a  reason- 
able strategic  consideration  of  circum- 
stances which  may  one  day  arise  is  marred 
by  over-statement.  The  influence  of 
Germany  in  Holland  is  described  at 
length,  but  the  caricatures  of  Simplicissi- 
mus  can  hardly  be  likely  to  affect  Dutch 
minds  in  a  pro-German  direction  ;  for  its 
deadliest  shafts  are  reserved  for  the 
Kaiser  and  his  policy.  The  author 
states  with  much  frankness  an  argu- 
ment which  tells  the  other  way,  in  his 
interesting  note  on  the  effect  of  the 
creation  of  the  Hague  tribunal  in  support- 
ing the  neutrality  and  the  popularity  of 
Holland,  and  guarding  her  against  attack. 
There  seems,  indeed,  no  ground  for  the 
belief  that  the  present  German  Emperor 
is  ever  likely  to  enter  upon  the  dangerous 
policy  of  Dutch  annexation.  Interference 
in  Hungary  is  less  improbable. 

Col.    Repington    makes,    by    the    way, 


many  contributions  towards  the  considera- 
tion of  what  would  happen  in  the  un- 
likely event  of  war  between  France  and 
Germany.  He  evidently  believes  —  we 
think  rightly — that  Germany  would  shrink 
from  that  direct  offensive  against  France 
on  land  which  she  loudly  proclaims  to  be 
her  military  policy  in  the  event  of  war. 
We  also  agree  with  our  author  that  the 
French  fleet  would  be  less  likely  to  be  in  a 
position  to  give  a  good  account  of  itself 
against  Germany  than  the  French  land 
forces.  Col.  Repington,  however,  hardly 
states  the  reason  for  his  conviction  which 
we  should  be  inclined  to  put  forward  in 
its  support.  In  our  review  of  '  Quittons 
la  Mediterranee  '  (August  26th,  1905)  we 
pointed  out  the  paralyzing  effect  upon 
French  naval  operations  which  the  attempt 
to  be  strong  both  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  in  the  Channel  must  have  in  the 
(unlikely)  event  of  war  with  Germany. 
At  the  time  of  the  scare  last  year,  which 
there  was  in  fact  nothing  at  all  to  justify, 
the  French  Mediterranean  fleet  was  moved 
round  Spain  to  the  Atlantic  ;  but  reliance 
upon  Toulon  as  the  principal  naval  station 
is  fatal  to  true  French  policy,  which 
should  rely  mainly  upon  Brest.  Italian 
attack  on  France  in  the  early  stages  of  a 
war  the  success  of  the  embassy  of  M. 
Barrere  long  ago  made  impossible.  We 
fully  agree  in  the  author's  recognition  of 
"  the  desperate  character  of  the  German 
enterprise"  of  a  land  attack  on  France; 
and  we  concede  to  him  the  remote  possi- 
bility that  stale-mate  in  such  an  (unlikely) 
war  might  lead  to  danger  for  Belgium  and 
even  Holland.  His  conclusion,  however, 
is  our  own,  that  a  Power  attacking  France 
would  be  certain  of  "  isolation,"  and  that 
the  Germans  before  facing  it  would 

"  ask  themselves  whether  they  are  not 
endangering  their  vital  interests  if  they  stake 
upon  a  doubtful  hazard  the  splendid  results 
achieved  by  the  great  founders  of  German 
unity." 

Many  other  topics  of  interest  are 
treated  in  this  important  volume.  The 
cost  of  the  defence  of  the  British  Empire 
is  understated,  and  the  amount  to  which 
we  were  told,  in  a  chapter  written  in  1903, 
it  threatened  "  shortly  to  rise  "  was  in  fact 
attained  in  the  following  financial  year. 
The  amount  of  expenditure  from  loan  and 
that  of  the  increasing  cost  of  the  Cana- 
dian militia  are  commonly  understated, 
and  two  millions  a  year  have  long  been 
spent  from  Civil  Service  Estimates  upon 
mobile  military  forces,  additional  to  those 
which  can  properly  be  styled  mere  military 
police. 

In  a  paper  of  1903,  which,  however, 
has  been  revised  for  the  present  volume, 
Col.  Repington  fails  to  adopt  the  optimistic 
view  of  our  maritime  communications  in 
time  of  war  which  is  confirmed  by  the  Ad- 
miralty evidence  before  the  Food  Supply 
Commission,  reinforced  as  it  now  is  by 
the  article  on  the  subject  by  Mr.  Thursfield 
in  '  The  Naval  Annual '  of  this  year.  In 
discussing  the  Report  of  the  Esher  Com- 
mittee he  mentions  as  an  item  of  progress 
approved  by  him  "  the  abolition  of  linking 
for  the  provision  of  drafts,"  which  has  not 
been  adopted,  and  which — to  judge  by  a 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


95 


recent  article  from  his  pen— he  has  now 
abandoned,  although  The  Times  in  its 
editorial  columns  continues  to  hold  the 
sounder  and  more  modern  view.  There 
is  some  exaggeration  in  the  estimate  in 
many  passages  of  Lord  Kitchener's  ability, 
which  is  placed  at  least  upon  a  level  with 
that  of  Frederick  the  Great.  The  author's 
pretty  style  finds  free  scope  in  many 
■epigrams.  Our  Staff  is  roughly  handled  ; 
and  the  German  Staff,  though  recommended 
for  admiration,  is  rightly  reminded  of  its 
recent  "  belief  in  the  prompt  and  early 
triumph  of  a  foreign  army  which  gets 
soundly  beaten."  Col.  Repington,  how- 
ever, seems  to  work  up  in  his  chapter  on 
*  The  General  Staff  '  to  the  suggestion  that 
Lord  Kitchener  should  be  its  permanent 
head — a  selection  which  would  probably 
secure  for  that  general  a  thorny  crown 
similar  to  that  now  worn  by  Sir  John 
Fisher. 

The  Manchester  Guardian  has  discovered 
•on  the  day  on  which  we  pen  this  notice 
that  to  render  the  militia  liable  to  service 
abroad  is  to  enact  conscription,  inasmuch 
as  there  exists  by  law  the  ballot  for  the 
militia.  This  doctrine  is  confirmed  by  a 
passage  at  p.  121  of  the  book  before  us  ; 
but  we  believe  it  to  be  unfounded,  inas- 
much as  the  statutory  ballot  is  for  a  "  local 
militia,"  which  is  not  the  militia  as  it 
stands,  and  still  less  the  militia  as  it  will 
be  by  the  future  statute.  In  this  respect 
attack  on  Mr.  Haldane's  scheme  will  not 
be  well  founded. 

While  differing  from  Col.  Repington  we 
heartily  commend  to  thoughtful  people 
this  volume,  and,  indeed,  all  his  writings. 


OXFORD    IDEALISM. 

Idola  Theatri :  a  Criticism  of  Oxford 
Thought  and  Thinkers  from  the  Stand- 
point of  Personal  Idealism.  By  Henry 
Sturt.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  Nature  of  Truth :  an  Essay.  By 
Harold  H.  Joachim.  (Oxford,  Claren- 
don Press.) 

Since  the  philosophy  of  John  Stuart  Mill 
■ceased  to  be  paramount  in  English  specu- 
lation there  has  been,  as  every  one  knows, 
a  period  in  which  the  strongest  influence 
has  been  German  Idealism.  Mill  himself, 
for  all  practical  purposes,  was  unaffected 
"by  Kant  or  Hegel,  and  the  full  force  of 
Xant's  Copernican  revolution  and  of  the 
■different  forms  of  Idealist  philosophy 
which  sprang  up  after  it  with  striking 
swiftness  began  to  be  felt  in  England  only 
-when  the  latter  half  of  the  last  century 
was  well  on  its  way.  This  fact  has  been 
not  infrequently  noted  with  amusement, 
for  the  German  influence,  once  let  into 
possession,  maintained  itself  so  stoutly 
"both  at  Oxford  and  elsewhere  that  Kant 
and  Hegel  seem  to  have  had  an  English 
period  of  flourishing  in  addition  to  their 
native  lives.  "  All  good  philosophers 
when  they  die  go  to  Oxford."  But  now 
that  a  Mill  centenary  has  made  it  decent 
to  look  back  and  observe  our  course  since 
Mill  gave  up  steering  us  on  the  traditional 
iEnglish^track,  it  is  evident  enough  that 


we  have  had  good  fortune  in  being 
oi/z-i/xafots :  it  has  suited  us  well  to 
have  been  slow.  We  have  been  Hegelians, 
but  we  have  been  psychologists  as  well. 
We  have  studied  Kant,  but  free  from  the 
baffling  Wolffian  metaphysics  from  which 
Kant  was  never  free.  We  had  the  science 
of  the  nineteenth  century  for  our  instruc- 
tion before  we  became  epistemologists — 
an  incalculable  advantage  to  a  "  critical 
philosophy."  We  have  been  saved  the 
fever  and  vice  of  system-making  ;  and 
the  age  of  special  science  has  proved  fata] 
to  those  tendencies  of  riotous  deduction 
which  led  Schelling  to  announce  that  all 
material  substances  are  forms  of  iron, 
and  Hegel  to  write  wild  nonsense  about 
the  moon.  It  is  true,  no  doubt,  that  the 
progress  of  science  has  carried  with  it 
all  the  threats  of  Naturalism,  and  that  not 
a  little  of  the  strength  of  the  German 
influence  has  been  due  to  the  line  of 
escape  from  Naturalism  which  T.  H. 
Green  and  many  others  descried  in  the 
transcendental  Ego  of  Kant  and  the 
Hegelian  doctrine  of  the  Categories.  To 
some  extent  the  accidents  of  our  scientific 
progress  have  fostered  Idealism  in  an 
unworthy  way  by  tempting  us  to  think 
that  difficulties,  which  the  further  progress 
of  science  itself  has  shown  to  be  unreal, 
compelled  us  to  be  Idealists  or  nothing. 
On  the  whole,  however,  "  the  watchdog 
of  the  sciences "  has  done  its  work, 
and  specialists  have  seldom  "  pushed 
beyond  the  mark  "  to  make  their  cate- 
gories the  last  word  without  having  to 
look  to  their  heels. 

In  Mr.  Sturt's  '  Idola  Theatri '  we  have 
a  survey  of  this  period  and  a  criticism  of 
Green,  Mr.  Bradley,  and  Prof.  Bosanquet, 
the  leaders  of  this  school  at  Oxford.  Un- 
fortunately, this  is  written  from  a  very 
narrow  outlook.  It  is  history  to  suit  a 
special  interest.  The  attempt  is  made 
to  convict  Idealism  of  three  great  crimes 
— called  Intellectualism,  Absolutism,  and 
Subjectivism.  These  are  all  heads  resting 
on  one  neck — the  "  Passive  Fallacy,"  as 
it  is  called  :  the  neglect,  that  is,  to  take 
proper  account  of  the  active  or  dynamic 
aspects  of  experience.  Now  it  is  a  long- 
standing criticism  of  Hegel  that  an 
excessive  emphasis  on  the  purely  intel- 
lectual side  of  spirit — "  Panlogismus  "  it 
has  been  called  in  Germany — led  him  to 
a  theory  of  the  world  which  ignored 
fundamentally  important  aspects  of  the 
reality  which  he  professed  to  explain. 
The  same  can  be  said  of  Cartesianism, 
and  especially  of  Spinoza.  The  English 
Idealist  School  has,  however,  devoted 
much  time  to  ethics  and  psychology — 
especially  to  the  former  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Kant.  Without  saying  that  it 
has  always  given  the  dynamic  aspect 
of  experience  its  due,  one  can  at  least  be 
certain  that  much  of  Mr.  Sturt's  labour 
is  an  endeavour  to  introduce  this  favoured 
topic  into  discussions  which  gain  nothing 
by  its  presence.  This  is  particularly 
clear  when  Mr.  Sturt  criticizes  Idealist 
logic. 

Let  us  take  first  his  criticism  of  Prof. 
Bosanquet's  use  of  the  analogy  between 
forms  of  judgment  and  the  forms  of  plants 


in  calling  his  '  Logic  '  a  "  morphology  of 
knowledge  "  : — 

"  Why  should  the  mind  run  off,  so  to 
speak,  upon  a  side  path  and  invent  these 
curious  forms  ?  The  obvious  answer,  from 
which,  however,  Pi*of.  Bosanquet  is  excluded, 
is  that  they  are  invaluable  helps  to  us  in  our 
task  of  understanding  and  mastering  reality." 

There  is  no  great  flood  of  new  light  let 
in  upon  the  dark  places  of  logic  by  any 
reflections  of  this  kind.  "Pragmatism," 
however,  we  are  told,  requires  a  great 
change  in  accepted  explanations  of  the 
functions  of  knowledge  : — 

"  Deductive  Inference  will  be,  primarily, 
the  process  by  which,  having  formed  a  plan, 
we  reason  to  the  details  necessary  for  its 
realisation  :  Inductive  Inference  will  be  the 
invention  of  a  plan  to  meet  a  situation  which 
calls  upon  us  for  action." 

Mr.  Sturt  does  not  sufficiently  consider 
whether  the  nature  of  judgment  is  affected, 
for  any  purpose  of  logic,  by  a  reflection  of 
this  sort.  The  judgments  "  I  will  bring 
a  table  "  or  "  The  cows  will  come  home 
to-night "  are  not  judgments  of  a  sort 
unknown  to  the  poor  Idealist,  who  is 
familiar  with  "I  am  bringing  a  table  " 
or  "  The  cows  are  coming  home."  No 
more  is  to  be  said  about  them  than  has 
been  or  might  be  said  about  the  "  static 
inferences  of  abstract  science,"  unless 
the  science  of  logic  is  to  degenerate  into 
small-talk. 

Take,  again,  the  criticism  passed  in 
chap.  ix.  upon  Mr.  Bradley's  definition  of 
judgment  as  "  the  act  which  refers  an 
ideal  content  recognized  as  such  to  a 
reality  beyond  the  act."  This,  we  are 
told,  ignores  the  active  and  creative  side 
of  judgment,  and  is  inapplicable  to  cases 
where  we  act  upon  reality  : — 

"  The  simplest  action,  mending  a  quill 
pen,  for  example,  involves  judgments  m 
which  we  do  not  offer  ideas  to  reality  to 
accept  or  reject,  but  in  which  we  impose 
ideas  upon  reality." 

What  Mr.  Sturt's  notion  of  a  judgment  is, 
and  whether  there  is  any  necessity  in  his 
view  for  a  judgment  to  be  either  true  or 
false,  or  to  be  capable  of  being  either,  one 
is  left  in  doubt ;  and  the  "  logic  of  Prag- 
matism "  has  no  great  future  unless  it 
can  come  to  terms  with  itself  upon  this 
point. 

Finally,  we  notice  that  King  Charles's 
head  appears  in  connexion  with  the  dis- 
junctive judgment.  "  The  disjunctive 
judgment,"  says  Mr.  Bradley.  "  rests  on 
the  assumption  that  we  have  the  whole 
field,  and  by  removing  parts  can  deter- 
mine the  residue."  This  is,  in  Mr.  Sturt's 
view,  inadequate  to  disjunctive  judg- 
ments which  deal  with  future  events, 
e.g..  "  We  are  going  to  London  next  week 
or  the  week  after.''  *'  It  is  absurd  to  say 
in  regard  to  the  future  thai  we  have  the 
whole  field  :  for  the  field  has  not  yet 
come  into  existence."  What  Mr.  Sturt 
would  say  to  the  proposition  "  A  triangle 
is  equilateral,  isosceles,  or  scalene,"  it  is 
not  easy  to  guess  ;  but  even  with  regard 
to  a  field  it  is  indeed  pragmatical  to  insist 
on  possessing  it  in  fee  simple  as  a  con- 
dition of  imagining  it. 

The  discussion  of  "  Absolutism  "  is  in 


96 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


reality  a  critique  of  the  "  Feeling- Abso- 
lutism "  of  Mr.  Bradley's  '  Appearance 
and  Reality,'  and  though  Mr.  Sturt  urges 
with  much  force  a  great  many  objections 
to  such  a  philosophy,  it  is  very  doubtful 
whether  the  mere  existence  of  such  a  form 
of  Absolutism  does  not  prove  that  the 
"  Passive  Fallacy "  is  not  the  unique 
Satanic  force  for  which  the  Pragmatist 
has  taken  it. 

Mr.  Joachim's  essay  is  an  examination 
of  three  typical  notions  as  to  what  truth 
is,  and  it  will  be  found  the  most  direct  of 
all  recent  attempts  to  answer  Pilate's 
question.  The  standpoint  of  the  author 
is  familiar,  as  many  of  the  most 
characteristic  parts  of  his  work  come  as 
a  restatement  of  doctrines  promulgated 
with  great  vigour  in  Mr.  Bradley's 
'  Principles  of  Logic'  The  old  belief  in 
the  doctrines  of  "  formal  logic  "  as  an 
account  of  the  nature  of  thought  and  its 
processes  no  longer  obtains,  save  as  a  stage 
which  it  is  necessary  to  reach  and  to  leave 
behind.  No  school  of  thinkers  that  we 
know  of  has  a  single  good  word  to  say  for 
the  traditional  logic  when  taken  strictly 
as  a  science,  or  even  as  an  art.  It  is  true 
that  Oxford  itself  boasts  a  lively  school 
of  "  Pragmatists,"  some  of  whose  pro- 
minent representatives  profess  much 
hostility  to  the  Hegelian  principles  which 
Mr.  Bradley  and  Mr.  Joachim  expound. 
Of  this  school  there  is,  however,  no  criticism 
in  this  essay. 

As  already  mentioned,  three  methods  of 
regarding  truth  are  here  examined.  The 
first  is  the  correspondence-notion — that 
is,  that  the  truth  of  a  judgment  consists 
in  its  "  re-presenting  "  or  "  corresponding 
to  "  the  facts.  This,  it  is  shown,  cannot 
be  maintained  in  the  form  which  requires 
each  element  on  the  one  side  to  have  a 
determinate  element  —  one  and  only  one 
— on  the  other.  We  are  therefore  pushed 
on  to  a  modification  of  the  correspondence- 
notion  which  requires  us  to  conceive  of 
the  two  factors  as  each  a  part  of  a  whole, 
and  as  each  fulfilling  the  same  function 
in  its  own  whole  that  the  other  factor 
fulfils  in  the  other  whole.  Thus  truth  as 
correspondence  gives  way  to  the  coherence 
view  of  truth.  The  second  view  of  truth 
is  that  which  Mr.  Joachim  finds  to  be 
implied  by  the  metaphysics  of  Mr.  Bert- 
rand  Russell  and  Mr.  G.  E.  Moore.  Accord- 
ing to  this  view,  experiencing  makes  no 
difference  to  facts,  and  truth  and  falsity 
belong  to  "  propositions  "  in  themselves, 
and  must  be  recognized,  if  at  all,  imme- 
diately. The  third  theory  discussed 
we  have  already  mentioned — that  truth 
consists  in  "  systematic  coherence," 
which  is  the  characteristic  of  a  signi- 
ficant whole — a  concrete  coherence,  and 
not  a  mere  formal  consistency.  This 
theory  is  developed  on  lines  familiar 
to  all  readers  of  Mr.  Bradley.  A  dis- 
cussion on  degrees  of  truth  is  necessitated 
by  the  consideration  that  if  the  common- 
sense  view  is  true,  the  ordinary  universal 
propositions  of  science  are  absolutely 
and  completely  true,  and  not  merely 
true  on  a  certain  plane,  and  as  part  of  a 
larger  whole.  Those — and  they  are  many 
— who  have  regarded  Mr.  Bradley's  chapter 


in  the  '  Principles  of  Logic  '  on  categorical 
and  hypothetical  judgments  as  the  most 
acute  and  important  logical  discussion 
of  the  last  half-century  will  be  glad  indeed 
to  have  Mr.  Joachim's  revised  and  pro- 
found treatment  of  the  same  argument 
— an  argument  which  has  been  dealt  with 
in  the  first  book  before  us  in  a  hostile 
way,  in  the  interests  of  ll  Pragmatism." 
Mr.  Joachim  points  out  in  the  Preface 
that  he  has  made  no  mention  of  this  school, 
but  one  of  the  reasons  why  we  are  pleased 
to  see  this  book  is  that,  by  carefully  re- 
stating the  main  logical  positions  of  Ideal- 
ism, Mr.  Joachim  will  almost  certainly 
force  the  Pragmatist's  stock  of  ideas  into 
a  more  close  comparison  with  the  problems 
sought  to  be  solved,  and  also  with  previous 
attempts  at  solving  them. 


A  German  Pompadour  :  being  the  Extra- 
ordinary History  of  Wilhelmine  von 
Gravenitz,  Landhofmeisterin  of  Wirtem- 
berg.  By  Marie  Hay.  (Constable  & 
Co.') 

This  "narrative  of  the  eighteenth  century," 
in  its  handsome  scarlet  and  green  binding, 
is  a  notable  piece  of  work.  There  is  dis- 
tinction in  the  style,  and  the  writer  shows 
such  evident  familiarity  with  the  period 
and  place  involved,  that  certain  objections 
which  we  feel  should  be  made  to  the 
presentation  of  the  narrative  may  with 
some  show  of  reason  be  judged  pedantic. 
The  fact  is  that  were  it  not  for  the  Preface, 
the  book  might  almost  pass  for  an  his- 
torical novel.  Not  a  foot-note,  except 
one,  which  is  in  reality  an  extension 
rather  than  a  corroboration  of  the  text, 
hints  at  an  authority,  and  no  biblio- 
graphy of  any  kind  divulges  the  materials 
used  ;  only  now  and  again  one  gets  the 
date  of  a  more  than  usually  important 
occurrence.  The  narrative  itself  is  cast 
in  a  romantic,  emotional  mould,  such  as 
one  associates  more  often  with  fiction 
than  fact  ;  and  those  researches  in  the 
Stuttgart  archives  and  ferretings-out  of 
forgotten  books  in  dusty  old  bookshops, 
which,  we  are  told  in  the  Preface,  have 
been  a  delightful  labour,  are  effectually 
kept  out  of  sight  in  the  telling. 

For  the  author  herself  we  hold  this, 
for  the  reasons  stated,  to  be  justifiable, 
even  praiseworthy.  She  may  thus  attract 
readers  who  might  not  have  adventured 
upon  pages  which  bore  the  stamp  of 
orthodox  biography  ;  and  they  will  get 
something  which  is  in  substance  its  equi- 
valent, and  in  manner  is  at  least  as 
easy  reading  as  a  novel  of  the  higher 
type.  But  we  fear  that,  in  inferior  hands, 
the  genre  might  be  used  as  a  means  of 
confusing  the  minds  of  that  common 
type  of  person  for  whom  the  line  between 
fact  and  fiction  is  not  easily  drawn. 

That  the  author  has  in  minor  matters 
allowed  her  fancy  free  rein,  and  with 
excellent  effect,  we  make  no  doubt ;  but 
that  she  has  in  no  way  departed  from 
historical  truth,  either  in  its  general 
spirit  or  in  any  important  detail,  we  are 
fully  convinced.  The  main  lines  of  the 
story     accord     with     those    given    from 


German  authorities  in  Carlyle's  '  Fre- 
derick.' The  German  Pompadour  made- 
noise  enough  in  the  Empire,  and 
her  name  was  by  no  means  unheard 
in  Paris  ;  but,  unlike  Louis  XV.'s 
mistress,  she  did  not  meddle  much  with 
foreign  policy,  and  Wirtemberg  (we  adopt 
the  author's  spelling),  though  not  insig- 
nificant, was  not  France.  So  she  has 
escaped  the  biographical  dictionaries ; 
and  the  story  of  a  remarkable  career  has 
slept  till  now,  so  far  as  the  world  outside 
Germany  is  concerned. 

Wilhelmine  von  Gravenitz  was  sum- 
moned from  Giistrow,  in  Mecklenburg 
(which  always  appears  in  the  book  as 
"  Mecklemburg "),  where  she  lived  in 
poor  circumstances  with  her  widowed 
mother,  to  be  the  instrument  of  a  Court 
intrigue  and  to  help  a  brother's  career.. 
A  beautiful  figure  and  an  exquisite  con- 
tralto voice,  which  had  been  carefully 
trained,  aided  by  no  little  address,  easily 
sufficed  to  captivate  Eberhard  Ludwig  IV. T 
reigning  Duke  of  Wirtemberg,  and  to- 
overt  hrow  the  reigning  mistress.  A  bitter- 
struggle  with  the  Duke's  deserted  wife- 
followed  ;  and  during  his  absence  in  the 
war  against  the  French,  Wilhelmine  was 
actually  for  a  few  days  cast  out  of  the 
Castle  at  Stuttgart,  and  constrained  to- 
accept  the  hospitality  of  the  Jews.  In 
the  days  of  her  power  she  remembered' 
the  despised  and  hated  race  ;  and  it  was 
the  gratitude  of  one  of  them,  Joseph  Suss 
Oppenheimer,  who  rose  to  be  first  minister 
of  Wirtemberg,  which  at  the  last  saved 
the  fallen  mistress  from  exile  and  death. 

Wilhelmine  was  not  content  with  the 
position  of  an  ordinary  mistress.  She 
actually  induced  her  lover  to  go  through 
a  form  of  marriage  with  her,  though  the 
Duchess  was  still  alive  and  undivorced. 
This  extraordinary  proceeding  took  place 
at  the  Neuhaus,  Oberhausen,  on  July  29th, 
1707.  It  was  followed  by  the  holding  of 
an  opposition  Court — for  the  Duchess 
could  not  be  dislodged  from  the  capital 
— at  various  places  in  the  duchy,  and  the 
forced  acknowledgment  of  the  newly 
created  Countess  of  Urach  as  "  my 
present  legal  wife,"  with  "  royal  honours  "* 
and  residences.  This  was,  in  the  opinion- 
of  some  of  the  Gravenitz's  own  intimates, 
a  very  dangerous  step  ;  and  it  brought 
a  check  to  the  mistress's  career  in  the 
shape  of  a  brief  from  Prussia,, 
annulling  the  recent  union  as  bigamous, 
and  ordering  "  this  adventuress "  to* 
leave  the  Wirtemberg  Court.  The  date 
of  this  important  decree,  by  the  by,  is 
not  given.  It  was  not  immediately 
obeyed  :  private  remonstrances  were  even- 
addressed  to  Frederick,  in  which  the 
precedent  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England 
was  not  very  adroitly  cited  !  But  the 
discovery  of  an  armed  Italian  in  the 
apartments  of  the  Duchess  at  Stuttgart 
— a  man  who  was  known  to  be  a  trusted 
servant  of  Wilhelmine's,  and  who  had 
attempted  to  poison  her  legitimate  rival' 
— brought  another  document  from  the 
Duke's  suzerain,  exiling  the  favourite 
from  Wirtemberg  within  six  days,  and 
banishing  her  from  the  Empire.  She 
withdrew  to  a  residence  at  Schaffhauser& 


tf°4i09,  July  28,  i90& 


Tfife    AtHEN^Ulv! 


97 


given  her  by  the  Duke  of  Zollern  ;  and 
the  Duke  was  formally  reconciled  with 
his  wife. 

But  the  mistress  was  far  from  being 
beaten.  She  secured  her  return  to  the 
Wirtemberg  Court  by  the  device  of  a 
nominal  marriage  with  an  Austrian  noble- 
man, who  was  given  the  post  of  Land- 
hofmeister,  or  chief  Court  official  of  the 
duchy.  The  Comte  de  Wiirben  never 
saw  his  wife  after  the  ceremony  ;  but  in 
her  capacity  as  Landhofmeisterin  the 
Countess  for  some  twenty  years  really 
ruled  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg  : — 

"  It  was  only  needful  to  write  any  decree 
above  his  Highness's  signature,  to  affix  his 
seal  beneath,  and  to  add  her  own  official 
name,  '  W.  von  Gravenitz-Wiirben,  pro 
Landhofmeister  Wirtembergs,'  to  make  the 
writing  an  unassailable,  all-powerful  official 
document." 

The  Duke  preferred  hunting  and  shooting 
to  affairs  of  State ;  and  the  nominal 
Prime  Minister  had  to  refer  all  important 
matters  to  her.  She  had,  moreover,  at 
her  disposal  a  highly  efficient  secret  service. 

At  immense  expense  a  magnificent 
chateau  named  Ludwigsburg,  with  an 
adjoining  residence,  termed  La  Favorite, 
for  the  mistress,  was  erected  by  an 
Italian  architect,  and  an  arbitrary  decree 
compelled  the  Wirtemberg  trade  guilds 
and  the  richest  inhabitants  of  Stuttgart 
to  build  houses  there.  From  1711  until 
the  fall  of  the  Gravenitz  it  became  virtu- 
ally the  capital  of  the  duchy.  Even  the 
Erbprinz,  the  Duke's  heir,  and  his  wife, 
a  Prussian  princess,  resided  there  after 
their  marriage.  Once  the  Duchess 
Johanna  Elizabetha  left  her  gloomy 
seclusion  at  Stuttgart,  and  journeyed 
thither  to  make  a  final  appeal  to  her 
husband  :  her  pathetic  failure  is  described 
with  moving  skill  by  the  German  Pompa- 
dour's biographer. 

Wilhelmine  von  Gravenitz  reached  the 
height  of  her  fortunes  when  she  accom- 
panied Duke  Eberhard  on  his  official 
journey  to  take  possession  of  his  new 
territory  of  Mompelgard,  or  Montbeliard  ; 
but  her  day  was  nearly  over.  The  Duke 
had  long  begun  to  tire  of  this  Circe- 
Hecate,  "  getting  haggard  beyond  the 
power  of  rouge,"  when  Frederick  William 
of  Prussia  paid  his  fateful  visit  to  Lud- 
wigsburg in  August,  1730.  His  Prussian 
Majesty  seems  to  have  given  the  final 
impulse  ;  and  in  the  following  year 
General  von  Schulenburg  was  relating  to 
that  monarch's  favourite,  Grumbkow, 
how  he  had  recently,  in  conversation 
with  the  Crown  Prince  (the  great 
Frederick),  cited  Wilhelmine  as  an  ex- 
ample of  the  inevitable  reverses  which 
attend  a  monarch's  female  favourites. 
Imprisoned  at  Hohenasperg  (where  her 
window  looked  upon  Ludwigsburg),  and 
afterwards  more  straitly  at  Hohen-Urach, 
the  fallen  Countess  was  finally  charged 
with  treason,  purloining  of  lands  and 
money,  witchcraft,  bigamous  intent,  and 
attempted  murder.  She  was  almost  cer- 
tainly guilty  of  the  second  and  the  last 
two  offences  ;  and  it  is  clear  that  she  had 
some  belief  in  the  virtue  of  philtres  and 
magical  potions,  while  she  seems  to  have 


been  possessed  of  a  really  magnetic  per- 
sonality. Her  popular  sobriquet  of  Land- 
verderberin  testifies  to  her  acquisitive 
powers.  Before  the  trial  Eberhard  Lud- 
wig  was  dead  ;  and  the  sentence  of  death 
which  was  passed  was  commuted  by  the 
Prussian  monarch  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment and  forfeiture.  Ultimately,  by  Jewish 
influence,  a  free  pardon  was  obtained  ;  and 
the  released  prisoner  died  during  a  fare- 
well visit  to  the  deserted  Ludwigsburg. 

We  have  not  attempted  to  reproduce 
the  romantic  charm  with  which  the  story 
of  the  early  love  of  Duke  Eberhard  and 
Wilhelmine  is  invested  by  the  narrator, 
or  to  dwell  upon  such  picturesque  passages 
as  the  various  interventions  of  the  Duchess 
Dowager  in  the  drama,  or  the  revenge  of 
the  pietist  preacher  Miiller  for  the  rejection 
of  his  advances  to  Wilhelmine  before  she 
left  Gustrow.  We  do  not  feel  so  sure  of 
the  author's  psychology  as  of  her  history. 
When  one  is  told  of  a  woman,  who  only 
wanted  "  fine  linen  and  fair  raiment, 
honour  and  power,"  and  who  was  genu- 
inely in  love  with  her  Duke,  developing 
into  an  utterly  hard-hearted,  unscrupu- 
lous, and  revengeful  being  within  the 
short  space  of  sixteen  months,  Nemo 
repente  rises  in  the  memory.  Certain 
observations  upon  the  male  sex  also 
strike  us  as  unduly  cynical,  if  not  alto- 
gether false.  But  of  the  power  shown 
in  the  book  to  convey  an  atmosphere  and 
describe  a  place  or  a  scene  there  can  be  no 
question.  In  mere  matters  of  fact  there 
is  little  to  notice,  and  misprints  are  rare. 
We  hardly  think  the  writer  justified  in 
asserting  that  Louis  XIV.  "  won  the  day  " 
in  the  Spanish  Succession  War,  though 
we  guess  what  was  in  her  mind  ;  and  the 
ruler  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel  should 
surely  not  be  styled  "  Elector,"  even  in 
the  sense  in  which  he  of  Hesse-Cassel  bore 
that  title. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


Coniston.     By  Winston  Churchill.     (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Winston  Churchill,  the  American 
novelist,  has  already  gained  a  reputation 
as  a  writer  of  stories  dealing  with  American 
history.  His  books  have  been  very  success- 
ful in  the  United  States,  partly  because 
of  their  merit,  and  partly  because  they 
appealed  to  the  patriotism  of  his  fellow- 
countrymen.  In  '  Coniston  '  he  has  for- 
saken the  field  of  history,  and  written  a 
novel  of  which  the  hero  is  an  illiterate 
New  England  "  boss,"  who,  by  shrewdness 
and  force  of  character,  has  made  himself 
the  virtual  ruler  of  the  commonwealth. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  choice  of  subject 
nor  in  the  author's  treatment  of  it  which 
can  flatter  American  patriotic  pride,  and 
the  book  must  owe  its  success  purely  to 
its  merit  as  a  novel.  But  there  is  no  fear 
that  'Coniston'  will  prove  a  disappoint- 
ment for  the  author.  It  is  one  of  the 
strongest  and  best  novels  of  the  year,  and 
by  comparison  dwarfs  Mr.  Churchill's 
historical  novels.  The  skill  with  which 
he  has  drawn  his  hero— neither  concealing 
nor  palliating  Ins  acts  of  political  brigand- 


age, and  yet  compelling  the  reader  secretly 
to  admire  the  strength  and  courage  of  the 
man,  and  to  perceive  and  love  his  lovable 
qualities  —  fully  merits  the  epithet 
"  superb;"  And  Jethro  Bass,  the  "  boss," 
is  only  one  of  a  multitude  of  men  and 
women  into  whom  Mr.  Churchill  has 
breathed  the  breath  of  life.  He  has 
shown  us  a  whole  New  England  village, 
with  the  accuracy  not  of  the  lifeless  photo- 
graph, but  of  the  canvas  of  a  great  painter. 
The  book  has  more  than  five  hundred 
pages,  but  each  page  has  its  excuse  for 
being.  Mr.  Churchill  tells  his  story  admir- 
ably. He  grips  his  reader  in  the  first 
paragraph,  and  never  relaxes  his  hold. 
That  a  writer  should  have  made  com- 
pletely interesting  the  sordid  intrigues  of 
American  politics,  the  strife  between  rival 
railway  companies,  and  the  petty  jealousies 
and  meannesses  of  village  trades- 
men and  small  farmers,  is  a  genuine 
triumph.  With  the  exception  of  an 
occasional  mannerism  which  suggests  that 
Mr.  Churchill  is  a  rather  indiscriminating 
admirer  of  Carlyle,  the  book  is  thoroughly 
well  written,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to 
say  that  it  places  him  at  the  head  of 
contemporary  American  novelists. 


A  Benedick  in  Arcady.  By  Halliwell 
Sutcliffe.     (John  Murray.) 

Every  one  who  read  '  A  Bachelor  in 
Arcady '  will  open  this  book  with  an 
expectation  of  enjoyment.  Not  every 
one  will  close  it  without  a  feeling  of  dis- 
appointment. The  scene  is  the  same, 
but  it  has  lost  some  of  its  colour  and 
breeziness.  Cathy  is  not  less  fascinating 
as  wife  than  as  maid  ;  the  Wanderer  is 
as  courtly  and  buoyant  as  ever ;  but 
the  Bachelor,  by  turning  Benedick,  has 
become  rather  a  different  being.  His 
touch  with  nature  is  less  intimate. 
Instead  of  the  delightful  notes  on  gardens, 
fields,  animals,  and  birds  in  the  earlier 
book,  we  have  attractively  written  essays 
on  such  subjects  as  the  Stuarts,  super- 
stition, the  yeomanry,  and  old  age. 
While  the  Bachelor  was  content  to  observe 
the  Benedick  is  inclined  to  preach.  The 
book  will  be  an  agreeable  companion  for 
a  summer  afternoon,  and  is  disappointing 
only  because  its  predecessor  was  much 
better. 

Joseph  Vance  :  an  III- written  Autobio- 
graphy. By  William  De  Morgan. 
(Heinemann.) 

The  complaint  may  possibly  be  made 
that  'Joseph  Vance'  has  little  or  no  plot. 
But  is  a  plot  a  necessary  part  of  a  book 
which  professes  to  be  an  autobiography  \ 
The  life  of  the  average  man  is  neither  a 
tragedy  nor  a  comedy,  and  it  would 
be  hard  to  find  in  his  autobiography 
a  satisfactory  plot.  '  Joseph  Vance  ' 
impresses  the  reader  as  the  truthful  record 
of  a  life,  and  as  that  is  what  the  author 
intended,  w  e  need  not   lament  the  absence 

of  a  plot.  The  book  is  written  in  a  lei- 
surely fashion.  It  suggests  the  talk  of 
an  intelligent  man  who  has  something  to 
say,  and  all  night  in  which  to  say  it,  and 


98 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  i90B 


the  listener  must  be  unusually  obtuse  who 
does  not  find  pleasure  in  listening.  There 
is  abundance  of  humour  in  Mr.  De  Morgan's 
story,  and  it  is  found  not  only  in  the 
humorous  remarks  made  by  the  author, 
but  also  in  the  essentially  humorous  cha- 
racteristics of  several  of  the  people  to 
whom  he  introduces  us.  The  reader 
may  fancy  that  the  task  of  reading  will 
be  long  enough  to  be  tiresome  ;  but  if 
he  has  any  appreciation  of  work  that  is 
humorous,  thoughtful,  pathetic,  and  tho- 
roughly entertaining,  he  will  not  regret 
the  length  of  the  story.  '  Joseph  Vance  ' 
is  fresh,  original,  and  unusually  clever. 
If  it  is  the  author's  first  effort,  as  is  appa- 
rently the  case,  his  next  book  will  be  looked 
for  with  interest. 


Bess  of  the  Woods.     By  Warwick  Deeping. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  Mr.  Deeping  has 
now  adventured  upon  his  own  initiative. 
It  was  obvious  that  his  talent  was 
considerable,  but  it  was  also  obvious 
that  he  was  not  trusting  to  it. 
But  his  barque  now  sails  the  seas  alone 
and  independently,  and  we  congratulate 
him.  This  is  a  vigorous,  full-blooded 
romance  of  the  eighteenth  century,  in 
which  the  tone  and  temper  of  the  age  are 
most  successfully  realized.  The  hard- 
drinking,  dissolute  squire,  the  shrewish 
woman  of  fashion,  the  decent  country 
parson — all  are  well  portrayed.  The  hero 
is  also  an  admirable  figure,  though  not 
quite  so  convincing.  Perhaps  the  smug- 
gling community  of  rascals  will  recall 
memories  of  '  Lorna  Doone,'  but  that  is 
nothing  derogatory  to  Mr.  Deeping's  in- 
vention. The  incidents  are  well  managed, 
and  the  story  carries  the  reader  along  at  a 
rattling  speed.  A  tale  of  adventure  and 
love  which  is  also  full  of  characterization 
and  atmosphere  is  rare  enough,  but  this 
is  one  ;  and  we  hope  Mr.  Deeping  will 
stick  to  his  last. 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Villiers.     By  Hubert  Wales. 

(John  Long.) 
A  marriage  which  was  very  much  a 
failure  is  the  theme  of  this  novel,  and  the 
author's  investigation  of  the  causes  lead- 
ing up  to  so  lamentable  a  result  does  not 
err  on  the  side  of  reticence.  Whether 
any  good  end  can  be  served  by  the  dis- 
cussion in  fiction  of  subjects  more 
appropriate  to  works  on  physiology  is 
a  very  doubtful  question,  since  such 
discussion,  if  it  is  to  have  a  practical 
value,  must  plainly  be  based  upon  facts, 
not  upon  the  highly  coloured  present- 
ment of  a  supposititious  and  unlikely 
case.  From  a  literary  point  of  view  the 
book  has  appreciable  merits,  being  easy 
to  read  and  in  parts  powerfully,  though 
not  pleasantly  written  ;  but  none  of  the 
characters  appeals  to  us.  We  sympathize 
neither  with  the  unreasonable  wife  nor 
with  the  invertebrate  husband,  nor  yet 
with  the  lady  journalist,  marked  out  by 
her  talents  for  eminence  in  a  less  modern 
vocation.  Even  the  pattern  married 
couple  are  not  so  nice  as  they  ought  to  be. 


SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Mr.  Douglas  Dewae  considers  that  an 
apology  is  perhaps  necessary  for  the  title 
of  his  book,  Bombay  Ducks  :  an  Account  of 
some  of  tlie  Every-day  Birds  and  Beasts  found 
in  a  Naturalist's  Eldorado  (John  Lane).  We 
agree  with  him,  and  can  see  no  special  reason 
why  the  volume  should  be  so  called,  rather 
than  '  Madras  Mulls,'  for  a  great  number  of 
his  subjects  come  from  the  Madras  Pre- 
sidency, or  even  '  Qui  Hies,'  as  some  of  them 
hail  from  Bengal.  Those  who  have  Yule's 
'  Glossary  '  will  find  all  that  is  to  be  said 
about  these  nicknames,  but  for  the  benefit 
of  readers  who  have  not  that  entertaining 
and  learned  work  it  may  be  explained  that 
in  Bengal  officers  had  many  servants,  and 
the  mode  of  summoning  one  in  attendance 
was  to  call  out,  Koi  liai  ?  ("Is  any  one 
present  ?  ").  The  ideal  reply  of  the  servant 
was,  Hclzir  ;  jo  hukm  ?  ("I  am  present; 
what  are  your  orders  ?  ").  From  this 
custom  Bengal  officers  were  called  "  Qui 
Hies,"  or,  as  the  author  spells  the  phrase, 
"  Qui-his."  In  Madras  and  Bombay  ser- 
vants were  scarcer,  and  probably  would  not 
respond  to  the  Bengal  call  ;  the  officers 
of  these  presidencies  were  called  "  Mulls  " 
and  "  Ducks,"  said  to  be  contractions  or 
corruptions  of  "Mulligatawny  "  and  "Duces  " 
=  leaders. 

The  volume,  which  is  attractively  pre- 
sented in  the  matters  of  paper,  type,  binding, 
and  illustrations,  "  reproductions  of  photo- 
graphs of  living  birds  taken  by  Capt.  R.  S.  F. 
Fayrer,  I.M.S.,"  is  a  collection  of  contribu- 
tions to  various  Indian  newspapers,  chiefly 
about  the  commoner  birds  of  the  plains  of 
India.  The  little  essays  or  articles  are 
pleasantly  written,  and  the  descriptions 
are  in  essentials  correct.  There  is  some 
repetition  which  might  have  been  avoided 
when  the  papers  were  collected.  Mistakes 
or  misprints  are  few  :  on  p.  217  "  tree- 
hunting  "  should,  we  suppose,  be  tree- 
haunting.  As  to  noisy  birds  opinions  will 
differ,  for  noises  affect  people's  nerves 
differently.  When  one  is  lying  awake  at 
night  in  Indian  heat  the  monotonous  cries 
of  birds  at  regular  intervals  are  very  trying 
— far  more  so,  we  imagine,  than  the  chatter- 
ing of  sparrows  or  the  call  of  the  landrail  in 
this  country.  Yet  the  corncrake  gets  on 
our  author's  nerves,  and  he  has  no  good 
word  for  him.  Now,  apart  from  the  pleasant 
associations  of  spring  and  summer  connected 
with  his  note,  he  is  in  autumn  not  infre- 
quently surprised  by  the  sportsman  in 
pursuit  of  partridges  ;  he  is  easy  to  shoot, 
excellent  on  the  table,  and  furnishes  most 
desirable  feathers  for  trout  flies.  In  point 
of  actual  noise  the  parrots'  house  at  the 
Zoological  Gardens  will  take  a  good  deal  of 
beating.  If  the  author  were  to  try  a  course 
of  it,  he  would,  perhaps,  be  more  lenient  in 
his  view  of  other  noisy  birds. 

Many  persons  besides  sportsmen  will 
greatly  enjoy  reading  Life  in  the  Open  :  Sport 
with  Rod,  Gun,  Horse,  and  Hound  in  Soutliern 
California,  by  Charles  Frederick  Holder 
(Putnam's  Sons),  because,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  description  of  the  chase  is  sub- 
ordinated to  presentation  of  outdoor  life 
in  Southern  California,  a  land  singularly 
favoured  by  nature  as  regards  scenery  and 
climate,  destined  to  be  a  great  playground 
and  health-resort,  for  Americans  chiefly, 
but  also  for  an  increasing  number  of  Euro- 
peans. The  author  tells  us  that  it  is  not 
merely  a  place  wherein  to  winter,  but  is  also 
excellent  in  summer,  the  intense  heat  of  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  being  unknown  : — 

"The  truth  about  Southern  California  is  that 
it  is  an  all-the-year-round  land,  where  it  can 
honestly  be  said  the  disagreeable  features  of  life 


and  climate  are  reduced  to  the  minimum.  Southern 
California  is  so  cosmopolitan  that  it  belongs  to 
all  America,  and  in  this  oasis  between  the  desert 
and  the  deep  sea  the  country  has  a  possession  that 
will  prove  in  years  to  come  one  of  its  most  valuable 
assets.  Yesterday  it  was  a  great  ranch  ;  to-day  it 
is  a  principality,  and  has  taken  its  place  among  the 
groat  and  active  centres  of  life,  health,  and  com- 
merce of  the  world." 

The  book  is  divided  into  twenty-six 
chapters  or  short  essays,  unconnected  with 
each  other,  and  headed  by  tastefully  designed 
full-page  illustrations  in  which  drawing  and 
photography  are  skilfully  combined.  The 
subjects  are  various  :  '  Across  Country  with 
Greyhounds,'  '  Deer-Hunting  in  the  Southern 
Sierras,'  '  El  Camino  Real,'  '  Life  in  the 
Sierra  Madre,'  '  A  Window  of  the  Sea,'  and 
'  The  Climate  '  may  be  mentioned  as  indicat- 
ing the  scope.  These  titles  also  show  in  a 
general  way  what  the  reader  may  expect. 
The  chapter  on  wild-fowl  is  excellent,  whilst 
that  termed  '  El  Camino  Real  '  ('  The  King's 
Highway  '),  in  which  a  visit  by  coach  to  the 
missions  between  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego 
is  described,  has  much  interest.  The  author 
has  succeeded  in  conveying  the  charm  of 
such  a  trip,  which  can  be  made  in  consider- 
able comfort  as  there  are  inns  or  hotels  along 
the  road.     He  says  : — 

"The  old  Missions  of  California  are  among  the 
most  attractive  features  of  this  country  to  the 
average  person.  They  are  typical  California  ruins, 
and,  like  wine,  will  increase  in  value  as  time  rolls 
on.  Many  of  the  old  Missions  a  few  years  ago 
were  rapidly  going  to  decay,  but  the  Landmarks 
Club  of  Los  Angeles  has  accomplished  good  work 
in  preventing  their  destruction.  The  decay  of 
San  Fernando,  Pala,  San  Juan  Capistrano,  and  San 
Luis  Rey  has  been  arrested,  and  travellers  through 
the  fair  country  will  now  doubtless  have  the  old 
Missions  for  all  time,  as  their  historical  value  is 
thoroughly  appreciated  by  the  present  dwellers  in 
the  land  of  the  setting  sun." 

'  A  Window  of  the  Sea  '  is  a  glass-bottomed 
boat  through  which  marine  scenery  and  fish 
may  be  observed  :  at  p.  318  there  is  a  re- 
markable illustration  from  a  photograph, 
called  '  Black  and  White  Sea  Urchins,'  of  an 
under-sea  forest ;  and  again  at  p.  322  fish  are 
shown  swimming  as  in  an  aquarium. 

The  descriptions  of  deserts  and  streams 
which  disappear  in  the  sand  will  remind 
geographers  of  similar  phenomena  in  other 
parts  of  the  world,  notably  in  Asia,  where  a 
great  proportion  of  rivers  never  reach  the 
ocean  by  open  channel,  and  where,  in  the 
vast  deserts  of  Gobi  and  the  Takla  Makan, 
sand,  taking  the  place  of  water,  is  formed 
into  waves  of  gigantic  size. 

The  weak  points  of  the  book,  at  any  rate 
for  a  European  reader,  are  that  too  minute 
topographical  detail  is  tacked  on  to  some  of 
the  chapters,  which  consequently  have 
rather  the  effect  of  a  guide-book  without 
maps  ;  and  the  use  of  local  terms  which  are 
not  generally  understood.  Yet  the  volume 
is  excellent,  and  the  numerous  illustrations 
are  of  much  merit,  creditable  alike  to  author 
and  publisher. 

Seventy  Years'  Fishing.  By  Charles 
George  Barrington,  C.B.  (Smith  &  Elder.) 
— Mr.  Barrington  has  produced  the  most 
interesting  book  about  fishing  which  we 
have  read  for  a  long  time  :  he  writes  very 
pleasantly,  and  in  a  manner  not  calculated 
to  ruffle  the  hackles  of  other  anglers  ;  he 
does  not  tell  you  his  method  of  fishing  is  the 
best,  nor  does  he  consider  fly-fishing  as  the 
first  branch  of  the  art,  with  the  rest  nowhere. 
To  hear  some  fly-fishers,  "  pure  and  simple," 
talk,  an  outsider  might  suppose  that  to  be 
able  to  cast  a  decent  fly  transcends  in  skill 
anything  the  user  of  other  lures  can  do  ; 
whereas  it  is  far  moro  difficult,  and  requires 
far  more  practice,  to  cast  a  bait  from  the 
reel     with     accuracy     and     delicacy.     Mr. 


N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


99 


Barrington's  reminiscences  cover  the  whole  of 
Queen  Victoria's  reign,  his  first  trout  having 
been  killed  seventy  years  ago  ;  since  then 
he  has,  he  tells  us,  never  lost  an  opportunity 
of  fishing  for  salmon,  sea  trout,  trout,  and 
grayling.  We  hope  his  chapter  on  the 
Hampshire  Avon  and  its  deterioration  as  a 
salmon  river  will  be  read  by  all  who  are 
concerned  in  the  movement  to  place  the 
Itchin  and  Test,  the  finest  trout  streams  in 
the  world,  at  the  mercy  of  a  board  who  are 
interested  only  in  salmon,  and  whose  action 
on  the  Avon  and  Stour  has  resulted  in  almost 
extinguishing  the  salmon  in  those  rivers. 

Mr.  W.  Earl  Hodgson's  Salmon  Fishing 
(A.  &  C.  Black),  like  his  former  study, 
'  Trout  Fishing,'  is  more  or  less  in  a  class  by 
itself  ;  for  practice  is  blended  with  theory, 
fact  with  fiction,  or  at  any  rate  with  anec- 
dote, in  a  way  at  once  charming  and  con- 
clusive as  to  his  literary  skill.  He  thinks, 
too,  with  independence,  generally,  so  far 
as  we  can  judge,  drawing  correct  deductions 
from  observation  ;  and  if  he  assigns  too 
much  importance  to  the  opinions  of  those 
who  have  written  most  on  the  subject, 
oblivious  to  the  fact  that  their  knowledge  is 
often  in  inveise  ratio  to  their  literary 
exuberance,  the  deference  shown  is  in  every 
way  attractive  and  becoming  in  a  student. 
As  he  gains  experience  he  will  see,  and 
possibly  say,  more  clearly  where  error  lies, 
and  perceive  on  what  slender  foundations 
many  of  our  instructors  respecting  salmon 
and  their  capture  build. 

As  in  '  Trout  Fishing,'  the  volume  is 
prefaced  by  plates  of  model  flies  reproduced 
in  colour  ;  they  are  well  selected  and  are 
all  named,  so  that  a  purchaser  can  readily 
choose  a>  d  order  what  he  wants,  and  the 
reproduction  is  so  good  that  the  examples 
might  serve  as  guides  for  the  fly-tier.  There 
are  seventy-six  patterns,  and  it  is  suggested 
that  enough  are  not  pictured.  The  choice 
was  made  by  the  author,  with  the  assistance 
of  Mr.  P.  D.'Malloch,  the  well-known  tackle- 
seller  and  fisherman  of  Perth,  latterly  also 
an  agent  for  shootings  and  fishings.  Exami- 
nation of  the  pictures  recalls  the  venerable 
remark  that  more  flies  are  made  to  catch 
the  fisherman  than  to  lure  the  fish,  and 
certainly  a  man  may  fish  much  and  kill 
many  with  a  dozen  or  eighteen  flies  all  told. 
Yet,  as  the  author  realizes,  there  are  omis- 
sions from  his  plates  which  some  will  regret. 

The  book  begins  as  it  should,  after  a 
little  dalliance  with  art  and  nature,  reason 
and  logic,  poetry  and  sport,  with  the  story 
of  the  first  salmon  caught  by  Mr.  Hodgson 
in  the  Fife  Eden,  during  a  Lammas  flood, 
with  a  phantom  minnow.  He  was  youthful, 
and  the  event  attracted  spectators,  among 
them  "  a  white-haired  gentleman  in  un- 
worldly orders."  When  the  salmon  lay  on 
the  bank, 

"  the  minister,  who  had  been  very  pleasant  in  his 
remarks  during  the  struggle,  lifted  up  his  voice 
and  his  silver-topped  cane,  and  delivered  an  ad- 
dress. Upon  my  word  he  did.  I  was  to  take  a 
solemn  lesson  from  what  had  happened.  Patience 
and  perseverance.  They  had  overcome  that  salmon. 
They  would  overcome  all  the  difficulties  of  life. 
Care,  diligence,  assiduity;  no  undue  haste,  which 
would  always  defeat  its  purpose.  Even  as  I  was 
to  be  a  devoted  servant  of  duty,  so,  in  duty 
accomplished,  I  was  always  to  be  temperate  in 
satisfaction." 

Mr.  Hodgson  plays  delicately  with  the 
question  whether  salmon  feed  in  fresh 
water,  and  the  various  remarkable  theories 
set  up  as  to  why  they  take  a  luro.  Sir 
Herbert  Maxwell  is  quoted,  and  the  incon- 
sistency of  his  remarks  is  shown.  After 
maintaining  that  when  salmon  leave  the 
sea  they  abstain  from  food,  he  tells  of  a  fish 
that  was  in  fresh  water,  that  had  eaten, 
$nd  that  meant  to  eat  again.     The   present 


writer  has  repeatedly  seen  salmon  feeding 
as  voraciously  as  trout  during  a  rise,  of 
March  brown,  and  has  more  than  once 
taken  them  on  that  fly. 

An  interesting  feature  of  the  book  is  the 
brief  description  of  the  rivers  of  Scotland, 
Ireland,  and  England  and  Wales.  Natu- 
rally, it  is  incomplete,  but  still  it  is  com- 
prehensive, and  the  remarks  as  to  deteriora- 
tion are  generally  sound  ;  the  evils  at  work 
have  been  described  over  and  over  again, 
with,  it  is  to  be  feared,  but  slender  results 
in  the  way  of  improvement.  Lord  Galloway 
hits  the  mark  fairly  as  to  one  chief  cause  of 
the  falling-off  of  rivers  for  fishing  : — 

"In  my  opinion due  to  the  ridiculous  over- 
draining  that  has  taken  place  on  the  estate,  in 
order  to  grow  corn,  which,  when  grown,  does  not 
pay.  The  consequence  is  that  a  spate  lasts  but  a 
few  hours,  and  all  the  rain  has  gone  to  the  sea, 
instead  of,  as  was  the  case  when  I  was  a  boy,  the 
river  remaining  in  order  for  three  or  four  days. 
The  effect  of  the  over-draining  has  been  to  spoil  the 

fishing load  the  estate  with  debt  to  pay  for  the 

draining,  and  do  no  earthly  good  to  any  one,  just 
because  some  idiot  thought  lie  was  wiser  than  the 
Creator,  and  said  that  a  man  was  a  benefactor  to 
mankind  who  made  two  blades  of  corn  grow  where 
one  grew  before,  ignoring  the  fact  that  the  soil 
might  not  be  suitable  for  corn,  and  that  the  expense 
of  cultivation  woidd  take  away  any  profit." 

The  evil  is  widespread,  and  has  most 
seriously  damaged  rivers,  and  agricultural 
land  on  their  banks,  of  much  greater  import- 
ance than  any  in  Galloway  ;  but,  as  is 
shown  in  the  book,  a  remedy  by  way  of  pro- 
viding a  reservoir  in  the  upper  waters  in 
lieu  of  the  morasses  drained,  and  regulating 
the  flow,  is  one  of  the  possibilities  of  the 
future. 

Bad  as  is  this  reckless  chaining,  the  pollu- 
tion of  rivers,  and  the  erection  of  dams  and 
obstacles  to  the  free  passage  of  salmon  from 
the  sea  to  the  spawning  beds,  are  worso. 
Remedies,  though  available,  are  unlikely 
to  be  applied  till  destruction  has  gono 
further  and  done  greater  damage.  Similar 
apathy  is  shown  in  matters  of  greater 
concern,  so  perhaps  it  is  not  remarkable 
that  ovu"  rivers  and  lakes  are  allowed  to  be 
poisoned.  From  the  window  at  which  these 
lines  are  written  one  of  the  fairest  lakes  in 
England  may  be  seen  in  process  of  destruc- 
tion from  a  constant  discharge  of  water  and 
refuse  from  mines  in  the  neighbourhood  ; 
yet  no  one  objects. 

Plan  and  sections  of  a  salmon  pass  from 
Loch  Vennachar,  regarding  which  the  author 
is  sanguine,  are  given,  and  we  hope  that  the 
work  may  be  successful.  Many  passes 
have  been  made,  but  few  have  been  useful, 
though  sometimes  it  is  difficult  to  account 
for  the  fact.  Fish  may  be  seen  neglecting 
them,  and  vainly  expending  energy  at 
some  impossible  part  of  the  weir  :  and  usually 
many  more  fish  swim  up  a  fall,  holding  on 
with  extraordinary  power  to  the  rock  or 
weir  they  are  trying  to  surmount,  than  get 
over  it  by  means  of  a  leap. 

The  volume  is  well  turned  out,  has  an 
index,  and  is  sufficiently  illustrated  ;  it 
should  be  warmly  welcomed  in  many 
libraries  beyond  those  of  anglers. 

A  Book  of  Bridge.  By  Pontifex.  (Blackie 
&  Son.) — There  are  numerous  manuals  of 
bridge  on  the  market,  most  of  which  have 
well-marked  virtues  and  defects.  A  place 
in  the  first  rank  must  be  given  to  this 
sound  and  well-written  treatise  by  "Ponti- 
fex,"' who  owes  little  or  nothing  to  his  pre- 
decessors, but  writes  in  an  eclectic  spirit  of 
good  sense.  He  abstains  from  dogmatizing 
on  the  various  points  which  are  still  disputed 
between  rival  schools,  but  aims  rather  at 
"exhibiting  to  his  readers  the  rival  theories 
of  play  where  the  opinions  of  players  differ, 
paying  it  to  their  own  judgment  to  decide 


upon  the  best."  The  author's  chapters  on 
the  various  declarations  aie  particularly 
good,  though  it  is  possible  that  the  "dash- 
ing "  player  will  think  thorn  too  cautious. 
We  commend  to  him,  however,  the  very 
sensible  presentation  of  the  argument  in 
favour  of  calling  spades  on  an  absolutely 
weak  hand  (p.  121),  which,  to  the  mind  of 
the  present  writer,  is  entirely  beyond  cavil. 
The  forward  player  leaves  it  in  the  hope 
that  his  partner  may  hold  four  aces  or  five 
honours  in  hearts,  and  thinks  that  the  one 
occasion  when  this  happens  counterbalances 
the  forty-nine  when  he  loses  the  odd  trick 
or  the  game.  The  leads  at  bridge  are 
becoming  conventional,  though  there  is  still 
dispute  as  to  the  lead  from  king,  knave, 
ten  :  some  lead  the  ten,  as  at  whist,  whilst 
others  prefer  the  so-called  bridge  lead  of  the 
knave.  "  Pontifex  "  inclines  in  favour  of 
the  ten,  and  we  think  that  the  balance  of 
opinion  is  with  him.  The  discard  is  one 
of  the  most  disputed  points  at  bridge.  The 
general  English  rule  is  to  discard  from 
weakness,  the  American  to  discard  from 
strength  ;  whilst  there  are  many  modifica- 
tions of  these  two  simple  rules — such  as 
the  "  opposite  "  discard,  or  the  system 
recommended,  on  whist  lines,  by  "  Helles- 
pont." "  Pontifex  "  inclines  to  think,  with 
Mr.  Elwell,  that  the  rule  of  discarding 
always  from  strength  is  preferable,  though 
he  scarcely  pays  adequate  attention  to  the 
really  strong  argument  against  it,  which  is 
that,  when  there  are  no  trumps,  tliis  discard 
may  often  mean  the  loss  of  a  very  probable 
trick.  When  a  suit  has  been  declared,  the 
discard  from  strength  is  certainly  the  best, 
and  we  should  ourselves  prefer  it  to  be  under- 
stood that  a  player  discarded  from  strength 
when  there  were  trumps,  but  from  weakness 
when  playing  without  them.  In  the  latter 
case  there  are  almost  always  two  discards, 
at  least,  as  soon  as  the  dealer  gets  in  with 
his  long  suit,  and  it  is  thus  possible  to  show 
one's  suit  with  certainty  without  throwing 
a  valuable  card  from  it.  Of  course,  with 
average  players,  the  actual  system  of  dis- 
carding does  not  matter  so  much  as  that 
both  partners  should  agree  upon  it  and 
watch  for  it :  how  often  is  it  the  case,  except 
in  really  good  company,  that  they  omit  to 
do  the  latter  !  "  Bumble-puppy  "  has  by 
no  means  disappeared  since  whist  went  out 
of  fashion  ;  indeed,  it  is  more  prevalent  than 
ever  since  the  easier  and  more  popular  game 
came  in.  We  commend  this  admirable 
little  book  to  bridge  players,  who  will  pro- 
mote the  happiness  of  their  partners  and 
their  own  prosperity  if  they  take  heed  to  its 
instructions.  A  number  of  excellent  illus- 
trative hands  are  appended. 

Saturday  Bridge.  By  W.  Dalton.  (West, 
Strand  Publishing  Company.) — Mr.  Dalton, 
whose  hook  is  chiefly  composed  of  papers  on 
bridge  which  have  been  a  lively  feature  of 
The  Saturday  Review,  writes  for  players  who 
have  mastered  the  rudiments  of  this 
fascinating  game.  He  follows  the  usual 
routine  of  such  works,  beginning  with  a  series 
of  chapters  on  the  declaration,  going  on  to 
consider  the  openmg  lead,  the  play  of  the 
third  hand,  and  the  discard,  and  winding 
Up   with   a  long  and    interesting   chapter   on 

the  play  of  the  dealer.  Mr.  Dalton  is  a  well- 
known  player  of  wide  experience,  and  every- 
thing he  publishes  is  of  interest  to  students 
of  the  game,  although  we  can  hardly  sub- 
scribe to  bis  denunciation  of  other  writers 
on  the  ground  that  they  are  not  "members 
of  well-known  London  clubs."  His  con- 
cluding chapter  is  thus  devoted  to  a  pane- 
gyric of  "  practice  "  as  opposed  to  "  theory." 
"There  is,"  he  says,  "as  much   difference 

between  bridge  ns  these  men  [i.e.,  the  leading 

chili  players]  know  it  and  theoretical  bridge 


100 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


as  there  is  between  the  play  of  the  Australians 
and  the  cricket  of  some  little  provincial  club." 
This  is  rather  hard  upon  Hellespont  and  the 
other  "  theorists,"  who  have  nevertheless 
been  taken  as  instructors  by  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  rising  generation  of  bridge  players. 
Of  course  Mr.  Dalton  is  suffering  from  a 
slight  mental  confusion  in  his  comparison 
of  bridge  to  cricket.  It  is  true  that  practice 
counts  for  a  great  deal  more  than  theory  at 
any  game  which  involves  physical  skill  :  the 
nice  co-ordination  of  eye  and  hand  on  which 
such  games  depend  can  only  be  acquired  by 
long  training  of  the  muscles,  and  no  amount 
of  "  book- work  "  can  impart  it.  But  in  a 
game  of  intellect  pure  and  simple  it  is  possible 
to  acquire  considerable  skill  by  the  careful 
study  of  books — else  why  should  Mr.  Dalton 
and  his  rivals  take  the  trouble  to  write  them 
in  such  numbers  ? — and  we  cannot  agree 
with  him  that  actual  play  in  good  company 
is  the  only  possible  way  of  learning  the  nicer 
points  of  the  game.  No  doubt  it  is  the 
easiest  and  pleasantest  way,  though  at  the 
outset  the  neophyte  will  find  it  involves 
great  risks  regarding  his  own  purse  and  his 
partner's  temper.  It  is  just  to  avoid  risks 
of  this  kind,  as  tar  as  possible,  that  the  study 
of  a  book  is  desirable.  And  there  are  many 
people  so  constituted  by  nature  that  they 
find  Hellespont's  laborious  analysis  of  the 
results  of  a  defensive  declaration  by  the 
dealer,  based  on  a  large  number  of  hands, 
more  satisfactory  than  Mr.  Dalton's  bald 
statement  that  "  the  best  players  of  the  day  " 
do  so-and-so.  Apart  from  this  matter — 
which  it  would  have  been  wiser  to  omit  from 
the  book,  though  it  was  well  enough  in  an 
article  exhibiting  results  —  Mr.  Dalton's 
treatise  is  worthy  of  a  leading  place  among 
works  on  the  subject,  of  which,  his  biblio- 
graphy shows  us,  a  surprising  number  exist. 
There  are  plenty  of  controversial  points  in 
his  instructions,  but  as  a  rule  he  takes  a 
sensible  view.  We  are  still  waiting  for  the 
Cavendish  of  bridge,  but  books  like  this 
help  to  pave  the  way  for  his  arrival.  By  the 
way,  Mr.  Dalton's  contempt  for  "  theory  " 
has  led  him  into  the  erroneous  statement 
that  the  name  of  the  inventor  of  the  "  fourth- 
best  "  lead  is  not  known  to  posterity  :  it 
was  Mr.  Nicholas  Browse  Trist,  of  New 
Orleans. 


COUNTRY  BOOKS   AND  GUIDES. 

The  Silvery  Thames.  Described  by  Walter 
Jerrold.  With  Sixty  Illustrations  in  Colour 
by  Ernest  W.  Haslehust.  (A.  Cooke.) — 
In  the  present  work,  which  describes  the 
course  of  the  Thames  from  source  to  sea, 
the  quality  of  the  illustrations  is  very  good, 
and  it  may  be  said,  though  we  would  not 
depreciate  Mr.  Jerrold 's  interesting  com- 
ments, that  these  constitute  the  chief  charm 
of  the  book.  In  a  few  instances  the  reds 
and  yellows  offer  too  vivid  a  note  ;  but 
herein  they  are  in  marked  constrast  to  the 
great  majority  of  the  plates,  which  possess 
an  air  of  quietude  and  distinction  admirably 
interpretative  of  the  sylvan  beauty  of 
Thames  scenery,  and  serve  to  show  effectively 
the  delicate  harmonies  of  the,  riverside  tints. 
The  range  of  subjects  begins  with  the  tran- 
quil Gloucestershire  meadows  where  the 
Thames  rises,  and  ends  amid  the  open  water 
at  its  mouth,  '  Looking  Southward  to  the 
Nore.'  Of  the  places  through  which  it  flows 
famous  either  for  natural  beauty  or  for 
historical  or  romantic  associations,  few,  if 
any,  have  escaped  the  illustrator.  The 
standard  is  very  even,  but  among  the 
most  pleasing  pictures  are  Moulsford 
Ferry  and  Medmenham  Abbey,  and  the 
sketches  of  the  Nunehn.m  and  Cliveden 
woods. 


Mr.  Jerrold's  text  contains  an  exact 
itinerary,  interspersed,  as  occasion  requires, 
with  antiquarian,  topographical,  and  literary 
lore.  Memories  of  Pope  at  Twickenham, 
of  Shelley  at  Marlow,  of  Morris  at  Kelmscott 
lend  interest  to  his  pages,  which  record 
likewise  the  homage  of  poets  to  the  river 
from  Drayton  to  Matthew  Arnold.  The  list 
might  well  have  been  continued  by  a  refer- 
ence to  the  beautiful  ode  of  Mr.  Bridges 
beginning  : — 

There  is  a  hill  beside  the  silver  Thames 
Shady  with  birch  and  beech  and  odorous  pine. 

True,  the  precise  locality  is  intentionally  not 
revealed,  and  the  ode  therefore  finds  no 
outstanding  place  in  the  itinerary  ;  but  the 
lines  render  the  peculiar  charm  of  Thames 
scenery  with  an  exquisite  fidelity  of  detail 
which  rivals  that  of  '  Thyrsis '  or  '  The 
Scholar-Gipsy.'  Mr.  Jerrold's  division  of 
the  course  of  the  river  into  three  sections 
— '  The  River  of  Quiet,'  from  the  source  to 
Oxford  ;  '  The  Stream  of  Pleasure,'  from 
Oxford  to  London  ;  and  '  The  Highway  of 
Commerce,'  from  London  to  the  Nore — 
might  perhaps  move  a  reader  to  remark 
that  there  is  plenty  of  quiet  on  the  river 
below  Oxford,  and  a  certain  amount  of 
pleasure  above  it  ;  but  the  titles  fairly 
indicate  the  main  characteristics  of  the  three 
divisions. 

The  tranquil  beauty  of  the  "  Upper  River," 
as  the  first  portion  has  come  to  be  known, 
is  rendered  with  a  special  sympathy  in  Mr. 
Haslehust's  drawings.  Of  Oxford  itself  the 
volume  does  not  profess  to  treat.  As  Mr. 
Jerrold  remarks,  "  it  can  neither  be  hit  off 
in  a  phrase  nor  summarized  in  a  chapter." 
So  he  confines  his  attention  strictly  to  the 
river,  and  while  traversing  the  somewhat 
unattractive  stretch  that  lies  between  Port 
Meadow  and  Folly  Bridge  avails  himself  of 
the  opportunity  of  observing  the  Osney 
gasworks.  When  the  sight  of  the  college 
barges  by  the  Christ  Church  meadow  does 
move  Mr.  Jerrold  to  digress  a  little,  he  does 
not  seem  on  very  sure  ground.  He  is 
apparently  under  the  impression  that  Com- 
memoration precedes  Eights'  week  in  the 
Summer  Term,  instead  of  coming  at  the  end 
of  it. 

The  rather  slender  evidence  on  which  it 
has  been  held  that  the  name  Thames  was 
from  earliest  times  applied  to  the  upper 
waters  of  the  stream  is  accepted  by  our 
author,  in  preference  to  the  poets'  conceit 
of  the  river,  like  the  name,  being  produced 
by  the  union  of  the  Thame  and  the  Isis. 
There  is  surely,  however,  a  needless  touch 
of  asperity  in  the  remark  that  "  the  Isis  is 
the  nickname  under  which  the  river  mas- 
querades chiefly  in  the  eyes  of  Oxonians." 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Ball's  pictures  of  Sussex,  a 
new  "  colour  book  "  just  published  by 
Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black,  are  excellent,  and 
fairly  represent  the  varied  beauties  of  the 
county.  He  has,  of  course,  made  the  best 
of  everything  ;  but  his  pictures  are  both 
comely  and  like  the  places  they  represent, 
while  the  colour  process  has  generally  pro- 
duced good  results. 

The  text,  which  is  anonymous,  bears  but 
little  relation  to  the  pictures,  and  leads  off 
with  a  dissertation  on  the  physical  geography 
of  the  county  and  its  prehistoric  aspect.  We 
find  it  decidedly  interesting,  but  it  may 
irritate  others.  It  lays,  at  any  rate,  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  comity  vividly 
before  the  reader,  and  is  a  novelty  in  dealing 
at  length  with  early  rather  than  recent 
history.  It  may  bo  the  work  of  one  of  our 
brilliant  youn^  authors  writing  in  a  hurry, 
fnr  it  is  disfigured  by  a  cocksure  tone 
which  the  numerous  generalizations  do 
not    always    justify.     The  whole  makes    an 

attractive   Volume 


The  Hastings  Road.  By  Charles  G.  Harper. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) — There  are  so  many  ways 
to  wander  in  that  Mr.  Harper's  task  will 
never  be  completed.  He  has  not  yet  ex- 
hausted all  the  main  roads  of  England,  and 
when  he  has,  there  will  yet  remain  the  by- 
roads and  cross-roads,  equally  alive  with 
interest  and  tradition.  This  new  volume 
follows  the  line  of  its  many  predecessors, 
and  is  written  in  the  same  vein.  Mr.  Harper 
is  steeped  in  the  lore  and  gossip  of  his  high- 
ways, and  pleasantly  diversifies  the  way  for 
his  attendant  reader.  But  the  Hastings 
Road  was  not  a  highway  of  prime  import- 
ance in  the  history  of  coaching.  It  was 
"  a  pair-horse  road,"  contemned  by  four-in- 
hands.  Mr.  Harper  considers  it  essentially 
a  pedestrian's  road,  owing  to  its  hills,  and 
many  Londoners  are  familiar  with  parts  of 
it,  at  any  rate.  Knockholt  Beeches  is  as 
popular  a  resort  as  Box  Hill.  The  route, 
which  was  originally  to  Rye,  not  to  the 
fishing  village  of  Hastings,  goes  through 
Lewisham,  Bromley,  Sevenoaks,  Tunbridge 
Wells,  and  Robertsbridge,  and  revives 
historic  memories  every  mile.  How  short 
a  time  ago  was  it  that  twenty-three  miles 
in  six  hours  was  considered  good  riding  on  a 
highway  ?  Mr.  Harper  will  still  be  talking, 
and  is  instructive.  Who  realizes  that  Lord 
Saye  and  Sele  derives  his  title  from  the  family 
name  of  Say  and  the  village  of  Seal,  near 
Knole  Park  ?  Knole  Park  has  365  rooms, 
it  appears,  and  the  present  owner  lives  in  a 
small  corner  of  the  house.  Mr.  Harper 
would  have  Government  "  allocate  grants 
annually  to  those  proprietors  who  habitu- 
ally admit  sightseers,  and  who  make  applica- 
tion for  aid  "  ;  and  he  would  even  have  a 
department  to  superintend  and  conserve 
historic  houses.  With  easy,  idle  chatter 
is  our  journey  thus  accomplished,  until  we 
arrive  by  old  Hastings  almost  before  we 
are  aware,  having  listened  to  a  long  precis 
of  the  famous  battle  by  the  way.  As  before, 
the  work  is  set  out  with  many  illustrations 
from  the  author's  pen  ;  but  once  again  we 
regret  the  lack  of  a  map.  But  we  have 
enjoyed  the  journey. 

Mr.  Harper  returns  to  an  old  subject  in 
The  Brighton  Road,  which  appears  as  the 
first  of  a  series  of  "  Miniature  Road  Books  " 
(Treherne),  and  measures  only  3f-  inches 
by  2  J.  There  are  several  illustrations,  and  a 
map  is  ingeniously  inserted  at  the  beginning 
of  the  volume.  The  author  gossips,  as 
usual,  pleasantly  and  well,  but  we  find  a 
difficulty  in  allowing  the  airs  and  graces  of 
the  stylist  to  one  who  is  guilty  of  "  the 
61  TToXKoi  "  and  ignorant  also  of  Latin  con- 
structions. Mr.  Harper  has  written  several 
books,  but  that  does  not  qualify  him  to 
extemporize  a  knowledge  of  the  classics. 

'  The  Car  '  Road-Book  and  Guide.  Chiefly 
compiled  by  the  Members  of  the  staff  of 
The  Car.  (The  Car  Office.) — The  compilers 
of  this  handbook  being  professed  experts 
in  the  craft  and  mystery  of  motoring,  it 
would  not  have  been  to  their  credit  if  they 
had  shown  ignorance  of  the  special  needs  of 
motorists.  On  the  contrary,  they  show  a 
good  and  catholic  knowledge  of  the  require- 
ments of  the  motorist  on  the  road — a  person 
distinct  in  his  habits  and  requirements  from 
the  motorman  in  the  shop  or  garage.  To 
begin  with,  the  form  of  the  publication  is 
pleasing,  and  looks  even  more  pleasing  than 
it  is.  It  looks  like  a  stout  volume  bound 
solidly  in  pliant  leather,  with  a  wide  flap 
covering  the  front  edges.  As  a  fact,  it 
seems  to  have  cardboard  covers,  with  a  thin 
skin  of  brown  leather,  or  leather-like  com- 
position, over  them.  But  the  flap  is  there, 
and  the  map  pocket  is  a  serviceable  reality. 
Tho  editor  of  this  book  is  a  famous  motorist 
Lord  Montagu    of     Beaulieu  ;    and   at  the 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


101 


outset  of  the  volume  we  find  a  feature  which 
should  in  itself  prove  valuable,  as  it  certainly 
is  calculated  to  disarm  the  critic,  inclined 
to  fault-finding.  This  consists  o  a  few 
blank  pages,  perforated  for  convenient  with- 
drawal from  the  book.  Upon  these  pages 
the  reader  is  invited  to  record  his  discovery 
of  error  or  blemish  in  the  chapters  that 
follow,  with  suggestions  for  the  improvement 
of  a  handbook  now  to  be  regarded  as  an 
annual.  But,  to  be  just,  we  should  add  that, 
so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  test  it,  the 
'  Road-Book  and  Guide  '  is  remarkably  free 
from  serious  inaccuracies.  Briefly,  it  is  a 
serviceable  and  very  comprehensive  hand- 
book for  the  man  who  uses  a  motor-car  for 
country  touring.  The  linen  map  of  the 
United  Kingdom  contained  in  the  pocket 
afore-mentioned  is  very  useful,  and  we 
suggest  to  purchasers  of  this  book  the 
desirability  of  cutting  this  into  strips,  along 
the  lines  of  its  present  divisions,  for  the 
sake  of  added  convenience  in  use.  The 
Gazetteer  section  of  the  book  shows  consider- 
able thought  and  originality  in  its  arrange- 
ment. The  descriptive  signs  used  are  quite 
alluring — a  cruet  for  a  restaurant,  hammer 
and  spanner  for  repair  shops,  &c. — though 
one  would  have  thought  the  words 
"  restaurant  "  and  "  repairs  "  could  have 
been  made  to  occupy  no  more  space.  This 
section  is  arranged  alphabetically,  and  gives 
all  the  information  the  motorist  is  likely  to 
require  about  each  place.  As  a  matter  of 
curiosity,  the  reviewer  looked  down  the  list 
for  the  birthplace  of  Tess  of  the  D'Urber- 
villes,  Marnhull.  It  is  not  there.  He  looked 
then  for  Bere  Regis,  where  the  D'Urber- 
ville  tombs  are.  It  is  not  there.  He  looked 
for  that  famous  Hampshire  resort  of  fisher- 
men, with  the  Pickwickian  hotel — Stockport, 
and  was  surprised  to  find  that  missing, 
while  far  less  worthy  places  figure  prominently 
with  cruets,  and  spanners,  and  other  symbols 
of  hospitality.  But  the  '  Road-Book  and 
Guide  '  is  none  the  less  a  desirable  produc- 
tion, and  rich  in  useful  information  for 
travellers. 

Short  Spins  round  London,  by  A.  C. 
Armstrong  and  Harry  R.  G.  Inglis  (Gall  & 
Inglis),  is  an  admirable  little  volume,  one  of 
the  "  Contour  "  Road  Books,  wdiich  convey 
so  much  in  a  brief  space.  The  authors  have 
done  a  most  useful  work  for  the  "cyclist,  and 
their  maps  and  plans  give  all  sorts  of  alter- 
native routes,  while  the  index  is  full. 

The  Homeland  Association  have  just 
published  Harold's  Town  and  its  Vicinity,  by 
Freeman  Bunting,  which  is  the  forty-fifth 
of  the  "  Homeland  Handbooks."  We  are 
glad  to  notice  the  steady  advance  of  this 
capable  series  of  guides.  The  present  one 
deals  with  Waltham,  Cheshunt,  and  the 
neighbourhood,  and  includes  a  reduced 
Ordnance  map  on  the  scale  of  one  inch  to  a 
mile.  There  is  a  good  account  of  Theobalds, 
while  a  picture  of  Temple  Bar,  now  erected 
there,  is  among  the  illustrations.  The  date 
of  its  removal  from  London  might  have  been 
given.  Details  are  given  in  Notes  and 
Queries,  5  S.  viii.  488. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

We  do  not  thoroughly  understand  the 
doctrine  which  a  small  volume,  The  Defence- 
less Islands,  by  Mr.  Cope  Cornford  (E.  Grant 
Richards),  is  intended  to  teach.  We  pre- 
sume it  is  an  increase  of  the  Cruiser  force, 
contrary  to  the  opinion  of  the  Board  of 
Admiralty.  The  tendency  is  now  the  other 
way,  and  the  decision  of  the  French  Govern- 
ment and  Parliament,  likely  to  be  taken  in 
the  present  year,  to  cease  the  building  of 


armoured  cruisers,  shows  that  the  doctrine 
of  commerce  destruction  has  had  its  day. 
There  are  still  some  who  are  alarmed  at  the . 
effect  which,  in  the  event  of  a  war  with 
Germany,  might  be  produced  by  commerce- 
raiding  on  the  part  of  the  fast  German  mail- 
steamers,  coaled  and  armed  in  distant  parts 
of  the  world.  This  view  is  not,  we  believe, 
shared  by  the  present  Board  of  Admiralty. 
The  author  quotes  in  many  pages,  and 
indeed  with  a  good  deal  of  repetition,  words 
from  the  Report  of  the  Food  Supply  Com- 
mission, and  from  the  evidence  of  some  of 
the  witnesses.  It  is,  however,  the  Admiralty 
evidence  before  the  Commission  which  has 
produced  an  optimistic  feeling  in  the  public 
mind,  and  has  done  much  to  reassure  even 
the  alarmists.  Sir  John  Hopkins  and  an 
agent  of  a  steamship  company  at  Malta  are 
quoted  as  to  the  impossibility  of  using  the 
Mediterranean  in  time  of  war.  The  Athe- 
naeum has  in  years  long  gone  past  given 
some  support  to  that  opinion.  It  is  to  the 
full  discussion  which  the  matter  has  recently 
received — partially  indicated  in  those  Ad- 
miralty statements  and  answers  which  have 
not  been  kept  secret  by  the  Commission — 
that  the  change  in  our  opinion  is  due,  and 
all  the  facts  which  are  coming  to  light  in 
such  a  way  as  to  reveal  continental  opinion 
go  to  show  that  change  of  belief  is  not  con- 
fined to  our  own  Admiralty.  The  author 
rests  his  case  upon  his  statement  in  several 
passages  that  all  our  cruisers  will  be  needed 
by  the  battle  fleets,  and  that  there  will  be 
none  for  patrol  or  for  convoy.  The  Admi- 
ralty evidence  shows  that  the  facts  are  other- 
wise, and  the  preference  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fleet  for  destroyers,  as  against 
cruisers,  has  also  affected  the  problem,  as 
has  the  development  in  the  last  twelve 
months  of  wireless  telegraphy  over  great- 
distances.  We  should  recommend  our 
author  to  discuss  the  matter  with  some  of 
those  naval  officers  who  held  command  on 
the  Blue  side  in  the  recent  manoeuvres,  and 
who  had  to  face  difficulties  which  would 
confront  our  enemies  in  time  of  war.  The 
book  leaves  out  of  account  that  discussion 
of  the  position  of  neutrals  in  war  which  has 
been  the  most  interesting  of  other  new 
developments  of  the  question,  and  in  regard 
to  which  there  is  a  large  recent  literature  in 
several  languages.  Some  of  the  author's 
repetitions  of  well-known  statements  rest  on 
a  different  footing.  The  decrease  of  British 
seamen  is  even  greater  than  the  quoted 
figures  seem  to  show,  inasmuch  as  these 
count  among  "  British  seamen  "  a  great 
number  of  persons  (stewardesses,  for  example) 
who  are  not  seamen.  There  is,  however, 
exaggeration  in  the  belief  that  the  alien 
pilot  question  is  important  ;  and  there  is, 
we  think,  no  reference  to  the  recent  decision 
to  bring  the  grant  of  s\ich  certificates  to  an 
end.  Sir  Henry  Seton-Karr  was  the  member 
who,  in  a  Parliament  to  which  he  belonged, 
brought  granaries  before  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  it  is  hardly  wise  to  quote 
him  in  page  after  page  of  this  volume  as 
though  he  were  (what  he  never  pretended 
to  be)  an  authority  upon  the  Admiralty 
questions  involved.  To  ask  us  to  accept 
the  view  of  this  estimable  politician  against 
that  of  our  own  and  the  French  Intelligence 
Departments  is  to  damage  the  author's 
argument.  There  are  in  the  volume  some 
evidences  of  haste,  in  addition  to  the  repe- 
titions above  named.  The  statistics  of  our 
re-export  of  wool  are,  for  instance,  contra- 
dictory, as  given  at  p.  125  and  p.  126.  In 
the   former    we    are   said    to    import   woo]    to 

the  value  of  over  twenty  two  millions 
sterling,  including  Turkish  goat  "  mohair," 
"  of  which  nearly  two  million  pounds'  worth 
is  re-exported."  On  the  following  page  we 
are  stated  to  import  the  same  quantity,  "  of 


which  nearly  ten  million  pounds'  worth,  or  a 
good  deal  less  than  half,  goes  out  again,  also 
to  be  manufactured  abroad." 

Memoirs  of  my  Dead  Life.  By  George 
Moore.  (Heinemann.)  —  We  have  known 
Mr.  Moore  as  an  eminent  exponent  of  English 
Zolaism,  we  have  encountered  him  as  a 
critic  of  the  arts,  and  we  have  met  him  as  a 
polemical  writer  on  Irish  affairs.  Here  we 
have  him  in  a  new  and  unexpected  role. 
He  has  not  hitherto  been  given  credit  for 
humour,  but  this  burlesque  of  certain 
modern  French  writers  is  diverting.  Per- 
haps there  will  be  readers  to  demur  to 
the  licence  which  the  humorist  allows 
himself  at  times.  He  is  in  fact  a  little  too 
free  in  his  facetious  treatment  of  Gallic  or 
sexual  sentimentalism.  But  that  is  a  matter 
of  taste.  The  imaginary  person  with  whom 
Mr.  Moore  whimsically  identifies  himself 
might  well  be  the  hero  of  one  of  M.  Pierre 
Louis's  sentimental  extravaganzas.  He  is 
Gallic  to  the  cravat,  which,  we  are  sure, 
spreads  in  artistic  negligence  under  a  Gallic 
chin.  He  is  like  that  Frenchman  whom 
Du  Maurier  amiably  derided,  the  lover  who 
embraced  Julie,  invoking  the  shade  of  his 
mother,  upon  whose  tomb  they  sat.  Mr. 
Moore's  chartered  libertine  professes  his 
affection  not  on  tombs,  but  everywhere, 
and  for  innumerable  ladies.  He  says 
frankly  : — 

"My  thoughts  rim  upon  woman,  and  why  not? 
On  what  would  you  have  them  run  ?  On  copper 
mines  ?  Woman  is  the  legitimate  subject  of  all 
men's  thoughts.  We  pretend  to  be  interested  in 
other  things.  In  the  smoking-rooms  I  have 
listened  to  men  talking  about  hunting,  and  I  have 
said  to  myself,  '  Your  interest  is  a  pretence :  of 
what  woman  are  you  thinking  ? '  We  forget 
woman  for  a  little  while.  The  legitimate  occupa- 
tion of  man's  mind  is  woman,  and  listening  to  my 
friend  who  is  playing  music — music  I  do  not  care 
to  hear,  Brahms — I  fall  to  thinking  which  of  the 
women  I  have  known  in  years  past  would  interest 
me  most  to  visit." 

The  raillery  of  that  is  excellent.  Does  it 
not  beautifully  square  with  the  intellectual 
equipment  of  the  boulevardier  ?  The  hero 
of  this  mock  heroic  is  a  writer,  and  speaks 
thus  of  himself  : — 

"I  am  the  youngest  of  the  naturalists,  the 
oldest  of  the  symbolists.  The  naturalists  affected 
the  art  of  painting,  the  symbolists  the  art  of  music; 
and  since  the  symbolists  there  lias  been  no  artistic 
manifestation — the  game  is  played  out.  When 
Huysmans  and  Paul  and  myself  are  dead  it  will  he 
as  impossible  to  write  a  naturalistic  novel  as  to 
revive  the  megatherium." 

On  the  whole,  he  may  be  said  to  be  some- 
times interested  in  other  things  than  woman, 
but  not  for  long.  He  does  talk  of  art  a 
little,  but  his  real  concern  is  woman — his 
Marias,  and  Dorises,  and  others.  Ho  fahs 
in  and  out  of  "  love  "  lightly  ;  he  takes  the 
"  grand  passion  "  so  facilely  that  he  and 
Doris  can  discuss  each  other's  love  affairs 
quite  coolly  together.  He  is  not  particular. 
Love  in  this  queer  travesty  is  hut  the  com- 
plimentary pseudonym  for  a  casual  amour. 
He  lias  no  shame,  no  reticence,  this  hrazen 
fldneur.  He  lias  a  fount  of  sentimentality 
which  drivels  along  in  an  unending  stream. 
Of  course  you  gtt  tired  of  it  ;    the  caricature 

is  too  prolonged.  A  joke  is  always  besl  when 
crisp  and  short.  "  I  am  of  the  romantic 
temperament,"  he  says;  and  to  write  over 
300  pages  to  show  what  sort  of  romance  is 
alone  possible  to  that  temperament  is  to 
i  i  out  our  enjoyment  unconscionably. 
mm  assumes  his  own  profound  import- 
ance—an excellenl  touch  at  which  we  and 
Mr.     George     .Moore    chuckle.      Ho    assumes 

further  that  the  world  must  he  enormously 

interested  in  his  feelings.  No  doubt,  if 
such  a  man  existed  and  set  himself  down  so 
nakedly  and  unashamed,  some  of  us  might 


102 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


feel  a  little  vulgar  curiosity  to  read  him. 
But  we  should  not  read  unashamed.  Despite 
his  devotion  to  his  elaborate  travesty,  Mr. 
Moore  cannot  avoid  felicitous  passages  of 
his  own.  He  writes  with  freedom  always, 
and  nowadays  with  greater  grace  than  he 
was  wont  to  do.  But  we  wish  he  would 
exercise  his  powers  on  a  more  worthy  object 
than  a  too-elaborate  paiody  ;  for  after  all 
we  have  really  no  interest  in  the  sort  of  man 
and  thing  he  portrays. 

Messes.  Longman  send  us  Vol.  III.  of 
Bagehot's  Literary  Studies,  which  is  a  re- 
issue with  three  additions  :  an  article  from 
The  Fortnightly  on  '  The  Chances  of  a  Long 
Conservative  Regime  in  England,'  and  two 
short  papers,  on  '  Boscastle  '  and  '  Mr.  Grote  ' 
respectively.  We  are  glad  to  have  as  much 
as  possible  of  Bagehot's  writing,  for  even  his 
journalism  has  an  originality  and  brilliance 
which  are  rare.  The  volume  contains  also 
an  excellent  paper  on  '  Oxford,'  which, 
though  written  in  1852,  is  still  much  to  the 
point.  "  The  Silver  Library,"  in  which  this 
reissue  appears,  contains  no  work  more 
attractive  to  the  cultivated  reader  than 
these  studies  by  Bagehot,  which  have  long 
been  cherished  by  a  select  public,  and  deserve 
to  be  appreciated  everywhere. 

Sociological  Papers.  Vol.  IT.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) — The  Sociological  Society's  publica- 
tion of  its  transactions  for  1906  maintains 
the  high  level  of  the  inaugural  volume.  The 
names  of  the  contributors  themselves  com- 
mand respect.  Further,  by  an  excellent 
custom,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  will  always 
be  continued,  there  are  appended  to  each 
paper  both  the  comments  of  the  members 
actually  present  at  its  discussion  and  written 
criticisms  obtained  from  correspondents 
entitled  to  speak  with  authority  on  the 
particular  subject  under  investigation.  Thus 
plenty  of  room  is  afforded  for  diversity  in 
the  expression  of  opinions.  This  is  a  healthy 
sign,  and  notably  so  in  the  case  of  a  society 
of  sociologists.  Such  a  society  has,  in  Eng- 
land at  all  events,  to  justify  itself  in  the  face 
of  a  prejudice.  Sociology  in  the  past, 
owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  idiosyncrasies  of  its 
founders,  Comte  and  Spencer,  lias  shown  a 
marked  bias  towards  two  things — natural- 
istic dogmatism  and  megalomania.  The 
Sociological  Society  appears  to  have  started 
with  a  fixed  intention  of  avoiding  both. 

On  the  one  hand,  it  can  impartially  lend 
an  ear  to  empiricists  of  such  different  schools 
as  Dr.  Bridges  and  Prof.  Hoffding,  the  one 
a  professed  Positivist,  the  other  a  psycho- 
logist less  inclined  to  argue  from  nature  to 
man  than  from  man  to  nature.  One  feels, 
after  reading  their  two  admirable  papers, 
that  at  the  sociological  level  all  genuine 
philosophies  are  hound  to  supplement  one 
another,  if  only  because  the  theory  of  man 
in  society  is  nothing  else  than  philosophy 
itself. 

But  whilst  the  Society  is  enamoured  of 
synthesis,  it  seems  capable  of  keeping  its  head, 
unlike  certain  sociological  circles  in  France 
and  America.  Here  and  there,  perhaps,  are 
traces  of  a  certain  mental  intoxication  born 
of  high  standing-ground  and  wide  prospects. 
Thus  Prof.  Geddes  seems  a  little  wild  in  his 
talk,  though  it  may  be  the  wildness  of 
inspiration  ;  and  Mr.  Stuart-Glennie  delivers 
himself  of  rhapsodies  that,  frankly,  we  are 
unable  to  translate  into  the  language  of 
science.  A  comforting  sense  of  weight  and 
solidity,  however,  is  afforded  by  the  work 
of  Prof.  Sadler  and  Dr.  Westermarck, 
standing  as  they  do  severally  for  prac- 
tical experience  and  for  immense  research. 
Finally,  the  honoured  example  of  Dr. 
Galton,  "  one  of  the  old  mammoth-brood," 
is  there  to  remind  us  that  true  science  can 
afford  to  dispense  with  neither  wings  nor 


ballast.  Prophet-like,  he  ventures  to  con- 
ceive of  a  science  of  eugenics  that  shall  be  for 
humanity  nothing  less  than  a  religion.  Yet 
at  the  same  time  he  shows  by  his  cautious 
mapping  out  of  the  field  of  inquiry  that  the 
new  science  must  be  established,  not  by 
what  Bacon  calls  the  "  anticipation  of  nature," 
but  by  an  "  interpretation  of  nature  "  pro- 
ceeding continenter  et  gradatim.  Indeed,  the 
practical  reception  of  the  idea  of  eugenics 
by  the  Society  affords  an  excellent  test  of 
its  quality. 

The  Fothergills  of  Ravenstonedale.  By 
Catherine  Thornton  and  Frances  McLaughlin. 
With  Illustrations.  (Heinemann.)  —  The 
bundle  of  eighteenth -century  letters  here 
transcribed  and  capably  edited  were  well 
worth  publishing.  They  are  the  corre- 
spondence of  a  typical  family  of  clever, 
industrious  young  men,  sprung  from  a 
stock  of  Northern  yeomen,  strong  in  body 
and  strong  in  character,  who  went  out  into 
the  world  and  won  their  way  to  a  fair 
measure  of  success  in  commerce  and  the 
Church.  The  home  of  their  ancestors, 
good  statesmen  and  Churchmen  all,  was  a 
Westmorland  farm  in  the  remote  valley  of 
Ravenstonedale.  Ressundal,  as  it  is  pro- 
nounced locally,  though  Rossundal  is  the 
shortened  form  given  here  and  in  the  guide- 
books, lies  half  way  between  Kendal  and 
Appleby,  and  it  was  the  opportunity  afforded 
them  by  the  excellent  grammar  schools  at 
those  places,  combined  with  exhibitions  and 
scholarships  to  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  that 
enabled  the  Fothergills,  like  many  another 
North-Country  lad,  to  get  their  feet  on  the 
first  rung  of  the  ladder.  The  dale  in  which 
they  lived  w-as  in  those  days  extraordinarily 
remote.  As  a  natural  consequence  the 
inhabitants  were  very  much  a  law  unto 
themselves.  The  rope  of  the  refuge-bell 
hung  from  the  campanile  of  the  church,  and 
any  culprit  who  succeeded  in  reaching  this 
sanctuary  and  ringing  this  bell  might  claim 
to  be  tried — and  perhaps  hanged — by  a 
court  of  twenty-four  estatesmen  who  held 
their  sittings  in  two  rows  of  benches  in  the 
church.  In  the  church,  too,  is  still  pointed 
out  the  seat  of  the  "  dog-whipper,"  the 
official  whose  hard  task  it  was  to  keep  the 
farmers'  dogs  outside  the  sacred  building. 
Isolation  fosters  local  feeling ;  everybody 
who  did  not  belong  to  Ravenstonedale 
was  long  despised  as  "  a  foreigner";  and 
tradition  required  the  young  men  to  choose 
their  wives  from  the  dale.  It  is  even  re- 
corded that  on  one  occasion  the  young 
women  issued  a  written  protest  against 
their  "  swains  taking  to  themselves  foreign 
partners." 

It  was  from  such  surroundings  that  George 
Fothergill,  the  eldest  son,  having  given  up 
his  birthright  to  the  farm,  set  forth  on  horse- 
back, in  company  with  the  carrier,  on  that 
journey  to  Oxford  which  was  to  end  in  a 
Fellowship  at  Queen's  College  and  the 
Principalship  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall.  He 
died  in  1760,  one  year  before  the  Hall 
figured  prominently  in  University  history, 
when  the  expulsion  of  six  students  for 
"  Methodistical  practices,"  such  as  preach- 
ing in  a  barn  to  a  mixed  multitude  and 
talking  of  drawing  nigh  unto  God,  raised  a 
storm  of  protests  and  pamphlets.  But 
before  George  Fothergill  reached  the  office 
of  Principal  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall  he  had 
endured  extreme  hardship  and  penury. 
As  throughout  the  Middle  Ages  poverty 
was  the  key-note  of  student -life,  so,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
with  George  Fothergill,  as  with  Samuel 
.Johnson  at  Pembroke,  poverty  was  the  step- 
mother of  learning.  Tho  kindness  and 
generosity  of  his  tutor,  combined  with  the 
scanty  emoluments  of  his  exhibition  from 


school,  of  his  post  as  servitor  (for,  like 
Whitefield  and  the  father  of  the  Wesleys, 
he  earned  a  few  shillings  by  combining  the 
career  of  an  undergraduate  with  the  work 
of  a  college  scout),  and  of  a  "  poor  boy  " 
on  Robert  Eglesfield's  foundation,  enabled 
him  to  survive  and  to  pass  successfully 
through  the  foundation,  though  a  load  of 
debts  hung  for  a  long  time  like  a  millstone 
round  his  neck.  The  greater  part  of  the 
letters  in  this  volume  are  written  by  him, 
and  they  form  a  pathetic  record  of  grinding 
indigence  honourably  endured.  For  the 
kindness  of  his  tutor,  who,  by  the  way, 
stood  to  the  poor  boy  very  much  in  loco 
parentis,  he  is  duly  grateful ;  and  this  kind- 
ness so  touched  the  heart  of  his  father  that 
the  good  Westmorland  farmer  would  occa- 
sionally dispatch  him  a  "  token  of  half-a- 
crown."  The  distance,  the  expense  of  the 
journey,  and  his  duties  as  a  tabarder 
rendered  George's  visits  to  Ravenstonedale, 
once  he  had  reached  Oxford,  few  and  far 
between.  Letters  alone,  dispatched  at 
irregular  intervals  by  the  carrier  or  a  friend 
who  was  making  the  long  and  arduous 
journey — for  it  took  about  a  week  and  was 
not  free  from  peril — kept  him  in  touch  with 
the  dale.  Though  he  was  almost  a  con- 
temporary of  Hearne,  the  diarist,  who 
lived  also  at  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  and  who 
continues  for  us  the  history  of  Oxford  where 
Antony  Wood  leaves  it,  George  Fothergill 
in  his  letters  makes  scarcely  a  reference  to 
the  political  history  or  the  University 
politics  of  his  day.  The  letters  are  almost 
entirely  concerned  with  the  ever-present 
problem,  the  means  of  existence.  Demands 
and  thanks,  most  filially  considerate,  for 
money  ;  demands  and  thanks  for  shirts  or 
Jersey  stockings,  since  "  none  in  college 
but  myself  wear  yarn  "  ;  explanations  of 
expenses  and  rare  extravagances  in  the 
purchase  and  presentation  of  books  ;  occa- 
sional sighs  for  a  taste  of  the  farmer's 
"  Christmas  pye  " — these,  with  inquiries 
after  his  parents  and  brothers,  and  later 
provision  for  the  education  of  the  latter, 
form  the  gist  of  the  correspondence. 

Of  the  other  letters  in  this  interesting 
volume,  some  are  from  Thomas  Fothergill, 
Provost  of  Queen's,  "  Old  Customary,"  who 
numbered  Bentham  among  his  pupils,  and  con- 
ferred on  Johnson  his  Doctor's  degree.  Another 
brother,  Henry,  writing  from  his  West- 
Country  vicarage,  records  the  drowning  of 
six  passengers  in  the  Exeter  stage  coach  as 
a  result  of  the  heavy  floods.  But  the  best 
correspondent  in  the  family  was  Richard, 
who  stayed  at  home  to  farm.  It  is  a  pity 
there  are  so  few  of  his  letters,  which  are  all 
instinct  with  wit  and  shrewd  observations. 

The  book  throws  many  pleasant  side-lights 
on  the  rural  and  domestic  life  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century. 

'  Raffles  '  is  doing  well,  we  believe,  at 
the  Comedy  Theatre,  though  we  rather 
wonder  at  an  expert  cracksman  who  con- 
templates burglary  in  a  room  where  a  man  is 
sitting  with  a  conspicuous  object  like  a 
white  handkerchief  over  his  head,  and  visible 
above  the  edge  of  a  chair.  The  play  should 
increase  tho  r  aclors  of  Raffles,  the  Amateur 
Cracksman  (Nash),  in  which  Mr.  Hornung's 
two  books  '  The  Amateur  Cracksman  '  and 
'The  Black  Mask'  are  combined.  Both 
are  excellent,  and  may  be  recommended 
for  the  summer  holiday. 

We  noticed  three  years  ago  (July  4th, 
1903)  L'Inde,  by  Pierre  Loti,  of  which  Mr. 
Werner  Laurie  now  publishes  a  translation, 
'  India,'  by  George  A.  F.  Inman,  edited  by 
K.  II.  Sherard.  Loti's  elaborate  descriptions 
have  been  rendered  with  some  caro,  but 
they  do  not  road  attractively  in  English. 
The  book  has  an  undoniable  fascination  for 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


103 


some,  though  others  may  not  think  that  the 
author's  philosophy  amounts  to  much  more 
than  fine  writing,  while  he  is  obviously  pre- 
judiced against  British  rule  in  India. 

Miss  Mary  Johnston's  popular  romances 
By  Order  of  the  Company  and  The  Old 
Dominion  have  just  been  published  in  a  neat 
pocket  edition  (Constable),  which  will  give 
the  holiday-maker  a  good  chance  to  appre- 
ciate a  writer  already  famous  on  the  other 
side  of  the  water. 

Mr.  J.  Henry  Quinn,  the  head  of  Chelsea 
Library,  has  reprinted  A  Narrative  of  some 
of  the  Occurrences  in  the  Life  of  Edmund 
Howard,  of  the  Parish  of  Chelsea,  wrote  by 
himself  in  the  Year  1785.  The  quaint 
autobiography  appeared  in  print  for  the 
first  time  in  The  Friends'  Quarterly  Examiner, 
and  it  possesses  more  than  local  interest. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Church  Quarterly  Review,  July,  HI 

Craigie  (W.  A.),  The  Religion  of  Ancient  Scandinavia,  1/  net. 
Gumming  (Rev.  J.  E.),  ThePsalms,  their  Spiritual  Teaching, 

edited  by  Rev.  A.  R.  Buckland :  Vol.  III.  Psalms  XC- 

CL.,  2/ 
Fechner(G.  T.),  Our  Life  after  Death,  3/C 
Interior  Castle,  or  the  Mansions  and  Exclamations  of  the 

Soul  to  God,  translated  from  St.  Teresa,  4/  net. 
McAfee  (C.  B.),  The  Mosaic  Law  in  Modern  Life,  3/6  net. 
MacColl  (Rev.  M.),  The  Royal  Commission  and  the  Orna- 
ments Rubric,  12/6  net. 
Marston  (H.),  The  Message  of  Evangelical  Churehmanship 

to  the  Present  Age,  id. 
Torrens  (Rev.  T.),  The  Lord's  Day  Observance,  1/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  Session  1904-5, 

21/  net. 
Ball  (J.  I.),  Strongholds  of  the  Barons,  3/6  net. 
Birmingham    Archaeological    Society,     Transactions    and 

Report  for  1905.    (Printed  for  Subscribers.) 
Clayworker's  Handbook,  6/  net. 
Episcopal  Arms  of  England  and  Wales,  by  an  Officer  of 

Arms,  10/6  net. 

Poeti-y  and  the  Drama. 
Davidson  (J.),  Holiday  and  other  Poems,  3/6  net. 
Everyman,  a  Morality,  illustrated  by  A.  Dudley,  3/6  net. 
Harbert  (A.),  The  Cheerful  Life,  and  other  Poems,  2/  net. 
Keats  (J.),  Odes,  Sonnets,  and  La  Belle  Dame  sans  Merci, 

3/6  net. 
Lillo  (G.),  The  London  Merchant ;  or,  the  History  of  George 

Barnwell  and  Fatal  Curiosity,  2/6  net. 
Rea  (T.),  Schiller's  Dramas  and  Poems  in  England,  3/6  net. 
Santer  (E.),  The  Poisoners. 

Shepherds'  Offering,  edited  by  H.  H.  Barne,  1/  net. 
Todd  (A.  B.),  Poetical  Works,  5/ net. 
Way  (A.  S.),  .Eschylus  in  English  Verse,  3/6  net. 

Music. 
English  Hymnal,  with  Tunes,  3/  net. 
Bibliography. 
Bristol,  Catalogue  of  the  Central  Lending  Library,  1/ 
Brown  (.T.  D.),  A  Manual  of  Practical  Bibliography,  2/6 
Neubauer  (A.)  and  Cowley  (A.  E.),  Catalogue  of  the  Hebrew 

Mss.  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  Vol.  II.,  30/ net. 
Political  Economy. 
Citizen  of  To-morrow,  edited  by  g.  E.  Keeble,  2/  net. 
Socialism  and  Politics,  3/6  net. 
Spargo  (J.),  Socialism,  5/  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Boughton-Leigh  (B.  G.  F.  C.  \V.),  Memorials  of  a  Warwick- 
shire Family,  10/  net. 
Hart  (\V.  C),  Confessions  of  an  Anarchist,  2/0  net. 
Spilsbury  (Major  A.  Gibbon),  The  Tourmaline  Expedition, 

5/  net. 
Vincent  (L.  II.),  American  Literary  Masters,  8/6  net. 
Williams  (E.),  Staple  Inn  :  Customs'  House,   Wool  Court, 

and  Inn  of  Chancery,  5/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Holidays  :  Where  to  Stay  and  What  to  See,  1906,  1/ 
Inglis(H  R.  G.),  The  Contour  Road  Book  of  Great  Britain  : 

Part  I.    Scotland   and    North    of    England ;  Part  II. 

South  of  England  and  Wales,  3/6  net  each. 
Keane  (A.  H.),  Asia,  Vol.  I.,  Second  Edition,  15/ 
Scudamore  (C),  Normandy,  2/6  net. 
Shrubsole  (E.  S.),  The  Land  of  Lakes,  2/6  net. 
Sweden,   edited    by    the    Swedish  Touring    Club,    Second 

Edition,  4/  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Glasford(A.  I.  R.),  Rifle  and  Romance  in  the  Indian  Jun"le 

7/6  net. 

Education. 
Dodd  (C.  I.),  The  Child  and  the  Curriculum,  2/6 

Ph  ibilngy. 

Jespersen   (O.),    Growth   an.l    Structure    of   the    English 

Language,  3   nel . 
Plutarch's    Lives:    Aristides,    Marcus   Cato,   Demosthenes, 

Cicero,  Lycurgus,  Numa,  translated  by  \v.   K.  Frazer 

3/6  net. 

Folk- Lore. 
Squire  (C),  The  Mythology  of  Ancient  Britain  and  Ireland, 

1/  net. 


School-Books. 
Coppock  (J.  B.),  The  Science  of  Common  Life,  3/6 
Hall  (H.   S.)  and  Stevens   (F.   H),  A  School  Geometry, 
Parts  I.  and  II.,  2/6 

Sandford  (A.  L.),  A  Year's  Work  with  Mother  Nature, 

Vol.  I.,  3/6 
Shorto  (A.  M.),  The  Story  of  Exeter,  for   Use  in  Schools, 

1/  net. 

Science. 

Fitz  (R.  K.),  Problems  of  Babyhood,  3/6  net. 

Geological  Survey  of  India,  Vol.  XXXIII.  Part  IV.,  1  rupee. 

Jepson  (G.),  Cams  and  the  Principles  of  their  Construction, 

6/  net. 
Marine   Biological    Association  of    the   United  Kingdom, 

Report,  6rf. 
Nunneley  (F.   P.),   Aneurysm   of    the   Abdominal    Aorta, 

3/6  net. 
Posselt(E.  A.),  Cotton  Manufacturing,  Part  II.,  21/ net. 
Practice  of  Gynaecology,  edited  by  J.  W.  Bovee,  31/6  net. 
Report  on   British   Standard  Systems  for    Limit    Gauges 

(Running  Fits),  2/6  net. 
Vallery-Radot  (R.),  The  Life  of    Pasteur,  translated  by 

Mrs.  R.  L.  Devonshire,  Popular  Edition,  7/6  net. 
Van  Slyke  (L.  L.),  Modern  Methods  of  Testing  Milk,  &c, 

4/  liet. 
Woods  (F.   A.),  Mental  and  Moral  Heredity  in  Royalty, 

12/6  net. 

General  Literature. 
Barr  (J.),  Laughing  through  a  Wilderness,  6/ 
Bemerton  (G.),  Seven  Lean  Years,  6/ 
Brabrook  (Sir  E.),  Building  Societies,  1/net. 
Buxton  (C.  R.),  Electioneering  Up-to-Date,  1/net. 
Collings  (Right  Hon.  Jesse),  Land  Reform,  12/6  net. 
Cornford  (L.  Cope),  The  Defenceless  Islands,  2/6  net. 
Crothers  (S.  M.),  The  Gentle  Reader,  The  Pardoner's  Wal- 
let, 5/  net  each. 
Deland  (M.),  The  Awakening  of  Helena  Richie,  6/ 
Dickberry  (F),  The  Nymph,  6/ 
Dickens  (G),  Works,  21  vols.,  Dickens  Fellowship  Edition, 

42/  net. 
Escombe  (E.),  Old  Maids'  Children,  3/6  net. 
Haldane  (R.  B.),  Two  Speeches  on  the  Policy  of  the  Army, 

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Hardingham  (E.),  Hugh  Leventhorpe,  6/ 
Harriman  (K.  E.),  The  Girl  and  the  Deal,  The  Girl  Out 

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Hocking  (J.),  The  Man  who  Rose  Again,  3/6 
Judd  (A.  M.),  Pharaoh's  Turquoise,  6/ 
Kernahan  (Mrs.  C),  The  Mystery  of  Magdalen,  6/ 
Livingstone  (A.),  A  Sealed  Book,  6/ 
Manson  (J.),  The  Salvation  Army  and  the  Public,  6/ 
Mason  (A.  C),  Merely  Provincial  and  Etceteras,  1/ 
Meredith  Pocket- Book,  2/6  net. 
Murray  (D.  C),  The  Brangwyn  Mystery,  6/ 
Our  Birthright :  an  Essay  on  National  Defence,  by  Optimist, 

1/  net. 
Quarterly  Review,  July,  6/ 
Queiroz  (Eca  de),  Our  Lady  of  the  Pillar,  translated  by  E. 

Prestage,  2/6  net. 
Render  (J.),  That  Girl,  1/ 
Scurre  (E.),  Multum  in  Parvo :  the  New  Pocket  Cookery 

Dictionary,  2/6  net. 
Smith  (Wellen),  Psyche  anil  Soma,  3/6  net. 
Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Japan  Society,  London, 

Vol.  VII.,  4/ 
Tweedale  (V.),  The  Kingdom  of  Mammon,  6d. 
Urquhart  (P.),  The  Eagles,  6/ 
Williams  (MA  The  Bar,  6/ 
Wood-Allen  (Mrs.  M.),  What  a  Young  Girl  ought  to  Know, 

New  Edition,  4/  net. 
Wynne  (F.),  The  Profligates,  6/ 


FOREIGN. 

Fine  Art. 
Boleslas-Biegas,  Sculpteur  et  Peintre,  5fr. 
Vasselot   (J.   J.   M.   de),  Les   Emaux   Limousins   a    fond 
vermicule' :  XII.  et  XIII.  Siecles,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Schrempf  (C),  Lessingals  Philosoph,  2m. 

History  and  Biography. 

Bourget  (P*.),  Etudes  et  Portraits:  Sociologie  et  LitU'rature, 

3fr.  50. 
Gigon  (S.  G),  La  Revolte  de  la  Gabelle  en  Guyenne,  1548-9, 

7fr.  50. 
Meinecke  (F.),  Das  Zeitalter  der  deutschen  Erhebung,  1795- 

1815,  4m. 

Geography  ami  Travel. 

Yves  (J.  S.),  Sur  les  Cdtes  de  Meuse,  Sfr.  50. 

Philology. 
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Cracovie:  Classe  de  Philologie,  raits  8-10,1905,  Parts 

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LE  GRAND  SALUT. 

[Major  Dreyfus,  in  the  name  of  the  Republic  and  of  the 
people  of  France,  I  proclaim  you  a  knight  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.] 

There  is  a  power  in  innocence,  a  might 

Which,    clothed   in   weakness,    makes   injustice 

vain  : 
A  strength,  o'ertopping  reason  to  explain. 

Which  bears  it — though  deep-buried  out  of  sight — 

Slowly  and  surely  upward  to  the  light  : 
A  conscious  certainty  amidst  its  pain 
That,  robbed  of  all  things,  it  shall  all  regain, 

Through  that  eternal  law  which  guards  the  right. 

0  Dreyfus  !  Thy  dear  country  has  restored 
More  than  thine  honour  in  this  hour  supreme. 
Noble,  still  noble,  though  she  so  could  err, 
God  spared  thee  to  her  that  she  might  redeem 
Herself,  and  hand  thee  back  thy  blameless  sword. 
Listen  !  the  world  salutes — not  only  thee,  but 
her  ! 

Florence  Earle  Coates. 


TO    QUAIL." 


In  the  study  of  the  elements  and  early 
forms  and  meanings  of  words  Prof.  Skeat 
is  our  guru,  and,  indeed,  sud-guru,  and  we 
are  his  grateful  and  reverent  chilas,  and  it  is 
with  unfeigned  diffidence,  therefore,  that  I 
venture  to  protest  that  there  is  nothing  in 
the  quotations  from  the  '  New  English 
Dictionary  '  he  gives  in  The  Athenaium  of 
the  7th  inst.  to  justify  a  more  definite  deter- 
mination of  the  origin  of  the  word  "  quail  " 
— "  to  shrink,"  "  to  crouch,"  "  to  cower  " — 
than  is  so  concisely  and  clearly  set  forth  in 
his  '  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language.'  A  general  association  of  ideas 
between  modes  of  flight  and  moods  of  fright 
is  admitted.  It  is  obvious  in  such  words  as 
7TT^rrts,  "  flight,"  and  Trrrj crcno,  "  I  shrink," 
"  crouch,"  "  cower,"  and  irrepv^,  the  "wing  " 
of  a  bird,  and  7tt^is,  "  terror."  In  the 
present  connexion  also  none  can  overlook 
the  quotation  in  Athenaeus,  ix.  48,  from 
"  the  Countryman  of  Antiphanes  [M.C.]  "  : 
"  What  can  you  do,  with  your  soul  of  a 
quail  [opTvyiov  ipv^rjv  cyoji/]  ?  "  But  there 
is  also  the  line  in  the  'Amores,'  ii.  6,  27,  of 
Ovid  :— 

Ecce,  coturnices  inter  sua  proelia  vivunt ; 
followed  by  the  line  : — 

Forsitan  et  fiant  inde  frequenter  anus  ; 
anticipating  by  many  centuries  the  now  un- 
hesitating and  general  recognition  of  the 
natural  law — one  of  the  inherent  properties 
of  things — that  the  unresting  exercise  of 
"  the  fighting-form  "  is  essential  to  all  being 
and  well-being,  and  the  inexorable  wager 
of  supremacy  in  the  struggle  for  the  sur- 
vival of  the  fittest.  In  travelling  over 
India  in  the  old-fashioned  manner  of  fifty 
and  sixty  years  ago  we  found  the  quails 
about  our  path  like  the  very  dust  blowing 
up  from  all  sides  with  the  moaning  winds  ; 
and  there  is  no  bird  with  which  the  way- 
farer is  more  familiar  in  India,  excepting 
the  pigeons  and  crows  of  the  cities  and  towns  ; 
no  bird  certainly  could  be  more  plucky  or 
combative.  Aristotle,  ix.  8,  as  well  as  Ovid, 
bears  testimony  to  their  bellicose  character, 
as  notorious  in  classical  antiquity  as  now 
throughout  Asia  ;  Shakspeare  having 
the    authority   of    Plutarch   where.    'Antony 

and  Cleopatra,'  II.  ii.  [iii-1-  he  makes 
Antony  say  of  Caesar  : — 

and  bis  quails  ever 
Bi    i  mine,  inhoop'd  at  odds. 

Their  crouching  habit  lias  nothing  whatever 
to  do  with  fear  or  fright.  They  habitually 
rest  on  the  ground  and  nest  on  the  ground  ; 

and  they  fly  up  out  of  the  ground  only  when 

your  horse's  hoof  seems  to  ho  coming  down 
on  them — and  only  then  to  the  distance  of 
a  few  paces.  One  of  the  Indian  names  of 
the  bird  refers  to  this  very  habit,  dabki,  i.e., 


104 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


"  the  little  squatter."  Its  common  name 
is  batir,  or  vatir,  from  the  Sanskrit  vartika 
(in  books  vartaka,  "  the  dancer,"  "  tumbler," 
and  connected  with  vertere),  meaning  "symbol 
of  life  "  ;  and  a  solar  symbol,  or,  so  to  say, 
flying  svastika.  The  auspiciousness  of  the 
quail,  in  the  view  of  the  Hindus,  is  further 
indicated  by  the  proverb  :  "A  quail  over- 
taking you  on  your  left  [that  is,  on  the 
quail's  right — "  auguris  sinistra,  deorum 
dextra  "]  is  good  luck  to  you."  They  are 
always  flying  or  hopping  past  by  your  left, 
to  cheer  the  weary  way  before  you  ;  and 
always  by  your  right  lest  you  forget  to  walk 
humbly  with  the  helpful  gods  !  Also  most 
of  the  legends  of  classical  antiquity  relating 
to  the  quail  are  auspicious  (Delos,  Ortygia, 
&c.)  ;  as  also  the  legends  of  Northern  Europe 
surviving  from  the  times  of  "  heathen  dark- 
ness." It  was  the  Northern  converts  to 
Christianity  who  furnished  the  devil  with  a 
"  quail-hound,"  and  a  "  quail-bone  "  or 
decoy- whistle  ("fistula  coturnicibus  deci- 
piendis  v.  alliciendis  ")  wherewith  to  while 
away  souls.  Finally,  neither  in  Latin  or 
Greek,  nor  in  the  languages  of  India,  have  we  a 
single  word  expressive  of  any  manifestation 
of  cowardice  or  dismay  which  either  denomi- 
nates or  refers  to  the  quail.  The  libelled 
little  birds  are,  in  short,  the  very  Japanese 
of  the  kingdoms  of  the  air.  It  is  all  this 
that  inclines  me  to  rest  content  for  the 
present  with  the  suggestions  of  the  origin, 
or  rather  origins,  of  the  verb  "  to  quail," 
tentatively  advanced  by  Prof.  Skeat  in  his 
scientific,  learned,  and  scholarly  dictionary, 
the  superlative  merit  of  which  is  that  every 
article  in  it  is  imperishably  stamped  with 
the  individuality  of  his  own  rare  genius  as  a 
philological  and  literary  etymologist. 

George  Birdwood. 


WHERE    WAS    THE    '  ORMULUM  ' 
WRITTEN  ? 

Dalston  Vicarage,  Cumberland. 

The  ascertained  facts  about  the  origin  of 
the  '  Ormulum  '  clearly  point  to  Carlisle, 
and  with  this  Augustinian  house  the  honour 
must  remain  till  a  better  title  is  made  out 
for  some  other  place.  As  Dr.  Bradley  truly 
says,  I  am  not  competent  to  "  appreciate 
arguments  based  on  considerations  of  English 
historical  philology  "  ;  but  I  am  intelligent 
enough  to  know  that  philology  is  the  last 
of  the  sciences  which  should  claim  pontifical 
authority  for  its  conclusions.  I  can  well 
understand  the  reluctance  of  philologists  to 
face  the  consequences  of  the  Carlisle  author- 
ship. 

So  far  as  present  knowledge  goes,  the 
history  of  the  manuscript  in  the  Bodleian 
is  in  favour  of  Carlisle.  The  common  sup- 
position is  that  it  was  released  from  monastic 
custody  at  the  suppression  of  the  religious 
houses  in  1536-9,  and  was  carried  to  Holland 
by  one  of  the  English  exiles  a  century  later. 
There  is  no  need  to  assume  such  a  big  gap 
in  its  history.  The  numerous  manuscripts 
of  the  Priory  of  Carlisle  continued  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  till  1(545, 
when  they  were  dispersed  alter  the  capture 
of  that  city.  It  will  surprise  nobody  con- 
versant with  Northern  history  that  one  of 
these  manuscripts  should  turn  up  at  Breda 
in  1059.  Jamks  Wilson. 


THh    BIRTH-YEAR    OF 
EENRY    V. 

.Inly  22nd,  L006. 
Prolonged    absence    from    London    and 
from  books  has  prevented  mo  from  replying 
to  Mr.  Kingsford's  letter  in  The  Athenaeum 


of  June  16th,  in  which  he  urges  that  the 
entries  in  the  London  Chronicles  follow  the 
year  of  the  mayor,  and  not  the  year  of  the 
king.  But  an  instance  or  two  will  show  that 
this  is  not  by  any  means  a  distinction  to  be 
relied  upon. 

Robert  Chichele's  year  as  Mayor  of  London 
began  on  October  29th,  1411,  yet  it  includes 
a  record  of  three  tides  in  the  Thames  on  one 
day,  that  happened  on  October  12th,  1411 
— a  date  which  falls  within  the  regnal  year 
(13  Henry  IV.),  but  not  within  the  mayoral. 

William  Walderne's  year  ended  on  Octo- 
ber 29th,  1413,  yet  the  Chronicle  includes 
in  it  the  burial  of  Richard  II. 's  body  at 
Westminster  on  December  4th,  1413 — 
outside  the  mayoral,  but  within  the  regnal 
year. 

Thomas  Faukener's  year  ended  on  Octo- 
ber 29th,  1415,  yet  it  includes  the  king's 
entry  into  London  on  November  23rd,  1415 
- — which  again  is  right  for  the  regnal,  but 
wrong  for  the  mayoral  year. 

All  these  entries,  taken  from  Gregory's 
Chronicle,  refer  to  impressive  local  events, 
the  dates  of  which  would  have  been  quite 
accurately  known  in  London,  and  they  go 
far  to  prove  that  it  will  not  be  safe  to  accept 
the  mayoral  hypothesis  as  final. 

J.  Hamilton  Wylie. 


'THE    TIMES'    BOOK    CLUB. 

140,  Wardour  Street,  W.,  July  25th,  1906. 

On  July  9th  my  company  delivered  for 
review  to  The  Times  a  copy  of  '  Connemara.' 

On  July  11th  we  inserted  an  advertise- 
ment of  the  book  in  the  publishers'  column 
of  The  Times  at  a  cost  of  between  two  and 
three  pounds.  This  column,  on  the  leader 
page,  is  restricted,  as  is  well  known,  to  books 
which  are  published  within  the  last  six 
months. 

On  July  16th  I  get,  in  reply  to  my  personal 
application  for  the  book  at  The  Times  Book 
Club,  a  post  card  which  says  :  "  With 
reference  to  your  application  for  '  Conne- 
mara,' we  beg  to  inform  you  that  this  book 
is  not  yet  published." 

How  many  more  of  these  exceedingly 
damaging  post  cards  have  gone  out  to  other 
subscribers  to  The  Times  Book  Club  I  know 
not.     That  more  have  been  issued  I  know. 

On  July  16th  I  wrote  to  the  editor  of 
The  Times  a  letter  in  which  I  said,  in  refer- 
ence to  this  post  card  I  had  received  : — 

"  I  regret  to  have  to  tell  you  that  this  is  not 
true.  The  hook  was  actually  advertized  in  your 
own  columns  (leader  page)  on  July  11th,  not  as  in 
the  press,  but  as  out.  The  receipt  of  your  post 
card  is  not  very  encouraging  to  advertisers,  of 
whom  I  have  been  one,  or  at  least  my  company. 
When  we  advertise  a  book  in  your  columns  as 
published,  we  thought  (vainly,  it  now  seems)  that 
you  at  any  rate  would  know  it  was  published,  but 
apparently  you  do  not.  You  cannot  plead  any 
difficulty  in  getting  this  book,  for  I  have  made 
inquiries,  and  no  application  even  has  been  made 
by  you  for  the  book  at  the  publishers'  office.  Other 
libraries  have  had  the  book  for  some  days  past,  and 
I  regret  that  The  Times  is  so  behind  the  times. 
Your  j>ost  card,  I  think  you  will  agree,  needs  some 
explanation.     That  I  await." 

On  July  20th  I  get  an  answer  which  says 
we  "  much  regret  that  by  an  error  the  post 
card  was  sent  saying  that  your  book  had 

not     been     published Your    order     for 

'Connemara'    was   placed    with    others   with 

our  general  agents The  fault  does  not 

lie  so  much  with  us  as  with  our  agents." 

Now  who  are  these  agents  ?  The  Times 
does  not  say.  I  hit  it  matters  not.  Damage 
of  this  kind  done  by  admitted  agents  is 
the  same  as  if  done  by  the  principal.  Still 
it  is  interesting  to  note  that  The  Times 
admits  a  portion  of  "  the  fault  " — "  the 
fault  does  not  so  much  lie,"  &c. 


Now  The  Times  Book  Club  started  busi- 
ness by  very  extensively  advertising  that 
they  obtained  all  books  asked  for  as  soon  as 
published.     In  their  own  words  : — 

"  You  may  obtain  recently  published  books 
without  the  delays  that  are  met  with  at  circulating 
libraries." 

"  It  will  be  quite  a  matter  of  course  to  obtain 
the  best  books  as  soon  as  they  are  published,  not 
only  novels  that  cost  a  few  shillings,  but  also  books 
that  cost  a  guinea  for  each  volume." 

"  As  new  books  appear,  day  by  day  throughout 
the  year,  their  purchase,  for  circulation  among  our 
subscribers,  will  be  a  matter  of  course.  If  by  an 
oversight  or  error  of  judgment  a  book  is  not  at  the 
disposal  of  our  subscribers  upon  the  day  of  pub- 
lication, only  one  subscriber  out  of  a  thousand  need 
express  his  wish  to  read  it,  and  it  will  at  once  be 
ordered. " 

It  was  because  of  the  inducements  thus 
held  out  that  I  personally  joined  the  Club. 
I  fear  The  Times  has  not  fulfilled  its  contract. 
I  have  been  "  one  subscriber  out  of  a 
thousand,"  and  have  expressed  my  wish, 
but  even  yet  I  have  not  got  the  book  I  asked 
for,  which  at  first  they  stoutly  denied  was 
published  when  it  actually  had  been  pub- 
lished, and  that,  too,  by  the  best  of  evidence, 
namely,  their  own  columns. 

No  one  more  regrets  than  does  the  writer 
these  hustling,  American  methods  of  doing 
business.  What  with  advertisements  of 
quack  medicines,  marvellous  bargains,  and 
specious  promises,  one  is  taken  to  some  of 
the  smart  stores  in  Philadelphia  and  Paris 
rather  than  to  Oxford  Street  and  the  prestige 
of  a  mighty,  honoured,  and  magnificent  past. 
The  Chairman  op  the 
Health  Resort  Publishing  Co.,  Ltd. 


M.  BERARD  AND  THE  L^STRYGONES. 

M.  Berard's  fascinating  book  on  the 
Odyssey  of  Homer  and  its  debt  to  Phoenician 
guide-books  is  now  so  widely  read  in  Eng- 
land that  the  following  experience  in  an 
endeavour  to  verify  his  data  will  not  be 
without  interest.  It  is  seldom  that  the 
opportunity  occurs  of  following  the  foot- 
steps of  the  explorer  into  remote  and  devious 
places.  But  it  occurred  to  me  last  April 
to  visit  the  Mediterranean  in  a  yacht  whose 
hospitable  owner  (Mr.  Howard  Goold)  put 
its  ample  resources  at  my  service,  and 
allowed  me  to  test  M.  Berard's  accuracy 
on  at  least  one  interesting  question.  The 
latter  asserts  that  the  inlet  called  Porto 
Pozzo,  on  the  north  coast  of  Sardinia, 
almost  over  against  Bonifacio,  corresponds 
admirably  to  Homer's  description  of  the 
port  of  the  Lsestrygones,  into  the  recesses 
of  which  Ulysses's  fleet  adventured  itself, 
and  was  destroyed  by  the  barbarians,  his 
own  ship  (which  kept  outside,  and  was 
merely  attached  to  the  rocks  by  a  cable) 
being  the  only  one  to  escape.  Any  classical 
reader  will  remember  the  description  of  the 
Odyssey — the  sheer  cliffs  on  either  side  of 
the  narrow  entrance,  which  leads  into  a 
small  port  at  the  head  of  which  an  inclined 
road  serves  to  bring  down  wood  from  the 
inland  forests  to  the  shore.  No  wind  ever 
agitates  this  landlocked  basin,  which  is 
secure  from  every  tempest,  but  by  no  means 
secure  from  an  attack  from  land,  for  the 
barbarians  destroyed  the  boats  of  Ulysses 
by  pelting  them  with  rocks  from  the  over- 
hanging cliffs. 

Being  anxious  to  verify  M.  Berard's 
confident  identification  of  all  these  natural 
features  in  the  Porto  Pozzo,  we  lay  to  outside 
it,  and  entered  it  in  a  launch  on  a  calm  fine 
day.  In  no  respect  did  it  correspond  to 
Homer's  description.  The  entrance  is, 
indeed,  narrow,  but  open  to  the  north,  so 
that  until  you  reach  the  very  shallow  pool 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


105 


at  the  head  of  it,  where  the  little  bay  turns 
south-east,  any  strong  north  wind  must 
cause  a  considerable  sea.  The  banks  are 
rough  and  rocky,  but  almost  flat,  and  only 
rise  gradually  on  both  sides  to  heights  of 
which  the  tops  are  fully  a  mile  apart.  Any 
attempt  to  pelt  boats  from  the  shore  would 
be  absurd.  Although,  therefore,  on  the 
map  this  inlet  looks  as  if  it  might  suit 
Homer's  description,  the  actual  view  of  it 
dispels  all  such  hopes.  Naturally  I  turned 
back  to  M.  Berard's  chapter,  to  discover 
how  he  had  been  led  into  such  a  mistake. 
I  found  that  he  was  persuaded  by  various 
place-names  on  that  coast  (for  which  he  has 
discovered  ingenious  etymologies)  to  seek 
there  for  the  country  of  the  Lsestrygones. 
The  fact  that  timber  is  brought  down  from 
the  wooded  mountains  of  Sardinia  to  that 
coast  nowadays  also  supported  him.  But 
when  we  come  to  the  'Instructions  Nautiques' 
which  he  quotes,  and  to  his  own  attempt  to 
examine  the  inlet,  we  find  no  support  to  his 
theory  in  either  of  them.  He  himself  was 
unable,  owing  to  strong  west  winds,  to  reach 
the  harbour  in  a  sailing  boat.  He  had  to 
content  himself  with  ascending  the  eastern 
headland  overlooking  it,  and  he  honestly 
confesses  (ii.  255),  "  La  pente  n'est  pas  tres 
abrupte."  Indeed  it  is  not.  But  when  in 
the  same  sentence  he  speaks  of  "  deux 
murailles  de  roches  eboulees,"  and  says  that 
Homer's  epithet  i)\t/3aTo<;,  which  he  trans- 
lates "  where  you  cannot  walk,"  describes 
with  accuracy  the  rough  coast  of  rocks, 
where  walking  is  difficult,  and  an  ascent 
"  un  peu  dangereuse,"  on  account  of  the 
slippery  surfaces,  I  part  company  with  him 
entirely.  That  is  not  the  meaning  of 
Homer's  epithet,  which  is  sheer,  and  does 
not  suit  his  description  in  any  way. 

In  making  this  negative  criticism,  founded 
on  a  deliberate  and  careful  examination  of 
the  place,  I  felt  some  disappointment,  for  I 
was,  and  am  still,  very  favourably  disposed 
towards  the  general  conclusions  of  M. 
Berard's  brilliant  book.  And  it  is  for  that 
reason  that  I  suggest  to  him  another  site, 
not  many  miles  distant,  where  the  natural 
features  do  correspond  in  a  remarkable  way 
to  Homer's  description.  It  was  with  me  a 
matter  of  great  curiosity  to  visit  Bonifacio, 
near  the  south  point  of  Corsica,  a  walled 
town  on  the  cliff,  which  had  struck  me  as 
very  curious  and  picturesque  when  I  passed 
it  in  a  steamer  years  ago.  So  our  yacht 
steamed  up  close  to  the  cliff,  where  it 
anchored  in  very  deep  water,  and  we  entered 
in  the  launch  the  strange  landlocked  inlet 
of  sea,  which  is  only  visible  when  you  come 
close  to  it.  Here  you  enter  between  two 
almost  perpendicular  cliffs,  not  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  apart,  into  a  sickle-shaped  creek, 
at  the  head  of  which  is  a  shelving  shore 
leading  up  to  the  high  land  all  around. 
Here  indeed  vessels  could  be  assailed  with 
stones  from  the  steep  cliffs  on  either  side, 
especially  if  the  assailants  had,  as  Homer 
'depicts  them,  the  strength  of  giants.  If 
M.  Berard  wants  a  spot  which  really  corre- 
sponds to  the  description  of  the  Odyssey, 
I  recommend  him  to  visit  this  very  singular 
place.  I  do  not  know  whether  he  will  be 
able  to  accommodate  the  place-names  in 
the  neighbourhood  to  his  theory,  but  I  have 
the  greatest  confidence  in  his  ingenuity. 
I  will  only  add  this  observation — that  ancient 
mariners  going  through  the  straits  would 
more  naturally  seek  a  station  on  its  north 
than  its  south  side.  The  natural  scope  of 
such  early  navigation  would  be  the  Riviera, 
as  the  nearest  mainland,  whence  coasting  to 
Spain  was  easy.  The  north-western  route, 
up  along  the  west  coast  of  Corsica,  must 
have  been  the  most  important.  Hence  the 
little  harbour  of  Bonifacio  must  have  been 
an  important  station.        J.  P,  Mahaffy. 


THE  VOYNICH  COLLECTION  OF  LOST 
AND    UNKNOWN    BOOKS. 

Just  four  years  ago  Mr.  Voynich  had  on 
exhibition  a  collection  of  lost  or  unknown 
books.  None  of  them  had  ever  been  de- 
scribed by  bibliographers,  and  their  rarity  is 
attested  by  the  fact  that  since  the  exhibition 
was  closed  not  more  than  two  or  three  of 
them  have  been  duplicated.  The  collection 
was  offered  for  sale  as  a  whole  in  the  hope 
that  it  would  be  acquired  by  some  public 
institution,  and  we  are  glad  to  learn  that, 
though  this  has  not  precisely  occurred,  the 
collection  has  been  purchased  by  private 
subscription,  and  offered  to  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum  for  their  acceptance. 

The  collection  contains  several  very  rare 
incunabula  ;  three  issues  of  Magini's  famous 
atlas,  which  will  form  a  useful  addition  to 
the  Museum  copy  ;  some  early  Icelandic 
tracts  ;  one  of  the  earliest  popular  guides  to 
Rome  in  English  ;  and  some  early  editions 
of  the  famous  '  Dictionary  of  Six  Languages.' 
We  are  glad  that  Mr.  Voynich  has  received 
the  fitting  reward  of  his  enterprise,  for  his 
collection  is  in  the  place  where  it  will  be  of 
the  most  value  to  students  ;  but  we  specially 
welcome  this  donation  as,  we  hope,  the  first 
of  a  new  series  of  gifts  by  private  benefactors. 
Since  the  donation  of  the  Grenville  collection, 
sixty  years  ago,  no  gift  approaching  this  in 
importance  has  been  made  to  the  British 
Museum  Library,  with  the  single  exception 
of  the  Ashby  Collection  of  Cervantes  Lite- 
rature ;  and  the  generous  use  of  its  treasures 
permitted  to  students  of  all  countries,  with 
the  deterioration  which  results  therefrom, 
makes  it  desirable  that  a  reserve  of  rare 
and  valuable  books,  for  the  benefit  of 
future  generations,  should  be  inaugurated. 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  included 
in  their  last  sale  of  the  season,  on  the  23rd  and  24th 
inst.,  the  following  hooks  and  MSS.  :  Bacon's 
Translation  of  Certain  Psalmes,  original  edition, 
unbound,  1625,  71/.  Coverdale's  Bible,  1550,  tine 
copy,  59/.  Churchyard's  Worthines  of  Wales, 
first  edition,  1587,  22/.  \0s.  Greene's  Groatsworth 
of  Wit,  1617,  23/.  Norris  and  Drake's  Expedition 
to  Portugal  (Latin),  1589,  Ben  Jonson's  copy,  39/. 
Selden's  Jani  Anglorum  Facies  Altera,  1610, 
presentation  copy  to  Ben  Jonson,  61/.  Jonsonus 
Virbius,  uncut,  1638,  34/.  10*.  Milton's  Areo- 
pagitiea,  first  edition,  1644,  31/.  Morton's  New 
English  Canaan,  1637,  46/.  Tracts  on  Trade  (24), 
seventeenth  century,  53/.  Hone  B.V.M.,  illu- 
minated manuscript  on  vellum,  fifteenth  century, 
695/.  Keats's  Endymion,  1818,  boards,  uncut,  50/; 
Lamia,  &c,  1820,  uncut,  35/.  ;  Poems,  Kehnsoott 
Press,  on  vellum,  1894,  49/.  Lamb's  Elia,  first 
series,  first  issue,  1823,  25/.  ;  Rosamund  Gray, 
first  edition,  uncut,  1798,  122/.  Shelley's  Alastor, 
first  edition,  1816,  49/.  Proposals  for  putting 
Reform  to  the  Vote,  1817,  132/.  Richardson's 
Pamela,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  and  Sir  Charles 
Grandison,  first  editions,  IS  vols.,  1741-54,  57/. 
Byron's  Hours  of  Idleness,  large  paper,  uncut, 
1807,  30/.  Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  16  vols., 
1885-6,25/.  Eyton's  Shropshire,  12  vols.,  1S51-60, 
21/.  Pyne's  Royal  Residences,  1819,  201.  10s. 
Aiken's 'National'  Sports,  ls-_';i,  36/.  Lovelace's 
Lucasta,  1649,  presentation  copy  to  Chas.  Cotton, 
70/.  Original  MS.  Journal  of  George  Whitefield 
in  America,  1739,  1267.  Ordinarius,  MS.  on 
vellum,  Sac.  XIV.,  Miniatures,  38/.  Bora  B.V.M., 
printed  upon  vellum,  Verard,  1500,  23/.  10s.  ; 
Horse,  on  vellum,  14  miniatures,  Sseo.  XV.,  68/. 
HeidelofFs  Gallery  of  Fashion,  1794-1802,  76/. 
Heywood's  Apology  for  Actors,  L612,  50/.  Con- 
Bolato  del  Mar,  Barcelona,  1494,  21/.  Ordinary 
of  Arms,  temp.  James  I..  31/.  10*.  Original 
Rental  Book  of  Croyland  Abbey,  1272,  &c, 
29/.  Nash,  Have  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden, 
1596,  99/.;  Lent. mi  Stuff,  LS99,  111/. ;  Summer's 
Last  Will,  1600,  141/.  Turner's  Liber  >Studioruin, 
71  plates,  52/.     Ridingcr's  Engravings  of  Anjmals, 


1,017  plates,  95/.  Carmelite  Missal,  Srec.  XIV., 
50/.  York  Ritual,  Sseo.  XIV.,  300/.  Life  of 
St.  Cuthbert,  MS.  by  a  Durham  monk,  45  minia- 
tures, Sac.  XII.,  1,500/. 


Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  early  in  the 
autumn  a  volume  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hobson, 
entitled  '  Canada  To-day.'  The  book  is 
the  outcome  of  a  journey  in  Canada  taken 
last  year,  and  deals  with  the  new  industrial 
and  social  activity  in  the  Dominion.  An 
attempt  is  made  to  estimate  the  economic 
resources  of  the  country  ;  the  civilizations 
of  Canada  and  the  United  States  are  com- 
pared and  contrasted  ;  and  a  close  study 
of  the  fiscal  and  commercial  relations 
between  Canada  and  Great  Britain  is 
appended. 

Mr.  Shan  F.  Bullock,  whose  book 
'  The  Cubs '  has  been  very  favourably 
received,  is  at  work  on  a  suburban  novel 
which  will  be  called  '  The  Story  of  a 
London  Clerk.'  The  book  will  be  pub- 
fished  by  Mr.  Werner  Laurie. 

The  next  volume  in  "  The  Oxford 
Library  of  Prose  and  Poetry  "  will  be 
Mary  Wollstonecraft's  '  Original  Stories  ' 
for  children,  with  five  illustrations  by 
William  Blake.  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas,  in  an 
Introduction,  suggests  that  the  work  ii 
chiefly  interesting  for  two  reasons  apart 
from  its  original  purpose — for  the  light  it 
throws  on  the  attitude  of  the  nursery 
authors  of  its  day  towards  children,  and 
for  the  character  of  Mrs.  Mason,  "  the 
first  and  strongest  British  Matron."  The 
book  will  be  ready  next  week. 

An  item  of  interest  to  Thackeray 
collectors  is  included  in  Messrs.  Hodgson's 
catalogue  for  next  week — a  copy  of  the 
excessively  rare  brochure  '  King  Glumpus,' 
printed  in  1837  for  private  circulation 
only,  with  three  illustrations  which  are 
generally  attributed  to  Thackeray.  The 
copy  in  question  is  an  autograph  pre- 
sentation one,  evidently  from  the  writer 
of  this  little  play,  who  has  inscribed  on 
the  fly-leaf  "  Miss  Emily  Parker  from  her 
never-to-be-sufficiently  admired  friend  The 
Author."  This  seems  to  be  the  first  copy 
which  has  appeared  for  public  sale  since 
the  discovery,  about  eight  years  ago,  of 
the  Thackeray  interest  in  it,  though  at 
least  two  copies  are  recorded  of  the  other 
piece,  'The  Exquisites,'  printed  in  18.39, 
to  which  Thackeray  also  contributed 
illustrations.  It  is  worth  noting  that  the 
two  plays  appear,  on  comparison  of  the 
type  used,  to  have  been  issued  from  the 
same  press. 

Prof.  Georg  Brandes  intends  shortly 
to  publish  a  book  on  Ibsen  in  two  volumes 
with  many  illustrations.  It  will  be  pub- 
lished by  the  firm  of  Hard,  Marquardt  & 
Co.,  of  Berlin. 

Mr.  \V.  A.  Horn,  who,  some  twelve 
years  ago,  fitted  out  the  Horn  Scientific 
Expedition  to  Central  Australia,  has 
written  a  book  of  travel  reminiscences 
which  he  calls  L  Notes  by  a  Nomad  :  an 
Olla-Podrida.'     This    work    will    be    jjjus 


106 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


trated  from  photographs  taken  by  the 
author,  and  will  shortly  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Melville  &  Mullen,  the  well-known 
booksellers  of  Collins  Street,  Melbourne. 

The  Classical  Association  have  just 
issued  the  provisional  programme  of  a 
visit  to  Manchester,  October  11th  to  13th. 
On  the  first  day  there  will  be  a  reception 
at  the  Owens  College  buildings,  with  short 
lectures  by  Profs.  Postgate  and  Rhys 
Roberts.  The  arrangements  for  the  12th 
include  visits  to  Roman  remains  at  Deans- 
gate  and  the  John  Rylands  Library, 
meeting  in  the  Whitworth  Hall  and  Presi- 
dential Address  by  Lord  Curzon,  and  a 
discussion  on  '  The  Relative  Functions  of 
Classical  and  Modern  Language  Teaching 
in  Secondary  Education.'  Saturday,  the 
13th,  will  be  occupied  by  a  lecture  by 
Prof.  R.  S.  Conway  on  Virgil,  the  Report 
on  the  Pronunciation  of  Greek  and  Latin, 
the  business  meeting  of  the  Association 
with  election  of  officers  for  1907,  and  an 
excursion  to  Chester  conducted  by  Prof. 
Boyd  Dawkins  and  Prof.  Ridgeway.  A 
Hospitality  Committee  has  been  formed 
to  entertain  visitors. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Dr.  George 
Savage- Armstrong,  generally  known  as 
"  The  Poet  of  Wicklow."  Last  year,  at 
the  age  of  sixty,  he  retired  from  his 
Professorship  of  History  and  English 
Literature  at  Queen's  College,  Cork,  which 
he  had  held  since  1871.  He  brought  out 
'  Poems  Lyrical  and  Dramatic '  as  an 
undergraduate  in  1869,  and  since  had 
published  '  The  Tragedy  of  Israel '  in 
three  parts,  1872-6  ;  '  Life  and  Letters, 
with  Poetical  Works  and  Essays,  of  Ed- 
mund J.  Armstrong,'  1877  ;  '  A  Garland 
from  Greece,'  1882  ;  '  Mephistopheles  in 
Broadcloth:  a  Satire,'  1888;  and  various 
Imperial  poems. 

The  Konigliche  Gesellschaft  der  Wissen- 
schaften  at  Gottingen  has  elected  as 
"  Corresponding  Member "  Dr.  George 
A.  Grierson,  the  well-known  Oriental 
scholar. 

The  Eragny  Press,  Hammersmith,  will 
issue  early  in  October  an  edition  of  Christina 
Rossetti's  first  book,  'Verses'  (1847).  A 
few  copies  of  the  '  Songs  of  Ben  Jonson  ' 
can  still  be  had  at  the  Press,  on  applica- 
tion direct  or  through  a  bookseller. 

Mr.  Cuming  Walters  sends  us  the 
following  note  : — 

"  Some  ten  years  ago,  on  the  publication 
of  Mrs.  Oliphant's  '  Life  of  Laurence  Oli- 
phant,'  interest  was  stimulated  in  one  of 
the  most  extraordinary  mystics  of  modern 
times,  Thomas  Lake  Hams.  By  his  followers 
he  was  regarded  as  a  prophet,  almost  as  a 
Messiah  ;  by  others  lie  was  denounced  as 
a  charlatan.  Soon  after  the  controversy 
excited  by  Mrs.  Oliphant's  volume  had  sub- 
sided Mr.  Harris  announced  that  ho  had 
discovered  the  secret  of  immortality  by  the 
inspiration  of  '  Tho  Divine  Breath.'  His 
religion  became  one  directly  associated  witli 
the  fight  against  physical  death,  and  some 
strength  was  given  to  his  arguments  by  a 
sort  of  rejuvenation  which  took  place  in 
his  own  body.  Mr.  Harris,  however,  died 
on  March  23rd  last,  a  fact  which  lias  beon 
kept  very  secret  hitherto.  His  biographer 
will  probably  be  .Mr.  Edwin  Markham,  the 
poet,  who  m  the  meantime  is  preparing  a 


volume  of  selections  from  Mr.  Harris's 
writings.  Other  members  of  the  community 
are  arranging  for  reminiscences  and  experi- 
ences." 

Mr.  Menken's  latest  catalogue  offers  a 
number  of  interesting  books  from  the 
library  of  the  late  Dr.  Garnett,  many  of 
them  presentation  copies.  The  catalogue 
includes  a  facsimile  of  a  letter  from  Dr. 
Garnett  thanking  Mr.  Menken  for  his 
liberal  offer  to  present  to  the  British 
Museum  a  series  of  catalogues  marked  by 
Gladstone,  when  he  was  purchasing  books, 
with  his  own  memoranda.  Dr.  Garnett 
had  offered  to  purchase  these  for  the 
Museum  Library. 

'  Vers  les  Temps  Meilleurs  '  is  the 
title  of  a  collection  of  letters,  lectures, 
&c,  by  Anatole  France,  just  published 
by  E.  Pelleton.  They  are  forty-six  in 
number,  and  belong  to  the  period  from 
November  29th,  1898,  to  February  24th 
of  this  year.  The  collection  occupies 
three  volumes,  and  is  now  to  be  had 
complete  at  a  moderate  price,  and  in  more 
expensive  editions. 

Prof.  Gar  vie  has  been  writing  a  survey 
of  recent  literature  on  Christian  ethics, 
which  will  appear  in  the  forthcoming 
number  of  The  Review  of  Theology  and 
Philosophy. 

Mrs.  Wharton  will  appear  in  the 
Fiction  Number  of  Scribner's  with  a 
complete  novelette,  '  Madame  de  Treymes,' 
her  most  ambitious  work  since  '  The  House 
of  Mirth.'  It  ceals  with  the  social  con- 
ditions in  an  old  Parisian  family  into  which 
a  young  American  girl  has  married. 

It  is  good  news  that  Rebecca,  Mrs. 
Wiggin's  delightful  creation,  will  reappear 
in  Scribncr^s  in  a  series  of  short  stories  ; 
the  first  one,  '  Jack-o'-Lantern,'  will  be 
in  the  Fiction  Number. 

Arrangements  for  the  Summer  Meet- 
ing at  Cambridge  from  August  2nd  to 
28th  are  now  in  a  forward  state.  The 
special  period  of  study,  the  eighteenth 
century,  will  be  treated  with  great  fullness, 
and,  as  already  announced,  the  inaugural 
address  will  be  delivered  by  the  Ambassador 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  who  has 
chosen  as  his  subject  '  The  Rise  of  the 
United  States  in  the  Eighteenth  Century 
and  the  Tendencies  of  its  Development.' 
On  English  literature  nearly  thirty  lectures 
will  be  given  by  the  Bishop  of  Durham, 
Mr.  Arthur  Sidgwick,  Prof.  Churton  Collins, 
the  Dean  of  Ely,  Dr.  Cunningham,  and 
others.  British  art  is  represented  by 
lectures  on  Hogarth,  Reynolds,  and  Gains- 
borough, and  on  furniture,  architecture, 
and  music.  In  the  scientific  section 
special  attention  will  be  paid  to  astronomy, 
but  geology,  botany,  and  zoology  are  not 
neglected.  There  is  a  long  list  of  lectures 
on  education. 

Several  important  appointments  were 
made  last  week  to  the  staffs  of  Paris 
libraries.  M.  Paul  Cheneux,  archiviste 
of  Seine  Inferieure,  is  appointed  Inspector- 
General  of  Libraries  and  Archives  ;  M. 
Kohlor  is  nominated  Administrator  of  the 
Bibliotheque  Sainte-Genevieve,  to  which 
he  has  been  attached  since  1883  ;  and 
M,    Georges    cle    PortQ-.Richc^    the    well- 


known  dramatic  author,  and  a  native  of 
Bordeaux,  has  been  appointed  Adminis- 
trator of  the  Bibliotheque  Mazarine. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  from  the  Boston 
Evening  Transcript  that  an  effort  is  being 
made  to  infuse  some  fresh  life  into  the 
American  Bibliographical  Society.  At  the 
present  time,  with  a  membership  of  but 
200,  the  Society  has  only  a  small  fund 
available  for  publications,  but  there  are 
hopes  of  securing  800  new  members.  It 
is  proposed  to  proceed  with  the  Society's 
first  publication,  '  A  List  of  the  Incunabula 
in  American  Libraries,'  which  would  be 
of  value  not  only  to  American  students, 
but  also  to  Europeans.  The  material  for 
this  '  List '  is  in  a  very  forward  state. 
The  Society  itself  is  young,  having  beeD 
started  at  St.  Louis  in  1904  ;  and  should 
the  present  attempt  to  enlarge  the  number 
of  members  be  successful,  an  official 
periodical  may  be  started. 

At  the  last  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution,  held  on  Thursday  week  last, 
99Z.  was  voted  for  the  relief  of  56  members 
and  widows  of  members  ;  and  one  fresh 
application  for  membership  was  received. 

SCIENCE 


Recreations   of  a   Naturalist.     By   James 
Edmund  Harting.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

This  is  a  well-printed  volume  with  eighty- 
one  illustrations,  and  contains  about  forty 
essays,  most  of  which  have  appeared  in 
The  Field.  There  is  also  a  chapter  on  birds 
and  lighthouses,  the  substance  of  a  Davis 
Lecture  given  by  the  author  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Zoological  Society,  not 
long  after  the  results  of  the  observation 
of  migrants — especially  at  Heligoland  in 
the  time  of  Gatke — were  brought  to  the 
notice  of  the  public.  The  production  of 
these  essays  may  have  provided  the 
author  with  occupation  of  a  recreative 
and  not  unprofitable  nature ;  but  we 
gather  from  the  Preface  that  the  first 
word  of  the  title  has  especial  reference 
to  those  field-sports  which  have  afforded 
him  the  greatest  pleasure  in  hfe,  and 
also  to  the  mental  exercise  of  consulting 
books,  and  at  times  hunting  a  hare — to 
speak  metaphorically — through  the  pre- 
serves of  ancient  authors.  Mr.  Harting's 
flowing  and  easy  style  renders  these 
chapters  very  agreeable  reading,  and  a 
considerable  amount  of  information  is 
therein  afforded  on  sport  and  natural 
history,  often  in  association  with  anti- 
quarian research.  In  the  latter  class 
may  be  placed  the  articles  on  deer-leaps, 
the  horse  and  its  historians,  the  oldest 
book  on  fishing,  and  the  origin  of  the 
domestic  cat. 

In  the  case  of  open-air  pursuits  the 
author  has  shown  moderation  in  restrict- 
ing himself  to  a  single  article  on  hawking, 
especially  when  it  is  remembered  that  for 
many  years  he  has  been  devoted  to  the 
practice  of  this  ancient  sport.  It  may 
be  remarked  that  the  illustrations  to  this 
essay  are  particularly  good.     In  his  account 


No!4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENilUM 


lor 


of  wheatears  on  the  South  Downs,  Mr. 
Harting  points  out  that  as  long  ago  as 
1766  Smollett  wrote  that  the  name  was 
"  a  pleasant  corruption  of  the  translation 
of  their  French  name  cul  blanc,  for  they 
are  actually  white  towards  the  tail,"  but 
even  up  to  1870  some  writers  indulged  in 
futile  derivations  in  connexion  with  wheat 
being  "in  the  ear  "  when  the  birds  were  in 
season,  and  so  forth.  The  illustrations  of 
the  trap  and  the  snare  employed  are  inter- 
esting, the  latter  being  from  a  drawing 
sent  by  the  late  Rev.  Leonard  Blomefield 
(formerly  Jenyns),  who  died  at  a  very 
advanced  age  in  1893.  An  historic  value 
is  attached  to  this  snare,  for  it  figures  in 
a  memoir  of  Yarrell  (printed  for  private 
.distribution)  in  which  Blomefield  describes 
an  excursion  made  by  the  two  friends  to 
the  Downs  above  Eastbourne  in  1831. 
They  purchased  it  from  a  shepherd 
boy,  who  even  imagined,  "  in  his  sim- 
plicity, that  one  purpose  for  which  Parlia- 
ment met  was  to  determine  the  exact  day 
when  wheatear-catching  should  begin." 
The  description  of  Pagham  harbour  and 
the  waterfowl  frequenting  it  forty  years 
ago,  before  its  reclamation,  revives  pleasant 
memories  of  the  little  Crab  and  Lobster 
inn  at  Siddlesham,  and  many  excursions 
made  there  under  the  guidance  of  Alfred 
Grant. 

On  the  subject  of  grouse;  and  especially 
on  the  subject  of  blackgame,  the  author's 
remarks  deserve  attention  ;  and  the  facts 
respecting  the  introduction  and  spread 
of  the  red-legged  partridge  are  well  mar- 
shalled. In  the  account  of  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  kite — a  bird  which  was  the 
scavenger  of  London  and  other  cities 
down  to  the  later  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century — no  allusion  is  made  to  old  Dr. 
William  Turner's  statement  that  at  the 
same  period  this  species  was  so  bold  as  to 
snatch  food  out  of  the  hands  of  children  ; 
and  with  respect  to  its  more  recent  dis- 
tribution in  Great  Britain  no  mention  is 
made  of  the  "  shrieking  kites  "  described 
by  the  first  Lord  Stanley  of  Alderley  as 
frequenting  his  great  beech-woods  in 
Cheshire. 

Space  will  not  allow  of  remarks  upon 
half  the  essays  comprised  in  this  volume, 
but  a  few  words  must  be  said  on  the  ques- 
tion of  '  The  Origin  of  the  Domestic  Cat,' 
already  mentioned.  It  seems  probable 
that  our  mouser  came  into  Europe  by 
way  of  Egypt,  and  was  introduced  into 
Britain  by  the  Romans  ;  but  Mr.  Harting 
even  goes  so  far  as  to  derive  its  familiar 
name  from  one  of  the  languages  of  the 
Nile  valley  : — 

"  The  Egyptian  name  for  the  cat  was 
Cliaou,  or,  according  to  some  Egyptologists, 
Maou,  the  latter  name  (like  so  many  others 
in  primitive  languages)  being  onomatopoeic, 
that  is,  imitative  of  the  animal  cry.  The 
familiar  name  of  '  Puss,'  apparently,  has 
also  come  to  us  from  the  Egyptian.  In  the 
British  Museum  may  be  seen  several  figures 
of  the  cat-headed  goddess  Pasht,  under 
which  name  the  moon  was  worshipped  by 
the  Egyptians,  Pasht  signifying  the  face  of 
the  moon.  The  word  is  compounded  of 
the  consonants  P,  SH,  and  T.  T  is  the 
Coptic  feminine  article,  which  being  dis- 
carded the  name  is  reduced  to  PSH.     But 


the  aspirate  SH  should  be  the  tenuis  S, 
and  then  the  word  would  be  PS,  as  in  Hebrew, 
which  may  be  pronounced  Pas  or  Pus.  It 
thus  appears  that  our  familiar  name  for  the 
cat  can  boast  of  a  very  high  antiquity." 

Solvitur  ambulando !  Prof.  Skeat  does 
not,  however,  venture  to  take  us  so  far 
back.  As  for  the  animal :  the  remains 
of  a  cat,  ascribed  by  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins 
to  Felis  caffra,  have  been  recorded  from 
Somerset  and  some  other  localities  in 
England ;  but  until  very  recently  no 
remains  of  any  cat — not  even  of  the  wild 
brindled  F.  calus— had  been  found  in 
Ireland,  and  certainly  no  living  example 
of  the  latter  had  been  captured  within 
historic  times.  About  two  years  ago 
explorations  in  the  caves  of  co.  Clare 
yielded  remains  which,  according  to  Dr. 
R.  F.  Scharff,  of  the  Dublin  Museum, 
are  similar  to  those  of  a  wild  cat  peculiar 
to  Southern  Europe  and  Northern  Africa, 
and  having  a  pointed  tail,  like  that  of  our 
domestic  cat — not  bushy,  as  in  the  Euro- 
pean wild  cat.  Perhaps  this  discovery 
may  revive  an  interest  in  the  legendary 
colonization  of  portions  of  Ireland  by  the 
Phoenicians,  who  certainly  had  an  im- 
portant stepping-stone  in  Spain ;  and 
thus  the  distribution  of  this  cat  from 
Northern  Africa,  by  Southern  Europe,  to 
Western  Ireland  may  be  explained.  The 
antiquity  of  Carthage  is  not  so  respect- 
able as  that  of  Egypt,  but  it  will  serve. 

There  is  an  excellent  index,  and  the 
frontispiece  is  a  good  likeness  of  the  author 
with  two  peregrine  falcons  on  his  wrist. 


LA    PRECISION    DES    LOIS 
PHYSIQUES.* 

Au  temps  de  Descartes,  de  Pascal,  de 
Newton,  la  science  et  la  pliilosophie  avaient 
l'habitude  de  marcher  cote  a  cote,  la  main 
dans  la  main,  comme  de  bonnes  sceurs.  II 
semble  en  etre  de  meme  a  l'heure  actuelle  ; 
nous  assistons  en  effet  a  une  veritable 
eclosion  d'ouvrages  du  plus  haut  inter  et, 
emanant  des  esprits  les  plus  distingues  et 
touchant  a  la  fois  au  domaine  de  la  science 
et  a  celui  de  la  pliilosophie  et  de  la  meta- 
physique.f 

1.  Les  lots,  les  principes,  les  theories. 

Parmi  les  preoccupations  qui  s'imposent 
a  l'esprit  des  chercheurs,  la  necessite  de 
preciser  exactement  la  notion  de  loi  dans 
le  domaine  des  sciences  experimentales  est 
vine  des  plus  frequemment  a  l'ordre  du  jour. 

On  sait  en  effet  que  pour  se  reconnaitre 
dans  le  dedale  des  faits  experimentaux, 
les  physiciens,  on  plus  generalement  les 
chercheurs,  ont  de  bonne  heure  ete  conduits 
a  formuler  des  lois  dont  l'utilite  premiere 
etait  assurement  de  condenser  et  do  grouper 
ensemble  des  categories  de  phenomenes. 
Mais  ces  lois,  ainsi  formulees,  n'ont  pas 
seulement  pour  but  de  classer  les  faits  qui 
ont  servi  a  les  etablir  ;  elles  ont  aussi 
l'avantage  non  moins  precieux  de  prevoir 
des  faits  non  encore  observes. 


*  The  earlier  articles  in  this  Series  appeared  as  follows: 
M.  Poincare'  on  'La  Fin  de  la  Matiere,'  February  L7th ; 
Sir  William  Ramsay  on  'Helium  and  the  Transmutation 
of  Elements,'  March  LOth ;  l>r.  A.  II.  Bucherer  on  'The 
Shape  <>f  Electrons  and  the  Maxwellian  Theory,'  March 
24th;  anU  Or.  .1.  Norman  Collie  on  ' Stereo-Isomerism,' 
April  _'Sth. 

t  II.  Poincare',  'Science  el  Eypothese:  la  Valeur  de  la 
Science';  P.  Duhem,  *  La  Theorie  physique :  sonObjetel  sa 
Structure';  Lucien  Poincare',  'La  Physique moderne et  son 
Evolution  ';  Picard,  '  La  Science  moderne,'  &c. 


Leur  utilitd  est  done  double  :  classer  et 
prevoir. 

Parfois  ces  lois  experimentales  ont  paru 
d'une  portee  si  generale  qu'elles  ont  ete 
erigees  en  principes.  Ces  principes,  natu- 
rellement  en  petit  nombre,  constituent,  pour 
ainsi  dire,  le  squelette  de  la  science.  Citons 
parmi  eux  le  principe  de  la  conservation  do 
l'energie,  celui  de  la  conservation  de 
la  matiere  en  chimie,  celui  de  Faction  et  do 
la  reaction  en  m^canique,  &c. 

Mais  l'enonce  pur  et  simple  des  lois  et  des 
principes  experimentaux  ne  serait  generale- 
ment pas  satisfaisant  si  nous  ne  pouvions 
les  coordonner  tant  bien  que  mal  ;  et  e'est 
alors  qu'apparaissent  les  theories. 

Malheureusement  ces  theories  n'ont  pas 
en  general  un  caractere  d'universalite  ; 
elles  n'embrassent  le  plus  souvent  que  telle 
on  telle  categorie  de  phenomenes  ;  de  plus 
elles  sont  souvent  provisoires,  et,  ce  qui  est 
plus  grave,  sont  parfois  incompatibles  les 
unes  avec  les  autres. 

Parmi  les  theories  les  plus  parfaites,  en 
effet,  on  peut  assurement  citer  les  merveil- 
leuses  conceptions  qui  ont  fourni  une  explica- 
tion des  phenomenes  si  delicats  de  la  lumiere. 
Or  il  n'est  aucune  de  ces  conceptions  (M. 
Poincare  a  eu  le  merite  de  le  demontrer)  qui 
satisfasse  simultanement  les  deux  principes 
fondamentaux  de  Taction  et  de  la  reaction, 
de  la  conservation  de  l'electricite  et  du 
magnetisme,  et  explique  en  meme  temps  les 
phenomenes  d'entrainement  des  ondes  lumi- 
neuses  par  les  corps  en  mouvement,  pheno- 
menes constates  experimentalement  par 
Fizeau. 

Mais  quelque  imparfaites  que  soient  les 
theories,  leur  utilite  est  si  grande  qu'elle 
sufht  a  justifier  pleinement  leur  emploi. 
Non  seulement  les  theories  permettent  un 
expose  clair  et  coordonne,  parfois  esth£- 
tique,  des  faits  observes,  mais  elles  laissent 
entrevoir  de  nouveaux  faits,  et  ce  qui  est 
mieux  de  nouvelles  relations  experimentales, 
e'est  a  dire  de  nouvelles  lois.  En  vertu  des 
immenses  services  qu'elles  rendent,  il  est 
done  juste  de  leur  pardonner  quelque  chose. 

2.   Caractere  approximatif  des  lois  et  des 
principes. 

Mais  si  les  lois,  les  principes,  les  theories, 
ont  une  utilite  incontestable,  on  ne  saurait 
trop  insister  sur  leur  caractere  approximatif, 
la  precision  des  mesures  qui  les  ont  etablis 
etant  elle-meme  limitee. 

Aussi  voit-on  parfois  les  relations  qui 
paraissaient  les  plus  rigoureuses  se  trans- 
former au  fur  et  a  mesure  que  les  methodes 
d'observation  vont  se  perfectionnant.  II  en 
est  naturellement  de  meme  des  formules 
mathematiques  qui  les  resument  et  n'en 
sont  que  l'expression  dans  un  langage 
infiniment  clair  et  rapide. 

Souvent  meme,  il  y  a  repercussion  jusquo 
sur  la  theorie,  qui  n'etant  plus  satisfaisante 
doit  etre  a  son  tour  modifier. 

Ce  caractere  approximatif  des  lois,  et 
meme  des  principes  qui  sont  a  la  base  de  la 
science,  tend  a  s'accentuer  toujours  davant- 
age. 

II  est  vrai  -que  les  decouvertes  si  sur- 
prenantes  de  la  radio-act  Lvite  sont  bien 
fait  es  pour  nous  rendre  prudents  et  nous 
apprendre  a  nous  garder  des  generalisations 
trop  natives.  Ces  atomes  que  les  chimistes 
nous  avaient  habitues  a  considerer  comme 
les  dernieres  particulea  de  matiere,  et  qui 
par  definition  ne  pouvaient  se  resoudre  en 
particulos  plus  petites,  ces  atomes  supposes 
indivisibles,  sont  a  Theure  actuelle  insuffi- 
sants  pour  expliquer  la  radio-activity. 

lis  sont  insuffisants  pour  rendre  compte 
de  cettc  mutation  lente  el  pcut-etre  general© 
des  elements  Irs  mis  dans  les  autres,  dont 
la  transformation  du  radium  en  helium  (con- 
statee  pour  la  premiere  fois  en  Anglotorre 


108 


THE    ATitEN^UM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


par  Sir  W.  Ramsay  et  M.  Soddy )  est  l'exemple 
le  plus  caracteristique. 

Bien  plus,  le  principe  de  la  conservation 
de  la  matiere,  qui  exj3erimentalement  est 
peut-etre  le  mieux  etabli,  puisqu'il  s'appuie 
sur  toute  la  chimie,  n'esfe  pas  a  l'abri  de  toute 
critique.  Arretons-nous  quelques  instants 
sur  cette  question — une  des  plus  importantes 
et  des  plus  actuelles  de  la  physique  moderne. 
Ce  principe  tres  simple  nous  enseigne, 
comme  on  sait,  que  le  poids  d'un  compose 
est  toujours  egal  a  la  somme  des  poids  des 
corps  qui  le  composent,  et  cela  qu'elles  que 
soient  les  transformations  physiques  ou 
chimiques  auquel  il  est  soumis. 

Or  on  s'est  demande  il  y  a  quelques  annees 
si  ce  principe  fondamental  n'etait  pas  lui- 
raeme  approximatif,  et  si,  en  poussant  la 
precision  des  pesees  a  ses  dernieres  limites, 
on  ne  parviendrait  pas  a  le  mettre  en  defaut. 
Le  travail  se  poursuit  actuellement,  et  sans 
que  Ton  puisse  des  maintenant  considerer 
la  question  comme  resolue,  il  est  cependant 
du  plus  haut  interet  de  constater  que  sur 
75  reactions  effectuees  en  tube  ferme  avec 
des  precautions  infinies,  Gl  se  sont  effectuees 
en  accusant  une  legere  diminution  de  poids 
ne  pouvant  logiquement  etre  expliquee  par  . 
des  erreurs  d'experiences.  M.  Landolt,  qui 
vient  de  publier  ces  resultats,  est  un  savant 
a  la  fois  des  plus  autorises  et  des  plus 
prudents. 

II  est  vrai  que  ce  resultat  n'infirme  pas 
necessairement  le  principe  de  la  conservation 
de  la  matiere.  On  peut  en  effet  admettre 
qu'au  cours  de  la  reaction,  souvent  tres  vive, 
quelque  chose  de  tres  tenu  s'est  echappe  en 
traversant  le  verre  du  tube  d'experience. 
Mais  en  attendant  que  Ton  ait  retrouve  ce 
quelque  chose  ailleurs,  pour  retablir  le  bilan, 
le  principe  de  la  conservation  de  la  matiere 
se  trouverait  momentanement  en  defaut. 

D'ailleurs  ce  principe  est  battu  en  breche 
du  point  de  vue  theorique.  Si,  comme  le 
supposent  les  nouvelles  theories,  les  atomes 
sont  formes  uniquement  par  de  l'electricite, 
l'inertie  de  ces  atomes  dependrait  du  mode 
de  distribution  de  cette  electricite  et  de  sa 
vitesse  ;  la  masse  dans  les  phenomenes 
intra-atomiques,  tels  que  la  radio -activite 
ou  les  rayons  cathodiques,  ne  serait  alors 
plus  necessairement  constante. 

Un  second  exemple  nous  suffira  a  mettre 
en  evidence  le  caractere  approximatif  des 
lois  et  des  principes.  Nous  l'empruntons 
au  domaine  de  la  mecanique  celeste,  que 
Ton  est  habitue  a  considerer  comme  un 
modele  de  precision  et  d'harmonie. 

On  sait  que  le  mouvement  des  astres  n'a 
pu  etre  calcule  qu'en  supposant  ces  astres 
reduits  a  des  points,  c'est  a  dire  ayant  des 
dimensions  tres  petites  relativement  aux 
enormes  distances  qui  les  separent.  Dans 
cette  hypothese  et  dans  la  limite  de  precision 
des  mesures  astronomiques  la  loi  de  Newton 
explique  done  le  mouvement  actual  des 
planetos,  mais  ne  suffit  pas  a  nous  renseigner 
completement  sur  ce  que  nous  reserve  la 
suite  des  ages.  II  faudrait  piour  resoudre 
ce  probleme  avoir  mesure  les  trajectoires  des 
astres  avec  une  infinie  precision,  et  en 
second  lieu  avoir  resolu  le  calcul  dans  toute 
sa  generalite  et  non  par  approximations. 
Or  tous  les  astronomos  savent  que  ce  calcul 
offre  de  telles  difficultes  qu'il  n'a  pu,  malgre 
les  efforts  des  mathematiciens  les  plus 
eminents,  etre  resolu  dans  toute  sa  generalite 
meme  dans  le  cas  ou  trois  astres  seulement 
se  trouvent  en  presence. 

Nous  ne  pouvons  done  dire  a  l'heure 
actuelle,  comme  le  fait  remarquer  M. 
Ouhem,  si  le  systeme  solaire  est  eternelle- 
ment  stable  on  si  dans  lo  cours  des  ages  tel 
ou  tel  astro,  quittant  son  orbite  actuelle, 
s'en  detachera  pour  aller  se  perdre  dans  les 
profondeurs  de  l'espace  a  la  facon  dont  les 
electrons,  ces  dernieres  particules  d' electri- 


cite, quitteraient  l'atome  radio-actif  dans  sa 
decomposition^ 

D'autres  considerations  viennent  limiter, 
du  moins  theoriquement,  la  precision  des 
merveilleuses  lois  de  la  mecanique  celeste. 

La  masse  d'un  corps,  ou  mieux  ce  que  les 
plrysiciens  appellent  son  coefficient  d'inertie, 
varierait  avec  la  vitesse  de  son  deplacement. 
II  en  resulterait  cette  consequence  fonda- 
mentale,  que  les  lois  et  les  formules  habituelles 
de  la  mecanique  ne  seraient  elles-memes  que 
des  approximations,  elles  ne  conduiraient 
a  des  resultats  pratiquement  conformes  a 
l'experience  qu'a  la  condition  que  la  vitesse 
des  corps  soit  faible  vis  a  vis  de  celle  de  la 
lumiere.  Si  done  nous  sommes  tentes 
d'attribuer  aux  lois  de  la  mecanique  une 
infinie  precision,  c'est  que  la  vitesse  des 
corps  que  nous  observons  est  toujours  tres 
eloignee  de  l'enorme  vitesse  de  la  lumiere, 
cette  vertigineuse  messagere  qui  parcourt 
pres  de  300,000  kilm.  en  une  seconde. 

En  resume,  si  nos  lois  nous  paraissent 
parfois  infiniment  precises,  n'est-ce  pas  a 
l'imperfection  de  nos  mesures  ou  de  nos 
calculs  qu'est  due  cette  apparence  ?  En 
d'autres  mots,  les  lois,  les  principes,  les 
theories,  demeureront  toujours  approxima- 
tifs  tant  que  nous  ignorerons  la  veritable 
interpretation  des  phenomenes  que  nous 
observons,  a  supposer,  bien  entendu,  que 
ces  phenomenes  soient  susceptibles  d'une 
interpretation,  et  d'une  interpretation 
unique.  C.  E.  Gtjye. 


%t\mtt  Ctosip. 

We  are  interested  to  hear  that  in  June  of 
next  year  a  "Travel  Exhibition"  will  be 
promoted  by  the  directors  of  The  Health 
Resort.  This  is,  we  believe,  the  first  ex- 
hibition of  the  kind  in  England.  A  strong 
list  of  patrons  has  already  been  secured,  and 
the  show  should  be  of  great  use,  as  exhibit- 
ing the  conveniences  of  outfit,  &c,  which 
many  travellers  know  to  their  cost  are  not 
to  be  secured  readily. 

The  death,  a  few  days  ago,  of  Prof.  Paul 
Camille  Hippolyte  Brouardel,  is  a  serious 
loss  to  French  medicine,  particularly  with 
respect  to  medical  evidence  in  law  cases. 
M.  Brouardel  was  born  at  Saint  Quentin  on 
February  13th,  1837,  and  studied  at  Orleans 
and  at  St.  Louis,  Paris.  He  obtained  his 
degree  of  doctor  in  1865,  was  nominated 
Professor  of  Legal  Medicine  on  April  12th, 
1879,  and  in  the  following  year  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academie  de  Medecine. 
He  was  for  some  time  director  of  the  Annates 
d'Hygiene  publique  et  de  Medecine  legale,  in 
which  many  of  his  essays  first  appeared. 
He  published  a  number  of  books  and 
treatises  from  1865  onwards,  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  being  '  Le  Secret  Medical,' 
provoked  by  the  death  of  Bastien-Lepage, 
the  artist.  Prof.  Brouardel's  ill-health  some 
time  since  compelled  him  to  resign  his  many 
public  appointments. 

The  German  Commission  now  studying 
the  "  sleeping  sickness  "  disease  in  East 
Africa,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Koch, 
has  established  a  fixed  station  and  bacterio- 
logical laboratory  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Victoria. 

The  moon  will  be  full  at  1  o'clock  (Green- 
wich time)  on  the  afternoon  of  the  4th  prox., 
and  new  at  lh.  28m.  on  the  morning  of  the 
20th.  She  will  be  in  perigee  on  the  morning 
of  the  1st,  and  again  on  that  of  the  27th. 
There  will  be  a  total  eclipse  of  the  moon  on 
the  4th,  not  visible  in  Europe,  and  a  partial 
eclipse  of  the  sun  on  the  20th,  the  central 
line  of  which  will  cross  land  in  the  extreme 


north  of  North  America  only,  the  greatest 
phase  (0'32  of  the  sun's  diameter)  being  over 
Baffin  Bay.  An  occultation  of  i  Capri- 
corni  will  take  place  on  the  evening  of  the 
4th  (the  day  of  full  moon),  when  the  dis- 
appearance and  reappearance  will  occur  at 
9h.  3m.  and  lOh.  13m.  respectively.  The 
planet  Mercury  will  be  at  inferior  conjunction 
with  the  sun  on  the  12th,  and  at  greatest 
western  elongation  from  him  on  the  29th, 
so  that  the  planet  will  be  visible  in  the  morn- 
ing during  the  latter  part  of  the  month, 
situated  in  the  constellation  Cancer.  Venus 
is  moving  in  a  south-easterly  direction  from 
Leo  to  Virgo,  and  sets  somewhat  earlier  each 
evening.  Mars  is  in  Cancer — in  conjunction 
with  Mercury  about  the  middle  of  the  month, 
and  nearly  due  east  of  him  at  the  end  of  it. 
Jupiter  is  in  Gemini,  and  will  rise  before 
midnight  after  the  23rd.  Saturn,  in  Aquarius, 
rises  now  about  9  o'clock  in  the  evening,  and 
earlier  each  night.  The  Perseid  meteors 
will  be  most  abundant  on  the  10th,  but  the 
brightness  of  the  moon  will  be  unfavourable 
for  their  complete  observation. 

Finlay's  periodical  comet  was  first 
detected  at  the  present  return  (when  it  is 
reckoned  as  comet  d,  1906)  by  Herr  Kopff 
at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg. 
It  was  registered  on  a  photographic  plate 
on  the  14th  inst.,  and  visually  observed  on 
the  16th.  It  was  then  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  constellation  Aquarius,  moving  in  a 
north-easterly  direction,  and  is  now  in  the 
northern  part  of  Cetus,  near  its  boundary 
with  Pisces,  moving  towards  Aries.  Accord- 
ing to  M.  Schulhof's  elements,  it  will  not  be 
in  perihelion  until  the  7th  of  September. 
M.  Fayet  has  computed  an  ephemeris  from 
these  elements,  and  finds  that  the  comet  will 
be  nearest  the  earth  on  the  5th  prox.,  at 
the  distance  of  0"27  in  terms  of  the  earth's 
mean  distance  from  the  sun,  or  about 
25,000,000  miles. 

A  new  variable  star  of  the  Algol  type  has 
been  detected  by  Madame  Ceraski  in  the 
constellation  Delphinus,  whilst  she  was 
examining  plates  taken  by  M.  Blajko  at 
the  Moscow  Observatory.  It  is  numbered 
+  13°. 4502  in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung,' 
where  its  magnitude  is  given  as  9"5.  That 
would  seem  to  be  its  normal  brightness,  but 
when  at  a  minimum  it  is  more  than  a  magni- 
tude fainter.  It  will  be  reckoned  as  var.  79, 
1906,  Delphini. 


FINE   ARTS 


TWO    ETCHERS. 

William  Strang  :  Catalogue  of  his  Etched 
Work,  illustrated  with  471  Reproductions. 
With  an  Introductory  Essay  by  Laurence 
Binyon.     (Glasgow,  MacLehose  &  Sons.) 

Axel  Herman  Haig  and  his  Work.  By  E.  A. 
Armstrong.     (Fine-Art  Society.) 

Mb.  Strang's  catalogue  may  best  be 
described  as  a  pictorial  autobiography.  Mr. 
Binyon  introduces  the  reader  to  the  artist 
in  a  few  pages  of  eloquent  and  just  apprecia- 
tion, and  then  leaves  artist  and  reader  face 
to  face.  The  reading  henceforth  is  chiefly 
done  between  the  lines.  Never,  perhaps, 
was  the  catalogue  of  a  considerable  ozuvre, 
so  reticent  and  brief.  "  249.  At  the  Cross. 
1895.  Etching,  8  in.  X  5  in.  Number  of 
Proofs,  50,"  is  a  specimen  chosen  at  random, 
and  no  entry  vouchsafes  a  greater  amount 
of  information,  unless  the  material  of  the 
plate,  copper  or  zinc,  needs  to  be  mentioned, 
or  some  indication  is  given — seldom  precise 
— of  the  book  or  periodical  in  which  a  plate 
was  published. 

In  compensation  for  the  extreme  brevity 


Nc4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


109 


of  the  catalogue  itself,  which  is  usefully 
concluded  by  an  index  both  alphabetical 
and  analytical,  the  illustrations  are  on  a 
scale  of  almost  unprecedented  liberality. 
Every  etching  from  1882  to  1904  that  the 
artist  cares  to  record  is  reproduced  in  half- 
tone, and  the  illustrations,  small  as  they  are 
(from  two  to  four  subjects  being  placed  on 
a  page),  are  sufficiently  clear  to  make  all 
description  of  their  contents  superfluous. 
The  record  is  not  complete  ;  we  could  our- 
selves mention  several  subjects  that  are  not 
included,  and  it  is  probable  that  admirers 
or  collectors  of  Mr.  Strang's  work  could 
make  further  additions  to  the  list.  Such 
omissions  from  a  catalogue  professedly 
complete  are  always  regrettable,  because  the 
etchings  omitted  (being  supposed,  rightly 
or  wrongly,  to  be  unusually  rare)  are  apt  to 
acquire  a  fictitious  value  simply  because 
they  are  "  undescribed,"  a  word  dear  to  the 
compilers  of  another  sort  of  catalogue 
written  with  a  less  disinterested  aim.  The 
omission  usually  implies,  when  sanely  con- 
sidered, that  the  print  omitted  was  wholly 
unimportant.  Nevertheless,  these  unim- 
portant things  are  sure  to  be  dragged  to 
light,  and  then  their  discoverer  exploits 
them.  The  artist,  or  the  literary  chronicler 
who  generally  intervenes  on  these  occasions 
between  artist  and  public,  should  be  exact 
and  frank  from  the  first  about  these  waifs  and 
strays,  in  the  interest  of  justice  and  propor- 
tion. The  keener  sort  of  collector,  with  an 
appetite  for  details  about  states,  will  be 
disappointed  with  the  catalogue  in  this 
respect  also.  No  information  is  given  about 
alterations  carried  out  on  any  plate  ;  and 
in  every  case  a  single  state  only — as  a  rule, 
the  last — is  reproduced. 

The  objections  to  Mr.  Strang's  method 
which  may  be  urged  by  the  collector  and 
the  student  will  be  reckoned  by  the  majority 
of  lovers  of  art  as  wholly  outweighed  by  the 
one  great  advantage  that  it  possesses.  In 
such  a  catalogue  the  etcher's  art  makes  a 
direct  appeal  to  the  eye  and  judgment  of 
the  amateur,  without  the  interposition  of  a 
veil  of  words.  Open  the  book  where  you 
will,  and  you  find  the  veritable  Strang 
before  you — Strang,  (very  nearly)  all  Strang, 
and  nothing  but  Strang.  He  may  be  depend- 
ent for  a  motive  on  Millet  or  Legros,  he  may 
borrow  this  figure  or  that  from  Diirer,  Rem- 
brandt, or  Velasquez  ;  but  his  sturdy,  rugged 
personality  will  constantly  assert  itself  ;  it 
may  repel  or  it  may  attract  you,  but  it  is  a 
force  which  you  cannot  treat  with  indifference, 
a  creative  force  exuberant  in  vitality, 
abundant  in  invention,  stimulating  thought, 
and  challenging  criticism.  Whatever  accusa- 
tion of  haste,  careless  drawing,  or  neglect  of 
beauty  may  be  brought  with  justice  against 
some  portions  of  his  work,  this  creative 
force  is  so  persistent,  and  so  various  in  its 
manifestations,  that  in  every  kind  of  subject 
and  every  branch  of  technique  the  failures 
are  far  exceeded  by  the  successes.  In  a 
period  when  accomplishment  in  some  special 
branch  of  art  is  far  more  common  than 
successful  versatility,  Mr.  Strang's  variety 
and  enterprise  set  so  valuable  an  example 
that  his  failures  may  be  condoned. 

Mr.  Haig  is  one  of  the  specialists,  and  he 
excels  in  a  branch  of  etching  which  Mr.  Strang 
has  not  attempted — the  exact  and  con- 
scientious copying  of  ornate  architecture. 
Creation,  with  him,  is  limited  to  the  con- 
struction of  imaginary  buildings  with  groups 
of  figures  to  animate  them  ;  but  such 
grandiose  compositions  as  '  The  Vesper  Bell  ' 
and  '  The  Fountain  of  St.  George  '  are 
compiled  from  obvious  sources,  and  the 
invention,  if  it  deserves  the  name,  is  that 
of  Mr.  Haig  the  architect,  not  Mr.  Haig  the 
etcher.  Of  improvisation  and  spontaneity- 
we  find  no   trace   in  all  his  work.     To  call  • 


him  an  original  etcher  is  to  strain  the  mean- 
ing of  the  epithet.  Every  one  of  his  etchings 
appears  to  be  the  elaborate  transcript  of  a 
highly  finished  drawing,  even  if  it  does  not, 
as  in  '  Assisi,  October  Evening,'  achieve  a 
more  decidedly  pictorial  effect.  The  com- 
position and  original  study  are  in  every  case, 
and  in  the  fullest  sense,  his  own,  but  the 
etching  never  appears  to  have  been  con- 
ceived from  the  first  as  an  etching  only  ; 
it  always  produces  the  effect  of  a  reproduc- 
tion from  another  medium.  Mr.  Haig,  in 
fact,  is  one  of  the  foremost  representatives 
of  a  school  of  etching  in  which,  as  it  seems 
to  us,  the  true  character  and  purpose  of  the 
art  are  utterly  misconstrued.  Elaborate 
finish  and  complete  tonality  are  more 
readily  understood  and  valued  by  the  public 
than  the  suggestive  and  sketchy  art  of  the 
master  etchers  who  emphasize  only  the 
essential  both  in  construction  and  illumina- 
tion, and  put  into  an  etching  of  architecture 
only  what  it  is  possible  for  the  eye  to  see 
while  the  etcher's  interest  in  the  subject  is 
fresh  and  unabated,  and  not  all  that  it  can 
discover  in  the  course  of  days  or  weeks  of 
patient  study.  Add  to  Mr.  Haig's  diligence 
his  preference  for  Gothic  cathedrals  as  the 
objects  on  which  to  exercise  it,  and  his 
great  popularity  is  soon  explained.  We 
hasten  to  add  that  his  reward  is  well  deserved. 
His  work,  whatever  we  may  think  of  its 
importance  when  compared  with  the  classics 
of  etching,  is  thoroughly  good  of  its  kind, 
and  he  shrinks  from  no  labour  in  performing 
it. 

The  handsome  quarto  volume  before  us 
contains  Mr.  Haig's  biography  and  a  full 
catalogue  of  160  etchings  by  him,  with  some- 
what diffuse  remarks  upon  them  in  addition 
to  the  necessary  descriptions,  and  frequent 
quotations  from  press  criticisms  published 
at  the  date  of  their  production.  The  literary 
part  of  the  work  would  have  been  better  for 
some  judicious  pruning.  The  excellent 
illustrations  include  an  original  etching,  a 
portrait  of  the  etcher,  and  numerous  repro- 
ductions, by  various  processes,  both  of 
etchings  and  of  drawings  in  water  colour 
and  pencil.  Some  of  the  latter,  in  their 
directness  and  simplicity,  exhibit  Mr.  Haig's 
art,  in  our  opinion,  to  greater  advantage 
than  the  huge  and  over-elaborate  etchings 
for  which  they  were  studies. 


EGYPTIAN    ANTIQUITIES    IN 
LIVERPOOL  AND  LONDON. 

The  results  of  the  excavations  conducted 
last  season  by  Mr.  John  Garstang  and  Mr. 
Harold  Jones  for  the  University  of  Liverpool 
are  now  being  exhibited  at  the  Lord  Derby 
Public  Museum  in  that  city.  In  the  large 
and  well-lighted  suite  of  rooms  that  has 
been  assigned  to  them,  the  first  thing 
that  strikes  the  eye  is  a  magnificent 
range  of  pottery,  extending  down  all  one 
side  of  the  principal  room.  This  is 
chiefly  from  Esneh  and  Abydos,  a  large 
part  of  the  concession  on  this  last-named 
site  formerly  held  by  Prof.  Petrie  having 
been  assigned  to  Mr.  Garstang.  But  there 
are  also  shown  here  a  great  number  of  pots 
discovered  by  Mr.  Garstang  at  Kostamneh, 
in  Nubia,  which  introduce  a  new  problem 
into  the  discussion  of  Egyptian  origins. 
Many  of  these  are  of  the  black-and-red  type, 
and  bear  the  obvious  imitation  of  basket- 
work  and  other  attempts  at  decoration  which 
have  hitherto  been  considered  characteristic 
of  the  First  Dynasty  ;  and  the  question 
therefore  arises  whether  we  are  to  look  upon 
Nubia  as  one  of  the  homes  of  the  Egyptian 
aborigines.  Although  Mr.  Garstang  has  not 
yet  committed  himself  on  this  point,  there 


is  much  to  be  said  for  it;  but  the  unprejudiced 
observer  would  perhaps  rather  see  in  it  a 
warning  against  attaching  too  much  faith 
to  the  evidence  of  pottery  as  a  means  of 
dating.  Among  the  other  remarkable  finds- 
of  Mr.  Garstang  in  Nubia  was  a  completely 
undisturbed  burial  at  Dakkeh  (the  an- 
cient Pselchis),  containing  some  Eighteenth 
Dynasty  scarabs  and  incised  pottery.  The 
tomb  was  built  with  stone  chambers  and  a 
roof,  although  situated  in  the  high  desert  ;- 
but  the  corpse  was  in  the  "  contracted  " 
position  once  thought  peculiar  to  the  "  New  " 
or  prehistoric  race,  and  would  certainly 
have  been  put  down  to  this  period  had  it 
not  been  for  the  dated  objects  found  with  it. 
Nor  does  this  instance  of  the  sporadic  sur- 
vival in  Egypt  of  certain  customs  stand  alone. 
In  another  case  in  this  exhibition  is  to  be- 
seen,  also  frcm  Kostamneh,  a  kneading- 
trough,  or  slightly  hollowed  flat  stone,, 
whereon  some  (possibly)  prehistoric  woman- 
was  accustomed  to  roll  her  bread.  Behind 
it  is  to  be  seen  the  wooden  model  of  a  woman 
engaged  in  this  occupation  with  an  exactly 
similar  stone — a  model  found  in  a  tomb  of" 
the  Twelfth  Dynasty  ;  while  by  its  side  is- 
a  photograph,  taken  by  Mr.  Garstang,  of  a 
Nubian  girl  of  the  present  day  performing 
the  same  act  with  exactly  similar  materials. 
When  customs  and,  in  a  double  sense,, 
fashion  in  utensils  thus  persist  at  intervals 
of  more  than  7,000  years,  it  is  plain  that  no 
very  cogent  argument  can  be  drawn  from 
the  form  or  style  of  things  so  easily  made 
and  imitated  as  clay  pots. 

Leaving  this  enthralling  subject,  we  may 
notice  some  other  spoils  from  Kostamneh,  con- 
sisting of  copper  implements  of  very  ancient 
form,  ivory  and  bone  bracelets,  and  an  ivory 
comb  carved  in  low  relief,  and  showing  a 
man  standing  before  the  shrine  of  a  god  and 
bearing  on  his  shoulders  what  may  be  a 
goat  designed  for  sacrifice.  On  the  reverse 
are  two  other  figures  which  may  be  an  eagle- 
and  the  full-fronted  cow's  or  buffalo's  heacT 
seen  on  the  great  carved  slate  of  Narmer. 
The  style  here  also  is  that  of  the  First 
Dynasty,  and  may  be  a  better  evidence  of 
dates  than  the  pottery.  Close  by  are  some- 
objects  discovered  by  Mr.  Jones  at  Hiero- 
conpolis,  the  most  striking  of  which  is  the 
head  of  a  statuette  in  lapis-lazuli.  This 
proves  to  belong  to  a  body  in  the  Ashmolean 
Museum,  which  by  the  courtesy  of  the- 
Keeper,  Dr.  Arthur  Evans,  is  allowed  to  be- 
exhibited  beside  it.  The  two  make  up  a 
seated  female  figure  some  ten  inches  high, 
carved  from  a  solid  block,  and  of  excellent 
workmanship  and  truth  of  rendering.  Evi- 
dently the  workmen  of  the  First  Dynasty 
must  have  been  blessed  not  only  with  skill 
surpassing  that  of  their  successoi-s,  but  also- 
with  free  access  to  materials  for  which  future 
ages  had  to  sigh  in  vain. 

From  Abydos  there  come  some  valuable 
examples  of  the  gold  rings  which  were  used 
in  Egypt  as  money,  some  scarabs  dating  to 
Hyksos  times,  the  fragment  of  a  magic 
ivory  wand,  and  beads  and  other  ornaments 
traceable  to  the  Twelfth  Dynasty.  There 
is  also  a  small  funerary  statuette  of  one 
Hemy  of  the  Hyksos  period,  and  a  complete 
entrance  to  the  tomb  of  the  Chancellor's  son 
Khensu.  This  last  contains  the  funereal 
stela  bearing  an  inscription  not  yet  fully 
deciphered,  but  which  seems  to  leave  no 
doubt  that  it  belongs  to  the  same  time.  There- 
was  also  found  here,  among  dibris  cast  aside 
by  former  explorers  as  worthless,  the 
shoulder  of  a  statue  now  in  the  Museum  at 
Manchester  ;  while  some  photographs  of 
the  sculptures  in  tin-  Ramesseum  describing 
the  war  with  the  Hittites  offer  perfect 
examples  of  those  enemies  of  the  Egyptian 

race,  wearing  the  characteristic  pigtail. 

Lastly,  there  are  to  be  seen  from  Esneh  a 


110 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


great  quantity  of  objects  belonging  chiefly 
to  the  Middle  Empire  and  Hyksos  period, 
including  many  of  those  clay  figui-es  which 
the  Egyptians  thought  would  provide  the 
dead  with  what  they  lacked  in  the  next  world. 
Eoremost  among  these  is  a  clay  model  of  a 
house,  rather  different  from,  and  perhaps 
more  perfect  than,  the  one  in  the  collection 
of  the  Rev.  Wm.  MacGregor  at  Tamworth, 
besides  many  models  of  granaries  with  well- 
fitting  doors.  There  is  also  one  of  a  farm- 
yard and  of  a  dog  concha nt  which  has  con- 
siderable artistic  merit.  Later  in  date  are 
some  pottery  coffins,  the  lids  of  which  are 
here  shown  ;  a  great  limestone  sarcophagus 
of  the  Nineteenth  Dynasty  ;  and  a  very 
fine  set  of  Greek  and  Coptic  tombstones, 
ranging  from  200  B.C.  to  300  a.d.,  made  in 
the  shape  of  altars,  with  little  wells  for  the 

•  offerings  of  the  survivors.  Each  of  these 
bears  the  name  of  the  person  for  whom  it 
wras  made,  and  shows  how  firmly  Pharaonic 
Egyptian  ideas  of  the  next  world  were 
rooted  in  the  minds  even  of  Christian  con- 
verts. Altogether  this  forms  the  most 
generally  interesting  of  the  exhibitions  of 
antiquities  taking  place  this  year. 

At  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund's  exhi- 
bition at  King's  College  there  remain  to  be 
noticed  the  exhibits  from  Oxyrhynchus  and 
Hibeh  (probably  the  ancient  Hipponon) 
•discovered  by  Dr.  Grenfell  and  Dr.  Hunt. 
The  fragments  of  papyri  here  shown  do  not 
yield  in  interest  to  those  exhibited  in  former 
years.  They  include  a  fragment  which 
•claims  to  be  part  of  the  '  Gnomai '  of  Epich- 
armus,  but  which  the  editors  think  is  more 
likely  to  be  by  Axiopistus,  who  seems  to  have 
made  a  point  of  collecting  his  predecessors' 
witty  and  epigrammatic  sayings.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  present  fragment  gives  us  no 
sample  of  them,  being  merely  a  sort  of 
advertisement  that  there  are  here  phrases 
"  for  use  on  friend  or  foe,  when  speaking  in 

•  court  or  in  the  assembly,  on  a  rascal,  on  a 
gentleman,  on  a  stranger,  a  bully,  a  drunkard, 
or  a  boor,  or  if  any  one  has  other  bad 
qualities,  for  these  too  here  are  goads." 
There  are  also  a  fragment  said  to  be  of  the 
'  Croesus  '  of  Philemon,  a  play  which  is 
supposed  with  much  apparent  reason  to 
have  been  the  original  of  Plautus's  '  Aulu- 
laria  '  ;  and  two  others  which  may  belong  to 
Sophocles's  '  Tyro  '  and  Euripides's  '  Oeneus.' 
Besides  a  very  fragmentary  anthology  there 
is   a  considerable   extract  from   a  discourse 

•  on  music,  probably  by  Hippias,  in,  which  the 
author  takes  pains  to  combat  the  notion 
that  different  kinds  of  music  have  an  effect 
on  the  morals,  and  says  that  the  ^Etolians 
and  others  who  use  the  diatonic  system  are 
much  braver  than  the  tragedians  who 
practise  the  enharmonic  melody,  which  is 
supposed  to  give  courage.  There  are  also 
the  usual  petitions  to  the  king  (a  Ptolemy), 
and  a  long  correspondence  about  a  strike  ; 
but  the  most  interesting  among  the  letters 
are  those  regarding  the  seal  of  a  temple 
which  was  missing,  and  which  it  was  broadly 
hinted  had  been  used  for  forgery.  The 
letters  sealed  with  it  are  alleged  to  have 
been  addressed  to  Manetho,  who,  Dr.  Grenfell 
thinks,  may  well  have  been  the  famous 
priest  of  Sebennytos.  It  is  argued  that  as 
the  letter  in  which  his  name  is  mentioned  is 
dated  in  the  sixth  year  of  Euergetes,  the 
historian  must  then  have  been  of  great  age  ; 
but  it  is  of  course  not  impossible  that  the 
seal — which  eventually  turned  up  in  the 
temple  itself — was  used  to  commit  forgeries 
before  the  date  mentioned.  Lastly,  from 
Oxyrhynchus  comes  a  most  valuable  docu- 
ment in  the  shape  of  a  minute  or  note  by 
the  local  postman,  noting  that  he  has 
delivered,  among  other  things,  "  One  roll 
of  papyrus  for  Antiochus  the  Cretan,  one 
roll  for  the  King,  and  two  letters  for  Apol- 


lonius  the  dicecetes,"  thereby  showing  how 
well  organized  even  village  life  was  in 
Ptolemaic  Egypt. 

Accompanying  the  papyri  are  a  few 
objects  found  with  them,  including  some 
good  blue  glazed  faience,  of  which  the  most 
unusual  piece  is  an  unmistakable  inkpot. 
There  are  also  some  curious  bronze  figures, 
made  flat  or  in  profile,  like  the  black-paper 
silhouettes  of  our  youth,  and  an  excellent 
'  Head  of  a  Barbarian,'  in  carved  ivory. 
All  are  of  Roman  times  and  date  from  the 
second  to  the  third  century. 


PHOTOGRAPHING    AT    THE    BRITISH 
MUSEUM. 

10,  James  Street,  Haymarket,  S.W. 
I  venture  to  suggest  that  some  part  of 
the  difficulty  regarding  the  question  of  photo- 
graphing at  the  British  Museum  might  be 
overcome,  and  an  additional  convenience 
afforded  to  the  public,  by  the  appointment 
of  an  official  photographer,  who  should  be 
bound  to  supply  photographs  as  a  fixed  rate, 
and  to  grant  the  right  of  reproduction  for  a 
small  extra  fe3.  Some  time  ago  I  wanted, 
for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  a  number  of 
photographs  of  illuminated  MSS.,  for  which, 
of  course,  I  had  to  pay  for  the  plates  and 
prints.  I  was  told  that  some  of  these  MSS. 
had  been  photographed  time  after  time  ; 
it  would  therefore  have  saved  much  trouble 
to  the  officials  of  the  department,  and  have 
been  a  great  convenience  to  me,  had  I  been 
able  to  purchase  prints  of  what  I  required. 
The  same  argument  I  believe  applies  to 
other  departments  of  the  Museum.  I  do 
not  suggest  that  an  official  photographer 
should  have  the  exclusive  right  to  take  photo- 
graphs. William  Page. 


SALE. 

At  Messrs.  Christie's  on  the  20th  inst.  the 
following  drawings  were  sold  :  J.  Downman, 
General  John  Hodgson  and  Miss  Hodgson  (a  pair), 
009/.  ;  Portrait  of  a  Lady  (lot  24c),  50/.  ;  Mrs. 
Frances  Petre,  Mother  of  Mrs.  Catherine  Wright, 
178/.  ;  Mrs.  Catherine  Wright,  173/.  ;  Francis 
Wright,  Esq.,  60/.  ;  J.  Russell,  Major-General 
Sir  William  Green,  1 10/.  A  picture  by  Perugino, 
The  Madonna,  in  red  and  green  dress,  holding  the 
Infant  Saviour,  fetched  147/. 


Jfttu-JUt  (Sossip. 

The  frontispiece  of  the  August  number 
of  The  Burlington  Magazine  reproduces  four 
miniatures  by  Samuel  Cooper,  the  greatest 
of  all  miniaturists,  whose  early  work  is  the 
subject  of  an  illustrated  article  by  Sir 
Richard  Holmes.  Mr.  Lawrence  Weaver 
continues  his  '  Studies  of  Architectural 
Leadwork '  with  a  paper  on  '  Scottish  Lead 
Spires,'  in  which,  it  appears,  the  city  of 
Aberdeen  is,  or  was,  exceptionally  rich. 
Dr.  Bushell  contributes  the  first  portion  of 
'  A  Study  of  Chinese  Eggshell  Porcelain,' 
illustrated  by  specimens  from  the  collection 
of  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan  ;  and  a  large  plate 
is  devoted  to  an  '  Annunciation  '  by  the 
rare  Maitre  de  Moulins,  which  affords  Mr. 
Roger  Fry  an  opportunity  for  a  study  of 
that  artist's  work.  A  more  elaborate  study 
of  the  life  and  painting  of  Giovanni  dal 
Ponte,  by  Mr.  H.  P.  Home,  follows  ;  while 
the  American  Section  is  devoted  to  an  account 
(with  many  illustrations)  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  John  G.  Johnson,  of  Philadelphia.  Here 
a  fine  early  Madonna  by  Giovanni  Bellini, 
and  a  little  panel  by  Hubert  van  Eyck, 
perhaps  the  original  of  the  Turin  picture, 
will   attract  special   attention.     Rembrandt 


as  an  etcher  is  further  discussed  by  Prof. 
C.  J.  Holmes,  and  a  number  of  recent  books 
upon  his  life  and  work  are  reviewed  at  con- 
siderable length,  with  a  still  larger  group  of 
books  on  modern  art. 

A  very  interesting  loan  exhibition  of  the 
work  of  Irish  artists  has  been  arranged  in 
connexion  with  the  Munster-Connacht  Ex- 
hibition at  Limerick  by  Mr.  Dermot  O'Brien. 
Mr.  O'Brien  has  gone  back  to  the  seventeenth 
century  for  examples  of  the  work  of  Irish 
portrait  painters  ;  and  such  men  as  Jervas, 
Stephen  Slaughter,  Robert  Hunter,  Francis 
Wheatley,  Hugh  Hamilton,  Cumming,  and 
Chinnery  are  represented,  some  of  the  works 
having  never  before  been  shown  in  a  public 
gallery.  A  number  of  portraits  and  prints 
of  historical  interest,  some  of  them  very 
scarce,  are  also  included  in  the  collection, 
as  well  as  a  fine  exhibit  of  old  Irish  silver 
and  bronze. 

In  the  modern  section  are  to  be  found 
examples  of  the  work  of  most  contemporary 
painters  and  sculptors  of  note  who,  by  birth 
or  long  residence  in  Ireland,  can  be  included 
in  the  "  Irish  School."  Amongst  these 
there  are,  of  course,  a  number  of  London 
Irishmen — for  example,  Mr.  William  Orpen, 
Mr.  Arthur  Streeton,  Mr.  A.  D.  MacCormack, 
Mr.  Talbot  Kelly,  Mr.  Carton  Moore-Park,  Mr. 
Edmund  Sullivan,  Mr.  Francis  Walker,  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Hill,  and  Mr.  Monsell  Furse,  the 
sculptor.  Mr.  W.  J.  Leech,  a  young  Irish 
painter  of  exceptional  promise,  who  has  been 
studying  in  Brittany,  exhibits  a  number  of 
landscapes  and  interiors  in  which  a  charming 
linear  design  is  united  with  a  restrained  yet 
poetical  use  of  colour  ;  and  Mr.  Dermot 
O'Brien,  in  his  '  Ariadne  deserted  by 
Theseus,'  shows  an  instinct  for  decorative 
composition,  a  quality  seen  also  in  his 
landscape  studies,  which  are  remarkable  for 
their  sincerity. 

Madame  Fantin-Latotjr  has  presented 
to  the  City  of  Paris,  for  the  Petit  Palais,  a 
portrait  of  Mrs.  Edwards,  signed  and  dated 
"  Fantin,  1861-64."  This  will  be  one  of 
the  very  few  portraits  of  a  living  personage 
in  the  Petit  Palais.  Mrs.  Edwards  and  her 
late  husband  were  almost  lifelong  friends  of 
the  artist,  and  this  particular  portrait  was 
No.  26  in  the  recent  exhibition  of  Fantin- 
Latour's  works  held  at  the  Ecole  Nationale 
des  Beaux-Arts.  Another  recent  gift  to  the 
Petit  Palais  is  '  La  Carola,'  by  Edouard 
Dufeu,  presented  by  Madame  Esnault- 
Pelterie ;  and  yet  another  is  a  bust  of  Har- 
pignies,  by  Segoffin. 

M.  Georges  Sortais,  the  peintre-expert, 
is  engaged  on  an  exhaustive  work  on  Lar- 
gilliere,  which  he  has  had  in  hand  for  some 
time,  and  in  which  he  is  being  assisted  by 
M.  Roger  Miles.  The  book  will  probably 
appear  in  the  winter.  All  the  French 
museums  as  well  as  a  number  of  private 
collections  have  been  laid  under  contribu- 
tion, and  M.  Sortais  (whose  address  is  11, 
Rue  Scribe,  Paris)  would  be  glad  to  know 
of  examples  of  Largilliere  in  England  and 
elsewhere.  There  are  several  of  his  import- 
ant works  in  this  country  ;  for  instance, 
three  were  exhibited  at  Messrs.  Agnew's  last 
winter  :  portraits  of  the  Comtesse  de  Cour- 
celle,  the  Marquise  de  Lafayette,  and  Anne 
Louis,  Comte  de  Richebourg. 

The  French  Minister  of  Finance,  looking 
everywhere  for  money,  has  suggested  a  tax 
on  imported  pictures  and  art  objects.  As 
the  tax,  to  which  we  have  previously 
referred,  is  estimated  to  produce  only 
60,00()Z.  a  year,  some  suspect  that  the  real 
object  behind  it  must  be  rather  Protection 
than  revenue.  But  would  not  the  chief 
effect  be  to  protect  the  great  French  masters 
of  the  eighteenth  century  against  their 
British  rivals  of  that  date  ?     If  the  objects 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


111 


imported  were  to  be  stamped  on  the  back, 
there  might,  however,  be  some  incidental 
■check  on  the  arrival  from  London  of 
'*  Turners  "  of  high  merit  never  known  to 
Turner. 

The  death,  at  Baarn,  near  Amsterdam, 
is  announced-  of  Johann  Philipp  van  der 
Kellen,  who  was  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
-century  Director  of  the  Print-Room  at 
-Amsterdam.  Himself  an  engraver,  he  wrote 
'  Le  Peinture-Graveur  Hollandais  et  Fla- 
mand,'  as  well  as  several  monographs  on 
Dutch  masters.  He  was  in  his  seventy-fifth 
year. 

It  may  be  well  to  warn  collectors  of  Sevres 
porcelain  that  large  quantities  of  forgeries 
are  in  the  market.  One  Paris  paper  puts 
^;he  market  value  of  these  forgeries  at 
16,000,000  francs  per  annum.  They  are 
manufactured  not  only  in  Paris  and  else- 
where in  France,  but  also  at  Leipsic 
and  at  Berlin.  An  expert  is  not  at 
-all  likely  to  be  deceived  by  these  spurious 
-articles ;  but  unfortunately  the  average 
buyer  is  not  an  expert. 

The  Antiquary  for  August  will  contain, 
■among  other  articles,  the  following :  '  The 
Norman  Origin  of  Irish  Mottoes,'  Part  I., 
by  Miss  E.  S.  Armitage  ;  '  The  Battle  of 
Danesmoor,  July  26,  1469,'  illustrated,  by 
Mr.  J.  A.  Clapham  ;  '  Ulster  Fairies,  Danes 
and  Pechts,'  by  Miss  E.  Andrews;  'A 
Pembrokeshire  Cromlech,  and  a  Caution,' 
illustrated,  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Wood  ;  and  an 
illustrated  appreciation  of  Mr.  Harvey 
Bloom's  '  English  Seals,'  by  Dr.  James 
Wilson. 

The  patches  of  burnt  earth,  scattered 
along  the  margin  of  many  creeks  and  salt- 
marshes,  especially  in  Essex,  and  generally 
known  as  "  Bed  Hills,"  are  to  be  investigated 
by  a  committee  which  has  been  formed, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Essex  Archaeo- 
logical Society  and  the  Essex  Field  Club, 
for  the  systematic  study  of  these  interesting 
relics  and  the  settlement,  if  possible,  of  the 
many  questions  relating  to  them.  As  a 
first  step,  a  complete  list  of  the  Essex 
■examples  will  be  prepared,  and  their  posi- 
tions marked  on  a  map.  The  Committee 
includes  several  well-known  men  of  science 
and  archaeologists,  the  chairman  being  Mr. 
€halkley  Gould,  the  leading  authority  on 
-earthworks.  The  operations  will  be  limited 
by  the  amount  of  funds  available,  and 
assistance  will  be  very  welcome.  Subscrip- 
tions may  be  sent  to  Mr.  H.  Wilmer,  the 
secretary,  at  St.  Alban's  Crescent,  Woodford 
•<3reen,  Essex. 


MUSIC 


i&nstral  (Basstp. 

The  season  at  Covent  Garden  began  with 
'  Tristan  und  Isolde,'  and  ended  on  Thurs- 
day with  Puccini's  '  La  Boheme.'  The 
marked  impression  created  by  Massenet's 
'  Le  Jongleur  de  Notre  Dame  'must  not  be 
forgotten,  but  the  chief  successes  have 
undoubtedly  been  those  of  Wagner  and 
Puccini.  Wagner's  fame  is  firmly  established, 
but  just  now  the  young,  and,  as  a  later  para- 
graph shows,  active  Italian  school,  i.e.,  the 
composers  since  Verdi,  are  attracting  chief 
notice  in  the  operatic  world. 

M.  Victor  Maurel  gave  a  pupils'  concert 
at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Tuesday  evening,  which 
was  preceded  by  a  brief  causerie  on  '  The 
Question  of  Distance.'  Anything  that  an 
artist  of  M.  Maurel's  ability  and  experience 
has  to  say  with  regard  to  the  necessity  for 
vocalists  to  "  adapt  their  means  to  the  size 


of  the  hall  in  which  they  are  singing  "  is 
valuable.  His  remarks  were  interesting,  but 
too  brief.  In  songs  of  a  dramatic,  impas- 
sioned kind  we  should  have  thought  it  nearly 
impossible  to  temper  the  tone  according 
to  the  hall,  and  we  wish  that  M.  Maurel 
had  discussed  the  subject  more  fully.  That 
the  voices  of  many  singers  do  at  times  sound 
too  loud  in  small  halls  is  certain,  but  this 
might  surely  be  set  down  to  faulty  produc- 
tion of  tone. 

Last  week  we  announced — according  to  a 
prospectus  forwarded  to  us  by  Messrs.  Grevel 
&  Co.— a  critical  edition  of  Beethoven's 
'  Letters  and  Diary  Leaves,'  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Dr.  Fritz  Prelinger,  of  Vienna.  Le 
Menestrel  of  the  22nd  inst.  also  announces  a 
"  first  complete  edition  of  Beethoven's 
letters,"  but  under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  A.  C. 
Kalischer,  the  first  part  of  which  will  appear 
in  August.  The  editor  will  be  glad  to  see 
any  autograph  or  facsimile  letters  ;  and 
any  persons  willing  to  lend  such  documents 
are  requested  to  send  them  to  Dr.  A.  Kopfer- 
mann,  director  of  the  Music  Section  of  the 
Royal  Library,  Berlin. 

The  programmes  (subject  to  slight  altera- 
tion) for  the  whole  of  the  ten  weeks'  season 
of  Promenade  Concerts  have  been  forwarded 
to  us.  On  Friday  evenings  Beethoven's 
nine  symphonies  (of  the  Ninth  only  the 
instrumental  movements)  will  be  performed 
in  chronological  order,  while  the  first  half 
of  each  Monday  programme  will  be  devoted 
to  Wagner.  ,_  I  l_  L41 

In  the  recent  fire  at  the  church  of  St.' 
Michael,  Hamburg,  the  fine  organ  built  by 
J.  G.  Hildebrand  was  destroyed.  Accord- 
ing to  Fetis,  not  only  was  the  plan  of  the 
instrument  designed  by  the  writer  and  com- 
poser J.  Mattheson,  but  he  also  bequeathed 
a  sum  of  44,000  marks  for  the  building  of  it. 
Mattheson  was  organist  of  that  church  until 
1728,  when,  owing  to  deafness,  he  resigned. 


DRAMA 


Robert  Lucas  Pearsall,  the  composer, 
whose  madrigals  '  The  Hardy  Norseman  ' 
and  "  Oh  !  who  will  o'er  the  downs  so  free  ?  " 
are  extremely  popular,  and  whose  '  Great 
God  of  Love  '  and  '  Lay  a  Garland  '  are  fine 
specimens  of  eight-part  writing,  died  in 
his  castl  •  at  Wartensee,  Lake  Constance, 
August  5th,  1856.  Mr.  Spencer  Curwen, 
who  has  made  a  special  study  of  Pearsall's 
career,  will  commemorate  the  fiftieth  anni- 
versary of  his  death  by  an  article  hi  the 
forthcoming  Musical  Herald — one  of  special 
interest  in  that  new  material  has  been 
obtained  by  him  from  Pearsall's  daughter, 
Mrs.  Hughes,  and  Mr.  W.  Barclay  Squire. 

Ibsen's  '  Peer  Gynt,'  with  the  whole  of 
Grieg's  incidental  music,  is  announced  for 
performance  at  Cologne  during  the  forth- 
coming season. 

Le  Menestrel  of  the  22nd  inst.  notes  the 
present  activity  of  Italian  composers,  spurred 
on,  no  doubt,  by  the  successes  of  Puccini. 
Umberto  Giordano  lias  nearly  completed 
an  opera,  '  La  Festa  del  Nilo,'  which  will  be 
followed  by  '  Marcelle,'  both  libretti  drawn 
from  works  by  Sardou.  Leoncavallo  is 
writing  the  last  act  of  '  Les  premiers  amies 
de  Figaro,'  also  based  on  Sardou,  and  is 
about  to  begin  '  La  Rose  d'Hiver,'  libretto 
by  M.  Vaucaire.  Francesco  Cilea,  composer 
of  '  Adrienne  Lecouvreur,'  is  putting  the 
final  touches  to  '  Gloria,'  which  is  to  be 
produced  at  La  Scala  ;  while  Puccini  himself 
is  said  to  be  revising  his  early  opera  '  La 
Villa.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK 

Mux.— S»t.    Mooily-ManiM  ■*  Open  Company,  \  I,.\nY  Theati 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Monographs  :  Garrick,  Macready,  Rachel, 
and  Baron  Stockmar.  By  Sir  Theodore 
Martin,  K.C.B.  (John  Murray.) — We  notice 
under  drama  a  volume  mainly  concerned 
with  some  famous  lights  of  the  stage.  To 
those  who  know  the  special  sources  of  infor- 
mation at  the  disposal  of  Sir  Theodore  Martin 
these  monographs  come  as  something  of  a 
disappointment.  Almost  alone  among  culti- 
vated Englishmen  still  living,  Sir  Theodore 
may  have  seen  Kean  and  Mrs.  Siddons, 
witnessed  Rachel  at  her  best,  and  enjoyed 
opportunities  of  closest  association  with 
Macready.  Nothing  could  have  more  interest 
for  the  playgoer  than  his  personal  recollec- 
tions of  these  and  subsequent  actors,  such 
as  Charles  Kemble,  Liston,  or  even  Phelps, 
Charles  Kean,  and  Robson.  In  two  out  of 
the  four  "  monographs  "  he  ventures  upon 
the  ground  we  would  fain  see  him  occupy. 
The  essay  upon  Garrick  is  a  mere  rifacimento 
from  existing  biographies,  '  The  Garrick 
Correspondence,'  and  the  Forster  records  at 
South  Kensington  ;  while  that  upon  Baron 
Stockmar,  which  has  nothing  in  common 
with  the  remainder  of  the  volume,  is  a 
reprint  of  an  article  which  appeared  a  genera- 
tion ago  in  The  Quarterly  Review,  and  may 
well  have  been  an  outcome  of  the  studies 
which  culminated  in  the  '  Life  of  the  Prince 
Consort.' 

The  opening  monograph  on  Garrick  is  to 
a  great  extent  a  rehabilitation  of  the  cha- 
racter of  that  actor  from  the  charge  of 
avarice  brought  against  him  by  the  petulance 
of  Johnson  and  the  malignancy  of  Foote. 
Johnson,  who  alone  is  worthy  of  considera- 
tion in  the  matter,  while  supplying  the  bane, 
ministers  also  the  antidote.  To  Boswell 
Johnson  said  : — 


"Yes,  Sir,  I  know  that  Garrick  has  given  away 
more  money  than  any  man  in  England  that  I  am 
acquainted  with,  and  that  not  from  ostentatious 
views.  Garrick  was  very  poor  when  he  began  life  ; 
so  when  he  came  to  have  money,  he  probably  was 
very  unskilful  in  giving  away,  and  saved  when  he 
should  not." — 'Life,'  by  Boswell,  ed.  Hill,  vol.  iii. 
pp.  70,  71. 

Similar  passages  abound,  and  the  vindication 
now  attempted  is  superfluous.  In  the  midst 
of  passages  of  sustained  eulogy  we  find  one 
or  two  in  which  is  noted  the  lip  reverence 
accorded  by  Garrick  to  Shakspeare  : — 

"Had  Garrick's  alterations  been  confined  to  the 
works  of  the  Browns,  the  Francklins,  the  Hills, 
and  the  like,  it  would  have  been  better  for  his 
fame.     But  he  took  to  altering  .Shakespeare   with 

what     we can     only     regard     as     sacrilegious 

audacity." 

In  passing  from  Garrick  to  Macready,  Sir 
Theodore  passes  from  eulogy  to  estimate. 
Macready 's  depreciation  of  his  profession, 
of  which  he  spoke  as  "  so  unrequiting  that 
no  person  who  had  the  power  of  doing  any- 
thing better  would,  unless  deluded  into  it, 
take  it  up,"  is  referred  to  as  showing  that 
the  speaker  wanted  "  the  first  element  of 
greatness,  a  thorough  faith  in  his  art,  as  in 
itself  worthy,  without  reference  to  the 
measure  of  popular  appreciation  or  cf  money 
value."  This  attaches,  perhaps,  too  much 
importance  to  a  Bplenitive  utterance  such  as 
sometimes  characterizes  the  artist.  Safer 
ground  is  occupied  in  stating  that  the  pub- 
lication of  the  '  Reminiscences  and  Selections 
from  the  Diaries'  laid  t he  actor  under  the 
heaviest  imputation  of  egotism  and  jealousy. 
In  many  of  the  pieces  in  whioh  he  won  popu- 
larity lie  was  Supported  by  Miss  Helen  Faucit 
(Lady  .Martin),  whose  contributions  to  the 
success  of  the  whole  were  not  inferior  to  his 


112 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


own.  Yet  the  most  grudging  mention  is  all 
that  is  accorded  by  Macready.  His  book 
is,  indeed,  that  of  a  churl.  To  perceive  under 
what  influence  the  following  words  were 
written  is  nowise  to  impugn  their  trust- 
worthiness : — 

."Time  does  its  work  of  oblivion  quickly,  and 
the  readers  of  dramatic  history  should  be  re- 
minded that  there  were  actors  and  actresses  in 
Mr.  Macready's  companies  to  whose  assistance 
very  much  of  the  great  reputation  of  his  manage- 
ment was  due,  for  from  his  published  diaries  they 
will  get  no  hint  of  the  fact.  Where  his  own 
effects  are  marred  by  the  incompetency  of  others 

Mr.   Macready  is   always   ready  to  note   the 

fact  with  almost  peevish  soreness  :  but  in  no  one 
instance  does  he  mention  any  man  or  woman  as 
having  helped  him  in  bringing  out  the  full  purpose 
of  the  author,  or  in  heightening  the  effect  of  his 
own  scenes." 

So  familiar  is  all  this  that  it  suggests  that 
the  article  has  already  seen  the  light,  pro- 
bably upon  the  first  appearance  of  the 
'  Reminiscences.' 

In  the  case  of  the  monograph  on  Rachel, 
little  that  concerns  the  artistic,  as  apart 
from  the  ethical  development  of  the  actress 
seems  due  to  Sir  Theodore  himself,  and  the 
whole  appears  to  be,  to  a  certain  extent, 
inspired  by  the  '  Rachel  d'apres  sa  Corre- 
spondance  '  of  M.  Georges  d'Heylli.  One 
utterance  of  Sir  Theodore,  concerning  the 
Phedre  of  Rachel,  is  distinct  :  that  the 
attempts  of  Ristori  and  Sarah  Bernhardt 
in  the  character  are  unworthy  to  be  men- 
tioned in  the  same  breath.  One  or  two 
transparent  slips  are  to  be  noted.  '  Para- 
doxe  sur  la  Comedie  '  is  not  the  title  of 
Diderot's  work.  "  St.  Beuve  "  appears  on 
p.  117  for  Sainte-Beuve. 

Eight  Dramas  of  Calderon.  Freely  trans- 
lated by  Edward  FitzGerald.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) — This  reprint  includes,  in  addition 
to  the  six  translations  published  and  with- 
drawn in  1853,  the  versions  of  '  El  Magico 
prodigioso  '  and  '  La  Vida  es  sueno,'  finished 
in  1865,  but  issued  for  private  circulation 
only.  FitzGerald  never  resigned  himself 
to  his  defeat  as  a  translator  of  Calderon, 
and,  though  he  admitted  that  his  experiment 
was  "  rather  dangerous,"  he  appears  to  have 
thought  that  it  would  be  condemned  chiefly 
by  those  who  had  not  read  the  originals. 
The  truth  is  that  his  versions  appeal  neither 
to  the  scholar  nor  to  the  general  reader  : 
the  one  is  irritated  by  constant  omissions, 
amplifications,  and  liberties  of  every  kind, 
while  the  other  is  disappointed  at  finding 
that  the  Spanish  atmosphere  has  vanished. 
In  accordance  with  FitzGerald's  idea  that 
the  translator  must  recast  his  original  "  into 
his  own  Likeness,  more  or  less,"  the  "  Arab 
soul  in  Spanish  feathers  "  is  converted  into 
a  Suffolk  squire,  and  the  result  is  failure. 
As  interpretations  of  Calderon  these  versions 
are  inadequate  ;  but  as  revelations  of  Fitz- 
Gerald's attitude  and  methods  they  are 
extremely  interesting,  and  we  welcome  their 
appearance  in  "  The  Eversley  Series." 


Dramatic  dossip. 

With  the  appearance  of  M.  Antoine  and 
his  company  the  season  of  French  plays  at 
the  New  Royalty  concludes.  The  pieces 
given  on  Monday  and  Tuesday  consisted  of 
'  Une  Vieille  Renommee,'  '  L'Enquete,'  and 
'  Boubouroche,'  for  which  on  Wednesday 
and  Thursday  were  substituted  '  Depuis  six 
Mois,'  '  Discipline,'  and  '  Asile  de  Nuit,'  and 
on  the  remaining  days  of  the  week  '  L'Hon- 
neur.' 

Early  in  September  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  will 
appear,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Charles  Frohman,  at  the  Duke  of  York's 
Theatre  in  an  English  rendering  of  '  Triple- 


patte,'  a  comedy  of  MM.  Tristan  Bernard 
and  Godferneaux,  which  has  had  a  long 
run  at  the  Theatre  de  l'Athenee.  Of  this  he 
plays  the  hero,  a  young  viscount  of  sus- 
ceptible heart,  but  infirm  purpose.  The 
performance  will  be  prefaced  by  that  of 
'  The  Scapegrace,'  a  one-act  pantomime,  the 
chief  part  in  which  will  be  played  by  Miss 
Pauline  Chase. 

In  October  Miss  Winifred  Emery  will 
begin  a  country  tour  with  a  London 
company  in  her  favourite  part  of  Olivia. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  Mr.  Penley 
hopes  to  present  at  the  Great  Queen  Street 
Theatre  a  new  comedy  of  his  own  composi- 
tion, the  hero  of  which  will  presumably  be 
enacted  by  himself. 

On  the  30th  of  August  Mr.  Forbes  Robert- 
son will  play  in  Manchester  Shy  lock  to  the 
Portia  of  Miss  Gertrude  Elliott. 

'  Three  Blind  Mice,'  a  new  comedy 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Law,  will  be  produced  forth- 
with by  Miss  May  Palfrey  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Margate,  with  a  company  including 
Miss  Granville,  Mr.  Fred  Kerr,  and  Mr. 
Compton  Coutts. 

According  to  the  New  Harvard  issue  of 
"  Bibliographical  Contributions  "  (No.  57), 
the  Moliere  collection  in  the  library  of  that 
college  comprises  1,793  volumes.  Its  extent 
is  due  to  the  zeal  of  the  late  Prof.  Ferdinand 
Bocher,  who  was  connected  with  Harvard 
almost  continuously  from  1861  to  1902. 
After  his  death  his  Moliere  collection 
(upwards  of  1,300  volumes)  was  purchased 
en  bloc  by  Mr.  James  H.  Hyde,  who  has  not 
only  presented  it  to  Harvard,  but  has  also 
defrayed  the  expense  of  a  catalogue  of  148 
pages. 

Messrs.  Bickers  &  Son  will  publish  early 
in  September  a  new  volume  of  essays  by 
Mr.  H.  B.  Irving.  It  will  be  entitled 
'  Occasional  Papers,  Dramatic  and  His- 
torical,' and  will  contain,  among  other 
essays,  '  The  Art  and  Status  of  the  Actor  ' 
and  '  The  English  Stage  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century. ' 


Erratum.— No.  4108,  p.  67,  col.  1,  1.  25,  for  "daughter' 
read  granddaughter. 


To  Correspondents.— C.  E.  W.— R.  B.— F.  W.  R.— 
H.  H.  J.— H.  H.—  R.  A— K.  de  M.— Received. 
J.  P. — Already  noted. 
M.  W.  H. — Card  sent  some  time    go. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Page 

Authors'  Agents       90 

Bagster  &  Sons         114 

Belt.  &  Sons 112 

Catalogues       90 

Dent  <fc  Co 92 

Educational 89 

Exhibitions      89 

Gardeners'^Chkonicle 113 

Harper  &  Brothers          91 

Heinemann        115 

Hurst  &  Blackett 92 

Insurance  Companies        114 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co 115 

Macmillan  &  Co 92 

Magazines,  &c 91 

Miscellaneous 90 

Nash         H4 

Newspaper  Agents 90 

Notes  and  Queries 114 

Provident  Institutions 89 

Saj.es  by  Auction 90 

Situations  Vacant 89 

Situations  Wanted 90 

Surgical  Aid 115 

Type-Writers,  &c 90 

Ward,  Lock  &  Co 116 

Wellwood         —       ..        ..115 


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114 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4109,  July  28,  1906 


MR. 


EVELEIGH 
LIST. 


NASH'S 


LORD  ROBERTS  RECOMMENDS 
YOU  TO  READ  IT! 

NOW    READY. 

PRICE    SIX    SHILLINGS. 

MR.  WILLIAM  LE  QUEUX'S  STARTLING 
BOOK. 

THE    INVASION 
OF  1910. 

WITH  A  FULL  ACCOUNT  OF  THE 
SIEGE  OF  LONDON. 

BY 

WILLIAM    LE    QUEUX. 

Naval  Chapters  by  H.  W.  WILSON. 
Preface  by  Field-Marshal  EARL  ROBERTS. 

N.B. — This  is  the  most  intensely  interesting 
work  which  Mr.  Le  Queux  has  yet  written,  and 
the  Publisher  anticipates  that  the  version  he  has 
issued  in  book  form  will  create  an  enormous 
sensation.  Lord  Roberts  contributes  a  Preface, 
in  which  he  advises  every  one  who  has  the  welfare 
of  the  British  Empire  at  heart  to  read  Mr. 
Le  Queux's  remarkable  story. 

THE  NOVELS  FOR  THE  HOLIDAYS. 

PRICE  SIX  SHILLINGS  EACH. 

"BETTER    THAN    SHERLOCK    HOLMES." 

RAFFLES, 

The  Amateur  Cracksman. 

ByE.  W.  HORNUNG. 
DAILY  TELEGRAPH.— "Hats  off  to  Raffles." 


"A  FINE  ROMANCE  WHICH  ALL  ENGLAND  IS 
READING." 

THE  GREY  DOMINO. 

By  Mrs.  PHILIP  CHAMPION  DE  CRESPIGNY. 

PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— "There  is  the  material  for  a 
fine  romantic  play  in  Mrs.  de  Crespigny's  admirable  story." 
DAILY  MAIL. — "A  brisk  romance." 


REAL  GOOD  STORIES. 

WHISPERS  ABOUT  WOMEN. 

By  LEONARD  MERRICK, 
Author  of  'The  Man  who  was  Good,'  &c. 

OUTLOOK.—"  Not  a  dull  page." 
GLOBE.—"  Well  worth  reading." 
DAILY  MAIL.— "We  heartily  recommend  this  book." 


AN  ENTHRALLING  STORY. 

THE   HOUSE   IN   SPRING 
GARDENS. 

By  Major  ARTHUR  GRIFFITHS, 

Author  of  '  The  Rome  Express,'  &c. 

DAILY  TELEGIIAPII.—"  We  feel  quite  relieved  when 
we  remember  that  by  this  time  the  house  in  Spring 
Gardens  is  probably  pulled  down." 

ST  AN  I)  A  HI).—"  This  quick,  vivid,  pulsating  story  is 
bound  to  be  well  received." 


London:  EVELEIGH  NASH,  32,  Bedford  Street. 


NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES: — Fielding's  '  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  Lisbon' — "Verify  your  references" — White  Family  of 
Southwick — Scott's  'Guy  Mannering'  and  'Antiquary' — "Yam":  its  Origin — Bishop  Family 
of  Bray — "  Lealand  "  in  W.  Morris — Lord's  Prayer,  c.  1430 — Devil's  Advocate  in  Tibet — Penne- 
father  :  Origin  of  the  Name. 

QUERIES  : — "  Plum  " :  Jack  Horner — "Plum  "=Raisin — Bullim :  its  Locality — St.  Charles  Borromeo: 
his  Portraits — Manor  Mesne — Preseren,  Slavonic  Poet — French  Chateaux — Cherry  in  Place-Naraes 
— E.  C.  Brewer's  School  at  Mile  End — Inscription  at  Constance — "Eyelashes  of  the  road" — 
Humphrey  Halley — Chingford  Church  :  "  Nunquam  non  paratus  " — "Red  Lion,"  Henley-on- 
Thames — St.  Peter's  in  Chepe  :  St.  John  Zachary — -"Four  Corners" — "Breaking  the  flag" — 
Palm  Sunday  and  Hill-Climbing  :  Church  Ales — Thomas  Russell,  Overseer  of  Shakespeare's  Will 
— "  Le  Fludous  " — Strode's  Regiment. 

REPLIES  :— St.  Edith— Shaw's  '  Knights  of  England '—Punch,  the  Beverage— "  Gula  Augusti"— 
Abbey  or  Priory — 'Diary  of  an  Invalid' — Sea-Urchin— "  0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be?" — 
Acts  xxix. — "Hypocrite" — Earthquakes  in  Wales — Geoffrey  de  Lusignan — Literary  Pastimes — ■ 
Kipling's  '  With  Scindia  to  Delhi ' — Holyoake  Bibliography — "No  riches  from  his  little  store" — ■ 
Lady  Coventry's  Minuet — Bishop  Island — Registers  of  St.  Kitt's — "Clever" — Burial -Grounds 
and  Cathedrals — Tom  Thumb  in  London — Sir  John  Fastolf — Miss  Meteyard  — "  Mininin,"  a  Shell 
— Tadpole — Heraldic  Surname — "Albion"  Hotel,  Aldersgate  Street — Direction  Post?'.  Signpost 
— Kipling  Family — Cricket :  Pictures  and  Engravings. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Parvus  Cato,  Magnus  Cato '— '  The  Legend  of  Sir  Perceval  '—Cicero  on  Friend- 
ship and  Old  Age — -Bliss  Carman's  '  Sappho  ' — •'  The  Dream  of  the  Rood  ' — '  Pierce  the  Plough- 
man's Crede  ' — The  Reade  Family  and  Dr.  Jonnson — '  Journal  of  the  Folk-Song  Society ' — ■ 
'  Monumental  Inscriptions  at  St.  Anne's,  Soho ' — North  Wraxall  Terriers. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  :— The  Author  of  '  A  Yorkshire  Tragedy  '—White  Family  of  Southwick— Signs  of  Old  London — 
Jean  d'Etcheberry — Jowett  of  Trinity  Hall  and  the  Epigram  on  his  "  Little  Garden" — "Ikona," 
South  African  Term — 'Piers  the  Plowman'— Fielding's  First  Marriage — "  Arrival" :  "Departure."" 

QUERIES: — Defoe  Tracts — Monumental  Brasses — "Dish  of  turnips" — Churches  and  Post  Cards- 
Genealogy— Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Henry  Paulett  St.  John,  R.N. — The  Three  Choirs — 
Catte  Street — Col.  Charles  Godfrey — -Double-barrelled  Opera-Glasses — Darkness  in  London — 
Swift's  Concealment  of  his  Marriage — Pincushion  Sweet — P.  B.,  Translator,  1708. 

REPLIES: — Cresset  Stones—"  Plew  " — Early  Latin-English-Basque  Dictionary — -Right  to  Arms  — 
St.  Andrew's,  Antwerp  —  Floral  Emblems  of  Countries  —  Lafontaine's  Milkmaid  —  Houses  of 
Historical  Interest — "  Rime  "  v.  "Rhyme" — Christopher  Martin  and  the  Defence  of  St.  John's,. 
Newfoundland — Royal  Arms  in  Churches — Miller  of  Hide  Hall — Ropes  used  at  Executions — 
Funeral  Invitations  in  Scotland  —  Samuel  Williams,  Draughtsman  —  '  Home,  Sweet  Home ' — 
Santorin  and  St.  Irene — Xavier  de  Maistre's  Allusions — Wall  Family— "  Swerve  " — Chepstow 
Castle  and  Sir  Nicholas  Kemeys — Lieut. -General  Henry  Hawley — Burney  Family — "Duma" — - 
"  O  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be  ? " — Gatton  Inscription. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  A  New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles'—'  The  Sketch-Book. ' 

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BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  BENJAMIN  DISRAELI, 

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N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


115 


MR.  HEINEMANN  has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  that  he  will 
PUBLISH  NEXT    WEEK 

A      NEW      NOVEL      BY 

MRS.    F.     A.    STEEL 

(AUTHOR  OF  'ON  THE  FACE  OF  THE  WATERS'). 

A     SOVEREIGN     REMEDY. 

Crown  8vo,  6s. 
London :     WILLIAM     HEINEMANN. 

THE     SURGICAL     All)     SOCIETY. 

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TENTH  EDITION,  pries  Two  Shillings. 

CELESTIAL      MOTIONS: 

A   Handy  Book   of  Astronomy. 

Tenth  Edition.     With  3  Plates. 

By    W.    T.    LYNN,    B.A.    F.R.A.S., 

Associate  of  King's   College,   London ;   Lay   Reader   in   the   Diocese  of  Southwark, 
Author  of  'Remarkable  Comets,'   'Remarkable  Eclipses,'   'Astronomy  for  the  Young,'  &c. 

"  Well  known  as  one  of  our  best  introductions  to  astronomy." — Guardian. 


London:  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
THIRTEENTH  EDITION,  JUST  OUT,  price  Sixpence,  cloth. 

REMARKABLE     COMETS : 

A  Brief  Survey  of  the  most  interesting  Facts  in  the  History  of  Cometary 

Astronomy. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London:  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
EIGHTH  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence. 

REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES: 

A  Sketch  of  the  most  interesting  Circumstances  connected  with  the 
Observation  of  Solar  and  Lunar  Eclipses,  both  in  Ancient  and  Modern  Times. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


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of  Basle.  The  anthology  ranges  from 
Wyatt  and  Surrey  to  writers  of  the- 
present  day,  and  contains  many  copy- 
right pieces  which  have  not  hitherto 
appeared  in  any  collection.  Among  the 
recent  and  living  poets  represented  are  : 
Matthew  Arnold,  Mathllde  Blind,  Robert 
Buchanan,  Dr.  Richard  Garnett,  W.  E. 
Henley,  "Fiona  Macleod,"  A.  Mary  F. 
Robinson,  0.  G.  and  D.  G.  Rossetti,  J.  A. 
Symonds,  Oscar  Wilde,  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson, 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Blunt,  Mr.  Robert  Bridges, 
Mr.  Austin  Dobson,  Mr.  Andrew  Lang, 
Mr.  Eugene  Lee-Hamilton,  Mrs.  Meynell, 
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William  Watson,  Mr.  Watts-Dunton,  and 
many  others.  The  right  to  increase  the 
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(2)  ODES,  SONNETS,  AND  'LA  BELLE 
DAME  SANS  MERC/.'  By  John  Keats. 
Royal  16 mo  (6\  by  5),  bound  in  antique 
grey  boards,  with  label  on  side.  Pp.  65. 
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S.  WELLWOOD  (Dept.  A),  31,  Strand,  London. 


116 


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N°4109,  July  28,  1906 


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ARMSTRONG  COLLEGE, 

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SESSION  OF  1906-7. 

MATRICULATION  and  EXHIBITION  EXAMINATIONS,  SEP- 
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Particulars  of  Curricula  for  University  Degrees  ami  College 
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u 


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FACULTY  OF  ARTS. 

-  Prof.     SONNEXSCHEIN,     Mr.     CASPARI,     and     Mr. 
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Mr.  GRIFFITH. 
Physics- Prof.    POYNTING,    Mr.    SHAKESPEAR,    Dr.    BARLOW 

and  Dr.  DENNING. 
Chemistry— Prof.  FKANKLAND.  Dr.   FINDLAY,  Dr.  M..COMBIE, 

Dr.  MURRAY,  and  Mr.  TINKLER. 
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Botany— Prof.  HILLHOU8E  and  Mr.  WEST. 
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and  (\.uaht  (. 
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Mr.   HITLER.  Miss  \\  ALKER. 

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The  SESSION  1906-7  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  1,  1906 
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U 


THE  VICTORIA 

TNIVERSITY        OF        MANCHESTER. 


SESSION  1906-7. 
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OF 


G  L  A  S  G  O  W. 


TT  NIVERSITY 

The  MEDICAL  SESSION  will  be  OPENED  on  THURSDAY. 
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Registrar-Miss    ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
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CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Won  en  Secondary  'iv.oh.Ts  Principal,  Miss 
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hi  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIP.ES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER.  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES-PINS. 
LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE.  PARIS  (Est.  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  221.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


D 


E     R     B     Y 


SCHOOL. 


The  GOVERNORS  of  DERBY  SCHOOL  invite  a ppli cations  for 
the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER.  Graduate,  under  40  years  of  age. 
Guaranteed  Salary  5001. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in,  before  AUGUST  11,  to  WILLIAM 
COOPER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Derby,  from  whom  copies  of  the 
Scheme  and  further  particulars  may  lie  obtained. 


E 


SSEX       EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


BRAINTREE  LOCAL  ADVISORY  SUB  COMMITTEE. 

BRAINTREE    COUNTY    SECONDARY    SCHOOL    .BOYS    AND 

GIRLS),  WITH  PUPIL-TEACHERS'  CENTRE  ATTACHED. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  PRINCIPAL  of  the 
BRAINTREE  SECONDARY  school  for  BOYS  and  GIRLS,  with 
PUPIL-TEACHERS'  CENTRE  attached.  Applicants  should  be 
Graduates  of  one  of  the  Universities  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  have 
passed  an  Examination  equivalent  to  that  for  any  such  degree. 

<  lornmencing  Salary  2501.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  of 
201,  to350Z.  per  annum,  with  a  Capitation  Grant  of  ]/.  per  annum  in 
addition  upon  the  first  50  paying  Scholars,  and  10s.  for  each  paying 
Scholar  after  that  number. 

Applications,  on  the  printed  official  Form,  giving  full  particulars 
as  to  qualifications  and  experience  of  Secondary  School  work,  accom- 
panied bv  not  more  than  three  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  me, 
the  undersigned,  not  later  than  AUGUST  25,  1906. 

.1.  11.  NICHOLAS,  Secretary. 

County  Offices.  Chelmsford. 

SSEX       EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


E 


ROMFORD  LOCAL  ADVISORY  SUB  COMMITTEE. 

PRINCIPAL  OF  ROMFORD  GIRLS'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL, 

WITH  PUPIL-TEACHERS   CENTRE  ATTACHED. 

WANTED,  to  commence  duties  after  the  Summer  Holidays,  a  fully 
qualified  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  above  School,  to  be  carried  on 
for  the  present  in  temiwrary  premises  in  Romford.  The  Lady 
appointed  must  be  a  Graduate  of  one  of  the  Universities  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  or  have  tossed  an  Examination  equivalent  to  that 
for  any  such  Degree.  Salary  200?.  per  annum,  with  two  annual 
increments  of  201.  each,  and  a  Capitation  Grant  of  1,.  upon  the  first 
60  paying  Scholars,  and  10s.  for  each  paying  Scholar  after  that  number. 

Applications,  giving  full  particulars  a.s  to  qualification  and  expe- 
rience of  Secondary  School  Work,  accompanied  t.y  ,,ot  more  than 
three  Testimonials,  should  be  sent,  not  later  than  AUGUST  )0.  to  me, 
the  undersigned.  J.  11.  NICHOLAS,  Secretary. 

County  Offices,  Chelmsford. 

HEAD  MISTRESS  OF  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 
—BURLINGTON  school  eor  girls.  Boyle  Street.  Old 
Burlington  Street.  London,  v.  The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications 
for  the  post  of  HEAD   MISTRESS.      A  Degree,  or  equivalent  of  a 

Degree,  d"sirablc.     Experience  in  a   l' 1  Secondary  Sol 1  essential. 

Good  Organizer.     Member  of  the  Church  of  England     Sals 

No    board    or   residence.— Applications  to   be  made   in  writing  (on 

foolscap  paper),  stating  age,  degree,  qualifications,   e 

and   ace  mipanic  1    Lv   copies   ot    three   Testimonials    ,a     recent    date, 

addressed  to  Mr.    i:    REDMAN.  Clerk,  St.  James's  Church  Vestry, 

Piccadilly,  London,  W.    Applications  should  not  be  posted  until  the 

first  week  in  September. 


c 


I  T  Y 


0  F 


SHEFFIELD. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
TRAINING  COLLEGE  For  TEACHERS 
The  SHEFFIELD   Education    COMMITTEE  will  require,  in 
SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT   MISTRESS   OF    METHOD. 

« l lusI   hold  t  lie  Higher  i  required 

to  help  with  the  teaching  of  French.    Salary  li  Q 

Forms  oi   Application,  which  may  be  bad  on  application  to  the 
undersigned,    should    be  ible.     Personal 

canvassing  will  disqualify  Candid 

JNO.  F.  MOSS,  Secretary. 
Education  Office,  Sheffield,  July  SO,  1906. 


WELSH       INTERMEDIATE      EDUCATION 
M  T,  1889. 

Holywell  county   dual  school. 

The  Co\  BRNORS  of  -     HOOL  invite  applications  for 

;  M  \tiiiv  ITU    M.  U  \-l  ER     Musi   I  i 
University  in  the  I  oited    Kingdom.     Previous  teaching  references 
essential       - 

SEPTEMBER,   19  •■  -  4p] 
-i  iting  '  ious  experiem  t   to  the 

tied  on  oi  before  AUGUST  16,  1906. 

FRED    Llewellyn  JONES,  Solicitor, 
HolyweU.  Clerk  to  the  Govt  mors. 

OUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 


C 


TEOHNK  \L  CO]  LEGE. 
Principal—I.  F.  HUDSON,  M.A.  B.S 
first    ASSISTANT    MASTER     in    the    SCHOOL    OF    ART 
REQ1  IRED  in  SEPTEMBER    Salarj  1201.  per  annum.— For  further 

.V ,..   ...  TUmv'      TII..IM1       □ 


particulars  apply  *o 


aORP,  Secretary. 


118 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


CITY     OF     COVENTRY      EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

The  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  of  the  COVENTRY  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  of  ART. 
Commencing  Salary  120/.  per  annum.  . 

Tli"  Gentleman  appointed  must  have  had  a  good  Artistic  Training, 
lie  experienced  in  the  work  of  a  School  of  Art,  and  l.e  prepared  to 
assume  the  duties  of  his  office  EARLY  IN  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  appointment  may  he 
ohtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom  Applications,  on  the  special 
forms  provided  for  the  purpose,  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
SATURDAY,  August  is,  liiOB. 

Canvassing,  directly  or  indirectly,  will  he  considered  a  disqualifica- 
tion s 

Education  Offices,  Coventry. 


FREDK.  HORNER,  Secretary. 


FULLY  QUALIFIED  ART  MASTER 
REQUIRED,  for  BRIDGNORTH  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  and 
TECHNICAL  SCHOOL,  to  teach  about  Twenty-Four  Hours  per 
Week.— Apply  Rev.  THE  HEAD  MASTER. 

"REQUIRED,  a  TEACHER   of  ART   METAL- 

XV  WORK,  &c,  for  EALING  ART  SCHOOL.  Must  be  a  good 
Designer  —Write,  stating  terms  for  Two  Lessons  Weekly,  to  THE 
SECRETARY,  Education  Office,  Town  Hall,  Ealing,  W. 

lyTETROPOLITAN  BOROUGH  OF  HACKNEY. 

PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  METROPOLITAN  BOROUGH  of 
HACKNEY'  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of  CHIEF 
LIBRARIAN,  at  an  inclusive  Salary  of  250/.  per  annum  rising  by 
annual  increments  of  -Ml.  to  a  maximum  of  350Z. 

Applicants  must  be  between  85  ami  45  years  of  age,  and  have  had  at 
least  6ve  years' training  and  experience  in  a  large  library— for  pre- 
ference a  Public  Library. 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  give  security  in  an 
approved  Guarantee  Society  in  a  sum  to  be  determined. 

Terms  and  Conditions  of  Appointment,  with  Form  of  Application, 
may  be  obtained  on  application  at  the  Town  Clerk's  Office,  Town 
Hall,  Hackney. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  less  than  three  recent 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned,  endorsed  "Chief 
Librarian.''  not  later  than  AUGUST  21,  1906. 

AV.  A.  WILLIAMS,  Town  Clerk. 

WANTED,  a  LIBRARIAN  for  a  newly  built 
PUBLIC  LIBRARY.  One  who  has  knowledge  of  the  duties 
required.— Applications,  on  Forms  to  he  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
not  later  than  AUGUST  11.  W.  T.  BAKER,  Town  Clerk. 

Bridgwater. 

WANTED,  intelligent,  educated  YOUNG  MAN 
to  train  up  as  CATALOGUER  of  BOOKS  on  ARCHITEC- 
TURE and  ART— Applv,  bv  letter  in  first  instance,  giving  experience 
and  Salary  required,  to  ft.  T.  BATSFORD,  Bookseller  and  Publisher, 
84,  High  Holborn,  London. 


Situations   tftlatt&a. 

A  GENTLEMAN  of  Literary  tastes  (aged  50), 
retired  from  service  under  Indian  Government,  desires  post  as 
SECRETARY  to  a  Private  Gentleman,  or  Club,  or  Society.  Well 
read,  musical,  and  energetic— A.  B..  Box  1140,  Athemeum  Press,  13, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

A  PPOINTMENT    WANTED.  —TWENTY 

J\.    YEARS'  EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  PUBLISHING  TRADE.— 

Advertiser,  intimately  acquainted  with  all  Branches  of  the  Business, 
and  well  known  to  'Publishers.  DESIRES  ENGAGEMENT  with  a 
Publisher,  or  as  Traveller  to  a  Printer,  Binder,  Paper-Maker,  &c,  or 
as  Advertisement  Canvasser.  Excellent  Testimonials.— Box  1141, 
Athenaeum  Press,  l::,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Laue,  E.C. 


AN  ACTIVE  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TAN  T  Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  1070,  Atlieiueum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


LADY  desires  post  as  LIBRARIAN  and 
SECRETARY  to  Private  Person  or  Society.  Has  considerable 
experience  in  Library  Work  ;  also  Type-Writing.  Qualified  to  teach 
Pianoforte  and  Singing  ;  is  proficient  Accompanist.  Excellent  Testi- 
monials— D.  J.,  Box  1139,  Athemeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


ifttswllaiuous. 


AN  experienced  ENGLISH  GOVERNESS 
(Barristers  Daughter!  would  be  glad  of  any  kind  of  WORK 
DURING  HOLIDAYS— August  and  September.  Highest  references. 
— S.  M.,  care  of  Tateni's,  801,  Fulham  Road. 


/HOLDERS  GREEN 

CREMATORIUM,  N.YV. 


Situated  in  extensive  and  well-laid-out  Grounds, 
about  half-an-bour's  drive  from  Oxford  Circus. 

Large  Chapel,  with  two-manual  Organ,  available 
for  any  form  of  Funeral  Service  or  Ceremonial. 

Columbarium   and   Grounds  for  the  permanent 
deposit  of  Urns  and  Monuments. 
LESS  COSTLY  THAN  BURIAL. 

Illustrated  Descriptive  Booklet  post  free  on 
application  to  the  SECRETARY. 

Offices:    324,    REGENT    STREET,    W. 

(near  Queen's  Hall). 

Telephone  :     1907   Gerrard. 
Telegrams:   "Crematorium,"  London. 


T  ADY    wishes    to    highly   RECOMMEND    her 

JLJ     LADY-NURSE  for  an  Infant.     Wishes  to  go  Abroad— Apply 
CARTER,  100,  Stoughton  Street,  Leicester. 


ARTISTIC       BOOKBINDING.  —  Miss 

J\-  WINIFRED  STOPES,  11,  Gayton  Road,  Hampstead.  BINDS, 
HALF-BINDS,  or  REPAIRS  BOOKS.  Pupils  received.  Terms  on 
application.    Bindery  open  to  Visitors  10  to  5,  Saturdays  excepted. 


TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Encyclo- 
pseclic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or  non-resident  Secre- 
taryship. Classics.  French,  German,  Italian,  Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon. 
Special  Subjects:  Mythology  and  Literature.  Varied  experience.— 
Miss  SELBY',  30,  Northumberland  Place,  Bayswater  (formerly  53, 
Talbot  Road,  W.). 


T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken  at    the 

J-J  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1002,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  — J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


TYPE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAY'S,  &c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carrions,  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages!.  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


TYPE- WRITING.— MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type -Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


$Uhispap*r  Agents. 

p     MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 

\J •  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  a], plication. 

Mitchell  House.  1  and  2.  Snow  Hill.  Holborn  Viaduct.  E.C. 


YTEWSPAPER  PROPERTIES 

-Li      BOUGHT,  SOLD,  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 

EVERY  REQUISITE. 

The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 

and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  particulars  from 

THE  IMPERIAL  NEWS  AGENCY, 

2  and  4,  Tudor  Street,  London.  E.C. 


Authors'   Agents. 

MR.  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
_  Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing,  Newspaper. 
Printing,  and  Stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  .and  Audited.  All  Business 
earned  out  under  Mr.  Lanier's  personal  supervision.— 2S.  21).  and  30 
Iaternoster  Row,  E.C,  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Pnnidcnt 
Institution. 


rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

-I-  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  foi 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi 
monials  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  34.  Paternoster  Row 


A  THEN.OTM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

X\_    FRANCIS,  Printer  of.  the  Atkenaum,  Notes  and  Queries  &c    is 

prepared  to  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all   kinds  of  BOOK     NEWS 
and   PERIODICAL    PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildings,   Chancery 


Catalogues. 


GLAISHFR'S        REMAINDER        BOOK 
CATALOGUE,  POST  FREE  ON  APPLICATION. 
Extensive  Purchases  of  Publishers'  Remainders  at  Greatly  Reduced 
Prices. 
WILLIAM  GLAISTIER,  Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller, 
26S,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 
Also  a  useful  CAT  A  LOG  CIO  of  POPULAR  OUR  RENT  LITERATURE 
and  one  of  FRENCH  NOVELS,  CLASSICS,  4c. 


CATALOGUE  No.  4.1— Drawings,  Engravings, 
and  Books,  including  an  extensive  and  fine  Collection  of  the 
Plates  of  Tunicas  LIJtEK  STl'DIOBI'M,  and  other  Engravings  after 
Turner  -Hogarth's  Engravings  —  Whistler's  Etchings  -  Works  by 
Buskin.  &c  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  2,  Church  Terrace 
Richmond.  Surrey. 


BOOKS.— All    OUT-OF-PRINT    and    RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookflnder 

extant.   Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.    1  make  a  special 

feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Bookafor  others  selected  from  my 

various  Lists.  Special  List  ol  2,0111)  Hooka  I  particularly  want  post  free. 
—  EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  1 4- Hi,  John  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
mingham.   Chaucer,  1561,212.;  Bacon,  EssaycH,  L628,  IV.  15s. 


JUST  PUBLISHED,  THE  INTERNATIONAL 

t)  BOOK  CIRCULAR,  No.  142,  containing  a  Classified  List  of 
NEW  and  numerous  valuable  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS.  Specimen 
gratis.— WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE,  Book  Importers,  14,  Henrietta 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


PATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS,  at  greatly 

\J  reduced  prices.  I.  PHILOSOPHY'.  II.  RELIGION.  III.  HIS- 
TORY. IV.  POETRY,  DRAMA,  MUSIC.  V.  REAUX-ARTS.  VI. 
GEOGRAPHY.  VII.  MILITARY.  VIII.  FICTION.  IX.  GENERAL 
LITERATURE. 

DULAU  &  CO.  37,  Soho  Square,  London,  W. 


FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech.  &c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
LOGUES issued  and  sent  lKist  free  on  application.  Books  Bought. — 
WALTER  T.  SPENCER,  27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 


TO  BOOKBUYERS  and  LIBRARIANS.— 
W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON'S  AUGUST  CATALOGUE,  containing 
some  7,000  Titles,  embracing  all  Branches  of  Literature,  showing 
Reductions  of  30  per  cent,  to  8(1  per  cent.,  is  NOW  READY',  and  will 
be  sent  post  free  to  any  part  of  the  World  on  application  to  W.  H. 
SMITH  &  SON'S  LIBRARY,  18ti.  Strand.  W.C.  Largest  combined 
Stock  in  the  World  of  Second-hand  and  New  Remainder  Works. 


A  NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

-L\-  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  &  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  &  SON,  Limited,  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  LondoD,  W.  Established! 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


^alus  by  Ruction. 


PALL  MALL. — Fine  Antique  Embroideries,  Carpets,  and 
Faience  from  Persia,  the  Property  of  a  Gentleman  who  has 
held  an  official  position  therefor  many  years. 

MESSRS.  FOSTER  respectfully  announce  FOR 
SALE  by  AUCTION,  at  the  Gallery,  54,  Pall  Mall,  on 
WEDNESDAY',  August  15,  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely 
each  Day,  an  extensive  COLLECTION  of  OLD  PERSIAN  CARPETS- 
and  RUGS,  including  several  of  exceptionally  fine  quality— Turcoman 
and  Persian  Beads— Silk,  Woollen,  and  Gold  Embroideries— Early 
Italian  and  Persian  Velvets  —  Turcoman  Embroidery  —  Persian 
Paintings— Carvings  in  Wood  and  Brass— Early  and  Later  Persian 
Faience  Bowls,  Vases.  Flower-Pots,  Ewers,  Plates,  Lustre  Ware  Vases,. 
Mosque  Tiles,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  MONDAY",  the  13th,  and   Following   Day,  when. 
Catalogues  may  be  had.— 54,  Pall  Mall. 


Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  of 
CURIOSITIES  will  take  place  on  TUESDAY.  August  14th. 
and  will  contain  a  choice  COLLECTION  of  OLD  CARVED  GODS  and 
CURIOS  from  MALAY"  —  Burmese  and  Native  Carvings  —  a  rare- 
Thibetan  Apron,  made  entirely  of  Carved  Human  Bones— Elizabethan 
Table-Cloth— Coins  and  Medals— Porcelain,  Cloisonne,  Bronzes,  &c, 
from  China  and  Japan— and  the  usual  Miscellaneous  Assortment. 

Catalogues  and  all  particulars  on  application  to  the  AUCTIONEER,. 
38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 


M 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 
R.  J.  C.    STEVENS   begs   to  announce  that 

SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King- 
Street,  Covent  Garden.  London,  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  — Telescopes  — Theodolites  — 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments—  Cameras,  Lenses,  andt 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus — Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides^ 
and  all  accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
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1.  By  the  Lady  Wimborne. 

2.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Hensley  Henson. 

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Karl  Blind. 
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N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


121 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  4,  1006. 


CONTENT^. 

PAGE 

The  Enemy  at  Trafalgar 121 

The  Garter  Mission  to  Japan 122 

A  German  View  of  Ireland       123 

The  Great  Revolt  of  1381         124 

New  Novels  (The  Compromise ;  Frere's  House- 
keeper ;  Thalassa  ;  The  Comer  House  ;  The  Yellow 

Face;  Mave) 124—125 

Contributions  to  History         125 

Bibliography 127 

Our  Library  Table  (Land  Reform  ;  The  Life  of 
Reason  ;  The  Victorian  Chancellors ;  Man  and 
Maid  ;  The  House  of  Souls  ;  Nidderdale)     . .      128—130 

List  of  New  Books 130 

The  Moon  of  Leaves  ;  Prof.  O.  Seyffert,  of 
Berlin  ;  'Bibliotheca  Sarraziana  ' ;  Advanced 
Historical  Teaching  ;  Ferdinand  von  Saar 

130—131 

Literary  Gossip        132 

Science  —  The  President's  Address  to  the 
British  Association  ;  La  Comtaraison  des 
Lois  Physiques  avec  les  Lois  Biologiques  ; 
Anthropological  Notes  ;   Societies  ;   Gossip 

133—135 
Fine    Arts— An    Introduction    to    Greek    Epi- 
graphy ;      English     Costume  ;     The     Royal 
Archaeological    Institute     at     Worcester  ; 
The  British  Archaeological  Association  at 

Nottingham;  Gossip 136—139 

Music— Gossip  ;   Performances  Next  Week       . .    139 

Drama— J.  L.  Toole  ;   Gossip 139—140 

Index  to  Advertisers       140 


LITERATURE 


The    Enemy    at    Trafalgar.     By    Edward 
Fraser.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

During  the  last  hundred  years,  and 
especially  during  the  last  twelve  months, 
so  much  has  been  written  on  various 
aspects  of  the  Trafalgar  campaign  that  we 
might  claim  to  be  excused  for  thinking 
that  there  was  nothing  more  to  be  said. 
But  Mr.  Fraser  has  convinced  us  of  our 
error.  He  has  undoubtedly  discovered  a 
gap  in  our  knowledge,  and  has  now  filled 
it  in  a  very  interesting  manner.  Our  own 
published  accounts  are,  for  the  most  part, 
based  upon  English  evidence.  The  logs 
of  the  ships  engaged,  together  with  many 
public  and  private  letters  of  men  who 
fought  in  the  great  fight,  have  been  pre- 
served, have  been  printed,  and  have  of 
late  been  freely  used  by  historians  and 
controversialists.  But  hitherto  there  has 
been  no  attempt  to  go  beyond  the  narra- 
tives of  the  French  naval  historians,  or 
to  inquire  whether  any  additional  light 
might  be  thrown  on  the  battle  by  the  ori- 
ginal papers  in  the  French  and  Spanish 
archives.  Mr.  Fraser  has  undertaken 
this  task  with  a  painstaking  thoroughness 
which  will  give  his  work  a  permanent 
value  for  the  student  ;  whilst  the  agreeable 
manner  in  which  he  has  presented  the 
results  of  his  search  and  the  form  in  which 
the  publishers  have  issued  the  book,  will 
recommend  it  to  a  wide  circle. 

The  general  history  of  the  campaign 
and  its  strategy  has  long  been  public 
property,  and  Mr.  Fraser  has  little  to  add 
to  the  accepted  version.  He  does,  indeed, 
illustrate  incidentally  a  certain  lack  of 
definiteness  in  Napoleon's  conception  of 
his  great  project.  At  one  time  the  Em- 
peror believed  that  to  have  command 
of  the  Channel  passage  for  six  hours  would 


be  sufficient  for  his  purposes  ;  at  another, 
twelve  ;  and  again  twenty-four ;  while 
Ganteaume  wrote  that,  with  forty-eight 
hours,  the  attempt,  though  extremely 
dangerous,  could  not  be  considered  im- 
possible. It  is  easy  to  dismiss  these 
differences  of  estimate  as  mere  details  : 
in  reality  they  have  a  very  serious  and 
always  living  importance.  Even  now  a 
constantly  recurring  question  is,  "  What 
is  the  minimum  period  of  non-interference 
in  which  an  enemy  would  be  able  to  under- 
take the  invasion  of  England  \  "  and 
recent  events  have  given  a  decided  fillip 
to  the  controversy.  It  continues,  how- 
ever, to  be  impossible  to  define  this  limit 
of  time  with  any  pretence  of  accuracy. 
Napoleon,  as  we  have  seen,  was  far  from 
clear  in  his  ideas  on  the  subject  ;  and, 
among  the  opinions  of  recent  naval 
strategists,  the  most  authoritative  does 
not  err  on  the  side  of  excess  of  detail. 
"  I  consider,"  said  Sir  Geoffrey  Hornby, 
"  that  I  hold  the  command  of  the  sea 
when  I  can  report  to  the  Government 
that  a  military  expedition  can  cross  it 
with  safety." 

It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  Mr.  Fraser 
in  his  appreciation  of  the  French  and 
Spanish  officers,  admirals  and  captains, 
arrayed  against  us.  His  sketches  of  them 
are  always  sufficient,  always  clear,  and 
the  generosity  of  his  language  is  no  less 
marked  when  its  subject  is  the  unhappy 
Villeneuve  than  when  he  deals  with  a 
popular  hero,  such  as  Lucas  of  the  Re- 
doutable.  But  withal  there  is  no  blind 
enthusiasm.  If  Villeneuve  utterly  failed 
to  perform  an  impossible  task,  the  com- 
pleteness of  his  failure  was  not  entirely 
due  to  adverse  circumstances  and  con- 
ditions. As  a  commander-in-chief  he 
undoubtedly  lacked  that  strength  of 
character  without  which  valour,  diligence, 
even  genius  itself,  are  of  no  avail.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  Lucas  drew  from  defeat  a 
degree  of  honour  which  other  men  have 
at  times  failed  to  win  by  victory,  he  did 
so  very  largely  by  virtue  of  careful  fore- 
thought and  preparation  rather  than  by 
the  unflinching  courage  which  to  many 
French  writers  has  appeared  his  noblest 
possession.  It  was  by  continual  and 
possibly  irksome  training  that  he — re- 
sembling in  this  our  own  "  brave  Broke  " 
— rendered  the  Redoutable  worthy  of 
its  name  in  the  day  of  battle ;  while 
as  to  brilliant  courage,  there  was  no 
lack  of  it  in  the  allied  fleet,  and,  were  it 
alone  the  primary  requisite  of  a  fighting 
force,  there  would  have  been  no  decisive 
victory  at  Trafalgar. 

That  the  failure  of  the  allies  was  due 
partly  to  the  superior  efficiency  of  their 
enemy,  partly  to  a  fairly  correct  anticipa- 
tion of  their  movements,  and  largely  to 
their  owninternaldissensions  and  jealousies, 
is  well  known.  Mr.  Fraser  emphasizes 
the  disadvantage  that  they  lay  under 
owing  to  the  constant  military  blockade 
of  the  ports.  They  were  denied  sea- 
training,  and  without  it  they  could 
scarcely  hope  to  contend  on  even  terms 
with  men  who,  by  the  course  of  the  war, 
had  become  the  most  expert  seamen  that 
the  world  has  ever  known.     He  illustrates 


also  the  proposition  that  the  effective 
strength  of  an  alliance  is  not  to  be  esti- 
mated by  a  mere  counting  of  heads.  In 
peace  three  and  three  make  six ;  in  time 
of  war  they  will  be  found  to  make  five, 
or  perhaps  even  four.  Here  we  have 
the  working  out  of  the  sum  through  its 
various  steps,  and  our  attention  is  called 
to  the  mutual  recriminations  which  fol- 
lowed Calder's  action — charges  on  the 
one  hand  that  the  Spaniards,  "  by  gross 
incompetence  and  blundering,  had  thrown 
two  ships  away "  ;  on  the  other,  that 
French  "  treachery  "  was  responsible  for 
the  loss.  Then,  as  illustrating  the  popular 
view,  came  the  series  of  assassinations 
which  made  it  impossible  for  the  French 
to  give  leave  in  Cadiz  ;  and,  as  showing 
that  the  distrust  was  not  confined  to  the 
lower  orders,  the  naval  authorities  at 
Cadiz  took  pains  to  hamper  the  preparations 
of  their  allies  (p.  25).  This  they  could  do 
the  more  readily  because  their  resources 
were  really  unequal  to  the  equipment  of 
the  whole  of  their  own  existing  fleet. 

It  has  of  late  become  known  that  the 
work  actually  intended  for  the  allied  fleet 
at  the  time  of  its  departure  from  Cadiz 
was  new.  Villeneuve's  turning  south  had 
set  the  seal  of  failure  on  Napoleon's 
invasion  project,  and  the  fleet  was  now 
bound  for  the  Bay  of  Naples,  there  to 
land  the  soldiers  it  carried,  and  to  co- 
operate with  General  St.  Cyr's  army. 
But  to  Nelson  the  change  was  immaterial, 
and,  if  known,  would  have  involved  no 
alteration  in  his  dispositions.  His  blockade 
of  Cadiz  was  absolute.  No  project  could 
be  executed  without  evading  that  block- 
ade, and,  as  he  rightly  judged,  the  attempt 
to  evade  it  must  ensure  a  battle. 

It  is  inevitable  that  the  new  details 
presented  in  this  volume  should  be  em- 
ployed by  the  controversialists  who  seek 
to  determine  the  tactics  of  the  battle, 
and  they  offer  certain  points  of  interest. 
Without  entering  the  lists,  we  may  say 
that  the  evidence  of  French  observers 
seems  to  us  strongly  in  favour  of  the 
traditional  English  view  that  the  advance 
at  least  was  made  in  columns.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  stands  out  clearly 
that  the  columns  were  most  irregular — 
that  they  were  in  fact  "  pelotons  "  ;  and 
that  Collingwood's  lee  line  was  in  a  com- 
plicated order,  or  disorder,  such  as  would 
inevitably  follow  upon  a  partly  successful 
attempt  to  form  a  "  line  of  bearing." 
This,  indeed,  is  conclusively  shown  by  a 
Spanish  account  (p.  263)  which  speaks 
of  an  attack  delivered  on  the  extreme 
rear  of  the  allies  by  a  third  English  line. 
Apart  from  this  controversy,  however, 
there  are  numerous  points  in  which  the 
evidence  now  offered  throws  some  doubt 
on  the  accepted  English  version.  It  has, 
for  instance,  always  been  held  in  England 
that  the  Santa  Ana  was  virtually  dis- 
abled by  the  Royal  Sovereign's  first 
broadside,  which  laid  low  400  men  killed 
and  wounded  ;  but  the  official  Spanish 
report  shows  (p.  268)  that  her  total  loss 
in  the  action  was  but  112  killed  and  145 
wounded,  or  257  in  all.  There  are 
similar  discrepancies  to  which  attention 
might  be  called,  but  the  effect  of  the  whole 


122 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


is  to  confirm  the  English  statement.  The 
French  and  Spanish  ships  were  alike  well 
fought,  they  had  to  endure  a  succession 
of  antagonists,  and  they  3^ielded  only 
when  they  had  suffered  very  heavy  loss. 
It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  we  should 
find  in  the  narratives  of  the  enemy  an 
appreciation  of  the  fact  that  several 
English  ships  were  themselves  singly  sub- 
jected to  concentrated  attack,  and  we 
do  not ;  but  the  consideration  is  none 
the  less  important,  and  cannot  be  left 
out  of  account  in  estimating  the  results 
of  the  engagement. 

The  inaction  of  Dumanoir's  squadron, 
or  perhaps  it  would  be  fairer  to  say  its 
delay   in   coming   into   action,    continues 
to  present  difficulties.     The  facts  of  the 
case  are  not  obscure  ;    but  it  is  by  no 
means  clear  why  Dumanoir  did  not  bring 
his  squadron  round  on  to  the  starboard 
tack    earlier    than    he    did.     Was    Ville- 
neuve's  signal  to  him  made  soon  enough 
to  give  him  a  chance  of  saving  the  day  ? 
Was  the  signal  made  and  unobserved  ?  or 
was  it  unduly  delayed  ?     The  point  is  of 
foreign    interest.     To    Englishmen    it    is 
enough  to  know  that  Dumanoir  did  not 
move  till  the  opportunity  had  gone,  that 
the    state    of    the    weather    further    de- 
layed   him,    and    that   when    he   did    get 
round  he  did  less  than  he  might  have  done . 
Indeed,  his  long-range  fire  seems  to  have 
struck  friend  and  foe  alike,  with  the  not 
unnatural    result    that   he,    like    Landais 
— the  colleague  of  Paul  Jones  in  the  cele- 
brated action  with  the  Serapis — incurred 
rather  the  detestation  of  his  friends  than 
the  respect  of  his  enemy.     There  is  yet 
another  obscure  point  about  Trafalgar — 
a  point  as  to  which  Mr.  Fraser  adduces 
evidence,  but  does  not  attempt  a  decision. 
What  were  the  exact  position  and  func- 
tion of  the  allied  "  squadron  of  observa- 
tion "   during   the  battle  ?     By   accident 
rather  than  by  design  it  was  kept  together  ; 
but  whether  it  was  in  the  line  or,  as  some 
accounts  and  drawings  show  it,  to  leeward 
of   the   line,    is   not   yet   determined.     It 
cannot,  however,  be  a  matter  of  indiffer- 
ence to  the  historian  that  each  of  two 
great  adversaries  attempted,  before  what 
proved  to  be  the  most  important  of  naval 
battles,  to  form  and  use  a  flying  squadron 
of  the  battle  fleet,  but  that  each  at  the 
last  was  compelled,  for  separate  reasons, 
to    dispense    with    the    intended    refine- 
ment. 

It  is  stated  at  p.  391  that  the  French 
prisoners  of  war  who  died  on  board  the 
prison  hulks  in  the  Med  way  were  buried 
beside  St.  Mary's  Creek.  This  is  to  a 
certain  extent  true,  but  it  neglects  the 
fact  that  these  hulks  lay  near  the  mouth 
of  the  river  in  Stangate  Creek,  and  that 
the  dead  were  in  the  first  instance  buried 
on  the  banks  of  that  creek.  Indeed,  the 
name  Deadman  Island  survives  to  mark 
the  spot ;  and,  if  report  speaks  truly, 
bones  of  these  unhappy  men  are  still 
occasionally  found  to  show  their  first 
resting-place.  From  that  they  have,  by 
force  of  circumstance,  been  moved  not 
once,  but  twice. 

The  illustrations  consist  of  battle  scenes 
and  of  portraits,  all  of  them  interesting, 


and  the  majority  of  them  new  to  English 
readers.  They  are  drawn,  with  few 
exceptions,  from  French  and  Spanish 
sources.  The  translations  are  for  the 
most  part  satisfactory.  There  are,  how- 
ever, occasional  slips,  such  as  "  windward  " 
for  leeward  (p.  149),  and  "  larboard  "  for 
starboard  (p.  233)  ;  and  at  p.  Ill  Ville- 
neuve  is  made  to  report  that  he  "  was 
able  to  make  out  that  their  [i.e.  the  English] 
fleet  was  formed  in  two  columns,"  a  state- 
ment which  might  be  expected  to  go  far 
towards  settling  the  existing  controversy 
as  to  Nelson's  formation.  But,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  what  Villeneuve  wrote 
was,  "  Je  commencois  a  distinguer  qu'il 
se  developoit  sur  deux  colones  "  (p.  422), 
which  is  a  different  thing. 

In  conclusion,  we  should  without  reserve 
thank  Mr.  Fraser  for  his  interesting  and 
important  contribution  to  Trafalgar  lite- 
rature, were  it  not  that  he  and  his  pub- 
lishers are  guilty  of  the  sin  of  issuing  this 
book — full  as  it  is  of  matter  bearing  on 
recent  controversy  and  living  problems — 
with  a  most  insufficient  index,  one  scarcely 
deserving  the  name.  Such  indolence  is 
really  a  handicap  to  a  book  of  this  sort, 
and  Mr.  Fraser  ought  to  have  seen  to  the 
matter  himself,  since  he  is,  we  believe,  no 
novice  as  an  author. 


The  Garter  Mission  to  Japan.     By  Lord 
Redesdale.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Lord  Redesdale,  better  known  to  some 
as    the    Mr.    Mitford    who    nearly    forty 
years  ago  published  a  charming  volume 
of     '  Tales     of     Old     Japan,'     and      the 
only  foreigner  who  has  ever  witnessed  an 
actual  harakiri,  of  which  a  vivid  descrip- 
tion is   given  in  the   '  Tales  '    (the   most 
gruesome  of  all,  perhaps,   though  a  tale 
of  New  Japan),  was  the  best  choice   the 
late   Government    could    have     made   to 
accompany  Prince   Arthur  of  Connaught 
on  the  mission  to  carry  the  Order  of  the 
Garter  to  the  Tenno  of  Japan.      We  are 
glad  to  say  that  the  present  volume  ranks 
worthily   with   the  former  one.     Though 
the  scene  is  the  same,  a  great  change  has 
taken  place  in  it  since  the  author  accom- 
panied Sir  Harry  Parkes  in   1868  to  be 
presented  to  the  Mikado,  then   a   sacro- 
sanct, almost  invisible  presence,  and  now, 
after  a  reign   of   nearly  forty  years,   the 
most    powerful    potentate    of    the   East. 
Lord     Redesdale's    pages    portray    New 
Japan  as  graphically  as  in  the  years  gone 
by  his  pen  drew  the  picture  of  Kiu  Nippon. 
All,    however,    was    not   perfect   even   in 
New  Japan  :    "  We  arrived  in  February, 
the  worst  month  for  weather  in  the  whole 
Japanese  year."      Then,   as  the  Diadem 
(carrying    the    mission)  arrived    an    hour 
too  early,  it  missed  the  squadron  of  Admiral 
Kataoka,  which  had  gone  out  the  night 
before  to   meet  it.     Lastly,   the  geishas' 
faces    were    unpleasantly    plastered    over 
with  thick  coats  of  paint.     Otherwise  the 
record  is  unsullied  by  the  shadow  of  an 
unpleasantness,  and  the  book  is,  in  effect, 
a  sustained  eulogy  of  Japan  in  all  its  ways, 
and  of  the  Japanese  of  all  classes  in  all 
their  thoughts  and  deeds. 


Hardly  had  the  Diadem  dropped  her 
anchor  before  General  Kuroki  and 
Admiral  Togo  came  on  board — "  the  two 
mighty  leaders  with  whose  exploits  the 
whole  world  has  been  ringing."  These 
distinguished  men  are  pronounced  oppo- 
sites.  Admiral  Togo  is  a  "  quiet,  silent 
man  with  a  rather  melancholy  face  "  and 
"  the  sweetest  of  smiles.  He  appears 
lost  in  thought,  almost  with  his  eyes 
fixed  on  the  ground,  and  his  head  turned 
to  the  right."  Who,  knowing  Japan, 
does  not  recognize  this  attitude  ?  General 
Kuroki,  on  the  other  hand,  "  fine  as  an 
athlete  for  the  Olympian  games ....  the 
picture  of  a  soldier,  is  alway  gay ....  a  man 
of  the  most  imperturbable  good  humour." 
"  In  both,"  adds  Lord  Redesdale,  "  self 
entirely  disappears . .  .  .After  having  spoken 
with  hundreds  of  Japanese  of  every  con- 
dition in  life,  I  have  never  once  heard  any- 
thing approaching  to  a  boast  over  the 
brilliant  successes  of  the  late  war."  Too 
much,  however,  must  not  be  made  of  this  ; 
the  press  was,  naturally  enough,  full  of 
boasting,  and  all  the  Mongolian  races  are 
singularly  unemotional. 

Wherever  the  mission  went  on  its  long 
tour  through  the  country  the  school- 
children for  many  miles  round  were 
brought  to  greet  the  Prince.  It  must 
have  been  delightful  to  meet  everywhere 
the  "  children  waving  their  flags,  and  the 
girls'  schools  all  singing  '  God  save  th^ 
King  '  at  the  top  of  their  voices."  Of 
the  reception  at  Shimbashi  Lord  Redesdale 
says : — 

"  Never  before  was  such  a  compliment 
paid  as  that  which  awaited  Prince  Arthur. 
....  The  august  sovereign,  whom  his  sub- 
jects revere  as  something,  if  not  actually 
divine,  at  any  rate  far  removed  above  the 
rest  of  mankind,  and  as  heir  of  a  god- 
descended  line  of  kings,  had  come,  for  the 
first  time  in  all  the  history  of  the  country, 
publicly  to  acclaim  a  foreign  prince." 

Of  the  Emperor  himself  a  word  or  two 
must  be  said.  His  whole  time  is  given 
to  public  work.  What  little  leisure 
he  has  he  spends  in  writing  poetry.  The 
Empress,  too,  is  a  poetess.  Some  of 
her  poems  have  been  published  in  the 
newspapers,  and  "  have  been  much  ad- 
mired "  —  "  purely  on  their  merits," 
his  Japanese  informant  was  careful  to 
impress  upon  Lord  Redesdale.  The 
Emperor  —  it  would  be  better  to 
designate  the  sovereign  of  Japan  by  his 
native  title  Tenno—"  has  had  the  talent 
to  surround  himself  with  the  best  coun- 
cillors " — truly  a  kingly  talent — "  and  so 
has  he  raised  his  country  from  the  obscurity 
of  a  Hermit  Nation  to  the  proud  position 
she  now  occupies  among  the  great  Powers 
of  the  world." 

Further  review  of  a  book  of  this 
kind  is  unnecessary.  It  must  be  read, 
and  to  read  the  first  page  compels 
perusal  to  the  last.  The  narrative  is 
one  of  sustained  interest.  The  circum- 
stances and  environment  are  described 
with  the  grace  and  restraint  proper 
to  a  record  of  what  took  place  on 
Japanese  soil.  Lord  Redesdale's  hand 
has  lost  none  of  its  cunning.  His  picture 
of  Old  Japan  was    a    delight  some    forty 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


123 


years  ago,  and  his  portrait  of  New  Japan 
is,  if  possible,  more  attractive,  even  though 
it  lacks  some  of  the  quainter  traits  of  the 
one  limned  by  the  second  secretary  of  the 
British  Legation  when  Sir  Harry  Parkes 
was  Minister  to  Japan. 


Die  englische  Kolonisation  in  Irland.     Von 
Moritz  Julius  Bonn.     (Stuttgart,  Cotta.) 

Amid  the  mass  of  controversial  literature 
and  partisan  statements  concerning  the 
history  of  the  English  in  Ireland,  it  is 
refreshing  to  come  upon  a  book  written 
not  only  with  competent  knowledge,  but 
also  with  political  indifference.  Dr.  Bonn 
represents  no  party.  He  is  not  bitten 
with  the  Celtic  idea,  as  we  find  in  the  case 
■of  German  professors  who  have  made 
Irish  or  Welsh  philology  their  special 
study.  He  is  no  apostle,  or  self-con- 
stituted emissary  from  any  foreign  State, 
who  desires  to  stir  up  ill  will  between 
England  and  Ireland.  His  religious 
opinions,  whatever  they  may  be,  are 
kept  completely  out  of  sight.  These 
•qualities  make  his  book  a  most  valuable 
and  trustworthy  history,  though,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  loses  somewhat  owing  to 
its  cold  objectivity,  both  in  style  and  in 
matter. 

All  through  its  chapters  we  find 
a  want  of  appreciation  of  the  senti- 
mental side  of  Irish  religion.  Dr.  Bonn 
reminds  us  strongly  of  Sir  John  Davis, 
who,  in  writing  his  famous  tract  '  Why 
Ireland  was  never  thoroughly  Conquered^' 
omits  all  mention  of  the  question  of 
•creeds,  and  seems  to  prophesy  that  King 
James's  Plantation  has  settled,  or  will 
settle,  the  whole  Irish  problem.  Dr. 
Bonn  is  fully  aware  of  the  political  part 
played  by  the  Church  of  Rome  in  Ireland. 
He  even  in  one  place  gives  more  credit 
than  others  have  done  to  the  depth  of  the 
national  faith,  in  the  preservation  of 
which  he  does  not  give  sufficient  weight  to 
the  Jesuit  mission.  If  he  had  compared 
the  success  of  that  mission  in  Ireland, 
during  the  closing  years  of  Elizabeth, 
with  the  failure  of  an  exactly  similar 
mission  in  Wales,  he  would  have  been 
more  disposed  to  admit  that  the  common 
people  were  ready  to  follow  their  chieftains 
not  only  in  their  quarrels  but  also  in 
their  creeds.  But  these  are  disputable 
points.  The  whole  tenor  of  his  inquiry 
is  rather  economic,  or  political  on  that 
side,  than  spiritual. 

The  masterly  introduction  disposes  of 
the  fallacy  of  much  modern  Irish  writing, 
that  the  country  represents  a  Celtic  cha- 
racter, and  that  the  population  owes  its 
peculiarities  solely  to  that  strain  of  race. 
We  cannot  enter  into  dispute  concerning 
this  subject,  but  we  may  state  briefly 
what  we  conceive  to  be  the  truth  con- 
cerning the  early  history  of  the  country. 
In  the  first  place,  Ireland  as  far  back  as 
we  know  it,  and  according  to  its  very 
legends,  was  occupied  by  successive  strata 
of  population,  of  which  the  later  conquered 
and  enslaved  the  earlier,  but  of  course 
without  destroying  them.  Thus  ethno- 
logical inquirers  have,  at  least  of  recent 
years,    come    to    recognize    in    the    dark, 


grey-eyed,  submissive  inhabitants  of  many 
outlying  or  secluded  tracts  a  pre-Aryan 
layer  which  is  most  conveniently  called 
Firbolg.  These  were  the  so-called  churls, 
who  did  any  tillage  done  in  old  days,  and 
were  maltreated  horribly  by  Irish  clans 
and  invaders  alike.  They  still  represent 
a  very  important  feature  in  Irish  life — 
that  of  submission  to  the  village  tyrant, 
or  self-constituted  leader,  not  from  per- 
suasion or  from  ignorance  of  his  vices 
and  falsehoods,  but  merely  because  it  is 
their  traditional  instinct  to  obey.  The 
local  squireen,  who  defines  himself  as  a 
gentleman  because  "  he  never  did  a  hand's 
turn  for  himself  or  anybody  else,"  repre- 
sents the  swordsmen  and  lesser  free 
members  of  the  clans.  The  traders  in  the 
towns,  even  in  Galway,  represent  nothing 
but  foreign  settlers — Northmen,  Dutch- 
men, West  of  England  men,  who  have 
constantly  supplied  the  inferior  natives 
with  light  and  leading.  All  this  Dr.  Bonn 
perfectly  understands,  and  draws  in  his 
second  chapter  a  picture  of  the  Celtic 
life  in  Ireland  which  will  infuriate  the 
Irish  Nationalist  who  can  read  German, 
but  will  delight  the  sober  student.  Our 
author  thinks  that  the  descriptions  in 
Tacitus's  '  Germania '  and  the  famous 
picture  of  Gaul  by  Mommsen  fairly 
reproduce  the  Ireland  before  the  Con- 
quest— a  reckless  and  disordered  society, 
from  which  the  Danes,  by  their  ruthless 
sacking  of  churches  and  monasteries, 
had  rooted  or  almost  rooted  out  the 
only  hopeful  element  making  for  good. 
The  Normans,  indeed,  when  they  came, 
were  careful  to  found  many  religious 
houses  and  to  build  many  churches  ;  but 
these  houses  were  widely  different  from 
those  of  the  old  Irish  times,  and  to  many 
of  them  the  Iris*h  were  not  even  admitted. 
The  whole  society  found  by  Strongbow, 
and  conquered  in  much  the  same  way  as 
Cortes  and  Pizarro  conquered  Central 
America,  was  not  one  of  hope,  but  one 
which  promised  to  disappear,  as  it  had 
already  been  hopelessly  injured  by  inter- 
necine feuds  and  warfare.  The  English 
conquista,  badly  as  it  turned  out,  was 
therefore  a  lesser  evil  than  continued 
isolation  would  have  been. 

The  various  blunders  and  misfortunes 
of  the  English  colonization,  its  political 
and  economic  difficulties,  its  acknowledged 
failure,  are  all  set  down  with  masterly 
skill  by  Dr.  Bonn  in  what  may  fairly  be 
called  a  study  in  political  anatomy.  He 
awards  praise  (if  ever  it  is  due)  and  blame 
with  perfect  fairness.  Thus  it  is  usual, 
in  Irish  histories,  to  attribute  most  of  the 
poverty  and  wretchedness  of  the  country 
in  the  eighteenth  century  to  the  iniquitous 
commercial  laws  whereby  England  shackled 
or  destroyed  Irish  trade  for  the  benefit  of 
English  manufactures.  Our  author  does 
not  deny  the  iniquity  of  these  laws,  but 
he  takes  care  to  point  out  that,  even  if 
they  had  not  existed,  Ireland  could  never 
have  prospered  commercially  without 
acquiring  wholly  different  economic  con- 
ditions—thrift, diligence,  intelligence  in 
production  ;  in  fact,  those  qualities  which 
have  often  made  the  fortune  of  a  nation 
living    on    poor    soil    and    bad     climate, 


whereas  Ireland  is  rich  in  the  endowments 
of  nature.  The  answer  that,  had  no  unjust 
restrictions  existed,  these  qualities  would 
have  been  developed,  is  proved  fallacious 
by  the  case  of  North  -  Eastern  Ireland, 
where,  with  the  same  restrictions,  poorer 
soil,  and  worse  climate,  considerable 
prosperity  has  been  attained,  while  in  the 
rest  of  Ireland,  although  all  restrictions 
have  been  removed,  farming  remains  in  a 
semi-barbarous  condition. 

As  we  said  above,  it  is  foreign  to 
Dr.  Bonn's  attitude  to  discuss  any 
religious  causes  for  these  contrasts,  and 
we  shall  imitate  his  reticence.  But  poli- 
tical economy,  which  is  his  Fach,  gives  up, 
after  all,  only  partial  solutions  of  the 
great  problems  of  history  ;  the  sentiments 
or  prejudices  of  men  are  often  responsible 
for  fantastic  results  which  are  at  great 
variance  with  the  dictates  of  common 
sense  and  worldly  interest.  Thus  in 
noticing  the  various  efforts  of  the  English 
to  meet  the  recurring  periods  of  distress 
in  Ireland  in  the  nineteenth  century,  and 
the  obstacles  put  in  their  way  by  the 
Anglo-Irish  dominant  class,  he  regards, 
we  think,  too  much  of  this  resistance 
as  conscious  effort,  definite  policy,  and 
does  not  make  sufficient  allowance  for 
the  mere  drifting  into  difficulties,  and 
the  mere  blind  resistance  to  innovations 
without  estimating  the  consequences. 
The  great  vice  of  the  Irish  landed 
class  was  stupidity ;  this,  and  no  graver 
fault  (if  there  can  be  a  graver  fault  in 
politics),  accounts  for  all  their  misfor- 
tunes. Dr.  Bonn,  citing  from  official 
documents  (which  are  too  often  partial 
or  hostile  under  the  guise  of  figures), 
attributes  to  the  landlords  far  more 
harshness  and  worldly  care  of  their  interests 
than  ever  they  possessed.  It  is  significant 
of  their  intellectual  calibre  that  among 
the  many  members  they  contributed 
to  the  House  of  Commons  during  the  last 
generation,  when  their  very  existence  as 
a  class  was  at  stake,  there  was  not  a  single 
leader,  and  there  were  very  few  of  even 
average  ability.  Recently,  the  South 
County  of  Dublin  could  find  no  adequate 
home  candidate  to  represent  their  in- 
terests, and  had  recourse  to  an  English 
politician. 

A  party  with  no  natural  leaders  is  of 
course  doomed  to  defeat,  and  this  is  the 
outcome  of  Dr.  Bonn's  inquiry.  He 
considers  that  in  the  natural  course  of 
things  Ireland  will  revert  to  its  old  anti- 
English  population.  The  control  by 
English  intelligence  and  English  ideas 
will  cease,  "  and,  except  in  Ulster,  the 
English  colonist  who  cannot  accommodate 
himself  to  the  wishes  of  the  native  popu- 
lation must  depart."  Does  this  phrase 
mean  that  he  must  accommodate  himself 
in  creed  ?  If  so,  Dr.  Bonn  has  made  a 
very  serious  forecast.  But  it  is  tantaliz- 
ing that  he  has  not  added  to  this  parting 
shot  a  few  sentences  to  tell  us  what  he 
expects  of  Irish  civilization  under  the 
new  phase.  On  the  one  hand,  the 
Catholic  ('lunch  boasts  that  it  has  been 
for  centuries  the  upholder  of  culture  and 
learning.  On  the  other,  there  are  those 
who  think   that   within   a   few  years   the 


124 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


Catholic  hierarchy  will  be  obliged  to  retain 
in  Ireland  a  certain  number  of  educated 
Protestants  by  means  of  high  salaries 
in  order  to  maintain  even  an  appearance 
of  civilization  in  the  country.  Dr.  Bonn's 
calm  judgment  on  the  future  of  Ireland 
would  have  been  most  interesting  in  the 
face  of  these  wide  differences  of  opinion. 
But  the  dry  light  of  his  science  does  not 
condescend  to  such  speculations.  Though 
his  writing  is  devoid  of  ornament,  the 
number  of  foreign  words  which  variegate 
his  style  proves  that  he  is  no  German 
nationalist,  but  merely  a  man  of  strict 
and  cold  science.  We  strongly  commend 
his  most  valuable  study  to  our  readers. 


The  Great  Revolt  of  1381.     By  C.  Oman- 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

Prof.  Oman  has  performed  a  useful  work 
in  bringing  together  the  results  attained 
by  the  students  of  a  famous  episode  in 
our  history,  and  adding  thereto  some  fresh 
information.  His  work  will  now  be  the 
textbook  on  the  subject,  and  one  which 
teachers  will  welcome.  In  addition  to 
the  well-known  published  writings,  in 
recent  years,  of  M.  Reville,  Mr.  George 
Trevelyan,  and  Mr.  Edgar  Powell,  the 
author  has  availed  himself  of  some  new 
material  in  the  form  of  poll-tax  returns 
at  the  Public  Record  Office,  which  has 
enabled  him  to  propound  a  definite  theory 
as  to  the  actual  cause  of  the  revolt. 

Prof.  Oman's  first  chapter  is  devoted 
to  setting  forth  "  the  complicated  griev- 
ances "  with  which  England  was  "  seeth- 
ing "  when  the  "  unhappy  poll  tax  "  was 
granted  in  the  Parliament  which  met  at 
Northampton  on  November  5th,  1380. 
In  the  next  he  explains  very  clearly  why 
the  system  adopted  for  the  poll  tax  would 
prove  harsh  in  its  working,  namely,  that 
where  there  were  no  well-to-do  residents 
in  a  parish,  to  be  assessed  at  a  higher  rate, 
the  whole  sum  due  from  it,  which  was 
determined  by  its  population,  had  to  be 
raised  from  the  common  people.  His 
discovery,  as  we  learn  from  the  Preface, 
and  his  chief  new  point,  are  that  the 
commons  conspired  to  defeat  the  Govern- 
ment's intention  by  "  the  townships  and 
their  constables  "  sending  in  false  returns, 
in  which  the  population  was  grossly  under- 
estimated ;  and  that  the  Government's 
retort  was  the  issue  of  a  '  Writ  of  Inquiry 
as  to  the  Fraudulent  Levying  of  the  Poll 
Tax,'  in  fifteen  counties,  on  March  16th. 
This  writ  (which,  he  believes,  has  never 
before  been  printed)  was  virtually,  in  his 
opinion,  "  the  provocative  cause  of  the 
whole  revolt  "  ;  in  addition  to  making 
every  family  which  had  concealed  some 
members  pay  the  tax  on  them,  it  ex- 
posed them  "  to  punishment  for  having 
concealed  them,"  and  involved  "  the 
chastisement  of  tens  of  thousands  of 
offenders."  Hence  "  an  explosion  of 
popular  wrath,"  which  did  not  begin, 
however,  H  is  admitted,  till  six  weeks  later. 
The  author's  theory,  we  fear,  shows 
signs  of  haste  and  insufficient  study  of 
the    documents    he   cites.     He   seems    to 


be  unacquainted  with  the  important  Com- 
missions issued  as  early  as  January  2nd 
to  sheriffs  and  escheators  of  counties, 

"  to  inquire  touching  the  number, 
names,  abode,  and  condition  of  all  lay 
persons  over  fifteen  (beggars  excepted),  and, 
without  waiting  for  or  communicating  with 
the  collectors  or  controllers  of  the  subsidy, 
to  certify  the  result  into  the  Exchequer, 
with  power  to  arrest  and  imprison  the  dis- 
obedient," 

which  not  only  anticipate  his  writ  of 
March  16th,  but  are  even  previous  to 
January  13th  (we  take  the  date  from 
Stubbs,  for  Mr.  Oman  does  not  give  it), 
when  the  first  payments  had  to  be  made 
by  the  collectors. 

Again,  he  charges  the  villagers  themselves 
with  making  the  false  returns,  and  their 
constables  with  conniving.  But  his  own 
writ  lays  the  entire  blame  on  the  Taxatores 
and  Collector es,  who  had  "  omitted  per- 
sons "  they  ought  to  have  included  ;  and 
although  he  loosely  cites  the  writ  as  stating 
"  that  the  collectors  and  constables  [sic] 
had  behaved  with  shameless  negligence 
and  corruption,"  it  distinguishes,  on  the 
contrary,  most  carefully  the  above  tax- 
collectors  from  the  constables,  and,  instead 
of  blaming  the  latter,  instructs  the  com- 
missioners to  take  their  evidence  and  that 
of  the  leading  villagers  as  to  the  true 
numbers.  Moreover,  we  do  not  find  in 
it  a  word  about  the  "  punishment " 
or  "  chastisement,"  as  alleged,  of  the 
families  which  had  made  false  returns, 
or  "  its  threats  of  imprisonment  "  against 
innumerable  townships,  but  only  the  usual 
instructions  to  arrest  and  imprison  those 
who .  resisted  the  Commissioners  in  the 
execution  of  their  duties. 

Nor  is  this  all.  Prof.  Oman,  we  fear, 
has  hopelessly  confused  the  poll-tax 
returns,  to  the  figures  in  which  he  attaches 
so  much  importance.  There  are  two 
distinct  sets  of  figures  :  the  one  taken 
from  the  "  first  return,"  namely,  that  of 
January,  which  the  Government  deemed 
grossly  deficient  ;  the  other  from  the 
"  revised  return  of  May,"  as  he  terms 
it  in  a  note  (p.  30)  based  on  Mr. 
Powell's  researches.  But  in  the  Appendix 
devoted  to  the  poll-tax  rolls  there  is  no 
mention  or  hint  of  more  than  one  return, 
and  this  seems  also  to  be  true  of  the 
volume  as  a  whole.  Worse  still,  we  dis- 
cover, on  collating  the  figures,  that  those 
given  for  the  first  return,  on  p.  28,  are 
also  given,  two  pages  further  on,  as  those 
of  the  revised  returns,  in  the  cases  of 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk  (the  only  ones  we 
can  test),  although  the  discrepancy|between 
the  two  returns  is  there  shown  to  be 
enormous.  The  point  is  really  of  great 
importance,  for  in  the  Appendix  setting 
out  '  The  Population  of  England  in  1381  ' 
we  are  definitely  told  that  the  figures  are 
those  "  returned  by  the  collectors  of  the 
poll  tax  of  1381,"  i.e.,  of  the  first  return 
as  on  p.  28,  and  yet,  here  also,  the  figures 
given  for  Norfolk,  Norwich,  and  Suffolk 
(and,  therefore,  presumably,  all  the  rest) 
are  those,  according  to  p.  30,  not  of  the 
first  return,  but  of  the  later  "  revised  " 
one.  We  are  thus  left  hopelessly  in  the 
dark  as  to  which  figures  we  are  dealing 


with.  If  they  are  those,  not  of  the  first, 
but  of  the  revised  return,  then  the  dis- 
crepancy between  the  original  returns  of 
the  collectors  and  those  for  the  earlier 
poll  tax  of  1377  must  be  far  more  startling 
than  even  Mr.  Oman  imagines. 

For  the  student  it  will  be  a  great  con- 
venience to  have  here  reprinted  the- 
important  chronicle  of  the  revolt  contri- 
buted by  Mr.  Trevelyan  to  The  English 
Historical  Review,  and  the  report  of  the 
inquiry  on  "  the  chief  London  traitors  " 
which  M.  Reville  transcribed.  The  former- 
is  translated  by  Mr.  Oman,  accurately  we 
hope.  But  it  is  disquieting  to  find  him 
rendering,  in  the  narrative  of  the  first 
riot,  "  lis  ne  voderont  nulle  denier  paier, 
pur  cause  que  ils  avoient  un  acquitance 
pur  celle  subsidie "  (p.  32),  by  "they 
would  not  pay  a  penny  more  because 
they  already  had  a  receipt  from  himself 
for  the  said  subsidy."  Their  receipt, 
on  the  contrary,  would  be  from  the 
collectors  whose  levy  the  commissioner 
had  come  to  revise.  In  the  other 
document,  we  notice  that  Mr.  Oman 
selects  "  Sibley "  as  an  alderman's 
name,  when  its  true  form  is  well  ascer- 
tained as  Sibille,  Sibile,  or  Sybyle.  One- 
is  glad  to  have,  in  another  appendix,  the 
"Poll-tax  returns  of  Hinckford  Hundred^ 
Essex,  in  detail,"  which  are  interesting 
enough  ;  but  the  reader  should  be  warned 
that  the  Hundred  contained  forty-six 
parishes,  though  returns  are  here  given 
for  only  "  thirteen  townships "  (i.e. 
parishes),  and  the  uncouth  Bumpstead 
"  ad  trim  "  might  surely  have  been  given, 
as  "  ad  t[ur]rim,"  and  Hythingham  iden- 
tified as  Hedingham.  One  expects  these 
things  from  the  careful  historical  scholar- 
ship of  to-day,  and  one  does  not  like  to 
see  the  poll  tax  of  1377  described  on  one 
page  as  levied  from  all  "  over  15  years  of 
age,"  while  we  are  warned  on  another 
that  it  was  payable  by  "  all  persons  over 
fourteen"  not  (as  in"  1381)  over  fifteen. 
It  is  because  Prof.  Oman's  book,  as  we 
have  said,  supplies  a  want  for  teachers 
and  students  that  we  have  drawn  atten- 
tion to  certain  points  which  will  require 
revision  if  he  should  undertake  a  fresh 
edition. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


The  Compromise.     By  Dorothea  Gerard. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
Any  attempt  to  give,  in  the  limited  space 
at  our  disposal,  the  gist  of  this  story  of 
the  Highland  slate  quarries  might  lead 
the  reader  to  put  it  aside  as  a  tract  in 
favour  of  the  celibacy  of  the  ministry. 
This  would  be  a  great  mistake,  although 
the  tragedy  of  an  ill-mated  pair  and  the 
consequences  of  their  mistake  on  a  second 
generation  form  its  major  portion.  The 
pathetic  picture  of  the  man  of  lofty  spirit 
gradually  losing  touch,  first  with  his. 
worldly-minded  little  wife,  and  after  her 
death  with  his  children,  is  limned — we 
had  almost  said — to  perfection,  and  the 
atmosphere  which  surrounds  the  slate 
quarries  and  the  hardy  sons  of  toil  to- 
whom  the  worthy  pastor,  himself  one  of 


fc?°4il0,  Aug.  4,  190B 


THE    AtHEN^ttM 


125 


them,  feels    a  call,  is  excellently    repro- 
duced. 


Frere's  Housekeeper.     By  Margaret  Smith. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

For  a  first  novel  '  Frere's  Housekeeper  ' 
is  decidedly  promising.  The  heroine's 
situation  is  in  itself  original.  Driven 
from  her  home  by  a  fanatical  father  and 
a  dissipated  brother,  Janet  finds  herself 
living  as  "  help  "  in  a  shiftless  household, 
consisting  of  young  children,  a  dying 
mother,  and  an  amiable,  but  entirely 
helpless  father.  After  Mrs.  Frere's  death 
the  village  tongues  begin  to  wag,  and  not 
without  reason,  since  Janet's  employer — 
a  perfectly  irresponsible,  but  attractive 
personality — is  not  long  in  awaking  to 
the  charms  of  his  young  housekeeper, 
who  has  promised  his  wife  on  her  death- 
bed not  to  desert  the  babies.  She,  how- 
ever, still  considers  herself  bound  to  a 
spiritless  music-master  of  previous  ac- 
quaintance, and  it  remains  for  the  squire 
of  East  Buckley,  by  a  series  of  ungentle- 
manly  assaults,  to  storm  the  citadel  and 
win  the  heart  of  the  high-spirited,  but 
much-disillusioned  young  woman.  Pierce 
Hardy's  character  is,  oddly  enough,  the 
least  successful  in  the  book,  and  is  not  on 
the  same  level  with  that  of  Frere,  or  Janet 
herself,  or  the  remarkably  vivid  portrait 
of  the  rustic  "  Crazy  Craddock."  There  is 
in'  the  book  a  fine  leaven  of  humour,  which 
safely  carries  the  heroine  through  her  many 
difficulties. 


Thalassa.     By     Mrs.     Baillie     Reynolds. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Though — or  maybe  because — the  central 
figure  of  this  story  is  strongly  reminiscent 
of  Charlotte  Bronte's  Rochester,  it  is 
eminently  a  pleasant  book  to  read — sweet 
and  wholesome.  The  heroine  is  one  of 
those  charming  personalities  whom  we 
have  come  to  look  for  from  this  author. 
Once  the  characters  are  staged — and  this 
process  is  somewhat  long  drawn  out — the 
denouement  is  inevitable  to  those  who 
know  their  '  Jane  Eyre.'  We  cannot 
bestow  higher  praise  than  to  say  that 
this  does  not  detract  from  our  sustained 
interest  in  the  characters  and  their  story. 


The    Corner    House.     By    F.    M.    White. 
(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

The     Yellow    Face.     By    F.    M.    White. 
(F.  V.  White  &  Co.) 

Two  more  detective  stories  are  to  hand 
from  the  prolific  author  of  '  The  Cardinal 
Moth.'  If  any  one  wishes  to  reach  his 
holiday  resort  without  any  knowledge  of 
what  sort  of  country  he  has  passed  through , 
on  the  way,  let  him  take  these  stories  to 
read  on  the  journey.  For  ourselves,  we 
look  for  a  pause  in  the  flow  of  this  writer's 
fiction,  for  we  expect  from  his  clever  and 
ingenious  pen  one  of  those  sustained  and 
noteworthy  novels  which  require  ample 
leisure  and  consideration. 


Mave.     By  Randall  Charlton.     (Methuen 
&Co.) 

This  novel  we  take  from  various  evidences 
to  be  the  work  of  a  comparatively  new 
arrival  in  the  field  of  fiction.  The  dialogue 
is  rather  too  full  of  sound  and  fury  and 
the  clash  of  exclamatory  utterance  ;  but 
the  odd  story,  when  it  does  not  suggest 
a  partially  insane  fancy,  shows  a  riotous, 
if  not  always  strong  imagination.  One 
asks  what  influence,  if  not,  perhaps,  Mr. 
Meredith's,  may  have  helped  to  shape  some 
of  the  situations.  The  unnecessary  strength 
of  language  is  one  of  the  principal  weak- 
nesses of  the  book. 


CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    HISTORY. 

Ten  Tudor  Statesmen,  by  A.  D.  Innes 
(Nash),  is  a  well- written  collection  of  short 
and  eminently  sensible  character  sketches 
of  Henry  VII.  and  VIII.,  Wolsey,  More, 
Cromwell,  Somerset,  Cranmer,  Cecil,  Wal- 
singham,  and  Raleigh,  with  reproduc- 
tions from  their  portraits.  They  would 
make  excellent  "  Extension  Lectures," 
and  perhaps  have  already  served  that  pur- 
pose. We  are  willing  to  accept  most  of 
these  judgments  as  thoroughly  sane  and 
practical.  Only  in  the  case  of  Raleigh  there 
appears  a  tendency  to  view  his  work  in 
colonial  enterprise  through  a  haze  of  rosy 
illusion.  A  word  must  be  said  below  in 
another  connexion  on  the  author's  account 
of  Cromwell's  rise  to  power,  which  is  repre- 
sented as  more  sudden  than  it  really  was. 
The  volume  will  not  add  anything  to  the 
reputation  of  the  author  of  '  England  under 
the  Tudors,'  which  contains  stronger  work, 
but  it  may  induce  those  who  read  history 
by  preference  in  the  form  of  light  essays 
to  turn  to  his  more  serious  book 
for  further  information.  "  Henningham  " 
is  a  mistake  for  Castle  Hedingham,  but 
small  slips  of  this  sort  are  not  numerous. 

We  can  recommend  also  a  book  which 
treats  of  the  same  period,  in  the  same  agree- 
able, if  somewhat  desultory  way.  Renascence 
Portraits,  by  Dr.  Paul  Van  Dyke  (Constable 
&  Co.),  contains  essays  on  Pietro  Aretino, 
Thomas  Cromwell,  and  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian, a  somewhat  strangely  assorted  trio. 
The  essays  are  the  result  of  considerable 
research,  and  are  well-written  and  interest- 
ing studies,  injured  only  by  a  total  want  of 
care  in  the  correction  of  the  proofs,  and  a 
general  laxity  in  such  small  particulars  as 
references  and  foot-notes.  As  Professor  of 
History  at  Princeton,  Dr.  Van  Dyke  chooses 
the  opportunity  of  introducing  students  to 
the  life  and  writings  of  Aretino,  the  Oscar 
Wilde  of  sixteenth-century  Venice,  and  for 
once  it  may  be  desirable  to  hope  that  the 
young  will  rest  content  with  what  their 
teacher  has  given  them,  and  abstain  from 
closer  inspection  of  the  original  sources. 
The  nature  of  the  fascination  which  Aretino 
exercised  over  men  and  women  of  liis  own 
generation  is  cleverly  and  sympathetically 
analyzed  by  Dr.  Van  Dyke,  who  has  made 
a  sufficient  use  of  the  Italian  editions  of  his 
letters. 

The  essay  on  Cromwell  is  the  outcome  of 
a  minute  inquiry  into  Cardinal  Pole's  account 
of  the  "  student  of  Machiavelli,"  and  in 
discussing  the  circumstances  of  Cromwell's 
rise  to  power  the  author  takes  a  view  not 
altogether  in  accordance  with  that  of  Mr. 
Lanes;  Mr.  Innes's  theory  that  Cromwell, 
in  his  first  interview  with  the  king,  suggested 
the     broad     outlines     of     the     Reformation 


policy,  and  in  consequence  at  once  became 
Henry's  intellectual  inspirer,  involves  one 
great  difficulty,  namely,  the  lapse  of  some 
years  before  Cromwell's  supremacy  became 
the  subject  of  attention  in  diplomatic  circles. 

Whether  Henry  VIII.  or  Cromwell  in- 
spired the  part  which  the  other  played  is  still 
as  doubtful  as  it  was  to  the  spectators  of 
the  drama. 

Finally,  the  account  of  Maximilian  (though 
in  the  German  references  the  printers  have 
found  even  greater  difficulty  than  in  Italian) 
may  be  praised  as  a  fresh,  just,  and  well- 
drawn  character  study,  which  serves  well 
the  purpose  of  an  introductory  sketch.  It 
might  with  advantage  have  been  placed  at 
the  beginning  of  the  volume  instead  of 
the  end.  Reproductions  of  three  famous 
portraits  of  the  biographer's  subjects  appear 
in  the  text. 

In  criticizing  Lectures  on  the  History  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  by  G.  D.  Ferguson,  Professor 
of  History  in  the  Queen's  University, 
Kingston,  Canada  (Kingston,  Canada,  Uglow 
&  Co.),  we  must  note  that  the  -work  has 
been  unusually  badly  printed.  Prof.  Fergu- 
son tells  us  that  this  is  due  to  the  inexperi- 
ence of  colonial  publishers,  and  the  use  of 
the  linotype,  which  has  caused  new  errors 
after  the  volume  left  the  author's  hands. 
These  lectures  were  surely  worth 
issuing  in  better  style.  There  is  much 
sound  scholarly  work  in  them,  but  in 
their  present  form  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  read  them  attentively,  the  mind  being 
continually  distracted  by  errors  of  every 
possible  variety.  Prof.  Ferguson  has  gone 
over  an  immense  amount  of  ground  in  a 
summary  way,  dwelling  mainly  on  mediaeval 
institutions  from  the  fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire  to  the  Reformation,  chiefly 
from  the  poirt  of  view  of  France.  Neither 
his  style  nor  his  judgment  keeps  pace  with 
his  learning,  which  is  evidently  considerable. 
The  style  is  too  often  slipshod,  and  the 
decisions  on  a  good  many  points  excite 
question  ;  for  instance,  the  observations 
that  England  was  isolated  "  throughout  the 
whole  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  and  that  "her  con- 
nection with  France  through  Normandy  was 
rather  [sic]  hostile,  and  neither  country  was 
likely  to  be  influenced  by  the  other's  civiliza- 
tion." There  is  a  certain  pleasing  naivete 
in  some  of  Prof.  Ferguson's  observations  : 
he  complains  that  Dr.  Hodgkin's  explana- 
tion of  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  is 
unsatisfactory,  as  it  amounts  to  little  more 
than  a  statement  that  it  was  God's  will  : 
"  I,  too,  firmly  believe  in  '  God  in  History,' 
but  I  also  believe  that  man  is  a  most  im- 
portant factor  in  carrying  out  his  own 
destiny."  The  most  satisfactory  thing  in 
these  lectures  is  the  evidence  which  they  offer 
that  the  lecturer  is  in  touch  with  continental 
learning  at  all  points  important  for  his 
subject,  and  that  theyoungCanadianstudents, 
at  whose  request  the  book  is  published, 
are  being  introduced  to  a  wide  range  of 
historical  study  under  the  guidance  of  a 
competent  teacher.  But  the  whole  must 
be  carefully  corrected  before  any  use  can 
be  made  of  it  in  England. 

The  Economic  Development  of  a  Norfolk 
Manor,  1086-1565.  By  F.  G.  Davenport. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) — This  is  an 
extremely  unpretentious,  but  none  the  less 
very  remarkable  piece  of  work,  which  comes 
from  the  hand  of  an  American  lady  who  is 
now  assisting  in  the  department  of  historical 
research  in  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Wash- 
ington. The  subject  of  Miss  Davenport's 
study  lias  been  the  court  rolls  of  the  manor 
of  Form 'ft  t.  Dear  Norwich,  which  tun  nod  part 
of  the  estate  <>t'  the  Earls  of  Norfolk.  With 
extraordinary  zeal  she  has  hunted  out  from 
many  various  sources  a  mass  of  documents 


128 


'Me  at hen^DM 


N°4ilt),  Aug.  4,  1906 


relating    to    this    now    unimportant    place  ; 
but  equal  to  her  zeal  has  been  her  discretion, 
for  she  has  mastered  her  material,  and  has 
not  allowed  it  to  master  her.     In  the  appen- 
dixes   about    ninety  pages    of    transcribed 
record   are   printed — a   small   fraction   only 
of  what  has  been  handled.     The  paper  on 
the  scientific  results  of  the  inquiry  occupies 
a   hundred  pages,   and  here  is  set   out  the 
history    during    five    centuries    of    a    manor 
which    there    is    every    reason    to    suppose 
resembled     hundreds     of     its     neighbours. 
The  history  of  the  lord's  demesne  is  studied 
century  by  century,  and  the  history  of  the 
relations    of    the    tenants    to    their    land   is 
taken  period   by  period   in   the   same  way. 
The  results  obtained  are  not  mere  jejune 
records  of  dead  facts  ;  they  are  facts  grouped 
for  interpretation,   and  with  such  skill  are 
they  interpreted  that  we  feel  that  we  are 
reading  in  the  history  of  Forncett  the  agri- 
cultural history  of  a  great  part  of  England. 
It    is    very    difficult     to    deal    statistically 
with    matters     which     absolutely     demand 
statistical  interpretation  if  they  are  to  have 
any    real    importance,    and    as    relentlessly 
refuse  to  submit  to  the  application  of  sta- 
tistical   principles.     The    cryptic    character 
of  such  records  is  generally  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  writer  was  an  accountant,  not  a 
statistician,   and   as   an  accountant  he   was 
careless    how    often    he    altered    his     terms 
and   his   scheme   of  reckoning.     Every   one 
who  has  copied  a  terrier,  or  has  tried  to  trace 
out    by    means    of    plans    the    geographical 
history     of    village     holdings,     knows    how 
tantalizingly  often  the  faded  picture  seems 
about  to  reappear  in  all  its  original  sharpness 
of  outline,  and  then  suddenly  comes  a  blot, 
a    gall-stain,    a    piece    of    blurred    modern 
drawing,  and  the  hope  of  complete  restora- 
tion is   gone.     The  simplest  human   annals 
have       often     followed     the     pattern      of 
"  Hollane,"  a  road  in  Forncett,  which  Miss 
Davenport  thus  describes  : — 

' '  This  road  is  sunk  so  deep  below  the  level  of 
the  fields  that  it  has  been  abandoned  in  part  for 
a  parallel  road  running  next  it,  but  on  higher 
ground." 

The  history  of  Forncett  and,  indeed, 
of  every  manor  is  more  complex  than 
this,  and.  the  moral  of  it  is  not  so  easily 
pointed.  Forncett  has  kept  some  open 
fields  to  this  day,  but  it  is  not  one  of  those 
places  where  tho  open  fields  fall  into  pretty 
patterns  ;  there  were  too  many  settlements 
within  the  manor  to  admit  of  the  existence 
of  a  simple  field  system  with  well-defined 
outlines.  The  manorial  unity  had  nothing 
of  tho  immemorial  about  it  here. 

We  commend  specially  to  the  attention 
of  students  the  map  of  Forncett  which 
accompanies  this  book.  Those  who  have 
ever  attempted  to  make  such  a  map  will 
know  that  it  is  not  an  easy  thing.  The 
facts  have  an  awkward  habit  of  "  slipping," 
as  tracing  paper  slips  if  it  is  not  firmly  held 
by  pins  ;  and  once  the  facts  have  slipped, 
accurate  reproduction  becomes  impossible. 
On  this  map  a  single  contour  is  stated  to  be 
"  conjectural  "  ;  the  position  of  the  mes- 
suages in  one  small  plot  alone  is  "  con- 
jectural." Such  a  result  lias  involved 
infinite  patience,  memory,  and  above  all 
that  power  of  accurate  geographical  vision 
which  tho  antiquary  often  lacks. 

What  has  been  done  for  this  manor — 
by  no  means  a  specially  simple  case — could 
be  done  for  others.  Students  of  local  topo- 
graphy have  needed  a  model  ol'  this  kind, 
for     though      we      have      plenty      of      printed 

record  and  plenty  of  antiquarian  zeal, 
intellect  uid  stimulus  lias  been  lacking  the 
knowledge  of  what  to  look  lor,  and  examples 

of  scientific  co-ordination.  Among  the  moie 
striking    results    obtained    by    the    present 


inquiry  we  note  the  evidence  which  points 
to  the  fact  that  wdiile  the  unfree  were  grouped 
in  village  clusters,  many  of  the  freemen 
dwelt  apart  and  scattered  ;  the  evidence 
that  the  free  holding  averaged  in  size  about 
50  per  cent,  more  than  the  servile  ;  the 
evidence  of  an  unusually  active  land  market 
in  the  early  fifteenth  century,  with  com- 
paratively high  rentals  ;  and  above  all  the 
evidence  which  shows  that  between  1376 
and  1565  the  loss  of  population  after  the 
Black  Death  was  never  recovered  :  the 
population  of  the  manor  remained  about 
half  as  great  as  it  had  been  during  the  early 
part  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

The  England  and  Holland  of  the  Pilgrims, 
by  the  late  Dr.  H.  M.  Dexter  and  his  son 
Morton  Dexter  (Constable  &  Co.),  is  a  very 
minute  and  learned  study  of  the  early  founders 
of  Congregationalism.     Dr.  Dexter's   '  Con- 
gregationalism   of    the    last    Two    Hundred 
Years,'   published  in   1880,   excited  a  good 
deal    of   controversy,    and    he   devoted   the 
remaining    years    of    his    life    to    a    further 
detailed     inquiry     into     the     lives    of     the 
founders    of    the    Pilgrim    Church,    Robert 
Browne,     John     Robinson,     and     especially 
William  Brewster.     He  collected  a  mass  of 
polemical    Puritan    literature,    and    worked 
laboriously  in  English  and  Dutch  archives. 
He  did  not  live  to  complete  his  work,  but  his 
son  has  carried  it  on  and  has  published  the 
collections  relating  to  the  origins'of  Brownism 
in  England  and  in  Holland.     They  are  some- 
what needlessly  discursive,  going  back  even 
to     Domesday     Book      for     particulars     of 
the  village  of  Scrooby,  in  Nottinghamshire, 
which  had  the  honour  of  being  the  scene  of 
William     Brewster's    early     activities.     Dr. 
Dexter     succeeded     in    tracing     Brewster's 
connexion   with   Peterhouse,    and   in   conse- 
quence   a    chapter    is    devoted    to    English 
university  life  from  early  times.     The  second 
half   of  this  stout  volume   of   673  pages  is 
more  valuable  than  the  first,  for  here  we  are 
upon    ground    which    is    the    author's    own, 
namely,    the    history    of    the    Brownists    in 
Amsterdam  and  Ley  den  to  1620,  the  year  of 
the     departure     for     New    England.      An 
appendix  gives  full  details  of  all  the  persons 
who  made  up  the  Pilgrim  company  in  Leyden, 
a  work  involving  much  painstaking  research. 
There  is  also  a  bibliography,  but  it  is  not 
very  satisfactorily  arranged,  the  titles  of  the 
various  tracts  of  Apology,  Appeal,  and  Argu- 
ment being  set  out  in  alphabetical  conjunc- 
tion, for  instance,  with  '  Arch.  Hist.  Camb., 
Willis-Clark.' 

Flame-bearers  of  Welsh  History  :  being 
the  Outline  of  the  Story  of  '  The  Sons  of 
Cunedda. '  Bv  Owen  Rhoscomyl.  (Merthyr 
Tydfil,  the  Welsh  Educational  Publishing 
Company.) — Owen  Rhoscomyl  has  hitherto 
been  known  chiefly  as  a  writer  of  historical 
romances.  He  now  makes  his  first  appear- 
ance in  the  role  of  historian  and  antiquary. 
It  is  necessary  to  emphasize  this  at  the 
outset,  as  both  the  title  of  his  new  book  and 
the  associations  of  his  name  may  suggest  to 
many  a  work  of  fiction  rather  than  a  contri- 
bution to  the  early  history  of  the  Cymry. 
Feeling,  perhaps,  the  need  of  sponsors  to 
vouch  for  him  in  this  changed  character,  he 
has  succeeded  in  inducing  the  Professors  of 
Celtic  at  Oxford  and  Liverpool  to  introduce 
him  to  his  new  public  in  a  couple  of  eulo- 
gistic prefaces.  The  style  in  which  this  first 
historical  essay  is  written  remains,  however, 
that  of  romance,  and  even  some  of  the  matter 
seems  also  to  belong  to  that  branch  of 
imaginative  literature.  The  writer  has  at- 
tempted a-  new  version  of  some  obscure 
chapters  (if  early  British  history,  without 
giving  adequate  authorities  for  his  state- 
ments. Indeed,  he  frankly  states  in  his 
introduction  that  much  of  the  matter  of  his 


book  is  "  totally  new,  and  therefore  to  be 
doubted  until  the  proofs  are  known."  It 
is  in  the  Old  Welsh  genealogies  that  he  looks 
for  "  the  new  evidence,"  but  these  have 
hitherto  been  only  little  used,  partly  owing 
to  the  fact  that,  in  common  with  Welsh 
genealogies  of  a  much  later  period,  their 
names  have  no  dates  assigned  to  them ;  partly 
also  because  copyists  are  believed  to  have 
repeatedly  strung  together  a  series  of  inde- 
pendent pedigrees,  innocently  representing 
them  as  one  continuous  genealogy.  Owen 
Rhoscomyl  prides  himself  upon  having  dis- 
covered a  key,  if  not  a  number  of  keys,  to 
this  tangled  maze  : — 

' '  That  key  is  Nature's  law  of  the  contem- 
poraneousness of  any  number  of  men  co-descended 
in  any  given  number  of  generations  from  a  common 
ancestor,  provided  always  that  they  live  under 
such  natural  laws  and  conditions  as  those  of  pre- 
Norman,  or  pre-Edwardian  Cymru." 

This  proviso  postulates  a  great  deal  as  to 
the  chances  of  life  in  early  Wales.  But 
even  if  the  truth  of  the  so-called  law  be 
granted,  we  think  that  the  claim  put  forward 
as  to  its  value  in  solving  the  problems  of 
primitive  Cymric  society  is  greatly  ex- 
aggerated. Prof.  Kuno  Meyer  states  it  as 
follows  in  his  commendatory  preface  : — 

"  By  discovering  a  law,  synchronising  the 
generations  in  the  early  centuries  of  our  era,  he 
[the  author]  is  enabled  to  show  in  which  genera- 
tion, and  therefore  at  what  date,  each  person 
lived,  thus  placing  him  side  by  side  with  his  con- 
temporaries. Then,  as  his  kinship  and  the  district 
to  which  he  belonged  is  known,  he  finds  it  possible 
to  judge  which  side  in  a  conflict  each  person  would 
be  most  likely  to  take,  and  also  what  events  and 
movements  he  could  not  possibly  have  taken  part 
in  by  reason  of  his  location.  By  thus  using  the 
pedigrees  as  a  thread  through  the  maze  of  shifting 
events,  or  conflicting  accounts,  he  is  further  able 
to  gauge  the  migration  of  tribes,  and  sometimes, 
by  showing  the  simultaneous  shifting  of  a  group  of 
tribes  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  the  other, 
to  establish  the  fact  of  the  migration  of  a  whole 
race." 

There  is  certainly  nothing  in  this  volume  to 
warrant  such  sweeping  assertions  ;  in  fact, 
Prof.  Meyer  himself  hesitates  to  say,  "without 
much  further  investigation,"  how  far  these 
results  have  been  obtained  in  the  present 
work,  and  he  obviously  recognizes  the 
necessity  of  far  more  convincing  proofs 
when  he  expresses  the  hope — which  we 
re-echo — "  that  Owen  Rhoscomyl  may  be 
enabled  to  lay  his  researches  before  the 
public  in  a  still  fuller  (and  more  strictly 
scientific)  manner." 

What  the  author's  study  of  the  Genea- 
logies of  the  Princes  has  led  him  to  give  us 
is  not  so  much  a  history  of  the  Welsh  people 
as  a  flamboyant  account  of  the  descendants 
of  the  kingly  stock  of  the  North  British 
chieftain  Cunedda,  who  seized  the  office  of 
Dux  Britannianun  and  the  "  Crown  of 
Britain  "  on  the  departure  of  the  Romans, 
down  to  that  time,  just  a  thousand  years 
later,  when  Cunedda' s  descendant,  "  Harry 
Tudor,  recaptured  that  Crown,  on  Anbian 
Hill,  in  the  centre  of  England."  In  con- 
nexion with  the  author's  florid  style  it  should 
be  said  that  the  work,  in  the  cheaper  form  of  a 
"  school  edition,"  is  intended  for  use  as  a 
"  reader"  in  secondary  schools  and  the  upper 
standards  of  primary  schools.  It  is,  how- 
ever, strange  that  he  should  choose  a  school- 
book  as  the  medium  for  giving  to  the  public 
the  firstfruits  of  his  research,  and  stating, 
for  the  first  time,  his  newly  formed  theories 
as  to  certain  points  in  Welsh  history. 

The  preceding  criticism  applies,  for  the 
most  part,  only  to  tho  first  hundred  pages 
of  the  book,  or  about  one-third  of  the  whole. 
In  the  remaining  portion  the  author  presents 
a  series  of  glowing  pictures — perhaps  occa- 
sionally over-coloured — of  tho  Welsh  princes 


N°  4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


127 


and  their  exploits  from  the  time  of  Howel 
the  Good  to  the  accession  of  Henry  VII.  It 
is  evident  that  his  account  of  the  military 
operations  of  this  period  is  the  result  not 
only  of  careful  study  of  the  documentary 
evidence,  but  also  of  visits  to  the  actual 
scenes  of  those  operations.  The  author's 
training  and  experience  as  a  soldier- — a  fact 
disclosed  by  Prof.  Rhys — give  weight  to  his 
conclusions  on  such  subjects,  while  his  appre- 
ciation of  the  valour  and  warlike  skill  of  the 
Welsh  will  help  to  strengthen  the  national 
feeling  of  self-respect  in  the  youths  of  the 
public  schools  of  Wales. 

M.    Dry     in    his    present    work,    Soldats 
Ambassadeurs    sous    le    Directoire,    2    vols. 
(Paris,    Plon),  undertakes    to    describe    the 
work  and  careers  of  the  chief  military  men 
who  served  as  French  ambassadors  in  the 
years  1795-9.     The  field  had  been  to  some 
extent  covered  by  M.  Masson  and  the  Comte 
de  Barral  in  then-  accounts  of  the  diplomatic 
service   and   foreign   policy    of   the   French 
Republic  ;  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether 
the   interest   of   the   subject   warranted   its 
treatment    in    its    present    extended    form. 
The  chief  subjects   of   this  monograph  are 
Perignon,  Truguet,  Aubert-Dubayet,  Clarke, 
Canclaux,  Lacombe  St.  Michel,  and  Berna- 
dotte.     Of     these     only     Bernadotte     and 
Clarke  are  of  much  importance,  and  their 
careers  have  already  been  closely  studied, 
owing  to   their  connexion  with  Bonaparte. 
It  must  also  be  admitted  that  M.  Dry  lias 
written    an    excessively    long    Introduction. 
In     72     pages,     succeeding    a     Preface     of 
adequate    length,    he    has    dealt    with    the 
relations    of    the    leading    generals    to    the 
Revolutionary  Governments,  the  traditions 
of  the  diplomatic  service,  and  the  diploma- 
tists of  the  Directory.     It  is  difficult  to  feel 
much  interest  in  the  careers  of  the  first  three 
men    named    above,    the    recital    of    which 
covers  the  first  volume.     The  reasons  which 
led  Bonaparte  at  first  to  fix  upon  Truguet 
for  the  command  of  the  expedition  which 
it  was  proposed  early  in   1798  to  send  to 
the  English  coast,  and  then,  after  a  personal 
interview,  to  pass  him  over,  are  not  eluci- 
dated  by   M.    Dry.     In   any   case,   Truguet 
was  sent  off  to  Madrid,  where  he  succeeded 
in  earning  the  ill  will  of  the  French  Minister 
for  Foreign  Affairs,  Talleyrand,  and  finally 
was  for  a  time  entered  on  the  list  of  the 
emigres.     The    removal    of    his    name    was 
effected   at   the   time  when   Sieyes   became 
the  leading  Director,  but  the  author  is  not 
able  to  find  out  whose  influence  availed  to 
restore  the  credit  of  the  proscribed  diplo- 
matist.    The    fortunes    of    Aubert-Dubayet 
and  of    his    successor,  Ruffin,  at    Constan- 
tinople are  of  little  interest.     The  relations 
of  France  to   the  Porte  at  that  time  had 
already  been  described  by  M.  Herbette  in 
'  Une  Ambassade  turque  sous  le  Directoire  ' 
(Paris,  1902).     Though  one  may  pity  Ruffin, 
who  had  the  bad  fortune  to  be  shut  up,  at 
the  Sultan's  orders,  in  the  "  Seven  Towers," 
yet  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  Bona- 
parte's   unprovoked    attack  on    Egypt    had 
given   the   Porte   cause   to   take   vengeance 
for  that  piratical  enterprise.     This  is  a  side 
of  the  question  which  M.  Dry  does  not  treat 
with  his  wonted  fullness.     It  is  a  mistake 
to  attribute  (vol.  i.  p.  522)  the  participation 
of  Russia  in  the  War  of  the  Second  Coalition 
to  the  insistent  prayers  of  Prince  Ferdinand 
of    Wurtemberg.     The    anger    of    the    Tsar 
Paul  at  the  capture  of  Malta  by  France  fully 
accounted  for  his  conduct,  as  every  student 
of    the  Russian   dispatches  of    1798-9  will 
testify.     The  most  interesting  parts  of  the 
second  volume  are  those  which  refer  to  the 
connexion   between    Clarke   and   Bonaparte 
in  Italy  in  1796-7,  especially  the  judgment 
passed  by  the  former  on  the  latter  in  a  secret 


report  (ii.  pp.  34-5)  which  shows  much 
penetration  into  character.  But  into  the 
careers  of  Clarke  and  of  Bernadotte  we  cannot 
enter  here.  It  must  suffice  to  say  that  the 
questions  raised  by  the  riot  of  the  Viennese 
on  April  13th,  1798,  and  the  insult  to  the 
French  tricolour,  are  fully  treated.  The 
narrative  of  M.  Dry  is  full,  and  amply 
provided  with  notes  both  justificatory  and 
critical. 

Aspem,  by  Maximilian,  Ritter  von  Hoen 
(Vienna,  C.  W.  Stern),  forms  the  third  instal- 
ment of  the  series  "Das  Kriegsjahr  1809  in 
Einzeldarstellungen."  It  is  a  good  account 
of  the  battle  of  Aspern-Essling,  which  dealt 
to  the  prestige  of  Napoleon  so  heavy  a  blow 
at  the  time.  Unfortunately,  the  little 
volume  is  disfigured  by  cheap  popular 
sketches  of  the  fighting,  and  it  lacks  the  foot- 
notes and  discussion  of  authorities  which 
should  accompany  any  serious  attempt  to 
set  forth  the  complexities  of  the  long  and 
desperate  conflict  of  May  21st-22nd,  1809. 
Apart  from  this  defect,  the  story  is  well  told, 
full  justice  being  done  to  the  gallantry  of  the 
French  and  to  the  generalship  of  Massena 
and  Lannes.  The  storming  of  the  church 
of  Aspern  by  the  Austrians  late  on  the  22nd 
is  described  with  spirit.  Despite  the  refer- 
ence to  the  lack  of  ammunition  on  both  sides, 
it  is  difficult  to  see  why  the  fighting  died 
down  on  the  evening  of  the  22nd,  when  the 
Austrians  had  won  so  decided  an  advantage. 
The  author  blames  the  Archduke  Charles 
for  presuming  that  Napoleon  would  seek 
for  peace  after  so  serious  a  blow.  The 
censure  is  probably  just  ;  but  on  May  24th 
his  forces  were  too  exhausted  to  make  an 
immediate  attack  on  the  French  communica- 
tions, and  at  the  close  of  May  it  seemed 
highly  probable  that  Prussia  would  ally 
herself  with  the  Court  of  Vienna.  In  any 
case,  whether  from  the  mollesse  of  the  Arch- 
duke, or  the  insufficiency  of  his  means,  or 
the  indecision  of  Frederick  William  III.,  the 
opportunity  was  lost,  and  Aspern-Essling 
remained  fruitless. 

We  have  also  received  from  the  same 
publisher  a  popular  booklet,  Napoleon  und 
seine  Marschdlle,  by  Capt.  Oskar  Criste. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Books  printed  in  Dublin  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century.  By  E.  R.  McC.  Dix.  (Dublin, 
O'Donoghue.) — The  issue  of  a  fourth  part, 
the  completion  of  this  work,  affords  us  an 
opportunity  of  considering  the  magnitude  of 
the  task  Mr.  Dix  set  himself  and  the  results 
he  has  obtained.  The  hearty  thanks  of 
every  one  interested  in  the  bibliography  or 
in  the  history  of  Ireland  are  specially  due 
to  him,  in  that,  though  a  busy  professional 
man,  he  has  devoted  himself  almost  unaided 
to  the  compilation  of  a  draft  bibliography 
of  Irish  printing,  and  to  its  publication  in  an 
accessible  form.  We  hope  that  the  librarians 
of  Ireland  will  take  up  the  challenge  thrown 
down  to  them,  and  that  we  may  within  some 
reasonably  short  period  be  able  to  con- 
gratulate an  Irish  Bibliographical  Society 
on  the  issue  of  an  analoguo  to  Mr.  Aldis's 
list. 

If  students  of  English  printing  feel  a 
sinking  of  the  heart  when  they  try  to  esti- 
mate the  number  of  early  printed  English 
books  lost  to  us  beyond  hope  of  recovery, 
what  must  be  the  feelings  of  the  Irish  biblio- 
grapher !  Humphrey  Powell,  first  of  his 
craft,  certainly  printed  in  Dublin  from  L550 
to  1566,  yet  of  all  his  production  during  that 
period  only  two  copies  of  the  Common  Prayer 
Book,  two  proclamations  (preserved  in  the 
Record   Office)  and  a  fragment,  and  some 


eight-page  'Articles'  remain.  In  1571  an 
unknown  printer  produced  a  broadside  poem 
and  a  catechism  (of  which  two  copies  survive) 
in  an  Irish  type  made  up  apparently,  with 
great  ingenuity,  from  italic,  Greek,  and 
Anglo-Saxon  founts.  One  copy  of  another 
proclamation  printed  in  1595  by  another 
printer — William  Kearney — is  the  sole  rem- 
nant of  his  press,  though  he  was  the  Queen's 
Printer  and  printed  the  New  Testament  in 
Irish.  In  1600  we  come  upon  another 
printer,  John  Francke  or  Frankton  (also  a 
bookbinder,  as  we  learn  from  the  accounts 
of  Trinity  College),  who  became  King's 
Printer  in  1605.  All  known  copies  in- 
cluded, only  eleven  fragments  remain  of 
half  a  century's  production.  From  this 
time  forward  the  issue  of  books  and  broad- 
sides was  continuous,  though  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  century  restricted  to  the  King's 
Printer  in  Dublin.  In  August,  1618,  this 
office  was  assigned  to  Felix  Kyngston  and 
Thomas  Downes,  who,  before  July,  1620, 
transferred  it  to  the  Stationers'  Company  of 
London,  from   that   time  to  November  1st, 

1641,  the  only  printers  in  Ireland.     In  June, 

1642,  we  meet  for  the  first  time  the  name 
of  William  Bladen,  who  remains  the  Govern- 
ment printer  till  1661.  It  is  during  the  pro- 
gress of  the  Rebellion  that  we  find  for  the 
first  time  a  second  printing  press  in  Ireland 
—set  up  at  Waterford  by  Thomas  Bourke 
for  the  Confederate  Catholics.  Later,  when 
this  party  split  up,  still  another  press — that 
of  Peter  de  Pienne,  evidently  of  foreign 
origin — was  founded  by  the  Nuncio  Rinuccini, 
Bourke's  press  removing  to  Kilkenny,  where 
in  1649  he  was  succeeded  as  printer  to  the 
Confederate  Catholics  by  William  Smith,  of 
whom  we  hear  again  as  printing  in  Cork  in 
1679.  Cromwell  in  1649  carried  a  press 
with  him  to  the  south  of  Ireland  (perhaps 
from  Dublin),  an  army  order  of  its  printing 
at  Cork  still  surviving  ;  and  it  seems  to 
have  remained  there  for  some  time,  to  judge 
by  contemporary  reprints.  With  the  return 
of  settled  government  all  these  presses  dis- 
appear for  a  time,  though  type  and  press 
once  in  existence  are  not  easily  destroyed. 
A  book  printed  at  Cork  in  1664  is  known. 
Later,  regular  printing  houses  were  opened 
in  Dublin,  and  after  1688  at  least  tlrree  were 
in  operation  there.  ^ 

Mr.  Dix's  list  contains  some  1,200  entries 
for  the  century  it  covers.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  this  number  will  be  largely  added 
to,  and  we  hope  that  every  effort  will  be 
made  to  do  so.  May  we  suggest  that  in  any 
future  edition  much  space  and  labour  may 
be  saved  by  adopting  modern  methods  ? 
A  single-line  entry  will  contain  information 
sufficient  for  most  inquirers,  preparatory  to 
the  full  bibliography  which  must  come. 
Moreover,  the  notes  prefixed  to  the  work, 
however  interesting,  have  no  place  in  a  biblio- 
graphy. They  contain  no  new  matter,  and 
the  purely  bibliographical  part  of  them  could 
have  been  pu,t  easily  into  a  couple  of  pages. 
If,  too,  the  list  is  to  stop  at  1 700,  there  is  no 
reason  against  including  the  whole  of  Irish 
printing  up  to  that  time.  Mr.  Dix  has  placed 
every  person  interested  in  Irish  history  under 
the  deepest  obligation  to  him  for  his  spirited 
attempt  to  lay  the  foundations  of  a  national 
bibliography. 

The  Library  (Moring)  for  July  is  a  number 
of  more  than  usual  interest.  Its  first 
article,  as  is  fitting,  is  devoted  to  the  memory 
of  Dr.  Garnett,  who  was  one  of  the  advisory 
committee  of  the  review  and  had  contri- 
buted several  important  articles  to  it.  Some 
graceful  lines  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson  are 
followed  by  a  short  memoir  by  Mr  Fortescue, 
his  successor  as  Keeper  of  the  Printed  Books, 
in  which  ample  tribute  is  paid  to  his  editor- 
ship of  the  General  Catalogue  of  the  British 


128 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


Museum,  one  of  the  most  important  aids  to 
students  of  our  time.  Dr.  Garnett's  memory 
for  the  contents  of  books  was  marvellous,  and 
his  original  contributions  to  literature  receive 
due  acknowledgment  from  Mr.  Arthur 
Symons.  Mr.  Pollard  closes  the  series  of 
contributions  with  some  reminiscences  of 
Dr.  Garnett  as  a  librarian  and  a  founder  of 
the  Bibliographical  Society,  and  with  some 
remarks  on  recent  appreciations.  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Hill  writes  on  the  responsibility  of 
librarians  for  the  public  taste.  It  is  a 
subject  that  requires  ventilation,  but  we 
should  hardly  like  to  leave  the  choice  of 
our  own  reading  in  the  hands  of  one 
who  can  write  of  Anatole  France  (we  can 
guess  no  other  name),  "One  of  the  most 
powerful  and  graceful  of  French  novelists 
has  recently  produced  a  book  which  has 
been  much  read  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  from  time  to  time  he  checks  the  easy 
flow  of  his  argument  to  spit  in  his  reader's 
face."  Mr.  Redgrave  writes  on  '  The  Lady 
Dilke  Gift  to  the  National  Art  Library.' 
The  importance  of  this  benefaction  to 
students  of  art  speaks  for  itself,  but  Mr. 
Redgrave  might  have  developed  the  subject 
a  little  more  fully  in  a  review  that  will  be 
read  by  many  to  whom  the  National  Art 
Library  is  no  more  than  a  name.  He  has 
doubtless  been  unwilling  to  repeat  facts 
already  published  in  the  memoir  of  Lady 
Dilke  ;  but  the  article  suffers  in  continuity 
and  interest  to  some  extent.  The  630 
works  presented  form  a  collection  of  the 
first  importance,  and  we  hope  that,  in  con- 
sideration of  their  fine  state  of  preservation 
and  good  bindings,  they  will  be  kept  as  a 
separate  collection,  much  as  the  Grenville 
Library  is  kept  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
only  issued  to  serious  students  under  special 
regulations.  In  this  way  the  memory  of  a 
lover  of  art  and  generous  benefactor  would 
be  preserved  under  conditions  likely  to 
attract  other  book-lovers  to  follow  her 
example.  Mr.  Axon  supplies  some  notes 
on  '  Christian  Captive  Indulgences,'  interest- 
ing as  far  as  they  go,  and  Miss  Lee  contributes 
her  usual  article  on  '  Recent  Foreign  Lite- 
rature.' The  number  closes  with  a  paper 
by  Mr.  Sheavyn  on  '  Patrons  and  Profes- 
sional Writers  under  Elizabeth  and  James  I.' 
Sidney,  Pembroke,  Leicester,  Essex,  South- 
ampton, and  Lucy,  Countess  of  Bedford,  are 
among  the  patrons  ;  the  writers,  successful 
or  otherwise,  are  dealt  with  at  greater  length. 
The  amounts  received  by  them,  theirstruggles 
for  recognition,  and  even  the  harm  they  did 
by  too  much  praise  of  great  men  are  recounted 
at  length  in  an  article  which  no  one  inte- 
rested in  the  vicissitudes  of  authorship  should 
fail  to  read. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Wat  Tyler,  Jack  Straw,  John  Ball,  and 
the  other  early  rebels  who  rose  on  behalf  of 
the  English  peasantry  would  probably  be 
astonished  to  find  themselves  made  use  of 
to  advocate  colonial  preference  or  other 
parts  of  the  new  Protection.  The  first  por- 
tion of  Land  Reform,  by  Mr.  Jesse  Ceilings 
(Longmans),  is  occupied  by  the  land  question, 
in  which  he  has  long  been  deeply  interested, 
and  carries  us  backwards,  from  a  Bill  recently 
before  Parliament,  to  the  origin  of  the  feudal 
land  system  and  the  movement  against  it 
on  behalf  of  the  yeomen.  The  later  chapters 
are  on  very  different  subjects,  although 
they  are  closely  connected  in  the  author's 
mind.  That  on  '  Food  Supply  in  Time  of 
War  '  is  in  dinct  contradiction  to  the  usual 
reading  of  the  effect  of  that  inquiry.  The 
majority  Report  condemns  the  proposal  to 
hamper  our  wheat  trade,  with    the    effect 


of  limiting  sources  of  supply.  The  author 
quotes  passages  which  may  appear  to  tell 
the  other  way.  Mr.  Jesse  Collings  will 
carry  a  larger  public  with  him  in  his 
attempt  to  supply  material  for  a  history 
of  the  land  question,  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  occupying  owner,  than  he 
will  in  his  definite  proposals.  His  attack 
on  the  Poor  Law  is  far  from  clear  in  its 
teaching.  He  declares  it,  with  truth, 
"  peculiar  to  this  country  "  ;  although 
France  is  now  engaged  on  an  imitation  of 
our  system,  and  has  long  possessed  an 
optional  local  Poor  Law,  of  which,  indeed, 
there  are  many  traces  in  other  lands.  Mr. 
Jesse  Collings,  however,  appears  to  desire, 
not  the  abolition  of  "  our  Poor  Law  institu- 
tion, peculiar  to  this  country,"  but  a  return 
to  outdoor  relief,  at  all  events  temporarily, 
until  he  is  able  to  carry  out  his  proposals 
for  seating  more  firmly  a  peasantry  upon 
the  land.  Unfortunately,  these  proposals 
are  not  on  the  lines  of  those  which  are 
favoured  by  the  new  democracies,  and 
would  be  rejected  (by  the  electorate  of  New 
Zealand,  for  example)  almost  unanimously. 
There  was  a  moment  when,  but  for  the 
opposition  of  the  great  landowners,  such  a 
system  as  that  here  recommended  might 
have  been  tried  in  this  country,  in  imitation 
of  that  which — always  known  in  France — 
was  extended  by  the  effects  of  the  Revolution. 
The  time,  we  believe,  has  passed,  and  the 
Conservative  classes,  if  they  desired  to  make 
this  new  departure,  would  find  popular 
opposition  too  strong  for  them.  Mr.  Col- 
lings has  kept  politics  under  control,  and  no 
doubt  thinks  that  he  has  succeeded  in  pro- 
ducing a  book  which  will  be  found  impartial 
by  those  concerned.  The  allotments  pro- 
visions of  the  Liberal  Local  Government 
Act  of  1894  are  properly  condemned  as 
costly  and  cumbersome,  with  the  result 
"  that  the  compulsory  clauses  of  the  Act, 
like  those  of  the  Allotments  Act  of  1887, 
have  rarely  been  put  in  force."  It  is  right 
to  remember  that  the  clauses  would  have 
been  stronger  and  simpler  had  it  not  been 
for  the  action  of  the  chiefs  of  the  party  to 
which  Mr.  Jesse  Collings  belongs.  It  is 
also  fair  to  add  that  neither  party  in  the 
State  has  been  so  advanced  in  connexion 
with  the  land  question  in  England  as  both 
have  been  in  Ireland,  and  that  a  great  deal 
of  ignorance  and  indifference  and  neglect 
has  been  manifested  all  round.  There  is, 
perhaps,  some  exaggeration  in  the  usual 
view,  adopted  by  Mr.  Jesse  Collings,  that 
the  occupying  ownership  of  land  is  more 
handicapped  with  charges  than  is  any 
other  profession.  The  rates  were  decreased 
on  land,  and  before  that  change  the 
belief  was  pretty  general  that  land  was 
rated  too  high.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
are  many  writers  who  assert  that  under  the 
income  tax  land  is  more  favourably  treated 
than  is  any  other  interest.  Some  of  the 
heaviest  charges  on  land  are,  in  certain 
districts,  those  connected  with  tithe,  the 
peculiarities  attending  which  make  it  a 
cause  of  particular  classes  of  land  remaining 
out  of  cultivation.  We  do  not  follow  Mr. 
Collings  in  his  compensatory  attack  on  the 
shipping  interest  for  asking  that  the  coasts 
should  be  lighted  from  the  taxes.  We  believe 
that  the  shipowners  follow  the  ordinary  line 
of  legislation  on  the  subject  throughout  the 
world. 

The  Life  of  Reason  ;  or,  the  Phases  of 
Human  Progress.  —  Part  V.  Reason  in 
Science.  By  George  Santayana.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.) — The  author  of  this  fascinating 
work  is  a  philosopher,  but  a  poet,  a  Pro- 
fessor at  Harvard,  but  of  pure  Basque  blood, 
being  born,  wo  boliove,  at  Avila,  the  strango 
walled  city  on  the  top  of  the  mountains  noar 


Burgos.  Henco  probably  his  remark,  "  all 
our  proofs  are,  as  they  say  in  Spain,  pure 
conversation,"  concerning  the  speculative 
reconstruction  of  experience.  So  say  we 
of  his  book,  adding  that,  in  his  case,  the 
conversation  is  of  the  purest  and  most 
delightful.  Nay,  such  is  the  sheer  charm  of 
it  that  we  are  apt  to  be  careless  whether  we 
probe  down  to  the  precise  meaning.  When 
one  is  smiling  gently,  to  knit  the  brow  is  a 
physical  impossibility.  Besides,  to  follow  a 
philosopher  is  to  argue  with  him.  But  Prof. 
Santayana  is  an  impressionist.  Academies 
and  the  conventions  are  not  for  him.  He 
would  refuse  to  die  selon  les  regies.  In  short, 
he  would  not  argue  back.  He  would,  indeed, 
be  ready  to  cap  epigrams.  But  we,  in  our 
turn,  decline  the  unequal  combat. 

Prof.  Santayana  has  fallen  in  love  with 
the  fair  maid  Science.  She  has  an  aged 
relative,  Materialism,  whom  in  his  heart  he 
knows  to  be  impossible.  Still,  he  would 
honourably  wed  Science,  disreputable  con- 
nexions and  all.  There  loom,  however, 
prosaic  possibilities  in  the  future.  The 
ladies  are  likely  in  the  end  to  be  banished 
to  the  kitchen,  whilst  the  gentle  moralist 
amuses  himself  in  another  part  of  the  house. 

"  Any  one,"  we  read,  "  who  can  at  all 
catch  the  drift  of  experience — moral  no  less 
than  physical — must  feel  that  mechanism 
rules  the  whole  world." 

"  Only  in  inorganic  matter  is  the  ruling  mechan- 
ism open  to  human  inspection  :  here  changes  may 
be  seen  to  be  proportionate  to  the  elements  and 
situation  in  which  they  occur.  Habit  here  seems 
perfectly  steady,  and  is  called  necessity,  since  the 
observer  is  able  to  deduce  it  unequivocally  from 
given  properties  in  the  body,  and  in  the  external 
bodies  acting  upon  it.  In  the  parts  of  nature 
which  we  call  living,  and  to  which  we  impute 
consciousness,  habit,  though  it  .be  fatal  enough, 
is  not  so  exactly  measurable  and  perspicuous. 
Physics  cannot  account  for  that  minute  motion 
and  pullulation  in  the  earth's  crust,  of  which 
human  affairs  are  a  portion.  Human  affairs  have 
to  be  surveyed  under  categories  lying  closer  to 
those  employed  in  memory  and  legend.  These 
looser  categories  are  of  every  sort — grammatical, 
moral,  magical — and  there  is  no  knowing  when 
any  of  them  will  apply,  or  in  what  measure. 
Between  the  matters  covered  by  the  exact  sciences 
and  vulgar  experience  there  remains,  accordingly, 
a  wide  and  nebulous  gulf.  Where  we  cannot  see 
the  mechanism  involved  in  what  happens,  we  have 
to  be  satisfied  with  an  empirical  description  of 
appearances  as  they  first  fall  together  in  our  appre- 
hension ;  and  this  want  of  understanding  in  the 
observer  is  what  popular  philosophy  calls  intelli- 
gence in  the  world." 

The  believer  in  mechanism  as  the  last 
word  about  the  universe  is  bound,  as  Prof. 
Santayana  sees,  to  believe  not  only  in  matter 
and  motion,  but  likewise  in  mathematics. 
Hence  science  for  him  has  two  departments, 
which  he  names  "  physics  "  and  "  dialectic." 
Now  in  the  case  of  dialectic  (which  includes 
not  only  mathematics,  but  also  legic  and 
"the  dialectical  developments  of  ethics")  it 
might  seem  harder  than  in  the  case  of  physics 
to  ignore  the  part  played  by  the  subject. 
But  no.  Apparently  things  think  them- 
selves at  the  level  of  common  sense  which 
is  the  level  of  science  :  "  To  be  awake  is 
nothing  but  to  be  dreaming  under  control 
of  the  object  ;  it  is  to  be  pursuing  science 
to  the  comparative  exclusion  of  mere  mental 
vegetation  and  spontaneous  myth."  "Our" 
part  is  that  of  the  dreamer — passive.  In 
fact,  it  is  Science  that  insists  on  wedding 
Prof.  Santayana — Science,  the  fair  maid, 
the  two  sides  of  whose  face  are  so  distract- 
ingly  different. 

"  We,"  however,  though  unreal,  do 
seem  to  come  in  somewhere  after  all,  at  any 
rate  for  ourselves.  For  the  "  life  of  reason," 
which  the  book  is  about,  is  ontirely  con- 
corned  with  the  moral  values  of  things— * 


N°  41 10,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


129 


those  moral  values  that  really  they  have 
not  got  at  all.  Now  the  moral  value  of 
mechanism  for  Prof.  Santayana  is  that  it 
seems  to  him  to  be  true.  Science  is  "  useful 
and  delightful,  as  seeing  is."  At  the  same 
time  the  mechanical  view  of  life  would  not 
seem  to  be  an  unmixed  blessing  for  every  one : 

"Perhaps  the  worst  incident  in  the  popular 
acceptance  of  evolution  has  been  a  certain  brutality 
thereby  introduced  into  moral  judgment,  an  abdi- 
cation of  human  ideals,  a  mocking  indifference  to 
justice,  under  cover  of  respect  for  what  is  bound 
to  be,  and  for  the  rough  economy  of  the  world." 

We  might,  indeed,  gather  from  a  casual 
passage  that  Prof.  Santayana  attaches  a 
high  moral  value  to  fatalism,  which  is  but 
mechanism  made  into  a  maxim  of  the  will  : 

"  Napoleon's  consciousness  might  perhaps  be 
more  justly  identified  with  the  truth  or  reality  of 
him  than  could  that  of  most  people,  because  he 
seems  to  have  been  unusually  cognisant  of  his  en- 
vironment and  master  of  the  forces  at  work  in  it  and 
in  himself.  He  understood  his  causes  and  function, 
and  knew  that  he  had  arisen,  like  all  the  rest  of 
history,  and  that  he  stood  for  the  transmissible 
force  and  authority  of  greater  things." 

Clearly,  however,  the  good  life,  as  our 
philosopher  understands  it,  is  by  no  means 
bounded  by  mechanical  science.  Take  his 
account  of  the  value  of  history,  for  instance. 
There  is  a  dreary  kind  of  history  that  falls, 
or,  rather,  will  fall  if  ever  it  be  written,  under 
the  head  of  physical  science — an  antliropology 
that  will  have  become  continuous  with 
biology,  even  as  biology  with  chemistry. 
But  this  is  not  the  history  for  which  his  soul 
yearns.  He  longs  to  take  his  ease  under 
the  cool  shade  of  his  own  "  mental  vegeta- 
tion "  : — 

"When  historical  investigation  has  reached  its 
limits  a  period  of  ideal  reconstruction  may  very 
likely  set  in.  Indeed,  were  it  possible  to  collect 
in  archives  exhaustive  accounts  of  everything  that 
has  ever  happened,  so  that  the  curious  man  might 
alwaj's  be  informed  on  any  point  of  fact  that 
interested  him,  historical  imagination  might  grow- 
free  again  in  its  movements.  Not  being  suspected 
of  wishing  to  distort  facts  which  could  so  easily  be 
pointed  to,  it  might  become  more  conscious  of  its 
own  moral  function,  and  it  might  turn  unblushingly 
to  what  was  important  and  inspiring  in  order  to 
put  it  with  dramatic  force  before  the  mind.  Such 
a  treatment  of  history  would  reinstate  that  epic 
and  tragic  poetry  which  has  become  obsolete  :  it 
might  well  be  written  in  verse,  and  would  at  any 
rate  be  frankly  imaginative  :  it  might  furnish  a  sort 
of  ritual,  with  scientific  and  political  sanctions,  for 
public  feasts." 

Even  so  "unblushingly"'  turns  Prof. 
Santayana  to  the  important  and  inspiring 
as  he  feels  them,  leaving  the  fusty  truth  of 
things  to  the  philosophical  archivist.  His 
"life  of  reason"  revels  in  an  "intent" 
infinitely  wider  than  the  base. content  pro- 
vided by  mechanical  science.  Such  intent 
is  for  "  forms,"  and  forms  are  the  mind's 
ideals — something  other  than  the  natural 
world,  though  to  it  they  owe  their  "  selected 
and  instant  being  "  : — 

"In  order  to  live — if  such  a  myth  may  be 
allowed — the  Titan  Matter  was  eager  to  disguise 
his  incorrigible  vagueness  and  pretend  to  be  some- 
thing. He  accordingly  addressed  himself  to  the 
beautiful  company  of  Forms,  sisters  whom  he 
thought  all  equally  beautiful,  though  their  number 
w.i     endless,  and  equally  fit   to  satisfy  his  heart. 

He  wooed  them  hypocritically,  with  no  intention 
of  wedding  them;  yet  he  uttered  their  names  in 
such  seductive  accents  (called  by  mortals  intelli- 
gence and  toil)  that  the  virgin  goddesses  offered  no 
resistance  at  least  such  of  them  as  happened  to 
be  near  or  of  a  facile  disposition.  They  were 
presently  deserted  by  their  unworthy  lover;  yet 
they,  too,  in  that  moment's  union,  had  tasted  the 
sweetness  of  life.  The  heaven  to  which  they  re- 
turned was  no  longer  an  infinite  mathematical 
paradise.  It  was  crossed  by  memories  of  Earth, 
and  a  warmer  breath  lingered  in  some  of  its  lanes 
and  grottoes.     Henceforth   its  nymphs  could  not 


forget  that  they  had  awakened  a  passion,  and 
that,  unmoved  themselves,  they  had  moved  a 
strange  indomitable  giant  to  art  and  love." 

Thus  laughs  the  good  Democritus,  but 
there  is  a  sound  as  of  sighing  in  his  laughter. 

The  Victorian  Chancellors.  By  J.  B. 
Atlay.  Vol.  I.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)— 
This  is  the  first  of  two  volumes  in  which  the 
careers  of  the  great  lawyers  who  occupied 
the  woolsack  during  the  late  Queen's  reign 
are  to  be  sketched.  Mr.  Atlay,  who  dis- 
claims any  intention  of  attempting  a  con- 
tinuation of  Lord  Campbell's  '  Lives  of  the 
Chancellors,'  is  well  equipped  for  the  task 
he  has  undertaken.  He  has  a  wide  know- 
ledge of  the  legal  and  political  history  of  the 
Victorian  era  ;  he  has  the  power  of  presenting 
a  vivid  picture  of  the  men  and  incidents 
with  which  he  is  concerned  ;  and  he  has 
the  gift  of  discrimination  and  fairness.  Only 
four  Chancellors — Lyndhurst,  Brougham, 
Cottenham,  and  Truro — figure  in  the  present 
volume.  Mr.  Atlay  frankly  admits  that  the 
inclusion  of  Brougham  is  in  the  nature  of 
"  a  fraud  on  the  title."  Brougham  ceased 
to  be  Lord  Chancellor  nearly  three  years 
before  the  Queen  came  to  the  throne,  and 
it  was  never  her  lot  to  number  that  erratic 
statesman  among  her  advisers.  No  less 
than  half  the  volume  is  devoted  to  his 
meteoric  career,  and  certainly  the  more  inte- 
resting half.  We  are  not  convinced,  however, 
by  the  reasons  that  led  Mr.  Atlay  to  regard 
the  inclusion  of  Brougham  as  necessary  to 
the  completeness  of  the  work.  Though  his 
career  was  largely  bound  up  with  the  careers 
of  his  successors,  he  might  well  have  been 
allowed  to  figure  incidentally  in  the  other 
sketches.  This  course  would  have  tended 
to  improve  the  book  in  two  ways  :  the  title 
— which,  after  all,  carries  some  obligations 
with  it — would  not  have  been  misleading  ; 
and  the  work  would  not  have  been  marred 
by  such  a  conspicuous  lack  of  pro})ortion. 
While  only  four  Chancellors  are  dealt  with 
in  the  first  volume,  no  fewer  than  ten — 
Lords  St.  Leonards,  Cranworth,  Campbell, 
Westbury,  Chelmsford,  Cairns,  Hatherley, 
Selborne,  Herschell,  and  Halsbury — must, 
if  the  work  is  to  have  the  completeness  on 
which  Mr.  Atlay  apparently  sets  so  much 
store,  be  included  in  the  second.  But  the 
sketch  of  Brougham  is  so  good  that  one  would 
not  readily  have  missed  it.  Mr.  Atlay, 
who  has  drawn  freely  upon  the  '  Creevey 
Papers,'  might,  indeed,  have  devoted  a 
separate  volume  to  Brougham,  in  which  the 
long  account  of  the  trial  of  Queen  Caroline 
— an  admirable  piece  of  work — would  have 
found  a  rather  more  fitting  place.  No  satis- 
factory record  of  Brougham's  career  has  yet 
been  written,  and  the  spirit  in  which  Mr. 
Atlay  has  described  it  in  this  volume  goes 
to  show  that  he  might  successfully  .  have 
undertaken  the  larger  task.  While  recog- 
nizing Brougham's  lack  of  principle,  his 
monumental  vanity,  his  extravagance  of 
speech,  and  his  audacious  superficiality,  he 
does  fidl  justice  to  his  extraordinary  energy, 
his  wide  range  of  interests,  his  dauntless 
courage,  and  his  real  achievements  as  a 
reformer. 

Lord  Lyndhurst,  like  Lord  Brougham, 
was  a  great  figure  in  public  life,  and  Mr. 
Atlay  draws  his  portrait  with  a  sure  and  vivid 
touch  ;  but  Lord  Cottenham  and  Lord 
Truro,  both  of  whom  rose  to  the  woolsack 
because  Brougham  had  made  himself  im- 
possible, were  little  more  than  commonplace 
lawyers,  the  records  of  whose  lives  exist 
almost  exclusively  in  their  reported  decisions. 

On  the  whole,  however,  Mr.  Atlay  has  pro- 
duced a  useful  and  entertaining  volume, 
skilfully  compiled  from  many  sources,  and 
seasoned  plentifully  with  legal  anecdotes 
and     literary     allusions.     One     allusion     to 


Thackeray  calls  for  correction.  Mr.  Atlay, 
in  asserting  that  the  name  of  Mr.  Michael 
Angelo  Taylor,  M.P.,  "  must  surely  have 
suggested  that  of  Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh," 
has  forgotten  that  Thackeray  had  in  his 
broken  nose  one  feature  in  common  with  the 
great  artist. 

Man  and  Maid,  by  E.  Nesbit  (Fisher 
Unwin),  is  a  set  of  stories  written  with  all 
the  ease  and  sprightliness  the  author  brings 
to  bear  even  on  work  of  the  casual 
sort.  One  or  two  of  her  motives  and  their 
treatment  are — naturally — beyond  the  aver- 
age of  waiting  of  the  kind  ;  but  the  rest  of 
the  volume  cannot  be  called  a  characteristic 
work  of  its  author. 

The  House  of  Souls.  By  Arthur  Machen. 
(E.  Grant  Richards.) — Mr.  Machen  is  a  very 
clever  writer — so  clever  that  it  seems 
almost  a  pity  that  he  should  persistently 
envelope  his  talent  in  cerements  of  the  bizarre. 
This  volume,  '  The  House  of  Souls,'  includes 
some  previously  published  stories,  notably 
'  The  Great  God  Pan  '  and  '  The  Inmost 
Light,'  which  some  twelve  years  since 
appeared  in  "  The  Keynotes  Series  "  ;  also 
'  The  Three  Impostors,'  which  we  best 
remember  as  a  deft  derivative  from  Steven- 
son's '  New  Arabian  Nights.'  The  rest  of 
the  items  are  new,  but  the  same  note  of 
horror  is  struck  with  more  or  less  emphasis 
in  all,  and  with  a  varying  measure  of  success. 
Like  Poe,  Mr.  Machen  sets  himself  to  make 
the  reader's  flesh  creep  ;  like  Hawthorne, 
he  abounds  with  subtle  and  suggestive 
symbolism,  and,  had  neither  of  these  writers 
existed,  his  work  would  thrill  the  reader  even 
more  ingeniously,  although  it  lacks  the  origin- 
ality of  the  one  and  the  poetic  austerity  and 
wealth  of  imagination  of  the  other.  He  deals 
in  ancient  mysteries  ;  he  is  for  ever  hinting 
at  the  macabre,  the  sinister,  the  unspeakable. 
His  puppets  peep  and  mutter  through  an 
atmosphere  of  forbidden  knowledge  and 
obscure  rites  of  remote  antiquity,  which, 
however,  he  would  seem  to  suggest  are  not 
so  remote  as  they  ought  to  be,  after  all.  He 
is  an  adept  in  the  art  of  elusiveness — so 
much  so,  indeed,  that  some  of  his  most 
horrific  endings  fail  of  their  proper  effect, 
and  the  piled-up  agony  topples  to  a  fall 
leaving  the  reader  with  just  the  ghost  of  a 
suspicion  of  the  author's  sincerity,  and  a 
haunting  reminiscence  of  turnip-headed 
spectres  and  clanking  chains.  Mr.  Machen's 
Preface  is  a  sprightly  piece  of  satire,  directed 
at  "  Puritan  seriousness  "  and  experiences 
bounded  by  "  Bethel  and  the  Bank  "  ;  but 
as  we  cannot  reasonably  conceive  of  his 
works  penetrating  to  the  abhorred  plane,  we 
may  suppose  that  even  the  sensibilities  of 
the  serious  will  not  be  deeply  hurt.  The 
frontispiece,  which  appears  to  be  by  Mr. 
S.  H.  Sime,  is  of  high  imaginative  and  artistic 
quality. 

X  idderdale,  from  Nun  Mvnkton  to  Whcrn- 
side.  By  H.  Speight.  (Elliot  Stock.)— 
This  is  a  second  edition  of  a  work  on 
Nidderdale  that  was  brought  out  about 
twelve  years  ago,  and  then  noticed  at  some 
length  in  these  columns.  There  is.  however, 
sufficient  new  material  to  justify  a  brief 
notice  of  the  book  in  its  altered  form.  In 
one  respect  a  distinct  improvement  is  to  ho 
noted.  In  the  first  edition  the  secondary 
title  was  "  A  Yorkshire  Rhineland,"  a 
catchpenny  phrase  which  was  absurdly 
unsuitable. 

Mr.  Speight,  in  this  as  in  his  other  York- 
shire honks,  shows  himself  a  painstaking  and 
enthusiastic  writer  on  scenery  and  local 
incidents,  but  he  has  not  yet  made  himself 
into  an  antiquary  or  an  historian.  He  is 
still,  too,  content  to  take  lists  of  incumbents 


130 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


of  the  different  parishes  from  incomplete 
and  occasionally  incorrect  transcripts  of 
the  York  diocesan  registers,  instead  of  from 
the  registers  themselves.  The  references  to 
Kna,resborough  Forest  are  very  threadbare, 
and  sometimes  faulty. 

Most  of  the  new  matter  relates  to  the 
genealogy  and  pedigrees  of  local  families 
of  secondary  importance.  Doubtless  they 
will  be  valued  by  the  few  concerned. 


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Alexander  (De  A.  S.),  A  Political  History  of  the  State  of 
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Arnold  (W.  T.),  Studies  of  Roman  Imperialism,  edited  by 
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School-Books. 
Bawr  (Madame  de),  Michel  Perrin,  edited  by  F.  L.  Carter,  1/ 
Bedolliere  (E.  de  la),  Histoire  de  la  Mere  Michel  et  de  son 

Chat,  edited  by  E.  Pellissier,  1/ 
Blakeney  (E.  IL),  The  Iliad  of  Homer,  Books  III.  and  IV,  1/ 
Plutarch's  Life  of  Coriolanus  in  North's  Translation,  edited 

by  R.  H.  Carr,  1/6 
Zimmern  (A.),  Greek  History  for  Young  Readers,  2/6 

Science. 
Brockway  (YV.  B.),  Electric  Railway  Accounting,  5/6  net. 
Bruce  (L.  C),  Studies  in  Clinical  Psychiatry,  10/6  net. 
Dutt  (W.  A.),  Wild  Life  in  East  Anglia,  7/6  net. 
Fox  (T.),  How  to  Find  and  Name  Wild  Flowers,  1/6 
Fynn(V.  A.), The  Classification  of  Alternate-Current  Motors, 

3/  net. 
Heath  (F.  G.),  The  Green  Gateway,  3/  net. 
Kilgour  (W.  T.),  Twenty  Years   on   Ben    Nevis,  Second 

Edition,  2/6  net. 
La  inborn  (L.  L.),  Modern  Soaps,  Candles,  and  Glycerin, 

30/  net. 
Montgomery  (T.  H.),  The  Analysis  of  Racial  Descent  in 

Animals,  10/6  net. 
Moore  (T.),  Engineers'  and  General  Smiths'  Work,  5/  net. 
Puxley  (H.  L.),  Modern  Dairy-Farming,  3/6  net. 
Report  on  Errors  in  Workmanship,  based  on  Measurements 

carried  out  for  the  Engineering  Standards  Committee, 

10/6  net. 
Saundby   (R.),    The   Treatment  of  the  Digestive  System, 

3/  net. 
Slosson  (M.),  How  Ferns  Grow,  12/0  net. 
Still  (A.),  Polyphase  Currents,  6/ net. 
Wyer  (S.  S.),  Catechism  on  Producer  Gas,  4/6  net. 

General  Literature. 

Adair  (J.),  A  Quaker  Lover,  0/ 

Adams  (W.  A.),  Two  Hundred  and  Fifty  Thoughts,  2J6  net. 

Atherton  (G.),  The  Californians,  3/6 

Bourne's  Handy  Assurance  Manual,  1000,  edited  by  F.  II. 
Kitchin,  1/0 

British  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Paris,  Report  for  1005. 

Butler  (M.),  The  Ring  of  Day,  6/ 

Confessions  of  a  Princess,  6/ 

Corelli  (M.),  The  Treasure  of  Heaven,  6/ 

Lawson  (Sir  Wilfrid),  Law  and  the  Liquor  Traffic,  id. 

Le  Queux  (William),  The  Invasion  of  1910,  6/ 

Marsh  (R.),  In  the  Service  of  Love,  6/ 

Noble  Birth  and  Gallant  Atchievements  of  that  Remark- 
able Outlaw  Robin  Hood,  by  an  Ingenious  Antiquary. 

Orczy  (Baroness),  The  Emperor's  Candlesticks,  M. 

Royal  Navy  List,  July,  10/ 

Shelley  (B.),  Enderby,  0/ 

Sims  (G.  R.),  London  by  Night,  6rf. 

Steel  (F.  A.),  A  Sovereign  Remedy,  6/ 

Wollstonecraft's  (Mary)  Original  Stories,  with  Introduction 
by  E.  V.  Lucas,  2/6  net. 


FOREIGN. 

History  and  Biography. 

Rcmusat  (P.  de),  Memoires  de  Madame  de  Remusat,  1802-8, 
Vol.  II. ,  3fr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Blanchard  (R.),  La  Flandre,  12fr. 
Clozel  (F.  J.),  Dix  Ans  a  la  Cdte  d'lvoire,  15fr. 

Philology. 

Lodge  (G.),  Lexicon  Plautinum,  Vol.  I.  Part  IV.,  7m.  20. 
Science. 

Halle  (E.  von),  Baumwollproduktion  und  Pflanzungswirt- 
schaft  in  den  Nordamerikanischen  Sudstaaten,  Vol.  IL, 
15m. 

Lajonquiere  (E.  Lunet  de),  Ethnographie  du  Tonkin  septen- 
trional. 

General  Literature. 

Bazin  (R.),  Questions  litteraires  et  sociales,  3fr.  50. 

Bovet  (M.  A.  de).  Noces  blanches,  3fr.  50. 

Guerlin  (II. ),  La  Petite  Patricienne,  3fr. 

Lafargue  (F.),  Contes  violets,  3fr.  50. 

Renault  (L),  L'Art  d'etre  Veuve,  3fr.  50. 

Thiery(J.),  Victimes,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  mill  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE      MOON      OF     LEAVE  S. 
"In  the  pleasant  Moon  of  Leaves." 

Last  year  the  swallows  built  beneath  our  oaves, 
Filling  the  twilight  hour  with  joyous  erica  ; 

It  was  the  pleasant,  idle  .Moon  of  Leaves, 
When  all  the  flowers  are  gay  as  butterflies. 

And  now  the  Moon  of  Leaves  is  here  again, 

But  no  birds  build  beneath  our  sheltering  thatch, 

No  smiling  presence  gilds  the  diamond  pane. 
No  gracious  hand  is  heard  upon  the  latch. 

Now  last  year's  dream  with  last  year's  birds  is 
flown, 

but  still  we  seek  for  that  which  came  unsought-  ; 
[Jnsoughi  it,  came,  and  dwelt,  •with  us  unknown, 

And  we  have  lost   the  gift,  of  joy  if  brought. 

We  knew  not  whence  it  came  nor  where  if  went, 
Nor  why  if  came  and  went,  nor  question  how 

The  largesse  of  thai  Moon  of  Leaves  was  spent 

The  Moon  of  Withered  Leaves  is  with  us  now. 

Rosamund  Marriott  Watson. 


PROF.  O.  SEYFFERT,  OF  BERLIN. 

Latin  scbolarsbip  has  suffered  an  irre- 
parable loss  in  the  death  of  August  Oskar 
Seyffert,  which  occurred  on  July  1st,  after 
a  protracted  illness.  He  was  born  on 
January  23rd,  1841,  at  Crossen  a.  O.,  where 
he  attended  the  Biirgerschule.  At  fourteen 
years  of  age  he  became  an  alumnus  of  the 
Joachimsthal  Gymnasium  in  Berlin,  where 
he  was  a  pupil  of  his  namesake  Dr.  Moritz 
Seyffert  ;  and  he  left  that  institution  in 
1860,  after  passing  the  Abiturientenexamen. 
For  three  and  a  half  years  he  studied 
philology  at  the  University  of  Berlin,  where 
he  took  his  Doctor's  degree  in  1864.  After 
occupying  temporary  posts  in  the  Gym- 
nasium of  Frankfurt  a.  O.  and  the  Gym- 
nasium zum  Grauen  Kloster  of  Berlin,  he 
received  his  first  permanent  appointment  in 
1865,  as  a  master  at  the  Sophiengymnasium 
of  Berlin.  At  this  school  he  worked  for  forty 
years,  having  been  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Oberlehrer  in  1872,  and  Professor  in  1885. 
In  1905  he  retired  from  active  service,  in 
consequence  of  a  paralytic  stroke  in  1904. 
For  several  years  he  had  been  ailing  ;  indeed, 
he  seems  never  to  have  been  completely 
himself  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  some 
ten  years  previously — a  blow  which,  as  he 
told  the  writer  of  this  sketch  at  the  time, 
took  from  him  all  his  joy  in  work.  The 
immediate  cause  of  his  death  was  inflam- 
mation of  the  lungs,  which  he  contracted 
at  Homburg,  whither  he  had  gone  to  take 
the  waters.  He  leaves  behind  him  two 
sons  and  a  daughter. 

Seyffert's  main  activity  as  a  scholar  was 
devoted  to  Latin  literature,  and  in  particular 
to  the  study  of  Plautus.  His  Doctor's 
dissertation  '  De  Versuum  Bacchiacorum 
Usu  Plautino  '  (1864),  his  '  Studia  Plautina  ' 
(1874),  and  his  numerous  contributions  to 
learned  journals  show  the  trend  of  his 
studies  from  the  first.  For  twenty-two 
years  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Berliner 
Philologische  Wochenschrift,  in  which  some 
of  his  most  valuable  critiques  and  original 
articles  on  old  Latin  scholarship  appeared  ; 
and  his  Jahresberichte  iiber  T.  Maccius 
Plautus  (1883-5,  1886-9,  1890-94)  contain 
an  indispensable  summary  of  all  the  special 
work  done  in  the  field  of  Plautus  during 
over  twenty  years  as  well  as  a  criticism  of 
the  same.  An  instance  of  the  self-sacrificing 
and  self-abnegating  labour  which  he  was 
always  ready'  to  undertake  on  behalf  of  his 
friends  was  the  editing  of  the  Apograph  of  the 
Ambrosian  MS.  of  Plautus,  left  unfinished  by 
Studemund.  This  great  work  Seyffert  not 
only  saw  through  the  press  (1889),  but  also 
enriched  with  an  important  '  Index  Ortho- 
graphicus  '  ;  the  '  Prooemium,'  too,  is  largely 
his  work.  Yet  he  was  not  a  narrow  specialist. 
In  1875-7  he  edited,  or  rather  rewrote,  the 
'  Geschichte  der  romischen  Litteratur,'  by 
Prof.  E.  Munk,  the  first  edition  of  which 
had  appeared  in  1858  ;  and  the  result  was 
the  production  of  one  of  the  most  charming 
and  trustworthy  histories  of  Latin  literature 
for  general  readers.  In  1882  he  brought  out  a 
most  valuable  '  Lexicon  der  klassicben  Alter- 
thumskunde  ' — a  book  well  known  in  Eng- 
land as  revised  and  edited  witli  additions 
by  H.  Nettleship  and  Dr.  J.  E.  Sandys. 

The  offer  of  a  Professorship  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Konigsberg  (about  1887)  he  de- 
clined on  the  ground  of  ill-health. 

The  above  is  a  list  of  the  works  that  bear 
his  name  :  but  it  gives  no  idea  of  the  con- 
tributions made  by  him  to  the  work  of  others. 
I  refer  not  to  his  indirect  influence  upon  all 
the  Plautino  work  of  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
but  to  the  fact  that  he  ungrudgingly  put 
the  stores  of  his  great  knowledge  at  the 
disposal  of  other  scholars.     His  services  to 


N°  4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENiE'UrM 


131 


the  "  editio  minor  "  of  Plautus  by  Goetz 
and  Schoell  (1893-1904)  is  acknowledged 
by  the  editors  in  their  dedication  of  the  book 
to  him.  To  Prof.  Lindsay  he  gave  assist- 
ance in  the  production  of  his  '  Codex 
Turnebi  '  (1898).  Of  his  kindness  to  me 
I  can  hardly  trust  myself  to  speak  with 
moderation.  From  1884,  when  he  reviewed 
my  'Mostellaria'  (in  the  Berliner  Philologische 
Wochenschrift),  to  1891,  when  he  lent  me 
invaluable  aid  in  my  edition  of  the  'Rudens,' 
I  was  in  constant  correspondence  with  him 
on  Plautine  matters.  And  during  the  last 
year  of  his  life  he  undertook  the  labour 
of  reading  the  proof-sheets  of  the  second 
edition  of  my  '  Mostellaria,'  now  going 
through  the  press.  I  should  not  have  thought 
of  sending  them  to  him  after  the  paralytic 
stroke  which  had  deprived  him  of  the  use 
of  his  right  hand.  But  on  December  29th, 
1905,  he  wrote:  "  Wie  weit  sind  Sie  denn 
mit  Ihrer  '  Mostellaria  '  ?  Ioh  habe  taglich 
auf  einen  Druckbogen  gewartet."  In  Janu- 
ary last  I  offered  to  visit  him  in  Berlin,  in 
order  to  save  him  the  labour  of  writing  ;  but 
he  telegraphed  that  his  condition  made  a 
meeting  impossible,  especially  as  his  organs 
of  speech  were  affected.  So  I  hurried  on 
the  proof-sheets,  and  for  several  months 
received  from  him  such  brief  comments  as 
he  felt  able  to  write  with  his  left  hand. 

As  the  end  approached,  he  longed  for 
death  ;   so  his  daughter  informs  me  : — 

"  Er  hat  das  erreicht  wonach  er  sich  durch  seine 
oft  qualvollen  Leiden  so  sehnte,  und  nun  ist  ihm 
wohl,  urn  seine  Worte  zu  wiederholen  :  '  Wenn  ich 
tot  bin,  dann,  liebe  Kinder,  sagt,  dem  Vater  ist 
wohl.'" 

His  last  letter  to  me  ended  with  the  touching 
appeal  "  mir  ein  gutes  Andenken  zu  be- 
wahren."  To  me  his  memory  will  ever  be 
sacred  ;  and  there  are  many  outside  the 
circle  of  his  sorrowing  relatives  who  will 
remember  him  as  the  most  generous  of 
friends,  and  the  kindest,  because  he  was 
the  sternest,  of  critics — unflinching  in  his 
allegiance  to  truth. 

E.  A.  SONNENSCHEIN. 


« BIBLIOTHECA    SARRAZIANA.' 

I  venture  to  call  your  attention  to  a  book 
of  considerable  bibliographical  interest  and 
rarity,  which  I  have  recently  come  across 
in  the  University  Library  here.  It  is  a 
small  octavo,  measuring  6|  by  4  inches, 
bound  in  vellum.  The  binding  is  evidently 
original.  It  is  the  catalogue  of  a  library 
sold  at  the  Hague  in  1715,  but  the  difficulty 
is  to  know  whose  library  it  was.  The  title- 
page  runs  thus : — 

"  Bibliothkca  |  SARRAZIANA,  |  distrahenda  |  per 

|  Abr.  de  Hondt,  |  et  |  H.   Scheurleer,  |  bibliop.  | 

ad  diem    1G   Septb.    1715.    S.N.  |  In  aula    magna 

(vulgo)  de  groote   zaal  |  van    t'   Hof.  |  Hora   nona 

matutina     et     pomeridiana    |     secunda.     |    Hagae 

comitum,  |  apud  -l  £brah' .d.e  H°ndt-  1  1715." 
1    l  [  rlenr.  Scheurleer.  J 

Then  follows  a  Praefatio  (the  whole  book  is 
in  Latin)  of  20  pp.,  which  is  mainly  a  dis- 
quisition on  the  causes  of  rare  editions,  and 
ends  with  a  eulogy  of  the  library  to  be  sold  ; 
but  there  is  not  a  hint  as  to  the  owner. 
Next  comes  the  Ordo  Venditionis,  from 
which  we  find  that  the  sale  was  to  occupy 
twelve  days.  At  the  foot  of  the  page  is  this 
note  : — 

"Rogantur  Emtorea  ut  ad  ipaum  horae  nonae 
matulinae  et  pomeridianae  secundae  punotum  sese 
sistere  velint  ;  monenturque  quod  quinque  cbalei 
cinque  Floreno  sint  addendi." 

This  is  evidently  the  auctioneer's  commission. 
What  "  copper  coin  "  of  the  Dutch  currency 
of  two  centuries  ago  is  meant  by  "  chalci  "  ? 


The  rest  of  the  volume  is  a  list  of  the  books 
for  sale.  They  are  divided  into  Folios, 
Quartos,  Octavos,  and  smaller  sizes,  each 
part  having  its  separate  pagination  :  Folios 
(pp.  188),  1,872  lots  ;  Quartos  (pp.  218), 
2,230  lots  ;  Octavos,  &c.  (pp.  138),  2,015 
lots.  As  several  of  the  works  are  in  more 
than  one  volume,  the  total  number  of  books 
in  the  library  must  be  well  over  7,000. 

I  have  looked  over  the  Folios  carefully, 
and  find  that  they  include  45  incunabula 
(the  earliest  being  1466),  several  Aldines, 
Stephani,  Fabenii,  &c.  There  are  a  few 
MSS.  among  the  law  books,  chiefly  Italian. 
The  latest  date  is  that  of  an  Antwerp  book, 
1713,  which  points  to  the  fact  that  additions 
were  being  made  to  this  library  very  shortly 
before  it  was  sold. 

There  is  one  point  of  particular  interest 
about  the  Folios,  viz.,  the  prices  that  they 
fetched  are  written  in  ink  in  the  margin  ; 
e.g.,  '  Opera  Bonaventurae,'  Argent.,  1482, 
was  sold  for  13  :  10,  which  seems  to  be 
13  florins  and  a  half.  The  prices  appear 
always  in  this  form  32  :  15,  the  second 
figure  being  any  number  up  to  19,  so  that 
it  is  evidently  so  many  twentieths  of  the 
florin.  The  highest  price  I  have  noticed 
is  350  :  0  for  "  Biblia  Latina  integra  Sexcen- 
torum  Annorum.  .  .  .Litteris  Semiuncialibus 
Manuscripta  in  Pergameo,"  3  vols.  No 
prices  are  entered  for  the  Quartos  or  Octavos. 

I  have  written  to  the  Royal  Library  at 
the  Hague,  but  the  book  is  unknown  to  the 
librarians,  nor  can  they  suggest  with  any 
probability  who  the  owner  of  this  collection 
was.  As  a  possible  clue  I  have  added  up 
the  number  of  books  in  each  of  the  twenty- 
one  classes  into  which  they  are  divided.  I 
give  the  first  eight  :  Theology,  1,219  ; 
History,  1,169  ;  Jur.  and  Pol.,  641  ;  Poet., 
541  ;  Gramm.,  480  ;  Philosoph.,  286  ; 
Antiq.,  217  ;   Architect.,  204. 

As  this  catalogue  is  known  neither  to  the 
Bodleian  nor  to  the  Hague  Library,  it  is 
probably  of  considerable  rarity,  and  I  shall 
be  very  grateful  if  any  of  your  readers  can 
solve  the  question  as  to  who  "  Sarazin  "  or 
"  Saraz  "  was.  E.  V.  Stocks, 

Librarian  in  the  University  of  Durham. 


ADVANCED    HISTORICAL   TEACHING. 

The  formation  of  the  Historical  Associa- 
tion, which  we  noticed  recently,  reminds 
us  once  more  that  the  advancement  of  the 
so-called  "  literary  sciences  "  in  this  country 
virtually  depends  on  the  patriotic  and  in- 
telligent co-operation  of  individual  scholars. 
Failing  the  paternal  care  of  the  State  itself, 
and  even  the  maternal  solicitude  of  the 
great  universities,  some  such  solution  of 
the  problem  of  their  existence  was  imperative. 
Fortunately,  the  learned  societies  have,  on 
the  whole,  proved  equal  to  the  responsi- 
bilities thus  thrown  upon  them.  This  is 
particularly  noticeable  in  the  case  of  history 
and  its  auxiliary  sciences.  The  meritorious 
work  accomplished  in  this  direction  by  the 
Royal  Historical  Society,  the  Selden  Society, 
and  the  Navy  Records  Society  is  visible  in 
numerous  texts  and  monographs  of  per- 
manent value,  and  these  metropolitan  bodies 
have  been  ably  reinforced  by  the  organized 
studies  of  local  experts.  Archaeologists 
have  been  helpful  in  their  own  department, 
and  to  them,  as  also  to  philologists,  his- 
torians arc-  indebted  for  an  essential  portion 
of  their  critical  apparatus.  Finally,  an 
effort  has  been  made  by  an  influential  com- 
mittee of  historical  scholars  to  procure  a 
modest  provision  for  the  advanced  study  of 
history,  which  at  the  present  time  is  a 
need  of  the  post-graduate  research-workers 
in  London. 


The  Fourth  Report  of  the  Committee  of 
the  Advanced  Historical  Teaching  Fund, 
ably  directed  by  Mr.  James  Bryce,  Dr. 
Prothero,  the  Master  of  Peterhouse,  and  their 
colleagues,  is  now  presented  to  the  sub- 
scribers, and  must  form  a  subject  of  con- 
gratulation to  those  who  are  responsible  for 
the  courses  conducted  during  the  past  four 
years.  The  Report  includes  a  resume 
of  the  speeches  delivered  at  the  general 
meeting  in  February,  1905,  by  Mr.  R.  B. 
Haldane,  Lord  Davey,  Sir  Spencer  Walpole, 
Prof.  Firth,  and  other  distinguished  scholars; 
and  in  addition  to  the  lecturers'  reports  on 
the  work  of  the  past  session,  a  very  attrac- 
tive programme  is  offered  for  the  ensuing 
academic  year. 

The  '  Equipment  of  the  Historical  Student,' 
which  is  the  subject  of  the  forthcoming  course, 
notably  that  of  the  rapidly  increasing  species 
engaged  in  responsible  research-work  con- 
nected with  the  modern  developments  of 
local  history,  is  a  matter  of  deep  concern 
to  every  English  historian.  It  has,  more- 
over, received  the  hearty  encouragement  as 
well  as  the  practical  support  of  foreign 
scholars,  who  are  naturally  interested  in  the 
facilities  afforded  for  the  prosecution  of 
technical  studies  in  the  vicinity  of  the  national 
archives. 

We  observe  that  the  instruction  provided 
for  the  sufficient  equipment  of  the  historical 
student  will  include  a  survey  of  the  inedited 
sources,  a  subject  which  is  virtually 
beyond  the  scope  of  such  bibliographies  as 
are  available.  A  further  course  will  deal 
with  the  '  Technique  of  the  Student's  Craft,' 
namely,  those  auxiliary  studies  which  are 
now  fully  recognized  in  every  country  but 
our  own  as  indispensable  branches  of  his- 
torical method.  The  arrangements  for  hold- 
ing these  courses  in  connexion  with  the 
University  of  London  are  obviously  much 
facilitated  by  the  wealth  of  practical  illus- 
tration afforded  by  the  metropolitan 
archives  and  collections  ;  for  experience  has 
already  proved  the  value  of  such  illustra- 
tions in  conjunction  with  the  "  seminar  " 
method  of  instruction. 

We  sincerely  hope  that  this  fresh  appeal 
by  the  Committee  will  receive  a  favourable 
response,  not  only  from  those  who  have 
already  set  their  hands  to  this  good  work, 
but  also  from  all  who  wish  the  new 
University  of  London  to  be  placed  in  a 
position  to  discharge  some  of  its  responsi- 
bilities for  the  intellectual  welfare  of  his- 
torical students  resident  in  the  metropolis. 


FERDINAND    VON    SAAR. 

By  the  death  of  Ferdinand  von  Saar 
Austria  has  lost  one  of  her  chief  contem- 
porary writers,  one  might  even  say  her  most 
representative  writer.  Born  on  Septem- 
ber 30th,  1833,  in  Vienna,  Saar  was  a 
sufferer,  no  less  than  his  greater  predecessors 
Grillparzer  and  Lenau,  under  that  fatal 
legacy  of  pessimism  which  the  Metternich 
regime  bequeathed  to  modern  Austria, 
hike  Grillparzer,  he  was  not  in  sympathy 
with  his  ape:  he  proclaimed  as  the  highest 
virtues  renunciation  and  contentment,  and 
suffered    keenly    from     the    consequences    of 

his  creed.  He  wrote  comparatively  little, 
but  that  little  is  marked  by  the  concentra- 
tion which  comes  of  careful  selection  and 
relentless  self-criticism.  Only  in  later  years 
did  he  meet  with  general  recognition,  and 
his  countrymen  made  some  amends  for  their 
earlier  neglect  by  appointing  him  a  member 
of  the  Austrian  ilerrenhaus. 

Saar  began  as  a  dramatist,  but  his  plays 
('Tempesta,'  written  in  1860;  'Kaiser 
Heinrich  IV.,'  1862-4  ;  '  Die  beiden  de  Witt,' 


132 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


1875)  were  as  ill  adapted  to  the  era  of  Viennese 
theatrical  history  associated  with  Heinrich 
I  aube  as  were  the  dramas  of  Hebbel's  ripest 
period.  As  a  lyric  poet,  Saar  published 
verses  that  rank  with  the  best  Austrian 
poetry  of  the  last  generation,  and  his  famous 
'  Wiener  Elegien  '  (1893)  hold  the  mirror  to 
Viennese  life  as  no  Austrian  poetry  has  done 
since  Anastasius  Grun.  It  was,  however, 
with  the  short  story  that  Saar  won  the  sym- 
pathies of  a  wider  public.  '  Innocens,' 
published  in  1865,  was  a  masterpiece,  and 
the  collected  '  Novellen  aus  Oesterreich  ' 
(2  vols.,  1877)  contain  some  of  the  finest 
short  stories  in  modern  German  literature. 
Saar's  delicate,  sensitive  art,  his  fine  cha- 
racter-drawing, his  straightforward,  un- 
varnished style,  at  once  marked  out  these 
volumes  as  something  apart.  The  themes, 
too,  were  essentially  modern,  that  is  to  say, 
they  were  free  from  clogging  literary  tra- 
ditions ;  while  the  darkly  pessimistic  back- 
ground had  a  fascination  even  for  those 
to  whom  the  peculiar  phase  of  Austrian 
pessimism  was  unfamiliar  or  unsympathetic. 
Art  of  this  kind  does  not  easily  grow  old, 
even  if,  at  its  appearance,  it  awakens  but 
scant  interest.  When  Saar's  volumes  were 
published,  Storm  and  Heyse  were  the  writers 
of  short  stories  who  stood  in  the  foreground 
of  public  interest  ;  but  the  brilliant  insin- 
cerities of  Heyse's  style  and  the  romantic 
sentimentality  of  Storm's  world  have  stood 
the  test  of  time  less  satisfactorily  than  these 
more  concentrated,  finely  chiselled  Austrian 
stories.  Of  all  the  German  "  Novellen- 
dichter  "  of  thirty  years  ago,  it  would  seem 
as  if  only  Saar  and  the  two  Swiss  masters, 
Gottfried  Keller  and  Konrad  F.  Meyer,  had 
succeeded  in  retaining  the  sympathies  of 
the  younger  generation  which  is  building  up 
the  German  literature  of  to-day. 

J.  G.  R. 


On  the  3rd  of  September  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.  will  begin  the  publication  of 
a  new  definitive  edition  of  the  works  of 
Mrs.  Gaskell,  to  which  is  given  the  title 
of  "  The  Knutsford  Edition."  The  edi- 
tion will  be  in  eight  volumes,  these  being 
issued  at  fortnightly  intervals,  and  there 
will  be  an  introduction  to  each  volume, 
in  addition  to  a  biographical  introduction 
in  the  first  issue  by  the  Master  of  Peter- 
house,  writing  with  the  kind  assistance  of 
the  Misses  Gaskell,  to  whom,  by  their 
permission,  he  dedicates  this  edition  of 
the  works  of  their  mother.  Each  volume 
will  contain  a  frontispiece  in  photogravure, 
one  being  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Gaskell  by 
George  Richmond,  R.A.,  and  another  an 
unpublished  portrait  from  a  drawing  by 
Samuel  Laurence,  besides  other  illustra- 
tions and  a  facsimile  MS.  The  works 
will  be  arranged  as  far  as  is  possible  in 
chronological  order,  and  will  include 
several  contributions  to  periodicals  hither- 
to unreprinted,  together  with  two  poems 
and  some  unpublished  fragments  of  stories. 
The  first  volume  will  be  '  Mary  Barton, 
&c.,'  and  it  will  be  followed  on  Septem- 
ber 17th  by  '  Cranford,  and  other  Tales.' 

On  it  issue  of  June  9th  contained  a 
review  of  the  Marquis  de  Segur's  excellent 
biography  of  Julie  de  Lespinasse— a  bio- 
graphy which,  for  the  first  time,  makes 
clear  the  mysteries  (hitherto  regarded  as 


insoluble)  connected  with  the  question  of 
Julie's  birth.  We  are  glad  to  hear  that 
the  English  and  American  rights  of  this 
book,  under  the  new  United  States  copy- 
right law,  have  been  secured  by  Messrs. 
Chatto  &  Windus,  who  will  shortly  issue 
a  translation  by  a  capable  hand. 

Miss  E.  L.  Seeley  has  completed 
for  the  same  firm  a  volume,  '  Stories 
of  the  Italian  Artists,'  collected  from 
Vasari,  and  designed  "  to  give  an 
idea  of  the  liveliness  of  the  Renaissance 
in  Italy."  The  book  will  be  fully  illus- 
trated in  half-tone  and  by  the  four-colour 
process.  ^Besides  the  ordinary  issue,  there 
will  be  a  special  edition,  containing  a 
coloured  woodcut  frontispiece  after  Botti- 
celli. Both  editions  will  be  bound,  and 
contain  a  title  design,  after  notable  con- 
temporary examples. 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  before  long 
a  work  by  Count  Eugenio  Martinengo- 
Cesaresco,  entitled  '  The  Psychology  and 
Training  of  the  Horse,'  which  has  been 
described  as  the  only  animal  capable  of 
enthusiasm  except  the  dog.  The  book  is 
a  minute  study  of  the  mode  in  which  the 
horse  learns,  and  the  methods  which  may 
be  employed  in  his  training.  The  volume 
will  also  contain  sections  on  bridling,  on 
the  use  of  the  curb-bit,  and  on  turning. 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  are  preparing, 
under  the  title  "  Native  Races  of  the 
British  Empire,"  a  series  of  illustrated 
ethnographical  handbooks,  intended  to 
convey  accurate  information  in  a  popular 
and  readable  form.  There  is  a  widespread 
interest  in  the  life  of  so-called  "  savage  " 
tribes,  which  existing  publications  do 
little  or  nothing  to  meet,  being  either  too 
technical  for  the  general  reader,  or  treating 
the  subject  in  an  unsystematic  way. 
Special  attention  will  be  devoted  to  child- 
life.  The  first  volume,  by  Mr.  N.  W. 
Thomas  (the  general  editor  of  the  series), 
will  be  devoted  to  the  Australian  abo- 
rigines, and  will  be  followed  by  others  on 
British  Central  Africa  and  British 
Columbia. 

Owing  to  the  increasing  pressure  of 
his  duties  at  the  Law  Society,  where  the 
system  of  legal  education  is  developing 
steadily,  Mr.  Edward  Jenks  is  resigning 
the  editorship  of  The  Independent  Review, 
which  he  has  held  for  the  last  three  years. 
His  successor  is  Mr.  C.  Roden  Buxton, 
who  has  been  associated  with  the  Review 
from  its  foundation,  and  will  maintain 
its  traditions. 

Pope  Pius  X.,  who  is  lending  a  favour- 
able countenance  to  movements  in  Italy — 
mostly  of  English  initiation — for  the  pre- 
vention of  cruelty  to  animals,  has  just 
accepted  with  high  approval  a  copy  of 
'  L'Eglise  et  la  Pitie  envers  les  Animaux.' 
A  translation  of  this  work,  which  illus- 
trates anecdotally  the  amiable  relation- 
ship between  animals  and  certain  saints 
and  doctors  of  the  church,  will  be  pub- 
lished in  the  early  autumn  by  Messrs. 
Burns  &  Gates.  It  will  be  illustrated  by 
Old  Master  representations  of  St.  Francis 
preaching  to  the  fishes,  St.  Anthony 
offering  the  Host  to  the  adoration  of  a 


beast,  St.  Hubert's  vision  of  the  reproach- 
ful crucifix  in  the  horns  of  a  hunted  stag, 
and  St.  Jerome  engaged  in  his  literary 
work  with  the  lion  and  lamb  at  his  feet. 

Prof.  Bang,  of  Louvain  University,  to 
whom  Tudor  scholarship  is  under  great 
obligations,  is  on  the  point  of  publishing 
a  concordance  to  the  works  of  Thomas 
Kyd,  compiled  by  Mr.  Charles  Crawford. 
The  edition  followed  is  that  of  Prof.  Boas, 
the  old  spelling  and  punctuation  of  which 
are  preserved.  Mr.  Crawford,  whose  idea 
in  drawing  up  the  concordance  was  to 
enable  students  to  test  the  accuracy  of 
his  ascription  to  Kyd  of  '  Arden  of  Fever- 
sham,'  has  included  that  play  (in  the 
"  Temple  "  edition)  in  his  scheme.  As  a 
supplement  to  it  he  has  compiled  a  con- 
cordance for  Prof.  Dowden's  "  Arden  " 
edition  of  '  Hamlet,'  and  the  1603  quarto 
of  that  play. 

Mr.  Crawford  has  also  nearly  finished 
a  concordance  to  Marlowe,  which  includes 
all  the  versions  of  '  Henry  VI.,'  '  Selimus,' 
'  Locrine,'  and  '  Edward  III.'  The  work 
will  probably  include  Peele's  '  Edward  I.,' 
so  as  to  complete  the  trio  of  "  Edward  " 
plays. 

At  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress 
of  Americanists,  to  be  held  at  Quebec  on 
September  8th,  the  subject  of  the  "  dis- 
covery and  occupation  of  the  New  World  " 
will  have  a  prominent  place.  This  is  a 
topic  of  which  we  are  likely  to  hear 
much  before  next  summer  in  connexion 
with  the  celebration  of  the  tercentenary 
of  the  permanent  settlement  of  Virginia 
in  1607.  An  effort  has  already  been  made 
by  Mr.  Darnell  Davis  to  secure  the  proper 
representation  of  the  North  American 
and  West  Indian  colonies  on  this  interest- 
ing occasion. 

Amongst  the  American  historical 
scholars  who  have  revisited  London  this 
summer  is  Prof.  Charles  Gross,  who  has 
not  been  over  since  the  publication  of  the 
famous  '  Bibliography,'  which  has  proved 
such  a  boon  to  English  students.  Prof. 
Gross  is  at  present  engaged  in  preparing 
an  edition  of  the  records  of  the  Courts  of 
"  Pie  Powder  "  for  the  Selden  Society. 

Mr.  G.  S.  Layard  writes  from  Bull's 
Cliff,  Felixstowe,  asking  for  letters  and 
reminiscences  of  Shirley  Brooks,  whose 
life  he  is  writing. 

The  Religious  Tract  Society  will,  early 
in  the  autumn,  add  to  its  '  Devotional 
Commentary  '  two  volumes  :  one  on  the 
Book  of  Esther  by  Dr.  Elder  Cumming, 
and  the  other  on  1  Thessalonians  by  the 
Rev.  A.  R.  Buckland. 

The  copy  of  '  King  Glum  pus  '  which 
we  referred  to  last  week  as  to  be  sold  by 
Messrs.  Hodgson  fetched  101?. 

Miss  Ethel  Hurlbatt,  Principal  of 
Bedford  College  for  Women,  has  accepted 
an  appointment  as  Warden  of  the  Royal 
Victoria  College,  McGill  University,  Mon- 
treal, and  will  leave  England  at  the  end 
of  the  year.  The  Council  of  Bedford 
College  will  shortly  appoint  her  successor, 
who,  it  is  hoped,  will  come  into  residence 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Lent  term. 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


133 


Messrs.  A.  &.  F.  Denny  publish  this 
summer,  besides  their  list  of  '  Sixpenny 
Books,'  a  '  Catalogue  of  Shilling  Books,' 
which  we  strongly  commend  to  book- 
lovers  of  modest  means.  The  books  are 
classified  under  headings,  and  the  list 
shows  what  a  wide  range  of  interests  is 
covered  by  modern  enterprise.  There  are, 
for  instance,  four  versions  of  Plato's 
'  Republic,'  and  three  of  the  '  Imitatio.' 

There  are  two  candidates  for  the  chair 
at  the  Academie  Francaise  rendered  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Albert  Sorel  :  M.  Maurice 
Donnay,  the  author  of  '  Paraitre '  and 
many  other  dramatic  pieces,  and  M. 
Lendtre,  the  brilliant  historian  of  the 
Revolution. 

A  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Prof.  Gustave  Larroumet,  the  distinguished 
literary  critic,  was  inaugurated  on  Sunday 
last  at  one  of  the  entrances  to  the  Palais 
Royal,  near  the  Theatre  Francais.  The 
bust  of  the  former  Maitre  de  Conferences 
at  the  Sorbonne  is  the  work  of  M.  Paul 
Roussel.  A  large  number  of  members  of 
the  Institute  and  professors  assisted  at 
the  ceremony,  M.  Henry  Roujon  pro- 
nouncing the  usual  "  discours,"  whilst 
M.  Georges  Leygues  delivered  a  eulogy 
on  the  character  and  work  of  Larroumet. 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  follow- 
ing Parliamentary  Papers  :  Ecclesiastical 
Discipline,  Royal  Commission,  Minutes 
of  Evidence,  4  vols.  (14s.  lOd.)  ;  Minute 
providing  for  Special  Grants  in  aid  of 
certain  School  Boards  in  Scotland  (Id.)  ; 
Syllabuses  of  Religious  Instruction  issued 
by  Diocesan  and  other  Associations  for 
the  Use  of  Church  of  England  Schools 
(lOd.)  ;  Report  on  the  Administration  of 
Schools  under  the  Welsh  Intermediate 
Education  Act,  1889  {Id.)  ;  and  Report 
of  the  Progress  of  the  Ordnance  Survey 
to  the  31st  March,  1906  {2s.  9d.). 

SCIENCE 


Address  to  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  delivered  at  York, 
1906.  By  Prof.  E.  Ray  Lankester, 
President. 

Taking  skilful  advantage  of  the  fact  that 
the  British  Association  last  met  at  York 
twenty-five  years  ago,  Prof.  Lankester 
has  converted  the  Presidential  Address 
into  a  survey  of  the  progress  of  the  natural 
sciences  since  that  date.  Such  a  summary, 
by  a  thinker  to  whom  none  will  deny  the 
qualities  of  high  intelligence  and  great 
power  of  exposition,  is  sure  to  be  welcome, 
and  the  innovation  must  be  pleasing  even 
to  those  who  looked  forward  to  a  disserta- 
tion in  Prof.  Lankester's  well-known  style 
upon  some  disputed  point  in  biology.  But 
the  advances  that  he  had  to  record  were 
for  the  most  part  in  those  sciences  of 
physics  and  chemistry  on  which  he  had  to 
disclaim  the  right  to  speak  with  authority, 
and  it  is  possible  that  he  showed  less 
appreciation  than  may  have  been  expected 
of  the  effect  of  the  new  theories  of  matter, 
crowned,  rather  than  ushered  in,  by  the 


discovery  of  radium.  Prof.  Lankester  is 
of  opinion  that 

"  there  has  been  nothing  to  lead  us  to  con- 
clude that  we  have  been  on  the  wrong  path 
— nothing  which  is  really  revolutionary  ; 
that  is  to  say,  nothing  which  cannot  be 
accepted  by  an  intelligible  modification  of 
previous  conceptions.  There  is,  in  fact, 
continuity  and  healthy  evolution  in  the 
realm  of  science.  Whilst  some  onlookers 
have  declared  to  the  public  that  science  is 
at  an  end,  its  possibilities  exhausted,  and 
but  little  of  the  hopes  it  raised  realised, 
others  have  asserted,  on  the  contrary,  that 
the  new  discoveries — such  as  those  relating 
to  the  X-rays  and  to  radium — are  so  incon- 
sistent with  previous  knowledge  as  to  shake 
the  foundations  of  science,  and  to  justify  a 
belief  in  any  and  every  absurdity  of  an 
unrestrained  fancy." 

This  last  gird  at  what  he  calls  "  the  enemies 
of  science  "  is  characteristic  enough  ;  and 
it  is,  of  course,  true  that  nothing  has  yet 
happened  which  should  shake  our  faith 
in  the  sufficiency  of  the  methods  of  science. 
When  we  consider,  however,  that  the 
discoveries  in  question  have,  in  the  opinion 
of  some  not  undistinguished  men  of  science, 
left  valid  none  of  the  laws  of  mechanics 
except  that  of  least  action,  that  they  bid 
fair  to  convert  all  physics  into  different 
branches  of  the  study  of  electricity,  and 
that  they  have  shaken  to  its  foundations 
the  idea  of  the  immutability  of  the  ele- 
ments which  lies  at  the  root  of  chemistry, 
it  is  difficult  to  find  a  modification  of 
previous  conceptions  that  would  be  more 
revolutionary.  It  is  no  doubt  mainly  an 
affair  of  words ;  but  we  should  have  been 
better  pleased  had  the  President  given  his 
own  view  of  the  validity  of  the  new 
theories  of  matter,  instead  of  merely 
assuring  us  that  there  has  been  a  con- 
tinuous and  healthy  evolution  of  them 
from  their  predecessors. 

This  apart,  we  do  not  propose  to  follow 
Prof.  Lankester  in  his  able  and,  so  far  as 
it  goes,  accurate  and  cautious  summary 
of  the  discovery  of  the  new  gases  of  the 
atmosphere,  of  the  radio-active  elements, 
and  of  the  Hertzian  waves.  It  has  been 
the  aim  of  this  journal  during  the  past 
year  to  keep  its  readers  informed  of  the 
advance  that  has  been  made  in  the  study 
of  these  subjects,  and  there  can  be  no 
occasion  now  to  recapitulate  what  is 
in  itself  a  recapitulation.  In  astronomy, 
however,  the  Address  touched  upon  com- 
paratively untrodden  ground,  and  here 
the  President  had  some  discoveries  to 
impart  that  must  have  come  as  a  surprise 
to  many  of  his  hearers.  In  the  first  place, 
he  stated  that  of  the  two  new  satellites 
of  Saturn  discovered  at  the  Lick  Obser- 
vatory one  '"  goes  round  that  planet  the 
wrong  way,  thus  calling  for  a  fundamental 
revision  of  our  ideas  of  the  origin  of  the 
solar  system  "  ;  and  then  that  Mr.  P.  H. 
Cowell  has  been  "  led  to  suggest  that  the 
day  is  lengthening  ten  times  as  rapidly 
as'  had  been  supposed,"  and  that  .Mi. 
Stratton  in  April  last  showed  "  that  in 
all  probability  the  planets  had  all  turned 
upside  down  since  their  birth."  After 
this,  he  may  certainly  he  pardoned  his 
gibe  at  M.  Burnet  iere  for  suggesting  thai 
Science  has  exhausted  her  stock  of  marvels, 


On  questions  of  morphology,  or,  as  he 
prefers  to  call  it,  "  animal  and  vege- 
table morphography,"  Prof.  Lankester  is 
thoroughly  at  home,  and  here,  too,  he 
had  something  subversive  to  announce. 
Thus  :— 

"  The  anatomical  study  by  the  Australian 
professors,  Hill  and  Wilson,  of  the  teeth 
and  the  foetus  of  the  Australian  group  of 
pouched  mammals — the  marsupials — has 
entirely  upset  previous  notions,  to  the  effect 
that  these  were  a  primitive  group,  and  has 
shown  that  their  possession  of  only  one 
replacing  tooth  is  a  retention  of  one  out  of 
many  such  teeth  (the  germs  of  which  are 
present),  as  in  placental  mammals  ;  and 
further  that  many  of  these  marsupials 
have  the  nourishing  outgrowth  of  the  foetus 
called  the  placenta  fairly  well  developed,  so 
that  they  must  be  regarded  as  a  degenerate 
side-branch  of  the  placental  mammals,  and 
not  as  primitive  forerunners  of  that  dominant 
series  "  ; 

while  he  is  of  opinion  that 
"  the  origin  of  the  limbs  of  vertebrates  is 
now  generally  agreed  to  be  correctly  indicated 
in  the  Thatcher-Mivart-Balfour  theory  to 
the  effect  that  they  are  derived  from  a  pair 
of  continuous  lateral  fins,  in  fish-like  ancestors, 
similar  in  every  way  to  the  continuous  median 
dorsal  fin  of  fishes." 

Further,  he  brought  forward  many 
reasons  for  thinking  not  only  that  crypto- 
gamic  plants,  like  their  higher  brethren 
the  phanerogams,  are  propagated  by 
means  of  spermatozoa — this  was  the  dis- 
covery of  two  students  at  Tokyo,  Mr. 
Hirase  and  Mr.  Ikeno— but  also  that  the 
same  may  be  said  even  of  "  simple  uni- 
cellular animals"  like  the  Protozoa. 
Before  leaving  this  branch  of  the  subject 
it  should  be  noted  also  that  Prof.  Lankester 
gave  a  curious  theory  of  his  own  as  to  the 
derivation  of  the  elephant's  trunk  from 
the  soft  upper  jaw  and  nasal  area  of  the 
extinct  Tetrabelodon,  which  he  considers 
is  confirmed  by  recent  discoveries  of  fossil 
animals  in  Egypt,  On  somewhat  similar 
evidence,  he  sees  reason  to  believe  that 
Australia  was  once  joined  to  the  South 
American  continent,  and  he  hopes  that 
animals  like  the  giant  sloth  and  "the 
peculiar  horse  Onohippidium  "  may  be 
still  living  and  discovered  by  explorers  in 
Patagonia.  The  remains  of  the  Pithe- 
canthropus erectus  of  Java  find  in  him  a 
staunch  supporter,  and  he  believes  in 
the  authenticity  of  the  eoliths,  or  chipped 
Hints,  of  Prestwich. 

In  physiology  the  life-history  of  the 
cell  naturally  received  much  attention, 
and  Prof.  Lankester  assigned  the  first 
place  among  the  discoveries  there  made 
to  the  fact  that  "ferments  or  enzymes 
are  not  only  secreted  externally  by  cells, 
but  exist  active  and  preformed  inatde 
cells."  The  researches  of  Buchner  and 
others  in  this  respect 

"  have  led  to  the  conclusion  that  it  i>  pro- 
bable that  the  '-ell  respires  by  means  of  a 
respiratory  'oxydase,'  builds  up  ue\i  com- 
pounds  and  destroys  existing  ones,  contracts 
and  accomplishes  its  nun  internal  life  by 
ferments.  Life  thus  (from  the  chemical 
point  <>t  view)  becomes  a  chain  of  ferment 
actions." 

As  for  the  discovery  <>f  the  Becretions 
of  glands  such  as  the  suprarenal  capsules, 


134 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


the  thyroid,  and  the  pituitary  organ, 
which  Prof.  Lankester  traced  to  the  original 
discovery  by  Bernard  of  the  formation  of 
glycogen  in  the  liver,  he  declared  that 
while  the  mere  enumeration  of  such  topics 
would  last  for  hours,  their  importance 
for  the  study  of  physiology  is  "  almost  in- 
finite." He  does  not  attach  the  same 
importance  to  the  notorious  "  radiobes," 
which  he  thinks  are  "  identical  with  the 
minute  bodies  well  known  to  microscopists, 
and  recognized  as  crystals  modified  by  a 
colloid  medium."  He  thinks  that  "  they 
cannot  be  considered  as  having  any  new 
bearing  on  the  origin  of  living  matter," 
and  seems  to  ignore  Mr.  Douglas  Rudge's 
discovery  (soon  to  be  published  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society)  that  they 
are  not  manifested  except  in  the  presence 
of  sulphur.  On  the  other  hand,  he  had 
much  to  say  about  the  protoplasm  that 
occupied  so  large  a  place  in  the  addresses 
of  his  predecessors  : — 

"  It  has  been  pretty  clearly  made  out  by 
cutting  up  large  living  cells — unicellular 
animals — that  the  body  of  the  cell  alone, 
without  the  nucleus  can  do  very  little  but 
move  and  maintain  for  a  time  its  chemical 
status.  But  it  is  the  nucleus  which  directs 
and  determines  all  definite  growth,  move- 
ment, secretion,  and  reproduction.  The 
simple  protoplasm,  deprived  of  its  nucleus, 
cannot  form  a  new  nucleus — in  fact,  can 
do  very  little  but  exhibit  irritability  "  ; 

from  which  he  concludes  that  "  the 
simplest  form  of  life  at  present  existing 
is  a  highly  complicated  structure — a 
nucleated  cell." 

Want  of  space  compels  us  to  pass  over 
the  very  interesting  discussion  upon  the 
variation  of  species  raised  by  Prof. 
Lankester  under  the  title  of  '  Darwinism,' 
and  the  importance  that  he  there  attaches 
to  the  observations  of  Mendel  as  extended 
by  Mr.  Bateson  and  his  pupils  ;  nor  can 
we  do  more  than  mention  his  account  of 
the  progress  of  psychology,  for  which 
Oxford  and  her  Lecturer  in  Experimental 
Psychology,  Mr.  MacDougall,  are  largely 
responsible.  We  pass  to  the  heading  of 
'  Disease,'  under  which  Prof.  Lankester 
devoted  much  space  to  the  examination 
of  the  theories  of  Prof.  Metschnikoff.  He 
is  of  opinion  that 

"  whilst  we  must  take  every  precaution  to 
diminish  infection,  yet  our  ultimate  safety 
must  come  from  within — namely,  from  the 
activity,  the  trained,  stimulated,  and  carefully 
guarded  activity,  of  those  wonderful  colour- 
less amceba-like  corpuscles  whose  use  was 
so  long  unrecognised,  but  has  now  been 
made  clear  by  the  patiently  continued 
experiments  and  arguments  of  Metschnikoff, 
who  has  named  them  'phagocytes.'.... 
At  the  same  time  he  had  shown  that  they 
eat  up  intrusive  bacteria  and  other  germs  ; 
and  his  work  for  the  last  twenty  years  has 
mainly  consisted  in  demonstrating  that 
they  are  the  chief,  and  probably  the  only, 
agents  at  work  in  either  ridding  the  human 
body  of  an  attack  of  disease-causing  germs 
or  in  warding  off  even  the  commencement  of 
an  attack,  so  that  the  man  or  animal  in 
which  they  are  fully  efficient  is  '  immune  ' 
— that  is  to  say,  cannot  be  effectively 
attacked  by  disease-germs." 

It  is,  perhaps,  needless  to  say  that  Prof. 
Lankester  concluded  his  addresss  with  the 
complaint  that  the  interests  of  science  are 


in  this  country  "  not  merely  ignored  and 
neglected,  but  are  actually  treated  as  of 
no  account  or  non-existent  by  the  old- 
established  class  of  politicians  and  admi- 
nistrators." While  acknowledging  the 
munificence  of  a  few  public  benefactors 
in  the  endowment  of  research,  he  thought 
that  science  aroused  less  interest  "  out- 
side the  school  and  university "  than 
formerly,  and  said  that  it  would  be  reason- 
able and  wise  of  the  Government  to  spend 
ten  millions  a  year  on  the  investigation 
of,  and  the  attempt  to  destroy,  disease. 
Although  some  part  of  this  complaint  is 
disputable,  it  will,  no  doubt,  receive  full 
discussion  at  the  hands  of  Prof.  Lankester's 
hearers,  and  in  raising  it  he  has  rendered 
much  service  to  science. 


LA    COMPARAISON    DES    LOIS 

PHYSIQUES    AVEC    LES 

LOIS    BIOLOGIQUES.* 

1.    La  loi  physico-chimique  consideree  comme 
loi  statistique. 

Dans  mi  precedent  article  nous  avons 
insiste  sur  le  caractere  approche  des  lois 
physico-chimiques  meme  les  plus  precises. 

Or  ce  caractere  d'incertitude  et  d'approxi- 
mation  se  retrouve  a  un  degre  beaucoup  plus 
marque,  si  Ton  passe  du  domaine  des 
phenomenes  physiques  a  celui  des  pheno- 
menes biologiques  ou  meme  psychologiques. 

Afin  de  rendre  la  comparaison  plus 
tangible  entre  ces  divers  phenomenes, 
rappelons  une  des  interpretations  a  la  fois 
des  plus  originales  et  des  plus  actuelles 
de  la  loi  physico-chimique  (Poincare,  '  La 
Valeur  de  la  Science  ' ). 

Elle  consiste  a  envisager  la  loi  (meme  en 
apparence  la  plus  precise)  comme  ayant  le 
caractere  d'une  loi  statistique.  "  Les  faits 
qui  nous  paraissent  simples  ne  seraient  plus 
que  la  resultante  d'un  tres  grand  nombre 
de  faits  elementaires  "  ;  le  calcul  des  pro- 
bability et  la  loi  des  grands  nombres 
joueraient  alors  un  role  preponderant  pour 
nous  laisser  entrevoir  la  tendance  resultante 
de  tous  ces  faits  elementaires  et  independ- 
ants. 

Cette  conception  est  particulierement  bien 
illustree  par  la  theorie  cinetique  des  gaz. 

On  sait  en  effet  que  cette  theorie  nous  fait 
envisager  les  gaz  comme  formes  de  myriades 
de  petites  spheres  elastiques  animees  de 
vitesses  enormes  et  se  mouvant  dans  toutes 
les  directions. 

Toutes  ces  molecules  elastiques  s'entre- 
choquent  en  echangeant  leur  vitesse  et 
frappent  les  parois  du  vase  qui  les  contient, 
determinant  un  effet  resultant  que  nous 
appelons  la  pression  du  gaz. 

Or,  point  n'est  besoin  de  supposer  dans 
cette  theorie  que  toutes  ces  molecules  soient 
animees  rigoureusement  de  la  meme  vitesse  ; 
bien  au  contraire,  nous  avons  meme  la 
preuve  qu'il  n'en  doit  pas  etre  ainsi.  Nous 
n'avons  pas  plus  de  raisons  de  leur  supjjoser 
une  constitution  absolument  identique,  nos 
instruments  ne  nous  donnant  jamais  que 
des  indications  moyennes. 

Si  done  nous  placons  un  thermometro  au 
milieu   de   cet   essaim   tourbillonnant,    nous 


■  The  earlier  articles  in  this  Series  appeared  as  follows: 
M.  Poincare"  on  'La  Kin  de  la  Matiere,'  February  17th; 
sir  William  Ramsay  on  'Helium  and  the  Transmutation 
of  Elements,'  March  10th  ;  Dr.  A.  11.  Bucherer  on  'The 
Shape  of  Electrons  and  the  Maxwellian  Theory,'  March 
24th;  Dr.  .1.  Norman  Collie  on  '  Stereo-Isomerism,'  April 
28th;  and  M.  C.  E.  Ouye  on  'La  Precision  des  Lois 
Physiques,'  July  8$1  b 


pourrons  comparer  ce  precieux  instrument 
a  un  employe  charge  d'effectuer  le  recense- 
ment  de  la  force  vive  moyenne  de  toute 
cette  population  gazeuse.  Cet  employe 
discret  saura  nous  faire  grace  du  detail  de 
ses  additions  et  de  ses  calculs,  il  nous 
livrera  seulement  le  resultat  final  de  son 
enquete  ;  ce  resultat  nous  l'appellerons  la 
temperature  du  gaz. 

Voyons  maintenant  dans  quelles  condi- 
tions s'effectuent  ces  sortes  d'enquetes 
lorsqu'il  s'agit  de  phenomenes  physico- 
chimiques. 

Les  recherches  les  plus  recentes  sur  la 
conductibilite  des  gaz  ont  conduit  a  admettre 
qu'un  seul  centimetre  cube  de  gaz,  pris  a 
la  pression  atmospherique  et  a  la  tempera- 
ture de  15°  C,  renferme  4  x  1019  mole- 
cules, soit  quatre  cent  milliards  de  fois 
cent  millions  ;  l'ordre  de  grandeur  de  ce 
nombre  etant  d'ailleurs  confirme  par  des 
considerations  empruntees  a  d'autres  cha- 
pitres  de  la  physique. 

C'est  done  sur  un  nombre  de  faits  elemen- 
taires au  moins  de  cet  ordre  que  portent 
nos  enquetes  physico-chimiques. 

Hatons-nous  d'aj outer  que  cette  popula- 
tion moleculaire  (s'il  est  permis  de  l'appeler 
ainsi)  conserve  un  caractere  hypothetique 
puisqu'elle  n'a  jamais  ete  percue  directe- 
ment. 

Cependant,  toute  la  science  actuelle  repose 
en  grande  partie  sur  son  existence,  et  les 
recents  progres  realises  dans  la  vision  des 
objets  ultra-microscopiques  ont  permis  de 
rendre  visibles  des  particules  dont  les  dimen- 
sions ne  seraient  plus  que  dix  fois  superieures 
a  la  distance  qui  separerait  deux  molecules 
gazeuses  l'une  de  l'autre. 

Ces  particules  visibles  seraient  de  l'ordre 
du  deux  cent  millionieme  de  millimetre,  c'est 
croyons-nous  actuellement  l'extreme  limite 
observee  dans  la  discontinuity  de  la  matiere, 
si  Ton  excepte  1' interpretation  donnee  a 
l'experience  bien  connue  du  spinthariscope 
de  Crookes. 

Si  done  Ton  prend  en  consideration  le 
nombre  enorme  des  faits  elementaires  qui 
servent  de  base  a  l'etablissement  d'une  loi 
physico-chimique,  on  sera  moins  surpris  de 
la  concordance  des  resultats  obtenus  par 
les  divers  experimentateurs  ;  on  s'etonnera 
moins  de  ce  que  l'on  appelle  la  precision  des 
experiences. 

Quelques  chiffres  a  l'appui  de  ce  dire  ne 
seront  peut-etre  pas  inutiles  a  titre  d'exemple. 

En  determinant  la  masse  d'un  litre  d'air 
a  0°  C.  et  a  la  pression  atmospherique  il  a 
ete  trouve — 


Lord  Rayleigh 

Leduc 

Von  Joly     . . . 

Regnault     . . . 


1,293-27  gramme. 
1,29316 
1,293  83 
1,293  49 


La  concordance  est,  on  le  voit,  tres  grande  ; 
les  quatre  premiers  chiffres  sont  les  memes 
dans  toutes  ces  experiences,  et  l'on  peut 
attribuer  encore  les  petites  differences  aux 
imperfections  des  methodes  et  des  mesures. 
Mais  supposons  ces  methodes  parfaites, 
ser ions-nous  en  droit  d'attendre  une  con- 
cordance illimitee  ?     Nous  ne  le  pensons  pas. 

En  d'autres  mots,  si  le  physicien  avait  la 
possibilite  do  n'experimenter  que  sur  un 
petit  nombre  do  mol6cules,  il  ne  lui  serait 
vraisemblablemont  pas  possible  d'6tablir 
une  loi  physico-chimique  quclconque. 

2.  Precision  des  lois  biologiques. 

Les  lois  biologiques  vont  nous  permettre 
de  pr6cisor  cette  maniere  de  voir. 

Dans  un  article  tres  documented  sur  la 
masculinity,  c'est  a  dire  sur  le  rapport  entre 
le  nombre  des  naissances  masculines  et  celui 
des  naissances  feminines,  M.  E.  Maurel  citq 
entr'autrps  le  tableau  suivant ;-— 


B*4llO,  Aug.  4,  190B 


Tfifi    ATHENAEUM 


. ,  -■.-■- 


Norvege            

...     1056 

Russie  d'Europe 

...     10o- 

Danemark 

...     105- 

Finlande 

...     1049 

Croatie  Slavonie 

...     105-8 

Pologne  Russe  ... 

...     101- 

Roumanie 

...     110-8 

Serbia    ...        ...        ... 

...     105-8 

Prusse    ...        ...        ... 

...     105-3 

Alsace  Lorraine            i . . 

...     105-1 

Baviere  ... 

...     105  2 

Saxe 

...     105- 

Wurtemberg     ... 

...     104-3 

Bude       

...     104-9 

Grande  Bretagne 

...     105  3 

Aut  riche 

...     106-1 

Belgique 

...     104-7 

Hollande 

...     105-2 

Suisse     ... 

.  ...     105-2 

Italic      

...     1063 

Espagne... 

...     108-3 

Grece      

...     113-8 

Portugal            

...     107-1 

France    ... 

...     104-7 

Des  que  la  statistique  embrasse  un  groupe 
de  population  assez  important,  les  cbiffres 
representant  la  masculinite  deviennent,  si 
non  constants,  du  moins  tres  voisins. 

II  faut  done  admettre  que  les  influences, 
probablement  tres  complexes^  qui  deter- 
minent  la  masculinite,  sans  etre  individuelle- 
ment  constantes,  ont  cependant  une  resul- 
tante  qui  tend  vers  une  valeur  constante 
voisine  de  105. 

Or  la  statistique  precedente  n'a  pu  etre 
etablie  dans  chaque  pays  que  sur  quelques 
millions  de  cas,  et,  a  l'exception  de  la  Rou- 
manie et  de  la  Grece,  le  second  cbiffre 
decimal  exprimant  la  loi  de  masculinite  est 
le  meme  dans  tous  les  pays.  Or  il  est 
evident  que  Ton  n'aurait  pu  formuler  aucune 
loi  si  la  statistique  precedente  n'avait  porte 
que  sur  une  famille  prise  au  hasard  dans 
chaque  pays. 

D'ailleurs,  quelle  que  soit  l'etendue  d'une 
statistique  biologique,  le  nombre  des  faits 
elementaires  qui  serviront  a  l'etablir  sera 
toujours  incomparablement  plus  faible  que 
dans  une  experience  physico-chimique  quel- 
conque.  Nous  serons  to  uj  ours  tres  loin  des 
4x  1019  molecules  du  centimetre  cube  de  gaz. 
Pour  experimenter  en  biologie  dans  des  con- 
ditions comparables  il  faudrait  dans  chaque 
cas  disposer  d'une  population  vingt-sept 
milliards  de  fois  plus  nombreuse  que  la 
population  du  globe,  estimee  a  un  milliard 
et  demi. 

Si  Ton  cherche  a  etendre  des  considerations 
de  ce  genre  dans  le  domaine  autrement 
complexe  des  phenomenes  psychologiques, 
on  con9oit  aisement  1'impossibilite  pratique 
de  formuler  dans  ce  domaine  des  lois  precises, 
e'est  a  dire  d' 'exprimer  des  previsions  qui 
aient  une  probabilite  quasi  certaine  de  se 
realiser. 

Dans  cette  maniere  de  voir  la  loi  psycholo- 
gique  et  biologique  existerait  au  meme  titre 
que  la  loi  physico-chimique,  en  tant  que 
tendance  resultante.  Mais  comme  cette 
derniere  elle  ne  deviendrait  loi,  e'est  a  dire 
precise,  que  lorsque  le  nombre  des  individual- 
ites  envisagees  serait  suffisamment  grand. 

On  voit  que  cette  interpretation  tres 
actuelle  des  lois  physico-chimiques  dans 
laquelle  on  fait  intervener  au  premier  rang 
le  calcul  des  probabilites  et  la  loi  des  grands 
nombres  a  l'avantage  d'etablir  une  sorte 
d'unite  dans  la  facon  d'envisager  les  pheno- 
menes qui  se  presentent  a  nous — pheno- 
menes que  nous  avons  classe  quelque  peu 
arbitrairement  en  phenomenes  physico-chi- 
miques, biologiques  et  psychologiques. 

Elle  nous  conduirait  tout  naturellemenl  a 
parler  des  philosophies  animistes  et  vitalistes. 
Mais  cette  question,  aussi  vieille  que  la 
philosophic  elle-meme,  n'est  pas  de  celles 
qui  se  puissent  traiter  en  quelques  colonncs. 

Notre  but  dans  cet  article  a  etc  de  montrer 


quels  sont  dans  la  physique  moderne  les 
arguments  nouveaux  qui  peuvent  etre  in- 
voques  en  leur  faveur.  C.  E.   Guye. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

A  communication  on  the  Central  Nigerian 
plateau  recently  made  to  the  Society  of 
Anthropology  of  Paris  by  Lieut.  Desplagnes, 
who  had  been  commissioned  by  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions  to  investigate  the  prehistoric 
remains  in  that  part  of  North-West  Africa, 
was  characterized  by  MM.  Papillault  and 
Zaborowski  as  important  and  novel,  and 
obtained  for  the  author  at  the  Society's 
following  meeting  the  honour  of  correspond- 
ing membership.  The  district  described  is 
that  lying  to  the  south-east  of  Timbuktu, 
and  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Niger,  a 
country  which  appears  to  have  been  populous 
and  civilized  in  very  ancient  times.  This  is 
testified  by  megalithic  monuments,  tumuli, 
and  inscriptions.  The  author  detects  in  the 
Bozo  fishermen  the  primitive  type  of 
Nigerian.  The  dwellings  are  of  brick  or  of 
stone,  and  generally  of  more  than  one  story, 
the  bedrooms  being  on  the  first  floor  and 
approached  by  a  ladder.  Those  of  the  chief 
and  principal  men  are  decorated  with  colon- 
nades and  chevron  work  that  recall  the  archi- 
tecture of  Zimbabwe.  In  each  village  group 
the  heads  of  families  elect  a  chief,  styled 
"  hogon,"  and  the  hogons  in  general  assembly 
elect  a  supreme  chief,  or  "  har-hogon,"  whose 
authority  was  formerly  absolute  in  political 
and  judicial  matters,  but  is  now  no  more  than 
a  vague  religious  power.  The  people  gene- 
rally believe  in  an  omnipotent  divinity,  but 
consider  that  he  does  not  interest  himself 
much  in  the  affairs  of  mankind,  which  are 
left  to  inferior  and  often  malicious  divinities, 
which  it  is  the  business  of  a  sorcerer  entitled 
the  "  laggam  "  to  propitiate.  On  the 
occasion  of  religious  feasts,  animal  sacrifices 
are  offered  by  the  hogon  on  a  three-pointed 
altar  to  a  divine  triad,  which  includes  a 
male  principle,  and  also  a  female.  Ritual 
dances  in  masks  are  executed  by  the  young 
men.  Death  is  considered  to  be  the  work 
of  the  evil  deities,  and  the  funeral  ceremonies 
are  based  upon  this  opinion.  Commerce 
and  the  sense  of  security  are  gradually 
working  a  change  in  these  people,  the 
great  markets  or  fairs  being  sometimes 
attended  by  6,000  or  7,000  persons. 

In  the  region  of  Tagant,  further  to  the 
west  in  Sahara,  M.  Robert  Arnaud  has 
observed  some  curious  alignments  of  mega- 
liths, and  obtained  photographs  of  rock 
pictures  representing  warriors  on  foot  and 
horse-soldiers,  an  oval  decorated  with  a  cross, 
and  an  ostrich. 

M.  Zaborowski,  in  a  learned  paper, 
comments  on  the  confusion  arising  from  the 
use  by  French  anthropologists  of  the  word 
"  celtic  "  in  a  special  sense,  as  applying 
only  to  a  brown,  brachycephalie  people. 
Quoting  the  well-known  definition  by  Caesar, 
he  desires  to  maintain  the  expression 
"  celtic  "  as  synonymous  with  ';  Gaulish," 
or  rather  to  adopt  the  latter  exclusively, 
so  as  to  avoid  the  confusion  to  which  he 
refers.  He  quotes  from  Dr.  R.  Munro 
(whom  he  describes  as  the  archaeologist  of 
the  greatest  authority  in  England  to-day) 
the  opinion  that  the  industry  of  the  Iron 
Age  in  Great  Britain,  which  he  calls  late 
Celtic,  is  of  a  unique  style,  which  is  thai  of 
the  Celts  or  Gauls.  M.  Zaborowski  also 
argues  thai  the  industry  described  as  that 
of  "  la  Tene  "  is  purely  Gaulish. 

MM.  Variol  and  Chaumel  have  tabulated 
the  measurements  of  t,400  children  of  both 
sexes  in  Paris,  witli  tin-  view  of  ascertaining 
the  rate  of  growth  during  the  years  of  age 


from  one  to  sixteen.  An  inspection  of  the 
resulting  diagram  shows  a  very  close  resem- 
blance, both  in  height  and  weight,  between 
boys  and  girls,  the  boys  having  a  slight 
advantage  up  to  the  age  of  eleven,  from 
which  age  to  that  of  fifteen  the  advantage 
is  decisively  on  the  side  of  the  girls,  a  cir- 
cumstance for  which  it  would  not  be  difficult 
to  find  a  physiological  explanation.  The 
co-ordination  of  the  observations  is  some- 
what weakened  by  the  fact  that  the  heights 
of  the  very  young  children  were  ascertained 
while  they  were  lying  down,  those  of  the* 
older  ones  while  in  an  upright  position.  The 
observers  took  care  to  obtain  an  average  of 
at  least  100  measurements  for  each  age  and 
sex. 


SOCIETIES. 


British  Numismatic.  —July  27.  —Mr.  P.  Carlyon- 

Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  President 
announced  that  the  King  of  Norway  and  the 
Queen  of  Denmark  had  honoured  the  Society  by 
becoming  Royal  Members. — Sir  Robert  Finlay  and 
Messrs.  R.  Ruth  and  A.  M.  Lawrence  were  elected 
Members.— Mr.  Nathan  Heywood  contributed  a 
monograph  on  'The  Kingdom  and  Coins  of 
Burgred,  King  of  Mercia  852-874.'  In  this,  after 
contrasting  the  very  meagre  records  of  Mercian 
history  of  that  involved  period  with  the  plentiful 
series  of  coins  which  had  been  preserved  to  us,  he 
described  the  latter  in  detail.  Burgred's  money 
disclosed  the  names  of  sixty  or  seventy  moneyers, 
and  was  of  remarkably  uniform  design  and  weight, 
though  usually  of  debased  silver.  The  principal 
finds  of  these  coins  had  been  in  Cornwall  in  1744, 
at  Gravesend  in  1838,  near  Croydon  in  1862,  and 
during  the  repairs  to  Waterloo  Bridge  in  1882. 
The  last  find  was  especially  interesting,  as  several 
hundred  coins  were  discovered  in  the  bed  of  the 
Thames,  close  to  the  foundations  of  the  second  pier 
on  the  Surrey  side.  Amongst  these  were  a  few 
pennies  of  ^-Ethelred  and  Alfred  which  were  similar 
in  type  to  those  of  Burgred,  and,  probably,  also 
intended  for  currency  in  Mercia.  In  illustration 
of  the  paper  the  President  exhibited  nearly  a 
hundred  of  the  coins  described,  including  ten 
specimens  of  ^thelred  and  Alfred. — To  facilitate 
the  settlement  of  a  recently  debated  question  the 
President  submitted  for  examination  enlarged 
photographs  of  three  pennies  of  Henry  I.  of  the 
London  mint,  Hawkins  type  262,  bearing  on  the 
reverse  the  alleged  countermark  of  an  escallop, 
and  all  from  the  same  die.  A  discussion  followed, 
in  which,  although  opposite  views  were  held,  the 
opinion  prevailed  that  the  resemblance  to  an 
escallop  was  merely  the  accident  of  a  die-flaw. 


%zitntt  (Sosatp. 

Dr.  Traquair,  who  has  been  Keeper  of 
the  Natural  History  Collections  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Museum  since  1873, retires  in  August. 
The  Secretary  for  Scotland  has  appointed  Mr. 
William  Eagle  Clarke  as  his  successor.  Mr. 
Clarke  is  well  known  as  an  ornithologist. 

I\  the  presence  of  a  distinguished  body 
of  men  of  science,  British  and  foreign,  various 
presentations  were  made  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution last  Thursday  week  to  Sir  William 
Perkin,  including  the  Ifofmann  Medal,  pre- 
sented by  Prof.  Emil  Fischer  on  behalf  of 
the  Deutsche  Chemische  Gesellschaft,  and 
the  Lavoisier  Modal,  presented  by  Prof.  A. 
Haller  with  an  address  from  the  Societe 
Chimique  de  Paris.  America,  Germany, 
Austria.  Holland,  and  Switzerland  were 
also  well  represented;  while  Prof.  Meldola, 
who  presided,  presented  an  address  on  behalf 
of  the  Chemical  Society  of  London.  The 
arrangements  contemplated  last  February 
have  been  uc<  fully  carried  out.  Thorn 
were  on  view  the  portrait  of  Sir  William 
painted  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Cope,  A.R.A.,  and  a 
replica  of  the  bust  (which  is  to  be  housed 
m   the  Chemical  Society's  rooms)  executed 


136 


m 


PflE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4li0,  Aug.  4, 


by  Mr.  F.  W.  Pomeroy,  A.R.A.  General 
satisfaction  will  be  felt  at  this  recognition 
of  the  discovery,  fifty  years  ago,  of  the  dye- 
stuff  "  mauve,"  with  its  very  important 
results  for  industrial  chemistry. 

An  international  committee  has  been 
formed  at  Vienna  with  the  object  of  erecting 
a  monument  at  Briinn  to  Mendel,  whose 
work  on  heredity  has  been  so  much  dis- 
cussed of  late  years. 

The  Rapport  Annuel  sur  VEtat  de  I'Obser- 
vatoire  de  Paris  for  1905  has  recently  been 
received,  after  presentation  to  the  Conseil 
on  March  22nd.  M.  Lcewy  begins  by  speak- 
ing of  the  interruptions  to  the  regular  course 
of  work  occasioned  by  the  expedition  to 
observe  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  last 
August  and  the  necessary  preliminary 
preparations.  The  death  of  one  assistant 
(M.  Paul  Henry),  the  retirement  of  another, 
and  the  frequent  absence  of  a  third  from 
ill-health  have  also  interfered  with  the  usual 
arrangements.  Since  M.  Henry's  death,  the 
Paris  section  of  the  photographic  chart  of 
the  heavens  has  been  under  the  charge  of 
M.  Puiseux.  The  great  equatorial  coude 
has  been  applied,  as  before,  to  the  photo- 
graphy of  the  moon,  and  the  ninth  section 
of  the  photographic  atlas  is  being  prepared 
for  publication.  The  meridian  service  has 
been  carried  on  with  the  usual  regularity 
under  the  special  charge  of  MM.  Lcewy  and 
Leveau,  and  applied  to  observations  of  the 
sun,  moon,  planets,  and  stars.  Comets 
and  small  planets  have  been  observed  with 
the  equatorials.  Some  special  researches 
(particularly  the  new  determination  of  the 
difference  of  longitude  between  Paris  and 
Greenwich)  have  been  completed,  and 
others  undertaken,  one  of  these  being  a 
projected  determination,  by  M.  Bigourdan, 
assisted  by  M.  Salet,  of  the  constant  of 
aberration  by  a  new  method  already  ex- 
plained, and  another  a  series  of  determina- 
tions, by  M.  Hamy,  of  the  radial  velocities 
of  the  stars.  The  publication  of  the  volumes 
of  observations  for  1903  and  1904  is  in  a 
forward  state  ;  and  the  second  part  of  the 
Paris  catalogue  of  stars  (from  observations 
made  between  1882  and  1899)  is  being 
actively  prepared  for  publication. 

The  death  is  announced,  in  his  sixty- 
seventh  year,  of  Prof.  G.  A.  P.  Rayet, 
Director  of  the  observatory  at  Floirac, 
Bordeaux. 

Six  new  variable  stars  have  been  photo- 
graphically discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf 
at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg, 
all  in  the  constellation  Aquila.  One  of 
these  (var.  83,  1906,  Aquila?)  is  of  the  tenth 
magnitude  when  brightest,  and  another 
(var.  84,  1906,  Aquilse)  of  the  eleventh  ; 
the  other  four  never  exceed  the  twelfth 
magnitude. 

Finlay's  comet  (d,  1906)  is  now  at  its 
nearest  approach  to  the  earth,  but  will  not 
be  in  perihelion  until  early  next  month  ;  on 
the  9th  inst.  it  will  pass  very  near  the  star 
a  Ceti. 


FINE   ARTS 


An  Introduction  to  Greek  Epigraphy. — 
Part  II.  The  Inscriptions  of  Attica. 
Edited  by  E.  S.  Roberts  and  E.  A. 
Gardner.   (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 

This  is  a  difficult  book  to  review.  It 
contains  520  pages  of  text,  including  the 
inscriptions  and  notes  upon  them,  with 
72  pages  of  Index.  Within  these  limits 
is  a  great  mass  of  facts,  all  which 
must  be  either  right  or  wrong  ;   the  ques- 


tion has  also  to  be  considered  whether  the 
editors  have  been  judicious  in  what  they 
have  included  and  what  they  have  omitted. 
No  one  who  has  not  himself  worked  at 
Greek  epigraphy  can  realize  the  immense 
labour  which  is  necessary  for  compiling 
such  a  book,  not  to  speak  of  the  learning 
required  for  its  elucidation.  The  con- 
tinual stream  of  new  discoveries  has 
reduced  even  the  editors  of  the  '  Corpus  ' 
to  despair  ;  and  now  we  learn  that  the 
supplementary  books  of  Attic  inscrip- 
tions are  to  be  discontinued.  Thus  the 
labour  of  the  epigraphist  will  be  greatly 
increased  :  he  must  seek  his  material  in 
a  number  of  different  periodicals,  and 
classify  it  himself.  For  the  present, 
however,  this  volume  will  be  ample  for 
the  student's  introduction  to  his  subject. 

The  method  of  the  authors  is  as  follows. 
The  inscriptions  are  classified  by  subject, 
as  in  the  '  Corpus.'  Decrees  of  the  Senate 
and  People  ;  Decrees  and  Letters  of 
Foreign  States  and  of  the  Amphictyonic 
Council  ;  Decrees  of  Tribes,  Denies, 
Cleruchs,  Classes,  Phratries,  Guilds,  and 
other  Associations  ;  Imperial  Laws, 
Edicts,  and  other  Documents  ;  Finance  ; 
Administration  of  Temples  and  kindred 
subjects  ;  Official  Lists  of  various  kinds  ; 
Dedications,  Public  and  Private ;  In- 
scriptions on  the  Seats  in  the  Theatre 
of  Dionysus  ;  Artists'  Signatures  and 
Honorary  Inscriptions  ;  Boundary  Stones 
and  Mortgage  Stones  ;  Sepulchral  Monu- 
ments ;  Miscellaneous.  A  general  intro- 
duction precedes  such  of  the  sections  as 
need  it ;  each  inscription  is  accompanied 
by  full  explanatory  notes  ;  and  the  more 
important  topics  which  arise  out  of  them 
are  treated  in  short  excursus.  There  are 
lists  of  Denies  and  Demotics,  Comparative 
Tables,  plates,  and  Index.  The  preface 
is  a  short  account — all  too  short — of  the 
alphabet,  summarizing  the  fuller  account 
already  supplied  in  vol.  i.,  and  adding  such 
corrections  or  additions  as  have  become 
necessary  by  the  discoveries  of  seventeen 
years.  The  inscriptions  have  not  been 
so  chosen  as  to  form  an  exhaustive  series  : 
they  are  rather  typical.  The  editors  aim 
at  giving  the  student  strictly  an  Intro- 
duction to  the  study  of  epigraphy,  not  a 
book  to  supersede  the  '  Corpus  '  itself. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  some  such  book 
as  this  is  necessary  for  the  young  student. 
In  the  '  Corpus  '  much  knowledge  is  taken 
for  granted  :  it  is  a  work  for  scholars,  not 
for  beginners.  Here  all  possible  aids  are 
given  to  the  understanding  of  the  text,  with 
illustrative  references  and  a  translation  of 
the  more  difficult  portions.  We  miss,  how- 
ever, one  thing:  there  should  be,  we  think,  a 
table,  easily  accessible,  containing  a  list  of 
the  various  letters  and  symbols  used  either 
as  numerals  or  as  abbreviations.  A  brief 
note  on  the  subject  appears  on  p.  44,  but 
we  have  failed  to  find  a  reference  to  it 
in  the  Index  ;  and  it  might  well  be  ex- 
tended. The  young  student  is  very  apt 
to  go  wrong  in  such  ways,  and  we  do  not 
know  any  book  where  he  can  find  the 
help  lie  wants.  Since  we  have  men- 
tioned omissions,  we  may  add  one  or  two 
more.  On  p.  434  we  expected  a  reference 
to  Reisch's  monograph  on  the  choragic 


dedications  ('  Griechische  Weihgeschenke') 
The  relation  of  the  words  iirapxr]  and 
uTrapxr]  is  too  summarily  dismissed  on 
p.  359.  If  eVapx7)  means  the  same  as 
airapyih  °f  which  we  hardly  feel  convinced, 
it  is  certainly  very  rare  as  compared  with 
the  other,  and  the  note  seems  to  imply 
that  it  might  be  used  at  will  in  the  same 
sense.  The  totoi  mentioned  on  p.  161 
are  in  our  opinion  certainly  reliefs  ;  the 
word  may  be  applied  to  images  of  parts 
of  the  human  body  in  relief,  but  not  to 
models  in  the  round.  It  is  also  unneces- 
sary to  suggest  the  question  "  whether 
the  representations  of  diseased  parts 
were  sufficiently  exact  to  serve  for  patho- 
logical study,"  when  thousands  of  them 
exist  to  decide  the  matter  :  if  Hippocrates 
really  learnt  anything  from  them,  he  must 
have  begun  with  a  very  open  mind.  They 
were  simply  trade  articles,  made  from 
moulds  and  sold  in  shops.  The  note  on 
p.  117,  again,  seems  to  imply  that  e/>i7raa-ts, 
eWao-is,  are  dialectic  forms  of  eyK-rrjo-i?, 
whereas  of  course  they  come  from  another 
root.  An  old  friend  the  "  Archon  Basi- 
leus  "  appears  again  (p.  97).  It  is  not 
surprising  to  find  a  few  slips  and  omissions 
in  a  book  of  this  sort ;  the  wonder  is  that 
there  are  not  more.  It  is  much  easier  to 
find  points  for  commendation.  The  longer 
notes  or  "  Remarks  "  are  especially  useful. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  notes  on  the 
calendar,  a  most  difficult  subject  and  full 
of  traps  :  on  p.  128  a  list  of  the  days  of 
the  month,  although  not  complete,  will 
be  very  welcome  to  beginners.  The  forms 
of  the  letters  used  in  each  inscription  are 
given,  in  full  or  in  part,  at  the  beginning  ; 
and  space  is  saved  by  a  numerical  system 
of  shorthand  referring  to  tables  at  the  end. 
By  this  means  the  student  is  able  to  get 
some  idea  of  the  dates. 

To  understand  the  extraordinary  value 
of  inscriptions  in  the  illustration  of  ancient 
life  prolonged  study  is  necessary ;  but 
a  glance  will  show  that  they  are  worth  the 
trouble  of  reading.  We  have  here  a  series 
of  contemporary  records,  not  subject  to 
the  corruptions  of  tradition,  but  standing 
now  as  they  were  made  ;  and  these  cover 
many  departments  of  life,  public  and 
private,  which  are  taken  for  granted  in 
contemporary  literature,  where  they  meet 
us  often  as  obscure  allusions.  We  have 
the  sources  of  history — descriptions  of 
ritual  and  worship,  the  administration  of 
finance,  the  procedure  of  public  assemblies, 
the  education  of  youth,  the  inducements 
offered  to  public-spirited  citizens,  the 
equipments  of  war-galleys,  laws,  contracts 
and  leases,  games  and  shows,  prayers  and 
curses  :  all  set  forth  in  that  direct  manner 
and  with  that  touch  of  reality  that  can 
only  be  found  in  documents  which  have 
a  close  connexion  with  life.  The  linguistic 
interest  in  this  volume  is  secondary  ;  but 
scholars  know  already  from  Meisterhans 
how  many  slips  in  our  grammars 
and  dictionaries  can  be  set  right  by  aid 
of  the  inscriptions. 

We  regret  very  much  that  the  authors 
have  relinquished  the  intention  of  giving  a 
volume  of  non- Attic  inscriptions.  Forother 
parts  of  the  Greek  world  these  sources  are 
no  less  important,  and  the  difficulties  of 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


137 


study  greater.  To  some  extent  the  first 
volume  may  serve  ;  but  that  was 
compiled  to  illustrate  the  history  of  the 
alphabet,  whereas  we  want  a  volume 
which  shall  make  the  interest  and  value 
of  the  subject-matter  its  chief  aim.  Perhaps 
some  other  scholar  may  step  into  the  gap, 
instead  of  taking  up  a  hackneyed  subject . 


To  the  swelling  literature  of  costume  must 
now  be  added  Mr.  Dion  Clayton  Calthrop's 
English  Costume  (A.  &  C.  Black),  which  is  to 
be  completed  in  four  parts.  Vol.  I.  deals 
with  eaily  English  dress  from  the  time  of 
William  the  Conqueror  to  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  Mr.  Calthrop  does  not  hide 
his  light  under  a  bushel,  for  he  frankly 
claims  that  his  work  is  "  really  a  valuable 
addition  to  English  history  "  ;  and  he  also 
expresses  a  desire  that  it  should  be  read,  and 
not  talked  about.  In  so  far  as  Mr.  Calthrop 
has  evidently  been  at  pains  to  discover  from 
the  remote  past  the  precise  fashions  of  our 
forefathers  his  book  is  valuable,  but  we  should 
hesitate  to  speak  of  it  so  portentously  as 
does  the  author.  He  has  made  the  mistake 
of  dividing  his  modes  by  reigns,  forgetting 
that  fashions  do  not  necessarily  change 
because  a  new  king  succeeds.  The  varia- 
tions of  costume  were  not  considerable  in 
those  days  ;  for,  as  a  rule,  when  either  sex 
found  a  useful  and  comfortable  style  it 
remained,  subject  only  to  such  emendation  as 
fitted  the  changing  circumstances.  Mediaeval 
and  early  English  costume  was  far  more 
sensible,  and  probably  far  more  hygienic, 
than  modern  costume  ;  and  it  was  certainly 
more  becoming  in  the  case  of  men,  and  no 
less  becoming  in  the  case  of  women.  From 
Mr.  Calthrop's  careful  and  pleasant  illus- 
trations in  colour  one  may  get  a  good  idea 
as  to  the  appearance  of  a  woman  in  the 
time  of  William  Rufus — a  handsome  dame, 
easily  and  picturesquely  dressed — or  of  a 
man  of  Richard  I.'s  reign,  clad  for  action. 

Vol.  II.  comprises  the  costume  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  terminating  with  the  reign  of 
Richard  III.,  a  very  fair  division  ;  and  here 
Mr.  Calthrop  is  so  pleased  with  his  pert 
preface  that  he  repeats  it.  The  same 
qualities  are  observable  in  the  writing  and 
the  illustrations  alike.  Mr.  Calthrop  has 
used  missals  and  illuminated  manuscripts 
in  his  studies,  and  has  made  innumerable 
drawings  of  detail.  His  letterpress  is  not 
quite  adequate,  suffering  as  it  does  from 
jauntiness  ;  but  the  whole  work  is  very 
creditable.  He  has  done  well  so  far,  and  we 
hope  his  history  will  be  continued  with  the 
same  success. 


THE    ROYAL    ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
INSTITUTE    AT    WORCESTER. 

(First  Notice.) 

The  proceedings  of  the  sixty-fourth 
annual  meeting  of  the  Institute,  at  Worcester, 
opened  at  noon  on  Tuesday,  July  24th,  with 
a  reception  at  the  Guildhall  by  the  Mayor, 
who  in  an  address  of  welcome  referred 
briefly  to  various  points  in  the  history  of  the 
city.  Sir  Henry  Howorth,  President  of 
the  Institute,  proposed,  and  Judge  Baylis 
seconded,  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Mayor  ; 
and  as  the  President  of  the  meeting,  the 
Earl  of  Coventry,  was  unfortunately  unable 
to  be  present,  the  customary  presidential 
address  was  not  delivered,  and  the  proceed- 
ings came  to  an  end. 

After  luncheon  a  visit  was  paid  to  West- 
wood  House,  near  Droitwich,  a  description 
of  which  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Gotch  was  read.  Built 
originally  as  a  banqueting  house  by  Sir 
John  Pakington  in  the  last  quarter  of  the 


sixteenth  century  on  a  site  evidently  chosen 
for  the  fine  prospect,  it  was  enlarged  after  the 
Civil  Wars,  in  which  the  chief  house  of  the 
Pakingtons  at  Elmley  Lovett  was  burnt. 
Westwood  House  then  became  the  family 
seat,  remaining  in  the  possession  of  the 
Pakingtons  till  a  few  years  ago.  Its  curious 
plan  is  the  result.  The  original  building 
was  of  three  stories,  rectangular  with  pro- 
jecting bays,  having  a  large  hall  on  the  ground 
floor,  and  a  saloon  of  the  same  size  above, 
and  no  other  rooms  of  importance,  the  stair- 
case being  in  the  middle  of  the  house,  and 
dividing  the  front  rooms  from  those  at  the 
back.  The  additions  made  after  the  Civil 
Wars  consist  of  four  wings  set  diagonally 
at  the  angles  of  the  original  house,  the 
details  of  which  are  copied.  The  whole 
building  is  of  red  brick  with  sandstone 
dressings,  the  most  striking  feature  being 
the  parapet,  which  is  ornamented  with  the 
garbs  and  mullets  of  the  Pakingtons.  There 
are  several  good  plaster  ceilings  ;  and  the 
chimneypiece  and  large  plaster  frieze  of 
the  same  room  are  the  only  surviving  parts 
of  the  fittings  of  the  original  house.  The 
remains  of  the  plan  of  the  garden  are  inter- 
esting, the  house  having  been  enclosed  in  a 
hexagon,  with  a  gatehouse  at  one  angle 
in  front,  the  stables  at  the  corresponding 
angle  behind,  and  four  garden  houses  at  the 
other  angles. 

In  the  evening  the  Mayor  and  Mayoress 
of  Worcester  received  the  members  of  the 
Institute  at  the  Guildhall,  and  the  city 
plate,  charters,  &c,  were  exhibited,  Mr. 
W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  giving  a  short  account 
of  them. 

On  Wednesday,  July  25th,  an  excursion 
was  made  to  Dudley  and  Halesowen.  At 
Dudley  Castle  the  members  were  courteously 
received  by  Mr.  Taylor,  Lord  Dudley's 
agent,  and  Mr.  Hope  described  the  ruined 
buildings  of  the  inner  ward,  a  large  enclosure 
of  irregular  shape  with  a  mount  at  the  north- 
west, gatehouse  on  the  west,  and  chapel, 
hall,  and  living  rooms  on  the  south  and  east. 
The  keep  on  the  mount  was  a  rectangular 
building  with  projecting  drum  towers  at 
the  four  angles,  two  of  the  towers  with  the 
walls  connecting  them  having  been  destroyed 
after  the  Civil  Wars.  The  work  dates  from 
c.  1320,  and  the  gatehouse  with  its  barbican 
is  about  contemporary  with  it,  as  is  the  chapel, 
which  stands  on  a  vaulted  basement,  and 
was  approached  from  the  court  by  a  flight 
of  steps  on  the  west.  Mr.  Hope  suggested 
that  the  lower  parts  of  its  walls  might  be 
of  the  twelfth  century,  and  other  traces  of 
work  of  this  date  are  to  be  found  in  the 
adjacent  buildings.  The  hall  and  its  sur- 
roundings, with  the  kitchen  and  private 
lodgings,  were  entirely  rebuilt  about  1550, 
the  date  being  fixed  by  an  extant  letter  of 
Sir  W.  Sharington,  dated  1553,  and  men- 
tioning that  Chapman  (one  of  the  masons 
working  for  him  at  Lacock)  had  gone  to 
Dudley  to  set  up  a  chimneypiece  there. 
No  trace  of  the  chimneypiece  is  now  to  be 
identified,  but  certain  details,  as  the  brackets 
in  the  heads  of  the  windows,  show  a  decided 
connexion  with  the  work  at  Lacock. 

After  luncheon  Halesowen  was  visited, 
and  here,  with  the  help  of  a  plan  prepared 
by  Mr.  Brakspear,  Mr.  Hope  described  the 
scanty  remains  of  the  abbey  of  Premon- 
stratensian  canons,  founded  in  1214  by  Peter 
des  Roches,  Bishop  of  Winchester.  Of  the 
church,  parts  of  the  north  side  of  the  pres- 
bytery, of  the  south  and  west  walls  of  the 
south  transept,  and  of  the  south  wall  of  the 
nave  remain  ;  and  of  the  claustral  buildings, 
part  of  the  south  and  west  walls  of  the  frater. 
The  whole  church  was  vaulted,  the  detail 
being  very  good,  and,  to  judge  from  the 
remains,  it  seems  that  all  the  buildings 
were  set  out  and  finished  in  the  first  half  of 


the  thirteenth  century.  The  infirmary  pro- 
bably stood  to  the  east  of  the  dorter  range, 
on  a  site  where  tile  pavements  are  known 
to  exist,  and  to  the  east  of  this  still  stands 
a  rectangular  building  of  uncertain  use, 
which  is  the  best-preserved  piece  of  mediaeval 
work  on  the  site.  It  is  a  two-story  camera 
or  lodging  of  late  thirteenth-century  date, 
its  upper  story  having  two-light  windows- 
with  transoms,  and  its  original  roof  of 
trussed  rafters,  with  cambered  tiebeams 
and  moulded  kingposts,  is  still  in  a  fair  state 
of  repair.  The  whole  site  is  surrounded  by 
a  moat,  and  the  entrance  was  from  the  south- 
west, the  position  of  the  gatehouse  being 
still  discernible.  Several  interesting  pieces 
of  carving  are  built  into  the  walls  of  the 
camera  noted  above,  especially  a  very 
small  figure  of  a  knight  (doubtless  marking, 
in  its  former  position,  a  heart-burial)  and  a 
fine  thirteenth-century  coffin  slab,  with  a 
Crucifixion  at  the  head,  and  below  it  a  figure- 
kneeling  under  a  trefoiled  canopy.  A  smalk 
plate,  probably  of  metal,  has  been  fastened 
to  the  stone  in  front  of  the  face  of  the  kneel- 
ing figure. 

The  parish  church  of  Halesowen  formed 
the  last  item  in  the  day's  programme,  the 
rector,  the  Rev.  J.  Hill,  giving  an  account 
of  its  history. 

At  the  evening  meeting  Canon  Porter  react 
a  paper  on  the  mediaeval  tiles  of  Worcester- 
shire, in  the  course  of  which  he  said  that  the 
majority  of  the  fifteenth-  and  sixteenth- 
century  tiles  in  the  county  came  from  Droit- 
wich and  Malvern  ;  but,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
tiles  at  Hailes  Abbey,  there  must  have  been 
a  good  number  of  smaller  factories.  After 
the  process  of  manufacture  had  been  de- 
scribed, a  number  of  examples  of  tile  patterns- 
were  shown  and  explained. 

On    Thursday,    the    26th,    the    members- 
went     by    rail    to     Broadway,    and     drove 
thence  to  Buckland,  where  the  chuich  and 
rectory  house  were  visited,  the  Rev.  E.  T. 
Hull  describing  the  various  points  of  interest. 
The  church  has  developed  from  an  aisleless 
nave  and  chancel  of  the  twelfth  century,  the 
four  angles  of  the  nave  of  this  date  being- 
preserved.     Aisles  were  added  in  the  thir- 
teenth  century,    and   a   west    tower   in   the 
fifteenth  ;    while  the  chancel  was  rebuilt  in 
the    fifteenth    century,     and     its    east  -end 
renewed   in   1585,  a  stone  bearing  this  date 
being  set  over  the  square-headed  east  window. 
In  addition  to  a  good  deal  of  excellent  wood- 
work of  the  fifteenth  century  and  later,  the 
church  possesses  a  little  old  glass  of  great 
interest.     In  the  east  window  of  the  chancel 
are  three  panels  of  late  fifteenth-century  date, 
forming   part    of    a   series   representing   the 
seven  sacraments,  the  subjects  of  two  being^ 
Confirmation    and    Matrimony,     while     the 
third    is    a   patchwork    made   up    from    two 
panels,  Extreme  Unction  and  Holy  Orders,. 
The  north  aisle  is  paved  with  the  mediaeval 
tiles  common  in  the  district.     The  rectory 
is   a   most   interesting   building   of   c.    1450, 
with  an  almost  untouched  hall  of  that  date, 
having  a  fine  open-timbered  roof  and  some 
of  the  original  glazing  in  its  windows,  show- 
ing  the   rebus   of   William   Grafton,   rector, 
who  is  said  to  have  been  its  builder.     The 
parish  possesses  part  of  a  fifteenth-century 
cope     with     embroidered     orphrevs,     and     a 
curious     standing     wooden     cup     resembling 
a   mazer,    and    made   in    L609,   with   a   silver- 
mounted  lip  of  that  date.      Within  the  bowl 
is  a  fifteenth-century   "print  "  of  St.   Mar- 
garet, taken  from  a  mediaeval  mazer,  while 
the   silver  mount    of    the   foot   may  also   be 
mediaeval. 

Broadway  old  church  was  next  visited. 
and  described  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Peers.  It  is  an 
example  of  a  reversal  of  the  normal  COUTSt 
of  development,  a  fifteenth-century  central 
tower  and  transepts  having  been  added  to- 


138 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


A  late  twelfth-century  nave,  destroying  the 
eastern  bay  of  the  nave  arcades.  There  is 
nothing  to  suggest  that  the  church  had  a 
masonry  tower  before  this  date,  but  the  fall 
of  the  ground  makes  the  site  unsuitable  for 
&  western  tower,  and  probably  for  this 
reason  the  expedient  of  a  central  tower  was 
adopted,  the  transepts,  which  are  small, 
being  added  mainly  to  give  abutment. 

The  interesting  fourteenth-century  house 
at  the  west  end  of  the  main  street  of  Broad- 
way village  was  inspected,  Mr.  Harold 
Brakspear  giving  a  short  account  of  it. 

After  luncheon  at  the  Lygon  Arms  the 
journey  was  continued  by  way  of  Willersey 
-and  Weston-sub-Edge  to  Chipping  Campden, 
where  the  Rev.  S.  E.  Bartleet  gave  an  account 
of  the  parish  church,  built  in  the  prosperous 
days  of  the  wool  trade,  and  containing  the 
fine  brass  of  William  Greville,  1401,  "  the 
flower  of  the  wool  merchants  of  all  England," 
and  the  later,  but  more  imposing  monuments 
of  the  Hicks  family,  Viscounts  Campden. 

On  leaving  the  church  the  members  were 
received  by  Lord  and  Lady  Gainsborough, 
-and,  after  visiting  several  of  the  interesting 
:stone-built  houses  with  which  Chipping 
Oampden  abounds  (notably  Greville  House,  a 
fifteenth-century  building  with  an  unusually 
elaborate  two-story  bay  window  and  a  good 
hooded  fireplace),  were  entertained  at  tea 
on  the  site  of  the  great  house  built  by  Baptist 
Hicks  about  1610,  and  destroyed  during  the 
■Civil  Wars.  Two  garden  houses,  at  either 
end  of  the  terrace  on  which  the  house  stood, 
are  the  chief  remains  now  to  be  seen,  besides 
the  blocked  entrance  gateway  and  some 
outbuildings  adjoining  it  on  the  south, 
and  serve  to  show  the  somewhat  fantastic 
•design  of  the  house. 

At  the  evening  meeting  Mr.  W.  H.  St. 
John  Hope  read  a  paper,  illustrated  by  a 
plan  and  lantern-slides,  on  the  architectural 
history  of  Worcester  Cathedral,  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  visit  to  be  paid  to  it  on  the  follow- 
ing day.  He  traced  the  development  of  the 
present  building  from  WTulstan's  church, 
begun  in  1084,  showing  how  the  eastward 
•extension  in  the  thirteenth  century  was 
designed  to  give  a  place  for  St.  Wulstan's 
shrine,  and  how  Wulstan's  presbytery  was 
gradually  rebuilt,  the  remodelling  of  the 
nave  taking  place  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  finishing  with  the  building  of  the  central 
tower  in  1374. 

Friday,  the  27th,  was  devoted  to  the  city 
of  Worcester,  and  the  proceedings  began 
with  a  visit  to  the  well-known  Commandery, 
the  ancient  hospital  of  St.  Wulstan.  It  is 
-a  timber-built  house  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
its  hall  being  in  good  repair,  and  retaining, 
besides  its  carved  woodwork,  much  of  the 
original  glass  with  figured  quarries. 

The  main  business  of  the  day  was  the  visit 
to  the  Cathedral  Church  and  the  remains  of 
the  Priory,  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Hope, 
who  proved  an  able  and  acute  guide  to  the 
■characteristic  features  of  the  buildings. 
After  luncheon  the  inspection  of  the  Priory 
buildings  other  than  the  church  was  under- 
taken, Mr.  Hope  being  again  the  guide. 

The  last  visit  of  the  day  was  paid  to  the 
old  Bishops'  Palace,  now  the  Deanery,  where 
the  members  were  most  hospitably  enter- 
tained by  the  Dean  and  Mis.  Forrest.  A 
new  front  was  added  to  the  house  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  but  the  old  hall,  with  a  fine 
vaulted  room  below,  c.  1270,  remains,  and 
there  is  much  ancient  work,  mostly  of  early 
fourteenth-century  date,  in  other  parts  of 
the  building,  which  with  the  aid  of  a  good 
plan  might  well  be  identified. 

At  the  evening  meeting  Mr.  J.  W.  Willis 
Bund  read  a  paper  on  'The  Evolution  of 
Worcester,'  in  which  he  traced  the  first 
.settlement  to  the  existence  of  a  ford  over 
the  Severn,  probably  guarded  by  a  fort  on 


the  site  afterwards  occupied  by  the  castle. 
To  thenorthof  this  grew  up  the  early  monastic 
settlement,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Cathe- 
dral ;  and  the  town  spread  northward  from 
this  point,  being  in  later  days  enclosed  by  a 
wall. 


THE     BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
ASSOCIATION  AT  NOTTINGHAM. 

(First  Notice.) 

The"  members  attending  the  sixty-third 
annual  Congress  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association  held  the  first  meeting  at  the 
Exchange,  Nottingham,  on  Wednesday, 
July  25th,  where  the  President,  Mr.  Charles 
E.  Keyser,  welcomed  them,  and  in  a  brief 
speech  enumerated  the  principal  objects 
and  places  to  be  viewed  during  the  Congress. 
An  adjournment  was  then  made  to  St.  Mary's 
Church,  where  the  rector,  Bishop  Baines, 
cordially  received  the  visitors.  This  church 
probably  stands  on  the  site  of  the  Saxon 
edifice,  and  the  first  reference  to  it  is  in  the 
Domesday  Book,  wherein  it  is  noted  that 
"  the  church  with  all  things  that  belong  to  it 
is  worth  100  shillings  per  annum."  St. Mary's 
as  it  stands  to-day,  was  probably  erected 
about  1535,  and  this  date  can  be  fixed 
approximately,  since  Leland  writes  in  his 
book  in  1540  that  "  there  be  three  Paroche 
churches,  St.  Mary,  St.  Peter,  and  St. 
Nicholas,  but  the  church  of  St.  Mary  is 
excellent,  new  and  uniform  in  work."  We 
have  here  a  church  in  the  Perpendicular 
style,  consisting  of  a  nave  with  aisles  and 
choir,  together  witli  north  and  south  tran- 
septs. A  good  deal  of  restoration,  however, 
appears  to  have  been  done.  There  is  a  well- 
preserved  alabaster  panel,  probably  from 
the  old  reredos  ;  it  is  supposed  to  represent 
St.  Augustine  receiving  his  commission  from 
the  Pope. 

The  church  of  St.  Peterwas  next  inspected, 
Mr.  C.  Evans,  jun.,  in  a  few  notes  drawing 
attention  to  the  various  points  of  interest. 
The  communion  plate — comprising  two  late 
seventeenth-century  flagons  of  good  pro- 
portions, two  chalices  of  simple  design,  and 
two  patens — was  shown.  During  the  Civil 
Wars  the  chancel  was  destroyed  by  Col. 
Hutchinson,  Governor  of  the  Castle,  the 
.present  one  being  entirely  modern.  Brew- 
house  Yard,  at  the  foot  of  the  Castle  Rock, 
was  then  visited,  and  the  rock-cut  cellars 
examined.  A  curious  hole,  2^  in.  in  diameter, 
and  extending  60  ft.  through  the  rock  to  an 
adj  oining  cavern,  gave  rise  to  much  discussion. 
The  grounds  of  the  Hermitage  next  received 
attention,  with  the  remains  of  the  rock-cut 
chapel  and  range  of  cells,  the  chapel  being 
referred  to  at  an  early  date  as  the  chapel 
of  St.  Mary  le  Roche.  The  series  of  dove- 
cot holes  cut  out  of  the  rock  on  the  left  of 
the  cells  was  examined  and  reference  made 
to  the  fact  that  in  a  receipt  dated  Octo- 
ber 12th,  1687,  given  by  the  Warden  of 
Sherwood  Forest,  is  a  note  of  "a  certain 
Cloes  called  Douecote  Cloes  in  Nottingham 
Park."  Objects  of  interest  in  the  Museum 
were  explained  by  Mr.  St.  Clair  Baddeley  ; 
and  the  day's  tour  ended  with  the  explora- 
tion of  Mortimer's  Hole,  a  rock-cut  stair- 
way. In  the  evening  Mr.  C.  E.  Keyser 
illustrated  '  Norman  Architecture  in  the 
County  '  by  means  of  a  fine  collection  of 
lantern-slides. 

Thursday  was  beautifully  fine,  and  was 
occupied  in  exploring  the  Forest  of  Sher- 
wood, with  a  brief  visit  to  the  ruins  of  King 
John's  palace  at  Clipstone.  At  the  evening 
meeting  a  paper  of  exceptional  interest  was 
read  by  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould  on  '  Nottinghamshire 
Strongholds,'  special  attention  being  drawn 
to  the  earthworks  known  as  Queen's 
Sconce,  raised  by  the  Royalist  troops  to 
defend  Newark  from  their  foes  on  the  so\ith 


side,  and  still  exhibiting  a  perfect  specimen 
of  a  defensive  work  of  those  days. 

Newark  was  the  centre  for  Friday,  the 
27th,  and  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Cor- 
nelius Brown  and  Mr.  I.  C.  Go\ild  a  most 
interesting  day  was  spent.  The  church  of 
St.  Mary  Magdalene  was  first  visited,  and 
here  Mr.  Brown  read  some  notes  descriptive 
of  the  church.  There  is  no  trace  of  the 
original  Saxon  fabric  ;  and  of  the  building 
which  was  begun  about  1 1 60  only  the  crypt 
and  the  piers  at  the  intersection  of  the  nave 
and  transepts  now  exist.  The  crypt  has  a 
vaTilt  of  quadripartite  character  with  flat 
segmental  arches.  The  church  consists  of 
a  nave  with  aisles,  a  chancel  with  aisles 
also,  and  north  and  south  transepts.  The 
beautiful  western  tower  is  in  its  lower  stages 
of  Early  English  work,  and  was  begun  about 
1230,  the  richly  moulded  orders  springing 
from  the  four  jamb-shafts  with  foliated  caps 
having  a  fine  effect.  The  west  window  is, 
however,  a  fifteenth-century  insertion;  above 
this  window  is  a  stage  of  plain  stonework,  and 
then  we  come  to  the  arcaded  story  with 
four  arches  on  each  face.  The  stonework 
above  this  is  enriched  with  diaper  of  a  trellis 
pattern.  The  top  stage  of  the  tower  was 
begun  some  eighty  years  later,  and  finishes 
with  a  richly  panelled  parapet  with  angle 
pinnacles  :  and  the  whole  tower  terminates 
in  a  fine  octagonal  spire.  The  first  quarter 
of  the  fourteenth  century  saw  the  beginning 
of  the  south  aisle  of  the  nave,  and  the  nave 
itself  seems  to  have  been  begun  about  1390, 
the  whole  of  the  chancel  being  completed 
about  1498.  The  stone  chantry  chapels 
to  the  north  and  south  of  the  altar  were 
founded  about  1500  ;  and  Drawswerd  of 
York  carved  the  parclose  and  rood  screen, 
which  was  finished  about  1508.  The  mason's 
marks  on  the  pier  of  the  chancel  arch  con- 
sist of  two  obtuse  triangles  joined  at  the 
apex.  The  Fleming  brass,  which  is  one  of 
the  largest  in  England,  is  composed  of  six- 
teen plates  of  metal,  and  measures  9  ft.  4  in. 
by  5  ft.  7  in.  Fleming  died  in  1361,  and  is 
represented  in  the  costume  of  the  period, 
holding  in  his  clasped  hands  a  scroll  ;  the 
background  is  richly  diapered,  and  the 
figure  stands  under  a  triple  canopy  of 
tabernacle  work.  The  seventeenth-century 
chalice  is  interesting,  and  the  few  fragments 
of  stained  glass  which  are  left  are  worthy  of 
note. 

After  luncheon  the  party  proceeded  to 
Tuxford,  and  thence  by  a  short  drive  to 
Egmanton,  where  the  Transitional  church 
was  inspected,  and  an  incised  alabaster  slab 
to  Nicholas  Powtrell  evoked  much  interest. 
Adjoining  the  clmrches  is  a  perfect  example 
of  a  Norman  stronghold  of  the  mound  and 
court  type  ;  it  is  now  known  locally  as 
Gaddicks  Hill,  and  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould  attributes 
it  to  the  twelfth  century.  The  terrace  at 
one  side  of  the  mound  was  examined  with 
interest,  and  the  theory  propounded  that 
it  was  the  resting-place  for  the  ladder  from 
the  outer  edge  of  the  fosse  to  the  mount. 
The  remains  of  stone  foundations  are  still 
discernible  in  the  court  at  the  rear  of  the 
mound,  though  they  require  some  searching 
for,  as  they  are  overgrown  with  grass  and 
nettles.  After  the  return  to  Tuxford  St. 
Nicholas's  Church  was  visited.  A  notable 
feature  is  a  curious  canopied  niche  of 
decorated  work,  enclosing  a  sculptured 
figure  of  St.  Lawrence  on  the  grid,  while 
three  figures,  bellows  in  hand,  stand  over 
him.  This  niche  and  slab  are  in  the  south 
aisle,  which  was  formerly  a  chapel  dedicated 
to  St.  Lawrence. 

In  the  evening  a  paper  by  Mr.  R.  H. 
Forster  was  read,  dealing  with  Mirgidunum. 
Afterwards  Dr.  Davies  Pryce  contributed 
one  on  '  Earthworks  of  the  Moated  Mound 
Type.'   for   the   better  elucidation   of   which 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


139 


Dr.  Pryce  had  provided  numerous  illustra- 
tions. 

Newark  Castle  was  the  first  place  selected 
for  inspection  on  Saturday,  the  28th,  and 
its  history  was  related  by  Mr.  Cornelius 
Brown,  while  Mr.  J.  M.  Blagg  spoke  of  its 
architectural  features.  The  building  of  the 
Castle  was  begun  in  1130  by  Alexander,  the 
Bishop  of  Lincoln,  but  Stephen  soon  de- 
manded it  and  took  possession.  Here 
King  John  died  in  1216,  but  in  two  or 
three  years  it  was  once  more  the  property  of 
the  Bishopric  of  Lincoln,  which  held  it  until 
1547,  when  it  was  voluntarily  exchanged  for 
land  in  another  part.  It  was  held  for  King 
Charles  during  the  Civil  Wars  until  he 
surrendered  to  the  Scotch  troops  near  by. 
Some  of  the  old  diamond-shaped  siege  pieces 
were  shown  by  Mr.  R.  Topham,  who  ex- 
plained their  history.  The  Norman  entrance 
gateway  is  very  fine,  and  the  stair  in  the 
turret  situated  to  the  east  of  the  gateway, 
being  built  as  a  continuous  spiral  vault, 
as  usual  in  Norman  times,  is  interesting,  as  is 
also  the  small  chamber  or  cell  for  the  use  of 
the  warder  guarding  the  postern.  An 
extensive  view  can  be  had  from  the  oriel 
window  inserted  by  Thomas  Scot,  Bishop 
of  Lincoln,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

In  the  afternoon  All  Saints'  Church, 
Hawton,  reached  by  way  of  the  Beaumond 
■Cross,  was  visited.  The  chancel,  of  the 
Decorated  period,  was  built  about  1320  by 
Sir  Robert  de  Compton,  who  is  buried  there. 
The  great  feature  of  the  building  is  the 
Easter  Sepulchre,  a  beautiful  specimen.  It 
is  divided  into  a  triple-arched  opening 
by  buttresses  richly  moulded  and  having 
delicately  carved  crocketted  finials,  the 
canopies,  too,  being  richly  crocketted.  The 
base  in  four  panels  represents  the  sentinels 
sleeping  before  the  tomb  ;  an  arched  recess 
above  shows  a  figure  of  our  Lord  and  the 
Magdalene  at  His  feet,  while  above  the 
-canopy  of  this  portion  is  a  representation  of 
the  Ascension.  The  sedilia  have  three  seats 
and  are  richly  carved  in  the  upper  parts  ; 
and  the  piscina  with  its  beautiful  finial 
•deserves  notice.  The  parish  register  dates 
from  1564,  and  was  shown  by  the  vicar,  the 
Rev.  R.  Washington,  who  was  thanked  for 
his  kindness. 

Returning  through  Newark,  the  members 
■entered  Southwell  Cathedral  under  the 
guidance  of  the  Rev.  Arthur  Sutton.  The 
nave  with  its  side  aisles,  the  north  and  south 
transepts,  and  the  north  porch,  together 
with  the  central  and  western  towers,  are 
all  Norman.  Only  one  Norman  window 
remains  in  the  nave.  The  chancel  now  stand- 
ing is  thirteenth-century  work,  and  was 
begun  in  1230.  The  north  porch  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  parvise.  The  width  of  the 
•openings  of  the  triforium  arcade  is  nearly 
the  same  as  that  of  the  nave  arches  below, 
which  is  unusual,  and  the  circular  boss  on 
the  soffit  of  the  crown  of  the  arches  of  this 
arcade  gave  rise  to  a  lengthy  discussion. 
The  entrance  doorway  from  the  cloisters 
has  much  carving  on  it  of  naturalized  foliage. 
Archbishop  Sandys  was  buried  here  in  1558, 
and  his  Elizabethan  altar-tomb  has  a  re- 
cumbent figure  of  him,  an  interesting  feature 
being  that  the  chasuble  is  worn  over  the 
rochet,  instead  of  beneath  it. 


Jfitu-Jlrt  (Sossip. 

Thk  second  number  of  the  American 
periodica]  Library  Work  contains  a  '  Con- 
tribution towards  a  Bibliography  of  Whistler,' 
which  will  be  of  interest  to  many  English 
admirers  of  the  artist. 


The  curious  in  the  literature  of  Protestant- 
ism are  acquainted  with  the  collection  of 
portraits  known  as  Beza's  '  Icones.'  The 
book,  however,  is  rare,  and  the  general 
public  are  strangers  to  it,  although  it  has 
served  as  the  only  source  from  which  por- 
traits of  continental  Reformers  have  in 
some  cases  been  derived.  The  Religious 
Tract  Society  will  publish  early  in  the 
autumn  a  reproduction  of  the  '  Icones  '  and 
the  quaint  characteristic  borders  which 
surround  them.  Instead,  however,  of  a 
translation  of  Beza's  letterpress,  there  will  be 
short  biographical  accounts  of  the  various 
worthies  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  C.  G.  McCrie. 

The  Grand  Prix  de  Rome  for  sculpture 
has  been  awarded  to  M.  Blaise,  who  was 
born  at  Anzin  in  1877,  and  has  studied  under 
Barrias  and  M.  Coutan.  The  Second  Grand 
Prix  goes  to  M.  Gaumont,  a  native  of  Tours, 
where  he  was  born  in  1880  ;  he  also  studied 
under  the  two  above-named  masters,  and 
under  M.  Picard.  The  "  Deuxieme  Second  " 
Grand  Prix  is  awarded  to  M.  Prost,  a  native 
of  Lyons  (where  he  was  born  in  1876),  and 
he,  too,  was  a  student  cf  Barrias  and  M. 
Coutan. 


MUSIC 


JJtusical  (Hosstp. 

Among  the  foreign  novelties  to  be  per- 
formed at  the  Promenade  Concerts  may  be 
mentioned  a  Symphony  in  e  flat,  Op.  8,  by 
R.  Gliere,  a  young  Russian  composer,  who 
studied  at  the  Moscow  Consei'vatoire  from 
1894  to  1900  ;  the  work  was  written  in  1899, 
and  produced  at  Moscow  in  1902.  Then 
there  are  symphonic  poems  :  '  St.  Georges,' 
by  Georges  Dorlay,  and  '  Finland ia,'  by 
Sibelius,  a  Finnish  composer  whose  music  is 
beginning  to  attract  considerable  notice. 

Mr.  Donald  Francis  Tovey  has  con- 
tributed a  short  but  interesting  article  to 
the  July  number  of  the  Monthly  Journal 
of  the  International  Musical  Society.  It  is 
entitled  '  Forkel's  "  God  save  the  King." 
Johann  Nicolaus  Forkel  is  known  as  having 
been  the  earliest  biographer  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  but  his  compositions  have 
fallen  into  oblivion.  The  one  in  question, 
written  more  or  less  in  the  style  of  Bach  and 
Handel,  is  a  curiosity.  These  variations 
bear  the  date  1791.  While  Forkel  was 
writing  the  Allegro  section  of  the  Overture, 
the  Serenade  of  Mozart's  '  Don  Giovanni  ' 
must  surely  have  been  running  in  his  head. 

The  '  Year-Book  (1906-7)  '  of  the  Society 
of  British  Musicians  has  just  been  issued. 
The  immediate  aims  of  the  Society  are  to 
facilitate  the  publication  of  such  high-class 
works  as  the  ordinary  publisher  cannot  or 
will  not  undertake,  and  to  protect  British 
composers'  interests  in  the  matter  of  pub- 
lishing agreements.  It  is  distinctly  stated 
that  no  hostile  feeling  is  entertained  towards 
London  publishers,  several  of  whom,  indeed, 
are  associates  of  the  society  in  question.  A 
first  instalment  of  works,  by  \V.  H.  Bell, 
York  Bowen,  Fred,  and  Paul  Corder,  John  B. 
McEwen,  and  others,  has  been  published 
through  the  firm  of  Charles  A\  ison. 

The  forthcoming  season  of  the  Paris 
Grand  Opera  will  open,  it  is  said,  with 
Massenet's  new  opera,  '  Ariane." 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  deatli  last  Sunday 
of  M.  Alexandre  Luigini,  the  able  premier 
chef-d'<>rvh<  stri  of  the  Paris  Opera  Comique. 
He  was  born  at  Lyons  in  L850,  and  studied 
at  the  Paris  Conservatoire.  He  took  part 
in  the  fighting  at  Belfort  during  the  Franeo- 
( ierman  War 


Prof.  Julius  Stockhausen.  pupil  of 
Manuel  Garcia,  and  the  oldest  of  German 
teachers  of  singing,  celebrated  on  July  22nd 
the  eightieth  anniversary  of  his  birth.  He 
was  in  former  years  renowned  as  an  oratorio 
singer,  also  as  an  interpreter  of  the  Lieder 
of  Beethoven,  Schubert,  Schumann,  and 
Brahms.  In  1879  he  founded  a  school  of 
singing  at  Frankfort. 

Frau  Josefine  Lohse,  whose  death  was 
caused  by  a  fall  from  the  balcony  of  her  house 
at  Cologne,  was  only  thirty  years  of  age. 
Her  husband,  for  whom  all  sympathy  will 
be  felt,  is  the  chief  conductor  "of  the  opera- 
house  at  Cologne.  He  conducted  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1903  and  1904,  and  during  the 
latter  season  his  wife  appeared  both  in 
'  Tannhauser  '  and  '  Lohengrin.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

-Sat.  Moody- Manners  Opera  Company,  8,  Lyric  Theatre;  also 
Wed.  and  Sat.  at  2. 

DRAMA 


J.  L.  TOOLE. 

Had  the  death  of  Mr.  John  Lawrence 
Toole  taken  place  at  the  time  (now  almost 
ten  years  ago)  when  he  was  stricken  with  an 
illness  from  which  he  never  recovered  and 
to  which  he  ultimately  succumbed,  it  might 
have  been  said  that  if  the  event  did  not 
eclipse  the  gaiety  of  nations,  it  deprived  the 
playgoing  world  of  much  genuine  and  innocent 
amusement.  Memories  quickly  fade,  how- 
ever, and  a  few  years'  absence  from  the  stage 
is  sufficient  to  render  the  popular  comedian 
of  yesterday,  to  a  section  at  least  of  the 
public,  little  more  than  a  name. 

The  son  of  a  once  well-known  toast- 
master,  Toole  was  born  in  London  in  1830, 
was  educated  in  the  City  of  London  School, 
and  became  clerk  in  a  wine  merchant's  office. 
After  some  practice  as  an  amateur,  he  made 
his  first  appearance  at  the  Theatre  Royal, 
Ipswich.  He  appeared  at  the  Haymarket 
as  Simmons  in  '  The  Spitalfields  Weaver  ' 
on  July  22nd,  1852.  On  October  2nd,  1854, 
at  the  St.  James's  he  played  Samuel  Pepys 
in  '  The  King's  Rival,'  by  Tom  Taylor  and 
Charles  Reade.  At  the  Lyceum  in  Sep- 
tember, 1856,  he  enacted  Fanfarronade  in 
'  Belphegor  '  and  Autolycus  in  Win.  Brough's 
burlesque  of  '  Perdita.'  Here  he  remained 
until  1859,  when  in  January,  as  Asmodeus 
in  the  burlesque  so  named,  he  joined  Webster 
at  the  Adelphi.  With  this  theatre,  save  for 
occasional  migrations,  he  was  long  connected. 
On  May  9th,  1859,  he  "created"  Mr. 
Spriggins  in  '  lei  on  parle  Francais.'  William 
Kite  in  Watts  Phillips's  '  Paper  Wings,' 
Caleb  Plummer  in  Boucicault's  '  Dot,'  and 
Stephen  Digges  in  an  adaptation  of  '  Pere 
Goriot  '  were  among  many  parts  he  played. 
At  the  Queen's  Theatre  in  January,  1868, 
he  was  Michael  Garner  in  Byron's 
'  Dearer  than  Life.'  In  1869.  at  the  Gaiety, 
he  played  Dick  Dollond  in  Byron's  '  Cncle 
Dick's  Darling.'  After  a  long  period  in 
the  country  he  was  seen  in  1870  at  the 
Gaiety  in  '  Paul  Pry.'  Mawworm  in  '  The 
Hypocrite  '  was  one  of  his  characters.  In 
1S74.  at  the  Globe,  lie  enacted  Hammond 
Coote  in  Albery's  'Wig  and  Gown.'  He 
then,  with  no  special  success,  visited  Ame- 
rica. Returning,  he  obtained  at  the  Globe, 
in  January,  1878,  a  conspicuous  triumph  in 
Byron's  "  A  Pool  and  his  .Money."  in  1882 
Toole  took,  and  named  after  himself,  the 
house    previously    known    as    the    Charing 

Cross     and     the      Polly     Theatre.       I  hie.     in 
addition  to  a  series  of  burlesques  and  light 


140 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


pieces,  he  produced  '  The  Butler,'  by  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Herman  C.  Merivale  ;  '  The  Don,' 
an  adaptation  from  the  German  by  the  same  ; 
Mr.  Barrie's  '  Walker,  London  '  ;  Byron's 
'  The  Upper  Crust  '  ;  and  other  plays. 
During  the  later  years  of  his  career  Toole 
brought  out  few  novelties,  and  was  little 
seen  in  London. 

He  was  unfortunate  in  his  domestic  career, 
a  son  who  was  the  apple  of  his  eye,  his  wife, 
and  his  daughter  (constituting  his  entire 
family)  following  one  another  to  the  grave. 
With  these  losses  must  be  counted  that 
more  recent  of  Sir  Henry  Irving,  Toole's 
devotion  to  whom  was  exemplary  and  touch- 
ing. Though  he  played  parts  previously 
taken  by  Wright  or  transmitted  from  Liston, 
Toole  affected  rather  the  character-actor 
than  the  low  comedian.  To  the  end  he 
preferred  to  play  Caleb  Plummer,  which 
was,  indeed,  one  of  his  best  parts  as  well 
as  his  most  popular.  Bohemian  circles 
have  long  missed  him,  and  it  is  only  in  a 
portrait  presented  by  Sir  Henry  Irving 
that  his  smile  has  for  many  years  irradiated 
the  Garrick  Club.  A  confirmed  practical 
joker,  he  was  always  boyish  in  humour  and 
void  of  offence.  The  most  affectionate 
memories  survive  of  one  whose  heart  was 
all  kindness  and  good  nature. 


Bramaiir  (gossip. 

In  dealing  with  '  Down  our  Alley,'  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier,  given  at  the  Garrick 
Theatre,  it  is  expedient  to  dismiss  from  the 
mind  most  thought  of  its  avowed  source. 
In  'Crainquebille,'  adapted  from  a  story  of  M. 
Anatole  France  which  appeared  in  Le  Figaro 
and  given  at  the  Renaissance,  a  serious 
presentation  was  afforded  of  the  sufferings 
of  the  helpless  poor  at  the  hands  of  the  law. 
The  fidelity  of  these  is  as  much  beyond  dis- 
pute as  is  the  literary  flavour  of  the  whole. 
Unfortunately,  these  things — fidelity  and 
literary  flavour — disappear,  and  what  re- 
mains, and  pretends  to  be  a  picture  of  pro- 
ceedings in  a  London  police  court,  sails 
dangerously  near  caricature.  The  one  claim 
on  consideration  which  the  whole  puts  in 
consists  of  the  presentation  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Bourchier  of  his  hero,  Joe  Parrot,  a  typical 
old  costermonger,  who  is  "  run  in  "  by  the 
police  on  a  false  charge,  and  becomes  the 
victim  of  magisterial  imbecility.  Though  a 
little  forced  in  pathos,  this  performance  must 
be  regarded  as  a  masterly  study,  proving — 
what  has  long  been  apparent — that  in  Mr. 
Bourchier  we  possess  a  character-actor  of 
great  power  and  unrivalled  versatility.  In 
'  Monsieur  de  Paris,'  by  Alicia  Ramsey  and 
Rudolph  de  Cordova,  produced  ten  years 
ago  at  the  Royalty,  Miss  Violet  Vanbrugh 
reappeared  in  her  original  part  of  Jacinta, 
the  executioner's  daughter. 

M.  Raimond,  intelligence  of  whose  death 
reaches  us  from  Paris,  was  a  member  of  the 
Palais  Royal  in  its  palmiest  days.  He  was  in 
1880  the  original  Adhemar  in  '  Divorcons,' 
by  M.  Sardou.  Born  at  Caen,  March  21st, 
1850,  he  made  his  debut  at  the  Theatre 
Montmartre,  and  played  at  the  Delassements, 
the  Menus  Plaisirs,  the  Renaissance,  and 
other  houses  before  attaching  himself  defi- 
nitely to  the  Palais  Royal. 

Mr.  W.  H.  C.  Nation,  who  on  June  12th, 
1871,  produced  at  the  Royalty  Westland 
Marston's  '  Larned  for  Life,'  and  made  other 
experiments  in  theatrical  management,  has 
obtained  from  Mr.  James  Welch  a  six 
months'  lease  of  Terry's  Theatre,  starting 
from  September  next. 


Next  Thursday  is  fixed  by  Mr.  Louis 
Calvert  for  the  production  at  the  New  Theatre 
of  '  Amasis,'  Mr.  Frederick  Fenn's  Egyptian 
piece,  to  which  we  have  previously  referred. 

French  representations,  suspended  at  the 
New  Royalty,  will,  it  is  expected,  be  resumed 
under  the  same  management  early  in  the 
new  year. 

Miss  Lena  Ashwell,  before  visiting 
New  York,  will  begin  on  the  20th  inst.  at 
Plymouth  a  month's  tour  with  '  The  Shula- 
mite.' 

Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  starts  on  Monday  at 
the  Prince's  Theatre,  Manchester,  in  '  Paolo 
and  Francesca,'  by  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips,  a 
country  tour  anticipatory  of  his  visit  to 
America. 

Miss  Fay  Davis,  the  creator  of  Iris,  will 
appear  in  New  York  in  a  version  by  Mr. 
Clyde  Fitch  of  an  American  story  called  'A 
House  of  Mirth.' 

'  Sir  Anthony  '  is  the  title  of  a  play  by 
Mr.  Haddon  Chambers,  to  be  produced  in 
New  York  with  Miss  Eleanor  Robson  as  the 
heroine. 

'  The  Good-Natured  Man  '  will  be  acted 
in  the  New  Theatre,  Cambridge,  before  the 
students  of  the  Summer  Meeting,  on  the 
evening  of  Friday  next  and  the  afternoon  of 
the  following  day.  The  performance  is 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  Poel. 


To  Correspondents.— F.  de  INI.  C— E.  D.— C.  L.  S.— 
G.  Y.— G.  Le  G.  N.— Received. 

W.  M. — Not  suitable  for  us. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


rriHE  ATHENAEUM. 

SCALE  OF  CHARGES  FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS 

£   s.  d. 

5  Lines  of  Pearl 036 

75     (Half-C'olurun) 1  16    0 

A  Column ,        330 

A  Page       990 

Auctions  and  Public  Institutions,  Five  Lines  43.,  and  3d.  per  line  of 

Pearl  type  beyond. 

IN  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ADVERTISEMENTS,  CARE 

SHOULD  BE  TAKEN  TO  MEASURE  FROM 

RULE  TO   RULE. 

Advertisements  across  Two  Columns,  one-third  extra  beyond  the 

space  occupied,  the  first  charge  being  308. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  E.  FRANCIS, 
The  Athonseum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


HOLIDAY    BOOKS. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Page 

Authors' Agents       lis 

Bell  &  Sons 140 

Catalogues        lis 

Chatto  &  Windus 144 

Educational 117 

Exhibitions       117 

Gardeners'  Chronicle      119 

Hurst  &  Blackett 120 

Lane          120 

Macmillan  &  Co 120 

Magazines,  &c lis 

Miscellaneous lis 

Newspaper  Agents us 

Notes  and  Queries 142 

Provident  Institutions 117 

Richards 119 

Sales  by  Auction      lis 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &   Co 143 

Situations  Vacant 117 

Situations  Wanted IIS 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co 141 

Type- Writers,  &c m 


THE  YORK  LIBRARY 

A  New  Series  of  Reprints  on  thin  paper  of  the- 
Classics     of     all     Languages,     which,      sa3^s    the 

Bookman,  "  has  established  its  reputa- 
tion as  a  handy,  tasteful,  inexpen- 
sive series  of  valuable  and  widely— 
Chosen  masterpieces."  The  books  are- 
printed  in  an  ideal  format  for  holiday  reading, 
being  of  just  the  right  size  for  carrying  in  the- 
pocket,  and  the  binding,  while  strong,  is  light  and 
flexible. 

Price,  in  cloth,  2s.  net  per  volume ; 
limp  leather,  3s.  net. 

I  r0L  UMES  NO  W  RE  A  D  Y. 

BRONTE  (CHARLOTTE).- JANE  EYRE. 

BURNFY  (FANNY).— EVELINA.  Edited  by  Annie: 
Raine  Ellis. 

BURNEY  (FANNY).— CECILIA.  Edited  by  A.  R^ 
Ellis.    2  vols. 

BURTON  (SIR  RICHARD).- PILGRIMAGE  TO* 
AL-MADINAH  AND  MECCAH.  Edited  by  Lady 
Burton.  With  an  Introduction  by  Stanley  Lane- 
Poole.     2  vols.  [Shortly. 

BURTON  (ROBERT).-ANATOMY  OF  MELAN- 
CHOLY. Edited  by  the  Rev.  A.  R.  Shilleto,  M.A.,. 
with  Introduction  by  A.  H.  Bullen.     3  vols. 

CERVANTES.— DON  QUIXOTE.  Motteux'S  Trans- 
lation, revised.     2  vols. 

COLERIDGE  (S.  T.).— AIDS  TO  REFLECTION,  and 
THE  CONFESSIONS  OF  AN  INQUIRING  SPIRIT. 

COLERIDGE  (S.  T.).-THE  FRIEND. 

COLERIDGE (S.T.).-TABLETALK  AND OMNIAN A.. 
Arranged  and  Edited  by  T.  Ashe,  B.  A. 

DRAPER  (J.  W.).— HISTORY  OF  THE  INTEL- 
LECTUAL DEVELOPMENT  OF  EUROPE.    2  vols. 

EMERSON  (R.  W.).— WORKS.    Edited  by  George. 
Sampson.    5  vols. 
The  Contents  of  the  volumes  is  as  follows  :  Vol.  I.  Essays  r 

Representative    Men.     Vol.  II.    English    Traits:   Conduct 

of  Life  :  Nature.     Vol.  III.  Society  and  Solitude  :   Letters- 

and    Social    Aims :     Addresses.     Vol.     IV.    Miscellaneous- 
Pieces.     Vol.  V.  Poetical  Works. 

FIELDING  (HENRY).-TOM  JONES.    2  vols. 

FIELDING  (HENRY).-AMELIA. 

FIELDING  (HENRY).-JOSEPH  ANDREWS. 

GESTA  ROMANORUM  ;  or,  Entertaining  MoraE 
Stories  invented  by  the  Monks.  Translated  by  the- 
Rev.  Charles  Swan.  Revised  Edition,  by  Wynnaru- 
Hooper,  M.A. 

GOETHE.— FAUST.  Translated  by  Anna  Swanwick,. 
LL.D.  Revised  Edition,  with  an  Introduction  and  FulK 
Bibliography  by  Karl  Breul,  Litt.D.  Ph.D. 

HAWTHORNE  ( NATHANIED.-TRANSFORM  A- 
TION  (The  Marble  Faun). 

IRVING  ( WASHINGTON).-™ E  SKETCH-BOOK- 
JAMESON  (Mrs.).— SHAKESPEARE'S    HEROINES. 
Characteristics     of     Women :    Moral,    Poetical,    andi 
Historical. 

LAMB  (CHARLES).-ESSAYS.  Including  ESSAYS'- 
OF  ELIA,  LAST  ESSAYS  OF  ELIA,  and  ELIANA. 

MARCUS  AURELIUS  ANTONINUS,  THE'. 
THOUGHTS  OF.  Translated  by  George  Long,  M.A. 
With  an  Essay  on  Marcus  Aurelius  by  Matthew- 
Arnold. 

MARRYAT.— MR.  MIDSHIPMAN  EASY.  With  8- 
Illustrations  by  E.  J.  Wheeler. 

MARRYAT.— PETER  SIMPLE.— With  8  Illustrations, 
by  F.  A.  Eraser. 

MONTAIGNE.  —  ESSAYS.  Cotton's  Translation- 
Revised  by  W.  C.  Hazlitt.    S  vols. 

MOTLEY  (J.  L  ).— RISE  OF  THE  DUTCH  REPUB- 
LIC. With  Introduction  by  Moncure  D.  Conway. 
3  vols. 

PASCAL.— THOUGHTS.  Translated  by  C.  Kegan' 
Raul. 

PLUTARCH.— LIVES.  Translated,  with  Notes  and  a 
Life,  by  Aurkey  Stewart,  M.A.,and  George  Long,. 
M.A.    4  vols. 

SWIFT  (JONATHAN).-JOURNAL  TO  STELLA.. 
Edited  by  F.  Rylano,  M.A. 

SWIFT  (JONATHAN). -GULLIVER'S  TRAVELS. 
Edited  by  G.  R.  Dennis.  With  Facsimiles  of  the  Original1 
Illustrations. 

TROLLOPE'S  BARSETSHIRE  NOVELS.-THE, 
WARDEN.  1  vol.— BARCHESTER  TOWERS,  l  vol. 
—DR.  THORNE.     1  vol.— FHAMLEV  PARSONAGE.. 

1  vol.— THE     SMALL     HOUSE     AT     ALLINGTON. 

2  vols. —THE    LAST    CHRONICLE    OF    BARSEL- 
2  vols. 

YOUNG  (ARTHUR).  -  TRAVELS  IN  FRANCE". 
during  the  Years  1787,  1788,  and  1780.  Edited  hv 
M.  Betham  Edwards. 

London:  (JEORGK  BP:LL  &  SONS, 
Portugal     Street,     Lincoln's     Inn,     W.CL 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^IUM 


141 


SMITH,      ELjDJ^R^^ 

NEW    EDITION    OF    THE    WORKS    OF    MRS.    GASKELL 

"  Mrs.  Gaskell  has  done  what  neither  I  nor  other  female  writers  in  France  can 
accomplish — she  has  written  novels  which  excite  the  deepest  interest  in  men  of  the 
world,  and  yet  which  every  girl  will  be  the  better  for  reading." — Georges  Sands. 

Messrs.    SMITH,    ELDER   &   CO.  have  pleasure   in   announcing  the    publication  ol 

KNUTSFORD"  EDITION  OF  MRS.  GASKELL'S  WORKS. 

IN  8  VOLS.     CROWN  8vo,  CUT  EDGES,  CLOTH,  GILT  TOP,  PRICE  4s.  6d.  NET  EACH. 
With  an  Introduction  to  each  volume,  in  addition  to  a  Biographical  Introduction  in  the  First  Volume,  by  DR.  A.  W.  WARD,  Master  of  Peterhouse 

Cambridge,  who  has  received  the  kind  assistance  of  the  MISSES  GASKELL. 

"The  Volumes  will  be  published  at  fortnightly  intervals,  and  each  will  contain  a  PHOTOGRAVURE  FRONTISPIECE  and  OTHER  ILLUSTR  A.TIONS 

VOLUME  I.     MARY  BARTON,  &C,   WILL  BE  READY  ON  SEPTEMBER  3. 

V  Messrs.  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  will  be  happy  to  forward  a  Prospectus  of  the  Edition  post  free  on  application. 

NEW    VOLUME    OF    THE    "WATERLOO"    LIBRARY. 


THE 


u 


PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— "The  best  3*.  6rf.  series 
on  the  market. . .  .The  paper  is  quite  excellent, 
and  the  print  is  tine  and  clear." 


ATBENJEUM.—"  Well  printed  and  neatly  bound.' 


CROWN  Svo, 

3/6  EVENING     STANDARD     AND     ST.     JAMES'S 

MORNING  LEADER.—"  An  attractive  series."                  I          EACH  VOLUME.  GAZETTE.—"  Neat,  well  printed,  and  cheap  '' 

UNCLE   EERNAC  :  a   Memory  of  the  Empire.      By  A.    Conan   Doyle. 


With   12   Full-Page 

DAin  F  PEF-0$ICL?.-r:" '  Uncle  Uemac '  is  for  a  truth  Dr.  Boyle's  Napoleon.    Viewed  as  a  picture  of  the  little  man  in  the  grey  coat,  it  must  take  rank  before  anvthW  j,o  i,,„ 
n.    The  fascination  of  it  is  extraordinary.    It  reaches  everywhere  a  high  literary  level."  -»=iuie  cuijming  tie  has 


Illustrations.    THIRD  and  CHEAPER  EDITION. 


By  Mrs.  HUMPHRY  WARD. 


POPULAR    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


Fenwiek's  Career.  [2nd  impression. 

With  Illustrations  by  ALBERT  STERNER. 
Tribune. — "A  story  rich  in  detail  and  incident.    It  is 
lifficnlt  to  pr;>  ise  the  book  enough." 

The  Marriage  of  William  Ashe. 

[Wbth  Thousand. 
With  Illustrations  by  ALBERT  STERNER. 

Spectator.—"  The  most  attractive    and   brilliant  of    all 
-Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  novels." 


[Over  165,000  copies  sold. 


Lady  Rose's  Daughter. 

With  Illustrations. 
Mr.  William  Dean  Howells. — " Readers  have  rarely  been 
led  with  such  interest  along  the  course  of  any  novel." 

Eleanor.  [Over  120,000  Copies  sold. 

With  Illustrations  by  ALBERT  STERNER. 
London  Quarterly  Review.— " Mrs.   Ward  has  never  given 
■us  a  book  that  finds  its  way  to  one's  heart  so  completely." 


[3rd  Impression. 
..A   tale    of   Dresden 


Helbeck  of  Bannisdale. 


[7th  Edition. 


Times.— "Will  take  rank   with   Mrs.  Humphry   Ward's 

3jest  work The  story  is  a  story  of  a  great  passion  worthily 

*old." 

Sir  George  Tressady.  [3rd  Edition. 

Standard. — "  An  exceedingly  able  book.  We  doubt  if  any 
•other  living  woman  could  have  written  it." 

By  STANLEY  J.  WEYMAN. 

Count  Hannibal.  [6th  Impression. 

Illustrated  London  News.—"  The  reader  will  be  scarcely 
-conscious  of  taking  breath. ..  .Mr.  Weyman  is  far  superior 
*o  his  competitors." 

The  Castle  Inn.  [6th  Edition. 

With  Frontispiece. 
Times.— "A  story  which  the  reader  follows  with  excited 
•curiosity." 

In  King's  Byways.  [2nd  impression. 

Times.— "  Will  be  enjoyed  by   every  one  to  whom  the   I 
Gentleman  of  France  '  appealed  ;  and  in  point  of  art  the 
anecdotes  greatly  excel  the  novel." 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  '  ELIZABETH 
AND  HER  GERMAN  GARDEN.' 

The  Princess  Priscilla's  Fortnight. 

.,_..„.  [ith  Impression. 

Spectator.— "Pnscilla  is  one  of  the  most  engaging 
■characters  we  have  met  fa  fiction  for  years." 


By  AGNES  &  EGERTON  CASTLE. 

Rose  of  the  World.  [7th  impression. 

Academy.— "Perhaps  the  finest  book  that  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Egerton  Castle  have  as  yet  produced— daring,  original, 
moving." 

French  Nan. 

With  Illustrations. 
Academy. — "A  charming    story. 
china,  so  dainty  and  clever." 

If  Youth  but  Knew.  [2nd  Impression. 

With  20  Illustrations  by  LANCELOT  SPEED. 
Truth. — "As  enchanting  as  the  magic  music  of  its  wizard 
violinist." 

By  S.  R.  CROCKETT. 

The   Silver  Skull.  [3rd  Impression. 

With  12  Full-Page  Illustrations. 
British  Weekly.— "  A  work  of  real  genius,  full  of  glorious 
adventures." 

Little  Anna  Mark.  [2nd  impression. 

With  a  Frontispiece. 
Daily  Telegraph. — "  A  rattling,  rousing  story  of  adventure 
and  misadventure." 

The  Black  Douglas.  [3rd  impression. 

With  3  Full-Page  Illustrations. 
Speak&r. — "A   book  which  grips    the  imagination   in  a 
thoroughly  satisfactory  fashion." 

The  Red  Axe.  [3rd  Impression. 

With  8  Full-Page  Illustrations. 
Weekly  Sun. — "A  powerful  story,  which  he  tells  in  his 
own  masterful  style." 

Cleg  Kelly,  Arab  of  the  City. 

[4th  Impression. 
Spectator.—"  It  carries  the  reader  along,  keenly  interested 
and  full  of  sympathy,  from  the  first  page  to  the  last." 

By  Mrs.  HENRY  DE  LA  PASTURE. 

The  Man  from  America.       [2nd  impression. 

Academy, — "A  charming  book,  fragrantly  and  delicately 
written." 

Peter's  Mother.  [9th impression. 

Daily  Telegraph. — "Abetter  novel  the  reader  could  not 
desire. " 

Cornelius.  [Sth  Impression. 

Quarterly  Review. — " Miss  Philipotte  is  enough  to  make 
the  fortune  of  any  story." 

By  ANTHONY  HOPE. 

The  Intrusions  of  Peggy.      [2nd  impression. 

Westminster    <Utzt  lie.  — "  IVfJcy   is   altogether   one  of   the 

most  delightful  characters  that  have  appeared  in  recent 


By  HENRY  SETON  MERRIMAN. 

The  Last  Hope.  [ith  Impression.    2nd  Edition. 

Atltenceum.—"  One  of  his  very  best  novels." 

Tomaso's  Fortune,  and  other  Stories. 

c.  .      ,        n     •  .,..  .        .  \- ml  Impress-ion. 

Saturday  Renew.-"  Engrossing  fascinating,  picturesque 
tales,  full  of  colour,  adventure,  and  emotion." 

Flotsam. 


.     .  [6th  Impression. 

V,  ith  a  Frontispiece. 
Vanity  Fair.— "A    capital    bonk,   that  will   repay  an v 
reader,  old  or  young,  for  the  reading."  y 

Barlasch  of  the  Guard.  10th  impression. 

Queen.—"  There  is  the  genius  of  a  Meissonier  in  his 
delineation  of  Papa  Barlasch ....  He  is  one  of  the  best 
soldier-characters  in  fiction." 

TneY^nre^i         =  *      ™      ■         I™  Impression. 

Queen.—  One  of  Henry  Seton  Mernman's  very  best  A 
powerful  and  thrilling  book." 

The  Velvet  Glove.  [4th  impression. 

Athenceum.—" A  good  story.... We  have  nothing  but 
praise  for  the  skilfully  interwoven  plot  and  the  artistic 
development  of  character." 

The  Isle  of  Unrest.  icth  impression. 

\\  ith  Illustrations. 
Morning  Post.—"  A  really  admirable  novel." 

Roden's  Corner.  [3rd  Edition. 

Punch.  —  "For     dramatic     situation,     intensity,     and 

simplicity  of  narrative  it  is  marvellous." 

In  Kedar's  Tents.  19th  Edition. 

Guardian.— "Full  of  adventure,  of  humour,  and  of 
vigour." 

The  Grey  Lady.  wh  impression. 

With  12  Full-Page  Illustration* 
Globe. — "A  story  of  striking  merit  throughout." 

The  Sowers.  [WthEdition. 

Graphic— "Very  difficult  indeed  to  lay  down  until  its 
last  gage  has  been  turned." 

With  Edged  Tools.  [New Edition. 

Westminster    Gazette.  --"Admirably     conceived The 

story  never  Bags  or  loiters." 

From  One  Generation  to  Another. 

[New  Edition. 
Illustrated  London  News.— "The  book  is  a  good  book. 
The  characters  are  admirably  contrasted." 

The  Slave  of  the  Lamp  v.    Edition. 

Manchester   Guardian.— "A    masterly    story so   like 

real  life,  and  so  entirely  unconventional" 

By  A.  E.  W.  MA30N. 

The  Truants. 

Punch. — "Of  the  most  engaging  inten  sfc" 

The  Four  Feathers.  [iw  Tmpn 

Country  Life.— "It  is  fad I  ;i  grand  story,  told  with  such 

sympathy  and  spirit  combined  as   ire  rarely  to  be  found  in 

!u.,.k>." 


BOOKS    FOR    SEASIDE    AND    HOLIDAY    READING. 

-o      JL*    Meflsra  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  will  be  happy  to  send,  post  free  on  application,  a  copy  of  their  CATALOGUE,  containing  a  List  of  2s.,  29.  6d.. 
3S.  BO.  and  6s.  Popular  Novels,  together  with  a  large  number  of  Miscellaneous  Works. 

London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


142 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


"  Learned,  Chatty,  Useful." — Athenceum. 

"  That  delightful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  *  Notes  and  Queries/  " 

Edinburgh  Review,  October,  1880 

Every  Saturday,  of  any  Bookseller  or  Newsagent  in  England,  price  Ad. ;  or  free  by  post  to  the  Continent,  A\d. 

NOTES     AND     QUERIES: 

A  MEDIUM  OF  INTERCOMMUNICATION  FOR  LITERARY  MEN  AND  GENERAL  READERS, 


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Subscription,  10s.  3c?.  for  Six  Months  ;    20s.  6d.  for  Twelve  Months,  including  postage. 


The  NINTH  SERIES  of  NOTES  AND  QUERIES,  complete  in  12  vols, 
(JANUARY,  1898,  to  DECEMBER,  1903),  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume, 
contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies, 
Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following  Subjects. 

SECOND      SELECTION. 


bibliography  and  literary  history. 

Campbell,  Keats,  and  Virgil — Allusiono  in  Carlyle — Casanoviana 
— Authors  of  the  Chaldee  MS. — CLauceriana — Chorley  on  the 
Birth  of  Edward  VII. — Civil  List  Pensions — John  Cleave  and 
the  Taxes  on  Knowledge — Coleridge  as  a  Translator — County 
Histories — Cowper  on  his  own  Immortality — Daniel's  '  Sonnets 
to  Delia' — Danteiana — De  Quincey's  Syntax — Dibdin  Biblio- 
graphy— Dickensiana — Drydeniana  —  Edition,  its  Meaning — 
George  Eliot  and  Mark  Rutherford  —  '  Field '  Jubilee  — 
Fielding's  'Tom  Jones'  in  France — Edward  FitzGerald  and 
E.  M.  Fitzgerald — Percy  Fitzgerald's  '  Pickwickian  Manners 
and  Customs  ' — Florio's  '  Montaigne ' — Fly-leaf  Inscriptions. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Dorothy  Cecil — Job  Charnock,  Founder  of  Calcutta — Chester- 
field on  Beau  Nash — Col.  T.  Cooper — General  Cope — Defoe's 
Last  Descendants  —  Notes  on  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  ' — Ralph  Dodd  and  the  Thames  Tunnel — Date  of 
Robert  Dodsley's  Death — Due  d'Enghien's  Death — Chancellor 
Silvan  Evans — Fahrenheit  and  his  Thermometer — Flaxman's 
Wife  —  Ugo  Foscolo  in  London — Lady  Elizabeth  Foster  — 
Simon  Eraser,  Lord  Lovat  —  Epitaph  on  Mary  Frith  ("  Moll 
Cutpurse"). 

CLASSICAL  SUBJECTS. 

"  Bernardus  non  vidit  omnia  " — "  Comes  jucundus  in  via  pro 
vehiculo  est  " — "  Cane  decane  canas  " — "  Crescit  amor  nummi  " 
— "  De  male  qusesitis  vix  gaudet  " — "  Dies  creta  notandus  " — 
"  Est  rosa  flos  Veneris  " — "  Furem  pretiosa  signata  sollicitant." 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Queen  Candace — English  Cardinals  —  Organs  destroyed  by 
Cromwell — Chalice  as  Race  Cup — Childbed  Pew — Chi-Rho 
Monogram — Modern  Instrumental  Choirs — Clipping  the  Church 
— Smallest  Church  in  England — Deflected  Chancels — Devil's 
Door  in  Churches — Clergymen  as  Duellists — Papal  Bull  against 
a  Comet — Use  of  the  Cope — Crosier  and  Pastoral  Staff — Date 
of  the  Crucifixion — Clandestine  Marriages  in  Curzon  Chapel, 
May  fair  —  Defender  of  the  Faith — Epitaph  at  Doncaster — 
Bleeding  Image  in  Christ  Church,  Dublin — Title  of  Bishop  of 
Durham — Easter  and  the  Full  Moon — Eucharist  eaten  by  Mice. 

FINE  ARTS. 

Miniature  of  Mrs.  C.  Arbuthnot — Architectural  "  Follies " — 
Artists'  Mistakes — Portraits  of  Joanna  Baillie — Books  illus- 
trated by  Blake — Buss's  Illustrations  of  Dickens — Christ  as  an 
Infant  at  the  Breast — Portraits  of  Dante — George  Dawe,  R.A. 
— Desborough  Portraits — Lawrence's  Picture  of  Countess  of 
Derby — Portraits  of  Female  Fighters  —  Marjorie  Fleming's 
Portrait. 


FOLK-LORE  and  POPULAR  ANTIQUITIES. 

Child's  Caul — Childbirth  Folk-lore — Christmas  Decorations — 
Coal  as  a  Charm — Cure  by  Hand  of  a  Corpse — Crossing  Knives 
and  Forks — Cup-turning  in  Fortune-telling — Devil  as  a  Black 
Dog  —  Drowned  Bodies  Recovered  —  Evil  Eye — Fire  kept 
Burning — "  First  Foot "  on  New  Year's  Day — First  Flesh-eater 
— Flogging  at  the  Cart-tail — Flower  Game — Football  on  Shrove 
Tuesday — Footprints — Coins  in  Foundation  Stones — French 
Robin  Hood — Freund  Hein  in  German  Folk-tales — Friday 
Superstition. 

GENEALOGY  and  HERALDRY. 

Carey  Family  —  Carson  Family  —  Centenarians  —  Knightley 
Charleton,  of  Apley  Castle — Chelsea  Borough  Arms — Bridget 
Cheynell — Brothers  and  Sisters  with  same  Christian  Names — 
Citizen  Baronets  —  Right  to  Cockades  —  Cogan  Peerage — 
Commonwealth  Arms  in  Churches — Continental  Heraldry — 
John  Crewe,  three  of  the  Name — De  Liancourt,  four  of  the 
Name — Arms  of  the  Dominican  Order — Dowager  Peeress's 
Title — Arms  of  Dutch  East  India  Company — Dutton  Family 
and  Arms — Edgett  Family — Foreign  Arms  in  England — The 
Title  Esquire — Eton  College  Arms — Family  Crests — Fir-cone 
in  Heraldry — Fleetwood  Pedigree — Le  Neve  Foster  Aims  andi 
Motto. 

HISTORY:  ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH. 

The  Cabinet  and  the  Constitution — Canute  and  the  Tide — 
Queen  Caroline's  Trial — King's  Champion — Genuine  Relics  of 
Charles  I. — Charles  II. 's  Hiding-places — Death  of  Princess- 
Charlotte  —  Conservative  as  Political  Term — Coronations  of 
Victoria  and  Edward  VII. — Cromwelliana — English  Contingent 
in  the  Last  Crusade — British  Prisoners  in  France — Snow  at 
Battle  of  Edge  Hill— Edward  VII.'s  Title  in  Scotland— Scandal 
concerning  Elizabeth — Executions  at  Tyburn — Fathers  of  the 
House  of  Commons — The  National  Flag — Flemish  Weavers  in* 
England — Northern  Fighters  at  Flodden — Irish  Brigade  at 
Fontenoy  —  Lines  on  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales  —  French 
Prisoners  of  War  in  England. 

MUSIC  AND  THE   DRAMA. 

Early  Mention  of  Actresses  —  The  Dresden  Amen  —  First 
American  Theatrical  Company  in  England — Mrs.  Charlotte 
Atkyns — Bacon-Shakespeare  Controversy — John  Bland,  Edin- 
burgh Actor — Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  styled  "  Coeli  Regina  " — 
Cervantes  on  the  Stage — Musical  Settings  of  Cowley's  Poems — 
Exeter  Theatre  in  1348 — Blanche  Fane,  Actress — Farquhar's 
•  Beaux'  Stratagem.' 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Building's,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


143 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


GENERAL   INDEXE3. 


THE  FOLLOWING  ARE  STILL  W 
STOCK:— 

£      s.      d. 
GENERAL  INDEX, 

FOURTH  SERIES      .330 


GENERAL  INDEX, 
SIXTH  SERIES 


..060 


GENERAL  INDEX, 

SEVENTH  SERIES   ..060 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

EIGHTH  SERIES       .060 

For  Copies  by  post  an  additional  Three- 
pence is  charged. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  &  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


E 


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THIRTEENTH  EDITION,  JUST  OUT,  price  Sixpence,  cloth. 

REMARKABLE     COMETS : 

A  Brief  Survey  of  the  most  interesting  Facts  in  the  History  of  Cometary 

Astronomy. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

London:  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


EIGHTH  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence. 

REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES: 

A  Sketch  of  the  most  interesting  Circumstances  connected  with  the 
Observation  of  Solar  and  Lunar  Eclipses,  both  in  Ancient  and  Modern  Times. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

London  :  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — "  La  vie  est  vaine  "  :  L.  Montenaeken — Phoebe  Hessel  and  Fontenoy  :  William  Hiseland— 

White  Family  of  Southwick — Masquerier's  Portrait  of  Napoleon — Gotham  and  the    'N.E.D.' . 

Michael  Hewetson — American  Emigrants—"  Killing-meat  " — Maori  Names — "  Trowzers." 

QUERIES  :—"  Mill-dog  "—Millstone  ff  Spain- E.  E.  Antrobus  :  B.M.  Catalogue— "  Rotherhithe  "— 
French  Quotation — "  Sorner  " — Fleetwood  Brass— Grants  of  Dean's  Yard — Franceys  :  Francissus  • 
Le  Franceys,  &e. — Passion-Flower  Legend—" A  Sunday  well  spent" — Authors  of  Quotations 
Wanted — Johnson's  Poems — Tournaments  :  Bayard's  Green — Dr.  Johnson  and  '  The  New  London 
Spy  '  — Lumley  of  Watton,  Norfolk. 

REPLIES  :— Lieut. -General  Henry  Hawley— "  Rime  "  v.  "  Rhyme" — The  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour— 
Literary   Allusions — Houses  of  Historical  Interest — St.  Edith — "  O,  dear,  what  can  the  matter 

be  ?  " — Literary  Pastimes — Cricket :  Pictures  and  Engravings — Tadpole — Burney  Family Pledge 

in  a  Bumper — Louis    Philippe's    Landing   in   England — "Place" — Maeaulav   on    the    Tham^J3 


Bumper — Louis   Philippe's    Landing   in   Engla 
Gibbon,    ch.    lvi.    Note    81 — "  Anser,    apis,   vitulus,"  &c. — "Tony   Lumpkin" — John    Danister 

Wykehamist — Devon   Provincialisms — English    Spelling — "Mother   of   dead   dogs" "Pour"— 

Caite    Street — Proverb    against    Gluttony — Canbury    House,    Middlesex — John    Hoy Flags 

mi's  Cathedral :  its  Foundation  Stone— "  Ikona,"  South  African  Term 


Maeaulay   on    the    Thames— 
"—J 

dogs 


"  Dignity  of  Man  "—St.  Paul': 


-Watling  Street — Half-Married — "Rose  of  Jericho" — Welds  of  Willey  Park,  Salop 
NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  The  Three  Additions  to  Daniel'— 'A  Browning  Treasure  Book'— 'The  Pocket 
Dickens '—' Harold's  Town  and  its  Vicinity '—' King's  Lynn  with   its  Surroundings  '— '  Summer- 
Holidays  ' — '  Hampstead  Garner  ' — '  Lyra  Britannica  ' — ■'  English  History  in  Verse.' 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 


-Fielding's  '  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  Lisbon '—"  Verify  your  references  "—White  Family  of 
thwick — Scott's  '  Guy  Mannering'  and    'Antiquary' — "Yam":  its  Origin — Bishop  Familv 


NOTES 

Southwick — Scott's   'Guy  Mannering'  and    'Antiquary' — "Yam":  its  Origin — Bishop  Family 

of  Bray — "  Lealand  "  in  W.  Morris — Lord's  Prayer,  c.   1430 — Devil's  Advocate  in  Tibet Penne- 

father  :  Origin  of  the  Name. 

QUERIES  : — "Plum":  Jack  Horner— "Plum  "  =  Raisin— Bullim:  its  Locality — St.  Charles  Borromeo:: 
his  Portraits — Manor  Mesne — Preseren,  Slavonic  Poet — French  Chateaux — Cherry  in  Place-Name* 
— E.  C.  Brewer's  School  at  Mile  End — Inscription  at  Constance — "  Eyelashes  of  the  road  "— 
Humphrey  Halley — Chingford  Church:  "  Nunquam  non  paratus ' ' — ''Red  Lion,"  Henley-on- 
Thames — St.    Peter's  in  Chepe  :  St.   John   Zacliary — "Four  Corners" — "Breaking  the   flag" 

Palm  Sunday  and  Hill-Climbing  :  Church  Ales — Thomas  Russell,  Overseer  of  Shakespeare's  Will 
— "  Le  Fludous  " — Strode's  Regiment. 

REPLIES  :— St.    Edith— Shaw's 
Abbey  or  Priory 
Acts  xxix. — 
Kipling's 
Lady  Coventry's  Minuet — Bish 


Knights  of   England  ' — Punch,    the 


Beverage—"  <  Jula  Augusti  "— 
T  or  Prior}' — 'Diary  of  an  Invalid' — Sea-Urchin — "  O  dear,  what  can  the  matter  he''"— 
cxix. — "Hypocrite" — Earthquakes  in  Wales— Geoffrey  de  Lusignan— Literary  Pastimes 
ig's  '  With  Scindia  to  Delhi ' — Holyoake  Bibliography— "No  riches  from  his  little  Btore"— 
Coventry's  Minuet— Bishop  Island— Registers  of  St.  Kitt's — " Clever " — Burial-Grounds 
and  Cathedrals — Tom  Thumb  in  London — Sir  John  Fastolf— Miss  Meteyard  — "  Mininin  "  a  Shell 
—Tadpole— Heraldic  Surname— "Albion"  Hotel,  Aldersgate  Street— Direction  Post  »•.' SrWmost 
— Kipling  Family — Cricket :  Pictures  and  Engravings.  ° 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— 'Parvus  Cato,  Magnus  Cato'— '  The  Legend  of  Sir  Perceval  —Cicero  on  Friend- 
ship and  Old  Age— Bliss  Carman's  '  Sappho  '—'The  Dream  of  the  Rood  '— '  Pierce  the  Plough- 
man's Crerle' — The   Reade  Family  and   Dr.  Johnson — 'Journal   of   the   Folk-Song   Society^ 

'Monumental  Inscriptions  at  St.  Anne's,  Soho ' — North  Wraxall  Terriers. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Xotes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT    WEEK'S    ATHEN.EUM    will    contain 
Reviews  of  A.  G.  SWINBURNE'S  WILLIAM 


BLAKE    and    E. 
INN. 


WILLIAMS'S    STAPLE 


...■>    i_.)i    requires 

or    B0OK8E1  l  I  a    -  ASSXB 
'n'lucum  Prcsa. 
Lane,  E.e. 


144 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4110,  Aug.  4,  1906 


CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  PUBLISHERS. 


FORTHCOMING    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

PATH  OF  GLORY.     By  GEORGES  OHNET,  Author  of <  Love's  Depths.'  [August  23. 

In  this  powerful  and  dramatic  work  the  struggle  between  matter  and  mind,  represented  by  wealth  and  music,  resulting  in  tha  final  victory  of  the 
latter,  is  depicted  in  vivid  language.  The  love  element,  too,  is  very  strong,  and  the  striking  difference  between  the  Gallic  and  the  New  World  spirit  is 
brought  out  as  on  a  photographic  camera. 

THE  OLD  HOUSE  AT  THE  CORNER.     By  FLORENCE  WARDEN,  Author  of  <  Love  and  Lordship: 

[September  3. 

THE  TEA  PLANTER.      By  Mrs.  PENNY,  Author  of  <  Dilys.' 

THE   PRIVATE  DETECTIVE.     By  R.  MACHRAY,  Author  of 'Blow  over  the  Heart: 

ISRAEL  RANK.     By  ROY  HORNLMAN,  Author  of  ' Bellamy  the  Magnificent: 

BURNT  SPICES.      By  L.  S.  GIBSON,  Author  of  '  The  Freemasons: 

€0MET  CHAOS.      By  CYRIL  SEYMO UR,  Author  of  <  Magic  of  To-Morrow.' 


[September  6. 

[September  13. 

[September  20. 

[September  27. 

[October  4. 


STORIES  OF  THE  ITALIAN  ARTISTS 
FROM  VASARI. 

Collected  and  Arranged  by  E.    L.    SEELEY. 
The  Binding   and   Title   are   from   Contemporary   Designs. 

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THE  ANNALS  OF 

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THEATRE, 

1732  1897. 

BY 

HENRY  SAXE  WYNDHAM. 

With  45  Illustrations. 
2  vols,  demy  8vo,  21s.  net.      [Shortly. 


WILLIAM  BLAKE:  a  Critical  Essay.     By  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne.     A  New  Edition  with 

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MR.  SWINBURNE'S  POETICAL  WORKS.     Collected  Library  Edition  in  Six  Volumes.    Crown 

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buckram,  gilt  tops,  30s.  net  for  the  5  vols. 


ESSAYS  OF  TRAVEL. 
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THE    POCKET  R.  W.   EMERSON.        Favourite   Passages    Selected  by  Alfred    H.   Hyatt. 

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A  HISTORY  OF  OUR  OWN  TIMES,  from  1897  to  the  Accession  of  King  Edward  VII.    By 

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THE    STORY    OF    CHARING    CROSS    AND    ITS    IMMEDIATE    NEIGHBOURHOOD.     By 

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TAINE'S   HISTORY   OF  ENGLISH   LITERATURE.     Translated  by  H.  Van,, Laun.     A  New 

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Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  &  BKADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZEE8  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  August  4, 1906. 


THE  ATHENAEUM 

Jural  of  fcjlisl,  rail  J mip  titrate,  Srraa,  lb  Jte jltfe  Jtbaiinb  ife  Brat.. 


No.  4111. 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST   11,  1906. 


(B&uattianal. 

OF      ST.       ANDREWS. 


TJNIVERSITY 

Rector— ANDREW  CARNEGIE,  LL.D. 

Principal-.JAMES  DONALDSON,  M.A.  LL  D 

OPENING  OF  SESSION  100fr-1907. 

UNITED  COLLEGE. 

(ARTS,  SCIENCE,  AND  MEDICINE  I 

LTlhtheC\vixTKR  sL^T^W?13^  on  FRIDAY,  October  12, 

PETITIONS Ifai B^^n""NATIl'SS'  "it!l    wlli'h   the    COM- 
SEPTEMBER     .s "         i,    V  *'S  :,1>'  l"',".,'"1«'l.  will    COMMENCE  on 

vacant"-    A  nUmbei'  °f  Prese"tation  and  PreferS  &£S5  are  also 

ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE. 

(DIVINITY.! 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  August"^  B&fNETT'  S;CMtary- 


UNIVERSITY  OF  DURHAM. 

ARMSTRONG  COLLEGE, 

"*■*■  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Principal-Sir  ISAMBARD  OWEN,  D.C.L.  M.D. 
SESSION  OF  1806-7. 
TEMBER(mo*29ION  ;'nd  EXHIB«ION   EXAMINATIONS,  SEP- 
OPENING  of  TERM.  OCTOBER  2 

Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.        rltu*'iN>  ^■''•tdry. 


Q  T.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 

^  (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON) 

WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  1 

_____ F.  JAFFREY,  F.R.C.S.,  Dean  of  the  School. 


^post,  Inland. 
f^.jForeiln^fe^^d  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

XJNTVERSITY      OF      GLASGOW. 

CHAIR  OF  GREEK. 
The  UNIVERSITY   COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  CT  lemur 

The  appointment  will  take  effect  as  from  hit  I !KVu     -'r  i 

^t^«^hi±,^,n-f^  d_*45_« 

ALAN  E.  CLAPPERTON, 
91  West  Regent  Street^lSow'.  °f  the  G'aSg°W  Uuire'^  Court. 


KING'S        COLLEGE,        LONDON 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON  I 
inFA,LfL  rT°URSE8.  for  MATRICl'LATEI)  STUDENTS  are  provided 

Preparation  for  ,11  E   ami      1  i    ';  ,' t I       ,1    ,'r   '         •    SeS- 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  "(iMMENCES  !« ■TOMmJ""^ 
K?ng:s  MllaS,  itnuX  W.C.i,,f0''Ulati0n  aPPly  t0  "'-SECRETARY. 
WOMEN'S  DEPARTMENT,  KENSINGTON 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OOTonFR  s 
Apply  to  the  VICE-PRINCIPAL,  „'  Kenffion  SquLe. 


ST- 


UNIVERSITY        OF        ABERDEEN. 

F  A  C  U  L  T  Y    OF    M  E  D  I  C  I  N  E. 
WINTER  SESSION,  190B-7 

Medicine  of  any  University  in  'the  r,  it  i  r  ",n  ""  ''■"■"'"ates  in 
for  the  whole  C„ni<.„l,n,/\,Y,„'  j  .  j  .  "la  ""\  V'v  '"tal  '"st 
Degrees  of  M.B.  andCh  Is    is  usi    lh-  SS.      .-,,.  eeS,and  ?ees  for  the 

•3hip8.Fellowships.anJl. ^.Yru1,;;  V  of  Fntv'1^"'^/''1'"'"'-- 
gate  annual  value  of  1  Is,,/    .-, ,,. ,,.,  '   ,,,,',,     . .,  '.',tv''od ."»    >'  i  aggre- 

!    the  Has"-,  s      ]'■',.      C         ,      \'    I         "",'"   U"'S       '"  •""■V- 

KV  OF  THE MEJii(  aL  FxrULTv''11  al,1'hcatlon  to 

fs„,,„v   );','„    ,r  ,     Sri,.;        ,'a,.tcr  °l  Art&    InScience: 
vulture'.     In  Divinity  ■  Doctor  of   I  ,\ i„  ,",     ii"'      '"''"''-'  '"V[  in  A««- 

SErUETAltY  OF  FACULTIES.  ' hcation    to    the 


THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL 

ALBERT  EMBANKMENT,  S.E. 
UNIVERSITY      OF      LONDON 
Tile  SI?  ^S^0N  wiU  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  3 
contain^  Beds0CCU"1,;S   °"e   °f   the   fiuest  sites   "  London,  and 

Stu^safler  H^iW'aSo1"''  a"d  °ther  A"""»'t-"ts°,re  op^'to 
thAAthleH,tr,,'1'lh!'''''''s  I,art  of-the  Me.lical  School  Buildings  and 

See,'  ^M^,G^no!iROB8ERTrrtiCUlar8'  "1;'y  be  0',t:lined  from  tue 
J-  H.  FISHER,  B.S.Lond.,  Dean. 

CHURCH 


BOUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WEST  RIDING 

^  OF  YORKSHIRE. 

EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT. 
HIGHER  EDUCATION 

in^FPWMBFR^H   E2SSATI<^  COMMITTEE  require,  EARLY 
-c    ,  -    •"  -ER'    the    services    of    an    OROANIZING     MAsri'.. 

&%«*  '"  Sc,""«  "'I'.1  Mathematics,  for  the  p.  r  ,o«  of  o^gtnS 
Three  Cent;',UrCHe';;  i  1';"'ti«-"''l  «"■!  S,,ppl!,,„'.„,;,IT  Teacher^  at 
gSffiSS,  Kotsei:1^  ^ t n^e^T^TS 
few  aided  Secondary  Schools  in   the  subjects  ah,  ve       enti   ned      Th'i 

Apidn-ations  must  he  made  on  Forms  to  be  obt,  in.-d  fro,  .  the 
Education  Department  (Secondary,.  County  Hall  Wakefield  where 
they  must  he  returned  not  later  than  AUGUST  HP  mi  Copies  of 
appliSTtion!h,m  thrCC  r6Cent  T^ti">"»ials  must    he  'sent  wltTthl 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

.  CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD 

cItT/fhIn? "I'nm,?}' T'i'  Sr;""''"y  Teacheri.    Principal,  Miss 
UniverSty^fMancherter.  '  ^  lectnreI  ln  Education  at   the 

Cm.hrhi'Je    t'.U,  .,,,"rl':":':1  (f«''   Jhe  .?xfo"1   Teacher's    Diploma,   the 

V.lnhll.le,       Icaclicrs     Cert, h. ate.     the     Teachers      Diploma     of     the 

F  lii'T'  ,;       V"'"'"11'  a"i'.  ""■■  ni*h*r  F>™]*1  Certific  te  6 

*  ull  particulars  on  application. 


JJSSEX       EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 

BRAINTREE  LOCAL  ADVISORY  SUB-COMMITTEE 

BRAINTKEE    COUNTY    secondary    SCHOOL    (BOYS    AND 

GIRLS),  WITH  PUPIL-TEACHERS   CENTRE   \TT  \C1IED 

I,  ,    '  ,    t    ,n      nncs.ties  of  the  I  „„e,l   Kim-doi,).  or  have 

C„     n'    ,,  -in -  S   1  ,   v    -  '""^''"-'"t  to  that  tor  any  such  decree, 
on;  t{ ■'- ,/  s.,i.,,\  _,„/.  per  annum,  nsniL'  hy  annual  in.nnients  of 

Applications,  on  the  printed  OfBcial  Form,  giving  full  particulars 

as  to  .luahncations  and  experience  ,,f  s, ndaS  Sch„  ,    w,    k    n     m, 

pained  hy  not  more  than   three  Testimonial'   sho,  1 ,1  be  Vent'  '  L 

the  undersigned,  not  later  than  AUGUST  ''-,]'.„,'!  SCnt  to  me* 

County  Offices,  Chelmsford.  '''  "   NICHOLAS.  Secretary. 


c 


I      T      Y 


O      F 


HULL. 


"EDUCATION    (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 

POWFI *L     ""sm* iti1,1  s',  ■","V''"""t-   l..v  ^KlV^'riis'.TMITH 
Stieetfs^h  \vc    '  "'  AgentS  'eBtebli8h'»o  1833},  3\  Bedford 


Theabo 

MASTER 

The  Sal, 

The 

and  In 
A  Candfi 

Forms   oi 

ippoint 


■„ii 


u 


THE  VICTORIA 

NIVERSITY        OF 


MANCHESTER. 

SESSION  1:106-7 

t!;::  aWsSsSS  Tuesday  Oetober  a  next. 

the  REGISTRAR:-  >L%nM3  be  obtained  on  aj,  plication  to 

1'  \<  ri.TIES  OF  ARTS  and  science 

FACULTY  or  MEDICINE       CVllSflU,!fc 

FACULTY  OF  LAW. 

FACULTY  OF  MUSIC 

FAiri.TV  of  COMMERCE 

FACULTY  OF  THEOLOGY 

FACULTY  OF  TECHNOLOGY 

DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ENGINEERING 

DEPARTMENT  OF  MINING 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ARCHITECTURE 

ADVANCED  studies  in  THE  FA<  ULTY  OF   VPTs 

INSTRUCTION  IN  MILITARY  SUBJECTS 

DENTAL  DEPARTMENT  8UJWBC™. 

PIIAHMACEUTICAL  DEPARTMENT 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  VETERINARY  STATF  Mnacrvr 
FELLOWSHIPS.  ScnoI.u^MIIPS  FXHIIinoNs  CI"NE- 
EVENING  CLASSES  AND  1'OPULAR^URSES      '  &C' 


"EDUCATION. 

i '-  I*Mv^)  m    hn^laixl  or  ahrnad 

"e,nv,t|F:ss^T:uVuT^:i^iiiNi;!'i^icularato 
1e^r,"h:,:,AI:-:,'1-;:i{;I^;-,.::;- '-» ^'y-  touch  with  t„a 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

^Mm?TTEwr?wM^S?!JcSS0?i  ,l,r  ""   l"1-'  "f  HEAD 
F  the  HI  Li.  Ml  NICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART 

'  otlered  is  4',"/.  per  annum. 

■luan  appointed  inust   haw  had  a  g 1  artistic  training 

ten,  e.l  in  the  work  of  a  School  of  Art. 

te  uith  expen.uicM.f  Artistic  Crafts  will  be  preferred 

a  m1    ,;,'  eJ'V  '"".',"     ",s  "f  the  dntlea  and  oonditiona 
ij    be  obtained  from    the   undersigned   up   tu 


AUGUST  SO. 
Canvassing  will  he  considered  a  disqualification 

Education  Offices.  Albion  Street.  Hu'll"'  ^  '"  ' "T  °f  Ed™"°»- 
August  ::.  1906. 


Situations  ITacant. 

"DEDFORD     COLLEGE      FOR      WOMEN 

-L»  (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 

YORK  PLACE,  BASER  STREET.  London,  W 

ri'h'nViM?',.!,.  iVV-V-  •|ir,,i':lti""^  'or  the  post  of  Principal  ,.f 
JiEDi'ORD   COLLEGE.     Salary  4502.  a  year    with  Board  anSti. 
;, ence.-Partieulars,,,,,  be  obtained  f.om "the  SECRETARY  to  whom 
restimomals  and  References  should  b,  ,,.  OCTOBERl" 

"DDINBUKCH    PROVINCIAL     COMMITTEE 

-L<  FOE  THE  TRAINING  OF  TEA0HEB8. 

OF1STt'D!'FS,TT':i';  lnrfteaPnU<ations  tor  the  post  of  DIRECTOR 
Application.,,  accompanied  by  fifty  ,  ..pies  of  not  more  than  five 
recent  Testimonials,  should  be  ,„u-ed  n,,t  later  tb ,,,  sV-  ','t'Vt 
liKIt  1..  NEXT,  with  W.  Ilnlilt.  Es„  .  1,,'teritn  Clerk  I.  ie  Com  u  ,'i'e,  " 
-.   Mcnin.-Mdc  Gardens.    Edmbur.d,.  f,,,m  whom  a  s,  ,,.,„,   ,, 

dunes,,, „,e ofaoe and  the eomiuions „f  thcappo,,;:,,,:';;,"',;::,'!: 


QOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 

Principal-J.  f.  Hudson,  m.a.  b.Sc 

FIRST  ASSISTANT  MASTER  in  the  SCHOOT  r>P  am 
REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMEER.  Salary^^^fn^-Fo^fnrthS 
partacuktrs  apply  to TlloS.  THORP,  SiSebSri* 

qPHE     PART     SERVICES     REQUIRED    of    a 

MT,NTmXY,iK.vi>xf  Vl'wV"   r:uV'1-   "-    lv'"' ""■'  «f  * 
i    l.i  -1   ol    NEW    BOOKS,  thi   I   ■<•■, 

i:\peii,  i,    ,•  in  ,    ntial. 


Wm'ks 


Box  1144,  Athenaeum  Pn  i  - 


.  Bream  s  Buildings,  Chai 


\  MAXUKXSis  REQUIRED  IMMEDIATELY 

JV     to  PRINCIPAL  in    PUBLISHING  OFFICE     sh'th,        ,■ 
l.M;e  «,-,,,„..     Kn.-h.h.  and   French  if  possible.     S.-nd      ■         ,     L    ! 


Situations   WLanttb. 

A    GENTLEMAN  of  Literary  tastes  (aged  50] 

8ECRB1  \K\   to  a  3 

cad.  in,,-,.;  I  and    ,,„,,.,„  |      ,.       r  ,  ,  ;.,  Alhcnaum    1 ' 

K|  VUC1W.UU1  r-ress.  u, 

A  P  P  O I N  T  M  E  N  T    W  A  XT  ED  -TWENTY 


AN     ACTIVE     YOUNG     .MAX    f23)    reouiro« 

TANFMSA.TI0?"  fUBLKHEB  s    „r    KooKsn     i-Ks'sm 


146 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


SELECTIONS  PBOM 

THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY'S 

PUBLICATIONS. 
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THE    OLD    MASTERS.     From    the 

Principal  National  Collections,  including  the  National 
Gallery,  London,  the  Louvre,  Dresden,  Florence,  &c. 

MODERN  ART.    A  Numerous  Collection 

of  Reproductions  from  the  Royal  Academy    the  Tate 
Gallery,  the  Walker  Art  Gallery,  the  Luxembourg,  &c. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.    The  chief  Works 

'  of  this  Artist  are  Copied  in  Permanent  Autotype. 

ROSSETTI,  BURNE-JONES.    A 

Representative  Series  of  Works  by  these  Painters. 

ETCHINGS     AND      DRAWINGS      BY 

REMBRANDT,  HOLBEIN,  DCRER,  MERYON,  Ac. 

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free  on  application. 


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TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Encyclo- 
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taryship. Classics,  French,  German.  Italian,  Spanish  Anglo-Saxon. 
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Mis-  SKLBY.  30,  Northumberland  Place,  Bayswater  (formerly  53, 
Talbot  Road,  W.). 


10  PUBLISHERS.— PREHISTORIC  GREECE. 

L  An  absolutely  exhaustive  History  from  Inachus  I.  to  Orestes 
The  chaff  of  mythology  being  thoroughly  winnowed  away,  the  corn  ot 
Thucydides  is  hardly  purer  history.-F.  G.  WHITE,  40.  Oxford 
Gardens,  Notting  Hill.  


T 


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PALL  MALL.— Fine  Antique  Embroideries,  Carpets,  and 
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held  an  official  position  therefor  many  years. 

MESSRS.  FOSTER  respectfully  announce  FOR 
SALE  by  AUCTION,  at  the  Gallery,  54,  Pall  Mall,  on 
WEDNESDAY.  August  15.  and  Following  Pay,  at  1  o'clock  precisely 
each  Day.  all  extensive  COLLECTION  of  OLD  PERSIAN  CARPETS- 
and  RUGS,  including  several  of  exceptionally  line  quality— Turcoman 
and  Persian  Beads— Silk.  Woollen,  and  Gold  Embroideries— Early 
Italian  and  Persian  Velvets  —  Turcoman  Embroidery  —  Persian 
Paintings— Carvings  in  Wood  and  Brass— Early  and  Later  Persian 
Faience  Bowls,  Vases,  Flower-Pots,  Ewers,  Plates,  Lustre  Ware  Vases. 
Mosque  Tiles,  4c 

May  be  viewed  MONDAY,   the  blth,  and   Following   Day,  when- 
Catalogues  may  he  had.— 54,  Pall  Mall. 


Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  of 
CURIOSITIES  will  take  place  on  TUESDAY,  August  14.  at 
half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  and  will  contain  a  choice  COLLECTION 
of  OLD  CARVED  GODS  and  CURIOS  from  MALAY— Burmese  and 
Native  Carvings— a  rare  Thibetan  Apron,  made  entirely  of  Carved 
Human  Bones  — Elizabethan  Table  cloth— Coins  and  Medals— Por- 
celain, Cloisonne,  Bronzes.  4c,  from  China  and  Japan— and  the  usual 
M  isccllaneoiis  Assortment. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  ou 
application  to  the  AUCTIONEER,  :!8,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
London,  W.C. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King 
Street  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  tor  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES SLIDES,  and  Ob.  I  ECTI  VES  -Telescopes  -  Theodolites  — 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus-Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides- 
and  all  accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household- 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


niTlE      BUILDER     (founded     1842),     Catherine 

JL     Street,  London,  W.C,  AUGUST  11.  contains:— 

OLD  ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  CAMBRIDGE;  Some  Thames  Bridges: 
The  Trades  Disputes  Bill;  Old  Surrey  Churches;  Tin-  Royal 
Archaeological  Institute  at  Worcester;  Institute  of  Sanitary  Engineer-. 
[Strength  Properties  of  Brickwork  and  Notes  on  Fire-Resisting 
Construction)  i  Carved  Bench  Ends,  East  Budlcigh  (illustrated) ; 
student's  Column:  and  Illustrations  of  Colleges,  Cambridge;  Berkeley 
Suuarc  Mansion  Flats;  Country  Cottage;  Villa  in  China  ;  and 
Wesleyan  Sunday  Schools,  Sevenoaks,  4<\— From  Office  as  above  (4a,  ; 
by  post.  4*,/.  I.  or  "through  any  Newsagent. 


BRITISH     CHRONOLOGICAL    and    ASTRO- 
NOMK'W.    ASSOCIATION. -See   DATE  OF   CREATION,   by 
.1     B     DIMBLEBV.      Second    Edition  contains    Egyptian    Dynasties 

Manual  by  their  own  Aslioii lea]  Records.     4s.  iW. 

NISTER.  22,  St.  Bride  Street.  E.C. 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


147 


SOMERSETSHIRE      PARISHES. 

A  Handbook  of  Historical  Reference  to  all  Places  in  the  County. 
By  ARTHUR  L.  HUMPHREYS. 

Now  complete  in  8  Parts  at  5*.  6rf.  net  each  Part.  Separate  Parts  are  not  supplied.  The  work  can  also  be  had 
bound  in  2  vols,  in  half-vellum,  11.  12*.  Gd.    100  Copies  only  issued,  and  the  work  will  not  be  reprinted. 

"With  Part  8  (covering  Taunton  to  Zoyland,  with  a  few  pages  of  addenda),  this  wonderful  handbook  of  historical 
reference,  compiled  and  published  by  Mr.  Arthur  L.  Humphreys,  of  Piccadilly,  has  been  completed.  The  work  must  have 
taken  many  years.  The  research  revealed  in  it  seems  overwhelming.  But  Mr.  Humphreys  will  have  his  reward  in  the 
knowledge  that  his  work  will  be  simply  invaluable  to  historians  and  archaeologists,  and  will  be  of  increasing  usefulness 
as  time  goes  on.     It  is  impossible  not  to  regard  this  great  and  almost  unique  effort  with  wonder  and  admiration. 

"A   work   of  infinite  importance  and   value  to  historians  and  archaeologists This  really  great  work  is  being 

issued  in  eight  parts,  of  about  100  pp.  each  part,  and  we  have  received  the  first  part — Abbas  Combe  to  Binegar  (including 
Bath,  44  pp.).  The  colossal  character  of  the  work  will  be  gathered  from  the  statement  that  when  it  is  completed  it  will 
contain  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  thousand  historical  references  to  Somersetshire  history. ..  .No  one  can  look  at  the 
first  part  without  astonishment  at  the  amount  of  labour  and  investigation  the  book  must  have  involved.  It  has  clearly 
been  a  labour  of  love,  and  Mr.  Humphreys  must  be  content  to  know  that  he  has  made  himself  the  benefactor  of  all  future 
historians  of  Somersetshire,  and  of  any  of  the  parishes  in  the  county." — Western  Daily  Press. 

187,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON,  W. 

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This  Society  was  established  in  1862  to  supply  Leg  Instruments,  Spinal  Supports, 
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Bankers — Messrs.  Barclay  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  54,  Lombard  Street. 

RICHARD  C.  TRESIDDER,  Secretary. 

TENTH  EDITION,  price  Two  Shillings. 

CELESTIAL      MOTIONS: 

A   Handy   Book   of  Astronomy. 

Tenth  Edition.     With  3  Plates. 

By    W.    T.    LYNN,    B.A.    F.R.A.S., 

Associate  of   King's  College,    London ;   Lay   Reader  in  the  Diocese  of  Southwark, 
Author  of  '  Remarkable  Comets,'   '  Remarkable  Eclipses,'   '  Astronomy  for  the  Young,'  &c. 

"  Well  known  as  one  of  our  best  introductions  to  astronomy." — Guardian. 


London:  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


THIRTEENTH  EDITION,  JUST  OUT,  price  Sixpence,  cloth. 

REMARKABLE     COMETS: 

A  Brief  Survey  of  the  most  interesting  Facts  in  the  History  of  Ccmetaiy 

Astronomy. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London  :  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY,  price  One  Shilling. 

BIBLE      CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Recorded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  arranged  under  their 

Probable  Respective  Dates,  with  a  Description  of  the  Places  named, 

and  a  Supplement  on  English  Versions. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"This  compendious  and  useful  little  work."— Guardian,  March  14,  1906. 


London :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 


JOSEPH  VANCE. 

The  SPECTA  TOR  says :— «  Mr.  de  Morgan 
has  written  a  remarkable  novel,  a  fine  novel, 
by  whatever  standards  we  judge  it.  "We 
have  never  for  a  moment  a  doubt  about  the 

reality  of  the  story  he  tells We  cannot 

refrain  from  singling  out  the  elder  Vance, 
who  in  many  ways  is  the  most  wonderful 
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THE    ATHENAEUM 


149 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  11,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Mr.  .Swinburne  on  Blake 149 

Staple  Inn         150 

Mr.  Davidson's  Poems        151 

A  German  History  of  Japan 152 

New    Novels    (The   Awakening    of    Helena;    The 

Eagles  ;  The  Girl  Out  There  ;  The  Field  of  Glory)      153 

The  New  Testament 153 

Two  Anglo-Saxon  Poems 155 

Evelyn's  Diary  155 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Invasion  of  1910;  Tales 
from  the  Talmud  ;  Semitic  Inscriptions ;  Schiller 
in  England  ;  History  of  the  United  States  ;  King's 
Lynn ;    Meredith    Pocket-Book  ;     The    Uncle    of 

Europe ;  Traherne)  156—158 

List  of  New  Books 158 

The  Royal  Historical  Society's  New  Publica- 
tions ;  '  The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore  ' ;  The 
Birtii-Year  of  Henry  v.  ;  "Sidney's  Sister, 
Pembroke's  Mother";  Gleanings  from  St. 
Clement's     Danes;     The    Eyesore    of    the 

Piraeus        158-160 

Literary  Gossip        160 

Science— The  Victoria  History  of  Berkshire  ; 
The  Physiology  of  Digestion  ;  Diet  and 
Dietetics  ;   Anthropological  Notes  ;  Gossip 

161—163 
Fine  Arts— Michel  on  Rembrandt;    St.    Paii's 
Cathedral;     Tiif.   National   Gallery;     The 
Royal        Archaeological        Institute        at 
Worcester;     the    British    Archaeological 
Association  at  Nottingham  ;   Gossip    ..      163—166 
Music— Baughan's  Music  and  Musicians  ;  Baumann 
on    Saint-Saens  ;       score    of    'Tristan    und 
Isolde';   Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week 
t-w  167— 16S 

Drama— Later   Queens   of  the  French    Stage  • 

_     Gossip  168 

Index  to  Advertisers       .168 


LITERATURE 


William  Blake  :  a  Critical  Essay.  By 
Algernon  Charles  Swinburne.  A  New 
Edition.     (Chatto  &  Windus.) 

Mr.  Swinburne's  "  critical  essay "  on 
Blake  was  published  forty  years  ago, 
just  after  the  "  discovery  "  of  Blake  in 
Gilchrist's  '  Life,'  and  some  eight  years 
before  the  publication  of  any  collected 
edition  of  the  poems.  Since  that  time 
many  books  on  Blake  have  been  written, 
including  the  vast  three  volumes  of  Messrs. 
Ellis  and  Yeats  ;  editions  of  the  poems 
have  multiplied,  and  what  may  well  be 
the  final  edition  has  been  brought  out  by 
Mr.  Sampson  ;  one  even  of  the  Prophetic 
Books,  the  '  Jerusalem,'  has  been  printed 
in  plain  type,  under  the  careful  editorship 
of  Messrs.  Russell  and  Maclagan,  and 
another,  the  '  Milton,'  is  now  in  the  press. 
Exhibitions  of  the  pictures  have  been 
held,  and  one,  the  best,  is  now  open.  Yet, 
notwithstanding  certain  new  facts  which 
have  been  gathered,  notwithstanding  the 
better  order  into  which  the  existing  mate- 
rial has  been  put,  notwithstanding  the 
valuable  interpretative  work  of  Mr.  Yeats 
in  his  '  Ideas  of  Good  and  Evil,'  it  can 
fairly  be  said  that  nothing  in  Mr.  Swin- 
burne's book  (except  a  few  facts  and  dates, 
unimportant  in  themselves)  has  been 
really  superseded  during  the  course  of 
these  forty  years.  Why  the  book  has  been 
allowed  to  remain  out  of  print  for  so  long 
it  is  impossible  to  conjecture.  Perhaps 
some  difficulty  was  caused  by  the  hand- 
coloured  prints,  which  still  give  a  value 
of  its  own  to  the  first  edition.  They  are 
gone  from  the  new  and  cheaper  issue, 
and  their  place  is  but  poorly  taken  by  a 
reproduction  of  the  familiar  Schiavonetti 
engraving  after  the  portrait  by  Phillips, 
which  formed  the  frontispiece  to  Blair's 


'  Grave.'  Not  a  word  in  the  text  is  altered. 
To  reprint  a  book  of  criticism  after  forty 
years  without  the  alteration  of  a  word 
has  something  heroic  in  it  which  suits  a 
critic  whose  criticism  has  always  been  one 
form  of  his  poetry,  or  more  rightly  its 
overflow. 

The  motto  from  Baudelaire,  saying  how 
inevitably  a  perfect  poet  turns  at  one 
moment  or  another  to  that  self-examina- 
tion which  in  a  poet  is  the  criticism  of 
poetry,  applies  to  no  one  better  than  to 
Mr.  Swinburne.  Mr.  Swinburne  is  a 
critic  because  he  is  a  poet,  and  for  no 
other  reason.  This  book  on  Blake  is  the 
best  of  all  his  books  of  criticism,  because 
in  it  he  is  more  wholly  content  to  be  a 
poet  than  in  any  other.  In  what  he  has 
written  of  Blake  a  poet  divines  a  poet  ; 
and  no  error  in  such  a  divination  can  be 
essential.  Much  of  what  seemed  to  Blake 
vital  seems  to  Mr.  Swinburne  mere 
"  fever  and  fancy."  He  is  needlessly 
petulant  towards  "  some  Hibernian  com- 
mentator on  Blake,  if  I  rightly  remember 
a  fact  so  insignificant  "  (if  this  is  meant 
lot  Mr.  Yeats,  should  not  Mr.  Ellis  have 
his  share  in  the  mockery  ?),  because,  we 
suppose,  these  gentlemen,  in  the  preface 
to  their  book,  said  that  "  not  one  clear 
paragraph  about  the  myth  of  Four  Zoas 
is  to  be  found  in  all  "  that  Mr.  Swinburne, 
in  common  with  Gilchrist  and  the  two 
Rossettis,  had  published.  Well,  Mr. 
Swinburne  has  not  fully  elucidated  the 
Four  Zoas,  nor  has  he  tried  very  hard  to 
do  so,  because  that  is  not  the  part  of 
poetry  or  of  imagination  which  interests 
him.  Perhaps  the  Four  Zoas  could  be 
made  clear,  or  even  coherent ;  but  in  the 
book  of  Messrs.  Ellis  and  Yeats  they 
certainly  become  more  obscure  as  some 
mechanical  coherence  seems  to  come  into 
them.  Mr.  Swinburne,  it  is  evident 
throughout  his  book,  is  personally  exas- 
perated by  the  whole  "  system  "  or 
"  mythology  "  ;  yet,  in  spite  of  this,  he 
has  set  himself  with  an  amazing  patience 
to  unravel  just  so  much  of  the  meaning 
of  these  crabbed  prophecies  as  is  needed 
to  be  able  to  follow  the  main  lines  of  their 
beauty  as  poems.  This  he  has  done  ; 
more  than»this  he  has  not  tried  or  pro- 
fessed to  do. 

Where  Mr.  Swinburne's  book  is  in- 
valuable is  in  his  interpretation  of  poetry 
as  poetry,  of  symbolism  as  poetry,  of 
pictorial  design  as  poetry.  It  is  difficult 
to  imagine  that  Mr.  Swinburne  really 
cares  for  music,  or  painting,  or  any  form 
of  art  outside  poetry.  He  absorbs  every 
form  of  art,  and  they  all  turn  to  poetrv, 
and  can  be  rendered  by  him  only  in  terms 
of  poetry.  In  this  huge  book  of  criticism. 
in  which  the  main  incidents  of  the  life  of 
Blake  arc  told,  and  a  detailed  account  is 
given  of  nearly  the  whole  of  his  literary 
and  much  of  his  painted  and  engraved 
work,  there  is  not  a  page — not  even  in  those 
flaming  foot-notes  which  spire  from  page 
to  page  after  the  dwindling  body  of  the 
text — which  is  not  essentially  poetry 
rather  than  prose.  The  eloquence  and 
the  instinct  are  alike  those  of  the  poet, 
and  these  lamenting  and  triumphing 
sentences    through    which    Blake    speaks 


again,  as  through  the  mouth  of  a  herald, 
must  be  read  as  a  new  creation  of  beauty, 
an  affirmation  rather  than  a  criticism. 
No  poet  has  ever  put  so  much  of  the  sub- 
stance, and  whatever  is  translatable  of 
the  form,  of  poetry  into  prose.  And  the 
consequence  is  that  the  prose  is  often 
defined  as  extravagant,  and  the  criticism 
as  unbalanced.  It  has  the  balance  of  an 
arrow  in  flight  :   it  hits  the  mark. 

Mr.  Swinburne  is  a  great  praiser,  and 
to  praise  the  right  things  with  due  energy 
is  the  highest  privilege  of  the  critic.  He 
is  perhaps  the  only  critic  of  our  time  who 
has  never,  by  design  or  accident,  praised 
the  wrong  things.  His  extraordinary 
catholicity,  his  complete  lack  of  even  the 
prejudice  natural  to  poets,  is  sufficiently 
proved  by  a  single  clause  in  his  prefatory 
note  to  this  new  edition.  He  speaks  of 
Blake  as  "  the  greatest  English  poet 
except  Collins  who  had  the  fortune  or 
misfortune  to  be  born  into  a  century  far 
greater  in  progress  than  in  poetry."  That 
little  clause  "  except  Collins,"  though  we 
need  not  take  it  to  mean  more  than  it 
says — besides  Collins,  not  next  to  Collins 
— gives  its  author  the  right  to  say  all 
that  he  says  in  the  rest  of  the  book  about 
Blake.  The  really  extravagant,  the  really 
unbalanced  critic,  is  equally  the  critic 
who  can  accept  Collins  and  not  Blake,  or 
he  who  can  accept  Blake  and  not  Collins. 
And  if  Mr.  Swinburne  has  seemed  to 
praise  to  excess,  say,  the  poorest 
work  of  Victor  Hugo,  how  little  it  matters 
when  one  remembers  what  the  best  work 
is  like  !  And  let  us  not  be  too  hasty  in 
saying  that  any  recent  work  has  been 
praised  to  excess.  What  it  seemed  extra- 
vagant to  say  about  Blake  in  1866  is  like 
a  twice-told  tale  in  1906.  So  time  follows 
the  seer. 

The  main  quality  in  Mr.  Swinburne's 
criticism  is  its  exultation.  "  There  is  a 
joy  in  praising  "  might  have  been  written 
for  him,  and  he  communicates  to  us,  as 
few  writers  do,  his  own  sense  of  joy  in 
beauty.  No  doubt  it  would  be  possible 
to  be  very  much  annoyed  bj-  many  of  the 
things — and  as  many  in  this  as  in  any 
other  of  his  books — that  Mr.  Swinburne 
has  said,  not  only  about  literature,  but 
also  about  religion,  and  morals,  and 
politics.  But  he  has  never  said  anything 
on  any  of  these  subjects  which  is  not 
generous,  and  high-minded,  and,  at  least 
for  the  moment,  passionately  sincere. 
"  If  I  contradict  myself,  I  contradict 
myself,"  has  been  said  by  a  poet  about 
whom  Mr.  Swinburne  has  said  many  mutu- 
ally contradictory  things,  all  true  in  their 
way.  The  fine  praise  of  Walt  Whitman 
and  the  ingenious  comparison  of  him 
with  Blake  at  the  end  of  this  book  could 
not  have  been  written  by  Mr.  Swinburne 
since  the  day  when  he  wrote  the  essay 
called  '  Whit  mania.'  It  can  perfectly 
well  be  reprinted  by  him  from  the  year 
1866,  because  both  points  of  view  have  at 
different  times  been  exclusively  his.  and 
both  can  be  reconciled  with  a  single  con- 
ception of  poetry. 

But,  if  we  do  not  allow  ourselves  to  be 
disturbed  by  these  extremes,  at  either 
end  of  them — if  we  realize  how  much  of 


150 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


solemn  jocoseness  has  gone  to  the  making 
of  these  unwounding  darts — we  shall 
find  it  curiously  exhilarating  to  read  a 
criticism  which  quickens  the  blood  rather 
than  stirs  the  intelligence,  and  is  like  a 
friend  talking  about  a  friend.  One  cannot 
read  this  book  and  not  love  Blake.  It  is 
difficult  to  think  of  another  book,  written 
by  a  poet  on  a  poet,  which  is  so  generous 
and  so  illuminating.  And  never  for  a 
moment  does  Mr.  Swinburne  lose  his  hold 
on  that  thread  of  "  sound  reason  in  Blake's 
eccentric  and  fitful  intelligence,"  his  con- 
sciousness of  that  "  spiritual  bedrock  of 
natural  righteousness  and  reason,"  which 
has  not  always  been  "  adequately  acknow- 
ledged or  perceived."  No  one  has  done 
so  much  to  vindicate  Blake's  sanity  of 
imagination  as  this  poet  who  is  no  mystic, 
and  who  does  not  naturally  love  a  mystic. 
Blake's  mysticism  can  be  studied  else- 
where, and  defended,  if  not  explained,  by 
others  ;  but  what  Mr.  Swinburne  has  done 
is  to  set  the  man  of  genius  in  his  own  place 
as  a  maker,  a  poet  ;  he  has  challenged 
the  world  to  accept  Blake,  not  for  his 
doctrine,  not  as  either  prophet  or  visionary, 
but  as  the  writer  of  great  poems  and  the 
artist  of  great  designs.  And  he  has  done 
it  in  a  book  which  has  been  adequately 
characterized  by  the  latest  and  best  of 
Blake's  editors  as  a  book  which,  "  were 
Blake's  remaining  works  destroyed  by  a 
new  Tatham,  would  still  remain  a  sufficing 
monument  to  his  genius." 


Staple  Inn  :  Customs  House,  Wool  Court, 
and  Inn  of  Chancery.  By  E.  Williams. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

The  group  of  buildings  composing  Staple 
Inn  is,  as  Mr.  Williams  observes,  of  modern 
date  when  compared  with  masterpieces  of 
stonework  like  portions  of  Westminster 
Abbey  or  such  relics  of  antiquity  as  the 
Tower  of  London.  But  it  nevertheless 
holds  a  distinguished  place  of  its  own  as  a 
late  survival  of  Elizabethan  domestic 
architecture,  and  its  prominent  position 
in  one  of  the  leading  thoroughfares  of 
London,  amid  surroundings  which  express 
with  almost  startling  contrast  the  needs 
of  twentieth-century  civilization,  renders 
it  a  useful  accessory  in  the  formation  of  a 
Londoner's  education.  To  those  who  have 
travelled  rather  further  afield,  it  is  not 
unpleasant  to  be  reminded,  among  the 
bustle  of  a  London  crowd,  of  the  quiet 
streets  of  such  towns  as  Shrewsbury  or 
York,  or  the  farm-houses  "  in  black  and 
white  "  which  delight  the  eye  of  the  way- 
farer in  the  tranquil  neighbourhood  of 
Charing  and  Lenham  and  other  villages 
of  Kent.  The  thanks  of  all  whose  minds 
are  to  some  extent  directed  by  the  influ- 
ences of  the  past  are  therefore  due  to  the 
Directors  of  the  Prudential  Assurance 
Company  for  the  care  and  liberality  they 
have  displayed  in  preserving  this  memorial 
of  Shakspearean  times,  and  to  Mr.  Williams 
for  the  thoughtful  and  scholarlike  manner 
in  which  he  has  traced  its  history  from 
mediaeval  days. 

The  origins  of  Staple  Inn  are  lost  in 
obscurity.     Mr.  Williams  quotes  extracts 


from  fourteenth-century  wills  to  show 
that  tenements  known  as  "la  Stapelde- 
halle  "  existed  in  the  parish  of  All  Hallows 
Barking,  in  that  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn, 
and  at  St.  Botolph's  without  Bishopsgate. 
It  may  also  be  mentioned  that  there  was 
another  Staple  Hall  in  Austin  Friars. 
Mr.  Williams  thinks  that  the  "  stapled 
hall  "  within  the  Bar  of  Holborn  may  be 
the  building  afterwards  known  as  Staple 
Inn.  He  adds  that  it  is  suggested  by  an 
authority  in  these  matters  that  it  is  not 
impossible  that  the  "  stapled  halle  "  may 
mean  the  "  pillared  halle,"  that  is,  a 
halle  supported  by  pillars,  similar,  perhaps, 
to  the  market  holies  even  now  frequently 
met  with  in  old  towns  in  Normandy,  and, 
it  may  be  added,  in  many  old  towns  in 
England  also.  On  this  point  we  think, 
with  deference  to  Mr.  Williams,  that  the 
unnamed  authority  is  right.  There  exists 
a  confusion,  from  which  Mr.  Williams  is 
not  altogether  free,  between  two  words, 
similar  in  appearance,  but  different  in 
origin.  A  staple,  meaning  a  hoop  of 
iron  which  attaches  one  thing  to  another, 
is  derived  from  the  A.-S.  stapol,  which 
signifies  a  post  or  pillar,  as  well  as  some- 
thing that  supports  or  holds  a  thing  firmly. 
A  staple,  with  the  old  signification  of  the 
place  wherein  commodities  were  dealt 
with,  and  the  more  modern  one  of  the 
chief  commodity  of  a  place,  is  an  Anglo- 
French  word,  derived  from  the  Low  Latin 
stapula  through  the  old  French  estaple, 
the  modern  word  being  etape.  It  is  from 
the  first  of  these  words  that  many  English 
place-names,  such  as  Stapleton  and  Staple- 
ford,  Barnstaple  and  Dunstable,  are 
derived,  as  well  as  the  adjective  stapled. 
Our  ancestors  were  fond  of  giving  descrip- 
tive epithets  to  their  houses,  or  the  rooms 
in  them.  In  the  will  following  the  Barking 
one  in  Dr.  R.  R.  Sharpe's  '  Calendar  of 
Husting  Wills  '  we  find  a  bequest  of  a 
"  solar  "  or  attic,  with  a  shop  beneath  it, 
called  "  pavedeloft."  "  Le  Ledenhalle," 
which  Mr.  Williams  also  misinterprets, 
merely  means  a  hall  with  a  leaden  roof. 
Mr.  Williams  knows  perfectly  well  the 
difference  between  the  two  staples,  but 
he  has  gone  rather  out  of  his  way  in 
endeavouring  to  find  a  connexion  between 
them. 

Apart  from  this  philological  crux,  we 
have  nothing  but  praise  for  Mr.  Williams's 
book.  It  is  clearly  shown  that  in  mediaeval 
days  the  connexion  between  law  and 
commerce  in  the  City  of  London  was 
exceedingly  close.  In  1313  Richard 
Stureye  was  appointed  first  "  Mayor  of 
the  Commonalty  of  Merchants  of  the 
Realm  of  the  Staple  of  wool,  hides,  and 
woolfells,"  and  he  probably  held  his 
courts  in  the  building  which  from  this 
circumstance  received  the  name  of  Staple 
Inn.  Staples  were  established  shortly 
afterwards  in  numerous  provincial  towns, 
as  well  as  at  Calais  and  other  places  in 
the  king's  continental  dominions.  The 
story  of  the  Ordinance  of  the  Staple  is 
given  with  great  precision  by  Mr.  Williams, 
and  its  interest  as  an  episode  in  our  con- 
stitutional history  is  fully  emphasized. 
It  is  difficult  to  assign  a  period  to  the 
duties  carried  on  at  Staple  Inn  in  connexion 


with  the  tronage  and  weighing  of  wool, 
but  they  had  certainly  determined  some 
time  before  1463,  when  the  business  of 
the  Staple  was  transferred  from  West- 
minster to  Leadenhall.  For  many  years 
antecedently  to  that  period  the  business 
of  the  law  was  carried  on  concurrently 
with  the  duties  of  the  Staple,  and  the 
gradual  establishment  of  Staple  Inn  as  an 
Inn  of  Chancery  seems  to  have  been 
effected  some  time  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  At  what  time  it  came  into 
possession  of  some  corporate  union  is 
uncertain,  but  towards  the  end  of  the 
sixteenth  century  matters  had  apparently 
crystallized,  and  the  members  of  the  Inn 
received  the  title  of  "  The  Grand  Com- 
pany," while  the  proprietors  were  called 
"  Fellows  "  or  "  Grandfellows."  The 
government  of  the  Inn  was  entrusted  to  a 
Principal,  a  Pensioner  (i.e.,  a  treasurer), 
and  nine  or  ten  Grandfellows.  For  many 
years  it  held  the  position  of  a  dependency 
of  Gray's  Inn,  and  it  remained  a  part  of 
the  "  inheritance  "  of  that  Society  until 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
The  reasons  upon  which  this  subordination 
was  based  do  not  seem  to  be  accurately 
known,  and  it  appears  to  have  origi- 
nated in  an  arbitrary  manner. 

After  various  vicissitudes  the  Society 
was  compelled  to  sell  the  Inn  to  Messrs. 
Trollope,  of  Westminster,  who  in  Novem- 
ber, 1886,  put  up  the  property  to  auction, 
with  the  exception  of  the  south  side  of 
the  Garden  Court,  which  had  been  pur- 
chased by  Government.  It  was 
acquired  by  the  Prudential  Assurance 
Company,  who,  with  great  public  spirit, 
placed  the  restoration  of  the  old  half- 
timber  houses  in  the  hands  of  the  late 
Alfred  Waterhouse,  R.A.,  by  whom  the 
work  was  carried  out  in  the  effective 
style  that  every  Londoner  can  see. 
The  Holborn  front  was  originally  built 
under  the  directions  of  Vincent  Engham, 
who  was  Principal  in  1586  ;  whilst  the 
Hall  was  erected  by  Richard  Champion 
in  1581-2,  the  embellishments  of  the 
interior  being  completed  in  1592. 

Some  of  the  most  interesting  chapters 
in  Mr.  Williams's  book  are  devoted  to  a 
description  of  the  surroundings  of  Staple 
Inn  in  mediaeval  times.  Brief  accounts, 
based  on  contemporary  documents,  are 
given  of  the  Inn  of  the  Bishop  of  Ely  (which 
occupied  the  site  of  Ely  Place  and  Hatton 
Garden),  of  Furnival's  Inn,  Scrope's  or 
Serjeants'  Inn,  Gray's  Inn,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  the  Temple.  There  is  also  an  excellent 
account  of  the  Manor  of  Holborn,  a  subject 
which  was  almost  untouched  by  London 
topographers  until  it  was  investigated  by 
Mr.  W.  Paley  Baildon,  who  published  his 
results  in  the  fourth  volume  of  '  The 
Black  Books  of  Lincoln's  Inn,'  1902.  It 
is  satisfactory  to  find  that  the  conclusions 
arrived  at  by  Mr.  Williams,  who  worked 
independently  of  Mr.  Baildon,  are  virtually 
identical  with  those  reached  by  the  latter 
gentleman  ;  and  although  the  credit  of 
priority  must  be  given  to  Mr.  Baildon, 
the  thoroughly  scientific  manner  in  which 
Mr.  Williams  has  traced  the  rather  obscure 
history  of  this  manor  is  not  less  deserving 
of    praise.     At    present    the    Farringdon 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


151 


Iron  Works,  in  Shoe  Lane,  stand  on  the 
site  of  the  building  which  for  some  cen- 
turies formed  the  London  home  of  the 
Lacies,  the  Lestranges,  and  the  Stanleys. 

In  addition  to  a  map  which  displays 
the  various  surroundings  of  Staple  Inn 
in  1313,  the  book  is  illustrated  by  some 
interesting  reproductions  of  drawings  by 
Miss  S.  L.  Scott,  and  a  plan  to  scale  of 
the  roof  of  the  Hall  by  Mr.  Paul  Water- 
iiouse.     The  Index  is  unexceptionable. 


Holiday     and     oihen    Poems.     By     John 
Davidson.     (E.  Grant  Richards.) 

This  new  volume  should  set  pulses  danc- 
ing riotously  to  the  old  mad  tune.  It 
kindles  the  exultant  mood  that  Tennyson 
and  Mr.  Swinburne,  Morris  and  Rossetti, 
used  to  quicken  in  the  great  days  that 
are  gone.  It  leads  us  joyously  into 
the  spiritual  revel  of  imaginative  youth. 
The  spirit  needs  a  holiday  as  well  as  the 
flesh.  Bathing  in  these  poems,  it  escapes 
from  its  environment  of  wise  monotonies 
and  temporal  routines.  Poetry  is  the 
sense  of  life  at  its  highest,  and  in  these 
poems  the  sense  of  life  is  an  over- 
whelming rapture.  Their  passionate  ex- 
ultation in  the  splendour  of  life  convinces 
<us,  in  spite  of  all  our  moral  diseases,  that 
.it  is  worth  living. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  this  is  the  mood 
of  health,  and  our  healthy  generation  is 
groping  after  it  in  a  thousand  ways.     Are 
we  not  trying  to  surprise  the  secret  of  the 
-child  out  of  whose  eyes  the  unworn  passion 
•of    life    smiles    defiantly  ?     Are    we    not 
saturating    ourselves    with    the    open   air 
by  means  of  games  and  sports  and  bicycles 
and  motors  ?     Have  we  not  rediscovered 
the     country  ?       Ours     is     no     mawkish 
"  return  to  nature."     It  is  a  jolly,  unsen- 
timental movement,  heartily  spontaneous, 
jovially   unpremeditated,  a   frank   explo- 
sion of  pure  boyishness.     Mr.   Davidson 
renders     this    modern     exuberance    with 
striking  skill.     We  have  had  the  doleful 
poetry  of  high  spirits  ;    he  gives  us  the 
gay  poetry  of  the  high  spirit.     He  merrily 
defies  the  riddle  of  existence,  and  throws 
up  his  cap  while  he  laughs  at  the  mystery 
of   fate.     The   old   poetry   groaned   over 
the    inscrutability    of    things.     The    new 
poetry  dances   over   it.     The  old   poetry 
wept  over  the  green  grave  of  the  world. 
The  new  poetry  plucks  the  flowers  that 
grow  on  the  grave.  It  outfaces  the  challeng- 
ing universe  with  self-sufficing  serenity. 
It  fights  with  laughter  on  its  lips  and  pride 
in  its  heart.     It  can  endure,  but  it  can 
also  enjoy.     It  is  not  apologetic,   and  it 
has  not  a  lowly  spirit.     Its  reverence  is 
irreverence,  for  it  reveres  nothing  outside 
its  own  vision,  and  bows  down  only  to  its 
own  dreams. 

The  gallant  poem  entitled  '  Holiday ' 
is  an  utterance  of  this  lofty  mood.  It 
is  a  lyrical  biography  of  the  soul  of 
man.  It  mirrors  the  tragic  growth  of  that 
strange  mystery  in  imagery  as  clear  as 
Blake's.  Just  as  a  dewdrop  can  glass 
the  sky,  so  poetry  can  glass  humanity, 
and  in  this  poem  we  see  the  very  form  arid 
pressure  of  the  modern  soul  : — 


I  whose  arms  had  harried  Hell 

Naked  faced  a  heavenly  host : 
Carved  with  countless  wounds  I  fell, 

Sadly  yielding  up  the  ghost. 

In  a  burning  mountain  thrown 

(Titans  such  a  tomb  attain), 
Many  a  grisly  age  had  flown 

Ere  I  rose  and  lived  again. 

Parched  and  charred  I  lay  ;  my  cries 
Shook  and  rent  the  mountain-side  ; 

Lustres,  decades,  centuries 
Fled  while  daily  there  I  died. 

Twenty  centuries  of  Pain, 

Mightier  than  Love  or  Art, 
Woke  the  meaning  in  my  brain 

And  the  purpose  of  my  heart. 

Straightway  then  aloft  I  swam 

Through  the  mountain's  sulphurous  sty  : 

Not  eternal  death  could  damn 
Such  a  hardy  soul  as  I. 

Prom  the  mountain's  burning  crest 

Like  a  god  I  come  again, 
And  with  an  immortal  zest 

Challenge  Fate  to  throw  the  main. 

Poetry  of  this  kind  is  to  the  imagination 
what  colour  is  to  the  eye,  and  music  to  the 
ear.  The  more  we  bring  to  it,  the  more 
it  brings  to  us.  It  assumes  the  past, 
it  abridges  thought,  and  irritates  many 
people  by  its  confident  condensations. 

The  very  title  of  the  book  is  manifold 
in  its  meaning.  Life  is  a  holiday,  and  the 
holiday  of  holidays  is  the  final  liberty 
torn  by  the  spirit  out  of  its  material 
servitudes.  This  is  the  cry  that  rings  out 
in  Mr.  Davidson's  poetry  again  and  again, 
until  in  his  envoy  he  sums  it  up  : — 

Born,  enamoured,  built  of  fact, 

Daily  on  destruction's  brink 
Venture  all  to  put  in  act 

Truth  we  trust  and  thought  we  think. 

Blake  sang  thus  for  the  few,  scorning 
to  descend  from  the  peaks  of  poetry.  Mr. 
Davidson  is  more  human.  He  sings  also 
for  the  many.  There  is  one  ballad  in  this 
book  which  ought  to  win  the  English 
heart.  It  is  called  '  A  Runnable  Stag,' 
and  it  will  exhilarate  every  man  who  has 
ever  drunk  the  delight  of  a  run  with  the 
North  Devon  and  Somerset  Staghounds. 
Whyte-Melville  put  the  glory  of  it  into 
the  hunt  in  '  Katerfelto.'  We  can  testify 
to  the  veritable  fervour  of  Mr.  Davidson's 
fiery  verse.  He  has  flung  the  fury  and 
splendour  of  it  for  the  first  time  into 
English  poetry.  The  thing  is  unique, 
and  we  wish  we  had  room  to  quote  it  in 
full.  We  give  the  opening  verses  and  the 
close  : — 

When  the  pods  went  pop   on    the    broom,   green 
broom, 
And  apples  began  to  be  golden-skinned, 
We  harboured  a  stag  in  the  Priory  coomb, 

And  we  feathered  his  trail  up-wind,  upwind, 
We  feathered  his  trail  up-wind— 

A  stag  of  warrant,  a  stag,  a  stag, 

A  runnable  stag,  a  kingly  crop, 

Brow,  bay  and  tray  and  three  on  top, 

A  stag,  a  runnable  stag. 


"  Let  your  gelding  be  :  if  you  check  or  chide 

He  stumbles  at  once  and  you  're  out  of  the  hunt ; 
For  three  hundred  gentlemen,  able  to  ride, 
On  hunters  accustomed  to  bear  the  brunt, 
Accustomed  to  bear  the  brunt, 

Are  after  the  runnable  stag,  the  stag, 
The  runnable  stag  with  his  kingly  crop, 
Brow,  bay  and  tray  and  tree  on  top, 
The  right,  the  runnable  stag." 


It  was  Bell-of-thc-North  and  Tinkerman's  Tup 

That  stuck  to  the  scent  till  the  copse  was  drawn. 
"  Tally  ho  !  tally  ho  ! "'  and  the  hunt  was  up, 
The  tufters  whipped  and  the  pack  laid  on, 
The  resolute  pact  laid  on, 

And  the  Stag  of  warrant  away  at  last. 
The  runnable  Btag,  the  same,  the  same, 
His  hoofs  on  fire,  his  horns  like  dame, 
A  stag,  a  runnable  stag. 


For  a  matter  of  twenty  miles  and  more, 

By  the  densest  hedge  and  the  highest  wall, 
Through  herds  of  bullocks  he  battled  the  lore 
Of  harbourer,  huntsman,  hounds  and  all, 
Of  harbourer,  hounds  and  all— 

The  stag  of  warrant,  the  wily  stag, 
For  twenty  miles,  and  five  and  five, 
He  ran,  and  he  never  was  caught  alive, 
This  stag,  this  runnable  stag. 

When  he  turned  at  bay  in  the  leafy  gloom, 

In  the  emerald  gloom  where  the  brook  ran  deep, 
He  heard  in  the  distance  the  rollers  boom, 
And  he  saw  in  a  vision  of  peaceful  sleep, 
In  a  wonderful  vision  of  sleep, 

A  stag  of  wan-ant,  a  stag,  a  stag, 
A  runnable  stag  in  a  jewelled  bed, 
Under  the  sheltering  ocean  dead, 
A  stag,  a  runnable  stag. 

So  a  fateful  hope  lit  up  his  eye, 

And  he  opened  his  nostrils  wide  again, 
And  he  tossed  his  branching  antlers  high, 
As  he  headed  the  hunt  down  Charlock  glen, 
As  he  raced  down  the  echoing  glen 

For  five  miles  more,  the  stag,  the  stag, 
For  twenty  miles  and  five  and  five, 
Not  to  be  caught  now,  dead  or  alive, 
The  stag,  the  runnable  stag. 

Three  hundred  gentlemen,  able  to  ride, 

Three  hundred  horses  as  gallant  and  free, 
Beheld  him  escape  on  the  evening  tide, 
Far  out  till  he  sank  in  the  Severn  Sea, 
Till  he  sank  in  the  depths  of  the  sea — 
The  stag,  the  buoyant  stag,  the  stag, 
That  slept  at  last  in  a  jewelled  bed, 
Under  the  sheltering  ocean  spread, 
The  stag,  the  runnable  stag. 

Although  none  of  the  other  poems  moves 
with  this  rush  and  dash,  they  are  never- 
theless   all    fine    in    their    various   ways. 
There  is  no  poet  who  is  closer  to  the  sap 
and  smell  and  rumour  of  the  green  and 
growing  earth.     Mr.  Davidson's  sense  of 
life  is  so  keen  that  he  communicates  his 
excitement  to  you,  and  you  long  to  be  up 
and    off    to    the    London    squares    whose 
leaves  he  loves,  and  to  see  the  "  Sunset, 
welling  like  a  crimson  fount,  Underneath 
the  Marble  Arch."     Most  London  poets 
write  about  London  in  a  cramped,  self- 
conscious    manner.     But    Mr.    Davidson 
has    the    touch    that    awakes    the    half- 
remembered    mood    and    stirs    the    half- 
forgotten  impression.     He   paints    many 
I  wonderful  pictures  of  rural  London.      He 
writes    of    Regent's   Park     in   November 
with  its 

Somnolent  canal  and  urban  wold, 

Lawn  and  lake  with  saffron  leaves  and  red, 

Crimson  leaves  and  olive,  brown  and  gold, 
Bronze  and  topaz  leaves  engarlanded. 

Here  is  his  impression  of  storm  in  Epping 
Forest : — 

Part  in  wanton  sport  and  pari  in  ire, 
Flights  of  rain  on  ruddy  foliage  rang  : 

Woven  showers  like  sheets  of  silver  fire 
Streamed  ;  and  all  the  forest  rocked  and  sang. 
His  '  Eclogues '  are  alive  with  natural 
magic  Our  old  friends  Percy,  Herbert, 
Basil,  Ninian,  and  Sandy  troll  out  those 
delightful  madrigals  of  lyrical  dialogue 
which  Mr.  Davidson  has  made  his  own.  In 
a  note  'On  Poetry'  at  the  end  of  the 
book  he  criticizes  his  own  art  with  both 
insight  and  gusto.  Hetells  us  that  when  his 


152 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


Testaments  and  Tragedies  began ,  he  th  ought 
he  was  to  write  blank  verse  to  the  end. 
But  a  year  ago  an  "  exposition  of  rhyme  " 
overtook  him.  We  are  not  sorry,  for  we 
think  Mr.  Davidson  is  by  nature  a  lyrical 
poet,  and  not  either  a  dramatic  poet  or  a 
didactic  poet.  There  is  in  his  temper 
some  twist  which  makes  him  sing  sweetly 
in  rhyme  and  roughly  in  blank  verse.  His 
lyrical  grace,  it  is  true,  breaks  out  inter- 
mittently in  his  blank  verse,  but  there  are 
vast  tracts  of  crabbed  metaphysic  and 
untuneable  pragmatism.  Blank  verse 
tempts  the  sweetest  singers  to  drop  into 
argument.  Now  it  is  not  the  business  of 
the  poet  to  argue.  It  is  his  business  to 
see,  and  sing  his  seeing  into  our 
sight.  He  must  have  a  philosophy,  but 
he  should  not  preach  it  directly.  Mr. 
Davidson  has  been  preaching  the  gospel 
of  matter  in  his  blank  verse,  and  now  he 
tells  us  that  matter  found  a  voice  in  blank 
verse.  We  confess  that  matter  does  not 
interest  us.  It  is  merely  a  new  name  for  an 
old  mystery,  and  after  all,  we  do  not  care 
much  what  that  mystery  is  called.  It 
remains  a  mystery. 

As  to  the  superiority  of  blank  verse  over 
rhyme,  we  are  not  sure  that  Milton  and 
Mr.  Davidson  have  not  overstated  their 
case.  One  thing  is  certain,  namely,  that 
for  a  hundred  poets  who  can  rhyme  there 
is  not  one  who  can  write  blank  verse. 
Blank  verse  is  at  once  the  best  and  the 
worst  form  in  pOetry.  It  is  criminally 
easy  to  write  it  execrably,  and  almost 
impossible  to  write  it  well. 

This  volume  ought  to  win  for  Mr.  David- 
son the  wider  audience  that  he  deserves. 
But  his  anarchic  violence  and  meta- 
physical eccentricity  are  still  rocks  of 
offence,  and  he  is  not  the  sort  of  man 
who  is  easily  taught  or  tamed. 


A  GERMAN  HISTORY  OF  JAPAN. 

Geschichte  von  Japan.  Von  0.  Nachod. 
— Erster  Band.  Erstes  Buoh.  Die 
Urzeit  (bis  645  n.  Chr.).  (Gotha, 
Perthes.) 

In  this  first  instalment  of  what  promises 
to  be  by  far  the  most  complete  history 
of  Japan  yet  attempted  —  being  the 
seventy-fourth  volume  of  Messrs.  Perthes's 
excellent  series  of  "  Allgemeine  Staaten- 
geschichte  " — Dr.  Nachod  brings  together 
almost  all  that  is  known  or  credibly  sur- 
mised of  the  history  of  what  the  author 
properly  calls  the  Urzeit  of  Japan,  being 
the  period  ending  with  the  Chinese  reform, 
and  the  inauguration  of  the  nengo  calendar 
in  a.d.  645,  known  in  Japan  as  the  period 
Taikwa,  or  "  Great  Development  " — a 
term  that  literally  and  historically  may 
be  taken  as  equivalent  to  "  Revolution." 

It  cannot  be  said  that  the  present 
volume  is  altogether  attractively  written  ; 
it  is  rather  a  collection  of  materials  pour 
servir — stuffed  with  references,  and  over- 
flowing with  quotations  from  very  various 
sources — than  an  artistic  history  ;  but 
its  value  to  the  student  of  the  beginnings 
of  the  Japanese  people  and  State  is  very 
great. 


Of  all  Eastern  peoples,  except  the 
Hebrews,  the  annals  are  apt  to  be  nothing 
more  than  monotonous  and  dreary  records 
of  faction,  intrigue,  personal  tyranny, 
and  dynastic  war,  where  it  is  impossible 
to  discern  a  glimmer  of  any  notion  of 
progress  towards  a  political  system  in 
which  the  individual  possesses  ade- 
quate control  of  his  own  existence.  In 
Japan  the  course  of  events  in  the  earlier 
centuries  converted  a  sort  of  tribal  liberty 
into  the  theocratic  despotism  of  the 
Mikadoate,  itself  surrounded  by  Chinese 
forms  under  the  influence  of  Buddhism, 
and  almost  at  once  surrendering  its 
power  to  an  uncertain  and  changing 
oligarchy  of  the  narrowest  kind,  consisting 
of  the  great  families,  themselves  descend- 
ants, real  or  pretended,  of  the  royal  blood, 
often  far  enough  removed.  Here,  in  truth, 
lies  the  distinguishing  interest  of  early 
Japanese  history,  for  in  these  primitive 
times  were  laid  the  foundations  of  that  pas- 
sionate patriotism  which  has  borne  Japan 
to  the  forefront  of  history  with  the  advent 
of  the  twentieth  century.  No  such 
national  sentiment  has  ever  been  evoked 
in  any  other  Oriental  people.  In  Japan  it 
withstood  even  the  disintegrating  influ- 
ences of  the  Tokugawa  regime,  though 
this  federation  of  two  hundred  and  sixty 
and  more  local  sovereignties,  under  the 
overlordship  of  the  Yedo  Taikun,  endured 
for  two  centuries  and  a  half. 

In  the  poems  collected  in  the  eighth 
century  this  unique  patriotism,  under  the 
form  of  unbounded  devotion  to  the 
Mikado — or  perhaps  more  truly  to  the 
Mikadoate — is  fully  developed,  and  can 
be  traced  back  to  the  beginnings  of  the 
Japanese  State  in  the  foundation  of  the 
Yamato  kingdom  and  its  gradually 
achieved  lordship  over  the  lands  bordering 
the  Inland  Sea.  Beyond  that  event,  to  be 
dated  probably  towards  the  close  of  the 
first  third  of  the  first  millennium  of  the 
Christian  era,  the  story  of  Japan  is  for 
the  most  part  mere  surmise.  To  the 
present  writer  the  traditions  brought 
together  in  the  '  Kojiki '  ('  Ancient 
Annals')  and  '  Nihongi '  ('Chronicles  of 
Japan '),  both  compiled  in  the  eighth 
century,  appear  to  have  little  historical 
value.  That  the  Japanese  immigration 
into  an  Ainu  land  took  place  piecemeal  is 
pretty  certain.  The  Japanese  conquest 
of  the  Fruitful  Land  resembled  the  Saxon 
conquest  of  Britain,  to  which  it  was  only 
a  few  centuries  anterior.  Row-boats  con- 
veyed the  raiders  in  both  cases  across 
almost  equally  narrow  and  stormy 
seas  from  the  verge  of  the  huge 
continent  to  a  group  of  large  islands 
beyond  which  lay  an  illimitable  ocean. 
In  both  cases  the  barbarism  of  the 
invaders  was  soon  modified  by  later 
continental  influences  ;  in  both  they  lost, 
within  a  generation  or  two,  almost  all 
memory  of  their  continental  life.  We  can 
discern  in  the  "  heavenly "  customs  of 
primitive  Japan  the  superiority  of  an 
agricultural  immigrant  race  over  auto- 
chthonous fishers  and  hunters,  and  this  is 
almost  the  only  trace  of  their  continental 
origin,  to  which  neither  myth  nor  tradition 
makes  any  allusion.    Such  an  immigration 


of  purely  agricultural  folk  is,  we  think,  un- 
paralleled in  history  ;  and  out  of  the  im- 
mense advantage  such  a  folk  would  possess 
over  loose  tribes  of  fishers  and  hunters  was 
perhaps  born  the  germ  of  the  Mikadoate, 
for  the  unity  involved  in  the  system  would 
tend  to  be  preserved  as  a  powerful  agency, 
defensive  and  offensive. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  the  political 
history  of  Japan,  so  far  as  it  may  be 
ascertained,  by  more  or  less  painful 
elimination  of  myth,  tradition,  and 
Chinese  influence,  from  the  pages  of  the 
'  Annals  '  and  '  Chronicles  ' — the  only 
sources  extant — is  interesting.  It  is  a 
record  of  Court  faction,  intrigue,  and 
struggle,  in  the  course  of  which,  while 
the  Mikadoate  was  rigidly  preserved  with 
all  its  incidents,  the  Mikado  himself 
became  more  and  more  a  puppet  at  the 
disposal  of  the  great  men  of  a  widening, 
but  exclusive  oligarchy.  Some  advance 
was  made  towards  a  condition  of  peace 
and  stability,  but  only,  so  to  speak,  as  a 
fortuitous  result  of  the  strife  of  parties 
for  permanent  domination.  It  was  Bud- 
dhism, bringing  Confucianism  in  its  train, 
that  turned  the  thoughts  of  men  towards 
the  hope  of  achieving  a  better  life,  not 
through  political  changes,  but  by  personal 
righteousness  and  social  arrangement. 
The  result  has  been  achieved,  however, 
without  lessening  the  national  feeling  for 
its  ruler,  of  whom  Hitomaro  sang  twelve 
hundred  years  ago — we  quote  Dr.  Florenz's 
translation  cited  by  Dr.  Nachod — that 
he,  by  the  decree  of  the  gcds  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  world  (by  separation  of  earth 
from  heaven), 

hehrer  Enkel 
dnrch  die  dichten  Himmelswolken 
einen  Weg  gewaltig  brechend 
sollte  ewig  unten  Weilen, 
urn  das  Land  der  frischen  Aehren 
zu  beherrschen,  bis  der  Himmel 
und  die  Erd'  zusammenstiirzen. 

Dr.  Nachod's  account  of  the  primitive 
social  condition  of  unsinicized  Japan  is 
— though  the  details  are  too  scattered  to 
form  a  picture — by  far  the  fullest  yet  laid 
before  the  Western  reader.  It  is  ade- 
quately based  upon  an  instructed  com- 
parison of  all  available  sources,  native 
and  European,  supported  by  ample  refer- 
ences and  quotations,  and  forms,  in  fact, 
a  compendium  of  existing  knowledge  of 
the  subject.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting 
chapters  in  the  book  are  devoted  to 
this  section,  but  the  treatment  is  too 
technical — and  too  extensive,  it  may  be 
added — to  be  reviewed  in  these  columns. 
The  author's  conclusion  is  that  the  abo- 
rigines of  Japan,  the  Ainu,  are  a  folk  of 
Caucasian  origin  whose  level  of  life  is 
neolithic.  To  them  were  added  two 
over-sea  races  of  immigrant  conquerors  : 
one,  Mongolo  -  Malayan,  who  settled  in 
the  south-west  and  in  Kiushiu  ;  and  the 
other,  Manchu-Korean,  who  occupied  the 
shores  of  Izumo  and  the  north-west  of 
the  main  island.  Of  both  these  races 
the  level  of  life  was  that  of  the  close  of 
the  Bronze  Age.  These  immigrations 
probably  began  about  the  period  of  the 
Christian  era — perhaps  a  century  or  so 
earlier.  As  Dr.  Aston  has  shown,  Chinese 
records  mention  an  envoy  from  Japan  in 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


153 


A.D.  57,  and  there  is  some  reason  to  believe 
that  a  gold  seal  with  an  inscription  upon 
it  found  in  Chikuzen  in  1784,  and  now  in 
the  Uyeno  Museum,  refers  to  this  very- 
embassy. 

We  cannot  conclude  without  mention- 
ing the  curious  discovery  by  Dr.  Balz 
(see  p.  35,  note  3)  of  a  peculiar  race-mark 
characteristic  of  the  Japanese  as  of  other 
Mongolian  peoples  (but  not  found  among 
the  Ainu — the  absence  being  regarded  as 
a  proof  of  their  Caucasian  affinities).  Dr. 
Balz  writes  :  "  Jeder  Chinese,  jeder 
Koreaner. .  .  .jeder  Japaner . . . . wird  ge- 
boren  mit  einem  dunkelblauen,  unregel- 
miissig  gestalteten  Fleck  in  der  unteren 
Sakralgegend,"  which  disappears  during 
infancy.  Japanese  inquirers,  however, 
while  admitting  the  frequency  of  this 
mark  in  Japan,  meet  what  they  consider 
as  a  physical  slur  on  their  race  with  the 
assertion  that  the  same  mark  is  met  with 
in  European  children,  and  deny  Dr.  Balz' s 
theory.  The  question  is  becoming,  we 
are  told,  one  of  increasing  (and  amusing) 
importance  in  anthropological  circles,  for 
some  daring  investigators  allege  that 
similar  marks  are  found  upon  simian 
babies. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Awakening  of  Helena.     By  Margaret 

Deland.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 
Mrs.  Deland's  heroine  is  a  woman 
who  left  a  drunken  husband,  and  lived 
with  a  lover  who  was  a  widower.  When 
the  latter's  daughter  grew  to  years  of 
discretion,  the  heroine  went  to  a  little 
New  England  village,  where  she  lived  in 
seclusion,  waiting  for  the  drunken  husband 
to  die,  so  that  she  could  marry  the  other 
man.  Finally  her  husband  died,  but  the 
other  man  did  not  care  to  marry  her ;  so 
she  departed  to  hide  herself  in  the  wide 
West,  and  work  out  her  repentance.  She 
is  represented  as  young  and  beautiful, 
but  as  the  lover's  daughter  is  nineteen 
when  the  book  opens,  Helena  must  have 
been  separated  from  her  husband  for  very 
nearly  that  length  of  time,  and  con- 
sequently must  have  been  close  upon 
middle  age.  The  book  has 'many  of  the 
merits  and  faults  that  are  frequently  met 
in  novels  written  by  women.  Helena  is 
forcibly  and  consistently  drawn,  but  the 
men  with  whom  she  is  brought  in  contact 
are,  without  exception,  stagey  and  Ainreal. 
Even  the  old  clergyman  who  figures  so 
prominently  in  the  story  is  as  conven- 
tional as  he  is  familiar.  The  author  has 
lavished  much  pains  upon  a  small  boy, 
who  asks  untimely  questions  and  makes 
irreverent  remarks.  At  first  we  find  him 
amusing,  but  he  becomes  distinctly  tire- 
some before  the  book  ends.  Mrs.  Deland's 
style  is  free  from  faults,  and  there  are 
doubtless  many  who  will  be  entertained 
by  her  book. 

The  Eagles.     By  Paul  Urquhart.     (Ward, 

Lock  &  Co.) 
It  is  a  curious  fact  that  when   a  novelist 
who  is  not  a  Russian  undertakes  to  write 
of  Russian  Nihilists  and  conspirators,  the 


resulting  story  nearly  always  has  the 
appearance  of  having  been  turned  out  by 
machinery  in  accordance  with  a  standard 
pattern.  '  The  Eagles  '  is  a  story  in  which 
a  beautiful  and  wicked  Russian  countess 
and  a  society  of  murderous  anarchists 
contend  for  the  soul  and  body  of  an 
exceptionally  silly  young  Englishman, 
who,  one  is  sorry  to  learn,  belongs  to  the 
diplomatic  service.  There  is  a  wealth  of 
exciting  incident  in  the  book,  but  not  a 
single  character  who  is  alive.  The  scene 
in  which  the  Kaiser  is  shown  in  the  act  of 
trying  to  encourage  the  Tsar  is  so 
absurdly  melodramatic  that  it  is  hardly 
worth  while  to  condemn  it  as  an  offence 
against  good  taste.  Certainly  the  story 
is  interesting,  for  incident  follows  incident 
in  breathless  haste  ;  but  we  are  not  lured 
for  a  moment  into  a  belief  that  it  is 
probable  or  possible. 


The  Girl  Out  There.  By  Karl  Edwin 
Harriman.  (The  Port  Publishing  Com- 
pany.) 
There  is  no  doubt  that  "  the  Girl  Out 
There"  was  a  very  nice  girl,  and  it  is 
pleasant  to  know  that  she  finally  married 
the  man  of  her  choice.  Still,  her  life  was 
by  no  means  eventful,  although  she  did 
once  wet  her  shoes  and  stockings  by 
incautiously  stepping  into  a  spring  with 
her  pail.  The  author  has  tried  too 
successfully  to  avoid  sensationalism,  with 
the  result  that  he  has  written  three 
hundred  and  fifty  pages  in  which  nothing 
of  any  marked  interest  occurs.  As  a 
study  of  the  ways  and  manners  of  the 
inhabitants  of  a  small  New  England 
village  the  book  is  not  without  merit,  but 
it  lacks  both  plot  and  incident. 


The  Field  of  Glory.     By  Henry  Sienkie- 

wicz.  (John  Lane.) 
The  author's  reputation  will  no  doubt 
secure  an  abundance  of  readers  for  '  The 
Field  of  Glory,'  which  is,  however,  a 
disappointing  book.  It  contains  some 
agreeable  enough  material,  and  has  one 
or  two  promising  scenes ;  but  the  effect 
as  a  whole  is  undeniably  commonplace, 
and  this  is  due  not  so  much  to  any 
positive  incompetence  on  the  author's 
part  as  to  an  absence  of  all  the  higher 
qualities  that  go  to  the  making  of  good 
romance.  The  writer  of  the  introduction 
to  the  English  edition  speaks  of  the  novel 
as  if  it  were  historical,  and  seems  to  think 
that  a  proper  enjoyment  of  it  depends  to 
a  great  extent  on  the  reader's  acquaint- 
ance with  Polisti  history  of  the  period — 
that  of  John  Sobieski ;  but  as  a  matter  of 
fact  there  is  very  little  history  in  it,  and 
that  little  is  subordinate.  The  story  is 
one  of  adventure,  love,  and  intrigue,  and 
as  such  it  strikes  us  as  tame.  Most  of 
the  characters  are  conventional,  and 
dimly  presented;  perhaps  the  mosl 
original  figures  are  the  Boukoyemsky 
brothers,  who  furnish  a.  rather  ponderous 
comic  element,  and,  in  spite  of  exaggera- 
tion, are  typically  national.  The  trans- 
lation lacks  ease,  and  must  be  called 
indifferent. 


THE   NEW   TESTAMENT. 

Jesus.  By  W.  Bousset,  Professor  of 
Theology  at  the  University  of  Gottingen. 
Translated  by  Janet  Penrose  Trevelyan. 
(Williams  &  Norgate.) — Prof.  Bousset's  book, 
which  has  been  translated  into  excellent 
English,  is  issued  as  one  of  the  volumes  of 
"  The  Crown  Theological  Library."  The 
book  itself  is  a  study  of  the  mind  of  Jesus 
in  its  relation  to  the  Jewish  circle  of  His 
time,  with  its  ideas  and  ideals,  and  also  to 
the  larger  world  of  humanity.  Jesus,  we 
are  told,  "  did  not  establish  the  baptismal 
rite  at  all  "  ;  at  the  original  supper  He 
"  did  not  mean  to  institute  a  sacrament  in 
the  Catholic,  Lutheran,  or  Calvinistic  sense  "; 
there  were  no  miracles  ;  and  His  healing 
activity  lay  "  entirely  .within  the  bounds  of 
what  is  psychologically  conceivable,  and 
this  feature  of  the  life  of  Jesus  has  nothing 
absolutely  unique  about  it."  We  are  nearer 
the  spirit  of  Jesus,  it  is  argued,  w-hen  we 
abandon  specialized  views  of  His  death. 
Prof.  Ramsay,  having  written  '  Was  Christ 
born  at  Bethlehem  ?  '  might  have  something 
to  say  to  the  assertion  that  "  the  story  which 
Luke  takes  as  the  very  core  of  his  narrative 
— the  census  under  Augustus  and  the  journey 
of  Jesus's  parents  to  Bethlehem — is  full  of 
historical  impossibilities."  It  is  obvious 
that  Prof.  Bousset  indulges  in  an  arbitrary 
subjective  criticism  of  the  Gospels  as  his- 
torical documents  ;  and  this  fact  is  made 
more  apparent  by  an  examination  of  his 
exposition  of  the  teaching  of  Jesus.  We  are 
told  that  the  kingdom  of  God  of  which  He 
spoke  was  within  the  sphere  of  the  super- 
natural, and  the  idea  that  it  was  to  come  by 
preaching  and  social  reform  was  not  even 
remotely  present.  The  value  of  His  words 
lay  in  the  fact  that,  by  lifting  the  idea  of  the 
kingdom  from  the  political  into  the  religious 
sphere,  He  "  freed  religion  at  the  critical 
point  from  the  nation."  Prof.  Bousset 
argues  that  the  consciousness  of  the  Messiah- 
ship  gradually  dawned  in  the  mind  of  Jesus 
towards  the  close  of  His  life,  and  that  He  had 
difficulty  in  assuming  the  title,  since  it 
was,  owing  to  the  national  interpretation 
of  it,  inadequate  for  Him  as  He  really  was. 
Yet,  according  to  Prof.  Bousset's  remarkable 
statement,  He  could  not  dispense  with  the 
Messianic  idea,  if  He  wished  to  be  intelligible 
to  Himself  ;  and,  further,  He  felt  Himself 
irresistibly  drawn  towards  the  extraordinary 
and  the  unique.  The  title  Son  of  Man  was 
adopted  in  order  "  to  set  up  His  claim  to  be 
Messiah  in  the  supernatural  sense  of  the 
Son  of  Man."  When,  towards  the  close  of 
His  life,  He  saw  death  and  failure  before 
Him,  Jesus  was  able  to  show  His  faith  in 
His  cause  and  in  God  by  declaring  that  He 
would  return  in  glory  as  the  Son  of  Man 
upon  the  clouds  of  heaven.  "  Leader  of 
the  ages  and  nations  to  God  "  is  Prof. 
Bousset's  characterization  of  Jesus  ;  and, 
though  the  statement  is  not  bluntly  made, 
it  is  implied  that  the  Leader  was  mistaken 
in  His  conception  of  Himself,  as  He  did  not 
return  on  the  clouds  of  heaven.  If  Prof. 
Bousset  be  correct  in  his  interpretation  of 
Jesus  and  the  Messiahship.  then  the  Jesus  of 
history  was  plainly  a  mistaken  visionary. 
It  is  true  that  in  the  New  Testament  narra- 
tives there  are  sayings  which  indicate  that 
the  writers  believed  that  Jesus  was  to  return 
on  the  clouds  of  heaven  ;  hut  there  are 
passages,  such  as  Mark  i\.  1  and  I. like  i\.  27, 
contrasted  with  .Matthew  wi.  l's.  which 
shoM  that  there  was  no  clear  understanding 
of  the  words  of  Jesus  regarding  the  kingdom 
ami    the    second    advent.     Following    Prof. 

Bousset's  subjective  methods,  critics  could 
reject  the  words  of  the  New  Testament 
which  make  for  the  conclusion  that  Jesus 

9 


154 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4111,  Aug. 


11,  1906 


was  mistaken  regarding  Himself,  and  could 
urge  that  the  biographers  did  not  understand 
the  spiritual  meaning  He  gave  to  the  terms 
Messiah  and  Son  of  Man.  They  could  argue 
that  while  the  first  members  of  the  Christian 
community  did  look  for  the  advent  they 
began  to  organize  a  Church,  and  also,  though 
the  advent  did  not  take  place,  their  faith 
in  Jesus  was  not  destroyed,  and  that  faith 
could  not  have  been  devoted  to  a  mistaken 
visionary. 

Johannine  Grammar.  By  Edwin  A. 
Abbott.  (A.  &  C.  Black.)— On  the  title- 
page  of  his  book  Dr.  Abbott  quotes  from 
'  A   Grammarian's   Funeral  '    the   words  : — 

He  settled  Hotis  business — let  it  be  !— 
Properly  based  Oun. 

As    the   grammarian  did   not  settle   Hotis 
business,   Dr.   Abbott  attempts    to   do    so, 
seeing  with  a  scholar's  insight  the  need  of 
understanding   the  use  of  words.     The  dif- 
ferences between  classical  and  New  Testa- 
ment Greek,  and  between  the  Greek  of  one 
New  Testament  author  and  that  of  another, 
are  so  great  that  a  study  of  the  vocabulary 
and  grammar  of  the  canonical  writers  ought 
to  be  a  necessary  preliminary  to  the  inter- 
pretation or  exegesis  of  their  works.     The 
critics  of  the  Tubingen  School,  at  a  definite 
stage   in   the   history   of   criticism,   saw   the 
necessity  of  determining  the  date,  authorship, 
and    theological    tendency    of    the    Biblical 
books.     To-day,  as  in  other  days,  there  is  a 
pressing  need  for  scholars  to  study  the  use 
of  words  by  each  New  Testament  writer,  so 
that  we  may  have,  as  part  of  our  critical 
machinery  for  searching   the   Scriptures,   a 
lexicon     and     grammar     of     each     writing. 
Scholars,    of    course,    have    not    altogether 
neglected  such  a  task,  but  the  work  has  yet 
to   be  done  systematically  and  fully.     Dr. 
Abbott's   books   are   contributions     to    this 
work  ;     and   they  are   to   be  welcomed  for 
their    most    careful    scholarship,    and    also 
because    they    may    suggest    to    others    to 
continue  his  labours.     In  an  earlier  part  of 
his    career  Dr.  Abbott    compiled  a  '  Shake- 
spearian   Grammar,'    which    assumed    that 
Shakspeare  wrote  with  a  style  of  his  own, 
and  that  for  an  understanding  of  his  English 
his  own  works,  compared  one  with  another, 
and  the  writings  of  his  contemporaries  were 
safer  guides  than  Milton,  Dryden,  and  Pope. 
Similarly,    in    this    '  Johannine    Grammar  ' 
the  Johannine  language  has  been  classified  ; 
and  for  light  which  may  be  thrown  on  its 
meaning  Dr.  Abbott  has  turned  to  the  LXX., 
theSynoptists,the  New  Testament  as  a  whole, 
Epictetus,   and   the  papyri   of   50-150   a.d., 
rather  than  to  the  writings  of  the  third  and 
fourth     centuries.     Dr.     Abbott's     method 
will    commend    itself    to    scholars,    and    his 
results  will  be  duly  appreciated.     He  tells 
us,  further,  that  he  assumed  that  Shakspeare 
was  a  great  poet  ;    and  he  proceeds  to  say  : 
"  About  John,  I  have  tried  to  subordinate 
strictly  to  grammatical    inferences  my  con- 
viction that  he,  too,  is  a  master  of  style  and 
phrase,    as    well    as    an    inspired    prophet." 
The  question  of  the  prophetic  inspiration  of 
the  writer   of  the   Fourth   Gospel  does  not 
appear  to  have   any  direct  bearing  on  the 
grammar  of  that  book  ;   and  it  seems  foreign 
to  the  subject  of  grammar  to  say  that  this 
'  Johannine    Grammar  '    assumes    that    the 
author  of  the  Gospel  was  an  honest  man, 
"  writing  indeed  some  seventy  years  or  more 
after   the   Crucifixion,   but   still   with   some 
knowledge  of  what  he  wrote  about,  and  witli 
some    sense    of    responsibility    to    those   for 
whom   he  wrote."       Apart  from  his  devia- 
tions from  the  field  of  gram  mar  Dr.  Abbott 
has  done  most    minute  and  careful  work   in 
that  field,  as  the  table  of  contents  and   the 
book  itself  will  show.     It  is  an  obvious,  and 
perhaps,    therefore,    a    not    very    valuable, 


compliment  to  him  to  say  that  every  one 
who  pursues  a  critical  study  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel  ought  to  use  his  book. 

The    Apocalypse,    the   Antichrist,    and   the 
End.     By  J.   J.  Elar.      (Burns  &  Oates.) — 
In  a  short  Introduction  Mr.  Elar  discourses 
on  the  authorship    and  date  of  the  Apoca- 
lypse.    He    accepts    the    traditional   theory 
that  the  Apostle  John  was  the  author,  but 
does  not  face  the  difficulty  of  St.  John  being 
the  writer  of  the  Apocalypse  and  also  of  the 
Gospel  and  Epistles  attributed  to  him.     In 
an  appendix  he  refers  to  the  difficulty  ;   but 
in  the  text  of  his  book  he  says  that  "  there 
are  one  or  two  expressions  common  to  the 
Apocalypse  and  to  the  Gospel  of  St.  John 
which  lead  to  the  belief  that  they  are  by 
the  same  author."     He  makes  no  examina- 
tion   of     the     fundamental     differences     of 
thought  and  style  between  the  Apocalypse 
and  the  Fourth  Gospel — differences  so  marked 
that   Prof.   Ramsay,   not  content  with   the 
explanation   of   separate   authors,    invented 
a  psychological  theory  to  account  for  these 
differences  in  the  writings  of  one  man,  and 
set  it  forth  in  his  book  on  '  The  Letters  to 
the  Seven  Churches.'     In  reference  to  the 
date  we  are    told,    "  There  are  very  many 
reasons  for  believing   that   the  Apocalypse 
was   written   during    the   first   persecution  : 
there  are  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  it 
could    not    have    been    written    during    the 
second  "  ;    and  it  is  further  said,  "  That  the 
book  was  written  in  the  time  of  Nero  appears 
from  internal  evidence."     Mr.  Elar  will  not 
agree  that  the  composition  of  the  book  may 
be  assigned  to  the  period  of  Domitian,  since 
he  is  convinced  that  the  book  is  prophetic, 
and  hence  that  the  death  of  Nero  and  the 
destruction   of    Jerusalem    are     pictures    of 
the   future,   not  delineations    of    facts.     He 
may    not     be     wrong    in    taking    Nero    as 
the   sixth  Caesar,    and   it   may  be    admitted 
that  he  is  right  in  arguing  that  the  refer- 
ence to  the  sixth  king  and  to  the  seventh 
cannot  be  in  either  case  to  Domitian  ;    but 
the  characteristics  of  the  book  which  suggest 
the   age   of  Domitian  do  not  concern  him. 
Mr.   Elar  may  be  advised  to  consider  the 
suggestion  that  the  Apocalypse  was  written 
shortly  before  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem, 
and  that  interpolations  were  made  at  a  later 
date  ;    or  that  the  book  was  composed  about 
the  close  of  Domitian's  reign,  and  that  the 
author     incorporated     earlier     Apocalyptic 
fragments.     It  is  possible  for  sober-minded 
critics  to  agree  with  the  statement  that  the 
Apocalypse  is  a  prophetic  writing  without 
accepting  Mr.   Elar's  interpretations  of  the 
prophecies     of    the    book.       He    takes    for 
granted     that     the    book    as    a    series     of 
prophecies  is  divinely  inspired,  and  does  not 
turn  aside  to  the  conjecture  that  the  author 
sets   forth   his   own  reading   of   the   future. 
In   the   interpretation   of   chap.    xx.    of   the 
Book  of  Revelation  we  have  a  specimen  of 
Mr.    Elar's    skill.        "  The    millennium   con- 
sisted," he  says,   "  in  the  peaceful  develop- 
ment of  the  Catholic  Church  throughout  the 
world   from   about   the   end   of   the   fifth   to 
about    the    end    of    the    fifteenth    century." 
"  Peaceful  "    is    not    precisely    the    epithet 
which    most    writers    would    apply    to    the 
development  of  the  Church,  which  saw  such 
troubles  in  Italy  that  the  Franks  had  to  be 
called  in  to  be  protectors  ;    which  witnessed 
the    eventful    meeting    of    a    pope    and    an 
emperor  at  Canossa  ;    and  beheld  the  ambi- 
tion of  Boniface  VIII.,  which  ruined  himself, 
and    impaired    the    power    of    the    Papacy. 
Mr.  Elar  proceeds  to  say  that 

"the  whole  of  Europe  acknowledged   faith, 

one  altar,  one  Church,  until  about  the  year  lf>(K). 

Then    appeared    Martin    Luther The    fires    of 

persecution    were    rekindled,    and    the    ashes    of 
heresy  revived No  one  can  doubt  that,  from 


the  point  of  view  of  the  Apocalyptic  narrative, 
the  devil  was  chained  up,  in  the  character  of  a 
murderer  and  heresiarch,  for  1,000  years  from  the 
fall  of  Rome,  and  that  he  was  loosed  again  at  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  History  is 
quite  clear  on  that  point." 

A  cynic  might  suggest  that  history  seems  to 
be  clearest  to  him  who  knows  least  about  it  ; 
but,  while  a  thousand  and  one  faults  might 
be  found  with  Mr.  Elar's  picture  of  the  Middle 
Ages  and  of  the  contrast  of  these  with  the 
age  of  the  Reformation,  he  may  be  asked, 
in  reference  to  "  the  one  faith,"  not  to  forget 
the  heresies  which  alone  could  justify  the 
religious  crusade  in  the  reign  of  Innocent  III. 
which  kept  that  distinguished  Pope  outside 
the  ranks  of  the  saints  ;  and,  further,  he 
may  be  asked,  in  reference  to  the  rekindling 
of  the  fires  of  persecution,  not  altogether 
to  ignore  the  tragedies  of  the  Inquisition. 

St.  Paul,  the  Man  and  his  Work.  By 
H.  Weinel,  Professor  Extraordinary  of 
Theology  in  the  University  of  Jena.  Trans- 
lated by  the  Rev.  G.  A.  Bienemann.  ( Williams 
&  Norgate.) — This  volume,  belonging  in  its 
English  form  to  the  "  Theological  Transla- 
tion Library,"  deals  neither  with  the  problems 
of  the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  nor  with  the  events 
of  his  life.     The  author  says  : — 

"  Amid  all  the  details  about  the  Apostle's 
journeys  which  schoolboys  have  to  learn  out  of 
the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  they  often  entirely  lose 
sight  of  the  Apostle  himself;  they  can  sometimes 
recite  whole  lists  of  perfectly  useless  names  which 
have  been  drilled  into  them,  but  of  the  great 
missionary's  spirit  they  have  learnt  next  to 
nothing.  This  book  was  not  written  to  perpetuate 
this  mischievous  system." 

It  may  be  affirmed  at  once  that  Prof.  Weinel 
has  never  lost  sight  of  the  man,  and  that  he 
has  been  able  to  present  him  as  an  intensely 
interesting  personality.  We  have  before  us 
the  Pharisee,  the  seeker  after  God,  the 
prophet,  the  Apostle,  the  founder  of  the 
Church,  the  theologian,  the  man.  The  cha- 
racteristic work  of  the  Apostle  is  thus 
described  : — 

"St.  Paul  was  the  first  to  realize  that  the  Law 
as  such,  in  its  formal  character,  was  the  cause  of 
sin  and  misery  in  the  end,  in  spite  of  all  that  it 
contained  that  was  holy,  righteous,  and  good,  and 
that  it  must  therefore  be  annulled.     That  was  his 
great  discovery.     He  was  the  man  of  one  idea,  and 
to  make  it  prevail  he  employed  all  the  keenness  of 
his  intellect  and  all  his  rabbinical  training.     His 
theology   is    nothing   but    the   proof   of   this   one 
thesis,  and  for  this  veiy  reason  it  is  the  defence  of 
his  holiest,  his  most  cherished  possession." 
It  might  be  unfair  to  examine  too  closely 
this   statement    of   the   significance    of   the 
Apostle's  work,  and  to  point  out  that  there 
was  the  replacement  of  the  Law  by  a  new 
religious    principle,    since    Prof.    Weinel    is 
zealous  to  show  the  debt  of  the  Apostle  to 
Jesus.     He  does  not  try,  as  not  a  few  do, 
to  prove  that  St.  Paul  was  the  real  founder 
of  Christianity,  even  though  he  admits  that 
the  Apostle  carried  to  his  interpretation  of 
the  personality  of  Christ  his  own  or  current 
ideas   of   the   nature   and   functions   of  the 
Messiah.     He   knows   that   in   the   Epistles 
little  was  said  regarding  the  life  of  Jesus 
in   its    details  ;     but   he   sees    the   supreme 
importance  to  the  Apostle  of  the  death  and 
power  of  the  "  Crucified."     Whatever  objec- 
tions may  be  taken  to  the  opinions  or  judg- 
ments of  Prof.  Weinel,  no  one  will  be  offended 
by  any  words  which  might  be  interpreted 
as  setting  the  disciple  above  his  Master,  the 
Apostle   above   his   Lord.     He   is   perfectly 
free  in  his  criticism  of  ideas  cherished  by 
St.    Paul  ;    his  criticism,  however,  is  never 
at      all      offensive,      and      ought      not      to 
provoke  wrath.     He  admits,  for  example, 
that  "  tho  orthodox  theories  of  the  Atone- 
ment can  rightly  appeal  to  St.  Paid  as  their 
authority "  ;     but    at    the   same    time    he 


Nc4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


155 


declares  that  he  "rejects  all  such  theories 
as  to  the  death  of  Jesus,  not  shamefacedly, 
but  consciously."  There  is  more,  however, 
than  a  mere  declaration.  "  The  '  Father  ' 
of  Jesus,"  he  says, 

"does  not  need  to  establish  or  to  prove  His 
'  righteousness '  by  suffering  an  innocent  man  to  die 
for  sinners  :  a  strange  kind  of  righteousness  !  He 
does  not  wish  to  be  just,  but  He  is  love.  Holy 
love,  of  course,  but  not  such  as  needs  first  to  be 
propitiated.  And  there  is  no  '  holy '  blood,  no 
holy  things  in  the  religion  of  Jesus,  no  propitiatory 
sacrifices  with  which  sin  can  be  'washed  away.' 
All  these  thoughts,  which  are  taken  from  the 
animistic  religion,  are  pre-Christian  and  un- 
christian, whether  they  be  founded  on  the  blood 
of  bulls  or  on  the  blood  of  Christ." 

It  is  a  commonplace  to  say  that  no  book 
on  such  a  subject  as  the  work  of  St.  Paul 
can  possibly  satisfy  the  different  orders  of 
religious  men  ;  and  the  author  of  this  book 
frankly  shows  that  his  lot  is  not  cast 
with  the  orthodox.  He  is  a  scholar  who 
does  not  intrude  his  scholarship,  but  is 
competent  to  speak  on  St.  Paul.  He  has 
evidently  a  religious  as  well  as  an  intellectual 
or  theological  interest  in  his  subject,  and 
in  this  way  also  he  is  competent  to  speak 
on  the  greatest  among  the  first  missionaries 
of  Christ.  One  notable  feature  of  Prof. 
Weinel's  book  is  his  trenchant  criticism 
of  some  of  Nietzsche's  extreme  negative 
positions. 


TWO  ANGLO-SAXON  POEMS. 

Andreas  and  The  Fates  of  the  Apostles  : 
Two  Anglo-Saxon  Narrative  Poems.  Edited, 
with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  George 
Philip  Krapp.  (Ginn  &  Co.) — Although  the 
metrical  version  of  the  legend  of  St.  Andrew 
is  by  general  consent  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing works  of  Old  English  religious  poetry,  it 
has  not  until  now  been  edited  in  a  manner 
that  satisfies  the  demands  of  present-day 
scholarship.  Since  the  publication,  in  1840, 
of  Jacob  Grimm's  '  Andreas  und  Elene  ' — 
which,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  was  an 
admirable  piece  of  work  for  its  time — the 
only  edition  that  has  appeared  is  that  of 
Prof.  Baskervill,  which  (not  to  speak  of 
certain  faults  excusable  in  the  work  of  a 
'prentice  hand)  contains  only  four  small 
pages  of  notes  and  as  many  of  introduction. 
It  is  not  that  the  poem  has  been  neglected 
by  scholars.  The  text,  with  the  chief  con- 
jectural emendations  proposed  down  to 
1894,  has  been  accessible  in  Prof.  Wulker's 
new  edition  of  Grein's  '  Bibliothek '  ;  and  a 
large  amount  of  valuable  matter  bearing 
on  the  criticism  and  interpretation  of  the 
poem  may  be  found  in  various  philological 
periodicals.  There  was  undoubtedly  urgent 
need  for  a  new  edition,  and  Mr.  Krapp  has 
supplied  the  want  in  a  way  that  deserves 
the  highest  praise.  He  has  very  properly 
included  in  his  volume,  along  with  '  Andreas,' 
the  closely  related  poem  of  '  The  Fates  of  the 
Apostles.'  Of  this  there  has  hitherto  been 
no  convenient  text,  for  the  concluding 
passage  (discovered  by  Prof.  Napier)  was 
not  known  when  the  pages  of  Grein-Wulker 
containing  the  poem  were  printed  off,  and  it 
had  therefore  to  be  inserted  in  the  Appendix. 

Mr.  Krapp  has  made  diligent  use  of  all 
that  has  been  written  on  the  two  poems,  but 
his  work  is  very  far  from  being  a  mere  com- 
pilation. His  treatment  of  the  much-con- 
troverted questions  of  authorship  shows 
thorough  independence  and  soundness  of 
judgment.  He  decidedly  rejects  the  view, 
supported  by  the  great  authority  of  Sievers, 
that  the  passage  in  '  The  Fates  of  the 
Apostles  '  containing  the  runic  signature 
of  Cynewulf  belonged  originally  to  some 
other   poem  ;     and   he   regards   as   equally 


inadmissible  the  hypothesis,  maintained  by 
several  eminent  scholars,  that  '  The  Fates 
of  the  Apostles  '  is  part  of  '  Andreas  '  or  an 
epilogue  to  it.  While  admitting  that  the 
evidence  does  not  justify  a  confident  rejec- 
tion of  the  attribution  of  '  Andreas  '  to 
Cynewulf,  he  points  out  that  the  poem, 
though  abounding  in  striking  resemblances 
to  the  four  undoubted  works  of  Cynewulf, 
lacks  some  of  the  characteristics  common  to 
all  of  them,  and  has  certain  marked  pecu- 
liarities which  they  do  not  exhibit.  With 
all  this  we  are  completely  in  agreement. 
We  think,  however,  that  Mr.  Krapp  too 
readily  assumes  that  the  only  alternative 
to  the  theory  of  common  authorship  is  the 
supposition  that  the  author  of  '  Andreas  ' 
was  an  imitator  of  Cynewulf.  No  doubt  the 
resemblances  between  '  Andreas  '  and  Cyne- 
wulf's  works  are  too  numerous  to  be  accounted 
for  by  the  hypothesis  of  independent  follow- 
ing of  the  same  models.  If  Cynewulf  and 
the  author  of  '  Andreas  '  are  different  persons, 
one  of  them  must  have  imitated  the  other 
very  extensively.  But  it  ought  not  to  be 
taken  for  granted  that  the  author  of  'Andreas ' 
was  the  imitator.  Probably  there  is  little 
that  is  original  in  the  diction  of  either  poet ; 
it  is  proved  that  both  of  them  use  many 
forms  of  expression  taken  from  '  Beowulf  ' 
or  common  to  the  old  heroic  poetry,  and  it  is 
probable  that  much  of  their  common  phraseo- 
logy was  borrowed  from  their  Christian  pre- 
decessors. The  priority  of  '  Andreas  '  seems 
hitherto  to  have  been  maintained  only  by 
Barnouw,  whose  chronological  criteria  must 
be  admitted  to  be  untrustworthy.  But  the 
supposition  is  not,  in  the  present  state  of  the 
evidence,  to  be  regarded  as  inadmissible. 
In  spite  of  its  constant  (and  sometimes 
infelicitous)  imitation  of  the  style  of  the 
heathen  poetry,  '  Andreas  '  shows  a  vigour 
of  imagination  and  a  degree  of  narrative 
skill  that  are  conspicuously  wanting  even 
in  '  Elene  '  and  '  The  Ascension,'  and  still 
more  in  '  Juliana  '  and  '  The  Fates  of  the 
Apostles.'  Either  '  Andreas  '  is  Cynewulf 
at  his  best,  or  it  is  the  work  of  a  stronger 
poet.  Of  course  it  is  possible  that  the 
imitator  may  have  surpassed  his  model  ;  but 
before  we  come  to  this  conclusion  we  ought 
to  have  good  grounds  for  believing  that  the 
better  poet  is  the  later,  and  no  such  grounds 
have  as  yet  been  produced.  The  poetic 
merit  of  Cynewulf,  by  the  way,  has  been 
greatly  overrated — partly  because  of  the 
attribution  to  him  of  works  that  he  did  not 
write,  and  partly  because  it  has  not  been 
sufficiently  recognized  that  the  poetic  beauties 
found  in  his  writings  were  largely  the  common 
property  of  the  school  to  which  he  belonged. 
It  is  no  doubt  convenient  to  give  the  name 
of  "  the  Cynewulfian  school  "  to  a  group  of 
poets  whose  works  have  certain  features  in 
common  ;  but  the  name  should  be  taken 
as  implying  merely  that  Cynewulf  was  a 
member  of  the  "  school,"  not  that  he  was 
necessarily  its  founder.  The  accident  that 
he  is  the  only  Old  English  poet,  except 
Csedmon,  whose  name  is  known  to  us,  is  apt 
to  produce  an  illusion.  If  the  survival  of 
the  name  had  been  the  result  of  the  poet's 
celebrity  among  his  countrymen,  it  would 
have  had  a  certain  significance  ;  but  the 
mere  fact  that  he  chose  to  sign  his  works  is 
no  reason  for  according  to  him  any  pre- 
eminence over  contemporaries  who  were 
content  to  remain  anonymous. 

The  Introduction  includes  an  excellent 
discussion  of  the  relations  between  the  Greek 
original  of  the  legend  of  St.  Andrew,  the 
fragments  of  the  Latin  version,  the  Old 
English  prose  translation,  and  the  poem,  as 
well  as  an  able  account  of  the  development 
of  the  apocryphal  history  of  the  apostle. 
The  notes  are  thoroughly  helpful,  no  difli- 
culty   being  passed   QVCTi     It   is  interesting 


to  observe  that  several  passages,  which  some 
critics  have  imagined  to  contain  autobio- 
graphical allusions  or  indications  of  the  poet's 
peculiar  tone  of  thought,  are  shown  by  Mr. 
Krapp  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  source. 
On  the  runic  passage  in  '  The  Fates  of  the 
Apostles  '  the  editor  has  not  been  able  to 
tlrrow  any  new  light  ;  but  he  has  shown 
sound  judgment  in  rejecting  the  fanciful 
speculations  of  Trautmann,  and  in  accepting 
the  explanations  of  Cosijn  and  Prof.  Gol- 
lancz,  which,  though ,  on  one  or  two  points 
not  absolutely  certain,  are  the  best  that  have 
hitherto  been  proposed. 

The  glossary  is  carefully  prepared,  though 
now  and  then  the  explanations  given  a*e 
open  to  dispute.  In  1.  816  the  rendering 
"  endure  "  for  drosfnan  seems  incorrect.  We 
think  it  is  a  mistake  to  regard  herigeas  in 
1.  1687  as  a  variant  of  heargas,  "temples." 
The  word  surely  means  "  armies "  ;  the 
poet  in  this  passage,  as  in  others,  presents 
the  apostle  in  the  guise  of  a  hero  of  the 
ancient  epic.  Mr.  Krapp's  misapprehension 
on  this  point  has  led  him  to  assign  to  the 
verb  ]>rean  in  the  context  the  unauthenti- 
cated  sense  "to  cast  down."  Herigweardas 
("temple-guardians")  in  1.  1124  should 
have  been  corrected  to  heargweardas  or 
hergweardas  ;  the  reading  of  the  MS.  can 
only  be  a  scribal  error.  The  graphically 
homonymous  -werig,  weary,  and  werig, 
accursed,  are  distinct  in  etymology,  and  ought 
not  to  have  been  given  in  the  same  article. 
We  doubt  the  propriety  of  giving  the  preterite- 
present  verb  mot  under  the  hypothetical 
infinitive  form  motan. 

Although  the  volume  is  very  correctly 
printed  in  other  respects,  we  have  observed 
a  somewhat  large  number  of  errors  in  the 
marking  of  vowels.  In  nearly  all  the  in- 
stances, however,  either  the  text  or  the 
glossary  is  correct.  The  verb  woztan, 
gewcetan,  is  an  exception  ;  the  vowel  appears 
four  times  without  its  mark  of  length. 

Altogether,  this  much-needed  edition  is 
one  of  the  most  scholarly  contributions  that 
have  been  made  in  recent  times  to  the  illus- 
tration of  Old  English  literature. 


EVELYN'S    DIARY. 


The  bicentenary  of  Evelyn's  death  has 
produced  a  revival  of  public  interest  in  the 
diarist.  Several  new  editions  are  either 
issued  or  promised,  of  which  Mr.  H.  B. 
Wheatley's  Diary  of  John  Evelyn  (Bickers 
&  Son)  is  the  most  notable.  Three  of  the 
four  volumes  have  been  published,  and  an 
ins] lection  of  them  goes  to  show  that  Mr. 
Wheatley's  edition  is  only  second  to  his 
famous  edition  of  Pepys.  Unhappily,  it 
has  been  impossible  to  repeat  his  services  of 
recension  and  revision  in  the  case  of  Evelyn, 
as  access  to  the  original  manuscript  is 
denied  to  Evelyn's  countrymen.  We  had 
recently  occasion  to  note  that  Mrs.  Paget 
Toynbee's  edition  of  Walpole's  '  Letters ' 
was  rendered  incomplete  by  the  refusal  of 
Lord  Uchester  to  allow  the  use  of  the  letters 
in  his  possession.  It  is  well  known  that 
Bray's  edition  of  Evelyn's  '  Diary,'  pub- 
lished in  1818,  was  merely  a  selection,  and 
the  diffidence  lie  expresses,  as  Mr.  Wheatley 
points  out,  "  relates  more  to  a  fear  of  having 
put  in  too  much  than  to  having  left  out 
anything  of  importance."  Mr.  Wheatley 
writes  : — 

"lam  sorry  that  Mr.  W.  J.  Evelyn,  the  present 
possessor  of  the  Evelyn  property,  to  whom  I 
appealed  live  and  twenty  years  ago,  is  unable  to 
allow  of  access  to  the  MS.  for  the  purpose  of 
verifying  the  printed  text  with  the  original.  After 
I  had  seen  Mr.  Evelyn  on  the  Bubject,  Messrs. 
Bickers  4  Son  applied  direct  to  him.  In  his 
answer,  dated   25th  April.   1S79.   that    gentleman 


156 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


wrote  :  '  Colburn's  third  edition  of  the  '  Diary " 
was  very  correctly  printed  from  the  MS. ,  and  may 
be  relied  on  as  giving  an  accurate  text.'  " 
It  seems  extremely  regrettable  that  a  full 
modern  revision  of  the  printed  '  Diary  ' 
cannot  be  obtained.  Tins  new  edition  is  a 
reprint  of  Mr.  Wheatley's  edition  of  1879, 
with  his  memoir  of  the  diarist,  as  extracted 
from  his  own  pages.  Bray's  edition,  which 
was  undertaken  by  the  permission  of  Lady 
Evelyn,  the  widow  of  Sir  Francis,  who  had 
the  property  in  her  own  right,  was  dedicated 
to  the  owner  of  Wotton  House  in  1818,  to 
whom  the  estate  had  been  left  by  Lady 
Evelyn,  and  who  was  of  a  collateral  line. 
Bray's  name  stood  on  the  title-page,  but  it 
was  William  Upcott,  "  the  accomplished 
bibliographer  and  judicious  autograph-col- 
lector," who  urged  the  publication,  and 
who  probably  did  most  of  the  work.  Pepys 
and  Evelyn  were  friendly,  though  of  very 
different  tempers,  and  Pepys  has  put  on 
record  an  impression  of  his  elder  which  is 
very  Pepysian  : — ■ 

"He  read  to  me  very  much  also  of  his  discourse, 
he  hath  been  many  years  and  now  is  about,  about 
Guardenage ;  which  will  be  a  most  noble  and 
pleasant  piece.  He  read  me  a  play  or  two  of  his 
making,  very  good,  but  not  as  he  conceits  them,  I 

think,   to  be In  fine,  a  most  excellent  person 

he  is,  and  must  be  allowed  a  little  for  a  little 
conceitedness  ;  but  he  may  well  be  so,  being  a  man 
so  much  above  others." 

It  would  have  been  interesting,  as  Mr. 
Austin  Dobson  remarked,  to  have  Evelyn  on 
Pepys.  The  editor's  introduction  contains 
a  learned  and  curious  note  by  Sir  George 
Birdwood  on  the  significance  of  the  pentagle 
adopted  as  a  symbol  by  Evelyn. 

Messrs.  Routledge  &  Sons  have  published 
the  Diary  in  a  compendious  volume,  which 
is  somewhat  too  compendious  for  a  dis- 
criminating taste.  The  type  is  rather  small, 
and  the  book  runs  to  over  nine  hundred 
pages.  As  a  popular  edition,  however,  it 
has  its  place  and  value. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Invasion  of  1910,  with  a  Full  Account 
of  the  Siege  of  London  (Eveleigh  Nash),  is 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  W.  Le  Queux,  and  has 
been  the  subjeet  of  hostile  comment.  It  is 
not  easy  to  set  up  a  serious  argument  on  its 
behalf.  In  the  Preface  we  are  told  that 
"  we  must  be  prepared  to  defend  any  raid  "  ; 
by  which  we  understand  a  demand  for  that 
class  of  preparation  which  has  been  the 
subject  of  more  discussion  at  the  Admiralty 
and  War  Office,  and  by  the  Defence  Com- 
mittee, during  the  last  three  years  than  has 
any  other  problem.  In  the  book  before  us 
raids  arc  used  as  the  plea  for  universal  rifle 
clubs.  The  author  asks  "  What  really  would 
occur  were  an  enemy  suddenly  to  appear  in 
our  midst  ?  "  We  imagine  that  the  answer 
from  well-informed  persons  must  be  that 
rifle  clubs  would  not  in  that  event  assist  us. 
The  author  expects  to  be  "denounced  for 
revealing  information  likely  to  be  of  assist- 
ance to  an  enemy."  He  makes,  indeed,  his 
European  foe  appear,  as  he  says,  "  suddenly 
in  our  midst."  The  Prussians  take  London, 
and,  after  paucity  of  numbers  has  reduced 
them  to  extremity,  perpetrate  "wholesale 
executions"  in  the  "afternoon,  outside; 
Dorchester  House  "  in  Park  Lane.  The 
form  of  words  adopted  closely  follows  that 
account  of  the  supposed  massacre  of 
prisoners  of  the  Commune  by  General  de 
Galliffet  which  caused  that  personage  to 
explain  to  an  interviewer  that  lie  did  not 
wish  to  disturb  his  well-established  reputa- 
tion by  allowing  the  publication  of  the  real 
facts  by  his  staff  officers  still  living.     What- 


ever may  have  occurred  in  Paris,  it  is  ceitain 
that  the  massacre  "  at  Stanhope  Gate  "  is 
the  most  highly  imaginative  piece  of  work 
of  the  many  in  the  volume  before  us.     Mr. 
Le  Queux  and  his  assistants  are  no  respecters 
of  persons.     One  of  the  few  personal  attacks 
which   the   book   contains   is   in   a   passage 
holding  up   Mr.   Goschen  to   execration  for 
his  calmness   "  during  the  Fashoda  crisis." 
There    was    not    the    faintest    risk    of    war 
"  during  "   the   Fashoda  period.     The   only 
military  preparations  which  were  made  by 
France  were  in  Tunis   and  Algeria  against 
anticipated     British     attack.     There    never 
was  the  slightest  intention  on  the  part  of 
any  French  minister  to  maintain  the  occupa- 
tion of  Fashoda  at  the  risk  of  war,  or  to 
resent    by   war   the   dispossession   of   Major 
Marchand.      "  In     the    North     Sea     crisis  " 
there  Avas  this  faint  risk  of  war — that  events 
might    have    happened    which    would    have 
brought    about    a    nominal    state    of    war 
between    ourselves    and    Russia,    unaccom- 
panied, however,  by  any  menace  to   "  the 
safety    of    England,"     which    our    authors 
think   "  had   been  left   to   chance."     In   an 
account  of  the  military  events  of  1910  we 
are  told  that  some  of  the  fortifications  of 
the  Firth  of  Forth  had  been  "  dismantled," 
those  that  remained  were  "  practically  un- 
manned,"  many  of  the  guns  having  been 
sold  in  the  present  year  by  Mr.   Haldane, 
while    "  the    garrison    artillery    had    gone." 
It  is   a  fact   that  there  is   a  difference   of 
opinion  as  to   the  soundest  defence  of  the 
Channel    Islands,    of    Scilly,  of    Berehaven, 
and  some   other  posts  :     and  it  is   easy   to 
attack  the  Admiralty  and  the  Defence  Com- 
mittee  of   the   late    Cabinet   for   change   of 
plan  leading  to  much  waste.     It  is  admitted 
by  the  school  now  ruling  that  much  of  the 
money  spent  on  minefields  and  on  guns  in 
connexion     with     minefields     was     wasted. 
In  Scilly  these  defences  have  been  removed. 
In  the  case  of  the  Firth  of  Forth  the  guns  are 
new,  and  we  are  not  aware  that  the  removal 
of   these   new   guns   is   contemplated.     The 
provision  for  manning  in  war  the  guns  at 
the  Forth  Bridge  is  complete.     As  for  the 
destruction  of  garrison  artillery,  we  possessed 
in   1903  23,000  regular  garrison  artillery  in 
peace,    with   very   large   reserves   for   war  ; 
and  13,500  militia  garrison  artillery  at  home. 
At  the  end  of   1904  that  number  had  been 
increased,  and  the  figures  for  1905  were  not 
much   changed,    save   by   a   certain   decline 
of  militia   garrison  artillery  in  Ireland.     It 
is    universally   admitted    by   all    specialists, 
and  by  the  late  and  the  present  Secretary  of 
State  for  War — on  this  point  unanimously 
supported — that   our  provision   of   garrison 
artillery  is  far  too  large.     Is  it  right  that  the 
less-trained  portion  of  the  public  should  be 
excited  by  the  statement  that  "  the  garrison 
artillery   had  gone  ?  "     The  new  provision 
of  coastal  destroyers  has  not  received  atten- 
tion.    It  is,  we  imagine,  the  policy  of  the 
Admiralty   and   the  Defence   Corrfmittee   to 
trust  in  the  future  more  and  more  to  local 
naval,  rather  than  to  local  military,  defence 
of  coaling  stations  and  of  exceptional  posi- 
tions such  as  the  Solent  and  the  Forth  Bridge. 
This  policy  was  recommended  many  years 
ago  by  well-known  writers  upon  the  subject. 
There  is  a  statement  in  the  present  volume 
which  interests  us.     It  is  asserted  (of  1910) 
that  "  much  of  the  old  advantage  possessed 
by  the  British  Navy  had  been  lost  by  the 
too  general  introduction  of  short  service"; 
We  gather  from  the  speech  of  Lord  Tweed- 
mouth  in  the  House  of  Lords  last  week  that 
it  is  not  the  intention  of  the  present  Board 
of  Admiralty  to  ^o  beyond  the  experiment 
announced   by  the  late  Hoard  in  the  memo- 
randum of   Lord  Cawdor.      That  policy  of  a 
slight-  extension  of  short  service  was  not  clear 
in  the  pages  of  the  memorandum,  but  tho 


explanations  which  have  been  given  by 
those  in  the  confidence  of  the  Admiralty  show 
that  it  is  not  intended  to  carry  short  service 
in  our  navy  beyond  the  recommendation  of 
the  Grey  Committee,  if,  indeed,  it  was  at 
that  time  contemplated  to  carry  it  so  far. 

Tales  from  the  Talmud,  by  E.  R. 
Montague  (Blackwood  &  Sons),  is  intended 
not  for  the  student,  but  for  that  all- 
devouring  personage  known  as  the  general 
reader.  Compilations  of  this  kind  are  sup- 
posed to  possess  the  excellent  negative 
qualities  of  being  neither  too  deep  nor 
over-accurate,  and  smooth  and  pleasant 
reading  at  the  same  time.  Mr.  Montague's 
work  satisfies  these  requirements  to  the  full, 
and  ought,  therefore,  to  succeed.  It  skims 
lightly,  and  with  an  easy  air  of  non- 
chalance, over  the  "  sea  of  the  Talmud," 
heedless  of  what  the  deep  beneath  may 
contain.  After  being  properly  launched  in 
the  introductory  part,  the  reader  passes 
through  a  medley  of  tales,  or  rather  titbits, 
from  the  Creation  to  the  Exodus.  He  next 
similarly  moves  from  the  Exodus  to  the 
Babylonian  captivity,  making  further  on 
the  acquaintance  of  Lilith  and  other  demons 
and  spirits.  At  the  end  are  other  tales  in 
which  Queen  Esther  and  Alexander  of  Mace- 
don  figure  largely.  Many  new  and  strange 
things  will  be  learnt  by  the  time  it  is  all 
finished.  We  do  not  wish  to  criticize  the  book 
in  detail,  but  will  instead  recommend  people 
to  read  it. 

Semitic  Inscriptions.  By  Enno  Littmann, 
Ph.D.  Part  IV.  of  the  Publications  of  an 
American  Archaeological  Expedition  to  Syria 
in  1899-1900.  (New  York,  the  Century 
Company;  London,  Heinemann.)  —  This 
handsome  and  scholarly  work  throws  a  good 
deal  of  light  on  various  points  connected 
with  Semitic  archaeology  and  other  branches 
of  Oriental  learning.  In  the  arrangement 
of  the  different  groups  of  inscriptions  the 
geographical  order  from  north  to  south  has 
been  followed.  The  Syriac  section,  con- 
sisting of  twenty-four  inscriptions,  thus 
comes  first,  though  chronologically  (mostly 
sixth  century  a.d.)  much  later  than  most  of 
the  subsequent  groups.  Dr.  Littmann  dwells 
fully  on  the  archaeological,  palaeographical, 
and  linguistic  material  presented  by  these 
epigraphical  records  of  early  Syrian  Chris- 
tianity. Noteworthy  is  the  fact  that  a 
revival  of  Syriac  for  purposes  of  this  kind 
can  be  shown  to  be  nearly  contemporaneous 
with  the  founding  of  the  Monophysite 
Church.  The  loosening  of  the  tie  with 
Constantinople  and  Rome  would  naturally 
tend  to  reawaken  the  national  spirit  of  the 
Syrians,  and  serve  to  diminish  the  use  of 
Greek,  which  was  for  this  purpose  employed 
almost  exclusively  in  the  earlier  centuries  of 
the  Church. 

The  Palmyrene  and  Nabataoan  inscrip- 
tions, which  occupy  chaps,  ii.  and  hi.,  "  are 
but  the  gleanings  gathered  after  the  work 
of  former  labourers  in  the  field,"  notably  the 
Marquis  Melchior  de  Vogue  ;  but  some  of 
them  are  of  great  interest,  giving  fresh  data 
on  the  history  of  the  Temple  of  Bel  at 
Palmyra  in  the  first  century  a.d.,  the 
Nabataoan  Temple  of  Baal  Samin  in  the  first 
century  B.C.,  and  other  matters  connected 
with  pagan  cults.  Chap.  iv.  contains  ten 
Hebrew  inscriptions  of  no  great  importance, 
the  earliest  of  these  brief  records  certainly 
belonging  to  Mohammedan  times. 

Tho  most  important  section  is  no  doubt 
chap,  v.,  which  deals  with  Safaitic  inscrip- 
tions. Tho  decipherment  of  these  North- 
Arabian  records  has  been  a  task  of  very  con- 
siderable difficulty,  and  Dr.  Littmann  him- 
self must  bo  allowed  the  honour  of  having 
correctly  fixed   the   values   of   virtually  all 


N°  41 11,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


157 


the  letters  of  the  alphabet.  His  pamphlet 
on  the  deciphering  of  the  Safa  inscrip- 
tions, which  appeared  at  Leipsic  in  1901, 
has,  in  fact,  only  been  slightly  improved 
by  subsequent  writers.  The  dates  of  the 
136  inscriptions  belonging  to  this  group  are 
not  very  remote,  for  they  seem  to  have  been 
written  between  106  a.d.  and  the  arrival 
of  the  Mohammedans  in  that  region  ;  but 
they  yield  a  large  amount  of  information 
on  the  gods  worshipped  by  the  nomads  who 
wrote  them,  and  the  list  of  personal  names 
contained  in  them  is  very  considerable. 
Another  point  of  interest  lies,  of  course,  in 
the  linguistic  bearing  of  the  inscriptions. 
The  last  chapter  contains  forty-five  Arabic 
entries,  ranging  in  date  from  about  150  to 
936  of  the  Mohammedan  era  (about  767  to 
1530  a.d.). 

For  fuller  information  on  all  these  groups 
of  inscriptions  students  must  be  directed 
to  the  work  itself.  We  need  only  add  that 
ample  references  to  the  works  of  other 
scholars  will  be  found  in  Dr.  Littmann's 
pages,  and  that  the  book  is  in  every  way 
worthy  of  the  rapidly  rising  school  of  Ame- 
rican Semitists.  The  numerous  illustrations 
are  excellently  done,  and  the  indexes  add 
to  the  value  of  the  publication. 

Schiller's  Dramas  and  Poems  in  England. 
By  Thomas  Rea.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — Mr. 
Ilea  defines  the  scope  of  his  essay  as  an 
attempt 

"  to  give  a  short  review  of  the  various  translations 
of  Schiller's  dramas  and  poems,  to  show  how  they 
were  regarded  at  the  time  of  their  appearance, 
and,  lastly,  to  give  a  brief  account  of  their 
influence  on  the  master  minds  of  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century." 

The  first  part  of  his  task  he  has  adequately 
accomplished,  his  account  of  the  translations 
and  criticisms  of  Schiller  being  careful  and 
accurate  ;  but  in  his  discussion  of  the  final 
and  most  interesting  point  we  do  not  find 
much  that  is  illuminating  or  suggestive. 
He  shows,  of  course,  that  Coleridge,  Words- 
worth, Shelley,  and  most  of  the  other  great 
poets  of  the  time  were  affected  by  Schiller's 
early  dramatic  work  ;  but  the  parallels  he 
draws  are  often  superficial,  and  he  fails  to 
indicate  the  real  nature  and  extent  of  the 
influence.  As  a  matter  of  fact  Schiller,  who 
for  long  enjoyed  an  extraordinary  reputation 
in  England,  never  exercised  a  profound 
influence  on  our  literature  ;  Iris  maturer 
writings  have  left  little  trace  on  any  of  our 
greater  authors,  and  though  '  The  Robbers  ' 
did  for  the  time  being  appeal  very  strongly 
to  the  feelings  of  the  revolutionary  poets, 
its  effect  was  transitory.  His  plays,  indeed, 
with  all  their  ardour  and  elevation,  failed 
to  bring  any  new  and  fruitful  ideas  among 
us,  and  so  offered  no  starting-point  for  a 
fresh  literary  development.  Thus,  while  the 
poet  of  heroic  front  has  always  inspired  us 
with  a  genuine  admiration,  very  few  of  our 
original  thinkers  have  occupied  themselves 
with  him  at  all  seriously.  "  It  can  hardly 
be  denied,"  says  Mr.  Rea,  "  that  England 
has  contributed  a  considerable  amount  to 
Schiller  literature  "  ;  but  unfortunately 
quantity  is  one  thing  and  quality  another, 
and  we  have  little  reason  to  boast  of  our 
Schiller  scholarship.  Since  Carlyle  wrote 
his  '  Life  of  Schiller  '  hardly  any  vital  and 
independent  criticism  on  the  subject  has 
been  produced  in  this  country  ;  Coleridge's 
1  Wallenstein  '  is  the  only  first-rate  version 
We  possess  of  any  of  the  dramas,  and  we 
Owe  that  to  a  lucky  chance,  for  Coleridge 
did  the  work  for  money,  and  not  for  love; 
and  of  the  poems,  except  for  a  stray  render- 
ing here  and  there,  we  have  no  satisfactory 
English  version.  Mr.  liea  has  a  rather 
pathetic  task  in  marshalling  his  ragged 
regiment  of  translators  ;    over  most  of  them 


Oblivion  had,  not  iniquitously,  scattered 
her  poppy,  and  we  cannot  help  wondering 
if  it  was  worth  while  to  bring  them  forward 
again,  even  for  a  momentary  inspection. 

History  of  the  United  Stales  and  its  People 
from  their  Earliest  Records  to  the  Present 
Time.  By  Elroy  McKendree  Avery.  Vols. I. 
and  II.  (Cleveland,  Ohio,  Burrows 
Brothers.) — Dr.  Avery's  'History  of  the 
United  States  '  is  to  consist  of  fifteen  large 
octavo  volumes.  The  length  of  the  work 
may  seem  somewhat  excessive,  but,  to 
judge  from  the  size  of  several  histories  of 
the  United  States  that  are  either  completed 
or  in  progress,  it  is  probably  the  belief  of 
Americans  that  the  size  of  a  history  should 
vary  directly  as  the  number  of  square  miles 
of  territory  with  which  the  history  is  con- 
cerned. This  was  clearly  not  the  opinion  of 
Mommsen  or  Gibbon,  but  an  American  writer 
must  pay  due  reverence  to  the  national  cult 
of  the  big. 

The  author  shows  a  commendable  deter- 
mination to  be  fair  and  impartial.  Where 
there  is  room  for  a  difference  of  opinion  as 
to  certain  matters  indispute — as,  for  example, 
the  identity  of  the  "  Mound  Builders,"  or 
the  genuineness  of  the  alleged  first  voyage 
of  Vespuccius — he  prefers  to  state  both  sides 
of  the  case,  and  leave  the  reader  to  draw 
his  own  conclusions,  instead  of  playing  the 
advocate  for  either  side.  This  inevitably 
impresses  the  reader  with  the  sense  of  the 
author's  impartiality,  but  occasionally  the 
method  is  carried  somewhat  to  extremes. 
For  example,  after  permitting  us  to  see  that 
nearly  all  authorities  unite  in  praise  of  Las 
Casas,  he  is  at  pains  to  inform  us  that  Mr. 
Adolph  F.  A.  Bandelier  says  that  there  is 
no  man  in  history  who  "  has  been  so  un- 
warrantably praised,  or  whose  career  has 
been  so  unjustifiably  distorted  and  mis- 
represented, as  Las  Casas."  It  was  hardly 
worth  while  to  quote  Mr.  Bandelier's 
opinion  without  at  the  same  time  giving  us 
some  little  information  as  to  the  identity 
of  Mr.  Bandelier  and  the  probable  value  of 
his  opinion  of  Las  Casas. 

In  his  first  volume,  which  treats  of  the 
discovery  of  America  and  the  voyages  and 
settlements  made  by  the  Spaniards,  the 
author  gives  an  admirable  synopsis  of  the 
facts,  erring  on  the  side  neither  of  undue 
brevity  nor  of  unnecessary  fullness.  He 
does  full  justice  to  the  merits  of  the  Spanish 
adventurers,  who  conquered  so  large  a  part 
of  the  New  World.  He  does  not  gloss  over 
the  crimes  and  cruelties  which  stain  the 
story  of  Spanish  exploration  and  conquest, 
but  he  is  careful  to  remind  us  that  the 
standards  of  morality  which  governed  men 
in  the  sixteenth  century  were,  to  a  large 
extent,  different  from  those  of  the  present 
century. 

The  second  volume  is  chiefly  occupied 
with  the  history  of  the  Dutch  and  English 
settlements  in  America,  and  the  growth  of 
the  colonies  up  to  the  year  1661.  Dr. 
Avery  is  apparently  of  the  opinion  that  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers  were  not  well  treated  by 
the  Dutch  during  their  stay  in  Leyden, 
and  that  this  was  the  main  reason  why  they 
decided  to  emigrate  to  America.  This  has 
not  been  the  belief  of  previous  historians, 
most  of  whom  have  led  us  to  believe  that 
the  chief  hardship  suffered  by  the  Pilgrims 
in  Holland  was  the  harrowing  spectacle  of 
Dutchmen  and  their  families  enjoying 
themselves  on  Sunday.  Again.  Dr.  Avery 
seems  to  think  that  the  Plymouth  Pilgrims 
were  believers  in  religions  toleration,  alt  hough 
facts  narrated  by  him  decidedly  clash  with 
this  theory.  Undoubtedly  the  Plymouth 
colonists  were  less  guilty  in  the  matter  of 
religious  persecution  than  the  colonists  of 
Massachusetts   Bay,  but  religious  toleration 


in  America  was  born,  as  Dr.  Avery  himself 
clearly  shows,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  settle 
ment  of  Maryland.  It  is  to  be  hoped  tha^ 
when  the  author  comes  to  discuss  topics 
concerning  which  his  countrymen  canno^ 
but  feel  strongly — such,  for  instance,  as  the 
true  reasons  for  the  revolt  of  the  colonies 
against  England,  and  the  origin  and  prose- 
cution of  the  great  Civil  War — he  will  still 
succeed  in  maintaining  his  attitude  of  dis- 
passionate impartiality. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  the  author's  style 
is  free  from  faults.  He  has  a  habit  of  dropping 
into  poetry,  quoting,  on  the  slightest  pro- 
vocation, verses  which  certainly  add  nothing 
to  the  interest  or  value  of  his  work.  Usually 
he  writes  in  an  easy  and  somewhat  colloquial 
style,  which  occasionally  degenerates  into 
journalese  of  the  American  variety.  "  What 
about  our  early  Americans  ?  "  he  demands 
with  startling  unexpectedness.  Of  the  bull 
of  Pope  Alexander  VI.  he  remarks,  "  The 
brdl  did  not  bother  with  the  division  that  a 
great  circle  would  make  on  the  other  side  of 
the  earth."  His  constant  use  of  the  word 
"  outcome  "  as  a  synonym  of  "  result  "  may 
set  the  nerves  of  some  readers  on  edge. 
Still  his  prose  has  always  the  great  merit 
of  being  easily  understood,  and  this  in  a 
popular  history  goes  a  long  way  to  excuse 
inelegancies  of  style. 

The  two  volumes  are  beautifully  printed 
on  thick  paper  with  wide  margins,  and  the 
illustrations,  which  are  numerous,  add  to  the 
value  of  the  work. 

King's  Lynn  with  its  Surroundings.  By 
W.  A.  Dutt.  "  Homeland  Handbooks." 
(King's  Lynn,  Thew  &  Son  ;  London,  the 
Homeland  Association. )  —  King's  Lynn, 
with  its  eventful  history  and  wealth  of 
ancient  buildings,  seems  to  suffer  peculiarly 
by  the  compression  necessary  to  a  hand- 
book. As  regards  the  town  itself,  Mr.  Dutt 
has  provided  a  full  guide  :  no  place  of  obvious 
interest  is  neglected,  and  he  draws  attention 
to  many  quaint  nooks  and  houses,  which, 
being  somewhat  hidden  away,  might  other- 
wise pass  unnoted  by  pilgrims.  There  is  an 
excellent  description  of  St.  Margaret's 
Church,  perhaps  the  chief  glory  of  Lynn  ; 
but  the  account  of  its  historic  organ  is  mis- 
leading. Not  only  wras  "the  fine  front  of  an 
earlier  instrument,  built  by  Snetzler  in  1754," 
retained  when,  in  1895,  the  organ  was  rebuilt 
and  enlarged,  but  also  twelve  of  Snetzler's 
stops,  including  the  famous  dulciana,  the 
first  of  its  kind  in  England.  With  respect 
to  the  town's  worthies,  more  prominence  is 
due  to  that  remarkable  figure  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  Nicholas  of  Lynn,  the  many-sided 
friar — musician,  mathematician,  astronomer, 
and  navigator  (placed  by  Fuller  among  the 
notable  seamen  of  Norfolk),  whose  reputed 
voyage  to  "  the  Pole  itself  "  is  said  to  have 
won  in  after  years  some  consideration  from 
the  eminent  Gerardus  Mercator.  Moreover, 
since  the  theory  of  Mr.  Walter  Rye  that 
Chaucer  was  a  native  of  Lynn,  is  thought 
worthy  of  mention  here,  room  might  surely 
have  been  made  for  Fuller's  assertion — 
possibly  as  well  founded — that  Nicholas 
was  Chaucer's  mathematical  tutor.  Again, 
Alan  of  Lynn,  the  fifteenth-century  index- 
compiler,  did  not  by  any  means,  as  would 
appear  from  Mr.  Dutt's  mention  of  him, 
(•online  his  industry  to  thirty-three  indexes: 
Bale  professes  to  have  actually  seen  the 
thirty-three  in  the  Carmelites'  library  at 
Norwich,  '*  acknowledging  many  more  which 
he  saw  not." 

There  an;  chapters  on  Castle  Rising,  with 
its  beautiful  Norman  church,  its  castle  and 
hospital,  and  on  Sandringham  ;  another,  all 
too  cursory,  on  the  Marshland  Churches; 
and  a  brief  description  of  the  valley  of  the 
Nar— the  "  Norfolk  Holy  Land."     Mr.  Dutt's 


158 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


style  is  attractive,  despite  the  usual  measure 
of  "  strollings  "  and  "  ramblings  "  proper  to 
works  of  this  class,  and  he  has  succeeded  in 
infusing  somewhat  of  imagination  and 
literary  grace  into  the  catalogue-like  narra- 
tive more  or  less  unavoidable  in  a  hand- 
book. The  volume  contains,  in  addition,  a 
list  of  works  bearing  on  the  history  of  the 
town  which  can  be  consulted  in  the  Lynn 
Free  Library,  and  another  of  the  excursions 
to  be  made  ;  but  the  usual  map  of  the 
neighbourhood  provided  does  not  seem 
entirely  up  to  date. 

Messrs.  A.  Constable  &  Co.  publish  in 
an  attractive  cover  of  blue  leather  The 
Meredith  Pocket  Book,  a  selection  from  the 
prose  works,  with  a  few  verses  interspersed 
by  way  of  variety.  The  little  book  is  likely 
to  be  popular  ;  the  selections  could  not  fail 
to  be  arresting,  though  they  do  not  seem  to 
us  chosen  with  any  particular  skill.  Their 
range  and  vigour  might  suggest  a  hundred 
discussions.  Dickens  is  sarcastic  in  '  Bleak 
House  '  concerning  the  uselessness  of  Latin 
verses,  but,  according  to  the  second  quota- 
tion of  this  selection,  Harry  Richmond  found 
thinking  about  them  kept  him  from  sea- 
sickness : — 

"  My  instinct  must  have  drawn  me  to  them  as  to 
a  species  of  intellectual  biscuit  steeped  in  spirit, 
tough,  and  comforting,  and  fundamentally  opposed 
to  existing  circumstances,  otherwise  I  cannot 
account  for  the  attraction." 

In  place  of  merely  descriptive  passages,  and 
scrappy  pieces  of  verses,  we  should  have 
chosen  "  obiter  dicta  "  on  questions  which 
interest  the  thinking  man.  For  instance, 
Have  the  Germans  more  brains  than  the 
English  ? 

"  Victor's  blood  up  to  the  dome  of  his  cranium 
knocked  the  patriotic  negative.  But  as  old  Colney 
says  (and  bother  him  for  constantly  intruding  !), 
the  comfortably  successful  have  the  habit  of  sitting, 
and  that  dulls  the  brain  yet  more  than  it  eases  the 
person :  hence  we  are  outpaced  ;  we  have  now  to 
know  that  we  are  racing." 

Literary  allusions  seem  to  be  rather  neglected. 
The  compiler  might,  at  any  rate,  have  found 
a  corner  for  the  Wise  Youth,  who 
"  had  no  intimates  except  Gibbon  and  Horace,  and 
the  society  of  these  fine  aristocrats  of  literature 
helped  him  to  accept  humanity  as  it  had  been,  and 
was;  a  supreme  ironic  procession,  with  laughter  of 
Gods  in  the  background." 

From  the  point  of  view  of  British  taste 
we  do  not  appreciate  on  this  side  of  the  water 
continental  caricatures  of  the  King,  even 
when  they  are  kindly  meant.  M.  Grand- 
Carteret  is  a  friend  of  the  entente  cordiale, 
but  his  talent  and  his  good  disposition  are 
not  in  themselves  sufficient  to  make  us  wel- 
come his  UOncle  de  V Europe  (Paris,  Louis 
Michaud).  The  preface  contains  some  gene- 
ral observations  on  caricature,  a  subject 
on  which  there  is  no  better  opinion  than 
that  of  M.  Grand-Carterot. 

Mr.  Dobell  writes  a  long  prefatory  poem 
— interesting  for  its  revelation  of  his  ambi- 
tions— to  his  new  edition  of  The  Poetical 
Works  of  Thomas  Traherne,  who  now  appears 

With  the  best  raiment  that  our  time  affords 
Of  comely  type,  fine  paper,  seemly  boards. 

Alike  in  the  Introduction,  which  explains 
the  curious  circumstances  of  the  discovery 
of  Trahorne's  work,  and  in  the  actual  text, 
much  will  ho  found  to  interest  lovers  of  a 
good  man  and  a  true  poet. 

The  quotations  given  from  Traherne's 
'  Centuries  of  Meditations  '  show  his  re- 
markable powers  in  prose,  and  a  gift  of 
ecstasy  which  comes  but  rarelv  either  to 
poets  or  philosophers.  We  welcome  the 
news  that  these  "  Meditations  "  are  to  be 
published  in  a  separate  book. 


Messrs.  Witherby  &  Co.  have  just  pub- 
lished No.  115  of  The  Royal  Navy  List  and 
Naval  Recorder,  a  complete  and  indispensable 
guide  to  the  subject. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Journal  of  Theological  Studies,  July,  3/6  net. 

Laiv. 
Markby  (Sir  W.),  An  Introduction  to  Hindu  and  Mahom- 
medan  Law,  0/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Annual  Progress  Report  of  the  Archaeological  Survey  of 

India,  Northern  Circle,  1/4 
Medallic  Illustrations  of  the  History  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.    Plates  XLL— L.,  6/ 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Warren  (A.),  The  Taking  of  Capri,  1/  net. 

Bibliography. 

Cotton  des  Houssayes  (J.  B.),The  Duties  and  Qualifications 

of   a  Librarian.     Dury  (J.),  The  Reformed   Librarie- 

Keeper,  2  vols.    (Set  of  C  vols.  12dols.) 

Philosophy. 

Fichte  (J.  G.),  The  Vocation  of  Man,  translated  by  W. 

Smith  and  E.  Ritchie. 
Powell  (E.  E.),  Spinoza  and  Religion. 

History  and  Biography. 
Baring-Gould   (S.)   and    Gilman   (A.),  Germany,  Seventh 

Edition,  5/ 
Leigh  (O.),  Edgar  Allan  Poe :   the  Man,  the  Master,  the 

Martyr,  Idol.  25c.  net. 
Mahaffy (J.  P.),  The  Silver  Age  of  the  Greek  World,  13/6  net. 
Turpin  (A.  T.),  Edgar  Athelstane  ;  or,  the  Garland  of  Life, 
4/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Guide  to  Holland,  2/6  net. 
New  Guide  to  Bristol  and  Clifton,  edited  by  J.  Baker. 

Philology. 
Late  Eighth-Century  Latin-Anglo  Glossary,  edited  by  J.  H. 
Hessels,  10/  net. 

School-Boohs. 
Atkins  (H.  G.),  A  Skeleton  French  Grammar,  2/ 
Ca>sar,  Gallic  War,  I.,  Od.  net. 
Complete  History  Readers,  No.  VII.,  2/ 
Cooper  (J.  F.),  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  1/ 
Davidson  (E.  F.),  An  Introduction  to  Good  Poetry,  1/6 
French  (C.  H.)  and  Osborn  (G.),  Matriculation  Graphs,  1/ 
Kingsley  (C),  The  Water- Babies,  6d. 
Mohere's  Les  Preaeuses  Ridicules,  edited  by  G.  H.  Clarke, 

Petits  Contes  pour  les  Enfants ;  La  Fee  Egaree  ;  Sur  la 
Montagne  ;  Le  Bal  de  Mademoiselle  Papillon,  id.  each. 
Sloman  (A.),  A  Grammar  of  Classical  Latin,  6/ 
Stevens  (J.  A.),  A  Junior  Latin  Syntax,  &d. 

Science. 

Annals  of  Mathematics,  July,  2/  net. 

Cotton  (A.  C),  The  Medical  Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Child- 
hood, 15/  net. 

Dalgado  (D.  G.),  The  Climate  of  Lisbon,  2/0 

Eden  (T.  W.),  A  Manual  of  Midwifery,  10/6  net. 

Hall  (P.  F.),  Irrigation  and  its  Effect  upon  the  United 
States,  6/  net. 

Henry  (J.  N.),  A  Nurse's  Handbook  of  Medicine,  6/  net. 

Jane  (F.  T.),  Fighting  Ships,  1906-7,  21/  net. 

Professional  Opinion  adverse  to  Vaccination :  British, 
American,  Colonial,  and  Continental,  6<f.  each. 

Roses  and  How  to  Grow  Them,  2/6  net. 

Woolson  (G.  A.),  Ferns  and  How  to  Grow  Them,  2/6  net. 

Young  (W.  H.  and  G.  C.)  The  Theory  of  Sets  of  Points, 
12/  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 

Children's  Heroes  Series :  Story  of  Columbus,  by  G.  M. 
Imlach  ;  Story  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  byM.  A.  Hamilton, 
1/6  net  each. 

Nursery  Tales  told  to  the  Children,  by  A.  Steedman,  1/  net. 

General  Literature. 
Clarke  (M.  C),  An  Anglo-French  Maid,  6/ 
Cleeve  (L.),  Love  and  the  King,  6/ 
Colib  (T.),  Collusion,  6/ 
Haggard  (A.),  A  Persian  Rose  Leaf,  6/ 
Lyons  (A.  E),  Mister  Bill,  "A  Man,"  3/6 
Maartena  (M.),  The  Woman's  Victory,  and  other  Stories  6/ 
Mann  (M.  E.),  The  Eglamore  Portraits,  6/ 
Maxwell  (W.  B.),  The  Guarded  Flame,  6/ 
Merriam  (<;.  S.),  The  Negro  and  the  Nation,  8/  net. 
.Mills  (J.),  Jack  Cherton  of  Sydney,  6/ 
Noble  (M.  E.),  The  Web  of  Indian  Life,  3/6  net. 
Stanton  (C.)and  Hosken  (H.),  A  Widow  by  Choice,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 
Fine  Art  and  Arcluvology. 
Altmann  (W.),  Die  italischen  Bundbauten,  3m. 
Grand-Carteret  (J.),  L'Oncle  do  L'Europe,  8fr.  50. 
Hartleben   (II.),  Champollion,  sein  Leben  und   scin   Wert 

•i  vols.,  30m. 
Birth's  Formenschatz,  Parts  7  and  8,  lm.  each. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bang  (M.),  Die  Germanen   ini   riimischen   Dien.st  bis   zitm 

Begierungsantritt  Constantins  I.,  4m.  so. 
Bourget(P.),  Etudes  et  Portraits:  Sociologfe  et  LitWrature. 

Mr.  50. 
Cramer  (J.),  Die  Verfassungsgeschichte  der  Germanen  und 

Kelten,  Ini,  80. 
Picard(E.),  L'Ecurie  de  Philippe  le  Ilardi,  Due  de  Bour- 

gogne,  Mr. 
Pilon  (K.),  Portraits  Frangais,  8fr.  50. 


Philology. 
Prince  (J.  D.):  Materials  for  a  Sumerian  Lexicon,  Part  II., 

18m. 

Science. 
Forel  (A.),  L'Ame  et  le  Systeme  Nerveux,  5fr. 
Progres  regents  (Les)  de  la  Chimie,  Second  Series,  5fr. 
Retzius  (G.),  Biologische  Untersuchungen,  40m. 
Ryba(G.),  Die  elektrischen  Signalvorrichtungen  der  Berg- 

werke,  5m.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Blum  (L.),  En  Lisant,  Deuxieme  Edition,  3fr.  50. 
Emery  (R.),  Douces  Amies,  3fr.  50. 
Herrmann  (H.),  Studien  zu  Heines  Romanzero,  4m. 
Junk    (W.),     Internationales   Adressbuch   der   Antiquar- 

Buchhandler. 
Rameau  (J.),  Du  Crime  a  l'Amour,  3fr.  50. 
Vaudere  (J.  de  la),  La  Vierge  d'Israel,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE  ROYAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY'S 
NEW    PUBLICATIONS. 

The  '  Acts  and  Ordinances  of  the  Eastland 
Company,'  to  which  are  appended  some 
extracts  from  the  Court  Book  of  the  Company 
at  York,  have  been  edited  for  the  Society's 
Camden  Series  (3rd  Ser.  vol.  xi.)  by  Miss 
Maud  Sellers,  who  has  for  many  years  past 
made  a  special  study  of  the  materials  for 
economic  history  which  are  to  be  found  in 
Northern  registers.  In  her  elaborate  Intro- 
duction to  this  edition  Miss  Sellers  has  sup- 
plied a  learned  and  useful  monograph  on 
the  history  of  the  Eastlanders  of  York, 
together  with  a  clear  account  of  their  rela- 
tions with  the  head  court  of  the  Fellowship 
in  London  and  with  the  other  provincial 
courts  on  the  East  and  South-West  coasts. 
Whilst  admitting  the  existence  of  a  super- 
ficial resemblance  between  the  organization 
of  the  Eastlanders  and  that  of  the  Merchant 
Adventurers,  Miss  Sellers  is  able  to  indicate 
the  existence  of  fundamental  distinctions 
between  the  constitution  and  policy  of  the 
two  bodies,  and  the  results  of  her  researches 
in  this  direction  alone  are  of  considerable 
historical  value.  Again,  the  attitude  of 
the  Government  and  nation  towards  these 
favoured  traders  is  explained  here  for  the 
first  time  with  sufficient  illustrations,  whilst 
the  editor's  description  of  the  internal 
organization  of  the  Company  may  fairly  be 
regarded  as  exhaustive.  Thanks  to  the 
present  edition  and  to  that  already  issued 
by  the  Surtees  Society  for  the  Merchant 
Adventurers  of  Newcastle,  as  well  as  to  the 
recent  researches  of  Dr.  Lingelbach  for  the 
history  of  the  Merchant  Adventurers  at 
large  which  have  been  published  in  the  Royal 
Historical  Society's  Transactions  (xvi.),  we 
are  now  in  a  fair  way  to  master  many  diffi- 
cult problems  arising  from  the  common 
forms  employed  in  early  charters  and  from 
an  imperfect  study  of  municipal  records. 
The  texts  printed  in  this  volume  should 
afford  a  rich  harvest  of  economic  facts  to 
those  who  are  interested  in  the  later  phases 
of  the  Baltic  trade  of  this  country.  There 
is  also  an  Appendix  containing  the  texts  of 
royal  charters  and  proclamations  relating 
to  the  Company,  and  a  Glossary  for  the 
elucidation  of  the  more  obscure  words 
encountered  in  the  text. 

Collectanea Anglo-Premonstratcnsia.  Vol. II. 
— The  second  volume  of  this  important  col- 
lection, which  has  been  arranged  with  much 
ingenuity  and  edited  with  consummate 
scholarship  by  Abbot  Gasquet.  is  concerned 
with  the  visitations  of  individual  houses  of 
the  Order  which  the  antiquary  Francis  Peck 
termed  "  Specialia,"  in  distinction  from  the 
"  Gencralia  "  affecting  tin;  whole  Order. 
The  latter  have  already  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  this  edition,  and  an  opportunity 
is  now  afforded  for  a  comparison  of  the  two 
sections.  This,  in  our  opinion,  is  not  un- 
favourable to  the  instructive  record  of  these 
provincial   visitations,   which    should   prove 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


159 


of  considerable  value  to  local  antiquaries 
as  well  as  to  students  of  monastic  history. 
We  may  infer  that  the  learned  editor  himself 
is  of  the  same  opinion,  and  he  has  taken 
much  pains  to  indicate  the  more  important 
features  of  the  new  source  of  information,  the 
discovery  and  elucidation  of  which  are  due  to 
his  acuteness.  We  learn  from  the  Preface 
that  the  edition  will  be  completed  with  a 
third  volume,  which  will,  of  course,  contain 
a  much-needed  Index  to  the  whole  work. 


'  THE  BURIAL  OF  SIR  JOHN  MOORE.' 

A  contributor  to  the  New  York  Critic 
for  July  has  made  the  "  astonishing  dis- 
covery "  that  Wolfe's  '  Burial  of  Sir  John 
Moore  '  was  translated  from  the  French. 
The  source  which  he  gives  for  the  original 
is  "  the  appendix  to  '  Les  Memoires  de  Lally- 
Tollendal,'  published  by  his  son."  Of  this 
work  there  appears  to  be  no  copy  in  the 
British  Museum  :  there  is  certainly  nothing 
of  the  kind  in  the  English  '  Memoirs  of  Count 
Lally,'  1766,  which  is  to  be  found  there. 
A  comparison,  however,  of  the  French  lines 
printed  in  the  Critic  with  a  jeu  d'esprit  con- 
tributed, by  the  Irish  humorist  who  wrote 
as  "  Father  Prout,"  to  the  first  number 
(January,  1837)  of  Bentley's  Miscellany 
(then  edited  by  Dickens)  establishes  the 
verbal  identity  of  the  two.  Mahony 
was  a  marvellous  linguist,  and  his 
translation  is  a  masterpiece.  Probably 
"  the  discoverer  "  was  not  aware  that  his 
authority  had  perpetrated  the  same  joke  on 
Thomas  Moore  in  his  lifetime  as  he  played 
off  upon  Charles  Wolfe  after  his  death.  A 
Breton  colonel,  one  De  Beaumanoir,  who  is 
said  to  have  fallen  at  the  siege  of  Pondi- 
cherry,  is  the  hero  of  the  "  French  original  " 
-of  both  the  Critic's  and  Father  Prout's  poem. 
It  need  scarcely  be  added  that  Wolfe's 
authorship  has  been  amply  attested,  and 
the  circumstances  of  the  composition  of 
'  The  Burial '  described  by  personal  acquaint- 
ances of  the  Irish  poet.  Various  spurious 
claimants  had  come  forward :  they  were 
silenced  by  a  communication  made  in  1841 
(eighteen  years  after  Wolfe's  death)  to  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  by  John  Anster,  the 
translator  of  '  Faust.'  The  curious  may  be 
referred  to  a  summary  of  the  question  in 
Notes  and  Queries  for  February  21st,  1903, 
by  Mr.  Christopher  Dove.  I  may  add  that 
I  do  not  share  the  American  writer's  low 
opinion  of  the  other  poems  of  the  author 
of  '  The  Burial.'  They  were  reprinted  in 
1903  with  an  admirable  memoir  by  Mr. 
Litton  Falkiner.  G.   Le  G.   N. 


THE    BIRTH- YEAR    OF 
HENRY    V. 

Mr.  Wylie  has  in  his  letter  in  your  issue 
for  July  28th  completely  changed  his  ground. 
He  appealed  in  the  first  instance  to  the 
Vitellius  Chronicle  for  proof  of  a  date  ;  lie 
now  impugns  the  chronological  trustworthi- 
ness of  the  Chronicle.  If  he  succeeds  in  his 
later  endeavour,  the  Chronicle  becomes 
valueless  for  his  first  purpose.  For  my  own 
part,  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  writer,  when 
he  noted  the  birth  of  Henry  V.  at  the  end 
of  his  entry  for  10  Richard  II.,  meant  to 
refer  it  to  the  tenth  mayoral  year,  i.e., 
August,  1387. 

I  have  never  contended  that  the  chronology 
of  the  London  Chronicles  is  entirely  unim- 
peachable. Nevertheless  a  sufficient  ex- 
planation might  be  given,  did  space  permit, 
for  the  three  instances  which  Mr.  Wylie 
has    selected.     I    am,    however,    only    con- 


cerned to  show  what  was  the  general  practice 
of  the  London  Chroniclers.  For  that  purpose 
I  can  wish  nothing  better  than  one  of  the 
very  places  in  Gregory's  Chronicle  (p.  107) 
to  which  Mr.  Wylie  appeals.  There  we  find 
the  entry  :  "  Walderne,  mayor,  the  same 
xiiij  yere  of  his  fadyr,  and  the  fyrste  yere  of 
the  sone,  and  thys  ys  rekynde  but  for  oone 
yere."  The  "  yeres  "  are  there  clearly 
mayoral,  and  not  regnal.  And  so  in  this 
place  Oldcastle's  trial  for  heresy  appears 
under  the  fourteenth  (mayoral)  year  of 
Henry  IV.,  though  it  really  belonged  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  V.  What  Mr.  Wylie  calls 
the  "  mayoral  hypothesis  "  is  not  an  hypo- 
thesis at  all,  but  a  regular  and  ascertained 
practice,  to  which  a  few  exceptions  (not 
difficult  of  explanation)  may  be  found. 

C.  L.  Kingsford. 


"SIDNEY'S    SISTER,    PEMBROKE'S 
MOTHER." 

Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

In  discussions  of  the  authorship  of  the 
well-known  lines  on  "  Sidney's  sister, 
Pembroke's  mother,"  it  is  generally 
stated  that  they  were  first  printed 
(anonymously)  in  Osborne's  '  Traditional 
Memoirs  on  the  Reign  of  King  James,' 
1658,  thirty-seven  years  after  the  death 
of  the  Countess  of  Pembroke.  It  has 
been  said  that  the  epitaph  first  appears  in 
a  MS.  of  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  it  bears  the 
signature  "  William  Browne,"  and  in  a  col- 
lection of  Browne's  miscellaneous  pieces,  in 
Lansdowne  MS.  No.  777,  dated  1650.  See 
Mr.  Gordon  Goodwin's  edition  of  Browne, 
in  "  The  Muses'  Library  "  series,  vol.  ii. 
p.  350,  and  a  letter  of  Mr.  E.  K.  Chambers 
in  The  Academy  for  November  21st,  1896. 
There  is  a  version  of  the  epitaph  antedating 
these  three.  So  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  it  has 
escaped  observation. 

In  Camden's  "  Remaines  concerning  Brit- 
taine :  But  especially  England,  and  the 
Inhabitants  thereof.  The  fourth  Impres- 
sion, reviewed,  corrected,  and  increased, 
London,  1629,"  p.  336,  is  the  following  : — 

0)i  the  Countess  Dowager  of  Pembroke 

Under  this  Marble  Hearse 
Lyes  the  subject  of  all  Verse  ; 
Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Heath,  ere  thou  hast  kil'd  another, 
Faire,  and  learn'd,  and  good  as  she, 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee. 

Marble  piles  let  no  man  raise 
To  her  name,  for  after-dayes  : 
Some  kind  woman  borne  as  she, 
Reading  this,  (like  Niobe) 
Shall  turne  Marble,  and  become 
Both  her  mourner  and  her  Tombe. 

In  the  Trinity  College  MS.  line  1  reads 
"  Underneath  this  sable  hearse  "  ;  line  4 
reads  "  Death,  ere  thou  hast  slain  another," 
with  the  variant  "  killed." 

This  epitaph  is  printed  in  the  '  Remains  ' 
without  its  author's  name.  It  follows  imme- 
diately an  epitaph  on  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
which  has  this  brief  introduction  :  "  Sir 
Philip  Sidney.  .  .  .hath  this  most  happily 
imitated  out  of  the  French  of  Mons.  Bonivet, 
made  by  Joach.  de  Bellay,  as  it  was  noted 
by  Sir  George  Buc  in  his  Poetica."  Evi- 
dently the  writer  of  the  lines  on  the  Countess 
of  Pembroke  was  not  known,  or  his  name 
also  would  have  been  given.  Tho  epitaph 
is  printed  eight  years  before  Jonson's  death, 
yet  apparently  he  never  claimed  it.  This  is 
certainly  a  point  in  favour  of  Browne's 
authorship,  for  Jonson  was  not  the  man  to 
hide  his  light  under  a  bushel.  Moreover, 
Jonson  is  mentioned  on  p.  285  of  this  edition 
of  the  '  Remains  '  : — 


"This  may  suffice  for  some  Poeticall  descriptions 
of  our  Auntient  Poets :  if  I  would  come  to  our 
time,  what  a  world  could  I  present  to  you  out  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Edward  Spencer,  John  Owen, 
Samuel  Daniel,  Hugh  Holland,  Ben.  Johnson, 
Thomas  Campion,  Mich.  Drayton,  George  Chap- 
man, John  Marston,  William  Shakespere,  and 
other  most  pregnant  wits  of  these  our  times,  whom 
succeeding  ages  may  justly  admire." 

Certainly,  if  it  was  known  that  Jonson  was 
the  author  of  these  lines,  it  would  be  most 
natural  to  ascribe  them  to  him. 

Turning  to  the  epitaph,  it  seems  that  the 
second  stanza  was  considered  an  integral 
part  of  it,  and  that  it  was  not,  as  Mr.  Hazlitt 
suggested,  "  the  work  of  another  pen." 
Mr.  Goodwin  and  Mr.  Chambers  have  pointed 
out,  in  discussing  these  lines,  that  Browne 
was  an  uneven  writer,  and  frequently  injured 
his  work  because  he  had  not  the  last  and 
greatest  art— the  art  to  blot. 

I  have  been  unable  to  consult  the  third 
impression  of  the  '  Remains,'  1627.  It  is 
possible  that  this  edition  would  throw  more 
light  on  the  subject,  though  if  it  contains 
the  name  of  the  writer  of  the  epitaph,  that 
name  would  probably  be  copied  in  the  1629 
impresS|ion.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the 
epitaph  is  omitted  from  the  fifth  impression, 
1637,  and  the  sixth  impression,  1657,  enlarged 
by  "  the  industry  and  care  of  John  Phillipot, 
Somerset  Herald  :  and  W.  D.  Gent."  A 
comparison  of  the  various  editions  of  the 
'  Remains,'  examining  what  was  omitted 
and  what  added  in  the  six  reprints  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  would  bring  to  light 
some  interesting  and  possibly  some  signi- 
ficant facts.  Edward  B.  Reed. 


GLEANINGS    FROM 
ST.    CLEMENT'S    DANES. 

The  value  of  old  church  registers  and 
churchwardens'  accounts  is  duly  appreciated 
by  students  of  history,  biography,  and  topo- 
graphy. It  is  unfortunate  that  not  even 
all  those  of  our  important  City  churches  have 
as  yet  been  printed.  Among  those  much  in 
request  are  the  books  of  St.  Clement's  Danes. 
When  I  was  allowed  to  follow  out  the  records 
of  the  Shakespeare  family  which  I  had  traced 
to  this  parish,  I  hastily  noted  a  few  entries 
that  interested  me.  Finding  that  many  of 
these  are  wanted  by  other  students,  I  thought 
it  wise  to  contribute  a  few  selections  from 
my  notebook — too  few,  but  the  tune  at  my 
disposal  was  short,  and  I  dared  not  liinder 
my  mam  search. 

The  date  and  the  place  of  the  marriage 
of  John  Lyly,  tho  Euphuist,  is  unknown  to 
his  biographers  or  to  the  '  Dictionary.'  There 
were  married  here  "  John  Lilly  and  Bettoris 
Browne,  22nd  Nov.,  1583,"  and  "  John 
Lilly  and  Elizabeth  Jues,  14th  July,  1587." 
Seeing  that  the  widow  of  the  dramatist  was 
named  Beatrice,  we  cannot  suppose  he  had 
married  both  these  wives.  But  the  second 
must  have  been  a  contemporary  John  Lilly, 
who  may  have  led  to  some  confusion  among 
tho  references  of  the  period. 

The  only  other  entry  of  the  name  of  Browne 
that  I  noted  was  among  the  burials  :  "  The 
Lady  Jano  Browne,  19th  Oct.,  1562." 

The  date  and  place  of  the  burial  of  Raphael 
Holinshed,  the  historian,  are  also  unknown. 
There  was  a  family  of  the  name  in  tliis  parish. 
Among  the  burials  is  that  of  "  Randoll 
Hollingshcad,  Householder,  26th  March, 
1572  "  ;  and  among  the  marriages,  "  Hum- 
phrey Hollingshead  and  Emm  Alline, 
23rd  March,  1581."  There  may  bo  many 
others,  but  those  two  tlrrust  themselves 
under  my  notice. 


160 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


Essex  House  was  in  the  parish.  Hence 
we  find  "  Sapio  Riche,  ye  sonne  of  ye  Lord 
Riche,  baptized  in  Essex  House,  Dec.  8th, 
1597  "  (Lady  Rich  was  sister  to  the  Earl  of 
Essex)  ;  "  Thomas  Head,  servant  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex,  buried  6th  Oct.,  1599 "  ; 
"  Owin     Salisbury,     Captain,     slain    within 

Essex  gallery  ;    James ,  footman  to  the 

Earl  of  Southampton,  who  both  were  buryed 
by  night,  the  10th  Feb.,  1600  " — traces  of  the 
ill-omened  rising  that  brought  Essex  to  the 
block  and  Southampton  to  the  Tower. 

The  Howards  are  represented.  There 
were  buried  "  Mr.  Charles  Howard,  ye  sonne 
of  ye  Lord  William  Howard,  31  Nov., 
1589  "  ;  "William  Arundel,  gent.,  from  ye 
Lord  William  Howard,  18th  Feb.,  1591. 
John  Howard,  gent.,  ye  sonne  of  ye  Lord 
William  Howard  (same  Day)." 

Some  of  the  Throgmortons  seem  to  have 
lived  here :  "  John  Tlrrogmorton  was 
buried  30th  Dec,  1603";  Sir  George 
Throgmorton  and  Dorytie  Walson  were 
married  8th  May,  1606 "  ;  and  "  Sir 
George  Throckmorton  and  Mrs.  Anne 
Wright,  25th  June,  1630."  Baptized: 
"  George  Throckmorton,  son  of  Sir  George 
Throckmorton  and  Dame  Anne,  Dec.  11th, 
1632  (deceased)."  Burial  :  "  Lady  Anne 
Throckmorton,  wife  of  Sir  George,  29th  No- 
vember, 1632." 

There  were  also  some  Ardens  :  "  Edward 
Arden  and  Margaret  Waulkner  were  married 
11th  Nov.,  1587";  "  Hamond  Rightwood 
and  Elizabeth  Arden,  3rd  Dec,  1618 "  ; 
"  John  Foxwell  and  Mary  Arden,  12th  July, 
1629."  Baptizings  :  "  Alethia  Arden, 
daughter  of  John,  21  Feb.,  1617  ";  "  Thomas 
Arden,  son  of  Thomas  and  Anne,  20th  July, 
1627  "  ;  "  James  and  Elizabeth,  twins, 
s.  and  d.  of  Thomas  Arden  and  Anne  ux.  ej., 
8th  Oct.,  1632."  Burial  :  "  Elizabeth  Arden, 
d.  of  Thomas,  25th  March,  1629." 

Some  of  the  Washingtons  also.  Among 
the  baptizings  :  "  3rd  June,  1621,  Lawrence, 
son  of  Daniel  Washington  and  Mary  his 
wife  "  ;  "  22nd  April,  1622,  John,  son  of 
Daniel  Washington  and  Mary  his  wife." 
Among  the  burials  :  "  Thomas  Washington, 
son  of  Thomas,  10th  Sep.,  1609." 

Several  single  entries  have  their  sug- 
gestions. Among  the  "  baptizings  "  were 
"  John  Byron,  son  of  John  Byron,  gent., 
Jan.,  1601  "  ;  "  John  Field,  son  of  John 
Field,  Jan.,  1602  "  (probably  the  preacher)  ; 
"  John  Bunyan,  son  of  Randall,  17th  May, 
1611." 

Among  the  burials  were  those  of  "Edward 
Conway,  gent.,  May  14th,  1573  ";  "Leonard 
Thakeray,  the  sonne  of  Robert,  Jan.  1st, 
1578  "  ;  "  Giles  Farrant,  Householder, 
16th  July,  1591  "  ;  "  Gabriel  Bennet, 
Householder,  who  was  slayne,  3rd  Dec, 
1598  "  ;  "  Sir  George  Peckham,  Knight, 
28th  March,  1606  "  ;  "  John  Bowsellon, 
Schoolmaster,  2nd  April,  1608  "  ;  "  Mounseer 
Nevyll,  one  of  the  Palsgrave's  gents.,  2nd  Jan. 
1612  "  ;  "  Sampson  Vautrollier,  son  of  James, 
18th  June,  1631";  "The  Lady  Francos, 
Countess  of  Kellio,  9th  Nov.,  1631." 

There  were  many  Emersons,  Brighams, 
Stricklands,  Kobles,  Pollards,  and  "  Michael 
Greenstroet,  gent.,  from  Now  Inn,"  besides 
the  relatives  and  connexions  of  John  Shake- 
speare, the  royal  bitmaker. 

The  register  is  not  without  its  humours. 
Among  the  marriages,  one  runs  thus: 
"  26th  Jan.,  L573  ),  On  this  day  was  maryed 
M.  N.,  whoso  names  he  know  not  in  ye 
licence."  There  wore  marriages  between 
"  Greedy  and  Haddock,"  "  Haul  and  Folly," 
"  Brute  and  Onion,"  "  Goose  and  Tybbol, 
and  "  Thomas  Wash  and  Jane  Hayre." 
Strange  names  appear,  as  "  Dollye,"  "  God- 
bohere,"      "  Caol,"      "  Tearclotli,"      "  Siboll 


Rhetorick,"  and  "  Syrorjhenissa  Sweep." 
There  seem  to  have  been  a  good  many 
negroes  in  the  parish.  For  instance,  among 
the  burials  are  "  Fortunatus,  a  blackamoor, 
servant  to  Sir  Robert  Cicill,  Jan.  10th, 
1601  "  ;  and  "  Thomas,  the  son  of  Black 
Bess,  Sept.,  1605." 

Many  desiderata  would  be  provided  could 
some  means  be  found  to  allow  the  easy  access 
of  students  to  the  unprinted  registers  of 
London. 

Charlotte  Carmichael  Stopes. 


THE  EYESORE  OF  THE  PIR^US. 

Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Pericles  is  said  by  Plutarch  to  have  called 
the  island  of  iEgina  the  Ar/nr)  (eyesore)  of  the 
Piraeus.  It  seems  to  me  that  this  metaphor 
was  suggested  to  him  by  the  other,  probably 
Doric,  word  for  A^r;  mentioned  in  Hesy- 
chius,  viz.,  AtytaSes :  kou  iv  tw  o(f>6aX/xio  Tas 
VTToXevKOvs  ouAas  alytaSas  eAeyov.  I  say 
"  Doric  "  because  auyes  was  a  Doric  word 
for  waves.  Hence  Pericles's  joke  was  pro- 
bably in  its  original  form  eAeye  rr/v  Atytvav 
Ai'yiaSa  eiVcu  tov  Heipatews. 

J.  P.  Mahaefy. 


published     in 
Dent  &  Co. 


due     course    by     Messrs. 


litaarjr  (Btsmip. 

The  '  Life  and  Letters  of  Lafcadio 
Hearn,'  which  Messrs.  Constable  announce, 
should  be  one  of  the  notable  publications 
of  the  season.  Hearn's  life  was  romantic 
in  the  extreme.  Born  of  Greek  and  Irish 
parentage  in  the  Ionian  Islands,  he  was 
all  his  life  a  wanderer,  living  at  various 
times  with  a  wealthy  aunt  in  Wales, 
in  extreme  poverty  in  New  York,  in 
Bohemian  literary  circles  in  Cincinnati 
and  New  Orleans,  and  finally,  during  the 
fourteen  years  before  his  death,  in  Japan, 
as  a  citizen  of  that  country.  His  bio- 
grapher, Mrs.  Wetmore,  enjoyed  Hearn's 
friendship  for  nearly  thirty  years,  and  had 
the  advantage  of  seeing  him  in  many  of 
his  different  environments. 

The  bulk  of  the  book,  however,  consists 
of  Hearn's  letters  to  a  great  variety  of 
correspondents  during  thirty-five  years. 
Hearn  was  one  of  the  best  letter-writers 
of  his  age,  and  the  continually  changing 
background  of  the  letters  and  the  great 
multitude  of  subjects  which  attracted 
Hearn  should  make  a  work  of  great 
interest.  The  two  volumes  also  contain 
some  fragments  of  an  autobiography 
which  had  been  begun  by  Hearn,  and 
which  brings  the  story  of  his  inner  life 
down  to  the  point  at  which  the  corre- 
spondence begins.  The  volumes  will  be 
illustrated  with  portraits  of  Hearn,  his 
family  and  friends,  with  facsimiles  of  his 
manuscript,  and  with  reproductions  of 
some  of  the  vivacious  pen  -  and  -  ink 
sketches  witli  which  he  was  wont  to 
embellish  liis  familiar  correspondence. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  life  of 
Queen  Mary  of  Modena,  Martin  Haile 
has  been  at  work  upon  a  life  of  the 
queen's  sou,  Prince  James  Francis  Edward 
Stuart,  known  to  the  Jacobites  as  King 
James  III.  and  VIII.,  and  usually  called 
the    Old    Pretender.      The   book   will    be 


Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  very  soon  a 
novel  entitled  '  The  Locum  Tenens,'  by 
the  Rev.  Victor  L.  Whitechurch,  author 
of  '  The  Canon  in  Residence.'  The  book 
is  largely  a  story  of  clerical  life,  and 
throws  some  side-lights  on  ultra-advanced 
Ecclesiasticism. 

The  second  volume  of  Prof.  Vietor's 
'  Shakespeare's  Pronunciation '  will  be 
published  next  week  by  Mr.  Nutt.  It 
is  entitled  '  A  Shakespeare  Reader  in  the 
Old  Spelling  and  with  a  Phonetic  Tran- 
scription.' The  first  part,  '  A  Shakespeare 
Phonology,'  appeared  early  in  June. 

Mr.  Gordon  Crosse  has  just  com- 
pleted a  work  on  '  Authority  in  the 
Church  of  England,'  which  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Wells  Gardner  &  Co.  in 
a  few  weeks.  The  volume  deals  with  the 
question  from  the  earliest  times  to  the 
recent  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission. 

The  new  volume  of  '  Book- Prices  Cur- 
rent,' the  twentieth  of  the  series,  will  be 
published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  immediately. 
The  general  and  subject  indexes  have 
again  been  combined  under  one  alphabet, 
and  cover  considerably  more  entries  than 
usual,  the  scope  of  the  work  having  been 
enlarged  without  adding  to  its  bulk.  Some 
fifty  important  sales  are  fully  reported. 
There  will  be  an  increased  number  of 
editorial  notes,  which  will,  it  is  hoped, 
add  to  the  usefulness  of  the  volume. 

Mr.  T.  N.  Eoulis  has  opened  an  office 
and  warehouse  at  23,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 

The  Board  of  Education  are  sending 
out  in  advance  a  memorandum  on  courses 
of  work  in  rural  evening  schools,  which 
follows  practical  lines  more  closely  than 
education  has  generally  done.  '  Citizen- 
ship '  and  '  Rural  Science  '  are  mentioned 
in  the  '  Preparatory  Course.'  The  instruc- 
tion in  arithmetic  is  to  be  "  limited  to 
calculations  likely  to  occur  in  the  work 
and  life  of  the  students  "  ;  and  the  teach- 
ing of  geography  is  to  include  "  communica- 
tion by  road,  rail,  canal,  and  post  to 
centres  ;  distances,  fares,  and  rates  ;  the 
geography  of  districts  at  home  and  abroad 
where  there  is  competition  with  local 
industry."  Ignorance  of  local  geography 
outside  a  small  area  is  very  general  in 
rural  districts,  and  we  hope  that  these 
sensible  recommendations  will  have  good 
results.  But  the  average  Board  School 
boy  shows  such  a  feeble  grip  of  the 
practical  problems  of  life  that  we  are  not 
sanguine  concerning  the  advance  of  the 
young  rustic. 

By  invitation  of  Sir  Archibald  Lawrie, 
the  Glasgow  Archaeological  Society  will 
visit  to-day,  under  the  guidance  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  A.  G.  Mitchell,  the  birthplace  of 
George  Buchanan. 

Mr.  George  Allen  promises  in  the 
autumn  '  Lord  Acton  and  his  Circle,' 
edited  by  Abbot  Gasquet ;  and  '  The 
Medea  of  Euripides,'  translated  into  verse, 
with  notes,  by  Dr.  Gilbert  Murray  . 

The  '  Dictionnaire  International  des 
Ecrivains  du  Monde  Latin,'  by  Prof,  de 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


161 


Gubernatis,  is  now  out.  It  contains 
1,506  pages  and  more  than  10,000  notices, 
about  half  of  which  are  devoted  to  Italy. 
It  may  be  recalled  that  a  study  of  "  the 
Latin  world "  in  a  wide  sense  is  the 
qualification  for  insertion.  At  the  end 
of  the  year  a  '  Supplement '  will  be  issued, 
with  corrections  and  additions  and  a 
general  index. 

Mr.  D.  B.  Hall,  Librarian  of  the 
Millicent  Library  at  Fairhaven,  Mass., 
has  drawn  up  an  interesting  report  on 
the  many  gifts  and  bequests  to  American 
libraries  during  1905,  so  far  as  he  has 
been  able  to  obtain  authentic  records. 
The  money  given  to  the  libraries  in  the 
State  of  Massachusetts  amounts  to  259,000 
dollars,  New  York  State  coming  next 
with  159,000  dollars.  Harvard  College 
Library  received  a  million-dollar  bequest, 
as  well  as  numerous  valuable  gifts  of 
books,  such  as  Prof.  Norton's  library.  A 
collection  of  2,700  Oriental  coins  of  the 
countries  to  which  Salem  ships  have 
sailed,  together  with  150  volumes  on 
numismatics,  were  presented  to  the  Essex 
Institute  by  Mr.  John  Robinson.  Mr. 
Carnegie's  gifts  have  been  both  numerous 
and  far-reaching. 

M.  Aime  Joseph  Edmond  Rousse,  the 
French  avocat,  who  died  last  week,  was  a 
native  of  Paris,  where  he  was  born  on 
May  17th,  1817.  He  succeeded  Jules 
Favre  at  the  Academie  Francaise  in  May, 
1880;  but  his  literary  works  were  almost 
entirely  confined  to  the  profession  of 
which  he  was  such  a  distinguished 
member.  He  published,  or  rather  had 
printed  for  private  circulation,  an  '  Etude 
sur  les  Parlements  de  France ' ;  he  also 
wrote  a  notice  of  Alfred  Levesque,  and 
edited  the  '  Discours  et  Plaidoyers  '  of  his 
"  maitre,"  M.  Chaix  d'Est-Ange. 


SCIENCE 


The  Victoria  History  of  Berkshire.  By 
P.  H.  Ditchfield  and  William  Page. 
Vol.  I.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

The  natural  history  of  Berkshire  is  dis- 
cussed in  this  volume  after  an  unusually 
attractive  fashion.  Mr.  Druce  writes  of 
the  botany  in  as  pleasant  a  manner  as 
when  he  did  a  like  service  in  this  series 
for  the  county  of  Buckingham.  Berkshire 
differs  so  much  in  its  geological  formation 
that  an  extensive  flora  might  be  antici- 
pated ;  the  species  noted  number  exactly 
1,000,  against  939  in  Oxfordshire,  and 
877  in  Buckinghamshire.  In  several  cases 
plants  not  originally  pertaining  to  the 
soil  of  Berkshire  have  been  introduced 
by  the  railways.  The  contrasts  in  the 
botanical  divisions  of  this  shire  are  almost 
more  remarkable  than  those  of  any  other 
county.  The  difference  between  the  flora 
of  the  Bagshot  Beds  of  the  south-east  of 
the  county  and  that  of  the  northern  parts 
within  the  great  bend  of  the  Isis  is  most 
striking  : — 

"Instead    of    the    rich    meadows    of    the 
Oxford   Clay   and   its   oak  woods,   studded 


with  primroses  or  blue  with  wild  hyacinths, 
or  the  stone  walls  and  houses  of  the  Corallian 
Beds,  or  the  flat,  uninteresting  agrestal 
districts  of  the  Kimeridge  and  Gault,  or  the 
gently  undulating  and  fertile  Grcensand, 
with  its  fields  of  blazing  poppies  and  crimson 
clover,  or  the  crisp  turf  of  the  chalk  downs, 
redolent  of  thyme,  with  its  maple  and  buck- 
thorn hedges  and  its  fields  sometimes  dazzling 
yellow  with  mustard,  at  other  times  white 
with  corn  camomile — instead  of  these  we 
have  an  area  to  a  great  extent  uncultivated, 
sometimes  showinga  golden-coloured  common 
owing  to  the  abundance  of  the  dwarf  gorse, 
or  crimson  with  the  heath,  or  amethystine 
with  the  heather." 

It  is  most  refreshing  to  find  a  learned 
and  capable  botanist  who  is  bold  enough 
to  write  occasionally  of  flowers  under  their 
ordinary  names. 

Mr.  Heatley  Noble  treats  brightly  of  the 
birds.  Owing  to  its  inland  position, 
Berkshire  is  not  so  strong  in  avifauna  as 
many  other  counties  ;  but  the  resident 
birds  and  the  spring  and  autumn  migrants 
bring  up  the  total  to  216  species.  We  are 
glad  to  notice  that  the  recording  of  local 
names — a  matter  foolishly  despised  by 
the  drier  race  of  scientific  ornithologists 
— is  not  omitted.  Among  the  more 
unusual  of  these  names  the  following 
occur :  hedge-poker  for  hedge-sparrow, 
bumbarrel  for  long-tailed  tit,  blue-bonnet 
for  blue  tit,  French  sparrow  for  red- 
backed  shrike,  devil-screamer  for  swift, 
and  rip-hook  for  hobby. 

The  chapter  on  the  mammals,  by  the 
late  Mr.  Cornish,  is  not  so  severely  technical 
as  the  like  section  in  some  of  the  first 
volumes  of  this  scheme.  The  English 
fox  of  the  old  forest  days  was  reckoned 
among  the  four  beasts  of  the  chase  that 
were  campestres,  or  found  in  the  open 
country  by  day.  This  classification  has 
been  disputed  by  some  modern  sportsmen, 
who  maintain  that  it  is  incorrect,  or  else 
that  the  fox  has  changed  its  nature.  Those, 
however,  who  are  content  to  observe 
nature  apart  from  destructive  tastes  are 
well  aware  that  the  fox  is  fond  of  sunning 
itself  in  the  open  for  fully  half  the  year. 
In  this  connexion,  therefore,  it  is  interest- 
ing to  read  : — 

"  The  foxes  on  the  downs  sit  out  a  good 
deal  on  the  rough  grass  in  spring.  They 
may  often  be  seen  doing  this  in  the  open  park 
above  Kingston  Lisle  House.  In  the  vale 
they  regularly  hunt  along  the  Great  Western 
Railway  in  the  early  morning  for  birds  killed 
by  the  telegraph  wires." 

It  is  satisfactory  to  learn  that  badgers 
are  certainly  not  diminishing  in  Berkshire  ; 
they  appear  to  abound  on  the  wide  stretches 
of  downland,  for  no  one  interferes  with 
them  in  any  way.  The  otter  is  also 
common  on  the  Berkshire  side  of  the 
Thames  : — 

"  This  river  and  its  tributaries  are  greatly 
frequented  by  the  otters,  which  either  lie 
in  tho  withy  beds,  or  on  the  crowns  or  under 
the  roots  of  the  innumerable  pollard  willows. 
Their  principal  food  among  the  fish  are  chub 
and  eels,  though  they  also  feed  largely  on 
frogs,  caught  in  the  wet  grass  and  in  the 
ditches.  Local  riverside  persons  make  a 
practice  of  finding  out  the  trees  in  which  the 
otters  live,  when  the  grass  is  long,  and  track 
them  in  the  mornings.  The  poor  animal 
is  then  trapped  in  a  gin,  and  the  body  taken 


round  and  exhibited,  as  it  is  supposed  in  the 
interest  of  fishermen.  It  is  afterwards  sold 
to  be  stuffed,  or  is  raffled  for  in  some  river- 
side inn." 

It  is  also  satisfactory  to  read  that  the 
dormouse — locally  known  as  the  sleep- 
mouse — is  not  uncommon  in  the  woods 
round  the  downs.  Only  those  who  are 
quiet  students  of  nature  have  any  idea 
of  the  grace  and  agility  of  these  little 
animals  in  the  warm  weather.  They  are 
styled  here,  after  a  happy  fashion,  "  the 
squirrels  of  the  hedgerows."  The  habits 
of  that  interesting  creature  the  water 
vole  or  water  rat,  when  making  its  supper 
off  the  pith  of  the  giant  rush,  are  vividly 
described. 

It  is  said  that  a  polecat  was  seen  in 
Wittenham  Wood,  on  the  Thames,  in 
1896  ;  but  it  is  possible  that  it  was  an 
escaped  polecat  ferret.  Writers  on  English 
mammals  usually  neglect  to  search  old 
churchwarden  accounts,  whence  many  an 
interesting  note  could  be  gleaned.  Thus 
the  parish  accounts  of  Aldworth,  in  this 
county,  bear  witness  to  an  abundance  of 
polecats  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Fourpence  a  piece  was  paid  for 
single  polecats  in  1763  and  1764,  for 
three  in  1768,  for  four  in  1770,  and  for 
ten  in  1772. 

The  graceful  roedeer,  long  lost  to 
the  county,  is  now  again  resident  in 
Berkshire.  Specimens  were  turned  out 
some  time  ago  in  the  Virginia  Water  woods, 
where  they  have  more  than  maintained 
themselves,  for  they  have  spread  into 
several  of  the  wooded  estates  near  Sun- 
ningdale.  The  information  as  to  the 
ancient  forests  of  Berkshire,  more  par- 
ticularly the  parts  of  Windsor  Forest 
within  the  county,  is  somewhat  meagre 
and  not  wholly  accurate  ;  but  probably 
forestry  will  form  a  separate  sub-section 
in  a  future  volume. 

When  the  history  of  man  is  reached,  in 
the  latter  part  of  this  volume,  Mr.  Shrub- 
sole  deals  with  the  palaeolithic,  neolithic, 
and  bronze  ages,  whilst  Mr.  Clinch  writes 
of  the  prehistoric  iron  age,  of  the  White 
Horse    at   Uffington,    of    ancient    British 
coins  and  roads,  and  of  the  remains  of 
ancient  pile-dwellings  found  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood   of    Newbury.     Mr.    Page,    the 
general   editor,   in  conjunction  with  Miss 
Calthrop,  well  supplies  the  place  usually 
occupied    by    Mr.  Haverfield    in    dealing 
thoroughly    with    Romano-British    Berk- 
shire.    Ancient  earthworks  are  described 
and  illustrated,  after  a  comprehensive  and 
clear  fashion,  by  Mr.  Harold  T.  E.  Peake. 
Mr.  Pv.  A.  Smith  has  an  interesting  paper 
on  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  compiled  from 
a    variety    of    printed    proceedings.     It 
includes,    however,    the    description    and 
full-page  illustration  of  a  pewter  chalice, 
which,     with    much    else    pertaining    to 
Frilford  and  Reading  discoveries,  certainly 
ought  to  have  found  a  place,  not  in  this 
section,    but    in    that    of    the    Romano- 
British  period.     At  Reading  in  1S90  was 
found     a    body,     amid     many     Romano- 
British    relics,   lying  east   and   west,   with 
a  leaden  plate  bearing  three  crosses  of  the 
Greek  form,  which  was  rightly  concluded 
to   mark  a  Christian  interment.     A  few 


162 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


feet  distant,  at  about  the  same  level,  was 
a  male  skeleton,  with  a  small  pewter 
chalice  resting  on  his  hand.  This  may 
certainly  be  accepted  as  the  grave  of  a 
Christian  priest.  The  chalice  should  be 
compared  with  the  chalice  of  a  Romano- 
British  altar  set  of  pewter  hidden  at  Apple- 
shaw,  which  recently  came  to  light. 

Mr.  Round  is  as  interesting  and  able 
as  ever  in  his  introduction  to  Berkshire 
Domesday ;  he  pays  more  particular 
attention  to  woodlands,  as  indicated  by 
the  swine  pannage,  than  in  some  of  his 
other  introductions.  A  special  index  to 
the  Domesday  introduction  and  text  is 
an  essential.  In  other  volumes  of  this 
great  series  such  an  index  has  appeared  at 
the  end  of  the  first  volume.  It  is  stated 
that  this  feature  is  to  be  kept  back  till 
the  close  of  the  fourth  volume  ;  but  surely 
this  is  wrong.  The  only  proper  place  for 
it  is  at  the  end  of  the  article  itself,  and 
not  at  the  end  of  any  one  of  the  volumes, 
least  of  all  of  the  last.  Under  this  singu- 
larly awkward  plan,  any  one  wishing  to 
refer  to  this  article  will  always  have  to 
use  two  of  these  great  volumes. 

The  present  instalment  concludes  with 
a  series  of  short  essays  by  Mr.  Ditchfield 
on  the  various  industries  of  the  county. 
That  on  cloth-making  introduces  much  of 
local  interest  that  is  but  little  known ;  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  that  on  tanning. 
There  is  also  a  good  deal  of  pleasantly 
written  information  on  the  use  of  the 
Thames  as  the  waterway  for  Berkshire 
timber  for  many  centuries. 

The  cartography  continues  to  be  a 
special  and  most  useful  feature  of  these 
volumes.  The  present  issue  contains  geo- 
logical, orographical,  botanical,  prehistoric, 
Romano-British,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  Domes- 
day maps,  besides  one  of  ancient  earth- 
works. 


Recent  Advances  in  the  Physiology  of 
Digestion.  By  Ernest  H.  Starling,  M.D. 
(Constable  &  Co.) — This  book  illustrates 
very  aptly  some  of  the  good  which  is  done 
by  the  wealthy  City  Companies  of  London. 
The  Mercers'  Company  recently  gave  liberally 
to  aid  the  work  of  the  Physiological  Depart- 
ment at  University  College,  and  these  lec- 
tures by  Dr.  Starling,  the  Jodrcll  Professor, 
are  the  first  of  a  course  to  be  delivered 
annually  and  called  "  The  Mercers'  Company 
Lectures."  Physiology  advances  rapidly 
and  in  many  directions  ;  some  of  its  hypo- 
theses therefore  prove  to  be  untenable, 
others  stand  in  need  of  further  experiment, 
whilst  others,  again,  can  be  shown  to  be 
accurate  explanations  of  observed  pheno- 
mena. The  physiology  of  digestion  is 
especially  full  of  hypotheses,  and  the  original 
workers  in  the  Physiological  Laboratory  at 
University  College  have  devoted  themselves 
assiduously  to  this  branch  of  the  work. 
Dr.  Starling  has  done  well,  therefore,  in 
summarizing  the  results  which  have  been 
obtained  under  his  supervision,  and  the 
present  lectures  form  a  valuable  commentary 
upon  several  disputed  points.  He  deals  more 
especially  with  the  "  hormones,"  or  chemical 
messengers,  which  appear  normally  to  excite 
the.  glands  to  secrete  by  stimulating  them 
through  the  blood  stream  rather  than  through 
the  nervous  system,  as  is  usually  maintained. 
The  hormones  for  the.  gastric  and  pancreatic 
secretion  are  already  within  sight :    there  is 


evidence  of  the  existence  of  similar  bodies 
which  determine  the  secretory  activity  both 
of  the  liver  and  of  the  intestinal  glands. 
The  suprarenal  bodies  manufacture  adrenalin, 
and  the  thyroid  some  substance  which  is 
necessary  for  the  proper  growth  of  the  tissues 
of  the  body,  and  especially  for  the  discharge 
of  the  cerebral  function.  The  foetus  appears 
to  secrete  into  the  maternal  blood  a  chemical 
substance  which  excites  the  growth  of  the 
mammary  glands.  It  is  probable  that 
with  increasing  knowledge  the  list  of  these 
hormones,  or  messenger  substances,  will  be 
largely  extended,  and  that  with  their  isola- 
tion it  will  be  possible  to  influence  the  growth 
and  activity  of  the  majority  of  the  organs 
of  the  body.  Dr.  Starling  says  that  it  is 
worthy  of  note  that  these  substances  do  not 
belong  to  the  group  of  physiologically  active 
agents  of  complex  and  indefinite  chemical 
composition,  such  as  the  ferments  and  toxins, 
but  are  in  all  probability  well-defined 
chemical  substances,  often  highly  unstable, 
but  still  capable  of  analysis,  and,  in  some 
cases  at  any  rate,  of  artificial  synthesis. 
They  are  comparable  in  many  respects  to 
the  alkaloids  and  other  substances  of  definite 
chemical  composition  which  form  the  drugs 
of  our  pharmacopoeia. 

The  lectures  are  full  of  interesting  problems, 
but  in  some  cases  Dr.  Starling  is  rather  too 
absolute  in  his  generalizations,  because  he 
does  not  take  into  account  the  digestive 
actions  in  different  animals.  It  is  certainly 
incorrect  to  say  of  a  man  that 

1 '  the  food  swallowed  at  successive  intervals  col- 
lects to  form  a  mass  lying  in  the  fundus  of  the 
stomach.  This  mass,  impregnated  with  saliva 
and  kept  at  the  hody  temperature,  is  penetrated 
with  difficulty  by  any  juice  secreted  in  the  stomach, 
so  that  in  those  animals  whose  saliva  contains 
ptyalin  the  process  of  salivary  digestion  can  go 
on  unchecked,  at  any  rate  in  the  centre  of  the  mass, 
for  twenty  to  forty  minutes." 

Surgeons  who  are  in  the  habit  of  giving 
"  test  meals  "  daily  know  that  there  is  very 
little  digestion  of  starch  after  the  food  has 
entered  the  stomach.  The  last  chapter  deals 
adequately  with  the  movements  of  the 
alimentary  canal  ;  and  there  is  an  appendix 
giving  a  list  of  papers  bearing  on  the  sub- 
jects treated  in  the  lectures  which  have 
been  published  since  1899  by  workers  in 
the  Physiological  Department  at  University 
College. 

Diet  and  Dietectics.  By  A.  Gautier. 
Edited  and  translated  by  A.  J.  Rice-Oxley, 
M.D.  (Constable  &  Co.)— This  book  is 
translated  from  the  second  edition  of 
Prof.  Gautier's  treatise,  which  is  the 
most  complete  work  on  the  subject  of 
diet  and  dietetics  which  has  yet  been  pub- 
lished. The  first  part  treats  of  the  principles 
and  methods  upon  which  the  science  of 
dietetics  rests.  It  is  highly  technical,  for 
it  is  concerned  with  the  deeper  problems  of 
physiology,  which  in  turn  require  a  sound 
knowledge  of  organic  chemistry  and 
physics.  The  information  is  accurate  and 
well  up  to  date,  and  Prof.  Gautier  has  been 
able  to  make  use  of  the  results  of  Prof. 
Atwater,  which  were  recently  reached  at 
the  experimental  station  of  Alimentation 
of  the  United  States  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment. This  section  also  contains  an  inter- 
esting table  of  the  food  supply  of  Paris 
during  1890-99.  It  is  clear  that  the  French, 
like  all  other  active  nations,  are  yearly 
becoming  greater  meat-eaters,  though  their 
average  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  is 
not  yet  so  great  as  ours  in  England.  Prof. 
Gautier  says  it  is  desirable  that  the  consump- 
tion of  meat  should  increase  in  general 
throughout  France,  though  it  should  not 
reach  the  high  rate  which  it  attains  in  certain 
well-to-do  families  of  Paris  or  London,   for 


"it  is  notorious  that  the  most  active,  the 
most  robust,  and  the  most  aggressive  people 
are  great  meat-eaters.  I  shall  only  quote 
the  English  and  the  Germans." 

The  second  part  deals  with  every  kind  of 
food  and  drink  used  by  the  human  race. 
It  contains  much  valuable  information, 
drawn  from  a  variety  of  sources  and  pre- 
sented in  a  readable  form.  It  seems  that 
Mohammed  introduced  a  special  method  of 
fermenting  milk  to  make  kephir  (an  alcoholic 
and  sparkling  preparation  very  similar  to 
koumiss),  which  is  still  vised  by  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  Caucasian  mountains,  though 
Prof.  Gautier  thinks  it  is  inferior  to  the 
Tartar  koumiss. 

The  third  part  appeals  more  especially  to 
the  physician,  because  it  treats  of  diet  in 
health  and  disease,  and  of  the  various 
modifications  which  are  advisable.  It  is 
written  in  a  form  which  is  readily  intelligible 
to  the  general  reader,  and  it  shows  how  much 
depends  upon  the  use  of  common  sense. 

The  translation  is  well  done  on  the  whole, 
though  there  are  a  good  many  places  where 
the  French  idiom  has  been  retained,  and 
Dr.  Pvice-Oxley  has  often  preserved  the 
French  terminology  instead  of  giving  the 
English  equivalent  There  are  some  awkward 
slips,  especially  in  connexion  with  Greek 
words.  The  index  is  insufficient  for  the 
purposes  of  immediate  reference,  even  when 
it  is  used  in  conjunction  with  the  table  of 
contents. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

An  exceptionally  interesting  notice  of  one 
of  the  Congolese  tribes  appeared  in  a  recent 
number  of  the  Belgian  Royal  Geographical 
Society's  journal,  and  it  has  now  been  pub- 
lished in  separate  form.  The  Upotos  live 
on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Congo,  between 
Ikonmango  and  Dobbo,  or  between  the 
twentieth  and  twenty-second  degrees  of 
east  longitude,  and  the  writer,  M.  Lindeman, 
resided  among  them  for  several  years.  His 
description  proves  that  he  studied  their 
customs  and  folk-lore  very  closely. 

The  Upotos  seem  to  have  long  resided  in 
the  region  now  occupied  by  them,  and  they 
show  a  marked  disinclination  to  quit  it. 
They  live  chiefly  by  fishing,  and  one  of  the 
first  things  to  strike  a  visitor  is  that  certain 
fish  are  reserved  for  the  men,  others  for  the 
women  and  yet  a  third  kind  for  the  slaves. 
These  slaves  are  chiefly  slaves  by  birth  or 
men  sold  for  their  debts.  They  are  well 
treated,  and  opposite  Iringui  is  an  island  in 
which  all  slaves  who  are  incapable  of  work- 
ing are  allowed  to  reside  by  themselves. 
One  form  of  semi-servitude  is  called  lisokko. 
This  is  when  a  man,  not  having  money  to  buy 
a  wife,  sells  himself  to  a  chief  to  obtain  one. 
The  offspring  of  such  a  marriage  become 
the  property  of  the  chief.  One  very  curious 
custom  is  that  a  man  may  never  look  at  his 
mother-in-law.  If  he  does,  he  has  to  pay 
her  a  fine  of  30  to  50  mitakkos,  which 
are  brass  rods  equal  to  a  halfpenny.  Neither 
must  the  mother-in-law  look  at  her  daughter's 
husband,  but  M.  Lindeman  omits  to  mention 
the  penalty.  Children  are  treated  with 
great  kindness,  and  in  fact  spoilt.  Their 
mothers  do  not  chastise  them  even  if  the 
children  strike  them.  Among  the  duties  of 
tho  women  is  that  of  shaving  their  husbands. 
The  chief  amusements  are  singing,  dancing, 
and  wrestling  matches  between  villages. 
Tho  victors  are  painted  red  ;  so  also  are 
corpses  before  burial,  but  in  the  case  of 
women  it  is  not  the  bodies,  but  the  coverings 
in  which  they  are  wrapped,  that  are  so 
coloured.  Circumcision  is  practised.  The 
Upotos  believe  in  lifo  after  death,  and  in 
spirits.     They    think    thoir    dead    relatives 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


163 


and  friends  are  always  watching  them, 
although  they  cannot  be  seen.  Their  God 
is  named  Libanza,  and  M.  Lindeman  gives 
a  long  and  interesting  description  of  Upoto 
mythology.  Their  account  of  the  origin  of 
the  white  and  black  races  is  curious.  Lib- 
anza sent  his  son  Tserenga  on  earth  to  see 
what  the  races  of  mankind  were  doing. 
Among  Europeans  he  was  well  received,  so 
he  gave  them  a  white  skin  and  much  know- 
ledge, but  among  the  Africans  he  was  badly 
received,  so  he  left  them  black  and  stupid. 
One  of  the  myths  entertained  by  this  people 
is  that  the  Congo  and  its  many  tributaries 
were  created  by  the  tears  of  the  tribes  weep- 
ing for  a  favourite  chief  long  ago.  The 
moon  is  supposed  to  be  an  immense  ship 
engaged  in  conveying  the  souls  of  the  dead 
to  Libanza  ;  and  the  stars  are  the  eyes  of 
the  dead,  who  sleep  during  the  day.  As  a 
rule,  negro  myths  have  seemed  devoid  of 
general  interest,  but  M.  Lindeman  has  made 
a  most  interesting  inclusion  into  those  of 
the  Upotos. 


Srimct  (Bossip. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  York,  the  University 
of  Leeds  has  conferred  the  honorary  degree 
of  Sc.D.  upon  Prof.  Ray  Lankester,  the 
President  of  the  Association,  and  upon  Prof. 
H.  H.  Turner,  of  Oxford. 

Mb.  John  Evershed,  F.R.A.S.  has  been 
appointed  Assistant-Director  of  the  Kodai- 
kanal  Observatory. 

The  absence  of  moonlight  next  week  will 
render  it  a  very  favourable  opportunity  for 
observing  Finlay's  comet  (d,  1906),  which, 
according  to  M.  Schulhof 's  revised  ephemeris, 
is  now  in  the  southern  part  of  Taurus,  and 
will  on  the  20th  inst.  be  about  four  degrees 
due  south  of  Aldebaran,  rising  about  mid- 
night. Early  next  month  it  will  pass  over 
Orion's  club. 

The  amount  of  sunshine  registered  this 
year  at  the  Royal  Observatory  exceeds  that 
of  the  first  seven  months  of  any  previous 
3  ear  since  the  record  began.  The  next 
greatest  was  1899.  The  Campbell-Stokes 
recorder,  considered  to  be  more  accurate  in 
its  indications  than  the  one  previously  in 
use  from  1877,  was  first  employed  in  1887. 

Last  week  two  large  spots  passed  over  the 
sun's  disk,  both  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 
The  earlier  was  the  larger,  and  was  situated 
about  16°  south  of  the  sun's  equator.  It 
was  first  noticed  as  a  small  spot  on  the  28th 
ult.,  and  increased  in  size  until  on  the  31st 
it  was  10°  in  length  and  extended  over 
about  6°  of  solar  latitude. 


FINE   ARTS 


liembrandt :  a  Memorial  of  his  Tercen- 
tenary. By  Emil  Michel.  With  70 
Plates.     (Heinemann.) 

Four  editions  of  this  Tercentenary  Me- 
morial have  recently  been  issued  simul- 
taneously in  London,  Paris,  Berlin,  and 
Amsterdam,  in  the  native  languages  of 
those  cities.  Only  through  this  inter- 
national combination  has  it  been  possible 
to  produce  at  a  reasonable  price  the  30 
plates  in  colour  and  40  in  photogravure. 
The  latter,  which  are  printed  on  the  finest 
paper  and  plate-marked,  are  executed  by 
the   new   and   expensive    "Rembrandt" 


process.  This  gives  a  deep  tone  and  a 
quasi-mezzotint  appearance.  Of  these 
reproductions,  perhaps  the  most  pleasing 
is  the  portrait  of  '  Jan  Six.'  Some  of  the 
plates  in  colour  are  not  quite  so  successful. 
Etchings  and  drawings  do  not  always  lend 
themselves  so  readily  to  reproduction,  but 
the  pen-and-wash  drawing  of  the  '  Cottage 
surrounded  by  Trees  '  is  delightful. 

One  cannot  help  thinking  that  the 
intention  of  issuing  the  work  in  ten  fort- 
nightly parts  has  militated  against  the 
full  enjoyment  of  the  book  in  its  present 
form.  The  illustrations  are  not  arranged 
in  the  order  in  which  they  are  considered 
in  the  text  (where  they  are  chronologically 
treated),  but  are  introduced  at  haphazard. 
The  original  intention,  no  doubt,  was  to 
make  each  separate  part  attractive  in 
itself  to  the  public. 

The  omission  of  an  index  is  the  great 
blemish  on  the  work  ;  and  this  is  inten- 
sified by  the  not  over-careful  way  in  which 
the  list  of  plates  in  colour  and  in  photo- 
gravure has  been  drawn  up. 

The  author  of  the  text  is,  of  course,  a 
well-known  critic  of  Rembrandt,  and  no 
better  man  could  have  been  chosen  to 
deal  with  the  subject.  He  is  careful  to 
say  that  he  has  not  attempted  a  detailed 
study  of  the  fife  of  the  great  Dutch  artist ; 
nor  has  he  cleared  up  any  obscurities  or 
made  any  startling  identifications.  He 
has  not  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover 
any  documentary  evidence  to  show  that 
Rembrandt  eventually  married  Hendrickje 
Stoffels,  as  he  presumably  did  in  the  summer 
of  1654,  after  she  had  been  severely  admo- 
nished by  the  consistory  of  the  church.  It 
would  appear  that,  but  for  Rembrandt's 
having  married  again,  Titus's  legal  claim 
to  the  property  left  by  his  mother  would 
not  have  been  allowed.  It  is  rather 
remarkable  that  our  author,  after  giving 
the  date  of  Rembrandt's  birth  as  July  15th, 
1607,  in  his  monograph  in  the  "  Artistes 
Celebres "  series,  should  here  make  no 
comment  in  assigning  it  to  1606.  It  is 
now  generally  accepted  that  the  most 
famous  of  painter-etchers  was  born  in 
the  earlier  year,  though  of  late  1607  has 
been  frequently  put  forward  as  more 
likely.  Now  that  his  engraved  and  painted 
work  has  been  exhaustively  examined 
and  arranged  by  Dr.  Bode,  we  are  face 
to  face  with  Rembrandt  as  with  very  few 
other  artists.  Rembrandt's  influence  over 
British  art  cannot  be  calculated,  and  it  is 
not  necessary  now  to  dilate  on  his  mastery 
of  his  art.  It  seems  strange  that,  down 
to  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  he  was, 
by  the  majority,  looked  upon  as  a  roisterer, 
whose  drunkenness  and  immorality  placed 
him  beneath  the  consideration  of  properly 
constituted  people.  Even  Ruskin  main- 
tained that  "  it  was  the  aim  of  Rembrandt 
to  paint  the  foulest  things  he  could  see — 
by  rushlight." 

The  remarks  on  the  master's  drawings 
as  having  been  made,  "  not  for  others, 
but  for  himself,"  and  as  "  mediums  for 
the  expression  of  bis  thoughts,"  are 
excellent,  but  Rembrandt's  "  aberrations  " 
in  painting  mythological  subjects  are 
too  harshly  criticized.  The  influence  of 
domestic  bereavements  on  his  art  is.  all 


through  the  book,  admirably  noted,  and 
the  loss  of  his  mother  is  shown  to  be 
reflected  in  '  The  Holy  Family  in  the  Car- 
penter's Shop  '  of  that  year.  This  picture 
is  rather  unsatisfactorily  called  '  The 
Carpenter's  Household  ' — an  evident  trans- 
lation of  '  Le  Menage  du  Menuisier '  of 
the  Louvre  picture.  It  is  remarkable  that 
the  only  picture  in  the  Louvre  reproduced 
is  '  The  Supper  at  Emmaus  '  ;  but  that 
selection  is  eminently  suitable. 

It  is  evident  that  the  painter  has  a 
wider  horizon  than  our  author,  who  appa- 
rently makes  only  one  allusion  to  Italian 
artists,  and  that  when,  in  alluding  to 
'  The  Supper  at  Emmaus,'  he  mentions 
"  the  purely  decorative  compositions  of 
artists  such  as  Bellini,  Titian,  and  Vero- 
nese." His  silence  as  to  the  art  of  the  other 
Dutch  artists  is  none  the  less  marked. 
Not  even  Hals,  Rubens,  and  Velasquez, 
Rembrandt's  contemporaries,  are  noticed, 
except  incidentally. 

The  drawings  and  etchings  are  arranged 
neither  in  the  order  of  their  execution  nor 
according  to  country  ;  while  those  in  the 
same  collection  are,  for  no  apparent 
reason,  other  than  the  exigencies  of  fort- 
nightly parts,  separated.  Where  there 
is  an  evident  relation  between  a  drawing 
and  a  well-known  painting  of  the  same 
subject,  there  is  no  attempt  to  reproduce 
them  both,  or  to  show,  by  reference  or 
otherwise,  their  inter-dependence.  The 
study  for  '  The  Good  Samaritan  '  (Rotter- 
dam Museum)  is  interesting  in  itself,  but 
its  value  would  be  enhanced  if  it  were 
shown  in  connexion  with  one  of  the  paint- 
ings of  the  same  subject,  notably  that  in 
the  Louvre.  In  like  manner  the  study  in 
red  chalk  (Berlin  Print-Room)  for  '  The 
Philosopher  '  in  the  Louvre  is  lost  upon 
us.  There  are  two  very  similar  pictures 
with  that  title  in  that  museum,  and  the 
drawing  evidently  relates  to  No.  2540 
(408). 

Facing  p.  34  we  have  a  colour  repro- 
duction of  the  pen-and-bistre  drawing  of 
'The  Return  of  the  Prodigal'  (Teyler 
Museum),  which  is  evidently  an  early 
inspiration  (but  differently  treated)  for 
the  picture  of  that  subject  which  Rem- 
brandt executed  in  the  evening  of  his 
sad  career.  There  seems  no  very  cogent 
reason  for  including  this  in  the  present 
volume,  unaccompanied  by  a  reproduction 
of  the  picture  in  the  Hermitage,  more 
especially  as  it  has  been  reproduced  by 
Claussin  and  by  Dr.  Lippmann.  It  may 
be  a  small  matter,  but  not  every  amateur 
will  immediately  recall  the  whereabouts 
of  the  Teyler  Museum,  which  should  have 
been  given  as  at  Haarlem. 

It  is  not  always  safe  to  assign  dates  to 
drawings,  but  the  '  Study  of  an  Elephant ' 
in  the  British  Museum  might  without 
much  risk  be  assigned  to  1637,  especially 
as  there  is  a  similar  drawing  in  the 
Albertina.  The  official  number  of  each 
drawing  in  the  different  public  collections 
might,  with  advantage,  have  been  given, 
and  this  omission  prevents  identification 
in  the  case  of  the  '  Landscape  Study'  in 
the  British  .Museum.  In  the  same  way 
the  numbers,  however  antiquated,  of  the 
drawings  in  the  Louvre  might  well  have 


164 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


been  added,  if  this  "  Memorial  "  edition 
is  to  be  used  seriously' for  reference. 

Passing  to  the  40  plates  in  photogravure, 
we  find  that  scanty  details  are  furnished 
and  only  four  pictures  dated.  Even  '  The 
Night  Watch  '  has  no  date  assigned  to  it. 
At  the  head  of  the  list  is  Rembrandt's 
portrait  of  himself  aged  thirty-two  (Nat. 
GaU.  No.  672),  signed  and  dated  1640. 
No  date  is  given  in  connexion  with  the 
plate,  nor  is  it  easy  to  discover  the  com- 
ments made  on  it. 

On  p.  47  we  find  a  plate  of  the  picture 
in  the  National  Gallery  (No.  775),  which 
is  described  as  '  Portrait  of  an  Old  Lady.' 
There  are  two  portraits  at  Trafalgar 
Square  which  bear  that  title.  The  paint- 
ing referred  to  is  the  '  Portrait  of  an  Old 
Lady,  in  black,  with  white  cap  and  ruff,' 
and  is  not  to  be  confused  with  the  '  Old 
Lady  '  purchased  from  Lord  de  Saumarez. 
There  is  a  photogravure  on  p.  83  of  '  The 
Burgomaster '  (Nat.  Gall.  1674),  which 
is  here  not  too  correctly  given  as  '  An 
Old  Man.' 

The  misnamed  '  Night  Watch,'  which 
Dr.  Bode  prefers  to  call  '  The  March  Out,' 
is  dealt  with  on  p.  70,  but  the  photogravure 
of  it  faces  p.  24.  M.  Michel  explains 
how  this  picture  "  was  destined  to 
deal  a  heavy  blow  to  Rembrandt's 
reputation,  and  to  diminish  his  clintele 
very  sensibly,"  though  it  is  now  admitted 
to  be  one  of  his  masterpieces.  It  must 
not  be  forgotten  that  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
owing  to  the  terrible  state  of  dirt  in  which 
he  saw  it,  half  doubted  its  genuineness  ; 
and  its  true  beauty  was  not  revealed 
until  it  was  seen  in  a  suitable  light  at  the 
Amsterdam  Exhibition  of  1898.  A  repro- 
duction of  the  old  and  much  reduced 
copy  made  by  Lundens,  and  long  shown 
in  the  National  Gallery,  might  with  advan- 
tage have  been  given  to  indicate  how  the 
original  has  been  mutilated  and  cut  down. 

It  is  a  matter  of  common  knowledge  that 
nowhere  else  is  our  painter  so  well  repre- 
sented as  in  the  forty  authentic  pictures 
by  him  in  the  Hermitage ;  but  only  one 
photogravure  is  included  of  these.  The 
picture  chosen,  the  '  Sobieski,'  cannot 
represent  that  King  of  Poland,  who  was 
then  only  twelve  years  of  age  and  never 
went  to  Holland.  It  no  doubt  portrays 
some  Polish  nobleman. 

There  are  in  the  United  States  no 
fewer  than  forty-eight  Rembrandts,  and 
a  dozen  more  are  apparently  soon  to  be 
sent  there.  Most  of  them  are  in  private 
collections,  and  Mr.  H.  0.  Havemeyer 
alone  owns  eight ;  but  not  one  of  these  is 
reproduced.  This  seems  an  oversight, 
especially  when  we  remember  that  this 
artist  painted  only  about  six  hundred 
pictures.  As  it  is  stated  in  the  beginning 
of  this  tl  .Memorial "  issue  that  iV  this 
edition  is  issued  for  sale  in  all  English- 
speaking  countries,  and  is  not  to  be 
offered  for  sale  on  the  Continent,"  the  sale 
of  the  book  in  the  United  States  would 
surely  have  been  Largely  increased  if  some 
of  the  pictures  HOW  in  America  had  been 
included,  to  I  he  exclusion  of  less  important 
matter,  it  would,  no  doubt,  have  been 
possible  to  procure  an  illustration  of  '  The 
Standard-bearer  ' — to    mention    the    first 


that  occurs  to  us — which  was  formerly 
at  Warwick  Castle,  and  now  belongs  to* 
Mr.  George  J.  Gould. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  portrait  of 
'  Titus  van  Rijn  '  in  the  Wallace  Collec- 
tion (here  called  the  "  WaUace  Museum  ") 
should  not  have  been  placed  nearer  to 
that  of  the  Rodolphe  Kami  Collection, 
and  opposite  the  reference  to  them  in  the 
text. 

We  are  told  regarding  Rembrandt  that 
"  the  prices  of  his  works,  which  have  been 
very  high  for  some  time  past,  increase 
steadily,  and,  almost  alone  among  the 
old  masters,  he  has  found  favour  with  a 
youthful  generation  by  no  means  catholic 
in  its  admiration."  We  can  hardly  sub- 
scribe to  this.  We  must  admit,  however, 
that,  to  the  best  of  our  recollection,  the 
highest  sum  paid  for  a  Rembrandt  in  an 
English  sale-room  (1,0351.  in  1893)  is 
slightly  less  than  the  sum  paid  for  Land- 
seer's  '  Monarch  of  the  Glen '  !  This 
certainly  reveals  a  not  very  "  catholic  " 
taste,  although  much  greater  sums  have 
been  paid  privately. 

When  the  book  passes  to  a  second  issue, 
it  ought  to  include,  besides  the  index  of 
which  we  have  spoken,  a  bibliography, 
and  a  list  of  Rembrandt's  works  and  the 
exhibitions  at  which  they  have  been  seen. 

M.  Michel  has  achieved  a  great  success, 
and  his  writing  shows  that  he  has  spent 
long  years  with  Rembrandt.  The  lite- 
rary taste  displayed  and  the  evident  desire 
to  avoid  all  problems  should  certainly 
ensure  for  the  book  success,  not  only  in  the 
four  countries  in  which  it  is  published,  but 
in  the  artistic  world  generally.  We  have 
had  enough  of  the  "  popular "  editions 
which  are  periodically  hurled  at  a  certain 
not  over-artistic  section  of  the  British 
public,  which,  it  may  be  noted,  did  not 
on  July  15th  show  any  large  delight  in  the 
heritage  that  has  come  down  to  it  from 
Holland.  The  only  official  act  in  England 
— the  initiative  of  which  may  have  come 
from  a  private  source  —  seems  to  have 
been  the  placing  in  the  National  Gallery 
of  a  memorial  wreath  below  the  portrait 
of  the  artist  which  is  illustrated  in  this 
"  Memorial  "  edition. 

The  book  is  admirably  got  up,  and 
reflects  great  credit  on  the  four  firms 
concerned. 


St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  By  George  Clinch. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) — There  is  nothing  very 
novel  in  this  small  and  well-illustrated  book, 
which  forms  one  of  that  generally  useful 
series  known  as  "  Little  Guides  "  ;  but  it  is 
a  carefully  written  and  convenient  handbook, 
woll  up  to  date.  Mr.  Clinch  has  assimilated 
all  that  has  been  written  of  importance  on 
the  successive  great  churches  that  have 
occupied  the  site  now  crowned  by  Wren's 
noble  work,  and  also  manifests  a  certain 
amount  of  power  in  tho  way  of  original 
criticism  and  appreciation.  Tho  story  is 
pleasantly  told  from  the  beginning  of  the 
seventh  century  down  to  the  ([awn  of  tho 
twentieth,  and  there  is  a  wholesome  absence 
of  those  irritating  and  flippant  comments 
which  characterize  not  a  little  of  present- 
day  writing  on  sacred  sites  and  buildings. 
The  unhappy  rearrangement  of  the  great 
cathedral  church  in   1858,   whereby    Wren's 


interior  designs  were  hopelessly  obliterated 
through  the  removal  of  the  quire  screen  and 
organ,  thus  tin-owing  the  quire  or  inner  church 
open  to  the  other  parts  of  the  cathedral,  is 
dealt  with  after  a  calm  and  reasonable 
fashion.  Nevertheless,  this  unwarrantable 
interference  with  the  great  architect's 
arrangements  is  in  reality  all  the  more 
severely  condemned  by  Mr.  Clinch's  self- 
restraint  in  treating  of  the  matter.  The 
eastern  limb  of  the  church  was  enclosed  by 
a  fine  series  of  screens,  in  accordance 
with  general  mediaeval  precedent,  and  was 
specially  designed  for  religious  worship. 
The  open  parts  of  the  church  were  merely 
used  for  annual  gatherings  of  charity 
children,  and  for  public  thanksgivings  or 
other  special  ceremonial  occasions.  The 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  1858  were  no  doubt 
actuated  in  the  main  by  a  desire  to  provide 
better  accomodation  for  the  growing  con- 
gregations attending  the  increased  number 
of  great  services  ;  but  the  force  that  enabled 
them  to  override  the  opposition  of  the  best- 
informed  authorities  was  the  ignorant  early 
Victorian  notion,  upheld  by  not  a  few  who 
ought  to  have  known  better,  that  "  an  un- 
interrupted vista  "  from  west  to  east  was 
the  beau-ideal  of  the  interior  of  a  vast 
cathedral  building.  This  foolish  idea  spoilt 
several  of  our  Gothic  cathedrals,  such  as 
Lichfield  ;  but  by  nothing  has  the  true 
spirit  of  cathedral  service  been  more  falsified 
than  by  the  removal  of  Wren's  majestic 
organ  screen.  It  is  fairly  safe  to  prophesy 
that  the  twentieth  century  will  not  pass  away 
without  the  reconstruction  of  a  quire  screen, 
and  the  providing  of  an  altar  in  front  of  it, 
beneath  the  dome,  for  general  congregations. 
At  all  events,  this  is  the  view  of  Mr.  Somers 
Clarke,  the  present  architect  of  St.  Paul's, 
unless  he  has  changed  his  mind  since  the 
jmblication  (in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite)  of  a  treatise  on  this  subject  in  1874 
in  the  pages  of  The  Sacristy. 

We  have  only  one  fault  to  find  with  this 
comprehensive  and  admirable  little  book  ;  it 
is  of  minor  importance,  but  yet  is  a  disfigure- 
ment to  the  title-page.  Does  Mr.  Clinch 
select  his  own  mottoes  ?  We  have  been 
assured  that  there  is  an  agency  for  such 
things,  which  undertakes  to  supply  either 
authors  or  publishers  with  all  that  they 
may  require  of  this  nature.  This  is  what 
the  motto-maker  has  to  say  of  St.  Paul's  : — 

How  like  an  image  of  repose  it  looks, 
That  ancient,  holy,  and  sequester'd  pile  1 

However  this  couplet  was  secured,  it  is 
singularly  inappropriate.  The  frontispiece 
facing  the  motto  shows  Wren's  great  dome 
raising  itself  amidst  a  throng  of  secular 
buildings  on  one  of  the  busiest  and  noisiest 
sites  in  all  Europe.  By  the  by,  why  is  the 
name  of  the  capable  illustrator  of  this  book 
omitted  from  the  title-page  ? 


THE   NATIONAL   GALLERY. 

Within  the  last  few  days  a  notable  addi- 
tion to  the  National  Gallery  has  taken  place. 
Miss  Eva  Mackintosh  has  presented  '  Tho 
Madonna  of  the  Tower'  (No.  2069),  by 
Raphael.  This  picture  has  been  variously 
known  as  tho  '  Madonna  della  Torre,'  '  Tho 
Madonna  with  the  Standing  Child,'  and  tho 
'  Rogers  Madonna.'  it  was  in  the  Orleans 
Collection,  and  in  the  course  of  time  passed 
to  Mr.  Henry  Hope,  at  whoso  sale  in  1816 
it  was  bought  for  ,5!)  guineas  by  Samuel 
Rogers,  the  poet.  Waagen,  who  saw  it  in 
the  latter  collection,  referred  to  it  as  "The 
Virgin  with  the  I  >owncast  Eyes,'  and  assigned 
it  to  the  early  period  of  Raphael's  residence 
in  Rome.  At  the  Rogers  sale  in  1856  the 
picture  was  sold  for  480  guineas  to  Mr.  R.  J  • 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


165 


Mackintosh,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to 
the  present  giver.  It  was  exhibited  at 
the  Art  Treasures  Exhibition  at  Manchester 
in  1857,  and  was  then  officially  assigned  to 
the  first  years  of  the  artist's  Roman  period. 
The  catalogue  stated  that  "  over- cleaning 
and  bad  restorations  prevent  any  judgment 
being  formed  on  the  details."  One  able 
critic  of  the  period  considered  that  it  was 
"  hardly  to  be  regarded  as  genuine,"  and 
alleged  that  some  responsible  persons  ascribed 
it  to  Baroccio. 

It  was  exhibited  at  the  Old  Masters' 
Exhibition  of  1902  by  Miss  Mackintosh. 
Certain  critics  pointed  out  that  the  whole 
of  the  work  on  the  canvas  could  not  be 
unreservedly  given  to  Raphael,  though  the 
difficulties  of  suggesting  any  other  author- 
ship were  considerable. 

It  was  described  in  the  Palais  Royal 
catalogue  as  "  peint  sur  toile  "  ;  and  a  close 
inspection  tends  to  confirm  this.  It  has 
been  often  alleged  to  have  been  trans- 
ferred from  wood  to  canvas.  The  present  con- 
dition of  the  picture  confirms  the  statement 
contained  in  the  same  catalogue  that  it  has 
"  beaucoup  souffert,  partieulierement  dans 
le  ciel.  II  est  vraisemblable  qu'en  le  net- 
toyant  on  n'aura  pas  pris  les  precautions 
necessaires  pour  son  entiere  conservation." 
It  is  incontt  stable  that  many  parts  of  the 
picture  have  become  flat  by  cleaning,  and 
the  painting  of  the  details  lacks  sharpness. 
The  treatment  of  the  hands,  which  have 
suffered  considerably  from  repainting,  is 
vague  and  uncertain  ;  yet  the  feeling  that 
dominates  the  whole  canvas  is  Raphaelesque. 
The  design  of  the  drapery  of  the  left  arm 
is  unnecessarily  laborious  and  poor  in  effect. 
The  outlines  are  blurred,  and  the  picture 
has  lost  its  original  surface.  Hanging  where 
it  now  does  in  Room  VI.,  it  is  inevitably 
compared  with  the  '  Garvagh  Madonna ' 
of  about  the  same  period  and  with  the  other 
Raphaels  that  accompany  it.  The  pose  of 
*  The  Madonna  of  the  Tower  '  is  very  similar 
to  that  of  the  '  Virgin  and  Child  '  which  is 
labelled  Andrea  da  Solario,  and  hangs  on 
one  of  the  screens  in  the  same  room,  being 
lent  by  Mr.  George  Salting.  No  doubt  the 
happy  pose  which  Raphael  was  the  first  to 
devise  was  soon  appropriated  by  many  less 
original  artists.  There  is  in  Perugia  a 
'  Madonna  and  Saints  '  by  Domenico  Alfani 
— a  pupil  of  Perugino — who  has  represented 
the  Madonna  and  Child  in  exactly  the  same 
attitude.  The  "  new "  Raphael  takes  its 
name  from  the  small  tower  seen  in  the 
distance  in  the  landscape  background. 

In  the  British  Museum  there  is  a  fine 
cartoon  of  this  (or  a  very  similar)  picture. 
It  has  been  attributed  to  Raphael  and  to 
various  other  artists  working  in  the  spirit  of 
Era  Bartolommeo  and  Andrea  del  Sarto. 
Mr.  Berenson  has  assigned  the  cartoon  to 
Brescianino,  and  clearly  stated  that  in  his 
opinion  the  British  Museum  cartoon  and 
Miss  Mackintosh's  \  icture  are  not  by  the 
same  hand. 

Another  addition  to  the  Gallery  is 
No.  2062,  'Christ  preaching  from  St.  Peter's 
Ship,'  by  H.  Saftleven.  This  hangs  in 
Room  XII.  The  painter,  whose  works  are 
rare,  has  hitherto  been  unrepresented  in  the 
national  collection,  although  there  is  in  the 
Dulwich  Gallery  a  small  painting  by  liim. 
The  new  painting  has  been  presented  by 
Mr.  Charles  Locke  Eastlake. 


THE     ROYAL      ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
INSTITUTE    AT    WORCESTER. 

(Second  Notice.) 
The  programme  for  Saturday,  July  28th. 
ncluded  visits  to  Ledbury  and  Great  and 


Little  Malvern.  On  reaching  Ledbury  the 
members  went  first  to  the  parish  church, 
where  Prebendary  Maddison  Green  gave  an 
account  of  the  building  and  its  history,  his 
remarks  being  supplemented  by  Mr.  Hope. 
The  plan  of  the  first  church  of  which  any- 
thing now  stands  seems  to  have  been 
cruciform,  and  it  may  have  belonged  to  the 
second  quarter  of  the  twelfth  century.  A 
general  rebuilding  was  begun,  however, 
about  1 1 50,  and  the  present  large  chancel 
is  substantially  of  that  date,  and  had  chapels 
on  the  north  and  the  south,  to  which  it 
opened  by  arcades  of  two  bays  with  short 
pillars  set  on  high  rectangular  plinths,  the 
spaces  between  the  plinths  being  originally 
blocked  by  thin  stone  walls.  The  nave  was 
of  six  bays  with  north  and  south  aisles,  but 
of  its  arcades  the  responds  alone  are  left, 
the  present  arcades  being  poor  work  of  late 
date.  The  twelfth-century  aisles  and  chapels 
have  given  place  to  thirteenth-  and  four- 
teenth-century successors,  and  at  the  north 
of  the  north  chapel  is  the  fine  chapel  of 
St.  Katharine,  its  large  tracery  windows 
thickly  set  with  ballflowers,  like  those  in 
the  south  aisle  of  Gloucester  Cathedral. 
The  north  porch,  contemporary  with  the 
north  aisle,  has  a  vestry  to  the  east,  and 
living  rooms  over  it  with  a  fireplace,  seats 
in  the  windows,  and  a  water  drain  with  a 
channel  through  the  west  wall.  The  tower, 
like  others  in  this  district,  stands  detached 
from  the  church  on  the  north,  its  massive 
lower  stages  being  of  thirteenth-century 
date,  while  its  top  stage  and  stone  spire 
were  added  in  the  eighteenth  century.  The 
Hospital  of  St.  Katharine,  founded  in  1232 
by  Bishop  Hugh  Foliot,  next  claimed  atten- 
tion. It  is  of  normal  type,  with  a  chapel 
and  hall  under  one  roof,  but  the  chapel  is 
of  the  same  width  as  the  hall,  and  not,  as 
usually  happens,  of  smaller  span.  Parts  of 
the  walls  seem  to  belong  to  the  original  work, 
but  the  roof  and  most  of  the  windows,  &c, 
are  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  east  wall 
of  the  chapel  being  entirely  of  this  date,  and 
perhaps  further  west  than  the  original  wall. 
The  hospital  is  still  in  use,  but  the  hall  is 
no  longer  the  dwelling-place  of  the  inmates, 
and  the  ancient  fittings  of  the  chapel  consist 
only  of  a  good  set  of  floor  tiles  and  a  little 
old  glass. 

After  luncheon  a  drive  was  taken  over  the 
hills  to  Little  Malvern,  where  the  remains 
of  the  Benedictine  priory,  founded  in  1171, 
were  described  by  Mr.  Peers.  Of  the  original 
church,  which  was  cruciform  with  a  north 
aisle  to  the  nave,  nothing  remains  except 
the  eastern  respond  of  the  north  arcade, 
and  part  of  the  west  wall  of  the  north 
transept.  The  crossing  and  eastern  parts 
of  the  church  seem  to  have  been  rebuilt 
about  13G0,  with  chapels  to  the  east  of  the 
transepts  ;  but  transepts  and  chapels  are 
alike  in  ruin,  and  the  nave  of  the  church 
has  entirely  perished.  Bishop  Alcock  re- 
built the  east  end  of  the  presbytery  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  tower,  and  in  the  east 
window  are  his  arms  and  the  remains  of  an 
interesting  set  of  portraits  of  Henry  VII.  and, 
his  family,  tho  figures  of  Prince  Arthur  and 
his  wife  Katharine  of  Aragon  being  perfect, 
and  by  their  joint  presence  fixing  tho  date 
of  the  glass  to  1501-2.  Of  tho  claustral 
buildings  nothing  is  left  beyond  a  part  of 
the  western  range,  now  incorporated  in 
modern  buildings. 

The  drive  was  continued  to  Great  Malvern, 
where  the  members  were  received  by  Canon 
Pelly  ;  and  after  visiting  the  priory  church 
and  its  treasures  of  glass  and  tiles,  they  left 
by  train  for  Worcester. 

On  Monday,  July  30th,  Evesham  and 
Pershoro  were  visited.  At  the  former  place 
the  Mayor  welcomed  the  members,  and  the 
corporation  maces,  plate,  &c,  were  exhibited, 


a  move  being  then  made  to  the  site  of  the 
Benedictine  abbey,  where  Mr.  Peers  pointed 
out  the  scanty  remains  of  the  monastic 
buildings.  Of  the  church  nothing  is  now 
to  be  seen  but  a  small  piece  of  the  north 
transept  and  the  base  of  one  of  the  piers  of 
the  central  tower,  being  part  of  the  work  of 
Walter  de  Cerisy,  1077-1104.  The  well- 
known  bell  tower,  which  was  also  the  gate- 
way of  the  monks'  cemetery,  and  the  twelfth- 
century  north  gateway,  by  which  the  lay 
cemetery  was  entered,  are  the  most  import- 
ant remains  on  this  part  of  the  site  ;  but  at 
the  west  the  fourteenth-century  gatehouse 
still  exists  under  an  eighteenth-century 
disguise,  and  near  it  the  so-called  Almonry,, 
of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries, 
and  parts  of  other  buildings.  The  position 
of  the  "  Ahnonry  "  is  difficult  to  reconcile 
with  that  of  the  almonry  described  in  the 
grant  of  1539,  and  a  site  further  to  the  east 
would  suit  the  conditions  much  better. 

The  two  churches  of  St.  Lawrence  and; 
All  Saints,  situated  close  together  within 
the  monastic  precincts,  have  one  curious 
feature  in  common — each  has  an  elaborate 
vaulted  chapel  on  the  south  side.  St. 
Lawrence's  Church,  indeed,  had  another  on. 
the  north,  which  has  long  since  disappeared. 
The  chapel  in  All  Saints'  was  built  by  Clement 
Lichfield,  when  prior,  i.e.  before  1513,  as 
his  tomb-chapel,  but  of  the  others  no  record 
remains. 

In  the  afternoon  the  abbey  church  of 
Pershore  was  visited,  Mr.  Peers  being  again 
the  guide,  and  pointing  out  the  growth  of 
the  existing  building  by  the  addition  before 
1220  of  five  rectangular  chapels  at  the  east 
of  an  early  twelfth-century  apse,  and  the 
rebuilding  of  the  early  presbytery  after  a 
fire  in  1223,  and  of  its  vault  after  a  second 
fire  in  1288.  The  unfinished  design  of  the- 
central  tower,  c.  1330,  and  its  likeness  to 
the  contemporary  work  at  Salisbury,  were 
also  pointed  out.  Of  the  monastic  build- 
ings and  nave  of  the  church  very  little  is  left, 
the'  east  cloister  door  being  the  principal 
feature,  while  the  traces  of  the  abutment  of 
the  eastern  range  of  the  claustral  buildings 
on  the  south  transept  are  for  the  most  part 
hidden  by  rampant  ivy.  M.  E.  Lefevre- 
Pontalis,  President  of  the  Societe  d'Archeo- 
logie  Francaise,  made  an  interesting  speech,, 
pointing  out  the  similarity  of  the  thirteenth- 
century  woik  to  the  French  Norman  school. 

The  members  were  entertained  at  tea  by 
Mr.  W.  Pearce  at  Perrott  House,  a  fine 
specimen  of  a  town  house  of  c.  1760,  with 
excellent  plasterwork  decoration,  and  an 
early  eighteenth-century  wrought-iron  screen 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  garden. 

In  the  evening  tho  annual  business  meet- 
ing was  held,  and  the  customary  votes  of 
thanks  passed,  after  which  Mr.  Willis  Bund.. 
Chairman  of  the  County  Council,  entertained 
the  members  at  the  Shire  Hall,  a  large  com- 
pany being  invited  to  meet  them. 

The  final  day  of  the  meeting,  July  31st.. 
began  with  a  visit,  by  permission  of  Lord 
Elcho,  to  the  picturesque  seventeenth- 
century  Stanway  Court,  with  its  well-known 
gatehoxise,  said  to  have  been  the  work  of 
Inigo  Jones,  though  no  direct  evidence 
remains  on  the  point.  The  church — a  small 
twelfth-century  building  with  rather  un- 
usual details — has  a  chancel  which  was 
lengthened  in  the  seventeenth  century,  its 
twt -It ill-century  cornice  being  imitated  in 
the  later  work.  It  seems  that  it  was  at  first 
intended  to  vault  the  chancel,  but  the  design 
was  abandoned.  North  of  the  church  is  a 
fine  stone  barn  of  the  fourteenth  century 
with  its  original  roof. 

The  ruins  of  Hay  les  Abbey — a  Cistercian 
house  which  owned  the  famous  relic  of  the 
Holy  Blood,  given  to  it  in  1271  by  Edmund 
Earl  of  Cornwall — were  then  described   b\ 


166 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


Mr.  Harold  Brakspear,  with  the  help  of  a 
plan.  The  only  parts  left  standing  are  the 
walls  on  three  sides  of  the  cloister,  but  some 
of  the  beautiful  glazed  tiles  and  carved  bosses 
found  on  the  site  are  in  the  small  museum 
•close  by,  while  the  parish  church  contains 
a  fine  series  of  the  heraldic  tiles,  besides 
some  exceptionally  well-preserved  wall- 
paintings  of  the  thirteenth  century  and 
later,  and  some  fifteenth-century  white-and- 
gold  glass  lately  discovered  among  some 
lumber  and  restored  to  use.  Mr.  St.  Clair 
Baddeley  gave  an  account  of  the  church  and 
its  contents. 

After  lunch  at  Winchcombe  a  short  drive 
brought  the  members  to  Sudeley  Castle, 
where  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dent-Brocklehurst 
received  and  entertained  the  party,  con- 
ducting them  over  the  house,  which  is 
chiefly  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies, and  is  full  of  all  manner  of  interesting 
things  collected  by  the  late  Mrs.  Dent. 

This  being  the  last  item  of  the  programme, 
the  meeting,  which  was  well  attended  and 
•exceptionally  favoured  by  the  weather, 
•came  to  an  end. 


THE     BRITISH     ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
ASSOCIATION  AT  NOTTINGHAM. 

(Second  Notice.) 

On  Monday,  July  30th,  after  arriving  at 
Mansfield  station,  the  members  at  once 
started  by  carriage  to  Ault  Hucknell  Church, 
where,  after  much  discussion,  the  Norman 
tympanum  was  decided  to  be  a  representa- 
tion of  the  legend  of  St.  Margaiet.  Thence 
they  proceeded  to  Hardwick,  where  first 
the  church  and  then  the  famed  Elizabethan 
house  were  visited,  the  Rev.  F.  Broadhurst, 
vicar  of  Heath,  describing  the  beauties  of 
"the  tapestries  and  pictures.  Most  of  the 
members  went  next  to  the  Old  Hall,  which 
presents  even  now  a  splendid  example  of 
:sixteenth-century  work,  though  in  a  bad 
state  of  dilapidation.  The  upper  rooms  are 
•ornamented  witli  much  plasterwork  in  bold 
relief,  and  still  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion, the  roofs  having  only  fallen  in  about 
1870. 

Luncheon  was  taken  at  the  Hardwick 
Inn,  and  then  all  set  out  for  Bolsover  or 
Belesour  Castle.  The  land  on  which  it 
stands  is  in  the  Saxon  kindgom  of  Mercia, 
and  though  then  belonging  to  Leuric,  it  was 
granted  by  William  the  Conqueror  to 
William  Peverel.  As  Domesday  Book  men- 
tions that  Bolsover  was  in  his  possession 
without  reference  to  a  castle,  probably  it 
was  1  lis  successor  who,  realizing  its  value  as 
■a  defensive  position,  began  a  more  solid 
structure  than  the  Saxon  works  he  found 
there.  Just  before  the  accession  of  Henry  II. 
the  Peverel  of  the  day  was  supposed  to  have 
poisoned  the  Earl  of  Chester,  and  left 
Bolsover  for  the  security  of  the  Priory  of 
Lenten,  near  Nottingham.  Henry,  on 
coming  to  tho  throne,  seized  on  Bolsover 
as  forfeit  to  the  Crown.  He  evidently 
garrisoned  it,  for  we  get  a  reference  to  the 
•castle  in  the  Pipe  Roll  in  1172,  where  the 
Sheriff  Reginald  de  Lucy  accounts  for  forty 
shillings  spent  on  works,  and  fifty-three 
shillings  and  fourpence  for  provisions  for 
the  garrison.  In  John's  reign  302Z.  was 
expended  to  enclose  the  land  as  a  park. 
There  was  a  great  restoration  of  the  castlo 
in  Elizabeth's  time,  but  on  the  old  Norman 
lines  ;  and  extensive  additions  were  made  by 
Bess  of  Hardwick,  celebrated  for  her  passion 
for  building.  Sir  Charles  Cavendish  and 
his  son  both  added  largely  to  the  residential 
portions  ;  to  the  latter  are  ascribed  the 
stables  and  riding  school,  the  Great  Gallery, 
a    splendid    apartment    even    in    its    decay, 


being  220  ft.  long.  It  was  due  to  the 
Countess  of  Oxford  about  1740  that  evil 
times  fell  upon  Bolsover.  She  removed  the 
lead  of  the  roofs  and  sold  it,  and  now  the 
keep  alone  is  in  a  fair  state  of  repair,  showing 
some  fine  panelling  and  alabaster  mantel- 
pieces. Bolsover  Church,  dedicated  to 
St.  Mary  and  St.  Laurence,  is  late  Norman 
with  an  Early  English  tower  surmounted  by 
a  low  broach  spire,  and  contains  two 
monuments  :  one  to  the  Cavendish  family  ; 
the  other,  a  splendid  one  to  Henry,  Duke  of 
Newcastle.  This  latter,  some  30  ft.  high,  is 
a  remarkable  specimen  of  work  in  alabaster, 
and  is  said  to  have  cost  16,000L  A  stone 
about  5  ft.  by  3  ft.  carved  with  a  representa- 
tion of  the  Nativity,  probably  late  twelfth- 
century  work,  was  found  to  be  in  use  as  a 
step  to  the  north  door  about  1750 — no  doubt 
in  obedience  to  the  Act  of  Parliament 
dealing  with  the  defacing  or  destroying 
idolatrous  monuments. 

Having  seen  all  the  objects  of  interest 
at  Bolsover,  the  party  drove  to  Mansfield 
Church,  being  met  by  Canon  Prior,  who 
accompanied  them  during  their  inspection. 
The  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul,  and  originally  comprised  only  the 
nave  and  chancel  with  the  western  tower  ; 
but  aisles,  chapels,  &c,  have  at  various 
times  been  added  to  the  original  building. 
The  numerous  incised  stone  slabs  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  older  parts  of  the 
church  are  remarkable.  A  deed  restoring 
the  chantry  lands  to  the  vicar  and  church- 
wardens was  exhibited,  together  with  the 
registers  ;  and  after  Canon  Prior  had  enter- 
tained the  members  at  tea,  the  train  was 
again  taken  to  Nottingham.  Here  the 
Sheriff  (Councillor  Sambourne  Cooke),  accom- 
panied by  the  Under-Sheriff  (Mr.  J.  A.  H. 
Green),  attended  the  evening  conference, 
and  brought  the  mayor's  mace  and  the 
sheriffs'  maces  and  collar  for  the  inspection 
of  the  members.  Mr.  Green  described  their 
history,  and  after  a  vote  of  thanks  the  joint 
Honorary  Secretary  read  a  paper,  illustrated 
by  diagrams,  upon  '  The  Walls  of  Notting- 
ham. ' 

On  Tuesday,  arriving  at  Bottesford,  the 
members  were  met  by  Canon  Jackson,  who 
explained  the  various  points  of  interest  in 
the  church,  Mr.  G.  Fellows  giving  an  admir- 
able description  of  the  monumental  tombs 
of  the  Roos  and  Manners  families.  In  this 
church  there  is  a  splendid  series  of  mediaeval 
tombs  executed  in  alabaster,  which  was 
easily  obtained  in  the  vicinity  of  Notting- 
ham, the  chief  centre  of  the  industry.  Very 
early  in  the  borough  records  references  occur 
to  the  "  alablastermen  "  of  the  town.  Most 
of  the  tombs  and  effigies  were,  however,  not 
originally  placed  in  this  church,  but  were 
removed  from  Belvoir  Priory,  and  re-erected 
here  upon  the  demolition  of  that  house  in 
1543.  There  «s  a  small  effigy  of  Purbeck 
marble,  in  hauberk  and  coif  of  mail,  with 
sleeveless  surcoat,  which  is  conjectured  to 
be  that  of  William  d'Albini,  who  died  in 
1236.  From  the  small  size  of  the  figure  it 
is  supposed  that  this  was  a  "heart  burial," 
the  body  itself  being  interred  elsewhere. 
The  altar-tomb  of  Sir  William  de  Roos  is 
placed  against  the  south  wall  of  tho  sanc- 
tuary. He  diod  in  1414,  and  is  shown  in 
camail  of  mail,  and  a  jupon  with  escalloped 
edge.  The  collar  of  the  Garter  is  worn 
beneath  tho  loft  knee,  and  on  the  head  is  a 
conical  bascinet.  The  tomb  of  his  son  John 
is  across  the  chancel,  and  in  this  effigy  the 
camail  is  not  worn,  the  bascinet  is  not  so 
conical,  and  faces  arc  shown  fastened  to  tho 
breastplate.  He  wears  the  SS  collar,  the  SS 
being  curiously  reversed.  Thomas,  first  Earl 
of  Rutland,  and  Elenor  his  second  wife  are 
shown  on  the  next  tomb.  He  was  created 
Earl  of   Rutland   in    1525  by  Henry   VI 11., 


and  died  in  1543.  He  wears  over  his  mail 
the  robes  and  chain  of  a  K.G.  This  tomb 
was  fashioned  by  Richard  Parker,  and  it  is 
recorded  that  he  got  201.  for  his  work. 
The  armour  shown  on  the  effigy  of  Henry, 
the  second  earl,  is  of  the  variety  known  as  a 
"  suit  of  splints  "  or  "  splintered  armour." 
The  church  is  extremely  interesting,  and  its 
chief  pride  is  the  splendid  fifteenth-century 
crocketed  spire,  which  is  most  delicately 
proportioned.  In  the  chancel  are  a  few 
fragments  of  Early  English  work,  but  it 
seems  doubtful  if  some  of  these  fragments 
are  in  their  original  positions.  The  beautiful 
little  packhorse  bridge,  which  spans  a  small 
stream  close  by,  and  the  stocks  and  whipping- 
post were  admired.  Mention  must  also  be 
made  of  a  very  fine  early  fifteenth-century 
brass  in  the  chancel  to  Henry  de  Codyngton, 
one  time  rector  of  Bottesford.  It  is  mar- 
vellously worked,  and  one  of  the  best 
examples  of  its  kind  extant.  Theie  are  some 
earthworks  near  the  church,  probably  of 
Norman  origin,  and  a  street  which  runs  close 
by  is  still  locally  called  "  The  Rampar." 

A  few  of  the  members  drove  over  to  Staun- 
ton Church  close  by,  and  the  return  to 
Nottingham  concluded  the  sixty-third  Con- 
gress. 

It  would  be  ungracious  for  one  present 
throughout  to  close  these  notes  without 
tendering  the  thanks  of  the  Association  to 
those  who  provided  so  many  interesting 
notes  on  the  buildings  visited  and  the 
objects  shown. 


]Fiiu-^rt  (Sossip. 

The  Tate  Gallery  has  within  the  last 
week  been  enriched  by  five  more  "  new " 
Turners.  They  are  entitled  '  The  Old  Chain 
Pier,  Brighton,'  '  A  Ship  Aground,'  '  The 
Burning  of  the  Ships,'  '  The  Arch  of  Con- 
stantine,  Rome,'  and  '  Tivoli.'  They  are  all 
unfinished. 

Mb.  Geobge  Allen  announces  for  the 
autumn  '  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence's  Letter- 
Bag,'  edited  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Layard,  with 
some  unpublished  recollections  of  the  artist, 
and  '  Olives :  the  Reminiscences  of  a  Presi- 
dent,' by  the  late  Sir  Wyke  Bayliss. 

An  Historical  Exhibition  of  Liverpool  Art 
is  to  be  held  at  the  Walker  Ait  Gallery  of 
that  city  next  May.  The  exhibition  will 
include  pictures,  statues,  and  other  works 
of  art  by  members  of  the  Liverpool  Academy 
of  Arts,  and  of  the  earlier  societies  of  the 
eighteenth  century  from  which  it  sprang  ; 
a  collection  of  the  pictures  to  which  the 
Academy's  annual  prizes  were  awarded ; 
and  a  collection  of  portraits  of  Liverpool 
artists.  The  Committee  of  Management,  of 
which  Mr.  E.  R.  Dibdin,  Curator  of  the 
Walker  Art  Gallery,  is  secretary,  invite  com- 
munications and  offers  of  works  from  those 
interested  in  the  scheme. 

The  Americans  have  begun  a  big  under- 
taking, which  we  should  like  to  see  carried 
out  in  this  country — an  '  Index  to  Portraits 
in  Printed  Books  and  Periodicals.'  The 
compilation  is  the  work  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Lane, 
President  of  the  American  Bibliographical 
Society,  and  Miss  Brown,  of  the  Boston 
Athenaeum,  and  is  being  published  by  the 
(loverninent  Printing  Office  at  Washington. 
About  67,000  entries  have  already  been  made, 
and  the  first  part,  extending  to  04  pages 
octavo,  carries  the  Index  to  "  Atkins,  John." 
Such  an  Index  will  probably  never  bo  com- 
plete; but  however  imperfect,  it  must  be 
immensely  valuable  for  reference.  Some- 
thing of  the  kind,  but  strictly  limited  in 
Scope,  was  carried  out  by  the  Index  Society 


N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


of  this  country  in  the  Reports  of  1878  and 
1879,  and  these  have  been  found  very  useful. 

A  full  list  of  the  munificent  gift  of  M.  E. 
Ricard  (brother  of  the  eminent  portrait 
painter  Gustave  Ricard)  to  the  Museum  at 
Marseilles  is  published  by  the  Journal  des 
Arts.  Three  of  the  pictures  are  by  Puget, 
one  being  of  a  gentleman  believed  to  be  the 
Seigneur  du  Bachas,  a  landed  proprietor  of 
&  territory  still  known  under  the  name  of 
Bachas.  The  other  two  are  St.  Cecilia  and 
•a  '  Sacrifice  de  Noe  sortant  de  l'Arche.' 
There  are  also  several  drawings  by  Puget. 
Included  in  the  gift  are  several  pieces  of 
sculpture  in  marble,  terra-cotta,  and  wood, 
and  two  architectural  designs,  one  of  which 
is  of  a  proposed  Hotel  de  Ville  for  Marseilles. 
The  Ricard  gift  will  be  arranged  in  a  special 
salon,  to  be  known  by  the  name  of  the  donor. 

M.  Bonnat,  President  of  the  French 
€onseil  des  Musees  Nationaux,  states  in  his 
report  for  1905  to  the  Minister  of  Fine  Arts 
that,  out  of  a  sum  of  470,000  francs  allowed 
for  in  the  Budget,  only  447,000  francs  have 
been  spent.  The  highest  single  purchase 
in  the  long  list  of  acquisitions  is  a  picture 
of  the  enthronement  of  St.  Isidore  by  an 
artist  of  the  Spanish  School,  and  ascribed 
to  Dalmau,  viz.,  83,187fr.  The  next  highest 
amount  is  50,000fr.  for  two  busts  by  the 
sculptor  Houdon  of  his  wife  and  daughter 
For  "  deux  lots  d'ohi^ts  mmti'^o  »  oo  aaa^„ 


167 


MUSIC 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 


±  or  deux  lots  d  objets  egyptiens  "  28,000fr 
were  paid;  and  30,000fr.  for  "statues  et 
-une  statuette  (Ecole  francaise  et  allemande 
du  quatorzieme  siecle)." 

The    Keepership    of   the    Department    of 
Coins  and  Medals  in  the  British  Museum 
from  which  Mr.  Barclay   V.    Head   recently 
retired    after   forty-two  years'    service,   has 
been  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  H.  A 
Grueber;  and   to   the    Assistant-Keepership 
thus    rendered    vacant     the    Trustees    have 
promoted    Mr.    Warwick    Wroth.     In    con- 
nexion  with    Mr.    Head's   retirement    it    is 
sntended   to  publish  by  subscription,  in   his 
honour,  a  volume  of  essays  by  various  well- 
known   numismatists,   on    subjects  akin    to 
those  to  which  Mr.   Head's   own  researches 
have    been    chiefly    devoted.        The    book 
which    will    be   liberally   illustrated,    is    to 
be  pubhshed   early  in  the  autumn   by  Mr 
Henry  Frowde    for   the  Committee   of    the 
Head  Testimonial  Fund,   the    President    of 
which  is  Sir  John  Evans.     From   the  Hon 
Secretary,  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill,  of  10,  Kensington 
Mansions,   S.W.,  intending  subscribers  who 
have  not  already  been  communicated  with 
may  obtain  information. 

The  Spital  Church  of  St.  James,  Tamworth, 
which  has  lately  been  the  subject  of  much 
•concern  on  account  of  its  dilapidated  con- 
dition, is  to  be  repaired,  if  sufficient  funds 
are  forthcoming  (about  350?.),  by  a  com- 
mittee including  the  vicars  of  Wigeinton 
•and  Tamworth,   Mr.   C.   Lynam,   of    Stoke- 

Elford  Hall,  and  E.  De  Hamel,  of  Middleton 
Hall,  Tamworth.  This  little  Norman  build- 
ing was  founded  by  Philip  de  Marmyon,  and 
has  many  interesting  details,  which  will  be 
•carefully  treated. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Jones  has  in  the  press  a  work 
on  the  Church  Plate  of  the  Diocese  of 
iiangor,  in  winch  some  accountwill  begiven 
with  upwards  of  a  hundred  illustrations,  of 
the  plate  in  all  the  churches  of  Anglesey 
and  Carnarvon,  and  many  of  those  of 
Merioneth  and  Montgomery— in  all  about 
215  churches.  Of  the  three  specimens  of 
pre-Reformation  silver  chalices  which  remain 
in  Wales,  one  is  in  the  diocese  of  Baneor  • 
and  the  author  describes  in  his  work  numerous 
new  plate-marks  and  a  great  number  of  fine 
pewter  vessels. 


Music  and  Musicians.  By  Edward  Alger- 
non Baughan.  (John  Lane.) — This  volume 
contains  a  selection  of  musical  articles  and 
criticisms  contributed  by  the  author  to 
various  papers.  They  have  been  grouped 
under  the  heads  of  subjects,  and,  "  as  far 
as  possible,"  in  chronological  order.  No 
one  can  read  these  articles  without  feeling 
that  Mr.  Baughan  is  an  independent  thinker  : 
he  has  a  way  of  his  own  in  looking  at  men 
and  things,  and  it  is  therefore  not  surprising 
if  one  cannot  in  all  points  agree  with  him. 
Let  us  take  one  or  two  instances.  The  ideal 
critic,  we  read,  "  is  he  who  expresses  himself 
in  his  work."  But  unless  that  critic  has 
had  a  sound  musical  training,  what  he  thinks 
or  feels  is  of  little  practical  value  ;  individu- 
ality must  be  backed  by  knowledge,  and  the 
stronger  the  individuality,  the  greater  the 
necessity  for  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
art  in  all  its  branches. 

In   an   article   on    '  The   Development   of 
Originality  '   we  are  told  that  a  composer 
well  out  of  his  twenties  "  should  have  some- 
thing to  say,  and  should  have  begun  to  find 
his  own  way  of  saying  it."     But  what  about 
Handel,  Gluck,  or  even  Beethoven  ?     Then, 
again,  in  the  same  article  we  are  told  that 
"great     modern     composers     represent     in 
themselves  the  art  of  music  as  far  as  it  has 
gone  "  ;     Wagner   and   Strauss   are  said   to 
"  contain    all    that    has    been    achieved    in 
music    by    Bach,    Mozart,    and    Beethoven, 
beside  the  personal  achievements  of  Wagner 
and  Strauss."     One  would  scarcely  say  this 
of  Wagner  ;   certainly  not  of  Strauss,  a  com- 
poser who  when  he  attempts  grandeur  (so 
we   read    in    the    article    on    the    '  Sinfonia 
Domestica')  "shrieks  rather  than  declaims 
with  noble  ease." 

In  the  last  article  in  the  volume  Mr.  ' 
Baughan  discourses  on  programme  music. 
Works  of  Beethoven  are  mentioned  which 
contain  movements  having  superscriptions, 
but,  apart  from  these,  we  are  curiously 
informed  that  "  he  cannot  be  accounted 
among  the  avowed  '  programme  '  writers  "  ; 
and  then  this  follows  : — 

"  Yet  his  place  in  the  scheme  of  things  which 
ultimately  led  to  Richard  Strauss  is  well  defined. 
'  Programme '  music  could  never  have  advanced 
unless  a  great  composer  had  come  forward  to 
extend  the  art  as  an  emotional  language." 

The  idea  of  Beethoven  preparing  the  way  for 
Strauss  is  exasperating.  Further,  Strauss, 
though  a  composer  of  undoubted  gifts] 
seems  to  us  not  to  have  advanced  programme 
music,  but  rather,  by  his  exaggerations  and 
eccentricities,  to  have  almost  given  it  its 
death-blow.  We  think  Beethoven  the  greatest 
writer  of  programme  music,  using  that  term 
in  its  highest  sense.  Strauss,  as  Mr.  Baughan 
rightly  remarks  in  another  article,  has  in 
some  of  his  efforts  "  undoubtedly  gone  beyond 
the  limitations  of  music."  Our  author  even 
admits  that  "  I  cannot  listen  to  any  one  of 
his  works  without  moments  of  irritation." 

We  have  touched  only  on  points  which 
provoke  discussion.  There  are  many  excel- 
lent comments  and  criticisms  in  the  volume. 
The  article  on  '  "  The  Apostles  "  and  Elgar's 
Future,'  in  view  of  the  composer's  new  work 
at  the  forthcoming  Birmingham  Festival 
will  be  read  with  curiosity,  but  also  with 
profit. 


notable  of  French  composers  since  Berlioz 
— is  unquestioned,  while  from  the  contents 
of  this  volume  it  is  clear  that  M.  Baumann 
is  well  acquainted  with  every  branch  of  the 
master's  work.     Moreover,  he  is  a  thought- 
ful and  well-informed  writer,  as  may  be  seen 
specially  in  his  brief  summaries  of  the  history 
of   the    oratorio    and    the    opera    from    the 
sixteenth    century.     It    may,    however,    be 
noted  that,  though  an  admirer  of  Bach,  he 
speaks  of  the  recitatives  in  the  '  Matthew 
Passion  'as     "  monotones  "  ;      they     may 
vary  in  importance,  but  there  are  certainly 
some  to  which  that  term  does  not  apply. 
With   regard    to    the   subject    of   his   book, 
M.  Baumann's  appreciation  is  too  lengthy 
and  too  eulogistic.     One  may  pardon — nay, 
even  welcome — a  certain  exuberance  of  lan- 
guage in  an  enthusiast ;  there  is,  however,  a 
point  beyond  which  it  defeats  its  own  object. 
The  whole  of  Dr.  Saint-Saens's  works  may 
not  be  known  to  musicians  generally,  but 
his    '  Poemes   Symphoniques,'   his   '  Samson 
et  Dalila  '   (whether  as  opera  or  oratorio), 
his  g  minor  Pianoforte  Concerto,  and  some 
of  his  songs  are  tolerably  familiar,  and  even 
these  few  give  a  fair  idea  of  his  importance 
and    the    interest  of   his    music.     M.    Bau- 
mann   in   his   detailed   notices   renders   full 
justice  to  the  skill,  beauty,  and  other  excellent 
qualities  therein  displayed.     But  est  modus 
m  rebus.     We   have  accused  the  author  of 
prolixity,  and  must  not  lay  ourselves  open 
to    the    same  charge.     We    therefore    shall 
substantiate  our  remarks  by  one  or  two  brief 
extracts  only : — 

"  Saint-Saens  est  le  premier  de  nos  musicians  qui 
ait  egale,  dans  ce  domaine  austere  [i.e.,  chamber 
music],  les  Allernands." 

"  Les  '  Variations '  sur  un  theme  de  Beethoven 
egalent  tout  ce  qui  a  ete  concu  en  cette  forme  de 
plus  acheve,  la  gavotte  en  fa  mineur  de  Rameau 
pour  clavecin,  le  theme  varie  de  la  sonate  en  la 
bemol  majeur  de  Beethoven,  les  Variations  serieuses 
de  Mendelssohn." 

In  the  second  quotation  the  Beethoven 
work  named  is  surely  not  to  be  named 
among  that  composer's  highest  achieve- 
ments in  the  variation  form. 

Of  the  French  composer's  preludes  and 
fugues  we  are  told  that  they 

"valenten  importance  non  seulement  les  sonates 
de  Mozart  et  de  Mendelssohn,  mais  les  plus  majes- 
tueuses  inspirations  de  Bach  "  ! 

While  of  the  third  symphony  we  read  : — 

"  La  troisieme  se  leve,  sans  hesiter,  en  face  des 
plus  hautes  de  Beethoven"  ! 

Tristan  und  Isolde.  Von  Richard  Wagner. 
Partitur.  (Breitkopf  &  Hartel.) — Wagner's 
opus  magnum  is  here  presented  in  miniature 
size  :  the  print,  however,  is  remarkably  clear, 
and  the  price  most  reasonable.  Miniature 
scores  of  quartets  and  other  chamber  works 
have  been  in  existence  for  some  long  time, 
and  then,  with  the  growing  taste  for  orches- 
tral music,  overtures  and  symphonies  were 
published  ;  also  Wagner's  '  Ring  des  Nibel- 
ungen.'      '  Tristan,'  one  of  the  master's  most 


Les  Grandes  Formes  de  la  Musique  : 
UCEuvre  de  Camille  Saint-Saens.  By  Emile 
Baumann.  (Paris,  Societe  d'Editions  Litte- 
raires  et  Artistiques.)— That  Dr.  Saint- 
Saens  is  a  great  composer— nay,  the  most 


most 
interesting  scores,  will  now  be  accessible  to 
students  generally.  In  addition  to  the 
German  text,  we  find  the  English  version  by 
H.  and  F.  Corder,  and  also  the  French, 
which  was  begun  by  Alfred  Ernst,  and  com- 
pleted by  L.  de  Fourcaud  and  P.  Briick. 


iitusical  (5oEs:p. 

A  foue  weeks'  season  of  German  opera  at 
Covent  Garden  will  begin  on  Jan.  14th,  l(h>7. 
In  addition  to  Wagner's  '  De.-  Flicgende 
Hollander,'  '  Tannhauser,'  •Lohengrin,' 
'Walkiire,'  'Tristan,'  and  'Die  Meister- 
singer,'  will  be  given  the  rarely  h-ard   '  Der 


168 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4111,  Aug. 


11,  1908 


Freischiitz '  and  '  Fidelio,'  also  Smetana's 
'  Die  verkauf te  Braut. '  Herr  Ernest  van 
Dyck  will  be  manager,  and  Herr  Felix  Mottl 
and  Dr.  Viotta  (of  Amsterdam)  conductors. 
The  list  of  artists  shortly  to  be  issued 
will  include  several  English  singers.  The 
London  Symphony  Orchestra  has  been 
engaged  for  the  entire  season.  A  German 
chorus  will  be  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Carl  Armbruster,  who  will  also  assist  as  con- 
ductor. A  few  years  ago  the  regular  season 
at  Covent  Garden  offered  almost  the  only 
chance  to  hear  operas  and  an  occasional 
novelty.  Now  we  have  the  autumn  season 
of  the  San  Carlo  Company,  while  this  new 
scheme — which,  from  the  prominent  men 
associated  with  it,  ought  to  prove  successful 
— provides  at  any  rate  for  next  winter. 

Verdi's  '  Otello  '  and  Nicolai's  '  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  '  will  be  performed  by  the 
Carl  Rosa  Company  during  their  forthcom- 
ing tour. 

Mb.  Sterling  Mackinlay  has  undertaken 
to  write  a  memoir  of  Manuel  Garcia,  with 
whom  he  studied  for  many  years. 

M.  Andre  Messager's  operetta  '  Chan- 
delier,' libretto,  after  Musset,  by  MM.  Robert 
de  Flers  and  Gaston  de  Caillavet,  will  be  an 
early  novelty  at  the  forthcoming  season  of 
the  Paris  Opera  Comique,  which  begins  on 
September  1st. 

Just  complaint  is  often  made  of  the  con- 
tinual repetition  of  well-known  orchestral 
works,  to  the  exclusion  of  many  others  by 
great  composers  which  are  unknown,  cr 
seldom  heard.  It  is  announced  that  the 
programmes  of  the  Leipsic  Gewandhaus 
Concerts  next  winter  will  consist  entirely — 
as  regards  orchestral  music — of  works  thus 
neglected.  Reaction  tends  to  exaggeration. 
The  intention  is  excellent  ;  but  we  doubt, 
however,  whether  this  one-sided  policy  is 
altogether  wise.  Past  and  present  ought 
rather  to  be  suitably  intermixed. 


PERF0RMA>'CES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Mok.— Sat.  Moody-Manners  Opera  Company,  8,  Lyric  Theatre ;  also 

Wed.  an.lSat.  at  2. 
Sat.     Promenade  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DEAMA 


THE   FRENCH  STAGE. 

Later  Queens  of  the  French  Stage.  By 
H.  Noel  Williams.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) — 
A  year  after  the  appearance  of  the  '  Queens 
of  the  French  Stage  '  of  Mr.  Noel  Williams, 
'  Later  Queens  of  the  French  Stage,'  from 
the  same  pen,  sees  the  light.  Like  many 
continuations,  the  new  work  is  inferior  to 
its  predecessor.  That  the  later  queens 
exercised  an  authority  less  potent  than  the 
earlier  may  not,  perhaps,  be  said,  but  their 
characters  and  investiture  (if  the  use  of  the 
word  may  be  pardoned)  are  less  inspiring. 
Mile,  de  Moliere  was,  on  the  whole,  not  a 
greater  actress  than  Mile.  Contat,  but  her 
association  with  her  husband  is  more  inter- 
esting than  that  of  her  successor  with  Beau- 
marchais,  and  Celimene  is  a  deeper  study 
than  Suzanne.  Loose  enough  were  the 
morals  of  the  actresses  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  They  were,  however,  exemplary 
compared  with  those  of  the  Guimards  and 
Raucourts,  who  gave  themselves  up  to 
amours  which  were  mercenary  and  indul- 
gences which  are  unmentionable.  There  is, 
moreover,  little  novelty  about  the  lives, 
which  were  told  in  1863  by  Emile  Gaboriau 
in  his  happily  named  '  Comediennes  Adorees,' 
and  have  been  treated,  in  some  instances  at 


length,  by  the  brothers  De  Goncourt.  The 
illustrations  are  once  more  admirable, 
Greuze's  '  Sophie  Arnould,'  which  forms 
the  frontispiece,  being  particularly  interest- 
ing.   


Bramaiic  (Sossip. 

'  Toddles  '  is  the  title  of  the  English 
version  of  '  Triplepatte  '  in  which  on  Sep- 
tember 1st,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Charles  Frohman,  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  will 
appear  at  the  Duke  of  York's.  The  title 
(in  the  French  that  of  a  horse)  is  given  to  a 
man  with  a  difficulty  as  great  as  that  of 
Panurge  as  to  the  expediency  of  marriage. 
Played  in  Paris  at  the  Athenee  by  M. 
Levesque,  tins  part  will  presumably  be 
assigned  to  Mr.  Maude,  other  characters  being 
played  by  Miss  Nancy  Price,  Miss  Lottie 
Venne,  Mr.  Alfred  Bishop,  and  Mr.  Kenneth 
Douglas.  '  The  Scapegrace,'  by  which 
'  Toddles  '  will  be  preceded,  is  a  play  with- 
out words,  the  music  being  supplied  by 
Mr.  Edward  Jones. 

The  new  season  will  open,  so  far  as  the 
drama  is  concerned,  on  September  12th, 
with  the  production  at  Wyndham's,  by  Mr. 
Otho  Stuart,  of  '  Peter's  Mother,'  by  Mrs. 
Henry  de  la  Pasture,  the  author  of  '  The 
Lonely  Millionaires.'  The  principal  part  in 
this  will  be  played  by  Miss  Marion  Terry. 

The  Waldorf  Theatre  will  open  early  in 
the  autumn  with  a  farcical  comedy  by 
Messrs.  Frank  Wyatt  and  William  Morris, 
entitled  '  Mrs.  Temple's  Telegram.'  The 
date  of  production  will  shortly  be  announced. 

'The  Morals  of  "Marcus,'  with  which 
the  Garrick  will  reopen,  is  an  adaptation  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Locke  of  his  successful  novel  '  The 
Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne.' 

During  her  autumn  tour  Miss  Olga 
Nethersole  will  present  a  new  dramatization 
of  the  story  of  Carmen. 


To  Correspondents.— G.  F.  H.— F.  M.  R.— C.  J.— 
R.  S. — Received. 

C.  C.  S.— Many  thanks. 

C.  S.  T.—  Noted. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


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N°4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


169 


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170 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


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contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies, 
Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following  Subjects. 

THIRD      SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Translations  of  Galen— Books  on  Gaming— John  Gilpin's  Route 
to  Edmonton— Mrs.  Glasse— '  Globe '  Centenary— Goethe- 
Oliver  Goldsmith — Thomas  Gray— Greene's  'Frier  Bacon  and 
Frier  Bongay ' — Grub  Street — A.  H.  Hallam's  Publications — 
Harvey,  Marston,  Jonson,  and  Nashe— Hawker  of  Morwen- 
stow— Heber's  '  Racing  Calendar ' — George  Herbert's  Proverbs 

Herrick — Heuskarian    Rarity  in   the   Bodleian — 'Historical 

English  Dictionary  ' — Hood's  *  Comic  Annual.' 

BIOGRAPHY.  . 

"  The  Starry  Galileo  " — Letters  of  German  Notabilities — W.  E. 
Gladstone— Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey — Duchess  of  Gordon — 
Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord  Thurlow — Thomas  Guy's  Will— Nell 

Gwyn Serjeant  Hawkins — Sir  John  Hawkwood — Sir  Richard 

Hotham — Victor  Hugo. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Genesis  i.  1 — Nameless  Gravestones — Greek  Church  Vestments 

Hagioscope  or  Oriel — Heretics  Burnt — Hexham  Priory  and 

the  Au^ustales — Holy  Communion,  Substitutes  for  Bread — 
Honest  Epitaphs — Huxley  on  the  Bible — '  Hymns  Ancient  and 
Modern.' 

FINE  ARTS. 

Gainsborough's  lost  '  Duchess ' — Grinling  Gibbons's  Statue  of 
James  II. — Sir  John  Gilbert's  Drawings  in  the  'London 
Journal ' —  Miss  Gunning's  Portraits  —  Haydon's  Historical 
Pictures  —  Pictures  by  Sir  G.  Hayter — Hogarth — Holbein 
Portraits — Hoppner  Portraits. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Caimacam  or  Kaimakam — Camelry — Cecil,  its  Pronunciation 
— Celtic  Words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Districts — Chaperon  applied  to 
Maieg — Chic  recognized  by  the  French  Academy — Chi-ike — 
"Chink"  of  Woods — Comically — Corn-bote — Creak  as  a  Verb 

Crowdy-mutton — Deadfold — Dewsiers — "  Different    than  " — 

Dive,  Peculiar  Meaning — Dude — Electrocute — English  Accentu- 
ation— Ey  in  Place-names — Fashion  in  Language — Fearagur- 
thok,  Irish  Word — Felibre — Filbert — Flapper,  Anglo-Indian 
Slang — Irish  "Flittings" — Floyd  v.  Lloyd— Folk  or  Folks — 
Foulrice — Frail — Gallant,  its  Varying  Accent — Gallimaufry — 
Gambaleery — Gaol  and  Goal — Garage — Gavel  and  Shieling — 
Ghetto — Ghost-words — "  Good  afternoon  " — Doubtful  Grammar 
in  A.V.  and  Prayer  Book — Greek  Pronunciation — Gutter- 
snipe— Gwyneth — Halsh — Hattock — Help  with  an  Infinitive — 
Helpmate  and  Helpmeet — Henbane — Heron — High-faluting — ■ 
Hooligan  —  Hopeful  and  Sanguine  —  Huish  —  Hullabaloo  — 
Hurtling. 


PROVERBS  AND  QUOTATIONS. 

"  Cambuscan  bold  " — "  Carnage  is  God's  daughter  " — "  Chalk  on 
the  door  "  —  "  Lug  the  coif  "  —  "  Comparisons  are  odious  " — 
"  Crow  to  pluck  " — "  Crying  down  credit " — "  Cutting  his  stick  "" 
— "Who  sups  with  the  devil" — "  Down  to  the  ground" — "  Dutch 
courage  "  —  "  Embarras  des  richesses  "  —  "  English  take  their 
pleasures  sadly" — "Enjoy  bad  health" — "Fall  below  par" — 
"  Farewell,  vain  world  " — "  Fegges  after  peace  " — "  Fert,  Fert,. 
Fert,"  on  Italian  Coins — "  First  catch  your  hare  " — "  Flea  irs 
the  ear  " — "  Forgive,  blest  shade  " — French  Sermon  in  Proverbs. 
— Familiar  French  Quotations — "  God  works  wonders  now  and 
then  " — "  Gone  to  Jericho  " — "  Green  grief  to  the  Grahams  " — 
"  Grass  widow  " — Gratitude  Defined — "  Green-eyed  monster  "" 
— "  Heart  of  grace" — "  Hook  it"—"  Hop  the  twig  " — "  Horse- 
marine." 
SONGS,  BALLADS,  and  NURSERY  RIMES. 

"Ask  nothing  more  of  me,  sweet" — 'Bailiffs  Daughter  of 
Islington ' — '  Beggar's  Petition  ' — '  Canadian  Boat  Song ' — 
'  Charlie  is  my  Darling  ' — '  Cherry  Ripe  ' — '  Comin'  thro'  the 
Rye' — '  Dulce  Domum  ' — "  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where  " — 
"  God  bless  the  King  ! — I  mean  the  Faith's  defender  " — "  I 
dwelt  in  a  city  enchanted  " — "  I  '11  hang  my  harp  on  a  willow 
tree  " — "  In  the  days  when  we  went  gipsying." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Acacia  in  Freemasonry — Adelaide  Waistcoat — Adulation  Extra- 
ordinary— Old  Advertisements — iEolian  Harp,  its  Construction 
— Albino  Animals  Sacrificed  —  Ale,  Bottled,  Burton,  and 
"  Lanted  " — Anagrams  on  Various  Subjects — Apostle  Spoons — 
Athens,  the  City  of  the  Violet  Crown  —  Autographs,  how- 
to  keep  them  —  Bagman,  for  Commercial  Traveller — Bank 
of  England  and  Heberfield — First  Lady  Barrister — Birch-sap 
Wine — Ancient  Boats  Discovered — Bows  and  Arrows  last  used 
in  War — Bread  by  Troy  Weight — C.I.V.  Nicknames — Originator 
of  Christmas  Cards — Beginning  and  End  of  Centuries — Clerks- 
in  Chancery — Chess  Legend — Chimneys  in  Ancient  Houses — 
Introduction  of  Chocolate  —  Twenty-four-hour  Clocks  —  Con- 
vivial Clubs — Local  Names  for  the  Cowslip — Earliest  Cricket 
Match — Death  from  Fright — Dutch  Fleet  captured  by  Cavalry 
— Standing  Egg — Brewers'  "  Entire  " — Earliest  Envelopes — 
Epigrams  and  Epitaphs — Farthings  Rejected — Feeding- Bottles- 
First  Used — Five  o'Clock  Tea — Flats  in  London — Flaying  Alive 
— Franciscans  v.  Freemasons— Earliest  Funeral  Cards — Gas 
and  Locomotive — Gates  on  Commons  —  Genius  and  Large 
Families — Gentleman  Porter — Germination  of  Seeds — Slang 
for  Gin — Gipsy  Wedding  and  Funeral — Golf  and  Pall-mall — 
Goths  and  Huns— Guillotine — Gun  Reports — Hair  Powder  last 
Used — Hansom  Cab,  its  Inventor — First  Silk  Hat  in  London. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


171 


AUTHORIZED    TO    BE    USED    BY 
BRITISH    SUBJECTS. 


THE      NATIONAL      FLAG, 

BEING 

THE  UNION  JACK. 

COPIES  OF 

NOTES  AND  QUERIES 

FOR  JUNE  30,  1900. 

Can  still  be  had,  Is.  Id.  free  by  post,  containing  an  Account  of  the  Flag,  with 

Coloured  Illustration  according  to  scale. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Building,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES : — Capt.  Orindlay — Shakespeare's  Plays  :  Facts  and  Figures — Magdalen  College  School  and  the 
'  D.N.B.' — Land  lying  "  towards  the  sun  " — Cacophony  in  Titles — Eliana  :  "  The  Salutation  and 
Cat  " — "  Quarterstaff  " — Fortune  Playhouse — L.  Cox. 

QUERIES  : — Perkin  Warbeck — Lord  Chancellor  Westbury — Duchess  of  Newcastle's  Allegories — George 
Almar,  Playwright — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Raleigh — Serpent  bound  to  the  Cross — 
St.  Welcome — Hertfordshire  Lord  Lieutenants— James  Hosking :  Elizabeth  Vinnicombe — 
"Crosse  cop'" — "  Mon  droit  "  =  Right  Hand — Wakefield  Apparition — "Newgateers" — Robert 
Dudley,  the  "  Noble  Impe" — Wheel-Tracks  at  Naseby — Tan  Hill  Fair — Worshipful  Company  of 
Chancellors — Volunteer  Movement,  1798-1805 — Waugh  Family — '  Thaumaturgia ' — Galbraith — 
Wilberforce  University. 

REPLIES.— Virgil,  '  .Eneid,'  I.  462— "  Sunken  Land  of  Bus"— "Plum":  Jack  Horner— "  Plum  "= 
Raisin — Burney  Family — Strode's  Regiment — Pennefather  :  Origin  of  the  Name — Bullim  :  its 
Locality — West's  Picture  of  the  Death  of  Wolfe — Looping  the  Loop — "  Cymru  "  :  its  Derivation 
— "Cere  Panis" — Anglican  Clergyman — Pincushion  Sweet — Scott's  'Guy  Mannering'  and 
'  Antiquary '—St.  Peter's  in  Chepe  :  St.  John  Zachary — "  Mininin,"  a  Shell — Tom  Thumb's  First 
Appearance  in  London — Catte  Street — Snakes  in  South  Africa — Sir  Thomas  More  sainted  by  a 
Bask — William  Dyer:  Rebecca  Russell — Fielding's  'Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  Lisbon,'  1755 — 
— Cherry  in  Place-Names — "  Red  Lion,"  Henlej'-on-Thames — Palm  Sunday  and  Hill-Climbing  : 
Church  Ales — Col.  Charles  Godfrey — Sea-Urchin — "0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be?" — 
St.  Edith — Clement's  Inn  Sundial — Death-Birds — Inscription  at  Constance— Chingford  Church — 
' '  Pearl  " — St.  Charles  Borromeo. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS:— "The  English  Hymnal '—' Relics  of  the  Puritan  Martyrs,  1593'— '  Northern 
Notes  and  Queries ' — '  Home  Counties  Magazine  '—Reviews  and  Magazines. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — "  La  vie  est  vaine  "  :  L.  Montenaeken — Phoebe  Hessel  and  Fontenoy  :  William  Hiseland — 
White  Family  of  Southwick — -Masquerier's  Portrait  of  Napoleon — Gotham  and  the  'N.E.D.' — 
Michael  Hewetson — American  Emigrants — "Killing-meat" — Maori  Names — "  Trowzers." 

QUERIES  :—"  Mill-dog  "—Millstone  of  Spain- E.  E.  Antrobus  :  B.M.  Catalogue— "  Rotherhithe  "— 
French  Quotation — "  Sorner  " — Fleetwood  Brass — Grants  of  Dean's  Yard — Franceys  :  Francissus  : 
Le  Franceys,  &c. — Passion-Flower  Legend — "A  Sunday  well  spent" — Authors  of  Quotations 
Wanted — Johnson's  Poems — Tournaments  :  Bayard's  Green — Dr.  Johnson  and  '  The  New  London 
Spy  '— Lumley  of  Watton,  Norfolk. 

REPLIES  :— Lieut. -General  Henry  Hawley— "  Rime"  v.  "Rhyme"— The  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour— 
Literary  Allusions — Houses  of  Historical  Interest — St.  Edith — "0  dear,  what  can  the  matter 
be  ? " — Literary  Pastimes — Cricket :  Pictures  and  Engravings — Tadpole — Burney  Family — Pledge 
in  a  Bumper — Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England — "Place" — Maeaulay  on  the  Thames — 
Gibbon,  oh.  lvi.  Note  81 — "  Anser,  apis,  vitulus,"  &c. — "Tony  Lumpkin" — John  Danister, 
Wykehamist — Devon  Provincialisms — English  Spelling — "Mother  of  dead  dogs" — "Pour" — 
Catte  Street — Proverb  against  (Jluttony — Canbury  House,  Middlesex — John  Hoy — Flags — 
"  Dignity  of  Man  " — St.  Paul's  Cathedral :  its  Foundation  Stone — "  Ikona,"  South  African  Term 
— Watling  Street— Half-Married — "Rose  of  Jericho" — Welds  of  Willey  Park,  Salop. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  The  Three  Additions  to  Daniel '— '  A  Browning  Treasure  Book  '—'The  Pocket 
Dickens' — '  Harold's  Town  and  its  Vicinity' — 'King's  Lynn  with  its  Surroundings' — 'Summer 
Holidays ' — '  Hampstead  Garner  ' — '  Lyra  Britannica  ' — '  English  History  in  Verse.' 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENiEUM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  BENGAL  IN  1756-7,  MURRAY'S 
HANDBOOK  TO  IRELAND,  and  J.  HARRIS 
STONE'S  GONNEMARA. 


NOTES  AND  QUEKIES. 


GENERAL   INDEXE8. 


THE  FOLLOWING  ARE  STILL  m 
STOCK:— 

£     8.     oT~. 
GENERAL  INDEX, 

FOURTH  SERIES      ..330 


GENERAL  INDEX, 
SIXTH  SERIES 


0    6    0 


GENERAL  INDEX, 

SEVENTH  SERIES   . .     0    6    0 


GENERAL  INDEX, 
EIGHTH  SERIES 


0    6     0 


For  Copies  by  post  an  additional  Three- 
pence is  charged. 

JOHNC.  FRANCIS  &  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.  C. 


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172 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4111,  Aug.  11,  1906 


ATHEKffiQM— "  We  anticipate  a  great  success  for  these  editions." 

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PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.—"  The  three  editions  fill  a  niche  which  has  been  waiting  for  them  for  a  long  time  past." 

POCKET    EDITIONS    OF   THE    NOVELS    OF 

SCOTT,   DICKENS,   &   THACKERAY. 

IN  CLOTH  AND  LEATHER  BINDINGS. 

Fcap.  8vo,  India  Paper,  limp  cloth,  gilt  tops,  2s.  net  each  ;  or  in  limp  leather,  gilt  tops,  3s.  net  each. 

MACMILLAN'S  ILLUSTRATED  POCKET  SCOTT. 

Edited,  with  Introductory  Essays  and  Notes,  by  ANDREW  LANG,  supplementing  those  of  the  Author,  and  with  250  Original  Illustrations 

by  Eminent  Artists. 

14.  THE  FORTUNES  OF  NIGEL.     With  10  Illustrations. 


1.  WAYERLEY.     With  12  Illustrations. 

"2.  GUY  MANNERING.     With  10  Illustrations. 

3.  THE  ANTIQUARY.     With  10  Illustrations. 

4.  ROB  ROY.     With  10  Illustrations. 

■5.  OLD  MORTALITY.     With  10  Illustrations. 

<5.  THE  HEART  OF  MIDLOTHIAN.     With  10  Illustrations. 

7.  A  LEGEND  OF  MONTROSE  and  THE  BLACK  DWARF. 

With  7  Illustrations. 
■8.  THE  BRIDE  OF  LAMMERMOOR.     With  8  Illustrations. 
9.  IYANHOE.     With  12  Illustrations. 

10.  THE  MONASTERY.     With  10  Illustrations. 

11.  THE  ABBOT.     With  10  Illustrations. 

12.  KENIL WORTH.     With  12  Illustrations. 

13.  THE  PIRATE.     With  10  Illustrations. 


15.  PEYERIL  OF  THE  PEAK.     With  15  Illustrations. 

16.  QUENTIN  DURWARD.     With  12  Illustrations. 

17.  ST.  RONAN'S  WELL.     With  10  Illustrations. 

18.  REDGAUNTLET.     With  12  Illustrations. 

19.  THE  BETROTHED.     With  5  Illustrations. 

20.  THE  TALISMAN.     With  5  Illustrations. 

21.  WOODSTOCK.     With  10  Illustrations. 

22.  THE  FAIR  MAID  OF  PERTH.     With  10  Illustrations. 

23.  ANNE  OF  GEIERSTEIN.     With  10  Illustrations. 

24.  COUNT  ROBERT  OF  PARIS  and  THE  SURGEON'S 

DAUGHTER.     With  10  Illustrations. 

25.  CASTLE  DANGEROUS,  CHRONICLES  OF  THE  CANON- 

GATE,  &c.     With  10  Illustrations. 


MACMILLAN'S    ILLUSTRATED    POCKET    DICKENS 

Reprints  of  the  First  Editions,  with  all  the  Original  Illustrations,  and  with  Introductions,  Biographical  and  Bibliographical, 

by  CHARLES  DICKENS  the  Younger. 


THE   PICKWICK  PAPERS.     With  50  Illustrations. 
OLIVER  TWIST.     With  27  Illustrations. 
NICHOLAS  NICKLEBY.     With  44  Illustrations. 
MARTIN   CHUZZLEWIT.     With  41  Illustrations. 
THE  OLD  CURIOSITY  SHOP.     With  97  Illustrations. 
BARNABY  RUDGE.     With  7G  Illustrations. 
DOMBEY  AND  SON.     With  40  Illustrations. 


CHRISTMAS  BOOKS.     With  65  Illustrations. 
SKETCHES  BY  BOZ.     With  44  Illustrations. 
DAYID  COPPERFIELD.     With  40  Illustrations. 
BLEAK  HOUSE.     With  43  Illustrations. 
LITTLE  DORRIT.     With  40  Illustrations. 
A  TALE  OF  TWO  CITIES.     With  15  Illustrations. 
GREAT  EXPECTATIONS  and  HARD  TIMES. 


MACMILLAN'S    ILLUSTRATED    POCKET    THACKERAY. 


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VANITY  FAIR.     With  190  Illustrations. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  PENDENNIS.     With  180  Illustrations. 

THE  NEWCOMES.     With  1G7  Illustrations. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  HENRY  ESMOND. 


With   40 


THE  VIRGINIANS.     With  148  Illustrations. 

LOYEL    THE    WIDOWER,  and    other  Stories. 

Illustrations, 

THE  ADVENTURES  OF  PHILIP  and  A  SHABBY  GENTEEL 

STORY.     With  Illustrations. 


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MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  London. 


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THE  ATHENAEUM 

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SATURDAY,  AUGUST   18,  1906. 


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B 


IRMINGHAM    MUSICAL    FESTIVAL. 


TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY,  AND  FRIDAY, 

OCTOBER  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  1906. 

Principal  Vocalists : 

Alesdamcs  ALBANI,  AGNES  NICHOLLS.  GLEESON-WHITE, 

ADA  CROSSLEY.  and  MURIEL  FOSTER. 

Messieurs    JOHN    COATES,    WILLIAM    GREEN, 

JOHN  HARRISON.  ANDREW  BLACK,  DALTON  BAKER, 

WILLIAM  HIGLEY,  and  FFRANGCON  DAVIES. 

Solo  Violin :  MISCHA  ELMAN. 

Sffi  {  'ELIJAH.' 

Evening  {  ' THE  APOSTLES. 


Wednesday       J 
Morning.  ] 


Wednesday       J 
Evening.  ". 


Sir  Edward  Elgar's  New  Work 

'THE  KINGDOM.' 

(Composed  expressly  for  tliis  Festival.) 

BACH  S  '  .SING  YE  TO  THE  LORD.' 

BRAHMS'S  FIRST  SYMPHONY. 


Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke's  New  Work 

'THE  BELLS.' 

BEETHOVEN'S  VIOLIN  CONCERTO. 

New  Work  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt 

SINFONIETTA  IN  G  MINOR. 

Berlioz's  Overture 

'LE  CARNIVAL  ROMAIN.' 


Thursday 

Morning. 


Thursday 
Evening. 


■THE  MESSIAH.' 

Mr.  Granville  Bantock's  New  "Work 

OMAR  KHAYYAM.' 

STRAUSS'S  'TOD  UNI)  VERKLARUNG. 


Friday  f                     BEETHOVEN'S  MASS  IN  D. 

Morning.  t  TSCHAIKOWSKY  S  VIOLIN  CONCERTO. 

Pri.liv  f                           Sir  C.  Yilliers  Stanford's 

Evening  )                              'THE  REVENGE, 

i-.iemug.  (            'HYMN  OF  PRAISE'  (Mendelssohn). 

Conductor  :  Dr.  HANS  RICHTER. 

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Unreserved  Scats  for  each  Morning  Performance 10    fi 

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President : 
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THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 
OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1839  in  the  City  of 
tondon,    under  the  Presidency  of  the  late   Alderman  Harmer,  for 
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n..\M(i.M,_ The  Annuitants  now  numlier  Thirty-six,  the  Men 
receiving  iV.  and  the  Women  201.  per  annum  each. 

the  KOTO]  Victoria  Pension  Fund,"  commemorating  the  great 
advantages  the 'News  Trad,-  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 
Majesty  Ouecn  \  ictona,  provides  -M.  a  year  each  for  Sis  Widows  of 
I\ewsvendors. 

The  "Francis  Fund"  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25!.,  and  One 
vtoiuan  2iif  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
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ruMisher  of  the  Athenamm.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  exiting  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge."  and  was  for  very  many 
i''^V:'.:\T'",h  rapporter  of  this  Institution. 

Ihe  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
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right  or  election  to  its  benefits. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  281.  per  annum  for 
one  man,  In  perpetual  ami  grateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who 
died  May  12.  1889. 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rulcsgovcrning  election  to  all  Pensions 
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tilti-lm-  years  Ol  age;  ,:;..  engaged  in  the  sale  ,,f  Newspapers  for  at  least 
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tion lnoiury  is  made  in  such  cases  hy  Visiting  Commie 
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T 


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THIRD.  Medical  Advice  bv  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  (Abbots  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire) for  aged  Members,  with  garden  produce,  coal,  and   medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  house  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Langley 

for  the  use  of   Members  and  their  families  for   holidays  or   during 

convalescence. 

SIXTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  or  widows  and  young  children. 

EIGHTH.   The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  benefits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary    Mr,   GEORGE 
LARNER,  28,  Paternoster  Row.  E.O 


(Rtmcational. 


c 


ITY     OF     LIVERPOOL     SCHOOL    OF 

COMMERCE. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LIVERPOOL. 


Two  Years'  Course  in  Higher  Commercial  Subjects :  Economics, 
Commercial  Law,  Geography  and  Methods,  Accountancy,  History, 
and  Languages. 

Prospectus  on  application  to  HON.  SECRETARY. 


ENGINEERING  AND  CHEMISTRY. 

CITY  AND  GUILDS  OF  LONDON 
INSTITUTE. 
The  Entrance  Examinations  to  the  Institute's  Colleges  are  held  in 
September.  Particulars  of  the  Entrance  Examinations,  Scholarships, 
Fees,  and  Courses  of  Study  may  be  obtained  from  the  respective 
Colleges,  or  from  the  Head  Office  of  the  Institute,  Gresham  College, 
Basinghall  Street,  E.C. 

CITY  AND  GUILDS  CENTRAL  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
(Exhibition  Road,  S.W.). 
A  College  for  higher  Technical   Instruction  for  Day  Students  not 
under  16  preparing  to  become  Civil,  Mechanical,  or  Electrical  Engineers, 
Chemical  and  other  Manufacturers,  and  Teachers.    The  College  is  a 
"  School  of  the  University  of  London  "  in  the  Faculty  of  Engineering. 
Fee  for  a  full  Associateship  Course,  30!.  per  Session.     Professors  :— 
Civil    and    Mechanical    Engineering.  —  W.   E.   DALBY,    M.A.   B.Sc. 

M.Inst.C.E. 
Electrical  Engineering.— W.  E.  AYRTON,  F.R.S.  Past  Pres.Inst.E.E. 
Chemistry.— H.  E.  ARMSTRONG,  Ph.D.  LL.I).  F.R.S. 
Mechanics  and  Mathematics.— 0.  HENRICI,  Ph.D.  LL.D.  F.R.S. 
CITY  AND  GUILDS  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE,  FINSBURY. 
(Leenard  Street,  City  Road,  E.C.I 
A  College  for  Intermediate  Instruction  for  Hay  Students  preparing 
to  enter   Engineering  and  Chemical    Industries,    and    for   Evening 
Students.     Fees,  20!.  per  Session  for  Day  Students.    Professors  :— 
Physics  and  Electrical    Engineering— SILV ANUS    P.    THOMPSON, 

II. So.  F.R.S.,  Principal  of  the  ('"liege. 
Mechanical   Engineering  and    Mathematics— E.    G.    COKEB,    M.A. 

D.Sc.  F.R.S.E.  M.Inst.M.E. 
Chemistry— R.  MELnoLA,  F.R.S.  F.I.C. 
City  and  Guilds  of  London  Institute, 

Gresham  College,  Basinghall  Street,  E.C. 


A 


UNIVERSITY  OF  DURHAM. 

RM  STRONG  COLLEGE, 

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Principal-Sir  I8AMBARD  OWEN,  D.C.L.  MIL 

SESSION  OF  1! -7. 

MATRICULATION  and  EXHIBITION  EXAMINATIONS,  SEP- 
TEMBER 2-1  to  2!l. 

OPENING  of  TERM.  OCTOBER  2. 

Particulars  of  Curricula  for  University  Degrees  and  College 
Diplomas  in  ENGINEERING.  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING. 
NAVAL  ARCHITECTURE.  MIXING.  METALLURGY,  AGRI- 
CULTURE, PURE  SCIENCE,  and  LETTERS,  as  well  as  of 
Fellowships,  Scholarships,  and  Exhibitions,  and  of  facilities  for 
Residence,  on  application  to  F.  II.  PRUEN,  Secretary. 

Armstrong  College,  Newcastle  upon-Tyno. 


PRELIMINARY     SCIENTIFIC     EXAMINA- 
TION (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 
A  Systematic  Course  of  Instruction,  Including  Practical  Work,  is 
given  at  ST.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  Albeit 

Embankment.— Pull  particulars  may  I bl  lined  from  the  DEAN. 

Attendance  on  this  Course  counts   as    pert   of   the    Five   Years' 
Curriculum. 


QT.  GEORGES  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 
k3  iI'nh  ersity  OF  LONDON), 

WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  l. 

Arrangement*  having  been  made  foi  Instruction  in  the  Preliminary 
and  Intermediate  Subjects  Physics,  Chemistry,  Anatomy,  and  Physio- 
logy) to  be  undertaken  by  the  University  of  London,  Till:  ENTIRE 
LABORATORIES  AND  TEACHING  AT  THIS  HOSPITAL  AND 
SCHOOL  ARE  NOW  DEVOTED  TO  INSTRUCTION  IN  THE 
BUBJECT8     POH     THE     PINAL     EXAMINATIONS     I  Medicine 

Surgery,  Pathology,  kr  <       I'ne, mailed  f.-,,  ilil  i,-s  are  therefore  aiailahlc 
for  CLINICAL   INSTRUCTION  AND  RESEARCH. 
Further  information  from 

F.  JAFFREY.  F.R.C.S.   Dean  of  the  School. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHEKEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER.  BIARRITZ  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK, 
GENEVA,  GOLFEJUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LBS  PINS. 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord.  Lyon),  PAU.  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  II.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  m  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


T 


HE 


UNIVERSITY       OF 

SESSION,  190ti-7. 


LIVERPOOL. 


UNIVERSITY  TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS. 

SCHOOL  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 

SCHOOL  OF  COMMERCE. 

INSTITUTE  OF  ARCHAEOLOGY. 

SCHOOL  OF  TRAINING  FOR  SOCIAL  WORK. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

SCHOOL  OF  TROPICAL  MEDICINE. 

SCHOOL  OF  VETERINARY  MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 

SCHOOL  OF  DENTAL  SURGERY'. 

SCHOOL  OF  PHARMACY. 

INSTITUTE  OF  COMPARATIVE  PATHOLOGY. 


HALLS  OF  RESIDENCE  FOR  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 
EVENING  COURSES  FOR  THE  DEGREES  OF  B.A. 
EVENING  LECTURES  AND  LABORATORY  INSTRUCTION. 


The    AUTUMN     TERM     in     the     FACULTY     OF     MEDICINE 
COMMENCES  on  OCTOBERS,  in  other  FACULTIES  on  OCTOBER 9. 

Prospectuses  and  full  particulars  will  be  forwarded  on  application 
to  P.  HEBBLETHWAITE,  M.A..  Registrar. 


CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.     Principal,  Miss 

CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer   in   Education  at   the 

University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD.  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M  A     late! nd  Mis. 

tress  St.    Felix  School.    Soutliwold>.       References:     The    Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London;  The  Master  ol  Peterhouse,  <  ambridge. 


GERMAN      PASTOR'S     FAMILY      RECOM- 
MENDED  for  BOARD  and  INSTRUCTION. -For  particulars 
apply  Dr.  HOYLE,  University,  Manchester. 


PREPARATORY    SCHOOL.  —  EDITOR  of    a 

-L  well-known  Journal  wishes  to  RECOMMEND  an  excellent 
PREPARATORY  SCHOOL  ins  beautiful  part  of  Devonshire.  Terms 
moderate.  Advertiser's  Two  Sons,  educated  there,  have  both  gained 
Scholarships  si  Public  Schools.  AddressLIBER,  Box  1146,  Athenaeum 
Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

[Under  the  Management  of  a  committee  appointed  by  the  Teachers' 

Guild.    College     of    Preceptors.    Head     Mistr. \ iatton. 

Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses,  and  Welsh  i  aunty  Schools 
Association.! 

Address— 74,  Gower  Street,  London.  \\  I 
Registrar- Miss    ALICE    M.     FOUNTAIN. 
Hours  for  Interviews— KUO  cm,  to  l  p.m.,  2  to  s  p.m.     Saturdays 
until  3  p.m. 

EDUCATION   (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 
Gratis).— Pros] tuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 

ol  sin ssful  Arinv.  civil  Service,  and  Universitj  Tutors,  Belli      ree 

of    charge!   on    u  "  nu  nts    bj    ORIFF1  I'll-     -Mil  II. 

POWELL  ft  smith,  School  Agents  (established  IS        14,  Bi    ford 
Strand,  w.c. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  Information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  "f  SCHOOLS  for  HOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  u|«>n  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  QABBEDA8,  TURING  fc  00, 
who  foT  more  than  thirtv  years  have  beeu  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Ldnce,  free  of  enlarge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Heal  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackville  Street,  London.  W. 


174 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


filiations  Vacant 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PRINCIPAL  of 
BEDFORD    COLLEGE.     Salary  -Mi/,  a  year,  with  Board  and  Resi- 
dence—Particulars can  he  obtained  from  the  SECRETARY,  to  whom 
Testimonials  and  References  should  lie  sent  on  or  before  OCTOBER  10. 


c 


I      T      Y 


0      F 


HULL. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
The  above  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD 
MASTER  of  the  HULL  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 
The  Salary  offered  is  400(.  per  annum. 

The  Gentleman  appointed  must  have  had  a  good  artistic  training, 
and  he  experienced  in  the  work  of  a  School  of  Art. 
A  (  andidate  with  experience  of  Artistic  Crafts  will  bo  preferred. 
Forms  .if    Application,    particulars    of   the  duties  and   conditions 
of   appointment,    may   be   obtained   from    the   undersigned   up   to 
AUGUST  30. 
Canvassing  will  he  considered  a  disqualification. 

J.  T.  RILEY,  Secretary  of  Education. 
Education  Offices,  Albion  Street,  Hull, 
August  :!.  1906. 

WELSH       INTERMEDIATE      EDUCATION 
ACT,  1S89. 
PEMBROKESHIRE  COUNTY  SCHEME,  EDUCATION   ACT,   1902. 

The  PEMBROKESHIRE  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  are  pre- 
pared to  appoint  a  HE  AD  MASTER  for  a  COUNTY  INTERMEDIATE 
SCHOOL  .DUAL)  at  PEMBROKE  DOCK  at  a  Salary  of  120!.  per 
annum,  with  a  Capitation  Payment  of  1?.  10s.  for  each  Scholar  in  the 
School. 

The  Head  Master  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

Applications,  stating  see  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by  ten 
copies  of  Applications  and  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  in  addressed  to 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  TUESDAY,  August  21, 190S. 

Applicants  are  requested  to  state  such  of  subjects  to  be  taught  in 
the  School  as  they  themselves  teach. 

Applicants  must  he  prepared,  if  required,  to  supply  twenty-five 
further  copies  of  Applications  and  Testimonials. 

WM.  DA  VIES  GEORGE, 
Clerk  to  Pembrokeshire  Education  Committee, 

Education  Offices,  9,  Quay  Street,  Haverfordwest. 

/BOUNTY      BOROUGH      OF      WEST 

\y  HARTLEPOOL. 

PUPIL-TEACHER  CENTRE. 

The  CI  iMMITTEE  require  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  of  academic 
standing,  with  experience  of  teaching  in  Secondary  or  High  School 
and  qualified  to  teach  Physics  or  Botany,  thorough  French,  German, 
ami  Needlework. 

Candidates  to  state  date  when  they  can  commence  duties. 

Salary  1251.  per  annum. 

Applications,  with  two  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned 
befor-  the  27th  inst.  J.  G.  TAYLOR,  Secretary. 

Town  Clerk's  Office.  West  Hartlepool,  August  14, 1900. 


PRINCE    HENRY'S    GRAMMAR    SCHOOL, 
EVESHAM  IMIXED). 
The  GOVERNORS  of  the  above  School  require  an  ASSISTANT 

MISTRESS.     Salary  90'.  per  annum,  non-resident. 

Duties  to  commence  on  SEPTEMBER  10  NEXT. 

Special  Subjects  to  )«•  taken  :  English  and  History. 

It  is  abo  desirable  that  the  Mistress  should  be  able  to  teach 
Singing  and  Needlework  and  Physical  Exercises  for  Girls. 

Applications,  together  with  copies  of  not  more  than  three 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  to  me  on  or  before  SATURDAY*, 
August  L'.'tli  instant,  marked  "  Grammar  School  Mistress." 

THOS.  A.  COX,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Town  Clerk's  Offices,  Evesham,  August  7,  390H. 

LONDON    PUBLISHER     REQUIRES    a 
TRAVELLER  for  LONDON.    Must  be  experienced  and  highest 
class.— Box  1147,  Athenaeum  Press,  18,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

BOOKSELLER  WANTED  AT   ONCE  for  the 
ORDERING    DEPARTMENT  of  a  large  WEST-END    BUSI- 
NESS     (, 1  all-round  knowledge  of  Standard  Works  and  Current 

Edition- cs-eiitial.  Alsoa.IUNlOR  ASSISTANT  REQUIRED,  with 
a  good  knowledge  of  Looks.— Apply,  stating  age,  experience,  and 
Salary  required,  Box  2296)  Willing'*,  125,  Strand. 


Situations   WLmttb. 

HISTORY     LECTURESHIP     DESIRED     by 
CLERGYMAN.    Oxford  Graduate  (Modern  History  Honours). 
A  -box  1 1 1-.  Athen.euin  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

PULTURKD  JOURNALIST  and   LITERARY 

\J  MAN.  H,  desires  post  as  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  or  TRA- 
VELLING COMPANION.  Write  COURTENAY,  care  of  \V.  H, 
SMITH  ft  SON,  Temple  Station,  London. 

A  P P 0 1 N  T  M  E  N T    W  A  N T  E  D.  —  TWENTY 

XY.  TEARS  EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  PUBLISHING  TRADE.— 
Ad  rerti  er.  intimately  acquainted  with  all  Branches  of  the  business, 
and  well  known  to  Publishers,  DESIRES  engagement  with  a 
Publisher,  or  at  Traveller  to  a  Printer,  Binder.  Paper-Maker,  fee.,  or 
as   Advertisement    Canvasser.      Excellent    Testimonials-  Lux    mi, 

Athcna-iim  1'iess,  \a.  Bream's  buildings.  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 


A 


N    ACTIVE     YOUNG     MAN    (23)    requires 

Sill    A'lloN   as   PiriiLISHER'S    or     liOOKSKLLKIi'H  ASSLS- 


1.1,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


iEisaltatuons. 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  .Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonial!  A. I:.,  Box  1062,  Athenssnm  Press,  18,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French.  Flemish,  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years  experience.— J,  A.  RANDOLPH,  via, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Eneyclo- 
ptedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or  nonresident  Secre- 
taryship. Classics,  French,  German.  Italian,  Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon. 
Special  Subjects  :  Mythology  and  Literature.  Varied  experience.— 
Miss  SELBY,  30,  Northumberland  Place,  Bayswater  (formerly  53, 
Talbot  Road,  W.). 


HOLDERS  GREEN 

CREMATORIUM,  N.W. 


Situated  in  extensive  and  well-laid-out  Grounds, 
about  half-an-hour's  drive  from  Oxford  Circus. 

Large  Chapel,  with  two-manual  Organ,  available 
for  any  form  of  Funeral  Service  or  Ceremonial. 

Columbarium   and   Grounds  for  the  permanent 
deposit  of  Urns  and  Monuments. 
LESS  COSTLY  THAN  BURIAL. 

Illustrated  Descriptive  Booklet  post  free  on 
application  to  the  SECRETARY. 

Offices:    324,    REGENT    STREET,    W. 
(near  Queen's  Hall). 

Telephone :    1907   Gerrard. 
Telegrams  :  "  Crematorium,"  London. 


®5I»>-Mritm,  &c. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages).  Research.  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


TYPE- WRITING.—  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type -Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  &c.,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


TYPE-WRITING  of  all  descriptions  WANTED 
by  LADY'  (Royal  BarlocK  Machine).  Work  carefully  done  and 
promptly  returned.  10u\  per  1,000  words.— Miss  BRIDGES,  Parsonage, 
Rudgwick. 

A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

A  ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with  comnlete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 


^Utospapn:  3Vg*nts. 

\TEWSPAPER  PROPERTIES 

JLN      BOUGHT,  SOLD,  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 

EVERY  REQUISITE. 

The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 

and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  particulars  from 

THE    IMPERIAL    NEWS    AGENCY, 

2  and  4,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.C. 


C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

Mitchell  House.  1  and  2.  Snow  Hill.  Holborn  Viaduct.  E.C. 


JVntljors'   Agents. 

MR.  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing,  Newspaper, 
Piiiitimr,  and  Stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.  All  Business 
can  id  out.  under  Mr.  Lanier's  personal  supervision.  2s.  20,  and  30, 
Paternoster  Row,  E.C,  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution. 


rpiIE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1870. 

.1     The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.    Agreements  for 

Publishing  arranged.    MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.-  Terms  and  Testi- 
monials mi  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BL'RGHKS.  34.  Paternoster  Row 


Catalogtus. 


c 


0 


U       E      S. 


SCARCE  BOOKS  in  all  CLASSES  of  LITERATURE,  including 
First  Editions  of  Writers  of  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Centuries  i 
also  Popular  Modern  Authors— Best  Editions  of  Standard  Works- 
Books  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson,  Aiken,  and  others.;>«»ce| 

Also  a  CATALOGUE  of  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS  at  greatly 
reduced  prices. 

J.  &  E.  BUMPUS,  350,  Oxford  Street,  London. 

GLAISHER'S        REMAINDER       B;OOK 
CATALOGUE,  POST  FREE  ON  APPLICATION.  ' 
Extensive  Purchases  of  Publishers'  Remainders  at  Greatly  Reduced 
Prices. 
WILLIAM  GLAISHER,  Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller, 
265,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 
Also  a  useful  CATALOGUEof  POPULARCURRENT  LITERATURE 
and  one  of  FRENCH  NOVELS,  CLASSICS,  &c. 


pATALOGUE  No.   45.— Drawings,   Engravings, 

V^  and  Books,  including  an  extensive  and  fine  Collection  of  the 
Plates  of  Turner's  LIBER  STUDIORUM,  and  other  Engravings  after 
Turner  —  Hogarth's  Engravings  —  Whistler's  Etchings  —  Works  by 
Ruskin,  &c.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  YVARD,  2,  Church  Terrace, 
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Short  History  of  the  Building  and  Gallery.     By  MARY 
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London:  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS, 
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N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


177 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  IS,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Tourist  in  Ireland 177 

The  Like  and  Work  of  Tolstoy         178 

Bengal  in  1756-7        179 

Pauline  Jaricot        180 

New  Novels  (A  Sovereign  Remedy  ;  Suzanne ;  Profit 
and  Loss  ;  Wilhehnina  in  London  ;  In  the  Service 

of  Love  ;  A  Sealed  Book)  181—182 

Verse  Old  and  New  182 

Our  Library  Table  (Cities  of  Spain  ;  Interest  and 
Saving ;  Apollonius  of  Tyana ;  Sketches  of  Kafir 
Life;  Royal  Scottish  Accounts,  1531-8;  Everyman; 
Robin  Hood  ;   The  Californians  ;  Paton's  Schools 

and  Teachers)         183—185 

List  ok  New  Books 186 

The  Battle  ok  vEthandune ;  "Cain"  and  the 
Moon  ;  The  Late  Mrs.  Craigie  ;  Gleanings 
from  Parish  Registers  ;  Historical  Manu- 
scripts Commission;  The  Birth -Year  of 
Henry  V. ;  Other  William  Shakespeares  186—188 

Literary  Gossip         189 

Science— Chamberlin  and  Salisbury  on  Geology  ; 
Chemistry  ok  the  Proteids;  Chemistry  ok 
the  Albumens  ;  The  Small  Garden  Beautikul; 
The  Book  ok  Raker  Vegetables  ;  Anthropo- 
logical Notes  ;  Gossip         191—193 

Fine  Arts— Lang  on  Portraits  ok  Mary  Stuart  ; 
University  ok  Liverpool  Measured  Draw- 
ings; Gossip        193—195 

Music— Clara  Schumann  ;  Gossip  ;  Perpormances 

Next  Week  195—196 

Drama— Gossip 196 

Index  to  Advertisers       196 


LITERATURE 


Murray's  Handbook  for  Ireland.     Seventh 
Edition.     (Stanford.) 

Connemara.     By  J.  Harris  Stone.   (Health 
Resort  Publishing  Company.) 

Ireland  has  recently  come  into  fashion 
so  remarkably  that  a  well-revised  hand- 
book for  travellers  to  that  country  will 
supply  an  increasing  demand.  The  editor 
of  '  Murray's  Handbook,'  Mr.  Cooke,  has 
done  his  work  with  simplicity  and  intel- 
ligence, avoiding  all  flavour  of  politics 
or  of  creed,  and  thus  producing  a  very 
useful  book.  As  he  appeals  to  those  who 
notice  omissions  or  mistakes  to  help  him, 
we  shall  not  displease  him  by  making 
some  such  observations  in  this  place  ; 
but  we  preface  all  these  by  reiterating 
our  high  appreciation  of  his  work,  and 
our  full  sense  of  the  difficulties  under 
which  every  editor  of  such  a  congeries 
of  details  must  labour. 

In  speaking  of  hotels  he  utters  a  just 
judgment  on  their  past  insufficiency  and 
their  recent  improvement,  so  far  as  the 
remote  country  is  concerned.  Rosapenna, 
Mulranny,  Parknasilla,  and  a  few  more, 
are  delightful  novelties,  and  eminently 
satisfactory  ;  but  he  does  not  say  a  word 
of  praise  or  blame  about  the  hotels  of  the 
cities  or  the  larger  country  towns.  As  a 
Dublin  man  lie  would  naturally  avoid 
reflections  on  Dublin  hotels,  but  he 
might  have  told  his  readers  the  unpalatable 
truth,  that  the  cooking  at  most  of  them, 
even  in  Dublin  and  Belfast,  leaves  much 
to  be  desired.  The  usual  advice  to  a 
stranger  who  wants  a  good  dinner  in 
Dublin  is  to  go  to  a  particular  restaurant, 
not  to  an  hotel  ;  and  in  Belfast,  till  the 
Northern  Counties  Railway  Hotel  was 
opened,  the  accommodation  for  strangers 
was  not  worthy  of  that  city.     Many  of 


the  county  towns  are  deplorably  behind- 
hand in  this  respect,  and  so  are  most  of 
the  buffets  at  railway  stations.  The  late 
Lord  George  Hill  was  a  whole  generation 
before  his  time  when  he  not  only  estab- 
lished, but  also  constantly  supervised 
in  person,  his  little  hotel  at  Gweedore. 

The  editor's  remarks  on  the  house 
architecture  of  Dublin  show  want  of 
proper  knowledge.  He  calls  it  "  the  plain 
and  tasteless  work  of  the  Georgian  and 
early  Victorian  period."  Such  a  sen- 
tence is  open  to  many  criticisms.  Early 
Georgian  houses  are  often  beautiful,  even 
outside,  and  within  are  among  the  most 
artistic  we  possess.  The  dull,  but  not 
ugly,  red-brick  fronts  of  the  older  streets  in 
Dublin  conceal  interiors  of  much  beauty  ; 
and  there  are  scores  of  old  private  houses 
well  worth  a  visit.  Mr.  Cooke  does, 
indeed,  refer  more  than  once  to  the  rich 
work  of  the  Italian  artists  who  decorated 
in  Dublin  during  the  eighteenth  century, 
but  he  does  not  divide  them,  as  he  should 
have  done,  into  pre- Adamite  and  Adamite, 
or  point  to  specimens  of  these  widely 
different  styles.  The  ceiling  of  the 
Rotunda  Chapel,  of  which  the  whole 
woodwork  is  dark  mahogany,  and  Tyrone 
House,  are  specimens  of  the  former. 
Most  of  the  large  houses  in  St.  Stephen's 
Green  or  Mount  joy  Square  belong  to  the 
latter,  and  are  far  finer  work.  Leinster 
House  can  show  specimens  of  both.  But 
there  is  no  mention  whatever  in  the 
'  Handbook  '  of  Adam,  Wedgwood,  and 
Angelica  Kaufmann  in  connexion  with 
Irish  house  architecture.  Yet  these  artists 
did  good  work  in  many  houses  all  over 
Ireland. 

On  the  two  cathedrals  Mr.  Cooke  is 
very  instructive,  and  we  have  no  fault  to 
find,  except  that  he  credits  the  restorer 
of  St.  Patrick's  with  spending  a  far  larger 
sum  than  that  restoration  cost,  and  he 
does  not  credit  him  with  the  shocking 
displacement  of  historic  monuments  like 
those  of  Lady  Cork  and  of  Duke  Schomberg, 
the  latter  of  which  has  been  put  back  into 
its  place  by  the  present  Dean.  The  Cork 
monument  was,  indeed,  taken  down  from 
the  east  end  (where  the  reredos  should 
have  been)  by  order  of  Strafford,  but  was 
replaced  against  the  south  wall  of  the 
chancel,  and  remained  there  till  the 
restoration  of  1866,  which  was  done  in 
total  ignorance  of  history.  The  absence 
of  an  apse  in  either  cathedral,  and  the 
placing  of  several  chapels  at  the  east  end 
instead,  remind  us  strongly  of  the  nine 
chapels  at  Durham  Cathedral,  for  which 
the  apse  was  removed.  We  think, 
in  this  connexion,  that  the  editor  has 
hardly  done  justice  to  St.  Mary's  Cathe- 
dral in  Limerick.  He  tells  us  that  "  little, 
if  any,  of  the  old  edifice  is  in  existence." 
We  should  require  very  strong  evidence  to 
believe  this.  The  west  door  is  in  the 
Norman  style,  and  must  be  either  very 
old  or  quite  recent.  The  supports  of  the 
nave  are  not  pillars,  but  piers  of  very 
rude  masonry,  and  apparently  the  work 
of  the  same  age.  The  original  simple 
cruciform  church  was  enlarged  not  by 
aisles,  but  by  chapels,  gradually  filling  up 
the  re-entrant  angles  of  the  cross  till  the 


present  plan  is  a  huge  parallelogram.  The 
transept  windows  are  now  virtually  in  the 
north  and  south  walls.  The  church  is,  in 
fact,  a  group  of  nine  or  ten  chapels  round 
a  simple  nave. 

But  let  us  escape  into  the  country,  for 
this  is  truly  what  most  visitors  desire  to 
see.  It  must  be  remembered  that  Ireland 
is  not,  like  most  islands,  high  in  the  centre, 
and  lower  at  the  seaboard,  but  rather 
tray-shaped,  most  of  the  inner  country 
being  bog  and  lake,  whereas  the  edges  are 
the  picturesque  part.  Hence  the  inner 
parts  are  apt  to  be  greatly  neglected, 
and  yet,  not  to  speak  of  such  gems  as  the 
Rock  of  Cashel  or  Adare,  there  are  spots 
of  no  small  interest  which  the  higher-class 
traveller,  who  has  time  to  spare,  ought  to 
visit.  The  editor  has  evidently  not  seen 
Castle  Comer,  which  is  not  a  "  mining 
village,"  but  rather  a  stately  little  country 
town,  with  a  broad  main  street  (shaded  by 
large  trees)  and  good  stone  houses — all 
showing  the  care  of  the  Wandesford 
family.  Their  original  mansion  (built  about 
1640)  was  burnt  down  by  the  rebels  in 
1798.  But  the  mines  are  of  modern 
interest  on  account  of  the  precious  nature 
of  the  anthracite  coal,  which  commands  a 
very  high  price,  and  is  exported  for  use  at 
works  near  Niagara.  As  soon  as  a  railway 
penetrates  this  curiously  isolated  country, 
the  present  owner  may  become  one  of  the 
magnates  of  Ireland.  There  is  another 
equally  forgotten  tract  in  the  North — we 
mean  the  high  plateau  of  moor  at  the 
junction  of  counties  Monaghan,  Tyrone, 
and  Fermanagh,  which  contains  not  only 
a  peculiar,  possibly  pre-Celtic  population, 
but  also  one  of  the  finest  wooded  glens  in 
Ireland,  Altadowin  (or  Altajowin),  on  the 
Moutray  estate.  It  is  a  favourite  resort 
for  visitors  from  Aughnacloy  or  Emyvale, 
but  otherwise  hardly  known,  and  is  re- 
markable for  forest  trees  of  holly,  such  as 
are  not  elsewhere  to  be  seen. 

Here  are  some  additional  trifles.  New 
Ross  was  founded  to  replace  Ross-bercon 
(still  a  railway  station),  the  charter  of 
which,  granted  by  William  de  Marischal, 
remains  among  the  muniments  of  Kil- 
kenny Castle.  The  representation  of  the 
abduction  of  Lord  Howth's  heir  by 
Granuale  is  not  a  picture,  but  a  carving  on 
an  old  press,  recovered  from  a  shop  in 
Dublin  not  very  long  ago.  The  absence 
of  any  west  door  in  Cormac's  Chapel 
points  to  the  parallels  to  be  found  in 
Germany,  where  churches  of  that  age 
never  have  a  west  door,  but  have  instead 
an  apse  with  an  altar  facing  west.  Such 
was  the  Galilee  chapel  at  Durham. 
Nelson's  pillar  is  only  once  mentioned, 
and  then  as  a  starting-point  for  tramcars! 

Mr.  Stone's  '  Connemara '  is  a  very 
different  kind  of  book.  It  is  written  with 
a  purpose — that  of  inducing  as  many 
people  as  possible  to  visit  the  west  of 
Ireland.  Mr.  Stone  and  the  Health 
Resort  Publishing  Company  are  sublimely 
sure  of  the  results  : — 

"  The  advent  of  more  and  more  visitors  to 
the  island,  consequent  upon  the  railway 
having  now  reached  their  doors,  cannot  but 
have  an  advantageous  effect  upon  them  [the 
natives],  not  only  as  increasing  the  circula- 


178 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


tion    ofamoney,    but    also    as    effecting    a 
renning^influence  upon  their  habits." 
This  remark,  which  probably  seems  self- 
evident  to  Mr.   Stone,   will  appear  false 
to  any  intelligent  student  of  Irish  cha- 
racter.    We    do    not,    indeed,    know    of 
any   other   country   Avhere    an   influx    of 
English   trippers   improves    the   manners 
of  the  people  ;    in   Ireland  the  tourist's 
advent  is  consistently  followed  by  the  pro- 
gressive moral  degradation  of  the  natives. 
They  become  idlers  and  beggars  by  pro- 
fession,   and   trust   to   exorbitant   profits 
during  the  season  to  support  them  in  sloth 
during  the  rest  of  the  year.     They  become 
self-conscious    actors,    posing    before    the 
stranger,   whom   they   also  despise,   with 
artificial  humour.     We  commend  to  the 
reader   Miss    Jane    Barlow's    sketches    of 
the    Western    peasantry,    where    he    will 
find  a  picture  in  which  gloom  predominates, 
and  that  is  certainly  a  leading  feature  in 
the  pre-Celtic  population  which    abounds 
in  Galway  and  Mayo.     There  is  a  great 
gloom  also  in  vast  bogs,  so  wet  and  spongy 
that  not  even  heather  will  grow  in  them, 
with  mountains  of  barren  rock,  like  the 
Twelve   Pins,   to   add  to  the  desolation. 
Picturesque  such  views  often  are,  especially 
when  seen  through  the  purple  haze  not 
unfrequent  in  Connemara,  or  through  the 
couleur  de  rose  atmosphere  which  glows 
all  through  this  book.     The  author  even 
tells  us  that  brown  trout  with  white  flesh 
are  the  best  he  ever  ate,  whereas  it  is 
de  rigueur  to  require  pink  flesh  in  any 
decent  Irish  trout.     But  what  shall  we 
say    of   the   optimism   of   the   man   who 
proposes  to  make  the  people  eat  conger- 
eel  ?     There  are  bays  in  the  West  where 
they   throw  out  turbot  or  sole,   because 
they    are   flat ;     they   would   refuse   any 
vegetable  but  cabbage  (potatoes  are  not 
a     "  vegetable "     in     Ireland).     Imagine 
such    people    asked    to    eat    conger-eel  ! 
We  are  not  surprised  at  Mr.  Stone  thinking 
conger  pie  a  delicacy  ;    but  most  people 
would  hate   it.     We   are  not   astonished 
at  his  constantly  seeing  cliffs  over  2,000 
feet  high,  though  we  have  often  wondered 
that   Slieve   League,   in   South   Donegal, 
which  is  reputed  the  tallest  cliff  in  Ireland, 
measures  some  feet  short  of  that  round 
number.     The  author  treats  the  various 
Boards  occupied  with  the  agrarian  ques- 
tion to  a  severe  lecture  on  their  incom- 
petence.    Some  of  this  may  be  deserved, 
but  how  little  he  understands  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  question  is  apparent  from 
his  endorsing  an  ancient  and  even  then 
silly    statement    that    the    reduction    of 
rents    by    33    per    cent,    would    remedy 
distress   in   the   West.     When  farms   are 
so    subdivided    that    the    rent    of    many 
tenants  is  1/.  or  1/.  10s.  per  annum,  would 
even  the  total  remission  of  such  a  sum 
make  them  into  prosperous  people  ? 

We  should,  however,  produce  a  wrong 
impression  if  these  strictures  deterred 
our  readers  from  consulting  Mr.  Stone's 
book.  Written  by  a  practical  man  and 
a  fisherman,  moreover  by  a  healthy  and 
cheery  person,  it  offers  advice  which  will 
be  of  great  use  to  the  tourist,  and,  as 
might  be  expected  from  a  journalist,  Mr. 
Stone's  ideas  flow  easily  and  pleasantly. 


But  his  style  is  often  shocking  to  the  purist. 
He  speaks  of  the  remarkably  high  ages 
of  the  remnant  of  the  Irish  population 
(due  to  emigration  of  the  young)  where 
he  means  the  high  average  age.  He  says 
exactly  the  opposite  of  what  he  means 
when  he  tells  us  :  "  It  is  only  within  quite 
recent  3^ears  that  the  King's  writ  had  any 
potentiality  in  the  Claddagh."  The  power 
of  the  English  Crown  has  been  a  poten- 
tiality for  centuries  in  the  Claddagh  :  it 
became  an  actuality  in  recent  days  only. 
"  The  centre  of  Ireland  is  one  huge  bog 
alone  [?]  "  ;  "  The  Irishman  is  a  mixture 
of  incongruity  and  oddments,"  and  "  my 
own  peculiar  idiosyncrasies  "  are  surely 
ugly  pleonasms.  We  also  find  the  now 
usual  vulgarism  of  "location"  for  place. 
Regarding  the  history  or  limits  of  Conne- 
mara, and  indeed  of  co.  Galway,  Mr. 
Stone  is  not  well  informed.  He  imagines 
that  the  tribes  of  Galway  were  Anglo- 
Normans.  He  quotes  with  amused  per- 
plexity the  title  McWilliam  Eighter  or 
Oughter,  though  that  title  and  that  distinc- 
tion were  of  paramount  importance  in  the 
West  for  centuries.  But  why  should  a 
pleasant,  jovial  tourist,  who  even  criticizes 
the  local  inns  and  their  tariff  with  good- 
humoured  indulgence,  trouble  himself 
with  antiquarian  research  ? 


Leo  Tolstoy  :  his  Life  and  Work. — Vol.  I. 
Childhood  and  Early  Manhood.  Com- 
piled by  Paul  Birukoff.     (Heinemann.) 

It  was  an  excellent  idea  of  Mr.  Birukoff 
to  give  us  the  family  chronicle  of  the 
Tolstoys.  It  is  veritably  a  patriarchal 
picture,  and  reminds  us  of  the  delightful 
'  Family  Chronicle  '  ('  Semeinaya  Khro- 
nika  ')  of  Aksakoff.  The  figures  stand  out 
of  the  canvas  before  us,  each  with  its 
distinct  individuality.  There  is  some- 
thing genuine  in  all  of  them,  and  we  may 
place  full  confidence  in  the  truthfulness  of 
the  portraits  when  we  know  that  the  pages 
of  the  book  have  been,  in  many  instances, 
furnished  with  autobiographical  notes  by 
Tolstoy  himself.  Here  are  the  stemmata 
of  the  Tolstoys,  an  honourable  race  which 
has  done  the  "  state  some  service,"  from 
the  first  Tolstoy,  who  was  sent  by  Peter 
to  fetch  back  his  peccant  son  Alexis  from 
Italy,  till  the  present  day.  Besides  the 
pleasure  we  naturally  feel  in  coming  to  close 
quarters  with  the  life  of  a  great  man,  we 
find  many  pages  of  his  writings  illuminated 
by  this  book.  Like  Turguenieff,  Tolstoy 
has  put  much  autobiographical  detail  into 
his  work.  He  has  used  the  unvarying 
privilege  of  great  novelists  of  taking  his 
material  wherever  he  found  it.  The 
maternal  side  of  the  family — the  Volkon- 
skis — is  also  traced,  but  of  his  mother 
Tolstoy  knew  little,  as  she  died  when  he 
was  very  young.  We  have  the  somewhat 
wayward  and  eccentric,  but  honourable 
and  affectionate  youth  with  his  three 
brothers,  Sergius,  Demetrius,  and  Nicholas. 
Our  hero  was  first  at  the  University  of 
Kazan,  but  disliked  the  academic  disci- 
pline, and  did  not  take  a  degree.  He  had 
entered  the  Oriental  faculty.  He  is  next 
in  the  army,  and  we  watch  his  exploits 


in  the  Caucasus,  when  Bariatinski  is 
gradually  subjugating  the  mountaineers 
and  capturing  Schamyl. 

The  narrative  becomes  even  more 
interesting  when  Sebastopol  and  the  Cri- 
mean campaign  are  described.  We  know 
what  marvellous  sketches,  full  of  astound- 
ing realism,  Tolstoy  has  devoted  to  this 
war.  He  was  himself  present  at  the 
battle  of  the  Chernaya,  and  was  nearly 
slain  by  the  chance  shot  of  an  Italian 
peasant,  who  had  no  conceivable  interest 
in  the  struggle  between  the  Russians  and 
the  Allies.  The  war,  however,  came 
to  an  end,  and  Tolstoy  left  the  battle- 
fields for  St.  Petersburg.  We  cannot 
follow  here  his  honest  religious  struggles, 
which  finally  developed  in  him  a  man  of 
the  tenderest  conscience  towards  his 
fellow-man  and  every  humble  animal  that 
accompanies  man  on  his  pilgrimage.  Mr. 
Birukoff  shows  us  the  development  of 
Tolstoy  as  a  writer  from  the  time  he  sent 
his  first  ballon  d'essai  to  Nekrasoff,  the 
editor  of  the  Sovremennik  (Contemporary). 
Nekrasoff  at  once  saw  the  merit  of  the 
new  candidate,  and  Tolstoy  was  free  of 
the  guild  of  Russian  literary  men.  He 
was  familiar  with  Turguenieff,  Grigorovich, 
Goncharoff,  Druzhinin,  and  Ostrovski. 
One  of  the  strangest  passages  of  Tolstoy's 
life  was  his  bickering  with  Turguenieff. 
Neither  appears  to  have  understood  the 
other  ;  and  on  one  occasion  (as  is  fully 
narrated  by  the  poet  Fet,  who  was  a 
witness),  owing  to  some  unfortunate  plain- 
ness of  speech  by  Tolstoy,  Turguenieff  was 
so  irritated  that  he  threatened  to  box  his 
ears,  and  even  sent  him  a  challenge.  The 
challenge  reads  to  us  like  the  far-off  echo 
of  a  forgotten  world.  Tolstoy  behaved 
magnanimously  in  the  matter,  and  Tur- 
guenieff had  the  good  sense  to  apologize 
for  his  outburst.  It  is  pleasant  to  think 
that,  amid  the  tortures  of  his  death-bed, 
Turguenieff  sent  a  message  to  Tolstoy  in 
which  he  greeted  him  as  the  greatest 
Russian  author.  Noteworthy  also  is 
Tolstoy's  acquaintance  with  Herzen, 
whom  he  visited  during  the  short  time  he 
spent  in  England.  Mr.  Birukoff  has  been 
able  to  enhance  the  value  of  his  pages  by 
many  personal  recollections  given  to  him 
orally  by  Madame  Ogareff  and  others  con- 
cerning this  visit. 

Herzen  was  delighted  with  Tolstoy's 
book,  '  Childhood,  Boyhood,  and  Youth.' 
Natalya,  his  daughter,  was  then  a  little 
girl,  but  distinctly  remembers  the  arrival 
of  Tolstoy.  According  to  her  account  her 
disappointment  was  great  when  she  beheld 
a  man  who  was  dressed  in  the  latest  fashion, 
had  society  manners,  and  talked  a  good 
deal  about  sport.  But  the  intercourse 
between  Herzen  and  Tolstoy  was  certainly 
not  confined  to  sport,  for  Herzen  gave  him 
a  letter  of  introduction  to  Proudhon  at 
Paris.  This  was  in  1861.  Herzen  has 
spoken  eloquently  about  his  London  life 
in  his  charming  '  Biloe  i  Duma  '  ('  The 
Past  and  Thought '),  which  contains  some 
of  the  most  picturesque  writing  in  the 
Russian  language.  One  of  the  signs  of  a 
more  liberal  Russia  is  the  reprinting  of 
some  of  Herzen's  masterpieces,  long  for- 
bidden by  the  censorship. 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


179 


There  are  some  melancholy  pages  in  the 
life  of  Tolstoy,  consecrated  to  an  account 
of  the  death  by  consumption  of  his  brother 
Nicholas,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  man 
of  noble  character.  The  portrait  of  him 
which  is  given  facing  p.  158  shows  a  very 
sympathetic  and  sincere  face.  The  three 
brothers  have  pre-deceased  our  author, 
but  he  is  fortunate  in  having  his  wife 
spared  to  him — she  was  a  Miss  Anna  Bers 
— who  furnishes  some  interesting  material ; 
and  the  large  family  of  children  gathered 
round  him  makes  what  the  ancients  would 
have  called  florens  domus. 

It  is  not  necessary  for  us  to  describe 
Yasnaya  Polyana,  which  has  become  the 
Mecca  of  so  many  Western  pilgrims. 
The  efforts  of  Tolstoy  in  education 
have  also  been  frequently  written 
about.  The  charm  of  this  book  is 
that  it  presents  us  with  the  intimate  life 
of  the  great  author.  The  photo- 
graphic pictures  are  illustrative  in  the 
best  sense  of  the  word,  showing  Leo 
himself  at  many  different  periods  of  his 
life,  and  his  immediate  relatives.  Views 
are  also  furnished  of  Yasnaya  Polyana 
(both  the  country  seat  and  the  village)  and 
the  University  of  Kazan. 

The  book  concludes  with  an  account  of 
the  author's  marriage  and  some  criticisms 
of  his  books.  The  complete  list  of  Tolstoy's 
works  is  now  very  long,  beginning  with 
4  Childhood.'  Soon  after  their  appear- 
ance in  Russia  these  delightful  sketches 
were  translated  into  English,  but  at  the 
time  attracted  no  attention  at  all.  It 
was  about  the  same  period  that  a  reviewer 
in  this  country  found  the  witty  comedy 
of  Griboiedoff,  celebrated  throughout 
Russia,  insufferably  dull.  We  are  grateful 
to  Mr.  Birukoff  for  giving  us  lists  of 
the  books  which  have  formed  the  favourite 
reading  of  Tolstoy.  This  most  interesting 
publication  ought  to  find  many  readers, 
now  that  the  works  of  the  great  writer 
have  become  classical. 


Bengal  in  1756-1757  :  a  Selection  of 
Public  and  Private  Papers  dealing  with 
the  Affairs  of  the  British  in  Bengal 
during  the  Reign  of  Siraj-ud'daula. 
Edited,  with  Notes  and  an  Historical 
Introduction,  by  S.  C.  Hill.  3  vols. 
(Published  for  the  Government  of  India 
by  John  Murray.) 

In  a  Prefatory  Note  we  are  informed  that 
the  present  volumes  form  "  a  first  instal- 
ment "  of  a  "  series  to  deal  with  the  more 
modern  history  of  India  "  : — 

"  This  is  to  comprise  selections,  notes,  or 
•compilations  from  the  records  of  the  Indian 
Government,  or  of  the  India  Office  in  London, 
and  will  bo  known  as  the  '  Indian  Records 
Series.'  The  volumes  now  published  will 
be  followed  by  others  on  '  The  History  of 
Fort  William,  Calcutta,'  containing  papers 
selected  by  the  late  Dr.  C.  R.  Wilson  ;  '  The 
Reports  of  Strcynsham  Master  en  his  Tours 
in  liengal  and  Madras,  1676-1680,'  edited 
by  Sir  Richard  Temple,  Bart,,  CLE.  ; 
'  Papers  relating  to  the  Administration  of 
Lord  Olive,'  by  .Mr.  G.  W.  Forrest,  CLE.  ; 
and  'The  History  of  Fort  St.  George  and 
other  Public  Buildings  at  Madras,'  by  Col. 
H.  D.  Love,  R.E." 


In  the  selection  of  the  volumes  for  the 
series  the  Government  of  India  seem  to 
have  disregarded  entirely  the  order  of 
events  and  their  proportion  :  the  series 
opens  with  the  year  1756-7,  but  we  are  to 
have  later  the  reports  of  Streynsham  Master 
on  his  tours  in  Bengal  and  Madras,  1676- 
1680.  In  that  splendid  monument  of 
research,  '  The  Diaries  of  William  Hedges, 
Esq.  (1681-1687),'  published  by  the 
Hakluyt  Society,  we  have  an  exhaustive 
sketch  of  Streynsham  Master  by  Sir 
Henry  Yule.  This  sketch,  done  by  a  great 
writer,  was,  as  Sir  Henry  states,  derived 
from  the  MS.  records  in  the  India  Office, 
with  some  extracts  from  letters  in  the 
British  Museum.  If  it  be  advisable  to 
do  what  Sir  Henry  Yule  did  not  do — 
print  the  actual  reports  of  Streynsham 
Master,  they  should  be  published  by  the 
Hakluyt  Society  as  supplementary  volumes 
to  Hedges' s  diary.  The  history  of  Fort 
St.  George  and  other  public  buildings  at 
Madras  should  not  form  part  of  a  Govern- 
ment of  India  or  Imperial  series,  but  should 
be  published  by  the  Government  of  Madras. 
As  to  the  extent  of  the  series  and  the  pro- 
portion of  the  different  volumes,  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  or  their  official  literary 
advisers,  do  not  seem  to  have  made  any 
calculation.  The  first  three  mighty  tomes, 
occupying  eleven  hundred  and  ninety- 
seven  closely  printed  quarto  pages,  deal 
with  a  single  year  memorable  for  two 
events — the  siege  of  Calcutta  and  the 
tragedy  of  the  Black  Hole  ;  and  if  the 
records  of  the  Government  of  India  are 
to  be  edited  on  this  scale,  the  historian  will 
have  to  wait  for  a  century  before  he  can 
begin  a  work  much  needed — the  history 
of  the  rise  and  growth  of  the  British 
Empire  in  India. 

The  next  volume  or  volumes  of  the 
series  will  be,  we  are  told,  on  '  The  History 
of  Fort  William,  Calcutta,  containing 
Papers  selected  by  the  late  Dr.  C.  R. 
Wilson.'  But  old  Fort  William  lives  in 
history  on  account  of  its  famous  siege, 
and  we  shall  have,  therefore,  at  least  four 
volumes,  and  probably  five,  mainly  deal- 
ing with  one  important  episode,  and  edited 
by  two  persons.  Dr.  Wilson,  whose  early 
death  was  a  severe  blow  to  historical 
research,  devoted  ten  or  fifteen  years  of 
strenuous  labour  to  elucidating  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  siege,  and  to  him  we 
owe  the  discovery  of  the  exact  site  of  the 
Black  Hole.  In  1895  he  published  the  first 
volume  of  '  The  Early  Annals  of  the  Eng- 
lish in  Bengal.'  Mr.  Hill  acknowledges 
the  deep  debt  which  every  student 
of  Indian  history  owes  to  Dr. 
Wilson  ;  he  even  states  that  in  his 
pages  "  there  are  many  suggestions  as  to 
possible  sources  of  information."  There 
is  one  pioneer,  however,  of  whom  no  men- 
tion is  made.  The  Government  of  India 
do  not  seem  to  be  aware  of  the  fact  that 
twenty  years  ago  they  printed  in  a  modest 
and  convenient  form  '  The  Political  Annals 
of  Bengal.'  We  believe  the  State  Papers 
contained  in  it  were  collected  by  Mr. 
Talboys  Wheeler,  to  whose  good  work  in 
bringing  to  light,  by  individual  research, 
important  historical  documents  sufficient 
justice  has  never  been  done.     The  history 


of  Bengal  preceding  the  capture  of  Cal- 
cutta, 1748-56  ;  the  circumstances  con- 
nected with  the  advance  of  Surajah- 
Dowlah  ;  the  capture  of  the  fort  on 
June  20th,  1756  ;  the  Black  Hole  tragedy, 
and  the  condition  of  the  Company's 
servants  up  to  the  recapture  of  Calcutta 
by  the  English,  are  noticed  in  full  detail 
in  the  official  correspondence  collected 
by  Mr.  Wheeler. 

Mr.  Hill's  work  ends  with  the  death  of 
Surajah-Dowlah  on  July  3rd,  1757.  It 
would  have  been  better  if  it  had  ended  at 
the  capture  of  Calcutta  by  that  sovereign, 
and  the  materials  had  been  brought  within 
a  reasonable  and  a  readable  compass.  Mr. 
Hill  has  substituted  an  unfathomable  sea 
of  print  for  an  unfathomable  sea  of  manu- 
script. The  period  from  the  recapture  of 
Calcutta  by  Clive  to  the  battle  of  Plassey 
is  an  important  epoch  in  the  life  of  Clive, 
and  demands  separate  treatment  ;  and  as 
'  Papers  relating  to  the  Administration  of 
Lord  Clive,'  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Forrest, 
are  announced,  it  was  hardly  neces- 
sary to  have  extracts  from  them 
printed  in  these  volumes.  Mr.  Hill  re- 
marks that  "  the  publication  of  an  admir- 
able Press  List  of  these  Records  by  the 
Government  of  Madras  made  a  personal 
examination  of  these  documents  unneces- 
sary." Press  Lists  are  admirable  guides, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  make  a  satisfactory 
selection  unless  the  editor  handles  the 
original  documents.  It  is  only  by  wading 
through  the  original  folios  that  one  gets 
imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the  time,  and  is 
able  to  sift  the  golden  wheat  from  the 
chaff. 

Mr.  Hill  has  prefixed  to  the  selections 
a  most  laborious  Historical  Introduction. 
It  is  a  chronicle  of  events  done  with 
considerable  care  ;  but  the  prefatory 
matter  to  a  volume  of  State  Papers 
should  enable  the  ordinary  reader  or  the 
student  of  history  to  judge  how  far  its 
contents  have  contributed  to  a  more 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  period,  how 
much  fresh  information  they  have  brought 
to  light,  and  to  what  extent  they  have 
replaced  doubt  by  certainty. 

Mr.  Hill  omits  in  his  Historical  Intro- 
duction materials  for  forming  a  fair  judg- 
ment as  to  the  causes  which  led  Surajah- 
Dowlah  to  attack  the  English.  The  last 
named  wrote  on  June  1st,  1756  : — 

"I  have  three  substantial  motives  for 
extirpating  the  English  cut  cf  my  country — 
one,  that  they  have  built  strong  fortifica- 
tions and  dug  a  large  ditch  in  the  King's 
dominions,  contrary  to  the  established  laws 
of  the  country  ;  the  second  i-  that  they 
have  abused  the  privilege  of  their  dustucks 
by  granting  them  to  such  as  were  in  no  ways 
entitled  to  them,  from  which  practices  the 
King  has  suffered  greatly  in  the  revenue  of 

his  customs;  the  third  motive  IS  that  they 
•jive  protection  to  such  of  the  King's  -uhjects 
as  have  by  their  behaviour  in  the  en, ploys 
they  were  entrusted  with  made  themselves 

liable  to  be  called  t«.  an  account,  and.  instead 
of  giving  thorn  |  up]  on  demand,  they  allowed 

such  persons  to  shelter  themselves  within 
their  bounds  from  the  hands  of  justice." 

Mr.  Hill  states  that  Surajah-Dowlah 
'•  had  a  show  of  reason  in  all  the  pretexts 
he  alleged  for  his  attack  upon  the  British." 


180 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


NM112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


They  were  not  pretexts,  and  he  had  more 
than  a  show  of  reason.  The  abuses  of 
which  he  complained  existed,  and  no 
ruler  who  had  any  regard  for  his  own  power 
and  the  good  of  his  subjects  could  allow 
them  to  go  on.  Capt.  Rennie,  a  mariner, 
in  his  '  Reflections  on  the  Loss  of  Calcutta,' 
June,  1756,  points  this  out  very  plainly. 
Mr.  Hill  writes  : — 

"  The  protection  given  to  the  servants  of 
the  native  government  is  somewhat  difficult 
to  understand.  The  only  case  on  record  is 
that  of  Krishna  Das,  the  circumstances  of 
which  have  been  detailed  above." 

Capt.  Rennie  states  that  we  protected  all 
the  native  subjects  that  claimed  our  pro- 
tection, and  the  reason  for  protecting 
them  was  to  extort  money  out  of  them. 
The  case  of  Kissendas  (we  follow  Orme's 
spelling)  is  recorded  on  account  of  the 
fatal  consequences  which  ensued.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  Hindu  lover  and  principal 
adviser  of  a  widowed  daughter  of  Aliverdi 
Khan,  to  whose  throne  Surajah-Dowlah 
had  succeeded.  Under  pretence  of  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  sacred  shrine  of  Jager- 
nath,  he  had  proceeded  to  Calcutta  with 
his  family  and  an  immense  amount  of 
treasure.  It  is  evident  from  the  Reports 
of  the  House  of  Commons  that  Richard 
Drake,  the  Governor,  and  some  of  the 
Council  were  suspected  not  only  of  sup- 
porting the  claims  of  the  widow  and  her 
adopted  son  against  those  of  Surajah- 
Dowlah,  but  also  of  accepting  a  money 
bribe  to  allow  Kissendas  to  be  admitted 
into  Calcutta.  When  Surajah  obtained 
possession  of  the  throne  he  at  once  sent 
a  written  order  to  the  Governor  of  Cal- 
cutta to  deliver  Kissendas  up,  his  property 
and  his  followers.  The  Governor,  Drake, 
was  thirty-four  years  of  age,  and  rightly 
described  by  Surajah-Dowlah  as  "  a  very 
wicked  and  unruly  man."  Narayan  Das, 
the  messenger,  was  a  man  of  considerable 
importance,  and  Mr.  Hill  writes  : — 

"  As  Mr.  Drake  had  authority  to  exclude 
undesirable  persons,  it  was  decided  to  refuse 
to  receive  Narayan  Das'  letter  and  to  expel 
him  from  the  town,  and  servants  were  sent 
to  see  this  order  immediately  carried  out." 

This,  however,  is  not  a  sufficient  state- 
ment of  what  is  said  to  have  taken 
place.  A  contemporary  writer  states 
that  the  messenger  "  was  turned  out 
of  the  factory  and  off  the  shore  with 
derision  and  insolence."  Mr.  Watts, 
Chief  of  Cossimbazar,  in  his  dispatch 
states  that  the  Governor  "  turned  Narran 
Sing  with  disgrace  out  of  the  place." 
We  know  that  when  Surajah-Dowlah 
heard  from  his  messenger  what  had  taken 
place,  he  was  so  incensed  that  he  at  once 
ordered  his  troops  to  march  on  Calcutta  ; 
and  we  now  learn  that  he,  a  Mohammedan 
sovereign,  had  substantial  reason  for  his 
wild  rage.  Mr.  Hill  does  not  mention  it 
in  his  Introduction,  but  in  vol.  i.  p.  229, 
we  have  an  extract  from  a  letter  of  M. 
Bausset  to  M.  le  Marquis  Dupleix,  dated 
Chandernagore,  8th  October,  1753  (sic), 
which  speaks  of  Drake's  insolent  reception 
of  the  messenger. 

On  the  9th  of  June  Surajah-Dowlah, 
having  seized  the  factory  at  Cossimbazar, 


near  his  capital,  bent  his  march  towards 
Calcutta,  and  seven  days  later  the  memor- 
able siege  began.  Macaulay's  brief  account 
of  it  has  left  a  false  impression  which  is 
difficult  to  remove.  He  writes  :  "  The 
fort  was  taken  after  a  feeble  resistance, 
and  great  numbers  of  the  English  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  conquerors."  It  sur- 
rendered after  a  gallant  defence,  lasting 
some  days.  Mr.  Hill  in  his  account  of 
the  siege  states  :  "  One  of  the  chief 
deficiencies  in  Calcutta  was  the  want  of 
guns  and  powder.  The  guns  they  had 
were  old  and  neglected,  and  very  few 
of  them  were  mounted."  They  were 
neglected,  but  they  were  not  old,  for 
John  Zephaniah  Holwell,  who  gallantly 
defended  the  fort  after  the  dastardly 
flight  of  the  Governor,  writes  that  "  the 
50  fine  cannon  you  sent  out  three  years 
ago,  18  and  24  pounders,  lay  neglected 
under  your  walls  "  (vol.  ii.  p.  291). 

Eighteen  years  after  the  siege  of  Cal- 
cutta, Holwell  published  "  A  Genuine 
Narrative  of  the  deplorable  Deaths  of  the 
English  Gentlemen  and  Others  who  were 
suffocated  in  the  Black  Hole  at  Calcutta, 
in  the  Kingdom  of  Bengal,  in  the  Night 
succeeding  the  10th  Day  of  June,  1756. 
In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend."  It  was  from 
Holwell  that  Orme  took  his  account  of 
the  horrors  of  that  night,  and  Macaulay 
borrowed  from  Orme.  The  majority  of 
educated  Bengal  believes  that  the  tragedy 
of  the  Black  Hole  was  an  invention  of 
Holwell.  But  two  other  survivors  have 
left  notices  of  what  occurred  that  night. 
It  is  proper  that  the  contemporary 
evidence  should  be  subjected  to  a  strict 
and  fair  scrutiny.  This  Mr.  Hill  has 
unfortunately  not  done.     He  writes  : — 

"  Some  European  soldiers  had  made  them- 
selves drunk  and  assaulted  the  natives. 
The  latter  complained  to  the  Nawab,  who 
asked  where  the  Europeans  were  accustomed 
to  confine  soldiers  who  had  misbehaved  in 
any  way.  He  was  tcld,  '  in  the  Black  Hole,' 
and,  as  some  of  his  officers  suggested  it 
would  be  dangerous  to  leave  so  many  at 
large  during  the  night,  ordered  that  they 
should  be  confined  in  it." 

The  evidence  of  the  survivors,  however, 
indicates  that  Surajah-Dowlah  was  not 
answerable  for  the  confinement  of  the 
prisoners  in  the  Black  Hole.  Orme,  no 
favourable  critic  of  Surajah-Dowlah, 
states  that  "  on  entering  the  fort  he 
ordered  Mr.  Holwell,  who  had  been  put 
in  irons,  to  be  freed  from  them,  and  that 
the  English  in  general  who  were  become 
his  prisoners  should  be  treated  with 
humanity."  Holwell  affirms  :  "  I  believe 
his  orders  were  only  general — that  we 
should  for  that  night  be  secured."  John 
Cooke,  who  was  in  the  Black  Hole,  says  : 
"  Between  six  and  seven  Surajah-Dowlah 
left  the  fort,  and  after  he  left  the  officer 
commanding  the  guard  put  them  into  the 
Black  Hole."  It  is  highly  probable  that 
the  native  officer,  who  had  entered  the 
fort  for  the  first  time,  had  no  idea  of  the 
extent  of  the  apartment.  Surajah- 
Dowlah  returned  to  the  fort  next  morning, 
and  was  informed  of  the  tragedy  that  had 
occurred.  These  are  points  that  should 
not  have  been  omitted  in  an  introduction 


to  the  State  Papers.  The  omission  may 
be  misunderstood  by  educated  natives. 

A  cursory  glance  at  the  imposing  '  Index 
and  Glossary,'  occupying  sixty-five  pages,, 
aroused  the  hope  that  this  essential  feature 
of  a  collection  of  records  had  been  ex- 
haustively, yet  judiciously,  drawn  up. 
Unfortunately  a  closer  examination  showed 
that  the  compilation  had  not  been  en- 
trusted to  an  expert.  We  pass  over  the 
obvious  inconvenience  of  blending — or, 
rather,  jumbling — under  a  single  alphabet, 
the  Index  proper  and  the  series  of  short 
extracts  from  '  Hobson-Jobson  '  that  con- 
stitutes the  Glossary.  The  desirability 
of  this  may  be  a  matter  of  opinion  ;  but 
the  Index  itself,  with  which  we  are  now 
concerned,  is  not  adequate.  Forty,  fifty, 
or  even  sixty  references  are  given  under  a 
single  heading  without  the  faintest  in- 
dication of  their  relevancy.  The  omission 
of  much  unnecessary  matter  would  have 
afforded  the  room  required.  To  take  an 
instance  :  Mr.  Scrafton  in  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Walsh  casually  compares  the  Nabob's 
Court  to  that  of  Ptolemy.  The  allusion 
occupies  five  lines  ;  but  it  furnishes  items 
to  the  Index  under  the  heads  of  'Ptolemy,' 
'  Egypt,'  '  Pharsalia,'  and  '  Caesar ' !  It  is 
therefore  not  a  matter  of  surprise 
that  there  was  no  room  for  a  brief  indi- 
cation of  the  subjects  of  Clive's  letters, 
or  of  the  reasons  for  the  forty-eight  refer- 
ences to  the  Great  Mogul. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  praise  too  highly 
the  way  in  which  these  volumes  have  been 
brought  out  by  Mr.  Murray.  The  paper 
is  good,  the  print  clear,  and  the  design 
on  the  cover  a  work  of  art. 


Pauline  Marie  Jaricot,  Foundress  of  the 
Association  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Faith,  and  of  the  Living  Rosary.  By 
M.  J.  Maurin.  Translated  by  E.  Shep- 
pard.  (Westminster  Art  and  Book 
Company.) 

This  is  a  biography  based  on  that  of 
Mile.  Maurin,  a  friend  of  Mile.  Jaricot  in 
her  later  years.  Though  substantially  a 
translation,  it  does  not  (as  the  author 
warns  us)  absolutely  correspond  with  the 
French  life,  but  is  compressed  and  revised 
at  his  own  discretion  (or  her  own  dis- 
cretion— for  the  author's  sex  does  not 
appear).  It  is  the  life  of  one  of  those 
women  who  recall,  in  a  less  conspicuous 
way,  St.  Catharine  of  Siena.  It  was  not, 
indeed,  Mile.  Jaricot's  part  to  become 
the  adviser  of  Popes  and  princes,  to  appear 
illustriously  before  the  world,  to  obtain  a 
place  in  political  history,  as  did  St.  Catha- 
rine. But  she  resembled  her  in  this  : 
that  being  a  single  woman,  living  at  home 
a  quiet,  obscure  religious  life,  she  yet  left 
a  conspicuous  mark  on  the  organization 
of  the  vast  Church  to  which  she  belonged. 
The  Association  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Faith — an  organization  which  now  sends 
its  trained  missionary  priests  forth  all 
over  the  world,  to  the  dark  races  of 
Africa,  the  yellow  hordes  of  China,  and 
the  multitudes  of  Asia,  among  which 
human   life   is   held   of  so  little  account, 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


TflE    ATHENJltlM 


181 


to  spend  themselves,  be  killed,  or  die  off 
unnoticed,    except    by    the    organization 
which  sent  them  forth,  and  be  replaced 
by  others  ready  and  eager  to  take  their 
places — this     Association,     whose     wide- 
reaching  work  is  so  much  a  part  of  the 
Catholic    Church    that   it   is    difficult   to 
realize   the   void   which   would  be   made 
were   it   to   fail,  owes   its   origin  entirely 
to  the  conception  and   initiative   of   this 
unnoticed  woman.      The   manner  of   its 
origin  was  characteristic  of  her  simple,  un- 
obtrusive methods.     Her  brother  was  in 
training  as  a  missionary  priest,  and  they 
had  often  corresponded  upon  the  need  of 
some    scheme   for    the    support   of    mis- 
sionary organization.     While  Mile.  Jaricot 
was  sitting  over  her  needlework,  and  her 
family  were  playing  a  game  of  cards,  the 
idea  of  the  scheme  came  to  her — the  con- 
tribution of  periodical  halfpennies,  within 
the  means  of  the  poorest  sympathizers, 
all  over  France,  the  organization  of  the 
collections,    and   their   final   transmission 
from  the  local  and  provincial  centres  to 
the   headquarters    in    Paris.     She    jotted 
down  the  details  of  the  scheme  on  a  fallen 
playing-card  which  lay  near  her.     When 
she  communicated  it  to  a  priest,  he  at  once 
declared  it  was  God's  doing,  she  was  "  too 
stupid  to  think  of  it  herself,"   and  en- 
couraged her   to   proceed.     At   first   put 
into  practice  among  her  own  friends,  the 
working-girls  and  others  over  whom  she 
exercised  influence   (already  a  numerous 
and  extensive  circle),  it  existed  for  a  year 
or  two  on  a  small  scale  and  with  but  little 
effect.     Then  it  began  to  receive  official 
attention,  and  spread  rapidly — with  the 
usual  results.     A  Council  was  appointed, 
on  which  but  one  man  was  in  a  position 
to  know  the  origin  of  the  idea  ;  and  thence- 
forth every  one — and  none  more  devoutly 
than  the  Council  itself — believed  that  the 
Council  had  originated  the  whole  scheme. 
The  actual  foundress  was  forgotten — with 
the   more   ease   that,    satisfied   with   the 
success  of  her  design,  she  was  content  to 
let  who  would  claim  the  credit  of  it. 

The  daughter  of  a  wealthy  bourgeois  of 
Lyons,  she  was  just  one  of  those  ladies 
who,  devoting  themselves  at  an  early  age 
to  religion,  spend  their  lives  in  the  quiet 
practice  of  good  works.  Had  she  lived  in 
present-day  England,  she  would  doubtless 
have  been  a  worker  among  the  girls  of  the 
East  End.  As  it  was,  she  began  among 
the  working-girls  of  Lyons,  and  it  was 
amidst  such  humble  material  that  she 
exercised  her  influence  and  obtained  her 
best  helpers.  She  founded  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Faith  as  an  accident  and  inci- 
dent, so  to  speak,  in  a  humble  life  of  private 
beneficence.  Her  other  foundation,  the 
Living  Rosary,  was  a  purely  devotional 
association  of  prayer  :  nevertheless, 
through  it  and  her  private  labours,  her 
influence  gradually  spread  very  wide,  and 
into  countries  beyond  the  borders  of  France. 

Not  the  least  interesting  part  of  this 
biography  (as  often  happens  in  modern 
biography)  to  a  student  of  psychology  is 
the  account  of  her  early  youth.  Time  was 
when  the  last  tiling  of  which  biographer 
or  autobiographer  thought  to  tell  you 
was  a  person's  childhood  or  juvenile  cha- 


racter. It  was  of  small  account  to  the 
person  himself,  and  deemed  without  value 
or  interest  to  the  reader.  Now  there 
are  few  biographies  or  autobiographies 
in  which  it  escapes  more  or  less  serious 
attention.  In  England  De  Quincey  was 
perhaps  the  first  to  appreciate  the  psycho- 
logical value  of  such  juvenile  records, 
and  to  excite  the  public  interest  in  them. 
The  striking  change  shows  that  triumph 
of  the  child  (the  "New  Hero,"  as  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  once  called  him)  which 
has  nowadays  reached  extravagant  pro- 
portions. Mile.  Jaricot's  confidences  re- 
garding her  early  days,  recorded  in  this 
book,  were  not  written  for  the  public  eye, 
or,  from  her  whole  character,  we  may 
surmise  that  they  would  have  been  more 
reticent,  if  she  had  made  them  at  all. 
Nevertheless,  remembering  that  she 
belonged  to  what  in  England  would  be 
the  early  Victorian  period,  we  detect  a 
feminine  frankness  rare  in  her  time, 
though  very  different  in  motive  from  the 
outspoken  vanity,  the  unabashed  self- 
worship,  which  prompt  frankness  of  the 
now  fatally  familiar  Bashkirtseff  type. 

An    impulsive,    warm-hearted,     quick- 
tempered Southern  child  (her  death-bed 
portrait  in  this  book  shows  a  face  of  almost 
masculine   strength  and  decision,  though 
benignant  in  expression),  she  confesses  that 
as  a  little  girl  she  was  perpetually  hurting 
herself  by  her  impetuous  movements,  and 
would   then   passionately   beat   and   kick 
the  object  which  had  hurt  her,  as  if  it 
were  a  living  being.     She  is  equally  frank 
regarding   the   mischievous   influence,    at 
her  convent  school,   of  a  precocious  co- 
quette  who    became    her   friend.     Under 
this  girl's  teaching  her  warm,   wayward 
heart  began  to  dissipate  itself  in  unsub- 
stantial,  transient  passions   which   recall 
the  lapses  for  which  Pet  Marjorie's  diary 
constantly     expresses     penitence.     When 
she  left  school,  under  the  guidance  of  her 
devout    mother    her    religious    instincts 
regained  the  mastery,  and  she  expressed 
her  wish  to  devote  herself  to  God.     But 
her  father,  though  himself  a  devout  man, 
took  the  view  that  she  must  know  some- 
thing of  the  world  before  renouncing  it, 
and  sent  her  to  a  relation's  house,  where 
parties    and    amusements    quickly    took 
effect  on  her  impressionable  nature.     Her 
vanity  was  kindled  ;    and  with  it  came 
that  other  feminine  frailty,  love  of  dress. 
To  complete  matters,  ardent  Pauline  fell 
in  love  in  earnest,  with  a  youth  of  irre- 
proachable character,  an  entirely  suitable 
parti — to  the  satisfaction  of  her  father. 
And  her  mother,  whose  influence  would 
have  been  against  the  surrender  of  the 
girl's  early  aspirations,  dying  about  this 
time,  it  seemed  that  the  world  in  its  most 
innocent  form  had  her  securely.     It  was 
not  so.     The  endeavour  to  combine  the 
indulgence  of  her  new  tastes  with  her  old 
religious  practices  begot  constant  struggle 
and  dissatisfaction.     At  last  a  preacher 
whom  she  went  to  hear  spoke  the  word 
that    decided    her.     She    abandoned    her 
love-affair,  took  to  dresses  which  horrified 
her  relations,  and  began  to  serve  first  God, 
then  her  poorer  neighbours.     The  details 
of  her  vanity,  her  dress,  and  her  engage- 


ment (which  she  came  to  look  upon  as  a 
sinful  infidelity  to  God)  are  related  with 
the  simplest  ingenuousness. 

The  ardent  impulse  she  had  shown  as  a 
passionate  child  appears  in  her  no  less 
ingenuous  religious  confidences.  There 
seems  a  certain  material  of  the  poet  in 
her,  as  in  this  confession  : — 

"  Being  unable  to  love  Him  here  below 
as  T  wished,  F  fell  into  a  deep  sadness,  which 
whilst  it  constituted  the  charm  of  my  life, 
rendered  it  burthensome  and  even  distaste- 
ful to  me.  I  sought  Him  everywhere,  I 
admired  Him  in  all  His  works,  I  went  so  far 
as  to  kiss  with  transports  the  flowers,  the 
leaves  of  the  trees,  as  if  I  had  seen  them 
come  forth  from  His  hands." 

For  years   her   ardour  found   vent   in 
active  good  work,  only  to  end  in  ignominy 
and     suffering.      She     was     ruined     and 
swamped  in  debt  by  a  large  charitable 
scheme   which    she   imprudently    trusted 
to  a  swindler  :    at  once  her  friends  fell 
away,  and  she  was  branded  as  a  scheming 
adventuress,    trading    on    the ;  credulous 
charity  of  the  public.     To  discharge  her 
debts,  which  involved  many  poor  people, 
she  appealed  to  the  subscribers  to  the  Pro- 
pagation of  the  Faith,  which  she  herself 
had  founded,  and  asked  leave  from  the 
Council    of    the    Association    to    describe 
herself,  for  this  purpose,  as  its  foundress. 
The  Council  stubbornly  refused  to  recog- 
nize or  allow  her  that  title,  and  intervened 
to  thwart  all  subscriptions  opened  on  her 
behalf.     She    was    reduced    to    inscribe 
herself  on  the  official  list  of  those  receiving 
relief   as   paupers.     A  journey   to   Rome 
brought  her  honours  and  kindness  from 
the  Pope,  but  failed  to  procure  her  sub- 
stantial help.     All  her  property  was  seized 
by  her  creditors,  her  religious  enterprises 
were    wrecked ;     and    as    a    dishonoured 
pauper    the     once    rich     and     honoured 
begetter  of  so  many  religious  works  died. 
She    died   in    obscurity,    and    to    most 
people   this   biography   will   be   the   first 
revelation  that  she  ever  existed.     It  has 
a  mystical  side  which  will  not  be  of  general 
appeal.     But   its    record    of    active    self- 
sacrifice,    and  patient   endurance   of   un- 
merited   shame    and   wrong   will    appeal 
to      all     who     appreciate     sacrifice     for 
others   and   the   heroism    which    has    no 
reward  in  the  plaudits  of  the  world.     The 
style  of  the  book,  we  may  add,  is  for  the 
most  part  plain  and  simple,  without  dry- 
ness,   as   religious   biography   should   be, 
and   the    English   rendering   is   idiomatic 
and  good. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

A   Sovereign   Remedy.     By   F.    A.    Steel. 

(Heinemann.) 
Mas.  Stekt,  strikes  us  as  better  equipped 
all  round  than  any  other  woman  novelist 
of  the  day — more  able,  indeed,  than  many 
men  who  have  made  reputations  by  novel- 
writing.  Her  present  story  holds  a  good 
deal  of  shrewd  comment  on  problems 
always  with  us.  such  as  those  of  capital 
and  labour,  love  and  marriage,  and  religious 
zeal  on  the  hysterical  side.  But  these 
things  are  part  and  parcel  of  the  narrative, 

9 


182 


TfiE    ATftEN^U 


ft°4ll2,  Aug.  18,  1906  . 


and,  with  some  audacities,  are  easily 
carried  off  by  the  writer's  power  of  con- 
structing and  managing  a  story.  Lest 
the  ordinary  reader  may  be  frightened  by 
this  exordium  we  may  say  at  once  that 
'  A  Sovereign  Remedy '  is  essentially  a 
good  story,  witty  and  poignant,  and  full 
of  interesting  modern  people  ;  but  it  is 
almost  intolerably  sad.  Mrs.  Steel  is  an 
artist,  and  we  could  see  from  the  begin- 
ning that  the  story  was  meant  to  end 
badly  ;  but  we  hardly  expected  such  a 
slaughter  of  decent  folks  and  such  an 
apparent  triumph  of  the  despicable.  The 
writer  takes  an  almost  perverse  delight 
in  rewarding  the  wrong  people.  The 
scene  is  Wales,  familiar  to  Mrs.  Steel  by 
long  residence,  and  we  get  incidentally 
some  admirable  insight  into  the  Welsh 
character,  with  its  real  religious  fervour 
and  no  less  real  eye  for  the  main  chance. 
In  a  mountainous  district  two  young 
men  are  brought  together  by  a  cycle 
collision.  They  have  the  same  name, 
and  in  the  course  of  their  holiday  adven- 
tures, fall  in  love  with  the  same  girl,  a 
child  of  nature  who  has  been  oddly  brought 
up  by  a  philosophic  old  grandfather  to  do 
without  money,  the  "  Sovereign  Remedy.'' 
But  though  the  young  men  are  "  Ned  " 
and  "  Ted  "  to  the  girl,  to  the  world  they 
are  very  different  persons,  Ted  being  a 
clerk  with  150L  a  year,  and  Ned  one  of 
the  richest  peers  in  the  kingdom,  with  a 
delightful  talent  for  arranging  surprises 
of  the  Monte  Cristo  kind.  Ned  is  well 
done,  but  we  have  not  quite  got  hold  of 
the  less  palpable  merits  and  defects  of  the 
other.  How  the  girl  married  wrong  and 
suffered  it  would  not  be  fair  to  reveal. 
Valuable  relief  amidst  the  prevalent  gloom 
is  afforded  by  a  clever  doctor,  who  is 
finally  rewarded  with  an  important  position 
and  a  good  wife,  but  he  only  secures  her 
by  the  appeal  of  a  desperate  illness.  The 
minor  character  of  an  old  servant  shows 
excellent  command  of  the  vernacular, 
and  a  child  begins  to  be  good  when  she  is 
burnt  to  death. 

We  cannot  exhibit  in  a  notice  like  this 
the  varied  merits  of  the  book,  but  we  may 
say  briefly  that  it  has  throughout  those 
touches  of  human  sympathy  and  com- 
prehension which  make  a  novel,  when  it  is 
written  by  one  who  can  write,  an  abiding 
pleasure. 

Suzanne.     By  Valentina  Hawtrey.     (John 

Murray.) 
Miss  Hawtrey  has  a  real  gift  for  instilling 
an  atmosphere  of  freshness  and  vitality 
into  the  historical  background  of  her 
stories.  Her  picture  of  life  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  both  within  the  walls  of 
the  Castle  of  Chatelfors  and  amongst  the 
serfs  in  the  surrounding  village,  is  far 
more  suggestive  of  reality,  and  less  of 
mere  scene-painting,  than  is  often  the 
case  in  historical  fiction.  Matthieu  de 
Chatelfors  rides  out  to  fight  under 
( iharles  VI.  in  his  Flemish  wars,  and  on  the 
way  lie  insists  upon  marrying  a  pretty 
peasant  girl,  regardless  of  Dame  Huette 
de  Richecour,  to  whom  he  has  been 
betrothed     since     childhood.     This     girl, 


Suzanne,  with  her  quickly  awakened  love 
for  the  great  noble  who  has  carried  her 
captive,  her  courage,  and  the  sincerity 
of  her  attitude  in  her  new  position,  is  a 
strongly  drawn  personality.  Scarcely  less 
interesting  is  the  wayward,  contradictory 
character  of  Matthieu,  who,  whilst  entirely 
faithful  and  devoted  to  his  low-born  wife, 
has  yet  not  the  strength  of  mind  to  send 
news  of  his  marriage  to  the  three  women 
who  are  waiting  for  him  at  the  Chateau 
— his  grandmother,  his  mother,  and  his 
betrothed.  The  scenes  are  all  good  and 
vivid,  but  the  book  ends  upon  a  note  of 
harshness,  when  Suzanne,  suffering  for 
her  dead  husband's  sin  of  omission,  is 
driven  forth  from  Chatelfors,  where  she 
has  taken  his  son,  by  the  unappeasable 
wrath  of  a  disappointed  woman. 


Profit    and    Loss.     By    John    Oxenham. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

This  novel,  though  in  some  respects  very 
much  of  the  period,  is  at  times  amusingly 
reminiscent  of  early  Victorian  tradition, 
with  its  quaint  blending  of  sentiment  and 
brutality.  The  boarding-house  mistress 
who  reminds  every  man  of  his  own 
mother,  and  the  angelic  invalid  her 
daughter,  are  samples  of  the  first-named 
quality,  while  the  second  is  appropriately 
represented  by  the  fine  young  fellow  who 
applies  moral  suasion  to  a  mentally 
defective  pupil  through  the  medium  of  a 
cane.  On  the  modern  side  we  must  set 
the  young  lady  who,  meaning  no  harm, 
of  course,  embarks  upon  a  lengthy  foreign 
tour  with  a  casual  hotel  acquaintance  of 
the  opposite  sex  ;  and  likewise  the  enter- 
taining sketches  of  journalistic  life.  We 
cannot  help  thinking  that  Mr.  Oxenham's 
style  would  benefit  by  a  little  of  that 
sub-editing  to  which  his  literary  hero  was 
subjected,  but  it  is  lively  and  vigorous, 
and  seldom  other  than  interesting.  The 
binding  of  our  copy  is  highly  erratic 
and  several  pages  are  missing  altogether. 
The  title  is  very  like  that  of  Newman's 
'  Loss  and  Gain.' 


Wilhelmina  in  London.     By  Barry  Pain. 

(John  Long.) 
Wilhelmina,  who  arrives  in  London  with 
a  few  pounds  in  her  pocket  and  no  intro- 
ductions, resolves  to  trust  to  her  wits  for 
a  living  rather  than  to  enter  upon  a  con- 
ventional and  probably  ill-paid  profession. 
On  the  whole,  she  is  decidedly  successful, 
and  her  adventures,  which  are  as  wildly 
improbable  as  they  are  amusing,  are  con- 
tained in  nine  chapters.  Upon  several 
occasions  she  is  invited  by  gentlemen  of 
varying  ages  to  help  them  out  of  most 
remarkable  difficulties,  and  is  herself  as  a 
consequence  involved  in  duhious  situa- 
tions, from  which,  however,  her  undaunted 
spirit  extricates  her  triumphantly.  Finally, 
when  obliged,  by  the  complications  which 
invariably  beset  the  path  of  a  pretty  young 
girl, to  abandon  her  career  as  a"chauffeur," 
she  meets  her  first  cousin  wandering  down 
Oxford  Street  without  a  memory,  and  so 
becomes  reconciled  to  a  wealthy  grand- 


father, and  finds  for  herself  prosperity 
and  a  title.  The  book  is  written  in  Mr: 
Pain's  most  sprightly  fashion,  and  well 
suited  for  holiday  reading. 


In  the  Service  of  Love.    By  Richard  Marsh. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
The  author  of  this  ingenious  narrative  is 
known  also  as  the  writer  of  '  The  Beetle  : 
a  Mystery.'  The  present  effort  might 
have  been  called  '  The  Cut-throat :  a 
Mystery,'  but  for  the  fact  that  it  contains 
more  killings  than  one,  and  mysteries 
enough  for  a  shelf  of  shilling  shockers. 
It  is  less  striking  than  '  The  Beetle,'  but 
it  contains  a  lavish  allowance  of  sensa- 
tions and  surprises,  which  were  probably 
arranged  for  serial  publication.  It  is  a 
creditable  "  shocker  "  in  fact. 


A   Sealed   Book.     By   Alice   Livingstone. 

(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 
Lord  Wrendlebury  had  an  only  son, 
who  would  not  go  into  politics  as  he 
wished.  He  had  a  nephew  (the  villain) 
who  wished  to  take  the  son's  place,  and 
arranged  that  the  son  should  be  found 
standing  dazed  with  a  dagger  in  his 
hand,  having  apparently  just  stabbed  his 
father.  The  son  disappears  for  years, 
and  secretly  marries  the  woman  whom 
the  villain  wants.  Hence  a  long  story  of 
mystery  and  extraordinary  coincidences 
which  is  tolerably  exciting.  But  the 
reader  has  in  getting  through  it  to  face 
a  mass  of  cliches  and  some  extraordinary 
behaviour  on  the  part  of  the  puppets. 
A  cat  kindly  immolates  itself  on  a  poisoned 
thorn  concealed  in  a  dress  intended  for  thes 
heroine. 


VERSE  OLD  AND  NEW. 

Mendicant  Rhymes.  By  L.  Housmanv 
(Essex  Press.) — Mr.  Laurence  Housman  is  a 
cunning  craftsman,  and  his  modesty  wrongs 
him  when  it  pictures  his  "  poor  rhymes  " 
begging  him  for  a  night's  lodging  : — 

Strangers?    It  seemed  they  knew  me  ;, 
The  halt,  the  frail,  the  blind  ! 
So  that  night  sang  they  to  me, 
Each  as  he  had  a  mind, 
While  outside  sang  the  wind. 

In  truth,  these  poems  are  remarkably  facile 
and  fluent,  but  they  have  one  defect  which 
is  fatal  to  their  claim  to  rank  with  the 
highest — they  do  not  carry  conviction. 
The  most  characteristic  piece,  perhaps,  in 
the  volume — '  Pax  Britannica  ' — will  best 
illustrate  what  we  mean.  The  door  of  a 
cottage  hi  a  West-Country  village  opens, 
and  a  boy  comes  out  : — 

With  cardboard  sword  in  scabbard, 

Anil  bucket  borne  for  drum, 

Woeful  of  sound  he  tabbered 

A  inarch  to  kingdom  come. 


lie  saw  his  name  in  story  ; 
Before  him  opened  then 
The  path  of  future  glory  : 
He  timed  the  march  of  men. 

He  led  the  charge  of  lances 
Where  bold  men  held  their  breath  ; 
With  timbrels  and  with  dances 
lie  led  them  on  to  death. 

Now  there  is  no  denying  the  vividness  of  the 
picture  ;  but  is  there  not  also  just  that 
touch  of  extravagance,  that  note  of  insin- 
cerity, which  the  term  "  classical  "  oxcludes  ? 
If  any  one  is  inclined  to  doubt,  let  him  turn 
to  Wordsworth's  '  Reverie  of  Poor  Susan/ 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


183 


and  mark  how  an  effect  at  least  as  great  is 
obtained  without  effort  or  excess.  Still  we 
should  be  wrong  if  we  did  not  recognize  Mr. 
Housman  as  a  man  of  striking  talent,  who 
has,  perhaps,  not  yet  found  his  best  means 
of  expression. 

The  My  stick  Pair,  and  other  Poems.  By 
the  Rev.  Richard  Johnson  Walker.  (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.) — Mr.  Walker  is  conscientious 
and  scholarly,  but  these  qualities  do  not  of 
themselves  produce  poetry.  His  verses  are 
laboured  and  apt  to  be  commonplace,  and 
his  sense  of  rhythm  is  by  no  means  flawless. 
The  principal  poems  in  the  book,  '  The 
Mystick  Pair '  and  '  Niobe,'  owe  their 
general  ineffectiveness  in  part  to  the 
metre.  The  narrative  use  of  the  deca- 
syllabic couplet,  as  employed  freely  by 
William  Morris  in  '  The  Earthly  Paradise ' 
and  elsewhere,  is  full  of  snares  for  the 
unskilled,  by  reason  of  its  apparent  licence ; 
and  when,  as  here,  it  is  unrelieved  by  any 
striking  quality,  either  of  thought  or  expres- 
sion, we  are  conscious  of  little  but  jerky 
lines,  jarring  full  stops,  and  the  tyranny  of 
rhyme.  The  sonnet  called  'Saragossa,  1905,' 
has  more  merit— it  is  clear,  metrically  fault- 
less, and  happily  expressed  ;  but  the  rest  of 
the  verse  shows  an  imperfect  perception  of 
the  fitness  of  words,  as  in  the  following  from 
1  Reverie  '  : — 

The  sun  has  set :  the  sea  lies  cyanine, 
and  no  sense  of  humour,  for  lack  of  which 
the  same  poem  concludes  with  the  words  : — 

I  gaze,  and  gazing  dream 

Of  things  that  are  not  and  of  things  that  are. 

This  latter  defect  is  again  noticeable  in 
'  Niobe,'  where  the  lines 

Therethrough  she  went 
Unto  the  mighty  home  magnificent, 
Where  mid  a  blaze  of  brilliancy  divine 
Great  gods  lay  quaffing  drafts,  more  sweet  than  wine, 
Some  nectar,  some  nepenthes, 

suggest  dimly  a  kind  of  celestial  beer-garden 
rather  than  the  sacred  calm  of  Olympus. 

The  lyrical  pieces  are  not  remarkable,  and 
the  English  Sapphics  '  To  my  Paper  Knife ' 
fall  short  of  their  humoursome  intention. 
The  two  Greek  poems  (one  on  Tennyson ; 
the  other  a  version,  in  hexameters,  of 
"  Come  live  with  me  and  be  my  love  ")  show 
commendable  ingenuity  and  resource.  We 
think,  indeed,  that  Mr.  Walker  is  much 
better  as  a  translator  than  as  an  original 
poet. 

Songs  to  a  Singer,  and  other  Verses.  By 
Rosa  Newmarch.  (John  Lane.) — These  songs 
might  pass  muster,  as  being  well  up  to  the 
average,  if  read  between  staves  of  music. 
Since,  however,  they  face  the  world  in  book 
form  and  without  music,  they  challenge  a 
less  indulgent  treatment.  Considered  as 
poetry,  or  even  verse,  they  are  weak.  The 
conventional  notes  of  love  and  despair, 
popular  in  minor  verse,  need  something 
more  than  the  usual  drawing-room  setting 
of  roses,  June  nights,  stars,  dreams,  and 
the  rest,  if  they  are  to  gain  a  hearing 
nowadays.  Yet  amid  a  waste  of  common- 
place sentiment,  ordinarily  expressed,  there 
occur,  now  and  again,  lines  and  stanzas 
which  suggest  that  the  author  does  possess 
a  genuine,  but  peculiarly  elusive  sense  of 
poetry.  Of  such  is  the  following— vivid 
despite  its  awkwardness  of  expression  : — 
Sometimes,  as  though  the  Pleiads  strayed  from  heaven 

On  passing  liners  clear  and  clustered  lighte- 
ned stars  and  gold,  along  the  horizon  driven— 
Flash  by  my  casement  on  autumnal  nights. 

Again,  'The  Prelude  to  Day,'  with  which 
the  volume  opens,  is  effective  in  its  way 
and  not  without  imagination  : — 

The  violins  had  stirred  with  hopes  that  died, 
Like  winds  too  weak  to  usher  in  the  morn,' 

While  to  the  dark-toned  busses  still  replied 
The  sad,  uncertain  echo  of  the  horn. 


The  impending  mass  of  music  seemed  to  brood 

Inert  and  torpid,  as  nocturnal  earth 
Waits  pulseless  in  the  vague  disquietude 

Of  that  last  hour  which  shrouds  the  daylight's  birth. 

The  bulk  of  the  verse,  however,  lacks 
any  distinctive  quality  :  its  passion  and 
symbolism  are  of  the  familiar  kind,  and 
the  language  itself  lapses  occasionally,  as 
in  'The  Coming  of  Winter,'  where  "the 
blackbird's  flute "  is  described  as  "  late 
tuned  to  strange  tonalities."  The  'Verses' 
which  form  the  second  part  of  the  book 
discard,  to  a  great  extent,'  it  is  true,  the 
conventional  imagery  of  the  '  Songs,'  and 
are  fluent  enough,  but  in  no  way  remark- 
able. The  volume  concludes  with  '  Frag- 
ments from  King  Waldemar,'  described  as 
"a  libretto  for  a  Dramatic  Symphony." 
These  fragments,  though  possibly  suitable 
for  a  libretto,  do  not,  considered  on  their 
own  merits,"attain  to^any  striking  level  of 
excellence.  The  best  of  them  is  the 
Epilogue,  '  The  Summer  Wind's  Wild 
Chase,'  but  its  connexion  with  the  pre- 
ceding fragments  is  not  apparent. 

Anthology  of  French  Poetry,  from  the  Time 
of  Froissart  up  to  the  Beginning  of  the 
Present  Century,  Compiled  by  Frederick 
Lawton.  (Sonnenschein.)  —  Anthologies  of 
French  verse  are  multiplying  with  rapidity. 
The  last  is  the  most  miscellaneous  of  all,  and 
therefore  one  of  the  least  really  satisfactory. 
It  is  made  on  the  fatal  plan  of  getting  in 
as  many  names  as  possible,  as  Southey  did 
in  his  lamentable  selection  from  English 
poetry.  There  is,  of  course,  plenty  of  good 
verse,  but  we  find  a  great  deal  too 
much  which  is  mediocre,  and  decidedly  too 
much  which  is  positively  bad.  There  is 
really  no  excuse  for  the  presence  of  such 
poems  as,  for  example,  '  Au  Cimetiere,'  by 
an  unknown  Armand  Renaud.  Stuff  like 
Louis  Veuillot's  apology  for  writing,  or  for  not 
writing,  poetry  has  no  right  to  be  included, 
merely  because  it  is  by  a  man  who  is  known 
as  a  writer  of  prose.  To  put  in  a  set  of 
verses  by  the  elder  Dumas  is  as  cruel  as  it 
would  be  to  put  Miss  Braddon  among  the 
poets  because  she  began  her  career  by  a 
volume  of  verse.  To  have  nothing  by 
Rimbaud  in  a  book  which  comes  down  to 
M.  Maurice  Magre,  who  was  born  in  1877,  is 
curiously  capricious.  Nor  is  Maeterlinck  to 
be  seen  here.  Some  of  the  poems  are  not 
printed  in  full ;  thus  '  Le  Cor  '  of  Alfred  de 
Vigny  is  quartered,  though  the  fact  is  not 
indicated.  Villon's  '  Ballade  des  Dames 
du  Temps  jadis '  should  not  be  labelled 
'Ballade;  Les  Neiges  d'Antan.'  And  "a 
translation  of  Shelley's  "  O  world  !  O  life  ! 
O  time  !"  should  not  be  given  as  if  it  were 
an  original  poem  by  Madame  Tastu. 

Lyra  Britannica.  Parts  I.  and  II.  Selected 
and  arranged  by  Ernest  Pertwee.  (Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons.)  —  To  selections  thore  will 
never  be  an  end  so  long  as  there  is  a  taste 
for  poetry  remaining,  as  well  as  individual 
variation  in  that  taste.  Mr.  Pertwee's  essays 
are  towards  providing  a  satisfactory '  Speaker ' 
for  the  use  of  schools,  and  his  qualifications 
for  the  task  are  enhanced  by  his  long  prac- 
tical experience  as  professor  of  elocution. 
It  will,  therefore,  be  seen  that  these  selec- 
tions— one  for  elementary  and  the  other 
for  more  advanced  students — are  on  a  some- 
what different  footing  from  previous  antho- 
logies, and  must  be  approached  from  rather 
a  different  standpoint.  When  the  selection 
is  guided  and  limited  by  matter  suitable  for 
recitation,  it  is  clear  that  we  must  not 
go  to  it  for  poetry  alone.  Much  of  Mr. 
Pertwee's  choice  we  cordially  approve,  for 
most  of  the  essential  tilings  are  here.  It  is 
his  inclusions,  not  his  exclusions,  which  wo 
must  criticize.     In  all  anthologies  the  force 


of  tradition  necessitates  the  admission  of 
certain  uninspired  verses,  for  old  sakes' 
sake  ;  but  there  is  no  reason  why  we  should 
include  uninspired  verges  which  lack  the 
imprimatur  of  tradition.  'Alexander  Sel- 
kirk,' for  example,  should  surely  have  ap- 
peared here ;  but  why  Miss  Hickey  or  Lady 
Lindsay  ?  We  have  no  objection,  on  the 
same  score,  to  offer  to  Eliza  Cook  or  Felicia 
Hemans,  who  have  imposed  themselves  by 
sheer  weight  of  years ;  but  we  see  no 
sufficient  reason  why  a  description  of  the 
Boat  Race  by  Mr.  Chohnondeley  Pennell,  or 
the  humorous  stanzas  by  Mr.  Weatherly, 
should  be  admitted.  Mr.  Pertwee  seems  to 
have  been  determined  to  include  humour, 
and  perhaps  that  is  why  we  have  a  string  of 
lesser  American  names,  such  as  Sam  W.  Foss, 
Charlotte  Perkins  Stetson,  and  others.  Mr. 
Whitcomb  Riley  is  very  indifferently  repre- 
sented, Longfellow  rather  inadequately  (with- 
out, for  example,  'The  Cinque  Ports'),  and 
Bret  Harte  by  one  of  the  least  of  his  efforts. 
Then  does  Mr.  Pertwee  consider  Browning 
ought  to  be  represented  by  '  My  Last 
Duchess  '  ?  And  why  '  Lyra  Britannica  ' 
with  so  many  American  names  ?  Why  not 
*  Anglica  '  ?  And  why  a  few  perfunctory 
specimens  of  prose  ?  But  we  might  go  on 
asking  questions  down  the  column.  An 
anthology  is  a  fair  target.  We  will  only 
add  that  the  books  are  most  carelessly 
printed. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Cities    of    Spain.     By    Edward    Hutton. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) — We  are  threatened  with 
an    outbreak    of    books    about    Spain.     No 
sooner    had    King    Alfonso's    choice    of    an 
English  bride  stirred  the  British  public  to 
perception  of  the  fact   that  he   rifled  over  a 
picturesque  country,  full  of  things  that  could 
easily  be  turned  to  account  by  enterprising 
publishers    and    amateur    art-critics,     than 
writers  began  to  busy  themselves  with  the 
Peninsula,  and  now  there  is  every  sign  that 
the  book-market  will  shortly  be  glutted  with 
the  results  of  their  labours.      One  of  these 
results  lies  before  us  in  the  volume  under 
review.     We   wash   that   we   could   honestly 
say  that  it  is  a  good  specimen  of  its  class. 
The   heart   warms   naturally   to   a   traveller 
who  has  the  right  feeling  for  the  plains  of 
Castile,  who  frankly  loses  his  head  in  Toledo, 
and  gives  us  "  straight  talk  "  on  the  subject 
of  that  imposture,  the  gipsy  dancing  of  the 
Albaicin    at    Granada.     But    these    things, 
though  they  may  be  counted  to  Mr.  Hutton 
for  virtue,  cannot  and  must  not  blind  us  to 
the    poor    and   meretricious    quality    of    his 
work  as  a  whole.     The  book  is  full  of  fine 
writing — writing  which  reads  like  a  distorted 
reminiscence,  now  of  Ruskin,  now  of  John 
Addington   Symonds,    now    of    Mr.    Maurice 
Hewlett    or    Mr.     Bernard     Capes  -writing 
which  causes  us  to  welcome  with  thankful 
relief  Henry  Swinburne's  prosaic  description 
of     Granada,    conscientious    as   a   gazetteer 
and  matter-of-fact  as  an  inventory.     At  its 
best  Mr.  Hutton's  style  is  verbose,  artificial, 
and  over-charged  with  colour  ;   at  its  worst, 
as  in  the  passage  on  San  Juan  de  los  Reyes 
and  what  wo  are  tempted   to   describe  as 
the  ravings  in  the  mosque  at  Cordova,  it  is 
to   us   intolerable    in    its   violence   and    exag- 
geration.    Such    language    as    he    uses    to 
condemn  the  builders  of  the  Cordova  Coro 
can  only  have  the  effect,  while  human  nature 
remains  what  it  is,  of  kindling  in  the  reader 
a    perverse    sympathy    for    persons    abused 
out  of  all  proportion   to   their  crime.     His 
habit     of     drawing     insulting     comparisons 
lift  ween    the   object    of   his   admiration    and 
other  objects  (often  hearing  no  kind  of  ana- 
logy  to   it)   is   much    to   be   deplored.     The 


184 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


small  heroine  of  a  famous  child's  book  com- 
plained that,  while  she  had  no  objection  to 
reproof  in  itself,  she  did  not  like  being 
"  crushed  in  order  that  Selina  "  (an  incred- 
ibly virtuous  cousin)  "  might  shine  "  ;  Mr. 
Hutton  crushes  London,  in  order  that 
Avila  and  Segovia  may  shine — a  really 
needless  piece  of  unkindness. 

As  an  art-critic  Mr.  Hutton  is  superficial, 
where  he  is  not  curiously — it  would  seem, 
deliberately — wrong-headed  and  eccentric  in 
his  judgments.  That  quality  in  Velasquez 
which  one  may  call  Shakspearean  escapes 
him  ;  he  writes  pages  about  El  Greco,  only 
to  show  that  he  has  not  penetrated  the 
painter's  secret,  or  even  discovered  that  he 
has  one.  He  finds  Rubens's  work  "  insane," 
and  Rembrandt  "  insolent  as  a  barbarian  "  ; 
he  does  not  consider  Antony  Mor  well  repre- 
sented in  the  Prado  ;  he  draws  no  distinction 
between  Murillo  at  Madrid,  painting  to 
satisfy  his  patrons,  and  Murillo  at  Seville, 
painting  to  please  himself.  His  '  Note  on 
Goya  '  does  not  mention  the  four  marvellous 
little  pictures  at  the  Academia,  which  show 
that  great  artist  in  a  novel  light  to  those 
who  know  only  his  decorative  manner  and 
his  powers  as  a  painter  of  realistic  portraits. 
This  is  not  the  only  surprising  omission  we 
have  noted.  The  wood-carving  of  Spain  is 
ignored,  save  in  a  single  depreciatory  refer- 
ence to  Pedro  de  Mena's  work  at  Malaga. 
A  detailed  description  of  Burgos  omits  all 
mention  of  the  tombs  of  the  Cathedral,  the 
great  retablo  in  San  Nicolas,  and  the  Casa 
de  Miranda. 

Mr.  Hutton  deprecates  the  passion  of 
critics  for  correctness  in  detail,  so  we 
hesitate  to  point  out  that  the  assertion 
"  There  are  no  more  monks  in  Spain," 
made  in  connexion  with  the  Cartuja  de 
Miraflores,  which  is  occupied  by  Carthusians, 
is  somewhat  puzzling  ;  and  that  a  patio 
in  Seville  is  hardly  the  right  place  in  which 
to  listen  for  the  "  beautiful  syllables  of  the 
Castilian  tongue."  These  are  trifles,  doubt- 
less, and  Mr.  Hutton  desires  to  be  judged 
only  by  his  "  achievement  or  failure  "  in 
the  "  Art  of  Literature."  That  is  a  high 
ambition  on  which  opinions  may  differ  ; 
but  it  should,  we  think,  have  preserved 
the  writer  who  cherishes  it  from  the  use  of 
such  expressions  as  "  figure  to  yourself," 
"  the  which  "  (repeatedly),  and  "  how  much  " 
in  the  sense,  apparently,  of  "so  "  or  "very 
much."  We  say  "  apparently  "  because  it 
is  not  always  easy,  or  even  possible,  to  dis- 
entangle the  sense  of  certain  passages  from 
the  verbiage  in  which  it  lies  involved.  Take, 
for  instance,  such  a  paragraph  as  the  follow- 
ing :— 

"  For  after  all  Burgos  itself  is  a  part  of  its  cathe- 
dral, in  a  way  that  no  English  eity  can  ever  he  part 
of  its  own  great  church,  the  which  is  really 
antagonistic  to  everything  around  it,  the  houses  of 
the  citizens,  the  modern  life  of  the  people, and  even 
the  religion  that  she  too  has  learned  to  tolerate  as 
a  sufficient  excuse  for  preservation  from  time." 

With  the  Caliph  we  ask  in  bewilderment, 
"  Who  is  '  she  '  ?  " 

Interest  and  Saving.  By  E.  C.  K.  Conner. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — A  volume  by  Prof. 
Gonner  is  always  welcome  to  those  interested 
in  the  study  of  economics  in  this  country. 
The  subject  is  sure  to  be  carefully  handled, 
and  tho  inter-relation  of  the  theories  de- 
scribed in  it  dispassionately  chronicled.  It 
is  well  that  tho  subjects  of  tho  two  essays 
which  form  this  work — '  interest  and  Saving' 
and  '  Interest  and  the  Theory  of  Distribu- 
tion ' — should  be  brought  before  the  public. 
Thoy  attempt,  the  writer  informs  us,  an 
"  analysis  of  the  connection  which  oxists 
between  interest  and  the  process  of  saving 
whereby  wealth  is  accumulated  and  capital 
supplied,  and  a  criticism  of  the  explanations 


which  have  been  offered  as  to  such  con- 
nection." They  do  more  than  this  :  they 
remind  us  how  feeble  at  the  present  time  are 
the  efforts  of  many  classes  in  this  country 
to  save  at  all.  Prof.  Gonner  deals — and 
rightly,  from  his  point  of  view — with 
industry  on  a  large  scale,  and  with  the  varied 
motives  which  induce  the  capitalist  to  save. 
There  are  other  classes  in  the  community, 
however,  than  those  regarded  as  capitalists. 
Though  economies  and  saving  may  take  place 
on  a  large  scale  among  capitalists  the  amount 
of  the  economies  of  the  general  mass  of  the 
community,  who  could  collectively  make 
savings  far  more  extensive  than  theirs,  is, 
when  it  is  all  taken  together,  surprisingly 
small.  The  figures  of  our  Savings  Bank 
returns  are  constantly  being  appealed  to, 
and  they  certainly  show  large  sums  ;  but 
when  we  consider  the  enormous  amount  of 
weekly  wages  paid  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
the  great  number  of  persons  possessed  of 
fairly  large  incomes,  the  income  tax  returns, 
and  the  dividends  paid  by  our  large  industrial 
companies,  the  marvel  to  the  thinking  man 
is  that  we  save  so  little.  It  may  be  that  this 
country  is  passing  through  a  change  of 
temperament,  a  period  in  which  amusement 
and  indulgence  claim  the  first,  and  in  some 
cases  the  sole,  attention.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
the  old  habit  of  saving,  of  piling  up  one 
sixpence  on  the  top  of  another  appears  to 
be  generally  disregarded. 

Those  of  whose  actions  Prof.  Gonner  speaks 
belong  to  a  totally  different  class  from  the 
ordinary  working  man.  He  analyzes  the 
motives  and  the  objects  which  those  who 
seek  to  save  have  in  their  minds,  and  they 
are  many,  including  the  desire  to  secure  the 
future  from  any  fall  below  existing  standards 
of  comfort,  the  desire  for  greater  wealth, 
the  difference  between  the  desire  for  present 
or  for  future  consumption,  the  question  of 
the  lowest  rate  of  interest  required  to  induce 
the  postponement  of  present  pleasure  for 
future  advantage,  and  the  handicap  which  a 
drop  in  the  rate  of  interest  may  put  on 
saving.  The  influence  of  the  last-mentioned 
force  has  been,  it  is  said,  an  effective  cause 
of  part  at  least  of  the  vast  rise  of  recent  years 
in  the  price  of  objects  of  mere  ornament — 
pictures,  china,  old  silver,  and  furniture — 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  wealthy  men  whom 
a  higher  rate  of  interest  might  have  induced 
to  save  are  indifferent  when  the  rate  is  low, 
and  prefer  to  purchase  objects  of  virtu. 
When  a  collection  is  once  sufficiently  large 
to  be  generally  discussed,  it  gives  its  owner 
great  pleasure  for  the  time,  and  provides 
him  also  with  a  prospect  of  a  better  return 
in  the  way  of  profit,  when  the  moment  for 
sale  arrives,  than  the  mere  accumulation  of  a 
small  annual  return  would  have  amounted 
to.  But  to  dwell  on  this  aspect  of  saving 
would  lead  us  beyond  the  lines  of  thought 
followed  out  so  skilfully  by  Prcf.  Gonner. 

The  book  offers,  besides  its  theoretic 
interest,  many  common-sense  remarks  as 
to  tho  standard  of  living  and  the  natural 
objection  felt  to  a  drop  in  that  standard — 
the  way  in  which  the  privation  of  what  a 
man  is  accustomed  to  causes  suffering 
greater  than  the  pleasure  which  accrues 
from  an  increase  in  satisfaction  of  like 
dimensions.  Again,  we  are  reminded  that 
the  effe<  t  of  "  a  rise  in  wages,  when  it  brings 
with  it  a  rise  in  tho  standard,  is  more  likely 
to  be  retained  than  when  no  such  offect  is 
produced  "  ;  while  "  within  reasonable 
limits  it  would  seem  to  bo  true  that  rises  in 
wages,  where  continuous,  and  such  that  they 
are  accompanied  by  rises  in  the  general 
level  of  living,  occasion  increase  iir  the 
efficiency  of  labour."  The  student  will 
value  the  carefully  expressed  argument. 
We  sincerely  thank  Prof.  Gonner  for  his 
labour  on  this  subject,  and  we  trust  that  his 


elevated  standard  of  thought  may  lead  to 
increased  practical  application  of  the 
theory  in  the  future. 

Apollonius  of  Tyana,  and  other  Essays. 
By  Thomas  Whittaker.  (Sonnenschein  & 
Co.) — This  volume  consists  of  six  essays. 
In  the  first  Mr.  Whittaker  deals  with  Apol- 
lonius cf  Tyana.  After  a  few  introductory 
remarks  he  proceeds  to  give  an  abridgment 
cf  the  work  of  Philostratus,  which  is  the 
source  of  our  information  in  regard  to  that 
philosopher.  The  abstract  is  done  with 
great  accuracy  and  competent  scholar- 
ship, and  will  prove  useful  to  any  one  who 
wishes  to  study  the  original.  Mr.  Whittaker 
epitomizes  in  the  same  way  a  treatise  pro- 
duced by  Eusebius  as  a  reply  to  a  comparison 
of  Apollonius  and  Christ  which  was  the 
work  of  Hierocles.  There  are  many  sug- 
gestive hints  in  regard  to  the  bearings  of 
the  life  of  Apollonius  on  the  philosophical 
attitude  of  his  period,  but  there  is  no  full 
discussion  of  the  problems  which  it  raises. 
The  ordinary  student  will  regard  these 
abstracts  as  dry  reading,  and  he  will  feel 
the  necessity  of  having  recourse  to  works 
already  published,  such  as  those  of  Baur, 
Reville,  Chassang,  and  Mead,  if  he  wants  to 
have  a  general  idea  of  the  work  of  Philo- 
stratus. 

In  the  next  essay  Mr.  Whittaker  pursues 
the  same  plan  in  regard  to  the  work  of  Origen 
against  Celsus.  He  furnishes  a  minute 
analysis  and  epitome  of  the  arguments 
employed  by  Celsus,  and  the  replies  of 
Origen  to  them.  But  he  takes  little  note 
of  the  previous  writers  who  have  discussed 
the  subject,  for  instance,  Muth  in  his  recent 
work  '  Der  Kampf  des  heidnischen  Philo- 
sophen  Celsus  gegen  das  Christen  turn.'  The 
abstract  is  necessarily  stiff  reading,  for  it  is 
often  not  easy  to  see  what  was  the  pith  of 
the  objections  of  Celsus,  and  still  more  diffi- 
cult to  follow  some  of  the  efforts  which 
Origen  makes  to  answer  them. 

In  the  third  essay  Mr.  Whittaker  continues 
the  same  plan  in  regard  to  John  Scotrrs 
Erigena.  He  supplies  elaborate  abstracts 
of  two  of  his  works,  the  '  De  Praedestinatione  ' 
and  the  '  De  Divisione  Naturae,'  and  quotes 
the  original  words  of  many  of  the  passages 
to  show  that  his  interpretation  is  correct. 
This,  which  must  have  been  a  task  of  great 
labour  and  difficulty,  is  well  executed.  Mr. 
Whittaker  has  formed  a  high  idea  of  Eri- 
gena's  powers.  He  describes  him  thus  : 
"  In  speculative  power  Erigena  was  probably 
inferior  to  no  metaphysician  that  ever  lived." 
He  also  agrees  with  the  idea  which  Erigona 
formed  of  the  universe  and  the  powers  that 
ruled  it,  and  he  expounds  his  philosophical 
argrxments  with  enthusiasm,  keeping  well 
in  the  background  the  arguments  connected 
with  the  Bible  and  tho  Fathers.  But  again 
the  reader  is  left  with  an  imperfect  notion 
of  Erigena's  mental  activity,  and  he  must  go 
for  this  to  the  admirable  monograph  of 
Huber,  an  Old  Catholic  and  an  authority  on 
mediaeval  philosophy,  who  expressos  his 
agreement  with  the  fundamental  principle 
of  Erigena,  oven  though  it  may  bring  on 
him  the  censure  of  the  Vatican.  And,  if  a 
book  in  English  is  desired,  Miss  Gardner's 
little  volume  will  prove  illuminative. 

Tho  other  three  essays  are  addressed  to 
those  who  have  devoted  their  minds  to  tho 
study  of  metaphysics,  and  will  not  be  under- 
stood by  others.  In  tho  last  Mr.  Whittaker 
expounds  his  own  idea  of  the  universe  : — 

"Tho  perfection  of  tho  wholo  exists  eternally,  in 
a  manner  of  which  the  mystics  may  get  a  glimpse. 
The  whole,  while  it  is  a  system,  is  more.  The  One, 
which  remains,  is  either  super-personal  intellect, 
containing  all  subjects,  or  something  beyond 
intellect.  Volition  and  final  cause  belong  only  to 
the  parts  and  to  the  flux," 


N°  41 12,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


185 


It  is  this  monistic  philosophy  which  pervades 
the  essays,  and  has  induced  Mr.  Whittaker 
to  appreciate  so  highly  the  merits  of  Erigena, 
and  to  form  a  lower  opinion  of  Origen  than 
the  remarkable  powers  and  noble  aspirations 
cf  that  theologian  warrant. 

The  sch(  larship  and  ability  shown  in  these 
essays  are  worthy  cf  the  author  cf  the  'Neo- 
Platonists,'  but  their  fragmentary  character 
will  narrow  the  field  of  their  usefulness. 

Sketches  of  Kafir  Life.  By  Godfrey  Calla- 
way. (Oxford,  Mowbray  &  Co.) — Canon 
Callaway  is  to  be  congratulated  on  having 
produced  an  extremely  readable  little  book. 
In  a  series  of  unpretending  narratives  he 
sets  before  us  a  vivid  picture  cf  that  part  of 
Pondoland  where  St.  Cuthbert's  Mission  is 
carried  on,  and  of  its  inhabitants.  Even 
readers  who  do  not  share  the  point  of  view 
of  the  "  S.S. J.E  "  can  hardly  fail  to  appre- 
ciate the  candour  and  simplicity  of  the 
recital,  and  its  scrupulous  fairness  to  all 
parties.  The  characters  of  Marita,  Magudu, 
Augustine  Mtyata,  old  Kanyelwa,  and 
others  are  convincingly  as  well  as  touchingly 
depicted  ;  and  there  is  no  attempt  at  con- 
cealment of  cases  where  results  have  been 
less  satisfactory.  While  fully  alive  to  weak 
points  in  the  native  character,  the  writer 
has  knowledge  and  experience  which  enable 
him  to  view  these  in  their  true  light,  instead 
of  exaggerating  them  out  of  all  proportion,  as 
is  frequently  done  by  those  who  avoid  the 
opposite  error  of  ignoring  them  altogether. 
We  hardly  like  to  suggest  that  he  has  missed 
an  opportunity  for  a  pregnant  comment  on 
the  oft-repeated  assertion  (which  one  is 
tired  of  contradicting)  that  the  native  "  does 
not  know  the  meaning  of  gratitude,"  &c. 
But  even  sympathetic  observers  have  some- 
times been  puzzled  by  the  seeming  absence 
of  its  expression.  Perhaps  the  following 
may  throw  some  light  on  this  phenomenon, 
where  it  exists  :  "  The  Kafir,  when  he  thanks 
you,  kisses  your  hand  and  then  says  either 
'  Nangomso  '  (Again  to-morrow  !)  or  else 
'  Mus'  ukudinwa '  (Don't  get  tired  !)." 
Canon  Callaway  does  not  add — but  it  has 
sometimes  occurred  to  us  as  a  possible 
explanation — that  this  is  the  natural  atti- 
tude towards  a  being  so  superior  in  power 
and  resources  that  the  receiver  can  think  cf 
no  return,  and  can  best  show  his  appreciation 
by  asking  for  a  continuance  of  favours — 
which  is,  indeed,  the  highest  compliment  he 
can  pay.  The  white  man  has  done  his  best 
to  destroy  the  myth  of  his  supernatural 
character,  but  the  tradition  to  some  extent 
survives. 

The  chapter  dealing  with  the  Pondo  chief 
Mtshazi  and  his  father  Mditshwa  is  especially 
interesting.  Mtshazi  was  educated  in  Eng- 
land, and  on  his  return  to  his  own  country, 
speaking  at  a  great  assembly  of  the  tribe, 
he  declared  that  "  he  had  decided  to  become 
a  Christian  and  to  support  the  work  of  the 
missionai  ies  among  his  people,"  and  was 
subsequently  baptized  by  the  name  of 
Edwardes.  He,  however,  ultimately  dis- 
appointed the  hopes  of  his  Anglican  friends. 
Incidentally,  we  are  informed  that  "  the 
present  chief  of  the  Pondomisi  has  a  strain 
of  Bushman  blood  in  him,  and  both  he  and 
his  people  are  proud  of  being  called  the 
children  of  the  bushwoman."  This,  how- 
ever, is  denied  by  a  member  of  the  family 
now  in  England.  It  is  curious  to  find  that 
the  great  rain-doctor  of  the  Pondomisi  is 
"  a  little  old  Bushman  " — the  sole  survivor 
of  the  race  in  that  part  of  the  country. 

The  book  is  illustrated  with  some  interest- 
ing photographs.  We  gather  from  the 
preface  that  it  was  written  on  the  Continent, 
so  that  possibly  the  final  proofs  escaped  the 
author's  revision.  This  would  explain  the 
attribution  to  Byron  (p.  30),  on  the  part  of 


an  evident  lover   of  Browning,   of    '  Childe 
Roland  to  the  Dark  Tower  Came.' 

Accounts  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of 
Scotland.  Edited  by  Sir  James  Balfour 
Paul,  Lord  Lyon  King  of  Arms. — Vol.  VI. 
ad.  1531-1538.  (Edinburgh,  H.M.  General 
Register  House.) — Our  notices  of  previous 
volumes  of  these  accounts  of  the  Lord  High 
Treasurer  of  Scotland  have  sufficiently 
indicated  the  character  of  the  main  contents 
of  a  series  of  books  which  is  appearing  with 
most  commendable  regularity  under  the 
highly  competent  editorship  of  Sir  James 
Balfour  Paul.  The  present  volume  deals 
with  a  period  which  is  not  treated  with  much 
fullness  by  historical  writers,  and  on  that 
very  account  is  of  even  more  importance 
than  some  of  its  predecessors.  While  the 
better-known  occurrences  of  the  time  are 
but  slightly  reflected  here,  the  accounts 
transcribed  throw  considerable  light  on 
the  doings  of  King  James  V.  at  a  critical 
period  of  his  personal  history,  as  well  as  on 
the  state  of  the  country  during  the  seven 
years  over  which  they  stretch.  The  accounts, 
which  are  almost  uninterrupted  in  sequence, 
begin  on  September  6th,  1531,  and  continue 
to  September  29th,  1538,  shortly  after 
James's  second  marriage.  James's  two 
marriages  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  provide 
the  chief  interest  of  the  volume.  "  Pro- 
bably," says  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul, 
"  there  have  been  few  people  in  the  world 
who  have  had  so  many  alliances  proposed 
for  them  by  the  great  European  Powers, 
or  in  whose  marriage  so  much  interest  was 
taken  by  the  various  monarchs  of  the  time." 
The  explanation,  of  course,  is  that  Scotland 
was  an  important  factor  in  the  game  of 
European  politics.  In  the  circumstances, 
and  looking  to  the  ardent  and  unstable 
character  of  the  king,  no  one  can  have  been 
greatly  surprised  at  James's  sudden  resolution 
to  proceed  himself  to  France  to  treat  in 
person  for  the  conclusion  of  his  marriage. 

These  accounts  furnish  many  curious  side- 
lights in  revealing  the  expenses  of  his  expe- 
dition ;  and  in  regard  especially  to  matters 
of  fashion  and  costume,  it  is  instructive  to 
note  the  evident  influence  of  the  French 
ladies  who  came  over  in  attendance  on  the 
two  successive  queens.  Black  seems  to 
have  been  the  king's  favourite  colour,  to 
judge  from  the  numerous  entries  of  black 
satin  (for  doublets),  black  velvet,  and  black 
taffety.  Many  kinds  of  foreign  cloth  are 
mentioned,  and  there  are  references  to 
Dundee  green  and  "  Heland  tartan."  A 
good  deal  of  money  appears  to  have  been 
spent  on  the  ornamentation  of  the  royal 
apparel.  We  find,  for  example,  that  481. 
was  paid  for  embroidering  with  thirty-six 
hanks  of  gold  a  doublet  and  a  padded  jacket 
(a  "  haqueton  ")  furnished  to  the  king  in 
1536.  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul  calls  this  "a 
very  considerable  sum";  but  we  are  not  sure 
that  lie  is  not  confusing  the  old  pound  Scots 
with  the  modern  pound  sterling.  Forty- 
eight  pounds  Scots  would  mean  only  about 
41.  sterling,  and  41.  sterling  does  not  seem 
to  us  a  "  very  considerable  sum  "  to  expend 
on  the  embroidering  of  a  monarch's  dress. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  notice  a  tithe 
of  the  miscellaneous  matters  of  social, 
economic,  and  other  interest  which  are 
brought  to  light  by  these  records.  Carpets 
are  once  or  twice  mentioned,  one  such  floor- 
covering  having  been  bought  at  Lyons  for 
1801.  This  was  certainly  a  "  very  consider- 
able sum,"  and  doubtless  the  Treasurer  was 
relieved  when  his  royal  master  consented 
to  have  "  birkis  &  bent  "  (that  is,  a  rush- 
strewn  floor)  for  one  of  the  palace  chambers. 
The  only  indoor  game  alluded  to  is  cards, 
for  which  the  king  drew  on  the  Treasurer  in 
sums    between    forty    shillings    and     1001. 


Open-air  sports  consisted  almost  exclusively 
of  jousting,  hunting,  hawking,  and  shooting. 
James  himself  was  clearly  fonder  of  bow  and 
crossbow  than  of  the  firearm,  for  there  is 
only  one  reference  to  the  latter,  when  the 
Treasurer  is  required  to  pay  forty  shillings 
(say  3.9.  4d.  in  English  money)  "  to  Walter 
Cunyngham's  wyffe,  in  Stryveling  [Stirling], 
for  ane  Kow  whilk  the  kingis  grace  slew  with 
ane  culvering." 

One  or  two  of  the  incidental  references  are 
of  literary  interest  ;  such,  for  instance,  as 
the  payments  to  John  Bellenden,  who  receives 
certain  sums  for  the  prosecution  of  his 
translation  of  Livy.  It  is  perhaps  worth 
noting,  too,  that  321.  was  paid  in  1532  to 
one  of  the  expert  calligraphists  of  the  Cis- 
tercian Abbey  of  Culross  for  four  antiphonals 
for  the  king's  chapel.  Philologists  might 
also  find  in  these  accounts  some  useful  hints 
towards  tracing  the  connexion  between 
French  and  old  Scots. 

The  volume,  in  short,  brings  together  a 
series  of  documents  which  the  Scottish 
historian  of  the  period,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
student  of  manners  and  customs,  cannot 
afford  to  ignore.  The  accounts,  it  is  need- 
less to  say  at  this  time,  have  been  admirably 
edited  by  the  Lord  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  who 
provides,  as  usual,  a  glossary  of  obsolete 
words,  phrases,  and  technical  terms  without 
which  many  of  the  Treasurer's  entries 
would  be  unintelligible.  There  is  also,  we 
notice,  a  very  full  index. 

Everyman  :  a  Morality.  Illustrated  by 
Ambrose  Dudley.  (Fairbairns.) — We  can 
recommend  this  reprint  of  the  now  popular 
morality  to  readers  in  search  of  an  edition 
of  it  in  a  permanent  form.  Mr.  Dudley's 
illustrations  are  rather  in  the  tradition  of 
Gilbert  and  Noel  Paton,  but  harmonize  very 
well  with  the  type.  The  text  is  slightly 
modernized,  but  not  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  destroy  the  rhythm  of  the  verse.  The 
workmanship  of  the  book  is  very  creditable 
to  the  Campfield  Press. 

Early  English  Prose  Roynances. — II.  Robin 
Hood.  (Edinburgh,  Schulze  &  Co.) — This  is 
the  second  volume  of  a  series  of  reprints  of 
W.  J.  Thoms's  edition  of  '  Early  English 
Prose  Romances,'  illustrated  by  Mr.  Harold 
Nelson.  It  is  a  very  attractive  gift-book  : 
the  stories  have  stood  the  test  of  time  ;  the 
type  is  clear  ;  Mr.  Nelson's  illustrations, 
borders,  and  tail-pieces  are  full  of  invention — 
or  skilful  borrowing,  which  comes  next  in 
desirability  ;  and  the  paper  is  of  the  first 
quality.  Two  ether  volumes  are  promised 
to  make  up  the  set.  We  fear  that  Robin 
Hood  is  not  so  familiar  to  the  youth  of  the 
present  day  as  he  was  to  their  grandfathers, 
but  books  like  this  should  help  to  reinstate 
him  in  his  ancient  kingdom. 

Raton's  List  of  Schools  and  Teachers 
(J.  &  J.  Paton)  has  reached  its  ninth  annual 
issue,  and  will  be  of  use  as  a  book  of  reference. 
It  is  bulky,  but  does  not  pretend  to  bo  com- 
plete. It  leads  off  with  a  new  separate  index 
of  Preparatory  Schools,  but  we  do  not  notice 
in  this  section  three  of  the  best  which  are 
known  to  us,  though  one  cf  them  has  a  record 
equal  to  any  institution  of  the  kind. 

Mrs.  Atherton's  clever  book  The  Cali- 
forniana  has  been  just  reissued  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  in  an  attractive  form. 

Messrs.  Harper  send  us  a  new  edition  of 
Eve's  Diary,  by  Mark  Twain.  Tins  work, 
which  was  hailed  by  the  general  press  as  a 
novelty  when  it  was  a  reprint,  now  appears 
with  illustrations  of  variable  quality  by 
Mr.  Lester  Ralph.  Mr.  Ralph  seems  to  suffer, 
like  some  other  modern  artists,  from  an 
obsession  of  gnarled  roots  cf  trees.  His  Eve 
is  sometimes  gracious.  The  book  is  hardly 
to  us  a  favourable  specimen  of  the  author's 
humour. 


186 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

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Franciscan  Days,  translated  and  arranged  by  A.  G.  Ferrers 

Howell,  3/6 
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ment, 8/6  net. 
Hase  (K.  von),  Handbook  to  the  Controversy  with  Rome, 
edited  by  A.  W.  Streane,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  21/ 
Law. 
Jelf  (E.  A.),  A  Treatise  on  Order  XIV.,  5/ 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Collingwood  (YV.  G.),  The  Fcsole  Club  Papers:  being  Les- 
sons in  Sketching  for  Home-Learners,  3/6  net. 
Hall  (C.  H.),  The  Chemistry  of  Paints  and  Paint  Vehicles, 

8/  net. 
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Poetry  and  Drama. 
Anacreon,  translated  by  T.  Stanley,  6/  net. 
Burton  (R.),  Rahab  :  a  Drama,  5/  net. 
Crawford  (C),  A  Concordance  to  the  Works  of  Thomas  Kyd, 

20/ 
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Penshurst  Manuscript  by  G.  C.  Moore  Smith,  8/ 
Lee  (S.),  Notes  and  Additions  to  the  Census  of  Copies  of 
the  Shakespeare  First  Folio,  2/  net. 
Music. 
Bantock  (G.),  Omar  Khayyam  :  First  Part,  Vocal  Score,  3/ 

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Holbrooke  (J.),  The  Bells,  Vocal  Score,  3/ 
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American  Historical  Review,  July. 
Borough  Customs,  Vol.  II.,  edited  by  Mary  Bateson.    (Sel- 

den  Society.) 
Breasted  (J.   H.),   Ancient  Records  of  Egypt:   Historical 

Documents,  Vol.  IV.,  3dols. 
Clark  (W.  Fordyce),  The  Story  of  Shetland,  2/6  net. 
Grew  (E.  S.),  War  in  the  Far  East,  Vol.  VI.,  7/6  net. 
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Petre  (F.  L.),  The  Republic  of  Colombia,  8/6  net. 
Preissig  (E.),  Notes  on  the  History  and  Political  Institu- 
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Office  List, '2/6  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
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Golden  Numbers:    a  Book  of   Verse  for  Boys  and  Girls, 

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Granville  (C.)  and  Rice  (C.   E.),  A  Heuristic  Arithmetic  : 

Part  I.,  Methods, 2/6;  Part  II.,  Examples,  1/ 
Tout  (T.    F.),   An    Advanced    History    of    Great   Britain, 

Book  III.,  5/ 
Wilson  (F   R.   L.)  and  Hedley  (G    W.),  Elementary  Che- 
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Science. 
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Records  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India,  Vol.  XXXIV., 

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Young  (l'ilson),  Venus  and  Cupid,  12/6  net. 

FOREIGN. 

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Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Jahrbuch  deT  Kbniglich  Preuszischen  Kunstsammlungen, 
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History  and  Biography. 
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Geography  and  Travel. 

Naubert  (C),   Land  und  Leute  in  England,  Dritte  Bear- 

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Philology. 

Gillieron  et  Edmont(E.),  Atlas  linguistique  de  la  France, 

Part  XXV.,  25fr. 

Science. 
Boletin   del    Cuerpo   de    Ingenieros    de    Minas  del  Peni, 
Nos.  29,  35,  36. 

General  Literature. 
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THE    BATTLE    OF    .ETHANDUNE 
(EDINGTON). 

Dodington  Rectory,  Bridgwater. 

Somerset  archaeologists,  such  as  the  late 
Dr.  Giles,  Dr.  Clifford,  and  others,  who  have 
studied  the  Danish  inroads  upon  the  county, 
have  never  acquiesced  in  the  view  that  the 
battle  of  ^Ethandune  (or  Edington)  was 
fought  in  Wiltshire  (878). 

1.  In  the  first  place,  the  campaign  of  878 
was  a  campaign  by  sea  and  land,  and 
Somerset  has  a  seaboard,  whereas  Wiltshire 
has  not.  The  A.-S.  runs  thus  :  "  And  the 
same  winter  the  brother  [Hubba]  of  Hingwar 
and  of  Halfdene  came  with  twenty-three 
ships  from  Demetia  (i.e.  S.  Wales)  to 
Devonshire  (Dumnonia)  in  Wessex."  The 
Danes  haunted  the  Forest  of  Dene  and  the 
neighbourhood  of  Caerleon,  a  rich  country 
in  every  respect.  Dene  Forest  was  noted  for 
its  forges  and  ironworks  far  back  in  Roman 
times.  Mr.  Powell,  commenting  on  "  Giral- 
dus  Cambrensis,"  observes  : — 

"Danica  sylva  nerrms  est  in  extremo  angulo 
inter  Sabrinam  et  Vagam  confluentes  a  Danis  (qnos 
et  Dacos  vocant)  nomen  habens,  qui  Alfredi  Regis 
tempore  hanc  sylvam  occupantes  hoc  illi  nomen 
indiderunt." 

2.  Just  before  the  battle  of  ^Ethandune, 
Hubba  was  slain  "  by  the  king's  servants 
before  the  castle  of  Cynuit  (Asser)  or  Cym- 
wich  (Roger  of  Hoveden)."  There  is  no 
such  place  as  this  in  Wiltshire.  But  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Parret  there  was  a  castle 
at  what  is  now  called  Combwich,  where  the 
old  pack-road  from  the  West  ran  up  to 
Combwich  Passage.  There  is  still  "  Castle 
Close  "  here,  and  it  lay  within  the  royal 
Saxon  demesne  of  Cannington,  where  "  King 
Street  "  still  exists.  At  this  date  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind,  the  ancient  Dumnonia  or 
Duffneint  or  Devon  extended  up  to  the 
Parret  mouth.  The  tradition  that  places 
Cynuit  Castle  at  Appledore,  near  Bideford 
in  North  Devon,  perpetuated  by  Kingsley, 
is  not  reliable,  as  there  is  no  such  place  as 
Cynuit,  and  that  part  of  Devon  lay  com- 
pletely out  of  the  Somerset  and  Athelney 
plan  of  campaign. 

3.  The  river  Parret  was  often  haunted  by 
the  Danes,  and  the  "  Bore  "  would  carry 
tboir  vessels  right  up  to  Langport.  In  an 
old  Cottonian  MS.  Hubba  is  said  to  have 
sackod  Somerton,  the  old  Saxon  capital  of 
Somerset,  in  878,  and  Hubba  would  have 
reached  Somerton  from  Langport,  its  adjoin- 
ing port. 

4.  King  Alfred's  last  struggle  was  for  the 
mastery  of  the  Parret  valley,  and  all  his 
operations  must  be  confined  to  this  region 
in  S7S.  There  was  an  ancient  "Bedellcria 
east  of  Parret  "  and  a  "  Bedelleria  west  of 
Parret,"  lasting  up  to  Tudor  days,  having  its 
origin  in  military  reasons.  At  the  Conquest 
William  the  Conqueror  placed  a  kinsman, 
William  de  la  Knlaise,  at  Stoke-Courcy 
Castle  to  guard  the  mouth  of  the  Parrot. 
William  do  Falaiso  had  charge  of  Cannington 
and  Cymwich  Castle,  the  manor  in  which 
the  castlo  lay  being  considered  "  part  of  the 


royalty  of  Stoke  Courcy  Castle."  Many 
bones  and  skeletons  have  been  dug  up 
recently  on  the  site  of  Cymwich  Castle,  which 
was  of  course  an  entrenched  Saxon  fort,  not 
a  Norman  castle.  There  is  no  record  of 
fights  there  after  the  Conquest. 

5.  Edington,  on  Polden  Hill,  has  been 
identified  by  some  with  ^Fthandune,  and 
agrees  closely  with  Huntingdon's  "  Eden- 
dune."  It  is  not  far  from  Glastonbury,  to 
which  the  Danes  were  naturally  attracted  ; 
and  if  we  suppose  that  King  Alfred  descended 
upon  them  from  "  iEgbryhta's  Stone,  which 
is  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  wood  which  is 
called  Selwood,"  the  site  is  where  we  should 
expect  to  find  it.  The  Polden  ridge  runs 
down  to  Downend,  which  in  ancient  times 
the  Parret  approached  so  closely  by  a  loop 
that  the  boats  could  lie  right  under  it. 
Just  above  was  a  camp  or  entrenched  place 
in  Puriton  or  Periton,  i.e.,  the  old  ton  on 
the  Parret. 

6.  It  was  to  this  fortress  that  the  Danes 
fled  after  Edington,  and  here  it  was,  in  all 
probability,  that  the  great  surrender  was 
made,  after  fourteen  days'  siege,  by  Guthrum 
to  King  Alfred. 

7.  Aller,  where  Guthrum  was  christened, 
and  Wedmore,  where  the  peace  was  signed, 
are  both  in  the  valley  of  the  Parret  and  close 
to  the  Polden  ridge,  and  both  far  from 
Wiltshire. 

8.  Rumours  still  survive  of  King  Alfred's 
fights  with  the  Danes  in  this  Polden 
neighbourhood,  and  especially  at  "  Battle- 
Borough  "  at  Brent  Knoll,  just  above 
Burnham  and  the  mouth  of  the  Parret. 

We  cannot,  of  course,  be  absolutely  certain 
of  the  details  of  this  important  Danish 
campaign,  but  in  a  general  way  we  are  surely 
correct  in  assuming  that  it  was  a  campaign 
fought  and  decided  in  Somerset,  not  in 
Wiltshire. 

It  may  be  added  that  any  one  who  takes 
the  trouble  to  study  the  valley  of  the  Parret 
and  the  fastnesses  of  ancient  North  Pether- 
ton,  where  King  Alfred  lay  hid,  with  the 
Quantocks  behind  him  on  the  north,  will 
arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  here,  within 
the  range  of  a  single  coup  dbozil,  the  chief 
localities  where  the  main  issues  of  that 
eventful  campaign  were  decided  can  be  seen 
and  realized.  But  if  we  try  to  piece  in 
Cynuit  Castle  at  Appledore  on  the  west,  and 
Edington  near  Westbury,  in  Wiltshire,  on 
the  east,  we  are  trying  to  reconcile  the 
impossible.  We  must  introduce  South 
Wales  in  the  first  place,  and  then  the  tidal 
Parret.  King  Alfred  also  was  fighting  more 
especially  for  his  own,  as  so  much  of  this  part 
of  Somerset  was  royal  Saxon  demesne 
inherited  from  iEthelwulf  (see  King  Alfred's 
will). 

William  Greswell,  M.A.,  F.R.G.S. 


"  CAIN  "    AND    THE    MOON. 

Cleveland,  O.,  U.S.A. 
The  letter  of  Mr.  Paget  Toynbee  in  The 
Athenaeum  for  June  23rd,  regarding  "  Cain  " 
as  a  synonym  of  the  moon,  has  especially 
interested  me,  owing  to  recent  study  of  my 
own.  I  have  waited  before  writing,  how- 
ever, hoping  that  others  of  your  correspond- 
ents might  take  ■  p  t ho  matter.  Within  a 
few  weeks  1  have  been  revising  for  publica- 
tion a  paper  read  before  the  Modern  Language 
Association  of  America  on  Cain  legends  in 
Old  and  Middle  English.  In  connexion  with 
it  I  have  become  convinced  that  the  refer- 
ences to  the  man  in  the  moon  in  Elizabethan 
literature  (Shakspeare's  'Tempest,'  11.  ii. 
141,  and  '  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,' 
III.  i.  60,  V.  i.  201.  and  Jonson's  '  News  from 
tho  New  World  in  the  Moon  ')  aro  based  on 
the  Cain  logend. 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


187 


It  is  evident  from  other  allusions  in  English 
works  (Neckham's  '  De  Naturis  Rerum,' 
I.  xiv.  ;  Wright's  '  Specimens  of  Lyric 
Poetry,'  Percy  Society,  p.  110  ;  Pecock's 
'  Repressor.'  II.  iv. ;  Henryson's  'Testament 
of  Creseid,'  ii.  260-64)  that  the  moon  man 
and  his  thorns  were  also  connected  with 
another  story,  that  of  a  thief,  or  of  the  man 
who  gathered  sticks  on  the  Sabbath  (Numbers 
xv.  32  ;  cf.  Grimm's  '  Deutsche  Mythologie,' 
ch.  xxii.).  There  may  have  been  confusion 
of  the  two  legends  in  the  Elizabethan  age. 
The  thorns  belong  to  both,  though  certainly 
properly  connected  with  the  Cain  story,  as 
in  Dante.  Two  other  circumstances,  how- 
ever, seem  to  point  conclusively  to  the  Cain 
legend.  The  dog,  mentioned  in  Shakspeare 
and  Ben  Jonson,  may  be  fully  accounted  for 
through  rabbinical  lore  about  Cain.  He 
was  given  a  dog  to  accompany  him  in  his 
wandering  ('  Genesis  Rabbah,'  18  ;  cf.  John 
a  Lapide's  '  Commentarium  in  Genesim  '  on 
the  mark  of  Cain).  Again,  the  trembling 
of  the  moon  man  (Wright  as  above,  Chaucer's 
'  Troilus  and  Creseide,'  i.  1023)  may  be  fully 
explained  by  mediaeval  interpretations  of 
the  mark  of  Cain.  This  was  frequently 
assumed  to  be  a  trembling,  owing  to  a  read- 
ing of  the  Septuagint,  Genesis  iv.  12.  Early 
Latin  versions  followed  the  Septuagint  in 
reading  gemens  et  tremens,  instead  of  the 
Vulgate  vagus  et  profugus.  On  such  a  read- 
ing are  based  the  mediaeval  allusions  to  the 
mark  of  Cain,  as  in  Petras  Comestor,  '  Hist. 
Schol.  Liber  Genesis,'  cap.  xxii.,  and  the 
English  prose  version  of  '  Adam  and  Eve  ' 
('  Canticum  Creatione  '  in  Horstmann's 
'  Legend  en,'  p.  224).  In  the  latter  it  is  said 
that  Cain  "  waggede  alway  forpwi])  his 
heved." 

The  connecting  link  between  these  pas- 
sages and  that  quoted  by  Mr.  Toynbee  is, 
I  believe,  the  couplet  in  Shakspeare's 
4  Richard  II.,'  V.  vi.  43-4,  where  Boling- 
broke  banishes  from  his  presence  the 
murderer  of  the  king  with  these  words  : — 

With  Cain  go  wander  thorough  shades  of  night, 
And  never  show  thy  head  by  day  nor  light. 

This  passage,  which  has  not  been  adequately 
explained,  becomes  entirely  clear  if  con- 
nected with  Cain  as  the  man  in  the  moon. 
How  thoroughly  the  passage  quoted  by 
Mr.  Toynbee  confirms  my  supposition  with 
regard  to  the  Elizabethan  allusions  I  must 
leave  to  the  fuller  treatment  of  my  paper. 
It  seems  to  me,  however,  that  the  reasoning 
is  conclusive.  O.  F.  Emerson. 


THE    LATE    MRS.    CRAIGIE. 

The  news  that  Mrs.  Pearl  Craigie  had 
been  found  dead  in  her  bed  on  Monday 
morning  last  came  as  a  great  shock  to  the 
world  of  letters.  She  was  only  thirty-eight, 
and  had,  since  her  start  as  an  author  under 
the  name  of  John  Oliver  Hobbes,  been 
steadily  producing  work  of  good  quality 
without  a  set-back,  except  so  far  as  her 
efforts  in  drama  were  concerned. 

Mrs.  Craigie  was  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Morgan  Richards,  a  well-known  American 
merchant.  Showing  cleverness  at  an  early 
age,  she  received  a  good  education,  which 
included  music  and  classics.  Thanks  to 
natural  endowments  thus  tempered,  Mrs. 
Craigie  wrote  like  an  artist,  with  deliberate 
care,  and  added  to  a  good  style  a  full  under- 
standing of  the  use  of  words. 

At  nineteen  she  contracted  an  unfortunate 
marriage,  which  ended  in  her  securing  a 
divorce  in  1895,  and  we  cannot  avoid  the 
conclusion  that  this  unhappiness  limited  hor 
outlook  as  a  writer. 

•Some  Emotions  and  a  Moral'  (1891), 
which  was    a   great   success  in  Mr.   Fisher 


Unwin's  "  Pseudonym  Library,"  at  once 
made  a  reputation  for  her  as  one  of  the 
cleverest  epigrammatists  of  the  day.  She 
could  paint  a  scene  concisely,  analyze 
character  pungently,  and  deal  neatly  with 
the  ironies  of  life.  Her  limitation  was  that 
she  hardly  ever  dealt  with  anything  else. 
The  books  which  followed — '  The  Sinner's 
Comedy '  in  1892,  and  '  A  Study  in  Tempta- 
tions' in  1893,  with  others — all  dealt  with  the 
mismated,  lives  incomplete,  lives  hampered 
by  the  ideal  seen  too  late.  The  last  of  her 
novels  curtly  assigns  the  heroine,  after 
various  trials  of  the  heart,  to  the  doubtful 
felicity  of  marriage  with  an  artist.  Mrs. 
Craigie's  humour  was,  at  least  in  her  books, 
more  keen  than  genial.  A  bitter  sweetness 
is  the  leading  characteristic  of  her  novels. 
They  were  and  are  read  with  avidity,  for 
they  hold  some  elusive  pictures  of  polished 
men  and  women  —  creatures  delightful  in 
their  gift  of  wit  and  understanding,  but 
unfortunately  wanting  human  prototypes. 
The  homely  —  we  had  almost  said  the 
comely — commonplaces  of  life  and  language 
were  missing.  Her  characters  seem  invented 
for  the  emission  of  her  ideas  and  lack 
directness  of  presentation.  Her  work  cannot 
be  relished  every  day,  though  it  is  tonic  in 
its  way,  or  rather,  like  some  rare  liqueur. 
In  '  The  School  for  Saints '  and  '  Robert 
Orange  '  she  attempted  historical  fiction, 
which  did  not  reach  the  level  of  her  imagina- 
tive novels.  Her  lectures  and  journalism 
were  clever,  arresting  work,  well  expressed, 
but  hardly  merit  special  notice. 

On  the  stage  her  plays  had  some  vogue. 
'The  Ambassador'  (1898)  had  a  genuine 
element  of  romance,  though  it  showed 
ignorance  of  the  ordinary  man's  habits  ; 
'The  Wisdom  of  the  Wise'  (1900)  and 
'The  Flute  of  Tan'  (1904)  could  not  be 
called  successes. 

Handsome,  widely  read,  and  an  excellent 
conversationalist,  Mrs.  Craigie  was  a 
favourite  in  society,  which  did  its  best  to 
spoil  her.  That  she  was  unaffected  by 
success  cannot  be  said,  but  she  bore 
that  hard  test  well  on  the  whole.  She 
is  deeply  mourned  by  a  large  circle  of 
friends. 


GLEANINGS   FROM   PARISH 
REGISTERS. 

Mrs.  Stopes's  "gleanings"  from  the 
registers  of  St.  Clement's  Danes,  in  last 
week's  number,  have  reminded  me  of  a  few 
notes  which  I  made  when  I  was  looking 
through  the  birth  registers  at  St.  James's, 
Westminster,  in  search  of  dates  connected 
with  Blake.  The  most  interesting  were  : 
William  Marlow,  son  of  Christopher  and 
Mary,  born  March  2nd,  1709  ;  Jane  Marlow, 
daughter  of  Xopher  and  Barbara,  born 
September  21st,  1709  ;  besides  a  Hannah 
Marlow,  born  1748.  It  is  safe  to  assume 
that  in  the  year  1709  no  name  in  English 
literature  was  more  completely  forgotten 
than  that  of  Christopher  Marlowe,  and  that  no 
Marlowe,  therefore,  not  connected  with  his 
family  was  likely  to  choose  so  uncommon 
a  name  as  Christopher  (which  I  found  only 
a  few  times  iii  the  registers  of  fifty  years). 
Yet  here  are  two  fathers  of  families,  at 
exactly  the  same  time,  both  culled  Chris- 
topher Marlow.  Not  far  off  I  found  a 
Mary  Ann  Faust  and  a  Hester  Tamherline, 
besides  a  .Mary  Witchcraft  and  a  Mary  Ann 
Death. 

I  do  not  know  whether  Mary  Browning, 
daughter  <>f  Henry  and  Mary,  horn  Octo- 
ber 2nd,  1706,  was  an  ancestor  of  Browning  ; 
but  I  found,  and  apparently  for  the  first 
time,  in  the  register  at  St.  Mary's,  Battersoa, 


the  date  of  birth  of  Robert  Browning,  son 
of  Robert  and  Margaret  Browning,  born 
July  6th,  1782,  who  was  Browning's  grand- 
father. The  date  is  incorrectly  given  in 
the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,' 
and  in  all  other  accounts  that  I  have  seen 
is  not  given  at  all. 

The  "  humours  "  that  I  noted  at 
St.  James's,  Westminster,  during  the  first 
five  years  of  the  eighteenth  century  in- 
cluded Matthias  Miniken,  Peregrine  Winkles, 
Eleanor  Goat,  Elizabeth  Sex,  and  Mary 
Virgen.  Arthur  Symons. 


HISTORICAL    MANUSCRIPTS 
COMMISSION  : 

SOME    RECENT    REPORTS. 

The  Belvoir  MSS.  Vol.  IV.— In  this 
volume,  which  appears  after  a  considerable 
interval  since  the  previous  reports  on  the 
Duke  of  Rutland's  collection,  the  family 
deeds  and  accounts  are  chiefly  dealt  with. 
For  their  description  the  Commissioners 
have  been  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  the 
expert  assistance  of  Messrs.  J.  H.  Round  and 
W.  H.  Stevenson,  who  have  carried  out  their 
editorial  tasks  under  the  immediate  super- 
vision of  Sir  H.  Maxwell  Lyte,  who  is  himself 
intimately  acquainted  with  the  Belvoir 
muniments.  All        these        distinguished 

scholars,  however,  have  been  under  great 
obligations  to  the  late  Mr.  W.  A.  Carrington, 
a  well-known  local  antiquary,  to  whom  the 
arrangement  of  the  vast  mass  of  charters 
and  manor  rolls  was  entrusted  by  the 
late  Duke.  Mr.  Round  has  prepared  a 
separate  account  of  the  local  charters,  with 
transcripts  or  abstracts  of  the  more  important 
specimens  ;  and  he  has  also  contributed 
some  valuable  and  suggestive  foot-notes, 
besides  a  calendar  of  the  Belvoir  Car- 
tulary, in  which  the  editor  has  made  some 
important  corrections  in  the  pedigree  of  the 
"  Todeni  "  family. 

The  Household  Books  previously  referred 
to  range  over  the  whole  of  the  Tudor  period, 
and  include  some  miscellaneous  accounts 
extending  to  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  most  important  series  relates 
to  the  menage  of  the  Earls  or  Countesses  of 
Rutland,  and  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as 
the  most  valuable  record  of  the  kind  that 
has  hithero  been  published.  In  the  book 
of  accounts  for  the  year  1613  appears  an 
entry  of  payments  to  William  Shakespeare 
and  Richard  Burbage  for  heraldic  work 
executed  for  the  Earl  of  Rutland  in  connexion 
with  a  local  tournament.  Attention  has 
already  been  called  to  this  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee. 
A  minute  analysis  of  the  series  of  accounts 
is  given  in  the  Introduction.  Amongst  the 
miscellaneous  establishments  there  is  a 
complete  "retinue  "  roll  of  the  local  militia 
assigned  to  the  command  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lovel  in  1508,  in  accordance  with  the  careful 
military  policy  of  the  Tudor  sovereigns. 
There  are  also  several  early  lists  of  Ordnance 
munitions,  which  might  perhaps  be  advan- 
tageously compared  with  similar  records  in 
official  custody. 

Amongst  tiie  few  miscellaneous  papers 
calendared    in    this   supplementary   volume 

mention  may  he  made  of  some  conventional 
Letters  of  the  younger  Pitt  :  an  interesting 
description  of  West  Florida,  by  a  British 
officer,  in  17n."">  ;  and  a  private  description 
of  the  position  of  the  English  fleet  before 
and  after  the  battle  oi  the  1st  of  June.  1794, 
by  the  much-criticized  captain  of  H.M.S. 
Caesar. 

The  Egmont  Manuscripts.  —A  further  in- 
stalment of  this  valuable  seventeenth-century 
collection   of   Irish    State    Tapers   has   been 


188 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


published  by  the  Commission,  as  Part  II. 
of  the  recently  issued  Vol.  I.  This  part 
contains  the  continuation  of  the  correspond- 
ence of  the  Percivall  family  from  1646  to 
1659.  Apart  from  their  historical  import- 
ance, these  newsletters  are  well  worth  perusal 
as  specimens  of  the  epistolary  style  of  the 
period,  and  contain  many  good  things.  An 
academic  correspondent  of  John  Percivall 
in  1650  hints  at  a  story  he  would  like  to 
tell,  "  muffled  in  an  Irish  mantle,"  of 

"a  par-royal  of  knaves,  would  needs  shuffle  how 
to  get  money.  They  knew  not  who  should  be  the 
Trump.  At  last  an  honest  heart  was  turned  up, 
they  play  and  get  the  prize,  but  not  long  after 
their  shuffling  was  discovered  ;  two  of  them 
proved  to  be  of  our  own  pack,  proud  knaves  as 

they  were they  are  both  discarded;  you  will 

know    them    at    the    first    turning-up I    have 

turned  my  story  out  of  its  Irish  rug into  an 

English  short-skirted  doublet  and  loose  breeches ; 
it  wants  nothing  but  the  periwigging  with  a  few 
powdered  phrases  and  some  of  your  gold  lace  to 
set  it  out." 

So  John  Percivall  himself,  who  affects  a 
more  pedantic  style,  informs  us  that  "  the 
salique  law  "  in  his  breast  "  forbids  regina 
pecunia  to  reign  there."  This  volume,  like 
the  preceding  one,  is  furnished  with  an 
admirable  Index. 

The  Dropmore  Manuscripts. — The  fifth 
volume  of  the  State  Papers  connected  with 
the  foreign  ministry  of  Lord  Grenville  will 
be  found,  like  its  predecessors,  to  supple- 
ment materially  the  Foreign  Office  archives 
in  official  custody.  In  view  of  their  publica- 
tion in  the  present  extended  form,  few  students 
of  the  diplomatic  history  of  the  Napoleonic 
period  will  regret  the  accident  of  their  pre- 
servation in  private  hands,  especially  as  these 
Reports  are  also  furnished  with  luminous 
historical  introductions  by  Mr.  FitzPatrick, 
who  possesses  a  remarkable  knowledge  of  the 
period.  The  present  volume  gives  us  the 
sequel  to  Thomas  Grenville's  special  mission 
to  Berlin  in  the  spring  of  1799,  from  which 
the  Second  Coalition  against  Napoleon  was 
definitely  formulated.  Almost  every  phase 
of  this  eventful  movement  is  illustrated  by 
the  correspondence  presented  in  this  volume. 
Particular  importance  may,  however,  be 
attached  to  the  papers  relating  to  William 
Wickham's  mission  in  Switzerland  and  to 
the  details  of  the  Helder  expedition.  The 
Index,  however,  is  meagre  in  the  extreme 
by  comparison  with  those  to  which  we  have 
become  accustomed  in  the  later  operations  of 
the  Commission. 

The  Franciscan  Manuscripts  at  Dublin. 
—  The  value  of  seminary  records  as 
an  historical  source  is  sufficiently  obvious 
in  an  age  of  historical  research  which 
has  not  overlooked  the  official  papers 
of  the  great  Protestant  missionary 
societies  of  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth 
centuries.  Moreover,  special  reasons  exist 
to  enhance  the  importance  of  such  records 
as  have  been  collected  in  the  house  of  the 
Franciscan  Fathers  at  Dublin  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  The  aspira- 
tions— we  can  scarcely  term  them  intrigues 
— of  Luke  Wadding  and  his  native  following 
for  the  deliverance  of  Ireland  from  the  Pro- 
testant yoke,  by  the  intervention  of  the 
Papacy  and  the  Catholic  Powers,  are 
revealed  to  us  in  those  pages.  The  policy 
of  these  religious  patriots  is  so  frankly  anti- 
English  that  the  vexed  question  of  their 
relations  with  the  two  contending  parties 
in  England  scarcely  occurs  to  us  in  the  perusal. 
At  the  same  time  the  grievances  of  the  native 
Catholics,  as  here  set  forth,  were  not  far 
short  of  intolerable.  As  a  source  of  informa- 
tion for  political  events  in  England  the  corre- 
spondence is  naturally  of  slighter  value  than 
for  tho  attitude  of  the  continental  States 
during  tho  Irish  rebellion. 


It  is  evident  that  the  task  of  deciphering 
these  papers  and  identifying  the  persons 
and  incidents  alluded  to  therein  has  proved 
to  be  one  of  extreme  difficulty,  and  the 
editor,  Mr.  J.  M.  Rigg,  deserves  the  highest 
praise  for  the  pains  he  has  bestowed  on  the 
adequate  preparation  of  the  present  Report. 


THE    BIRTH-YEAR    OF 
HENRY    V. 

I  have  not  changed  my  ground,  as  Mr. 
Kingsford  imagines,  but  having  elsewhere 
('  History  of  Henry  IV.,'  vol.  hi.  p.  324) 
given  my  reasons  for  believing  that  Henry  V. 
was  born  in  1386,  I  seemed  to  find  a 
confirmation  of  that  year  in  the  recently 
printed  extracts  from  Vitellius  A.  xvi.  Mr. 
Kingsford  says  "  No,"  thereby  disclosing  a 
fundamental  difference  between  us  as  to  the 
basis  of  reckoning  years — a  point  which  must 
certainly  first  be  cleared  up  before  any  valid 
inference  can  be  drawn  from  the  new  evi- 
dence. Accordingly  I  have  quoted  a  few 
instances  where,  as  it  seems  to  me,  Mr. 
Kingsford's  rule  breaks  down.  He  replies 
that  he  is  quite  certain  about  his  rule,  and 
that  these  must  be  exceptions.  And  that  is 
as  far  as  we  have  gone. 

Mr.  Kingsford  points  triumphantly  to  a 
passage  (Gregory's  Chron.,  p.  107)  where 
14  Hen.  IV.  and  1  Hen.  V.  "  ys  rekyned  but 
for  oone  yere  "  ;  and  if  his  explanation  of 
it  be  correct,  this  "  one  year  "  ought  to  end 
on  October  29th,  1413,  whereas,  as  I  have 
already  shown,  it  includes  an  event  that 
did  not  happen  till  December  4th,  1413. 
Whatever  the  writer  meant,  he  inserted  the 
name  of  the  mayor  a  second  time,  as  if 
the  year  of  the  king  were  the  dominant  fact 
in  his  calculation. 

The  truth  seems  to  be  that  in  the  reigns 
of  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  VI.  the  difference 
between  the  regnal  and  the  mayoral  years — 
about  three  weeks  in  the  former  reign,  and 
less  than  two  months  in  the  latter — is  so  slight 
that  instances  of  overlap  are  very  seldom 
found ;  and  when  they  are,  I  believe  that 
the  mayoral  hypothesis  (if  I  may  still  use 
the  word)  breaks  down.  I  have  already 
given  one  instance  in  13  Hen.  IV.  (Gregory, 
p.  106),  and  another  will  be  found  in  the 
death  of  Charles  VI.  in  1  Hen.  VI.  (p.  149). 
But  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  there  is  a  dif- 
ference of  more  than  seven  months  between 
the  accession  of  the  king  and  the  accession 
of  the  mayor,  and  the  divergence  is  so  great 
that  in  1417  the  chronicler  explains  himself 
thus:  "Ande  the  same  yere,  scilicet  in 
anno  Vto "  (p.  116),  starting  again  after 
Easter,  1418,  with  "Here  begynnyth  the 
vj  yere  "  (p.  122).  These  cannot  be  mayoral 
years,  and  Mr.  Kingsford  will,  perhaps,  see 
that  I  do  not  "  impugn  the  chronological 
trustworthiness  of  the  Chronicle"  :  I  merely 
doubt  the  accuracy  of  his  method  of  inter- 
preting it.  J.  Hamilton  Wylie. 


OTHER  WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARES. 
I. 

Among  Shakespeare's  contemporaries  there 
were  a  good  many  bearing  both  of  his  names, 
and  tho  few  facts  known  concerning  them 
become  interesting,  cvon  when  clearly  shown 
not  to  refer  to  tho  poet. 

I  found  one  curious  entry  in  London, 
among  the  burials  in  the  registers  of  St. 
Clement's  Danes  :  "  Jane  Shackspeer, 
daughter  of  Willm.,  8  Aug.  1609."  This 
Jane  might  have  been  the  daughter  of  somo 
country  "William"  temporarily  in  town — 
might  even  havo  boon  a  daughter  of  tho  poet. 
But  I  think  it  much  more  likely  that  tho 
father's    name    was    written    in    orror    for 


"  John."  The  bitmaker  of  that  name  had 
settled  in  the  parish,  and  had  a  large  family. 
He  had  baptized  a  daughter  "  Jane  "  on 
July  16th,  1608,  of  whom  no  further  notice 
appears  in  the  register,  if  this  entry  does  not 
record  her  death.  (See  my  '  Shakespeare's 
Family,'  p.  148.) 

The  Warwickshire  Shakespeares  seem  to 
have  favoured  the  name  of  William.  Chris- 
topher Shakespeare,  of  Packwood,  mentions 
in  his  will  (proved  August  15th,  1558)  a  son 
William,  who  may  be  the  subject  of  other 
later  references.  A  William  priced  the  goods 
of  "  Robert  Shakesper,  of  Wroxall,"  on 
March  19th,  1565  ;  and  one  of  the  same 
name  did  the  same  duty  to  the  goods  of 
John  Pardu,  of  Snitterfield,  1569.  John 
Shakespeare,  of  Wroxall,  labourer,  in  his 
will,  December  15th,  1574,  speaks  of  his 
brothers  William  and  Nicholas.  A  William 
signed  and  sealed,  as  one  of  the  witnesses,  a 
feoffment  of  lands  in  Wroxall,  June  27th, 
1592  ;  and  a  William  of  Wroxall  made  his 
will  on  November  17th,  1609.  (See  Ryland's 
'  Records  of  Wroxall.') 

A  youth,  probably  the  son  of  Thomas 
Shakespeare,  shoemaker,  of  Warwick,  was 
buried  at  St.  Nicholas's  in  that  town,  when 
the  poet  was  fifteen  years  old.  The  clerk 
thought  the  manner  of  his  death  worth 
recording :  "  1579.  July  Sexto  die  huius 
mensis  sepultus  fuit  Gulielmus  Shaxper, 
qui  demersus  fuit  in  Rivulo  aquae  qui  vel 
vocatur  Avona." 

Another  William,  of  Coventry,  shoemaker, 
made  his  Mill  March  18th,  1605/6. 

I  see  no  evidence  that  the  William  Shake- 
speare of  the  Worcester  Register,  who 
applied  for  a  marriage  licence  on  Novem- 
ber 27th,  1582,  was  a  different  man  from 
the  poet,  who,  the  next  day,  had  a  licence 
granted  to  marry  Anne  Hathaway.  I  have 
given  my  reasons  elsewhere  for  believing 
them  to  be  one  and  the  same,  and  so  has 
Mr.  J.  W.  Gray  in  his  '  Shakespeare's 
Marriage.'  I  have  never  come  upon  any 
other  Anne  or  Agnes  recorded  as  the  wife 
of  a  William. 

There  was  a  William,  however,  of  Hatton 
or  Haseley,  who  married,  January  6th,  1589, 
Barbara  Stiffe,  and  who  is  entitled  "  gentle- 
man "  when,  on  March  14th,  1596,  he 
baptized  his  daughter  Susanna  !  "  Barbara, 
wife  of  Mr.  William  Shakespere,"  was 
buried  in  February,  1610.  One  can  hardly 
think  this  the  same  person  who  was  associated 
with  John  Weale  :  "John  Weale  granted 
to  Job  Throgmorton  the  cottage  in  which 
William  Shakespeare  dwelt  at  Haseley, 
March  4th,  1597  "  (Hist.  MSS.  Com.  Rep., 
App.  II.,  Davenport  MSS.). 

In  the  Star  Chamber  proceedings  there 
is  the  notice  of  a  fine  "  inter  Willielmum 
Shackspeare  et  Georgium  Shackspeare,  quer., 
et  Thomam  Spencer,  arm.,  Christopherum 
Flecknoe,  et  Thomam  Thompson,  deforc, 
de  octo  acris  pasturse  cum  pertinentis  in 
Claverdon  alias  Claredon,  12  Jac.  I." 

Another  William  was  in  the  habit  of  selling 
malt,  lending  money,  and  sometimes  borrow- 
ing it.  He  might  have  been  some  of  these 
othors  of  the  name,  but  he  could  not  have 
been  the  poot,  as  some  suppose,  because 
his  bills,  preserved  at  Warwick  Castle,  con- 
tinue until  1626. 

The  greatest  numbor  of  Shakespeare 
entries  in  general,  and  of  thoso  concerning 
William  in  particular,  are  found  in  relation 
to  Rowington.  Thoro  had  boon  residents 
of  tho  name  for  a  long  time  in  tho  parish. 
Tho  early  registers  aro  lost  ;  but  from  tho 
will  of  Richard  Shakospeare,  of  Rowington, 
woavor,  we  know  that  he  had  a  son  William 
and  a  son  Richard  undor  twenty-throe  years 
of  ago  on  Juno  15th,  1561.     Another  of  the 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


189 


same  name,  called  "  Richard  Shakspere  of 
Rowington,  the  elder,"  mentioned  in  his 
will,  dated  September  6th,  1591,  his  sons 
John,  Roger,  Thomas,  William ;  and  a 
third  Richard's  will,  of  November  13th, 
1613,  shows  that  he  had  four  sons — William, 
Richard,  Thomas,  and  John.  The  eldest, 
William,  had  at  the  date  of  the  will  a  son 
John  ;  the  second,  Richard,  had  four — 
Thomas,  William,  Richard,  John ;  and 
after  the  registers  commence,  we  find  on 
April  28th,  1619,  William  Shakespeare,  son 
of  John  Shakespeare,  was  baptized  ;  and 
on  August  13th  of  the  same  year,  "  William, 
son  of  Thomas  Shakespeare." 

The  name  of  William  Shakespeare  appears 
in  the  list  of  the  trained  soldiers  of  Row- 
ington taken  by  Sir  Fulke  Greville  at 
Alcester  on  September  23rd,  1605,  probably 
the  son  of  the  second  Richard,  but  erro- 
neously, by  some,  supposed  to  have  been 
the  poet.  Collier  says  that  "  we  have 
intelligence  regarding  no  other  William 
Shakespeare  at  that  date." 

The  mark  of  a  William  Shakespere  is 
found  on  a  roll  of  the  jurors  at  the  Court  of 
the  Manor  of  Rowington  in  1614,  which  is 
almost  certainly  that  of  William,  son  of  the 
third  Richard. 

Mr.  Ryland's  '  Records  of  Rowington  ' 
show  us  that  a  lease  was  granted  through 
feoffees  to  Richard  Shakespeare,  of  Row- 
ington, weaver,  of  the  "  Tyinges,"  which 
may  refer  either  to  Richard  the  second  or 
the  third.  The  Customary  rent  of  Row- 
ington in  1605  mentions  "  Richard  Shakespere, 
one  messuage,  half  a  yearde  land  (14  acres), 
14s.  ;  John  Shakespeare,  one  cottage  and 
one  quarter  yard  land  (9  acres),  6s.  8d.  ; 
Thomas  Shakesper,  one  close,  2s.  ;  one  tofte 
and  16  acres,  13s.  4d.  ;  one  messuage, 
10s.  4d."  It  is  not  clear  which  "  Thomas  " 
this  was.  Richard  and  John  are  those 
referred  to  in  the  legal  proceedings  which 
give  the  story  of  their  lives. 

This  Richard  the  third  was  evidently  son 
of  Richard  the  first,  and,  as  he  was  under 
twenty-three  in  1561,  would  be  about 
seventy-six  when  he  died  in  1614.  In 
consequence  of  his  will  and  actions  a  pro- 
tracted litigation  commenced.  The  case 
somewhat  resembles  that  of  Jacob  and 
Esau.  The  youngest  son,  in  the  absence 
of  his  eldest  brother,  prevailed  on  his  father 
to  disinherit  him  in  his  favour,  and  the  dis- 
possessed brother  did  not  bear  his  loss  with 
equanimity.  Some  of  the  facts  were  known 
to  Malone,  '  Proleg.,'  ii.  15,  note  8 ;  and 
Mr.  Cecil  Monro  had  included  many  of  the 
references  in  his  '  Acta  Cancellaria,'  1847. 
Mr.  Knight  discovered,  and  Mr.  Bruce 
published,  the  Star  Chamber  bill  and  answer 
in  Notes  and  Queries,  Third  Series,  xii.  p.  81 
(August  3rd,  1867)  ;  and  a  list  of  the  official 
entries  collected  by  Mr.  Monro  is  given  at 
p.  161  of  the  same  volume. 

The  Catalogue  which,  within  the  last  few 
years,  has  been  drawn  up  of  the  Second 
Series  of  Chancery  Proceedings  has  given 
us  access  to  still  another  paper  ;  and  as  so 
many  minor  illustrative  details  have  turned 
up,  it  seems  time  to  make  a  resume  of  the 
whole  mass  of  material.  The  story  illus- 
trates the  domostic  and  legal  life  of  the  times. 

Richard  Shakespeare  was  of  Turner's 
End,  or  Church  End,  Rowington,  when  he 
made  his  will  on  November  13th,  1613. 
He  did  not  trust  to  its  being  sufficient  of 
itself  to  go  against  tho  Customary  of  tho 
manor,  and  during  his  lifetimo  he  surrendered 
his  copyhold  estate  into  the  hands  of  the 
steward  by  his  attorneys,  Thomas  Ley  and 
George  Whome,  in  order  to  "  settle  it  upon 
himself  and  his  wife  Elizabeth  for  thoir 
lives,  nnd  the  longer  liver  of  them,  and  after 


their  decease,  upon  his  youngest  son  John 
and  his  heirs,"  provided  that  John  paid  to 
his  brother  William  4Z.  a  year.  This  deed 
of  settlement  was  completed,  and  the  fine 
paid  into  Court,  in  March,  1613/14.  Richard 
died  within  a  month,  and  his  wife  followed 
him  almost  immediately,  repenting  of  her 
share  in  the  arrangement.  William  there- 
upon applied  to  be  put  on  the  homage  of  the 
manor,  as  his  father's  eldest  son  and  hoir, 
probably  at  the  time  he  made  his  mark  ; 
and  also  contested  his  mother's  will  at 
Worcester.  (See  MS.  Episc.  Reg.  Worcester, 
"  per  Wilielmus  Shakespere,  filium  naturalem 
Elizabeth  Shakespere  nuper  de  Rowenton.") 
But  the  combination  against  him  had  been 
too  powerful.  He  had  no  remody  but  to 
eat  humble-pie  and  accept  the  first  instal- 
ment of  his  yearly  fee  from  his  brother 
John  at  Michaelmas,  1614.  When  John 
had  claimed  his  inheritance  at  the  Manorial 
Court,  the  steward  had  bidden  him  be 
cautious  with  that  proviso,  or  he  would 
forfeit  it,  as  it  devised  it  to  be  paid  in  two 
portions,  at  the  two  half-yearly  feasts  of 
Lady  Day  and  Michaelmas,  between  the 
hours  of  10  in  the  morning  and  2  of  the  after- 
noon, in  the  church  porch  of  Rowington. 
At  Lady  Day,  1615,  difficulties  arose.  Each 
said  the  other  did  not  keep  the  appointment. 
William  was  not  paid  at  the  time  specified 
in  the  settlement,  and,  assuming  that  the 
premises  were  thereby  forfeited,  made  an 
entry  into  his  father's  house  as  his  natural 
heir,  and  was  forcibly  resisted.  He  there- 
upon instituted  a  .case  in  Common  Law. 
John  went  above  him,  and  filed  a  bill  in 
Chancery  against  him.  Mr.  Cecil  Monro 
collected  the  following  entries  of  this  case  : — 

1.  Bill  in  Chancery,  filed  May  1st,  1616, 
John,  contra  William  Shakespeare. 

2.  May  11th,  1616,  L.  C.  Ellesmere's 
order  to  stay  proceedings  of  defendant  in 
Couit  Baron  of  Rowington  until  heard  in 
Chancery.  Mr.  Richard  Moore  to  consider 
it  (Reg.  Lib.  B,  1615,  fol.  747). 

3.  May  16th,  Master  Moore's  report  (ibid.). 

4.  June  8th,  a  week  given  for  plaintiff 
to  reply  (Reg.  Lib.  B,  1615,  f.  824). 

5.  June  10th,  Master  Moore's  supple- 
mentary report,  on  a  petition  presented  by 
defendant.  Possession  only  established  with 
plaintiff  until  the  hearing  of  tho  case  (Trinity 
Term  Reports,  1616). 

6.  November  11th,  Master  of  the  Rolls 
allowed  defendant  to  amend  a  clerical  error 
indato  (Lib.  B,  1616,  f.  146). 

7.  January  31st,  1616/17,  an  order  nisi 
for  publication  (ibid.,  f.  149). 

8.  November  3rd,  1617,  William  files  a 
bill  against  John,  but,  in  respect  of  his 
poverty,  is  permitted  to  sue  in  forma 
pauperis  (Reg.  Lib.,  1617,  f.  132). 

9.  November  18th,  Mr.  Moore  desired  to 
consider  the  sufficiency  of  tho  answer  of  tho 
defendants  (ibid.,  f.  192). 

10.  Master  Moore's  report  in  favour  of 
plaintiff,  Michaelmas  Term,  1617  (Monro's 
'  Acta  Cancellaria,'  p.  222). 

11.  November  22nd,  1619,  an  order  for 
an  injunction  to  restrain  the  defendant 
from  putting  plaintiff  out  of  the  possession 
of  tho  premises  at  Rowington,  and  from 
suing  plaintiff  at  Common  Law  upon  a  bond 
of  500?.,  until  defendant  had  answered 
plaintiff's  bill  (Lib.  B,  1619,  f.  300). 

12.  November  27th,  1619,  an  order  for 
attachment  against  the  dofendant  for  not 
appearing. 

Mr.  Monro  here  omits  the  reply  of  William, 
filed  on  May  6th,  1616,  which  should  come 
between  1  and  2.  No.  4  refers  to  the  reply 
to  this,  which  should  have  appeared  between 
5  and  6  ;  but  it  seems  to  have  been  lost. 

Charlotte  Cakmichaki,  Stojm;s. 


Messrs.  A.  Constable  are  publishing 
'  My  Pilgrimage  to  the  Wise  Men  of  the 
East,'  by  our  old  contributor  Dr.  Moncure 
Conway.  In  his  recent  successful  auto- 
biography Dr.  Conway  barely  alluded  to 
his  experiences  in  Hindustan.  The  route 
he  took  round  the  world  ran  through  Salt 
Lake  City,  San  Francisco,  the  chief  cities 
in  Australia,  and  thence  to  Ceylon  and 
India.  The  bulk  of  the  book  relates  to 
his  memories  of  and  conversations  with 
leading  Buddhists,  Brahmins,  Parsees, 
Moslems,  and  others  in  India,  his  im- 
pressions and  observations  of  the  country, 
and  his  saunterings  among  ancient  shrines. 
There  are  also  some  interesting  memories 
of  Joseph  Jefferson,  Ingersoll,  and  John 
Bright.  The  book  will  be  profusely  illus- 
trated with  portraits  and  facsimile  letters, 
and  will  be  issued  in  a  uniform  style  with 
the  autobiography. 

'  Golden  Days  of  the  Renaissance 
in  Rome  '  is  the  title  of  a  new  book 
which  the  same  firm  are  publishing  for 
a  distinguished  writer  well  known  to  our 
readers,  Prof.  Lanciani.  Its  purpose  is  to 
describe  the  evolution  of  the  Eternal  City 
from  mediaeval  conditions  to  the  summit 
of  its  renaissance.  The  early  chapters 
deal  with  the  city  before  Paul  III.  became 
Pope.  A  study  follows  of  the  reform 
movement  with  four  of  its  chief  figures  : 
Agostino  Chigi  in  finance,  Raphael  and 
Michaelangelo  in  art,  and  Vittoria 
Colonna  in  religion  and  morals.  Many 
of  the  biographical  points  will,  like  the 
hundred  or  so  of  illustrations,  be  novel 
or  little  known,  and  special  attention 
will  be  paid  to  the  few  extant  monuments 
of  the  period. 

Matter  new  alike  to  French  and  Eng- 
lish readers,  and  fixing,  it  is  claimed,  the 
topography  of  Rabelais,  has  been  found 
by  Miss  Anne  Macdonell,  and  will  appear 
in  her  book  on  '  Touraine  and  its  Story,' 
which  will  be  illustrated  by  Miss  Amy 
Atkinson,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Dent 
in  October.  Miss  Macdonell  is  of  opinion 
that  she  has  been  able  to  identify  almost 
every  feature  of  Rabelais's  countryside, 
which  is  exactly  pictured  under  his 
exaggerated  guise. 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  will 
issue  next  month  a  Bible  so  printed  that 
both  the  Authorized  and  Revised  Versions 
may  be  read  from  the  same  text,  without 
need  of  reference  from  text  to  margin,  or 
from  one  text  to  a  second.  The  met  hod 
adopted  is  to  print  in  large  type  such 
words  as  are  common  to  both  versions. 
Where  there  is  a  difference,  however 
minute,  between  the  versions,  the  line  of 
large  type  divides  into  two  pantile]  lines 
of  smaller  type,  of  which  the  upper  gives 
the  reading  of  the  Revised  Version,  and 
the  lower  that  of  the  Authorized.  Many 
methods  have  been  tried  to  facilitate 
comparisons  between  the  two  texts,  but 
it  is  claimed  that  no  previous  attempt  has 
given  a  view  of  the  two  versions  showing 
at  a  glance  the  position,  extent,  and  e.v.e  t 


190 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4112,  Aug.  18, 


1906 


nature  of  every  difference  between  them. 
On  account  of  the  way  in  which  the  type 
is  set,  the  Bible  is  to  be  known  as  "  The 
Interlinear  Bible." 

The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  September 
contains  the  first  instalment  of  a  new 
serial  by  the  author  of  '  Elizabeth  and 
her  German  Garden,'  entitled  '  Fraulein 
Schmidt  and  Mr.  Anstruther :  being  the 
Letters  of  an  Independent  Woman.' 
Martin  Ross  supplies  an  Irish  character 
sketch  entitled  '  For  Better,  For  Worse.' 
In  '  A  Scotchman  at  Mars-la-Tour '  the 
Baron  Campbell  von  Laurentz  tells  the 
story  of  his  personal  experiences  in  the 
great  battle  before  Metz.  Mrs.  Margaret 
L.  Woods  contributes  '  The  Ballad  of  the 
Wizard,'  Count  Zorzi  concludes  his  remi- 
niscences of  '  Ruskin  in  Venice,'  and  the 
Vice-Provost  of  Eton  writes  on  '  The  Face 
of  the  Land.'  Mr.  W.  A.  Shenstone  dis- 
courses on  '  The  Origin  of  Life,'  and 
'  House-breakers  in  the  Alps '  tells  the 
story  of  a  philanthropic  experiment  that 
failed. 

'The  Passing  of  a  Great  Title,'  by 
Miss  Sophia  H.  MacLehose,  in  the 
September  issue  of  Chambers's  Journal, 
refers  to  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  '  The 
Story  of  the  Chatham  Chest '  is  told  by 
Lieut. -Col.  Mackenzie  Holden.  In  '  Pen- 
sions and  Pensionnaires '  Mr.  Charles 
Windham  contrasts  life  in  a  'pension  with 
life  in  a  Parisian  hotel.  An  expert  deals 
in  a  couple  of  articles  with  '  Old  Art 
Bronzes  and  their  Imitation.'  '  The 
Valley  of  Brief ny  and  its  Romance,'  by 
Miss  F.  C.  Armstrong,  relates  the  legends 
surrounding  the  history  of  Devorgilla, 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Meath. 

Miss  Violet  Hunt's  new  novel,  which 
will  be  published  early  next  month,  con- 
cerns the  life  and  adventures  of  a  lady 
companion.  It  is  to  be  called  '  The 
Workaday  Woman,'  and  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Werner  Laurie. 

The  second  volume  of  the  '  Index  to 
Book- Prices  Current,' covering  the  volumes 
from  1897  to  1906,  is  nearly  ready.  It 
will  present  an  epitome  of  the  book  sales 
of  the  last  decade,  on  the  same  plan  as 
the  first  volume,  but  with  several  addi- 
tional features.  To  anonyms  and  pseu- 
donyms the  real  names  of  authors  will  be 
appended ;  sub-indexes  of  illustrators  of 
books  and  of  Americana  are  added  ;  and 
the  names  of  editors  and  translators  will 
also  be  indexed. 

The  third  volume  of  '  Book  -  Auction 
Records '  will  be  published  on  the 
30th  inst.  It  will  contain  upwards  of 
15,000  records  from  the  whole  of  the 
ninety  sales  of  which  the  season  1905-6 
was  comprised.  It  will  also  contain  an 
unpublished  portrait  of  Dr.  Garnett,  with 
reminiscences  and  a  bibliography  of  his 
works,  from  authentic  sources ;  and  an 
account  of  the  oldest  Free  Public  Library 
in  England,  dating  from  1686,  with  a 
view  of  it. 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  this  autumn 
a  work  by  Mr.  A.  Worsley,  entitled 
'  Concepts  of  Monism.'  In  it  the  author 
makes  a  critical  comparison  of  all  systems 


of  Monism,  Asiatic  and  European,  and 
attempts  the  outline  of  a  theory  which 
may  harmonize  to  some  extent  the 
Monistic  philosophies  of  East  and  West. 
He  also  treats  of  the  philosophic  bases  of 
Christianity  and  of  various  systems  of 
ethics. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  Perhaps,  during  the  pause  in  publishing, 
you  may  have  room  for  a  query  concerning 
the  two  great  Victorian  novelists.  The 
publishers  who  hold  the  copyrights  of 
Dickens  and  Thackeray  cater  admirably  for 
the  ordinary  public  which  cannot  afford,  or 
does  not  think  it  worth  while  to  have,  the 
luxury  of  large  type  and  a  volume  of 
moderate  weight.  But  is  there  not  a 
large  class  which  would  like  to  have  Dickens 
and  Thackeray,  as  it  has  Scott,  in  forty 
volumes  or  so  ?  The  '  Biographical  Edition  ' 
of  Thackeray  runs  only  to  thirteen  volumes, 
and  the  type  is  rather  too  closely  printed 
for  the  taste  of  many  book-lovers  besides 
myself.  Earlier  editions  of  Thackeray  and 
Dickens  are  good  specimens  of  typography, 
but  they  are  of  a  size  and  weight  which 
cannot  be  called  convenient.  Let  us  have 
editions  like,  for  instance,  the  '  Author's 
Favourite '  edition  of  the  Waverleys,  and 
I  feel  sure  of  their  becoming  '  favourite ' 
editions,  too.  Backed  by  such  eternal 
popularity  as  these  two  masters  possess, 
the  scheme  could  hardly  involve  much  loss, 
at  any  rate." 

Our  correspondent  has  anticipated  the 
number  of  volumes  in  a  new  edition  of 
Dickens  which  is  to  begin  appearing  in 
the  autumn,  and  which  Messrs.  Chap- 
man &  Hall  are  endowing  with  every 
advantage.  It  will  be  called  "  The 
National  Edition,"  [and  will  be  limited 
to  750  sets  for  England  and  America.  A 
complete  series  of  portraits  and  additional 
pictures  and  facsimiles  besides  the 
well  -  known  illustrations,  India  paper, 
and  a  binding  in  olive-green  sateen  are 
promised.  The  matter  will  comprise 
Dickens's  Letters  (by  leave  of  Messrs. 
Macmillan),  his  Speeches,  his  '  Life '  by 
Forster,  and  a  volume  of  '  Miscellaneous 
Writings '  now  republished  for  the  first 
time,  including  some  eighty  contributions 
to  Household  Words  which  have  been  care- 
fully identified.  The  illustrations  will  be 
treated  with  great  care,  and  there  will  be 
a  complete  set  of  the  original  wrappers. 

Dr.  Stanley  Lane-Poole  has  an 
article  on  Esperanto  in  the  current 
number  of  The  Gentleman' 's  Magazine. 
The  article  on  Tabary,  "the  Father  of 
Arabic  History,"  in  the  May  number, 
was  by  the  same  scholar. 

In  '  Walt  Whitman  :  a  Study  of  his 
Life  and  Work,'  Mr.  Bliss  Perry,  the 
editor  of  The  Atlantic  Monthly  attempts 
a  full  biographical  and  critical  study. 
Especial  attention  has  been  given  to  the 
formative  period  of  Whitman's  mind  and 
style,  and  the  book  will  include  many 
hitherto  unprinted  documents  concerning 
his  career. 

Burke's  '  Landed  Gentry  of  Great 
Britain '  will  be  published  on  Monday. 
A  vast  amount  of  genealogical  research 
has  been  nc  essi fated  by  the  new  articles 
introduced  and  the  changes  since  1900, 
the  date  of  the  last  edition. 

Messrs.  Skefwngton  will  publish  early 


in  September  '  Bubble  Reputation,'  by  Mr. 
Alfred  Buchanan;  'Kinsmen,'  by  Mr.  David 
Heron  ;  '  The  Betrayal  of  Mistress  Donis,' 
by  Mr.  George  Cannock  Dyke  ;  and  '  The 
Web  of  Circumstance,'  by  Dr.  Lucian  De 
Zilwa. 

Messrs.  Oliphant,  Anderson  & 
Ferrier  are  about  to  publish  the  third 
and  concluding  volume  of  '  Christian  Mis- 
sions and  Social  Progress,'  a  work  on 
which  its  author,  Dr.  James  Dennis, 
has  been  engaged  for  the  last  twelve 
years. 

The  number  of  matriculated  students 
at  the  German  universities  during  the 
summer  term  is  given  as  44,942,  an 
increase  of  over  3,000  on  last  year.  Of 
these  6,569  are  at  Berlin,  5,734  at 
Munich,  4,147  at  Leipsic,  3,275  at  Bonn, 
2,350  at  Freiburg,  2,128  at  Halle,  1,925 
at  Gottingen,  1,922  at  Heidelberg,  and 
1,362  at  Jena,  while  the  rest  are 
distributed  among  various  universities. 
There  are  12,413  students  of  law;  10,752 
are  studying  philosophy,  philology,  or 
history,  6,584  medicine,  and  6,212 
mathematics  or  natural  science.  The 
number  of  students  has  nearly  trebled 
during  the  last  thirty  years,  the  returns 
for  1876  showing  that  in  that  year  the 
entries  amounted  only  to  16,812. 

Senor  L.  A.  Vassallo,  the  director  of 
the  Secolo  XIX.  of  Genoa,  died  last  week 
after  a  long  illness.  He  was  a  brilliant 
journalist  with  a  talent  for  caricature.  At 
an  early  age  he  became  connected  with 
the  Caffaro  of  Genoa,  but  in  1879  he  left 
for  Rome,  where  he  obtained  an  appoint- 
ment on  the  staff  of  the  Fanfulla.  He 
founded  also  two  journals  of  his  own. 
He  was  born  near  San  Remo,  and  the 
list  of  his  romances  and  other  stories  is 
very  long. 

The  Lottehaus  at  Wetzlar  has  come 
into  possession  of  a  valuable  collection  of 
letters,  pictures,  &c.  They  include  a 
letter  from  the  prototype  of  Werther ; 
letters  from  Lotte,  her  father,  and 
Kestner,  her  husband ;  and  silhouettes  of 
her  family  and  of  Goethe. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  recently 
published  which  are  likely  to  be  of 
interest  to  our  readers  are :  British 
Museum  Accounts,  Description  of  Objects 
added  to  the  Collections,  &c.  (9d.) ;  The 
Annual  Report  of  the  Postmaster-General 
(5\d.) ;  Intermediate  Education,  Ireland, 
Rules  and  Programme  of  Examinations 
for  1907  (9d.) ;  Minute  of  the  Committee 
of  Council  on  Education  in  Scotland, 
providing  for  Special  Grants  (Id.) ; 
Statutes  made  by  the  Senate  of  the 
University  of  London  (Id.) ;  Statutes 
made  by  the  University  College,  London, 
Transfer'  Commissioners  for  regulating  (a) 
University  College  School,  Hampstead,  (b) 
the  North  London,  or  University  College, 
Hospital,  and  the  School  of  Advanced 
Medical  Studies  connected  therewith  (2d.) ; 
Royal  Warrant  amending  the  Statutes  of 
the  Royal  University  of  Ireland  (in  respect 
of  Scholarship  and  Exhibition  Examina- 
tions) (Ul.)  ;  and  Accounts  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland  for  the  Year  ending 
31st  March,  1906  (Id,), 


N°  41 12,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATflEisT^U 


191 


SCIENCE 


Geology  :  Earth  History.  By  Thomas  C. 
Chamberlin  and  Rollin  D.  Salisbury. 
Vols.  II.  and  III.     (John  Murray.) 

These  rather  massive  volumes,  complet- 
ing the  great  text-book  by  Profs.  Cham- 
berlin and  Sahsbury,  illustrate  in  a 
striking  manner  the  advanced  character 
of  the  teaching  in  the  geological  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Chicago.  Certain 
branches  of  geology,  notably  those  in- 
volving the  application  of  the  principles 
of  physics,  are  treated  in  these  volumes 
more  fully  and  more  satisfactorily  than  in 
any  other  work  that  can  conveniently  be 
consulted.  Probably,  indeed,  the  average 
student  may  think  that  the  treatment  in 
some  parts  errs  by  excess  of  detail ;  but 
whether  detailed  or  not,  it  is  always  clear 
and  logical.  Although  the  prime  object 
of  this  text-book  is  to  illustrate  the  earth's 
history  by  an  appeal  to  the  structure  of 
the  continent  of  North  America,  this  is, 
after  all,  only  a  matter  of  geographical 
detail  and  the  fundamental  principles  are 
generally  applicable  to  all  parts  of  the 
world.  In  this  country  the  work  will 
certainly  receive  careful  study,  for  it 
comes  to  us  with  a  freshness  and  force 
that  command  attention. 

On  opening  the  first  of  the  new  volumes 
the  reader  is  impressed  by  the  prominence 
given  to  speculations  regarding  the  origin 
of  the  earth.  How  different  from  what 
would  have  been  tolerated  a  few  years 
ago,  when  it  was  held  that  the  geologist 
had  enough  to  do  in  studying  the  history 
of  the  earth,  in  so  far  as  that  history  was 
revealed  by  the  rocks,  without  meddling 
with  geogenetic  speculations  !  But  the 
bounds  of  geology  in  recent  years  have 
become  wondrously  widened,  and  the 
geologist  to-day  feels  free  to  join  the  astro- 
nomer and  physicist  in  theorizing  about  the 
birth  of  our  planet  and  the  early  stages  of 
its  development,  and  about  many  other 
things  formerly  held  to  lie  outside  his 
range  of  study.  Only  it  behoves  us  to 
take  care  that  the  reaction  does  not  carry 
us  too  far.  In  perusing  part  of  the  second 
volume  of  the  present  work  the  reader 
might  be  pardoned  if  he  supposed  that 
instead  of  a  treatise  on  geology  he  had 
picked  up  by  mistake  one  on  astronomy. 
However,  the  speculations  on  the  making 
of  the  solar  system  are  marked  by  origin- 
ality, and  are  worked  out  with  such  in- 
genuity that  the  geologist,  if  he  does  not 
follow  them  in  detail,  will  at  least  be  glad 
to  have  a  record  of  them  at  hand  for  refer- 
ence. 

For  the  last  ten  years  Prof.  Chamberlin, 
aided  by  Dr.  Forest  R.  Moulton,  of  Chicago, 
has  been  developing  what  is  called  the 
Planetesimal  Theory  of  the  earth's  origin. 
This  is,  in  truth,  a  form  of  nebular  hypo- 
thesis, but  it  is  a  novel  form,  for  it  assumes 
that  the  parent  nebula  of  the  solar  system 
was  not  essentially  gaseous  like  that  of 
Laplace,  nor  meteoritic  like  that  of  Sir 
Norman  Lockyer,  but  was  formed  of 
innumerable  molecules  or  small  masses, 
which  moved  regularly  in  elliptical  orbits 


of  varying  eccentricity  around  a  common 
centre  ;  and  these  diminutive  bodies  or 
planetesimals  gradually  became  aggregated, 
by  methods  discussed  in  detail,  into  a  few 
large  bodies  or  planets.  It  is  held  that 
the  solar  system  may  probably  be  traced 
back  to  a  nebula  of  spiral  type.  In  recent 
years  great  numbers  of  spiral  nebulae  have 
been  discovered,  and  as  they  give  con- 
tinuous spectra  it  is  believed  that  they 
may  be  formed  of  solid  or  liquid  matter 
in  a  very  finely  divided  state,  whilst 
their  shape  suggests  that  the  particles  may 
revolve  around  the  central  mass,  and 
therefore  be  planetesimals.  Possibly  the 
earth  may  have  started  from  one  of  the 
nuclear  knots  so  common  in  spiral  nebulae. 
As  this  earth-nucleus  grew  by  accretion, 
it  gradually  attracted  planetesimals  which, 
like  the  nucleus  itself,  might  hold  atmo- 
spheric matter  in  occlusion ;  but  this 
matter  could  be  extruded  in  gaseous  form 
only  on  sufficient  elevation  of  temperature. 
Heat  would  be  developed  partly  by  impact 
of  the  in-falling  planetesimals,  but  mainly 
by  central  compression  attendant  on 
growth,  and  possibly  also  by  molecular 
rearrangement.  The  early  atmosphere, 
which  the  young  earth  held  when  it 
acquired  sufficient  gravity  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  the  free  atmospheric  molecules, 
would  probably  consist  of  gases  of  high 
molecular  weight,  and  consequently  of 
low  velocity,  especially  carbon  dioxide. 
The  history  of  the  atmosphere  and  the 
hydrosphere,  and  the  initiation  of  vulcan- 
ism — all  questions  of  absorbing  interest 
to  the  advanced  geologist — are  among  the 
subjects  cleverly  worked  out  in  this  treatise. 

When  the  authors  leave  the  hypothetical 
stages  of  the  earth's  early  life  and  pass  to 
the  recognized  eras  of  geological  history, 
they  tread  on  ground  where  the  ordinary 
earth-bound  student  feels  more  at  home. 
Reasons  are  given  for  believing  that  no 
rock  ever  smitten  by  the  geologist's 
hammer  could  trace  its  birth  back  to  a 
time  that  was  truly  azoic  :  hence  the 
oldest  accessible  rocks,  partly  volcanic 
and  partly  sedimentary,  are  here  referred 
to  an  "  Archseozoic  era."  It  has  often 
been  inferred  from  the  character  of  some 
of  the  archsean  rocks  that,  though  they 
yield  no  fossils,  life  must  have  existed  on 
our  planet  when  they  were  in  course  of 
formation,  and  the  authors,  writing  with  a 
bold  pen,  conjecture  that  "  the  duration 
of  the  Archseozoic  era  may  exceed  that 
of  all  subsequent  time."  Between  the 
close  of  this  long  archsean  period  and  the 
beginning  of  the  palaeozoic  ages,  which 
have  left  such  abundant)  life-relics  in  the 
strata,  there  was  another  vast  stretch  of 
geological  time,  distinguished  as  the  Pro- 
terozoic  era — an  era  characterized  by 
sedimentation  rather  than  by  vulcanism, 
and  thus  differing  markedly  from  the  pre- 
ceding aeon. 

Each  geological  formation  is  described 
in  detail,  following  a  natural  ascending 
sequence.  Here,  instead  of  giving  bald 
lists  of  characteristic  fossils,  the  authors 
wisely  emphasize  the  imitations  and 
migrations  of  life  at  the  successive  stages 
of  terrestrial  history.  It  is  refreshing  to 
find  in  many  ways  a  departure  from  the 


beaten  path  of  the  normal  text-book. 
Special  interest  attaches  to  the  discussion 
of  the  Permian  period,  for,  as  the  authors 
aptly  remark,  the  Permian  is  the  period 
of  problems.  And  of  these  problems  the 
greatest  is  glaciation.  It  is  probably  the 
subject  of  glaciation,  whether  Permian  or 
Pleistocene,  that  invites  most  criticism, 
though  it  is  impossible  to  enter  on  it  here. 
Certainly  there  are  not  wanting  geologists 
of  repute  in  this  country  who,  while  in 
general  sympathy  with  the  authors,  would 
part  company  with  them  on  the  question 
of  interglacial  periods.  But  whether  we 
accept  or  reject  their  views,  there  is  no 
gainsaying  the  fact  that  Profs.  Chamberlin 
and  Salisbury  have  produced  a  very  sug- 
gestive work,  which  is  likely  to  exert  a 
marked  influence  on  the  teaching  of  geology 
in  aU  English-speaking  countries. 


Chemistry  of  the  Proteids.  By  Gustav 
Mann,  M.D.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — This  book 
— the  best  (we  might  almost  say  the  only 
one)  of  its  kind  in  our  language — was  first 
started  by  Dr.  Mann,  the  University  Demon- 
strator of  Physiology  at  Oxford,  as  a  trans- 
lation of  Prof.  Otto  Cohnheim's  '  Chemie 
der  Eiweisskorper.'  The  author,  however, 
found  that  in  bringing  the  matter  up  to  date 
there  was  necessity  for  expansion  in  certain 
directions  ;  also  in  certain  matters  of  opinion 
he  differed  from  Dr.  Cohnheim.  Whilst, 
therefore,  the  present  volume  is  admittedly 
based  on  the  Heidelberg  professor's  second 
edition,  it  contains  also  original  matter  by 
Dr.  Mann  ;  the  proof-sheets  have  been  sub- 
mitted to,  and  approved  by,  the  German 
professor,  and  the  result  is  a  work  which  is 
likely  to  be  for  a  long  time  the  standard 
textbook  on  the  chemistry  of  the  proteids. 
Special  attention  has  been  paid  to  the 
biological  aspect  of  chemistry,  and  to  the 
fact  that  the  metabolism  going  on  in  the  cells 
is  a  cyclic  event  : — 

"  The  ultimate  aim  of  chemical  biology  is  to 
establish  the  sequence  of  events  in  the  cycle  from 
simple  to  more  complex  substances,  and  the  dis- 
integration of  the  latter  for  the  purposes  of 
liberating  energy,  and  of  so  acting  on  other 
chemical  compounds  as  to  make  them  available 
to  each  individual  cell." 

The  chapter  on  the  reactions  of  albuminous 
substances  traces  these  tests  to  their  ori- 
ginators, and  tliroughout  tho  book  the 
references  to  original  papers  are  given  with 
great  care  and  fullness. 

In  the  first  or  general  part  of  the  book, 
which  is  rather  more  than  one-half  of  the 
volume,  the  chapters  deal,  respectively, 
with  the  dissociation  products  of  the 
proteids  ;  the  synthesis  of  albumins  (here 
the  recent  work  of  Emil  Fischer  and  his 
pupils  is  described)  ;  the  constitution  of 
albumins  ;  albumoscs  and  peptones  :  the 
salts  of  albumins  ;  halo^en-albnmins  and 
allied  matter  ;  and  the  physical  properties 
of  albumin.  Special  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  sulphur-radicles  and  their 
metabolism,  and  to  the  carbolvydrate-radicles 
in  albumins.  The  salts  of  albumins  are 
considered  of  special  interest  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  author  that  only  in  the  presenco 
of  salts  are  albuminous  substances  alive; 
only  then  do  amino-acids  and  their  higher 
derivatives  interact. 

In  the  second  or  special  part  of  the  volume 
we  have  a  chapter  on  the  classification  of 
albumins,  follow  ed  by  others  on  the  albumins 
proper;  the  proteids.  i.e.,  compounds  of  albu- 
mins with  other  radicles,  e.g.  nucleo-proteids, 
hemoglobin,  and  glyco-proteids  ;    the  albu- 


192 


THE    ATHENyEUM 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


minoids,  such  as  gelatin,  keratin,  and  the 
like  ;  and  finally  a  short  notice  of  melanins, 
the  dark  pigments  occurring  in  hair,  skin, 
and  some  tumours.  In  the  pages  relating 
to  haemoglobin  and  its  derivatives  Dr.  Mann 
has  had  the  assistance  of  Dr.  John  Haldane, 
F.R.S.,  and  from  him  has  received  several 
previously  unpublished  observations. 

The  book  throughout  has  been  prepared 
with  great  care,  and  will  be  most  valuable 
to  students  and  teachers  in  this  important 
branch  of  physiological  chemistry,  which 
has  made  such  striking  advances  during 
the  last  few  years,  and  specially  during  the 
present  century. 

The  Chemistry  of  the  Albumens.  By  S.  B. 
Schryver.  (John  Murray.) — These  ten  lec- 
tures by  Dr.  Schryver  are  published  in  this 
form  under  the  auspices  of  the  University 
of  London,  and  will  prove  acceptable  to 
many  who  could  not  attend  them  at  Uni- 
versity College.  They  are  mainly  devoted  to 
giving  a  summary  of  the  methods  employed, 
and  results  reached,  in  investigations  of 
the  chemical  structure  of  the  albumins. 
During  the  last  few  years  considerable 
advance  has  been  made  in  our  knowledge 
of  this  branch  of  the  subject,  especially  in 
the  study  of  the  degradation  products  of  the 
albumins  under  various  conditions.  In  the 
last  chapter  Dr.  Schryver  briefly  reviews 
the  theories  of  biochemical  action  which 
have  been  advanced.  The  dynamics  of  the 
albumin  molecules,  when  carrying  out  their 
functions  in  the  living  tissue,  are,  naturally, 
very  difficult  indeed  to  study  ;  but  hypo- 
theses such  as  those  of  Loew,  Ehrlich,  and 
Verworn  are  of  value  mainly  in  stimulating 
further  research  and  different  methods  of 
attack.  On  this  account  the  inclusion  of 
Lectures  IX.  and  X.  in  the  reprint  is  justi- 
fied and  welcome.  By  the  by,  the  form 
"albumen  "  is  now  unusual. 

In  The  Small  Garden  Beautiful,  and  How 
to  Make  It  So  (Smith,. Elder  &  Co.),  Mr.  A.C. 
Curtis  comes  to  the  aid  of  the  suburban 
tenant  with  a  circumscribed  plot  of  ground. 
Hitherto  all  our  gardening  books  have  in  a 
lordly  manner  embraced  pleasaunces  and 
parks.  Mr.  Curtis,  less  poetical  and  more 
practical,  confines  himself  to  facts.  Few 
people  have  ample  gardens  ;  most  people 
are  obliged  to  put  up  with  a  space  which 
may  be  130  ft.  by  40  ft.  Nay,  this  is  even 
the  vade-mecum  of  the  semi-detached.  A 
small  garden,  says  Mr.  Curtis,  may  be  either 
a  playground,  consisting  mainly  of  turf,  or 
it  may  be  a  real  garden.  He  is  dealing  only 
with  the  latter  in  thisbook,  which  is  diversified 
with  many  plans  and  many  enticing  photo- 
graphs to  show  how  attractive  a  suburban 
garden  really  can  be.  Rightly,  the  author 
says  the  secret  of  the  garden's  success 
is  the  herbaceous  border,  and  quotes  an 
authority  as  saying  wisely  that  this  border 
"  should  be  considered  first  of  all  from  the 
point  of  view  of  its  winter  interest."  The 
drear  outlook  from  the  house  windows  for 
six  months  should  never  be  submitted  to 
without  a  struggle.  Mr.  Curtis  here  tells 
us  how  to  avoid  that  barren  prospect. 
Into  a  small  garden  it  is  advisable  to  get  as 
much  atmosphere  and  distance  as  may  be  ; 
so  is  it  possible  to  cheat  hard  fact,  and  create 
a  pleasing  illusion.  But  one  wonders  if 
Mr.  Curtis  is  right  in  insisting  on  the  rock 
garden  in  so  limited  a  space.  Garden 
enthusiasm  can  easily  run  mad,  and  we  have 
known  books  devoted  to  the  growth  of  plants 
in  tho  cracks  of  walls.  The  rock  garden 
seems  to  us  to  be  disproportionately  empha- 
sized. Another  criticism  we  have  to  pass 
is  that  Mr.  Curtis  does  not  appear  to  sec  the 
value  of  massing,  even  in  a  small  garden.  On 
the  other  hand,  ho  tries  to  got  in  too  many 
things.     A   small   garden  must   be   eclectic 


rather  than  an  epitome.  The  author's  views 
on  succession  are  very  sound,  and  if  the 
suburban  householder  desires  to  grow  vege- 
tables in  his  "  patch,"  he  can  do  no  better 
than  consult  this  treatise.  There  are,  how- 
ever, many  who  will  eschew  vegetables  in 
the  semi-detached  paradise.  Mr.  Curtis 
recommends  Gemmiana  as  the  best  tulip  for 
a  border.  Why  ?  Any  of  the  Darwin, 
cottage,  or  English  florist  tulips  would  serve 
as  well,  and  many  better.  We  note  with 
interest  that  Mr.  Curtis  thinks  the  Cloth  of 
Gold  rose  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world, 
and  has  never  seen  it. 

The  Book  of  Rarer  Vegetables.     By  George 
Wythes  and  Harry  Roberts.     (John  Lane.) — 
We  trust  that  this  little  volume,  partly  the 
work  of  an  experienced  gardener  (a  specialist 
in  the  production   of  vegetables),   may  do 
something  towards  inducing  the  British  public 
to    extend    their    appreciation    to    sundry 
vegetables  not  much  known  here,   though 
utilized  on  the  Continent,  and  that  it  may 
stimulate  the  apathy  and  remove  the  pre- 
judice of  the  ordinary  gardener.     We  know 
by  experience  how  difficult  it  is  to  induce  a 
gardener  to  grow  any  description  of  vege- 
table    to    which     he     is    not     accustomed. 
Another  proof  of  this  is  afforded  by  the  fact 
that  whilst  new  flowers  and  new  varieties 
of  old  flowers  appear  by  the  hundred  and 
are   displayed    at    our    flower-shows,    it    is 
rare    indeed,   apart  from    minor  variations 
of  well-known  kinds,  to  find  a  newly  intro- 
duced vegetable.     With  the  exception  of  the 
tubers  of  a  species  of   Stachys  introduced 
from  France  under  the  name  of  Crosnes,  and 
now  sometimes  met  with  under  the  appella- 
tion of  Chinese  artichokes,  we  cannot  call  to 
mind  a  single  "  new  "  vegetable  that  has  come 
into  the  market  of  late  years.     Mr.  Wythes 
enumerates  several  of  the  less-known  vegeta- 
bles, and  gives  instructions  for  their  culture 
— details    in    which    he  may   be  implicitly 
followed.     Hints  on  the  proper  method  of 
cooking  the  several  varieties  mentioned  are 
also  supplied,   "  Coco,"  by  which  is  meant 
the  tubers  of  the  tropical  Colocasia  esculenta, 
can  hardly  be  recommended  for  growth  in 
this     country.     Mountain     spinach     is     not 
familiar  to  us  under  that  name,  though  as 
"  orache  "  it  is  well-known.     Probably  the 
word    "  beach "    is    a    misprint    which    has 
escaped    the    eyes    of    the    editor.     There 
seems    also    to    be    some    confusion    in    the 
articles  devoted  to  the  yam  and  the  sweet 
potato — in    any    case,    no    botanist    would 
recognize  "  Dioscorea  Decarsneara." 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

A  posthumous  work  of  the  venerable 
M.  Ed.  Piette  appears  in  the  first  double 
number  of  JJ 'Anthropologic  for  1906,  which 
has  just  been  issued.  It  is  the  ninth  (and 
will  now  be  the  last)  of  his  studies  in  pre- 
historic ethnography,  and  relates  to  the 
semi-domestication  of  animals  in  pleistoceno 
times,  and  the  method  of  leading  them  by 
halters  of  skin  or  of  cord.  It  is  illustrated 
by  figures  of  horse-heads  bearing  this  kind 
of  harness  from  St.  Michel  d'Arudy,  Brassem- 
pouy,  the  cavern  of  the  Espelugues  at 
Lourdes,  Mas  d'Azil,  and  elsewhere.  It 
ends  with  an  observation  that  "  this  first 
article  only  attempts  to  make  known  repre- 
sentations of  this  harness  in  glyptic  times," 
and  with  the  promise,  not  now  to  be  ful- 
filled, that  the  ornamented  reindeer  horns 
which  have  been  taken  for  portions  of  it 
will  be  described  in  a  second  article.  M. 
Marcellin  Boulo  contributes  a  sympathetic 
memoir  of  the  author,  with  a  bibliography 
of  his  publications  in  geology  (13),  palaeon- 
tology    (8),     prehistoric     archaeology     and 


ethnology  (48),  anthropology  (10),  epi- 
graphy (5),  and  literature  (8)  ;  and  two 
portraits,  taken  in  1886  and  1901. 

Dr.  Verneau  has  been  named  a  knight  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  was  general 
secretary  of  the  last  two  sessions  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Prehistoric  Archaeology 
and  Anthropology. 

The  session  of  that  Congress  recently 
held  at  Monaco  appears  to  have  been  very 
successful,  having  been  attended  by  500 
members,  and  received  100  communications. 
Prince  Albert  of  Monaco  was  prevented  by 
illness  from  being  present,  but  his  address 
of  welcome  was  read  by  the  Hereditary 
Prince  on  his  behalf.  It  comprised  an 
excellent  appreciation  of  the  province  and 
promise  of  anthropology,  and  was  followed 
by  other  addresses,  including  one  by  Sir 
John  Evans. 

The  first  part  of  the  programme  related 
to  the  prehistoric  remains  in  the  region  of 
Monaco.  The  grottos  of  Baousse-Rousse 
were  visited,  and  described  by  MM.  Boule, 
de  Villeneuve,  Verneau,  and  Cartailhac. 
Afterwards  M.  Boule  read  a  paper  on  the 
stratigraphy,  the  palaeogeography,  and  the 
palaeontology  of  the  grottos  of  Grimaldi. 
The  human  remains  there  found  form  the 
subject  of  a  work  by  M.  Verneau  in  course 
of  publication  under  the  auspices  of  Prince 
Albert.  They  present  a  negroid  type  and 
the  type  of  Cro-Magnon.  Some  are  coloured 
red.  The  question  of  the  removal  of  the 
flesh  before  interment  was  much  discussed. 
A  neolithic  platform  at  Beaulieu  (Alpes 
Mari times)  was  described  by  Mr.  Johnston 
Lavis. 

The  second  part  of  the  programme  dealt 
with  general  questions.  On  the  subject  of 
eoliths  Sir  John  Evans  and  Dr.  Ray  Lan- 
kester  expressed  divergent  views.  Much 
discussion  took  place  on  the  classification 
of  quaternary  times  from  the  triple  point  of 
view  of  stratigraphy,  of  palaeontology,  and 
of  archaeology.  Several  new  specimens  of 
cavern  art  were  exhibited.  Some  addresses 
were  delivered  on  the  interval  between  the 
palaeolithic  and  neolithic  periods,  and  on 
the  origin  of  neolithic  civilization.  M. 
Siret  held  that  the  introduction  of  polished 
stone,  of  agriculture,  and  of  textile  work  to 
Southern  Spain  from  the  western  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean  dates  back  to  the  third 
millennium  before  our  era,  and  was  supported 
in  that  view  by  M.  Pigorini  ;  but  M.  Mon- 
telius  claimed  a  mueh  longer  time  for  it, 
quoting  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Arthur  Evans 
that  the  thickness  of  the  neolithic  layers 
in  Crete  requires  14,000  years  for  the  begin- 
ning of  the  neolithic  period  in  the  ^Egean 
Sea.  On  this  subject  a  paper  was  read  by 
Mr.  Evans  himself.  Other  questions  dis- 
cussed were  the  geography  of  the  civiliza- 
tions of  Hallstatt  and  of  La  Tene,  and  the 
stone  industries  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 
The  third  part  of  the  programme  comprised 
miscellaneous  contributions,  which  were 
very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  of  great 
interest. 

The  proceedings  of  Section  H  of  the 
British  Association  at  York,  under  the 
presidency  of  Mr.  E.  Sidney  Hartland, 
attracted  large  audiences,  and  included 
many  valuable  papers.  The  President's 
address  dealt  with  the  subject  of  '  Magic  and 
Religion,'  upon  which  he  speaks  with  autho- 
rity. A  paper  by  Miss  Layard,  describing 
her  finds  in  an  Anglo-Saxon  cemetery  near 
Ipswich,  obtained  much  applause. 

In  1886  Major  von  Wissmann  made  an 
attempt  to  explore  the  southern  regions 
watered  by  the  Upper  Kasai,  but  he  was 
turned  back  by  the  Buschimaji-Balubas, 
who  displayed  hostility.  Another  German 
explorer,  Herr  L6on  Frobenius,  seems  likely 
to  succeed  where  Wissmann  failed,  and  the 


Nc4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


193 


Berlin  Geographical  Society  has  published 
an  interesting  account  of  the  first  part  of  his 
tour.  The  object  of  his  journey  is  both 
ethnographical  and  geographical.  He  wishes 
to  describe  ethnograt  Ideally  tre  races  of 
the  Kasai  basin  as  well  as  to  fill  up  some 
blank  places  on  the  map. 

After  ascending  the  Lulua  in  December 
last  to  the  seventh  degree  of  south  latitude, 
Herr  Frobenias  made  his  way  overland, 
through  a  marshy  region,  to  the  chief  place 
of  residence  of  Lumpugu,  the  most  powerful 
ruler  among  the  Bassongas.  This  chief  is 
the  one-eyed  friend  of  Wissmann  of  over 
twenty  years  ago,  and  his  capital  contains 
between  fifteen  and  twenty  thousand  people. 
From  this  place  Herr  Frobenius  travelled, 
by  the  route  used  by  Pogge  in  1881  and  Le 
Marinel  in  1887,  to  Katschish-Pania,  and 
thence  by  water  to  Khoba,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Lumbi  river,  nearly  opposite  Luzambo. 
The  traveller  reached  this  place  at  the  end 
of  February,  and  halted  there  to  arrange 
his  notes.  The  first  result  of  his  journey 
is  to  dispose  of  the  theory  that  marshes  do 
not  exist  at  a  great  elevation  in  the  tropics. 
Much  of  his  route  over  the  elevated  plateau 
south  of  Luluabourg  was  across  a  spongy 
and  sodden  prairie,  in  which  his  men  often 
sank  above  their  knees,  having  to  be  rescued 
by  poles.  As  he  approached  Lumpugu's 
territory  the  region  changed  its  character, 
becoming  barren  and  rocky,  with  steep 
descents  and  ascents,  and  without  a  single 
inhabitant.  With  regard  to  the  ethnology 
of  the  numerous  races  of  this  region,  who 
are  much  intermingled,  it  will  be  well  to 
await  the  full  report  of  the  German  tra- 
veller's mission  ;  but  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  he  came  across  a  curious  dwarf  tribe 
in  the  Batuas,  and  one  of  lake-dwellers  in 
the  Baketas.  Among  these  tribes  stone 
implements  are  still  in  use,  and  some  speci- 
mens of  them  have  been  sent-  to  Brussels, 
where  they  may  be  seen  in  the  Congo 
Museum.  Herr  Frobenius  concludes  by 
saying  that  if  the  second  part  of  his  journey 
is  as  successful  as  the  first,  he  will  be  able 
to  give  a  complete  account  of  the  ethnology 
of  the  Kasai  region. 


%tunu  dossxp. 

Db.  Diakmid  Noel  Paton,  Superinten- 
dent of  the  Research  Laboratory  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Edinburgh,  has 
been  appointed  Regius  Professor  of  Physio- 
logy in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  Dr. 
Paton  is  a  son  of  the  late  Sir  J.  Noel  Paton. 

M.  Leon  Adrien  Prunier,  whose  death 
was  announced  in  the  Paris  papers  on 
Wednesday,  was  one  of  the  best  known  of 
the  French  "  pharmaciens,"  being  at  the 
time  of  his  death  director  of  the  Pharmacie 
centrale  des  Hopitaux,  professor  at  the 
Ecole  de  Pharmacie,  and  a  member  of  the 
Academie  de  Medecine  (to  which  he  was 
elected  in  1887),  and  a  member  of  the 
conseil  superieur  de  l'Universite  de  Paris. 
He  was  born  at  Arras  in  1841,  and  was  the 
author  of  several  important  treatises,  his 
"  these  de  doctorat "  being  an  '  Etude 
chimique  et  therapeutique  sur  les  Glycerines,' 
1875.  His  '  Alcools  et  Phenols,'  formed 
vol.  vi.  of  the  '  Encyclopedic  Chimique,' 
1885  ;  he  also  contributed  '  Tableaux  analy- 
tiques  '  to  the  fourth  volume  of  the  same 
work. 

Prof.  A.  Gruvel,  formerly  of  Bordeaux, 
has  been  appointed  to  examine  and  report 
on  the  sea  and  river  fisheries  of  the  French 
possessions  in  West  Africa. 


The  death,  in  his  fifty-third  year,  is 
announced  of  Dr.  Alexander  Bogdanov, 
Professor  of  Pathology  at  Odessa. 

Some  years  ago  Lord  Kelvin  and  Sir 
George  Darwin  succeeded  in  determining 
the  rigidity  of  the  earth  from  a  comparison 
of  the  theoretical  and  observed  heights  of 
the  oceanic  tides  of  long  period.  If  the 
interior  matter  yielded  readily  to  the  tidal 
forces  produced  by  the  solar  and  lunar 
attractions,  the  movement  of  the  crust 
would  mask,  or  at  any  rate  largely  reduce, 
the  height  of  the  oceanic  tides  calculated 
for  a  rigid  earth.  But  this  does  not  appear 
to  be  the  case ;  so  that  the  rigidity  of  the 
earth  would  seem  to  be  comparable  to  that 
of  steel.  Other  investigations  not  only 
confirm  this,  but  also  appear  to  show  that 
the  rigidity  slightly  exceeds  that  of  Besse- 
mer steel,  and  may  equal  that  of  American 
nickel  steel  used  for  armour  plate,  which 
has  a  rigidity  of  about  1,000,000  atmo- 
spheres. Prof.  T.  J.  J.  See,  of  the  U.S. 
Naval  Observatory,  has  recently  entered 
into  some  elaborate  investigations  (ab- 
stracted in  No.  4104  of  the  Astronomische 
Nachrichten),  the  purpose  of  which  is  to 
determine  approximately  the  rigidities  of 
the  other  bodies  of  the  solar  system,  as 
he  finds  it  to  be  possible  to  deduce  these 
from  the  knowledge  we  possess  of  their 
masses  and  densities.  Some  of  the  results 
which  he  has  obtained  are  that  the  earth 
has  the  highest  rigidity  of  any  of  the  four 
inner  planets,  and  that  this  is  little  inferior 
to  that  of  the  nickel  steel  used  in  armour 
plate  and  sometimes  met  with  in  iron 
meteorites  ;  that  the  mean  rigidity  of  the 
sun  amounts  to  more  than  6,000  times  that 
of  nickel  steel ;  that  the  principal  tidal 
movements  in  such  a  body  would  be  of  a 
superficial  character ;  that  great  distortion 
could  occur  only  in  bodies  of  small  mass,  or 
in  large  masses  greatly  expanded,  approach- 
ing, in  fact,  the  nebular  condition ;  that 
the  rigidity  of  the  moon  is  about  equal  to 
that  of  the  softer  grades  of  glass,  whilst 
other  satellites  have  still  lower  rigidities; 
and  that  the  planet  Mercury  has  a  rigidity 
about  equal-  to  that  of  silver  (which  is 
slightly  greater  than  that  of  glass),  and 
Mars  a  little  greater  still,  or  about  that  of 
gold. 

A  new  small  planet  was  photographically 
discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the 
30th  ult. 

Two  more  variable  stars — one  in  the  con- 
stellation Bootes,  the  other  in  Draco — have 
been  detected  by  Madame  Ceraski  whilst 
examining  photographic  plates  taken  by  M. 
Blajko  at  the  Moscow  Observatory.  The 
first  of  these  (to  be  reckoned  as  var.  86, 
1906,  Bocitis)  varies  between  the  ninth  and 
tenth  magnitudes  ;  the  period  is  as  yet 
unknown.  The  second  (var.  87,  1906, 
Draconis)  is  of  96  magnitude  when  brightest, 
and  10-8  when  faintest ;  tho  period  is  short, 
but  cannot  yet  be  definitely  fixed. 

We  have  received  the  seventh  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  della  Societd 
degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani.  The  principal 
paper  is  Prof.  Ricco's  account  of  the 
Italian  observations  (made  at  Alcala  do 
Chivert,  on  the  east  coast  of  Spain)  of  the 
total  eclipse  of  the  sun  last  August.  There 
are  also  continuations  of  the  spectroscopical 
images  of  the  solar  limb  as  obtained  at 
Catania,  Kalocsa,  Odessa,  Rome,  and 
Zurich  to  tho  end  of  July,  1904 ;  and  of 
Prof.  Tacchini's  observations  of  the  same 
kind  at  Palermo  in  the  summer  of  1878. 


FINE   ARTS 


Portraits  and  Jewels  of  Mary  Stuart.  By 
Andrew  Lang.  (Glasgow,  MacLehose 
&  Sons.) 

Although  the  controversy  concerning  the- 
portraits  of  the  Queen  of  Scots  has  neither 
been  bitter,  like  that  which  has  raged 
round  the  Casket  letters,  nor  so  long  con- 
tinued, it  is  full  of  interest.  The  '  Notice 
sur  la  Collection  '  made  by  Prince  Labanoff 
may  convince  any  one  of  the  enormous 
number  of  her  portraits  ;  and  their  per- 
plexing diversity  has  been  brought  home 
to  the  most  obtuse  by  illustrated  bio- 
graphies and  public  exhibitions.  More 
than  a  century  ago  Pinkerton,  while 
believing  that  her  fictitious  portraits  were 
infinite,  thought  that  there  were  at  least 
eight  genuine  ones  ;  but  Dawson  Turner, 
in  editing  his  correspondence,  felt  con- 
strained to  say  that  he  had  given  "  four 
different  engravings  of  her,  all  unlike 
each  other,  and  all  equally  unlike  what 
history  represents  her  to  have  been." 

In  his  communications  to  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  and  his  letters  to  The  Times, 
Sir  George  Scharf  dispelled  much  of  the 
uncertainty,  by  showing  how  the  false 
types  differed  from  the  true,  and  by  stating 
clearly  the  distinctive  points  which  the 
genuine  portraits  had  in  common.  Un- 
fortunately, he  was  not  spared  to  finish 
his  projected  book  on  the  subject  ;  but 
the  material  which  he  had  collected  served 
as  the  basis  of  Mr.  Cust's  valuable  work 
modestly  entitled  '  Notes  on  the  Authentic 
Portraits  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots.'  Since- 
that  work  appeared,  those  who  can  afford 
to  buy  expensive  books  have  been  further 
catered  for  by  Mr.  Foster,  who  has  pro- 
duced '  The  True  Portraiture  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots.' 

And  now  these  have  been  supplemented 
by  Mr.  Lang,  in  an  octavo  volume  of  little- 
more  than  a  hundred  pages,  the  text  of 
which  is  noteworthy  for  its  criticism,  its 
freshness,  and  its  suggestiveness  ;  while 
the  illustrations,  which  are  excellent, 
include  sixteen  portraits  of  the  Queen. 
Most  of  the  sixteen  are,  no  doubt,  already 
well  known  ;  but  even  these  were  worthy 
of  being  brought  together  in  this  accessible- 
form.  Two  of  the  less  familiar  are  specially 
interesting,  because,  unlike  most  of  the 
others,  they  show  a  really  pretty  face. 
These  two  are  a  photogravure  from  the 
portrait  in  the  possession  of  the  Earl  of 
Leven  and  Melville,  and  an  enlargement 
from  the  Duke  of  Portland's  miniature.. 
The  witchery  of  the  Leven  and  Melville 
portrait  cannot,  Mr.  Lang  says,  be  ren- 
dered in  black  and  white,  nor  can  photo- 
graphy give  an  idea  of  the  "  fairy  way  " 
of  painting  in  the  miniature. 

In  Sir  George  Scharf's  opinion  the  Leven- 
and  Melville  portrait  is  not  a  portrait  of 
the  Queen  of  Scots,  nor  was  it  painted  in 
her  time.  Owing  to  this  unfavourable 
opinion,  Mr.  Cust  gave  the  picture  no- 
serious  consideration  until  Mr.  Foster's 
book  brought  it  into  notice.  He  then 
inspected  it,  and,  while  heartily  agreeing 
with  Sir  George  as  to  its  not  being  con- 


194 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  41 12,  Aug.  18,  1906 


temporary,  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
it  was  "  an  undoubted  likeness  of  Mary 
Stuart."  Mr.  Lang  thinks  that  "  it  is  an 
original  portrait  of  Marjr  in  youth  ;  or  a 
copy  of  such  an  original  "  ;  and  would 
assign  it  to  1558-60.  With  much  in- 
genuity he  has  strengthened  its  claim  to 
authenticity  by  comparing  its  numerous 
jewels  with  those  described  in  Mary's 
inventories.  In  his  preface  he  states  that 
-one  of  the  jewels  "  bears  her  monogram 
in  gold  on  black  enamel  "  ;  but,  curiously 
-enough,  this  rather  important  point  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  chapter  specially  devoted 
to  this  portrait.  If  M.  Dimier  is  right  in 
saying  (and  Mr.  Lang  owns  that  he  is 
master  of  the  subject)  that  the  costume 
cannot  by  any  means  be  earlier  than 
1572-4,  it  would  follow  that  the  portrait 
could  not  have  been  done  while  Mary  was 
in  France  ;  and,  as  Mr.  Lang  has  raised 
pertinent  objections  to  the  idea  that  an 
artist  would  paint  a  mourning  black-clad 
captive,  of  from  thirty  to  thirty-two,  as  a 
girlish  queen,  it  might  be  fairly  argued 
that  it  is  not  a  genuine  portrait  of  Mary. 

According  to  Mr.  Lang, 
"  the  portrait  does  not  vary,  in  complexion, 
features,  expression,  colour  of  hair,  eye- 
brows, and  contour  of  face,  from  the 
.  authentic  early  portraits,  and  the  medal  of 
1558." 

Here  nothing  is  said  about  the  colour 
of  the  eyes ;  and  the  omission  is  not 
made  good  in  any  other  part  of  the 
book.  We  believe  that  they  are  grey, 
and  that  this  may  have  influenced  Sir 
George  Scharf  in  forming  his  unfavourable 
opinion,  for  he  held  that  the  most  remark- 
able peculiarity,  which  all  the  trustworthy 
portraits  possess  in  common,  is  the  colour 
of  the  eyes — "  decidedly  brown,  sometimes 
of  a  yellowish  hue  (hazel),  but  more  fre- 
quently of  an  absolute  reddish  colour  like 
chestnut  and  the  paint  known  to  artists 
as  '  burnt  sienna.'  '  Mr.  Lang  discounts 
Sir  George's  expert  opinion  by  asserting 
that  he  accepted  the  Fraser-Tytler  por- 
trait of  Mary  with  its  "  large  blue  eyes  "  ; 
and,  in  proof  of  the  assertion,  refers  to 
Mr.  Gust's  book.  On  turning  to  the 
passage  indicated  one  reads  that  "  Scharf 
sought  to  prove  by  an  elaborate  chain  of 
argument  that  the  portrait  was  that  of 
Mary  of  Lorraine,  Mary  Stuart's  mother." 
And  in  The  Times  of  May  7th,  1888,  Scharf 
unhesitatingly  expressed  his  conviction 
that  the  portrait  represented,  not  the 
Queen  of  Scots,  but  her  mother. 

The  Portland  miniature  is  exceedingly 
curious.  It  has  been  pointed  out  (not 
by  Mr.  Lang)  that  the  subject  of  this 
portrait  seems  to  be  propped  up  in  bed. 
She  is  certainly  propped  up  in  something, 
and  possibly  it  is  in  bed.  In  December, 
1563,  and  again  in  January,  1565/6, 
Randolph  was  admitted  to  her  presence 
while  she  was  in  bed.  On  the  latter 
occasion  she  explained  that  she  had  not 
slept  during  the  night.  In  June,  1566, 
five  days  after  the  birth  of  her  son,  Killi- 
grew  was  brought  to  her  bedside.  These 
two  ambassadors  were  by  no  means  the 
only  persons  who  were  admitted  to  her 
presence  in  such  circumstances.  There 
Is  nothing,  therefore,  in  the  position  to 


prevent  it  from  being  a  genuine  portrait 
of  the  Queen.  There  is  one  objection, 
however,  which  Sir  George  Scharf  might 
have  urged  as  fatal.  In  this  case  Mr.  Lang 
has  himself  pointed  it  out.  "  The  eyes 
are  grey,"  he  says,  "  while  Mary's  eyes 
were  of  a  reddish  brown."  He  tries  to 
remove  the  objection  by  quoting  Albert 
Way  to  the  effect  that,  in  certain  aspects, 
they  probably  assumed  the  appearance  of 
being  grey  rather  than  brown.  Mr.  Lang 
lays  great  stress  on  the  words  "  Virtutis 
Amore,"  which  are  inscribed  above  the 
head.  These  words,  he  observes,  form 
an  anagram  of  Marie  Stuart,  or,  as  he 
would  temporarily  spell  her  name,  Marie 
Stouart.  In  neither  form  do  the  letters 
suit  perfectly  ;  but  the  argument,  though 
weakened,  can  hardly  be  set  aside  on  that 
account. 

There  seems  to  have  been  some  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  insertion  of  two  of  the 
illustrations,  for,  in  referring  to  the  carica- 
ture of  1567,  Mr.  Lang  states  that  it  is 
published  in  his  '  Mystery  of  Mary 
Stuart,'  and  a  similar  statement  is  made 
concerning  the  Morton  portrait ;  yet  both 
appear  in  the  present  volume. 

He  makes  no  allusion  to  the  portrait 
which  was  engraved  nearly  a  century  ago 
as  Rizzio's,  and  which  bears  the  date  1564  ; 
but  he  repeats  an  amusing  anecdote  which 
Albert  Way  printed  from  the  Hawthorn- 
den  MSS.,  and  which  raises  the  presump- 
tion that  Mary  had  a  foreign  painter  at  her 
Court  in  1565.  "  The  authority  for  the 
story,"  Mr.  Lang  says,  "  is  a  Hawthornden 
manuscript "  ;  and,  in  a  foot-note,  he 
gives  as  the  reference  "  Way,  xv.  Chalmers, 
'  Life  of  Mary,'  i.  xv."  In  the  1818  edition 
of  Chalmers's  '  Life  of  Mary  '  there  is  no 
p.  xv.  There  is  such  a  page  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  1822  edition,  but  it  makes 
no  allusion  whatever  to  the  story  in  the 
Hawthornden  MSS.  It  contains,  how- 
ever, Walpole's  letter  to  Banks  on  Mary's 
portraits  ;  and  it  is  for  that  letter,  and  for 
it  alone,  that  Way  refers  his  readers  to 
that  page  in  Chalmers.  Mr.  Lang  made 
the  same  mistake  in  The  Scottish  Historical 
Review. 

A  few  misprints  have  crept  into  his 
pages.  A  "  Book  of  Hours  "  appears  as 
a  "  Book  of  House."  Mary  is  made  to 
"  return  to  France  from  Scotland,"  instead 
of  to  Scotland  from  France.  Elizabeth 
of  France,  otherwise  styled  Isabella  de 
Valois,  is  spoken  of  as  a  "  daughter  of 
Henri  IX."  A  portrait  is  referred  to  as 
"  mentioned  on  page  103  "  ;  but  there  is 
no  portrait  mentioned  on  that  page. 
There  is  a  reference  to  "  Cust,  p.  174," 
but  in  Mr.  Cust's  book  there  are  only  158 
pages.  The  date  given  for  Drummond's 
letter  to  Ben  Jonson  is  wrong  by  two 
years. 

Exclusive  of  coins,  memorial  pictures, 
and  the  effigy  on  her  tomb,  there  are,  Mr. 
Lang  considers,  thirteen  portraits,  or  types, 
which  are  either  contemporary  and  au- 
thentic, or  closely  related  to  others  which 
did  possess  these  qualities.  He  regards  the 
interesting  portrait  now  called  the  Fresh- 
field  portrait  as  convincing  in  expression, 
despite  certain  faults  ;  and  he  states  in 
his  preface  that,  since  the  book  was  printed 


off,  it  has  been  suggested  to  him  that  it 
resembles  a  rare  engraving  of  the  Countess 
of  Mar,  who  played  the  part  of  a  mother 
to  James  VI.  Surely,  in  this  suggestion, 
the  Countess  of  Mar,  described  by  James 
Melville  as  "  the  auld  Lady  Marr,"  has 
been  confounded  with  her  daughter-in-law. 
If  the  Freshfield  portrait  is  not  the  Queen's, 
we  suspect  that  it  may  be  Mary  Seton's. 
In  this  volume  Mr.  Lang  has  not  mentioned 
the  portrait  of  "  Mary  at  eighteen,"  of 
which  he  gave  a  photogravure  in  his 
'  Mystery  of  Mary  Stuart,'  and  which  he 
then  regarded  as  "  a  copy,  probably  by 
Sir  John  Medina,  of  a  contemporary 
French  likeness."  Is  it,  after  all,  only  a 
variation  of  the  spurious  Carleton  type  ? 


Portfolio  of  Measured  Drawings.  School 
of  Architecture,  the  University  of  Liverpool. 
Vol.  I.  (Liverpool,  University  Press.) — A 
set  ot  measured  drawings  of  some  approved 
building  is  required  from  students  of  the 
University  of  Liverpool  proceeding  to  a 
Bachelor's  degree  in  Arts  in  the  Honours 
School  of  Architecture.  Most  of  the  draw- 
ings in  this  Portfolio  have,  we  understand, 
been  made  for  this  purpose,  and  their 
publication  (implying  preservation)  in 
some  such  form  as  this  is  to  be  commended, 
and  will,  we  hope,  be  continued.  Careful 
measured  drawings  of  notable  buildings, 
accompanied  by  photographs,  are  of 
permanent  historical  value,  provided  only 
that  sufficient  care  is  taken  to  ensure  their 
accuracy,  and  enough  information  given  for 
a  thorough  comprehension  of  the  subject. 

These  drawings  generally  seem  to  have 
been  carefully  prepared,  and  the  draughts- 
manship, if  not  in  all  cases  of  the  highest 
quality,  is  sufficiently  good  to  make  them 
an  adequate  record  of  the  subjects.  In  some 
cases  more  information  might  have  been 
provided  with  advantage.  For  instance,  the 
points  of  a  compass  should  always  be  marked 
on  a  plan,  and  a  block  plan  showing  the  rela- 
tion of  the  building  to  its  immediate  sur- 
roundings would  often  be  of  the  greatest 
value.  The  inclusion  of  photographs  of 
some  of  the  buildings  measured  is  a  useful 
feature,  which  might  well  be  carried  further 
in  futxire  volumes.  The  set  of  drawings 
illustrating  the  Palais  du  Grand  Trianon, 
Versailles,  is  a  case  in  point  where  further 
information  should  have  been  given.  On 
plate  xiii.,  showing  the  general  plan  and  the 
principal  elevations,  no  scale  is  given,  unless 
the  short  lines  immediately  under  the  title 
are  intended  for  one  ;  but  if  so,  they  are 
indecipherable,  while  in  any  case  there 
should  have  been  two,  as  the  plan  and  ele- 
vations are  drawn  to  different  scales.  The 
points  of  the  compass  are  not  marked,  the 
reference  numbers  are  not  complete,  and  the 
drawing  of  the  Facade  sur  Jardins  does  not 
agree  with  the  general  plan  ;  in  the  former 
there  are  two,  and  in  the  latter  three, 
windows  shown  in  the  Salon  des  Huissiers. 

In  the  choice  of  subjects  illustrated  a 
catholic  spirit  has  been  shown,  and  this  in 
some  ways  lends  interest  to  the  volume, 
though  we  think  it  would  be  a  wise  plan, 
and  would  eventually  add  inteiest  to  the 
publication  as  a  whole,  if  in  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  cases  local  subjects  were  selected. 
We  are  glad  to  find  the  Liverpool  Town  Hall 
in  the  first  volume,  and  hope  that  future 
contributors  will  see  to  it  that  no  really 
interesting  local  building  remains  unre- 
corded in  the  Portfolio. 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


195 


3Ftiu-3lrt  (tasip. 


The  arrival  in  the  National  Gallery  of 
Raphael's  '  Madonna  of  the  Tower  ' "  has 
occasioned  a  few  slight  rearrangements  of 
the  pictures  in  Room  VI.  The  new 
Raphael,  which  hangs  between  Giovanni 
Santi's  '  Madonna  and  Child '  and  the 
*  Madonna  di  Sant'  Antonio,'  has  thus 
taken  the  place  formerly  occupied  by 
Perugino's  '  Madonna,'  which  now  hangs  to 
the  left  of  '  The  Ansidei  Madonna.' 

In  Room  I.  a  few  alterations  have  been 
made.  The  two  pictures  of  '  The  Virgin 
and  Child  '  by  Credi,  which  used  to  hang 
on  either  side  of  the  doorway  leading  into 
Room  V.,  are  now  transferred  to  the  south 
side  of  the  same  room,  their  places  being 
taken  by  Piero  di  Cosimo's  '  Portrait  of  a 
Warrior  in  Armour '  and  Francia  Bigio's 
'  Knight  of  Malta.' 

The  Arundel  Society's  reproductions  in 
the  basement  have  been  entirely  rearranged, 
and  can  now  be  studied  according  to  school, 
while  in  most  instances  the  various  works  of 
an  artist  are  brought  together. 

The  reduced  copies  of  paintings  by 
Velasquez  at  Madrid,  and  by  Rembrandt 
at  St.  Petersburg,  have  been  temporarily 
removed,  but  will,  no  doubt,  be  rehung 
before  long. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
James  G.  Murray,  R.S.A.,  well  known  in 
artistic  circles  in  Glasgow  and  elsewhere. 
He  was  a  frequent  exhibitor,  and  one  of  his 
fine  silver-point  pencil  drawings  had  a  good 
position  in  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
last  year.  Mr.  Murray,  who  was  a  native 
of  Aberdeenshire,  had  also  done  some  very 
successful  work  as  a  book  illustrator. 

The  Musee  de  Montpellier  has  just  been 
enriched  by  the  addition  of  four  important 
pictures.  Three  are  by  Harpignies,  one  being 
of  large  dimensions,  and  the  fourth  is  by 
Paul  Sain,  of  Avignon.  The  three  examples 
of  Harpignies  were  bequeathed  by  M.  Paulet ; 
and  the  work  by  Sain  was  purchased  by  the 
city  for  the  Musee. 

The  Musee  d'Ennery,  the  newest  addition 
to  the  long  list  of  Paris  museums,  is  now 
being  put  in  order  for  public  inspection.  It 
is  housed  in  the  residence  occupied  by  the 
famous  dramatist  in  the  Avenue  du  Bois  de 
Boulogne.  This  was  bequeathed  to  the 
State  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  the  late 
owner's  fine  collection  of  Chinese  and 
Japanese  objects  of  art.  It  is  especially  rich 
in  Japanese  "  boites  a  parfums,"  of  which 
there  are  about  2,000.  M.  Clemenceau  was 
nominated  by  D'Ennery  as  his  executor ; 
whilst  M.  Deshayes,  who  has  just  finished 
Ins  inventory  of  the  whole  collection,  is  the 
Keeper  of  the  new  museum. 

^  The  death  at  Dieppe  is  announced  of 
Georges  Jean  Marie  Haquette,  the  painter 
of  marine  scenes.  Haquette  was  a  native 
of  Paris,  where  he  was  born  on  May  2nd, 
1854.  He  began  a  commercial  career  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  but  studied  art  in  the  even- 
ings ;  and  in  1871  he  entered  the  studio  of 
€abanel,  where  he  remained  for  five  years. 
He  received  medals  in  1880,  1900,  and  1901. 
His  more  important  works  include  '  Le 
Depart  pour  Terreneuve,'  1882,  and  '  Bene- 
diction de  la  Mer,'  1890,  both  in  the  Museum 
&t  Dieppe  ;  '  Salut  au  Calvaire,'  1884  ;  'Un 
Homme  a  la  Mer,'  1886;  and  'Dernier  Espoir,' 
1897,  an  episode  inspired  by  the  tempest  of 
November  6th,  1886.  He  was  a  well-known 
figure  at  Dieppe,  usually  painting  "  en 
•canot."  Two  characteristic  sea-pieces  by 
him  were  in  the  Salon  of  the  present  year. 


The  death  of  another  successful  artist  is 
announced — -that  of  M.  Henry  A.  L.  Laurent- 
Desrousseaux,  who  was  born  at  Joinville-le- 
Pont  (Seine)  on  July  15th,  1862.  He  studied 
under  Bin  and  Albert  Maignan  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux-Arts,  and  several  of  his  early 
works  received  honours  of  various  kinds, 
'  La  Derniere  Heure,'  1889,  being  in  the 
museum  e,t  Tourcoing.  Several  other  public 
museums  contain  examples  of  his  work  :  '  Le 
Depart  '  is  at  Havre,  '  Chez  les  Sceurs '  at 
Rennes,  and  '  La  Veille  de  la  Premiere 
Communion  '  at  Rouen.  He  illustrated  M. 
Theuriet's  '  Reine  des  Bois.'  Of  late  years, 
and  without  ceasing  to  paint  in  oils  (there 
were  two  pictures  by  him  in  the  Salon  of 
this  year),  the  artist  had  devoted  a  good 
deal  of  time  to  ceramic  work. 

Dr.  Birch  has  in  the  press  the  second 
volume  of  his  '  History  of  Scottish  Seals,' 
dealing  chiefly  with  the  seals  of  ecclesiastical 
and  monastic  dignitaries  and  establishments. 
It  will  be  issued  at  an  early  date  by  Mr.  E. 
Mackay,  of  Stirling. 


MUSIC 


Clara  Schumann.  Von  Berthold  Litz- 
mann.  —  Zweiter  Band.  Ehejahre. 
(Breitkopf  &  Hartel.) 

The  first  volume  of  this  interesting  bio- 
graphy dealt  with  Clara  Wieck's  early  life, 
and  with  the  opposition  of  her  father  to 
her  union  with  Robert  Schumann.  The 
present  volume  opens  with  the  marriage 
on  September  12th,  1840,  and  on  the 
following  day  they  began  a  joint  diary. 
Schumann,  as  he  became  busy  with  com- 
position, wrote  less  and  less,  but  his  wife 
kept  on  writing  not  only  until  her 
husband's  death,  but  also  afterwards. 
Of  this  diary,  which  was  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  Dr.  Litzmann,  much  use  was 
naturally  made  in  preparing  this  volume. 
Clara  gave  up  her  career  as  a  pianist  ;  in 
fact,  she  found  regular  practice  impossible, 
for  to  a  composer  a  quiet  home  is  essential. 
This  was  a  cause  of  regret  to  her,  but  she 
became  deeply  interested  in  Schumann's 
work  and  progress,  so  that  she  willingly 
yielded  up,  to  a  great  extent,  her  indivi- 
duality. Without  this  loving  and  intelligent 
devotion  on  her  part,  it  may  be  ques- 
tioned whether  Schumann  as  a  composer 
would  have  been  as  great  as  he  is. 

Of  the  entries  in  the  diary  a  few  may  be 
recorded.  At  Leipsic,  April  18th,  1842, 
Schumann  writes  :  "  Richard  Wagner  has 
come  from  Paris  " — the  return  to  Germany, 
in  fact,  after  his  long  sojourn  in  the  gay 
city,  in  which  he  endured  so  many  hard- 
ships, and  suffered  so  many  disappoint- 
ments. 

A  reference  to  Mendelssohn  in  1843 
runs  thus  : — 

"  Honours,  which  have  been  showered  on 
him  from  all  quarters,  have  only  made  him 
more  easy  of  approach,  more  modest.  It 
may  be  that  he  also  feels  that  his  fame  is  at 
its  zenith,  and  on  that  account  I  have 
noticed  in  him  a  touch  of  sadness,  of  which, 
formerly,  there  was  no  trace." 

With  this  may  be  coupled  an  entry  in 
Clara's  hand,  just  after  the  death  of 
Mendelssohn  : — 

"  The  loss  for  Robert  is  doubly  irreparable, 
for  it  was  to  him  that  Robert  as  artist  stood 


nearest,Tand  with  him  that  Robert  most 
loved  to  exchange  opinions  and  feelings 
concerning  art." 

Berlioz  gave  a  concert  at  Leipsic  in 
1843  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor.  Here  is 
Clara's  opinion  of  him  :  "  He  is  cold,  un- 
sympathetic, morose."  And  of  his  music 
she  says  :  "I  agree  with  Robert  that  it  is 
interesting  and  clever,  but  it  is  not  music 
which  gives  me  any  enjoyment  ;  I  have 
no  desire  to  hear  more  of  it." 

In  reference  to  the  artistic  life  at 
Dresden,  to  which  city  the  Schumanns 
moved  in  1850,  Wagner  is,  of  course, 
mentioned.  Schumann  met  him  in  1846, 
just  before  the  performance  of  the  '  Choral ' 
Symphony  on  Palm  Sunday.  Wagner 
spoke  about  his  intention  to  give  a  "  kind 
of  programme  with  passages  from  Goethe's 
'  Faust,'  "  so  that  the  audience  might  be 
brought  into  closer  touch  with  the  music. 
"  I  could  not,"  remarks  Schumann  coldly, 
"  agree  with  him  in  this  matter."  The 
man  Wagner  was  not  to  his  liking,  or 
surely  the  proposed  programme  would 
have  appealed  to  the  composer  who  had 
placed  lines  of  poetry  by  Schlegel  as  super- 
scription to  his  great  Fantasia,  Op.  17. 

A  graphic  description  is  given  of  a  visit 
paid  by  Liszt  in  1848  to  the  Schumanns. 
Liszt  excited  Schumann's  anger  by  prais- 
ing Meyerbeer  at  the  expense  of  Men- 
delssohn, and,  after  some  plain  speaking, 
left  the  room.  Clara  Schumann  informed 
the  author  of  Liszt's  parting  remark  to 
her.  "  Tell  your  husband,"  said  this 
worldly-wise  artist,  "  that  only  from  one 
person  in  the  world  would  I  consent  to 
listen  so  calmly  to  words  such  as  he  has 
addressed  to  me." 

The  closing  chapters  relate  to  the 
Diisseldorf  period,  when  Schumann's 
health  began  to  fail,  causing  dissatisfac- 
tion with  his  public  work  in  those  who  did 
not  understand  the  real  cause  of  the 
weakness  displayed,  and  great  anxiety 
to  his  wife  and  friends,  among  whom 
especially  may  be  named  Brahms  and 
Joachim  ;  and  to  the  last  sad  years  at 
Endenich.  For  a  long  time  Clara  hoped 
that  her  husband  would  be  restored  to 
health.  It  was  only  on  the  morning  of 
her  first  appearance  at  the  London  Phil- 
harmonic Society  in  June,  1856,  that 
a  letter  reached  her  that  there  was  no 
hope  of  a  complete  recovery.  "  I  could 
not  play  a  note  the  whole  day  ;  I  could 
only  weep  from  morning  to  evening,  and 
then,  wearied  and  troubled  I  went  to  the 
concert "  ;  so  she  wrote  in  her  diary. 
How  few,  if  any,  of  her  audience  knew  her 
feelings  while  she  was  playing  ! 

At  Diisseldorf  Liszt  paid  Clara  Schu- 
mann a  visit.  "  His  mastery  of  the  piano- 
forte," she  writes  in  the  diary.  "  is  that  of 
a  demon  (I  cannot  use  any  other  expres- 
sion), but,  oh  !  his  compositions,  they 
were  awful  rubbish  {jsdvrecldiche8  Zeug)  !  " 
In  1839  Schumann  was  in  Vienna,  and 
paid  a  visit  to  Beethoven's  grave  in  the 
Wahring  cemetery.  In  1856  Clara  visited 
the  grave  alone  twice,  and  plucked  some 
Leaves  and  sent  them  to  Robert.  "  How 
I  wished  he  were  by  my  side  !  "  she  wrote 
in  her  diary. 

During    the    Endenich    period    Brahma 


196 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


and  Dr.  Joachim  were  a  great  comfort  to 
her,  and  both  remained  her  faithful 
friends  until  her  death.  Both  followed 
Schumann  to  his  resting-place  in  1856, 
and  both  again  stood  there  in  1896,  when 
the  grave  was  opened  to  receive  his 
wife's  remains. 


'  Faust  '  was  performed  by  the  Moody- 
Manners  Opera  Company  at  the  Lyric 
Theatre  en  Thursday  of  last  week.  The  role 
of  the  heroine  was  admirably  sustained  by 
Madame  Fanny  Moody,  who  sang  the  Jewel 
scena  skilfully,  and  threw  fervour  into  her 
rendering  of  the  music  in  the  garden  scene. 
Mr.  Joseph  O'Mara  sang  agreeably  as 
Faust,  and  Mr.  Lewys  James,  the  Valentine, 
used  his  fine  voice  with  skill.  Mr.  Manners 
was  an  alert  and  cheerful  representative  of 
Mephistopheles. 

On  Monday  evening  '  Cavalleria  Rus- 
ticana  '  and  '  Pagliacci '  were  put  forward. 
Though  not  remarkable  as  an  actress,  Miss 
Toni  Seiter  sang  Santuzza's  full-blooded 
music  with  power  and  effect,  and  Miss  Ethel 
Cadman  was  an  attractive  Lola.  Mr. 
Marshall  Vincent  exhibited  a  rich  voice  and 
good  style  in  his  delivery  of  Alfio's  lurid 
phrases.  The  performance  of  Leoncavallo's 
opera  was  notable  for  the  dramatic  render- 
ing by  Mr.  Joseph  O'Mara  of  Canio's 
soliloquy,  and  for  the  graceful  and  refined 
singing  and  acting  of  Miss  Cadman,  who 
appeared  as  Nedda.  Mr.  William  Dever 
sang  the  prologue  with  effect,  and  Mr. 
Lewys  James  was  heard  to  advantage  in 
Silvio's  music. 

On  Tuesday  evening  Madame  Clementine 
De  Vere  made  a  successful  appearance  as 
Marguerite  in  '  Faust '  ;  and  on  Wednesday 
evening  she  was  heard  in  '  II  Trovatore,'  the 
Manrico  of  the  occasion  being  Mr.  O'Mara. 

'  The  Messiah  '  was  given  at  the  Guild- 
hall, Cambridge,  on  Tuesday  evening,  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  A.  H.  Mann.  There 
exists  in  the  chapel  of  the  Foundling 
Hospital  a  list  of  the  singers  and  orchestral 
players  for  the  performance,  April  27th,  1758, 
arranged  and  conducted  by  Handel,  and 
another  for  the  one  of  May  3rd,  1759,  drawn 
up  by  the  composer,  who,  however,  died  on 
April  14th  of  that  year.  These  lists  were  fol- 
lowed at  Cambridge,  or  as  nearly  as  possible, 
for  in  them  there  are  "  one  or  two  doubtful 
points."  The  chorus  consisted  of  24  singers  ; 
the  orchestra  of  20  strings,  4  oboes,  4 
bassoons,  1  trumpet,  2  horns,  and  drums. 
Dr.  A.  W.  Wilson  officiated  at  the  organ, 
and  Dr.  E.  W.  Naylor  at  the  pianoforte 
used  in  place  of  the  harpsichord.  The 
singers  were  the  Misses  Kate  Cherry  and 
Edith  Nutter  and  Messrs.  J.  Heed  and 
J.  E.  Farringdon.  An  admirable  rendering 
was  given  of  the  work ;  it  was  evident, 
indeed,  that  every  one  was  engaged  in  a 
labour  of  love.  '  The  Messiah  '  is  performed 
at  Handel  Festivals  under  modern  condi- 
tions, but  a  short  time  ago  i'rof.  I'rout  gave 
the  work  at  Queen's  Hall,  on  a  larger  scale, 
it  is  true,  than  that  of  the  Foundling  per- 
formances, but  with  the  same  proportion 
between  choir  and  orchestra.  Dr.  Mann 
has  now  almost  realized  the  actual  con- 
ditions of  1758,  and  it  would  bo  most 
interesting  and  instructive  if  he  could  give 
a  similar  performance  in  London,  not  only 
to  satisfy  antiquaries,  but  also  to  enable 
students  to  learn  what  admirable  use,   for 


purposes  of  colour  and  contrast,  Handel 
made  of  the  means  at  his  disposal.  There 
is  one  thing  we  should  like  to  have  seen  on 
the  programme,  viz.,  a  request  that  the 
audience  would  refrain  from  applause  until 
the  end  of  the  performance,  v.;"^?  ■*  mUx-rtt; 
During  the  forthcoming  season  the 
London  Choral  Society  will  give  the  first 
performance  in  Central  London  of  Sir 
Edward  Elgar's  new  oratorio  '  The  King- 
dom.' The  Society  also  announces  the 
first  performance  in  England  of  Bossi's 
'  Paradise  Lost,'  and  the  first  rendering  in 
London  of  Mr.  Dalhousie  Young's  '  Blessed 
Damosel.'  Berlioz's  '  Faust,'  Saint-Saens's 
'  Samson  and  Dalila,'  and  Brahms's 
'  Requiem  '  are  included  in  the  list  of 
works. 

Madame  Clara  Butt,  who  is  making 
good  progress  towards  recovery  after  her 
illness,  will  make  her  reappearance  at  the 
concert  which  she  is  giving,  in  association 
with  Mr.  Kennerley  Rumford,  at  the  Albert 
Hall  on  October  13th. 

In  1853  three  composers  wrote  each  a 
movement  of  a  sonata  for  pianoforte  and 
violin :  they  were  Robert  Schumann, 
Brahms,  and  Albert  Dietrich.  The  first 
movement  was  an  Allegro  by  Dietrich,  the 
second  an  Intermezzo  by  Schumann,  and 
the  third  a  Scherzo  by  Brahms.  The  auto- 
graph of  this  work  was  presented  at  the 
time  to  Joachim,  who  has  always  been 
against  its  publication,  as  the  Schumann 
section  bore  traces  of  the  disease  which  so 
soon  was  to  destroy,  first,  the  creative 
power,  and  then  the  life,  of  the  great  com- 
poser. Le  Menestrel  of  the  12th  inst. 
announces,  however,  that  among  various 
posthumous  works  of  Brahms  shortly  to  be 
published  will  be  the  portion  of  the  sonata 
which  bears  his  name. 

The  same  paper  states  that  the  autograph 
of  Beethoven's  '  Waldstein  '  Sonata,  Op.  53, 
is  for  sale  at  Hiersemann's,  Leipsic.  In  it 
the  composer  notes  two  comparatively  easy 
ways  of  playing  the  shakes  in  the  Finale. 

The  Neue  Zeitschrift  of  the  1st  inst.  has 
an  article  '  Michael  Haydn  und  die  Gegen- 
wart.'  Joseph  Haydn  threw  his  brother 
into  the  shade,  yet  not  into  oblivion.  The 
writer,  Prof.  Otto  Schmid,  after  noting  the 
fact  that  the  10th  of  last  month  was  the 
hundredth  anniversary  of  Michael's  death, 
refers  to  his  offertories  and  other  short 
sacred  compositions,  which  would  still  be 
acceptable.  For  the  greater  number  of  his 
symphonies  no  more  than  historical  interest 
is  claimed  by  the  writer,  yet  he  mentions 
one  in  c  major  of  the  year  1784,  with 
scoring  richer  than  the  average,  which 
deserves  note  in  that  it  is  "  distinctly  a 
predecessor  of  Mozart's  '  Jupiter '  Sym- 
phony." And  it  may  be  added  that  a 
string  quintet  of  Michael's  in  the  key  of 
c  major  was  actually  published  under  his 
brother  Joseph's  name. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sin.       Sunday  League  Coin' 

Mon.-Sat.  Moody-Manners 

Wed.  and  Sat. 

Mcis,  —  Sat.  Promenade  <'oni 


■it,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Opera   Company,  8    Lyric  Theatre :   also 

lit  2. 

erts,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 

Dramatic  (gossip. 

In  order  to  avoid  collisions,  tho  dates  of 
many  promised  productions  have  beon 
altered.  '  Toddles,'  at  tho  Duke  of  York's, 
will  thus  be  given   on  tho  30th  inst.,  instead 


of  on  September  1st,  which  date  is  reserved 
for  the  revival  at  His  Majesty's  of  '  The- 
Winter's  Tale '  ;  while  '  Mrs.  Temple's 
Telegram  '  will  be  played  at  the  Waldorf  on 
September  3rd,  leaving  the  4th  in  undisputed 
possession  of  the  Adelphi  with  Mr.  Carr's 
'  Tristram  and  Iseult.' 

The  first  of  the  novelties  which  will 
succeed  a  period  of  all  but  unprecedented 
quietude  is  '  The  Sin  of  William  Jackson,' 
by  the  Baroness  Orczy  and  Mr.  Montagu  Bar- 
stow,  to  be  produced  at  the  Lyric  on  the 
28th  inst.  '  The  Morals  of  Marcus  '  will  be 
played  at  the  Garrick  on  the  next  day. 

The  last  performance  of  '  The  Geisha ' 
was  given  on  Friday,  and  Daly's  Theatre  is; 
now  closed  until  the  end  of  next  month, 
when  it  will  reopen  with  a  rendering  of  '  Les- 
Merveilleuses.' 

A  dramatic  version  of  Scott's  '  Ivanhoe  T 
is  promised  at  the  Queen's  Theatre,  Man- 
chester, for  September  10th. 

Miss  Cecilia*  Loftus  will  reappear  in 
London  in  comedy  during  the  approach- 
ing season. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  has  appeared  in  Man- 
chester as  Dubosc  and  Lesurques  in  '  The 
Lyons  Mail.' 

M.  Edmond  Rostand  has  given  Puccini 
permission  to  turn  '  Cyrano  de  Bergerac r 
into  an  opera. 

M.  Henry  Bataille  has  completed  a 
new  play  for  the  Odeon,  entitled  '  Policke/ 

An  Ibsen  cycle,  beginning  with  '  A  Doll's 
House,'  will  be  performed  at  the  Vienna 
Burgtheater  in  the  autumn. 


To  Correspondents.— E.  C— J.  H.— W.  B.— E.  D.— 
F.  E.  C— Received. 

G.  N. — Many  thanks. 

HlBERNlCUS.— R.  A.  (U.S.).— Not  an  inquiry  for  us. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the- 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


FT1HE  ATHENAEUM. 

SCALE  OF  CHARGES   FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS 

£   s.   d. 

5  Lines  of  Pearl 0    3    6 

75     „       ,,      ,,      (Half-Column 1  16    0 

A  Column 330 

A  Page       990 

Auctions  and  Public  Institutions,  Five  Lines  4s.,  and  Sd.  per  line  of 

Pearl  type  beyond. 

IN  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ADVERTISEMENTS,  CARE 

SHOULD  BE  TAKEN  TO  MEASURE  FROM 

RULE   TO   RULE. 

Advertisements  across  Two  Columns,  one-third  extra  beyond  the 

space  occupied,  the  first  charge  being  308. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  E.  FRANCIS. 
The  Athenaeum  Office,  breams  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  London,  E.C 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Page 

Authors'  Agents       174 

Bagster  &  Sons         175 

Bell  &  Sons 176 

Catalogues        174 

Duckworth  &  Co 200 

Educational 173 

Hurst  &  Blackett 176 

Macmillan  &  Co 176 

Methuen  &  Co.           197 

Miscellaneous 174 

Murray 176 

newspaper  Agents 174 

Notes  and  Queries 19S 

Provident  Institutions 173 

REIMKR 174 

Sales  hy  Auction      174 

Situations  Vacant 174 

Situations  Wanted 174 

Type-Writers,  &c 174 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


197 


MESSRS.   METHU^N^JJEW    BOOKS 

MESSRS.  METHUEN  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  readers  of  Fiction  to  their  List  of  Novels  which  they  will  publish  during  the 
Summer  and  Autumn.  This  List  will  be  sent  to  any  applicant.  METHUEN'S  POPULAR  NOVELS  seem  likely  to  repeat  the  success 
of  the  Autumn  of  1905,  for  the  first  Novel,  LADY  BETTY  ACROSS  THE  WATER,  by  the  Authors  of  'The  Lightning  Conductor,'  is 
already  in  its  SIXTH  EDITION,  and  Mr.  JOHN  OXENHAM'S  New  Novel,  PROFIT  AND  LOSS,  is  also  enjoying  a  great  success. 
Two  Editions  have  already  been  exhausted,  and  a  THIRD  EDITION  is  NOW  READY. 

MESSRS.  METHUEN  have  just  published  THE  GUARDED  FLAME,  the  New  Novel  by  W.  B.  MAXWELL,  Author  of 
'  Vivien,'  the  great  success  in  Fiction  of  the  Autumn  of  1905.  The  SECOND  EDITION  is  NEARLY  READY  of  a  most  delightful  and 
captivating  Story  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  MANN,  entitled  THE  EGLAMORE  PORTRAITS. 

On  SEPTEMBER  6  will  be  published  a  New  Long  Novel  by  the  Author  of  '  The  Garden  of  Allah  '—THE  CALL  OF  THE 
BLOOD,  by  ROBERT  HICHENS. 


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198 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


"Learned,  Chatty,  Useful." — Athericeum. 

"That  delightful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  'Notes  and  Queries/" 

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(JANUARY,  1898,  to  DECEMBER,  1903),  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume, 
contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies, 
Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following   Subjects. 

FIRST      SELECTION. 


AMERICANA. 

President  J.  Adams's  Biography — Sarah  Flower  Adams  and 
Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe — The  Alabama  and  Lord  John  Russell — 
Alewife,  an  American  Fish — Discovery  of  America — Study 
of  Dante  in  America — Genealogical  Research  in  America — 
England  and  Scotland  reproduced  in  America — America  v. 
United  States — Raleigh  in  America — British  Suzerainty  in 
South  America — Losses  in  American  Civil  War — Value  of 
American  Diplomas  and  Degrees — American  Orthography. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Addison  and  Tennyson — Harrison  Ainsworth — "  Anne  of 
Swansea,"  her  Works — Anonym  :  Autonym — '  Abbey  of 
Kilkhampton' — 'Butterfly's  Ball  and  the  Grasshopper's 
Feast' — 'The  Coming  K — ' — '  History  of  the  Rod  ' — Junius's 
Letters — '  Nova  Solyma  ' — '  Twelve  Profits  of  Tribulation  ' 
— Matthew  Arnold — Arnold  of  Rugby — H.  S.  Ashbee — 
Poet  Laureate's  Birthplace — Authors'  Mistakes — Francis 
Bacon,  his  Mistakes  in  Classical  Names — Philip  James 
Bailey — Barclay's  '  Argenis' — Bibliography  of  the  Bicycle — 
History  of  Bookselling  and  Publishing — Book- Sale  Cata- 
logues— Riming  Warnings  to  Book-Borrowers — Books  and 
Bookmen  —  E.  B.  and  Robert  Browning  —  Michael  Bruce 
and  Logan  —  Bunyan  and  the  'Pilgrim's  Progress'  — 
Peculiar  Words  in  Burns — Burton's  '  Anatomy ' — Ode  on 
Byron's  Death. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Bridget  Abbot — Two  George  Abbots,  contemporary  M.P.s — 
Adam  the  Carthusian  and  Adam  the  Scot — Elizabeth  Alkin, 
"  Parliament  Joan  " — Annie  of  Tharau — General  Benedict 
Arnold — Dr.  Barry,  Female  Army  Doctor — Beaeonsfield's 
Birthplace — Cardinal  Beaton's  Reputed  Marriage — Admiral 
Bligh — Bonaparte's  Attempted  Invasion  of  England — John 
Bond,  two  Puritan  Divines — Cresar  Borgia's  Parentage — 
Cobham  Brewer's  Monument — Robert  Bruce's  Heart. 

ECCLESIASTICAL    MATTERS. 

Collect  for  Advent  Sunday — Alfriston  Registers — Wood- 
carvings  at  Allhallows  the  Great,  Upper  Thames  Street — 
Cushions  on  the  Altar — Anchorites  and  Low  Side  Windows 
— Angels,  their  Traditional  Representation — Martyr  Bishop 
of  Armagh — Christian  Basilicas — Bell  Inscriptions — Bell- 
ringers'  Rimes — "Breeches,"  "Treacle,"  "Vinegar,"  and 
"  Wicked  "  Bibles — Bishops'  Signatures. 

FOLK-LORE  and  POPULAR  ANTIQUITIES. 

Acervation,  the  Custom — Animals  in  People's  Insides — 
Animals  Tried  and  Sentenced — Apple  Blossoms  in  Coffins — 
Wassailing  the  Apple  Tree  —  White  Gloves  at  Assizes 
— Cutting  Baby's  Nails — Baptismal  and  Marriage  Super- 
stitions— Bees — Bird  of  the  Soufricre  —  Bluebeard,  the 
Original — Borrowing  Days — Building  Customs. 


GENEALOGY  and  HERALDRY. 

Acts  of  the  Apostles  as  a  Christian  Name — Agnes  a  Fate- 
ful Name— Algernon,  its  Origin— Alias  in  Family  Names 
— Ancestors  Defined — Soldier  Ancestors — Andrews  Family 
of  Cornwall — Angier  or  Aungier  Family — Anglo-Saxon 
Heraldry — Arbuthnott  Family — Archer  Family — Armigerous 
Families — Arms  of  Continental  Cities,  and  of  Boroughs  and 
Dioceses — Foreign  Arms  in  England — "Bar  sinister" — 
Arms  of  Ulster  in  Baronet's  Shield — Bear  and  Ragged  Staff 
— Bibliography  of  Heraldry— Bulls  in  Coats  of  Arms — 
Borough  English  Succession — Bristow  Family. 

HISTORY:  ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH. 

Abbot  of  Westminster's  Plot,  1399 — Long  Administrations* 
— South  African  War,  Newspaper  Correspondents  Killed  and 
Wounded — King  Alfred,  the  Truth-teller  and  England's- 
Darling — Lines  on  Queen  Anne — Queues  worn  in  the  Army 
— Chain-mail  in  the  Army — King  Arthur's  Crown — The 
Indian  Mutiny  and  the  Athenceum — Duchy  of  Berwick — 
Boadicea  or  Boudicca — Anne  Boleyn's  Execution — Battle  of 
the  Boy ne— Britain  as  "  Queen  of  Isles  "  and  "Empress  of 
the  Main" — British  Academy,  its  Foundation  Members. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Short  a  v.  Italian  a — A  or  an  before  h  sounded — Accent 
and  Etymology — Accorder,  its  Derivation — Extraordinary 
Adjectives — Affection  and  Connexion,  their  False  Forms — 
African  Names,  their  Pronunciation  and  Derivation  — 
Alamains,  its  Meaning — "Alright"  for  "All  right"" 
— Erroneous  use  of  "And  which" — Anglo-Hebrew  Slang — 
Anglo-Saxon  Speech — Anyone  :  Everyone — Appendicitis — 
Peculiar  Use  of  "Arrived" — Barracked,  Colonial  Slang — 
Bask  Language  —  Bayard,  Horse-name  —  Bezique  —  Bird- 
eyed — Bletheramskite  —  Bonnet-laird  :  Cock-laird  —  Bride- 
wain,  its  Meaning — Bridge,  the  Card  Game,  its  Derivation. 

PROVERBS  and  QUOTATIONS. 

South  Africa,  "grave  of  great  reputations"  —  "  Devili 
walking  through  Athlone  " — "A  far  cry  to  Loch  Awe" — 
"  All  Cooper's  ducks  with  me  " — "  All  roads  lead  to  Rome  " 
— "Babies  in  the  eyes"  —  "Save  one's  bacon"  —  "Baff 
week  " — "  Be  the  day  weary  " — "  Beatific  vision  " — "Better 
to  have  loved  and  lost  " — "  Between  the  devil  and  the  deep 
sea" — "Blood  is  thicker  than  water" — "Box  Harry" — 
"Bristol  look  " — "  Broaching  the  Admiral." 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Achill  Island,  its  History — "Gibraltar  and  Malta"  at. 
Albert  Gate — Aldersgate,  its  Name — Aldgate  and  White- 
chapel — Amen  Court,  its  Name — Argh  as  Termination — 
Arundel  and  Ash,  Place-names — Meaning  of  "  Bailey  " — 
Ball's  Pond  Road  —  Barras,  Bayswater,  Beaulieu,  and 
Bibury  as  Place-names — Changes  in  Bream's  Buildings. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N°  4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


199 


AUTHORIZED    TO    BE    USED    BY 
BRITISH    SUBJECTS. 


THE      NATIONAL      FLAG, 

BEING 

THE  UNION  JACK. 

COPIES  OF 

NOTES  AND   QUERIES 

FOR  JUNE  30,  1900. 

Can  still  be  had,  Is.  li.  free  by  post,  containing  an  Account  of  the  Flag,  with 

Coloured  Illustration  according  to  scale. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES : — "Camera  Diana?" — Montaigne,  Webster,  and  Marston :  Dr.  Donne  and  Webster — 
Inscriptions  at  Lucerne — Bishop  Corbet's  Poems— Sir  Edward  Harley  and  Parliament — 
Grantham  Cross — R.  B.  Sheridan  :  Unprinted  Verses — Marriage  in  a  Shift — St.  Winifred  and 
the  Old  Pretender — Doggerel  Book-Inscriptions. 

QUERIES: — Nine  Men's  Morris — "Podike" — ■"  Lidgate  "  :  "Leap-gate" — '  Ursino  of  Navarre' — 
Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — "  G,"  Hard  or  Soft— Girl  sentenced  to  be  burnt  alive  :  Pressing 
to  Death — W.  G.  Webb,  Engraver — Desmond— Daniel  O'Connell's  Speech  at  the  Hill  of  Tara — 
"Ecce,  Tiberim  !" — -"Touching  wood  "—' The  Ritualist's  Progress' — Picture  of  a  Lady  and  her 
Son — John  Purnell. 

REPLIES  : — -Verify  your  references — "Plum":  Jack  Horner — Pledge  in  a  bumper — Beldornie  Press— 
"Rime"  v.  "Rhyme" — Plwbe  Hessel  and  Fontenoy — "Swerve" — Christian  of  Milntown — 
Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England  —  Eton  Swishing  —  Caparn  Family  of  Newark  and 
Lincoln  —  Preseren,  Slavonic  Poet  —  Book  Signatures  —  White  Family  of  Southwark — 
Heraldic — Col.  By,  R.E.  — Robin  Hood  in  French  —  "  Gula  Agusti "  —  "  Ikona,"  South 
African  Term  —  Order  of  the  Royal  Oak  —  American  Emigrants  —  John  Faucherreaud 
Grimke  —  Gordon  House,  Kentish  Town— Maiden  Road,  Stratford — "Breaking  the  Hag" — 
Cherry  in  Place-names — Abbey  or  Priory — Fleetwood  Brass  —  Gotham  and  the  'N.E.D.' — 
"  Pearl  "  :  its  Etymon — "  Up  "  :  its  Barbarous  Misuse — "  War  "  :  its  Pronunciation. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— 'Hakluytus  Posthumus '— 'The  Oxford  Degree  Ceremony '—' The  Problem  of 
Spelling  Reform' — '  Middlesex' — '  The  Quarterly  Review  ' — '  The  Scottish  Historical  Review.' 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES: — Capt.  Grindlay — Shakespeare's  Plays  :  Facts  and  Figures — Magdalen  College  School  and  the 
1  D.N.B.' — Land  lying  "  towards  the  sun  " — Cacophony  in  Titles — Eliana  :  "  The  Salutation  and 
Cat" — "  Quarterstaff  " — Fortune  Playhouse — L.  Cox. 

QUERIES  : — Perkin  Warbeck — Lord  Chancellor  Westbury— Duchess  of  Newcastle's  Allegories — George 
Almar,  Playwright — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Raleigh — Serpent  bound  to  the  Cross — 
St.  Welcome — Hertfordshire  Lord  Lieutenants — James  Hosking  :  Elizabeth  Vinnicombe — ■ 
"Crosse  cop'" — "  Mon  droit  "  =  Right  Hand — Wakefield  Apparition — "  Newgateers  "—Robert 
Dudley,  the  "  Noble  Impe  "—Wheel-Tracks  at  Naseby— Tan  Hill  Fair— Worshipful  Company  of 
Chancellors— Volunteer  Movement,  1798-1805— Waugh  Family—'  Thaumaturgia '— Galbraith— 
Wilberforce  University. 

REPLIES.— Virgil,  '.Kneid,'  I.  462— "  Sunken  Land  of  Bus"— "Plum":  Jack  Horner— "  Plum  "= 
Raisin— Burney  Family — Strode's  Regiment— Pennefather  :  Origin  of  the  Name— Bullim  :  its 
Locality — West's  Picture  of  the  Death  of  Wolfe— Looping  the  Loop — "  Cymru  "  :  its  Derivation 
—"Cere  Panis" — Anglican  Clergyman — Pincushion  Sweet — Scott's  'Guy  Mannering'  and 
'  Antiquary'— St.  Peter's  in  Chepe  :  St.  John  Zachary— "  Mininin,"  a  Shell— Tom  Thumb's  First 
Appearance  in  London — Catte  Street — Snakes  in  South  Africa — Sir  Thomas  More  sainted  by  a 
Bask — William  Dyer:  Rebecca  Russell — Fielding's  'Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  Lisbon,'  1755 — 
—Cherry  in  Place-Names — "  Red  Lion,"  Henley-on-Thames — Palm  Sunday  and  Hill-Climbing  : 
Church  Ales— Col.  Charles  Godfrey— Sea-Urchin— "  O  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be?" — 
St.  Edith— Clement's  Inn  Sundial — Death-Birds — Inscription  at  Constance — Chingford  Church — 
"  Pearl  "—St.  Charles  Borromeo. 

NOTESON  BOOKS:— "The  English  Hymnal'— '  Relics  of  the  Puritan  Martyrs,- 1593 '—' Northern 
Notes  and  Queries' — '  Home  Counties  Magazine' — Reviews  and  Magazines. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
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NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENJEUM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  SIR  FREDERICK  TREVES 'S 
HIGHWAYS  AND  BYWAYS  IN  DORSET, 
and  J.  MORRIS'S  MAKERS  OF  JAPAN. 


NOTICE. 


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this    I  tried   one,  and   have    every  reason   to   be 
perfectly  satisfied." 
Prices  (in  3  sizes):  10s.  6d.,16s.  6d.,  and  25s.  up  to  £20.  ■ 
Sold  by  Stationers  and  Jewellers. 
Write  for  Catalogue  with  Pictures  of  "SWANS." 
TIT  ABIE,   TODD  &  BARD, 

Head  Office— 79  and  80,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

(93,  Cheapside,  E.C. 
95a,  Regent  Street,  W. 
3,  Exchange  Street,  Manchester. 
37,  Avenue  de  1'Opera,  Paris. 
Brussels,  New  York,  and  Chicago. 


For  Acidity  of  the  Stomach. 
For  Heartburn  and  Headache. 
For  Gout  and  Indigestion. 


D 


INNEFORD'S 


M 


AGNESIA, 


For  Sour  Eructaticns  and  Bilious  Affections. 
A  Safe  and  most  effective  Aperient  for 
regular  use. 


200 THE    ATHENAEUM N°4112,  Aug.  18,  1906 


DUCKWORTH  &  CO^  PUBLICATIONS. 

"A    GREAT    EPIC." 

THE      DAWN      IN      BRITAIN. 

By  CHARLES  M.  DOUGHTY,  Author  of  « Travels  in  Arabia  Deeerta.'    Vols.  I.  to  IV.  ready.      4s.  M.  net  a  Volume. 
Early  Review  in  the  TIMES  LITERARY  SUPPLEMENT .— "  This  strong,  strange  poem  fulfils  aspirations. . .  .Heroic  duels,  closely  modelled  on  Homeric  fights  ;  bits  of  pagan 
iniythology,  like  Woden's  visit  to  the  abode  of  Hel ;  Brennus's  passage  of  the  Alps ;  the  Song  of  Sigor,  a  beautiful  version  of  the  myth  of  Crispin  and  Agygia,  which  we  should  have 

.liked  U  quote  in  full,  as  a  proof  of  Mr.  Doughty's  handling  of  an  idyllic  theme We  hope,  however,  that  enough  has  been  quoted  to  show  that  this  is  no  ordinary  poem,  such  as 

.minor  bards,  endowed  with  a  cultivated  taste  and  a  select  and  recondite  vocabulary,  could  write.     It  is  work  of  an  altogether  higher  order.     It  may  be  that  its  subject  and  manner 
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NEW     VOLUME     IN     THE     LIBRARY     OF     ART.-THE     "RED     SER I ES."-JUST  OUT,  48  Illustrations,  7s.  Qd.  net. 

THE     SCOTTISH     SCHOOL     OF     PAINTING. 

By  WILLIAM  D.  McKAY,  R.S.A.,  Librarian  to  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy. 
After  giving  an  account  of  the  precursors  of  the  Scottish  School  of  Painting,  1588  to  1798,  the  author  treats  of  the  art  of  Raeburn  and  Wilkie,  the  founders  of  the  Scottish  School  as 
such,  at  considerable  length,  and  traces  their  influence  through  their  followers.     Wilkie's  contemporaries  are  considered  separately  ;  and  the  rise  and  development  of  Northern  Land- 
scape.    The  young  men  of  the  forties  are  dealt  with  later  on  ;  and  the  last  part  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  a  survey  of  later  developments. 

THE  MUSEUMS  AND  RUINS  OF  ROME. 

By  WALTER  AMELUNG  and  H.  HOLTZINGER.     Map,  Plans,  and  270  Illustrations.     Edited  by  Mrs.  ARTHUR  STRONG.     2  vols.  10s.  net. 

Review  by  Mr.  Herbert  Paul  in  the  TRIRUNE  : — "  As  good  a  book  of  its  kind  as  could  well  be  imagined.    Erudite  without  being  pedantic.    Easy  to  hold  and  attractive  to  the 
Illustrated  with  excellent  photographs.     One  puts  them  down  with  mingled  feelings  of  admiration  for  what  they  have  achieved  and  wonder  at  the  riches  they  cannot  exhaust." 


•eye. 


"  Has  long  been  wanted.    There  has  been  nothing  quite  like  '  Ameluny  and  Holtzintjer,'  and  students  should  be  grateful. 
"These  little  books  are  without  their  match." — Academy. 


RAMBLES   IN   NORMANDY.     By  Francis   Miltoun,  Author  of  ■  Cathedrals  of 

Northern  France.'    With  very  many  Illustrations  from  Drawings  and  Sketches  by  BLANCHE  McMANUS.     9  Maps,  square  crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 

RAMBLES     IN     BRITTANY.      By   Francis    Miltoun.      Illustrated    by    Blanche 

McMANUS.     Uniform  with  '  Normandy.'    6s.  net. 

ENGLISH   WATER-COLOUR    PAINTERS. 

By  A.  J.  FINBERG.     50  Illustrations,  cloth,  2s.  net ;  leather,  2s.  M.  net. 
Based  chiefly  on  examples  easily  accessible.    A  popular  guide  to  public  collections  in  London. ^^^ 


BY  H.  BELLOC,  M.P. 

ESTO  PERPETUA:  Algerian  Studies  and  Impressions. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'THE  PATH  TO  ROME.' 
Illustrated  by  45  Drawings  and  Coloured  Frontispiece  by  the  Author.     5s.  net. 
"  Highly  picturesque  and  suggestive.    There  are  many  amusing  things,  and  queer,  gravely  told  stories,  in  the  style  of  'The  Path  to  Rome.'    Full  of  a  certain  fine  quality.    It  is  a 
iprose  poem.     Eloquent  and  lucid." — Daily  News. 

"  Unconventional  and  romantic.    Impressive  and  significant." — Standard. ___ 

THE    BEST    NEW    NOVELS. 

%•  "A  book  that  casts  a  spell."    "The  most  original  and  the  most  individual  book  one  has  read  for  many  a  day." 

"  A  charming  romance." 

KING  PETER.    By  Dion  Clayton  Calthrop.    With  Frontispiece.    6s. 

"Clever  and  subtle  records  of  the  principal  events  in  the  first  twenty-one  vears  of  a  romantic  young  king's  life." — Standard. 

"  How  he  came  to  the  throne  as  a  child,  and  how  he  learnt  to  fight  and  to' love,  and  to  use  and  enjoy  life— all  this  is  told,  both  its  joy  and  its  sorrow,  in  a  simple,  telling  way,  well 
maintained  throughout,  and  free  from  false  archaism." — Times. 

%*  A  yiYacious  and  humorous  motoring  story,  which  will  be  keenly  enjoyed,  not  by  motorists  only,  but  by  every  one 

who  appreciates  high  spirits  and  refined  humour. 

A  MOTOR-CAR  DIVORCE.    By  L.  Closser  Hale.  6s. 

Illustrated  by  over  30  Sketches,  10  in  Colour,  of  Scenes  en  route  in  Italy  and  France,  made  by  WALTER  HALE. 

*»*  The  thousands  who  have  made  the  acquaintance  of  "  Elizabeth,"  "  Ambrosine,"  and  "  Evangeline  "  will  welcome 

Theodora,  the  heroine  of  Elinor  Glyn's  New  Novel. 

BEYOND  THE  ROCKS.    By  Elinor  Glyn.    6s. 

"  Klinor  Glyn  is  said  to  take  every  one  of  her  characters  from  real  life.    Not  the  least  of  the  literary  charms  of  this  clever  lady  is  her  indisputable  intimacy  with  society  and  all  its 

"By  far  the  most  daring  novel  to  which  the  authoress  has  yet  put  her  pen. . .  .There  is  a  good  deal  of  power  in  the  tale  as  Mrs.  Glyn  tells  it.    It  will  enhance  the  author's  special 
.reputation,  and  will  be  widely  read." 

BEYOND      THE      ROCKS.  A  Love  Story 

BEYOND      THE       ROCKS.  by 

BEYOND      THE       ROCKS.  ELINOR    GLYN. 


NOW    ON    SALE    EVERYWHERE,    A    SIXPENNY    EDITION    OF 

THE  VISITS  OF  ELIZABETH.    By  Elinor  Glyn.    6d. 

Printed  in  New  Type  on  Good  Paper,  with  an  Illustrated  Cover. 
For  some  time  past  there  has  been  a  persistent  call  for  a  sixpenny  reprint  of  this  very  successful  booh,  which  is  still  in  yood  demand  in  6s.  form,  and  now 
in  its  fourteenth  edition.     It  will  certainly  be  one  of  the  most  popular  sixpenny  editions  this  summer. 

London :  DUCKWORTH  &  CO.  3,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C.        


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Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFUTK  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZIES   Ediuburgh.-Saturday  August  18,  1906. 


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No.  4113. 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  25,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWS 


B 


R    I    T    I    S    H 


M    U    S    E    U    M. 


—The  READING  HiMiMS  will  l>e  CLOSED  from  SATURDAY, 
September  1,  to  WEDNESDAY,  September  5,  inclusive. 

E.  MAUNDE  THOMPSON.  Director  and  Principal  Librarian. 
British  Museum,  August  '21,  1906. 


THE      LIBRARY     ASSOCIATION. 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter,  1S98.) 
President-Sir    WILLIAM    H.    BAILEY. 
The  TWENTY-NINTH  ANNUALMEETINGof  the  ASSOCIATION 
will  be  held,  by  invitation  of  the  Corporation  and  the  Public  Libraries 
and    Art    Gallery    Committee,    at     BRADFORD,    on    TUESDAY, 
September  4,  and  the  Three  Following  Days. 

Papers  will  be  read  and  Discussions  held  on  Bibliographical  Subjects, 
and  on  those  connected  with  the  Promotion,  Establishment,  and 
Administration  of  Libraries. 

Information  las  to  the  Association,  its  Work  and  Objects,  can  be 
obtained  from 

L.  STANLEY  JAST,  Honorary  Secretary. 
Whitcomb  House,  Whitcomb  Street,  Pall  Mall  Ease. 


N 


^prtfbitottt  Institutions. 

EWSVENDORS'    BENEVOLENT 

PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 


AND 


Founded  1839. 

Funds  exceed  27,0001. 

Office :  15  and  16,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  EC. 

Patron : 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  K.G.  K.T. 

President : 

The   LORD   GLENESK. 

Treasurer : 

THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 

OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1839  in  the  City  of 

London,    under  the  Presidency  of  the  late   Alderman   Harmer,  for 

granting    Pensions    and    Temporary    Assistance    to    principals    and 

assistants  engaged  as  vendors  of  Newspapers. 

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enjoy  its  beneBts  upon  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
guineas  for  life,  provfaed  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
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of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needine  aid  from  the  Institution. 
PENSIONS— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty-six,  the  Men 
receiving  -j-V.  and  the  Women  201.  per  annum  each. 

The  "Royal   Victoria   Pension   Fund,"  commemorating    the  great 
advantages    the    News    Trade  enjoyed  under  the    rule  of  Her  late 
Queen  Victoria,  provides  20i.  a  year  each  for  Six  Widows  of 
Newsvendors. 

Jbe  "Francis  Fund"  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25!.,  and  One 

«  Oman  20?.,  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 

who  died  on  April  6,  18S2,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 

oi   (lie  Athenamtn.     He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 

throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 

i  ben  existing  "Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 

years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  "Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  employ  is  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  25!.  per  annum  for 
one  man,  in  perpetual  and  grateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who 
died  May  lii.  1899. 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rulesgoverning  election  to  all  Pensions 

are.  that  each  Candidate  shall  have  been  (1)  a  Member  of  the  Institu- 

-  than  ten  years  preceding  application  ;  (2)  not  less  than 

fmyrivc  years  of  age  ;  (3)  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Newspapers  for  at  least 

ten  years. 

RELIEF.— Temporary  relief  is  given  in  cases  of  distress,  not  only 
to  Members  of  the  Institution,  but  to  Newsvendors  or  their  servants 
be  recommended  for  assistance  by  Members  of  the  Institu- 
tion. Inquiry  is  made  in  such  cases  by  Visiting  Committees,  and 
relief  is  awarded  in  accordance  with  the  merits  and  requirements  of 
each  case.  W.  W1LK1E  JONES,  Secretary. 


T 


HE    BOOKSELLERS'    PROVIDENT 

INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1887. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,0001. 
A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty-five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
'•r  its  equivalent   by  instalments',  and  obtain  the  right  to 
1  be  following  advantages  :— 
lom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 

'Mi  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

Kol  RTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  (Abbots  Langley,  Hntford- 
Ihln  for  aged  Members,  with  garden  produce,  coal,  and  medical 
attend e  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  bouse  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Lnnglcy 
for  the  use  of  Members  and  their  families  for  holidays  or  during 
convalescence. 

81  \  I'll    A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 
for  their  wives  ,,r  widows  and  young  children. 

EIGHTH.  The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  tHHcfits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

*  r'orf»rther  information  apply  to   the   Secretary    Ma.    GEORGE 
LARNLR,  28,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C 


(B&ucational. 


£<HURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

OHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal  Miss 
CATHERINE  I  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL   COLLEGE. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES  for  the  PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  M.B. 
EXAMINATION  (LONDON)  will  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  1. 
Fee  for  the  whole  Course  (One  Year)  10  guineas. 

SPECIAL  CLASSES  are  also  held  for  the  INTERMEDIATE  M.B. 
(LONDON),  the  PRIMARY  and  FINAL  F.R.e.S.,  and  other  Exami- 
nations. MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 


G  T.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

IO  PADDINGTON,  W. 

(University  of   London.) 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  1. 

The  Medical  School  provides  complete  Courses  for  the  Medical 
Degrees  of  the  Universities  of  London.  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and 
Durham  ;  for  the  Diplomas  of  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.  ;  and  for  the  Naval 
and  Military  Medical  Services. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  iM.B.Lond.l.  A  complete  Course 
of  Chemistry,  Physics,  and  Biology,  under  recognized  Teachers  of  the 
University,  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  2. 

SIX  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  in  Natural  Science,  value 
1461.  to  52Z.  10s.,  will  be  competed  for  on  SEPTEMBER  24-26. 

Calendar  and  full  particulars  on  application  to  the  DEAN. 

KING'S        COLLEGE,        LONDON. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
FULL  COURSES  for  MATRICULATED  STUDENTS  are  provided 
in  Arts,   Laws,   Science,    Engineering,    Medicine,    and    Theology    at 
Composition  Fees  ;  or  Students  may  attend  the  Separate  Classes. 
Preparation  for  all  Examinations  of  the  London  University. 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  :i. 
For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  SECRETARY. 
King's  College,  Strand,  W.C. 

WOMEN'S  DEPARTMENT.  KENSINGTON. 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  8. 
Apply  to  the  VICE-PRINCIPAL,  13,  Kensington  Square. 


QT.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL, 

kj  ALBERT  EMBANKMENT,  S.E. 

UNIVERSITY      OF      LONDON. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  3. 

The  Hospital  occupies  one  of  the  finest  sites  in  London,  and 
contains  60S  Beds. 

Entrance  and  other  Scholarships  and  Prizes  I  twenty-six  in  number), 
of  the  value  of  more  than  5007.,  are  offered  for  competition  each  year. 

Upwards  of  Sixty  Resident  and  other  Appointments  are  open  to 
Students  after  qualification. 

A  Students'  Club  forms  part  of  the  Medical  School  Buildings,  and 
the  Athletic  Ground,  nine  acres  in  extent,  situated  at  Chiswick,  can 
be  reached  in  forty  minutes  from  the  Hospital. 

A  Prospectus,  containing  full  particulars,  may  be  obtained  from  the 
Secretary,  Mr.  G.  Q.  ROBERTS. 

J.  H.  FISHER,  B.S.Lond.,  Dean. 


QT.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 

KJ  (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 

WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  1. 

Arrangements  having  been  made  for  instruction  in  the  Preliminary 
and  Intermediate  Subjects  il'hvsies,  Chemistry,  Anatomy,  and  Physio- 
logy) to  be  undertaken  by  the  University  of  London,  THE  ENTIRE 
LABORATORIES  AND' TEACHING  AT  THIS  HOSPITAL  AND 
SCHOOL  ARE  NOW  DEYoTED  To  INSTRUCTION  IN  THE 
SUBJECTS  FOR  THE  FINAL  EXAMINATIONS  (Medicine, 
Surgery.  Pathology.  ic.l.  Unequalled  facilities  arc  therefore  available 
for  CLINICAL  INSTRUCTION  AND  RESEARCH. 

Further  information  from 

F.  JAFFREY,  F.R.C.S.  Dean  of  the  School. 


c 


ITY     OF 


LIVERPOOL     SCHOOL    OF 

COMMERCE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LIVERPOOL. 


Two  Years'  Course  in  Higher  Commercial  Subjects :  Economics, 
Commercial  Law,  Geography  and  Methods,  Accountancy,  History, 
and  Languages. 

Prospectus  on  application  to  HON.  SECRETARY. 


u 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

NIVERSITY       COLLEGE. 


Provost-T.  GREGOR.    FOSTER,  Ph.D. 
FACULTY    OF    MEDICAL    SCIENCES. 

The  SESSION  1906-7  BEGINS  on  TUESDAY,  October  2,  1906. 


Physics 
Chemistry 


F    T.  TRoUToN.  M.A.  F  R.S.  i\  ice-Dean'. 
fSir  w    RAMSAY,  K.C.B.  fits. 

J.  NORMAN  col. LIE.  Ph.D.  F.R.S. 
IE.  C.  C.  BALY,  11  c. 
Botany         ..    V.  W.  OLIVER,  D.Sc.  F.RJ3. 
Zoology        ..    J.  P.  HILL.  D.Sc 
anatomy      ..    G.  D.  THANE,  I.I.  I'  (Dean). 
Physiology    ..     E.  II.  STARLING.  Ml).  F.R.S. 
Pharmacology    A.  It.  CUS1INY.  M.A.  M  D. 
Hygiene        ..     H.  R.  KEN  WOOD.  M.U.  D.P.H. 
Pathological     ly    IIA.HLEY,  M.D. 
Chemistry     / 
University  College  has  been  constituted  a  University  Centre  for  the 
Teaching  of"  the  Medical  Sciences. 

COURSES  "f  instruction  are  arranged  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  the  Intermediate  Examination  In  Medicine  of  the 
University,  as  well  as  for  the  corresponding  Examinations  of  the 
Examining  Board  ef  the  Royal  Colleges  at  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  other  Licensing  Bodies.  . 

Feet  tor  the  Preliminary  Scientific  Course.  2'  Guineas,  and  for  the 
Intermediate  (  vurso,  .,.-,  Guineas 

The  i:\AMIN  \TloN  foi  the  BUi  K M I.I.  SCHOLARSHIP,  of  the 
value  of  ISO  Guineas,  and  to,  the  ENTRANCE  exhibitions,  of 
the  value  of  .v.  Guineas  each.  coMMKNCE8on  SEPTEMBER  28. 

For  Prospectus  and  other  Information  apply  to  the  Secretary, 
University  College,  London  tGowcr  Street,  WC' 

W.  W.  SHTON,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
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York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHEN.EUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK, 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES  PINS. 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord,  Lyon),  PATJ,  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  11.  SMITH  &  SON,  218,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  de  Rivoli 


T 


HE      UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


FACULTIES  OF  ARTS  (INCLUDING  COMMERCE  AND 

LAW),  SCIENCE,  AND  TECHNOLOGY. 

The   NEXT  SESSION   will   BEGIN   OCTOBER   1.      Prospectus  of 

any  Faculty  may  be  had.  post  free,  from  the  REGISTRAR. 
Lyddon  Hall  has  been  licensed  for  the  residence  of  Students. 

BEDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON'. 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  \V. 

The  SESSION  VK6-1  will  OPEN  on  THURSDAY.  October  4. 

Students  are  requested  to  enter  their  names  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  :l. 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  Branches  of  General  and  Higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically,  they  form  a  Connected  and  Progressive  Course, 
but  a  Single  Course  in  any  Subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  in  preparation  for  all  Examinations'  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  in  Arts  and  Science,  for  the  Teachers'  Diploma 
(Londonl,  and  for  the  Teachers'  Certificate  (Cambridge);  and  also  a 
Special  Course  of  Scientific  Instruction  in  Hygiene. 

Six  Laboratories  are  open  to  Students  for  Prai  tical  Work. 

THREE  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  One  in  Arts  and Twoin 
Science,  will  be  offered  for  competition  in  JUNE,  1907.  The  Early 
English  Text  Society's  Prize  will  be  awarded  in  JUNE,  1907. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEA!  HERS. 

THREE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  SOI.  for  one  Year, 
are  offered  for  the  Course  of  Secondary  Training,  beginning  in 
JANUARY',  1807. 

The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  the  Best  Candidate  holding  a 
Degree  or  equivalent  in  Arts  or  Science. 

Applications  should  reach  the  HEAD  OF  THE  TRAINING 
DEPARTMENT  not.  later  than  DECEMBER  K. 


HASLEMERE,  SURREY.— COLLEGE  HILL 
SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. -Day  and  Boarding  School  in  one  of 
the  healthiest  parts  of  Surrey.  Home  care  and  Modern  Education. 
Visiting  London  Teachers.— Apr.lv  Principals.  Miss  A.  K.  HUTCHIN- 
SON, B.A.,  Miss  M.  HOLLAND.  AUTUMN  TERM,  SEPTEMBER  24. 


PREPARATORY    SCHOOL.  —  EDITOR   of    a 

JL  well-known  Journal  wishes  to  RECOMMEND  an  excellent 
PREPARATORY  SCHOOL  in  a  beautiful  pari  oi  Devonshire.  Terms 
moderate.  Advertisers  Two  Sons,  educated  there,  have  both  gained 
Scholarships  at  Public  Schools. — AddressLIBER,  Box  1146,  Athenxnim 
Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  B.I  . 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratis'.— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free 
of  charcc  on  receipt  oi  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  SMITH. 
PoWEEI.  &  SMITH,  School  Agents  established  L8S3),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand.  W.C. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  Information  relative  te 
the  Clio  UK  ,,f  SCHooI.s  fur  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  Invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  i 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THRING  a 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,   free  oi  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING.   Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  ut  Uppingham,  36,  Sackville  Street.  London.  W. 


Situations  Itarant. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
TNI\  ERSITY  OF  LONDON  . 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKEB  STREET.  LONDON    v. 
The  COUNCIL  Invite  applications  for  the  post    >:  PRINI  LPALof 

BEDFORD    COLLEGE      Salary  i    -.'.  :i  year,   with    I 

dene,  —  Part  icula  is  can  i«-  obtained  from  thi  SEi  RETARi    to  whom 

Testimonials  :md  Rebreli. as  should  besentono  0BER10. 


c 


] 


Y 


0      F 


HULL. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
The  above  COMMITTEE  mviteappli  I  HEAD 

MASTER  of  the  HULL  MUNICIPAL  8CHOOL  OF  ART. 
The  salary  offered  is  4001  per  annum. 
The  Gentleman  appointed  must  have  had  a  good  artistic  training, 

and  be  expel  jell'  "1   III  til'-  Hoi  k  of  a  S.  hOOl  of  Alt. 

A  Candidate  with  experience  of  Artistic  ''rafts  willlx  prefi 

particulars   "f   the  duties  and  conditions 
of   appointment,    may   be   obtained   from    the   undersigned   up  to 
AUGUST  to. 
Canvass jne  will  be  i  onsidi  r<  •'.  a  disqualification. 

J.  T    RILEY,  Secretary  oi  Education. 
Education  ofto  .  s,  Albion  Strei  t.  Hull, 
I 


202 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF      GLASGOW. 


CHAIR  OF  GREEK. 

The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
will  on  OCTOBER  4,  or  some  subsequent  date,  proceed  to  appoint  a 
PROFESSOR  to  occupy  the  above  Chair,  which  is  now  vacant. 

The  appointment  will  take  effect  as  from  OCTOBER  1,  1906. 

The  normal  Salary  is  fixed  by  Ordinance  at  1,0001.  The  Chair  has  an 
Official  Residence  attached  to  it. 

The  appointment  is  made  ml  vitam  ant  cutpam,  and  carries  with  it 
the  right  to  a  pension  on  conditions  prescribed  by  Ordinance. 

Each ;  Applicant  should  lodge  with  the  undersigned,  who  will 
furnish  any  farther  information  desired,  twenty  copies  of  his 
Application  and  twenty  copies  of  any  Testimonials  he  may  desire  to 
submit,  on  or  before  SEPTEMBER  22,  1906. 

ALAN  E.  CLAPPERTON, 
Secretary  of  the  Glasgow  University  Court. 

91  West  Regent  Street,  Glasgow. 

AST    HAM    PUPIL  -  TEACHER    CENTRE. 


E 


WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  for  the  above  CENTRE. 
Applicants  must  possess  a  Degree  in  Arts,  and  should  be  specially 
qualified  to  teach  Geography.  Preference  will  be  given  to  applicants 
with  successful  Secondary  School  experience.  Commencing  Salary 
150?.,  rising  by  101.  yearly  to  2001.— Applications,  on  the  special 
printed  Forms,  must  be  sent  in,  on  or  before  SEPTEMBER  10,  to  the 
SECRETARY,  Technical  College,  East  Ham,  E. 

ATTERSEA       POLYTECHNIC,       S.W. 


B 


The  GOVERNING  BODY  require  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  in  the  DEPARTMENT  of  ART  and  CRAFTS  from 
SEPTEMBER.  Commencing  Salary  130?. —  For  particulars  apply 
before  SEPTEMBER  8  to  the  SECRETARY,  sending  stamped 
addressed  envelope. 

BOLTON  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.— 
CLASSICAL  MISTRESS  REQUIRED  for  AUTUMN  TERM. 
—Please  address  Applications,  with  full  particulars,  to  Miss 
DYMOND,  Carrick,  Kirkcudbright,  N.B. 


H 


^itaaitona   Wianith. 

ONOURS  MAN  in  MODERN  LANGUAGES, 

recently  Lecturer  in  English  Literature  in  French  University, 
desires  post  a*s  LECTURES  in  FRENCH  or  ENGLISH  LITERA- 
TURE, or  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  to  M  EM  BKR  of  PARLIAMENT. 
Testimonials  and  references.— Box  1149,  Athenamm  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

POST  as  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  or  ASSIST- 
ANT desired  by  GENTLEMAN  holding  University  Diplomas, 
accustomed  to  Literary  and  Scientific  Work,  and  possessing  thorough 
and  intimate  knowledge  of  French  and  German.  Highest  references 
given  and  required.— Address  PUBLICIST,  Box  1151,  Athenajum 
Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

EXPERIENCED,  ENERGETIC  SHORTHAND- 
TYPIST  (Ladyl  desires  position,  preferably  SECRETARIAL, 
with  PUBLISHER  or  AUTHOR.  'Well  read,  good  knowledge  of 
French.  Punctual,  methodical,  good  memory.— L.  S.  S.,  Box  1150, 
Athenajum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

A  PPOINTMENT    WANTED.  —  TWENTY 

Xi-    YEARS'  EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  PUBLISHING  TRADE.- 

Advertiser,  intimately  acquainted  with  all  Branches  of  the  Business, 
and  well  known  to  Publishers,  DESIRES  ENGAGEMENT  with  a 
Publisher,  or  as  Traveller  to  a  Printer,  Binder,  Paper-Maker,  &c,  or 
as  Advertisement  Cr.nvasser.  Excellent  Testimonials.— Box  1141, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


AN  ACTIVE  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIST- 
ANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
18,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


iEisrfllatwoas. 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  IS.,  Box  106'J,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

O  KARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 

O  LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience. —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road.  Wimbledon,  S.W. 

/HOLDERS  GREEN 

CREMATORIUM,  N.W. 


Situated  in  extensive  and  well-laid-out  Grounds, 
about  half-an-hour's  drive  from  Oxford  Circus. 

Large  Chapel,  with  two-manual  Organ,  available 
for  any  form  of  Funeral  Service  or  Ceremonial. 

Columbarium   and   Grounds  for  the  permanent 
deposit  of  Urns  and  Monuments. 
LESS  COSTLY  THAN  BURIAL. 

Illustrated  Descriptive  Booklet  post  free  on 
application  to  the  SECRETARY. 

Offices:    324,    REGENT    STREET,    W. 
(near  Queen's  Hall). 

Telephone  :    1907  Gemini. 
Telegrams:  "Crematorium,"  London. 

ATHENAEUM    PRESS.— .JOHN    EDWARD 

J.\-  Francis.  Printer  of  the  Afhmaum,  Not.™  wndQueHu  Ac  is 
prepared  to  SUBMIT  estimates  for  all  kinds  .,f  rook  news 
and  PERIODICAL  PRINTING.— 18,  Breams  Buildings.  Chancery 
Line,  E.C. 


TYPE-WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS.,  Translations,  &c.  Legal  and 
General  Copying.  Circulars,  Ac,  Duplicated.  Usual  terms. 
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Hammersmith  Road,  W.  (Private  Address :  IS,  Wolverton  Gardens, 
Hammersmith.) 


TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


TYPE-WRITING.  — MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  rare.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TYPE- WRITING,  M,  per  1,000  words.  All 
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Carbons.  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
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TYPE-WRITING  of  all  descriptions  WANTED 
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A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

xL  ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
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XTORTHERN    NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 

J_N  KENDAL,  ENGLAND, 

Supplies  Editors  with  all  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 

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(ftatalogtus. 


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upwards  of  a  Century. 

BERTRAM  DOBELL, 

SECONDHAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER, 
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c 


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First  Editions  of  Writers  of  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Centuries ; 
al6o  Popular  Modern  Authors— Best  Editions  of  Standard  Works- 
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Also  a  CATALOGUE  of  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS  at  greatly 
reduced  prices. 

J.  4  E.  BUMPUS,  350,  Oxford  Street,  London. 


^aks  bg  Jlttrtion. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C,  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King 
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ttus,   &c. 


NEW  STORY  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF 
•ELIZABETH  AND  HER  GERMAN  GARDEN.' 

THE         CORNHILL  MAGAZINE 

for   SEPTEMBER  contains  the  first  Instalment  of  a  NEW 

SERIAL    STORY    by    the    Author  of  'ELIZABETH    AND    HER 
GERMAN  GARDEN,'  4c,  entitled  :- 

FRAULEIN      SCHMIDT      AND 
MR.    ANSTRUTHER: 

BEING  THE  LETTERS  OF  AN  INDEPENDENT  WOMAN, 
And  the  following  Contributions  :— 
CHIPPINGE.    Chaps.  25-27.    By  Stanley  J.  Weyman. 
FOR  BETTER,  FOR  WORSE.    By  Martin  Ross. 
RUSKIN  IN  VENICE.    II.    By  Count  Alvise  Zorzi. 
THE  BALLAD  OF  THE  WIZARD.    By  Margaret  L.  Woods. 

THE  FACE  OF  THE  LAND.    By  F.  Warre  Cornish,  Vice-Provost  of 
Eton. 

HOUSE-BREAKERS  IN  THE  ALPS.    By  D.  G.  H.-G. 

A   SCOTCHMAN    AT   MARS-LA-TOUR.    By  Baron  Campbell  von 

Laurentz. 
THE  ORIGIN  OF  LIFE.    By  W.  A.  Shenstone,  F.R.S. 

At  all  Booksellers'  and  Newsagents.     Price  ONE  SHILLING. 
London  :  SMITH,  ELDER  4  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


T 


HE     BUILDER     (founded     1842),     Catherine 

Street,  London,  W.C,  AUGUST  25,  contains  :— 
REASON  AND  TRADITION  ;  Architectural  Association  Excursion, 
to  Stamford  (Illustrated):  Isolation  in  Fever  Hospitals  ;  Light  in 
Dark  Rooms;  Roofs  (Student's  Column);  and  Illustrations  of 
Soldiers'  War  Memorial.  Birmingham  ;  S.  Chad,  Longsdon  (Interior) ; 
Fotheringhay  Church  ;  Part  of  St.  George's  Church.  Stamford  ;  Kirby 
Hall,  4c— From  Office  as  above  |4d. ;  by  post,  4j(/.),  or  through  an; 
Newsagent, 


THE     SURGICAL     AID     SOCIETY. 

Chief  Offices— SALISBURY  SQUARE,  FLEET  STREET,  E.C. 
Telephone  No. :  12282  CENTRAL. 

Patron-HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING. 

This  Society  was  established  in  1862  to  supply  Leg  Instruments,  Spinal  Supports 
Trusses,  Elastic    Stockings,  Artificial    Limbs,  &c,  and  every  other  description  of 
Mechanical  Support,  to  the  Poor. 

OVER  440  PATIENTS   ARE   RELIEVED  EVERY  WEEK. 

CONTRIBUTIONS    EARNE8TLY    80LICITED. 

Annual  Subscription  of  £0  10     6  \  Entitles  to  Two  Recommendations 
Life  Subscription  of  5     5     0)  per  Annum. 

Bankers — Messrs.  Barclay  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  54,  Lombard  Street. 

RICHARD  C.  TRESIDDER,  Secretary. 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


203 


LONDON      LIBRARY, 

ST.   JAMES'S    SQUARE,    S.W. 

Patron— HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING.    President.— The  Bight  Hon.  A.  J.  BALFOUR,  M.P. 
Vice-Presidents— The  Right  Hon.  VISCOUNT  GOSCHEN;  FREDERIC  HARRISON,  Esq.;  GEORGE  MEREDITH,  Esq.; 

ALFRED  RUSSEL  WALLACE,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 
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N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


205 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  25,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
Makers  OF  Japan 205 

The  Legend  of  Sir  Perceval 206 

Highways  and  Byways  in  Dorset 207 

The  Jewish  Encyclopedia         208 

The  Early  History  of  Printing       209 

Shakespearian^        210 

Our  Library  Table  (Additions  to  Census  of  the 
First  Folio  ;  A  Book  of  the  Rhine  ;  Germany  ;  In 
Thamesland  ;  The  Wellwood  Books  ;  The  Confes- 
sions of  an  Anarchist ;  The  Scots  Churches  in 
England ;  Book-Auction  Records)     ..        ..      212—213 

List  of  New  Books 213 

Miss  Sewell  ;    Other    William  Shakespeares  ; 

'The  Great  Revolt  of  1381'         ..        ..      214—215 
Litekary  Gossip       216 

Science— Books  on  Birds  ;  Engineering  ;  Gossip 

217—219 

Fine  Arts— Architecture  ;  Portraits  of  Mary 
Stuart;  Gossip 220—221 

Music— 'The  Tempest'  as  an  "Opera";    Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week 222—224 

Drama— Gossip 224 

Index  to  Advertisers      224 

- 

LITERATURE 


Makers  of  Japan.     By  J.  Morris.     With 
24  Illustrations.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Morris  has  put  together  a  readable 
book  on  the  making  as  well  as  the  makers 
of — not  Japan,  but  modern  Japan.  His 
materials  are  neither  abundant,  nor  of  first 
rate  authority  (he  nowhere  tells  his 
readers  what  they  are),  as  is  clear  from 
the  perfunctory  nature  of  the  biographies. 
But  he  gives  the  popular  view  of  Japanese 
history  and  statesmanship  during  the  last 
forty  years  accurately  enough,  and  this 
sort  of  record  it  is  which  has  practical 
value  at  the  present  moment.  Whether 
the  story  of  the  restoration  of  1867-8 
will  ever  be  known  is  doubtful. 
It  is  also  doubtful  whether  even  the 
materials  exist  upon  which  a  history  of 
that  capital  event  could  be  securely 
based.  The  southern  and  western  clans 
never  fully  accepted  the  domination  of  the 
Tokugawa  Shogunate.  The  seclusion  im- 
posed upon  the  country  in  the  seventeenth 
century  by  the  Yedo  Government — not  for 
religious  but  for  political  and  dynastic 
reasons — was  entirely  opposed  to  the 
wishes  and  genius  of  the  people.  Some 
sixty  years  later  Kaempfer  wrote  of  the 
Japanese:  "They  are. ..  .as. ..  .curious 
a  nation  as  any  in  the  world,  naturally 
inclined  to  commerce  and  familiarity  with 
foreigners,  and  desirous,  to  excess,  to  be 
informed  of  their  histories,  arts,  and 
sciences."  So  in  the  sixties  the  proximate 
cause  of  the  exacerbation  of  a  feeling  two 
centuries  old  was  the  disinclination  of  the 
Bakufu  (Yedo  Government)  to  allow  the 
western  clans  freedom  of  commerce,  and 
especially  to  hire  or  purchase  steamers  to 
convey  rice  by  sea  at  a  tenth  of  the  cost 
of  junk-freightage.  Hence,  as  soon  as  the 
jo-i  (down  with  the  foreigner  !)  cry  had 
served  its  turn,  the  new,  amplified,  and 


strengthened  Shogunate — for  such,  in 
effect,  the  Government  of  the  Mikado  was 
— initiated  the  policy  of  foreign  adapta- 
tion, which  then  again  became  as  possible 
as  it  had  been  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
which  has  since  proved  so  signal  a  success. 
Now  the  turning-point  in  the  history  of 
this  transformation  is  the  palace  revolution 
which  put  the  Mikado's  person  into  the 
wardship  of  the  western,  as  distinct  from 
the  eastern,  clans  in  1867.  The  people 
then  counted  for  nothing  ;  they  still,  in 
truth,  count  for  little.  The  palace  victory 
was  brought  about,  not  by  any  change  in 
public  opinion,  for  public  opinion  did  not 
exist,  but  by  the  astuteness  and  audacity 
of  the  leading  councillors  of  two  or 
three  among  the  principal  western  clans  : 
Kido,  a  Choshiu  man  ;  Okubo,  a  Satsuma 
samurai  ;  Count  Okuma,  a  native  of 
Hizen ;  and  the  Marquis  Ito,  also  a 
member  of  the  Choshiu  clan — to  name 
only  those  best  known  in  the  earlier  days 
of  the  present  regime.  Mr.  Morris's 
eulogies  of  these  men  may  seem  excessive, 
but  they  must  be  judged  from  a  Japanese 
standpoint.  Scarcely  any  of  the  difficulties 
which  confront  a  Western  statesman 
obstructed  the  course  of  the  Japanese 
revolution,  nor  were  any  really  funda- 
mental problems  of  government  raised. 
The  civil  war  of  1867-8  never  rose  above 
a  partisan  standard  ;  the  political  move- 
ment was  composed  largely  of  clan  and 
personal  intrigues,  and  the  men  who  ulti- 
mately came  to  the  front  were  just  those 
who  added  to  their  boldness  and  astute- 
ness an  insight  into  foreign  military  and 
administrative  modes,  that  was  in  them 
an  exalted  form  of  the  national  inclina- 
tion "  to  commerce  and  familiarity  with 
foreigners"  we  have  above  cited.  It  must 
be  added  that  the  success  of  the  western 
clans  was  also  largely  due  to  the  apathy, 
if  not  disloyalty,  of  the  Bakufu  officials — 
again  an  unexplained  feature  of  the  move- 
ment ;  and  the  final  establishment  of  the 
new  Mikadoate  was,  in  no  small  measure, 
brought  about  through  the  advice  and 
support  of  the  British  Minister,  Sir  Harry 
Parkes,  based  on  the  wide  knowledge  of 
Japan  and  the  Japanese  acquired  by  the 
Japanese  Secretary  of  the  time,  Mr.  (now 
Sir  Ernest)  Satow. 

Of  the  martyrs  of  "  Westernism  "  in 
Japan,  Fujita  Toko,  Sakuma  Shuri,  and 
Yoshida  Torajiro — of  all  of  whom  un- 
pleasing  portraits  are  given — the  story  is 
told,  but  not  very  convincingly.  It  is, 
however,  certain  that  Yoshida,  who  has 
become  the  hero  of  much  Occidental 
sentiment,  was  executed,  not  for  attempt- 
ing to  leave  the  country,  as  is  commonly 
supposed,  but  on  the  charge  of  plotting 
the  assassination  of  a  member  of  the 
Bakufu  Government.  Strangely  enough, 
his  followers  were  prominent  adherents 
of  the  jo-i  party.  Sakuma  Shuri,  a  man 
of  far  higher  value  and  a  sincere  advocate 
of  a  liberal  policy,  was  murdered  by 
ronins  in  1864.  Of  Fujita  we  do  not 
remember  the  fate,  nor  does  Mr.  Morris 
state  it. 

Among  the  makers  of  modern  Japan 
Kido  perhaps  is  the  most  famous.  Mr. 
Morris  tells  us  that,  "  as  became  a  samurai 


of  the  great  southern  province  [it  should 
be  western — Choshiu],  he  was  an  expert 
swordsman  and ....  one  of  the  most  pro- 
found scholars  of  his  time."  This,  of 
course,  is  common  form  ;  his  success  was 
due  not  to  swordsmanship,  still  less  to 
any  f  amiliarity  with  the  minutiae  of  Chinese 
literature,  but  to  his  astuteness  and 
audacity.  The  latter  quality  enabled 
him  to  give  the  western  party  the  control 
of  the  sovereign's  person  ;  the  former, 
to  unite  the  clans  of  Satsuma  and  Choshiu 
in  an  irresistible  opposition  to  the  Yedo 
Government.  To  him  too,  was  due  the 
great  renunciation  of  the  Daimyos  shortly 
after  the  revolution — there  is  throughout 
the  volume  a  distressing  absence  of  dates 
— and  of  him  many  stories  were  current, 
none  of  which  is  noticed  by  Mr.  Morris. 
One  (if  we  remember  rightly)  is  that,  to 
gain  a  knowledge  of  Western  ways,  he 
carried  about  the  instruments  of  a  British 
naval  surveying  party.  He  died  in  1875. 
Okubo  was  perhaps  the  most  enlightened 
man  of  the  early  Meiji  era.  It  was  he 
who  brought  the  Mikado  out  of  his  secular 
seclusion.  He  accompanied  the  Iwakura 
mission  in  1871,  of  which  Viscount  Hayashi 
was  secretary,  and  became  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs  on  its  return.  Although 
a  Satsuma  samurai,  he  vigorously  opposed 
the  muhon  (rebellion)  of  1877,  and  his 
reward  was  assassination — here,  again, 
dates  are  provokingly  deficient.  Okubo 
had  been  a  Tokugawa  official,  and  in  a 
memorandum  he  wrote  cites  an  interesting 
poem  he  addressed  to  Ii  Kamon  no  Kami, 
the  famous  Lord  of  Hikone  on  Lake  Biwa, 
an  early  friend  to  foreign  intercourse,  and 
murdered  as  such  in  1860.  The  poem  is 
printed  by  Mr.  Morris  : — 
However  numerous  and  diversified  the  nations  of 
the  Earth  may  be,  the  GOD  who  reigns  over 
them  all  can  never  be  more  than  one. 

The  name  of  Count  Okuma  is  almost 
as  familiar  in  the  West  as  that  of  the 
Marquis  Ito,  in  conjunction  with  whom 
he  inaugurated  the  railway  system  in 
Japan.  A  great  financier,  he  is  almost 
the  only  Japanese  speaker  who  can  be 
called  eloquent.  He  is  a  genial,  pleasant 
person,  but  seems  to  prefer  being  in  oppo- 
sition to  being  in  power,  and  has  some- 
thing of  the  reputation  of  a  candid  friend. 
Of  the  Marquis  Ito  we  have  not  left  our- 
selves space  to  say  much  :  he  is  the 
impersonation  of  the  Japan  of  to-day, 
yet  adheres  to  the  now  old-world  view 
that  the  Consitution  is  merely  a  grant 
of  grace  by  the  sovereign,  and  as  such  not 
open  to  comment.  The  present  reviewer 
heard  him  once  say  that  the  task  of  a 
Japanese  minister  was  not  difficult,  if 
only  he  strictly  obeyed  the  Mikado. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  chapter  in 
the  volume  is  that  on  '  The  Last  of  the 
Shoguns,'  Prince  Tokugawa  Keiki.  In  it 
will  be  found  a  good  summary  of  the  history 
of  the  downfall  of  that  dynasty,  and  an 
attractive  characterization  of  the  Prince 
himself,  who  for  nearly  forty  years  has 
lived  in  entire  seclusion  from  politics  at 
Shidzuoka,  where  he  is  greatly  respected. 
His  must  be  strange  thoughts,  indeed,  at 
times,  when  he  is  led  to  contrast  Japan  of 
to-day  with  the  Japan  of  his  young  man^ 


206 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


hood,  over  the  length  and  breadth  of  which 
he  wielded  absolute  power  in  virtue  of  his 
descent  from  the  great  Gongen  Sama,  the 
Light  of  the  East,  Tokugawa  Iyeyasu. 

The  portraits  in  the  volume  are  excellent, 
except  the  one  of  the  Mikado,  which  is  old 
and  hackneyed.  The  most  powerful  face 
is  perhaps  that  of  Iwakura  ;  of  the  Marquis 
Ito  the  portrait  is  extremely  good  ;  so  is 
the  very  genial  one  of  Count  Okuma  and 
his  wife.  Among  the  more  distinctively 
Japanese  faces  are  those  of  Prince  Sanjo, 
Marshals  Saigo  and  Oyama,  and  Baron 
Shibusawa.  Okubo  has  almost  a  Western 
expression.  Admiral  Togo  has  quite  a 
sailor's  look.  He  is  a  short,  stout  man, 
a  Japanese  of  the  Japanese,  not  credited 
with  much  love  for  the  foreigner,  taciturn, 
and  devoted  to  his  profession.  He  was 
present  at  the  bombardment  of  Kagoshima 
in  1864 — he  is  close  upon  sixty — perhaps 
that  experience  has  left  traces  he  cannot 
get  rid  of  ;  and  for  seven  years  he  was  in 
England  on  H.M.S.  Worcester  and  at  the 
Royal  Naval  College.  The  following  story 
of  him  is  characteristic  of  the  Old  Japan 
that  still  lives  in  the  New.  Before  the  fleet 
sailed  from  Sasebo  he  called  his  officers 
on  board  the  Mikasa,  "  and  addressed 
them  to  the  following  effect  :  '  We  sail 
to-night,  and  our  enemy  flies  the  Russian 
flag.'  On  a  tray  in  front  of  him  lay  one 
of  those  short  daggers  which  in  former 
times  were  used  to  commit  seppuku  (self- 
dispatch).  . .  .The  officers. . .  .understood 
his  meaning." 


The  Legend  of  Sir  Perceval :  Studies  upon 
its  Origin,  Development,  and  Position 
in  the  Arthurian  Cycle.  By  Jessie  L. 
Weston. — Vol.  I.  Chretien  de  Troyes 
and  Wauchier  de  Denain.     (Nutt.) 

The  efforts  of  many  foreign  critics  have, 
of  recent  years,  been  directed  to  proving 
that  the  "Matter  of  Britain "—  the 
Arthurian  Cycle — had  noconnexion  of  origin 
with  Britain  at  all.  They  hold  that  there 
is  no  genuine  Welsh  Arthurian  romantic 
legend.  The  tales  took  form  and  shape 
in  Armorica,  whence  they  came  to  the 
cognizance  of  the  most  famous  Northern 
French  poet,  Christian  of  Troyes,  who 
was  the  first  to  use  them  as  subject- 
matter  for  metrical  romance.  It  is  this 
position  which  Miss  Weston  sets  out  to 
examine  by  a  study  of  one  of  the  most 
important  branches  of  the  cycle — the 
story  of  Perceval. 

The  "  Matter  of  Britain  "  in  its  final 
form  consists  of  a  cycle  of  long  prose 
romances  :  '  La  Saint  Graal,'  telling  how 
the  Holy  Grail  came  to  Britain,  and  of 
the  line  of  Keepers  of  the  Grail ;  '  Merlin,' 
telling  of  the  adventures  of  Arthur, 
Gawain,  and  others,  and  the  wonders  and 
prophecies  of  Merlin ;  and  '  Lancelot,' 
including  the  '  Morte  Artur '  and  the 
'  Quest  of  the  Grail,'  the  latter  romances 
containing  the  latest  form  of  the  story 
of  Percival,  who  is  subordinated  in  them 
to  Galahad,  Lancelot's  son,  as  the  destined 
Grail-knight.  But  this  completed  cycle 
differs  greatly  from  the  early  forms  of  the 


story.  Not  only  does  it  bear  on  its 
surface  the  marks  of  frequent  interpola- 
tions and  inconsistencies,  but  there  also 
exist,  side  by  side  with  it,  numbers  of 
verse  and  prose  romances  giving  wholly 
different  versions  of  the  lives  and  adven- 
tures of  its  heroes.  Very  little  examina- 
tion of  these  is  required  to  see  that  the 
cycle  did  not  come  into  existence  as  a 
whole,  but  that  it  was  formed  by  the 
growth  of  several  independent  stories 
and  their  coalescence  with  the  semi- 
historic  account  of  the  life  of  Arthur,  the 
foundation  stories  being  those  of  the 
Grail,  Gawain,  Percival,  and  Lancelot. 

The  study  of  these  groups  of  romances 
— Miss  Weston  prefers  to  style  them 
legends,  at  the  expense  of  some  mental 
confusion — calls  for  some  variety  of  treat- 
ment ;  but  of  them  all,  three  only  are 
susceptible  of  textual  criticism,  com- 
bined with  a  study  of  their  origins,  with 
any  promise  of  a  successful  result — the 
Arthur,  Gawain,  and  Percival  romances. 
In  each  of  these  groups  we  have  a  number 
of  forms  of  the  story,  differing  from  each 
other  and  from  the  vulgate  form — that 
in  which  it  appears  in  the  completed 
cycle.  Miss  Weston  has  already  carried  her 
study  of  the  Gawain  stories  as  far  as  it  can 
be  profitably  carried  at  present,  and  now 
attacks  the  more  easily  solved  problem 
of  the  origin  and  development  of  the 
Percival  romances,  with  the  hope  of  show- 
ing that  they  are  derived  from  Celtic 
sources,  preserved  in  Wales,  and  trans- 
mitted by  the  agency  of  Welsh  bards. 

We  are  in  substantial  agreement  with 
the  author's  thesis,  and  think  that  her 
book  contains  much  that  makes  for  its 
proof  ;  but  we  confess  that  some  of  her 
writing  makes  us  despair  of  a  controversy 
in  which  arguments  of  such  a  kind  can 
be  brought  forward.  The  fact  is  that 
we  have  combined  in  one  person  a  writer 
whose  statement  as  to  the  content  and 
relations  of  a  manuscript  is  worthy  of  all 
trust,  another  who  is  apparently  incap- 
able of  feeling  the  romance  of  a  story, 
and  a  third  capable  of  the  wildest  dreams 
of  the  Gabriel  Rossetti  who  saw  in  the 
Charlemagne  romances  the  records  of 
Albigensian  synods.  We  had  already 
some  foretaste  of  her  feeling  for  romance 
in  her  '  Legend  of  Lancelot,'  where  she 

"  wonders  whether  the  whole  business  be 
not  as  platonic  and  artificial  as  the  love 
rhapsodies  of  the  would-be  poets  of  mediaeval 
Italy  [Dante  and  his  circle  !]  ;  but.  .  .  . 
Guinevere's  frantic  jealousy.  .  .  .forbids  this 
charitable  assumption.  It  is  quite  clear 
that  we  have  here  no  tale  of  the  genuine 
spontaneous  love  of  youth  and  maiden .... 
but  rather  the  account  of  the  liaison  between 
a  young  knight  and  a  lady,  his  superior  in 
years  and  station." 

A  similar  example  of  literary  insight 
occurs  in  the  '  Percival.'  Let  us  recall 
the  story  in  its  Welsh  form  in  the 
'  Mabinogion,'  where  Peredur  saw  the 
blood  of  the  wild  fowl  on  the  snow, 

"  and  stood  and  compared  the  blackness  of 
the  raven  and  tho  whiteness  of  the  snow 
and  the  redness  of  tho  blood,  to  tho  hair  of 
the  lady  that  best  he  loved,  which  was  blackor 
than  jet,  and  to  her  skin,  which  was  whiter 
than  the  snow,  and  to  the  two  rod  spots  upon 


her  cheeks,  which  were  redder  than  the  blood 
upon  the  snow.'* 

The  tale  goes  on  to  tell  how  he  overthrew, 
in  an  absent-minded  manner,  a  series  of 
knights  who  came  to  joust  with  him  while 
he  was  meditating  on  this  resemblance. 
We  hope  that  we  shall  not  be  considered 
to  be  warning  Miss  Weston  "  from  ground 
sacred  to  another  sex,"  as  some  unnamed 
critics  appear  to  have  done,  when  we  say 
that  it  would  never  have  occurred  to  the 
driest  German  professor  to  see  in  this 
story  of  a  youthful  extravagance,  which 
a  lady  cannot  be  expected  to  have  shared, 
"  three  mysterious  drops  of  blood,  the 
sight  of  which  plunges  the  beholder  in  a 
trance,"  or  to  search  the  pages  of  that 
monumental  tissue  of  absurdities,  Hecke- 
thorn's  '  Secret  Societies,'  to  discover  that 
if  any  one  only  knew  what  they  signified 
doubtless  they  would  mean  something. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  myth,  legend,  and 
literary  romances  belong  to  three  different 
stages  of  culture,  and  their  discussion 
should  be  carried  on  in  an  entirely  inde- 
pendent manner.  Because  Mr.  Harland 
wrote  a  book  on  '  The  Legend  of  Perseus,' 
which  was  a  legend,  and  traced  in  it  certain 
elements  of  myth,  Miss  Weston  has  written 
a  series  of  books  about  '  The  Legend  of 
Lancelot,'  which  is  not  a  legend,  and 
which,  indeed,  she  did  not  attempt  to 
prove  one,  only  trying  to  indicate  the 
existence  in  it  of  certain  legendary  motives. 
Now  she  is  writing  on  the  "sources  of 
'  The  Legend  of  Perceval,'  a  pure 
romance,  whatever  of  legend  may  be 
imbedded  in  it.  Her  work  suffers  from 
the  fact  that  no  general  editor  of  "  The 
Grimm  Library  "  seems  to  exist.  Such  an 
editor  might  have  told  her  that,  even  if  it 
were  true  that  the  incident  of  Gawain's 
finding  a  dead  body  on  a  bier,  surrounded 
by  wailing  women,  in  a  wasted  land  near 
a  castle  on  the  seashore,  exactly  resembled 
the  worship  of  Tammuz  or  Adonis,  it  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  question  as  to 
whether  the  Percival  story  arose  in  Wales 
or  Armorica,  unless  she  can  show  Tammuz 
worship  in  one  of  them  and  not  the  other. 
She  does  not  see  that  an  incident  which 
may  be  pregnant  with  meaning  in  a  myth 
may  serve  only  in  a  legend  as  a  hint  of 
probable  origin,  and  may  be  in  a  story 
entirely  accidental.  Let  us  have  our 
criticism  carried  on  in  proper  fashion.  We 
want  to  know  the  literary  history  of  the 
Percival  stories.  Christian  was  an  author 
using  materials  already  worked  over,  not 
a  primitive  bard  transforming  legend  into 
folk-lore,  and  Miss  Weston's  habit  of 
using  the  terminology  of  myth  in  her 
criticism  of  his  work  can  at  the  best  only 
inspire  suspicion  of  a  parti  pris.  An  in- 
vented story  may  contain  traditions 
among  the  material  used  for  its  invention 
without  our  being  able  to  treat  it  as  a 
legend  :  for  this,  the  tradition  must  be 
the  very  framework  of  the  story,  not  an 
incidental  embellishment.  One  must 
cross  a  river — Styx  or  another — to  enter 
the  under-world  in  myth,  no  doubt,  but 
in  a  romance  the  crossing  of  a  river  has 
no  more  intrinsic  significance  than  the 
crossing  of  a  heath,  a  forest  glade,  or  a 
waste  :    it  is  purely  incidental.     Three  is 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


207 


•a  magic  number,  but  the  three  days' 
tournament  in  '  Lancelot '  has  no  more 
significance  than  the  projected  three 
•days'  tournament  in  '  Ivanhoe,'  or  the 
three  spins  of  a  schoolboy's  coin. 

It  is  a  relief  to  pay  an  unfeigned  tribute 
to  Miss  Weston  in  the  part  of  her  work 
for  which  she  is  fitted,  and  which  in  reality 
forms  the  greater  portion  of  the  volume 
before  us.  She  has  spared  no  pains  to  get 
together  a  trustworthy  analysis  of  the 
work  of  Christian  and  his  continuer,  and 
we  hope  that  the  second  volume,  which 
is  to  examine  the  other  forms  of  the 
romance,  will  be  as  complete  and  thorough. 
If  she  will  only  abstain  from  proving  to  us 
that  she  has  read  '  The  Golden  Bough  ' 
and  Heckethorn's  work,  and  give  us 
plenty  of  comparative  tables  and  analyses, 
she  will  do  much  more  to  make  her  case 
clear  than  she  has  done  by  the  confused 
line  of  argument  she  at  present  adopts. 
We  have  no  objection  to  her  believing  (and 
proving  in  a  separate  book)  that  Arthur 
and  his  knights  "  preceded  the  birth  of 
history,"  but  we  hope  that  she  will 
keep  her  next  volume  within  the  range 
of  literary  history. 


Highivays  and  Byways  in  Dorset.  By 
Sir  Frederick  Treves.  With  Illustra- 
tions by  Joseph  Pennell.  (Macmillan 
&Co.) 

To  praise  one's  native  county  dulce  et 
decorum  est.  The  praise  of  Dorset  is  the 
theme  of  this  volume,  in  which  Sir  Fre- 
derick Treves  tells  us  what  most  to  admire 
in  that  pleasant  land  of  green  vales  and 
breezy  gorse-clad  down,  of  purple  heath 
and  rocky  coast.  In  '  The  Other  Side  of 
the  Lantern  '  our  author  showed  that  he 
possesses  an  observant  eye,  considerable 
powers  of  description,  and  a  vivacious 
style.  In  describing  the  highways  and 
byways  of  Dorset  he  writes  of  places  known 
to  him  from  childhood  ;  he  is,  literally, 
on  his  native  heath.  From  Shaston, 
standing  high  above  the  deep  pastures  of 
"  Blackmore's  blue-hilled  plain,"  to  where, 
full  south,  Portland  rears  its  rocky  heights 
from  out  the  blue  waters  of  the  Channel  ; 
from  the  moors  which  stretch  eastward 
along  the  Hampshire  border,  to  Golden 
Cap  and  the  cliffs  of  Lyme,  where  Devon 
continues  a  romantic  coastline  westward, 
all  is  familiar  to  our  author  ;  and  thus, 
with  the  facility  which  comes  of  knowledge, 
he  sometimes  gives  us  in  a  few  lines  a 
sketch  of  a  spot  which  is  so  true  that  we 
overlook  its  slightness,  and  wish  for  no 
detailed  description.  This  faculty  makes 
'  Highways  and  Byways  in  Dorset '  some- 
thing more  than  a  glorified  guide-book. 
Sometimes,  however,  Sir  Frederick's  Pega- 
sus seems  to  run  away  with  him,  as 
when  he  talks  of  "a  mumbling  grave- 
yard," and  "  a  motherly  porch,"  and 
tells  us  that  he  was  lulled  to  sleep"  by 
the  odour  of  a  blown-out  candle,  'in 
styling  an  old  pump  "self-conscious" 
and  speaking  of  "  The  Arc  de  Triomphe 
of  Dorchester,"  he  carries  his  fondness 
for  labelling  with  an  epithet  every  object 


he  meets  to  an  excessive  pitch.  Very 
early  in  the  book  our  author  is  fain  to 
refer  to  old  records,  and  to  quote  those 
who,  as  he  expresses  it,  "  dabble  with  the 
past,"  and  this,  we  think,  is  as  it  should 
be,  for  although  Dorset  has  never  been 
the  theatre  of  great  events,  several  well- 
known  characters  have  crossed  its  stage 
during  its  long  history,  and  traditions  of 
some  of  them  survive.  At  Wool  they  still 
speak  of  the  "  red  men  "  who  came  up 
the  Frome,  meaning  thereby  the  Danes  ; 
and  Maiden  Newton  has  not  forgotten  the 
lot  of  the  unhappy  peasants  who  took 
shelter  in  the  woods  round  about  after 
Sedgemoor,  whilst  at  Dorchester  memories 
of  Jeffreys  and  the  Bloody  Assize  still 
hang  thickly  round  the  judge's  lodgings 
in  High  Street,  and  in  the  Town  Hall  hard 
by  we  may  see  the  chair  in  which  he  sat. 
In  West  Dorset  we  can  trace  the  footsteps 
of  Charles  II.  after  Worcester  fight,  and 
mark  the  very  spot  where  he  doubled 
back  to  Broadwindsor,  and  so  escaped  his 
pursuers.  As  we  watch  the  ebb  and  flow 
of  history  we  realize  that  earlier  in  our 
national  life  Dorset  must  have  been  rela- 
tively much  more  important  than  it  is 
now.  Whatever  it  may  have  been  in 
Roman  times,  it  was  in  Saxon  days  a 
favourite  royal  hunting-ground.  Then 
come  gaps  of  oblivion  ;  by  and  by  we 
catch  glimpses  of  John  and  of  the  un- 
fortunate French  nobles  he  imprisoned 
at  Corfe  ;  we  follow  the  heroic  defence  of 
the  great  Purbeck  fortress  by  Lady 
Bankes  and  her  maidservants  ;  we  read 
of  the  "  malignancy  "  of  the  towns  in  the 
days  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  then  we 
come  to  unhappy  Monmouth  and  his 
landing  at  Lyme.  Once  more  the  curtain 
falls,  and,  except  for  the  visits  of  "  Farmer 
George  "  to  Weymouth,  Dorset  is  hardly 
heard  of  until  late  Victorian  times,  when 
it  reappears,  and  this  time  in  literature, 
of  which  more  anon. 

To  turn  now  to  some  topographical 
features  of  the  county,  the  picturesque 
villages  and  hamlets  "  so  hidden  in  green 
that  they  are  only  to  be  discovered  by 
their  rising  smofc  "  delight  our  author 
most.  In  reading  his  survey  of  them 
we  are  conscious  of  two  impressions,  both 
painful.  One  is  that  these  peaceful,  old- 
world  spots,  once  the  homes  of  men,  are 
fast  being  depopulated  ;  the  second  is 
that  they  are  being  sadly  disfigured  :  — 

"  In  the  West  of  Dorset  especially  the  use 
of  corrugated  iron  is  spreading  like  a  pesti- 
lence, so  that  it  would  seem  that  the  unique 
and  unrivalled  beauty  of  the  English  village 
will  soon  be  only  a  memorj'  of  the  past." 

After  reading  with  sympathy  of  the 
Aesthetic  horror  which  this  practice  excites 
in  our  author's  breast,  we  must  confess  to 
feeling  aghast  at  the  Philistine  suggestion 
contained  in  the  very  next  paragraph 
(p.  326),  wherein  Sir  Frederick  observes 
(but  surely  in  jest)  : — 

"  In  the  centre  of  the  village  of  Lei^h  is 
an  ancient  stone  cross,  the  shaft  of  which 
has  been  at  one  time  elaborately  carved. 
As  the  sculptured  figures  have  long  since 
faded,  and  as  the  pillar  may  appear  to  some 
to  be  untidy,  the  suggestion  presses  that  the 
poor  old  cross  should  at  least  be  granted  a 
coating  of  red  paint  "  [the  italics  are  ours]. 


But    whilst     he     finds     the     secluded 
villages  still  full  of  charm  (in  spite  of  their 
untidy  crosses),   the  towns   are  not  for- 
gotten.    He  describes  Blandford  Forum, 
with  its  dignified  Georgian  market-place  ; 
Shaftesbury,  wind-swept  (a  favourite  term 
of    our   author's)  ;     Sherborne,   with    its 
venerable     traditions,    its      school,     and 
its    beautiful  abbey  church  ;    Wimborne 
Minster ;      Weymouth,     with    its     broad 
sands  and  noble  sweep  of  bay  ;   Wareham, 
with  its  ancient  earthen  walls  ;    Bridport 
the   "  homely "  ;     and   to    each    he   does 
justice.     But  of  all  the  towns  of  Dorset, 
Poole  seems  to  possess  the  greatest  fascina- 
tion for  him.     Ille  prater  omnes  angulus 
ridet,     yet     probably     to     most     of     us 
Poole  on  its  mud  flats  is  one  of  the  least 
interesting  places  in  the  county.     Not  so 
to  our  author,  who,  with  his  mind's  eye 
sees  its  lanes  thronged  with  picturesque 
figures  :      "  Mahogany-faced     men     with 
pigtails    hanging    beneath    their    worsted 
caps,  and  with  monstrous  earrings  flapping 
by  their  cheeks,  lurched  along  with  kegs 
of  smuggled  brandy  on  their  shoulders," 
the  said  kegs  being  thereafter  hidden  in 
the  bracken  and  sandhills  around  Poole 
Harbour.     That     many-armed    inlet     he 
terms  "  a  melancholy  lagoon,"  but  such 
is  not  its  aspect  when,  filled  with  the  tide, 
its  still  waters' reflect  the  hues  of  sunrise, 
or   when,    as    evening    falls,    the    solemn 
Purbeck   hills   throw   their   soft   shadows 
on  its  lonely  shores.     We  do  not  agree 
with  our  author  in  thinking  that  the  cache 
found  at  Belbury  (not  Bulbury,  we  fancy) 
and  now  in  the  Dorset  Museum,  was  left 
there   by   smugglers.     We   should   assign 
a  far  older  origin  to  the  rusty  chain  and 
anchor  of  ancient  pattern,  closely  resem- 
bling  that   used   by   the   Veneti,    as   de- 
scribed   by    Caesar.     There    were    beads, 
also,  and  other  things  found  with  them, 
e.g.,  two  small  bronze  bulls  which  have 
puzzled  antiquaries.     The  resemblance  of 
the  last-named   to  objects  found  by  Dr. 
Schliemann,  and  displayed  in  the  National 
Museum  at  Athens,  is  remarkable.     There 
is  a  curious  bit  of  folk-lore  attaching  to 
this  Belbury  hoard,  to  be  found  in  the 
pages  of  Archazologia,  but  it  is  too  long  a 
story  to  quote  here. 

Dorchester  hardly  makes  the  figure 
one  looks  for  in  this  book.  Begirt  with 
noble  avenues  of  sycamore  and  chestnut, 
which  stand  where  the  old  walls  once 
stood,  Durnovaria  keeps  still  its  Roman 
amphitheatre,  and  hides  so  many  relics 
of  vanished  civilization  beneath  its  soil 
that  one  has  only  to  dig  a  few  feet  any- 
where to  find  "  dead  men  of  Rome  "  and 
the  tessellated  pavements  they  trod  upon. 
It  is  so  bright  and  pleasant  in  its  present 
aspect,  and  withal  so  steeped  in  memories 
of  the  past,  that  more  space  might  well 
have  been  devoted  to  it.  ,;  There  is 
little  doubt  that  the  embryo  of  the  town 
of  Dorchester,"  says  our  author,  "  stood 
within  the  great  ramparts  of  Maiden 
Castle."  But  as  to  that  there  is  a  great 
deal  to  be  said  ;  where  the  Aovviov  of 
Ptolemy  was  precisely  is  a  moot  point 
with  archaeologists.  Doubtless  on  the 
thousands  of  acres  of  arable  land  which, 
known  as  Fordington  Field,  encircle  this 


208 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


great  hill  fort,  a  large  Celtic  population 
once  flourished  ;   the  many  barrows  which 
have    survived    the    plough,    and    worse 
desecrators  than  it,  are  evidence  of  this. 
Probably  on  Poundbury — another  earth- 
work which   once  had   a   double   vallum 
around  it,  at  any  rate  on  three  sides,  the 
fourth  being  the  steep  escarpment  which 
overhangs  the  Frome — may  have  been  the 
first  stronghold  of  the  Aoi'/adiynyes,  for  it 
is  conveniently  placed  by  the  lake  which 
Sir  Frederick  notes  that  there  was  once 
under  Poundbury  ;   and  it  is  by  its  shores 
that  we  incline  to  look  for  this  embryo 
Dorchester.     Maiden    Castle    seems    later 
work,  and  may  well  have  been  one  of  the 
oppida  which  Vespasian  captured.     Such 
was  the  opinion  of  the  late  Henry  Moule, 
who  had,  as  Dorset  men  know,  made  a 
lifelong   study   of   the   locality.     He   was 
wont  to  point  to  the  unfinished  vallum  on 
the  south  side  as  proof  of  this  contention. 
More  prominence  might  have  been  given 
to  the  remarkable  geological  features  of 
Dorset.     The  county  is  classic  ground  to 
the  geologist,  as  well  it  may  be,  since  the 
whole  series  of  rocks  from  the  Lias,  with 
its  terrifying  saurians,  up  to  the  Tertiaries, 
with    their    tropical    plant-remains,    are 
shown.     The  names  of  the  leading  strata 
alone  would  convey  definite  information 
of  service  to  readers  by  way  of  filling  in 
the  outlines,  sometimes  rather  scanty,  of 
our  author's  descriptions.     From  the  land- 
slip at  Lyme,  with  its  tangled  growth  of 
vegetation  and  carpet  of  flowers  ;    from 
the  green  heights  of  the  Verne  at  Portland  ; 
from  Swyre  Head,  nearly  seven  hundred 
feet  above  the  sea,  whence  one  can  look 
right    down    into    the    Golden  Bowl    of 
Encombe  ;     and  from   Ballard   Down  in 
Purbeck,  whence  may  be  seen  the  wide 
waters    of   Poole   Harbour,    the    Bourne- 
mouth  chines,   and,   across   Christchurch 
Bay,  the  Xeedles  gleaming  white  in  the 
afternoon     sun — from     these     coigns     of 
vantage,  which  may  be  visited  in  two  or 
three  days,  we  can  see  as  in  a  map  all  these 
formations,    each   with   its   characteristic 
scenery. 

The  topographical  omissions  are  very 
few,  but  one  object  is  passed  by  without 
notice,  and  that  is  Portland  breakwater. 
This  is  neither  a  highway  nor  a  byway, 
it  is  true,  but  these  thousands  of  tons  of 
stone  torn  from  the  bowels  of  Portland 
by  convict  labour  and  hurled  into  the  sea 
make  it  a  remarkable  work.  Sir  Frederick 
discusses  the  interesting  problem  of  the 
movement  of  the  shingle  along  the  Chesil 
Beach,  but  upon  this  vexed  question  we 
must  not  enter. 

The  illustrations  to  the  book  are  numer- 
ous, but  unequal,  and,  on  the  whole,  some- 
what disappointing  ;  some  of  them  are 
trivial— for  example,  Portland  from  the 
mainland  ;  whilst  High  West  Street, 
Dorchester,  is  distinctly  misleading.  When 
we  see  on  the  cover  the  name  of  the 
illustrator  in  larger  letters  than  that  of 
the  author  our  expectations  are  natur- 
ally raised. 

The  worthies  of  whom  Dorset  has  a  fair 
share  are  not  a  feature  of  the  book, 
although  incidentally  we  learn  something 
of    most    of    them.     We    miss,    however, 


Mat  Prior  (to  be  sure,  his  birthplace  is 
doubtful,  though  Wimborne  claims  him, 
we  believe)  ;  whilst  Sir  James  Thornhill 
and  that  excellent  painter  Thomas  Beach 
are  not  mentioned.  Two  worthies  there 
are — one  happily  still  with  us — secure 
of  fame.  Both  are  writers,  and  they 
have  made  this  old-world  corner  a  land 
of  pilgrimage.  The  poetry  of  Barnes,  full 
of  wild-honey  sweetness,  the  fiction  of 
Mr.  Hardy,  rich  in  many  qualities,  have 
made  the  scenery  of  Dorset  familiar  to 
English-reading  folk  in  both  hemispheres. 
The  younger  writer  sat  literally  at  the 
feet  of  the  elder,  for  Mr.  Hardy  was  edu- 
cated at  Barnes's  school,  and  was  in  close 
touch  with  him  till  the  poet's  peaceful 
end  in  the  retirement  of  Came  Rectory, 
amidst  the  sights  and  sounds  he  loved  so 
well.  These  two  writers,  autochthones 
both,  have  enriched  our  literature  not 
merely  by  the  native  Doric  which  is  so 
largely  their  vehicle  of  expression,  but 
also  by  their  pictures  of  English  rural  life. 
They  differ  widely  in  their  treatment  of 
the  subject.  Barnes  does  not  attempt 
character-drawing  in  any  concrete  form 
— even  Miller'.  Bloom  is  as  much  a  type 
as  an  individual  :  he  knows  from  sym- 
pathetic and  lifelong  contact  the  peasants' 
joys  and  sorrows.  He  draws  children  at 
play,  chattering" groups  of  rustics,  village 
festivities,  the  phases  of  nature  and  the 
varying  occupations  which  the  year  brings 
with  it. 

Thus,  as  he  looks  upon  a  field,  he  sees 
it  as  a  spot 

Where  elems'  lofty  heads  do  drow 
Their  sheiides  vor  haymeakers  below, 

An'  wild  hedge-flowers  do  charm  the  soids 
0'  maidens  in  their  evenen  strolls. 


But  Mr.  Hardy,  whilst  he,  too,  often  paints 
Wessex  surroundings  with  a  minuteness 
and  facility  which  remind  us  of  the  Dutch 
artists  of  the  seventeenth  century,  has, 
besides,  a  power  of  close  psychological 
analysis.  With  Barnes  we  can  share,  if 
so  minded,  the  delights  of  country  life  at 
its  wholesomest  and  best.  Mr.  Hardy 
is  rather  impressed  by  the  narrow  lot  and 
restricted  horizon  of  the  peasant.  Neither 
of  these  painters  of  Arcadia  draws  it  as 
it  really  is — some  of  the  darkest  shadows 
are  left  out ;  but  let  us  not  upbraid  them 
for  that. 

This  digression  has  led  us  somewhat  far 
afield,  but  the  pages  of  Sir  Frederick 
Treves's  attractive  book  abound,  and 
fittingly  abound,  in  allusions  to  the  writers 
we  have  been  discussing,  and  it  would  be 
hard  to  write  about  Dorset  without  refer- 
ence to  William  Barnes  and  Thomas  Hardy. 


The  Jewish  Encyclopedia  :  a  Descriptive 
Record  of  the  History,  Religion,  Litera- 
ture, and  Customs  of  the  Jewish  People 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present 
Day.  —  Vol.  XII.  Talmud  —  Zweifel. 
(Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company.) 

We  congratulate  Messrs.  Funk  &  Wagnalls 
on  the  completion  of  their  immense  under- 
taking within  the  comparatively  short 
space    of    five  years.      It    was    certainly 


no  light  task  to  pass  so  quickly  through 
the  press  twelve  bulky  volumes,  each 
exceeding  seven  hundred  large  pages,  and 
each  embodying  a  vast  amount  of  most 
varied,  freshly  collected  information.  Not 
that  speed  is  in  a  matter  of  this  kind  a 
virtue  in  itself.  It  only  becomes  such  if 
allied  to  a  sufficient  degree  of  compre- 
hensiveness and  accuracy.  But  though 
we  are  not  prepared  to  say  that  the 
encyclopaedia  before  us  comes  very  near 
the  ideal  that  one  may  form  of  a  compila- 
tion of  this  kind,  it  is  sufficiently  full  of 
important  and  interesting  facts,  and  suffi- 
ciently free  from  the  grosser  forms  of 
error,  to  deserve  some  special  commenda- 
tion on  the  score  of  quick  workmanship. 
Only  publishers  and  editors  who  embark 
on  similar  undertakings  can  possibly  know- 
all  the  difficulties — literary,  financial,  and 
technical — which  rise  up  to  hamper  pro- 
gress at  almost  every  step  ;  and  the  present 
encyclopaedia  has  probably  had  even 
more  than  the  ordinary  share  of  difficulties 
to  contend  against.  Its  six  hundred  and 
five  contributors  included,  among  others, 
American,  Australian,  Austro -Hungarian, 
Belgian,  Chinese,  Danish,  Egyptian,  Eng- 
lish, Italian,  Russian,  and  Turkish  writers. 
All  these  widely  scattered  elements  had 
to  be  controlled  by  a  central  body  of 
editors.  Many  papers  had  to  be  first 
translated  into  English,  and  the  New 
York  editors  had  no  doubt  from  time  to 
time  to  prepare  articles  at  almost  the  last 
moment  on  account  of  failures  in  original 
arrangements.  If  to  all  this  be  added 
the  preparation  of  no  fewer  than  2,464 
illustrations  which  accompany  the  letter- 
press, the  magnitude  of  the  task  now 
accomplished  with  so  reasonable  a  degree 
of  success  will  become  still  more  apparent. 
Some  remarks  on  the  general  character 
of  the  '  Encyclopedia  '  will  be  found  in 
our  reviews  of  vols.  i.  and  ii.  {The  Athe- 
nceum,  August  24th,  1901,  and  Septem- 
ber 13th,  1902),  to  which,  on  account  of 
the  freshness  of  the  subject,  we  allotted 
more  space  than  to  our  notices  of  sub- 
sequent volumes.  We  shall  therefore 
now  only  emphasize  our  impression — an 
impression,  indeed,  which  no  intelligent 
reader  of  the  work  can  fail  to  carry  away 
with  him — that  the  '  Encyclopedia  '  faith- 
fully reflects  both  the  separatist  and  the 
cosmopolitan  side  of  Jewish  character, 
Jewish  thought,  and  Jewish  history.  The 
intimate  association  of  these  two  seem- 
ingly irreconcilable  tendencies  in  the 
Jewish  race  appears  at  first  sight  a  puzzle 
of  a  unique  kind  ;  but  the  same  puzzle, 
though  in  a  much  less  startling  form,  is 
to  be  met  with  in  all  nations  and  even 
individuals.  Personal  and  national  cha- 
racteristics fortunately  show  as  a  rule  a 
wholesome  tendency  to  interaction,  and, 
if  possible,  association  with  surrounding 
influences.  The  Jews  can,  however,  justly 
claim  to  be  the  chosen  people  in  this  sense, 
at  any  rate,  that  in  them  the  general  cha- 
racteristics of  humanity  (the  good  and 
bad  alike)  appear  in  more  pronounced 
outlines  than  are  probably  to  be  found  any- 
where else.  The  Jewish  race  has  been, 
and  still  is,  a  strongly  marked  type  of 
struggling,   bustling,   failing,   persevering, 


N°4il3,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


209 


self-contradictory,  and  ever  freshly  in- 
vigorated humanity.  The  historical — 
one  might  almost  say  scientific — interest 
thus  remains,  even  if  the  religious  element 
were  discarded  ;  and  no  one  can  doubt 
that  the  Jewish  problem  is  as  perplexing 
and  interesting  now  as  it  has  ever  been. 

Turning  to  the  contents  of  the  conclud- 
ing volume  of  the  '  Encyclopedia,'  we 
shall  make  only  a  few  brief  remarks  on 
some  of  its  more  important  contributions 
in  their  alphabetical  order.  In  the 
article  '  Talmud,'  with  which  the  volume 
opens,  Prof.  W.  Bacher,  of  Budapest,  gives 
a  comprehensive  and  very  useful  account 
of  both  the  Babylonian  and  Palestinian 
work  of  that  name  ;  and  this  contribution 
is  followed  by  papers  on  '  Talmud  Com- 
mentaries,' '  Talmud  Hermeneutics,'  and 
'  Talmudic  Law,'  by  other  competent 
writers.  The  article  '  Targum,'  which 
follows  a  little  further  on,  is  also  by  Prof. 
Bacher.  There  is  a  well-illustrated  series 
of  papers  under  the  heading  '  Temple,' 
by  Mr.  J.  D.  Eisenstein,  of  New  York,  and 
others.  '  The  Testaments  of  the  Twelve 
Patriarchs '  are  treated  by  Mr.  F.  C. 
Conybeare  and  Prof.  Kaufmann  Kohler. 
'  Theology,'  from  the  Jewish  orthodox 
point  of  view,  has  been  assigned  to  Rabbi 
J.  Z.  Lauterbach,  office  editor  of  the 
'  Encyclopedia.'  Passing  over  a  number 
of  other  interesting  papers  of  varied  con- 
tents, we  come  to  '  Turkey,'  by  Dr.  Mary 
W.  Montgomery,  of  New  York.  The 
articles '  on  Typography,'  by  M.  Franco,  of 
Gallipoli,  Turkey,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs, 
are  profusely  illustrated  ;  but  it  would 
have  been  wiser  to  draw  the  illustrations 
more  largely  from  old  and  rare  books, 
leaving  out  printed  works  which  are  found 
on  the  shelves  of  even  private  libraries 
of  any  size.  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs  also  has 
a  long  article  on  '  United  States,'  and  a 
shorter  one  on  '  Universities.'  Among 
the  subsequent  contributions  will  be  found 
useful  papers  on  '  Venice,'  '  Vienna,' 
'  Warsaw,'  '  Weights  and  Measures,'  &c. 
The  article  '  Yemen  '  is  too  short.  The 
famous  cabalistic  treatise  '  Sefer  Yezirah  ' 
is  discussed  by  Prof.  Louis  Ginzberg,  of 
New  York,  a  short  paper  signed  by 
Prof.  Kohler  preceding  this  article.  The 
last-named  scholar  assumes  that  the 
'  Sefer  Yezirah  '  mentioned  in  the  Talmud 
is  not  identical  with  the  work  commonly 
known  by  that  name  ;  but  he  advances 
no  proof  in  favour  of  this  theory.  Prof. 
Ginzberg's  paper  is  pretty  comprehensive, 
but  it  is  based  on  the  imperfect  data  found 
in  printed  books.  Manuscript  sources 
reveal  other  points  of  view.  A  biography 
of  Mr.  Israel  Zangwill,  accompanied  by  a 
portrait,  is  supplied  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs. 
'  Zionism '  is  treated  by  Prof.  Richard 
Gottheil,  of  New  York,  himself  an  ardent 
Zionist. 

We  have  in  our  notices  of  different 
volumes  of  the  '  Encyclopedia  '  pointed 
out  shortcomings  of  divers  kinds.  There 
is  now  and  then  a  want  of  proportion 
in  the  space  assigned  to  articles  ;  and  the 
omission  of  a  certoin  number  of  topics  was, 
perhaps,  unavoidable.  The  publishers  may, 
possibly,  see  their  way  to  issue  later  a 
supplementary  volume  containing  indexes, 


additions  and  corrections,  and  a  number 
of  fresh  articles.  Such  a  course  would  in 
our  opinion  be  desirable.  If  the  pub- 
lication of  additional  volumes  of  the 
kind  was  found  practicable  in  connexion 
with  our  own  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography,'  it  ought  not  to  be  difficult 
in  the  present  case.  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs's 
'  Guide  '  to  the  '  Encyclopedia,'  which 
accompanies  the  concluding  volume,  can 
at  best  serve  only  a  temporary  purpose, 
and  was  no  doubt  put  forward  with  such 
an  object. 

In  the  meantime  we  gladly  recommend 
the  '  Encyclopedia  '  to  the  reading  public. 
It  should  be  found  on  the  shelves  of 
all  great  libraries,  and  it  should  also  be 
purchased  by  all  those  who  aim  at  the 
collection  of  a  good  representative  private 
library. 


Histoire  economique  de  V Imprimerie. — 
Tome  I.  Sous  Vancien  Regime,  1439- 
1789.  Par  Paul  Mellottee.  (Paris, 
Hachette  &  Cie.) 

A  happy  inspiration  has  led  a  member  of 
the  great  French  printing  firm  of  Mellottee, 
reviving  in  some  sort  the  customs  of  the 
craft  guilds,  to  produce  a  test-piece  before 
himself  entering  on  the  duties  of  a  master 
printer.  We  can  heartily  congratulate 
him  on  a  work  of  deep  interest  to  all  who 
concern  themselves  with  the  history  of 
printing  and  printed  books.  This  first 
volume  treats  of  the  art  in  France  as  it 
was  carried  on  under  the  conditions  of  the 
Middle  Age — restrictions  which  survived 
through  the  growing  commercial  system 
till  they  were  swept  away  by  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  relations  of  printing  to  the 
royal  authority  and  its  guild  regulations 
having  been  fully  considered,  the  author 
passes  on  to  a  most  valuable  examination 
of  the  organization  of  labour,  closing 
with  a  full  bibliography  of  the  subject, 
confined,  however,  to  works  of  French 
origin. 

When,  after  the  sack  of  Mainz,  the  early 
printers  sought  to  gain  a  footing  in  the 
book-markets  of  Europe,  they  had  to  face 
a  well-organized  and  powerful  trade  which 
their  competition  menaced  with  destruc- 
tion. To  the  6,000  transcribers  and  illu- 
minators of  Paris,  for  example,  it  was  a 
question  of  their  livelihood,  and  only  after 
a  bitter  struggle  did  the  royal  protection 
turn  the  scale  in  favour  of  the  new  art. 
Its  dependance  on  the  king  was  entire  ; 
on  one  occasion,  Francis  I.  even  forbade 
the  printing  of  any  book  in  the  country 
(1534),  and  the  doctrine  "  the  print  is  the 
king's  in  all  countries  "  was  nowhere  more 
effectually  enforced  than  in  France.  But 
another  authority  exercised  control  over 
the  press — the  University  of  Paris — and 
it  was  to  the  theological  faculty  of  this 
body  that  the  power  of  the  censure  was 
first  entrusted.  In  1503  the  king's  per- 
mission to  print  was  also  made  necessary  ; 
and  in  1024  four  royal  censors  were 
appointed,  the  right  of  censure  being  taken 
away  from  the  theological  faculty  in  Km.'}. 
The  author's  chapters  on  permitted  books, 
copyright,  and  the  police  of  the  book-trade 


are  an  able  summary  of  what  is  known  on 
the  subject. 

When  printing  was  introduced  into 
Paris,  the  booksellers  were  already  organ- 
ized as  the  Guild  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist, 
and  the  printers  naturally  formed  part  of 
it.  But  by  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury the  need  for  a  more  powerful  organ- 
ization was  felt,  and  in  1018  the  Com- 
munity of  Printer- Booksellers  was  sanc- 
tioned by  the  king,  its  members  being 
restricted  to  exercise  their  profession  in 
the  University  Quarter.  Their  quarrels 
with  the  bookbinders,  who  used  to  send 
their  wives  out  to  sell  books  on  the  Pont 
Neuf,  and  later  the  struggle  between  the 
printers  and  the  booksellers,  are  told  at 
some  length  ;  and  then  an  attempt  is  made 
to  describe  the  conditions  of  life  of  the 
apprentices,  journeymen,  labourers,  and 
master  printers.  We  must  express  some 
surprise  here  that  M.  Mellottee  has  not 
made  use  of  Retif  de  la  Bretonne's 
'  Monsieur  Nicolas.'  Whatever  opinion 
we  may  hold  of  Retif's  veracity  in  the 
main  object  of  his  autobiography,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  value  of  his 
description  of  the  hfe  of  a  printer's  appren- 
tice at  Auxerre,  and  of  a  journeyman  at 
Paris.  With  this  before  him,  no  one  need 
write  :  "II  est  bien  difficile  de  se  faire 
une  idee  precise  de  la  situation  materielle 
et  morale  de  l'apprenti  sous  l'ancien 
regime."  Nor  would  the  author  have  been 
so  sceptical  as  to  the  "  compagnons " 
passing  from  place  to  place  in  search  of 
work,  if  he  had  read  Retif's  account  of  his 
own  travels,  and  the  way  in  which  he 
found  employment. 

Every  one  familiar  with  the  traditions 
of  a  printing  house  knows  that  it  is  one 
of  the  most  cherished  legends  of  the 
"  chapel  "  that,  by  some  forgotten  law, 
compositors  are  gentlemen  and  entitled 
to  wear  swords.  M.  Mellottee  does  not 
give  any  reference  for  his  statement,  but 
he  twice  refers  to  it :  "  L'imprimerie 
n'etait  point  metier,  e'etait  un  art,  et  les 
imprimeurs  portaient  l'epee  "  ;  "  Les 
compagnons ....  arriverent  a  se  faire 
dormer  le  titre  de  bourgeois  de  Paris, .... 
et  persisterent,  malgre  les  edits,  a  con- 
server  l'epee  au  cote."  The  well-known 
engraving  of  a  printing  office  after  Stradan 
in  1590  certainly  shows  the  foreman 
compositor  at  work,  dagger  in  sheath,  and 
his  sword  resting  against  the  pillar  at 
the  back  of  the  case.  Another  interesting 
point  brought  out  by  the  author  (who  does 
not  seem  to  attach  any  importance  to  it) 
is  the  extraordinary  amount  of  work 
expected  from  pressmen  in  the  sixteenth 
century  :  they  worked  habitually  (as  shown 
by  some  law  proceedings)  from  two  in 
the  morning  to  eight  or  nine  at  night.  In 
the  seventeenth  century  the  hours  were 
reduced,  and  in  1050  the  day's  work  was 
settled  as  2,500  sheets  in  black,  or  2,200 
in  red  and  black  (these  demanding  greater 
care  in  registration),  ''provided  they 
worked  with  greater  care  than  they  had 
hitherto  shown."  When  one  considers 
that  the  printing  was  done  on  a  screw 
press,  this  rate  is  almost  incredible,  yet  in 
1054  it  was  raised  to  2,700  ;  and  in  1571  it 
had  been  3,500.     At  the  time  of  Guten- 

9 


210 


THE    AtitEN^tJM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


berg  the  rate  of  production  was  about 
300  per  day. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  follow  the 
author  in  all  the  points  of  interest  he 
raises  in  the  course  of  the  work.  Facts 
and  figures  abound,  though  naturally  they 
refer  to  the  latter  portion  of  the  period. 
Prices  are  given  for  all  the  equipment  of 
the  printing  house — presses,  type,  ink, 
paper — and  for  labour.  On  some  technical 
questions  we  can  hardly  agree  with  M. 
Mellottee.  Thus  he  says  that  "  au  debut 
de  l'imprimerie  on  ne  connaissait  point 
encore  l'interhgne."  He  even  infers  from 
the  '  Manuel '  of  Fertel  (eighteenth  cen- 
tury) that  leads  were  unknown  at  that 
period,  since  the  compositor  is  directed 
to  take  up  the  line  of  type  between  two 
rules  of  wood  to  distribute  it.  Actual 
proof  in  such  a  matter  is  difficult  to  produce, 
and  the  effect  of  leading  may  have  been 
produced  by  setting  a  line  of  quads  alte- 
nately  with  a  line  of  type  ;  but  there  is 
no  doubt  that  type  was  "  leaded  "  early 
in  the  sixteenth  century  in  England, 
and  very  little  that  this  was  done  more 
rarely  in  the  fifteenth.  We  ourselves 
have  remarked  the  presence  of  the 
"  quads  "  used  for  "  leading  "  in  com- 
paratively early  printing. 

Still  less  can  we  agree  with  M.  Mellottee 
on  questions  of  taste.  The  fundamental 
weakness  of  French  typography  is  summed 
up  in  these  phrases  : — 

"  Les  regies  de  bon  gout  ne  preoccupaient 
pas  encore  l'imprimeur  des  premiers  siecles. 
La  composition  etait  compacte,  presque 
sans  alineas,  le  titre  courant  etait  contigu 
a  la  page  ;  en  un  mot,  la  lumiere  faisait 
defaut." 

We  leave  them  without  a  word  of  comment. 
In  the  table  of  the  introduction  of  printing 
into  France,  Salins  should  be  dated  1483, 
and  Metz  was  not  then  (1482)  a  French 
city. 

In  conclusion,  we  have  to  thank  M. 
Mellottee  for  a  most  important  contribu- 
tion to  the  general  history  of  printing, 
which,  while  covering  much  of  the  ground 
occupied  by  Radiguer's  '  Maitres  Impri- 
meurs  et  Ouvriers  Typographiques  '  (1900), 
has  a  well-marked  individuality.  We 
shall  look  for  the  remainder  of  the  work 
with  interest,  and  wish  the  author  in 
return  a  better  appreciation  of  the  taste 
of  his  predecessors — the  first  master 
printers. 


SHAKSIMOAKHANA. 


The  Works  of  William  Shakespeare.  10  vols. 
—  Vols.  III.  to  V.  (Stratford-on-Avon, 
Shakespeare  Head  Press.) — This  admirable 
and  luxurious  edition  is  advancing;  steadily, 
and  well  justifies  a  continuance  of  the  regard 
we  expressed  (Jan.  14th  and  June  17th,  1905) 
for  the  first  two  volumes.  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen's 
name  does  not  appear  on  t ho  title-page,  but 
it,  is  well  know /i  1  hat  t  he  text  and  the  general 
supervision  of  the  edition  are  due  to  his  care 
and   scholarship.      The   beautiful,  clear  type 

is  absolutely  free  From  misprints,  so  far  as 
wo  have  been  able  to  test  it  ;  and  a  pro- 
longed study  of  the  text  endorses  our  good 
opinion  of  Mr.  Bullen's  judgment  and 
scholarship.     It  seems  a  pity  that  his  labours 

should  be  restricted  to  a  limited  edition  such 
us  this,  and  we  hope  he  will  reprint  his  text 


in  a  less  expensive  form,  preferably  in  three 
volumes,  which  afford,  perhaps,  the  most 
convenient  division  for  Shakspeare's  ample 
store  of  plays.  Textual  criticism  is  tedious 
for  the  ordinary  reader,  but,  at  the  risk  of 
being  dull,  we  must  again  call  special  atten- 
tion to  Mr.  Bullen's  skill  in  this  line. 

Relying  on  the  authoritative  versions 
preserved  for  us  in  the  First  Folio  and  else- 
where, lie  shuns,  like  the  modern  editor  of 
an  ancient  classic,  the  easy  but  doubtful 
path  of  emendation.  He  retains,  for 
instance,  in  '  Twelfth  Night,'  II.  v.,  "  the 
lady  of  the  Strachy  "  ;  but  in  the  same 
play  he  is  not  so  pedantic  as  to  print  in 
prose  the  lines 

Jove  knows  I  Love : 

But  who  ? 
Lips,  do  not  move ; 

No  man  must  know, 

which  appear,  as  we  quote  them,  with 
Capell's  effective  punctuation. 

A  little  later  in  the  same  scene  we  think 
the  adoption  of  Hanmer's  "  staniel  "  for 
"  stallion  "  perfectly  justified  by  the  wording 
of  the  rest  of  the  line.  A  conjecture  like 
this  stands  on  a  different  footing  even  from 
happy  ingenuities  such  as  that  associated 
with  Falstaff's  end,  which  have  no  context 
to  make  them  certain  or  contemptible. 
We  are  accustomed  to  regard  early  print- 
ing as  a  leisurely  affair,  but  as  a  matter 
of  fact  (as  we  have  just  pointed  out) 
in  Shakspeare's  day  compositors  had  to 
work  at  so  great  a  speed  that  they  cannot 
be  blamed  even  for  more  serious  errors,  and 
doubtless  Mr.  Bullen,  who  is  editor  and 
publisher  as  well  as  scholar,  has  had  to  seek 
out  and  correct  such  vagaries  in  this  century 
of  improved  printing.  In  the  next  scene 
(Act  III.  sc.  i.l.  64)  there  is  a  pleasant  flavour 
of  antiquity  about  the  Clown's  "  I  will 
conster  to  them  whence  you  come,"  a  form 
of  "  construe  "  which  is  well  established  not 
only  in  the  best  sources  of  Shakspearean 
text,  but  also  in  later  literature.  In  the 
Clown's  song  at  the  end  of  the  play,  which 
has  a  charm  for  us  in  spite  of  its  crudity, 
and  seems  pertinent,  rather  than  a  stopgap 
ending,  such  as  the  plays  of  Euripides  pre- 
sent, we  should  be  almost  inclined  to  print 
"  a  little  tine  boy,"  after  Prof.  Skeat's 
note  in  these  columns  (July  21st,  1900). 
But  after  all  "  tine  "  is  a  novelty  to  the 
present  day,  and  was  virtually  the  same 
thing  as  "  tiny."  We  are  tempted  to  discuss 
further  cruces,  spellings,  and  punctuations, 
but  we  do  not  think  that  the  judicious  among 
our  readers  will  need  a  fortification  of  their 
verdict  concerning  this  edition,  if  they  are 
among  the  fortunate  few  who  have  secured  it. 

An  interesting  feature  of  each  volume  is 
tho  frontispiece,  a  portrait  of  Shakspeare. 
We  have  here  the  Stratford  bust,  a  repro- 
duction of  the  painting  in  the  Shakspeare 
Memorial  Gallery  of  Stratford,  and  the  Ely 
House  portrait.  The  second  of  these — 
generally  called  the  "  Drocshout"  painting,  as 
being  the  supposed  original  of  the  engraved 
portrait  printed  on  the  title-page  of  the  First 
Folio — is  the  most  interesting,  and  will 
doubtless  receive  duo  attention  from  Mr. 
M.H.  Spielmann when,  as  recently  announced, 
he  studies  Shakspearean  portraiture  for  this 
edition. 

In  a  Handbook  to  Shakespeare'' s  Works 
(Hell)  Mr.  Morton  Luce  has  collected  a  good 
deal  of  value  as  to  tho  sources  of  the  plays 
and  poems,  the  extant  testimony  concerning 
them,  and  the  circumstances  of  their  appear- 
ance. IJut  we  have  found  his  book  irrital  ing 
for  two  reasons.  He  has  not  the  gift  of 
arrangement  ;     he   is    perpetually   referring 

in  the  text  from  one  page  to  another,  or 
from  this  book  to  his  '  Handbook  on  Tenny- 
son.'  Consequently  no  one  can  get  a  clear 
view    of    all    that   is   imparted   without   an 


amount  of  turning  to  and  fro  which  is  dis- 
concerting. A  second  objection  to  the  use 
of  this  book  is  that  the  compiler  does  not 
apparently  know  what  true  conciseness 
(a  quality  essential  in  a  single  book  about 
the  whole  of  Shakspeare)  means.  He  does 
not  keep  to  the  point,  and  we  come  across 
repeated  raptures  of  commendation,  which 
are  out  of  place  in  such  a  manual.  Thus 
we  read  concerning  the  Sonnets  that 

"though  we  listen  not  among  these  sonnets  for 
the  soul-animating  strains  of  Milton,  they  are  ful- 
filled indeed  with  a  music  as  sweet  as  love  and 
deep  as  death ;  we  may  find,  also,  and  that 
abundantly,  Shakespeare's  ever  felicitous  and 
pictured  phrase,  his  splendid  vision  of  imagery, 
that  cunningest  colour-art  of  language,  a  brother 
to  that  sister  art  of  melody,  begotten  like  her  of 
inspiration  and  contemplation,  twin-born  with  her 
to  become  the  most  divine  utterance  of  the  human 
soul." 

The  writer  goes  on  : — 

"This  praise  is  by  no  means  excessive,  and  I 
will  take  the  opportunity  of  pointing  out  that  in 
addition  to  the  above  magnificent  elements  of  pure 
poetry,  we  have  in  Shakespeare's  plays  the  yet 
sweeter,  fuller,  and  grander  music  of  blank  verse, 
the  profoundest  philosophy  of  all  the  ages,  and  a 
dramatic  power  that  is  at  once  the  astonishment  of 
every  reader  and  the  despair  of  every  writer." 

What  we  seek  in  a  '  Handbook  '  is  a  critical 
survey,  not  a  rhapsody,  and  we  are  bound 
to  confess  that  we  have  found  the  '  Critical 
Remarks  '  attached  to  the  notice  of  each 
play  generally  disappointing.  We  take  two 
instances  at  random,  '  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  '  and  '  Lear.'  We  are  glad  to  notice 
that  Mr.  Luce  takes  the  first  to  be  a  comedy  : 
that  is  something.  But  we  find  him  vague 
about  Shylock.  It  is  of  little  use  to  tell  us 
that  much  has  been  written  about  the  Jew, 
and  that  his  character  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine. The  question  to  which  we  want  an 
answer  is,  Was  Shylock  a  comic  character 
or  not  ?  It  is  surely  germane  to  the  problem 
to  state  that  up  to  the  time  of  Macklin  lie 
was  presented  in  a  comic  light.  The  remarks 
of  our  dramatic  critic  on  Irving's  celebrated 
performance  of  the  character  at  the  Lyceum 
in  1879  may  be  right  or  wrong,  but  they 
at  least  present  a  definite  view,  which  is 
better  than  vague  suggestions.  As  for 
Portia,  when  she  says  that  she 

Is  an  unlesson'd  girl,  unschool'd,  unpractis'd, 
we  do  not  think  of  feminine  education,  but 
we  recall  FitzGerald's  reply  to  a  letter  of 
Fanny  Kemble  : — 

"  You  wrote  me  that  Portia  was  your  beau-ideal 
of  womanhood — Query,   of   Ladyhood'/     Por   she 

had not  been   tried.      Would    she   have  done 

Jeanie  Deans'  work  ?  She  might,  I  believe :  but 
was  not  tried." 

The  writer  seems  similarly  vague  as  to 
Cordelia.  To  dilate  on  the  nobility  and 
value  of  her  example  and  the  rewards  of 
altruism  is  otiose,  it  was,  we  think,  worth 
while  to  point  out  the  immense  effect  which 
Shakspeare  has  created  in  a  very  few  words. 
All  but  the  closest  studonts  of  tho  play  will 
be  astonished  if  they  sum  up  the  total  of 
Cordelia's  lines,  and  realize  its  brevity.  As 
to  the  question,  Was  she  clear  of  afiapria  ? 
"  T  believe  that  she  is  a  little  self-willed,  and 
this  small  spot  is  a  birthmark  from  the 
father."  wrote  a  great  poet  whose  view  is 
backed  by  a  solid  commentator.  Edgar 
has  a  better  fate  than  Cordelia,  but  Edgar 
showed  a  forethought  which  she  lacked  in 
her  attack  on  England.  Mr.  Luce  holds  that 
"  certainly  Cordelia  is  without  blemish  and 
without  spot,"  in  spite  of  opinions  to  the 
contrary,  lie  adds  that  she 
"  is  Shakespeare's  ideal  of  dcro/ion  (and  therefore 

a  woman) ;  she  is  the  embodiment  (and  there  are 

many  such  in  the  play)  of  a  love  loftier  than  the 
sexual,  wider  than  that  of  the  family,  human- 
divine  ;  for  tho  love  of  humanity,  as  it  broadens 


N< 


4113,  Aug.  25, 


1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


211 


into    the    love    of    God,    is    the    theme    of    this 
marvellous  drama." 

We  do  not  consider  this  a  good  summary. 
To  us,  so  far  as  the  play  has  any  discernible 
system  of  ethics,  it  is  more  Stoical  than 
Christian,  and  we  are  more  in  accord  with 
Prof.  Dowden's  doubts  as  to  its  meaning 
(well  expressed  in  his  '  Shakespere  :  his 
Mind  and  Art  ')  than  with  so  confident  and 
comprehensive  a  judgment  as  that  given 
above. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Mr.  Luce  in- 
cludes a  '  Bibliography,'  but  we  think  he 
might  have  had  the  courtesy  to  present  living 
authorities  at  any  rate  with  their  initials. 
He  fails  to  mention  any  of  the  recent  reprints 
of  the  Folios  in  facsimile,  and,  priding  him- 
self as  he  does  on  the  brevity  of  his  list,  he 
need  not  surely  have  informed  the  intelligent 
that  there  are  a  host  of  publications  "  which 
may  be  ascertained  tlu"ough  the  medium  of 
some  Shakespeare  catalogue."  We  cannot 
help  thinking  that  a  judicious  friend  could 
have  done  much  for  the  book  by  recommend- 
ing the  removal  of  these  and  other  ex- 
crescences. 

Shakespeare  and  his  Day  :  a  Study  of  the 
Topical  Element  in  Shakespeare  and  in  the 
Elizabethan  Drama.  By  J.  A.  De  Roth- 
schild. (Arnold.) — This  is  a  prize  essay  with 
the  limitations  of  such  compositions.  Mr. 
De  Rothschild  has  evidently  read  a  great 
deal  of  Shakspeare,  a  good  deal  of 
his  contemporaries,  and  some  selec- 
tions from  modern  criticism.  He  has 
grouped  his  nondescript  gleanings  in 
fairly  good  order,  and  he  talks  about  them 
in  generally  good  English,  though  he  occa- 
sionally lapses  into  Euphuism,  and  at  other 
times  into  rodomontade.  If  the  writer 
had  waited  till  time  had  ripened  his 
judgment,  he  might  have  taken  up  his  essay, 
revised,  corrected,  and  contracted  it,  and 
made  of  it  a  really  good  book.  It  is  not 
such  at  present. 

The  main  proposition  seems  to  be  that 
writers  hitherto  have  not  duly  followed  the 
"  topical  "  elements  in  Shakspeare  and  his 
contemporaries,  that  these  are  many  and 
illuminating,  and  that  it  has  been  left  for 
the  present  essayist  to  find  the  clue  to  their 
intended  meaning.  But,  in  the  first  place, 
nearly  every  critic  who  has  written  on  the 
text  or  art  of  Shakspeare  has  already  fol- 
lowed such  lines,  more  or  less  ;  and,  in  the 
second  place,  to  these  writers  Mr.  De  Roth- 
schild owes  all  the  allusions  that  are  of  any 
value.  He  considers  that  moderns  deny  the 
topical  element  in  Shakspeare  because  it  is 
discreditable  to  his  genius,  and  that  it  is 
difficult  to  accept  it  because  modern  plays 
are  "  not  topical  "  (a  disputable  supposition). 
Time  has  made  us  lose  the  traces  of  many 
such  allusions.  We  do  not  know  enough 
of  history :  "  Until  a  more  complete 
equation  of  history  with  the  drama  is  ob- 
tained, these  allusions  will  continue  to  be 
passed  over."  In  order  to  find  them  "  one 
must  drench  oneself  thoroughly  in  the  hopes, 
the  aspirations,  and  the  temper  of  the  time." 

Having,  it  Is  to  be  supposed,  thus  drenched 
himself,  the  writer  divides  the  topical  allu- 
sions into  the  particular  and  the  general, 
the  first  being  always  intentionally  inserted, 
and  therefore  of  much  more  help  in  follow- 
ing the  workings  of  the  mind  and  art  of  the 
dramatist.  Mr.  De  Rothschild  occasionally 
treats  of  other  dramatists,  but  we  must 
restrict  our  attention  to  the  main  subject. 

"  Matters  of  high  import  wero  often 
dragged  on  to  the  English  stage  in  spite 
of  royal  prolubitions."  "Curious  political 
shreds,  too,  were  often  appearing  before  the 
footlights."  It  is  noted  that  "  while  dedica- 
tions were  invariably  couched  in  honeyed 
superlatives,"   stage   compliments   to  sove- 


reigns were  calm  and  moderate  :  "It  could 
have  been  from  no  unwillingness  to  bend  the 
pregnant  hinges  of  tie  dramatic  knees." 
The  references  to  Elizabeth  are  given 
from  '  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  '  and 
the  prophecy  in  '  Henry  VIII.'  ;  but  the 
author  adds  a  novel  allusion  to  her 
in  the  character  of  Lady  Macbeth  :  "  both 
killed  a  royal  guest,  and  in  both  cases 
the  sovereignty  passed  to  the  son  of  the 
murdered  victim."  As  amusingly  original  is 
his  discovery,  in  '  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,'  of  Leicester  as  "  Cupid  all  armed  " 
fluttering  undecidedly  between  the  Queen 
("the  cold  moon")  and  the  Countess  of 
Sheffield  ("  the  earth  "),  till  his  bolt  fell  on 
the  Countess  of  Essex  ("  the  little  western 
flower  ").  But  he  also  finds  Leicester 
framed  in  another  setting :  "  All  Shake- 
speare's histories  even  were  manipu- 
lated to  yield  definite  pronouncements  on 
current  politics."  "  Thus,  while  Leicester's 
exactions  and  enclosures  lived  in  memory,  he 
threw  off  '  Henry  VI.'  and  '  Richard  IT.,'  " 
in  the  former  of  which  the  Duke  of  Suffolk 
represented  Leicester.  "  When  the  country 
was  impatient  under  the  subterfuges  of 
Burleigh,"  Shakspeare  put  forward  '  Richard 
III.'  "  When  plots  and  machinations 
threatened  to  revive  the  days  of  Throgmorton 
and  Babington,  when  the  papists  held  out 
their  hands  to  Philip  of  Spain,"  then  came 
'  John  '  and  '  Henry  VI.'  "  '  Henry  V.' 
was  a  political  placard  for  Essex,  to  show 
how  righteous  and  great  achievement  could 
overwhelm  all  outlying  questions  of  the 
succession."  Elsewhere  our  author  finds 
Essex  as  "  Thane  of  Cawdor."  and  also  as 
Theseus  in  '  Midsummer  Night's  Dream.' 

To  write  a  book  about  Shakspeare  and 
his  day  without  knowing  the  life  of  the  Earl 
of  Southampton  is  foolish.  Mr.  De  Roth- 
schild dates  '  Macbeth  '  "  when  the  gossips 
had  not  yet  left  off  talking  about  the  release 
of  Southampton,  that  ardent  friend  of  Queen 
Mary  Stuarts."  Does  he  not  know  that 
Mary's  supporter  died  in  1581,  leaving  his 
son  an  earl  at  eight  years  old  ?     Again  : — ■ 

"  With  regard  to  Southampton,  whose  figure 
looms  large  in  that  age  of  patronage,  a  possible 
reference  seems  to  occur  in  Shakespeare's  dedi- 
catory notices  to  his  two  great  narrative  poems." 

He  does  not  consider  Southampton  the 
beautiful  youth  of  the  Sonnets  (no  wonder, 
if  he  reckons  him  of  the  age  of  Mary's 
supporter).  But  he  thinks  a  faint  compli- 
ment is  implied  to  him  in  '  Romeo  and  Juliet,' 
where  the  Nurso  will  not  allow  that  Romeo's 
name  began  with  the  vile  letter  R — South- 
ampton's name  being  Wriothesley  ! 

Mr.  De  Rothschild  is  at  first  "  almost 
certain,"  and  later  becomes  quite  certain, 
that  Justice  Shallow  is  a  bold  sketch  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lucy.  In  this  ho  shows  his  reading 
of  books  similar  to  his  own,  but  not  of  the 
life  of  the  Stratford  magnate.  The  "  coat- 
of-arms  identification  "  was  not  inserted 
in  the  play  until  after  Lucy's  death.  He 
makes  a  singular  mistake  in  speaking  of 
"the  innovation  which  took  place  about 
this  time  of  creating  whole  companies  of 
children."  He  justly  thinks  that  "  Shake- 
speare viewed  such  childish  companies  as 
that  at  the  Chapel  Royal  with  extreme 
disapproval."  But  has  lie  never  done  any 
MS.  work,  nor  read  the  Bevels'  Book,  nor 
the  Register  of  the  Privy  Council  (parts  of 
both  are  in  print),  nor  the  Cheque-Book  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  nor  any  historian  of  the 
drama  ?  He  ought  to  have  known  that 
there  had  always  been  children's  companies 
through  Elizabeth's  reign  — the  Children  of 
the  Chapel,  of  St.  Paul's,  of  Windsor,  of 
Westminster— and  that  they  frequently  had 
given  performances  away  from  the  Conn. 
The  grievances  were  the  limitation  of  the 


adult  companies  (from  which  Shakspeare 
himself  did  not  suffer),  the  reconstitution  of 
the  Company  of  the  Children  of  the  Revels, 
and  the  change  of  public  taste  in  their  favour. 
There  is,  however,  some  honest  industry 
in  this  book.  The  third  chapter  is  much  the 
best,  for  there,  without  any  flourish  of 
trumpets,  the  student  devotes  himself  to 
finding  general  allusions  to  the  life  of  the 
period,  and  arranges  them  with  references 
so  that  they  may  bs  conveniently  compared. 
But  alas  for  the  reader  of  this  potpourri  of 
selections  !  there  is  no  index,  and  for  a 
work  of  such  a  nature  an  index  is  a  neces- 
sity. 

The  Beading  of  Shakespeare.  By  James 
Mason  Hoppin.  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 
— Under  Mr.  Hoppin's  title  a  really  good 
and  useful  book  might  have  been  written. 
On  a  preliminary  glance  we  light  upon  sug- 
gestions that  are  very  encouraging,  but 
not  followed  up,  such  as — 

"I  have  been  impressed  with  Shakespeare's 
unity  of  aim,  a  unity  springing  nut  from  outward 
form,  but  inward  purpose.  He  teaches  what  he 
means  to  teach." 

"  Morality  is  at  the  foundation  of  Shakespeare's 
greatness  as  a  dramatic  author.  It  is  the  quality 
which  discerns  the  true  in  things,  and  is,  at  the 
same  time,  genial  and  just." 

The  author  himself  confesses  that  his  book 
"  makes  no  pretence  to  add  anything  new," 
and  in  the  confession  he  condemns  its  pub- 
lication. 

The  allusions  to  Stratford-on-Avon  throw 
doubt  on  the  reality  of  the  author's  visit 
to  the  schoolroom  and  the  church.  We  are 
told  that  Shakspeare 

"is  buried  in  the  mid-place  of  honour  of  the 
chancel,  under  a  handsome  monument,  on  which  a 
brass  tablet  is  placed,  inscribed  with  the  doggerel 
verse." 

"  Here  was  set  up  on  the  wall  a  wooden  and 
woodeny  bust,  which  has  almost  lost  what  value 
it  ever  had  by  being  renovated  and  painted," 

though  elsewhere  the  author  alludes  to  "  the 
life-like  robustness  of  the  Stratford  bust." 
Other  local  matters  are  treated  as  hazily. 
We  learn  that  "  John  Shakespeare's  ancestry 
dated  back  to  Saxon  times."  Of  course, 
everybody's  ancestry  does  so,  and  the 
writer  intended  to  say  something  different. 
However,  he  really  intended  to  say,  what  he 
next  advances,  that  Shakspeare  amassed 
money  sufficient  "  to  build  the  New  House  " 
and  "  returned  from  London  to  live  twenty 
years  in  Stratford  "  !  Tho  writer  states 
that  there  is  a  tradition  that  Anne  Hatha- 
way married  again,  after  tho  poet's  death. 
The  phrase  is  incorrect.  It  was  not  a  tradi- 
tion, but  a  modern  "  discovery  "  based 
on  a  misreading  of  the  register 

Tho  value  of  the  biographical  part  is  not 
high  ;  and  tho  comparative  value  of  the 
criticism  may  be  gathered  from  every  page. 
"  What  were  the  history  of  England  without 
Shakespeare's  plays  to  give  the  color,  form, 
and  pressure  of  tho  time  ?  "  We  are  told 
that  the  first  two  histories  are  'John'  and 
'  Richard  II.,'  and  the  latter  is  considered 
"  tame  and  dull,"  though  interesting  in 
some  aspects.  "  All  early  editions  asoribe  it 
to  Shakespeare  about  1593."  Concerning  a 
later  History  we  are  informed  : — 

"  Marlowe  before  this  had  written  a  phvy  on 
Richard  III.  He  was  a  dramatist  of  great  vigor, 
but  another  had  arisen  to  take  his  sceptre,  and 
after  Shakespeare's  play  of  '  Richard  ill.'  lie  grew 
disoouraged,  and  nearly  came  to  an  end 
dramatic  waiter  and  poet." — 1'.  52, 

Mi'.    Eoppin  states  that  Shakspeare  did 

not  talk  much  about  himself,  hence  \\  e  know 

comparatively  little  about  him;  we  know 
more  of  Richard  Burbage,  who  talked  a 
great  deal  about  himself.  This  strange  piece 
of   information  seems  to  be  capped  by  the 


212 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


statement  that  "  Shakespeare's  vocabulary 
is  restricted,  not  exceeding  15,000  words  !  " 
The  chief  criticism  on  '  Twelfth  Night  ' 
appears  to  be  that  "  Sir  Toby's  use  of  sack 
seems  to  link  the  play  with  the  '  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor.'  v  A  proof-corrector 
might  have  removed  some  of  the  self-con- 
tradictions, especially  when  they  appear  on 
the  same  page  : — 

"  'The  Winter's  Tale'  seems  to  be  one  of  the 
latest  of  Shakespeare's  dramas,  dating  about  the 
year  1611."— P.  124. 

"It  was  written  to  be  acted  before  the  Court  of 
Elizabeth."— P.  125. 

"  The  date  of  the  play  of  '  Macbeth '  was 
ascribed  by  Malone  to  1606,  but  the  proof  of  this 
is  unsatisfactory.  It  undoubtedly  belonged  to  the 
last  ten  years  of  Shakespeare's  life,  between  the 
dates  of  'Julius  Ca?sar '  and  'Hamlet.'  There  is 
strong  proof  that  it  was  written  after  the  con- 
junction of  England  and  Scotland  under  the  reign 
of  James  I." 

The  analyses  of  the  plays  might  have  been 
given  in  the  extempore  speeches  of  a  debating 
society. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Me.  Sidney  Lee's  Notes  and  Additions  to 
tlie  Census  of  Copies  of  the  Shakespeare  First 
Folio  (Frowde),  reprinted  from  The  Library 
of  April  last,  will  be  of  importance  to  all 
Shakspeare  lovers.  It  is  a  very  careful 
and  thorough  piece  of  work,  and  an  essential 
addition  to  the  Census  of  1902.  That  '  Cen- 
sus '  recorded  158  cojiies.  It  appears  that 
no  copies  perished  in  the  San  Francisco 
catastrophe.  Last  year  Mr.  M.  J.  Perry 
secured  the  MacGeorge  copy  of  the  First 
Folio,  and  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  Folios 
for  10.000Z.  This  is  an  instance  of  the  keen- 
ness in  the  United  States  for  Shakspeareana. 
Another  American,  Mr.  Folger,  has  acquired 
within  the  last  few  years  as  many  as  eight 
copies  of  the  First  Folio.  Mr.  Lee  gives 
details  of  fourteen  copies  which  have  come 
to  light  since  his  Census,  including,  of  course, 
the  romantic  history  of  the  Bodleian 
example.  He  adds  at  the  end  of  his  survey 
that  "  about  1915  America  and  Great 
Britain  will  in  all  likelihood  each  own  the 
same  number  of  copies — some  eighty-three 
apiece." 

A  Book  of  the  Rhine  from.  Cleve  to  Mainz. 
By  S.  Baring  Gould.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — 
"  The  Rhine,"  observes  Mr.  Gould  in  a 
characteristic  sentence — "the  Rhine,  except- 
ing only  Italy  and  Greece,  is  that  portion 
of  Europe  requiring  a  preparation  and  a 
mental  equipment  to  see  it  properly."  The 
present  volume  can,  perhaps,  hardly  be 
counted  on  to  supply  English  tourists  with 
the  latter  requisite,  but  it  should  certainly 
be  useful  in  providing  them  with  the  former. 
The  writer,  as  ho  has  often  proved,  has 
many  qualifications  as  a  guide  and  in- 
structor :  his  range  of  interests  is  exception- 
ally wide,  ho  possesses  a  wonderful  store  of 
curious  information,  and  ho  has  the  knack 
of  imparting  his  knowledge  agreeably.  He 
does  not  here  enter  into  competition  with 
Baedeker  and  Murray,  but  wisely  limits  lus 
design  to  presenting  a  general  idea  of  past 
times  in  Germany  by  selecting  typical  facts 
of  history  and  tales  of  tradition,  and  thus 
suggesting  the  right  spirit  in  which  to 
approach  the  "  sacred  stream "  with  its 
cities,  churches,  and  castles,  and  its  be- 
witching hills  and  valleys.  So,  in  a  rather 
happy  -  go  -  lucky  fashion,  but  always 
pleasantly  and  entertainingly,  he  discourses 
of  kings  and  bishops,  robber-bands,  altar- 
pieces,  vintages,  and  various  other  matters. 
It  would  be  very  easy  to  point  out  in- 
accuracies here  and  there,  but  it  would  be 
unfair    to    judgo    such    a    book    from    the 


severely  scientific  standpoint.  The  numerous 
illustrations  in  monotone  are  well  chosen, 
and  for  the  most  part  well  executed  ;  those 
in  colour  cannot,  so  far  as  the  colour  is 
concerned,  be  regarded  as  a  success. 

Together  with  the  '  Book  of  the  Rhine  ' 
there  has  reached  us,  in  its  newly  issued 
seventh  edition,  the  volume  on  Germany, 
written  by  the  same  author  with  the 
collaboration  of  Arthur  Gilman,  and 
published  in  the  well  -  known  "  Story  of 
the  Nations  "  Series  (Unwin).  It  is  just 
twenty  years  since  the  first  edition  appeared, 
and  it  is  therefore  evident  that  the  little 
work  enjoys  a  popularity  which  cannot  be 
considered  undeserved.  It  is,  of  course, 
inevitable  that  such  a  book  should  be  some- 
what scrappy,  but  it  is  excellently  adapted 
for  young  readers,  and  indeed  for  any  one 
who  wishes  to  get  an  idea  of  German  history 
in  its  main  outlines,  and  who  does  not 
demand  too  high  a  standard  of  scholarship. 
It  is  not  always  possible  to  accept  Mr. 
Gould's  statements  unreservedly,  and  his 
literary  style  is  sometimes  annoyingly  slip- 
shod ;  but  these  faults  are  more  than 
counterbalanced  by  his  gifts  as  a  story- 
teller— his  briskness  in  narrative,  lucidity  in 
exposition,  and  power  of  picturesque  pre- 
sentment. Thus  in  the  compass  of  some 
400  pages  he  manages  to  give  an  attractive 
sketch  of  the  history  and  social  conditions 
of  Germany  for  the  last  two  thousand  years, 
touches  on  literature,  art,  and  science,  and 
tells  a  number  of  good  anecdotes  by  the 
way.  The  earlier  editions  brought  the 
story  of  Germany  down  to  the  foundation 
of  the  Empire  in  1871,  and  there  stopped 
short ;  in  the  present  an  additional  chapter 
discusses  the  progress  of  events  since  then, 
but  too  loosely  to  be  of  much  value.  It 
should  be  added  that  the  volume  is  copiously 
and  admirably  illustrated. 

When  Mr.  Henry  Wellington  Wack  set 
out  to  write  his  volume  In  Thamesland 
(Putnam's  Sons)  he  would  have  done  better 
to  limit  himself  to  a  narrative  of  his  journey 
in  the  canoe  Fuzzy- Wuzzy.  Had  he  done 
that,  and  that  alone,  he  might  have 
produced  a  fairly  entertaining  work  ;  as  it  is, 
however,  he  has  made  that  journey  the 
excuse  for  producing  a  pretentious  book  for 
which  he  claims  that  it  is  a  "  complete  guide 
to  the  Thames  Valley."  Now  a  guide  may 
be  plain  or  dull,  or  it  may  be  verbose  and 
highfaluting  in  the  manner  of  its  presenta- 
tion ;  but  to  justify  its  title  it  must  be 
accurate,  and  this  volume  so  frequently  fails 
in  accuracy  that  the  reader  who  knows  the 
river  must  be  moved  to  impatience. 
Having  followed  Mr.  Wack  from  the  source 
of  the  Thames  to  its  estuary,  we  reach  the 
map  which  his  publishers  have  provided, 
and  that  also  has  such  errors — such  glaring 
errors — as  leave  us  little  but  the  many 
photographic  illustrations  to  commend. 
This  map  shows  us  Cirencester  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Thames  about  fifteen  miles  from 
its  source  (it  is  usually  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Churn)  ;  Dorchester  is  shown  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Thames  about  a  couple  of 
miles  above  its  confluence  with  tho  Thamo 
instead  of  on  the  latter  river  ;  Cookham, 
Hampton,  Hampton  Court,  and  some  other 
familiar  riverside  places  are  not  given  at  all 
(though  a  village  named  Bushy  Park  is  put 
opposite  Kingston);  then,  too,  there  are  a 
number  of  misspellings  -the  "Map  of  tho 
Thames  Valley  "  gives  from  Biggleswade  in 
the  north  to  Cuckfield  in  the  south  — "  Ips- 
witch  "  for  Ipswich,  "  Fordwick  "  for  Ford- 
wich,  Tilbury  "  Port"  for  Fort,  "  Osted  " 
for  Oxted,  "Princes  Bisborough  "  for 
Princes  Risborough,  "Workingham"  for 
Wokingham,  and  so  on. 

Turning  back  from  the  map  to  the  tejst, 


we  find  that  we  have  made  too  lengthy  a 
list  of  slips  or  other  errors  to  do  more  than 
point  out  some  of  them.  Mr.  Wack  quarrels 
with  his  own  map  by  giving  the  source  of 
the  river  to  Thames  Head,  and  leaving 
Cirencester  on  the  River  Churn.  During 
the  first  forty  (why  only  forty  ?)  miles  of 
the  river's  course  we  are  told  that  it  is  very 
quiet,  though  "  when  the  wind  is  right,  the 
distant  din  of  the  toiling  town  may  be 
faintly  heard."  What  wind  would  serve 
to  bring  the  din  of  what  toiling  town  to  the 
river  between  Trewsbury  Mead  and  Eyns- 
liam  Bridge  ?  Again,  "  the  tow-path  which 
extends  along  the  river  bank  from  Oxford 
down  to  Teddington,  near  Riclmiond,  is 
used  for  towing  both  pleasure  boats  and  the 
heavy  barges  of  commerce."  Those  who 
have  followed  the  towing-path  through- 
out its  course  know  that  it  extends  from 
over  thirty  miles  above  Oxford  to  a  dozen 
miles  below  Teddington.  Inglesham  Round 
House  (the  true  beginning  of  the  Thames 
towing-path)  stands,  we  are  told,  "  in  the 
shade  of  the  slender  alders  "  ;  but  for 
"  aiders  "  Mr.  Wack  should  have  written 
poplars.  Leaving  Wallingford,  Mr.  Wack 
says,  "  A  short  distance  below  the  town 
bridge  is  Chahnore  Lock  and  Weir "- — a 
statement  that  would  have  been  true  once  ; 
but  Chalmore  Lock  was  done  away  with 
about  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 

The  account  of  Henley  is  marked  by 
various  errors.  A  certain  inn  at  Great 
Marlow  is  described  as  "  the  famous  little 
hostelry  where  Izaak  Walton  lived,  and 
fished,  and  wrote  his  quaint  treatise  on  the 
piscatorial  art  " — a  matter  which  writers 
on  '  The  Compleat  Angler  '  have  curiously 
overlooked.  Of  Richmond  Hill  Mr.  Wack 
says,  "  To  the  left,  and  below  the  terrace 
of  the  Star  and  Garter,  a  modern  hostelry 
which  occupies  the  site  of  the  structure 
where  Queen  Elizabeth  died,  one  sees  White 
Lodge ....  Beyond  is  Ham  House."  This 
is  ludicrously  wrong.  If  we  stand  "  on  the 
heights  of  Richmond  Terrace,"  and  look 
upstream  to  the  south-west,  Ham  House  is 
about  a  mile  in  front  of  us,  and  White 
Lodge  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  south 
of  east,  while  old  Richmond  Palace  used  to 
stand  nearly  a  mile  away  to  the  north- 
west. 

Inhis  method,  too,  the  author  isasomewhat 
misleading  guide,  for  in  following  the  course 
of  the  river  he  jumps  from  Shepperton  to 
Sunbury,  and  then  goes  back  to  Walton  ; 
and  in  leaving  Hampton  Court  he  proceeds 
to  touch  upon  Moulsey  Hurst  and  Garrick's 
Island,  both  of  which  he  had  already  passed 
nearly  a  mile  upstream.  His  list  of  the 
locks  omits  Richmond,  Osney,  Northmoor, 
Radcot,  and  Grafton — and  even  the  newest 
of  the  four  named  above,  Folly  Bridge,  is  ten 
years  old  ;  and  when  he  comes  to  providing 
a  table  of  distances,  it  varies  over  and  over 
again  from  that  issued  by  the  Thames  Con- 
servancy in  1904  ;  for  example,  the  official 
table  says  that  from  Thames  Head  Bridge 
to  Cricklade  is  six  chains  less  than  eight 
miles,  but  Mr.  Wack,  with  minute  particu- 
larity, gives  the  distance  from  Thames  Head 
to  Cricklade  as  eleven  miles,  six  furlongs, 
and  two  yards  ! 

In  his  unhappy  style  he  seems  at  times 
to  be  carried  away  by  the  fine  sound  rather 
than  the  finer  sense  of  the  words  which  ho 
uses.  We  read  with  some  surprise  of  "  Eng- 
lish inns  which,  even  with  tabetic  enterprise, 
might  batten  greatly."  Tabes  on  the  re- 
spectable  authority  of  Wobster  is  defined  as 
"  progressive  emaciation,"  and  it  does  not 
seem  likely  t  hat  any  one  could  batten  greatly 
by  a  process  of  wasting  away. 

Mr.  Wack  makes  fun  of  tho  guide — tho 
"  ten  -  shilling  serf,"  whatevor  that  may 
mean  —  who  showed   him    and   his   friend 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


213 


over  Oxford  ;  and  since  he  dubs  himself  a 
guide,  he  should  have  taken  greater  care  over 
both  his  matter  and  manner. 

In  his  account  of  his  own  experiences, 
the  record  of  the  things  said  by  himself  and 
his  compatriots,  he  is  sometimes  enter- 
taining, though  now  and  again  his  intended 
fun  is  wanting  in  good  taste  ;  with  his 
gibes  at  "  Toyland,"  at  the  smallness  of 
England,  and  the  slowness  of  the  English, 
he  makes  us  realize  that  there  is  something 
worse  than  insularity,  and  that  some 
travellers  are  not  wanting  in  the  quality. 

We  have  before  us  the  two  opening  volumes 
of  a  new  series,  "  The  Wellwood  Books," 
published  by  Mr.  S.  Wellwood.  A  Book  of 
English  Sonnets  is  the  first.  The  appeal  of 
the  sonnet  is  by  no  means  universal,  but 
to  such  as  heed  it  this  volume  will  be  very 
welcome.  The  field  of  selection,  ranging 
from  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  to  Mr.  Hilaire 
Belloc,  could  not  well  be  wider  ;  but  the 
compiler  has  disarmed  all  possible  cavillings 
at  particular  inclusions  or  omissions  by 
stating  in  the  preface  that  his  work  has  no 
claim  to  be  other  than  "  a  purely  personal 
choice."  This  choice,  however,  leaves  little 
to  be  desired,  and  we  note  with  pleasure 
many  sonnets  which  will  probably  be  new 
to  the  average  reader — two,  for  instance,  by 
F.  W.  H.  Myers  ;  while  among  living  poets 
represented  are  Mr.  Swinburne,  Mr.  William 
Watson,  Mrs.  Meynell,  Mr.  Watts-Dunton, 
and  Mr.  A .  C.  Benson.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  speak  too  highly  of  the  outward  aspect 
of  the  volume  and  of  the  taste  and  care 
which  have  gone  to  its  production.  The 
type  (a  design  after  Froben  of  Basle), 
binding,  and  especially  the  paper  are 
delightful,  fully  realizing  the  beauty  and 
simplicity  aimed  at  by  this  new  and  most 
charming  series. 

Keats' s  Odes,  Sonnets,  and  La  Belle 
Dame  sans  Merci,  a  most  dainty  volume,  is 
the  second  of  "  The  Wellwood  Books,"  and 
peculiarly  appropriate  to  the  poet  of  whom 
Leigh  Hunt  wrote,  "  In  his  best  pieces  every 
bit  is  precious."  The  binding  is  simple,  but 
effective  ;  and  in  other  externals  the  book 
maintains  the  admirable  standard  of  con- 
scientious workmanship  and  excellence  set 
by  its  predecessor.  Not  the  least  pleasing 
of  its  features  is  the  absence  of  anything  in 
the  shape  of  an  introduction. 

Such  mild  interest  as  attaches  to  The 
Confessions  of  an  Anarchist,  by  W.  C.  Hart 
(E.  Grant  Richards),  arises  from  the  fact 
that  the  author  writes  of  his  own  experi- 
ences of  a  class  of  humanity  to  which  at  one 
time  he  considered  himself  to  belong.  Like 
more  than  one  former  anarchist  from  whose 
eyes  the  scales  have  fallen,  he  is  left  without 
the  shadow  of  an  illusion  with  regard  to  the 
existence  of  real  patriotism  or  loyalty,  or 
even  the  merely  practical  merit  of  cohesion, 
amongst  his  former  "companions,"  and  his 
denunciation  of  them  is  unsparing.  That 
the  truth  of  his  statements  (and  we  have 
heard  most  of  them  before)  is  not  more 
impressive  is  due  to  his  cheap  and  ineffective 
manner  of  writing.  The  picture  ho  draws 
is  at  best  sordid,  and  the  most  noteworthy 
chapter  is  that  devoted  to  the  biographies 
of  certain  well-known  "apostles."  such  as 
Louise  .Michel.  The  pages  are  also  adorned 
witli  curious  and  highly  coloured  extracts 
from  anarchist  literature. 

The  Scots  Churches  in  England.  By  Ken- 
neth Macleod  Black.  (Blackwood.)  —  To 
sketch  the  history  of  the  Scots  Presbyterian 
churches  in  England  is  not  an  easy  task. 
But  it  was  worth  attempting,  and  Mr. 
Black  has  dono  it  as  well  as  it  need  bo  done. 
English  people  have,  for  the  most  part,  a 
very  confused  idea  of  Presbyterianiam.  They 


imagine  it  to  be  confined  chiefly  to  Scot- 
land, as  if  the  discipline  and  organization 
were  unable  to  exist  except  in  "  the  moor- 
land breezes  or  within  sight  and  scent  of  the 
heather."  There  are  still  more,  as  Mr.  Black 
points  out,  who  fail  to  grasp  the  elementary 
fact  that  Presbyterianism  was  once  the 
established  form  of  religion  in  England,  and 
had  absolutely  no  connexion  whatever  with 
Scotland,  save  a  sympathy  born  of  common 
religious  form  and  spirit.  Many  of  the 
oldest  Presbyterian  churches  in  England, 
some  dating  back  almost  to  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  are  purely  English 
in  character  ;  while  many  more  came  into 
being  within  recent  years  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  England,  and 
(after  187G)  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Eng- 
land. With  these  the  present  volume  is  in 
no  way  concerned.  Mr.  Black  merely  presents 
in  outline  the  story  of  Presbyterianism  in 
England,  so  far  as  it  has  been  of  purely 
Scottish  origin  or  maintenance,  dealing  in 
greater  detail  with  the  life-history  of  some 
of  the  more  representative  and  interesting 
congregations,  such  as  Crown  Court,  Regent 
Square,  and  St.  Columba's,  Pont  Street. 
Brief  notices  of  Scots  churches  in  the  Eng- 
lish provinces  are  added  ;  and  in  this  con- 
nexion the  fact  is  recalled  that  among  the 
founders  of  Oldham  Street  Scots  Church, 
Liverpool,  were  John  Gladstone  and  Wil- 
liam Ewart,  and  that,  owing  to  some  dis- 
pute about  the  election  of  a  minister,  the 
Gladstones  left,  carrying  with  them  the 
child  who  was  to  be  the  leading  statesman 
of  the  century.  The  book  contains  much 
incidental  matter  of  interest  to  students  of 
ecclesiastical  history,  and  altogether  may  be 
regarded  as  a  worthy  supplement  to  the 
Rev.  A.  H.  Drysdale's  weighty  volume,  pub- 
lished in  1879,  dealing  with  '  The  History  of 
the  Presbyterians  in  England.' 

Book-Auction  Records.     Edited  by  Frank 
Karslake.     Vol.   III.   Part   3.      (Karslake   & 
Co.) — This  part  includes  the  sales  that  took 
place  between  April  1st  and  June  30th,  and 
contains    5,291    records.     The    frontispiece 
exhibits  a  coloured  view  of  the  Grand  Pump 
Room  at  Bath  and  the  old  White  Hart  Inn, 
at  which  Mr.  Pickwick  and  his  friends  stayed 
during   their   visit   to   that   city  ;     and   the 
introduction    gives    an    interesting    account 
of  the  Bath  booksellers,  with  a  more  detailed 
history  of  the  two  principal  establishments 
at   the    present   day.     Mr.    Karslake   states 
that  "  serious  objection  having  been  taken 
to  the  publication  of  total  amounts  realized 
by  sales,  these  totals  will  not,  as  a  matter  of 
courtesy,  be  printed  in  future."     There  may 
be  valid  reasons  for  this  course,  though  we 
think  that  the  omission  ot  the  totals  detracts 
from   the  value  of  Mr.   Karslake \s   publica- 
tion as  a  "  record  "  of  book  auctions.     From 
some   points   of   view,    the    most   important 
sale  during  the  period  under  review  was  that 
of     Mr.     Truman's     Cruikshank     collection 
(May  7th    12th).      It  is  not  likely  that   such 
a  collection  will   ever  again  come  into  the 
market.     The  total  sum  realized  approached 
5,0007.,  or  nearly  double  that  obtained  for 
Mr.   Brut on's  fine  collection  in  June,   1897. 
The  difference  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  Mr.  Truman's  was  a  much  more  exten- 
sive   collection,    containing    1,421    lots,    as 
against  (305  in  Mr.  Bruton's  sale.     The  price 
of  individual   items  does  not  seem  to  have 
advanced  during  the  past  nine  years.      Two 
very  fine  copies  <>f  <  rrimm's  '  ( ierman  Popular 
Stories'    realized   respectively   SI/,    and   07/. 
in  1897,  while  an  equally  perfect  copy  brought 
82/.   in   1906.     The  month  of  May  was  re- 
markable for   the  dispersal   of   nine    Shak- 
speare  and  pseudo-Shakspeare  quarto-,  the 
sale     of     which     aggregated     2,086/.     The 
Roberts     edition     of     '  The     Merchant     of 


Venice,'  1600,  which  was  sold  for  315/.  on 
May  14th,  1897,  now  brought  460/.,  though 
a  slightly  smaller  copy  ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  second  quarto  of  '  King  Lear,' 
1608,  realized  only  395/.,  as  against  900/. 
for  the  Carrington  copy  on  July  29th,  1905, 
and  the  Roberts  edition  of  '  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,'  1600,  which  was  slightly 
defective,  brought  280/.,  as  against  a  copy 
sold  on  December  9th,  1905,  for  480/.  In 
the  Daniel  sale,  1864,  this  edition  only 
realized  36/.  The  second  quarto  of  '  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  1619,  fetched 
295/.,  and  the  third  quarto  of  '  King  Henry 
the  Fifth,'  1608,  150/.  The  first  edition  of 
'  The  Whole  Contention,'  and  the  third 
edition  of  '  Pericles,'  1619,  with  which  it 
was  originally  published,  realized  respect- 
ively 110/.  and  161/.  Of  the  spurious  plays, 
'Sir  John  Oldcastle,'  1600,  brought  110/., 
as  against  a  larger  copy  which  realized  37/. 
on  May  14th,  1897  ;  and  '  The  Yorkshire 
Tragsdy,'  1619,  was  bought  for  125/.  A 
copy  of  the  First  Folio,  wanting  title  and 
verses  opposite,  and  d  iective  in  other 
respects,  was  sold  for  245/.  on  June  30th  ; 
two  imperfect  copies  of  the  Second  Folio 
brought  respectively  26/.  and  13/.  15s.  ;  and 
two  of  the  Fourth  Folio,  more  or  less  defective, 
30/.  and  9/.  Another  important  feature  in 
these  '  Records  '  is  the  sale  of  seventeen  pre- 
Shakspearean  plays  and  interludes,  which 
took  place  on  June  30th,  and  reached  an 
aggregate  of  2,602/.  Some  of  these  plays 
have  gone,  we  believe,  to  the  British 
Museum  ;  one  of  the  most  important  was 
secured  by  a  well-known  English  bibliophile  ; 
and  two  at  least  have  crossed  the  Atlantic. 
A  glance  through  these  pages  leads 
us  to  the  conclusion  that  the  acquisition 
of  perfect  copies  of  the  English  classics  is 
becoming  yearly  a  more  difficult  enterprise. 
A  mutilated  copy  of  '  Robinson  Crusoe,' 
1719,  brought  60/.  ;  and  three  copies  of  '  The 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,'  of  which  none  was  in 
immaculate  condition,  realized  respectively 
86/.,  70/.,  and  60/.  Even  a  copy  of  the  first 
issue  of  Gray's  '  Elegy,'  with  two  letters 
missing  from  the  word  "  Finis,"  reached 
the  very  considerable  sum  of  95/. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Barwell  (J.  W.),  Science,  the  Mind,  Revelation,  the  Heart 

of  God,  25  cents. 
Davidson  (M.),  Christ,  State  and  Coranuine,  3d.  net. 
Durandos  (\V.),  The  Symbolism  of  Churches  and  Church 

Ornaments,  Third  Edition,  0/  net. 
Northcote  (Rev.  P.  M.),  Consolamini,  3/6  net 
Taylor  (J.  \V.),  The  Coming  of  the  Saint-,  7  0  net. 

Law. 
Jones  (T.  A.),  The  Law  relating  to  Advertisements,  5/  net. 

Fine  Art  awl  Archceology. 
Thames  (The),  by  M.  Af enpes,  Text  by  G.  E.  Mitton,  20/ net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Bowerbank  (K.  M .),  (Jay  Rhymes  on  Hard  Times,  2/6  net. 
Chesson  (Nora),  Selected  Poems,  S  d<  > 
Gammer  Gurton's  Needle,  by  Mr.  s.,  Mr.  of  Art,  2/  net. 

Bibliography. 
City    of    Westminster:     Report   of    the    Public    Libraries 
Committee,  1905  6. 

Philosophy. 
Laotee, Tao Teh Ch'ing, The  simple  Way;  or,  the  Path  of 

Virtue,  4''.  net. 
Nietzsche  (FA    Tims    spake   Zarathustra,    First   Part, 
Second  Edition,  1/ 

Political  Economy. 
Conanl   (C.  A.),  Principles  of  Money  and  Banking,  2  vols., 

16   net. 
Baper  (C  L.),  The  Principles  of  Wealth  and  Welfare,  I/O 
net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Burke  (Sir  B.  and  A.  i'.i,  Landed  Gentry  of  Great  Britain, 

Eleventh  Edil  ion,  12   net. 
Confucius,  Shn  Ch'ing,  Historical  Classic  of  China,  4d  net. 
Dunfermline  .Men  of  Mark:   No.   j,   Henryson  and  Ward- 
law,  3d, 
Gaskell  (H.  S.),  With  Lord  Methuen  in  South  Africa,  6/ 
Heeler  (C.),  San  Francisco  through  Earthquake  and  Fire, 

76  cents  net. 
Owen  (M.  ('.).   I  h'-  Sewells  of  the  I-le  of  Wight  (printed  U  r 

private  circulation). 
Pruen  (Mrs.),  The  Provinces  of  Western  China,  5/ 


214 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


Geography  and  Travel. 
Browne  (J.  S.),  Through  Smith  Africa  with  the   British 

Association,  7/6 
Clark  (J.  W.),  A  Concise  Guide  to  the  Town  and  University 
of  Cambridge,  1/  net. 

Educational. 
Cooke   (P.   G.   B.),  Cram    Book   for   Lower   and    Higher 

Standards  in  Urdu,  4/0  net. 
Electrician  Primers  (The),  Edited  by  W.  R.  Cooper,  Vol.  I. 

Theory,  3/G  net. 
Horne(H.  H.),  The  Psychological  Principles  of  Education, 
7/6  net. 

Philology. 
Modern  Lan^ua^e  Review,  July,  2/6  net. 
Victor  (\\\),  A  Shakespeare  Phonology,  6/  net. 

School-Books. 

Myers  (P.  Van  Ness),   General   History,  for  Colleges  and 

High  Schools,  Revised  Edition,  7/0 

Science. 

Allen  (.T.  F.),  Some  Founders  of  the   Chemical  Industry, 

5/  net. 
Bailey  (E.  II.  8.),  A  Text-Book  of  Sanitary  and  Applied 

Chemistry,  6/  net. 
British    Standard    Specification    for    Steel    Conduits    for 

Electrical  Wiring,  2/6  net. 
Hunt  (T.  F.),  How  to  choose  a  Farm,  7/6  net. 
National   Conference    on  Infantile    Mortality,   Report  of 

Proceedings,  1/0  net. 
Report    on     British     Standard    Nuts,     Bolt-Heads,     and 

Spanners,  2/0  net. 
Saundby  (R.),  The  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Digestive 

System,  3/  net. 
Still  (A.),  Polyphase  Currents,  0/ net. 
Tutt  (J.    W.),   Woodside,   Burnside,   Hillside  and  Marsh, 

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Askew  (A.  and  C),  The  Etonian,  6/ 
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Cutting  (M.  S.),  Heart  of  Lynn,  3/6 

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Morning  will  be  included  in  this  Lint  unless  previously 
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sending  Books. 


MISS    SEWELL. 

Tiii':  death  of  Elizabeth  Missing  Sewell 
at  Ashcliff,  Bonehureh,  Isle  of  Wight,  where 
she  had  lived  tor  many  years,  will  not  convey 
iniicli  to  the  present,  race  of  renders,  though 
the  Sewells  are  a  notable  family.  Elizabeth's 
lather,  Thomas  Sewell,  of  Newport,  had 
twelve  children.     Two  of  (hem,   Ellen  and 

.lames  Edwards,  the  late  well-known  Warden 
of    New   College,    lived    beyond    ninety,   and 

Elizabeth,  who  died  last  week,  was  born 
in  tho  February  of  the  year  of  Waterloo. 
Another    brother,    Richard,    wrote    a    good 


deal,  and  won  the  Newdigate  at  Oxford  by  a 
poem  on  '  The  Temple  of  Vesta  at  Tivoli,' 
said  to  have  been  composed  in  a  single  night, 
and  another,  William,  was  famous  as  the 
extravagant  founder  of  St.  Columba's  College, 
and  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Radley,  and  one 
who  rushed  into  print  wTith  fiery  frequency. 

Elizabeth  was  a  strong  churchwoman, 
and  a  pattern  of  good  works  and  industry 
her  whole  life  through.  She  was  too  sen- 
sible to  be  spoilt  by  success,  too  steady  to 
be  deterred  by  difficulties.  With  the  aid 
of  her  sister  Ellen  she  taught  her  own  nieces 
and  other  girls  from  1851  to  1891,  when  the 
weight  of  years  led  her  to  retire.  When  her 
father  died  in  debt,  his  family,  shunning  the 
common  expediency  of  bankruptcy,  took 
on  themselves  the  duty  of  payment  in  full, 
which  was  accomplished  after  many  hard 
years  of  endeavour. 

Elizabeth  was  at  one  time  known  every- 
where as  the  "author  of  'Amy  Herbert' 
and  other  stories."  These  tales  for  girls — 
'Amy  Herbert'  (1844)  was  succeeded  by 
'  Laneton  Parsonage  '  (1846-8)  and  many 
more — are  not  exactly  unreadable ;  they 
show  some  skill  in  plot  and  arrangement, 
but  they  are  of  too  obviously  "  improving  " 
a  character  to  succeed  nowadays.  The 
present  writer  recalls  that  twenty  years  ago 
they  were  seldom  taken  out  of  a  village 
library,  though  they  were  the  only  fiction 
available.  When  Miss  Yonge  came,  the 
vogue  of  '  Amy  Herbert  '  was  over. 

Elizabeth  also  published  a  number  of 
religious  and  educational  books,  including  a 
'  First  History  of  Greece,'  '  Outline  History 
of  Italy,'  an  'Autobiography'  (privately 
printed),  two  books  of  historical  selections 
with  C.  M.  Yonge,  and  many  reprints  from 
magazines. 

A  full  list  of  her  writings,  with  many  inter- 
esting details  of  the  Sewell  family  and  con- 
nexions, which  show  their  widely  developed 
gifts  for  writing,  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Moun- 
tague  Charles  Owen's  privately  printed 
record  of  '  The  Sewells  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,' 
just  published.  Mr.  Owen  is  the  youngest 
son  of  Mary  Ellen  Sewell,  who  was  educated 
by  her  aunt  Elizabeth  at  Bonehureh,  and 
his  branch  of  the  family  have  distinguished 
themselves  in  scholarship. 


OTHER  WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARES. 


Mr.  Moore's  report  of  May  16th  is  favour- 
able to  John,  whom  he  believes  willing  to 
pay,  and  the  supposed  forfeiture,  if  any, 
incurred  by  his  reposing  trust  in  another 
brother.  Plaintiff  might  be  relieved  (Monro's 
'  Acta  Cancellaria,'  p.  221).  But  in  his 
sup] >lementary  report  he  explains  tho  "relief ' 
to  bo  only  until  decision.  From  the  Star 
Chamber  case  we  know  that  the  appointment 
of  the  commission  of  inquiry  in  Warwick 
should  come  in  between  6  and  7  (January  13th 
1616/17).  Mr.  Moore's  report  in  Michaelmas 
Term,  1617,  is  favourable  to  William,  who 
should  have  tho  premises,  if  annuity  not 
paid  ;  and  lie  finds  tho  answers  of  the 
defendants  defective  (Monro's  '  Acta  Can- 
collaria,'  p.  222). 

In  this  counter  case  of  "  William  contra 
John,"  Mr.  Monro  omits  to  mention  anothor 
paper,  lately  found  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Cray  and 
by  myself,  "  Tho  further  answer  of  John 
Shakespeare,  Edmund  Fowler,  and  Thomas 
Sadler,  defendants,  to  tho  bill  of  complaint 
of  William  Shakespeare,  complainant."  It 
is  not  dated  in  the  draft,  but  written  across 
the  top  is  a  note  in  anothor  hand,  "Sworn 
27th  Jan.,  1617  Matthow  Carew,"  i.e., 
1617/18  (Chanc.  Proa,  Sor.  II.  Bundlo  291, 
S.  No.  108). 


In  spite  of  Mr.  Moore's  favourable  report, 
the  case  was  evidently  decided  against 
William,  in  Easter  Term,  1618,  by  Sir  Julius 
C;esar,  on  the  sworn  evidence  of  Thomas 
Shakespeare,  Fowler,  and  Sadler.  William 
filed  a  bill  in  the  Star  Chamber  as  to  their 
per j  my,  June  9th,  1618,  which  was  replied 
to  on  June  11th.  The  result  is  not  pre- 
served. 

In    the   course    of    the   depositions,    both 
sides  agreed  as  to  preliminary  facts  ;    both 
allowed    John    to    have    been    the    father's 
favourite  son  ;    they  differed  as  to  the  cause 
of     Richard's     action.     John     stated     that 
"  William  had  for  many  years  been  undutiful 
and  disobedient,  and  taken  very  unnatural 
and   wicked   courses,    to   his   father's   great 
grief."     William    explained    that    until    he 
was  forty  years  of  age  he  had  worked  as  a 
labourer  on  his  father's  farm  without  wages, 
only  receiving  his  meat,  drink,  and  garments. 
His  father  had  never  even  allowed  him  any 
stock  that  he  might  raise  up  means  to  live 
on.     He  had  done  this,  believing  that  the 
farm  would  later  be  his  own,  as  his  father 
always  said  it  should.     But  about  ten  years 
before  his  father's  death  he  had  gone  into 
service,   with  his  father's  permission,   that 
he  might  earn  some  money,  and  "  might  be 
able  to  bestow  his  brothers  and  his  sister, 
and  fare  in  personal  estate  the  better."     It 
is  not  so  stated,  but  one  can  read  between 
the  lines,  that  he  wanted  to  marry,  and  did 
marry,   a  certain  well-to-do  Mrs.   Margery. 
When,    through    service    on    other    people's 
property,  he  "  had  gotten  some  money  into 
his    purse,    he     lent    and    bestowed    much 
on  his  brother  Richard,  and  did  also,  in  all 
dutiful  manner,  respect  and  use  his  father 
and  mother,  and  did  him  many  services  to 
his  good  liking."     But  the  aging  father  had 
doubtless  missed  the  strong  arms  of  his  son, 
all  the  more  that  they  had  not  been  duly 
appreciated.     While     William     was     away, 
working    for    money,    John    was    at    home, 
weaving,  and  not  only  John,  but  his  sister 
Joan,   whom  his  father  loved  exceedingly. 
Joan  preferred  her  youngest  brother,   and 
the   two   combined  to   obtain  for  him  the 
property  "  by  false   information   and  other 
sinister  means."     John  used  every  means  in 
his   power   to    keep    William    away.     Even 
when  his  father  sent  for  him,  John  shut  the 
door  in  his  face  and  would  violently  assault 
him,     tlrreatening     William     that     "  if     he 
hindered    him   from    getting    the    premises, 
he  would  keep  him  in  prison  all  his  life  for 
it."     The  action  of  John  and  Joan  "  was 
very  hardly  spoken  of  among  the  neighbours." 
Their  mother  had  encouraged  them  at  the 
time,    but    on    her    death-bed    she    bitterly 
repented,  and  "  asked  William  to  forgive  her, 
and  to  pray  to  God  to  forgive  her  too." 
William    had    submitted    until    John    had 
broken  tho  proviso.     John's  bill  in  Chancery, 
May  1st,  1616  (Bills  and  Answers,  James  I., 
Bundle  S.  1457),  is  an  appeal  to  be  protected 
against  the  intrusions  of  William,  who  had 
injured    him,    and    maltreated    his    cattle, 
turning  them  out  of  his  pasture.     He  said 
he  had  fulfilled  tho  conditions  of  the  deed, 
and  at  the  said  Lady  Day,  1615,  "  did  by 
himself,   or  somo  one  for  him,   tender  tho 
money  betweon   the   hours   of    10   and   2." 
He  had  gone  to  the  church  porch  between 
11  and  12,  but,  William  not  being  there,  he 
departed  about  other  business,  leaving  the 
money  with  his  brother  Thomas,  supposing 
that  William  would  either  como  or  send  for 
it.     Thomas   waited    in   tho   church    porch, 
but  William  did  not  come,  and  ho  sent   it 
to  his  house   tho  next  day  ;    but   William, 
"  being  of  a  contentious   and  troublesome 
spirit,  and  sooking  and  endeavouring  by  all 
means  to  troublo  your  orator  and  put  him 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


215 


to  unnecessary  expense,  refused  it."  "  The 
said  William  Shakespeare,  the  6th  of  April 
last,  at  a  Court  holden  for  the  manor,  did 
make  claim  to  the  messuage  as  the  eldest 
son  and  heir  of  Richard  Shakespeare,"  pre- 
tending that  it  had  been  forfeited  ;  and 
"  except  for  the  Equity  of  Chancery,  your 
said  orator  is  altogether  remediless."  It 
may  easily  be  seen  that  John's  statement 
as  to  the  tender  was  somewhat  indefinite. 
William's  answer  is  clear  (filed  May  6th, 
not  included  in  Mr.  Monro's  list).  He  had 
gone  to  the  church  porch  of  Rowington,  not, 
indeed,  at  10  o'clock,  but  shortly  after  12, 
and  waited  until  3  o'clock.  He  had  "  openly 
published  the  cause  of  his  coming  there,  and 
many  took  notice  thereof  "  ;  but  neither 
John,  nor  any  one  for  him  came  thither  to 
paj\  John,  indeed,  had  ridden  off  to 
Warwick,  four  miles  away,  on  pleasure. 
William  therefore,  "  considering  how  John, 
by  indirect  and  undue  means,  had  gotten 
the  inheritance,"  and  believing  that  he  by 
neglect  of  this  proviso  had  forfeited  it,  law- 
fully entered  into  the  premises  as  his  father's 
legal  heir,  in  a  peaceable  manner,  along  with 
his  wife.  He  had  turned  some  cattle  out 
of  the  pasture,  but  quite  gently,  and  they 
did  not  belong  to  his  brother,  but  to  Thomas 
Ley.  Here  something  is  implied,  which  is 
not  expressly  stated.  John  was  his  own 
master,  and  could  fix  his  own  hours  ;  William, 
still  at  service,  was  not  master  of  his  own 
time.  Hence  he  was  late  at  the  appointment, 
and  hence  his  wife,  and  not  himself,  made  the 
later  "  forcible  entries,"  referred  to  as  his. 
He  goes  on  to  say  that  he  had  heard  that 
his  "  wife  had  been  uncivilly  beaten  and 
buffeted  about  the  head,  and  at  one  time  was 
bruised  upon  the  breast  that  it  wrankled," 
and  her  nursing  child  fell  ill  in  consequence. 
This  had  been  done  by  John,  Thomas  Ley 
helping  him,  "  who,  in  a  most  violent  and 
unchristian  manner,  did  take  the  shoe  from 
his  foot  "  to  strike  her.  John  had  falsely 
excused  himself  that  Margery  had  attacked 
his  wife.  William  confessed  that  he  had 
laid  claim  to  the  premises  at  the  Court  held 
on  April  6th  last,  and  that  by  all  lawful 
means  he  intends  to  have  and  to  hold  them. 
He  is  sure  that  he  was  not  paid,  and  he  knows 
nothing  of  John  or  his  representative  waiting 
in  the  church  porch. 

The  further  answer  of  John  Shakespeare 
and  others  of  January  27th,  1617/18,  also 
omitted  by  Mr.  Monro,  suggests  either  that 
by  some  curious,  but  not  impossible  coinci- 
dence, one  party  went  out  of  the  church 
porch  just  the  minute  before  the  other 
came  in,  and  that  more  than  once,  or  that 
one  or  the  other  committed  perjury.  It  is 
too  long  to  transcribe,  and  most  of  it  is 
recited  in  the  Star  Chamber  case.  John 
denies  William's  statement  that  on  Lady 
Day,  1615,  "  relying  on  his  craft  and  subtilty, 
accompanied  only  by  Henry  Clarke,  minister, 
lie  did,  near  the  church  porch,  tender  the  forty 
shillings,"  and  go  off  to  Warwick  on 
pleasure,  leaving  neither  money  nor  repre- 
sentative. He  stated  that  "  about  12  of 
the  clock  he  came  into  the  church  porch, 
and  did  tender  the  money,  but  neither 
William  nor  any  one  for  him  was  there  to 
receive  it."  He  had  "  heard  it  reported  that 
the  complainant  had  threatened  to  cut  off 
an  arm  or  a  legg,"  and  he  therefore  went 
home  to  dinner,  and  afterwards  went  to 
Warwick,  where  he  had  business,  as  it  was 
market  day.  Before  lie  left,  he  gave  the 
money  to  his  brother  Thomas,  with  direction 
and  authority  to  pay  it  to  William,  or  any 
other  for  him,  and  to  stay  at  the  church 
porch  until  the  last  instant,  to  be  able  to 
tender  the  money.  Thomas  Shakespeare 
had  told  him,  and  he  thinks  he  can  prove  it, 


that  he  did  stay  until  after  two  o'clock, 
and  at  the  last  instant  did  tender  the  money 
in  presence  of  these  two  witnesses,  Edmund 
Fowler  and  Thomas  Sadler,  who  say  that 
Thomas  entreated  them  to  be  present  with 
him.  They  met  him,  as  they  were  coming 
to  see  him  ;  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
Rowington,  and  went  to  the  church  porch 
about  half-past  one  and  they  stayed  until 
the  last  instant,  or  "  neere  thereabout," 
and  saw  him  tender  the  money  at  2  o'clock  ; 
but  neither  William  nor  any  for  him  was 
present.  They  deny  that  they  or  any  of 
them  have  "  contrived  any  secret  estates, 
surrenders,  articles,  or  agreements,"  con- 
cerning this  business.  They  are  quite 
willing  to  answer  further  in  any  point  "  not 
sufficiently  answered,  confessed,  avoided, 
and  reversed  or  denied,"  and  trust  this 
honourable  Court  may  give  them  their 
reasonable  costs  and  charges  wrongfully 
sustained.     It  is  signed  by  Ric.  Weston. 

The  Star  Chamber  case  six  months  later, 
June  9th,  1618,  transcribed  in  full  in  Notes 
and  Queries,  August  3rd,  1867,  after  reciting 
the  bulk  of  the  Chancery  proceedings,  con- 
tinues the  plea.  William's  complaint  shows 
that  John  at  first  said  he  had  stayed  until 
2  o'clock  or  near  thereabout.  He  acknow- 
ledges there  may  have  been  a  tender  between 
11  and  12,  but  there  was  none  afterwards. 
He  tells  us  that  a  commission  from  Chancery 
had  been  sent  to  John  Norton,  gent.,  Francis 
Collins,  gent.,*  Thomas  Warner,  clerk,  and 
John  Greene,  gent.,  to  examine  the  witnesses 
at  Warwick,  January  13th,  1616.  (This 
commission  sat  between  the  dates  of  Mr. 
Cecil  Monro's  entries  6  and  7.)  He  there 
denounces  "  the  wicked,  ungodly,  and 
corrupt  subornacion  of  the  said  John  and 
Thomas,  of  Edmund  Fowler,  tailor,  Thomas 
Sadler,  hempdresser,  both  of  Coventry,  who 
answered  falsely,  untruely,  corruptly,  and 
unlawfully  "  that  they  had  come  and  seen 
Thomas  tender  the  money  between  half  past 
1  and  2  o'clock,  and  the  money  lay  on  the 
bench  all  tho  time  until  2  o'clock,  when  they 
went  away  together,  Thomas  Shakespeare 
to  Killingworth,  Sadler  and  Fowler  to 
Coventry.  William  declares  their  deposition 
false,  untrue,  and  corrupt,  to  the  displeasure 
of  Almighty  God,  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
the  "  Realme,"  and  to  the  king's  peace, 
crown,  and  dignity,  and  to  the  great  pre- 
judice of  him,  whose  case  in  Chancery  was 
decreed  against  him  by  Sir  Julius  Caesar  in 
Easter  Term  last.  He  says  he  has  no  hope 
except  the  equity  of  the  Star  Chamber. 

On  the  11th  of  June  John  and  the  other 
defendants  reply,  supporting  their  previous 
assertions,  saying  that  William  was  not 
present  at  2  o'clock,  and  as  "to  all  the 
perjuries,  falsities,  and  corruptions,  they  are 
not  guilty." 

The  decision  has  not  been  preserved,  nor 
the  initiation  of  a  third  Chancery  suit.  But 
the  two  Chancery  orders  of  1619  referred  to 
by  Mr.  Monro  belong  to  this  later  series. 

It  is  relevant  to  the  question  to  return  to 
the  records  of  Rowington.  Tho  action  does 
not  seem  to  have  prejudiced  William  with 
his  neighbours,  because  in  1622,  only  three 
years  after  the  last  notice  in  Chancery,  he 
was  elected  churchwarden.  As  a  church- 
warden had  to  be  a  "substantial  householder," 
this  implies  that  William  had  been  left  in 
possession  of  his  dearly  bought  inheritance. 
It  also  su^pests  a  great  change  in  his  prospect* 
from  the  time  in  which  he  sued  in  forma 
pauperis  ;  or  a  desire  of  the  neighbours  to 
show  their  respect  for  him.  John  was  buried 
May  5th,  1635  ;  William  on  February  20th, 
1646/7. 

'  Mentioned  in  the  poet's  "ill  and  tho  overseer  thereof. 


Their  long-continued  litigation  must  have 
stirred  not  only  Rowington,  but  Warwick- 
shire, and  it  must  have  been  well  known  to 
the  poet.  For  he,  too,  was  a  homager  of 
the  manor  of  Rowington,  for  one  of  the  only 
two  tenements  belonging  to  that  manor  in 
Stratford-on-Avon — the  property  in  Chapel 
Lane  taken  over  by  his  brother  Gilbert  for 
him  in  1602.  For  that  tenement,  therefore, 
he  should  have  been  on  the  jury  at  Row- 
ington at  the  Court  in  April,  1614  when, 
immediately  after  his  father's  death,  William 
claimed  his  inheritance  ;  or  in  the  following 
April,  when  he  claimed  it  as  forfeited. 
Though,  from  reasonable  causes,  he  might 
have  been  excused  attendance,  the  poet 
was  certain  to  know  of  all  the  cases  brought 
before  the  Court.  It  is  probable  that  he 
sympathized  with  the  elder  brother,  who  had 
been  ousted  from  the  headship  of  the  family, 
a  man  of  his  own  name,  exactly  of  his 
own  age,  possibly  related  to  him  in  some 
degree,  with  the  same  number  of  brothers 
as  he,  and  also  with  one  sister,  Joan. 
One  trifling  fact  suggests  acquaintanceship 
and  sympathy — that  William's  case  was 
taken  up  by,  and  developed  and  signed  by, 
Thomas  Greeene,  the  poet's  cousin  and 
attorney  of  Straftord-on-Avon,  when,  a 
week  after  Shakespeare's  death,  the  younger 
brother  interfered  with  the  course  of  Common 
Law  by  throwing  it  into  Chancery. 

Chablotte  Cabmichael  Stopes. 


'THE  GREAT  REVOLT   OF   1381.' 

I  seldom  protest  against  the  action  of 
reviewers  ;  but  when  it  comes  to  a  case  of 
falsification  of  text,  I  am  constrained  to 
speak  out. 

In  the  review  of  my  book  on  August  4th, 
your  contributor  writes  as  follows  : — 

"  The  former  [the  '  Anonimal  Chronicle,'  ed.  Tre" 
velyan]  is  translated  by  Mr.  Oman,  accurately  we 
hope,  but  it  is  disquieting  to  find  him  rendering,  in 
the  narrative  of  the  first  riot,  '  ils  ne  voderont  nulle 
denier  paier,  pur  cause  que  ils  avoient  un  aquitance 
pur  celle  suhsidie '  (p.  32),  by  '  they  would  not  pay 
a  penny  more  because  they  already  had  a  receipt 
from  himself  iov  the  said  subsidy.'  Their  receipt, 
on  the  contrary,  would  be  from  the  collectors,  whose 
levy  the  commissioner  had  come  to  revise." 

Now  will  it  be  believed  that  your  reviewer 
has  left  out  the  two  most  important  words 
of  the  French,  the  two  which  justify  my 
translation  ?  The  text  runs,  "  ils  ne  voderont 
nulle  denier  paier,  pur  cause  que  ils  avoient 
un  aquitance  de  luy  mesmes  pur  celle  sub- 
sidie."  He  can  never  have  looked  at  the 
actual  text,  or  he  has  (what  I  can  hardly 
believe  of  a  contributor  to  The  Athenceum) 
deliberately  suppressed  words.  My  private 
impression  is  that  the  case  is  less  bad,  that 
he  has  merely  been  so  careless  as  to  neglect 
to  look  at  the  text  of  tho  chronicle,  and  has 
used  a  casual  reference  in  a  far  distant  page 
of  my  book,  where  part  of  the  above  French 
sentence  is  quoted  in  a  foot-note  with  etc.  at 
the  end.  There  the  words  "  de  luy  mesmes  " 
happen  not  to  occur.  But  reviewers,  when 
investigating  the  accuracy  of  a  translation, 
are  in  duty  bound  to  look  at  the  text  trans- 
lated before  they  pronounce  an  opinion. 

C.  Oman. 

%*  Mr.  Oman  need  not  be  dependent  on 
"  a  private  impression."  We  cited  tho 
passage  from  p.  32  (as  above)  of  his  own 
book,  in  which  lie  professes  to  quote  the 
French  text,  but  has  himself  omitted,  it 
appears,  the  three  words  in  question  from 
the  middle  (not  tho  end)  of  the  passage. 
We  had  given  him  credit  for  at  least  quot- 
ing accurately  the  chronicle  on  which  he 
relies.  If  there  is  "falsification  of  the  text," 
it  is  his  own. 


216 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


BKterarg  (Sassip. 

Among  the  contributions  to  the 
September  Independent  Reoiew  will  be  the 
following :  '  Sir  Edward  Grey's  Foreign 
Policy  :  Russia  and  Macedonia,'  by  Mr. 
H.  N.  Brailsford ;  '  Women's  Suffrage,'  by 
Lady  Trevelyan ;  '  Charles  James  Fox,' 
by  Mr.  J.  L.  Hammond  ;  '  Mademoiselle 
de  l'Espinasse,'  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Strachey  ; 
'  Michael  Davitt's  Unfinished  Campaign,' 
by  Mr.  F.  Sheehy-Skeffington  ;  '  Progress 
and  the  Final  Goal,'  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Wick- 
steed  ;  and  '  Pecksniff  and  his  Proto- 
type,' by  Mr.  C.  C.  Osborne. 

'  Letters  and  Recollections  of 
George  Washington,'  being  his  corre- 
spondence with  Tobias  Lear  and  the 
latter's  diary  of  the  last  days,  will  be 
published  shortly  by  Messrs.  A.  Constable 
&  Co.  Tobias  Lear  was  Washington's 
confidential  secretary,  and  these  intimate 
letters,  all  but  six  of  which  are  virtually 
unpublished  (though  parts  of  some  were 
used  in  Jared  Spark's  biography,  and 
they  have  just  been  privately  printed), 
offer  new  light  upon  the  character  of  the 
first  of  Americans,  his  property,  farm,  and 
home  life  during  the  years  when  he  was 
President ;  indeed,  the  volume  might 
almost  be  called  '  Washington  as  a 
Country  Gentleman.'  It  will  contain 
some  rare  portraits. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  '  The 
Flock,'  by  Mrs.  Mary  Austin.  It  is  an 
open-air  book,  practical  also,  and  his- 
torical. Mrs.  Austin  begins  with  the 
early  Spaniards  who  drove  their  flocks 
into  the  then  unknown  West.  She  carries 
her  description  through  every  phase  of 
shepherding  in  the  valleys,  on  the  moun- 
tains, in  rain,  and  in  drought.  She  tells 
of  the  herders  and  the  shearers,  their 
ways  and  their  rivalries  ;  beasts  of  prey, 
their  methods  of  attacking  the  flock, 
and  the  shepherd's  defences.  The  volume 
will  be  fully  illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  Boyd 
Smith. 

Sir  Charles  Crosthwaite,  K.C.S.I., 
late  member  of  the  Council  of  India, 
writes  on  '  The  New  Spirit  in  India  '  in 
Blackwood  for  September,  and  an  anony- 
mous writer  has  a  paper  on  '  Abdul  Hamid, 
Sultan  and  Khalif,  and  the  Pan-Islamic 
Movement.'  Other  articles  and  sketches 
in  the  number  are  '  A  Gentleman  of  Rank,' 
by  Mr.  Walter  B.  Harris  ;  '  Po-Thet,'  a 
Burmese  story,  by  Major  Morris  Bent ; 
'  The  Seventh  Duke  of  Rutland  ' ;  and 
'  The  Coalition  Cabinet  :  Behind  the 
Scenes.' 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Scawen  Blunt,  as  if 
smarting  vicariously  under  the  lash  lately 
inflicted  upon  Arabs  at  Dcnshawai,  has 
retorted  with  an  indictment  of  Lord 
Cromer's  administration  of  law  as  between 
natives  and  the  army  of  occupation. 
Under  the  title  of  '  Atrocities  of  Justice 
under  British  Rule  in  Egypt,'  it  will  be 
issued  in  a  fortnight  by  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin. 

Messrs.  Bemrose  will  publish  next 
month  an  important  contribution  to 
county  family  history,  viz.,  a  '  Descriptive 


Catalogue  of  Derbyshire  Charters  in 
Public  and  Private  Libraries  and  Muni- 
ment Rooms,'  compiled,  with  preface  and 
indexes,  for  Sir  H.  H.  Bemrose  by  Mr. 
I.  H.  Jeayes,  Assistant  Keeper  of  Manu- 
scripts in  the  British  Museum.  The  2,787 
charters  contained  in  this  volume  cover 
a  range  of  years  extending  from  the  early 
twelfth  century  to  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth. 

'  Lord  Acton  and  His  Circle,'  which 
is  to  be  jointly  published  by  Mr.  George 
Allen  and  Messrs.  Burns  &  Oates  early 
next  month,  contains  nearly  two  hundred 
letters  of  Acton's,  mostly  on  literature 
and  religion.  Abbot  Gasquet  as  editor 
supplies  a  sympathetic  monograph  on 
the  periodicals  Acton  and  his  friends 
conducted  between  the  years  1858  and 
1875.  The  correspondence,  which  treats 
of  most  of  the  important  literature 
current  during  that  quarter  of  a  century, 
extends  "  over  the  best  years  of  Acton's 
life,  presenting  him,"  says  the  Abbot, 
"in  his  most  characteristic  moods,  and 
testifying  to  his  most  enduring  friend- 
ships." Alike  for  learning,  for  industry, 
and  for  conscience,  Acton  must  rank 
among  foremost  editors — this,  at  least,  is 
the  opinion  expressed  by  the  Abbot,  who 
adds  :  "  The  familiar  praise  of  him  as  the 
most  erudite  man  of  his  generation,  if 
unattested  by  any  volume  all  his  own, 
receives  abundant  illustration  in  these 
letters."  Some  important  Newman  cor- 
respondence also  is  published  for  the  first 
time ;  and  an  outpouring  of  sympathy 
addressed  by  "  Ultramontane  "  Ward  (as 
Tennyson  called  him)  to  Acton,  at  a 
moment  of  stress,  is  one  among  many 
surprises  the  volume  reveals.  It  will 
have  an  engraved  portrait  of  Acton  for 
its  frontispiece. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  will  publish  in  Sep- 
tember the  same  scholar's  '  Lectures  on 
Modern  History,'  which  we  already 
announced  earlier  in  the  year.  The  Intro- 
duction deals  exclusively  with  Acton's 
Cambridge  work.  This  book  is  to  be 
followed  by  Acton's  '  Lectures  on  the 
French  Revolution,'  and  also  by  two 
volumes  of  essays  and  reviews. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  next 
month  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells's  new  book  '  In  the 
Days  of  the  Comet,'  which  is  a  romantic 
love  story  set  in  the  peculiar  atmosphere 
of  apprehension  created  by  the  coming 
of  a  strange  green  meteor ;  Mrs.  Clara 
Bell's  translation  of  Pierre  Loti's  '  Descn- 
chantees,'  and  Miss  Carey's  new  story 
'  No  Friend  like  a  Sister.' 

The  September  Temple  Bar  contains  a 
sketch  of  Alphonse  Daudet,  as  author  and 
man,  by  Miss  Mary  F.  Sandars.  One  of 
Daudet's  stories,  '  The  Child  Spy,'  is  also 
published  in  the  same  number. 

The  death  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Sewell 
reminds  us  that  she  called  on  the  Brown- 
ings in  Rome  in  1801  ;  and  thirty-six 
years  later,  in  her  Isle  of  Wight  home, 
indulgently  read  a  record  of  that  long 
past  visit  in  '  The  Letters  of  Elizabeth 
Barrett  Browning.'  "  Miss  Sewell,"  wrote 
Mrs.  Browning  to  Isa  Blagden,  "  is  a  very 


nice,  gentle-looking,  cheerful,  respectable 
sort  of  single-womanish  person  (decidedly 
single)  of  the  olden  type ;  very  small, 
shm,  quiet,  with  the  nearest  approach  to 
a  poky  bonnet  possible  in  this  sinful 
generation.  But  really  I  liked  her — 
hked  her.  There  were  gentleness,  humility 
and  conscience — three  great  gifts."  Miss 
Sewell,  though  her  memory  failed  her  in 
much  else,  could  recall  this  meeting 
almost  to  the  last. 

Mr.  Arthur  Symons  has  completed  a 
new  anthology  upon  which  he  has  been 
engaged  for  some  time,  and  the  volume, 
which  is  to  be  entitled  '  A  Pageant  of 
Elizabethan  Poetry,'  will  be  published 
shortly  by  Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son.  An 
anthology  of  Elizabethan  poetry  is  not, 
of  course,  a  novelty,  but  this  new  one 
claims  to  have  certain  advantages  over 
its  predecessors.  The  range  of  selection 
is  exceptionally  wide,  the  limits  being 
Spenser  and  Herrick,  and  Mr.  Symons 
aims  at  giving  in  full  all  that  is  best 
within  that  wonderful  period.  His  arrange- 
ment is  not  chronological,  but  according 
to  subject. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  will  have 
ready  on  September  3rd  a  new  edition, 
forming  the  seventh  impression,  of  '  The 
Upton  Letters.'  In  this  issue  the  name 
of  the  author,  and  the  reasons  which 
impelled  him  to  discard  his  anonymity 
are  given. 

Mr.  James  Hogg  is  preparing  a  volume 
of  '  Humoresques  and  Whimsies,'  by 
editors  and  artists  of  Punch,  which 
consists  of  stories  by  Mark  Lemon,  Shirley 
Brooks  and  Sir  F.  C.  Burnand,  with 
twelve  illustrations  by  George  Cruik- 
shank,  Charles  Keene,  and  Linley 
Sambourne.  Mr.  Hogg  is  the  oldest  of 
British  magazine  editors,  and  gives  in  an 
interesting  '  Preface  of  Memories '  an 
account  of  his  founding  of  London  Society, 
to  which  the  stories  were  originally  con- 
tributed, and  some  pleasing  gossip  of  a 
time  which  held,  perhaps,  more  natural 
gaiety  than  the  present,  and  considerably 
less  cheap  instruction. 

The  Rev.  Griffith- Jones  has  contributed 
an  introduction  to  a  new  book  by  Dr. 
Washington  Gladden  entitled  '  The  New 
Idolatry,'  which  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons 
are  publishing  next  month. 

Messrs.  A.  Constable  &  Co.  have  in 
the  press  '  A  Treasury  of  English  Litera- 
ture,' selected  and  arranged  by  Miss 
Kate  M.  Warren,  with  an  Introduction 
by  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke.  The  book  has 
been  compiled,  in  the  first  place,  as  a 
companion  to  his  '  Primer  of  English 
Literature.'  Beyond  this,  however,  it  is 
hoped  that  it  may  represent  more 
fully  than  has  yet  been  attempted  in  a 
brief  selection  the  course  of  our  literature 
(with  the  exception  of  the  drama)  from 
the  seventh  century  to  the  eighteenth. 
A  special  feature  has  been  made  of  Old 
and  Middle  English  writings  before  the 
time  of  Chaucer. 

'  The  English  Patents  of  Mono- 
poly,' by  Dr.  William  Hyde  Price,  which 
the  same  firm  are  about  to  publish,  is  the 


N°  4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


217 


first  volume  in  "The  Harvard  Economic 
Studies,"  which  will  be  under  the  general 
supervision  of  Prof.  Thomas  N.  Carver, 
and  are  intended  to  place  before  the 
public  the  results  of  special  investiga- 
tions in  the  department  of  Economics 
of  Harvard  University.  The  present 
monograph  is  the  result  of  several  years 
of  research,  including  a  final  year  in  the 
British  Museum  and  the  Record  Office. 
The  second  number  of  the  series  will  be 
'  The  Lodging-House  Question  in  Boston,' 
by  Dr.  Albert  Benedict  Wolfe. 

Messrs.  Harper  have  recently  circu- 
lated a  statement  of  the  sums  they  paid 
to  English  authors  before  the  days  of 
international  copyright  law.  The  firm 
were  supplied  in  return  with  early  sheets, 
or  a  duplicate  manuscript.  Dickens  re- 
ceived from  them  1,250/.  for  '  Great 
Expectations,'  and  1,000/.  each  for  'Our 
Mutual  Eriend'  and  'A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities,'  besides  smaller  sums.  Thackeray 
had  480/.  for  '  The  Virginians,'  and  200/. 
for  '  Denis  Duval.'  The  sums  received  by 
Trollope  ranged  from  700/.  for  '  Sir  Henry 
Hotspur,'  to  25/.  for  '  The  Bertrams.' 
George  Eliot  only  got  20/.  for  the  anony- 
mously issued  '  Adam  Bede,'  but  was 
paid  1,200/.  for  '  Middlemarch,'  and  1,700/. 
for  '  Daniel  Deronda.' 

Mr.  John  Long  has  just  arranged  to 
bring  out  at  once  a  sixpenny  edition  of 
'The  Flute  of  Pan,'  by  the  late  Mrs. 
Craigie. 

From  the  British  Museum  Return, 
which  has  just  been  published,  we  learn 
that  the  Government  of  India  presented 
to  the  Trustees  in  1905  a  very  important 
series  of  Tibetan  manuscripts,  books,  and 
curiosities,  chosen  from  the  collections 
formed  during  the  recent  expedition  to 
Lhasa.  Among  the  other  Oriental  acquisi- 
tions are  several  rare  Arabic  MSS.  of  the 
twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  fourteenth  cen- 
turies, and  an  extensive  collection  of 
Mohammedan  traditions. 

A  fortnight  ago  we  spoke  of  three  out 
of  four  volumes  of  the  edition  published 
by  Messrs.  Bickers  &  Son  of\  Evelyn's 
'  Diary '  as  available.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  issue  has  been  completed  some 
time  since  by  the  addition  of  the  remain- 
ing volume. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Powell  writes  concerning 
"  Sidney's  sister,"  &c. : — 

"  It  may  interest  your  American  corre- 
spondent to  know  that  this  well-known 
epitaph  is  neither  in  Waterson's  editions  of 
1614  (the  first)  and  163(5  (styled  '  Fift  edn.' 
ed.  •!.  Philipot),  nor  in  the  seventh  edition 
of  1674,  Harper." 

Amongst  the  French  scholars  who  have 
revisited  London  this  summer  is  Prof. 
Feuillerat,  of  Rennes  University,  who  is 
printing  for  Prof.  Bang's  "  Materialien 
zur  Kundedesiilteren  Englischen  Dramas" 
a  volume  of  documents  on  the  revels  at 
Court  temp.  Elizabeth.  The  volume  will 
contain  several  unpublished  books  of 
expenses,  including  one  from  the  Loseley 
collection.  With  the  kind  permission  of 
Mr.  W.  More  Molyneux,  of  Loseley  Hall, 
Prof.  Feuillerat  is  now  preparing  a  second 
volume,  which  is  to  contain  the  accounts 


of    the    Office  of  the    Revels   temp.    Ed- 
ward VI.  and  Mary  preserved  at  Loseley. 

An  imposing  monument  to  the  memory 
of  Ferdinand  Fabre,  the  prolific  novelist, 
was  inaugurated  on  Sunday  last  at  his 
native  place,  Bedarieux  (Herault),  by 
M.  Dujardin-Beaumetz,  the  Under-Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Fine  Arts.  The 
artist,  M.  Jacques  Villeneuve,  who  is  a 
painter  as  well  as  a  sculptor,  shows  the 
novelist  in  company  with,  or  rather  as 
dominating,  a  shepherd  with  his  sheep 
and  dog.  The  monument  was  one  of  the 
features  of  the  Salon  of  this  year. 

The  Frankfort  Gazette  will  to-morrow 
celebrate  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  its 
foundation,  and  it  is  interesting  to  know 
that  its  founder,  Herr  Sonneman,  is  still 
taking  an  active  part  in  its  management. 

The  Russian  Government  has  pur- 
chased for  18,000  roubles  the  library  of 
Pushkin,  and  has  for  the  present  placed  it 
in  the  care  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
St.  Petersburg.  When  the  affairs  of  the 
country  will  permit,  it  is  proposed  to 
establish  a  museum,  which  will  be  named 
after  Pushkin,  and  will  contain  various 
literary  and  historical  documents  relating 
to  Russian  literature  from  the  time  of  the 
poet  to  the  end  of  the  last  century. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Book- 
sellers' Provident  Institution,  held  on 
Thursday  week  last,  117/.  was  voted 
to  fifty-seven  members  and  widows  of 
members. 


SCIENCE 


BOOKS  ON  BIRDS. 

In  the  Preface  to  A  Handbook  of  British 
Inland  Birds,  by  Anthony  Collett,  with 
coloured  and  outline  plates  of  eggs  by  Eric 
Parker  (Macmillan  &  Co.),  it  is  stated  that 
the  author's  intention  is  to  facilitate  the 
identification  of  the  species  of  birds  to  be  met 
with  in  the  inland  districts  of  tlus  country. 
It  is  not  implied  thereby  that  these  are  not 
to  be  found  on  or  near  our  deeply  indented 
coasts  ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  are  some 
species  excluded  which  would  in  former  times 
have  been  classed  as  "  water-birds."  The 
distinctions  must  necessarily  be  arbitiary 
and  are  sometimes  illogical,  but  the  broad 
fact  remains  that  hardly  any  species  de- 
scribed or  diagnosed  in  this  book  might  not 
be  met  with  in  the  home  counties  or  in  the 
Midlands.  It  cannot  be  too  often  repeated 
that  there  is  no  spot  in  the  British  Islands 
more  than  sixty  miles— and  rarely  fifty — 
from  tidal  water. 

The  familiar  birds,  beginning  with  the 
thrushes  and  warblers,  are  well  described, 
and  their  distribution  and  migration  are 
adequately  illustrated  ;  while  the  coloured 
representations  of  their  eggs  are  of  a  far 
better  quality  than  could  reasonably  be 
expected  in  a  work  priced  at  six  shillings. 
In  the  words  of  Mr.  Collett,  "  the  book  is 
obviously  intended  for  readers  whose  know- 
ledge of  ornithology  is  of  an  elementary 
character  "  ;  and  to  these  we  can  heartily 
recommend  it.  Tin-  manner  in  which  the 
utility  of  a  well-known  illustrated  manual 
is  acknowledged  without  undue  "convey- 
ance" of  the  contents  distinctly  merits 
approbation  ;  there  is  a  classified  list  of 
species,  and  the  index  is  good 


The  Birds  of  Tunisia.  By  J.  I.  S.  Whitaker. 
2  vols.  (Porter.) — This  is  a  handsome  work, 
and  contains,  with  the  introduction  and  the 
index,  nearly  four  hundred  and  fifty  pages, 
printed  in  bold  type  on  good  paper.  Its 
value  is  increased  by  a  map  restricted  to 
Tunisia,  and  another  of  North  Africa  from 
the  Gulf  of  Gabes  on  the  east  to  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar  ;  while  Mr.  Gronvold's  coloured 
illustrations  of  birds  and  a  few  others — 
nearly  a  score  in  all — add  to  the  beauty  of 
a  publication  creditable  alike  to  author 
and  publisher.  Mr.  Whitaker  has  passed 
years  in  Sicily,  and  has  availed  himself 
for  many  years  of  the  facilities  afforded  by 
his  position  for  visiting  Tunisia.  At  first 
he  went  as  a  sportsman,  then  as  a  naturalist, 
and  for  the  last  decade  he  has  been  a  sys- 
tematic and  scientific  writer  of  monographs 
on  the  avifaiina  of  the  Regency.  To  do  this 
work  satisfactorily  was,  however,  beyond 
the  power  of  one  man,  and  therefore  Mr. 
Whitaker  availed  himself  of  the  services 
of  competent  ornithologists,  such  as  Mr. 
O.  V.  Aplin  and  M.  Marius  Blanc  for  Tunisia  ; 
while,  on  his  behalf,  Mr.  Edward  Dodson 
traversed  Tripoli  from  north  to  south — 
about  650  miles — and  reached  Murzuk,  the 
capital  of  Fezzan,  where  the  pioneer  Joseph 
Ritchie  died  in  1819.  Since  that  time  few 
educated  Europeans  have  visited  the  dis- 
trict. Mr.  Dodson  had  previously  collected 
for  Mr.  Whitaker  in  Morocco,  as  far  south 
as  Teluet  in  the  Great  Atlas  ;  so  that,  when 
we  take  into  account  the  fairly  advanced 
knowledge  of  birds  and  their  distribution 
acquired  by  various  naturalists  in  Algeria 
under  French  influences,  it  appears  that  the 
present  work  gives  far  more  than  a  mere 
outline  of  the  entire  avifauna  of  the  vast 
region  between  the  Pillars  of  Hercules  and 
Cyrenaica.  With  the  exploration  of  the 
last,  the  chain  will  be  completed  to  Egypt, 
of  which  the  ornithology  is  well  known.  It 
should  be  added  that  the  author  is  familiar 
with  the  birds  of  Italy  and  Southern 
Europe  generally,  and  his  frequent  allusions 
to  the  distribution  of  species  outside  the 
prescribed  limits  of  his  present  work  render 
his  volumes  an  admirable  treatise  on  the 
bird-life  of  the  western  half  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Geographers  have  divided  Tunisia  into 
three  regions,  but  Mr.  Whitaker  considers 
that  four  are  more  consistent  with  natural 
conditions.  The  first  is  the  region  to  the 
north  of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  well  watered, 
fairly  cultivated,  by  no  means  deficient  in 
goodly  trees,  and  clothed  with  scrub,  attrac- 
tive to  small  birds.  Of  the  second  and  drier 
region,  the  high  plateaux  between  El  Oubira 
and  the  Feriana  district  may  be  regarded 
as  fairly  characteristic.  The  third  and 
lower  semi-desert  region  extends  along 
the  south-east  coast  of  the  Regency  as  far 
as  the  Tripoli  frontier,  where  rain  seldom 
falls,  and  cultivation  is  confined  to  the  well- 
watered  oases.  On  the  border-line  come 
the  Chotts  (lakes),  followed  by  the  fourth 
region,  the  true  desert,  where  many  of  the 
resident  birds  (especially  the  larks  and  to 
some  degree  the  chats)  assimilate  themselves 
more  or  less  to  the  sandy  colour  of  tho  soil. 
This  protective  coloration  lias  its  merit  for 
the  birds,  hut  when  complicated  by  local 
variation  it  gives,  and  will  continue  to  give, 
infinite  trouble  to  those  systematic  orni- 
thologists who  try,  in  vain,  to  agree  as  to 
the  right  of  a  bird  to  specific  rank,  or  its 
degradation  to  the  condition  of  a  mere 
form.  The  author  holds  the  balance  with 
great  discrimination  ;  and  even  when  wo 
venture  to  question  some  of  his  conclusions, 
his  impartiality  is  never  in  doubt.  Those 
who  have  read  glowing  accounts  of  visits 
to  the  eyries  of  vultures,  eagles,  and  other 
Raptorep  paay  be  surprised  to  learn  that  in 


218 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


N°  4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


Tunisia  birds  of  prey  are  of  very  local  ^dis- 
tribution, except  "  where  the  carcase  is."  - 
Owing  to  the  expense  of  production,  the 
book  is  necessarily  costly  (two  guineas  to 
subscribers),  but  we  have  very  rarely  met 
with  work  representing  better  value  for  its 
price,  and  every  student  of  Paloearctic  avi- 
fauna must  consult  it,  either  in  his  own  house 
or  in  some  first-class  library. 

The  Birds  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  By  P.  G. 
Ralfe.  (Edinburgh,  Douglas.)— Beyond  the 
fact  that  this  island  gave  its  vernacular 
name  to  the  Manx  shearwater,  and  was  also 
famous  for  its  peregrine  falcons,  compara- 
tively little  has  been  known  of  its  birds.other 
than  those  which  frequent  its  fine  cliffs,  such 
as  the  choughs,  gtills  and  other  sea-fowl. 
Of  late  years  attention  has  been  directed 
to  the  smaller  species,  both  residents  and 
migrants,  and"rthe  list  of  these  has  increased, 
though  Man  is  not  rich  in  migrants,  and  the 
reports  from  lighthouses  are  scanty.  The 
language  of  the  inhabitants  is  a  mixture  of 
Erse  and  Old  Norse,  dying  out,  perhaps, 
but  spoken  by  4,000  persons  according  to 
the  census  of  1901  ;  and  the  Erse  element  is 
shown  in  many  of  the  names  of  birds,  as 
well  as  in  the  Irish  custom  of  hunting  the 
wren  on  St.  Stephen's  Day.  Man  also 
resembles  Ireland  in  having  no  wood-owls 
no  voles,  and  no  stoats.  Of  ravens  we  read, 
in  a  recent  guide-book  before  us,  that  they 
"  are  fairly  numerous  about  Snaefell,"  and, 
in  the  following  sentence,  "  most  of  the 
peasantry  in  the  neighbourhood  can  speak 
English."  Mr.  Ralfe's  information  about 
the  raven  is  fuller,  and  one  of  the  many 
pretty  photogravures  which  adorn  this  book 
shows  a  nesting-place  of  the  bird  of  Odin. 
A  valuable  feature  is  the  plan  of  indicating 
the  distribution  of  each  species  of  bird  in 
Lancashire,  Ireland,  the  south  of  Scotland, 
the  Hebrides,  and  the  Orkneys.  Altogether 
the  book  deserves  high  praise  for  its  letter- 
press, illustrations,  and  index  ;  the  only 
drawback  is  the  position  of  the  principal 
map,  but  that  is  soon  rectified  by  any  one 
who  intends  to  use  the  work,  as  we  do. 

A  Pocket-Book  of  British  Birds,  by  E.  F.  M. 
Elms  (West,  Newman  &  Co.),  exactly  answers 
to  its  title.  It  consists  of  only  150  pages, 
inclusive  of  index  ;  the  print,  though  small, 
is  clear,  and  the  plan  of  the  book  is  excellent ; 
while  the  information  given  respecting  the 
commoner  birds  is  all  that  can  be  desired  for 
the  beginner.  A  few  slips  are  to  be  found  in 
the  treatment  of  unfamiliar  species,  but  on 
the  whole  the  little  book  is  a  safe  guide. 


ENGINEERING. 


Marine  Boilers :  their  Construction  and 
Working.  By  L.  E.  Bertin.  Translated  and 
edited  by  Leslie  S.  Robertson.  Second 
Edition.  (John  Murray.) — This  book,  based 
upon  M.  L.  E.  Bertin's  work  '  Los  Chaudieres 
Marines,'  published  several  years  ago,  when 
the  author  was  Chief  Constructor  of  the 
French  Navy,  first  appeared  at  the  end  of 
1898;  and  a  full  notice  of  it  was  given  in 
The  Athenaeum  on  July  22nd,  1899.  The 
present  edition  has  been  brought  up  to  date 
and  considerably  enlarged,  containing  Gil 
pages  of  text  in  place  of  419  pages,  and  .'594 
figures  in  tlit;  text  in  place  of  307  figures, 
mostly  additional  illustrations  of  boilers  ; 
whilst  the  Interim  and  Final  Reports  of  the 
Naval  Boiler  Committee  appointed  by  the 
Admiralty  in  1900,  dated  February,  1901, 
and  Juno,  1904,  respectively,  have  boon 
given  as  appendixes. 

Tito  principal  addition,  howpyor,  to  this 


volume   is   a  contribution  on  '  Liquid  Fuel,' 
written     by     Engineer  -  Lieutenant    H.    C. 
Anstey,  R.N.,  constituting  the  fifth  chapter, 
and  occupying  fifty  pages  with  fifteen  illus- 
trations.    The  production  of   petroleum  at 
the   present   time  is  only  about  3  per  cent, 
that  of  coal,  and  therefore  its  application  for 
the  generation  of  power  must  necessarily  be 
limited,  and  it  can  only  take  the  place  of  coal 
under  special  conditions;  but  by  the  adoption 
of  boilers  which  can  be  heated  by  either  oil  or 
coal,  or  both  together,  petroleum  may  prove 
a  very  valuable  auxiliary  to  coal  for  marine 
purposes.     Petroleum,   owing  to   its  higher 
calorific   value,   requires  less  storage    space 
than  coal  for  the  same  heating  power,  or  in 
the  same   space  provides  fuel  for  a  longer 
voyage   than   coal.     Moreover,  whereas  the 
limited  space  in  vessels  of  war  precludes  the 
adoption  of  mechanical  stoking  for  coal,  and 
the    efficiency   of    fuel    depends   largely    on 
the  skill  of   the  stoker,  who  has  very  trying 
work  in  hot  climates,  the  mechanical  feeding 
of  the  fires  with  oil  can  be  readily  arranged 
in    a     small    space,    and    after   being   once 
adjusted  to  the  existing  conditions  requires 
little  attention,  and  consequently  effects  a 
great    saving    of    labour.     To    obtain    the 
smokeless  combustion  of  liquid  fuel,  a  large 
combustion   chamber  is  essential  to  ensure 
the  thorough  admixture  of  the  large  volume 
of     gases     emitted    from     the     heated     oil 
immediately  on  entering  the   furnace,    and 
about  fifteen  pounds  of  air  are  chemically 
required  for   the     complete    combustion   of 
one  pound   of    oil.     In  order    to   expose  as 
great  a   surface    of   oil  as  possible,  and  to 
secure  its  complete  admixture  with  the  air 
introduced  for    its   combustion,    the    oil   is 
delivered  into  the  furnace  as  a  fine  spray. 
This    result    is    generally   accomplished   by 
aid  of    a  jet  of    steam,   two   orifices    being 
placed  close  together,  through  one  of  which 
a  stream  of  oil  flows  under    a  slight  pres- 
sure,   the    oil    being    broken   up    into     fine 
spray  by  a  jet  of  steam  issuing  from  the  other 
orifice,   frequently  arranged  to  work  on  the 
principle  of  an  injector,  so  as  to  assist  the 
flow   of  the  oil.     Compressed  air   can    also 
be  used  for  spraying  the   oil,  but   it  has  to 
be    used  at    a    considerably  lower  pressure 
than  with   steam  spraying,    owing    to  high 
pressures  requiring    air-compressors   expen- 
sive to  work  and  taking  up  a  comparatively 
large  space,  as  well  as  involving  an  undue 
fall   of   temperature  in   the   expanding  air. 
Another  method  of  breaking  up  the  oil  into 
spray  consists  in  forcing   it  under  consider- 
able pressure  through  a  series   of  very  fine 
holes,  but,  owing  to  the  liability  of  these  holes 
to  be  choked,  this  system  is  somewhat  more 
delicate  than  the  other  two.     Lieut.  Anstey 
considers  that  the  best  solution  of  the   oil- 
fuel  problem   for  naval  vessels  would  be  to 
arrange    the    furnaces   so   that   they   could 
burn  coal  only,   oil    only,  or   both   together, 
without  making  any  change  in  the  fittings. 

The  book  as  it  now  appears  presents  a 
rather  peculiar  combination  of  authorship  ; 
for  though  the  first  edition  was  virtually 
a  translation  of  M.  Bertin's  work,  with 
certain  omissions  and  emendations  intro- 
duced for  the  benefit  of  English  and 
American  readers  and  approved  by  the 
author  in  this  second  edition,  owing  to  some 
misunderstanding  between  M.  Bertin  and 
the  publishers,  it  has  been  impossible  to 
make  use  of  the  new  matter  contained  in 
the  second  edition  of  '  Les  Chaudieres 
Marines,'  published  in  1902.  The  altera 
tions  and  additions  have  accordingly 
been     made     by      English      experts      without, 

reference  to  M.  Bertin,    whose  share  in  the 
present  volume  is  confined  to  the  portions 

containing   the    translation    of    the    original 

French  edition, 


Tunnel  Shields,  and  the  Use  of  Compressed 
Air  in  Subaqueous  Works.  By  W.  C.  Copper- 
thwaite.  (Constable  &  Co.)— Subaqueous 
tunnelling  originated  in  England  in  1825, 
when  Sir  Marc  Isambard  Brunei  began  the 
construction  of  the  Thames  Tunnel  under  the 
river,  about  li  miles  below  London  Bridge, 
through  the  London  clay.  This  was  accom- 
plished by  the  help  of  a  cast-iron  shield, 
38  ft.  wide,  22  ft.  high,  and  9  ft.  long  in  the 
line  of  the  tunnel,  divided  into  three  hori- 
zontal stages,  each  provided  with  twelve 
compartments  in  which  a  man  could  work  ; 
and  by  opening  some  of  the  3G  apertures  in 
the  vertical  diaphragm  of  the  shield,  the 
stratum  in  front  could  be  excavated  so  as 
to  enable  the  shield  to  be  pushed  forward 
by  screws,  behind  which  the  brickwork  for 
the  double-arched  tunnel  was  built.  The 
incursion,  however,  of  the  river  in  1827,  and 
again  in  1828,  through  seams  in  the  clay, 
and  want  of  funds,  greatly  delayed  the  work, 
which  was  not  completed  till  1843.  The 
difficulties  encoimtered  in  this  subaqueous 
tunnel  showed  that,  however  valuable  a 
shield  might  be,  it  did  not  suffice  by  itself 
to  solve  the  problem  of  tunnelling  through 
water-bearing  strata. 

The  system  described  in  this  book  lias 
reached  its  present  very  successful  develop- 
ment in  three  distinct  stages,  namely,  the 
use  of  a  shield,  the  construction  of  a  cast- 
iron  circular  lining  under  shelter  of  the  rear 
of  the  shield,  and  the  employment  of  com- 
pressed air.  The  delays  experienced  in 
construction,  and  the  unfortunate  financial 
results  of  the  Thames  Tunnel— which,  though 
intended  for  vehicles,  was  only  made  available 
for  pedestrians,  till  it  was  purchased  in  1866 
by  the  East  London  Railway  for  forming 
a  connexion  with  the  south  side  of  the  river 
— prevented  for  many  years  any  attempt  to 
construct  another  subaqueous  tunnel.  At 
last,  in  1869,  the  second  stage  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  system  was  accomplished,  by  the 
construction,  in  less  than  a  year,  of  a  second 
tunnel,  of  small  dimensions,  under  the 
Thames  just  above  the  Tower,  where  in 
passing  through  compact  London  clay,  at 
a  minimum  depth  of  22  ft.  below  the  river 
bed,  no  water  was  encountered.  This  Tower 
Subway,  designed  by  Mr.  Peter  Barlow,  but 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Greathead,  was  formed  by 
a  cast-iron  circular  lining  built  up  of  suc- 
cessive rings,  18  in.  long  and  6  ft.  7  in.  clear 
inside  diameter,  composed  of  three  segments 
and  a  key-piece  bolted  together  under 
shelter  of  the  rear  2 J  ft.  of  the  shield.  This 
cylindrical  wrought-iron  shield,  laid  hori- 
zontally, about  4f  ft.  long  and  slightly  larger 
in  diameter  than  the  lining,  was  furnished 
with  a  stiffened  cutting  edge  in  front,  and 
a  vertical  plate-iron  diaphragm,  in  which 
an  opening  was  formed,  which  could  be 
readily  closed,  to  enable  the  men  to  pass 
out  for  excavating  the  fa^e  in  front  of  the 
shield,  preparatory  to  pushing  the  shield 
forward  with  screws  for  advancing  the  tunnel. 
As  the  shield  envelopes  the  outer  end  of  the 
tubular  lining,  in  being  carried  forward  it 
leaves  a  thin  annular  space  botweon  the 
outer  face  of  the  tube  and  the  surrounding 
soil ;  and  this  is  filled  up  as  the  work  proceeds 
with  lime  grout  injected  through  holes  pur- 
posely left  in  the  lining  of  the  rings.  This 
illustrates  the  general  system  of  construction 
subsequently    adopted    for    the    numerous 

larger  tubular  tunnels  which  have  been  since 
Carried  OUt,  in  which  the  shield  takes  the 
place  of  timbering  in  ordinary  tunnels,  and 
Bettlement  is  avoided  by  the  rapid  following 
up  of  the  cast   iron   tube,   together  with  the 

ftUing  in  of  all  outer  cavities  with  grout.     The 

system,    however,    at    this    second    stage    of 

it's  development,  though  proving  success- 
ful and  rapid  in  execution  at  the  Tower 
Subway  in  the  absence  ol  Wftter,  would  have 


»'41i3,  Aug.  25,  1906  THE    ATHEN^tlM 


^19 


resulted  in  the  flooding  of  the  tunnel  if  water 
had  been  met  with  in  traversing  the  clay. 

The  third  and  final  stage  of  this  system 
of  tunnelling  was  the  introduction  of  com- 
pressed air  for  excluding  the  water  from  the 
tube  and  shield  in  carrying  forward  the 
tunnel  through  water-bearing  strata,  which 
was  first  resortsd  to  by  Mr.  Greathead  in 
1887,  in  driving  the  tubes  for  the  City  and 
South  London  Electric  Railway,  the  pioneer 
of  the  metropolitan  tube  railways,  throng]  1 
beds  of  loose  water  -  logged  gravel  over- 
lying the  London  clay,  involving  much 
greater  difficulties  in  construction  than 
the  tunnel  where  it  passes  under  the  Thames 
in  the  London  clay.  Whatever  may  be  the 
relative  claims  of  Mr.  P.  Barlow  and  Mr. 
Greathead,  as  designer  and  constructor 
respectively  of  the  Tower  Subway,  to  be 
regarded  as  originating  the  tube  lining  in 
combination  with  the  shield,  and  its  con- 
solidation by  grout,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  perfecting  of  this  system  of  tunnel- 
ling, so  as  to  render  it  a  complete  success  for 
traversing  water-bearing  strata,  and  for 
passing  close  under  the  bed  of  rivers,  by  the 
aid  of  compressed  air,  was  wholly  due  to  the 
late  Mr.  Greathead,  whose  portrait  fitly 
forms  the  frontispiece  to  the  book.  More- 
over, the  remarkable  invention  of  the  shield 
in  the  early  days  of  engineering  science, 
which  formed  the  foundation  of  the  present 
system  of  subaqueous  tunnelling,  belongs 
unquestionably  to  Sir  M.  I.  Brunei,  who 
is  called  throughout  the  book  Mr.  Brunei, 
but  must  not  be  confused  with  his  prob- 
ably better-remembered  son,  I.  K.  Brunei, 
who  inherited  his  father's  great  inventive 
genius,  and  actually  assisted  him  in  the 
tunnel  works. 

Compressed  air  is  said  to  have  been  pro- 
posed for  tho  Thames  Tunnel  in  1828  by 
Dr.  Colladon  ;  and  in  1830  Lord  Cochrane, 
the  brilliant  seaman,  and  soon  after  tenth 
Earl  of  Dundonald,  took  out  a  patent  for 
using  compressed  air  for  expelling  water 
from  shafts  and  tunnels  carried  through 
water-bearing  strata,  and  the  adoption  of 
au  air-lock  for  passing  in  and  out  of  the 
compressed-air  chamber.  Though,  however, 
compressed  air  and  the  air-lo^k  were  exten- 
sively used,  not  long  after,  in  sinking  shafts, 
and  in  the  construction  of  subaqueous 
foundations,  especially  for  the  piers  of  river 
bridges,  compressed  air  was  resorted  to  for 
tlie  first  time  at  subaqueous  tunnel  works 
in  1879,  for  the  construction  of  the  Hudson 
Tunnel,  through  silt  underlying  the  Hudson 
Liver,  to  connect  New  York  with  the  rail- 
ways terminating  at  New  Jersey  on  the 
mainland  ;  but  this  work  proved  so  difficult 
in  the  soft  silt,  in  the  absence  of  a  shield, 
that  it  was  abandoned  in  1883,  and  only 
resumed  again  in  1889  with  the  help  of  a 
shield  and  cast-iron  tube,  aided  by  coin- 
ed air.  The  delay  in  the  employment 
of  compressed  a  i  i  f  or  subaqueous  tunnels,  long 
after  it  had  proved  so  valuable  for  founda- 
tions in  water-hearing  strata,  was  probably 
due  to  the  much  less  favourable  conditions 
under  which  it  is  used  in  a  horizontal  tube 
than  in  a  vertical,  bottomless  caisson,  which 
acts  like  a  diving-bell.  Owing  to  the 
greater  head  of  water  at  the  bottom  of  the 
open  end  of  a  horizontal  tube  than  at  the 
top,  in  proportion  to  the  diameter  of  the 
tube,  the  compressed  air  encounters  less 
opposition  from  the  water  at  the  top  of  the 
tube  than  at  the  bottom,  especially  in  large 
tubes  ;  and  therefore  a  pressure  of  air  which 
is  required  for  excluding  the  water  at  the 
bottom  is  more  than  sufficient  at  the  top, 
Consequently,  in  loose  soil,  the  air  at  the 
top  is  liable  to  force  a  passage  through  the 
soil  to  the  open  air;  and  the  reduction  of 
pressure  in  the  tube  resulting  from  the  escape 
of  the  air  affords  an   opportunity  for  the 


water  to  rush  in.  In  tho  Blackwall  Tunnel, 
carried  out  in  1892-7 — where  the  shield, 
27 f  ft.  in  diameter,  in  traversing  a  stratum 
of  coarse  gravel,  passed  at  one  place  only 
5  ft.  below  the  bed  of  the  Thames — in  addi- 
tion to  the  temporary  deposit  of  clay  to 
check  the  escape  of  the  air  from  the  top  end 
of  the  shield  through  the  gravel,  a  water- 
tight screen  was  placed  across  the  upper 
half  of  tho  tube  a  short  distance  behind  the 
shield,  pierced  by  an  air-lock  at  tho  top, 
through  which,  on  the  occurrence  of  a  sudden 
inrush  of  water,  the  workmen  were  able  to 
escape  into  the  air-space  at  the  back  of  the 
screen,  and,  passing  along  a  gangway,  to 
reach  an  emergency  air-lock  at  the  top  of 
the  bulkhead  separating  the  forward  portion 
of  the  tunnel  under  compressed  air  from  the 
completed  portion  behind.  The  excavation 
for  the  Blackwall  Tunnel  in  front  of  the 
shield,  in  passing  through  gravel  beds,  was 
effected  through  small  apertures  in  the 
vertical  diaphragm,  which  could  be  rapidly 
closed  ;  and  the  cast-iron  rings  forming  the 
tube,  2£  ft.  long  and  27  ft.  in  diameter,  con- 
sisting of  fourteen  segments  and  a  key-piece, 
were  built  up  by  means  of  a  hydraulic, 
revolving  erector  under  the  shelter  of  the 
rear  Of  ft.  of  the  shield. 

The  Blackwall  and  Hudson  tunnels  are 
probably  the  two  instances  in  which  the 
system  of  shield,  tube,  and  compressed 
air  has  been  successfully  carried  out  under 
the  most  difficult  conditions.  The  Hudson 
Tunnel  works  were,  indeed,  stopped  for  want 
of  funds  in  1891,  but  were  resumed  in  1903, 
and  completed  last  year.  In  traversing 
very  soft  silt,  the  closed  shield  could 
be  pushed  forward  without  excavation  in 
front ;  and,  in  order  to  avoid  irregular  settle- 
ment under  the  weight  and  vibration  of 
the  trains,  the  tubes  were  supported  at 
intervals  by  iron  piles  driven  down  to 
a  hard  stratum  underlying  the  thick  layer 
of  silt. 

These  works   are   further  notable    as   the 
place    where,    owing    to    the    great    annual 
mortality  at  first  of  25  per  cent,  of  the  men 
working  under  compressed   air,   tho   causes 
of   compressed-air  illness  were  fully  investi- 
gated, and  a  remedy  provided.     The  pains 
and  occasional   paralysis,   which  sometimes 
suddenly     seized     workmen     on     emerging 
rapidly  from  high  and  prolonged  pressures, 
were  proved  to  be  aggravated  by  the  pre- 
sence of    over  1  part    in  1,000  of  carbonic 
acid   gas,  which  is  liable  to  be  evolved  in 
subterranean  excavations  ;   and  it  was  found 
necessary,   in  addition  to  a  slow  reduction 
of  the  pressure  in  locking  out,  to  diminish 
the   period   of   work    in    proportion   to    the 
pressure  and  the  impurity  of  the  air,  which 
becomes  more  harmful  with  an  increase  in 
the  former.     To   relieve  the   men    attacked 
by  the  illness  on  coming  out,  a  compressed- 
air  hospital  was  devised,  filled  with  pure  air 
under  a  moderate  pressure,  into  which  the 
men  were   put,   and   where   they  generally 
experienced     immediate     relief  ;      and     the 
pressure    was    then    gradually    reduced    to 
that  of  the  outer  air.     The  adoption  of  this 
remedy   proved   very   advantageous   during 
the   construction  of  the   Blackwall  Tunnel; 
and  no  death  occurrred  at  the  works  from 
this    illness.     To    work,    however,    in    com- 
pressed   air,    men    should     he     thoroughly 
healthy,  and  not  over  forty  years  of  age. 

The  author  unfortunately  uses  in  his 
book  the  misleading  term  of  "  caisson 
disease,"  given  probably  to  compressed-air 
illness  in  the  United  States  owing  to  its 
having  been  first  seriously  experienced  in 
sinking  caissons  by  compressed  air  for  such 
deep   river-pier  foundations  as    those  of    the 

St.  Louis  and   Brooklyn   bridges;    whereas 

caissons   are  very    commonly  used  in  engi- 
neering works  without  compressed  air,  and 


the  illness  is  wholly  caused  by  the  pressure 
combined  with  the  impurity  of  the  air. 

After  two  historical  chapters  on  the  use 
of  a  shield  for  tunnels  and  compressed  air, 
a  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  cast-iron  lining 
for  tunnels,  followed  by  a  chapter  on  shields 
in  the  London  clay,  three  chapters  on  shields 
with  compressed  air  in  water-bearing  strata, 
and  two  on  their  employment  for  masonry 
tunnels  ;  and  then,  after  a  chapter  on  the 
tunnels  at  present  in  course  of  construction 
according  to  the  system  of  shield,  tube,  and 
compressed  air,  including  a  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  the  Rotherhithe  Tunnel,  30  ft.  in 
diameter,  in  progress  under  the  Thames  a 
little  below  the  Thames  Tunnel,  the  book 
concludes  with  the  cost  of  tunnels  built  with 
a  shield  through  the  London  clay,  with  a 
shield  and  compressed  air,  and  under  various 
conditions.  Indeed,  by  collecting  into  a 
single  volume  the  information  on  this  im- 
portant subject  scattered  through  numerous 
publications,  the  author  furnishes  a  laudably 
complete,  and,  by  aid  of  257  illustrations, 
a  very  clear,  record  of  the  development  of  the 
present  successful  system  of  subaqueous 
tunnelling,  which  wall  be  extremely  valuable 
to  engineers,  and  of  interest  to  many 
persons,  The  book  is  undoubtedly  destined 
to  be  the  standard  English  work  on  this 
peculiarly  difficult  branch  of  engineering 
practice. 


Sfrimct  (Sossip. 

•  Harvard  Psychological  Studies,' 
Vol.  II.,  edited  by  Prof.  Hugo  Munsterberg, 
will  shortly  be  published  by  Messrs.  A. 
Constable  &  Co.  It  will  contain  about  600 
pages,  with  many  plates  and  illustrations, 
and  an  introductory  essay  by  Prof.  Munster- 
berg on  Emerson.  The  body  of  the  work 
describes  the  researches  of  the  Professor  and 
his  assistants,  Prof.  E.  B.  Holt  and  Dr. 
R.  M.  Yerkes,  together  with  the  advanced 
psychological  students  of  Harvard  and 
Radcliffe.  These  investigations  cover  such 
a  variety  of  subjects  as  memory,  attention, 
judgment,  space  perception,  time  perception, 
dizziness,  motor  impulse,  &c,  and  the  last 
four  papers  of  the  volume  report  researches 
with  reference  to  the  perception  and  emo- 
tions of  animals,  such  as  crayfish,  frogs,  and 
pigeons. 

The  death  of  Mr.  James  Dredge,  an- 
nounced last  week,  removes  the  joint  editor 
for  the  past  thirty -five  years  of  Engineering. 
Mr.  Dredge  studied  as  an  engineer  under 
Sir  Henry  Fowler,  and  was  best  known  as  a 
keen  promoter  of  international  exhibitions, 
beginning  with  Vienna,  1873,  and  ending 
with  Brussels,  1897,  where  his  exertions 
secured  him  the  C.M.G.  Besides  numerous 
publications  on  exhibitions,  he  wrote  a 
Memoir  of  Sir  Henry  Hessemer,  and  books 
on  '  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad,'  and  '  Elec- 
trical Illumination,'  2  vols. 

It  has  been  decided  to  establish  at  Baga- 
telle, at  one  time  the  residence  and  property 
of  the  late  Sir  Richard  Wallace,  and  now 
belonging  to  the  city  of  Paris,  a  public 
••  Jardin  di'^  Fleurs."  This  will  comprise 
a  botanic  garden  or  park,  with  a  permanent 
museum,  and  a  laboratory  and  offices, 
probably  after  the  style  of  Kew  Gardens. 
There  is  no  such  garden  near  Paris,  so 
that  the  new  venture  is  likely  to  attract 
public  interest. 

MAJOB  RYDER,  U.K..  who  had  charge  of 
the  expedition  to  Gartok  and  Western  Tibet 
after  the  capture   of    Lhasa,  has  returned   to 

India,  where  he  has  been  appointed  Super- 
intendent of  the  Northern  Circle  of  Frontier 
Surveys.     The   Indian   Survey    Department 


220 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


is  looking  forward  to  a  busy  season,  and  no 
long  leave,  except  on  medical  certificate,  will 
be  given  to  any  officer  in  this  branch  of  the 
service. 

The  small  planet  stated  to  have  been 
photographically  discovered  by  Mr.  Metcalf, 
of  Taunton,  Mass.,  on  the  5th  of  December 
last,  seems,  according  to  the  calculation  of 
its  orbit  by  Mr.  H.  R.  Morgan,  of  the 
Morrison  Observatory,  Glasgow,  Missouri,  to 
be  identical  with  Kreusa,  No.  488,  which 
was  discovered  at  Heidelberg  on  June  26th, 
1902.  And  one  announced  as  discovered  at 
the  latter  place  on  May  7th,  1905,  appears 
to  be  identical  with  No.  480,  registered  there 
by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  on  May  21st,  1901  ;  with 
the  consent  of  the  discoverer,  the  editor  of 
the  Astronomische  Nachrichten,  Prof.  Kreutz 
has  named  this  planet  Hansa. 


FINE   ARTS 


ARCHITECTURE. 

Studies  in  Architecture.  By  Reginald 
Blomfield,  A.R.A.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— 
This  is  a  collection  of  essays,  all  of  which 
have  appeared  in  either  The  Quarterly  or 
The  Architectural  Review,  though  one — that 
on  Andrea  Palladio — has  been  largely  re- 
written since  its  first  appearance.  Though 
already  familiar  to  most  of  those  interested 
in  architecture,  they  are  nevertheles  wel- 
come in  their  present  form.  Connected 
"  rather  by  the  method  of  treatment 
adopted  than  by  the  subject,"  these  studies, 
owing  to  the  strongly  individual  views  of  the 
author  and  his  forceful  maimer  of  writing, 
are  even  more  interesting  when  re-read  in 
book  form  than  they  were  at  their  first 
appearance. 

Mr.  Blomfield  is  not  among  those  who  are 
content  to  repeat  in  their  own  words  the 
conclusions  arrived  at  by  other  writers,  but 
is  essentially  a  fighter,  and  never  happier 
than  when  demolishing  the  position  of  an 
opponent.  Combativeness  is  not  carried 
too  far,  however,  and  the  volume  is  a  real 
contribution  to  architectural  criticism. 

The  first  essay  is  devoted  to  the  now 
familiar  discussion  as  to  the  predominating 
influence  in  Italy  after  the  break-up  of  the 
Roman  Empire.  Without  claiming  for 
the  Byzantine  so  much  as  some  modern 
writers — Prof.  Lethaby,  for  instance — he 
yet  rejects  decisively  the  claims  of  Signor 
Rivoira  and  other  Italian  antiquaries 
of  the  modern  school,  that  the  Roman- 
esque architecture  was  derived,  through 
an  unbroken  continuity  of  descent  in  Italy, 
from  the  days  of  Imperial  Rome,  On 
the  contrary,  the  continuity  was  broken, 
and  the  Italians  relapsed  more  and  more 
into  barbarism.  Roman  civilization  had 
moved  further  east,  and  it  was  not  until 
some  centuries  later  that  a  new  spirit,  intro- 
duced by  the  Northern  races,  manifested 
itself,  and  gradually  produced  a  new  typo 
of  living  architecture.  But  in  the  meantime 
all  that  was  most  vital  in  art  was  produced 
by  Byzantine  artists  and  workmen. 

The  estimate  of  Palladio  and  his  work  is, 
we  think,  very  just.  Mr.  Blomfield  writes 
as  a  friend.  He  is  in  full  sympathy  with  the 
Renaissance,  while  he  is  by  no  means  blind 
to  the  limitations  of  individual  artists.  His 
final  pronouncement  is  as  follows  :  "  Pal- 
ladio seems  to  me  typical  of  the  able  archi- 
tect, who  can  draw  well  and  design  freely, 
but  who  fails  as  an  artist  both  in  imagina- 
tion atul  temperament." 

In  'The  Architect  of  Newgate,'  with  its 
excellent  photographs  and  Mr.  Muirhead 
Bone's  beautiful  drawing,  we  have  a  valuable, 


albeit  now  pathetic,  memorial  of  "the  most 
imaginative  building  in  London."  We  have, 
indeed,  a  great  deal  more,  namely,  a  most 
able  criticism  of  the  design  and  its  author. 
While  rightly  rejecting  Fergusson's  theory 
that  the  excellence  of  the  design  was  due  to 
an  architectural  "  fluke,"  and  at  the  same 
time  admitting  the  marked  inferiority  of 
Dance's  subsequent  work,  Mr.  Blomfield, 
to  avoid  the  difficulty,  advances  the  inter- 
esting theory — and  we  think  makes  out  a 
very  good  case  for  it — that  the  design  was 
made  while  the  author  was  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  overpowering  genius  of  Piranesi, 
whose  famous  '  Caprici  di  Career i '  had  been 
published  seven  years  before  Dance  went  to 
Italy,  where  they  almost  certainly  became 
friends. 

The  last  three  essays  are  concerned  with 
different  phases  of  the  Renaissance  in  France, 
and  are,  perhaps,  the  most  interesting  and 
valuable  in  the  volume.  Vasari  himself 
was  not  more  firmly  persuaded  of  the  supe- 
riority of  the  work  of  the  Renaissance  to  the 
preceding  Gothic  than  is  the  author.  This 
we  merely  note  in  passing,  and  do  not  pro- 
pose to  enter  into,  beyond  remarking  that 
the  Renaissance  was  a  different  thing  in 
France,  and  to  describe  it  as  "  the  enfran- 
chisement of  French  art  from  the  fetters  of 
late  medievalism  "  is  provocative — to  use 
no  stronger  expression.  But  whatever  views 
may  be  held  about  this,  there  can  be  no 
question  as  to  the  interest  of  this  time  to 
students  of  architectural  history.  For  one 
thing,  much  research  is  still  required  before 
the  history  of  the  period  can  be  completely 
written  ;  while  to  those  acquainted  with 
English  writers  only,  the  subject  is  almost 
a  new  one,  so  inadequately  has  it  been  treated 
by  them.  It  is  a  period,  too,  of  romantic 
interest  attaching  to  persons  and  events — 
the  time  of  Bayard  and  Rabelais,  of  Margaret 
of  Navarre,  Catherine  de  Medicis,  and  Diane 
de  Poitiers,  of  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold 
and  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's  eve. 
No  one  is  better  equipped  than  Mr.  Blomfield 
to  remove  this  reproach,  and  we  hope  that 
some  day  he  will  give  us  a  history  of  Renais- 
sance architecture  in  France.  In  the  mean- 
time these  essays  do  something  more  than 
introduce  English  readers  to  different 
branches  of  the  subject  :  they  are  valuable 
contributions  which  will  have  to  be  taken 
into  account  by  future  writers. 

Mr.  Blomfield  makes  several  most  inter- 
esting suggestions,  such  as  that  the  time 
of  exile  of  Jean  Goujon  in  Italy  was  occupied 
by  work  on  the  large  mural  monument  to 
Count  Marco  de  Veritate  on  the  outside 
of  the  south  wall  of  S.  Euphemia  at  Verona. 
He  also  thinks  that  Goujon  was  the  "  ghost  " 
of  Pierre  Lescot,  who  is  not  known  to  have 
had  any  architectural  training,  but  who 
was  a  man  of  education  and  possessed  much 
Court  influence.  In  fact,  Goujon  through- 
out, receives  eloquent  tribute  from  the 
author  :  "  The  instinct  of  the  thirteenth- 
century  Frenchman  for  pure  form  awoke 
again  in  Goujon,  to  express  itself  in  the  more 
gracious  imagery  of  the  Renaissance "  ; 
"  Tho  smile  of  La  Gioconda  is  not  more 
subtle  and  disquieting  than  those  divinely 
beautiful  nymphs  on  the  Fontaine  des 
Innocents  "  ;  "  '  Jean  Goujon,  masson  et 
tailletu  despierres,'  is  one  of  the  immortals." 

Miss  Sichel  in  her  'Women  and  Men  of 
the  French  I  tenaissance  '  remarks  that,  had 
it  been  foreseen  how  much  of  the  history  of 
artists  could  bo  written  from  the  records 
of  expenses,  the  accounts  might  have  been 
kept  more  carefully.  So  if  is  from  the 
"  Comptes  des  Bat iinents  du  Roi,"  1528-71, 
that  the  most  trustworthy  evidence  is 
obtained  of  French  architects  and  buildings 
during  those  years.  Tho  author  has  &\  i 
dently  examined  these  vory  carefully,  and 


endeavours,  wherever  possible,  to  sub- 
stantiate his  conclusions  from  this  incon- 
trovertible evidence. 

There  is  also  much  that  is  interesting  of 
Pierre  Lescot,  Primaticcio,  II  Rosso,  the 
Du  Cerceau,  and  especially  of  that  peppery 
old  worthy  Philibert  de  L'Orme,  while 
excellent  descriptions  are  given  of  Fontaine- 
bleau,  the  Tuileries,  Anet,  and  other  build- 
ings. The  book  is  well  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs and  drawings  by  the  author,  and  the 
letterpress  is  well  printed  and  carefully 
edited.  We  have  noticed  only  two  misprints: 
the  first  on  p.  7,  where  the  word  "  practised  " 
is  printed  when  placed  is  evidently  intended  ; 
and  the  other  on  p.  171,  where  the  name 
of  the  architect  Bullant  is  misspelt  Brillant. 
The  index  appears  to  be  complete,  and  the 
"  documentation,"  to  use  an  awkward  word, 
is  all  that  could  be  wished  for. 

A  History  of  Architectural  Development. 
By  F.  M.  Simpson.  Vol.  I.  (Longmans  & 
Co.) — This  is  the  first  volume  of  what  seems 
likely  to  be  a  most  interesting  series  of  books, 
entitled  "  The  Architects'  Library,"  to  be 
issued  under  the  general  editorship  of  Prof. 
Simpson,  and  including,  in  addition  to  the 
remaining  volumes  of  this  '  History,'  a  work 
on  '  Building  Construction,'  in  two  volumes, 
by  Prof.  Beresford  Pite,  while  other  works 
are  in  contemplation.  We  hope  that  the 
excellent  start  will  be  maintained,  and  meet 
with  the  success  it  deserves,  so  that  the 
editor  and  publishers  will  be  encouraged  to 
continue.  Prof.  Simpson's  first  volume 
begins  with  the  earliest  Egyptian  pyramids, 
and  closes  about  the  year  1000  a.d.  ;  vol.  ii. 
will  deal  with  Romanesque  and  mediaeval 
work,  and  vol.  iii.  with  the  Renaissance. 

The  '  History  '  is  almost  on  a  scale  to 
challenge  comparison  with  Fergusson's  great 
work.  It  would  be  unreasonable  to  com- 
plain because  we  do  not  here  find  those 
qualities  which  have  fascinated  each  gene- 
ration of  architectural  students  for  the  last 
forty  years.  We  do  not  find  them,  and 
we  did  not  expect  to  find  them.  Fergusson's 
'  History  '  remains  what  it  has  been  from 
the  day  of  its  publication,  a  unique  work. 
Nevertheless  a  comparison  of  the  two  works 
is  interesting,  and  not  by  any  means  always 
to  the  disadvantage  of  the  later  writer. 
Prof.  Simpson  dissects  the  buildings  eon- 
structionally  in  a  manner  natural  to  a  trained 
architect.  A  large  proportion  of  the  illus- 
trations are  specially  prepared  scale  draw- 
ings with  explanatory  sections  and  details, 
and  convey  much  more  information  than 
the  illustrations  to  the  earlier  work.  For 
many  purposes,  too,  a  photograph  is  more 
valuable  than  any  other  kind  of  illus- 
tration, and  photographs  have  hero  been 
judiciously  employed.  But  it  is,  of  course,  in 
the  material  to  his  hand  that  Prof.  Simp- 
son's principal  advantage  lies.  He  has 
at  his  disposal  the  result  of  another 
forty  years  of  exploration  and  critical 
study,  consequently  a  great  deal  of 
fresh  light  is  thrown  on  points  formerly 
obscure,  while  many  earlier  theories  havo 
had  to  be  abandoned  or  modified.  Prof. 
Simpson  is  no  special  pleader,  and  keeps  his 
personal  predilections  very  much  in  the  back- 
ground. Having  studied  all  the  authorities 
and  weighed  all  the  evidence,  he  gives  a 
well-reasoned  and  balanced  opinion  on  each 
disputed  point.  Tho  book  is  therefore  pre- 
eminently a  safe  guide  for  the  beginner. 

More  spaco  than  is  usually  allotted  is 
given  to  t  he  difficult,  but  intensely  interest- 
ing period  ill  Ltaly  (luring  which  the  early 
Christian  art,  founded  on  the  decaying 
official  Roman,  was  slowly  evolving  into 
the  Romanesque,  acted  upon  on  the  one 
side  by  the  Lombardic  and  other  Northern 
influences,  and  on  the  other  by  the  Byzantine, 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


221 


itself  subjected  to  influences  from  still 
further  east.  The  author  refuses  to  be 
carried  away  by  the  too  sweeping  claims 
advanced  by  some  recent  writers,  in  attri- 
buting to  the  Byzantine  style  an  altogether 
preponderating  influence  in  all  early  mediaeval 
work.     He  says  : — 

"  If  one  regarded  detail  as  the  sole  guide  by 
which  a  style  can  be  determined,  there  is  little 
doubt  that,  even  in  the  West,  practically  all  work 
for  many  centuries  should  be  termed  Byzantine,  as 
Greek  artificers  were  responsible  for  nearly  all  the 
carving  and  decorations,  except  those  which  were 
taken  from  old  buildings.  But  construction  is  more 
important  than  detail,  and  also  affords  a  far 
sounder  basis  on  which  to  frame  satisfactory 
divisions." 

It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  author  in 
detail  through  his  pages  ;  as  we  have  already 
said,  the  book  is  a  careful  resume  of  the  most 
recent  knowledge  on  the  subject,  and  does 
not  itself  contain  new  facts  or  theories  ;  but 
there  are  one  or  two  minor  matters  to  which 
it  is  perhaps  worth  while  to  refer.  For 
instance,  the  closer  spacing  of  the  columns 
at  the  angles  in  Greek  Doric  temples  was 
not  merely  an  architectural  refinement 
intended  to  give  an  appearance  of  strength. 
The  fact  is  that  their  distance  apart  was 
determined  by  the  equal  spacing  of  the 
metopes.  Neither  are  we  prepared  to 
abandon  entirely  our  belief  in  the  timber 
origin  of  Doric  architecture.  That  any 
existing  buildings  were  directly  copied  from 
wooden  ones — as  were  the  Lycian  tombs, 
for  instance — is,  of  course,  not  contended,  but 
rather  that  the  builders  of  the  first  stone 
edifices  naturally,  though  perhaps  uncon- 
sciously, used  the  forms  withwhich  they  were 
familiar,  as  is  the  usual  practice  of  designers 
working  in  new  materials.  The  survival 
of  those  earlier  forms  in  the  highest  develop- 
ment of  the  style  is  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  Greeks  devoted  their  energies  more 
to  refining  their  work  than  to  inventing  new 
forms.  Again,  the  author,  in  describing  the 
flat  dome  over  the  tomb  of  Theodoric,  says, 
"  The  handles  en  the  outside  were  used  for 
raising  it."  What  is  his  authority  for  this 
positive  statement  ?  The  suggestion  has, 
we  know,  been  made  before,  but  we  have  not 
seen  it  supported  by  any  proof,  and  on  the 
face  of  it,  it  does  not  seem  at  all  probable. 

The  utmost  care  appears  to  have  been 
taken  in  the  correction  of  the  book,  which 
reflects  the  greatest  credit  on  both  author 
and  publishers.  Not  the  least  interesting 
part  consists  in  the  foot  -  notes,  which  are 
generally  very  much  to  the  point  and  con- 
tain a  (jreat  deal  of  interesting  information. 
There  is  no  index,  but  one  will,  no  doubt, 
be  included  in  the  last  volume. 


PORTRAITS    OF    MARY    STUART. 

St.  Andrews. 

Thr  reviewer  of  my  book  on  this  subject 
remarks  that  I  do  not  mention  the  colour 
of  the  eyes  in  Lord  Leven  and  Melville's 
example.  It  is  curious  that,  though  I  have 
examined  the  picture  often  and  recently, 
T  can  only  say  of  the  colour  of  the  eyes  that 
"  it  finds  no  name  this  side  of  heaven  "  ; 
but  thf  nearesl  term  1  can  think  of  is  a 
dark  hazel.  Neither  Mr.  Cust,  M.  Dimier, 
Mr.  Poster,  n>>v  myself  lias  any  doubt  that 
Mary  is  the  Bubject,  whatever  may  be  said 
of  the  costume  and  jewels.  Personally  T 
have  not  the  faintest  doubt  as  to  the  iden- 
tification of  these  ;  in  fact,  I  thought  the 
M  monogram  not  worth  mentioning  in 
the  text,  though,  for  a  certain  reason,  T 
"spatchcocked  "  it  into  the  prefai    . 

I  am  sorry  if  T  was  wrong  in  thinking  that 
Sir  George  Scharf  at  one  time  accepted  the 
Fraser-Tytler  portrait  as  Mary  :    it  is  quite 


as  much  Mary  as  her  mother,  and  is  equally 
unlike  both  ladies. 

The  anagram  on  the  Duke  of  Portland's 
miniature,  "  Virtutis  Amore,"  is  not  less 
closely  fitted  to  "  Marie  Stouart  "  than  is 
the  authentic  "  Sa  vertu  m'attire "  to 
"  Marie  Stuart."  In  Mary's  undoubted  ana- 
grams there  are  redundant  letters,  that  is 
to  say,  a  letter  that  fits  may  occur  more 
than  once  :  thus  both  v  and  u  occur  in  "  Sa 
vertu  m'attire,"  and  e  occurs  twice,  and  t 
once  too  often.  For  the  French  spelling  of 
"  Stuart  "  as  "  Stouart  "  I  gave  evidence. 
The  presence  of  the  anagram  can  scarcely 
be  a  fortuitous  coincidence.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  eyes  are  a  glass-grey.  It  appears 
to  me  that  the  Queen  is  sitting  propped  up, 
probably  on  cushions  concealed  by  her 
gauzy  veil,  in  the  open  air.  In  the  original 
she  looks  like  a  convalescent  and  much  older 
than  her  age  before  her  captivity  ;  but  the 
painters  usually  represented  their  subjects 
too  old. 

T  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  the  attri- 
bution of  the  portrait  of  the  Countess  of 
Mar  is  wrong,  from  the  costume,  but,  after 
seeing  a  pretty  crayon  sketch  of  the  lady  at 
the  Scottish  National  Museum  in  Edinburgh, 
I  have  no  certain  opinion. 

The  portrait  of  Mary  at  eighteen  pub- 
lished in  the  earlier  editions  of  my  '  Mystery 
of  Mary  Stuart  '  is  probably  by  the  younger 
Medina  (not  Sir  John),  after  the  Cassilis 
type.  But  as  I  have  not  seen  the  Cassilis 
portrait,  which  appears  to  possess  corro- 
borative evidence,  I  am  unable  to  express 
an  opinion  about  it.  There  exists,  I  have 
learnt  lately,  a  portrait,  signed  by  My  tens, 
after  the  type  of  the  Florentine  miniature. 
The  Queen  carries  a  riding  switch.  Pro- 
bably the  most  curious  fact  which  I  found  out 
is  that  the  unknown  P.  Oudry,  who  signs 
the  Sheffield  portrait,  may  be  plausibly 
identified  with  Pierre  Oudry,  the  Queen's 
embroiderer.  If  so,  the  stiffness  of  the  work 
is  accounted  for.  A.  Lang. 

***  In  Mr.  Lang's  opinion  the  colour  of 
the  eyes  in  Lord  Leven  and  Melville's 
portrait  of  Queen  Mary  "  finds  no  name 
this  side  of  heaven";  and  perhaps  that  is 
the  reason  why  he  made  no  reference  to  it 
in  his  book.  He  now  explains  that  the 
nearest  term  he  can  think  of  is  "  a  dark 
hazel."  If  he  is  right  in  this,  and  he  ought 
to  know,  for  he  has  "  examined  the  picture 
often  and  recently,"  he  kept  back  a  strong 
argument  in  favour  of  its  authenticity  ;  and 
one  can  only  wonder  why  he  did  so,  when 
he  referred  to  the  complexion,  features, 
expression,  colour  of  hair,  eyebrows,  and  con- 
tour of  face.  We  have  not  seen  the  original, 
but  have  reason  to  believe  that  an  expert 
who  saw  it  many  years  ago  described  the 
eyes  as  grey  or  dark  warm  grey.  It  is  satis- 
factory to  know  that  Mr.  Cust,  M.  Dimier, 
and  Mr.  Foster  are  at  one  in  having  no 
doubt  that  the  beautiful  subject  of  this 
portrait  is  Mary,  "  whatever  may  be  said  of 
the  costume  and  jewels."  Mr.  Lang  is  not 
only  convinced  as  to  the  subject,  but  has 
also  not  the  faintest  doubt  as  to  the  identi- 
fication of  the  costume  and  jewels  ;  and  this, 
it  now  turns  out,  was  the  reason  why  he 
did  not  mention  in  his  text  that  one  of  the 
jewels  bears  her  monogram.  In  his  book 
he  put  the  matter  thus  : — 

"My  argument  is  cumulative.  The  carcan, 
used  as  a  breast  ornament,  is  certainly  identified, 
I  think.  The  tour  is  identified  with  high  proba- 
bility. The  cotoire  contains  the  arrangement  of 
table  rubies  and  pearls  which  Mary  possessed. 
These  coincidences  with  the  Inventories  cannot  be 
accidental." 

The  case  might  have  been  materially 
strengthened  by   the  statement  concerning 


the  monogram  ;  and  space  might  have  been 
found  for  it  in  an  argument  to  which  more 
than  a  dozen  pages  were  devoted. 

Mr.  Lang  did  not  prove  that  Stouart  was 
a  French  spelling  of  Stuart.  He  gave  an 
example  of  Stouard,  and  assumed  that 
Stouart  was  also  used.  Even  with  this 
amended  spelling,  the  anagram  "Virtutis 
amore  "  is  so  far  from  fitting  perfectly  that 
the  letters  vi  are  superfluous,  and  there  is 
only  one  a  instead  of  two.  The  authentic- 
anagram  to  which  he  refers,  "Sa  vertu  m' 
attire,"  fits  more  closely  to  the  spelling 
Marie  Stewart.  Altogether  apart  from 
anagrams,  the  letters  u  and  v  were  used 
interchangeably ;  and  w  was  sometimes  put 
as  vv,  and  occasionally  as  uv.  By  reverting 
to  that  old  use  this  spelling  fits  the  authentic 
monogram  exactly  save  for  one  t ;  and,  if 
the  drawing  in  Albert  Way's  '  Catalogue '  is 
correct,  the  monogram  on  Queen  Mary's 
hand-bell  is  enclosed  within  a  band  on 
which  the  motto  is  inscribed  as  sa  vertv 
matire,    which    suits    perfectly    for    marie 

STEWART. 

Mr.  Lang  seems  now  to  have  given  up  his 
previous  opinion  regarding  the  portrait  of 
"  Mary  at  eighteen,"  which,  instead  of  being 
described  as  a  copy  of  a  contemporary 
French  likeness,  "probably  by  Sir  John 
Medina,"  is  now  declared  to  be  "  probably 
by  the  younger  Medina  "  after  the  Cassilis 
type.  The  late  Mr.  J.  M.  Gray,  of  the 
Scottish  National  Portrait  Gallery,  held  that 
the  Cassilis  or  Ails  a  portrait  was  a  version  of 
the  Carleton  one ;  and  this  opinion  will  not 
be  readily  disputed  by  those  who  are 
familiar  with  both.  To  Mr.  Lang  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Carleton  picture  is  an  "  unidentified; 
lady."  The  Reviewer. 


3Fitu-^rt  Gossip. 

Visitors  inform  us  that  it  has  been 
impossible  at  the  National  Gallery  for  some 
days  past  to  buy  a  copy  of  either  the 
descriptive  catalogue  or  the  abridged  cata- 
logue of  the  pictures  of  the  Foreign  Schools. 
That  this  should  occur  at  a  time  of  the  year 
when  many  foreigners  are  viewing  our' 
National  Collection  is  unfortunate. 

The  picture  by  Ford  Madox  Brown  which 
was  recently  (Athenamm,  No.  4105)  bought 
at  Messrs.  Christie's  under  the  title  of 
•  Chaucer  at  the  Court  of  Edward  III.'  is 
now  hanging  in  Room  III.  at  the  Tato 
Gallery,  where  it  bears  the  title  '  Chaucer 
at  King  Edward's  Castle.'  This  is  pre- 
sumably the  picture  which  was  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1851  as  '  Geoffrey 
Chaucer  reading  the  "  Legend  of  Custance  " 
to  Edward  III.  and  his  Court.'  A  picture 
with  the  same  title  is  said  to  be  in  the 
Sydney  Municipal  Gallery. 

On  Wednesday  the  marble  statue  of 
'Thomas  Gainsborough,  R. A.,'  by  Thomas 
Brock,  R.A.,  was  placed  in  position  in 
Room  VIII.  at  Millbank.  It  has  been 
exhibited  this  summer  at  Burlington  House. 

The  authorities  of  the  German  Historical 
Institute  have  purchased  at  Rome  for  the 
sum  of  1,600,000  francs  a  fine  villa,  in 
which  it  is  proposed  to  establish  for  German 
students  an  Ecole  tie  Rome  on  the  model  of 
the  French  Villa  Medicis. 

Ox  the  occasion  of  the  forthcoming  ter- 
centenary of  the  foundation  of  the  city  of 
Quebec,  it  has  been  decided  to  establish 
a  museum  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the 
various  events  in  the  history  of  Canada  from 
the  earliest  times  to  our  own  day.  In  this 
museum  will  be  preserved  all  the  relics 
obtainable    of    Champlain,     Montcalm    andi 


222 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


other  eminent  figures  in  Canadian  affairs. 
:4_  national  subscription  will  be  opened  for 
the  purpose,  whilst  grants  will  be  made  by 
the  English,  Canadian,  and  French  Govern- 
ments. 

Among  other  articles  The  Antiquary  for 
.September  will  contain  the  following  :  '  The 
Norman  Origin  of  Irish  Mottoes,  '  concluded, 
.by  Mrs.'  Armitage  ;  '  An  Anglo-Saxon  Grave 
in  East  Yorkshire  and  its  Contents,'  illus- 
■irated,  by  Mr.  T.  Sheppard  ;  '  Venetian 
.Bridges  and  Street  Names,'  by  Miss  E.  C. 
Vansittart  ;  '  A  Pilgrimage  to  St.  David's 
•Cathedral,'  illustrated,  by  Dr.  A.  C.  Fryer, 
.  third  part  ;  and  a  further  instalment  of  '  The 
London  Signs  and  their  Associations,'  by  Mr. 
JT.  Holden  MacMichael. 


MUSIC 


THE  «  TEMPEST  '  AS  AN  "  OPERA." 

No  play  of  Shakespeare  has  suffered 
-more  at  the  hands  of  adapters  than  '  The 
Tempest.'  There  was  a  particular  version 
of  it  in  the  form  of  a  so-called  "  opera " 
which  held  the  stage  at  intervals  for  a  very 
long  time,  and  the  responsibility  for  which 
-has  never  been  placed  exactly  on  the  right 
shoulders.  A  comparison,  however,  of  the 
-earliest  version  printed  in  1670  with  another 
printed  in  1674,  immediately  after  its  being 
adapted  as  an  "  opera  "  in  1673,  brings  to 
light  some  interesting  variations,  from  which 
a  pretty  safe  conclusion  can  be  drawn. 

Soon  after  the  Restoration,  the  attention 
of  Sir  William  Davenant,  the  dramatist, 
•was  drawn  to  '  The  Tempest.'  Being,  as 
!Dryden  says  in  the  Preface  to  be  presently 
; referred  to,  "a  man  of  quick  and  piercing 
imagination,  he  soon  found  that  somewhat 
might  be  added  to  the  design  of  Shakespeare, 
of  which  neither  Fletcher  nor  Suckling 
[previous  adapters]  had  ever  thought." 
I>avenant  died  on  April  7th,  1668,  five 
.months  after  the  first  performance  of  his 
-version  of  '  The  Tempest,'  but  before  its 
•appearance  in  print.  The  first  edition, 
which  was  published  in  1670,  has  a  Preface 
dated  December  1st,  1669,  and  signed 
"  John  Driden "  (a  spelling  repeated  in 
the  later  editions  of  1674,  1676,  and  1690). 
JJryden  says  in  it : — 

*'I  do  not  set  a  value  on  any  tiling  I  have 
written  in  this  play,  but  out  of  gratitude  to  the 
.memory  of  Sir  William  Davenant,  who  did  me  the 
honour  to  join  me  with  him  in  the  alteration  of  it. 
It  was  originally  Shakespeare's  ;  a  poet  for  whom 
he  had  particularly  a  high  veneration,  and  whom 
he  first  taught  me  to  admire." 

Later  in  the  Preface  Dryden  explains  that 
the  character  of  Hippolito,  "  a  man  who 
had  never  seen  a  woman,"  was  designed  by 
Davenant  as  ' '  the  counterpart  of  Shake- 
speare's plot,"  i.e.,  of  the  character  of 
Miranda.  "  This  excellent  contrivance  he 
was  pleased  to  communicate  to  me  and  to 
desire  my  assistance  in  it."  Davenant 
seems  from  what  Dryden  says  in  this 
Preface  to  have  supervised  and  corrected 
the  work  of  his  collaborator,  adding  whole 
scenes  and  the  "  comical  parts  of  the 
sailors."  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that 
the  play  as  put  on  the  stage  at  the  Duke 
of  York's  Theatre  (of  which  Davenant  was 
the  patentee)  on  November  7th,  1667,  when 
Pepys  witnessed  the  first  performance,  was 
much  more  Davenant's  than  Dryden's. 

The  following  characters  not  in  Shake- 
speare are  introduced:  (1)  Hippolito,  "one 
that  never  saw  woman,  right  heir  of  the 
Dukedom  of  Mantua "  (which  Alonzo, 
"Duke  of  Savoy,"  has  usurped);  (2) 
Dorinda,   a    second    daughter    of    Prospero, 


and  sister  of  Miranda  ;  ( 3 )  Sy corax,  sister 
of  Caliban.  The  sailors  are  thus  described  : 
"  Stephano,  Master  of  the  Ship  ;  Mustacho, 
his  mate ;  Trincalo,  Boatswain  ;  Ventoso,  a 
mariner  ;  several  mariners  ;  a  cabin-boy  "  ; 
and  Trincalo  becomes  the  chief  comic 
character,  assuming  lordship  over  the  sup- 
posed desert  island  on  which  the  ship  is 
wrecked,  and  being  addressed  by  his  com- 
rades as  Duke  Trincalo. 

In  1671  Davenant's  company,  known  as 
the  Duke  of  York's,  shifted  from  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields  to  a  new  theatre  at  Dorset 
Garden,  where  there  were  more  facilities  for 
spectacvdar  representations.  The  first  of 
these,  after  various  plays  (including  Shad- 
well's  '  Epsom  Wells  ')  had  been  performed, 
was,  according  to  the  '  Roscius  Anglicanus  ' 
of  John  Downes,  the  prompter,  '  Macbeth,' 

"  alter 'd  by  Sir  William  Davenant ;  being  drest  in 
all  it's  finery,  as  new  Cloath's,  new  Scenes, 
Machines,  as  flyings  for  the  Witches  :  with  all  the 

singing  and  dancing  in  it being  all  Excellently 

perform'd,  being  in   the   nature  of  an  Opera :  it 

recompenc'd  double   the    Expence Note,    That 

this  Tragedy,  'King  Lear'  and  'The  Tempest,' 
were  acted  in  Lincoln's-Inn-Fields  :  '  Lear '  being 
Acted  exactly  as  Mr  Shakespear  Wrote  it ;  as 
likewise  '  The  Tempest '  alter'd  by  Sir  William 
Davenant  and  Mr  Dryden,  before  'twas  made  into 
an  Opera." — P.  33. 

References  follow  to  two  other  plays  by 
Nevil  Pain,  and  then  to 

"  '  The  Jealous  Bridegroom,'  Wrote  by  Mrs.  Bhen, 
a  good  play  and  lasted  six  Days  :  but  this  made 
its   Exit  too,   to  give  Room  for  a  greater,  '  The 

Tempest' The    Year    after    in    1673,    'The 

Tempest  or  the  Inchanted  Isle,'  was  made  into  an 
opera  by  Mr.  Shadwell,  having  all  New  in  it ;  as 
Scenes,  Machines  ;  particularly,  one  Scene  painted 
with  Myriads  of  Ariel  Spirits  ;  and  another  flying 
away,  with  a  Table  furnisht  out  with  Fruits, 
Sweetmeats  and  all  sorts  of  Viands  :  just  when 
Duke  Trincalo  and  his  Companions  were  going  to 
Dinner."— Pp.  3J-5. 

Later  on  Downes  says  of  Shadwell's  play 
of  '  Psyche  '  that 

"  in  February,  1673,  the  long  expected  Opera  of 
'  Psyche  '  came  forth  in  all  her  Ornaments  ;  new 
Scenes,  new  Machines,  new  Cloaths,  new  French 
Dances.  This  Opera  was  splendidly  set  out, 
especially  in  Scenes,  the  charge  of  which  amounted 
to  above  800/.  It  had  a  continuance  of  Perform- 
ance about  8  days  together  it  prov'd  very  Bene- 
ficial to  the  Company  ;  yet  '  The  Tempest '  got 
them  more  money." — Pp.  35-6. 

It  is  obvious  from  the  above  quotations 
that  spectacle  was  the  leading  feature  of  the 
Dorset  Garden  productions ;  and  before 
going  further  it  may  be  worth  while  ■  to 
quote  (as  showing  Shadwell's  opinion  of  him- 
self as  an  arranger  of  this  class  of  plays) 
what,  in  the  Preface  of  his  play  of  '  Psyche,' 
as  published  in  1720,  he  says  of  its  produc- 
tion as  an  "  opera  ": — 

"  In  all  the  Words  which  are  sung,  I  did  not  so 
much  take  care  of  the  Wit  or  Fancy  of  'em,  as  the 
making  of  'em  proper  for  Musick  ;  in  which  I 
cannot  but  have  some  little  knowledge,  having 
been  bred  for  many  Years  of  my  Youth  to  some 
Performance  in  it. 

"I  chalked  out  the  way  to  the  composer  (in  all 
but  the  Song  of  Furies  and  Devils  in  the  fifth  Act) 
having  design'd  which  Line  I  would  have  sung  by 
One,  which  by  Two,  which  by  Three,  which  by 
four  Voices,  &c.  and  what  manner  of  Humour  1 
would  have  in  all  the  Vocal  Musick. 

"And  by  his  excellent  Composition,  that  long 
known  able  and  approved  Master  of  Music,  Mr. 
Lock  (Composer  to  His  Majesty,  and  Organist  to 
the  Queen)  has  done  me  a  deal  of  Right  ;  though  I 
believe,  the  unskilful  in  Musick  will  not  like  the 
more  solemn  Part  of  it,  as  the  Musick  in  the 
Temple  of  Apollo,  and  the  Song  of  the  Despairing 
Lovers,  in  the  Second  Act ;  both  which  arc  proper 
and  admirable  in  their  Kinds,  and  are  recommonded 
to  the  judgment  of  able  Musicians  :  for  those  who 
are  not  so,  there  are  light  and  aiery  Things  to 
please  them. 


"All  the  Instrumental  Musick  (which  is  not 
mingled  with  the  Vocal)  was  composed  by  that 
great  Master,  Seignior  Gio.  Baptista  Draghi, 
Master  of  the  Italian  Musick  to  the  King.  The 
Dances  were  made  by  the  most  fainous  Master  of 
France,  Monsieur  St.  Andree.  The  scenes  were 
painted  by  the  ingenious  Artist,  Mr.  Stephenson. 
In  those  things  that  concern  the  ornament  or 
decoration  of  the  Play,  the  great  Industry  and 
Care  of  Mr.  Betterton  ought  to  be  remember'd,  at 
whose  desire  I  wrote  upon  this  subject." 

In  1675  Matthew  Locke  published  the 
words  and  music  of  '  The  English  Opera,  or 
the  Vocal  Musick  in  Psyche,'  and  his  Preface 
contains  an  interesting  reference  to  an  anti- 
cipated criticism  on  his  use  of  the  title 
"  opera."     He  says  : — 

' '  To  this  I  must  answer  that  the  word  is  bor- 
rowed of  the  Italian  :  who  by  it  distinguish  their 
comedies  from  their  Operas  :  Those  a  short  Plot 
being  laid,  the  Comedians  according  to  their  dif- 
ferent Theams  given,  Speak  and  Act  Extempore  : 
but  These,  after  much  consideration,  industry  and 
pains  for  splendid  scenes  and  Machines  to  illustrate 
the  grand  Design,  with  Art  are  composed  in  such 
kinds  of  Musick  as  the  subject  requires  :  and 
accordingly  performed." 

We  have  Downes's  authority  for  the 
statement  that  Shadwell  "  made  '  The 
Tempest '  into  an  Opera "  ;  but  it  does 
not  seem  to  have  occurred  to  any  com- 
mentator to  endeavour  to  ascertain  what 
his  share  in  the  Dorset  Garden  production 
actually  was.  In  the  standard  edition 
(1872-4)  of  '  The  Dramatic  Works  of  William 
D'Avenant'  the  editors,  Messrs.  James 
Maidment  and  W.  H.  Logan,  remark  (vol.  v. 
p.  400):— 

"  A  few  years  after  the  death  of  D'avenant, 
Shadwell,  subsequently  the  poet  laureate  of 
William  III.,  and  the  political  opponent  of 
Dryden,  made  '  The  Tempest '  into  an  opera — or 
more  properly  speaking  a  mock  opera,  which 
answered  well  as  a  commercial  speculation,  but  did 
not  say  much  for  the  taste  of  the  writer,  who, 
however,  had  the  good  taste  never  to  print  it." 

So  far  is  this  from  being  the  case  that  in 
every  edition  except  the  first  (1670)  which 
has  been  published  of  the  Davenant-Dryden 
version  of  '  The  Tempest,  '  including  the 
edition  of  Messrs.  Maidment  and  Logan 
themselves,  it  is  Shadwell's  version  that  is 
printed,  and  not  Davenant's,  which  is  only 
to  be  found  in  the  first  edition. 

The  two  scenes  to  which  Downes  refers 
with  particular  pleasure  in  the  extract 
already  given  are  no  doubt  the  following, 
taken  from  the  stage  directions  of  the  1674 
edition  (these  scenes  are  not  in  the  1670 
edition  at  all) : — 

(a)  Act  V.  sc.  ii.,  "Scene  changes  to  the  Rising 
Sun,  and  a  number  of  Aeriel  Spirits  in  the  air." 

(b)  Act  IV.  sc.  hi.,  "Dance  of  fantastic  spirits  : 
after  the  dance  a  table  furnished  with  meat  and 

fruit  is  brought  in  by  two  spirits Two  spirits 

descend,  and  fly  away  with  the  table." 

As  it  happens,  we  are  not  wholly  de- 
pendent on  Downes  for  the  assertion  that 
Shadwell  turned  the  play  into  an  opera.  In 
the  masque  at  the  end  of  Act  II.  (which  in 
the  1674  and  subsequent  editions  is  much 
more  elaborate  than  in  1670)  a  song  "Arise, 
arise,  ye  subterranean  winds,"  finishes  the 
act.  This  song  does  not  appear  in  the  1670 
edition,  but  in  Part  II.  of  Pietro  Reggio's 
songs  (published  in  168U)  is  a  setting  of 
"  Arise,  ye  subterranean  winds,"  with  the 
title  "  A  Song  in  the  Tempest,  The  words 
by  Mr.  Shadwell." 

To  balance  Ferdinand,  Davenant  had 
added  the  character  of  Hippolito  ;  to  keep 
company  with  Miranda  lie  added  another 
daughter  of  Prospero,  Dorinda ;  Caliban 
had  a  sister-monster,  Sycorax ;  and  Ariel 
was  given  a  female  companion,  Milcha,  who 
only  appeared,  however,  in  the  Davenant 
version  quite  at  the  end  of  the  last  act, 
aftor  Ariel's  song  "  Where  the  bee  sucks," 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


223 


and  who  had  merely  to  say  "  Here "  in 
response  to  Ariel's  summons,  and  to  dance 
with  him  a  saraband.  Shadwell  brought 
Milcha  on  the  stage  much  earlier,  viz.,  in 
the  first  scene  between  Ariel  and  his  master. 
In  the  1674  and  subsequent  versions  she 
divides  with  Ariel  the  well-known  songs  in 
the  scene  with  Ferdinand,  he  singing  "  Come 
unto  these  Yellow  Sands  "  and  she  "  Full 
fathom  five."  Later  (Act  Til.  sc.  hi.)  Ariel 
and  Milcha  sing  a  duet,  "  Dry  those  tears 
which  are  o'erflowing,  all  your  storms  are 
overblowing,"  which  in  the  1670  edition  was 
a  solo  for  Ariel. 

There  were  practically  no  scenic  directions 
at  all  in  the  1670  edition.  Those  in  the 
1674  edition  are,  however,  very  full,  the 
opening  directions  for  Act  I.  being  par- 
ticularly elaborate.  In  the  "  opera " 
version  several  of  the  scenes  are  shifted 
about,  doubtless  to  meet  the  stage  manager's 
requirements  ;  and  two  important  additions 
are  made  :  ( 1 )  the  expansion  of  the  masque 
of  Devils  at  the  end  of  Act  II.,  with  the 
final  song,  "  Arise,  ye  subterranean  winds," 
already  referred  to  ;  (2)  the  addition  of  a 
wholly  new  masque  at  the  end  of  the 
play,  with  the  speaking  characters  of 
Neptune,  Amphitrite,  Oceanus,  and  Tethys, 
who  "  appear  in  a  chariot  drawn  with  sea- 
horses ;  on  each  side  of  the  chariot,  Sea 
Gods  and  Goddesses,  Tritons  and  Nereids." 
This  ended,  "  Scene  changes  to  the  Rising 
Sun,  and  a  number  of  Aeriel  Spirits  in  the 
air ;  Ariel  flying  from  the  sun,  advances 
towards  the  Pit."  After  a  few  words  from 
Alonzo,  Prospero,  and  Gonzalo,  "  Ariel  and 
the  rest  "  sing  "  Where  the  bee  sucks,"  after 
which  the  play  ends  with  Prospero' s  speech, 
concluding  (as  in  Shakspeare)  with  the  lines 

On  my  retreat  let  heaven  and  nature  smile 
And  ever  flourish  the  Enchanted  Isle. 

All  this  added  matter  is  quite  in  the 
Shadwellian  style  ;  and  therefore  the  version 
of  •  The  Tempest '  which  is  known  amongst 
commentators  as  the  "  Davenant "  or  the 
"  Dryden  "  or  the  "  Davenant-Dryden  " 
must  not  be  credited  wholly  to  these 
authors,  unless  quotation  be  made  exclu- 
sively from  the  very  rare  1670  edition,  a 
copy  of  which  is  in  the  British  Museum,  but 
which  is  not  reprinted  either  by  Maidment 
or  Logan  in  their  edition  of  Davenant,  or 
by  Prof.  Saintsbury  in  his  edition  of  Dryden. 
Ernest  Clarke. 


IHusical  (gossip. 

The  Promenade  Concert  season  at  Queen's 
Hall  was  successfully  inaugurated  last 
Saturday  evening.  Mr.  Henry  Wood  and 
the  principal  members  of  the  orchestra  had 
a  very  cordial  reception  when  they  took  their 

E laces.  Room  could  not  be  found  for 
undreds  of  music  lovers,  the  hall  being 
packed  before  the  proceedings  began.  Only 
one  important  change  has  occurred  in  the 
orchestra,  Mr.  Breethoff,  of  the  Concert- 
Geboow  Orchestra  of  Amsterdam,  having 
been  engaged  to  fill  the  post  of  first  horn- 
player.  He  was  strongly  recommended  to 
Mr.  Wood  by  Dr.  Richard  Strauss.  The 
programme  on  Saturday  contained  many 
familiar  pieces.  At  the  outset  the  band  gave 
a  stirring  performance  of  the  brilliant  Prelude 
to  the  Third  Act  of  '  Lohengrin,'  and  after- 
wards the  instrumentalists  presented  the 
Overtures  to  '  Tannhauser  '  and  '  William 
Tell,'  Tschai'kowsky's  '  1S12  '  Overture, 
Schubert's  '  Rosamunde  '  music  in  o,  and 
Grieg's  '  Peer  Gynt '  suite  and  his  dainty 
piece  for  oboe  solo,  horn,  and  strings,  called 
'  Evening  in  the  Mountains.'  Except  that 
the  brass  and  percussion  players  were  occa- 
sionally a  little  too  demonstrative,  the  per- 


formances were  meritorious  and  effective- 
Mr.  Albert  Fransella  took  charge  of  the  solo 
portions  of  Mozart's  Concerto  in  g  for  flute 
and  orchestra,  and  exhibited  marked  skill 
in  execution  and  neatness  in  piirasing.  The 
singers  were  Miss  Perceval  Allen,  Mr. 
Lloyd  Chandos,  and  Mr.  W.  A.  Peterkin. 

On  Monday  evening  a  Wagner  programme 
was  put  forward,  and  on  Tuesday  Mr.  Wood 
introduced  the  first  novelty  of  the  season, 
Signor  Ferruccio  Busoni's  orchestral  suite 
from  the  music  to  Gozzi's  '  Turandot.'  This 
work  from  the  pen  of  the  distinguished 
pianist  is  in  six  movements,  the  first  of 
which,  intended  to  depict  the  execution  of 
one  of  the  suitors  of  the  Chinese  Princess,  is 
clever,  but  too  noisy,  while  the  third,  labelled 
"  Nocturnal  Waltz,"  is  curiously  gloomy 
and  rather  dull.  Only  in  the  last  movement 
of  the  suite,  which  is  headed  "  Funeral 
March  and  Turkish  Finale,"  does  the  com- 
poser write  music  likely  to  engage  the 
popular  ear,  the  gaiety  of  the  concluding 
passages  of  the  work  being  particularly 
welcome  after  the  solemnity  and  dryness  of 
the  earlier  portions.  At  this  concert  was 
performed  also  Mozart's  seldom-played 
Concertante  Symphony  for  violin,  viola,  and 
orchestra,  the  solo  instrumentalists  being 
Mr.  Henri  Verbrugghen  and  Mr.  S.  L. 
Wertheim,  who  carried  out  a  grateful  task 
with  care  and  effect. 

On  Wednesday  evening  the  band  gave  a 
worthy  performance  of  Mozart's  Symphony 
in  e  flat,  last  but  two  of  the  forty-one,  and 
less  often  heard  than  the  g  minor  and  the 
'  Jupiter,'  and  the  instrumentalists  also  did 
well  in  Schubert's  Symphony  in  b  minor. 
Miss  Ethel  Leginska,  who  has  a  fine  tech- 
nique, played  the  solo  portion  of  Henselt's 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  f  minor  with  plenty 
of  strength  and  decision. 

But  seldom  nowadays  are  lovers  of  Mozart 
enabled  to  listen  to  that  great  composer's 
always  fresh  and  fragrant  opera  '  The  Mar- 
riage of  Figaro.'  To  judge  from  the  hearty 
reception  accorded  to  the  work,  the  Moody- 
Manners  Company  would  have  done 
well  to  bring  it  forward  earlier  in  the 
season.  An  agreeable  feature  of  the  per- 
formance on  Thursday  evening  of  last  week 
at  the  Lyric  Theatre  was  the  bright  and 
animated  singing  and  vivacious  acting 
of  Madame  Fanny  Moody,  the  Susanna  of 
the  occasion.  Miss  Rosina  Beynon  also 
made  herself  welcome  as  Cherubino,  and 
sang  "  Voi  che  sapete  "  prettily.  The  role 
of  Figaro  was  attacked  in  quite  the  right 
vein  by  Mr.  Lewys  James,  who  sang  the 
music  with  a  confident  air.  In  accordance 
with  Mozart's  instructions  in  the  original 
score,  only  twenty-four  instrumentalists 
were  employed,  and  these  played  discreetly 
under  the  guidance  of  flerr  Richard 
Eckhold.  '  Lohengrin  '  was  given  on  Satur- 
day evening  with  a  cast  which  included 
Madame  Fanny  Moody  as  Elsa  and 
Mr.  Joseph  O'Mara  as  the  Knight  of  the 
Swan.  The  prima  donna  was  in  good  voice 
and  sang  with  customary  intelligence  and 
effect.  Mr.  O'Mara  likewise  delivered  his 
music  with  a  due  measvire  of  fervour.  Mr. 
Lewys  James  was  an  able  representative  of 
Telramund,  and  Miss  Toni  Seiter  answered 
resourcefully  for  Ortrud.  The  choruses 
were  finely  sung,  particularly  the  stirring 
passages  when  the  Swan  draws  near. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

The  Bayreuth  Festival  of  1906,  now  drawing  to 
an  end,  aroused  much  interested  anticipation,  as 
'Tristan'  has  been  given  again  after  an  interval 
of  fourteen  years  (it  was  last  performed  in  1892). 
It  must  be  admitted  that  the  result  has  been  some- 
what disappointing.  The  orchestra,  under  Mottl 
and  Balling  of  Karlsruhe,  has,  indeed,  been  superb, 
but    the    cast  was    scarcely   well  chosen.      Frau 


Wittich,  excellent  as  Kundry  and  Sieglinde,  is 
cold  and  stagy  as  Isolde.  Dr.  von  Bary,  a  pic- 
turesque Tristan,  can  only  by  a  stretch  of  imagi- 
nation be  termed  a  tenor  ;  his  voice  is  pleasing  in 
quality,  but  there  were  moments  when  the  ear 
was  in  doubt  whether  Tristan  or  Kurwenal  held 
the  stage.  His  acting,  too,  is  but  mediocre.  A 
less  convincing  pair  of  lovers  can  scarcely  be 
imagined.  Frau  Fleischer  Edel,  the  Elizabeth  of 
1904,  has  not  the  requisite  voice  for  Brangane  ; 
instead  of  a  properly  balanced  quartet  we  had 
two  soprano  and  two  baritone  voices,  to  the  great 
loss  of  musical  colour.  Soomer  as  Kurwenal, 
and  Von  Krauss  as  King  Mark,  were  well  suited 
to  their  parts  and  sang  finely,  notably  the  latter. 
As  a  whole,  the  performances,  though  good,  were 
not  great. 

'  Parsifal,'  on  the  other  hand,  has  been  far  more 
finely  given  than  of  late  years.  Herr  Erik  Schmedes, 
of  Vienna,  who,  since  he  first  sang  the  part  in  1899, 
has  been  steadily  advancing  in  popular  favour,  now 
gives  a  remarkably  powerful  and  finished  inter- 
pretation of  the  title-role  ;  no  actor  save  Van  Dyek 
has  so  completely  realized  this  very  complex  and 
difficult  part.  Vocally,  Herr  Schmedes's  methods 
may  be  open  to  criticism  ;  dramatically  there  can 
be  but  one  opinion  :  lie  belongs  to  the  order  of 
great  artists.  The  new  Kundry,  Frau  Leffler- 
Burckhardt,  of  Wiesbaden,  is  a  great  success  ;  she 
has  voice,  style,  and  temperament ;  her  acting  in 
the  Temptation  scene  was  marked  by  real  seductive 
charm.  The  second  act  has  rarely  been  more  finely 
given  than  by  these  two  artists.  When  it  is 
added  that  the  music  of  Gurnemanz  was  admirably 
sung  by  Dr.  von  Krauss  ;  that  Franz  Adam  was 
an  excellent  Klingsor,  and  Berger  a  good,  if  not 
a  great  Amfortas,  it  will  be  realized  that  the 
'  Parsifal  '  performances  reached  a  very  high 
standard.  The  new  aspirant  to  the  title  role, 
Alois  Hedwiger,  is  too  small,  vocally,  dramatically, 
and  physically,  for  the  part.  He  iooks  the  boy 
of  the  first  act,  is  intelligent,  and  knows  the 
"business";  but  Parsifal  is  a  great  part,  and 
should  only  be  allotted  to  a  great  artist. 

The  '  Ring '  cycles  do  not  call  for  special  remark  ; 
for  the  most  part  the  roles  have  been  in  the  hands 
of  such  well-known  and  capable  artists  as  Frau 
Gulbranson  (Briinnhilde),  Ernst  Kraus  (Siegfried), 
Frau  Schumann-Heink  (Erda  and  Waltraute),  and 
Bertram  (Wotan),  with  whom  the  public,  both  in 
Bayreuth  and  London,  is  already  familiar.  The 
'  Walkure '  brought  a  new  Siegmund  and  Sieglinde : 
Herr  Cornelius  possesses  a  tenor  voice  of  pleasing 
quality  and  sings  well,  but  is  scarcely  strong 
enough  for  the  role  ;  Frau  Fleischer-Edel  is  far 
better  suited  to  the  part  of  Sieglinde  than  to  that 
of  Brangane,  and  her  beautiful  voice  was  heard  to 
great  advantage  :  she  is  a  valuable  acquisition  to 
the  Bayreuth  stage. 

The  Birmingham  Musical  Festival  will  be 
held  in  the  Town  Hall  on  October  2nd,  3rd, 
4th,  and  5th.  Sir  Edward  Elgar's  new 
oratorio,  '  The  Kingdom,'  will  be  performed, 
under  the  direction  of  the  composer,  on 
Wednesday  morning,  October  3rd.  Sir 
Edward  is  also  to  conduct  the  rendering 
of  his  oratorio,  '  The  Apostles,'  on  the 
previous  evening.  On  Wednesday  even- 
ing will  be  produced  Mr.  Joseph  Hol- 
brooke's new  setting,  for  chorus  and 
orchestra,  of  '  The  Bells,'  and  Mr.  Percy 
Pitt's  Sinfonietta  in  G  minor  ;  while  at 
Thursday  evening's  concert  Mr.  Granville 
Bantock's  new  work  '  Omar  Khayyam  '  will 
be  brought  forward,  the  solos  being  under- 
taken by  Madame  Ada  Crossley,  Mr.  John 
Coates,  and  Mr.  Dalton  Baker.  Beethoven's 
Mass  in  d  will  be  performed  on  the  Friday 
morning,  and  Mischa  Elman  will  play  the 
solo  portions  of  the  same  composer's  Violin 
Concerto  at  t lie  Wednesday  evening  concert. 
He  also  takes  charge  of  Tschaikowsky's 
Concerto  at  the  Friday  morning  concert. 
Dr.  Hans  Richter  will  conduct  the  festival. 
Besides  the  singers  mentioned  above 
engagements  have  been  entered  into  with 
Madame  Albani,  Miss  Gleeson-White,  Mr. 
John  Harrison,  Mr.  William  Green,  Mr. 
Andrew  Black,  and  Mr.  Ffrangcon-Davies. 

Sir  Edward  Elgar's  new  work,  '  The 
Kingdom,'   consists  of  an  orchestral  Intro- 


224 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


duction  and  five  sections.  The  first  is 
headed  '  Jerusalem  :  In  the  Upper  Room'  ; 
the  second  '  At  the  Beautiful  Gate  :  The 
Morn  of  Pentecost  '  ;  the  third,  'Pentecost,' 
has  two  subdivisions  :  '  In  the  Upper  Room  ' 
and  '  In  Solomon's  Porch  '  ;  the  fourth, 
'  In  Jerusalem,'  has  likewise  two  :  '  The 
Sign  of  Healing  '  and  '  The  Arrest  '  ;  and 
the  fifth,  '  The  Upper  Room,'  three  :  '  In 
Fellowship,'  '  The  Breaking  of  Bread  '  and 
'  The  Prayers.'  The  vocalists  will  be  Miss 
Agnes  Nicholls  (the  Blessed  Virgin),  Miss 
Muriel  Foster  (Mary  Magdalene),  Mr.  John 
Coates  (St.  John),  and  Mr.  William  Higley 
(St.  Peter). 

On  Saturday,  September  21st,  a  party  of 
Yorkshire  singers,  consisting  of  150  members 
of  the  Leeds  Choral  Union  and  a  contingent 
of  the  same  strength  from  the  Sheffield 
Choral  Union,  will  set  out  on  a  week's  visit 
to  Germany.  They  will  give  three  concerts 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Henry  Coward, 
who  is  conductor  of  both  choirs.  At  the 
first,  which  will  take  place  at  Diisseldorf  on 
September  24th,  '  Messiah '  will  be  per- 
formed, while  at  Cologne  on  the  following 
evening,  and  at  Frankfort  on  Septem- 
ber 26th,  the  choir  will  be  heard  in  Sir 
Edward  Elgar's  '  Dream  of  Gerontius.'  The 
orchestras  will  be  drawn  from  German 
sources.  At  each  of  the  three  towns  the 
visitors  will  be  welcomed  at  official  recep- 
tions. 

At  theBerlin  Handel  Festival  (October  25th 
to  28th),  '  Israel  in  Egypt  '  will  be  conducted 
by  Prof.  Siegfried  Ochs  ;  '  Ode  to  St.  Cecilia  ' 
and  instrumental  selections,  by  Dr.  Joachim  ; 
and  '  Belshazzar'  by  Prof.  Georg  Schumann. 

Letters  written  by  Brahms  are  shortly 
to  be  published.  The  first  series  will  contain 
the  correspondence  with  Herzogenberg  and 
liis  wife,  and  the  second  the  letters  addressed 
to  Dr.  Joachim. 

According  to  Le  Menestrel  of  August  19th 
Herr  Felix  Mottl  has  stated  that  the  offer 
made  to  him  to  be  one  of  the  conductors  at 
Co  vent  Garden  during  the  winter  opera 
season  was  at  once  declined. 

The  Town  Council  of  Leipsic  has  voted 
the  sum  of  G00Z.  towards  the  2,000Z.  required 
for  the  Bach  monument  which  is  to  be  erected 
in  the  Thomaskirchhof,  after  the  removal  of 
the  statue  of  the  philosopher  Leibnitz  which 
at  present  stands  there.  The  sculptor,  Prof. 
Karl  Seffner,  has  been  chosen  to  execute 
the  monument. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Si  v.      Sunday  League  Conceit,  7.  Queen's  Hall. 
MoH,— 8  a.  Promenade  Concerts,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


Bramalir  ^asstp. 


A  work  on  '  The  Old  Cornish  Drama,'  by 
Mr.  Thurston  C.  Peter,  is  announced  to  be 
published  shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  It 
will  show  the  divergencies  in  text  and  tone 
between  the  Cornish  and  other  morality 
plays,  and  gives  a  special  illustration  from 
the  unique  play  relating  to  the  Life  of  S. 
Meriadoc,  in  which  are  interwoven  many 
curious  Cornish  lefffiids.  A  notable  instance 
of  the  development  of  some  of  these  is 
given  in  that  of  St.  George,  where  St.  Georgo 
and  Henry  V.  are  contemporaries  and  the 
latter  is  represented  as  taking  Quebec. 

Thi:  Knji  h  iJrama  Society,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Council  of  the  Chester  Archaeo- 
logical   Society,   is   arranging   to   revive  the 


cycle  of  fourteenth-century  plays  known  as 
the  Chester  Mysteries.  It  is  hoped  that  the 
representations  will  take  place  at  Chester 
during  Whitsuntide  week  1907. 

The  scene  of  '  The  Sin  of  William  Jack- 
son.' which,  as  we  mentioned  last  week,  is 
to  be  produced  at  the  Lyric  on  Tuesday 
next,  is  laid  in  the  East-End,  and  the 
exponents  will  include  Miss  Nina  Boucicault, 
Mr.  Robert  Pateman,  and  Mr.  Ernest 
Leicester. 

Sir  Thomas  Malory  is  responsible  for 
the  story  of  Mr.  Ccmyns  Carr's  '  Tristram 
and  Iseult,'  the  action  of  which  opens  and 
closes  in  Cornwall,  is  transferred  during  one 
act  to  Ireland,  and  in  another  passes  on 
shipboard.  Miss  Lily  Brayton  will  be  "  la 
belle  Isoud,"  and  Mr.  Mattheson  Lang  will 
be  Sir  Tristram. 

After  a  short  American  tour  Madame 
Yvette  Guilbert  will  appear  in  London  in  an 
adaptation  of  Mr.  George  Moore's  '  Esther 
Waters. ' 

The  appearance  of  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  at 
the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre,  fixed  for 
Thursday  next,  has  been  postponed  for  a 
week.  On  September  5th  he  will  be  seen  as 
Lord  Meadows,  the  hero  of  '  Toddles.' 

Mlle.  Charlotte  Dttran,  a  promising 
actress  at  the  Odeon,  has  died  in  her  twenty- 
fifth  year. 

An  announcement,  which  seems  to  be 
premature,  has  been  made  that  the  Lyceum 
will  in  the  month  of  October  be  reopened  as 
a  theatre. 

1  Le  Voletjr  '  is  the  title  of  a  three-act 
comedy  by  Mr.  Henry  Bernstein,  in  which 
M.  Le  Bargy  will  be  seen  at  the  Gymnase. 


To  Correspondents.— G.  M.— P.  S.— J.  H.— J.  M.  C— 
A.  H.— P.  W.  S.— Received. 

L.  C. — M.  B.-E.— See  notice  below. 
H.  O.  S. — Next  week. 
P.  W.  — Not  a  suitable  inquiry  for  us. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


rpHE  ATHENiEUM, 

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INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Paoe 

Authors'  Aoents       202 

Bagster  &  Sons         203 

Bell  &  Sons 224 

Catalogues        202 

Constable  it  Co 225 

Educational 201 

Harper  &  Baos 204 

Hurst  &  Blackett 204 

Insurance  Companies         227 

London  Library        203 

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Magazines,  &c 202 

Miscellaneous 202 

MURRAY 203 

Newspaper  Agents 202 

Notes  and  Queries 22G 

Provident  Institutions 201 

routledge        228 

Sales  by  Auction      202 

Situations  Vacant 201 

Situations  WANTED 202 

Surgical  Aid  society       202 

Type-Writers,  &c 202 

Unwin        203 


MESSRS.      BELL'S 

NEW    EDUCATIONAL   WORKS. 


Complete  Educational  Catalogue   sent  post  free  on 
application. 


NOW  READY.    Small  crown  8vo,  266  pages.   Price  Is.  6d. ;. 
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A    JUNIOR    ARITHMETIC.       By 

CHARLES  PENDLEBURY,  M.  A. ,  SeniorMathemat  ical 
Master  at  St.  Paul's  School,  assisted  by  F.  E.  ROBIN- 
SON, M.A.,  Assistant  Master  at  St.  Paul's  School. 

This  book,  which  is  written  on  thoroughly  modern  lines, 
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SECOND      SELECTION. 


bibliography  and  literary  history. 

Campbell,  Keats,  and  Virgil — Allusions  in  Carlyle — Casanoviana 
— Authors  of  the  Chaldee  MS. — CLauceriana — Chorley  on  the 
Birth  of  Edward  VII. — Civil  List  Pensions — John  Cleave  and 
the  Taxes  on  Knowledge — Coleridge  as  a  Translator — County 
Histories — Cowper  on  his  own  Immortality — Daniel's  '  Sonnets 
to  Delia' — Danteiana — De  Quincey's  Syntax — Dibdin  Biblio- 
graphy— Dickensiana — Drydeniana  —  Edition,  its  Meaning — 
George  Eliot  and  Mark  Rutherford  —  '  Field '  Jubilee  — 
Fielding's  'Tom  Jones'  in  France — Edward  FitzGerald  and 
E.  M.  Fitzgerald — Percy  Fitzgerald's  '  Pickwickian  Manners 
and  Customs  ' — Florio's  '  Montaigne  ' — Fly-leaf  Inscriptions. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Dorothy  Cecil — Job  Charnock,  Founder  of  Calcutta — Chester- 
field on  Beau  Nash — Col.  T.  Cooper — General  Cope — Defoe's 
Last  Descendants  —  Notes  on  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography ' — Ralph  Dodd  and  the  Thames  Tunnel — Date  of 
Robert  Dodsley's  Death — Due  d'Enghien's  Death — Chancellor 
Silvan  Evans — Fahrenheit  and  his  Thermometer — Flaxman's 
Wife  —  Ugo  Foscolo  in  London — Lady  Elizabeth  Foster  — 
Simon  Fraser,  Lord  Lovat  —  Epitaph  on  Mary  Frith  ("  Moll 
Cutpurse"). 

CLASSICAL  SUBJECTS. 

"  Bernardus  non  vidit  omnia  " — "  Comes  jucundus  in  via  pro 
vebiculo  est  " — "  Cane  decane  canas  " — "  Crescit  amor  nummi  " 
— "  De  male  qusesitis  vix  gaudet  " — "  Dies  creta  notandus  " — 
"  Est  rosa  flos  Veneris  " — "  Furem  pretiosa  signata  sollicitant." 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Queen  Candace — English  Cardinals  —  Organs  destroyed  by 
Cromwell — Chalice  as  Race  Cup — Childbed  Pew — Chi-Rho 
Monogram — Modern  Instrumental  Choirs — Clipping  the  Church 
— Smallest  Church  in  England — Deflected  Chancels — Devil's 
Door  in  Churches — Clergymen  as  Duellists — Papal  Bull  against 
a  Comet — Use  of  the  Cope — Crosier  and  Pastoral  Staff — Date 
of  the  Crucifixion — Clandestine  Marriages  in  Curzon  Chapel, 
Mayfair  —  Defender  of  the  Faith — Epitaph  at  Doncaster — 
Bleeding  Image  in  Christ  Church,  Dublin — Title  of  Bishop  of 
Durham — Easter  and  the  Full  Moon — Eucharist  eaten  by  Mice. 

FINE  ARTS. 

Miniature  of  Mrs.  C.  Arbuthnot — Architectural  "Follies" — 
Artists'  Mistakes — Portraits  of  Joanna  Baillio — Books  illus- 
trated by  Blake — Buss's  Illustrations  of  Dickens — Christ  as  an 
Infant  at  the  Breast — Portraits  of  Dante — George  Dawe,  R.A. 
— Desborough  Portraits — Lawrence's  Picture  of  Countess  of 
Derby — Portraits  of  Female  Fighters  —  Marjorie  Fleming's 
Portrait. 


FOLK-LORE  and  POPULAR  ANTIQUITIES. 

Child's  Caul — Childbirth  Folk-lore — Christmas  Decorations — 
Coal  as  a  Charm — Cure  by  Hand  of  a  Corpse — Crossing  Knivea 
and  Forks — Cup-turning  in  Fortune-telling — Devil  as  a  Black 
Dog  —  Drowned  Bodies  Recovered  —  Evil  Eye — Fire  kep$ 
Burning — "  First  Foot "  on  New  Year's  Day — First  Flesh-eate? 
— Flogging  at  the  Cart-tail — Flower  Game — Football  on  Shrovs 
Tuesday — Footprints — Coins  in  Foundation  Stones  —  French 
Robin  Hood — Freund  Hein  in  German  Folk-tales — Friday 
Superstition. 

GENEALOGY  and  HERALDRY. 

Carey  Family  —  Carson  Family  —  Centenarians  —  Knightlsy 
Charleton,  of  Apley  Castle — Chelsea  Borough  Arms — Bridge! 
Cheynell — Brothers  and  Sisters  with  same  Christian  Names — 
Citizen  Baronets  —  Right  to  Cockades  —  Cogan  Peerage — 
Commonwealth  Arms  in  Churches — Continental  Heraldry — 
John  Crewe,  three  of  the  Name — De  Liancourt,  four  of  the 
Name — Arms  of  the  Dominican  Order — Dowager  Peeress's 
Title — Arms  of  Dutch  East  India  Company — Dutton  Family 
and  Arms — Edgett  Family — Foreign  Arms  in  England — The 
Title  Esquire — Eton  College  Arms — Family  Crests — Fir-cone 
in  Heraldry — Fleetwood  Pedigree — Le  Neve  Foster  Arms  and 
Motto. 

HISTORY:  ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH. 

The  Cabinet  and  the  Constitution — Canute  and  the  Tide — 
Queen  Caroline's  Trial — King's  Champion — Genuine  Relics  o£ 
Charles  I. — Charles  II. 's  Hiding-places — Death  of  Princess 
Charlotte  —  Conservative  as  Political  Term — Coronations  of 
Victoria  and  Edward  VII. — Oromwelliana — English  Contingent, 
in  the  Last  Crusade — British  Prisoners  in  France — Snow  at 
Battle  of  Edge  Hill — Edward  VII.'s  Title  in  Scotland — Scandal, 
concerning  Elizabeth — Executions  at  Tyburn — Fathers  of  the 
House  of  Commons — The  National  Flag — Flemish  Weavers  in, 
England  —  Northern  Fighters  at  Flodden — Irish  Brigade  at 
Fontenoy  —  Lines  on  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales  —  French 
Prisoners  of  War  in  England. 

MUSIC  AND  THE   DRAMA. 

Early  Mention  of  Actresses  —  The  Dresden  Amen  —  First. 
American  Theatrical  Company  in  England — Mrs.  Charlotte. 
Atkyns — Bacon -Shakespeare  Controversy — John  Bland,  Edin- 
burgh Actor — Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  styled  "  Cceli  Regina  " — 
Cervantes  on  the  Stage — Musical  Settings  of  Cowley's  Poems — 
Exeter  Theatre  in  1348 — Blanche  Fane,  Actress — Farquhar'sj 
*  Beaux'  Stratagem.' 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N-4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


227 


AUTHOEIZED    TO    BE    USED    BY 
BRITISH    SUBJECTS. 


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COPIES  OF 

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NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — Palmerston  and  the  Poacher  :  Florence  Nightingale — Lord  Bonville  of  Chew  ton — Burton's 
'Anatomy  of  Melancholy' — "Pulque" — Coleridge:  Unknown  Epigram — The  late  Duke  of 
Rutland — Little  Britain — Panton  Family — "The  Gallery" — Heated  Refrigerator-Cars — Great 
Queen  Street — Bristol  Maps — "  Terrify  " — Edward  and  Henry  Irving. 

QUERIES —  :  "  Plump  "  in  Voting—"  George  Wilkins,  the  Poet  " — Matthew  Arnold's  '  Church  of  Brou  ' 
— Ernest  Augustus  Stephenson — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Election  Sunday,  Westminster 
School — Robert  Moffatt — Disraeli's  Novels — Frederick  Ross — Muscovy  Company  :  Baltic  Company 
— "  Stafford  blue  " — French  Assignats — Roman  Catholic  Priests  buried  in  London — "Searchers" 
— Princely  Titles  in  Germany — Cloak  in  Wooing — "  Skrimshander  " — Mottram  Hall — "In  the 
sweat  of  thy  brow" — Godfrey  of  Bouillon  —  Queen  Philippa's  Mottoes — Bishop  Fanshawe 
Middleton— Clippingdale — St.  John  the  Baptist  and  Charing,  Kent — Rome  under  Elagabalus — 
Holy  Trinity,  New  York — St.  Johns  of  Farley  Chamberlayne. 

REPLIES  : — "  Place  " — "  0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be  ? " — Snakes  in  South  Africa—  Chichele's  Kin 
— Manor  Mesne — Tournaments  :  Bayard's  Green — Dugdale's  Trustworthiness — Perkin  Warbeck 
— "  Verify  your  references  " — West's  Picture  of  the  Death  of  General  Wolfe — Bathing-Machines 
— Literary  Allusions  —  "  Quarterstaff  " — Johnson's  Poems — Funeral  Garlands — Col.  Charles 
Godfrey — Cresset  Stones — Pincushion  Sweet — "Four  Corners" — Capt.  Grindlay — James  Hosk- 
ing  :  Elizabeth  Vinnicombe — Waugh  Family — Wakefield  Apparition — Death-Birds  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland — Tadpole — Canbury  House,  Middlesex — "Pannier  Market" — "Killing-meat" — 
John  Danister — "Trowzers" — Cricket:  Pictures  and  Engravings — "  Et  tu,  Brute!" — John 
Hoy :  Serle's  Coffee-House. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  ; — '  Materialen  zur  Kunde  der  alteren  Englischen  Dramas ' — '  Bristol ' — '  Edinburgh 
Review ' — '  Folk-Lore ' — '  Intermediaire.' 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — "Camera  Diana?" — Montaigne,  Webster,  and  Marston  :  Dr.  Donne  and  Webster — 
Inscriptions  at  Lucerne — Bishop  Corbet's  Poems— Sir  Edward  Harley  and  Parliament — 
Grantham  Cross — R.  B.  Sheridan  :  Unprinted  Verses — Marriage  in  a  Shift — St.  Winifred  and 
the  Old  Pretender — Doggerel  Book-Inscriptions. 

QUERIES: — Nine  Men's  Morris — "Podike* — "  Lidgate  "  :  "Leap-gate" — '  Ursino  of  Navarre' — 
Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — "  G,"  Hard  or  Soft — Girl  sentenced  to  be  burnt  alive  :  Pressing 
to  Death — W.  G.  Webb,  Engraver — Desmond — Daniel  O'Connell's  Speech  at  the  Hill  of  Tara — 
"  Ecce,  Tiberim  !  " — "  Touching  wood  " — '  The  Ritualist's  Progress  ' — Picture  of  a  Lad}'  and  her 
Son — John  Purnell. 

REPLIES  : — "  Verify  your  references  " — "  Plum  " :  Jack  Horner — Pledge  in  a  bumper — Beldornie  Press 
— "Rime"  v.  "Rhyme" — Phoebe  Hessel  and  Fontenoy — "Swerve" — Christian  of  Milntown — 
Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England  —  Eton  Swishing  —  Caparn  Family  of  Newark  and 
Lincoln  —  Preseren,  Slavonic  Poet  —  Book  Signatures  —  White  Family  of  Southwark — 
Heraldic — Col.  By,  R.E.  — Robin  Hood  in  French — "  Gula  Augusti" — "Ikona,"  South 
African  Term  —  Order  of  the  Royal  Oak — American  Emigrants — John  Faucherreaud — 
Grimke —  Gordon  House,  Kentish  Town— Maiden  Road,  Stratford — "Breaking  the  flag" — 
Cherry  in  Place-names — Abbey  or  Priory — Fleetwood  Brass  —  Gotham  and  the  'N.E.D.' — 
"  Pearl "  :  its  Etj'mon — "  Up  "  :  its  Barbarous  Misuse — "  War  "  :  its  Pronunciation. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Hakluytus  Posthumus '—' The  Oxford  Degree  Ceremony '—'The  Problem  of 
Spelling  Reform' — '  Middlesex' — '  The  Quarterly  Review  ' — '  The  Scottish  Historical  Review.' 

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NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENiEUM  will  contain 
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HOLLAND'S  WARWICKSHIRE  and 
W.  T.  ARNOLD'S  STUDIES  IN  ROMAN 
IMPERIALISM. 


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228 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4113,  Aug.  25,  1906 


MESSRS.    ROUTLEDG^^  LIST. 

AT  LAST !  A  toorthy  series  of  Reprints  has  at  last  been  devised  at  a  higher  price  than  a  shilling.  The  genuine  lover  of  good  books 
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THE  INTERPRETATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  AND  OTHER  ESSAYS- 

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ADAMNAN.-Life  of  Saint  Columba. 
ARISTOTLE.-Ethics.    Translated  by  D.  P. 

CHASE. 

ARNOLD    (MATTHEW).  —  On   Translating 

Homer. 

BACON.-Essays. 

BOETHIUS— Consolation  of  Philosophy. 

BORROW— Bible  in  Spain. 

Lavengro. 

Romany  Bye. 

Wild  Wales. 

The  Zincali. 

BROWNE  (Sir  T.).— Religio  Medici  and  Urn- 

Burial. 

BULFINCH.-The  Age  of  Fable. 

The  Age  of  Chivalry. 

BUNYAN— The  Pilgrim's  Progress. 
CHURCH  (Dean  R.  W.).-Dante,  Anselm,  &c. 
CREASY— Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the 

World. 


EMERSON.-Essays. 

— -  Conduct  of  Life,  and  Society  and  Solitude. 

GATTY— Parables  from  Nature. 

Golden  Treasury  of  American    Songs   and 

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GOLDSMITH.-Citizen  of  the  World. 
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HARTE  (BRET).-The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp. 
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HOBBES.-Leviathan. 

HOUGHTON  (LORD) -Life  of  Keats. 

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A  KEM PIS. —Imitation  of  Christ. 

KINGLAKE-Eothen. 

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MARCUS  AURELIUS.-Meditations. 

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REYNOLDS  (Sir  JOSHUA).-Discourses  to 

Art  Students. 

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STERNE.-A  Sentimental  Journey. 
SYBEL. —  History    and  Literature    of   the 

Crusades. 

SYMONDS      (J.     ADDINGTON).-Walt 

Whitman. 

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MOW. 

THREEPENCE. 

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hies   one    of   the    finest  sites    in   London,   and 
ns  fin::  Beds. 
Entrance  and  other  Scholarships  and  Prises  (twenty-six  in  Dumber), 

Of  the  value  of  more  than  500i.,  are  offered  tor  < [petition  each  year. 

Upwards  of  Sixty  Resident  and  other  Appointments  are  open   to 
Students  after  qualification. 

A  students  club  tonus  part  of  the  Medical  s.  i i  Buildings,  and 

the  Athletic  Ground,  nine  acres  in  extent,  situated  at  Chiswiek,  can 
1>e  reached  in  forty  minutes  from  the  Hospital. 

A  Prospectus,  containing  lull  particulars,  maybe  obtained  from  the 
try,  Mr.  G.  0_.  ROBERTS. 

J.  H.  FISHER,  B.S.Lond  .  Dean. 


PRELIMINARY     SCIENTIFIC      EXAMINA- 
TION (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 
I  -'-!•"■  '      Course  o<  Instruction,  Including  Practical  Work    is 
riven  at   ST.  THOMAS'S  Hospital  MEDICAL  SCHOOL.   Albeit 
Embankment.— FuU  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  DEAN. 

Attendance  on  tins  Course  counts    as    part    of    the    Five    Years' 
Curriculum. 


TTNIVKHSITY  COLLKCE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

■  '''.  N,';"!:    „,A,   ';',':!:"""'  College  of  the  University ol  Woles.1 

Principal  -II    II    lil.K  IIK.I..  MA    1,1,  h      NEXT  SESSION  i;Fi,  I  \s 
OCTOBER*  1908.    The  College  Courses  are  ar^^^threferena 
U)  the  Degrees  of  the  Uni  ersit]  ol  Wales;  they  include  most  of  the 
'"''"    B.S;    Degree  of  the  London  University     Students 

rsuj  tli.  n  h»t  year  of  Medi.-al  Study  at  the  College.  There 
ire  Special  Departments  for  Agriculture  (including  Forestry)  and 
Electrical  Engineering,  a  Hay  Training  Department  for  Men  and 
Women,  and  a  Department  for  the  Training  ot  Secondary  and  Kinder- 
garten  Teacher*     Hwwional  Fee  for  ordinan  e  111   is  • 

ditto  for  Intermediate  Science  or  Medical  Course.  IK.  is*. '  The  cost 
of  living  in  lodgings  in  Bangor  averages  from  201.  to  301  for  the  Session 
There  is  a  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students  Fee  Thirty 
Guineas  for  the  Session.  At  the  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP 
r\  'MINATION  (held  in  SEPTEMBER!  more  than  Twent  v  ft  hoi  i ' 

nd  Exhibitions,  ranging  in  value  from  -inf.  to  inf..  will 
for  competition.— For  further  information  and  copies  of  the  various 
Prospectuses  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 


LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES  for  the  PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  M.B. 
EXAMINATION  (LONDON)  will  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  1. 
Fee  for  the  whole  Course  (One  Year)  10  guineas. 

SPECIAL  CLASSES  arc  also  held  for  the  INTERMEDIATE  M.B. 
(LONDON),  the  PRIMARY  and  FINAL  F.R.C.S.,  and  other  Exami- 
nations. MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 


ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON!. 
WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  I. 

Arrangements  having  been  made  for  instruction  in  the  Preliminary 
and  Intermediate  Subjects  (Physics,  Chemistry,  Anatomy,  and  Physio- 
logy I  to  be  undertaken  by  tile  University  of  London,  THE  ENTIRE 
LABORATORIES  AND  TEACHING  AT  THIS  HOSPITAL  AND 
SCHOOL  ARE  NOW  DEVOTED  TO  INSTRUCTION  IN  THE 
SUBJECTS  FOR  THE  FINAL  EXAMINATIONS  (Medicine, 
Surgery,  Pathology,  &c. I.  Unequalled  facilities  are  therefore  available 
for  CLINICAL  INSTRUCTION  AND  RESEARCH. 

Further  information  from 

F.  JAFFREY,  F.R.C.S..  Dean  of  the  School. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

TTNIVERSITY 


COLLEGE. 


Provost-T.  GREGORY  FOSTER,  Ph.D. 

STATISTICAL    LABORATORY 

i  Assisted  by  a  Grant  from  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Drapers). 

The  Laboratory  is  open  from  fl.'SO  to  5.80  daily,  and  provides  a  Com- 
vilete  Course  of  Training,  not  only  in  the  Theory,  but  Practice  of 
Statistics. 

Instruction  is  given  in  the  Exhibition.  Calculation  (Mechanical  and 
Arithmetical!,  and  use  of  Statistical  Quantities. 

Advanced  Students  will  be  assisted  in  Research  Work  suited  to 
their  stage  of  progress. 

The  Laboratory  possesses  a  large  Collection  of  Statistical  Models 
and  Diagrams,  and  of  Mechanical  Integrators  and  Calculators. 

Lectures.  67.  lis.  per  Session ;  Practical  Work,  til.  6s.  Research 
Students.  ■>!.  2s.  per  Term. 

Prof.  KARL  PEARSON.  F.R.S.,  will  meet  intending  Students  on 
TUESDAY.  October  i  between  10  i.u.  and  1  P.M. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY,  University 
College,  Gower  Street.  W.C. 


ROYAL  HOLLOWAY  COLLEGE  (University 
of  London). -The  MICHAELMAS  TERM  BEGINS  on 
OCTOBER  4,  1906.  The  College  prepares  Students  for  the  London 
Degrees  in  Science  and  Arts,  ami  for  certain  of  the  Oxford  Honour 
Examinations.  Ten  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  from  60'  to  607. 
a  year,  One  of  357..  anil  scleral  Bursaries  of  not  more  than  :«>7.,  tenable 
for  Three  Years,  will  be  OFFER  ED  for  COM  PETITION  in  JUNE,  1W7. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  SECRETARY,  Royal  Holloway 
College,  Englefield  Green,  Surrey. 


c 


ITY     OF 


LIVERPOOL     SCHOOL     OF 

COMMERCE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LIVERPOOL. 


Two  Years'  Course  in  Higher  Commercial  Subjects  :  Economics, 
Commercial  Law,  Geography  and  Methods,  Accountancy,  History, 
and  Languages. 

Prospectus  on  application  to  HON.  SECRETARY. 


UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


rpHE 

FACULTIES  OF  ARTS  (INCLUDING  COMMERCE  ANB 
LAW),  SCIENCE,  AND  TECHNOLOGY. 
The   NEXT  SESSION   will  BEGIN  OCTOBER  1.     Prospectus  of 
any  Faculty  may  be  had,  post  free,  from  the  REGISTRAR. 
Lyddon  Hall  has  been  licensed  for  the  residence  of  Students. 


BEDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
[UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 

The  SESSION  1906-7  will  OPEN  on  THURSDAY,  October  4. 

Students  arc  requested  to  enter  their  names  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  :). 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  Branches  of  General  and  Higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically,  they  form  a  Connected  and  Progressive  Course, 
but  a  Single  Course  in  any  Subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  in  preparation  for  all  Examinations  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  in  Arts  and  Science,  for  the  Teachers'  Diploma 
(London),  and  for  the  Teachers'  certificate  (Cambridge);  and  also  a 
Special  Course  of  Scientific  Instruction  in  Hygiene. 

Six  Laboratories  are  open  to  Students  for  Practical  Work, 

THREE  ENTRANCE  SCIIoLA  KSII  IPS,  one  in  Arts  and  Two  in 
Science,  will  be  offered  for  competition  in  JUNE.  1907.  The  Early 
English  Text  Society's  Prize  will  be  awarded  in  JUNE,  1907. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEACHERS. 
THREE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  201  forOne  Year, 

are  offered  for  the  Course  of  Secondary  Training,  lieginning  in 
JANUARY.  1907. 

The  Scholarships  will  i.e  awarded  to  the  Best  Candidate  holding  a 
Degree  or  equivalent  in  Arts  oi  Science, 

Applications  should  reach  the  DEAD  OF  THE  TRAINING 
DEPARTMENT  not  liter  than  DECEMBER  IB. 

JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

(Under  the  Management  of  a  Committee  appointed  by  the  Teachers' 
Guild,    College    of    Preceptors.    Bead    Mistresses'   Auodation, 
Association  of  Assistant  suitresses,  and  Welsh  County  Schools 
it  ion.  I 

Address— 74,  Gower  Street.  London.  W.C. 
Registrar— Miss   ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 
Hours  for  Interviews— 10.30  a.m.  to  I 'P.M.,  i!  to  0  P.M.     Saturdays 
until  3  r.  ii. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  EEAULIEU-SUR-MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES-PINS, 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO.  MONTH 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  II.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  •-►24.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training'Collegc  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal.  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  ot  t lie 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD.  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  MA.  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  .School.  Soutliwol.li.  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  o!  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

PREPARATORY  SCHOOL.  —  EDITOR  of  a 
well-known  Journal  wishes  to  RECOMMEND  an  excellent 
PREPARATORY  SCHOOL  in  a  beautiful  part  of  Dei  onshil  e.  Tei  ms 
moderate.  Advertiser's  Two  Sons,  educated  there,  hare  bah  gained 
Scholarships  at  Public  Schools.— Address  LIBER,  Box  1146,  Athenaeum 
Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


GERMAN      PASTOR'S     FAMILY      RECOM- 
MENDED  for  BOARD  and  INSTRUCTION.— For  particulars 
apply  Dr.  HOYLE,  University,  Manchester. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratis).— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army,  Civil  Service,  and  Universitv  Tutors,  sent  [free 
of  charge)  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS.  SMITH. 
POWELL  &  SMITH,  School  Agents  [established  KRIS',  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand.  W.C. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABB1TAS.  THRING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  ths 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  36,  Sackville  Street.  London.  W. 


>ituaitona   ITarant. 


BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON), 
YoRK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PIMM  I  I'M.-; 
BEDFORD   COLLEGE.     Salary  4501  a  year,  with   B 
dence.— Particulars  can  bi  o  the  SECRET  A  R1 

Testimonials  and  References  should  be  Sent  on  O] 


fTIHE 


UNIVERSITY      OF      MELBOURNE. 


LECTURESHIP  IN  I  LASSICS 
■e   invited    for   the   position   of    LECTI  REB    IN 
"     Sals 
per  annum. 

Applications,  with  six  copies  of  Testimonials,  musl 
not   later  than  Monday.  October  I,  to  THE   LGENT-GENERAL 

For   VICTORIA,   142,  Queen   Victoria   Street,   London     E.<      I 

whom  full  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

COUNTY      BOROUGH      OF      SOUTHPORT 
EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
The  COMMITTEE  requires  SECOND  U  \sTF.R  for  the  si  HOOL 

OF  ART.   speciallv  qualified    to   give   instruction   in 
particularly  Design    and    Modelling.     He   will  also  be  required  to 
i  be  Students  attending  she  Pupil-Ti  Salarj 

1201  per  annum  —Further  i.iomI.m-  ,.t   the  Api tin. nt  may  be 

obtained  from  1'.  W.  TEAOUE,   Ed  .  n   Ball, 

Soul  bporl . 


H 


ARRIS     INSTITUTE,     PRESTON. 


s.  HOOL  01  ART. 
A  SECOND  MASTER  Is  REQUIRED  in  the  abovi    SI  BOOL  OF 
ART  to  undertake  tht  Design   and    to    isslsl   In  the 

Work    ot    the    School,    including  <  lasses    from    the    Pupil- 
i  Centre. 

Preference   "ill   be   given   t"   Candidates   i 
knowledge  ol  Designing  for  Textile  Fabrics. 
Tine-  required  about  Twentj  eight   Bonn  per  Week.    Salary  1207. 
i  commence  on  OCTOBER   i      Form  of  Application,  which 

must  be  return©  I  MB!  R  IS  may  be  obtained  i i 

T.  R.  JOLLY,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 


230 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


c 


OUNTY       SCHOOL,       LEY  TON. 


WANTED,  to  .commence  dutv  at  an  early  .late,  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  for  MATRICULATION  ENGLISH  SUBJECTS  and 
LATIN.    Graduate,  -with  teaching  experience  in  a  Secondary  School. 

Salary  140?.,  increasing  liy  10?.  annually  to  200/.— For  particulars  and 
Form  of  Application  send  stamped  addressed  envelope  to  THE 
PRINCIPAL,  County  School,  Leyton,  Essex. 

"OAST    HAM    PUPIL  -  TEACHER    CENTRE. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  for  the  above  CENTRE. 
Applicants  must  possess  a  Degree  in  Arts,  and  should  be  specially 
qualified  to  teach  Geography.  Preference  will  he  given  to  applicants 
with  successful  Secondary  School  experience.  Commencing  Salary 
150/.,  rising  by  101.  yearly  to  200?. — Applications,  on  the  special 
printed  Forms,  must  be  sent  in,  on  or  before  SEPTEMBER  10,  to  the 
SECRETARY,  Technical  College,  East  Ham,  E. 


B 


ATTERSEA       POLYTECHNIC,       S.W. 


The  GOVERNING  BODY  require  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  in  the  DEPARTMENT  of  ART  and  CRAFTS  from 
SEPTEMBER.  Commencing  Salarv  ISO?.  —  For  particulars  apply 
before  SEPTEMBER  8  to  the  SECRETARY,  sending  stamped 
addressed  envelope. 


B 


ARMOUTH      COUNTY       SCHOOL. 


WANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER  17,  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to 
teach  Mathematics  and  Vocal  Music.  Salary  100Z.  per  annum.— Apply 
immediately  to  HEAD  MASTER. 

WANTED  IMMEDIATELY  for  Boys'  High 
School,  Cape  Colony,  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  under  82,  for 
Matriculation  Class  and  two  classes  below.  Subjects,  English, 
Elementary  Mathematics,  Latin  or  French.  Graduate  and  trained 
teacher;  good  disciplinarian  required.  Supervision  of  outdoor  sports 
and  cadet  corps.  Salarv  2507.  resident.  Passage  paid.  —  Apply 
EDUCATION,  S.  A.  C.  8.,  47.  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

WANTED,  as  READER  and  COMPANION, 
a  Gentleman  of  literary  tastes,  to  travel  and  live  abroad 
Most  be  unmarried,  have  pleasant  voice,  cultivated  and  conver- 
sational, good  sailor,  and  aide  to  ride.  Not  necessarily  young. 
Highest  references  required.  Liberal  salary.— Address  Box  1155, 
Athenaeum  Pics-,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


Situations   WLarittb. 

POST  as  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  or  ASSIST- 
ANT desired  by  GENTLEMAN  holding  University  Diplomas, 
accustomed  to  Literary  and  Scientific  Work,  and  possessing  thorough 
and  intimate  knowledge  of  French  and  German.  Highest  references 
given  and  required.— Address  PUBLICIST.  Box  1163,  Athenaeum 
Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

HONOURS  MAN  in  MODERN  LANGUAGES, 
recentlv  Lecturer  in  English  Literature  in  French  University, 
ih-.iii-  ] .. ..- 1  a-  LECTURER  in  FRENCH  or  ENGLISH  LITERA- 
TI B  E,  or  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  to  M  EMBER  of  PARLIAMENT. 
Testimonials  and  references.— Box  1157,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

rpHE  MANAGER  of  a  well-known   PUBLISH" 

J-  ING  HOUSE  will  be  at  liberty  shortly  and  seeks  RE- APPOINT: 
MEN'T.  Twenty  years'  practical  experience.  Thorough  knowledge  o: 
all  details  of  Publishing  Business  and  Organizing  ability.  Highes' 
relcrences.— Box  115:!,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


AM.  A.  B.Sc,  age  26,  desires  POSITION  as 
ASSISTANT,  SECRETARY.  &c.  Knowledge  of  Technical 
Terms,  Shorthand,  Bookkeeping,  Typewriting,  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages.—Address  Box  !  192,  Allirii.cum  Press,  l:!.  Bream's  Buildings, E.C 

FIGURE  ARTIST,  experienced  in  Drawing, 
Painting,  and  Black-ftnd-White  Illustration  (member  of  a  London 
Society  of  Artist.-  desires  post  (part  time!  as  Life  Master  in  or  near 
London.  —  Apply  ARTIST,  Box  J 154,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


MisttUaruam. 


"  GTORY  OF  THE  MIND."— Practical  Psycho- 

kJ  legist  requires  PARTNER,  cultivated  Gentleman,  with  about 
S007. ;  speciality  rebuilding  the  personalitv  ;  every  inquiry  courted; 
this  means  a  fortune.— Address  in  first  instance  PSYCHOLOGIST, 
c  are  Of  Baxter  i  Sons,  29,  Paternoster  Square,  E.C. 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Ti  stimonials.— A.B.,  Box  1082,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English.  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin,  seventeen  years'  experience.— J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


A 


RTISTIC       BOOKBINDING. 


Miss 

_  WINIFRED  8TOPE8,  IL  Gayton  Road,  Hampstead.  BINDS, 
HALF-BINDS,  or  REPAIRS  iiOOIvS.  Pupils  n,,iwd.  Terms  ou 
application.    Bindery  open  to  Visitors  10  to  •'.,  Saturdays  excepted. 


TO  LKT,   WAREHOUSES  or  OFFICE,    at  low 
i,   within  five  minutes  of  Fleet  Street.— Apply  Bos  1166, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer]  Lane,  E.C. 


%pi>-al!lrii*rs,  $tc. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;   Modern 

!:■■••>,  I,.    Revision,  Translation,      Dictation    II - 

THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING   AGENCY,   10,    Duke  Street, 

\,lel|    1,1 


TYPE- WRITING  J.  — MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  Description*,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  dooms  iSlii.rt.hand  or  T.yi.e  Writing*. 
Usual  term-  -.Misses  E.  B  and  I.  FAKUAN,  Donington  Hon.,.-,  80, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


rilYPE-WRITlNG,   ML    per    1,000  words.       All 

1  kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  &c„  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons  id.  (per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KINO,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow 


TYPE-WRITING  of  all  descriptions  WANTED 
by  LADY'  (Royal  BarlocK  Machine).  Work  carefully  done  and 
promptly  returned.  lOd.  per  1,000  words.— Miss  BRIDGES,  Parsonage, 
Rudgwick. 

A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

XI.  ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank,  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
—Miss  E.  M.  TIGAR,  64,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 
Established  1884. 


$bhjspap*r  Jlgtitts. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase.  Investigations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

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THE  SAGA  AND  THE  BALLAD.     By  Henrik  Ibsen.     Translated 
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N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


231 


E.  GRANT  RICHARDS'S 
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N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


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WERNER  LAURIE,  Clifford's  Inn,  London. 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


233 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  1,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Warwickshire  Painted  and  Described      ..        ..233 

The  New  English  Dictionary 234 

Studies  in  Roman  Imperialism 235 

The  Municipal  Government  of  Liverpool         ..    235 

Place-Names  of  Argyll 236 

L'Empike  Liberal 237 

New  Novels  (The  Eglamore  Portraits;  A  Girl  of 
Resource  ;  The  Guarded  Flame ;  Collusion  ; 
Enderbv  ;  Nocea  Blanches  ;  Vierges  Folles  ;  Our 

Lady  of  the  Pillar)  238 

Theological  Literature 239 

Our  Library  Table  (Electioneering  Up-to-date ; 
Official  Year-Book  of  New  South  Wales  ;  Women's 
Work  and  Wages  ;  The  Canadian  War  of  1812 : 
Mary  Wollstonecraft's  Stories  ;  The  Opal  Sea  ;  La 

Defense  Nationals  en  ls70-l) 240—242 

List  of  New  Books 242 

The  Comedy  'Club  Law';  The  Legend  of  Sir 
Perceval ;  The  Stratford  Town  Shake- 
speare ;   Lever's  'Widow  Malone';   Find  in 

THE  BlBI.IOTHKQUE  NaTIONALE,  PARIS      ..        242—243 

Literary  Gossip        244 

Science— Astronomical  Literature  ;    Research 

Notes  ;  Gossip 245—246 

Fine  Arts— The  Scottish  School  of  Painting  ; 
Fictitious  and  Symbolic  Creations  in  Art  ; 
The  Old  Stone  Crosses  of  Dorset  ;  The 
National  Gallery  ;  Portraits  of  Mary- 
Stuart  ;  Gossip 246—249 

Music— Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week       ..    250 
Drama— Two  Editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  ; 

Gossip         250—252 

Index  to  Advertisers       252 


LITERATURE 


Warwickshire.  Painted  by  Frederick 
Whitehead.  Described  by  Clive  Hol- 
land.    (A.  &  C.  Black.) 

There  could  not  be  a  more  delightful 
English  subject  for  brush  and  pen  than 
that  which  has  been  given  to  Mr.  White- 
head and  Mr.  Holland.  The  freshness  of 
Midland  landscape,  the  dignity  of  English 
building — these  are  perhaps  never  so 
happily  conjoined  as  in  the  broad  lands 
which  go  back  so  far  in  history,  the  shire 
which  represents  the  heart  of  England. 
Warwickshire  is  pre-eminently  a  county 
of  bright  skies  and  short  distances, 
of  homely,  concentrated  interests,  of 
agriculture  and  sport,  yet  also  of 
manufacture  and  mechanism,  a  county, 
too,  which  has  kept  pace  with  English 
life  as  it  advanced,  and  in  which  there  has 
been  no  sharp  line  of  division  in  all  the 
years  since  first  the  Romans  planned  roads 
and  built  camps.  All  along  you  can  trace 
the  history  in  the  buildings,  and  the  build- 
ings have  on  them  the  touch  of  a  hand  of 
beauty,  which  Warwickshire  men  have 
a  lively  hope  has  not  yet  vanished. 

In  the  book  before  us  the  title  shows 
that  the  most  is  to  be  made  of  the  pictures. 
And  apart  from  the  objections  to  the 
process  by  which  they  are  reproduced — 
a  matter  on  which  artists  differ  consider- 
ably—there is  much  that  is  worth  seeing 
with  Mr.  Whitehead's  eyes.  His  chief 
fault  is  an  exaggerated  brightness  of  red 
and  blue  and  brown,  such  as  those  colours, 
especially  when  they  are  seen  in  old  build- 
ings or  in  modern  fabrics,  never  take  in  an 
English  atmosphere,  even  in  the  hottest 
summer.  With  greens  he  is  more  success- 
ful, because  he  is  more  natural  :  some  of 
the  landscapes,  without  buildings  or 
figures,  are  charmingly  rendered.  Nothing 
could  be  prettier  or  more  effective  than 
such  wash-drawings  as  '  The  Avon  below 


Stratford,'  '  Cough  ton  Court,'  '  Radway,' 
the  distant  view  of  Leamington  and 
Warwick,  or,  in  different  styles,  the  gates 
of  Stoneleigh  and  of  Newnham  Paddox — 
Mr.  Whitehead  is  particularly  skilful  in 
his  drawing  of  ironwork — or  the  fanciful 
and  impossible  picture  of  the  parade  at 
Leamington  with  the  summer  awnings 
over  the  shops  and  the  trees  in  leaf,  and 
hounds  and  huntsmen  in  pink  on  the  road- 
way. Charming,  too,  are  the  '  Max- 
stoke  Castle '  with  its  drawbridge,  the 
gateway  at  Compton  Winyates,  Worm- 
leighton  Manor  House  (very  suggestive 
of  the  almost  forgotten  water-colours  of 
Cattermole),  Broom,  and  Grafton,  Charle- 
cote — two  more  sketches,  with  again  a 
clever  representation  of  ironwork — and 
Long  Compton.  Most  of  these  may  be 
almost  unreservedly  praised  for  their 
colour  and  feeling  and  technical  skill.  But 
there  are  other  pictures  which  are,  as 
regards  colour  at  least,  pure  fancy,  and, 
in  beautiful  Warwickshire,  all  the  worse 
for  that.  What  could  be  more  unlike  the 
reality,  for  example,  than  the  sketch  of 
Ufton  Church,  or  the  bright  colours  of 
'  Stratford  Street '  or  '  Peeping  Tom  at 
Coventry,'  or  Leicester's  Hospital  as,  of 
all  things,  a  study  in  blue,  or  the  mill  at 
Guy's  Cliff,  rose-coloured  instead  of  its 
proper  grey  ? 

But  it  is  time  that  we  turned  to  the 
secondary  interest  of  the  descriptive  text. 
Though  it  is  pleasantly  and  easily  written, 
it  is  disappointing,  especially  after  such 
a  companion  volume  as  Prof,  van  Mil- 
lingen's  '  Constantinople.'  There  could  not 
be  a  greater  contrast  than  these  two 
volumes  in  Messrs.  Black's  series  :  the 
one  the  work  of  a  specialist  who  knows 
every  point  of  historical  interest  from  his 
own  observation  and  research,  and  who 
has  the  discrimination  and  distinction 
which  belong  to  true  scholarship ;  the 
other  the  mere  sketchy  summary  of  a 
writer  whose  information  is  for  the  most 
part  taken  second-hand  from  sources 
not  always  themselves  worthy  of  credit. 
We  may  well  complain  that  the  text  is 
not  more  definitely  related  to  the  illus- 
trations, and  that  where  it  does  bear  upon 
them  it  is  often  widely  separated  from  the 
particular  picture  with  which  it  is  connected . 
But  it  is  a  much  more  serious  defect  that 
the  book  is  full  of  errors  which  a  little 
more  pains  would  have  avoided.  Let  us 
note  a  few  of  them  by  the  way. 

Mr.  Clive  Holland  is^content  to  pass  by 
the  earliest  period  of  Warwickshire  history 
— the  remains  of  primitive  man,  the  Iron 
Age,  and  the  neolithic  memorials  which 
honest  Aubrey  ranked  as  one  of  the 
wonders  of  the  world — with  the  remark 
that  "  unfortunately  little  is  known  "  of 
it.  He  then  straightway  adds  the  long- 
exposed  error  about  the  Hwiccii  and  the 
Cornavii  and  "  the  tribe  of  herdsmen 
known  as  the  Hwiccian  Ceangi,"  which 
occurs  in  Nichols's  '  Leicestershire,'  and 
has  been  copied  into  countless  compila- 
tions. Every  historical  writerought  to  know 
that  the  Ceangi  were  not  herdsmen,  and, 
equally  with  the  Cornavii  had  no  connexion 
with  Warwickshire,  while  the  Hwiccii 
were   not    Britons   at   all.     Even   if   Mr. 


Holland  did  not  know  this,  he  might|have 
avoided  the  glaring  error  of  misplacing 
"  the  province  known  by  the  name  of 
Flavia  t  Csesariensis,"  which  is  due 
to  the  forged  Richard  of  Cirencester. 
Again,  surely  the  Roman  roads  should  not 
have  been  glibly  mentioned  without  so 
much  as  a  reference  to  what  Dr.  Haver- 
field  has  written  about  them.  He  has 
shown  clearly  that  the  north-and-south 
road  through  Alcester  was  not  the  Ick- 
nield  Street  at  all,  and  Mr.  Holland  might 
have  profited  much  by  retailing  what  the 
'  Victoria  County  History  '  tells  of  Watling 
Street  and  the  Fosse  Way,  and  of  the 
interesting  camp  of  Chesterton,  through 
which  the  latter  passes.  Nor  is  the  author 
more  happy  when  he  speaks  of  "  Guther- 
line  or  Kimberline,  one  of  the  British 
kings  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Christ," 
as  the  founder  of  Warwick,  identifies  the 
name  with  Caerleon,  and  tells  that  it 
suffered  from  "  incursions  of  the  Picts 
and  Scots." 

For  his  later  history  we  may  note  that 
it  appears  for  the  most  part  to  be  derived 
from  Mr.  C.  J.  Ribton-Turner's  useful 
little  book  on  '  Shakespeare's  Land,'  the 
statements  in  which  it  reproduces  with  a 
perhaps  judicious  fidelity.  Still  there  are 
not  a  few  remarks  which  we  read  with 
wonder.  Why,  for  example,  should  there 
be  "a  considerable  amount  of  romance 
connected  "  with  the  brass  eagle  at  Holy 
Trinity,  Coventry,  because  it  was  damaged 
once  and  threatened  again  ?  and  why 
should  the  need  for  mending  it  in  1560  be 
set  down  to  the  suppression  of  the 
monasteries  twenty  years  before  ?  Why 
should  the  portrait  of  the  centurion,  with 
his  characteristic  inscription  "  Ecce  filius 
Dei  erat,"  in  the  fresco  of  the  Crucifixion  at 
the  old  Prior's  lodging,  be  described  simply 
as  a  soldier  ?  Why  should  we  be  referred 
for  knowledge  of  the  Coventry  miracle 
plays  to  "  the  writings  of  the  Rev.  G. 
Tyack,  who  has  devoted  a  considerable 
amount  of  study  to  the  subject  "  ?  Why 
should  Turchirbe  caUed  "the  last  and 
most  powerful  of  all  the  Saxon  Earls  of 
Warwick,"  when  there  were  no  Saxon 
Earls  of  Warwick  at  all  ?  Why,  indeed, 
but  for  the  same  reason  that  the  saintly 
Bishop  of  Worcester  is  called  "  St.  Wool- 
ston,"  which  is  that  Mr.  Holland's  know- 
ledge of  early  English  history  and  nomen- 
clature is  of  the  slightest  ? 

Whether  in  later  periods  he  is  more 
satisfactory  we  need  not  discuss  at  length  ; 
for  he  has  the  clear  guidance  of  Mr.  Sidney 
Lee.  Still  we  may  be  allowed  to  observe, 
in  regard  to  the  stone  fireplace  at  Baddesley 
Clinton,  that  1611  is  not  "  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century  "  ;  that  John  of 
Tynemouth  could  not  have  told  that  "  in 
the  year  1604  the  parish  priest  of  Long 
Compton  went  to  St.  Augustine  "  ;  that 
the  itinerary  of  Charles  II.  after  Worcester 
is  perfectly  well  known,  and  did  not  take 
him  by  Little  Wolford  at  all  ;  that  there 
was  no  "  Scottish  army  "  at  Charlecote 
"  on  its  way  northward  from  Hereford  " 
in  1745  ;  and  that  an  account  of  the  rise 
of  Leamington  as  a  watering-place  which 
absolutely  ignores  Dr.  Jephson  is,  to  say 
the  least,  incomplete. 


234 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


Mr.  Clive  Holland,  indeed,  might  have- 
done  his  work  more  carefully  and  revised 
it  more  thoroughly.  We  are  far  from 
•denying  that  there  is  much  of  interest  in 
it,  or  that  the  writer  shows  a  pleasing 
enthusiasm  for  his  subject,  but  we 
■cannot  help  regretting  that  the  text  was 
not  entrusted  to  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  or  some 
•other  writer  who  had  more  first-hand 
knowledge  of  our  central  shire. 


A  New  English  Dictionary. — Ph — Piper. 
(Vol.  VII.)  Edited  by  J.  A.  H.  Murray. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

Here  is  another  section  of  the  great 
'  Dictionary,'  full,  as  usual,  of  interesting 
matter  and  original  comments  which 
deserve  notice.  Miss  Mitford  (1826) 
is  the  only  modern  authority  given  for 
Dr.  Murray's  spelling  "  pightle."  This 
name  for  a  paddock  or  close,  written 
"  pigtail  "  by  Southey  and  others,  seems 
to  be  related  to  the  Northern  synonym 
"peighill,"  "pickel,"  "pickell,"  "pickle," 
and  to  "  pingle,"  all  of  unde- 
termined origin.  English  toleration  of 
homonyms  is  well  exemplified  by  the 
syllable  "  pink,"  which  does  duty  for 
seven  substantives,  two  adjectives,  and 
three  verbs,  expressing  the  various  ideas 
of  ship,  fish,  plant,  a  colour,  the  cry  of  a 
chaffinch,  a  sea-bird,  something  diminu- 
tive, to  pierce,  to  peer,  to  drip,  not  to  men- 
tion extensions  of  meaning.  Nine  sub- 
stantives including  variants  and  seven 
verbs  are  spelt  "  pike."  It  is  curious  that 
the  "  pike "  of  Scawfell  Pike,  though 
it  is  almost  identical  in  meaning 
with  an  earlier  form  of  '  Peak,'  as  in 
"  That  sky-scaling  Pike  of  Tenerife " 
(1603,  W.  Browne,  '  Brit.  Past.'),  is  dis- 
tinct, the  former  being  of  Old  English  or 
Norse  origin,  local,  and  current,  the  latter 
adopted  from  Spanish  or  Portugese  in  the 
sixteenth  century  to  designate  certain 
conical  summits  of  mountains,  used  in 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries 
for  any  mountain  summit,  and  obsolete. 
It  is  more  correct  to  say  that  the  native 
"  peak  "  with  extension  of  meaning  super- 
seded the  alien  "  pike." 

The  quotation  from  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine (1844),  "  If  he  left  off  without  having 
thrown  himself  into  a  phthisic,"  seems 
to  be  due  to  Moore's  '  Fudge  Family  ' 
(1818),  p.  82,  "Though  we  wasted  our 
wealth  |  And  our  strength,  till  we've 
thrown  ourselves  into  a  phthisic,  |  To 
cram  down  their  throats  an  old  King  for 
their  health."  Similarly  Neale's  hymn 
(1850),  "  Ye  winds  with  pinions  light," 
illustrates  the  figurative  use  of  "  pinion  " 
instead  of  the  probable  source  of  the  verse 
quoted,    viz.  :     "  Wind    of    the    summer 

night Fold,  fold,  thy  pinions  light  !  " 

— from  the  well-known  serenade  in  Long- 
fellow's '  Spanish  Student.'  Shelley  has 
"  And  languid  storms  their  pinions  close," 
in  '  Rosalind  and  Helen,'  1817,  while 
one  stanza  of  '  Prometheus  Unbound ' 
(Act  II.  sc.  v.)  gives  "  thy  spirit  "  which 

is    "like   an   angel lifts   its   pinions," 

and  the  person  who  possesses  the  said 
spirit,  is  "  most  beautiful  of  pilots  "  over 


silver  waves  £  of  music,  "where" — for 
obvious  reasons — "  never  mortal  pinnace 
glided."  The  sole  instance  supplied  of 
angelic  "  pinions  "  is  dated  about  1633. 
The  combination  "  pine  forest  "  is  illus- 
trated from  Shelley,  1822,  but  occurs  1794, 
chap,  iv.  of  '  The  Mysteries  of  Udolpho,' 
and  "  pilotless  "  was  used  by  Shelley  in 
'  Epipsychidion  '  sixty-two  years  before 
the  date  of  the  only  quotation  given  under 
"  pilot."  The  poet's  phrase  "  mortal 
pinnae© "  implies  a  figurative  use  of 
"  pinnace,"  applied  to  "  The  boat  of  my 
desire,"  which  use  is  only  quoted  for 
"  pinnesse  "  (1589  and  1610).  The  deriva- 
tion of  "  pinnace "  from  Lat.  pinus  is 
unsettled  by  Dr.  Murray's  statement  : 
"  The  earlier  form  in  Eng.  and  Fr.  was 
ME.  15th  c.  Spinace,  spinas,  spynes, 
OF.  espinace  (1451),  espinasse=med. 
(Anglo-)  L.  spinachium  (1338  Knighton)." 
Under  "  Pillar,  a  fact  or  principle  which 
is  a  main  support  or  stay  of  something," 
there  are  no  illustrations  from  poets,  none 
at  all  between  1720  and  1900  ;  though 
Longfellow  wrote  "  There  is  a  poor,  blind 
Sampson  in  this  land, ....who  may.... 
shake  the  pillars  of  this  commonweal." 
The  original  form  of  "  from  pillar  to  post  " 
was,  we  learn,  "  from  post  to  pillar," 
"  Thus  from  poost  to  pylour  he  was  made 
to  daunce  "  (Lydgate,  about  1420).  The 
phrase  "pillars  of  Hercules,"  Wordsworth's 
"  th'  Atlantic  pillars,"  should  not  have 
escaped  notice. 

Milton's  "  By  day  a  cloud,  by  night  a 
pillar  of  fire  "  and  his  "  Beelzebub. . .  .a 
pillar  of  state  "  and  "  pillar'd  shade  "  (of 
the  banyan  tree)  should  have  been  quoted 
as  well  as  his  "  pillar'd  firmament," 
while  '  Paradise  Lost,'  I.  676,  might 
well  have  illustrated  "pickaxe,"  "  pioneer." 
and  "  sweet  remorse  and  pious  awe " 
(ib.  V.  135)  "  pious,"  and  "  with  '  pins  ' 
of  adamant  |  And  chains  they  made  all 
fast"  ('P.  L.,'  X.  318).  IanMaclaren, 
in  the  story  '  Saved  by  Faith,'  writes  : 
"  Tommy  wasn't  what  you  would  call 
'  pie,'  but  he  was  as  straight  as  a  die  " 
('  Afterwards,'  &c,  1898).  This  spelling 
should  have  been  noticed  under  "pi," 
which  indeed  it  reduces  to  a  Southern 
variation  of  the  Middle  English  "  pie  "= 
pious,  for  which  a  quotation  dating 
about  1450  is  given,  preserved  or  re- 
vived in  the  North.  Milton  and  Shak- 
speare  are  quoted  for  "  pied "  daisies, 
other  flowers  being  unnoticed  in  the 
article,  in  spite  of  Shelley's  "  the  pied 
wind-flowers  "  ('  Sensitive  Plant ').  Under 
"  pikestaff  "  4,  there  should  be  a  reference 
to  "  pink "  sb.4,  quotation  dated  1847, 
"  clean  as  a  pink  and  dull  as  a  pikestaff." 
Under  "  pile  "=pyre,  Campbell's  "  The 
widow'd  Indian,  when  her  lord  expires,  | 
Mounts  the  dread  pile,  and  braves  the 
funeral  fires,"  should  come  between 
instances  from  Milton  and  Maclear  (1878), 
while  'The  Pleasures  of  Hope'  (Pt.  II.) 
also  might  have  supplied  "  the  phoenix 
spirit"  in  reference  to  man's  resurrection. 
The  figurative  use  of  "  pile  "  (of  building) 
should  have  been  illustrated  by  Words- 
worth's "  the  intellect  can  raise  |  From 
airy  words  alone  a  pile  that  ne'er  decays," 
monumentum  acre  perennius.     The  word 


"  bump  "  does  not  occur  in  the  article  on 
'  Phrenology,'  and  the  popular  or  com- 
mercial phrenologist  is  ignored,  omissions 
which  are  more  astonishing  than  admir- 
able ;  reference  should  have  been  made 
to  "  bump  "  and  "  bumpology."  The 
Spectator,  No.  90  (1711),  yields  "  the  whole 
system  of  Platonic  philosophy,"  to  fill  a 
gap  from  1674  to  1841  in  section  8,  while 
chap.  ii.  of  Gibbon's  '  History '  (1776) 
offers  "  the  Stoic  philosophy." 

Dr.  Murray  might  with  advantage  have 
quoted  Moore  for  "  physical  force," 
"  Physical  force  and  phial-ence,"  if  he 
did  not  deign  to  register  the  outrage  on 
"  violence  "  ;  and  also  for  "  pheasant," 
"  Little  birds  fly  about  with  the  true 
pheasant  taint  " — the  Dictionary's  latest 
authority  for  the  bird  as  an  article  of 
food  being  Dryden.  The  plain  English 
"  nightingale  "  was  certainly  preferred 
to  "  Philomel  "  or  "  Philomela  "  by  nine- 
teenth-century poets  of  good  repute,  but 
it  is  not  so  rare  as  the  absence  of  any 
quotation  later  than  1798,  Coleridge, 
suggests.  Dr.  Murray  is  clearly  not  an 
expert  in  English  poetry. 

The  latest  encyclopaedias  keep  up  the 
common  error  of  writing  "  philosopher's 
stone  "  for  "  philosophers'  stone,"  which 
we  learn  at  last  is  a  translation  of  "  lapis 
philosophorum "  (cited  from  Raymund 
Lally  and  Arnoldus  de  Villa  Nova,  with 
"  lapis  quern  philosophi  laudant  ubique," 
before  1282,  from  Albertus  Magnus). 
The  history  of  "  picnic,"  so  far  as  English 
is  concerned,  is  at  last  authoritatively 
determined.  Towards  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century  the  French  used  the 
word  pique-nique  (of  obscure  derivation) 
for  a  social  entertainment  to  which  each 
guest,  as  in  the  Greek  epavos,  contributed 
a  share.  Two  picnics  in  Germany  and  one 
in  France  are  mentioned  in  the  illustrative 
quotations  of  the  eighteenth  century,  spelt 
"  picnic  "  and  "  picquenic."  Early  in 
the  next  century  the  English  appear  to 
have  discovered  that  this  form  of  social 
co-operation  was  well  adapted  for  excur- 
sions and  open-air  repasts,  so  that  about 
the  middle  of  the  century  the  word  was 
dissociated  from  suppers  and  private 
theatricals  and  the  "  Picnic  Society," 
and  so  long  as  an  entertainment  was 
al  fresco  it  was  a  "  picnic,"  whether  its 
materials  were  jointly  contributed  or  not. 
Thewords  "photograph,"  "photographic," 
and  "  photography  "  are  traced  back  to  a 
paper  read  before  the  Roval  Society  by 
Sir  John  Herschell,  March  14th,  1839, 
since  which  time  the  discovery  which 
prompted  his  coinages  has  led  to  the  forma- 
tion of  more  than  two  hundred  words 
beginning  with  "  photo-,"  with  difficulty 
compressed,  as  the  introductory  remarks 
tell  us,  into  fifteen  columns  of  this  section. 
The  mistake  made  by  some  previous 
lexicographers  of  explaining  "  pingler  " 
in  Lyly's  '  Euphues  'as  a  "  cart-horse  " 
is  corrected  to  "  trifler,  dallier,  dabbler," 
and  we  find  two-thirds  of  a  column 
awarded  to  the  North-country  verb 
"  pingle,"  which  means  "  to  struggle 
against  difficulties  "  and  "  to  work  in- 
effectually, to  trifle  or  dally."  Under 
"  pickle  -  herring  "     Grimm's     erroneous 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


235 


ascription  of  German  Pickelherring  to  an 
English  origin  is  refuted,  and  the  applica- 
tion of  the  English  term  to  a  clown  or 
buffoon  is  shown  to  be  of  German  origin. 
The  derivation  of  "  pilot "  from  Dutch 
is  corrected,  the  English  and  Dutch  forms 
being  from  the  French  adoption  of  Italian 
pilota,  piloto,  perhaps  altered  from  It. 
pedota.  The  paragraph  on  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers — thanks  to  Mr.  A.  Matthew,  of 
Boston,  U.S. — traces  the  rise  of  this 
designation  of  the  Puritans  of  the  May- 
flower. 

The  quotations  which  are  supplied 
in  this  section  number  over  thirteen 
thousand,  and  are  far  beyond  previous 
lists  of  the  sort.  Almost  every  article 
exhibits  some,  and  the  more  important 
articles  signal  improvements  on  current 
•explanations,  while  the  vocabulary  in- 
cludes about  two  hundred  and  fifty 
current  and  naturalized  main  words  not 
recorded  elsewhere. 


Studies  in  Roman  Imperialism.  By  W.  T. 
Arnold.  Edited  by  Edward  Fiddes. 
(Manchester,  Sherratt  &  Hughes.) 

Perhaps  we  should  call  this  title  a  mis- 
nomer. There  are,  indeed,  240  pages 
■on  the  subject  by  the  late  Mr.  Arnold,  but 
there  are  also  180  more,  not  his  work, 
and  devoted  to  a  memoir  and  to  index 
and  notes.  The  book  before  us  is,  in 
fact,  mainly  a  work  of  piety,  as  the  Romans 
would  have  called  it.  It  is  the  record, 
by  a  loving  sister  and  a  friend,  of  a  man 
who  did  not  make  any  great  mark,  and 
who  broke  down  and  died  in  middle  life, 
leaving  behind  him  only  a  college  essay 
and  the  sketches  in  Roman  history  which 
we  have  before  us.  His  main  work  was 
journalistic,  and  we  are  told  by  those  who 
know  the  circumstances  intimately  that 
he  was  one  of  the  makers  of  the  repu- 
tation of  The  Manchester  Guardian,  now 
among  the  foremost  of  newspapers.  This 
in  itself  is  no  small  record,  though  it 
•cannot  be  expected  to  affect  the  popular 
imagination.  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  has 
used  all  her  delicate  and  subtle  art  to 
•draw  a  picture  of  her  beloved  brother  ; 
and  his  friend  Mr.  Montague's  account  of 
his  middle  life  is  also  remarkable  for  its 
iiterary  excellence.  Thus  we  may  be  sure 
that  few  men  have  obtained  an  abler  and 
more  complete  record  of  their  virtues. 
It  is  also  a  discriminating  record,  without 
gush  or  exaggeration,  and  as  such  is 
strongly  to  be  recommended  to  that  slavish 
Tace  of  falsifiers,  the  writers  of  memoirs. 
They  seem  never  to  realize  that  a  picture 
without  shadows  is  no  picture  at  all. 

The  organization  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
the  contrasts  between  the  policy  of 
Augustus  and  Julius  Caesar,  and  between 
the  treatment  of  the  East  and  of  the  West, 
the  peculiar  position  of  the  Greek  world' 
and  of  Egypt— all  these  large  topics  are 
treated  with  ample  knowledge,  and  in  an 
easy  and  attractive  style.  They  are  far 
better  reading  than  the  author's  early 
essay  on  Roman  provincial  administration, 
which  was  decidedly  dull.  The  chapter 
on  the   organization   of  Gaul   pleases   us 


best.  That  on  Greece  is  perhaps  less 
thorough  than  the  rest.  The  sweeping  of 
the  remaining  population  by  Augustus 
into  Patrae  and  into  his  new  Nicopolis 
is  justly  censured,  but  we  are  not  told 
anything  concerning  the  causes  of  the 
extraordinary  depopulation  of  that  part 
of  Greece.  Yet  Polybius  is  very  full  on 
the  subject  a  century  earlier,  and  there 
should  be  added  to  his  reasons  this  addi- 
tional one,  specially  affecting  Acarnania 
and  ^Etoha,  and  Achsea  and  Arcadia 
south  of  the  strait.  For  at  least  two 
centuries  mercenary  service  had  become 
so  fashionable  with  these  hardy  and 
primitive  mountaineers  that  the  bulk  of 
the  young  men  had  emigrated  to  seek  their 
fortunes  in  the  East.  We  know  in  the 
case  of  Egypt  that  these  mercenaries, 
when  settled  there,  brought  out  wives 
from  their  old  homes.  If  we  have  only 
one  or  two  instances  recorded,  they  are 
enough  to  show  that  such  an  idea  was 
alive  among  them.  Hence  the  remaining 
inhabitants  were  few  and  old,  and  of 
course  became  fewer  as  time  went  on.  It 
was  a  process  similar  to  that  which  now 
affects  the  far  west  and  south  of  Ireland, 
where  sons  and  daughters  emigrate  to 
America,  and  leave  only  the  old  and  the 
feeble  behind.  This  was  apparently  the 
reason  why  Augustus  chose  the  outlying 
depopulated  west  of  Greece  for  the  two 
new  foundations. 

There  is  another  point  of  modern  interest 
discussed  in  connexion  with  the  settlement 
of  Asia  Minor.  It  is  the  insisting  upon 
Latin  as  the  official  language  even  among 
the  Greek-speaking  communities,  whose 
tongue  was  the  language  of  society  all 
over  the  Eastern  Empire.     The  Emperor 

"  Clauuius,  who  was  rather  philhellene 
than  otherwise,  took  away  the  franchise 
from  a  Greek-speaking  Lycian  on  the  ground 
of  his  ignorance  of  Latin  ;  and  the  use  of 
Greek  locutions  in  the  Senate,  even  when 
there  was  no  Latin  equivalent  except  a 
paraphrase,  was  forbidden  by  the  con- 
serrative  Tiberius." 

It  was  because  other  emperors  failed 
to  carry  out  this  great  principle  of  an 
Imperial  language  in  the  East  that  this 
part  of  the  empire  kept  up  a  separatist 
feeling,  which  culminated  in  the  disrup- 
tion of  the  whole.  Modern  politicians 
seem  unaware  that  without  insistence 
upon  a  single  official  language  no  empire 
will  ever  really  be  united. 

We  cannot  enter  into  this  subject 
here,  but  we  may  express  our  opinion 
that  the  neglect  of  such  a  linguistic  safe- 
guard will  infallibly  bring  its  consequences. 
The  recognition  of  free  Greek  cities  or 
communities  all  through  Asia  Minor,  and 
the  absence  of  Roman  colonies  in  that 
country,  was  a  concession  to  the  "  Greek 
idea "  common  to  every  sentimental 
Roman,  and  it  made  the  unity  of  East 
and  West  impossible.  This  is  a  problem 
which  not  only  Austria  and  England,  but 
even  France  and  Germany,  have  to  face. 
It  is  from  this  point  of  view,  and  from 
others  of  the  same  complexion,  that  the 
study  of  Imperial  Roman  history  has  an 
interest  far  beyond  that  of  the  school 
or  the  college  ;    and  it  is  well  to  have  it 


treated  in  a  broad  and  human  way  by  a 
man  who  has  been  a  scholar  and  then  has 
passed  into  a  man  of  the  world. 


A  History  of  Municipal  Government  in 
Liverpool  from  the  Earliest  Times  to 
the  Municipal  Reform  Act  of  1835.  By 
Ramsay  Muir  and  Edith  M.  Piatt. 
(Williams  &  Norgate.) 

This  volume,  the  first  of  a  series  illustrat- 
ing the  history  of  Liverpool,  consists  of 
two  parts.     The  second,  which  forms  the 
greater  portion  of  the  book,   contains  a 
collection  of  charters,   leases,   and  other 
documents,    in    Latin,    Norman    French, 
and  English,  transcribed,  translated,  and 
edited  with  illustrative  material  by  Miss 
Edith  M.   Piatt,   who  has   already   done 
good  work  of  a  similar  character  in  the 
Transactions  of   the  Historical  Society  of 
Lancashire   and   Cheshire.     This   part   is 
divided  into  three  chapters.     In  the  first 
we  find   full  texts,  with   translations,    of 
all  grants   of  powers  to  the   borough  of 
Liverpool  made  by  the  Crown  by  charters 
or   letters    patent.     Almost    all    of   these 
have  already  been  printed  in  one  form  or 
another  ;    but  much  of  the  introductory 
matter  as  well  as  the  detailed  descriptions 
of   each   charter   is   new.     On   the   other 
hand,  nearly  the  whole  of  chaps,  ii.  and 
iii.    had   been  hitherto  unpublished ;    the 
first  of  these  containing  a  large  number 
of  fee-farm  leases   and  other  documents 
illustrating   the   history    of   the    borough 
revenues,   and  the  second  a  selection  of 
miscellaneous  documents  referring  to  the 
principal  legal  questions  which  arose  con- 
cerning the  municipal  liberties  of  Liver- 
pool, down  to  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  when  records  become  abundant. 
For     her     careful     transcripts,     accurate 
translations,     and     valuable     elucidatory 
remarks — the  fruit  of  an  enormous  amount 
of    patient    and    mostly    tedious    work — 
Miss    Piatt   deserves    the   hearty    thanks 
of    all    students    of    English    municipal 
history.      Valuable,     however,     as    these 
documents     are,     they     must     be     con- 
sidered as,  to  a  certain  extent,  dry  bones. 
or  at  least  disjecta  membra  ;    and  it  has 
been   Prof.    Muir's   task   to   clothe   these 
dry    bones    witli    flesh,    and    out    of   the 
disjecta  membra  to  form  a  living  entity. 
In  his  own  words  : — 

"  To  these  documents  is  prefixed  a  lonu' 
narrative  introduction,  in  which  an  attempt 
is  made — for  the  first  time — to  give  a  logical 
and  coherent  account  of  the  history  of  the 
development  of  municipal  government  in 
Liverpool." 

Prof.  Muir  adds  that  his  aim  has  been 
to  write  this  narrative  in  such  a  way  as  to 
make  it  intelligible  and  interesting  to 
readers  who  are  not  historical  specialists  ; 
and  in  this  he  has  been  sueces:-ful. 

Few  who  know  Liverpool  to-day  would 
guess  that  before  the  eleventh  century 
its  history  is  a  blank,  and  that  even  in 
Domesday  Book  it  is  not  mentioned 
by  name,  being  referred  to  simply  as 
an  anonymous  "'  berewick,"  one  of  six 
attached  to  the  great  manor  of  West 
Derby.     What     Liverpool     was     like     in 


236 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


those  times  Prof.  Muir  tells  us  in  the  first 
chapter  of  Part  I. ;  in  the  next  he  dismisses 
the  legendary  charters  of  Henry  I  and 
Henrv  II.  ;  and  in  the  third  he  deals  with 
the  so-called  "charter"  (of  1207)  of 
John,  who  was  the  real  creator  of  the 
borough.  This  "  charter "  was  strictly 
a  sort  of  proclamation,  or  circular  letter, 
inviting  settlers  to  come  to  Liverpool, 
and  promising  certain  privileges  as  an 
inducement,  John  being  direct  lord  of  the 
country  between  the  Mersey  and  the 
Ribble,  and  feeling  the  need  of  a  con- 
venient port  whence  men  and  provisions 
from  his  own  and  his  vassals'  lands  could 
be  transferred  to  Ireland,  the  subjugation 
of  which  he  was  anxious  to  complete. 
Twenty-two  years  later  (in  1229),  Henrylll. 
being  in  difficulties  for  money,  the  traders 
of  Liverpool  managed  to  raise  among 
them  the  sum  of  ten  marks,  with  which 
they  bought  from  the  king  a  new  charter 
of  a  very  extensive  kind — one  which  is 
of  the  first  importance  in  the  history  of 
the  borough,  for  it  remained  the  govern- 
ing charter  until  the  seventeenth  century, 
all  the  intervening  charters  being  scarcely 
more  than  confirmations.  In  the  absence 
of  town  records  for  Liverpool  earlier  than 
1525,  it  is  impossible  to  know  certainly 
how  the  burgesses  exercised  the  rights 
granted  to  them  ;  but  by  utilizing  the 
few  early  documents,  and  drawing  infer- 
ences from  the  statements  in  the  full 
records  of  the  sixteenth  century,  Prof. 
Muir  has  to  a  considerable  extent  succeeded 
in  making  good  this  deficiency.  Not  for 
long,  however,  were  the  Liverpool  bur- 
gesses allowed  to  exercise  their  privileges 
in  peace  ;  for  seven  months  after  signing 
the  charter  the  king  granted  to  Ranulf, 
Earl  of  Chester,  all  the  royal  lands  between 
the  Mersey  and  the  Ribble,  including 
"  the  borough  of  Liverpool  with  all  its 
liberties."  We  then  enter  upon  a  period 
of  baronial  control,  succeeded  for  a  time 
by  royal  control  and  frequent  disputes 
between  the  burgesses  and  members  of 
the  two  great  houses  of  Mobyneux  and 
Stanley,  which  to-day  own  much  of  the 
soil  on  which  Liverpool  is  built.  Charles  I., 
after  granting  a  new  charter  to  the  city, 
sold  the  lordship  of  Liverpool  to  the  City 
of  London,  who  transferred  it  to  Sir 
Richard  Molyneux,  thereby  creating  fresh 
trouble.  Then  in  the  seventeenth  century 
there  was  party  strife,  in  spite  of  which, 
however,  the  city  made  rapid  progress, 
increasing  enormously  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  owing  chiefly  to  the  West  African 
slave  trade,  which  (we  regret  to  say)  "has 
been  the  foundation  of  her  fortunes." 

In  utilizing  the  material,  sparse  or 
abundant,  available  for  his  purpose,  Prof. 
Muir  has  set  forth  the  salient  points  with 
lucidity  and  terseness,  with  references 
throughout  in  foot-notes  to  authorities. 
Some  of  the  previous  writers  on 
the  history  of  Liverpool  come  in  for 
chastisement  at  his  hands,  especially 
Sir  James  Picton  ("  the  amazing  Picton  " 
he  is  called  in  a  foot-note  on  p.  93),  whose 
carelessness  he  exposes. 

Among  other  interesting  facts  we 
read  that  Francis  Bacon  was  for  a  brief 
session  in  the  sixteenth  century  one  of 


the  two  members  of  Parliament  for  Liver- 
pool ;  and  that  another  eminent  man — 
Henry  Roscoe,  who  represented  the  borough 
in  Parliament  from  1806  to  1812 — was, 
owing  to  the  anomalous  state  of  things, 
unable  to  cast  a  vote  in  Parliamentary 
or  mayoral  elections,  or  to  sit  on  the 
governing  body  of  the  town.  To  show 
how  Prof.  Muir  manages  to  avoid  being 
dry,  we  quote  the  following  (he  has  been 
speaking  of  a  loyal  address  from  the 
Liverpool  councillors  to  Charles  II.)  : — 

"  A  further  address,  after  the  Rye-house 
plot  in  1683,  when  the  No  Popery  craze  was 
forgotten,  and  Toryism  was  at  the  flood  in 
England,  becomes  rhetorical  in  the  fervour 
of  its  loyalty,  with  its  detestation  of  that 
'  sort  of  man  whose  infectious  anti-mon- 
archical principles  are  enough  to  empoison 
all  who  are  not  sufficiently  prepared  with 
the  infallible  antidote  of  loyalty,'  and  its 
fervent  prayer  that  '  the  counsel  of  your 
faithful  Hushais  shall  ever  prevail  against 
the  united  force  of  all  aspiring  Absaloms, 
and  the  desperate  advice  of  all  pestilent 
Achitophels.'  The  allusions  to  Dryden's 
satire  show  how  closely  the  movement  of 
political  thought  was  now  followed  in  the 
once  remote  and  isolated  borough." 

In  another  place  we  read  of  a  certain 
Mr.  Robert  Dobson,  town  clerk  in  the 
early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  who, 
having  paid  for  his  office,  naturally  con- 
sidered himself  irremovable,  claimed  pre- 
cedence over  the  annually  changing  bailiffs, 
grossly  neglected  his  duties,  and  used 
offensive  language  to  and  about  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  :■ — 

"  Flushed  with  insolence  and  (probably) 
wine,  he  had  the  audacity  to  describe  them 
by  the  vaguely  insulting  term  of  '  bash- 
ragges  '  ;  he  even  '  immodeste  et  indecente 
hsec  Angli  [sic]  verba  utravit — Whosoever 
the  divell  was  Maior,  hee  would  be  the 
Towne's  clerk.'  " 

This  affords  another  instance  of  the  word 
"  bash-rag,"  for  which  the  '  New  English 
Dictionary  '  has  only  one  quotation,  from 
J.  Davies's  '  Extasie  '  (c.  1600),  the  word 
being  described  as  "  obs.  rare,"  and 
explained  as  "  ?  Ragamuffin."  (There 
should  have  been  a  cross-reference  to  the 
analogous  word  "  ragabash,"  for  which 
several  quotations  are  given,  the  earliest 
being  dated  1609.) 

In  conclusion,  we  may  say  that  the  book 
is  well  printed  on  thick  paper  with  wide 
margins  ;  but  we  have  noticed  several 
misprints  (in  addition  to  those  recorded 
in  the  errata),  and  some  references  in 
foot-notes  to  documents  for  which  we 
have  looked  in  vain  in  Part  IT.  However, 
these  are  minor  faults  in  a  work  for  which 
Prof.  Muir  and  Miss  Piatt  deserve  high 
praise. 

The     Place-Names     of     Argyll.      By     H. 
Cameron  Gillies,  M.D.     (Nutt.) 

In  a  short  preface  to  Dr.  Cameron  Gillies's 
book  the  Duke  of  Argyll  observes  that  the 
Gaelic  names,  which  of  course  form  the 
great  majority  of  the  place-names  of  the 
West  Highlands,  "  seem  to  be  coming  well 
into  the  control  of  Gaelic  scholars." 
There  are  increasing  indications  that  the 
Norse  element  also  is  receiving  scientific 
treatment.     Mr.  Watson's  book  on  Ross 


and  Cromarty  contained  a  useful  table 
of  phonetic  interchanges  between  Norse 
and  Gaelic,  and  Dr.  Gillies  gives  a  well- 
arranged  list  of  Norse  terms  which  enter 
into  the  nomenclature  of  Argyll.  He 
remarks  of  these  that 

"  they  are  hardly  ever  quite  pure.  They 
have  come  under  the  Gaelic  influence  so 
strongly  and  for  so  long  that  their  grammar 
is  nearly  always  that  of  Gaelic,  even  when 
they  retain  their  face  value  almost  as  clearly 
as  in  their  beginning.  The  basis  of  naming  is 
nearly  the  same  in  both  languages,  namely,. 
(1)  a  descriptive  adjective  +  the  nominative 
noun,  and  (2)  a  descriptive  genitive  +  the 
same,  for  example,  N.  Lang-a=the  long 
river  ;  Debadal  =  djup-r  +  dal-r,  deep-dale. 
The  only  distinct  difference  is  that  whereas 
Norse  puts  the  descriptive  first,  Gaelic  has 
it  second,  except  in  the  older  Gaelic  forms, 
such  as  Garbh-allt,  rough-stream  ;  Glas- 
eilean,  grey-island  ;  Muirne-meall,  the  hill 
of  joy  or  affection." 

After  an  Introduction  which,  among 
other  things,  refers  to  certain  place-name 
elements,  the  words  for  rivers,  hills,  and 
colours  ;  the  duns,  whether  indicating 
simply  a  heap  or  a  fortress  ;  the  forma- 
tion of  names,  and  the  meaning  of  certain 
regular  terminations,  we  come  to  Dr. 
Gillies's  derivation  of  the  county  name. 
Deirdre's  description  in  the  old  Gaelic  lay, 
"  a  lovely  land  that  land  eastward, 
Alba  with  its  wonders,"  expresses  the 
relation  of  Argyll  to  the  Irish  home  of 
the  Dalriads.  It  was  the  oir-thir  ghdid- 
heal,  the  east  land  of  the  Gael  ("oirer 
zeil,"  as  it  is  written  in  the  Dean  of  Lis- 
more's  Book).  The  old  sun- worshippers 
turned  the  face  or  edge  or  front  oir  or 
ear,  to  the  east.  Behind  them,  air  or 
iar,  was  the  west  ;  the  right  hand  was 
deas,  or  southward  :  the  left  was  tuatht 
or  north.  Thewhole  argument  on  the  point 
is  convincing.  The  name  was  the  state- 
ment of  a  fact,  the  identity  of  the  Hiber- 
nian and  Alban  Scots.  This  ancient 
appellation  "  once  covered  the  whole 
area  from  the  Mull  of  Kintyre  to  the 
Clyde,  west  of  Drum- Alban,  as  far  north 
as  the  borders  of  the  present  Sutherland,"' 
its  northern  portion  being  referred  to  a& 
"  Ergadia  quae  pertinet  ad  Moraviam," 
its  southern  as  "  Ergadia  quae  pertinet 
ad  Scotiam,"  in  an  act  as  late  as  William 
the  Lion.  The  county  now  described  by 
the  name  is  only  co-extensive  with  the  old 
kingdom  of  Dalriada,  and  the  word  in  an 
esoteric  sense,  the  Argyll,  is  limited  by 
the  natives  to  that  district,  north  of 
Crinan,  which  lies  between  Loch  Fyne 
and  Loch  Awe. 

A  chapter  on  general  terms  follows  this 
discussion.  The  author  is  attracted  by 
the  philosophic  truth  underlying  the 
practice  of  the  Gael  of  giving  the  same 
names  to  the  features  of  nature  as  to 
those  of  his  own  body  (ceann,  a  head  ; 
aodann,  a  face  ;  mala,  a  brow,  &c).  Of 
these  is  ruighe,  a  stretch  of  land,  which 
comes  from  ruighe,  a  forearm.  In 
describing  the  feminine  diminutives  in  aig- 
it  is  observed  that  they  are  not  easily 
distinguished 

"  frcm  names  of  similar  form  that  come  by 
quito  another  way.  The  Norse  vile,  a  croek 
or  small  bay,  appears  in  Argyll  as  terminal 
-aig  ;    for  instance,  Onnaig,  Alsaig,  Askaigr 


NC41H,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


237 


are  clearly  Norse,  meaning  serpent-bay, 
eel-bay,  ash-bay.  Plocaig  and  Driseig  and 
Dubhaig,  on  the  other  hand,  are  simple 
Gaelic — from  ploc,  dris,  and  dub/t." 

The  whole  of  Dr.  Gilfies's  note  on  these 
words  and  on  indications  afforded  by 
their  grammatical  gender  is  highly  inter- 
esting. Language  and  locality  combine 
in  the  double  origin  of  Maol,  which  on 
the  sea-coast  translates  Norse  mul-r,  a 
jutting  crag,  and  inland  means  the  bald 
pate  of  a  round  hill.  The  island  Muile 
(Mull),  the  Maleus  of  Ptolemy,  must  have 
another  derivation. 

The  districts  of  the  county  from 
Kintyre  northward  are  then  examined  in 
convenient  order.  The  atrocities  of  the 
Survey  are  touched  upon  most  feelingly 
in  Kintyre.  "  Cockalane  "  and  "  Polly- 
willin "  are  vulgarisms  for  Cnoc-alainn 
(fair  knoll)  and  Poll  a'  mhuilinn  (mill- 
pool).  Machrihanish,  also  in  Kintyre, 
now  a  holy  place  for  golfers,  has  a 
typical  sound.  The  Machri — a  softened 
form  from  Machair,  gen.  macrach,  like 
Largie  from  Leargach,  &c. — belongs  to  a 
class  common  in  this  district,  deriving 
its  apparent  diminutives  from  the  locative 
case,  while  the  -hanish  reproduces  the 
sanish  (not  sean-innse,  to  our  thinking) 
of  the  neighbouring  loch.  Killarrow 
(pron.  Killaroo)  preserves  the  memory  of 
St.  Maelrubha. 

In  Cowal  our  author  is  dissatisfied  with 
the  usual  derivation  of  Glendaruel,  of 
tragic  and  musical  memory.  There  are 
not  two  red  floods  (da  ruadh  thuil),  he 
tells  us  from  his  local  knowledge,  and  he 
leans  to  Gleann  na  Ruaidh-eil,  from  the 
Ruaidh+the  river  ending,  as  in  Cainneil, 
Teitheil. 

In  a  remarkable  note  on  Balindore 
(Lome)  he  says  it  was  the  home  of  those 
Campbells  who  were  almoners  of  the  priory 
of  Ardchattain,  one  of  whom  was  called 
the  Deora  mor,  or  Great  Dewar,  from 
whose  son  Walter  Campbell  "  it  is  almost, 
if  not  wholly,  certain  that  Robert  Burns 
was  descended."  The  story  has  been 
told  by  Mr.  Carmichael,  and  is  well  put 
in  '  The  Evergreen  '  of  Spring,  1895.  But 
the  difficulties  of  dates  and  circumstances 
seem  insuperable.  Burns's  family  were 
too  early  in  Glenbervie  and  the  neigh- 
bourhood to  suit  the  theory.  The  affilia- 
tion of  John  Ruskin  to  the  "  Rusgain," 
the  sculptors  of  Glenlonain,  seems  better 
established.  His  hereditary  connexion 
with  the  stones  of  Innisail  would  have 
pleased  the  author  of  '  The  Stones  of 
Venice.' 

To  return  to  philology ;  Glen-nant 
(Lome)  certainly  seems  a  Cymric  outpost 
— rather  far  from  its  supports,  to  continue 
the  metaphor.  A  British  origin  for  Loch 
Gilp  (Gwlyp  ?)  is  also  suggested. 

The  old  enigma,  Ardnamurchan,  is,  we 
think,  happily  solved  by  the  luminous 
suggestion  Ard-na-murdhuchan  (or  nam 
murdhuchan),  the  height  of  the  sea- 
nymphs,  "  the  sighing  sad  ones  of  the 
sea."  This  fits  the  pronunciation  in  five 
syllables,  is  a  characteristically  Celtic 
conception,  and  the  words  have  old  autho- 
rity. Incidentally,  our  author  seems  to 
quarrel  with  the  phrase  "  Clan  Ean  Mur- 


guenich,"  as  applied  to  the  people  of 
Ardnamurchan.  But  Maclain  of  Ardna- 
murchan (Murchanach)  was  a  Macdonald, 
and  he  and  his  followers  made  some 
history.  Cosmo  Innes  was  not  so  far 
wrong,  though  his  idea  of  a  clan  may 
have  been  imperfect.  Of  course  the 
nativi  everywhere  were  the  rank  and  file. 
In  the  same  district  Lochan  nam  Feinn 
and  Greideal  Fbinn  "  speak,"  no  doubt, 
"  of  Fingalian  times  and  traditions."  But 
what  support  that  gives  to  Macpherson's 
'  Ossian  '  it  is  difficult  to  see.  No  one 
now  doubts  that  the  Ossianic  legend  is 
common  to  both  sides  of  the  "  Moyle," 
but  believers  in  Macpherson's  "  transla- 
tions "  must  be  few  and  far  between. 
Our  author  is  least  happy  in  these  his- 
torical digressions. 

Another  good  fight  is  thrown  on 
an  important  name  by  the  suggestion, 
adopted,  we  are  told,  from  the  Rev.  Dr. 
George  Henderson,  that  Morven  or  Mor- 
vern  (Gael.  A'Mhorairne  or  A'Mharairne) 
stands  for  A' Mhuir-bhearna  the  sea-cleft. 
The  reasons  for  its  adoption  commend 
themselves  both  scholastically  and  physic- 
ally. The  cleft  is  a  chain  of  streams  and 
lochs,  which  with  a  break  of  half  a  mile 
or  so  is  continuous  for  thirty  miles  from 
sea  to  sea,  and  the  rendering  is  consistent 
with  the  old  forms  of  the  name  and  their 
changes. 

Dr.  Gillies  somewhere  says  that  the 
bulk  of  his  volume  is  dry,  but  it  is  enlivened 
by  so  much  wise  intuition  that  even  a 
careless  reader's  thoughts  might  be  arrested. 
His  note  on  Loch  Etive  is  a  case  in  point. 
Several  interpretations  have  been  given 
(eite,  eiteadh,  "  extending,"  referred  to  the 
root  of  Lat.  ire  ;  eitearj,  white  pebble  of 
the  rivers,  &c.) ;  but  who  that  has  seen 
Buachaill-Eitibh,  the  grand  "  herdsman," 
will  not  recognize  the  force  of  his  testi- 
mony to  his  own  "  cattle,"  el  or  etibh  as 
we  are  told  the  old  Gaelic  ran,  that 
he  wards  below  ?  Again,  the  tracing 
of  Kilmaillie  to  Cill-a-mhaoil-dhuibh, 
with  its  suggestive  references  to  the 
black  monks  of  Glastonbury  and 
Malmesbury,  is  an  excellent  piece  of 
work.  This  brings  us  to  the  fact  that 
the  chapter  on  '  Church-Names,'  wherein, 
dating  from  the  Columban  days,  Argyll 
is  very  rich,  is  well  worked-up  from 
the  Kalendar  of  Angus,  Bede,  and  the 
Irish  Annals.  Good  vocabularies,  notes, 
and  a  sufficient  index  complete  the 
volume. 

The  author  is  no  stylist  in  English,  and 
there  is  little  attempt  at  grace  of  expres- 
sion;  but  he  has  a  combination  of  reason 
and  imagination,  without  which,  and  the 
faculty  of  taking  pains,  conspicuous  in  these 
pages,  a  sound  book  on  Celtic  philology 
cannot  be  produced. 


UEm-pire  Liberal.  By  Emile  Ollivier. 
Tome  XI.  La  Veillte  des  Armes.  (Paris. 
Gamier  Freres.) 

In  his  eleventh  volume  the  veteran  who 
was  the  French  Prime  Minister  of  1870 


tells  the  true  story  of  the  Hohenzollem 
candidatures  of  1868  and  1869,  necessary 
to  explain  the  reception  of  the  candidature 
of  1870,  but  certainly  unknown  to  him 
when  he  began  to  write.  In  it  also  we 
find  his  character  sketches  of  Gladstone 
and  Gambetta — the  latter  finer  than  any 
of  the  fine  passages  which  have  hitherto 
come  from  the  author's  pen.  Few  great 
speakers  are  great  stylists  :  M.  Clemenceau 
and  Mr.  Winston  Churchill  make  an 
approach  to  the  double  honour  which  is 
most  rare.  M.  Ollivier,  incomparable, 
outside  Spain,  as  the  orator  of  his  time, 
triumphs  over  rivals  of  the  field  of  letters 
in  vigorous  old  age. 

The  Athenceum  has  blamed  so  many 
writers  for  failing  to  note  the  cumulative 
effect  of  the  revelations  which  began  with 
the  publication  of  the  first  German  edition 
of  the  memoirs  of  the  King  of  Roumania, 
that  we  need  only  refer  readers  to  pages 
54,  55,  and  574,  where  the  facts  are  named 
rather  than  set  out.  The  form  of  "  sou- 
venirs "  prevents  historic  treatment,  and, 
in  this  book,  as  in  all  French  history  itself, 
the  absence  of  sufficient  "  references  "  is 
to  be  deplored.  The  effect  of  M.  Olfivier's 
treatment  of  his  sources  of  information, 
largely  confidential,  is  exactly  to  confirm 
the  censure  passed  by  us  on  the  many 
historians  who  continue  to  misrepresent 
the  events  of  December,  1868 — July, 
1870,  as  long  known  from  published  docu- 
ments. The  promised  memoirs  of  M. 
Nigra  now  no  longer  awaken  eager  expec- 
tation. 

Of  the  subjects  on  which  M.  Ollivier  is 
most  learned — Catholicism  in  Italy  and 
modern  music — the  second  alone  figures 
in  this  eleventh  volume.  The  portrait 
of  Berlioz,  as  Ollivier  knew  him  at  La 
Muette,  in  the  days  of  Madame  Erard, 
is  of  deep  interest. 

In  M.  Ollivier,  as  in  all  French  writers, 
we  regret  the  absence  of  sufficient  explana- 
tions. Such  names  as  "  Wetsera  "  (more 
usually  Vetsera),  invite  gossip,  not  want- 
ing in  some  pages.  "  Rancez  "  is  fre- 
quently quoted,  but  never,  we  think, 
described  even  as  "  Rancez  of  Villaneuva  " 
or  as  "  Casa-Laigleisia,"  or  by  his  titles, 
rising  at  last  to  that  of  marquis  :  the 
absence  of  an  index  to  any  of  the  eleven 
volumes  will  excuse  us  if  we  are  wrong. 
A  passage  which  we  do  not  understand 
concerns  1869  :  it  expresses  a  wish  to 
throw  charges  on  "  capitaux  qui  en  sont 
actuellement  exempts."  A  foot-note  adds, 
"  A  cette  epoque  en  effet  ils  n'etaient 
soumis  a  aucune  des  charges  aux  quellea 
les  soumet  aujourd'hui  notre  income-lax.'" 
The  income-tax  of  France  consists  of  "  the 
four  direct  taxes  "  which  are  more  than 
a  century  old,  and,  devised  by  the  Revolu- 
tion, are  gathered  under  laws  of  the  Con- 
sulate and  first  Empire.  WTe  were  not 
aware  that  either  the  "  Patentes  "  or  the 
"  Impot  Personnel  Mobilier  "  had  been 
legally  modified  between  1869  and  the 
present  year.  An  even  greater  propor- 
tion of  Communes  may  have  substituted 
an  "  Ability  Tax  "  for  an  assessment  on 
rents,  as  they  have  power  to  do ;  and  this 
may  be  the  explanation. 


238 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


NEW   NOVELS. 

The    Eglamore    Portraits.     By    Mary    E. 

Mann.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Turning  even  to  a  lighter  motive  than 
she  lias  been  wont  to  use,  Mrs.  Mann  lias 
given  us  a  delightful  comedy  in  a  teacup. 
Mr.  Eglamore's  mother-in-law  is  a  manag- 
ing tiresome  woman,  who  is  all  but  too 
fearsome  a  figure  for  genuine  comedy. 
She  has,  we  are  persuaded  to  think, 
stalked  out  of  austerer  pages  into  these. 
Certainly  she  makes  a  hateful  creature 
from  the  outset,  and  almost  succeeds  in 
ruining  the  happiness  of  her  daughter,  as 
she  has  ruined  that  of  her  husband.  It  is 
only  when  the  worm — her  husband— turns 
that  she  begins  to  realize  what  she  has 
done.  The  domestic  drama  starts  with 
the  hanging  of  the  Eglamore  portraits,  for 
which  the  mother-in-law  substitutes  two 
works  of  art  by  "Cousin  Anna."  We  must 
confess  that  Juliet,  the  wife,  is  a  silly 
person,  who  hardly  deserved  so  decent  a 
husband,  and  we  beg  to  apologize  for  the 
exasperated  Eglamore  when  he  locked  her 
in  the  bathroom.  He  was  then  getting 
desperate.  The  peculiar  charm  of  the 
book  lies  in  the  amiable  sense  of  humour 
which  envelopes  it,  and  in  the  masterly 
characterization.  This  latter  is  not  forced 
at  all,  but  every  one  of  the  characters 
stands  and  moves  and  lives.  And  we 
particularly  fancy  Susy  Plain,  a  woman 
who  could  only  have  been  imagined  and 
drawn  by  a  woman.  Mere  man  is  not 
equal  to  that  conception. 


A    Girl   of    Resource.     By  Eyre    Hussey. 

(Longmans  &  Co.) 
A  heroine  not  so  amusing  as  she  is 
meant  to  be,  yet  always  on  humour  bent, 
is  rather  a  difficulty  in  a  novel.  This  one  is 
afflicted  rather  than  gifted  with  too  strong 
a  sense  of  the  incongruous  elements  in  life. 
The  reader  may  find  it  hard  to  smile  as 
often  as  is  expected  of  him.  The  fun  is 
from  first  to  last  a  little  forced,  yet 
always  abounding. 


The  Guarded  Flame.     By  W.  B.  Maxwell. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Maxwell  brings  to  his  work  an 
extreme  conscientiousness  and  a  lofty 
ideal.  His  is  no  perfunctory  task,  the 
elaboration  of  a  popularly  edible  novel 
by  a  popular  novelist.  And  in  proportion 
as  he  aims  high  we  must  respect  him. 
His  advance  from  his  first  book  is  note- 
worthy, for  this  is  undoubtedly  much 
superior  to  its  predecessors.  Its  faults 
are  obvious,  partly  the  faults  of  inexperi- 
ence and  partly  of  temperament.  The 
latter  it  is  hard  to  say  if  he  will  eliminate  ; 
the  former  are  certain  to  disappear.  For 
one  thing,  he  laboriously  paints  his  canvas 
in  order  to  secure  an  effect  which  he  might 
suggest  with  less  difficulty  and  perhaps 
more  charm.  Here  is  a  respected  philo- 
sopher, who  reminds  us  in  some  par- 
ticulars of  the  last  great  English  philo- 
sopher, buried  in  his  'ologies,  a  recluse 
within  his  scrupulous  household,  guarded 


and  protected  from  outside  trespassers. 
It  would  have  been  quite  enough  to  give 
the  impression  of  all  this  and  go  on  to 
develope  the  personality  of  the  man. 
But  Mr.  Maxwell  must  needs  painfully 
materialize  his  philosophical  atmosphere. 
He  is  determined  to  have  actuality,  and 
he  shows  a  great  deal  of  cleverness  in 
getting  it.  But  when  he  is  older,  he  will 
realize  that  it  is  not  worth  getting,  and 
that  it  is  only  annoying  to  his  readers,  who 
are  willing  to  accept  everything  as  hear- 
say save  the  warm  humanity  of  the  cha- 
racters. There  was  a  novelist  once  who 
spent  years  and  absorbed  forty  books  in 
order  to  write  a  romance.  But  strict  art 
demanded  that  none  of  those  forty  books 
should  appear  in  his  narrative.  This,  as 
we  have  indicated,  is  a  defect  of  inex- 
perience. A  temperamental  flaw  is  dis- 
closed in  Mr.  Maxwell's  solution  of  his 
tragedy.  No  young  girl  of  sane  mind 
and  sound  body,  such  as  he  represents 
Effie  to  be,  would,  we  think,  destroy  her- 
self because  she  discovered  her  lover  to 
be  in  love  with  her  uncle's  wife.  She 
might  do  many  things,  but  she  would  not 
do  that,  not  even  to  pile  up  the  agony  for 
Mr.  Maxwell.  Nor  would  a  man  in  the 
philosopher  Burgoyne's  position,  and  hold- 
ing his  broad  views,  have  been  justified 
in  his  attitude  to  a  wife  who  is  thirty 
years  his  junior.  Burgoyne,  in  fact,  is 
too  much  of  a  deity  in  these  pages,  and 
is  a  jealous  deity  to  boot.  The  tragedy  of 
the  drama  lies  at  his  doors  rather  than 
at  his  wife's — and  if  he  had  been  what  he 
is  said  to  have  been  he  would  have  recog- 
nized it.  Thus  Mr.  Maxwell  displays 
himself  as  temperamentally  sentimental, 
sacrificing  truth  to  illusions.  We  have 
criticized  his  novel  seriously  because  it  is 
a  serious  piece  of  work.  In  outlook, 
treatment,  restraint,  and  characterization 
it  is  a  notable  performance.  The  theme 
is  large  and  heroic,  and,  subject  to  the 
limitations  we  have  indicated,  is  ade- 
quately handled. 


Collusion.      By   Thomas   Cobb.     (Alston 
Rivers.) 

A  lady  has  just  accepted  a  lover  when 
her  wealthy  father  dies  and  makes  things 
awkward  for  both  of  them  in  his  will. 
The  lover  is  notoriously  lazy,  and  if  he 
marries  her  she  loses  all  her  money, 
which  goes  to  a  bank  clerk.  Mr.  Cobb's 
treatment  of  this  problem  is  managed 
with  his  usual  deftness  and  lightness. 
Two  or  three  touches  seem  to  show  that 
he  might  do  serious  observant  work  if  he 
chose. 

Enderby.     By  Bertha  Shelley.     (Methuen 
&  Co.) 

This  is  a  piece  of  work  the  underlying 
quality  of  which  makes  one  anxious  to 
say  nothing  calculated  to  discourage  the 
author.  Nevertheless,  it  is  not  possible  to 
praise  the  story  without  qualification, 
and  serious  qualification.  It  is  presum- 
ably a  first  book.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Australian  bush  townships,  and  on 
stations,    and    its    flavour    is     typically 


tragic  throughout.  Sweetness  and  light 
are  rare  qualities  in  Australian  fiction. 
In  the  case  of  '  Enderby '  we  have 
a  good  deal  of  emotional  fervour, 
a  somewhat  crude  exposition  of  real 
passion,  presented  with  feeling  for 
narrative,  but  without  that  literary 
workmanship  which  makes  coinci- 
dences appear  probable  and  fancies 
more  convincing  than  facts.  Sensibility 
and  sincerity  are  present,  however,  and 
the  author  may  yet  produce  a  consider- 
able novel. 

Noces  Blanches.  Par  Marie  Anne  de  Bo  vet. 

(Paris,  Lemerre.) 
Vierges  Folles.      Same   Author.      (Paris, 

Mericaut.) 
"M.  A.  B."  of  'La  Vie  Parisienne '  has 
often  been  a  somewhat  different  writer 
from  the  equally  talented  author  of  '  Terre 
d'Emeraude,' — which,  by  the  way,  figures 
in  M.  Mericaut's  list  of  the  works  of 
Madame  de  Bois-Hebert  as  '  Verre  d'Eme- 
raude,' and  does  not  appear  at  all  in  the 
similar  list  printed  by  M.  Lemerre.  From 
the  one  pen  of  the  two  hands  we  have 
sometimes  had  one  novel  such  as  the 
French  style  "  extra-honest "  and  one 
naughty  novel  at  the  same  moment.  This 
time  both  are  naughty,  but  the  indecency 
of  the  illustrations  of  '  Vierges  Folles  '  is 
obviously  not  due  to  the  author,  who 
must  have  sold  her  work  without  the 
necessary  stipulations.  Some  of  the  illus- 
trations wholly  fail  to  fit  the  text.  The 
dialogue  is  as  brilliant  as  usual,  and,  deal- 
ing though  it  does  with  foreigners  as  well 
as  with  Parisians,  is  true  to  life — of  a  par- 
ticular kind.  '  Noces  Blanches  '  has  an 
English  heroine,  whose  mother-in-law  is 
informed  by  her  nephew  that  "  les  knicker- 
bokers  [sic],  d'origine  hollandaise,  ont 
emigre. . .  .sur  le  Mayflower."  The  various 
blunders  contained  in  the  sentence  may 
be  those  of  M.  de  la  Prevostiere,  but  we 
fear  that  "  M.  A.  B."  is  in  some  degree 
responsible. 

Our  Lady  of  the  Pillar.  By  Eca  de 
Queiroz.  Done  into  English  by  Edgar 
Prestage.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

The  chief  merit  of  the  '  Defunto  '  in  the 
original  is  its  deliberately  alembicated 
style,  but  it  has  the  additional  interest  of 
exhibiting  a  realistic  writer  experimenting 
in  the  domain  of  pure  romance.  The 
story  which  Mr.  Prestage  has  translated 
under  the  title  of '  Our  Lady  of  the  Pillar,' 
contains  as  much  incident  as  one  of  those 
comedias  de  enredo,  like  '  Dineros  son 
calidad,'  where  a  supernatural  element 
provides  a  fresh  complication.  Don  Ruy 
de  Cardenas  and  Donna  Leonor  are  cast 
in  the  same  mould  as  most  of  the  enter- 
prising lovers  and  innocent  ladies  in 
Calderon's  dramas,  and  are  neither  new 
nor  convincing  ;  but  there  is  a  genuine 
note  of  horror  in  the  episode  of  the  corpse 
resuscitated  on  Gallows  Hill,  and  the 
scene  in  which  Don  Alonso  de  Lara  grasps 
the  situation  is  written  with  great  power. 
Apart  from  some  extravagant  details,  the 
experiment  is  successful;  the  tale  proves 
the  versatility  of  Queiroz's  talent  and  his 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


239 


faculty  of  impressive  conception.  His 
premature  death  seven  years  ago  was  an 
irreparable  loss  to  Portuguese  literature. 
The  translation,  though  faithful,  is  want- 
ing in  distinction,  and  the  preliminary 
note  to  the  reader  is  too  digressive.  A 
short  critical  essay  on  Queiroz  would  be 
more  useful  and  relevant  than  a  descrip- 
tion of  his  monument  in  the  Largo  do 
Quintella. 


THEOLOGICAL    LITERATURE. 

The  Booh  of  Job  in  the  Revised  Version. 
Edited,  with  Introductions  and  Brief  Anno- 
tations, by  S.  R.  Driver,  D.D.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.)  —  This  work  provides 
another  object-lesson  how  the  results  of 
eminent  scholarship  may  be  made  available 
to  a  very  large  circle  of  readers.  In  order 
to  attain  an  end  like  this,  a  considerable 
degree  of  self-limitation  on  the  part  of  the 
author  is  indeed  unavoidable,  and  Dr. 
Driver  himself  explains  that  a  commentary 
on  the  Hebrew  text  itself,  instead  of  on  the 
Revised  Version,  would  on  many  points 
yield  a  more  accurate  understanding  of  the 
poem.  But  within  the  limitations  demanded 
by  the  circumstances  we  can  hardly  imagine 
anything  better  than  what  is  here  offered. 
The  brief  notes  are  penned  in  Dr.  Driver's 
usual  clear  style,  and  the  introductory  state- 
ments are  in  their  own  way  fully  as  helpful. 
The  remarks  on  pp.  xxiv-xxxv,  dealing  with 
"  the  importance  of  the  margins  of  the 
Revised  Version,"  will  be  found  to  require 
close  study  ;  but  even  an  "  ordinary  edu- 
cated reader  "  may  be  supposed  to  give  some 
amount  of  serious  attention  to  a  subject 
like  the  present.  On  one  point  we  believe 
that  Dr.  Driver  might  have  made  his  mean- 
ing clearer.  On  p.  ix  he  says  that  Eliphaz 
and  Elihu  "  insist  in  addition — though  their 
teaching  on  the  subject  is  not,  it  is  true, 
applicable  to  Job's  case — upon  the  disci- 
plinary value  of  suffering  "  ;  but  having 
read  just  before  that  "  sufferings  may  befall 
the  righteous ....  as  a  trial  of  their  righteous- 
ness, and  a  test  of  its  sincerity,"  the  ques- 
tion might  be  asked  in  what  respect  the 
"  disciplinary  value  of  suffering "  was 
not  applicable  to  Job's  case.  The  diffi- 
culty might  have  been  avoided  by  a  few 
remarks  showing  on  what  points  the  pre- 
sentation of  this  truth  in  the  speeches  of 
Eliphaz  and  Elihu  was  at  fault,  or,  at  any 
rate,  beside  the  mark  in  Job's  case. 

A  Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Job  from  a 
Helrrew  Manuscript  in  the  University  Library, 
Cambridge.  Edited  by  W.  Aldis  Wright,  and 
translated  by  S.  A.  Hirsch.  (Williams  & 
Norgate.) — The  manuscript  from  which 
this  commentary  is  taken  was  written  in 
France  towards  the  end  of  the  thirteenth 
or  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  the  author's  name  was  Berechia. 
The  value  of  the  work  lies  mainly  in  the 
light  which  it  throws  on  the  methods  of 
interpretation  followed  by  the  more  en- 
lightened rabbis  resident  in  France  in  those 
early  days,  and  it  cannot  be  denied  that  the 
high  opinion  entertained  of  this  commentary 
by  the  late  Dr.  Schiller-Szinessy  has  some 
justification.  Hebrew  specialists  will  find 
it  interesting  to  examine  the  fairly  large 
number  of  references  to  early  authorities 
which  it  contains  ;  and  it  also  furnishes  a 
short  list  (twenty-three  entries  in  all)  of 
early  French  words  in  Hebrew  guise. 
Whether  the  author,  whose  name,  as  we 
have  said,  was  Berechia,  is  identical  with 
the  mediaeval  scholar  who  wrote  the  book 
of  fables  entitled  '  MishlG  Shualim  '  (' Para- 
bolae  Vulpium  ')  is  a  question  which  it  is 
at  present  impossible  to  answer  ;  but  readers 


desirous  of  investigating  the  matter  further 
may  find  it  useful  to  refer  to  The  Athenozum 
for  September  6th,  1902,  where,  in  our  review 
of  Prof.  H.  Gollancz's  edition  of  '  The  Ethical 
Treatises  of  Berachya,  Son  of  Rabbi  Natronai 
Ha-Nakdau,  we  took  occasion  to  consider 
the  theory  put  forward  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Jacobs  that  the  Berechia  there  spoken  of  is 
identical  with  a  certain  "  Benedictus  le 
puncteur  "  who  is  known  to  have  lived  in 
Oxford  about  the  year  1190,  a  view  which 
Mr.  Jacobs  subsequently  defended  in  a  com- 
munication to  The  Aihen&um  of  October  1  lth, 
1902.  The  name  Berechia  was,  however, 
not  very  uncommon,  and  there  is,  therefore, 
no  reason  for  assuming  an  identity  of  author- 
ship on  this  ground.  Some  weight  ought 
also  to  be  allowed  to  the  fact  that  "  Bene- 
dictus "  is,  strictly,  not  Berechia,  but 
Baruch.  The  result  so  far  of  the  discussion 
is,  as  Mr.  Aldis  Wright  puts  it,  "  that  we 
know  nothing  about  it,  and  it  is  best  to  say 
so."  We  will  now  only  add  that  the  trans- 
lation of  the  commentary  offered  a  good 
many  difficulties,  which  Dr.  Hirsch  has 
known  how  to  overcome. 

Daniel  and  his  Prophecies.  By  the  Rev. 
Charles  H.  H.  Wright.  (Williams  &  Nor- 
gate.)— Dr.  Wright,  illustrating  a  trend  of 
modern  scholarship,  seeks  to  establish  the 
traditional  view  of  the  exilic  origin  of  the 
Book  of  Daniel.  He  refuses  to  consider 
the  book  as  unworthy  of  credence  on  the 
ground  that  it  records  miraculous  events, 
and  he  points  to  the  recognition  of  it  by  our 
Lord  and  His  Apostles.  At  the  same  time 
he  brings  to  the  consideration  of  the  pro- 
blems of  the  book  scholarship  and  critical 
power,  and  does  not,  as  the  holder  of  an  old 
orthodox  position,  indulge  in  abuse  of 
Higher  Criticism.  Yet,  when  due  credit  is 
given  to  him  for  his  learning  and  for  the 
sobriety  of  his  attitude  towards  opponents, 
many  of  his  arguments  do  not  carry 
conviction  with  them.  The  difficulty  in 
respect  to  the  exilic  origin  of  Daniel  lies  in 
the  fact  that  there  are  statements  regarding 
the  period  of  the  exile  which  are  inaccurate, 
or,  at  least,  unverified  ;  while  statements 
concerning  a  later  period  are  more  detailed 
and  more  in  accordance  with  history. 
Portions  of  the  book  are  written  in  Aramaic 
— not  in  the  Eastern,  which  might  have  been 
used  by  dwellers  in  Babylonia,  but  in  the 
Western,  which  came  to  be  vernacular  in 
Palestine.  Dr.  Wright  meets  this  difficulty 
by  saying  that  too  much  stress  must  not  be 
put  on  it,  since  the  differences  between 
Eastern  and  Western  Aramaic,  as  found  in 
the  Biblical  writings,  are  not  great.  We 
are  not  told  how  much  stress  he  himself  is 
willing  to  place  on  this  linguistic  argument  ; 
and  there  is  another  difficulty,  which  critics 
have  raised,  that  the  wise  men  of  Babylon 
could  not  have  used  Aramaic. 

In  regard  to  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  by 
Nebuchadnezzar  in  the  third  year  of  the 
reign  of  Jehoiakim,  about  which  we  know 
nothing,  Dr.  Wright  has  a  good  deal  to  say  ; 
yet  the  strongest  argument  he  can  adduce 
in  support  of  his  own  side  is  that  Dr.  Driver 
asserts  that  the  statement  about  the  siege 
"  cannot,  strictly  speaking,  be  disproved," 
although  it  may  bo  "  highly  improbable." 
In  Daniel  Nebuchadnezzar  is  declared  to  be 
the  father  of  Belshazzar  ;  and  Dr.  Wright 
frankly  admits  that  there  is  no  real  evidence 
to  show  that  Belshazzar  was  related  to 
Nebuchadnezzar,  but  he  suggests  that  the 
father  of  Belshazzar  had  married  into  "  the 
old  royal  stock."  The  mention  of  "  Darius 
the  Mede  "  is,  according  to  Dr.  Wright,  the 
"  great  historical  crux  of  the  Book  of  Daniel"; 
and,  while  admitting  that  no  king  of  that 
name  is  mentioned  by  any  ancient  historian, 
he  seeks  to  show  that  Darius,  known  by 


another  name,  was  probably  a  vassal  king 
under  Cyrus.  Dr.  Wright's  conjectures  are 
ingenious,  but  not  convincing,  while  the 
difficulties  which  he  meets  with  conjectures 
are  fundamental.  He  has,  however,  collected 
materials  which  are  valuable  for  the  critical 
examination  of  Daniel  ;  and  his  book  ought 
to  command  careful  consideration. 

King  David  of  Israel  :  a  Study  in  the 
Evolution  of  Ethics.  By  Charles  Callaway, 
D.Sc.  (Rationalist  Press  Association.) — 
With  some  of  Dr.  Callaway's  main  results 
most  critics  will  find  themselves  in  sub- 
stantial agreement.  Serious  Bible  students 
should  by  this  time  be  accustomed  to  draw 
a  sharp  distinction  between  the  real  David 
and  the  figure  of  David  as  gradually  idealized 
in  the  course  of  Hebrew  history.  The 
ethical  standard  of  the  actual  David  was 
naturally  moulded  by  the  rude  and  primitive 
state  of  culture  inseparable  from  the  time 
in  which  he  lived,  and  no  one  can  be  blind  to 
the  "  unpleasing  features  "  in  the  character 
of  the  hero-king.  Some  of  the  evolutionary 
stages  in  the  ethical  development  of  the 
ancient  Hebrews  are  correctly  summed  up 
by  Dr.  Callaway  in  the  following  words  : — 

"Israel  entered  Canaan  as  a  congeries  of  elans. 
They  were  slowly  consolidated  into  a  loosely 
compacted  nation.  In  David's  time  the  clan 
system  was  decaying,  and  morality  entered  into 
a  transition  stage.  The  real  David  marks  this 
point  in  ethical  development." 

We  think,  however,  that  Dr.  Callaway  is 
sometimes  too  severe  on  the  character  he  has 
undertaken  to  depict.  The  entire  omission 
of  the  incident  relating  to  David's  conduct 
in  refusing  to  drink  the  water  which  three 
of  his  heroes  had  secured  at  the  risk  of  their 
lives  is  an  injustice,  though  apparently  due 
to  inadvertence.  Much  might  also  be  said 
on  the  subject  of  the  "  teraphim,"  on  which 
our  author  lays  stress.  Prof.  R.  H.  Charles, 
for  instance,  thinks  that  in  David's  time 
the  "  teraphim  "  were  regarded  as  images 
of  Yahweh  Himself  ('  Eschatology,'  p.  23). 
But  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  David's 
monotheism,  or  rather  henotheism,  can  be 
seriously  impugned,  even  if  he  actually  did 
accord  a  certain  degree  of  adoration  to 
images  of  ancestors.  It  is  clearly  possible 
to  adhere  strictly  and  loyally  to  the  cult  of 
a  supreme  national  god  without  neglecting 
to  pay  religious  homage  to  the  spirits  of  the 
departed.  It  is  true  that  in  later  times  the 
Yahweh  cult  was  hostile  to  these  and  similar 
practices ;  but  the  two  need  not  have  been 
incompatible  in  David's  time. 

Other  details  in  Dr.  Callaway's  book 
might  be  similarly  criticized,  but  the  main 
difference  between  him  and  the  generally 
accepted  view  lies  much  deeper.  No  less 
a  question  than  that  of  a  superintending 
Providence  in  the  history  of  humanity  is 
here  involved.  It  is  on  this  point  that 
theists  of  all  kinds  will  find  themselves  at 
variance  with  the  main  motive  underlying 
Dr.  Callaway's  interesting  work. 

Selections  from  the  Septuagint  according 
to  the  Text  of  Swete.  By  F.  C.  Conybeare 
and  St.  George  Stock.  "  College  Series  of 
Greek  Authors."  (Ginn  &  Co.)— This  book 
supplies  a  real  want  in  a  very  satisfactory 
manner.  It  is  not  only  scholarly  and  clever, 
but  also  bright  and  attractive.  The  stiffness 
which  is  a  usual  characteristic  of  books 
intended  for  schools  and  colleges  is  as  con- 
spicuously absent  here  as  it  well  can  be  in  a 
work  dealing  with  the  present  topic.  The 
excellent  and  interesting  introduction  is 
followed  by  an  exceedingly  useful  '  Grammar 
of  Septuaginl  (ireek.'  The  selected  sections 
are  then  given  in  the  following  order: 
I.  The  Story  of  Joseph  ;  II.  The  Story  of 
the  Exodus  ;  III.  The  Story  of  Balaam 
and    Balak ;     IV.    The    Story    of    Samson ; 


240 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


V.  The  Story  of  David  and  Goliath  ;  VI. 
The  Story  of  Elijah  ;  VII.  The  Story  of 
Hezekiah  and  Sennacherib.  The  notes 
underneath  the  text,  always  clear  and  to 
the  point,  are  calculated  throughout  to 
interest  young  classical  scholars  at  the 
universities.  A  specially  praiseworthy  fea- 
ture of  the  book  consists  of  the  bright  little 
introductions  prefixed  to  the  above-named 
portions  of  the  Septuagint.  Essential  points 
are  cleverly  interwoven  with  references  to 
parallel  narratives  or  ideas  in  classical  litera- 
ture. The  style  employed  has  a  literary  flavour 
of  its  own,  and  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  most 
attractive  elements  of  the  book.  In  the 
preface  the  editors  acknowledge  their  obliga- 
tion to  other  scholars. 

Biblical  Christianity.  By  Hermann  Liide- 
mann,  Professor  of  Theology  in  the  University 
of  Bern.  Translated  by  Maurice  A.  Canney. 
(A.  Owen  &  Co.) — Protestantism  in  the 
course  of  development  recognizes  that 
different  forms  of  belief  are  possible  in  one 
and  the  same  Church.  Prof.  Ltidemann 
makes  that  statement,  and  refers  especially 
to  Switzerland.  The  new  Protestantism, 
which  is  nothing  if  not  tolerant,  asks  the 
question,  How  much  can  we  now  appropriate 
of  the  original  form  and  frame  of  Chris- 
tianity ?  This  little  book  tries  to  show 
that  the  quantity  is  not  great,  though  the 
essential  element  of  Christianity  may  and 
can  be  appropriated  by  all  men.  Dogmas, 
long  in  use  and  rich  in  tradition,  have  been 
cast  aside  by  this  new  Protestantism.  Pre- 
destination and  the  inspiration  of  the  Bible 
are  not  for  the  modern  mind  ;  and  there 
are  remarkable  differences  of  opinion — all 
to  be  tolerated — on  the  Trinity,  the  two 
natures  of  Christ,  and  justification.  A 
sketch  of  the  Jesus  of  the  New  Testament 
is  attempted,  and  He  is  shown  as  a  man  of 
His  own  period.  He  held  the  Jewish  ideas 
of  the  inspiration  of  the  Old  Testament,  of 
the  construction  of  the  world,  and  of  a  God 
of  miracles  ;  and  He  actually  conceived 
that  He  could  work  miracles,  and  that  He 
was  the  Messiah.  He  had,  however,  some 
anticipation  of  an  earthly  downfall,  though 
this  "  foreboding  of  his  was  overcome  by 
the  glowing  hope  of  a  miraculous  return  in 
heavenly  glory."  The  Jesus  thus  sketched 
is  an  historical  person  of  no  spiritual  value 
for  the  new  Protestantism,  but  there  is  a 
sense  in  which  He  is  of  such  value.  Chris- 
tianity commands  love  to  one's  neighbour 
in  the  name  of  religion,  and  not  of  mere 
morality.  It  is  to  be  based  upon  love  to 
God,  and  Christianity  reveals  how  this  is 
possible  when  it  proclaims  that  God  loves  us. 
The  function  of  Jesus  in  connexion  with 
religion,  with  Christianity,  is  shown,  and 
this  function  reveals  His  value.  He  is 
styled  the  Redeemer,  and  it  is  said  that  He 
came  and  cried,  "  Come  first  of  all,  and  just 
as  you  are,  to  me  ;  I  will  lead  you  to  Cod, 
who  will  accept  you,  and  he  who  is  confident 
of  his  grace  will  through  it  learn  to  fulfil  the 
will  of  God."  Jesus,  who  thus  cried, 
belongs  to  all  time  ;  but  Jesus  of  the  age 
in  which  He  lived  was  a  reformer  who  sought 
to  lead  the  people  to  God  and  so  to  moral 
greatness,  and  who  hoped  "  that  if  he  accom- 
plished this  task  through  suffering  and 
death,  lie  would  return  as  Lord  of  the  king- 
dom of  God  in  the  midst  of  a  renovated 
humanity."  The  Christ  of  the  Pauline 
Epistles  and  of  the  Fourth  Gospel  illustrates 
development  in  Christianity,  but  the  person- 
ality of  the  Christ  therein  displayed  is  the 
creation  of  the  writers.  Prof.  Liidemann's 
book,  being  but  a  short  tract,  is  nothing 
more  than  an  indication  of  what  the  new 
Protestantism  thinks,  in  one  of  its  phases, 
regarding  the  self-consciousness  of  Jesus 
and    the    essential    nature    of    Christianity, 


The  new  Protestantism  has  forsaken  the 
Scriptural  authority  recognized  by  the 
Protestants  of  the  sixteenth  century  ;  and, 
as  illustrated  by  Prof.  Ludemaun,  it  is 
satisfied  with  the  presentation  of  Jesus  as  one 
who  revealed  the  true  character  of  God  to 
man,  yet  did  not  apprehend  the  true 
character  of  Himself. 

Inaugural  Lectures  delivered  by  Members 
of  the  Faculty  of  Theology.  Edited  by  A.  S. 
Peake,  Dean  of  the  Faculty.  (Manchester, 
University  Press.) — The  volume  containing 
these  inaugural  lectures  is  one  of  the  pub- 
lications of  the  University  of  Manchester. 
The  lectures  themselves  were  delivered  at  the 
opening  of  the  session  1904-5  by  members, 
from  allied  colleges,  of  the  recently  formed 
Faculty  of  Theology  ;  and  they  deal  with 
such  subjects  as  '  The  Present  Movement  of 
Biblical  Science,'  '  Recent  Assyriology,' 
'  The  Growth  of  Creeds,'  and  '  Evolution 
and  the  Doctrine  of  Sin.'  The  University 
of  Manchester  came  to  the  conclusion  that, 
were  theology  excluded  from  its  subjects  of 
study,  it. would  not  be  a  university  in  the 
wide  sense  of  the, word.  There  was,  however, 
the  difficulty,  arising  out  of  the  terms  of 
the  foundation  of  Owens  College,  that  nothing 
"  in  the  matter  or  mode  of  education " 
could  be  introduced  which  might  prove 
"  reasonably  offensive  to  the  conscience  of 
any  student."  The  difficulty  has  been  met 
by  making  theology,  only  as  unfettered  by 
tests,  a  part  of  the  University  work,  and  in 
the  Faculty  of  Theology  there  are  members 
of  the  Church  of  England  and  representatives 
of  colleges  as  different  as  the  Baptist, 
Moravian,  Wesleyan,  Independent,  and 
Unitarian.  Twelve  lectures  cannot  exhaust 
twelve  subjects,  but  they  may  create  a 
variety  of  interests,  and  may  illustrate 
popular  methods  of  dealing  with  sciences. 
The  writers  of  these  lectures  do  not  attempt 
to  offer  more  than  samples  of  their  wares  : 
but  what  is  given  is  good,  and  it  may  be 
seen  that  theology  without  tests  is  destitute 
neither  of  scientific  value  nor  of  human 
interest. 

Prof.  Tout,  who  furnishes  the  first  of 
these  lectures,  objects  to  the  exclusive 
appropriation  of  ecclesiastical  history  to  the 
Faculty  of  Theology  and  its  separation  from 
the  Faculty  of  Arts.  There  seems  to  be  no 
reason  for  studying  ecclesiastical  history  by 
methods  peculiar  to  itself,  though  it  may  be 
that  only  clerics  could  have  patience  with 
vagaries  of  the  clerical  mind.  Ecclesiastical 
history,  however,  for  the  centuries  from  the 
date  of  the  Council  of  Nicsea,  if  not  from  that 
of  the  foundation  of  the  Church,  down  to  the 
Reformation,  is  inseparable  from  civil  history, 
and  there  is  therefore  no  reason  why  the 
study  of  it  should  be  confined  to  clerics. 
But  even  if  it  stood  by  itself,  as  a  thing  apart, 
it  would  still  be  related  to  human  experience, 
and  deserve  a  scientific  consideration  which 
the  layman,  with  no  professional  bias,  may 
be  able  to  give  to  it.  Mr.  Tout  is  himself 
Professor  of  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History 
in  Manchester,  as  well  as  Bishop  Eraser 
Lecturer  in  Ecclesiastical  History  ;  and  his 
contribution  to  this  volume  shows  that  a 
layman  is  not  unfitted  to  deal  with  men  and 
things  within  the  pale  of  the  Church. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Wk  are  somewhat  disappointed  with 
Electioneering  Up-to-Date,  by  Mr.  C.  Roden 
Buxton,  who  is  competent  himself  and  has 
had  the  help  of  an  able  late  member  of 
Parliament,  Mr.  Allan  Bright,  as  well  as  of 
Mr.  Ilaig.  The  aim  of  the  little  book  (pub- 
lished by  Mr.  F.  Griffiths),  is  meritorious  : 


to  force  public  opinion  to  condemn  electoral 
corruption  pursued  by  legal  methods.  Party 
prejudice  is  fatal  to  such  a  task  ;  but,  though 
disavowed  and  unconscious,  it  is  present. 
The  instances  chosen  are  mostly  drawn  from 
the  Tory  side.  At  the  last  election  wealth 
— collective,  at  all  events — was  by  no  means 
wanting  on  the  Liberal  side,  and  practices 
of  the  Bodmin  type  were,  for  the  first  time 
for  many  years,  as  rife  among  the  Whigs  as 
among  the  supporters  of  the  Primrose  League. 
As  for  the  legal  remedies  proposed,  we  doubt 
their  value.  To  close  licensed  houses  on 
polling  day  will  set  free  the  most  useful  con- 
ductors of  voters  to  the  poll.  It  is  true  that 
the  authors,  of  whom  a  Liberal  agent  is  one, 
would  also  prevent,  if  possible,  the  voluntary 
conveyance  of  voters  to  the  poll.  To  multi- 
ply polling  places  is  to  throw  increased 
charge  on  candidates.  "  The  amounts 
allowed  for  election  expenditure  should  be 
limited."  They  are  already,  and  the 
authors  complain  that  the  sums,  though 
sworn  to,  are  habitually  exceeded.  To 
prohibit  subscriptions  is  difficult.  A  resi- 
dent and  his  fathers  before  him  have  given 
largely  to  a  local  technical  institution  for 
half  a  century  :  is  the  college  to  be  deprived 
of  its  best  supporter  because  he  is  at  last 
selected  as  a  candidate  ?  The  intention  of 
Mr.  Buxton  is  admirable. 

The  Official  Year-Booh  of  Neiv  South 
Wales  for  1904-5,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Hall,  acting 
statistician,  as  published  by  authority  at 
Sydney,  through  the  Government  printer, 
is  styled  "  First  Issue."  This  seems  a  little 
hard  on  the  present  Agent  General,  Mr. 
Coghlan,  whose  similar  work  has  come  under 
our  notice  for  many  years.  The  names  of 
Coghlan  and  Hayter  stand  high  in  the 
statistical  world,  and  the  statistical  repu- 
tation of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales — as 
well  as  of  the  Commonwealth  generally — 
is  built  on  the  work  of  such  men.  From 
Mr.  Hall's  chapter  on  education  it  appears 
that  when  State  aid  to  denominational 
schools  ceased  in  1882,  "  facilities  "  were 
granted.  Of  these  the  Roman  Catholics 
hardly  avail  themselves.  They  had  in  1882 
75  schools  with  10,500  scholars.  They  have 
now  as  unassisted  schools  of  their  own  355 
schools  with  over  4 1,000  scholars,  and  employ 
half  the  teachers  in  the  colony. 

Women's  Work  and  Wages.  By  Edward 
Cadbury,  M.  Cecile  Matheson,  and  George 
Shann.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — The  authors  of 
this  volume  have,  as  its  sub-title  indicates, 
confined  their  inquiries  into  the  present 
position  of  the  woman  worker  to  the  area 
covered  by  the  city  of  Birmingham.  This 
restriction  of  the  field  of  investigation,  while 
it  excludes  from  view  the  whole  body  of 
textile  workers  and  the  bulk  of  those  engaged 
in  the  clothing  trade,  has  the  advantage  of 
concentrating  the  reader's  attontion  upon 
the  conditions  of  labour  to  be  found  in  certain 
smaller  and  less  well-known,  but  still  highly 
important  industries.  The  various  sub- 
divisions of  the  metal  and  cheap  jewellery 
trades  (to  mention  only  two  among  these 
industries)  employ  an  immense  number  of 
women  and  girls,  and  suffer,  in  many  cases, 
from  the  circumstance  that  they  are  carried 
on  by  "small"  employers.  Mr.  Cadbury 
and  his  collaborators  lay  stress  once  more 
on  the  drawbacks  which  are  attached,  from 
the  worker's  point  of  view,  to  the  "small" 
master,  who  not  only  sometimes  finds  it 
impossible  to  maintain  a  high  standard  of 
cleanliness,  health  and  safety,  but  also  is  too 
readily  affocted  by  lax  opinion  or  careless 
practice  among  his  fellow-omployers.  We 
understand — indeed,  the  book  before  us 
hints  the  fact— that  tho  small  employer  is 
becoming  rarer  in  Birmingham.  His  gradual 
disappearance  from  the  industrial  scene,  and 


N°  4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


241 


the  reorganization  of  the  business  controlled 
by  him  on  a  larger  basis  will  conduce  in  the 
end  to  the  general  benefit  of  the  worker  ; 
but  for  the  moment  the  transitional  state 
prevailing  in  many  industries  is  doubtless 
causing  a  certain  amount  of  distress  and 
discontent. 

'  Women's  Work  and  Wages  '  contains  a 
goodly  array  of  facts  interesting  to  the 
economist  and  social  reformer.  The  value 
of  these  facts  would  have  been  considerably 
enhanced  by  a  more  scientific  method  of 
arrangement,  and  a  clearer  view  on  the  part 
of  the  writers  of  the  volume  touching  the 
kind  of  book  they  were  setting  themselves 
to  produce.  One  hardly  knows  what  to 
make  of  a  work  which  alternates  between 
statistics  and  "  chat."  Occasionally  the 
statistics  themselves  are  merely  chatty. 
Since  we  are  not  told — for  instance — how 
many  girls  were  invited  to  give  their  opinion 
on  the  relative  advantages  of  factory  work 
and  domestic  service,  or  what  proportion  the 
published  replies  in  one  and  the  other  sense 
bear  to  the  total  number  of  answers  received, 
it  is  impossible  to  draw  any  inference  from 
the  letters  printed,  interesting  as  these  are 
in  themselves.  An  omission  even  more 
serious  is  that  of  any  basis  for  the  wages 
tables  given.  Some  confusion  of  thought 
seems  also  to  underlie  our  authors'  dis- 
cussion of  the  question  of  industrial  com- 
petition between  men  and  women.  The 
subject  is  one  of  acknowledged  difficulty. 
But  to  speak  of  men  and  women  workers 
as  two  "non-competing  groups,"  and  (almost 
in  the  same  breath)  to  cite  industries  or 
branches  of  industries  in  which  women  have 
entirely  displaced  men  at  half  their  wages 
does  not  conduce  to  clear  thinking  in 
connexion  with  it. 

Two  chapters  on  '  Outwork  '  and  '  Married 
Women  in  the  Home  '  may  be  read  with 
profit.  The  first  of  these  shows  the  appall- 
ingly low  level  of  wages  paid  to  home-workers, 
not  only  in  an  industry  like  "  carding,"  last 
refuge  of  the  destitute,  but  also  in  more 
skilled  employments,  such  as  box-making 
and  Government  contract  work  on  uniforms. 
In  the  second  the  evil  effect  upon  home  life, 
health  of  children,  &c,  is  shown  in  a  series 
of  tables — which,  like  the  wages  tables, 
would  have  been  infinitely  more  valuable 
had  the  basis  on  which  they  are  draAvn  up 
been  placed  before  the  reader.  The  pages 
which  deal  with  "  odd  "  trades  and  the  living 
to  be  squeezed  out  of  the  keeping  of  general 
shops  are  full  of  interest. 

Our  authors'  conclusions  from  the  data 
collected  are  hardly  cheering.  They  find 
that  the  ordinary  joint  wages  of  a  labourer 
and  his  wife  in  Birmingham  do  not  more 
than  barely  suffice  for  their  own  decent 
maintenance,  leaving  no  margin  on  which 
to  bring  up  a  family  of  even  one  or  two 
children,  and  that  a  woman's  wages  are 
habitually  calculated  on  a  standard  of  living 
Blightly  below  that  of  her  class.  Nor  do  they 
propound  any  complete  remedy  for  the 
present  unsatisfactory  state  of  things. 
They  are  of  opinion  that  more  adequate 
inspection  would  do  much  to  improve  con- 
ditions, and  that  State  supervision  and 
maintenance  of  the  children  of  widows 
unable  to  support  their  families  is  clearly 
demanded  on  national  grounds.  Concerning 
the  part  to  be  played  by  trades  unionism  in 
the  elevation  of  the"  unskilled  woman 
worker  they  profess  themselves  pessimists  ; 
but  they  are  much  more  hopeful  with  regard 
to  the  probable  good  effect  upon  her  economic 
position  of  Wages  Hoards  and  a  fixed  mini- 
mum wage.  The  chapter  in  which  they 
discuss  the  objections  offered  by  certain 
economists  to  any  attempt  to  regulate  wages 
in  the  "  sweated  "  trades  is  the  best  in  the 
book. 


No  living  writer  has  commended  himself 
as  a  man  of  faithful  observation,  discre- 
tion, and  the  proper  romantic  imagina- 
tion to  youth  so  much  as  Mr.  Thompson 
Seton,  whose  Animal  Heroes  (Constable) 
will  be  cordially  welcomed  and  enthusiastic- 
ally read  by  all  his  English  admirers. 
These  stories  concern  various  animals,  and 
are  "  more  or  less  composite,"  though 
"  founded  on  the  actual  life  of  a  veritable 
animal  hero."  There  are  in  all  eight  dis- 
tinct creatures,  a  cat,  a  homing  pigeon,  two 
wolves,  a  lynx,  a  rabbit,  a  dog,  and  a  rein- 
deer ;  and  the  narratives  around  them  are 
stirring.  We  almost  prefer  the  story  of 
Badlands  Billy,  for  that  picture  of  the  lean 
brown  wolf  at  bay  on  the  mountain  side 
with  fifteen  dogs  to  face  remains  dramatically 
in  the  memory.  The  story  of  Arnaux  the 
pigeon  is  said  to  be  mainly  authentic.  His 
remains  were  found  in  a  peregrine's  nest 
now  in  the  New  York  museum.  There  is 
no  trace  of  sentimentality  in  Mr.  Seton's 
writing,  which  is  wholesome  in  tone  and  free 
in  manner.  He  has  no  graces,  and  stalks 
like  a  backwoodsman.  This  is  the  genuine 
thing,  as  all  boys  will  recognize.  He  is  as 
faithful  on  the  trail  as  the  animals  in  the 
wilds,  and  his  lore  is  above  suspicion.  What 
he  sets  down  is  there,  and  his  young  readers 
know  it.  So  he  is  justly  hailed  as  the  head 
trapper  and  hunter  of  them  all. 

The  Canadian  War  of  1812.  By  C.  P. 
Lucas,  C.B.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) — 
For  a  long  time  it  seemed  as  though  the  war 
of  1812  had  fallen  into  almost  complete 
oblivion.  In  truth,  its  history,  as  a  whole, 
added  little  to  the  laurels  of  either  Great 
Britain  or  the  United  States,  and  its  lessons 
were  of  small  importance  from  the  point  of 
view  of  military  strategy.  Within  the  last 
year,  however,  no  fewer  than  three  inde- 
pendent works  have  revived  interest  in  the 
subject.  Mr.  Hannay  has  written  on  it  with 
the  perfervid  temper  of  a  Canadian  patriot  ; 
and  Capt.  Mahan  has  drawn  from  it  the 
lessons  with  regard  to  sea  power  which  he 
desires  to  bring  home  to  his  countrymen. 
In  these  circumstances  there  was  ample 
room  for  a  book  which  should  give  a  lucid, 
impartial  history,  based  on  the  original 
documents. 

Mr.  Lucas  cannot  claim  to  speak  with 
the  authority  of  a  professional  or  amateur 
expert,  and  he  has  not  been  able  to  trace  on 
the  spot  the  movements  of  the  forces  ;  but 
the  recent  publication  by  the  Lundy's  Lane 
Historical  Society  of  the  '  Documentary 
History  of  the  Campaigns  upon  the  Niagara 
Frontier,'  edited  by  Lieut. -Col.  E.  Cruik- 
shank,  has  much  facilitated  the  task  of 
evolving  order  out  of  the  chaos  of  conflicting 
accounts  ;  and  Mr.  Lucas  possesses  to  a 
remarkable  degree  the  judicial  tempera- 
ment which  is  necessary  for  an  historian 
whose  subject  is  steeped  in  controversy. 
Moreover,  the  value  of  the  book  is  increased 
by  the  addition  of  six  contemporary 
American  maps,  which  have  been  reproduced 
from  a  scarce  book  in  the  Colonial  Office 
Library. 

Insignificant  as  may  have  been  the  war 
of  1812  in  its  military  aspect,  and  mis- 
managed as  may  have  been  many  of  its 
operations,  it  is  of  considerable  importance 
from  the  point  of  view  of  Imperial  polities. 
'"  The  war,"  writes  Mr.  Lucas, 
"  was  t lie  national  war  of  Canada.  It  did  more 
than  any  other  event  or  series  of  events  could  have 
done  to  reconcile  the  two  rival  races  within 
Canada  to  each  other.  It  was  at  once  the 
supplement  and  the  corrective  of  the  American 
War  of  Independence.  It  did  more  than  any 
other  event  could  have  done  to  demonstrate  thai 
colonial  liberty  and  colonial  patriotism  did  not 
leave  the  British  Empi re  when  the  United  States 
left  it.     The  same  spirit  which  had  inspired  and 


carried  to  success  the  American  War  of  Indepen" 
deuce  was  now  enlisted  on  the  side  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  successful  defence  of  Canada,  by 
regiments  from  Great  Britain  and  Canadian 
colonists  combined,  meant  that  a  new  British 
Empire  was  coming  into  being,  pari  passu  with  the 
growth  of  a  young  nation  within  its  limits.  The 
War  of  1812  determined  that  North  America 
should  not  exclusively  belong  to  the  American 
Republic,  that  Great  Britain  should  keep  her  place 
on  the  Continent,  but  that  she  should  keep  it 
through  this  new  community  already  on  the  high- 
road to  legislative  independence." 

It  is  because  they  gave  self-respect  and 
confidence  to  this  new  Canadian  nation  that 
the  battles  of  Queenstown,  Chateauguay, 
and  Lundy's  Lane  are  landmarks  in  the 
history  of  the  Empire.  On  the  thorny  sub- 
ject of  Sir  George  Prevost's  conduct  Mr. 
Lucas  expresses  himself  with  moderation 
and  judgment  ;  but,  considering  Sir  James 
Craig's  unpopularity  with  the  French 
Canadians  and  the  fact  that  he  was  worn  out 
by  illness,  we  can  hardly  agree  that  "  one 
of  the  many  difficulties  which  Canada  was 
called  upon  to  surmount  in  these  critical 
years  was  the  want  of  a  leader  of  the  type  .... 
of  Sir  James  Craig." 

Mary  Wollstonecraffs  Original  Stories. 
Edited  by  E.  V.  Lucas.  (Henry  Frowde.) 
— This  reprint  would  be  welcome  even 
without  the  excellent  reproduction  of  Blake's 
remarkable  illustrations.  If  the  stories 
ever  were  appreciated  by  any  children,  the 
poor  creatures  must  have  had  small  experi- 
ence of  pleasure  or  amusement.  The 
author's  preface  tells  us  "  These  conversa- 
tions and  tales  are  accommodated  to  the 
present  [about  1788]  state  of  society  ;  which 
obliges  the  author  to  attempt  to  curs  these 
faults  by  reason,  which  never  ought  to  have 
taken  root  in  the  infant  mind."  The  chief 
character,  the  absolutely  self-satisfied  and 
great -minded  Mrs.  Mason,  inflicts  monologues 
inculcating  the  virtues  on  her  charges,  two 
girls  aged  twelve  and  fourteen  respectively, 
who,  "  though  the  children  of  wealthy 
parents,  were  in  their  infancy  left  entirely 
to  the  management  of  servants,  or  persons 
equally  ignorant."  Thus  the  treatment 
indicated  is  not  for  general  application,  and 
we  agree  with  Mr.  Lucas  that  in  any  case 
th?  sort  of  thing  is  wonderful  and  short- 
sighted and  almost  cruel.  Critics  of  the 
present  day  will  find  the  pages  interspersed 
with  unconscious  humour  ;  and,  after  all,  the 
self-laudation  in  the  discourses  of  the  in- 
comparable Mrs.  Mason  only  expresses  openly 
or  implicitly  in  words  the  idea  of  adult  per- 
fection which  many  persons  even  nowadays 
attempt  to  impress  on  children  by  pose  and 
suggestion.  Mr.  Lucas  has  written  a  clever 
introduction  to  the  little  volume. 

Mr.  John  C.  Van  Dyke's  book  The  Opal 
Sea  (Werner  Laurie),  though  published 
in  London,  is  evidently  of  American 
origin.  It  is  the  work  of  a  man  who 
knows  and  loves  the  sea  well,  but  it  is 
disappointing.  It  is  not  technical;  it  is 
not  scientific  ;  it  is  not  a  popular  descrip- 
tion ;  and  it  is  not  a  rhapsody.  It  might 
have  been  made  any  one  of  these,  or  it 
might  have  embodied  something  of  the 
nature  of  each  ;  but  the  author,  who  has 
written  much  on  the  subject  of  art.  seem- 
ingly has  preferred  to  consider  the  sea 
merely  in  its  piet  urcsmio  aspects,  and  to 
offer  US  a  series  of  pen-and-ink  sketches  of 
its  kaleidoscopic  beauty.      The  treatment  is 

therefore  deliberately  superficial  ;  it  makes 
the  outward  and   visible  charm  of  the  sea 

its  subject,  and  is  concerned  therewith  only 
in  so  far  as  it  contributes  to  the  light  and 
shade  of  the  picture.  To  achieve  any  con- 
siderable measure  of  success  in  such  word- 
painting  would  postulate  a  curiosa  felicitas 
comparable  to  that  of  Horace,  and  that  gift 


242 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


has  been  denied  to  Mr.  Van  Dyke.  But 
though  the  book  does  not  possess  either  the 
literary  or  the  artistic  qualities  which  alone 
could  give  it  permanent  value,  it  wears  the 
garb  of  truth  and  may  prove  a  not  unwelcome 
holiday  companion.  It  may  be  that,  in  our 
author's  opinion,  our  poetry  of  the  sea  fails 
too  frequently  in  respect  both  of  quality 
and  knowledge  ;  otherwise  it  would  be 
permissible  to  wonder  why'  he  has  not  turned 
for  his  solace  to  the  compilation  of  a  maritime 
anthology. 

M.  Henri  Genrvois  publishes  through 
the  house  of  Fasquelle,  of  Paris  ("Char- 
pentier  "),  the  first  volume  of  a  rewritten 
version  of  his  La  Defense  Nationale  en 
1870-1.  It  bears  the  sub-title  Les  Responsa- 
bilites  Generates.  The  fine  picture  drawn  by 
the  author  of  Gambetta,  the  patriot  of  1870, 
may  be  contrasted  with  that  of  Gambetta, 
the  agitator  of  1868-9,  contained  in  the 
eleventh  volume  of  M.  Emile  Ollivier, 
issued  in  the  same  week.  There  are  signs 
of  defective  "  reading  "  in  the  book  of 
M.  Genevois,  of  which  a  bad  example  is 
"  Cambden  Palace."  We  spell  the  first 
word  in  more  than  one  fashion,  but  not  in 
this.  "  Place  "  is  always  a  difficulty — even 
to  Notes  and  Queries. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Benson  (R.  II.),  The  Religion  of  the  Plain  Man,  2/6  net. 
Ecclesia :  The  Church  of  Christ,  edited  by  A.  II.  Mathew, 

3/6  net. 
Hatch  (E.),  A  Concordance  to  the  Septuagint  and  the  other 

Greek  Versions  of  the  Old  Testament,  Fasc.  II.,  folio, 

sewed,  16/ 
Interlinear  Bible  (The),  Authorized  and  Revised  Version, 

12/6  net. 
Kent(C.  1-'.).  The  Origin  and  Permanent  Value  of  the  Old 

Testament,  6/ 
Montagu  (H.),  Death  and  Immortality,  2/ 
Streatfield  (G.  S.),  The  Self-Interpretation  of  Jesus  Christ, 

5/ 
Whelpton  (U.),  Simple  Bible  Teaching  on  the  Rudiments 

of  Christianity,  (id. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Archicologia  /Eliana :  Third  Series,  Vol.  II. 
Bumpus  (T.  F.),  The  Cathedrals  of  England  and    Wales, 

Third  Series,  6/  net. 
Raven  (J.  J.),  The  Bells  of  England,  7/6  net. 
Tate  (E.  R.),  Quaint  Historic  York,  7/6  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Browne  (M.),  Job  :  a  Dramatic  Poem,  Part  I. 
Farquhar  (George),  edited  by  W.  Archer,  2/6  net. 
Hartland-Mahon  (R.),  Love  :  the  Avenger,  2/6 
Rowbotham  (J.  P.),  The  Human  Epic,  the  Twelfth  Epic 

Poem  of  the  World,  2/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Port  Elizabeth   Public  Library  Catalogue,    compiled   by 

P.  E.  Lewin,  Vols.  I.  and  II. 

History  and  Biography. 
Chesterton  (G.  K.),  Charles  Dickens,  7/6  net. 
Cornish  Notes  and  Queries,  First  Series,  edited  by  Peter 

Penn,  5/ 
Dennis  (Rev.  J.  S.),  Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress, 

Vol.  III.,  10/ net. 
Fea  (Allan),   Some  Beauties  of  the  Seventeen tli   Century, 

12/6  net. 
Genealogist  (The),  edited  by  If.  W.  F.  Harwood,  Vol.  XXII. 
Harrison  (J.  A.),  George  Washington,  Patriot,   Soldier, 

Statesman,  .',/ 
Law  (K.),  A   Short  History  of    Hampton    Court,    Second 

Edition,  5/ 
Marindin  (A.  H),  The  Salamanca  Campaign,  7/6  net. 
Meehan  (J.   F.),  Helling  House,    now  used  as  the  Abbey 

Church  Mouse,  Qd. 
Memorials  of  old  Somerset,  edited  by  F.  J.  Snell,  15/ net. 
Moffat  (M.  M.),  Queen  Louisa  of  Prussia,  7/6  net. 
Newmarch  (H.),  Jean  Sibelius,  1/  net. 
Volland(A.  B.),  Alexander  Petbfl,  A  Literary  Study, 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Cooper  (A.  N.),  With  Knapsack  and  Note-Book,  :i/6  net. 
Caned  (J.  H),  The  Idyllic  Avon,  12/6  nel. 
Kerr(S.  I'.),  From  Charing  Cross  to  Delhi,  10/6  net. 
Politovsky  (K.  S.),  From  Lilian  to  Tsushima,  translated  by 

Major  F.  R.  Godfrey,  6/ 

Educational. 
Pratt  (Lieut. -Col.  s.  c.),  The  Military  Law  Examiner,  Sixth 

Edition,  4/6  net. 
Shakespeare:  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  edited  by 

R.  W.  Bond,  2/6  net. 

Philology, 
Cswar:  civil  War,  with  Pompeius,  translated  by  Rev.  F.  P, 

Long,  8/6  net. 
Fuller  (H.  de  Wolf),  Romeo  and  Juliette,  reprinted  from 
'Modern  Philology,'  Vol.  IV.  No.  I. 


Science. 
Hicks  (J.  A.),  The  Laboratory  Book  of  Mineral  Oil  Testing, 

2/6  net. 
Hilgard  (E.  W.),  Soils  in  the  Humid  and  Arid  Regions, 

17/  net. 
Innes  (C.   H.),  Air    Compressors  and    Blowing    Engines, 

4/6  net. 
Jude  (A.),  The  Theory  of  the  Steam  Turbine,  15/  net. 
Physical  Laboratories  of  the  University  of   Manchester, 

a  Record  of  Twenty-five  Years'  Work,  5/  net. 
Transvaal  Agricultural  Journal,  July. 
Juvenile  Books. 
Critchley  (G.),  The   Legend   of   the   Silver   Cup,  Second 

Edition,  2/6  net. 

General  Literature. 
Albanesi  (E.  M.),  I  know  a  Maiden,  6/ 
Alcott  (L.  M.),  Little  Men,  illustrated  by  R.  B.  Birch,  6/ 
Allen  (C),  The  Woman  who  Did,  1/  net. 
Boothby  (Guy),  A  Royal  Affair,  and  other  Stories,  5/ 
Bowen  (M.),  The  Viper  of  Milan,  6/ 
Chambers  (R.  WA  Iole,  5/ 

Croker  (B.  M.),  The  Youngest  Miss  Mowbray,  6/ 
Dracott  (A.  E.),  Simla  Village  Tales,  6/ 
Fraser  (Mrs.  H.),  The  Stolen  Emperor,  6rf. 
Leamy  (E.),  Irish  Fairy  Tales,  2/6 
MacManus  (S.),  A  Lad  of  the  O'Friel's,  2/ 
Merrill  (E.),  Art  in  the  Dumps,  1/  net. 
Palmer  (F.),  Lucy  of  the  Stars,  6/ 
Raymond  (W.),  The  Book  of  Simple  Delights,  6/ 
Ridge  (W.  Pett),  The  Wickhamses,  6/ 
St.  Aubyn  (A.),  The  Greenstone,  6/ 
Wodehouse  (P.  G.),  Love  among  the  Chickens,  6/ 
Yorke  (C),  The  Girl  and  the  Man,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Conze  (A.),  Die  attischen  Grabreliefs,  Part  XV.,  65m. 
Lutz  (J.),  Les  Verrieres  de  l'ancienne  e'glise  Saint-Etienne  a 

Mulhouse,  3m. 
Steffens  (F.),  Lateinische  Paliiographie,  Part  III.,  Vom  xiii. 

bis  zum  xviii.  Jahrh.,  14m. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Corneille(P.),  Galanteries,  2fr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bardoux  (A.),  Le  Comte  de  Montlosier  et  le  Gallicanisme, 

4fr. 
Die  Schweizerische  Amazone,  lm.  60. 
Hommage  Francais  a  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning. 
Kehr   (P.   F.),    Regesta   pontificum   romanorum,    Vol.    I. 

Roina,  6m. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE    COMEDY    'CLUB    LAW.' 

St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  August  16th,  1906. 

Fuller,  in  his  '  History  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge,'  under  the  date  1597/8,  gives 
an  amusing  account  of  the  performance  at 
Clare  Hall  of  the  comedy  '  Club-Law,' 
written  by  members  of  the  University  with 
the  object  of  ridiculing  the  Mayor  and  Cor- 
poration of  Cambridge,  whose  presence 
had  been  secured  for  the  occasion.  Hawkins 
in  his  edition  of  'Ignoramus'  (1787)  says 
that  Dr.  Farmer  of  Emmanuel  then  possessed 
a  play  without  a  title  which  had  been  sup- 
posed to  be  '  Club-law,'  though  Hawkins 
himself  seems  to  have  doubted  if  it  was  this 
play.  However  as  early  as  1825  the  article 
on  '  Latin  Plays  '  in  The  Retrospective  Review 
(vol.  xii.  p.  23)  informs  us  that  no  manu- 
script of  '  Club-law '  was  supposed  to  be 
any  longer  in  existence. 

It  is  therefore  a  pleasant  surprise  to  me  to 
find  that  a  manuscript  (unfortunately  some- 
what imperfect)  in  the  library  of  this  College 
is  indeed  the  lost  play,  and  probably  the  same 
manuscript  which  belonged  to  Farmer.  It 
was  catalogued  many  years  ago  by  Dean 
Cowie  as  "  Translation  of  some  Latin  Play 
(I  conjecture)  "  and  hence  perhaps  has 
escaped  observation. 

The  MS.  has  no  title,  and  some  one  has 
torn  away  some  leaves  at  the  beginning  and 
one  in  the  fourth  act  of  the  play,  so  that  the 
first  three  scenes  of  Act  I.  and  tho  third 
scene  of  Act  IV.  arc  wanting.  Although  the 
scene  is  transferred  to  Athens,  and  although 
the  Mayor  becomes  tho  Burgomaster,  and 
tho  Vice-ChanceUor  the  Rector,  one  has 
only  to  turn  to  Cooper's  'Annals  of  Cam- 
bridge' for  the  years  L597  and  thereabouts 
to  see  how  full  tho  play  is  of  topical 
allusions. 

If  anything  further  wero  required  to  prove 
tho  identity  of  the  play,  it  would  be  enough 


to  quote  such  passages  as  these  :  Act  I.  sc.  iv. 
"  Surely  we  will  take  some  course  for  this 
clubb  lawe."  "  Wee  must  have  some 
remedie  against  this  Club  law."  "  A  litle 
Ape  took  mee  such  a  riprapp  on  the  head 
&  told  mee  t'was  Club  law,"  and,  to  omit 
other  passages,  this  from  the  Epilogue  : — 
"  Turne  Herodotus  and  one  of  his  9  Muses  will 

tell  you  strange  newes  of  our  Clubb  lawe there 

is  an  old  manuscript  of  Thucidides  makes  great 

mention  of  it in  Plato  delegibus.  Plato  repeateth 

that  the  Athenian  Comonwealth  was  alwayes  best 
governed  by  Clubb  lawe." 

I  hope  with  the  help  of  the  Cambridge 
University  Press  to  publish  the  play  within 
the  next  few  months. 

G.  C.  Moore  Smith. 


THE   LEGEND   OF   SIR   PERCEVAL. 

Your  reviewer  and  myself  are  at  hopeless 
cross-purposes.  He  evidently  belongs  to 
the  school  which  holds,  with  Prof.  Foerster, 
that  the  Arthurian  romances  are  the  product 
of  deliberate  literary  invention — whether 
the  invention  of  Chretien  de  Troyes  or  of 
Walter  Map  matters  not  a  jot.  I,  on  the 
other  hand,  believe  them  to  be  the  result  of 
gradual  evolution,  formed  by  the  contact 
of  originally  independent  folk-tales,  which 
are  themselves  often  but  the  confused  and 
fragmentary  record  of  outgrown  beliefs. 
These  tales  are  far  older  than  any  of  their 
extant  literary  versions.  As  T  have  said  in 
my  book  :  "  behind  Romance  lies  Folk-lore  ; 
behind  Folk-lore  lie  the  fragments  of  for- 
gotten Faiths."  This  is  a  perfectly  simple 
and  intelligible  point  of  view  ;  one  which 
will  be  accepted  by  all  trained  folk-lorists, 
and  by  a  large  and  increasing  body  of 
Arthurian  experts.  It  is  a  point  of  view, 
however,  which  never  fails  to  make  the 
belated  believers  in  the  invention  theory 
lose  alike  their  head  and  their  judgment  ! 
Who,  reading  the  review  of  my  '  Perceval ' 
studies  would  suspect  that  the  "  folk-lore  " 
application  and  the  suggested  origin  of  the 
Grail  tradition  occupies  but  six  pages  out 
of  the  336  ;  that  I  distinctly  separate  the 
Grail  from  the  Perceval  tradition,  with  which 
it  had  originally  nothing  to  do ;  that  my 
allusion  to  the  three  drops  of  blood  was  made 
in  connexion  with  the  Grail  ritual,  not,  as 
your  reviewer  puts  it,  with  the  Perceval 
story  ?  By  the  time  the  blood-drops'^became 
connected  with  the  love-trance  they  had 
become  folk-lore,  pure  and  simple.  I  make 
but  one  allusion  to  Heckethorn,  simply 
referring  to  his  statement  that  three  blood- 
drops  formed  a  part  of  the  ritual  of  the  ancient 
mysteries,  while  at  tho  same  time  I  express 
in  a  foot-note  my  strong  sense  of  the  caution 
required  in  dealing  with  any  statements 
regarding  these  matters — the  really  initiate 
being  always  pledged  to  secrecy.  Seriously, 
I  doubt  whether  your  reviewer  has  read  the 
first  330  pages  at  all  !  Had  he  done  so, 
could  he  possibly  say  that  I  have  "  already 
carried  "  my  "  study  of  the  Gawain  stories 
as  far  as  it  can  profitably  be  carried  at  pre- 
sent "  (a  reference  to  my  earlier  '  Legend  of 
Sir  Gawain  '),  and  ignore  the  important  and 
additional  evidence  as  to  tho  provenance  of 
theso  stories  to  which  a  very  largo  section 
of  the  present  work  is  devoted  ?  He  ignores 
tho  unknown  author  of  tho  '  Chastel  Mer- 
veilleus  '  whose  inventive  faculty,  shown  in 
Gawain's  most  characteristic  confession,  he 
might  have  been  expected  to  hailvvithdelight ; 
even  ignores  Blcheris  the  Welshman,  tho 
discovery  of  whom  as  Geivalirsmann  is  the 
most  important  "  find  "  for  English,  as  well 
as  Arthurian  literature  I  have  yet  made. 
No  ;  clearly  he  has  not  read  my  book.  As  to 
my  lack  of  a  feeling  for  romance,  that  is  a 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


243 


point  impossible  to  argue  ;  I  do  distinguish 
strongly  between  tho  note  of  romance  as 
sounded  by  a  Thomas  or  a  Wolfram  and 
that  sounded  by  tho  pseudo-Map — the  one 
seems  to  me  to  ring  true,  the  other  false.  I 
may  be  wrong ;  but  de  gustibus,  and  if  your 
reviewer  prefers  to  consider  Lancelot  and 
Guinevere  as  ideal  lovers  I  for  one  shall  not 
argue  the  point  with  him. 

Jessie  L.  Weston. 


My  disinclination  to  shirk  an  editorial 
responsibility,  neglect  of  which  is  imputed 
to  me  by  your  reviewer,  induces  me  to  offer 
some  comment  upon  the  notice  of  Miss 
Weston's  '  Sir  Perceval  '  in  your  last  issue. 
Miss  Weston's  book,  disregarding  preface, 
index,  &c,  consists  of  346  pages.  Three 
hundred  and  thirty  of  these  form  an  attempt 
"  to  examine  critically  and  group  scientific- 
ally "  certain  romances  of  which  Perceval 
is  the  hero.  For  the  first  time  the  immense 
mass  of  this  material  has  been  worked 
through  ;  the  results  of  this  examination  revo- 
lutionize our  views  respecting  this  section 
of  Arthurian  romance  :  and  the  refer- 
ence to  the  Fescamp  Saint-Sang  legend 
puts  us  in  a  fair  way  of  solving  the  chief  crux 
of  the  Grail  cycle.  Of  all  this  your  reviewer 
has  not  one  word  to  say,  contenting  himself 
with  ten  lines  of  generalities  which  would 
be  as  applicable  if  Miss  Weston  had  contented 
herself  with  examining  and  representing 
matter  already  known. 

Your  reviewer,  as  T  take  it,  is  displeased 
because  Miss  Weston  detects  mythical 
elements  in  the  Grail  legend.  The  presence 
of  these,  in  my  opinion,  is  evident  to  all  who 
are  familiar  with  the  texts,  and  who  examine 
them  without  prejudice.  Your  reviewer 
refers  to  Miss  Weston's  treatment  of  the 
blood-drops  incident  ;  he  is  evidently  un- 
aware that  this  is  not  an  isolated  leature 
special  to  the  Perceval  romances,  but  has  a 
number  of  mediaeval  analogues,  especially 
in  Celtic  romance.  Tn  these  circumstances 
the  true  scholar  does  not  neglect  any  possible 
clue,  even  if  the  source  whence  it  be  derived 
is  tainted.  Miss  Weston  does  not  content 
herself  with  recognizing  the  existence  of 
mythical  elements  in  the  Perceval  stories  ; 
she  thinks  she  can  recover  the  outline  of  the 
formative  myth  which  underlies  the  non- 
Christian  portions  of  the  Grail  legend.  Per- 
sonally— she  will  not  mind  my  saying  this — 
she  has  not  convinced  me  ;  but  I  at  once 
recognized  that  her  hypothesis  correlated  a 
number  of  facts,  some  relationship  between 
which  certainly  does  exist,  and  threw  un- 
expected light  upon  a  number  of  interesting 
problems.  Even  if  I  had  felt  myself 
entitled  to  insist  upon  my  opinion  as  against 
Miss  Weston's,  I  should  have  considered 
myself  entirely  unjustified  in  asking  her  to 
withdraw  her  theory.  Alfred  Nutt. 


THE    STRATFORD    TOWN 
SHAKESPEARE. 

Reference  Library,  Birmingham,  August  27th,  1906. 

Your  appreciative  review  of  the  above 
admirable  edition  is  no  doubt  well  deserved. 
There  is,  however,  one  point  on  which 
bibliographers  have  serious  cause  for  com- 
plaint. The  title-page  gives  no  information 
as  to  editor  (though  the  editor  is  well  known 
to  be  Mr.  A.  H.  Rullen),  no  "  title  "  (though 
the  edition  is  advertised  as  "  The  Stratford 
Town  Shakespeare  "),  nor  indeed  anything 
to  distinguish  it  from  many  other  editions. 

There  must  be  at  least  750  different  editions 
of  Shakespeare  in  existence  (English  only), 
and  if  those  responsible  for  the  edition  in 


question  had  the  pleasure  of  cataloguing  all 
known  editions  they  would  no  doubt  realize 
the  desirability  of  giving  some  distinctive 
information.  Shakespeare  has  of  late  years 
been  very  badly  treated  by  publishers  in 
this  respect,  a  number  of  editions  having 
been  advertised  under  specific  titles,  which, 
however,  do  not  appear  on  the  volumes. 

Walter  Powell. 


LEVER'S    'WIDOW    MALONE.' 

The  centenary  of  Lever's  birth  (Aug.  31st) 
is  responsible  for  quite  a  sheaf  of  literature 
dealing  with  the  Jrish  novelist.  Among 
recent  contributions  most  of  the  writers 
have  quoted  with  approval  the  song  of  '  The 
Widow  Malone  ;  or,  the  Athlone  Land- 
lady '  as  an  excellent  specimen  of  Lever's 
verse-making.  It  may  seem  ungracious  to 
deprive  this  many-sided  Irish  author  of  his 
claim  to  the  song,  but  in  the  interests  of 
historical  accuracy  I  take  the  opportunity  to 
point  out  that  Lever,  rather  unblushingly, 
palmed  off  another  man's  work  as  his  own. 
He  certainly  never  wrote '  The  Widow  Malone. ' 

Lever  was  born  on  August  31st,  1806,  and 
the  song  of  '  Widow  Malone  '  was  sung  by 
Johnston  in  the  Dublin  Theatre  Royal  on 
July  18th,  1809 — when  Lever  was  only  in 
his  third  year  !  The  song  (of  which  I  have 
a  copy)  was  printed  and  published  on 
July  25th,  1809,  and  again  in  1812— the 
author's  name  being  given  as  Daniel  O'Mara, 
a  Dublin  playwright. 

Wm,  H.  Grattan  Flood. 


AN    INTERESTING    FIND    IN    THE 
BIBLIOTHEQUE   NATIONALE,    PARIS. 

Of  the  seventeen  MSS.  and  several  frag- 
ments of  lestoire  de  Merlin  at  the  Biblio- 
theque Nationale — eleven  of  which  contain 
the  whole  of  the  vulgate  version,  three  the 
prose  rendering  of  Robert  de  Boron's  '  Merlin ' 
only,  whilst  several  represent  continuations 
of  this  prose  rendering  not  to  be  found  any- 
where else — two  are  of  particular  interest, 
viz.,  No.  749  (anc.  7171)  and  No.  747  (anc. 
7170). 

The  text  of  No.  749  is  good,  the  hand- 
writing neat  and  clear,  and  in  addition  it 
contains  several  features  absent  from  all 
other  known  MSS.  Unfortunately  this 
important  MS.  is — or  rather  was — short  of 
the  last  eight  leaves. 

In  1836  M.  Paulin  Paris,*  in  his  account 
of  the  French  MSS.  of  the  then  "  bibliotheque 
du  roi,"  speaks  with  praise  of  this  MS.,  but 
regrets  that  "  les  noeuf  dernieres  laisses  du 
Merlin  sont  a  desirer." 

From  this  time  to  tho  present  day,  when- 
ever or  wherever  MS.  No.  749  was  mentioned, 
be  it  by  scholars  in  their  dissertations  or  by 
librarians  in  catalogues,  the  remark  of  M. 
Paulin  Paris  was  faithfully  repeated,  for  the 
last  time,  as  far  as  I  can  remember,  by  W.  E. 
Mead,  in  his  Introduction  to  H.  B.  Wheatley's 
edition  of  the  English  prose  'Merlin':  "The 
last  nine  laisses  of  the  '  Merlin  '  are  lost."! 

This  statement  ceased  to  be  correct  on 
August  14th,  1906,  when  I  claimed  the 
credit  for  having  discovered  the  missing 
portion  of  this  valuable  MS.,  which  is  now 
again  as  perfect  as  it  was  when  it  left  the 
hands  of  the  scribe  at  the  end  of  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

While  examining  a  collection  of  miscel- 
laneous   fragments,   viz.,  No.   5237   "  Nou- 

•  Paulin  Paris,  '  Les  Manuscrits  Francois  de  bibliotheque 

du  roi,'  7  volumes.     Paris,  1836-48,  8vo,  vol.  \j.  n,  :i. 

♦  W.  E.  Head,  'Merlin,'  part  iv.  Early  English  Text 
Society,  Oriy.  Ser.  Nn-  H--  London,  1800,'svo,  pp.  exxxix 
and  tlxv. 


velles  acquisitions,"  I  came  across  eight 
leaves  of  a  fourteenth-century  MS.  of  the 
'Merlin,'  described  as  "don  de  M.  Piot,"* 
apparently  the  same  as  mentioned  by  W.  E. 
Mead  in  his  list  as  No.  22.t  These  leaves  are 
numbered  25-32,  and  begin  :  "  que  nostre 
sires  auoit  dite  la  parole,"  and  end  :  "  loe 
bien  la  pes  &  li  rois  dist,"  and  correspond 
to  pp.  59-81  of  Wheatley's  text  ;  ff.  91a  to 
96a  of  MS.  Add.  10292  of  the  British  Museum, 
and  to  pp.  55-74  of  my  edition  of  this  MS., 
London,  1894. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  they  form  part 
of  one  of  the  MSS.  at  the  Bibliotheque  de 
l'Arsenal.  Owing  to  the  annual  holiday  at 
this  library,  I  was  unable,  before  leaving 
Paris,  to  ascertain  the  correctness  of  this 
supposition. 

Immediately  preceding  these  eight  leaves, 
not  recorded  in  any  of  the  catalogues  and 
registers  of  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale, 
and  therefore  unknown  to  the  authorities, 
I  found  another  set  of  eight  leaves,  the  hand- 
writing of  which  I  at  once  recognized  as  that 
of  MS.  No.  749. 

How  did  these  eight  leaves  come  into  this 
collection  of  fragments  ?  Nobody  knows. 
The  theory,  however,  is  that  at  the  beginning 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  before  No.  749 
received  its  present  binding,  these  leaves 
must  have  become  detached ;  they  were  then 
mislaid,  and  in  the  end  entirely  forgotten, 
and  thus  it  came  to  pass  that  MS.  No.  749 
was  for  about  a  hundred  vears  incomplete. 

The  other  MS.,  No.  747  (anc.  7170),  is, 
as  is  well  known,  the  only  one  in  the  Biblio- 
theque Nationale — and,  as  was  still  believed 
by  MM.  Paulin  and  Gaston  Paris  and  E. 
Hucher,  the  only  one  in  existence — which 
contains  on  fol.  102  verso,  after  the  men- 
tion of  Arthur's  coronation,  the  reference 
to  Robert  de  Boron's  plans  rendered  in  prose 
as  they  are  supposed  to  have  been  recorded 
at  the  end  of  his  poem  '  Merlin,'  of  which 
only  504  lines  have  come  down  to  us. 

In  1883,  shortly  after  the  publication  of 
the  late  Mr.  H.  Ward's  '  Catalogue  of 
Romances,'  &c,  and  therefore  not  mentioned 
in  this  work,  the  British  Museum  acquired 
a  volume  (Add.  32,125)  in  which  are  united 
a  thirteenth-century  MS.  of  Wace's  '  Brut,' 
and  an  early  fourteenth-century  MS.  of  the 
"  conte  del  saint  graal,"  here  called  "  l'his- 
toire  de  Joseph  d'Arimathie,"  and  the  first 
part  of  the  '  Merlin.' 

Already  in  1894  I  referred  to  this 
volume,  and  pointed  out  that  it  is  as  inter- 
esting and  important  as  the  MS.  No.  747  at 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  for  it  contains 
in  a  slightly  modified  form  the  above  referred 
to,  much  discussed,  and  often  quoted  passage.  J 
In  the  course  of  my  studies  I  have  learnt 
to  attribute  still  greater  importance  to  this 
MS.  Although  dating  from  the  beginning 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  it  is  evidently 
copied  from  an  earlier  MS.,  and  gives  a  more 
faithful  rendering  of  the  contents  of  Robert's 
poem  than  the  MS.  No.  747. 

I  cannot  within  the  narrow  limits  of  this 
article  go  into  details.  Suffice  it  to  say  that 
I  have  found  on  fol.  214  recto  of  this  MS.  a 
reference  to  "  Gautier  de  Montbeliart,"  the 
same  as  named  in  Robert's  poem  "Joseph 
d'Arimathie,"§  not  contained  in  the  corre- 
sponding passage  of  the  MS.  No.  74  7  nor  in 
any  other  known  MS.  of  the  *  Merlin.' 

The  value  of  this  discovery,  which  makes 
MS.  32125  of  the  British  Museum  unique, 
and  establishes  a  further  link  between  the 
two  poems  of  Robert  de  Boron,  will  be  duly 

•  See  the  reference  t"  M.  L.  Pelisle's  report  in  Romania, 
vii.  1>7n  p.  167. 

t  Introduction,  p.  cxlL — There  is  no  such  fragment  to  be 
found  in  any  volume  bearing  the  number  '  1688. 

!  See  Paulin  Paris,  'Les  Romans  de  la  table  ronde,' 
vol.  i.  p.  :i.".7  ;  and  GastOD  Paris  and  Jacob  I'lrich,  '  Merlin,' 
Introduction,  p.  xxii. 

(  Bibl.Nat.Ma  fr.,  No.  7ts(anc  717ns)  Fonds  de  Cange  4, 
about  A.D.  1260,  containing  Robert's  'Joseph  and  Merlin.' 


244 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


appreciated  by  all  who  take  an  interest  in  the 
study  of  the  origin  and  development  of  the 
Arthurian  romances. 

H.    OSKAR    SOJIMER. 


Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black  will  shortly 
publish  a  work  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Abbott, 
entitled  '  Silanus  the  Christian,'  an 
imaginary  autobiography  of  a  young 
Roman  knight  attending  the  lectures  of 
Epictetus  in  118  a.d.  In  order  to  refute 
the  charge  that  his  master  plagiarized 
from  the  Christians,  Silanus  procures 
St.  Paul's  Epistles.  They  draw  him 
towards  Christ;  but  he  is  subsequently 
repelled  by  unexpected  details  in  the 
Synoptic  Gospels.  Finally,  he  is  con- 
verted by  the  personal  influence  of  a 
Christian,  who  lends  him  the  Fourth 
Gospel.  These  experiences,  with  remarks 
upon  subsequent  Christian  developments, 
Silanus  is  supposed  to  record  in  163  a.d. 

Messrs.  MaoLehose's  enterprise  of 
the  republication  of  '  Purchas's  Voyages,' 
in  twenty  volumes,  is  making  rapid  pro- 
gress. Volumes  XV.  and  XVI.  are  an- 
nounced for  immediate  publication,  and 
the  remaining  ones  (the  last  of  which  will 
include  an  index  to  the  whole)  are  in 
active  preparation. 

The  next  work  to  be  added  to  the  series 
is  Lithgow's  '  Totall  Discourse  of  his  Rare 
Adventures  and  Painefull  Peregrinations.' 
It  will  be  published  next  month,  and  will 
be  followed  by  Capt.  John  Smith's  '  The 
Generall  Historie  of  Virginia,New  England, 
and  the  Summer  Isles,'  with  all  the  por- 
traits and  maps  of  the  original  edition 
of  1624  in  facsimile.  With  the  '  History 
of  Virginia '  will  be  included  Capt. 
John  Smith's  '  True  Travels,  Adventures, 
and  Observations,'  and  his  '  Seamen's 
Grammar.' 

The  fifth  volume  of  Capt.  P.  H.  Hore's 
'  History  of  the  County  of  Wexford  '  will 
be  published  very  shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock.  It  will  contain  the  history  of  the 
town  of  Wexford,  and  a  chapter  on  the 
village  of  Taghmon.  The  town  is  his- 
torically interesting  from  the  fact  that 
here  the  first  foothold  was  obtained  by  the 
Anglo-Norman  invaders.  The  history  is 
drawn  from  records,  charters,  and  local 
documents,  many  of  which  have  not  been 
printed  before,  explanatory  notes  being 
appended.  It  is  fully  illustrated  by 
drawings  of  places,  antiquities,  plans, 
and  facsimiles. 

A  memoir  of  John  Baskerville  the 
printer  is  shortly  to  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
Ralph  Straus  and  R.  K.  Dent.  It  is 
compiled  from  the  material  left  by  the 
late  Samuel  Timmins,  F.S.A.,  of  Birming- 
ham. It  will  be  printed  by  subscription, 
and  names  of  those  who  wish  to  secure 
the  book  should  be  sent  to  Mr.  Straus 
at  58,  Bassett  Road,  North  Kensington. 

T  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  is  publishing  a 
history  of  old  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church, 
Edinburgh,  by  Miss  Mary  E.  Ingram,  under 


the  appropriate  title  of  '  A  Jacobite  Strong- 
hold of  the  Church.' 

Mr.  A.  G.  B.  Russell,  who  is  preparing 
a  big  catalogue  raisonne  of  Blake,  will 
bring  out  this  autumn  the  first  edition 
ever  published  of  Blake's  letters,  together 
with  the  famous  and  long-lost  life  of 
Blake  by  Frederick  Tatham,  which  was 
read  in  manuscript  by  Gilchrist,  Rossetti, 
and  others,  but  has  never  been  published. 
This  volume,  with  twelve  illustrations, 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Methuen. 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  has  com- 
pleted a  new  volume  as  a  companion  to 
his  '  Choice  of  Books.'  It  is  entitled 
'  Memories  and  Thoughts :  Men,  Books, 
Cities,  Art.'  The  forty  essays  of  which  it 
consists  are  in  part  autobiographical,  and 
have  the  wide  scope  indicated  by  the  title. 

Messrs.  Brown,  Langham  &  Co.  are 
publishing,  on  September  15th,  a  Japanese 
novel  by  the  Baroness  Albert  d'Anethan, 
wife  of  the  Belgian  Minister  at  Tokyo. 
The  writer,  who  is  a  sister  of  Mr.  Rider 
Haggard,  has  the  merit  of  knowing  Japan 
thoroughly,  and  her  book,  to  which  she 
has  given  the  name  •  It  Happened  in 
Japan,'  met  with  a  cordial  reception  from 
the  Japanese  press  when  it  was  published 
in  Yokohama  a  year  or  two  ago. 

The  same  firm  have  in  hand  two  other 
novels.  The  first,  by  the  author  of 
the  popular  '  Litanies  of  Life,'  Kathleen 
Watson,  is  called  '  The  Gaiety  of  Fatma,' 
and  deals  in  part  with  life  in  Algeria  and 
partly  with  the  introduction  of  the 
heroine,  of  mixed  Arab  and  French  blood, 
into  English  society.  The  other  is  '  The 
Voyage  of  the  Arrow,'  by  Mr.  T.  J. 
Hains,  the  lively  author  of  '  The  Black 
Barque  '  and  '  The  Windjammers.'  Here 
piracy,  storm,  and  shipwreck  are  inter- 
mingled. The  book  will  have  six  illus- 
trations by  Mr.  H.  C.  Edwards. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Ingram  writes  : — 

"As  no  direct  or  collateral  male  members 
of  Christopher  Marlowe's  family  lived  beyond 
1G05,  the  Marlowes  referred  to  by  Mr. 
Symons  in  The.  Athenceum  of  August  18th 
could  not  have  belonged  to  it,  although 
possibly  descended  from  the  same  stock. 
My  account  of  '  Christopher  Marlowe  and 
his  Associates '  shows  that  other  families 
of  the  same  surname  were  contemporary 
with  the  poet's.  Christopher  was  so  common 
a  name  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries  that  it  could  scarcely  have  passed 
into  oblivion  in  the  early  years  of  the  eigh- 
teenth. Christopher  Anstey  and  Christopher 
Smart  are  evidence  to  the  contrary. 

"  Tho  Robert  Browning  mentioned  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Symons  as  born  1782,  was  the 
father,  and  not  tho  grandfather,  as  stated, 
of  tlte  Browning.  Prof.  Dowden,  in  his  bio- 
grapher of  the  poet,  gives  tho  date  as  1781." 

A  '  Bibliography  of  the  History  of  the 
United  States  Navy '  will  be  issued  in  the 
autumn,  after  having  been  in  preparation 
for  some  years.  Miss  Agnes  C.  Doyle,  of 
the  Boston  Public  Library,  is  responsible 
for  the  work  (of  which  only  350  copies  will 
be  printed) ;  but  she  has  had  the  help  of 
Mr.  Axel  Mothe,  of  the  New  York  Public 
Library.  The  Bibliography  is  founded 
on  Mr.  Charles  Harbeck's  remarkable 
collection,  and  it  is  at  his  expense  that  it 


is  being  printed.  About  3,000  titles  are 
registered,  and  the  public  libraries  at 
Boston  and  New  York  and  other  sources 
have  been  examined. 

Cantab  writes  : — 

"  In  your  issue  of  August  25th  the  re- 
viewer of  '  Shakespeare  and  his  Day,'  by 
J.  A.  De  Rothschild,  observes  :  '  As  amus- 
ingly original  is  his  discovery,  in  "  A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,"  of  Leicester  as 
"  Cupid  all  armed  "  fluttering  undecidedly 
between  the  Queen  ("  the  cold  moon ") 
and  the  Countess  of  Sheffield  ("  the  earth  ") 
till  his  bolt  fell  on  the  Countess  of  Essex 
("  the  little  western  flower  ").'  But  surely 
this  is  substantially  the  view  put  forward 
in  1843  by  the  Rev.  N.  J.  Halpin  in  his  pub- 
lication entitled  '  Oberon's  Vision  in  the 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  illustrated  by 
a  comparison  with  Shakespeare's  Endymion.' 
See  Aldis  Wright's  edition  of  the  play, 
page  xiv,  and  Delius's  Shakespeare,  vol.  i. 
pp.  274-5." 

The  death  is  announced  at  North  Ber- 
wick, on  August  28th,  of  Dr.  George 
Matheson,  the  "  blind  preacher."  He 
was  born  in  1842,  and  was  a  brilliant 
student  at  Glasgow  University.  At 
twenty  he  lost  his  sight,  but  this  did  not 
interfere  with  the  success  of  his  career. 
In  1866  he  obtained  the  degree  of  B.D. 
Two  years  later  he  became  minister  of 
Mellan,  and  in  1886  was  called  to  St. 
Bernard's  Established  Church,  Edinburgh, 
a  charge  which  he  held  until  1899.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  well-known  hymn, 
"  Oh  Lord,  that  wilt  not  let  me  go,"  which, 
with  his  '  Meditations,'  first  appeared  in 
'  Life  and  Work.'  Dr.  Matheson  wrote 
many  books  on  religious  subjects,  among 
others  '  Aids  to  the  Study  of  German 
Theology'  (1874),  'The  Growth  of  the 
Spirit  of  Christianity  from  the  First 
Century  to  the  Dawn  of  the  Lutheran 
Era'  (1877),  'Natural  Elements  of  Re- 
vealed Religion'  (Baird  Lectures,  1881), 
•  Can  the  Old  Faith  Live  with  the  New  ? ' 
(1885),  and  'Representative  Men  of  the 
Bible '  (1902-3)  and  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment (1905). 
Mr.  Robert  Cochrane  writes  : — 
"I  see  that  you  announce  a  volume 
entitled  *  The  Treasury  of  English  Litera- 
ture,' to  be  published  by  Messrs.  Constable. 
More  than  twenty-five  years  ago  I  edited  a 
volume  for  Messrs.  William  T.  Nimmo  & 
Co.'s  '  Standard  Library,'  one  of  five  which 
I  contributed  on  similar  lines,  and  under  the 
title  of  '  The  Treasury  of  English  Literature: 
a  Book  of  Selections  from  the  best  Authors 
from  Chaucer  to  tho  Present  Time,'  with 
brief  biographies  at  the  end  of  the  volume 
of  the  authors  represented.  With  the  con- 
tinued multiplication  of  books,  it  is  becoming 
increasingly  difficult  to  avoid  repeating  a 
title  already  in  use,  and  if  some  ono  would 
arise  who  was  a  specialist  in  titles,  who  could 
act  as  a  referee,  much  trouble,  worry,  and 
expense  would  be  saved  to  publishor  and 
author."    , 

Mr.  Wilkinson  Siierren  has  severed 
his  connexion  with  the  Authors'  Advisory 
Bureau,  which  is  now  conducted  wholly 
by  Mr.  Gordon  Richards. 

That  enterprising  periodical  The  Critic, 
of  New  York,  is,  we  hear,  to  bo  incor- 
porated with  tho  revived  Putnam's 
Magazine.  The  first  number  of  the  new 
venture  will  appear  in  October. 


N°41H,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


245 


SCIENCE 


ASTRONOMICAL    LITERATURE. 

History  of  the  Planetary  Systems  from 
Thales  to  Kepler.  By  J.  L.  E.  Dreyer,  Ph.D., 
F.R.A.S.,  Director  of  the  Armagh  Obser- 
vatory. (Cambridge,  University  Press.) — 
Tn  his  earlier  work  on  the  great  Danish 
astronomer,  Tycho  Brahe,  whose  observa- 
tions laid  the  foundation  of  the  modern 
system,  though,  as  is  well  known,  he  put  forth 
another  system  of  his  own,  Dr.  Dreyer 
devoted  an  introductory  chapter  to  the 
revival  of  astronomy  in  Europe,  which  was 
brought  about  by  Purbach,  Regiomontanus, 
Apianus,  and  above  all  Copernicus.  In  the 
present  work  he  gives  a  most  interesting  sketch 
of  the  general  history  of  the  science  from  the 
time  of  Thales,  the  first  Greek  astronomer,  to 
that  of  Kepler,  whose  sagacious  use  of  the 
observations  of  Tycho  and  confident  trust 
in  their  accuracy  led  to  the  discovery  of 
those  famous  laws,  on  which  the  Newtonian 
theory  was  founded.  Passing  over  the  intro- 
duction, on  the  earliest  cosmological  ideas, 
we  come  to  the  era  of  the  Ionian  philosophers, 
of  whom  Thales  was  the  first.  Dr.  Dreyer 
points  out  how  little  we  really  know  of  the 
ideas  of  that  school,  it  being  particularly 
unfortunate  that  the  book  of  Theophrastus, 
the  disciple  of  Aristotle,  on  the  history  of 
physics,  has  perished  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  fragments.  The  biographical  com- 
pilation of  Diogenes  Laertius  is  the  work  of 
an  incompetent  hand,  and  the  '  Placita  Philo- 
sophorum,'  formerly  attributed  to  Plutarch, 
but  recognized  now  to  have  been  composed 
by  a  much  earlier  writer,  is  of  a  very  miscel- 
laneous character.  It  is  clear,  however, 
that  the  Ionian  school 

"  had  not  advanced  very  far  in  the  direction  of  a 
rational  idea  of  the  universe.  The  earth  was  flat, 
the  fixed  stars  were  attached  to  a  vault,  and  the 
nature  of  the  sun  and  moon  very  imperfectly 
understood." 

But  some  time  afterwards,  in  the  other 
extremity  of  the  Greek  world — i.e.,  in  South 
Italy  (formerly  called  Magna  Groecia) — arose 
the  Pythagorean  school,  which  developed 
much  sounder  notions  about  the  heavenly 
bodies.  To  this  our  author  devotes  his  second 
chapter.  As  he  remarks,  we  cannot  but 
admire  the  boldness  of  the  conception  that 
the  earth  was  not  necessarily  the  prin- 
cipal body  of  the  universe,  at  rest  in  its 
centre.  And  the  further  step,  that  of  the 
earth's  rotation  on  its  axis,  would  seem  to 
have  been  due  to  Hiketas  of  Syracuse, 
one  of  the  earlier  Pythagoreans.  We  must 
not  linger  on  their  theories,  which  drifted 
into  a  wrong  channel  ;  but  the  influence  of 
their  ideas  can  be  distinctly  traced  in  the 
views  on  the  system  of  the  world  held  by 
Plato.  These  speculations  are  treated  of 
at  considerable  length  by  Dr.  Dreyer.  We 
must  regard  them  with  mixed  feelings  ;  for 
though  the  great  disciple  of  Socrates  had 
evidently  not  devoted  much  attention  to 
the  details  of  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  the  study  of  his  Timaeus  is,  and  always 
must  be,  peculiarly  attractive  to  astronomers. 
The  Bway  that  Aristotle  held  over  subsequent 
ages  in  philosophy  is  well  known.  Many  of 
his  cosmical  ideas  were  erroneous,  but  this 
should  not  blind  as  to  the  merits  of  others. 
His  great  defect,  that  of  seeking  for  the 
principles  of  natural  philosophy  by  consider- 
ing tlic  meaning  of  the  words  ordinarily 
used  to  describe  the  phenomena  of  nature, 
appealed  strongly  to  the  mediaeval  mind, 
and,  unfortunately,  helped  to  retard  the 
development  of  science  in  the  time  of  Coper- 
nicus and  Galileo, 


The  theory  of  epicycles,  and  the  Ptole- 
maic system,  occupy,  as  might  be  expected, 
separate  chapters  ;  but  we  have  not  space 
to  enter  upon  these  at  length.  The  dark 
period  of  the  middle  ages,  stationary  in  the 
progress  of  science,  cannot  be  passed  over 
without  some  notice  ;  and  a  chapter  also 
notices  the  way  in  which  the  Arabian 
astronomers  to  some  extent  kept  up  obser- 
vations of  the  heavenly  bodies.  Then  we 
come  to  the  revival  of  astronomy  in  Europe, 
on  which  our  author  has,  as  we  have  said, 
devoted  a  short  chapter  in  his  life  of  Tycho 
Brahe  ;  that  (it  forms  the  twelfth)  in  the 
present  work,  is,  of  course,  much  more  full. 
Copernicus,  Tycho,  and  Kepler  each  claim 
a  separate  chapter  in  this  fascinating  volume, 
of  which  we  can  only  finish  our  all-too-short 
notice  in  the  words  used  by  Osiander  of  the 
epoch-making  book  of  Copernicus — "  Eme, 
lege,  fruere."  But  it  will  be  interesting  to 
append  also  the  author's  own  brief  conclud- 
ing summary  : — 

"  From  Thales  to  Kepler  philosophers  had 
searched  for  the  true  planetary  system  ;  Kepler 
had  completed  the  search  ;  Isaac  Newton  was  to 
prove  that  the  system  found  by  him  not  only 
agreed  with  observation,  but  that  no  other  system 
was  possible." 

A  Compendium  of  Spherical  Astronomy, 
with  its  Application  to  the  Determination  and 
Reduction  of  Positions  of  the  Fixed  Stars.  By 
Simon  Newcomb.  (New  York,  the  Mac- 
millan  Company ;  London,  Macmillan  &  Co.) 
— Since  the  appearance  of  Prof.  Newcomb's 
'  Popular  Astronomy  '  in  1878,  his  works 
have  been  very  numerous  ;  but  the  present 
is  of  a  different  character  from  the  others. 
It  is  the  first  of  a  projected  series  having  the 
double  purpose  of  developing  the  elements  of 
practical  and  theoretical  astronomy  for  the 
special  student  of  the>subject,  and  of  serving 
as  a  handbook  of  convenient  reference  for 
the  use  of  the  working  astronomer  in  apply- 
ing methods  and  formulae.  Concerning  the 
Professor's  '  Astronomy  for  Everybody,' 
which  we  noticed  nearly  three  years  ago, 
he  remarked  in  conversation  that  by 
"  everybody  "  he  intended  every  one  who 
was  not  an  astronomer.  But  the  volume 
now  before  us  stands  in  another  category 
and  is  for  astronomers,  who  will  find  it 
exceedingly  useful  for  reference  in  their 
investigations.  The  inscription  over  Plato's 
Academy,  "  Let  no  one  ignorant  of  geo- 
metry enter  here,"  would  be  appropriate, 
with  the  addition  to  geometry  ._of 
analytics.  The  whole  is  divided,  like  Gaul 
in  the  time  of  the  great  Julius,  into  three 
parts  ;  the  first  on  preliminary  subjects, 
the  second  on  the  fundamental  principles 
of  spherical  astronomy,  and  the  third 
on  the  reduction  and  determination  of 
positions  of  the  fixed  stars.  The  nine 
appendixes  supply  a  number  of  handy  tables 
and  formulae.  The  list  of  star-catalogues 
of  precision  at  the  end  ol  the  last  chapter  is 
intended  to  be  as  complete  as  it  was  found 
practicable  to  make  it.  These  really  began 
with  that  formed  by  Bessel  from  Bradley's 
Greenwich  observations,  which  have  been 
recently  re-reduced  by  Auwers.  Notwith- 
standing the  excellence  of  Bradley's  obser- 
vations, so  far  exceeding  in  accuracy  all  that 
preceded  them,  his  instrument  for  measuring 
declination  was  of  the  older  kind,  i.e.,  a 
mural  quadrant,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
time  of  Pond,  half  a  century  later,  that  the 
advantages  of  a  complete  circle,  graduated 
through  its  entire  circumference,  were  fully 
understood.  Contemporaneous  with  the 
accession  of  Pond  to  the  directorship  of  the 
Greenwich  observatory  was  the  foundation 
by  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Bessel  of  the  German 
school  of  practical  astronomy,  the  funda- 
mental   idea    of    which,     Prof,    Nev. 


wittily  remarks,  is  to  reverse  the  maxim  of 
English  criminal  law  and  to  indict  an  instru- 
ment for  every  possible  fault.  The  transit 
instrument  and  mural  circle  at  Greenwich 
were  superseded  by  Airy  (whose  second 
Christian  name,  by  the  way,  is  spelt  on 
p.  341  "  Biddle,"  instead  of  Biddell)  a  few 
years  after  he  became  Astronomer  Royal, 
by  the  transit  circle,  which  is  still  in  use. 
The  Paris  Observatory  is  specially  note- 
worthy for  extending  systematic  observa- 
tions since  about  the  middle  of  last  century 
to  fainter  stars.  Of  the  great  work  accom- 
plished by  Struve  first  at  Dorpat  and 
afterwards  at  the  Pulkowa  Observatory, 
established  by  the  Emperor  Nicholas  L 
in  1835,  we  need  not  speak  here.  The 
first  important  southern  catalogue  was 
formed  by  Lacaille,  but  the  degree  of  pre- 
cision attained  with  his  instrument  was  not 
high  ;  and  the  establishment  of  a  great 
permanent  observatory  in  that  hemisphere 
was  made  in  1830  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
where  Sir  David  Gill  has  in  recent  years 
obtained  great  results.  But  of  course  we 
cannot  describe  in  detail  the  ground  gone 
over  in  this  valuable  work  of  Prof.  Newcomb, 
and  only  give  the  above  as  a  specimen. 
Great  care  has  evidently  been  used  in 
securing  the  accuracy  which  is  especially 
desirable  in  a  treatise  of  this  kind.  The  appli- 
cation of  the  formulae  is  well  illustrated  by 
examples  of  their  use,  and  a  good  index  is 
given.  


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

The  question  of  the  economical  produc- 
tion of  light,  on  which  Prof.  Silvanus  Thomp- 
son lately  discoursed  to  the  British 
Association,  has  been  before  the  scientific 
world  for  some  time  without  coming  appre- 
ciably nearer  to  solution.  The  lives  of  the 
osmium,  tantalum,  and  zirconium  incan- 
descent filaments  of  electric  glow-lamps 
have  proved  in  most  cases  to  be  unexpectedly 
short,  and  this  has  led  to  greater  attention 
being  paid  to  the  improvement  of  some  of 
the  older  systems.  Thus  Dr.  Adolf  Herz 
recently  devised  a  plan  by  which  an  electric 
current  could  be  applied  to  a  Welsbach  gas 
burner,  with  the  result  that  the  temperature 
of  the  mantle  was  considerably  raised  and  its 
light-giving  power  thereby  increased.  But 
the  mercury-vapour  lamp,  according  to  the 
figures  lately  given  by  M.  Parsy  in  the  Revue 
de  Chimie  Industrielle,  has  so  far  proved 
itself  to  be  capable  of  producing  more  light 
at  less  cost  than  any  other  form  of  illuminant, 
and  its  principal  drawback  hitherto  has  been 
the  ghastly  character  of  its  light,  which 
contains  no  red  rays.  In  the  Elektrotech- 
nische  Zeitschrift  there  lately  appeared  an 
article  by  Profs.  E.  Gehrke  and  P.  von 
Bayer,  in  which  it  was  claimed  that  this 
could  be  remedied  by  the  addition  to  the 
mercury  electrodes  of  a  certain  proportion 
of  zinc.  Their  plan  seems  to  be  to  use  a 
current  of  not  more  than  100  volts,  and  to 
mix  with  the  zinc  some  10  per  cent,  of 
bismuth  and  a  trace  of  sodium.  With  this 
modification,  the  light,  they  assert,  does  not 
differ  in  appearance  from  that  of  the  smaller 
arc  lamps,  while  it  has,  of  course;,  the  advan- 
tage of  taking  very  little  current  and  being 
perfectly  steady.  Their  experiments  are 
not  yet  complete,  but  if  no  unforeseen  diffi- 
culties arise,  there  seems  no  doubt  of  their 
ultimate  success. 

One  of  the  standing  puzzles  in  mineral 
chemistry  lias  been  tin  nature  of  the  amal- 
gams formed  by  tie  hypothetical  metal 
ammonium  (or,  in  other  words,  the  supposed 
metal  of  which  ammonia  is  the  oxide)  with 
the  other  alkali-metals,  potassium  and 
sodium,     Herren    O.    Ruff    and    B,    Ccise), 


246 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


writing  in  the  Berichte,  now  raise  the  point 
that  these  apparent  amalgams  are  not  com- 
pounds at  all,  but  a  mixture  of  potassium 
or  sodium  with  a  saturated  solution  of  the 
same  metal  in  liquid  ammonia.  They 
promise  to  pursue  their  investigations 
further,  and  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the 
compound  formed  by  the  so-called  ammonium 
with  the  metals  of  the  alkaline  earths.  But 
it  is  much  to  be  wished  that  they,  or  some 
other  seekers,  would  inquire  into  the  nature 
of  the  compound  formed  by  ammonia  with 
mercury,  which  seems  to  resemble  in  all 
respects  the  similar  compounds  arising  from 
a  mixture  of  potassa  or  soda  with  the  same 
metal.  In  the  two  last-named  cases  it  has 
not  yet  been  doubted  that  there  is  an  actual 
alloy  of  potassium  or  sodium  and  mercury 
present  ;  and  as  ammonia  is,  of  course, 
nothing  but  a  compound  of  nitrogen  and 
hydrogen,  it  has  sometimes  been  thought 
that  we  have  here  a  case  where  a  supposed 
"  element  "  has  been  formed  from  two 
simpler  substances. 

Prof.  Quincke,  of  Heidelberg,  has  con- 
tributed to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  an  interesting  study  in  which  he 
argues  that  not  only  water,  but  all  liquids,  on 
solidifying  pass  through  an  intermediate 
stage,  in  which  they  are  split  up  into  what 
he  calls  foam-cells,  which  show  themselves 
by  the  presence  of  a  viscous  structure  resem- 
bling jelly.  In  the  case  of  molten  metals, 
he  declares  that  some  of  these  cells  remain 
even  in  the  solid  state,  and  that  this  is  very 
apparent  in  the  case  of,  for  instance,  quickly 
cooled  steel.  The  theory  is  ingenious,  and 
goes  far  to  account  for  the  allotropic  modifi- 
cations observable  in  different  specimens  of 
the  same  metal.  With  it  should  be  read  an 
excellent  article  by  M.  Leon  Guillet  on 
'  L'Etat  actuel  de  la  Metallographie  micro- 
scopique,'  in  which  photographs  are  given 
of  the  internal  structure  of  different  metals 
and  ores  as  seen  under  the  microscope. 

Another  curious  and  apparently  related 
phenomenon  is  that  of  the  liquid  crystals 
announced  by  Prof.  O.  Lehmann,  of  Carls- 
ruhe,  in  his  book  entitled  '  Fliissige  Kristalle.' 
He  here  states  that  certain  solutions,  as, 
for  instance,  oleate  of  potassium,  exhibit 
all  the  characteristics  of  a  collection  of 
crystals,  each  of  which  is  shown  under 
polarized  light  to  be  birefringent.  These 
liquids  behave,  in  fact,  as  if  they  were  an 
emulsion  such  as  is  produced  by  the  attempt 
to  mix  oil  and  water,  but  are  entirely  diffe- 
rent in  their  nature.  They  are  differently 
affected  by  a  magnetic  field,  and  there  seems 
no  reason  to  doubt  Prof.  Lehmann's  con- 
clusion that  the  molecules  of  which  they  are 
composed  are  differently  orientated,  and 
perhaps  differently  formed,  from  those  of 
ordinary  liquids.  Ho  has  obtained  the  most 
striking  results  with  the  parazoxycinnamate 
of  ethyl,  which  behaves  in  respect  of  growth 
and  self-nutrition  like  the  cells  of  living 
beings,  and  this  has  led  Dr.  Alfred  Graden- 
witz  (perhaps  under  the  influence  of  a  recent 
controversy)  to  liken  them  to  Infusoria  and 
other  micro-organisms. 

That  electrical  discharges  of  high  potential 
and  rapid  alternation — generally  called  high- 
frequency  currents — -have  a  powerful  ger- 
micidal action  is  well  known,  and  they  have 
in  consequence  been  applied  for  some  time 
past  in  the  treatment  of  disease.  Mr. 
Foulerton  and  I  Jr.  Kellas  have  now  sub- 
jected this  action  to  a  prolonged  investiga- 
tion, the  results  of  which  may  be  found  in 
the  B  series  of  the  Royal  Society's  Proceed- 
inga.  According  to  them,  tho  bactericidal 
action  of  the  discharge,  though  real  enough, 
is  due,  not  to  electrical  action,  but  to  the 
formation  of  chemical  substances  like  nitric 
acid,  ozone,  and  peroxide  of  hydrogen  in 
the  Pjr.     In  an  atmosphere  of  pure  hydrogen 


the  discharge  seemed  to  have  no  effect  on 
bacteria,  and  the  authors  suggest  that  even 
where  beneficial  effects  have  followed  the 
application  of  the  high-frequency  current 
to  malignant  growths  in  cases  of  carcinoma 
and  sarcoma,  it  is  the  absorption  of  nitrous 
compounds  from  the  atmosphere  that  has 
played  the  healing  part. 

The  controversy  on  the  neuronic  theory 
still  continues,  and  those  interested  in  it 
will  find  a  good  summary  of  the  matter  in 
Dr.  Leon  Fr6dericq's  '  Revue  Annuelle  de 
Physiologie,'  published,  as  usual,  in  the 
Revue  Generate  des  Sciences.  Prof.  Ray 
Lankester  perhaps  gave  it  a  fillip  when  he 
alluded,  in  his  Presidential  Address  to  the 
British  Association,  to  the  fact  that  the 
excitation  of  one  group  of  neurones  is  often 
attended  by  the  concurrent  inhibition  of 
another  group,  as  in  the  reflex  flexure  of  the 
knee,  when  the  motor-neurones  of  the  flexor 
muscles  are  excited,  and  those  of  the  exten- 
sors inhibited.  Dr.  Fredericq  seems  to 
think  that  certain  facts  of  the  self-restora- 
tion of  nerves  which  have  been  injured  by 
disease  or  accident  appear  to  point  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  nerves  of  the  periphery 
may  come  into  being  on  their  own  account, 
and  independently  of  the  central  nervous 
system,  which  would,  as  he  states,  rather 
cast  doubt  on  the  existence  of  the  neurone 
as  an  embryological  unit.  Yet,  however 
this  may  be,  the  neuronic  hypothesis  seems 
for  the  present  to  co-ordinate  more  facts, 
and  to  give  a  better  account  of  all  the  phe- 
nomena observed,  than  the  rival  theory  of 
Bethe  and  Apathy,  which  would  convert 
the  nervous  system  into  a  network  of  what 
they  call  "  neurofibrils,"  the  nerve-cells 
being  only  the  passing  or  crossing-places  of 
these  fibrils.  F.  L. 


SttUntt  dflsstp. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Torquay  of 
Dr.  H.  Marshall  Ward,  F.R.S.,  who  "had 
been  Professor  of  Botany  at  Cambridge 
since  1895.  Prof.  Ward  was  an  excellent 
botanist,  and  the  author  of  important  works 
on  Timbor  and  the  Diseases  of  Plants.  He 
had  previously  held  posts  as  Crypt ogamic 
Botanist  to  the  Ceylon  Government,  and  as 
Professor  of  Botany  at  Cooper's  Hill. 

The  French  are  taking  steps  to  create  a 
fishery  at  the  extreme  north  point  of  their 
colony  of  Senegal.  The  Spanish  Sahara 
fishery  employs  2,000  men,  but  the  French 
Government  have  not  told  the  public — if 
they  know — that  the  deaths  from  fish 
poisoning  have  been  high  in  the  case  of  fish 
brought  from  the  Sahara  coast.  The  new 
fishery  will  give  a  bad  name  to  "  French  " 
fish,  and  may  thus  ruin  the  trade  in  sea- 
crawfish  and  lemon-soles. 

The  sun  will  be  vertical  over  the 
equator  about  an  hour  before  midnight 
(by  Greenwich  time)  on  the  23rd  inst., 
which  is  therefore  the  day  of  the 
autumnal  equinox.  The  moon  will  bo  full 
about  half  an  hour  before  midnight  on  the 
2nd  and  new  about  half  an  hour  after  noon 
on  the  18th.  The  planet  Mercury  will  be 
visible  in  the  morning,  in  the  western  part 
of  the  constellation  Leo  (very  near  Regulus 
on  the  6th  and  7th),  in  the  early  part  of  this 
month,  but  will  be  at  superior  conjunction 
with  the  sun  on  the  24th.  Venus  will  be  at 
greatest  eastern  elongation  from  the  sun  on 
the  '2<)th,  and  visible  in  the  evening  (but  low 
in  the  heavens  on  account  of  her  great 
southern  declination)  throughout  the  month, 
moving  from  the  constellation  Virgo  into 
Libra.  Mars  is  in  Leo  and  risos  at  Green- 
wich between  3  and  4  o'clock  in  tho  morninp  ; 


he  will  be  very  near  Mercury  on  the  5th, 
the  conjunction  taking  place  before  they 
rise.  Jupiter  is  in  the  western  part  of 
Gemini,  rising  about  11  o'clock  in  the  even- 
ing on  the  11th,  and  afterwards  earlier. 
Saturn  is  at  opposition  to  the  sun  on  the  5th, 
and  therefore  visible  all  night  in  the  constella- 
tion Aquarius. 

A  new  small  planet  was  discovered  by 
Herr  Kopff  at  Heidelberg  on  the  13th  ult. 

A  new  comet  (c,  1900)  was  photographic- 
ally discovered  by  Herr  Kopff  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  night 
of  the  22nd  ult.,  in  the  constellation  Aquarius. 
On  the  following  night  it  was  observed  at 
Hamburg,  and  noted  to  be  of  about  the 
eleventh  magnitude  and  moving  in  a  south- 
westerly direction. 

We  have  received  from  the  Director  (Mr. 
C.  Michie  Smith)  of  the  Kodaikanal  Obser- 
vatory, Bulletin  No.  V.,  containing  a  list  of 
the  prominences,  with  their  latitudes  and 
heights,  observed  on  the  sun's  limb  during 
the  first  six  months  of  1905.  This  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  that  published  in  Bulletin 
No.  II.,  with  the  difference  that  the  present 
contains  not  only  prominences  recorded 
visually,  but  also  those  photographed  with 
the  spectro-heliograph.  The  former  were 
obtained  with  the  Evershed  3-prism  spectro- 
scope, mainly  in  the  hydrogen  line  C  ;  the 
latter  were  taken  in  the  calcium  line  H, 
usually  with  an  exposure  of  from  3  \  to  4 
minutes.  As  a  general  result  of  fifteen  months' 
observations,  it  may  be  stated  that  near  the 
time  of  sunspot  maximum  the  prominences 
as  seen  in  hydrogen  agree  as  a  rule  very 
closely  in  form  with  those  photographed 
in  calcium  light  ;  and  it  is  thought  that  the 
exceptions  may  be  rather  apparent  than  real. 
But  marked  differences  were  noticed  in  the 
outlying  parts,  faint  streamers  being  much 
more  abundant  in  the  photographs  than  in 
the  drawings.  The  chief  difference,  how- 
ever, between  the  two  classes  of  pheno- 
mena is  that  in  a  very  large  number  of  cases 
the  calcium  prominences  are  more  continu- 
ous (so  to  speak)  than  the  hydrogen  ones. 
It  should  be  mentioned  also  that  spectro- 
heliograms  of  the  disc  occasionally  show 
prominences,  extending  to  a  considerable 
distance  inside  the  limb,  either  (1)  as  an 
area  of  very  dark  flocculi,  or  (2)  as  an  area 
less  dark  than  the  surrounding  area,  i.e. 
indicating  greater  absorption.  Thus  on 
March  2nd  the  displaced  C  line,  which  was 
bright  beyond  the  limb,  could  be  seen  on  the 
disc  (still  displaced)  as  a  dark  line.  Most  of 
the  prominences  observed  are  less  than 
50"  in  height,  but  there  are  some  much  higher, 
and  one  calcium  prominence  was  noted  as 
130"  in  height,  the  top  of  which  met  the  limb 
again  as  a  faint  streak. 

FINE   ARTS 


The  Scottish  School  of  Painting.     By  W.  D. 

McKay,  R.S.A.     "  The  Library  of  Art." 

(Duckworth  &  Co.) 
As  a  Scotchman,  an  artist  of  distinction, 
and  the  Librarian  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  Mr.  McKay  has  a  threefold 
qualification  for  the  present  task.  The 
work  of  many  artists  is  passed  under 
review  in  it,  but  the  biographical  informa- 
tion which  the  volume  contains  is  laudably 
complete  in  thecase  of  themore  noteworthy 
figures  ;  the  critical  judgments  are  clearly 
and  felicitously  expressed  and  eminently 
sane  in  substance.  Especially  has  the 
jnithor's  technical  knowledge  served  luro 


tf°4lH,  Sept. 


i,  iooe 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


M7 


in  good  stead  in  his  descriptions  of  certain 
pictures  which  have  been  selected  to 
serve  as  illustrations.  As  a  compact  and 
compendious  record  of  the  work  of  painters 
of  Scottish  nationality  the  book  occupies 
a  distinct  place  in  art  history,  and  its 
standard  of  execution  is  uniformly  high. 

We  detect,  however,  a  note  of  artistic 
Chauvinism  in  the  title.  The  patriotic 
sensitiveness  of  the  Scot  is  proverbial,  and 
we  are  conscious  of  treading  upon  some- 
what delicate  ground,  but  that  there  ever 
was  a  Scottish  School  of  Painting,  in  the 
sense  of  a  self-contained  independent 
movement,  which  the  words  imply,  is  a 
proposition  of  the  truth  of  which  Mr. 
McKay's  book  has  come  far  short  of  con- 
vincing us.  Local  conditions  have  no 
doubt  always  had  some  effect  upon  the 
course  of  artistic  development,  nevertheless 
painters  of  British  nationality  have  had 
too  close  intercourse  with  each  other,  and 
the  opportunities  which  London  always 
offers  to  ambition  have  proved  too 
powerful  a  magnet  for  the  walls  of  national 
division  to  be  rigidly  maintained  by  the 
historian  of  art.  Mr.  McKay's  point  of 
view  may  be  inferred  from  his  statement 
that  "  though  there  were  Scottish  painters 
there  was  no  school  of  painting  till  Rae- 
burn  and  Wilkie  gave  it  the  characteristics 
which  endure  to  this  day."  Wilkie 
occupies  a  position  in  art  somewhat  akin 
to  that  of  Burns  in  poetry,  by  reason  of  his 
geniality  and  the  simplicity  with  which 
he  touches  and  transforms  common  things, 
but  his  work  is  far  less  redolent  of  his  native 
soil  than  was  that  of  the  poet,  and  his  place 
in  the  history  of  art  cannot  readily  be 
dissociated  from  those  of  the  English  genre 
painters  of  his  time,  over  whom  his  influ- 
ence was  very  great.  Wilkie  himself  went 
to  London  at  the  age  of  twenty,  and  when 
his  compatriot  John  Burnet  went  to  see 
him  on  arriving  there  he  says  that  Wilkie 
told  him  that  London  was  the  proper  place 
for  artists.  Of  Raeburn,  of  whom  the 
account  here  given  is  a  model  of  concise 
and  luminous  description,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  distinctive  national  character 
which  is  found  in  his  canvases  is  partly 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  great  majority  of 
his  sitters  were  his  fellow-countrymen, 
and  consequently  the  difference  is  in  part 
one  of  racial  types.  It  is  with  the  work 
of  Reynolds  and  Gainsborough  rather 
than  with  that  of  his  Scottish  predecessors 
in  portraiture  that  Raeburn's  performance 
is  most  readily  allied. 

What,  in  fact,  forbids  the  ascrip- 
tion of  the  title  "  the  Scottish  School  " 
to  the  roll  of  Scotch  painters  is  the  fact 
which  Mr.  McKay's  pages  render  very 
manifest,  namely  that  the  various  painters 
had  no  common  factor,  that  they  "  were 
influenced  rather  by  the  general  trend  of 
European  art  than  by  each  other."  So 
the  work  of  William  Dyce  is  really  an 
offshoot  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  movement 
with  some  direct  influence  from  Italy  and 
from  the  group  of  German  painters  who 
were  fired  by  the  same  spirit.  David 
Scott  had  something  of  James  Barry's 
enthusiasm  for  great  ideals  and  not  a 
little  of  the  same  ill-regulated  fire.  His 
work    presents    considerable    analogy    to 


the  art  of  William  Blake  ;  inferior  to  it 
in  frenzy  of  imaginative  conception  it 
displays  greater  maturity  of  draughts- 
manship and  structural  power.  But  Scott 
and  Dyce  stood,  as  Mr.  McKay  observes, 
apart  from  the  stream  of  tendencies  which 
characterized  the  work  of  other  Scottish 
artists.  John  Philip — Philip  of  Spain  as 
he  has  been  aptly  termed — although  his 
earlier  work  shows  him  to  have  been  far 
more  of  a  national  product  than  either  of 
the  two  last-named  painters — only  at- 
tained full  maturity  of  power  after  his 
visit  to  the  peninsula.  The  criticism  of  his 
great  picture  '  La  Gloria,'  now  in  the 
Scottish  National  Gallery,  is  a  noteworthy 
example  of  Mr.  McKay's  power  of  exact 
and  luminous  description.  In  comparing 
the  works  of  such  later  portrait  painters 
as  Watson  Gordon,  Graham  Gilbert,  and 
Macnee  with  those  of  Raeburn,  Mr. 
McKay  claims,  we  think,  justly,  that 

"  though  they  suffer  by  contrast  with  his 
masterly  technique,  there  is  to  be  found  an 
advance  in  that  intimacy  of  observation  and 
characterisation  which  is  a  dominant  note 
in  the  best  portrait  works  of  recent  years. 
For  Raeburn  carried  to  the  verge  of  a  defect 
the  simplification  that  sacrifices  detail  to 
breadth." 

The  works  of  Graham  Gilbert  and  in  a 
lesser  degree  of  Sir  Daniel  Macnee  both 
show  strong  traces  of  Venetian  influence  ; 
it  is  very  marked  in  the  picture  '  The  Love 
Letter  '  by  the  former,  which  is  reproduced 
in  the  present  work.  Whatever  of  national 
unity  exists  in  Scottish  painting  is  most 
in  evidence  in  the  genre  painters,  especially 
in  such  of  them  as  devoted  themselves  to 
the  illustration  of  scenes  in  history  or 
literature.  Favourite  sources  of  inspira- 
tion were  the  Waverley  novels,  and  their 
influence  is  also  very  marked  in  the  treat- 
ment of  historical  scenes  and  in  Scottish 
art  generally.  As  Mr.  McKay  says  of  the 
work  of  Sir  Walter,  "  in  its  romance,  its 
picturesqueness  and  its  portrayal  of  cha- 
racter its  effect  on  Scottish  painting  was 
almost  immediate." 

We  find  acute  and  discriminating 
characterizations  of  the  work  of  Duncan, 
Harvey,  and  Robert  Scott  Lauder,  the 
three  painters  in  whom  Scott's  influence 
is  most  apparent,  and  full  justice  is  done 
in  the  tribute  to  Lauder,  who  "  by  the 
position  he  held  in  the  Scottish  Academy 
as  teacher  influenced  Scottish  art  in  a  way 
no  individual  painter  before  or  since  has 
done."  The  fact  that  the  names  of  Pettie, 
Orchardson,  MacWhirter,  Peter  Graham, 
and  MacTaggart  occur  among  his  pupils 
shows  how  widespread  has  been  his 
influence. 

The  latter  half  of  Mr.  McKay's  work 
suffers  somewhat  from  the  fact  that  it 
treats  of  a  considerable  number  of  artists, 
for  this  at  times  tends  to  create  a  sense 
of  compression,  though,  in  view  of  the 
limits  of  the  work  and  the  diversity  of  its 
scope,  the  characterization  is  both  effective 
and  complete.  These  and  the  illustra- 
tions in  part  enable  us  to  realize  the  remark- 
ably uniform  standard  of  quality  which 
the  leading  Scottish  painters  have  attained 
in  their  works.  The  standard  was  as  high 
as  that  of  their  English  contemporaries, 


though  the  occasional  advent  of  a  giant 
is  a  phenomenon  of  much  rarer  occurrence. 
In  landscape  painting  especially,  the  roll 
of  Scottish  artists  reveals  a  noteworthy 
absence  of  great  names.  The  first  expo- 
nents followed  the  classic  tradition  and 
of  these  perhaps  the  greatest  was  "Grecian" 
Williams,  of  whose  poetically  conceived 
'  Plain  of  Marathon  '  there  is  an  excellent 
reproduction  in  this  work.  Williams  was 
Welsh  by  birth,  but  learnt  and  practised 
his  art  in  Edinburgh.  The  rigorous  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  on  which  he  is 
included  would  have  operated  to  exclude 
painters  of  Scottish  birth  whose  period 
of  artistic  activity  was  spent  outside  the 
confines  of  Scotland.  For  landscape 
national  in  subject  we  must  look  chiefly 
to  the  work  of  the  Rev.  John  Thomson, 
of  Duddingston,  and  at  a  later  period  to 
that  of  Horatio  Macculloch.  The  former 
suffered  from  the  lack  of  a  thorough  train- 
ing which  prevented  the  purpose  of  his 
work  from  being  fully  accomplished.  The 
duties  of  his  pastoral  office  had  been  pre- 
pared for  by  the  usual  long  Divinity  course. 
His  equipment  in  the  technique  of  art 
was  by  comparison  narrow  and  restricted. 
Herein  he  is  typical  of  the  earlier  Scottish 
painters.  Almost  all  the  greater  figures 
except  Wilkie  first  served  an  alien  ap- 
prenticeship. In  a  majority  of  cases 
some  of  the  years  of  seed-time  were 
devoted  either  to  law  or  commerce.  And 
art  is  a  jealous  mistress.  She  claims  her 
votaries  almost  "  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave,"  and  for  those  who  have  not  con- 
secrated to  her  the  first  high  promptings 
of  ambition  a  restricted  measure  of  attain- 
ment must  generally  suffice.  This  has 
been  the  case  with  Scottish  painters. 


Fictitious  and  Symbolic  Creations  in  Art. 
By  John  Vinycomb.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) — ■ 
Mr.  Vinycomb  has  shown  some  diligence  in 
collecting  material  for  an  account  of  the 
various  fictitious  and  symbolic  creatures 
that  appear  in  British  heraldry,  as  well  as 
considerable  spirit  in  many  of  his  illustra- 
tions. Several  of  the  pictures  are  copied 
from  old  sources,  such  as  the  dragon  standard 
from  the  Bayeux  tapestry,  a  wyvern  from 
the  Garter  plate  of  Sir  John  Gray  (1436), 
and  several  from  old  Bestiaries  ;  but  the 
majority  appear  to  be  due  to  the  author's 
vigorous  hand.  It  would  have  added  to 
the  interest  and  value  of  the  book,  as  so 
large  a  space  is  devoted  to  celestial  beings, 
if  a  few  of  the  beautiful  examples  of  the 
angelic,  hosts  from  mediaeval  church  screens 
and  roofs  had  been  reproduced.  Mr.  Viny- 
comb attempts,  but  with  no  particular 
success,  to  combat  the  usual  Christian  con- 
ception of  angels,  that  "  they  are  too  pure 
in  nature  to  admit  of  sex  "  ;  he  is  of  opinion 
that  "  the  vigorous  active  principle  they 
represent  "  should  bo  portrayed  according 
to  masculine  conceptions.  A  good  deal  of 
quaint  lore  with  respect  to  Buch  creatures 
as  the  griffin,  phoenix,  harpy,  cockatrice, 
unicorn,  salamander,  mermaid,  centaur,  Ac, 
is  brought  together  in  these  pages,  so  that  the 
book  appeals  to  a  wider  field  than  mere 
heraldic  students. 

The  Old  Stone  Crosses  of  Dorset.  By 
Alfred  Pope.  (Chiswick  Press.) — Compared 
with  other  Western  counties,  Dorset  has  but 
a  poor    list    of   old    stone    crosses.      With 


£48 


fii 


PHE    ATSEN^UM 


N°41l4,  Sept.  1,  1906 


all  his  diligence,  and  including  mere  stumps 
or  bases,  Mr.  Pope  has  been  able  to  find  the 
remains  of  only  sixty-one  specimens.  In  Corn- 
wall, on  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Langdon  (with 
whose  admirable  book  Mr.  Pope  seems  to  be 
unacquainted)  found  three  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  upstanding  crosses,  in  addition 
to  the  bases  of  about  forty  other  examples  ; 
whilst  Mr.  Pooley,  whose  book  on  Somerset 
is  not  exhaustive,  found  over  two  hundred 
instances  to  describe  and  delineate. 

About  thirty  of  the  best  of  these  Dorset 
instances  are  illustrated  by  admirable  photo- 
gravure plates,  which  give  a  real  value  to 
the  volume  both  for  the  antiquary  and  the 
general  admirer  of  picturesque  details. 
Several  of  these  plates,  though  the  actual 
remains  are  comparatively  trivial,  as  at 
Cerne  Abbas,  Compton  Abbas,  and  Mot- 
combe,  are  good  pictures. 

The  faithfulness  of  the  plates  enables  the 
archaeologist  to  correct  in  a  great  measure 
the  deficiencies  or  the  mistakes  of  the  letter- 
press. The  arrangement  of  the  book  is 
alphabetical,  hence  the  first  cross  illus- 
trated and  described  is  the  erect  stone  on 
Batcombe  Down,  on  a  lonely  tableland 
above  the  vale  of  Blackmore,  known  as 
the  Cross-and-Hand  Stone.  This  stone  has 
a  round,  smooth,  tapering  shaft,  which, 
"  together  with  the  abacus  of  the  mutilated 
capital  at  the  top,"  measures  44  in.  from 
the  ground.  Mr.  Pope  has  a  good  deal  to 
say  about  this  stone,  and  on  the  whole  is 
inclined  to  believe  that  it  is  of  "  late  four- 
teenth-century work."  We  think,  how- 
ever, that  the  Batcombe  Down  stone  is  of 
far  greater  antiquity.  To  judge  from  the 
photograph,  there  seems  no  reason  whatever 
to  doubt  that  it  is  a  Saxon  pillar  with  a 
filleted  head  of  the  same  kind  as  the  Robin 
Hood  Picking  Rods  on  Ludworth  Moor, 
Derbyshire,  and  the  Bow  Stones  on  the 
Cheshire  border,  both  placed  at  a  consider- 
able elevation.  They  were  discussed  in  the 
columns  of  The  Athenmum  of  July  9th,  1904. 
There  are  other  examples  of  these  filleted 
Saxon  pillars  at  Bakewell  and  at  Clulow. 

The  cross  in  Todbere  churchyard,  restored 
and  replaced  in  1889,  has  certainly  a  pre- 
Conquest  shaft,  but  the  remains  of  the  pattern 
are  sufficient  to  show  that  it  is  of  late  and 
not  early  Saxon  design.  It  is  a  pity  that 
Mr.  Pope  did  not  submit  photographs  or 
drawings  of  this  shaft  to  one  of  the  two 
experts  on  our  pre-Norman  sculpture,  Mr. 
Romilly  Allen  or  the  Bishop  of  Bristol. 
He  would  then  have  been  able  to  cite  an 
approximate  date  with  some  assurance,  and 
have  been  saved  from  the  blunder  of  styling 
such  a  cross  "  Runic,"  as  the  term  ought 
only  to  be  used  for  those  that  bear  runes  or 
early  inscriptions. 

The  shaft  of  the  remarkable  cross  at 
Leigh  in  Yetrninster,  opposite  the  school- 
house,  seems  worthy  of  more  accurate  and 
complete  drawings,  and  we  believe  it  to 
be  older  than  Mr.  Pope  suspects.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  simple  remains  of  the 
cross  in  Whitcombe  Churchyard. 

Two  or  three  of  the  subjects  included 
and  illustrated  in  this  book  scarcely  come 
within  the  range  of  the  title.  Such  is  the 
largo  block  of  Harndon  Hill  freestone  now 
built  into  the  west  wall  of  the  south  porch 
of  the  parish  church  of  Bridport.  An  in- 
scription below  states  that  this  stone  for- 
merly belonged  to  the  chapel  of  St.  Andrew 
at  the  High  Cross,  which  was  consecrated 
in  1362,  and  destroyed  in  1798  ;  it  was 
placed  in  its  present  position  in  1883.  The 
stone  has  been  handsomely  carved  in  the 
style  of  the  second  half  of  tho  fifteenth 
century,  and  has  a  deep  canopied  niche  in 
tho  centre.  There  aro  four  dowel  holes  at 
each  side  of  the  recess,  showing  that  it  was 
originally  strongly  guarded  with   iron  bars. 


Doubtless  this  contained  in  pre-Reformation 
days  a  small  exterior  image  or  statue  that  was 
particularly  venerated,  and  perhaps  made 
the  subject  of  local  pilgrimage.  Exterior 
image-niches  of  this  character,  which  were 
once  guarded  by  iron  grilles,  may  be 
noticed  at  the  west  ends  of  the  Norfolk 
churches  of  Happisburgh  and  Horstead  ; 
in  the  latter  case  it  is  known  that  pilgrim- 
ages were  made  to  the  image  of  Our  Lady 
of  Pity  in  the  outer  niche. 

There  are  exceptionally  handsome  remains 
of  late  Perpendicular  crosses  at  Bradford 
Abbas,  Stalbridge,  and  Rampisham  ;  they 
are  all  well  illustrated.  Round  the  base 
of  the  Rampisham  example  is  an  inscription, 
now  somewhat  obliterated,  but  given  in  full 
in  Hutcliins's  '  Dorset,'  and  still  showing 
the  date  of  1516. 

The  typography  of  this  volume  is  admir- 
able, and  the  illustrations,  as  has  been 
already  stated,  thoroughly  good  of  their 
kind.  It  is  not,  however,  possible  to  speak 
with  like  praise  of  the  letterpress,  which  is 
by  no  means  up  to  date.  Mr.  Pope  is 
content  to  rely  chiefly  for  information  as  to 
the  use  and  purport  of  old  detached  crosses 
on  the  now  almost  obsolete  theories  to  be 
found  in  Rimmer's  '  Stone  Crosses  of  Eng- 
land,' and  is  apparently  unaware  of  much 
more  recent  works,  such  as  that  of  Mr. 
Markham  on  the  crosses  of  Northampton- 
shire, and  others  on  the  crosses  of  Notting- 
ham, Dartmoor,  Isle  of  Man,  Cumberland 
and  Westmorland,  and  Scotland.  In- 
convenient, to  say  the  least,  is  the 
position  offered  to  preachers  by  mediaeval 
churchyard  crosses,  yet  Mr.  Pope  persists 
in  styling  them  "  preaching  crosses."  More- 
over, he  believes  that  the  friars  made 
circuits  "  from  abbey  to  abbey,"  preaching 
from  these  singularly  ill-adapted  positions. 
The  friars  as  a  rule  avoided  abbeys,  and 
were  not  welcomed  there  ;  and  the  bishops 
of  the  west  of  England,  as  elsewhere,  licensed 
them  to  preach  in  parish  churches,  not  in 
churchyards. 


THE    NATIONAL    GALLERY. 

There  are  many  signs  that  the  National 
Gallery  has,  since  the  long  delayed  ap2>oint- 
ment  of  a  capable  director,  entered  on  a  new 
phase  of  existence.  The  munificent  gift  by 
Miss  Mackintosh  of  Raphael's  '  Madonna  of 
the  Tower  '  augurs  well  for  the  future,  while 
the  regular  visitor  to  the  Gallery  realizes 
that  many  welcome  changes  have  already 
been  effected,  and  doubtless  the  defect  in 
catalogues  mentioned  last  week  will  soon 
be  remedied. 

Quite  recently  another  innovation  has 
to  be  recorded.  Eight  of  the  twenty- 
two  pictures  lent  by  Mr.  George  Salting 
have  been  labelled  for  tho  first  time.  In 
Room  I.  the  tondo  of  '  The  Virgin  and  Angels 
adoring  the  Infant  Christ,'  hanging  to  the 
right  of  the  door,  now  bears  the  name  of 
Andrea  del  Salaio.  hi  Room  IV.  Mr. 
Salting's  Early  Flemish  picture,  which  was 
exhibited  at  the  Old  Masters  in  1902  as 
"  Hans  Mending,  Portrait  ofaMan,"has  been 
labelled  "  Meinlinc:  Duke  of  Cloves."  Tn  the 
Ferrarese  and  Bologneso  Room  (IV.)  the 
picture  of  three  figures  singing  with  open 
mouths  behind  a  parapet,  is  labelled  "Ercole 
de'  Roberti  :  A  Concert."  This  is  the  title 
it  bore  in  the  exhibition  held  at  the  Burling- 
ton Fine  Arts  Club  in  1894,  though  it  was 
considered  by  some  to  be  a  youthful  work 
by  Costa. 

The  greater  number  of  the  newly  named 
pictures  hang  in  the  south-east  corner  of 
Room  VI.  Beginning  to  the  left,  we  find 
Giovanni  Francesco  da  Rimini   '  Madonna 


and  Child.'  This  is  a  signed  picture  by  an 
artist  who  is  not  otherwise  represented  in 
the  Gallery.  Next  comes  '  The  Madonna 
and  Child  and  S.  John  '  by  Michele  di 
Ridolfo,  another  rare  artist.  The  male 
portrait  by  Francia  represents  '  The  Poet 
Bartolommeo  Bianchini,'  and  was  exhibited 
as  such  at  the  Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club 
in  1894.  '  The  Madonna  and  Child,'  with 
the  year  1514  inscribed  on  the  frame,  is  now 
given  to  Cariani.  Above  this  hangs  a 
signed  and  dated  '  Salvator  Mundi '  by 
Andrea  Previtali.  To  these  may  be  added 
the  female  portrait  by  Francia  which  was 
seen  at  the  Old  Masters  in  1902  under  the 
title  of  '  Portrait  of  a  Lady.'  It  is  now 
called  '  Donna  Biavati.'  We  believe  that 
the  back  of  the  panel  is  inscribed  "  Da  Anna 
Maria  Domca  Biavati." 

Of  course,  none  of  Mr.  Salting's  pictures 
in  the  National  Gallery  is  either  numbered 
or  included  in  the  official  catalogue,  which 
is  restricted  to  those  paintings  that  belong 
to  the  nation.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  there- 
fore, that  the  dates  of  the  artists  and  their 
respective  schools  have  not  been  given  on 
the  new  labels,  especially  as  some  of  them, 
notably  that  by  Cariani,  have  no  connexion 
with  the  Umbrian  and  allied  schools  to 
which  Room  VI.  seems  to  be  allotted. 

We  note  that  the  use  of  the  name  of 
Francia  is  a  novelty  at  Trafalgar  Square, 
as  the  official  catalogue  has  always  hitherto 
preferred  to  call  him  Raibolini.  Are  we 
to  conclude  from  this  that,  in  times  to  come, 
pictures  that  are  now  labelled  Vecellio, 
Sanzio,  Filipepi  may  come  to  be  catalogued 
as  by  Titian,  Raphael,  and  Botticelli  ? 

As  no  list  of  the  pictures  now  on  loan 
to  the  Gallery  is  accessible  to  the  public, 
it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  mention 
them.  In  the  front  rank  come  Raphael's 
'  Madonna  di  Sant'  Antonio,'  lent  by  Mr. 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  and  Holbein's  '  Chris- 
tina, widow  of  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,'  lent 
by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  In  Room  VI.  are 
several  belonging  to  Mr.  G.  Salting  which 
are  not  referred  to  above,  as  they  have  long 
been  labelled.  The  '  Virgin  and  Child,' 
by  Beltraffio,  was  seen  at  Burlington  House 
in  1902,  and  the  '  Portrait  of  a  Nobleman,' 
by  Cariani,  was  shown  at  the  New  Gallery 
in  1894-5.  On  the  west  screen  in  the  same 
room  hangs  a  '  Virgin  and  Child,'  which 
proudly  boasts  the  name  of  Andrea  da 
Solario,  although  it  was  only  attributed  to 
that  artist  at  the  Milanese  Exhibition  held 
at  the  Burlington  Fine-Arts  Club  in  1898. 
To  the  right  of  this  are  the  portrait  of 
Costanza  de'  Medici,  which  is  labelled 
Domenico  del  Ghirlandaio,  and  the  'Portrait 
of  a  Musician '  by  an  unknown  painter. 
On  the  back  of  tho  same  screen  is  a  painting 
of  the  '  Daughter  of  Herodias,'  which  here 
bears  the  name  of  Seb.  del  Piombo.  On  the 
other  screen  in  the  same  room  is  the  '  Portrait 
of  a  Gentleman,'  by  Ridolfo  del  Ghirlandaio, 
which  is  presumably  the  same  as  that  shown 
at  the  Old  Masters  in  1902  as  the  portrait  of 
Girolamo  Benivieni. 

On  a  screen  in  the  Octagonal  Hall  is  tho 
'  Portrait  of  a  Youth  '  which  is  described 
as  of  the  "  Venetian  School  of  tho  Fifteenth 
Century."  It  is  the  same  picture  as  the 
'  Head  of  a  Boy  '  which  was  exhibited  at 
the  New  Gallery  in  1894-5  under  the  name 
of  Antonello  da  Messina,  who  is  so  strongly 
represented  in  our  national  collection.  This 
boy  with  a  zazzara  of  blonde  hair  cropped 
short  over  the  eyebrows  has  long  been 
recognized  by  Mr.  Boronson  as  a  precious 
work  by  that  rare  artist.  Alvise  Yivarini. 

Among  the  German  pictures  in  Room  XV. 
is  placed  '  The  Portrait  of  a  Man,'  by  l'etrus 
ChristUS,  which  has  been  exhibited  at  Bruges 
in  1902,  at  tho  Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club  in 
1 892,  and  ( as  tho  property  of  Lord  Northbrook) 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


249 


at  the  Old  Masters  in  1880.  On  the  same 
wall  is  the  '  Virgin  and  Child  with  a  Donor  ' 
(or  St.  Joseph)  wearing  spectacles,  by  '  The 
Master  of  the  Death  of  the  Virgin.'  It  was 
seen  at  the  Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club  in 
1892.  Close  by  hangs  the  '  Portrait  of  a 
Man,'  by  Christopher  Amberger,  and  the 
'  Portrait  of  a  Man '  (now  called  '  Dr. 
Fuschius'),  by  Bartholomew  Bruyn,  which 
were  contributed  to  the  Old  Masters  Exhibi- 
tion in  1S95.  A  portrait  of  'A  Lady  as 
Mary  Magdalene,'  by  an  unknown  artist  of 
the  French  or  Flemish  School,  and  a  '  Virgin 
and  Child,'  attributed  to  Dierick  Bouts 
complete  the  list  of  pictures  which  Mr. 
Salting  has  been  generous  enough  to  lend 
to  the  Gallery. 


PORTRAITS  OF  MARY  STUART. 

As  my  opinion  is  quoted  in  the  amicable 
controversy  which  has  broken  out  afresh 
about  the  Leven  and  Melville  portrait,  and 
as  the  picture  was  first  figured  by  me  (in 
my  book  '  Concerning  the  True  Portraiture 
of  Mary  Stuart  '),  I  am  naturally  interested 
in  the  discussion.  I  am  the  more  so 
because  I  ventured  to  urge  the  claims  of 
this  portrait  to  consideration  in  spite  of  Sir 
G.  Scharf's  adverse  opinion,  which  led  Mr. 
Cust  to  pass  it  without  mention,  I  believe. 
What  I  confess  I  should  like  to  have  is  a  more 
conclusive  expression  of  opinion  as  to  what 
— on  the  authority  of  The  Athenceum — this 
picture  is,  and  when  it  was  probably  painted. 
In  your  review  of  Mr.  Lang's  book  which 
appeared  on  August  18th,  Mr.  Cust's  admis- 
sion that  it  is  *"  an  undoubted  likeness  "  is 
quoted,  but  the  reviewer  goes  on  to  say  "  it 
might  fairly  be  argued  that  it  is  not  a 
genuine  portrait  of  Mary." 

Mr.  Lang  states  rightly  that  I  "  have  no 
doubt  Mary  is  the  subject,"  and  I  add  that 
the  arguments  he  has  adduced  confirm  me 
in  this  opinion.    As  to  the  colour  of  the  eyes  : 
having  seen  the  original  several  times,  and 
possessing,  moreover — thanks  to  the  courtesy 
of  the  lamented  late  Earl  of  Leven — a  close 
(miniature)   copy  in  colours,   made  for  the 
purposes  of  reproduction  in  my  book,  I  am 
acquainted     with    this    important    feature. 
I  should  describe  the  present  colour  of  the 
eyes  as  a  dark  greyish-brown,  hardly  hazel 
strictly  speaking,   and  certainly  not  now  a 
warm   hazel.     But   we   must   remember   not 
only  the  difficulty  of  transferring  to  canvas 
the    precise    beautiful    shade    of   real    hazel 
eyes,  which  are  perhaps  more  than  any  others 
subject  to  variations  of  tint,  depending  on 
the  light  in  which  they  are  viewed,  but  also 
how  much  colours  lose  by  sinking  in.     They 
not   only   lose   brilliancy,   but  they   darken. 
So,  then.  I  submit,  the  comparative  deadness 
of  colour  in  the  eyes  of  the  Leven  portrait 
may  be  accounted  for  by  the  lapse  of  time, 
and  this  apparent  discrepancy  does  not  out- 
weigh all  other  arguments  in  favour  of  its 
authenticity.     In  your  review  of  Mr.  Lang's 
book  I  observe  my  work  is  quoted  as  '  The 
True  Portraiture  of  Mary,'  &c.  ;   its  title  is 
'  Concerning    the    True    Portraiture.'     The 
omission   of  the  preposition  gives  the  title 
a  dogmatic  sound  which  the  book  does  not 
deserve  ;   I  know  the  difficulties  which  beset 
the  subject  too  well  to  make  any  such  pre- 
tension  as  that  would  imply. 

One  word  about  the  Duke  of  Portland's 
miniature.  I  figured  and  described  it  some 
time  ago  in  a  work  on  '  The  Stuarts  in  Art  ' 
(a  fact  which  T  think  has  escaped  Mr.  Lang's 
notice).  T  am  writing  away  from  books,  and 
cannot  refer  ;  but  I  believe  no  one  has  re- 
marked that  the  queen,  if  Mary  it  be,  as  I 
suppose,  is  wearing  an  ermine  cloak,  a  point 
not  without  its  significance. 

J.  J.  Foster. 


St.  Andrews,  August  25th. 

Discussion  of  the  portraits  of  Mary 
Stuart  is  saddened  at  this  hour  by  the  death 
of  the  owner  of  the  most  interesting  of 
them.  The  kindness,  sagacity,  old  Scottish 
hospitality,  and  unfailing  happy  humour  of 
the  late  Earl  of  Leven  and  Melville,  endeared 
him  to  all  who  had  the  privilege  of  his 
acquaintance.  It  was  to  his  portrait  of 
Mary  that  I  owed  the  honour  and  pleasure. 
I  am  far  from  wishing  "  to  pick  a  quarrel 
wi'  a  stane  wa',"  where  the  reviewer  of  my 
book  is  concerned.  It  was  originally  pub- 
lished in  The  Scottish  Historical  Review, 
before  I  had  seen  Lord  Leven's  portrait, 
and  I  forgot,  in  revising,  to  add  any  remark 
on  the  colour  of  the  eyes.  The  reviewer 
"  can  only  wonder  why  I  did  so."  Now  he 
knows  why  I  did  so  ;  it  was  from  oversight, 
and  from  no  improper  motive.  The  eyes 
gave  me,  and  the  more  qualified  critics 
whom  I  named,  no  reason  to  doubt  that 
Mary  was  represented,  though  we  all  well 
know  the  true  colour  of  her  eyes. 

As  to  the  monogram,  any  one  who  has  a 
photograph  of  the  portrait  can  see  it  for 
himself,  the  M  erect  and  reversed  ;  or  if  he 
cannot,  let  him  blame  my  eyes  and  micro- 
scope. The  work  is  in  gold  on  black  enamel, 
according  to  the  original  and  a  coloured 
copy  which  Mr.  Foster  kindly  gave  me.  If 
the  reviewer,  or  any  other  student,  dis- 
qualifies my  reading  of  the  monogram,  so  be 
it !  The  anagram  Virtutis  Amore  satisfies 
me  as  well  as  does  the  possibly  redundant  t 
of  Sa  vertu  rrC  attire.  Writing  without 
my  own  book,  I  venture  to  think,  sub- 
ject to  the  censure  of  the  reviewer,  that 
I  gave  another  anagram  of  Mary, 
Va  tu  meriteras.  In  this,  unless  my 
arithmetic  and  eyes  deceive  me,  we  have, 
for  Marie  Stuart,  the  needless  v,  and  a 
superfluous  e,  unless  Stewart  is  meant. 
I  infer,  subject  to  correction,  that  the 
Anagram  game  was  played  with  some 
amount  of  laxity  at  the  time.  Need  I  say 
that,  as  to  "  Stouart,"  I  wished  to  prove 
that  the  French  were  capable  of  spelling 
the  u  of  the  name  as  ou  ?  I  did  prove  the 
fact,  which  is  equally  valid  whether  the 
name  ends  with  a  t,  in  a  case  quoted  (as  I 
supposed,  writing  from  memory),  or  with  a 
d.  The  point  is  that  the  u  is  spelled,  in 
this  instance,  ou. 

I  have  no  documentary  evidence  to  prove 
that  the  late  Mr.  Oliphant  told  me  that  his 
portrait  of  Mary  at  eighteen  was  "  probably 
by  Sir  John  Medina."  That  he  gave,  and 
I,  in  early  editions  of  '  The  Mystery  of 
Mary  Stuart  '  stated,  this  opinion,  is  my 
belief.  I  had  then  made  no  study  of  the 
iconography  of  the  Queen.  After  making 
that  study,  I  think  that  the  artist  is 
probably  a  later  Medina,  who  worked  much 
in  Scotland.  I  do  not  know  whom  the 
Carleton  portrait  really  represents,  and,  as 
I  was  unable  to  examine  the  portrait  in  the 
possession  of  the  Marquis  of  Ailsa,  when  he 
was  good  enough  to  ask  me  to  do  so,  and 
to  see  the  corroborative  evidence  of  which 
I  have  heard,  I  cannot  possibly  profess  an 
opinion  as  to  its  connexion,  if  any,  with  the 
Carleton  portrait.  I  shall  not  trouble  you 
again  on  this  matter.  A.  Lang. 

***  There  was  no  intention  on  my  part 
of  suggesting  that  it  was  from  any  improper 
motive  that  .Mr.  Lang  did  not  mention  the 
colour  of  the  eyes  in  the  Leven  and  Melville 
portrait.  He  now  owns  that  the  omission 
in  his  book  is  due  to  forgetfulness,  and  his 
language  seems  to  imply  that  the  similar 
omission  in  The  Scottish  Historical  Review 
for  April,  1900,  was  due  to  the  fact  that  he 
had  not  then  seen  the  original.  Neverthe- 
less, in  that  periodical   he  vouched    for  the 


colour  of  the  hair.  His  statement  that  one- 
of  the  jewels  in  that  portrait  bears  Mary's 
monogram  was  not  called  in  question.  It 
was  only  pointed  out  that  although  this 
jewel  was  referred  to  in  his  preface,  it  was 
altogether  ignored  in  his  text. 

It  has  already  been  shown  that  the 
anagram  sa  vertv  matire,  as  engraved  on 
Mary's  hand-bell,  suits  perfectly  for  marie 
stewart,  if  a  sixteenth  century  way  of 
dividing  the  w  is  adopted.  And  by  the 
same  simple  method  the  other  anagram  to 
which  Mr.  Lang  draws  attention,  va  ttj 
meriteras,  also  suits  perfectly  for  that 
spelling  of  her  name.  Stewart,  it  need 
hardly  be  said,  was  not  an  uncommon 
spelling '  for  Stuart  before  as  well  as  after 
Mary  was  born.  In  his  book  Mr.  Lang 
mentioned  a  third  anagram,  to  wit,  Veritas 
armata.  So  long  ago  as  1614,  perhaps 
earlier,  Camden  gave  this  with  the  form 
maria  stevarta,  to  which  it  perfectly 
corresponds.  The  argument,  therefore,  in 
favour  of  the  Portland  miniature  is  not 
strengthened  by  comparing  its  anagram 
with  the  three  much  better  ones  to  which' 
Mr.  Lang  has  directed  attention. 

The  statement  that  Mary  at  eighteen  was 
"  probably  by  Sir  John  Medina  "  was  less 
definite  and  less  important  than  Mr.  Lang's 
other  statement  that  it  was  a  copy  of  a  con- 
temporary French  likeness.  That  statement 
is  now  accounted  for  by  the  confession  that 
he  "  had  then  made  no  study  of  the  icono- 
graphy of  the  Queen."  It  may  be  safely 
predicted  that  when  he  has  an  opportunity 
of  examining  the  Ailsa  portrait  he  will  at 
once  perceive  that  it  belongs  to  the  dis~ 
credited  Carleton  type.      The  Reviewer. 

***  This  discussion  is  now  closed. 


3ftt«-^rt  CSossip. 

In  the  September  number  of  The  Bur- 
lington Magazine,  Sir  Richard  Holmes 
concludes  his  article  on  Samuel  Cooper  in 
his  series  on  '  English  Miniature  Painters ' ; 
and  the  fine  photogravure  frontispiece  illus- 
trates the  artist's  famous  portrait  miniature 
of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.  Dr.  Bushell 
contributes  Part  II.  of  his  article  on  '  Chinese 
Eggshell  Porcelain.'  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  writes 
on  '  Some  Medals  of  Pastorino  da  Siena.' 
Mr.  J.  Tavenor-Perry  discusses  the  Ambones 
of  Ravello  and  Salerno,  tracing  their 
development  from  the  Roman  rostra;  the 
article  is  illustrated  with  numerous  drawings 
by  the  author  ;  and  Dr.  G.  C.  Williamson 
contributes  an  illustrated  note  on  a  Spanish 
carved  oak  chest  assigned  to  Felipe  Vigarni. 
Besides  a  paper  in  the  American  section  on 
'  Some  Boston  Silversmiths  of  Colonial  Data,' 
by  -Mr.  Halsey  of  New  York,  the  number 
also  contains  an  exposition  of  the  Sienese 
temperament,  by  Mr.  G.  T.  Clough,  and 
the  last  of  Prof.  C.  J.  Holmes's  articles  on 
the  etchings  of  Rembrandt. 

The  next  volume  in  the  "  Red  Series  "  of 
art  books  which  Mcssr-.  Duckworth  &  Co. 
issue,  will  be  '  Correggio,'  by  Mr.  T.  Sturgo 
Moore.  The  author  dors  not  claim  to  have 
made  original  researches,  but  those  who 
know  his  book  on  Diirer  in  the  same  series 
will  expect  something  stimulating. 

The  same  firm  also  announce  for  early 
publication  '  The  Note-Books  of  Leonardo 
da  Vinci,'  by  Mr.  Edward  McCurdy,  with  a 
series  of  illustrations.  It  is  some  time  since 
Dr.  Richters  big  work  was  published,  and 
there  is  probably  room  for  a  book  at  a  more 
popular  price.  Mr.  McCurdy  is  an  expert 
on  Leonardo,  as  readers  of  his  fine  boolc 
on  the  subject  two  years  ago  will  remember. 


250 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


Mb.  Werner  Laurie  will  issue  shortly 
-.a  cathedral   guide    by   Mr.    W.   J.  Roberts. 

The  book  is  to  be  issued  in  pocket  form  and 
abound,  in  stamped  leather.     It  will  contain 

-thirty  illustrations  of  various  cathedrals. 

At  Bethnal  Green  Museum  there  is  now  on 
view,  in  the  central  hall  of  the  building,  a 

■large  portion  of  the  Asiatic  collection  made 
i>y  Lord  Curzon  in  the  course  of  his  travels 
in  the   East  during  the  last  twenty  years, 

.and  notably  during  the  seven  years  from 
1898to  1905.  This  collection  illustrates  chiefly 

.the  art  of  India,  Burma,  Nepal,   and  Tibet, 

Jbut  there  are  also  specimens  from  Turkey, 
Persia,  Afghanistan,  Siam,  and  China.  A 
number  of  exhibits  in  bronze,  lacquer, 
cloisonne,    and   porcelain   were    secured    at 

•  the  relief  of  Pekin  in  1900.  The  collection 
will  be  on  view  for  a  considerable  time. 

Messrs.  Longmans  write  : — 

"With  regard  to  your  review  last  week  of  'A 
History  of  Architectural  Development,'  you  will 
no  doubt  be  glad  to  hear  that  an  index  to  the  first 
volume  has  been  already  issued.  We  enclose  a 
-■copy  of  it,  and  shall  be  pleased  to  send  it  gratis  to 
all  purchasers  of  the  volume/' 

Mr.  Bullen  will  shortly  publish  a  mono- 
graph on  Thomas  Stothard,  R.A.,  fully 
illustrated  with  the  best  examples  of  his 
-designs  and  book-illustrations.  Written  by 
the  late  Mr.  A.  C.  Coxhead,  the  book 
.consists  of  a  full  biography  of  the  artist, 
.and  a  catalogue  raisonne  of  his  work. 

A.  B.  Marshall  writes  : — 

"  The  first  sketch  for  the  picture  by  Mr. 
'Ford  Madox  Brown  which  you  mention  in  last 
week's  Athenceum,  Mas  given  by  him  to  the  late 
Prof.  John  Marshall.  It  was  begun  in  Rome,  1845, 
^finished  in  Hampstead  in  1853.  Above  the  picture 
;is  the  inscription,  '  The  Fruits  of  English  Poetry,' 
-while  below  is  written  '  Chaucer  reading  ye  Legend 

•  of  Costance  to  Edward  III.  and  his  Court,  An.  Do. 
1376,'  and  a  verse  from  Chaucer.  Mr.  Brown 
painted  more  than  one  large  picture  from  this 
original  sketch." 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  the 
-■eminent  Belgian  artist,  Alfred  Stevens,  who 
passed  away  in  Paris  after  a  long  and  painful 
-illness  on  Friday  week  last.  Stevens  was  born 
•in  Brussels  on  May  11th,  1828,  and  received 
■his  first  lessons  in  painting  from  his  brother, 
Joseph  Stevens,  a  painter  of  genre  subjects 
which  for  many  years  were  popular  exhibits 
at  the  Salon  ;  he  also  appears  to  have 
received  some  tuition  from  a  fellow-country- 
man, M.  Navez,  who  was  the  first  to  prophecy 
his  succass  as  an  artist,  and  on  entering  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  at  Paris  he  studied 
•under  Ingres.  He  had  been  an  exhibitor 
at  the  Salon  since  1850,  and  he  obtained  his 
first  success — a  First-Class  Medal — in  1853. 
For  nearly  twenty  years  his  work  was  an 
important  feature  in  French  art.  Examples 
of  it  are  to  be  found  in  almost  every  im- 
portant collection  of  modern  French  artists 
in  France  and  the  United  States.  At  the 
■recent  exhibition  of  paintings  by  Flemish 
and  Belgian  artists  there  was  an  interesting 
selection  of  seven  of  his  pictures,  one  of  the 
most  striking  being  '  L'Accouchee.'  Stevens 
was  at  his  best  during  the  period  of  the 
Second  Empire,  when  his  portraits  were  the 
fashion.  His  vogue  as  a  popular  painter 
had  long  since  passed  away,  and  an  accident 
which  overtook  him  a  few  years  ago  com- 
pelled him  to  give  up  active  work. 

The  annual  excursion  of  the  Glasgow 
.Archaeological  Society  will  take  place  on 
Thursday,  September  6th.  Visits  will  be 
paid  to  Melrose  Abbey  and  Dryburgh,  under 
guidance  of  Mr.  Thomas  Boss,  F. S.A.Scot., 
and  the  site  of  the  Roman  camp  at 
JNewstead,  under  the  leadership  of  Mr. 
James  Curio. 


MUSIC 


JEnsual  (gossip. 

At  the  Promenade  Concert  at  Queen's 
Hall  on  Thursday  of  last  week  was  intro- 
duced Mr  R.  Vaughan  Williams's  '  Norfolk 
Rhapsody.'  This  clever  and  interesting 
work  is  based  upon  five  Norfolk  folk-tunes 
from  the  collection  of  the  composer.  Their 
titles  are  'The  Basket  of  Eggs,'  'The  Captain's 
Apprentice,' '  A  Bold  Young  Sailor  he  Courted 
me,'  '  Ward  the  Pirate,'  and  '  On  Board  a 
93.'  Each  of  these  Mr.  Vaughan  Williams 
has  decked  out  in  picturesque  orchestral 
attire,  and  while  the  colouring  is  remarkably 
effective  there  is  a  laudable  avoidance  of 
extravagance.  In  a  word,  the  thematic 
material  has  been  carefully  chosen,  and  its 
treatment  shows  thought  and  skill.  Mr. 
Vaughan  Williams,  it  seems,  has  completed 
two  more  rhapsodies,  and  these  should  be 
heard  soon.  A  new  Suite  in  f  major,  for 
oboe  and  strings,  by  the  Norwegian  composer 
Fini  Henriques,  was  of  slight  texture.  The 
composer  does  not  shine  as  a  melodist  except 
in  the  Intermezzo,  the  middle  movement 
of  the  three,  and  his  Finale,  though  quaint, 
is  trivial.  A  successful  debut  in  London 
was  made  at  this  concert  by  Miss  Eve  Simony, 
from  the  Brussels  Monnaie.  She  has  a 
bright  and  flexible  high  soprano  voice,  and 
her  rendering  of  Felicien  David's  '  Charmant 
Oiseau  '  was  notably  graceful  and  artistic. 

On  Saturday  evening  Mr.  Henry  Wood 
brought  forward  Liadoff's  suite  of  eight 
Russian  folk-songs,  arranged  for  orchestra. 
The  melodies  in  question  are  agreeable,  and 
they  have  been  tastefully  harmonized,  but 
the  suite  is  only  a  slight  affair. 

A  new  Symphony  in  E  flat  (Op.  8),  by 
Reinhold  Gliere,  was  heard  on  Tuesday 
evening.  It  made  a  favourable  impression, 
for  the  themes  are  attractive,  and  the  orches- 
tration is  uncommonly  skilful  and  effective. 
The  most  interesting  of  the  four  movements 
is  the  Scherzo,  which  is  both  interesting  and 
piquant.  A  feature  here  is  the  frequent 
alternation  of  rhythm  between  3-2,  4-4, 
and  5-4.  The  Andante  shows  thought  and 
earnestness,  and  the  Finale  provides  good 
contrast  by  reason  of  its  boldness  and  vigour. 
The  composer,  however,  is  not  one  of  those 
who  take  delight  in  mere  noise,  and  his  music 
is  never  harsh.  At  this  concert  Miss  Florence 
Ballara,  a  mezzo-soprano  singer  from 
Ballarat,  made  a  creditable  first  appearance 
in  this  country. 

The  Alexandra  Palace  Choral  and  Orches- 
tral Society  announces  performances  of 
'  Elijah  '  on  October  6th  ;  Sir  Edward 
Elgar's  '  The  Kingdom,'  November  17th  ; 
and  Mr.  Coleridge  Taylor's  '  Hiawatha ' 
December  15th.  Next  year  the  organiza- 
tion will  give  Sullivan's  '  Golden  Legend  ' 
on  January  19th  ;  Elgar's  '  Dream  of 
Gerontius,'  February  23rd  ;  Handel's 
'  Messiah,'  March  29th  ;  Bach's  Mass  in 
b  minor,  April  27th  ;  and  Gounod's  '  Faust,' 
May  25th.  All  the  performances  take  place 
on  Saturday  evenings,  except  that  of 
'  Messiah  '  on  Good  Friday  afternoon. 

'  Jean  Sibelius,  a  Finnish  Composer,'  a 
paper  read  by  Mrs.  Rosa  Nowmarch  at  the 
Concert  Goers'  Club  last  February,  has  just 
been  published  by  Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hiirtol. 
Mrs.  Newmarch  does  not  attempt  an  esti- 
mate of  Sibelius's  art  work  from  the  technical 
side,  but  briefly  emphasises  its  relation  to 
Finnish  literature  and  the  national  love  of 
independence.  It  is  a  thoughtful  paper,  and 
will    help     to   make   better   known    in    this 


country  the  music  and  aims  of  a  composer 
of  "  strong  individuality."  Only  a  few  of 
Sibelius's  orchestral  works  have  been  per- 
formed in  London. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Arthur 
H.  Cross,  organist  to  the  King  at  Sandring- 
ham  Church  for  the  last  twenty-eight  years, 
and  conductor  of  the  Hunstanton  Musical 
Society,  the  King's  Lynn  Musical  Society, 
and  the  King's  Lynn  and  Hunstanton 
Amateur  Operatic  Society. 

The  Paris  Bibliotheque  Nationale  pos- 
sesses a  copy  of  a  work  published  in  1559 
entitled  : — 

' '  Genethliac,  noel  musical  et  historial  de  la  Con- 
ception et  Nativite  de  nostre  Seigneur  Jesus  Christ, 
par  vers  et  chants  divers,  entresemez  et  illustrez 
des  nobles  noms  Royaulx  et  Principaux  anagram- 
matisez  en  diverses  sentences,  souz  mystique  allu- 
sion aux  personnes  divines  et  humaines." 
This  volume  is  in  quarto.  It  does  not 
include  the  music.  M.  Weckerlin,  librarian 
of  the  Paris  Conservatoire,  has,  however, 
recently  discovered  in  Alsace  an  octavo 
copy  of  the  work,  published  at  Lyons,  bear- 
ing the  same  date,  and  containing  seventeen 
numbers  for  two  voices,  cantus  and  tenor. 

The  principal  events  of  the  six  days' 
festival  at  Salzburg  in  honour  of  Mozart 
were  the  performances  of  'Don  Juan  '  and 
'  Figaro  '  under  the  direction  of  M.  Rey- 
naldo  Hahn  and  Herr  Gustav  Mahler 
respectively.  At  one  of  the  concerts 
Herr  Mottl  conducted  Beethoven's  Fifth 
Symphony,  and  a  work  by  the  great  com- 
poser who  owed  much  to  Mozart  was  by 
no  means  inappropriate.  It  would,  how- 
ever, be  more  difficult  to  justify  the  inclusion 
in  the  scheme  of  Bruckner's  Ninth  Sym- 
phony, which  was  given  under  the  direction 
of  Herr  Strauss,  who  acted  as  deputy  for 
Herr  Muck. 

Spontini's  '  La  Vestale,'  of  which  two 
performances  were  to  be  given  at  Beziers 
last  Sunday  and  Monday,  was  originally 
produced  at  Paris,  December  15th,  1807. 
It  remained  in  the  repertory  until  1830. 
According  to  Le  Menestrel  of  August  26th, 
it  was  revived  for  the  last  time  in  1854 
when  eight  performances  were  given  with 
the  following  cast :  Mesdames  Cruvelli  and 
Poinsot,  and  MM.  Roger,  Bonnehee,  Obin, 
and  Noir. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sujj.      Sunday  League  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mon.— Sat.  Promenade  Concerts,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


The  Works  of  Francis  Beaumont  and  John 
Fletcher.  Variorum  Edition.  Vol.  II. 
(Bell  &  Sons.) 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  Edited  by  Arnold 
Glover  and  A.  R.  Waller.  Vols.  II.  and 
III.     (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 

So  far  as  the  text  of  the  two  current 
editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  extends, 
the  order  of  the  plays  is  the  same,  being 
that  observed  in  the  second  or  complete 
folio.  While,  however,  in  the  Cambridge 
edition  the  second  volume  contains  six 
plays,  or  virtually  seven,  in  the  Variorum 
the  corresponding  volume  has  five  only, 
reserving  until  the  third  volume  '  The 
Faithful  Shepherdess.'  In  the  case  of 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  the  value  of  the 
system     adopted    in     "  The    Cambridge 


N°41H,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


251 


English  Classics  "  is  put  to  the  test,  whence 
it  issues  with  what  may  be  regarded  as 
success.  As  has  more  than  once  been 
stated,  the  system  in  question  consists  in 
adhering  to  the  text  of  one  early  and 
fairly  authoritative  edition,  represented 
in  this  instance  by  the  second  folio,  and 
givingl  in  the  form  of  appendixes  the 
variants  contained  in  the  quartos  or  other 
editions.  So  wide  is,  however,  in  the 
■case  of  '  The  Elder  Brother,'  with  which 
the  second  volume  opens,  the  divergence 
between  the  text  supplied  and  that  of  the 
first  quarto  that  an  unusual  device  has 
been  adopted.  This  consists  in  printing 
both  texts.  Whereas  in  the  second  folio 
of  1679  the  play  is  printed  entirely  in 
prose,  in  the  first  quarto  of  1637  it  appears 
wholly  in  verse.  An  instance  of  the  kind 
is  sufficiently  rare  and  noteworthy  to 
justify  the  exceptional  treatment  that  is 
awarded,  and  the  opportunity  of  contrast- 
ing the  two  texts  is  one  for  which  the 
student  cannot  be  otherwise  than  grateful. 
That  the  place  of  honour  should  in  the 
Cambridge  edition  be  assigned  to  the  prose 
version,  and  that  the  others,  though 
included  in  the  same  volume,  should  be 
relegated  to  an  appendix,  results  from  the 
scheme  of  the  series.  Mr.  Waller's  own 
sympathies  are,  however,  on  the  side  of 
the  prose  rendering.  He  expresses,  at 
least,  his  agreement  with  a  recent  critic 
who  characterizes  as  vexatious  "  the  later 
practice  of  printing  much  manifest  prose 
as  verse,  each  post-seventeenth-century 
editor  apparently  making  it  a  point  of 
honour  to  discover  metre  where  no  one 
had  found  it  before,  and  where  no  one 
with  an  ear  can  find  it  now." 

Whatever  justice  may  attach  to  this 
censure,  its  applicability  in  the  present 
instance  is  not  evident.  So  lax  are  the 
notions  of  Fletcher  on  the  subject  of  what, 
in  non-lyrical  utterance,  is  or  is  not  verse, 
that  there  are  numerous  passages  in  which 
it  is  pardonable  to  employ  either  verse  or 
prose.  In  the  case  of  '  The  Elder  Brother  ' 
the  weight  of  authority  is  on  the  side  of 
verse.  No  fewer  than  four  successive 
quartos  in  verse  preceded  the  appearance 
of  a  fifth  in  prose.  This  last,  in  which 
the  work  is  erroneously  ascribed  to  Beau- 
mont as  well  as  Fletcher,  is  dated  1678, 
and  bears  on  the  title-page  "  As  it  is 
now  Acted  at  the  Theatre  Royal  by  his 
Majesties  Servants."  Its  text,  which  is 
naturally  a  product  of  post-Restoration 
times,  was  followed  the  next  year  in  the 
second  folio  ;  in  the  first  folio  the  play  did 
not  appear.  A  MS.  of  the  work  of  no 
special  authority  is  in  the  British  Museum 
(Egerton,  1994). 

It  is  difficult  to  imagine  the  reason  why, 
when  four  successive  editions  had  won 
acceptance  in  verse,  a  fifth  should  appear 
in  prose.  Prosaic  passages  in  plenty 
existed  in  the  early  quartos,  but  the  whole 
moves  easily  enough  as  verse,  if  allow- 
ance is  made  for  the  feminine  endings  of 
lines  which  are  a  special  feature  in  Fletcher. 
Lines  abound  which  he  alone  among 
Jacobean  dramatists  would  have  used  : — 

Cooke  see  all  your  sawces 
Be  sharp  and  poynant  in  the  pallat,  that  they  may 


Commend  you  ;    looke   bo  your   roast  and   bak'd 

meates  hansomly, 
And    what  new   kickshawes   and    delicate    made 

things. 

There  will  be  a  Masque  too,  you  must  see  this 

room  clean, 
And  Butler  j'our  doore  open  to  all  good  fellowes. 

Your  sauce  is  scurvy ; 
It  is  not  season'd  with  the  sharpness  of  discretion. 

Go  you  and  study, 
For  'tis  time,  young  Eustace  ;  you  want  both  man 
and  manners. 

Neglects  himself.     May  be,  I  have  done  you  wrong, 
lady. 

Y'  are  cast  far  behind  ;    'tis  good  you  should   be 
melancholy. 

Most  characteristic  of  Fletcher  is  a  fine 
such  as 

The  merchant  when  he  ploughs  the  angry  sea  up, 
which  without   the    final  syllable   would 
be  vigorous  and  effective.     That  syllable 
is  often  redundant,  merely  expletive  : — 

And  never  trouble  thee    more    till  thy  chops  be 
cold,  fool. 

You  shall  ne'er  choose  for  me  ;  y'  are  old  and  dim, 
six-. 

And  th'  shadow  of  the   earth  eclipsed  your  judg- 
ment, 

the  last  a  line  which  Coleridge  declared 
"  one  of  the  finest  in  our  language." 

The  least  defensible  line  occurs  in 
the  first  scene  of  the  fifth  act,  for  which 
Massinger  is  held  responsible.  Egremont, 
asking, 

What  sudden  rapture  's  this  ? 
receives  from  Eustace  the  answer, 

A  heavenly  one,  that  raising  me  from   sloth  and 
ignorance. 

No  variant  reading  is  supplied  in  the 
Egerton  MS.  or  in  any  of  the  editions,  nor 
is  there  any  excuse  for  adopting  the  obvious 
plan  of  omitting  the  last  two  words. 

For  the  notes  on  the  various  plays  pub- 
lished in  the  Cambridge  edition  we  shall 
have  to  wait  for  a  final  volume.  In  the 
Variorum  edition  they  appear  as  prole- 
gomena to  each  separate  play.  The  five 
plays  contained  in  the  second  volume  of 
this  edition  are  published  under  the  charge 
of  various  editors  :  '  The  Elder  Brother  ' 
under  that  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Greg,  and  '  The 
Spanish  Curate  '  and  '  Wit  without  Money' 
under  that  of  Mr.  R.  B.  McKerrow  ;  while 
Mr.  P.  A.  Daniel  is  responsible  for  'The  Beg  - 
gar'sBush,'  andMr.  Warwick  Bond  for  'The 
Humorous  Lieutenant.'  Differing  in  many 
respects,  the  separate  texts  are  alike  in 
being  all  eclectic,  and  in  bearing  conse- 
quently a  general  resemblance  to  the 
hitherto  accepted  text  of  Dyce.  In  more 
than  one  case  acknowledgment  of  obliga- 
tion is  made.  In  his  edition  of  the 
'  Beggar's  Bush  '  Mr.  Daniel  says  : — 

"  Our  text  is  practically  Dyce's,  but  all 
preceding  editions  have  been  carefully 
examined,  and  every  variation  of  the  slight- 
est moment  has  been  recorded,  whether  found 
in  the  old  editions,  Quarto  and  Folio,  or  in 
the  work  of  the  modern  editors." 

The  same  might  virtually  be  said  of  the 
other  plays.  The  first  quarto  has  supplied 
the  basis  of  '  The  Elder  Brother,'  but 
Dyce's  text  has  been  carefully  collated. 
That  text,  says  Mr.  Greg, 
"  was  constructed  with  admirable  care  from 
a  collation  of  the  first  four  quartos  and  the 


folio,  but  no  one  text  was  made  the  basis, 
the  readings  of  quartos  1,  2,  or  3  being 
adopted  as  pleased  the  editor's  fancy." 

In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  a  Spanish 
source  for  the  plot  may  generally  be  sus- 
pected. Weber  pointed  out  the  resem- 
blance between  the  story  of  '  The  Elder 
Brother  '  and  that  of  Calderon's  '  De  una 
causa  dos  efectos.'  According  to  Genest, 
and  as  might  be  anticipated  from  its  title, 
the  plot  of  '  The  Spanish  Curate  '  is  taken 
from  a  Spanish  novel  by  Cervantes. 
In  pieces  such  as  '  Wit  without  Money,' 
however,  in  which  a  foreign  source  is  not 
suspected,  references  to  things  Spanish 
may  be  traced,  e.g.  : — 

Your  racking  pastures,  that  have  eaten  up 
As  many  singing  shepherds  and  their  issues 
As  Andeluzia  breeds. 

In  narrating  the  plot  of  '  The  Spanish 
Curate  '  the  editor  says  that  in  the  under- 
plot Amaranta  remains  faithful  to  her 
husband.  This  can,  we  think,  scarcely  be 
maintained.  Apart  from  the  proof  of  a 
coming-on  disposition  furnished  by  Ama- 
ranta herself,  the  utterance  of  her  lover 
Leandro  at  the  close  of  the  second  scene 
of  the  fifth  act,  "  The  fair  has  blest  me," 
points  to  a  different  conclusion. 

Modern  criticism  assigns  to  Massinger 
a  considerable  share  in  the  work  with 
which  Fletcher  has  hitherto  been  credited. 
Though  internal,  the  evidence  on  which 
this  attribution  is  made  seems  convincing. 
In  regard  to  this  Mr.  Fleay  and  Mr.  R. 
Boyle  are  in  accord.  The  ascription  to 
Massinger  of  Act  I.  of  '  The  Elder  Brother  ' 
deprives  Fletcher  of  the  fine  address  to 
his  books  of  Charles,  the  hero  of  that  play, 
which,  pace  Mr.  Greg,  is  of  both  poetic 
and  dramatic  value.  The  frontispiece  to 
this  volume  consists  of  a  portrait  of  John 
Fletcher  from  the  painting  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery. 

In  the  Cambridge  edition  the  second 
volume,  as  has  been  said,  includes  '  The 
Faithful  Shepherdess,'  an  admitted  master- 
piece to  which  Milton  is  heavily  indebted. 
A  curious  feature  in  this  first  of  English 
pastorals  is  the  excellence  of  the  blank 
verse,  which  is  free  as  a  rule  from  the 
redundances  common  in  the  author's 
later  work.  Noteworthy,  too,  are  the 
irregular  outbreaks  into  rhyme,  continued 
for  a  while,  and  then  left  : — 

0  you  are  fairer  far 
Than  the  chaste  blushing  morn,  or  that  fair  star 
That   guides   the  wandering  sea-men  through  the 

deep, 
Straighter  than  straightest  Pine  upon  the  steep 
Head  of  an  aged  mountain,  and  more  white 
Than  the  new  Milk  we  strip  before  day-light 
From  the  full  freighted  bags  of  our  fair  flocks. 

Signally  happy  is  this  employment  of 
verse,  yet  it  is  speedily  abandoned  and  as 
capriciously  resumed.  In  a  similar  metre, 
but  rhymed  throughout,  are  the  com- 
mendatory verses  of  Beaumont  and  Jonson 
upon  what  the  latter,  with  regard  to  the 
hostile  reception  awarded  to  it,  calls 
Fletcher's  "  murdered  poem." 

Six  plays  are  included  in  the  third  volume 
of  the  Cambridge  edition.  These  are 
'  The  Mad  Lover,'  '  The  Loyal  Subject,' 
'  Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a  Wife,'  '  The 
Laws  of  Candy,'  '  The  False  One,'  and  'The 
Little  French  Lawyer.'     For  the  text  of 


252 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°41U,  Sept.  1,  1906 


these,  which  is  throughout  that  of  the 
second  folio,  Mr.  Waller  is  responsible. 
So  closely  is  the  original  followed  that 
when,  as  in  the  case  of  '  Rule  a  Wife  and 
have  a  Wife,'  the  prefatory  list  of  cha- 
racters is  omitted,  the  example  is  followed, 
the  dramatis  personce  being  relegated  to 
the  notes 


Bramalir  Sassip. 

Scarcely  representative  of  the  class  of 
piece  which  the  autumn  season  is  to  supply 
is  '  The  Sin  of  William  Jackson,'  by  the 
Baroness  Orczy  and  Mr.  Montagu  Barstow, 
with  which  at  the  Lyric  Theatre  that  season 
must  be  held  to  have  opened.  While  pro- 
mised novelties  belong  mainly  to  imaginative 
drama,  that  which  has  been  seen  is  simple 
melodrama  of  a  class  the  acknowledged 
home  of  which  was  once  the  Adelphi.  It  is 
rather  crude  in  its  class,  a  serious  interest, 
which  is  fairly  effective,  being  overburdened 
by  some  clumsily  devised  comic  relief. 
The  action  is  confined  to  a  humble  milieu, 
passing  in  Stepney  and  being  supported  by 
small  tradesmen  of  dubious  morals  and 
antecedents,  mostly  criminals  in  esse  or  in 
posse.  Though  a  chivalrous  personage, 
William  Jackson,  the  eponymous  hero,  is 
a  ticket-of-leave  man.  When  he  issues  from 
confinement  he  goes  to  visit  Annie,  his 
former  sweetheart,  in  defending  whom  his 
offence,  manslaughter,  has  been  committed, 
and  finds  her  married  to  Henry  Valentine,  a 
bookmaker,  by  whom  she  is  neglected  and 
ill-treated.  Once  more  he  becomes  her  pro- 
tector, and  again  is  guilty  of  homicide,  which, 
in  intention,  at  least,  is  murder.  Valentine, 
the  husband,  has  become  enamoured  of 
Stella  Alfieri,  ex-circus  performer,  and  now 
wife  of  a  very  jealous  restaurateur.  Stella 
is  seen  by  her  husband  giving  to  an  admirer 
her  latch-key,  which  will  admit  him  to  an 
assignation.  Vowing  an  exemplary  vengeance, 
Alfieri  takes  care  that  she  shall  not  inform 
her  confederate  of  the  fate  that  awaits  him 
if  he  keeps  his  appointment.  Thus  cornered, 
she  employs  William  Jackson  to  recover  the 
compromising  latch-key.  This  is  recovered, 
but  falls  into  the  hands  of  the  bookmaking 
husband  of  Annie,  who  declares  openly  his 
intention  of  availing  himself  of  it.  This 
Jackson  allows  him  to  do,  with  the  result  that 
the  besotted  wretch  becomes  the  victim  of 
the  enraged  husband,  and,  dying,  leaves  his 
wife  free  to  espouse  her  first  lover  and 
constant  champion.  Jackson's  sin — crime, 
rather — thus  amounts  to  murder.  It  is  a 
rather  sordid  and  gruesome  story,  the  denoue- 
ment of  which  is  not  improved  by  an  environ- 
ment showing  the  humours  of  a  cheap 
funeral.  The  characters  are  well  played,  and 
the  whole  is  in  its  line  grimly  effective.  Miss 
Nina  Boucicault's  fine  art  scarcely  finds 
opportunity  for  its  full  display  as  the 
heroine.  Miss  Ruth  Mackay  gives  a  clever 
picture  of  the  free-and-easy  proceedings  of 
Mrs.  Alfieri,  her  jealous  husband  being 
finely  presented  by  Mr.  R.  Pateman.  Mr. 
Ernest  Leicester  is  conventionally  effective 
as  William  Jackson,  and  Mr.  John  Tresahar 
presents  an  able  sketch  of  a  low-class  book- 
maker. 

Mr.  TJnwin  will  publish  this  autumn  a 
volume  by  the  Hon.  A.  S.  G.  Canning 
entitled  '  Shakespeare  studied  in  Six  Plays.' 
The  book,  like  the  author's  earlier  work 
'  Shakespeare  studied  in  Eight  Plays,' 
expounds,  for  the  general  reader,  the  lead- 
ing ideas  of  '  Othello,'  '  Macbeth,'  '  King 
John,'  '  Richard  II.,'  '  Henry  IV.,'  and  '  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.' 


If  The  play  '  Prunella  ;  or,  Love  in  a  Dutch 
Garden,'  by  Laurence  Housman  and  Gran- 
ville Barker,  which  was  successfully  revived 
this  summer  at  the  Court  Theatre,  will  be 
issued  in  book  form  shortly  by  Mr.  A.  H. 
Bullen.  It  will  contain  a  frontispiece 
designed  by  Mr.  Laurence  Housman  and 
cut  on  wood  by  Miss  Housman. 

The  long  period  of  dullness  at  the  West- 
End  theatres  has  been  at  length  broken, 
and  an  autumnal  season  of  unprecedented 
activity  has  set  in  at  a  period  also  all  but 
unprecedented. 

'  Peter's  Mother,'  by  Mrs.  Henry  de  la 
Pasture,  with  Miss  Marion  Terry  as  the 
heroine,  will  be  produced  at  Wyndham's 
Theatre  on  the  12th  inst.  Its  performance 
will  be  preceded  by  that  of  '  The  Sixth 
Commandment,'  a  one-act  piece  of  serious 
and  grim  interest  by  Mr.  C.  Hamilton,  in 
which  Miss  Madge  Mcintosh,  Mr.  Percival 
Stevens,  and  Mr.  Walter  Hampden  will 
have  parts. 

The  13th  inst.  has  been  fixed  upon  for  the 
reopening  of  Drury  Lane,  with  Mr.  Hall 
Caine's  drama  '  The  Bondman.'  The  scene 
of  a  portion  of  the  action  is  changed  from 
Iceland  to  Sicily. 

At  the  Adelphi  Mr.  Otho  Stuart  proposes 
to  give  at  Christmas  a  series  of  morning 
representations  of  '  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,'  the  revival  of  which  in  November 
last  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
features  of  his  management. 

A  revival  of  'Alice  in  Wonderland,'  in 
which  Miss  Marie  Studholme  will  take  a 
part  (presumably  that  of  the  heroine),  is 
being  arranged  for  December,  at  some  theatre 
as  yet  unfixed,  by  Mr.  Seymour  Hicks. 
At  a  later  date  Miss  Studholme  will  enact 
the  heroine  of  Mr.  Hicks's  new  comedy 
'  Every  One's  Darling.' 

'  Peter  Pan  '  will  be  revived  at  Christmas 
at  the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre. 


Corrigenda.— No.  4113,  p.  210,  col.  3, 1.  13,  omit  the  first 
"as";  p.  222,  coL  1, 1.  8,  for  "  Mottoes"  read  Mattes. 


To  Correspondents.—  A.  H— A.  N.— F.  J.  B.— J.  N.  F. 
— Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


T 


H     E 


ATHEN^UM, 


TRICE  THREEPENCE. 


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INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— -♦ — 

Page 

Authors'  Agents       230 

Bell  &  Sons 252 

Catalogues       230 

Chatto  &  Windus 253 

Educational 229 

Hurst  and  Blackett        232 

Laurie 232 

Macmillan  &  Co 232 

Magazines.&c 230 

Miscellaneous 230 

Newspaper  agents 230 

Notes  and  Queries 254 

Provident  institutions 229 

Richards 2;u 

Bales  by  auction 230 

Situations  vacant 229 

Situations  wanted 230 

smith,  elder  &  Co 25c 

Type- Writers,  &c 230 


MESSRS.  BELLS 

LIST. 

MESSES.  BELL'S  LIST  OF  ANNOUNCE- 
MENTS will  be  sent  post  free  to  any  address  on 
application. 

TROLLOPE'S 
BARSETSHIRE  NOVELS 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  BY 

FREDERIC  HARRISON. 

The  Series  will  be  issued  in  two  forms,  viz.  : — 

LIBRARY   EDITION.    8  vols.    Small 

crown  8vo,  3s.  6d.  net  each. 

YORK  LIBRARY  EDITION.     8  vols. 

Fcap.  8vo,  printed  on  thin  paper.     Cloth,  2s. 
net  each  ;  leather,  3s.  net  each. 

The   Volumes  will  be  issued  in  the  following 
order : — 

I.  THE   WARDEN.     With  Intro- 
duction by  FREDERIC  HARRISON.    [September. 

II.  BARCHESTER  TOWERS. 

[September. 


III.  DR.  THORNE. 


[October. 


IV.  FRAMLEY  PARSONAGE. 

[October. 

V.  THE  SMALL  HOUSE  AT 

ALLINGTON.    2  vols.  [November. 

VI.  THE   LAST  CHRONICLE   OF 

BARSET.     2  vols.  [November. 

***  'The  Last  Chronicle    of   Barset'   is    published    by- 
arrangement  with  the  proprietors  of  the  copyright. 

THE  YORK  LIBRARY 

Other  New  and  Forthcoming  Issues  include  : — 

BURTON'S   PILGRIMAGE  TO  AL- 

MADINAH  AND  MECCAH.  Edited  by  LADY 
BURTON.  With  an  Introduction  by  STANLEY 
LANE-POOLE.     2  vols.  [Shortly. 

CLASSIC  TALES:  Johnson's  'Ras- 

selas,'  Goldsmith's  '  Vicar  of  Wakefield,'  Sterne's  '  Sen- 
timental Journey,'  Walpole's  '  Castle  of  Otranto.'  With 
an  Introduction  by  C.  S.  FEARENSIDE,  M.A. 

[In  the  press. 

HAWTHORNE'S     TRANSFORMA- 
TION.   [THE  MARBLE  FAUN.]  [Beady. 

WASHINGTON    IRVING'S 

SKETCH-BOOK.  [Beady. 

PLUTARCH'S   LIVES.      Translated 

by  AUBREY  STEWART,  M.A.,  and  GEORGE  LONG, 
M.A.    i  vols.  [Ready. 

MARRYAT'S      PETER      SIMPLE. 

With  S  Illustrations  by  F.  A.  FRASER  [Heady. 

MARRYAT'S   MR.    MIDSHIPMAN 

EASY.     With  S  Illustrations  by  E.  J.  WHEELER. 

[Heady. 

JANE 

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BEDE. 

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FIELDING'S  JOSEPH  ANDREWS. 

[Ready. 

FIELDING'S  AMELIA. 

Full  Prospectus  on  application. 


CHARLOTTE     BRONTE'S 

EYRK. 

GEORGE  ELIOT'S   ADAM 


[Ready. 


London:    (JKORGE    BELL    <fc    SONS, 
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N° 4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 THE    ATHENiEUM 253 

MESSRS.    CHATTO    &.   WINDUS   TAKE    PLEASURE    IN    ANNOUNCING 

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THE  ANNALS  OF  COVENT  GARDEN  THEATRE,  1732  1897. 

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2  vols,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  21 S.  net.     With  45  Illustrations.  [September  6. 

It  is  impossible  to  imagine  a  subject  more  fraught  with  romance  and  anecdote  than  the  history  of  a  great  theatre,  and  in  writing  the  history  of  Covent 
irden  the  author  has  had  to  pass  under  review  a  host  of  extraordinary  people.  There  are  few  figures  in  theatrical  or  any  other  history  that  are  m  ore 
centric  than  was  that  of  John  Rich,  the  founder  of  the  theatre  ;  John  Beard,  George  Colman,  John  and  Charles  Kemble,  Maeready,  Chas.  Mathews,  and 
adame  Vestris  are  all  striking  personalites,  and  their  history  might  almost  be  called  a  romance.  The  author  has  striven  to  omit  nothing  that  is  of 
lportance  in  the  century  and  three-quarters  over  which  the  history  of  the  threatre  extends.  Stories  of  the  two  fires,  the  O.P.  riots,  the  first  nights  of 
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NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS    BY    WELL-KNOWN    AUTHORS. 

'HE    PATH    OF    GLORY.       GEORGES  OHNET,  Author  of  'The  Money  -Maker.'  [August  SS. 

'HE    OLD    HOUSE    AT    THE    CORNER.       FLORENCE  WARDEN,  Author  of  Love  and  Lordship.'                      [Septembers. 

'HE    TEA    PLANTER.       F.  E.  PENNY,  Author  of  'Dilys.'  [September  6. 

'HE    PRIVATE    DETECTIVE.       ROBERT    MACHRAY,  Author  of  '  The  Mystery  of  Lincoln's  Inn.'                              [September  13. 

SRAEL    RANK.       ROY  HORNIMAN,  Author  of  'Bellamy  the  Magnificent.-  [September SO. 

>URNT    SPICES.       L.  S.  GIBSON,  Author  of 'The  Freemasons.'  [September S7. 

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London:  CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  111,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  W.C. 


254 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


"  Learned,  Chatty,  Useful/' — Athenceum. 

"  That  delightful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  '  Notes  and  Queries.'  ' 

Edinburgh  Review,  October,  188G. 

Every  Saturday,  of  any  Bookseller  or  Newsagent  in  England,  price  Ad. ;  or  free  by  post  to  the  Continent,  A\d. 

NOTES     AND     QUERIES: 

A  MEDIUM  OF  INTERCOMMUNICATION  FOR  LITERARY  MEN  AND  GENERAL  READERS- 


Subscription,  10s.  3d.  for  Six  Months  ;   20s.  Qd.  for  Twelve  Months,  including  postage. 


The  NINTH  SEEIES  of  NOTES  AND  QUERIES,  complete  in  12  vols, 
(JANUARY,  1898,  to  DECEMBER,  1903),  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume, 
contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies^ 
Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following   Subjects. 

THIRD      SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Translations  of  Galen — Books  on  Gaming— John  Gilpm's  Route 
to  Edmonton — Mrs.  Glasse — '  Globe '  Centenary— Goethe — 
Oliver  Goldsmith — Thomas  Gray — Greene's  '  Frier  Bacon  and 
Frier  Bongay ' — Grub  Street — A.  H.  Hallam's  Publications — 
Harvey,   Marston,  Jonson,   and  Nashe — Hawker  of    Morwen- 

stow Heber's  '  Racing  Calendar  ' — George  Herbert's  Proverbs 

Herrick — Heuskarian    Rarity  in    the    Bodleian — 'Historical 

English  Dictionary  ' — Hood's  «  Comic  Annual.' 

BIOGRAPHY. 

"  The  Starry  Galileo  " — Letters  of  German  Notabilities — W.  E. 
Gladstone — Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey — Duchess  of  Gordon — 
Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord  Thurlow — Thomas  Guy's  "Will — Nell 
Gwyn — Serjeant  Hawkins — Sir  John  Hawkwood — Sir  Richard 
Hotham — Victor  Hugo. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Genesis  i.  1 — Nameless  Gravestones — Greek  Church  Vestments 

Hagioscope  or  Oriel — Heretics  Burnt — Hexham  Priory  and 

the  Augustales — Holy  Communion,  Substitutes  for  Bread — 
Honest  Epitaphs — Huxley  on  the  Bible — '  Hymns  Ancient  and 
Modern.' 

FINE  ARTS. 

Gainsborough's  lost  '  Duchess ' — Grinling  Gibbons's  Statue  of 
James  II. — Sir  John  Gilbert's  Drawings  in  the  'London 
Journal ' —  Miss  Gunning's  Portraits  —  Haydon's  Historical 
Pictures — Pictures  by  Sir  G.  Hayter — Hogarth — Holbein 
Portraits — Hoppner  Portraits. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Caimacam  or  Kaimakam — Camelry — Cecil,  its  Pronunciation 
— Celtic  Words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Districts — Chaperon  applied  to 
Males — Chic  recognized  by  the  French  Academy — Chi-ike — 
"  Chink  "  of  Woods — Comically — Corn-bote— Creak  as  a  Verb 
— Crowdy-mutton — Deadfold — Dewsiers — "  Different  than  " — 
Dive,  Peculiar  Meaning — Dude — Electrocute — English  Accentu- 
ation— Ey  in  Place-names — Fashion  in  Language — Fearagur- 
thok,  Irish  Word — Felibre — Filbert — Flapper,  Anglo-Indian 
Slang— Irish  "Flittings" — Floyd  v.  Lloyd— Folk  or  Folks — 
Foulrice — Frail — Gallant,  its  Varying  Accent — Gallimaufry — 
Gambaleery — Gaol  and  Goal — Garage — Gavel  and  Shieling — 
Ghetto — Ghost-words — "  Good  afternoon  " — Doubtful  Grammar 
in  A.V.  and  Prayer  Book — G»oek  Pronunciation — Gutter- 
Knjpe — Gwyneth — Halsh — Hattock — Help  with  an  Infinitive — 
Helpmate  and  Helpmeet — Henbane — Heron— High-faluting — 
Hooligan  —  Hopeful  and  Sangu?_o  —  Huish  —  Hullabaloo  — 
Hurtling. 


PROVERBS  AND  QUOTATIONS. 

"  Cambuscan  bold  " — "  Carnage  is  God's  daughter  " — "  Chalk  on 
the  door  "  —  "  Lug  the  coif  "  —  "  Comparisons  are  odious  " — 
"Crow to  pluck" — "Crying  down  credit" — "Cutting  his  stick'* 
— "Who  sups  with  the  devil" — "  Down  to  the  ground" — "Dutch 
courage  "  —  "  Embarras  des  richesses  "  —  "  English  take  then- 
pleasures  sadly" — "Enjoy  bad  health" — "Fall  below  par" — ■ 
"  Farewell,  vain  world  " — "  Fegges  after  peace  " — "  Fert,  Fert, 
Fert,"  on  Italian  Coins — "  First  catch  your  hare  " — "  Flea  in 
the  ear  " — "  Forgive,  blest  shade  " — French  Sermon  in  Proverbs 
— Familiar  French  Quotations — "  God  works  wonders  now  and 
then  " — "  Gone  to  Jericho  " — "  Green  grief  to  the  Grahams" — 
"  Grass  widow  " — Gratitude  Denned — "  Green-eyed  monster  * 
— "  Heart  of  grace  " — "  Hook  it " — "  Hop  the  twig  " — "  Horse- 
marine." 
SONGS,  BALLADS,  and  NURSERY  RIMES. 

"Ask  nothing  more  of  me,  sweet" — 'Bailiffs  Daughter  of 
Islington  '— '  Beggar's  Petition  ' — '  Canadian  Boat  Song ' — 
'Charlie  is  my  Darling '—' Cherry  Ripe' — 'Comin'  thro'  the 
Rye' — ■'  Dulce  Domum  ' — "  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where  " — 
"  God  bless  the  King  ! — I  mean  the  Faith's  defender  " — "  I 
dwelt  in  a  city  enchanted  " — "  I  '11  hang  my  harp  on  a  willow 
tree  " — "  In  the  days  when  we  went  gipsying." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Acacia  in  Freemasonry — Adelaide  Waistcoat — Adulation  Extra- 
ordinary— Old  Advertisements— ^Eolian  Harp,  its  Construction 
— Albino  Animals  Sacrificed  —  Ale,  Bottled,  Burton,  and 
"  Lanted  "—Anagrams  on  Various  Subjects — Apostle  Spoons — 
Athens,  the  City  of  the  Violet  Crown  —  Autographs,  how 
to  keep  them  —  Bagman,  for  Commercial  Traveller — Bank 
of  England  and  Heberfield — First  Lady  Barrister — Birch-sap 
Wine — Ancient  Boats  Discovered — Bows  and  Arrows  last  used 
in  War— Bread  by  Troy  Weight— C.I.  V.  Nicknames— Originator 
of  Christmas  Cards — Beginning  and  End  of  Centuries — Clerks 
in  Chancery — Chess  Legend — Chimneys  in  Ancient  Houses — 
Introduction  of  Chocolate  —  Twenty-four-hour  Clocks  —  Con- 
vivial Clubs — Local  Names  for  the  Cowslip — Earliest  Cricket 
Match— Death  from  Fright — Dutch  Fleet  captured  by  Cavalry 
— Standing  Egg — Brewers'  "Entire" — Earliest  Envelopes — 
Epigrams  and  Epitaphs— Farthings  Rejected— Feeding-Bottles 
First  Used — Five  o'Clock  Tea — Flats  in  London — Flaying  Alive 
— Franciscans  v.  Freemasons— Earliest  Funeral  Cards — Gas 
and  Locomotive — Gates  on  Commons — Genius  and  Large 
Families— Gentleman  Porter— Germination  of  Seeds — Slang 
for  Gin— Gipsy  Wedding  and  Funeral— Golf  and  Pall-mall — 
Goths  and  Huns — Guillotine — Gun  Reports — Hah-  Powder  last 
Used — Hansom  Cab,  its  Inventor — First  Silk  Hat  in  London. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N°  4114,  Sept.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


255 


AUTHORIZED    TO    BE    USED    BY 
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BEING 

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COPIES  OF 

NOTES  AND   QUERIES 

FOR  JUNE  30,  1900. 

Can  still  be  had,  Is.  Id.  free  by  post,  containing  an  Account  of  the  Flag,  with 

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JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 

Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES :— Stephen  Gray,  F.R.S.—  The  Post  Office,  1856-1906— Gilbert  Bourne— Byron  on  the  Prince 
Regent — "  Sprecan,"  "  Specan,"  to  Speak — Curiosities  of  Cataloguing — Manorial  Customs — 
Irish  Land  belonging  to  an  English  Benefice — Ausone  de  Chancel — Wooden  Water-Pipes — Touch 
or  Touche — Indexing — "  Soga." 

QUERIES: — "Oxe-aye" — Washington  Medal — Fairmile — Devonshire  Square — 'Concise  History  of 
the  House  of  Commons' — 'Clifford  Priory' — ■"  Waining  "  Bells — "Hose"  on  the  Head — King 
Valoroso— Portrait — Arms  Wanted — ■"  Quens  "  or  "  Kuens." 

REPLIES  : — Passing-Bell — George  Almar— "  Plum  "  :  Jack  Horner — Serpent  bound  to  the  Cross 
Prisoner  suckled  by  his  Daughter — Shakespeare's  Creations — "Crosse  cop'  " — Gatton  Inscription 
Sir  Thomas  More  sainted  by  a  Bask  — ■  Clement's  Inn  Sundial — Inscription  at  Constance — 
"Hypocrite" — "  Ecce  Tiberim!" — 'The  Ritualist's  Progress' — Literary  Pastimes  —  Authors 
Wanted — West's  Picture  of  the  Death  of  General  Wolfe— Death  Birds  in  .Scotland  and  Ireland — 
"  Touching  wood  " — "Up":  its  Barbarous  Misuse — Volunteer  Movement— Pincushion  Sweet — 
"  Verify  your  references  " — Matthew  Arnold's  '  Church  of  Brou ' — Desmond — Catte  Street — 
"Mininin,"  a  Shell — Grantham  Cross  —  "  Podike  " — Pressing  to  Death  —  "War":  its  Old 
Pronunciation — Nine  Men's  Morris — Marriage  in  a  Shift — Cherry  in  Place-names — Sir  Edward 
Harlej-  and  Parliament. 

NOTES  ON   BOOKS  : — Burke's  '  Landed  Gentry  of  Great  Britain '— '  Studies  in  Roman  History  ' — 

'  Handbook  of  Legal  Medicine  ' — '  The  Shakespeare  Symphony. ' 
Booksellers'  Catalogues. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — Palmerston  and  the  Poacher  :  Florence  Nightingale — Lord  Bonville  of  Chewton — Burton's 
'Anatomy  of  Melancholy' — "Pulque" — Coleridge:  Unknown  Epigram — The  late  Duke  of 
Rutland — Little  Britain — Panton  Family—"  The  Gallery" — Heated  Refrigerator-Cars — Great 
Queen  Street — Bristol  Maps — "  Terrify  "—Edward  and  Henry  Irving. 

QUERIES  : — "  Plump  "  in  Voting — "  George  Wilkins,  the  Poet  " — Matthew  Arnold's  '  Church  of  Brou  ' 
— Ernest  Augustus  Stephenson — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Election  Sunday,  Westminster 
School — Robert  Moffatt — Disraeli's  Novels — Frederick  Ross — Muscovy  Company  :  Baltic  Company 
— "  Stafford  blue  " — French  Assignats — Roman  Catholic  Priests  buried  in  London — "Searchers" 
—Princely  Titles  in  Germany — Cloak  in  Wooing — "  Skrimshander  " — Mottram  Hall — "In  the 
sweat  of  thy  brow" — Godfrey  of  Bouillon  —  Queen  Philippa's  Mottoes  —  Bishop  Fanshawe 
Middleton — Clippingdale — St.  John  the  Baptist  and  Charing,  Kent — Rome  under  Elagabalus — 
Holy  Trinity,  New  York — St.  Johns  of.  Farley  Chamberlayne. 

REPLIES  : — "  Place  " — "  0  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be  ?  "—Snakes  in  South  Africa-  Chichele's  Kin 
— Manor  Mesne — Tournaments  :  Bayard's  Green — Dugdale's  Trustworthiness — Perkin  Warbeck 
— "  Verify  your  references  " — West's  Picture  of  the  Death  of  General  Wolfe — Bathing-Machines 
— Literary  Allusions — "  QuarterstafF  "—Johnson's  Poems — Funeral  Garlands — Col.  Charles 
Godfrey — Cresset  Stones — Pincushion  Sweet — "Four  Corners" — Capt.  Grindlay—  James  Hosk- 
ing  :  Elizabeth  Vinnicombe — Waugh  Family — Wakefield  Apparition — Death-Birds  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland — Tadpole — Canbury  House,  Middlesex — "Pannier  Market" — "Killing-meat" — 
John  Danister — "  Trowzers  " — Cricket:  Pictures  and  Engravings — "  Et  tu,  Brute!" — John 
Hoy  :  Serle's  Coffee-House. 


NOTES  ON  BOOKS  ; — '  Materialen  zur  Kunde  der  alteren  Englischen  Dramas  '- 
Review'—'  Folk-Lore'—'  Inter  mediaire.' 


Bristol ' — '  Edinburgh 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENE  UM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  Prof.  H.  M.  GW ATKINS  THE 
KNOWLEDGE  OF  GOD  and  B.  B. 
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PHANES. 


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— all  bad,  never  twice  alike.     Invest  in  a 


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256 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4114,  Sept.  I,  1906 


SMITH,      ELDER     &     CO.'S    PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW    EDITION    OF    THE    WORKS    OF    MRS.    GASKELL 

"  Mrs.  Gaskell  has  done  what  neither  I  nor  other  female  writers  in  France  can 
accomplish — she  has  written  novels  which  excite  the  deepest  interest  in  men  of  the 
world,  and  yet  which  every  girl  will  be  the  better  for  reading." — Georges  Sand. 

Messrs.    SMITH,    ELDER   &   CO.  have  pleasure   in   announcing  the    publication  of 

THE  "  KNUTSFORD  "  EDITION  OF  MRS.  GASKELL'S  WORKS. 

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Cambridge,  who  has  received  the  kind  assistance  of  the  MISSES  GASKELL. 

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VOLUME   I.      MARY    BARTON,    AND    OTHER    TALES,    WILL    BE   READY   ON   SEPTEMBER  3. 

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NEW      EDITION      OF     'THE      UPTON      LETTERS.' 

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AUGUSTUS  AUSTEN  LEIGH,  PROVOST  OF  KING'S  COLLEGE,  Cam- 
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A  VISION  OF  INDIA,  as  seen  during  the  Tour  of  the  Prince  and  Princess 

of  Wrales.    By  SIDNEY  LOW.    With  Illustrations.    Small  demy  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net. 
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HEROES   OF  EXILE.    Being  certain  Rescued  Fragments   of  Submerged 

Romance.     By  HUGH  CLIFFORD,  C.M.G.,  Author  of  'Studies  in  Brown  Humanity.'    CROWN  8vo,  6s. 
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RECENT   SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
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DAILY  GRAPHIC— "It  is  Mr.  Anstey's  distinction  to  be  always  fresh,  always  new 'Salted  Almonds'  is  every 

one's  dish." 

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THE    C0RNHILL    MAGAZINE 

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THE  ATHENAEUM 

Jmmtal  0f  (Sttglblj  ani  Jf0ragit  %iUxatmc,  %timtt,  tljt  JFtrte  $,rts,  Jltttsir  mb  tljt  33 


No.  4115. 


SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER  8,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


TMRMINGHAM  AND  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE. 


SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC. 

Visitor 

Sir  EDWARD  ELGAR,  Mus.Doc.  LL.D. 

Principal : 

GRANVILLE  BANTOCK. 

Visiting  Examiner 

CHARLES  HARFORD  LLOYD,  M.A.  Mus.Doc.(Oxon). 

SESSION  1906-1907. 

The  SESSION  consists  of  AUTUMN  TERM  (September  17  to 
December 21 1:  WINTER  TERM  (January 21  to  April  l:j| ;  SUMMER 
TERM  (April  IS  to  June  29). 

Instruction  in  all  Branches  of  Music ;  Students'  Choir  and 
Orchestra  ;  Chamber  Music  ;  Fortnightly  Rehearsals ;  Concerts ; 
and  Opera. 

Prospectus  and  further  information  may  be  obtained  from 

ALFRED  HAYES,  Secretory. 


^prfllritont  institutions. 

"1VTEWSVENDORS'  BENEVOLENT  AND 

-Ly  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Founded  1839. 
SIXTY-SEVENTH  ANNUAL  FESTIVAL  DINNER, 
DE  KEYSER'S  HOTEL,  MONDAY",  NOVEMBER  5,  NEXT. 
The  Hon.  HARRY  LAWSON  will  preside. 
Gentlemen  willing  to  act  as  Stewards  are  respectfully  solicited  to 
address   W.    WILKIE   JONES,   Secretary  to  the   Institution,   15-1  li, 
Farringdon  street,  E.C.,   or  to   H.  WHITMORE   H1GGINS,  Daihi 
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NEWSVENDORS'    BENEVOLENT    ANU 
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Funds  exceed  27,000!. 
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OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1839  in  the  City  of 
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of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 
1  I.NsloNS.— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty-six,  the  Men 
'teoivmg  25!.  and  the  Women  2d!,  per  annum  each. 

The  "Royal   Victoria  Pension  Fund,"  commemorating    the  great 

Advantages    the    News   Trade  enjoyed  under  the    rule  of  Her  late 

Queen  Victoria,  provides  20!.  a  year  each  for  Six  Widows  of 

n  dors. 

The  "Francis  Fund  "provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25!.,  and  One 

«  u.iian  20!.,  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 

who  died  on  April  G,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 

in:. Usher  of  the  Athtiaeum.     He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 

"it  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 

various  then  existing  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 

Tears  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

rne  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
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The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  25!.  per  annum  for 

one  man,  m  perpetual  audgrateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who 

12.  1898. 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rules  governing  election  to  all  Pensions 

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■ten  years. 

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tion Inquiry  is  made  in  such  cases  by  Visiting  Committees,  and 
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THE    BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION, 
rounded  1877. 

Patron  -HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 

Invested  Capital,  so.ooo!. 

\      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 

i  Iffered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 

•A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty-five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 

or  lU  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 

!>art n-i| m te  in  the  follow  no;  advantages:— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  In  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 

CM-lv 

SECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  old  Age 

'J'i!.',.:.!r\.M,;'li'  ''  A,lvi'.''  1,v  l-mincut  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

FO  Mil  \  Cottage  in  the  Country  ,  Abbots  I>.nglev.  Hertford- 
fbirt-  i..r  a t-e.i  Member-,  with  garden  produce,  coal,  and  medical 
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FIFTH.  A  furnished  house  In  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Lan-lcy 

i"1   "      use  of   Members  and  th-ir  famfliea  for  holidays  or  during 

-  encc.  ° 

§l£T.'i;  ,.'.."".'!! ''."" ''•"'""  ■"•:'-  Fiiiifi.il  expenses  when  it  Is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Hembeis  only,  but.  also 
foi  '  hcii  ■  in  -  or  widows  mid  voting  children. 

EIGHTH.  The  payment  .,i  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
righl  io  these  benefit*  in  all  oases  of  need. 

Pot  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary  Ho,  GEORGE 
/LARNER,  28,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C 


(E&ucational. 


UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE     HOSPITAL 
MEDICAL     SCHOOL. 
(University  of  London.) 

WINTER  SESSION,  1906-7.  BEGINS  on  TUESDAY,  October  2,  1906. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  com- 
prises the  Departments  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Metlieine,  Surgery 
and  Clinical  Surgery,  Midwifery  ami  Gynaecology,  Pathology  and 
Morbid  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Pathology,  Bacteriology.  Mental 
Physiology  and  Mental  Diseases.  Dental  Surgery,  Practical  Pharmacy, 
and  other  Departments  for  the  Study  of  Special  Diseases,  such  as 
those  of  the  Eye,  Skin,  Ear,  and  Throat,  and  for  Instruction  in  the 
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of  the  X-Rays. 

ENTRANCE. 

A  Student  may  enter  the  School  as  soon  as  he  has  passed  the 
University  of  London  Matriculation  Examination,  or  one  of  the  other 
Preliminary  Examinations  that  qualify  a  Medical  Student  for  entering 
a  Medical  School.  In  this  case  he  will  pursue  his  Preliminary  and 
Intermediate  Studies  at  University  College,  and  when  those  are 
completed  will  carry  on  his  Advanced  Medical  Studies  at  University 
College  Hospital  Medical  School.  The  Student  who,  in  addition  to 
having  passed  a  Matriculation  or  other  Examination,  has  completed 
his  Preliminary  anil  Intermediate  Medical  Studies  at  University 
College  or  elsewhere,  may  enter  the  University  College  Hospital 
Medical  School  for  his  Advanced  Medical  Studies  only.  Qualified 
Medical  Men  ami  others  who  can  produce  evidence  of  sufficient 
qualifications  may  be  admitted  to  Special  Departments  for  the 
purposes  of  research,  or  to  Hospital  Practice  for  certain  definite 
periods. 

FEES. 

The  Preliminary  Scientific  Course  at  University  College,  2")  Guineas. 

Intermediate  Course  at  University  College,  a")  Guineas. 

Final  M.B.  Course  at  University  College  Hospital  Medical  School. 
80  Guineas  if  paid  in  one  sum,  or  82  Guineas  paid  in  two  instalments  of 
50  and  82  Guineas. 

UNIVERSITY  CI  (LLEGE  HOSPITAL  has,  through  the  munificence 
of  the  late  Sir  John  Blundcll  Maple,  Bait.,  been  rebuilt  and  extended 
in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  modern  sanitary  science.  The 
new  Hospital  will  accommodate  800  Patients,  and  possesses  extensive 
Out-Patient  and  Special  Departments. 

Thirty -six  Clinical  Appointments,  eighteen  of  which  are  Resident, 
arc  filled  up  by  Competition  during  the  year,  and  these,  as  well  as  all 
Clerkships  and  Dresserships,  are  open  to  Students  of  the  Hospital 
without  extra  fee.  The  Hospital  is  now  complete,  ami  will  be  formally 
opened  bv  H.R.H.  the  DUKE  <>F  CONN  AUGHT  on  NOVEMBER  «. 

NEW  BUILDINGS  FOR  THE  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  are  being 
erected  by  means  of  the  munificence  of  Sir  Donald  Currie,  immediately 
opposite  the  Hospital,  and  will  be  ready  for  occupation  shortly.  Pro- 
vision will  be  made  in  tnem  both  for  the  work  of  the  Undergraduate 
Student  and  for  that  of  the  Post-Graduate  and  Research  Student. 

Professors. 
Medicine  J.  R.  BRADFORD.  M.D.  F.R.S. 

fSir THOMAS  BARLOW,  Bart,.  K.C.V.o.  M.D. 
Clinical  Medicine         .!.  R.  BRADFORD,  M.D.  F.R.S. 
I  SIDNEY  MARTIN.  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Surgery  A.  E.  BARKER.  F.R.C.S. 

f  A.  E.  BARKER.  F.R.C.S. 
Clinical  Surgery  R.  J.  GODLEE,  M.B.  M.S.  F.R.C.S 


,  l\.  .1 .  Limiijrji,,  .u.ii.  .U.S.  r.iv.v 
(Sir  VICTOR  HORSLEY,  F.R.S. 

H.  R.  SPENCER.  M.D.  F.K.C.P. 

SIDNEY  MARTIN,  M.D.  F.R.S. 


J.  RISIEX  RUSSELL,  M.D. 


Midwifery 
Pathology 

MedicalJuris-  \ 

prudence  I 

°ciiie  andSui-.-ryU" !  I>ERCY  HTiEMMING,  B.S.  F.R.C.S. 

Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  of  the  value  of  40  are  offered  for 
competition  annually. 

The  Athletic  Ground  is  at  Acton,  within  easy  access  of  the  Hospital. 
Prospectus,  with  all  information  as  to  Classes.  Scholarships,  &c,  may 
be  Obtained  from  the  Dean,  University  College  Hospital  Medical 
School.  Gower  Street,  W.C. 

SIDNEY  MARTIN,  M.D.  F.R.S.,  Dean. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

TT  N  I  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y 


COLLEGE. 


Provost-T.  GREGORY  FOSTER,  Ph.D. 
The  following  PROSPECTUSES  are  now  ready,  and  may  he  had  on 
application  to  the  Secretary  :— 

FACULTY  OF  ARTS  AND  LAWS  (including  ECONOMICS). 
FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE. 
FACULTY  OF  MEDICAL  SCIENi  ES. 
THE  INDIAN  SCHOOL. 
THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  FINE  ARTS. 
THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  ENGINEERING. 
THE  SCHOOL  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 
THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
SCHOLARSHIPS,  PRIZES,  4c. 

POSTGRADUATE  COURSES  AND  ARRANGEMENTS  FOB 

RESEARCH. 

Courses  of  I  nst  rut  lion  are  provided  for  Students  desiring  to  Graduate 

at  the  University  of  London  in  any  of  the  following  Faculties:  Arts. 

Laws.  Medicine,  Science,  Engineering, and  Economics  and  Political 

Science. 

Students  who  Graduate  in  any  one  of  the  following  Faculties  -Arts, 

Laws,  Science,  Engineering,  ami  E mics — are  eligible  under  the  new 

regulations  for  Commissions  In  the  Army. 

FEES. 
Composition   Fee,  Three  Tears'  Course   in   the   Faculty  of   Arts, 

83  Guineas. 

Composition  Fee,  Three  Fears'  Course  in  the  School  of  Engineering 

or  School  of  Ar.  hitceture.  1 1  .'>  Guineas, 

Comiiosition  Fee,  Preliminary  Scientific  Cur-.-,  2">  Guineas. 

i  imposition  Fee,  Intermediate  Medical  Course,  55  Guineas. 

Fees  in  the  Faculty  of  Science  vary,  a ling  to  the  Course  taken, 

from  about  :!■')  Guineas  to  In  Guineas  a  year. 

Students  arc  admitted  to  Courses  ol  Instruction  in  any  one  suhjei  i, 

provided  there  be  room. 

Special  provision  is  made  for  I'o-t  Graduate  and  Rt—ai vh  Work  in 
the  various  subjects  taught  al  the  College. 

Resilience  for  Women  Students  la  provided  al  College  Hall.  Byng 
Place.   A  list  of  recognized  Boarding  Residences  for  Men  and  \\  omen 

Students  is  also  kept. 

W.  W.  SETON,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


MICHAELMAS     TERM     at    the    SOUTH- 
EASTERN   COLLEGE,    RAMSGATE.    will    COMMENCE 
SEPTEMBER  21.— E.  C,  SHERWOOD,  Head  Master. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  lnlana 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  Ne* 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE -The  ATHEN.EUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
BEAUX,  BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JDAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN  LES  PINS 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTH 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord.  Lyon).  PAU,  ROUEN 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS :  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli ;  and  at  t,n* 
GAL1GNANI  LIBRARY.  234.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


ST.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
PADDINGTON,  W. 
(University  of   London.) 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  1. 
The   Medical  School  provides  complete  Courses  for  the  Medie.il 
Degrees    of    the    Universities    of    London,   Oxford,    Cambridge,   and 
Durham  ;  for  the  Diplomas  of  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.  ;  and  for  the  Naval 
ami  Military  Medical  Services. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  (M.B.Lond.!.  A  complete  Course 
of  Chemistry.  Physics,  and  Biology,  under  recognized  Teachers  of  the 
University.  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  2. 

SIX    ENTRANCE    SCHOLARSHIPS    in    Natural    Science,   value 
14.")?.  to  n-21.  10s.,  will  be  competed  for  on  SEPTEMBER  24-26. 
Calendar  and  full  particulars  on  application  to  the  DEAN. 


KING'S        COLLEGE,        LONDON. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
FULL  COURSES  for  MATRICULATED  STUDENTS  are  provided 

in  Arts.    Laws,   Science,    Engineering,    Metlieine,    and    Theology    at 
Composition  Fees  ;  or  Students  may  attend  the  Separate  Classes. 

Preparation  for  all  Examinations  of  the  London  University. 

MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  3. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  tile  SECRETARY. 
King's  College,  Strand,  W.c. 

WOMEN'S  DEPARTMENT,  KENSINGTON. 

MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  8. 

Apply  to  the  VICE-PRINCIPAL,  13,  Kensington  Square. 

PRELIMINARY     SCIENTIFIC      EXAMINA- 
TION (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 
A  Systematic  Course  of  Instruction,  including  Practical  Work,  is 
given  at  ST.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  Albert 
Embankment.— Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  i'lom  the  DEAN. 

Attendance  on  this  Course  counts   as    part   of    the    Five    Y'ears' 
Curriculum. 


QT.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 

O  (UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON'. 

WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  1. 

Arrangements  having  been  made  for  instruction  in  the  Preliminary 
and  Intermediate  Subjects  i Physics,  chemistry.  Anatomy,  and  I'hv-io 
logy)  to  be  undertaken  bv  the  Iniversitv  of  London,  THE  ENTIRE 
LABORATORIES  AND  TEACHING  AT  THIS  HOSPITAL  AND 
School  ARE  NOW  DEVOTED  To  INSTRUCTION  IN  THE 
SUBJECTS  FOR  THE  FINAL  EXAMINATIONS  (Medicine, 
Surgery,  Pathology,  &c.l.  Unequalled  facilities  arc  thercfoic  available 
for  CLINICAL  INSTRUCTION  AND  RESEARCH. 

Further  information  from 

F.  JAFFREY,  F.R.C.S..  Dean  of  the  School. 


PRYSTAL    PALACE    COMPANY'S    SCHOOL 

\J   OF  PRACTICAL  ENGINEERING.— Principal    J.  W   WILSON. 

M  I  C  E.  M.I. ME.  The  THIRD  TERM  ol  the  [THIRTY  FOURTH 
YEAR  will  open  on  WEDNESDAY,  September  12.  New  Students 
should  present  themselves  at  the  School  on  the  previous   day  for 

Examination  between  10  a.m.  and  1  :->t.— Prospc.  tu-  forwarded  on 
application  t"  the  SECRETARY  (>F  THE  CRYSTAL  PAI.Ai  E 
company.  Crystal  Palace,  S.E. 


T 


HE      UNI  YE  R  SIT  Y      OF      LEEDS. 


FACULTIES  of  ARTS  (INCLUDING  COMMERCE  AND 
LAW.  Science.  AND  TECHNOLOGY. 

The  NEXT  SESSION  will  begin  OCTOBER   l. 
any  Faculty  may  be  bad.  post  free,  from  the  REGISTRAR. 
Lyddon  Hall  has  been  licensed  for  the  resident 

BEDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
INIVERSITV  OF  LONDON  . 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STREET.   LONDON,  W 
The  SESSION  1906  7 will  OPEN  on  TIll'RSD  \\ 
Students  are  requested  to  enter  their  names  on   WEDNESDAY, 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  Branches  of  General  an  1  II  .-' ■  I  location. 
Taken  systematically,  they  form  a  (,. imo.  ted  and  Progressive  Course, 
but  a  Single  Course  En  any  Subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  in  preparation  for  all  Examinations  ol  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  in  Arts  ;,nd  Sciem  Diploma 
(London!,  and  for  the  Te  ichere"  Certificate  (Cambridgi  ■  and  also  a 
Spei  ial  Course  oi  Scientific  Instruction  In  Hygiene. 

Six  L-iin.rat.tn.  studenUfoi  Practical  Work. 

THREE  ENTRANi  E  SCHOLARSHIPS,  One  in  Arts  and  Two  in 
Science  will  be  offered  for  competition  in  JUNE,  1907.  The  Eaily 
English  Text  Society's  Prise  will  be  awarded  In  JUNE 

students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEACHERS. 

THREE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  '-'"'.  If.  or,,.  Year. 
are  offered  for  the  Course  of  Secondary  Training,  beginning  in 
JANUARY,  1907. 

The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  the  Best  i  andidate  holding  <. 

.    |,ii\ali  lit  in  AH*  oi   S 

.Applications  Bhould  reach  the  HEAD  OF  THE  TRAINING 
DEPARTMENT  not  later  titan  DECEMBER  IS. 


258 


THE    ATHEN^IUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


SELECTIONS  PROM 

THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY'S 

PUBLICATIONS. 

(PERMANENT  MONOCHROME  CARBON.) 


THE    OLD    MASTERS.      From    the 

Principal  National  Collections,  including  the  National 
Gallery,  London,  the  Louvre,  Dresden,  Florence,  &c. 

MODERN  ART.    A  Numerous  Collection 

of  Reproductions  from  the  Royal  Academy,  the  Tate 
Gallery,  the  Walker  Art  Gallery,  the  Luxembourg,  &c. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.    The  Chief  Works 

of  this  Artist  are  Copied  in  Permanent  Autotype. 

ROSSETTI,  BURNE-JONES.    A 

Representative  Series  of  Works  by  these  Painters. 

ETCHINGS     AND      DRAWINGS      BY 

REMBRANDT,  HOLBEIN,  DURER,  MERYON,  &c. 

Prospectuses  of  above  Issues  will  be  sent 
free  on  application. 


FULL  PARTICULARS  OF  ALL  THE  COMPANY'S 
PUBLICATIONS  ARE  GIVEN  IN 

THE  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART 
CATALOGUE. 

Enlarged  Edition.     With  Hundreds  of  Miniature  Photo- 
graphs and  Tint-Blocks  of  Notable  Autotypes. 

For  convenience  of  reference  the  Publications  are  arranged 
Alphabetically  under  Artists'  Names. 

Post  free,  One  Shilling. 


A  YISIT  OF  INSPECTION  IS  INYITED  TO 

THE  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


C 


ITY     OF      LIVERPOOL     SCHOOL    OF 

COMMERCE. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LIVERPOOL. 


Two  Years'  Course  in  Higher  Commercial  Subjects  :  Economics, 
Commercial  Law,  Geography  and  Methods,  Accountancy,  History , 
and  Languages. 

Prospectus  on  application  to  HON.  SECRETARY. 

MISS    DAWES,    M.A.    D.Lit.Lond.,    Classical 
Triiws,   Cambridge.  —  WEYBRIDGE     LADIES'    SCHOOL, 

Surrey.  One  of  the  healthiest  sp  .ts  in  England.  Superior  educa- 
tional ad  vantages.   Large  Grounds.— NEXT  TERM,  SEPTEMBER  20. 

riHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODP,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Student!  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

PREPARATORY    SCHOOL.  —  EDITOR  of    a 
well-known  Journal  wishes    to    RECOMMEND  an  excellent 

PREPARATORY  SCHOOLin  a  be iful  part  of  Devonshire.  Terms 

moderate.  Advertiser's  Two  Sons,  educated  there,  have  both  gained 
Scholarship!  at  Public  Schools.-  Address  LIBER,  Box  1146,  Athemeum 
Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer;  Lane,  E.C. 

EDUCATION    (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 
Gratis).— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 

of  successful  Army,  Civil  Sen  ice,  ami  University  Tutors  sent  Ifree 
of  charge:  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  SMITH, 
POWELL  &  SMITH,  School  Agents  (established  is:;.;),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand.  W.C. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  te 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  HOYS  or  GIRLS  oi 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particular!  to 
MESSRS.  GABIJITAS.  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  ths 
lending  Educational  Establishments. 

Advioe,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  36.  Sackville  Street.  London.  W. 


Situations   ttacant. 

)FORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 

lUNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON), 

York  place.  BAKER  STREET,  London,  W, 

The  COUNCIL  Invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PRINCIPALof 

BEDFORD  col, lege.     Salary  HOI   s  year,  with  Hoard  and  Resi- 

dence  —Particulars  can  be  obtained  from  the  SECRETARY,  to  whom 

Testimonials  and  References  should  he  sent  on  or  before  OCTOBER  10. 


B 


T 


HE      UNIVERSITY      OF      MELBOURNE. 


LECTURESHIP  IN  CLASSICS. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  position  of  LECTURER  IN 
CLASSICS  at  the  UNIVERSITY  OF  MELBOURNE.  Salary  350?. 
per  annum. 

Applications,  with  six  copies  of  Testimonials,  must  he  forwarded 
not  later  than  MONDAY.  October  1,  to  THE  AGENT-GENERAL 
FOR  VICTORIA,  142,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  London,  E.C,  .from 
whom  full  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

HARTLEY     UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE, 
SOUTHAMPTON. 
Principal-S.  W.  RICHARDSON.  D.Sc. 
The    COUNCIL    invite    applications    for    the     appointment    of 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  MATHEMATICS. 

Applications,  giving  particulars  of  age.  training,  qualifications,  and 
experience,  with  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  in 
to  the  PRINCIPAL  on  or  before  SEPTEMBER  18.  1906. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Registrar.  W.  KIDDLE,  Registrar. 

September  3, 1900. 


c 


OUNTY       SCHOOL,        LEYTON. 


WANTED,  to  commence  duty  at  an  early  date,  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  for  MATRICULATION  ENGLISH  SUBJECTS  and 
LATIN.  Graduate,  with  teaching  experience  in  a  Secondary  School. 
Salary  140/.,  increasing  by  1W.  annually  to  200?.— For  particulars  and 
Form  of  Application  send  stamped  addressed  envelope  to  THE 
PRINCIPAL,  County  School,  Leyton,  Essex. 


B 


ATTERSEA       POLYTECHNIC,       S.W. 


The  GOVERNING  BODY  require  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  in  the  DEPARTMENT  of  ART  and  CRAFTS  from 
SEPTEMBER.  Commencing  Salary  ISO?. —  For  particulars  apply 
before  SEPTEMBER  8  to  the  SECRETARY,  sending  stamped 
addressed  envelope. 


H 


ARRIS     INSTITUTE,     PRESTON. 


SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

A  SECOND  MASTER  is  REQUIRED  in  the  above  SCHOOL  OF 
ART  to  undertake  the  teaching  of  Design  and  to  assist  in  the 
General  Work  of  the  School,  including  Classes  from  the  Pupil- 
Teachers'  Centre. 

Preference  will  be  given  to  Candidates  possessing  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Designing  for  Textile  Fabrics. 

Time  required  about  Twenty-eight  Hours  per  Week.  Salary  120?. 
Duties  to  commence  on  OCTOBER  1. — Form  of  Application,  which 
must  be  returned  before  SEPTEMBER  19,  may  be  obtained  from 

T.  R.  JOLLY.  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

POUNTY       BOROUGH       OF      BOLTON 

\J  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

W ANTED,  a  SENIOR  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the  PUPIL- 
TEACHERS'  CENTRE  (about  250  Girls).  Salary  1707.,  rising  by 
annual  increments  of  51.  to  200?.  A  University  qualification  (or  its 
equivalent),  and  wide  experience  in  a  Secondary  School  or  Pupil- 
Teachers'  Centre,  necessary. 

Application  Form,  and  list  of  duties,  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of 
stamped  addressed  envelope.— The  last  dav  for  receiving  applications, 
which  should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned,  is  SEPTEMBER  29. 

FREDERIC  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Nelson  Square.  Bolton. 

BOUNTY       BOROUGH       OF       BOLTON 

\J  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

WANTED,  a  SENIOR  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the 
MUNICIPAL  8ECON  DARY  SCHOOL  labout  .'150  Girls).  Salary  170?., 
rising  by  annual  increments  of  51.  to  200/.  A  University  qualification 
(or  its  equivalent),  and  wide  experience  in  a  large  Secondary  Girls' 
School,  necessary. 

Application  Form,  and  list  of  duties,  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of 
stamped  addressed  envelope.— The  last  dav  for  receiving  applications, 
which  should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned,  is  SEPTEMBER  29. 

FREDERIC  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Nelson  Square,  Bolton. 

BOOKSELLERS'  PROVIDENT  INSTITU- 
TION.-An  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  REQUIRED,  about 
25  years  of  age.  A  knowledge  of  the  Trade  is  desirable.  Salary  78Z. 
to  100?.  per  annum.— Apply  by  letter,  addressed  "  Assistant  Secretary," 
Booksellers'  Provident  Institution,  2S,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 

WANTED,  a  STUDENT  of  ENGLISH 
LITERATURE,  to  enlarge  an  Annotated  Catalogue  of  Recent 
English  Hooks  on  the  Study  of  English  Philology,  History  of  English 
Literature,  &c— Address  G.  B.,  Box  1160,  Athemeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

WANTED,  as  READER  and  COMPANION, 
a  Gentleman  of  literary  tastes,  to  travel  and  live  abroad 
Must  be  unmarried,  have  pleasant  voice,  cultivated  and  conver- 
sational, good  sailor,  and  able  to  ride.  Not  necessarily  young. 
Highest  references  required.  Liberal  salary.— Address  Box  1155, 
Athenaeum  Press,  IS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


£itttattoits    Wianttb. 

POST  as  PRIVATE  SECRETARY7  or  ASSIST- 
ANT desired  by  GENTLEMAN  holding  University  Diplomas, 
accustomed  to  Literary  and  Scientific  Work,  and  possessing  thorough 
and  intimate  knowledge  of  French  and  German.  Highest  references 
given  and  required. -Address  PUBLICIST,  Box  1151,  Athenu-um 
Press,  18,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

ART    DEALERS,     &c.  —  ADVERTISER, 

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Street.  Coven!  Garden,  London,  W  .('.,  for  the  disposal  of  micro 
SCOPES,  SLIDES,  ami  OB.IECTlVES-Telescoi.es-  Theodolites- 
Levels-  Elect  rieal  and  Scientific  Instruments-  Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
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and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers— Household 
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On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


For  Magazines,  &c,  see  p.  260. 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 THE     ATHENAEUM 259 

READY     SEPTEMBER     21.       NEW     EDITION. 

THE  BEST  BOOK  OF  REFERENCE  IN  THE  WORLD. 

The  TIMES  says :—"  'Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates  '  is  the  most  universal  book  of  reference  in  a  moderate  compass  that  we  know  of  in 

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AND    UNIVERSAL    INFORMATION. 

24th  Edition,  brought  up  to  the  Summer  of  1906. 

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260 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


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ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  <fc  CO.,  Ltd.,  16,  James  Street,  Haymarket,  S.W. 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


261 


Every  one  interested  in  books  should  write  to  MESSES.  METHUEN  for  their  AUTUMN  ANNOUNCEMENT  LIST,  which  is  attractively  illustrated, 
and  should  ask  his  Bookseller  to  show  him  their  New  Books.  Especially  ask  for  G.  K.  CHESTERTON'S  New  Book  on  DICKENS,  and  ALLAN  FEA'S 
BEAUTIES  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.     If  there  is  any  difficulty  in  seeing  them,  kindly  write  to  MESSRS.  METHUEN. 

ROBERT  HICHENS,  the  Author  of  '  The  Garden  of  Allah,'  has  written  a  New  Long  Novel.  It  is  just  ready,  and  is  entitled  THE  CALL  OF  THE 
BLOOD.  The  demand  is  very  great,  and  orders  should  be  sent  at  once.  On  the  same  day  was  published  THE  HOUSE  OF  ISLAM,  'a  Romance  of 
the  East,  by  M.  PICKTHALL,  Author  of  that  remarkable  book  '  Said,  the  Fisherman.' 

THE  GUARDED  FLAME,  by  W.  B.  MAXWELL,  Author  of  'Vivien,'  is  a  wonderful  success,  and  is  already  in  its  FOURTH  EDITION. 

The  New  Novel  by  MADAME  ALBANESI  is  entitled  I  KNOW  A  MAIDEN,  and  has  already  been  reprinted.  MR.  PETT  RIDGE'S  New  Novel. 
THE  WICKHAMSES,  is  in  its  SECOND  EDITION. 

THE  ROGUE'S  TRAGEDY,  a  Romance  of  Italy,  by  BERNARD  CAPES,  TALLY  HO  !  a  Story  of  Love  and  Sport,  by  HELEN  MATHERS 
and  THE  EGLAMORE  PORTRAITS,  by  MARY  E.  MANN,  are  all  in  their  SECOND  EDITIONS. 

MR.  JOHN  OXENHAM'S  New  Novel,  PROFIT  AND  LOSS,  is  having  an  extraordinary  success.  A  THIRD  EDITION  is  ready.  A  New  Novel 
by  RICHARD  MARSH  is  now  ready— IN  THE  SERVICE  OF  LOVE. 

HIGHLY  IMPORTANT  NOTICE.— On  SEPTEMBER  13will  be  published  a  new  and  absorbing  Romance  of  a  Motor  in  Spain,  THE 
CAR  OF   DESTINY,  by  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  WILLIAMSON,  Authors  of  '  The  Lightning  Conductor.' 


GENERAL    LITERATURE. 
SOME    BEAUTIES    OF    THE    SEVENTEENTH    CENTURY. 

By  ALLAN  FEA.    With  over  80  Illustrations.    Demy  8vo,  12s.  Gd.  net. 
This  book  contains  a  series  of  memoirs  of  memorable  women  who  figure  in  this 
picturesque  period  of  history.     Avoiding  politics  as  far  as  possible,  the  author  dips  into 
private  history  and  personal  anecdote. 

A   BOOK  OF   ENGLISH   GARDENS.      By   M.   K.   Gloag  and 

K.  M.  WYATT.     With  24  Illustrations  in  Colour.     Demy  8vo,  10.?.  Gd.  net. 
Miss  K.  M.  Wyatt  has  made  a  special  feature  in  her  sketches  of  garden  architecture, 
and  also  introduced  the  houses  in  many  instances  as  a  fitting  background  to  the  gardens. 
The  writer  of  the  articles  has  included  in  the  description  of  the  gardens  an  account  of 
their  makers,  and  the  various  celebrated  people  who  have  been  their  owners. 

GEORGE   HERBERT   AND   HIS   TIMES.       By  A.   G.  Hyde. 

With  32  Illustrations.  Demy  8vo,  10s.  Gd.  net 
The  aim  of  the  work  is  to  describe  the  life  of  the  poet  of  '  The  Temple '  and  the 
characteristics  of  his  time,  the  interval  between  the  age  of  Elizabeth  and  the  beginnings  of 
the  Civil  Wars.  It  gives  an  account  of  his  family  and  early  years  ;  his  school  and  university 
life,  including  his  public  oratorship  at  Cambridge ;  his  part  in  the  ecclesiastical  con- 
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of  the  courtier's  dress  and  sword  for  the  humbler  garb  of  a  village  priest— with  his  marriage, 
parochial  life,  and  death. 

THE   LAST   OF    THE    ROYAL    STUARTS:    Henry   Stuart, 

Cardinal  Duke  of  York.    By  II.  M.  VAUGHAN.    With  20  Illustrations.    Demy  8vo, 

10*.  Gd.  net. 
This  biography  contains  full  information  on  his  ecclesiastical  career  in  Italy ;  on  his 
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assumption  of  titular  sovereignty  as  "Henry  IX.,  King  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Ireland"  ;  and  on  the  circumstances  that  finally  led  to  his  acceptance  of  a  pension  from 
George  III. 

CHARLES  DICKENS.  By  G.  K.  Chesterton.  With  Portraits  and 

Illustrations.    Demy  8vo,  7s.  Gd.  net. 
Mr.  Chesterton's  book  on  Dickens  is  intended  as  a  general  justification  of  that  author, 
and  of  the  whole  of  the  gigantesque  English  humour  of  which  he  was  the  last  and  not  the 
least  gigantic  survival. 

QUEEN  LOUISA  OF  PRUSSIA.     By  Mary  M.  Moffat.     With 

20  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  7*.  Gd.  net. 

THE  BELLS  OF  ENGLAND.   By  Canon  J.  J.  Raven,  D.D.  F.S.A. 

Illustrated.     Demy  8vo,  7s.  Gd.  net.  [Antiquary's  Books. 

After  treating  of  the  history  of  bells  in  remote  ages,  the  author  traces  their  develop- 
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THE  COMING  OF  THE  SAINTS.      By  J.  W.  Taylor.     With 

24  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  ~s.  6rf.  net. 
Mr.  Taylor's  book  deals  with  the  beginnings  of  Christian  life^in  Palestine,  and  with 
the  history  of  the  earliest  missions  to  the  West. 

WILD    LIFE   IN   EAST  ANGLIA.     By  W.  A.  Dutt.     With 

Illustrations  in  Colour  by  FRANK  SOUTHGATE.    Demy  8vo,  7s.  Gd.  net. 
"  Many  books  have  been  written  about  wild-fowl  and  the  life  of  the  Broads,  but  if  the 
author  of  this  most  recent  acquisition  had  refrained  from  giving  his  work  to  the  public, 
both  the  public  and  the  literature  of  natural  history  would  have  been  heavy  losers." 

Standard. 

FRANCISCAN  DAYS.     By  A.  G.  Ferrers  Howell.     Crown  8vo, 

3*.  6rf.  net. 
This  book  consists  of  selections,  translated  from  early  Franciscan  writings,  and  setting 
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teaching  of  S.  Francis  of  Assisi  and  his  companions. 

TWO  GENTLEMEN  OF  YERONA.     By  William  Shakespeare. 

Edited  by  H.  WARWICK  BOND.    Demy  Svo,  2s.  6d.  net.  [Arden  Shakespeare. 

DEATH     AND    IMMORTALITY.       By    Henry    Montagu, 

BABL  OF  MANCHESTER  With  an  Introduction  by  ELIZABETH  WATER- 
HOUSE,  Editor  of  '  A  Little  Book  of  Life  and  Death.'  Small  pott  8vo,  cloth,  2s.; 
leather,  2s.  Gd.  net.  [The  Library  of  Devotion. 

A   book    of   Meditations  on  Death  and  Immortality,  written  by  the  first  Earl  of 
Manchester  early  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

THE  POEMS  OF  JOHN   KEATS.     Crown  8vo,  Is.  net ;  paper, 

U  Bd.  net  cloth.  [Met hueri 'sStandard  Library. 

This  is  a  complete  edition,  containing  matter  that  has  never  appeared  before.    The 
text  has  been  collated  by  E.  DE  SELLNCOURT. 


NEW    NOVELS. 

THE  CALL  OF  THE  BLOOD.     By  Robert  Hichens,  Author  of 

'  The  Garden  of  Allah. '    Crown  8vo,  6*.  [Fourth  Edition  in  the  press. 

"The  novel  is  a  notable  one,  even  when  judged   with  the  whole  range  of  English 
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LADY  BETTY   ACROSS  THE  WATER.      By  Mr.  and   Mrs. 

C.  N.  WILLIAMSON,  Authors  of  'The  Lightning  Conductor.'    Gs.     [Sixth  Edition. 
"  Any  "novel  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williamson  is  sure  of  a  warm  welcome  without  any 
letters  of  introduction  that  a  review  can  give.    From  the  outset  the  public  is  sure  of  some- 
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THE  GUARDED  FLAME.     By  W.  B.  Maxwell.     Crown  8vo,  6s. 


"  A  great  achievement." — Standard. 

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[Fifth  Edition  in  the  press. 
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THE  HOUSE  OF  ISLAM.     By  Marmaduke  Pickthall,  Author 

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I    KNOW    A    MAIDEN.      By   E.   Maria   Albanesi,   Author  of 

'Susannah  and  One  Other.'    Crown  8vo,  6s.  [Second  Edition. 

In  this  novel  Madame  Albanesi's  scope  for  characterization  has  full  play,  and  it  is 
through  the  development  of  these  studies  of  character  that  the  incidents  move  to  the 
making  of  a  strong  plot. 

TALLY  HO  !   By  Helen  Mathers.    Crown  8vo,  6s. 


[Second  Edition. 


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PROFIT  AND  LOSS.     By  John  Oxenham.     Crown  8vo,  6s. 

[Third  Edition. 
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IN  THE  SERYICE  OF  LOYE.      By  Richard  Marsh.     Crown, 

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"  A  true  romance,  with  a  remarkable  individuality. "— Morning  Leader. 


METHUEN  &  CO.  36,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


262 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S 

LIST. 


SHAKESPEARE. 

THE    CAMBRIDGE   SHAKESPEARE.      A  New 

and  Revised  Edition.    Edited  by  W.  Aldis  Wright, 

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THE    GLOBE   EDITION".    Edited  by  W.  G.  Clark 

and  \V.   Alius    Wright.      Globe  8vo,    Ss.   M.     Also 

leatlier,  limp,  full  gilt  back  and  gilt  edges,  5s.  net. 
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THE  EVERSLEY  EDITION.    10  vols.    With  Short 

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WORDSWORTH. 

COMPLETE  POETICAL  "WORKS.  With  an 
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N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


263 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  8,  1906. 

CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Hibeh  Papyri 263 

Machiavelli's  Florentine  History 264 

The  Knowledge  of  God 265 

The  Birds  of  Aristophanes       265 

New  Novels  (The  Bream  and  the  Business;  Tally 
Ho  !  Beyond  the  Wall ;  The  Ha'penny  Millionaire  ; 
Unmasked  at  Last ;  Laughing  through  a  Wilder- 
ness ;  The  Nymph  ;  The  Mystery  of  Magdalen)  266—267 

Philosophy  and  Rationalism 267 

Historical  Literature 268 

Our  Library  Table  (From  Libau  to  Tsushima; 
Joinville's  Memoirs  ;  The  Fortunes  of  the  Land- 
rays  ;  The  Trials  of  Commander  McTurk  ;  Great 
Bowlers  and  Fieldsmen  at  Work  ;  Military  Law 
Examiner  ;  The  Upton  Letters  ;  Popular  Classics) 

270—271 

List  of  New  Books 271 

The  New  Spelling  ;  The  Library  Association  at 
Bradford  ;  Two  Poems  of  Philip  Massinger  ; 
The  Stratford  Town  Shakespeare  ;  Mrs. 
Chesson's  'Selected  Poems';  The  Belvoir 
Household    accounts;     The     Booksellers' 

Provident  Institution  271—274 

Literary  Gossip        275 

Science— Geography  and  Ethnography  ;  Gossip 

276—277 
Fine  Arts— Bible  Side-Lights  from  Gezer  ;  James 
Charles  ;  Algeria  and  Tunis  ;  Engraving  and 
Etching  ;  The  Episcopal  Arms  of  England  ; 
Medallic  Illustrations  of  British  History  ; 
A  Day's  Cross-hunting  in  the  Peak  ;  Gossip 

277—230 
Music— 'The  Tempest' as  an  "Opera";  Instru- 
mental and  Vocal  Publications  ;  Gossip  ;  Per- 
formances Next  Week  281—282 

Drama— Thf|\Vinter's Tale;  Tristram  andLseult; 
Toddles  ;  Giuseppe  Giacosa  ;  Gossip      ..     282—283 

Miscellanea— Venus  and  Adonis         284 

Index  to  Advertisers '    284 


LITERATURE 

The  Hibeh  Papyri.     Part   I.     By   B.   P. 

Grenfell     and    A.     S.     Hunt.     (Egypt 

Exploration  Fund.) 
The  publication  of  a  new  volume  by  these 
indefatigable  explorers  and  decipherers 
is  always  an  event  of  importance  to  the 
world  of  Greek  scholars.  As  usual,  this 
work  represents  not  only  their  acuteness 
and  learning,  as  well  as  their  unique 
experience,  but  also  the  knowledge  of 
many  other  experts,  whom  they  wisely 
summon  to  their  assistance.  Of  these 
they  return  special  thanks  to  Prof.  Blass 
of  Halle  and  Prof.  Smyly  of  Dublin.  The 
former  has  every  classical  Greek  text  in 
his  head,  and  is  therefore  matchless  at 
identifying  new  fragments ;  the  latter 
combines  mathematical  learning  with  his 
skill  in  deciphering,  and  therefore  moves 
about  among  bewildering  currencies  and 
calendars  with  an  ease  rare  among  classical 
scholars  when  they  come  to  face  compli- 
cated figures. 

The  highest  praise  which  the  present 
volume  can  attain  is  to  be  called  a  worthy 
successor  to  the  long  series  of  masterpieces 
which  have  brought  its  two  editors  into 
the  first  rank  of  European  philologists. 
Not  only  is  it  of  this  high  standard  :  it 
is  perhaps  more  valuable  than  any  of  the 
rest,  except  the  Tebtunis  volume,  in  that 
it  deals  with  a  mass  of  the  earliest  dated 
Greek  MSS.  ever  discovered.  As  such,  its 
plates  afford  a  lesson  in  palaeography,  to 
which  the  only  parallel  is  to  be  found  in 
the  first  two  volumes  of  the  Petrie  papyri, 
and  of  these  the  first  is  out  of  print,  and 
very  costly  to  acquire.  It  is,  indeed, 
most  unfortunate  that  considerations  of 
economy  have  permitted  the  authors  to 
give  us  only  nine  plates,  whereas  the  Petrie 
volumes  had  fifty.  But  these  nine 
provide  texts  on  the  average  a  little 
earli  >r    than    the  fifty,  so  that    now  we 


may  safely  say  that  we  know  Greek  hand- 
writing in  the  days  of  the  second  and 
third  Ptolemies  (280-22  B.C.)  better  than 
we  know  any  down  to  the  ninth  century. 
The  present  volume  not  only  shows  how 
men  wrote  books  and  letters  in  the  early 
third  century  B.C.  :  it  even  presents  a 
text  from  301  B.C.  memorable  in  many 
ways,  but  not  the  least  in  that  it  is  as 
cursive  as  any  hand  can  well  be,  and 
shows  a  habit  of  writing  and  of  reading 
as  developed  as  in  the  world  of  to-day. 
The  original  MSS.  of  Plato's  dialogues  or 
Euripides's  plays  were  probably  similar  in 
appearance  and  written  on  the  same 
material.  As  a  palseographical  study, 
therefore,  the  present  volume  (with  the 
Petrie  papyri)  affords  the  materials  for 
the  opening  chapter  in  any  future  treatise 
on  Greek  writing. 

Turning   to    the   matter   of   this    most 
pregnant    volume,    we    shall    say    a    few 
words  on  some  of  the  problems  hitherto 
unsolved  in  regard  to  which  it  offers  new 
and   important   evidence.     Ever   since   a 
scrap  of  early  Homeric  text  in  the  Petrie 
papyri    showed    large    divergences    from 
our  vulgate,  it  was  first   suspected   and 
then   maintained  that  up  to  the  critical 
revision    by    the    Alexandrian    librarians 
Homer  was  in  a  very  fluid  condition,  and 
was   read  or  recited  from   very   varying 
texts.     In  all  our  fragments  subsequent 
to  the  time  of  Aristarchus,  on  the  contrary, 
there  is   great  conformity,   and   the  text 
may  be  regarded  as  authoritatively  settled. 
This  view  was  strongly  combated  by  Prof. 
Ludwich,  who  considers  the  papyrus  frag- 
ments   as    merely   unauthorized   and   in- 
accurate texts,  departing  in  many  details 
from  a  text  already  received  and  known 
in  the  fourth  century  B.C.     The  additional 
evidence  brought  to  bear  on  this  question 
in  the  present  volume,  and  weighed  with 
great  skill  and  still  greater  moderation  by 
the  authors,  shows  that  if  the  Alexandrian 
critics  were  not  actually  the  first  to  fix  the 
text,   they   must   surely   have   exerted   a 
strong  influence  in  making  one  of  the  older 
versions,  or  the  better  of  the  old  versions, 
prevail  over  the  rest.     We  will  illustrate 
this  from  an  experience  we  had  years  ago 
at    Spurgeon's    Tabernacle.      The    great 
preacher,    desiring   a   few   minutes'    rest, 
called  upon  the  people  to  strike  up  a  hymn. 
Forthwith  divers  parties  in  divers  parts 
of  the  church  began  to  sing,  and  for  some 
moments  there  was  a  wonderful  Babel  of 
conflicting  tunes.     But  presently  the  best 
singers  of  the  best  hymn  prevailed  ;    the 
varying  versions  or  tunes  died  out,  and 
the    whole    congregation    joined    in    one 
vast   unison   of   sound.     More   especially 
the  Alexandrian  critics  got  rid  of  many 
unnecessary   or   superfluous   lines,   which 
occurred  in  their  proper  connexion  else- 
where.    We    agree    with    every  word    of 
Messrs.  Grenfell    and    Hunt's    argument, 
except  that  we    should    be    disposed    to 
state     it    more     strongly,    and     empha- 
size   the    influence    of   the    great    critics 
in  purifying  the  Homeric  text,  as  it  was 
handed  down  to  the  Middle  Ages.     The 
famous  Codex  Venetus  Marcianus  A  (of 
the  tenth  century)  contains  a  better  text 
than    any    of    the    early    fragments,    not 


because  it  represents  an  older  tradition, 
but  because  it  was  prepared  by  competent 
critical  scholars,  probably  by  Aristarchus. 
We  pass  to  another  interesting  question, 
whereon  we  have  new  evidence  here 
before  us.  It  was  conjectured  some  years 
ago  by  Prof.  Mahaffy  that,  though  the 
first  Ptolemy  was  not  recognized  as  a  king 
in  the  Greek  world  till  306-5  B.C.,  he  must 
have  been  consecrated  by  the  Egyptian 
priests  some  years  earlier,  viz.,  311-10, 
when  the  death  of  the  young  Alexander 
left  no  direct  heir  to  the  crown.  This 
coincided  pretty  nearly  with  Ptolemy's 
second  marriage,  and  the  birth  of  an  heir 
in  the  purple  was  probably  the  State 
reason  given  by  the  king  for  passing  over 
an  elder  son,  and  making  the  younger 
heir  to  the  throne.  The  notes  on  Pap.  84 
in  this  volume  show  that  there  was  an  era 
beginning  with  311  B.C.,  but  that  it  is  so 
far  only  known  from  evidence  outside 
Egypt.  We  still  await  some  allusion  to 
a  coronation,  probably  at  Memphis,  to 
make  sure  of  the  matter,  but  the  conjecture 
of  some  years  ago  is  now  becoming  a 
reasonable  hypothesis. 

On  another  controversy  the  new  evi- 
dence in  this  volume  is  decisive.  We 
now  know  that  it  was  the  first  Ptolemy 
who  founded  the  priesthood  of  Alexander, 
and  not  the  second,  as  was  commonly 
supposed.  It  seems  to  us  that  the  voices 
of  poets  and  other  flatterers  have  been 
too  readily  believed  regarding  the  per- 
formances of  the  second  Ptolemy.  His 
father  was  the  great  man,  and  the  founder 
of  the  monarchy  in  all  its  details.  It  was 
he  who  set  up  the  University  of  Alexandria 
and  the  Library  ;  it  was  he  who  started 
the  coinage  ;  it  was  he  who  fixed  the 
Hellenistic  cults  of  Egypt.  It  may  jet 
turn  out  that  it  was  he  also  who  first 
attempted  the  equating  of  the  Egyptian 
and  Macedonian  calendars,  a  matter 
apparently  as  difficult  then  as  it  has  proved 
to  modern  scholars.  Prof.  Smyly's  labours 
have  shown  that  there  was  one  unsuccessful 
attempt  made  to  equate  the  varying 
months  some  time  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
IV.  Another  attempt,  with  a  different 
equation,  was  successful  late  in  the  reign 
of  Ptolemy  IX.  It  also  now  appears 
that  the  elaborate  dating  of  the  Rosetta 
Stone  was  made  after  the  former  equa- 
tion had  been  officially  declared. 

But  among  the  various  double  dates 
tabulated  and  discussed  in  this  volume 
there  is  one  from  a  stone  at  Thera  which 
still  seems  to  us  wrongly  placed.  The 
date  (year  18  of  a  reign)  shows  the  same 
equation  of  months  as  that  made  under 
Ptolemy  IV.  and  V.,  and  the  present 
editors,  as  against  Prof.  Smyly's  decision 
for  the  fourth,  now  ascribe  it  to  the  fifth 
Ptolemy.  Putting  aside  pala'ographical 
reasons,  which  seem  to  us  to  argue  the 
writing  earlier,  we  think  the  reasons  long 
since  urged  in  favour  of  the  first  Ptolemy 
not  to  be  despised.  Historically,  the  reign 
of  the  fifth  Ptolemy  is  the  most  unlikely 
in  the  world.  It  was,  indeed,  shown  in 
the  '  History  of  the  Ptolemies  '  that  the 
foreign  empire  of  Egypt  did  subsist  through 
Philopator's  reign,  so  that  a  garrison  of 
Egyptians  in  Thera  was  then  still  possible  ; 


264 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


but  with  the  accession  of  Epiphanes  the 
whole  thing  went  to  pieces,  and  such  an 
occupation  of  a  distant  island  is  not  to  be 
assumed  without  the  clearest  proofs.  To 
this  we  add  the  fact,  not  sufficiently 
weighed,  that  the  occurrence  of  only  one 
man  named  Ptolemy  in  a  list  of  170 
soldiers  would  be  a  most  curious  thing 
after  the  monarchy  was  settled,  and  when 
this  name  became  so  popular  as  to  appear 
in  almost  every  short  group  of  names.  If 
these  considerations  point  to  the  first 
Ptolemy,  how  are  we  to  account  for  the 
equation  of  the  months  at  this  date  ? 
Possibly  the  great  founder  of  the  empire 
attempted  this  task  also,  and  the  reform 
of  the  fourth  king,  a  trivial  creature,  was 
merely  a  resumption  of  what  the  first 
enlightened  organizer  had  essayed,  only 
to  shipwreck  against  the  rocks  of  con- 
servative sentiment  in  his  people. 

We  shall  not  penetrate  further  into  the 
thorny  question  of  these  double  dates. 
If,  as  our  authors  believe,  the  intercala- 
tions in  the  Macedonian  Calendar  were 
capricious,  and  intended  to  fill  up  a  lunar 
year  when  its  difference  from  the  solar 
became  inconvenient,  it  may  well  be  asked 
whether  the  problem  of  equating  varying 
Macedonian  months  with  Egyptian  is 
worth  the  enormous  labour  it  has  cost 
these  busy  scholars,  who  have  so  much 
else  to  do  with  better  hopes  of  ultimate 
success. 

The  official  correspondence  in  this 
volume  offers  new  light,  as  it  were  by 
accident,  on  a  dozen  other  points  of  interest. 
It  has  been  doubted,  ever  since  the  pub- 
lication of  the  wills  of  the  military  land- 
holders of  the  Fayyum  in  the  Petrie 
papyri,  whether  the  owners  had  any 
right  of  leaving  their  land  by  will  to  their 
heirs.  It  now  appears  that  upon  the  death 
of  any  landholder  of  this  kind  (cleruch) 
the  State  resumed  his  land  into  the 
Basilikon  or  Crown  property.  The  curious 
point  is,  however,  that  the  lot  kept  the 
name  of  its  former  owner,  and  was  known 
by  it  permanently.  This  recalls  the  three 
sections  of  the  Fayyum  which  were  per- 
manently known  by  the  names  of  three 
men,  probably  their  first  governors — 
Heraclides,  Polemo,  and  Themistes. 

Such  are  examples  of  the  topics  on 
which  this  all-important  volume  gives 
us  clearer  light.  It  would  be  a  task  far 
beyond  our  space  to  enumerate  them  all. 
Nor  could  our  notice  be  more  than  a  mere 
catalogue.  We  have  selected  not  perhaps 
the  most  important,  but  those  in  which 
historians  may  feel  the  keenest  interest. 
The  whole  volume  must  be  studied  to  be 
duly  appreciated.  We  may  conclude  by 
saying  that  no  classical  library  can  even 
pretend  to  be  complete  which  does  not 
possess  it. 

The  Florentine  History.  Written  by 
Nicolo  Machiavelli.  Translated  from 
the  Italian  by  Ninian  Hill  Thomson. 
2  vols.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

It  cannot,  we  think,  often  be  granted  to 
the  irresponsible,  indolent  reviewer,  after 
the  lapse  of  almost  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
to  see  the  execution  of  a  piece  of  work 


which  he  has  all  that  time  been  desiderat- 
ing. When  noticing  Mr.  Thomson's  trans- 
lation of  '  The  Prince '  in  The  Athenceum 
of  July  29th,  1882,  the  present  writer 
ventured  to  plead  for  a  version  of  '  The 
Histories  '  from  the  same  competent  hand  ; 
and  the  plea  was  renewed  on  the  appear- 
ance of  '  The  Discourses '  a  couple  of 
years  later.  We  would  not,  of  course, 
presume  to  suggest  that  Mr.  Thomson 
needed  any  external  stimulus  to  induce 
him  to  proceed  with  what  was  incom- 
parably the  most  important  instalment 
of  his  work ;  the  time  which  he  has 
allowed  to  elapse  since  its  beginning  is 
evidence  [that  he  prefers  to  do  things 
his  own  way.  We  merely  wish  to  empha- 
size the  fact  that  there  is  one  quarter  in 
which  the  work  of  a  scholar  unknown  to 
the  general  world  is  appreciated  as  it 
deserves. 

In    a    short    '  Translator's    Note '    Mr. 
Thomson   modestly   suggests    that,    "  six 
translations  of  Machiavelli's  '  History  of 
Florence  '   being  already  in  existence,  it 
may  seem  superfluous  to  offer  a  seventh 
to  the  English  reader."     He  need  have 
no  scruples  on  this  score.     Four  of  the 
six  (if  six  they  be)  are  before  us  as  we 
write  :  those  of  Thomas  Bedingfield  (1595), 
lately  reprinted  among  Mr.  Nutt's  "  Tudor 
Translations  "  ;     M.    K.'s    of    1674  ;     the 
anonymous  one  of  1680  (curiously  enough, 
produced  by  the  same  publishers  as  the 
last  named)  ;  and  Mr.  Bohn's  (also  anony- 
mous, but  based  more  or  less  on  the  1680 
version),  1841.     Not  one  of  these,  it  may 
safely  be  said,  is  worthy  to  be  regarded 
as    the   standard   English   translation   of 
'  The     Histories.'     Bedingfield's,     besides 
possessing  most  of  the  faults  of  style  usual 
among  Elizabethan  prose-writers  not  of 
the   first   rank,   gives   the  impression   of 
hackwork.     The  spelling  of  proper  names 
is  that  of  a  person  seeing  them  for  the 
first  time — he  does  not  even  seem  to  be 
aware  of  the  true  name  of  "  John  Aguto  "  ; 
and  generally  he  shows  few  signs  of  having 
equipped  himself  for  his  task  with  any 
independent  information  upon  the  period. 
The  two  seventeenth- century  versions  are 
both  good,  straightforward  pieces  of  work, 
M.  K.'s  having  the  more  style  about  it ; 
but  neither  is  of  such  quality  as  to  render 
a    modern    effort    superfluous.     Bohn    is 
decidedly  "  Bohny,"  inelegant,  and  often 
inaccurate.     Perhaps  the   best  notion  of 
the   position   which   Mr.   Thomson  holds 
as  compared  with  his  predecessors  may 
be  given  by  juxtaposition  of  their  render- 
ings of  an  average  passage — that  in  which 
Machiavelli   describes    the   institution   of 
the  "  Ordinances  of  Justice." 
Bedingfield  : — 

"  The  populer  sort  then  not  knowing 
what  course  to  take,  Giano  della  Bella,  a 
Gentleman  of  auncient  race  (yet  therewith 
one  that  loved  the  libertie  of  his  Country), 
encouraged  the  chiefs  of  the  misteries  to 
reform  the  disorders  of  the  citie.  By  this 
Councell  it  was  ordained  that  the  Gonfa- 
loniere  should  remain  with  the  Priori,  and 
have  foure  thousand  men  at  his  commande- 
ment.  They  likewise  made  all  the  Nobility 
incapable  of  the  Senate,  and  any  man  that 
was  accessary  in  any  offence,  to  be  as  sub- 
ject to  punishment  as  the  principal.     They 


decreed  moreover,  that  publique  fame  should 
suffice  to  receive  condemnation  by  the  lawes, 
which  they  called  Ordinamenti  della  Gius- 
tizia.  By  this  mean  the  people  gained  great 
reputation." 

M.  K.  :— 

"  Whereupon  the  people  not  knowing 
what  course  to  take,  Giano  della  Bella,  of 
most  noble  blood,  but  a  lover  of  the  liberty 
of  the  City,  encouraged  the  heads  of  the 
companies  to  reform  the  Government,  and 
by  his  advice  they  ordained  that  the  Gon- 
faloniere  should  reside  with  the  Priors,  and 
have  four  thousand  men  under  his  command  ; 
they  likewise  incapacitated  all  the  nobles 
of  sitting  among  the  Lords  Priors,  bound 
all  the  accomplices  and  accessaries  of  the 
crime  in  the  same  punishments  with  the 
principal,  and  made  public  fame  sufficient 
testimony  to  give  judgment  ;  by  these 
laws,  which  they  called  '  the  Ordinances  of 
Justice,'  the  people  gained  a  mighty  repu- 
tation." 

_The  anonymous  hand  of  1680  : — 

"  The  Populace  not  knowing  what  reso- 
lution to  take  in  the  Case,  Giano  della  Bella 
(a  person  of  Noble  extraction,  but  a  Lover  of 
the  Liberty  of  the  City)  incouraged  the 
Heads  of  the  Arts,  to  reform  the  City,  and 
by  his  persuasion  it  was  Ordained  that  the 
Gonfaloniere  should  reside  with  the  Priori, 
and  have  4000  men  under  his  command  ; 
they  likewise  excluded  the  Nobility  out  of 
the  Councel  of  the  Segnori. 

"  They  made  a  Jaw  that  all  Accessaries, 
or  Abettors,  should  be  liable  to  the  same 
punishment  with  those  who  were  actually 
Guilty  ;  and  decreed  that  common  report 
should  be  sufficient  to  convict  them.  By 
these  laws  (which  were  called  Ordinamenti 
della  Giustizia)  the  people  gained  great 
reputation." 

Lastly  Bohn  : — 

"  In  this  unhappy  state,  the  people  not 
knowing  what  to  do,  Giano  della  Bella,  of 
a  very  noble  family,  and  a  lover  of  liberty, 
encouraged  the  heads  of  the  Arts  to  reform 
the  constitution  of  the  city  ;  and  by  his 
advice  it  was  ordered  that  the  Gonfalonier 
should  reside  with  the  Priors,  and  have  four 
thousand  men  at  his  command.  They 
deprived  the  nobility  of  the  right  to  sit  in 
the  signory.  They  condemned  the  asso- 
ciates of  a  criminal  to  the  same  penalty  as 
himself,  and  ordered  that  public  report 
should  be  taken  as  evidence.  By  these  laws, 
which  were  called  the  ordinations  of  justice, 
the  people  acquired  great  influence." 

We  now  give  Mr.  Thomson's  rendering, 
which,  as  may  be  seen  by  comparison 
with  the  original,  is  generally  as  near  to 
the  text  as  any,  and  in  one  important 
matter— that  of  the  Consorti — catches  a 
point  which  all  the  others,  with  their 
"  accessaries "  or  "  associates,"  have 
missed  : — 

"  While  the  Commons  were  thus  at  a  loss 
what  course  to  follow,  Giano  della  Bella, 
who  though  of  very  high  descent  yet  loved 
his  country's  freedom,  incited  the  chiefs  of 
the  Guilds  to  introduce  further  reforms,  and 
by  his  advice  a  new  Ordinance  was  passed 
enacting  that  the  Gonfalonier  should  reside 
with  the  Priors  and  have  a  force  of  four 
thousand  men  at  his  disposal.  It  was  further 
ordained  that  all  the  Nobles  should  be 
deprived  of  the  right  to  sit  in  the  Signory  ; 
that  all  connected  with  a  criminal  should 
be  liable  to  the  same  punishment  ;  and  that 
common  notoriety  might  bo  accepted  as 
legal  proof.  For  these  laws,  which  were 
styled  '  The  Ordinances  of  Justice,'  the 
Commons  obtained  great  credit." 


N°411o,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


265 


It  was  indeed  high  time  that  something 
should  be  done  to  remind  people  of  the 
fact  that  '  The  Prince  '  was  not  Machia- 
velli's  only,  or  principal,  work.  It  has 
been  unfortunate  for  his  personal  reputa- 
tion that  that  treatise  should  have  been 
at  hand  all  these  centuries  as  the  poli- 
tician's vade-mecum.  That  it  does  not 
express  his  private  views  on  ethical 
questions — that,  on  the  contrary,  he 
loved  righteousness  and  hated  iniquity, 
so  far  as  a  man  mixed  up  in  the  politics 
of  those  days  might  do — is  clear  from 
many  passages  in  '  The  Histories.'  Of 
course  he  does  not  indulge  in  moral  reflec- 
tions to  any  great  extent ;  that  was  not 
his  way.  But  the  restrained  enthusiasm 
with  which,  for  instance,  he  speaks  of 
Pietro  de'  Medici — the  one  upright  man, 
it  may  be  said,  of  his  day — seems  to  show 
that,  whatever  might  be  his  artistic  admira- 
tion of  Borgian  virtu,  his  personal  sym- 
pathy was  on  the  side  of  virtue,  as  we 
understand  the  word. 

What  is  wanted  now  is  that  some  one 
should  do  for  '  The  Histories  '  what  Mr. 
Burd  has  done  for  '  The  Prince.'  Since 
Machiavelli  wrote,  fresh  light  has  been 
thrown  on  many  of  the  transactions  with 
which  he  deals,  and  his  statements  are 
here  and  there  open  to  correction.  But  as 
a  shrewd  survey  of  an  important  period, 
and  as  a  clue  to  that  most  complicated 
of  historical  tangles,  the  history  of  Italy, 
it  never  has  been,  and  never  is  likely, 
except  by  its  own  aid,  to  be,  surpassed. 


The  Knoidedge  of  God.  By  Henry  Mel- 
ville Gwatkin.  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T. 
Clark.) 
Prof.  Gwatkin  is  one  of  those  writers 
whom  much  learning  never  makes  dull. 
His  knowledge  of  the  sources  of  history 
through  its  length  and  breadth,  if  not  un- 
rivalled, is  hardly  surpassed  by  that  of 
any  living  man,  and  he  unites  with  his 
erudition  a  faculty  for  decision  and  a 
power  of  insight  not  commonly  regarded 
as  academic  acquirements.  Facts  and 
theories  are  alike  familiar  to  him,  and  his 
acquaintance  with  the  views  of  critics, 
higher  critics  and  hypercritics,  is  no 
less  exhaustive  than  profound.  The  judg- 
ments of  such  a  man  must  command 
respect,  even  where  they  do  not  secure 
agreement.  Moreover,  the  epigram  and 
humour  with  which  the  book  abounds 
make  its  perusal  even  more  pleasant  than 
it  is  instructive. 

Here  are  some  of  the  author's  dicta. 
"  Like  the  Puritan,  the  Stoic  stood  for 
seriousness  in  a  frivolous  world  ;  and  like 
the  Puritan  he  made  himself  ridiculous." 
"  They  saw  no  escape  from  the  devil  of 
polytheism,  but  by  rushing  headlong 
into  the  deep  sea  of  pantheism."  "  Few 
even  of  the  most  enlightened  can  escape 
occasional  falls  into  religion."  "  That 
which  is  unworthy  of  man  cannot  be 
worthy  of  God."  "  The  philosophers 
could  show  martyrs  for  duty,  but  none  for 
religion."  Arius  is  said  to  "  be  strangely 
English  in  his  impatient  common  sense  ;  " 
he  is  "  just  like  the  English  Deists  and  their 


successors,  though  he  had  no  excuse  of 
climate.  He  simply  did  not  understand 
a  metaphor." 

But  we  need  not  multiply  quotations. 
The  book  is  studded  with  memorable 
phrases  and  incisive  comments,  and  rises 
at  times  to  serene  and  lofty  eloquence. 
For  the  writer's  faith  is  of  that  far-seeing 
and  unshaken  order  which  is  akin  more 
to  vision  than  to  commonplace  conviction. 
Yet  he  rarely  gives  one  the  impression  of 
arguing  for  a  brief,  and  has  still  less  of  that 
ugly  apologetic  attitude  which  made  a 
modern  thinker  tell  his  readers  that  "  there 
is  nothing  to  be  ashamed  of  morally  or 
intellectually  "  in  allegiance  to  the  Chris- 
tian faith.  Unless  a  great  deal  more  than 
this  can  be  said  for  it,  we  fear  that  its 
chance  of  holding  the  intellectual  class 
is  poor.  The  value  of  the  book  is  that 
it  is  a  sort  of  philosophy  of  history  by  a 
man  intimately  acquainted  with  every 
detail  of  the  subject,  and  entirely  free  from 
the  bias  of  the  ecclesiastic.  We  think, 
indeed,  that  the  first  course  of  lectures 
might  almost  have  been  spared.  They 
certainly  will  do  little  to  convince  those 
without  the  Christian  faith,  and  not 
much  to  strengthen  those  within  it.  More- 
over their  method  seems  to  us  scarcely 
within  the  scope  of  the  Gifford  Trust. 
The  author  does  his  very  ingenious  best, 
and  frequently  hints  at  arguments  which 
he  does  not  enforce,  because,  as  he 
says,  they  are  beyond  the  sphere  of 
a  Gifford  lecturer.  Yet  even  so  an 
elaborate  a  priori  examination  of  the 
conditions  of  a  revelation,  should  there 
be  one,  is  bound  to  strike  the  believer 
as  rather  feeble,  and  the  infidel  as  special 
pleading.  Like  all  the  other  parts  of 
the  book,  this  is  full  of  suggestive  ideas 
and  illuminating  phrases ;  but  as  a 
piece  of  argument,  considered  as  a  whole, 
it  strikes  us  as  singularly  unsatisfactory 
and  a  little  "  dodgy."  It  reminds  one 
of  Richard  Baxter's  account  of  natural 
religion  drawn  from  "  the  book  of  retired 
reason  "  in  his  '  Reasons  of  the  Christian 
Religion,'  and  is  about  as  convincing.  In 
both  cases  there  is  a  careful  arrangement 
of  all  the  matter  beforehand,  and  the  out- 
lines are  produced  of  a  picture  which  it 
is  plain  to  any  one  can  only  be  completed 
by  the  Christian  "  scheme  of  redemption." 
We  do  not  for  a  moment  suppose  that  the 
method  strikes  the  writer  in  this  light,  but 
we  think  it  will  inevitably  so  strike  the 
reader,  even  the  most  sympathetic. 

But  after  all  no  one  will  read  the  book 
for  this  part  of  it,  which  is  not  sufficiently 
original  to  be  attractive.  What  is  attrac- 
tive and  illuminating  is  the  review  of 
human  history  in  the  light  of  the  con- 
ceptions of  God  which  men  have  from 
time  to  time  entertained.  Prof.  Gwatkin 
is  a  Churchman  of  the  school  of  Westcott 
and  Hort,  and  his  book  must  be  read  in 
connexion  with  their  writings.  What  is, 
perhaps,  most  valuable  is  the  Professor's 
account  of  ideas  and  institutions  from 
primitive  cults  down  to  the  Nicene  Age. 
His  summing  up  both  of  the  Old  Testament 
and  the  New  is  masterly  and  decided.  It 
must  certainly  be  reckoned  with  by  writers 
of  the  more  advanced  schools.  We  are  glad, 


too,  to  see  a  discussion  by  a  sober  and^well- 
qualified  historian  of  that  amazing  book 
'  Pagan  Christs.'  In  the  later  periods  the 
Professor  is  interesting  always,  and  per- 
haps more  so  than  in  the  earlier.  But  his 
bias  against  the  Latin  Church  leads  him, 
we  think,  to  statements  beyond  the  mark. 
Rome  may  be  "  the  most  degraded  of 
Christian  sects,"  an  Orange  pulpiteer  may 
speak  of  the  Pope  as  "  the  high  priest  of 
irreligion,"  but  it  is  surely  not  the  business 
of  a  Cambridge  professor  to  write  in  this 
strain,  especially  as  he  only  arrives  at  his 
conclusion  by  an  argument  which  is  almost 
sophistical.  We  have  no  desire  to  defend 
Ultramontanism,  or  to  deny  "  the  bottom- 
less treachery  of  the  Catholic  reaction," 
and  the  evils  that  may  be  wrought  by 
ecclesiastical  officialism — a  thing  often 
more  dangerous  than  political  tyranny. 
At  the  same  time  we  cannot  help  wonder- 
ing what  value  and  meaning  Prof  Gwatkin 
attaches  to  the  Church.  He  protests 
against  the  evils  of  unbridled  individualism 
in  the  political  and  economic  spheres,  and 
no  parts  of  his  book  are  more  admirable 
or  courageous  than  the  passages  which 
condemn  militarism  and  support  changes 
in  essence  socialistic.  But  when  it  comes 
to  reh'gion,  his  position  strikes  us  as  purely 
individualistic,  nor  does  he  ever  seem  to 
have  considered  the  question  whether 
there  is  not  such  a  thing  as  a  social  mind 
or  will  of  the  Church,  and  whether  the 
contest  between  anarchy  and  authority 
is  not  really  one  between  egotism  in  the 
religious  sphere  and  a  due  belief  in 
the  personality  of  the  community.  The 
world  is  not  going  to  develope  the  notion 
of  solidarity  in  polities  in  order  to  teach 
atomism  in  religion.  A  professor  of  high 
ideals  and  severe  industry  may  ignore  or 
depreciate  the  communal  side  of  religion,  or 
trust  to  it  merely  as  an  elevating  force  in 
social  economy.  But  to  eviscerate  the 
conception  of  Church  of  all  practical  mean- 
ing, todeny  nearly  allpersonal  religion  to  the 
Latin  communion,  and  to  write  as  though 
Bishop  Gore  or  Canon  Scott  Holland  were 
not  among  the  strongest  Christian  influ- 
ences of  the  day  is  neither  wise  nor  clear- 
sighted. It  was  Hort  who  said  that 
"Christianity  implied  Churchliness."  We 
cannot  help  thinking  that  Prof.  Gwatkin 
would  have  strengthened  his  book  by  a 
more  sympathetic  attitude  (like  that  of 
Dr.  Sanday,  for  instance)  towards  parties 
whose  views  he  does  not  share.  For  all 
that  it  is  stimulating,  and  by  its  very 
decision  useful,  and  above  all  things  in- 
teresting and  brilliant. 


The  Birds  of  Aristophanes.     The   Greek 

Text   revised,  with  a  Translation   into 

corresponding  Metres,  Introduction,  and 

Commentary.     By    Benjamin    Bickley 

Rogers.     (Bell  &  Sons.) 

Mr.  Rogers  has  won  so  honourable  a  name 

as  a  translator  and  editor  of  Aristophanes 

that  his  book  on  the  '  Birds  '—the  fourth 

play  published  in  the  present  series — is 

assured  of  a  warm  welcome  and  diligent 

perusal  by  classical  scholars.     We  know 


266 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


that  our  bird-fancier  is  to  be  trusted  : 
indeed,  the  editorial  work  is  just  what  it 
should  be,  and  what  we  expected  it  would 
be — careful,  complete,  and  convincing  ; 
and  the  translation  is  fascinating. 

The  protagonist  spelt  his  name  TLeiaOera- 
aipos,  according  to  Mr.  Rogers,  who  claims 
herein  to  follow  "  the  genuine  Aristo- 
phanic  tradition."  "  We  must  remember," 
he  says, p.  ix,  "that  we  are  dealing,  not  with 
Aristophanes  the  grammarian,  but  with 
Aristophanes  the  comic  poet,  who  was  at 
liberty,  and  was  accustomed,  to  coin  words 
in  any  fashion  he  pleased."  And  the 
present  editor  is  not  one  of  those  who 
think  that  this  play  "  is  not  what  it  seems." 
With  an  easy  wit  he  shows  (in  the  manner 
of  Suvern's  dissertation  on  the  '  Birds  ') 
that  an  allegory  of  the  Spanish  Armada 
may  be  read  into  Shakspeare's  '  Tempest ' 
as  probably  as  any  visions  of  Athenian 
imperialism  into  the  '  Birds.'  And  Peis- 
thetaerus  is  not  Alcibiades,  but,  like  Dicae- 
opolis  and  Trygaeus  elsewhere,  a  typical 
Athenian  of  the  clever,  ingenious,  peace- 
and- quiet-loving  sort.  In  brief,  we  are 
to  believe  that,  for  its  proper  enjoyment, 
the  play  is  a  fancy  and  a  caricature,  "  not 
in  any  sense  an  allegorical  narrative  of 
actual  events,  an  enigmatic  representation 
of  actual  characters." 

Before  Prof.  D'Arcy  Thompson's'  Glos- 
sary of  Greek  Birds  '  was  published,  Mr. 
Rogers  had  already  completed  a  set  of 
careful  notes  on  the  bird-folk  mentioned 
in  this  play  :  and  these  notes  now  form 
the  larger  part  (more  than  sixty  pages)  of 
his  introduction.  It  would  certainly  have 
beenapitytosacrifice  them  to  the  mere  exist- 
ence of  the  glossary,  good  as  that  is  ;  for, 
apart  from  the  convenience  of  having  a 
bird-dictionary  at  hand — and  most  readers 
will  allow  that  a  bird  in  the  hand  is  worth 
two  in  the  glossary — the  evidence  is 
arranged  in  admirable  style. 

Mr.  Christopher  Welch  contributes  to 
the  Introduction  an  interesting  note  on 
the  kind  of  flute  employed  by  Aristophanes 
for  the  rendering  of  the  nightingale-song 
which  helped  the  Hoopoe  to  summon  the 
birds.  The  stage  -  direction  avXu,  after 
line  222,  certainly  seems  to  suggest  that 
this  nighting.nle-raofoy,  following  the  first 
and  punctuating  the  second  song  of  the 
Hoopoe,  was  represented  by  an  instru- 
ment and  not  by  a  voice.  Mr.  Rogers 
thinks  (note  on  1.  665)  that  Aristophanes 
obtained  for  this  comedy  an  auArjTrys  of 
special  excellence  :  and  the  archaeological 
evidence  makes  it  possible  that  the  auAos 
used  for  the  purpose  may  have  been  a 
transverse  flute.  If  this  be  so,  the  Greek 
anticipated  in  orchestration  Handel  and 
Beethoven,  both  of  whom  had  recourse 
to  the  same  instrument  for  giving  the  effect 
of  nightingale-notes. 

Mr.  Rogers  has  far  more  than  a  scholarly 
knack  of  translation  :  he  has  a  remarkable 
gift,  a  power  of  idiom,  which  would  as 
certainly  have  appealed  to  Aristophanes 
as  it  commands  the  admiration  of  scholars 
to-day.  But  the  English  version  is  not 
only  a  delightful  companion  to  the  scholar  : 
it  is  highly  entertaining  in  itself.  Not 
since  John  Hookham  Frere  have  we  had 


such  spirit  and  spontaneity.     We  quote 
two  specimens  in  illustration  : — 

Pei.   So  mighty  and  great  was  his  former  estate, 
so  ample  he  waxed  and  so  strong, 
That  still  the  tradition  is  potent,  and  still,  when 

he  sings  in  the  morning  his  song, 
At  once  from  their  sleep  all  mortals  upleap,  the 

cobblers,  the  tanners,  the  bakers, 
The   potters,   the    bathmen,    the    smiths,   and  the 
shield-and-the-musical-instrument-makers. 

(488-491.) 

Pei.  What !  dost  thou  not  know  that  the  noisy  - 

tongued  crow  lives  five  generations  of  men  ? 
Eu.  0  fie  !  it  is  plain  they  are  fitter  to  reign  than 

the  gods  ;  let  us  have  them  again. 
Pei.  Ay,  fitter  by  far  ! 
No  need  for  their  sakes  to  erect  and  adorn 
Great  temples  of  marble  with  portals  of  gold. 
Enough  for  the  birds  on  the  brake  and  the  thorn 
And  the  evergreen  oak  their  receptions  to  hold. 
Or  if  any  are  noble,  and  courtly,  and  fine, 
The  tree  of  the  olive  will  serve  for  their  shrine. 
No  need,  when  a  blessing  we  seek,  to  repair 
To  Delphi  or  Amnion,  and  sacrifice  there  ; 
We  will  under  an  olive  or  arbutus  stand 

With  a  present  of  barley  and  wheat, 
And,  piously  lifting  our  heart  and  our  hand, 
The  birds  for  a  boon  we  '11  entreat, 
And  the  boon  shall  be  ours,  and  our  suit  we  shall 

gain 
At  the  cost  of  a  few  little  handfuls  of  grain. 

(609-626.) 

The  notes  are  not  cumbered  with  over- 
much grammar  ;  but  there  is  ample  evi- 
dence of  scholarly  criticism  and  literary 
taste  :  and  the  commentary  in  consequence 
is  full  of  interest  as  well  as  instruction. 
Its  key-note  is  sagacity  ;  and  such  sagacity 
is  wonderfully  reassuring  after  all  one  has 
had  to  suffer  from  the  meaningless 
meanderings  of  editors. 

Mr.  Rogers  is  very  likely  right  in  regarding 
€7rw£e  (1.  266)  as  a  verb  formed  from  «Vot. 
"  the  hoopoe  whooped  "  ;  but  the  form 
itself  requires  a  word  of  explanation,  for 
it  is  surely  a  strange  imperfect.  Perhaps 
it  is  a  punning  verb,  formed  from  tirl  and 
w£w  to  represent  the  note  of  the  oro^. 

On  to  UcXapyiKov  (1.  832)  Mr.  Rogers, 
admitting,  of  course,  the  jest  (which  he 
aptly  turns  by  "Storkade"),  writes:  "This 
name,  however,  had  no  connexion  with 
storks ;  Uekapyol  was  simply  another 
form  of  HtXao-yoi."  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  Miss  J.  E.  Harrison,  in  her 
'  Primitive  Athens,'  recently  published, 
holds  that  "  Pelargikon  is  '  stork-fort,' 
not  Pelasgian  fort  "  (p.  25),  and  points  to 
the  representations  of  storks  discovered 
lately  among  the  painted  architectural 
fragments  on  the  Acropolis.  In  her  view 
Pelargikon  became  Pelasgikon  ;  "  ety- 
mologically  false,  but  perhaps  in  fact  true, 
for  happily  the  analogy  between  the 
Pelargic  walls  and  those  of  Mycenae  is 
beyond  dispute,  and  if  the  '  Mycenaeans  ' 
were  Pelasgian,  the  walls  are,  after  all, 
Pelasgic  "  (p.  29). 

In  lepaKas  i7r7roTo£oTas  (1.  1179)  Our 
editor  cleverly  sees  more  than  a  mere 
allusion  to  Qp$K(<;  l-mroTo^oTai,  for  he 
believes  that  Aristophanes  has  played 
here  a  game  of  letter-changing  (U  for  6). 
It  may  well  be  so. 

The  tone  of  all  the  notes,  critical  and 
explanatory,  is  judiciously  conservative  : 
the  MSS.  are  jealously  safeguarded,  the 
interpretations  of  the  scholiasts  are  regu- 
larly respected.  What  Mr.  Rogers  thinks 
of  sweeping  emendators  is  to  be  learnt 
from  the  concluding  sentences  of  his  addi- 


tional note  on  the  first  person  singular  of 
the  pluperfect  (rjSrj  'yw)  ;  "I  advise 
younger  scholars  never  to  adopt  a  con- 
clusion of  the  new  criticism  without  care- 
fully examining  the  foundation  on  which 
it  is  supposed  to  rest.  They  will  often 
be  considerably  startled  at  the  result  " 
(p.  247).  His  own  apparatus  criticus, 
sufficient  and  satisfactory,  is  given  in  an 
appendix  ;  it  has  a  pleasing  humour  of 
its  own,  of  which  the  following  is  a  speci- 
men : — 

"  796.  Ka^e((To  MSS.  vulgo.  Aristophanes 
seems  to  have  thought  himself  at  liberty  to 
introduce  a  little  variety  here.  But  he 
reckoned  without  the  critics.  He  had  used 
KaTeirraTo  in  line  792,  and  must  use  the 
same  word  here  or  undergo  correction. 
Accordingly  Blaydes,  Hall  and  Geldart,  and 
Van  Leeuwen  strike  out  Ka6e(eTO  and  insert 
KaT£7TTeTO,  following  a  conjecture  of  Meineke." 

Mr.  Rogers  contributes  but  few  emenda- 
tions of  his  own,  and  these  in  very  modest 
fashion.  He  has  the  true  instinct  of 
comedy,  and  therefore  is  quick  to  see  the 
point  of  the  original  text,  without  altera- 
tion, and  to  maintain  it  against  all  comers. 
It  is  this  instinctive  sympathy  with  his 
author  which  is  really  responsible  for  his 
success  in  all  parts  of  the  book.  His  work 
is  thorough  without  being  ostentatiously 
exhaustive  :  in  other  words,  it  represents 
the  scholarly  sense  of  selection,  which  can 
see  the  right  thing,  and  the  courage  which 
can  stick  to  it.  We  hope,  in  all  sincerity, 
that  Mr.  Rogers  may  live  to  accomplish 
Ti>X«y<*#?/,  the  edition  which  has  formed 
Ms  study  for  so  many  years. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


The  Dream  and  the  Business.     By  John 
Oliver  Hobbes.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

A  weary  and  vigilant  sagacity  is  felt  like 
an  atmosphere  in  this  novel  from  a 
vanished  hand.  Although  there  are  about 
a  score  of  witty  passages  and  one  farcical 
episode  in  its  four  hundred  and  forty- 
four  pages,  the  reader  must  confess  that 
his  perusal  resembles  a  pilgrimage.  Even 
equestrian  exercise  in  the  narrow  way  is 
not  exhilarating,  though  narrowness  may 
be  made  exciting  when  the  way  is  a  rope 
in  the  air.  But  Mrs.  Craigie's  pupils  of 
unlucky  love  and  severe  religion  have 
simply  to  preserve  their  self-respect  at 
the  cost  of  a  baulked  appetite  or  the 
hunger  of  the  heart.  The  dull  martyr- 
dom of  the  self-repressed  inflicts  an  ache 
on  the  pilgrim  reader  at  the  last,  and  his 
sympathy  is  stirred  on  behalf  of  a  brilliant 
mind  which  veiled  itself  in  seriousness. 
True,  it  acknowledged  that  religion  was 
temperamental,  and  in  this  novel  there  is 
no  eager  exhibition  of  so-called  truth.  The 
Congregationalist  minister  in  love  with 
the  Roman  Catholic  peeress  remains  a 
Congregationalist.  The  magnetic  baritone 
in  love  with  himself  is  left  eloping  with  a 
princess  ;  and  Rome's  one  proselyte  seems 
handed  to  her  by  Hymen.  Plot  is  not 
invoked  to  thrill,  and  it  is  of  no  interest 
that  the  Congregationalist  renounces  an 
annual  income  of  five  thousand  pounds. 
Mammon  cannot  wrestle  with  such  probity. 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


267 


Coincidence  is  employed  rather  crudely, 
but  without  much  emotional  effect,  and 
Gladstone  asks  a  character  if  he  is  in 
favour  of  Home  Rule  without  doing  more 
than  create  the  impression  that  he  is  rather 
like  Gladstone.  It  is  not  that  John  Oliver 
Hobbes  ceased  to  be  clever.  "  The  Arts 
are  but  drugs  for  the  disappointed  ima- 
gination." "  Man  is  martyred  for  his 
ideals,  slain  for  his  crimes,  but  pampered 
for  Ms  hypocrisy."  These  are  sayings 
that  neither  dazzle  nor  instruct,  but  they 
are  clever.  Yet  the  novel  is  grey,  though 
clever,  and  grey  although  "in  the  middle 
of  dinner  the  hymn-man  kissed  the  prima 
donna's  hand  with  all  his  might  because 
she  agreed  with  one  of  his  remarks  about 
immortality."  The  greyness  permits,  like 
the  incomparable  greyness  of  Mark  Ruther- 
ford, the  humorous  outlines  of  ordinary 
people  to  be  seen  with  praiseworthy  dis- 
tinctness. 


Tally  Ho  !     By  Helen  Mathers.    (Methuen 

&Co.) 

'  Tally  Ho  !  '  is,  as  its  name  indicates, 
a  sporting  novel,  and  belongs  to  that 
class  which  neither  the  literary  nor  the 
sporting  world  is  inclined  to  take  very 
seriously,  but  which  nevertheless  has 
generally  a  public  of  its  own.  The  main 
plot,  though  unlikely,  is  sufficiently  in- 
genious, and  we  think  the  author  would 
have  been  wiser  had  she  adhered  to  it 
more  closely,  and  refrained  from  intro- 
ducing such  irrelevant  side  issues  as  a 
visit  to  a  German  health-resort  and  a 
diary  of  West  African  travel,  neither  of 
which  is  effective.  The  heroine,  a  kind 
of  amateur  horse-breaker,  is  more  life- 
like than  the  generality  of  such  characters 
in  fiction,  and  the  strange  household  of 
which  she  forms  part  also  gives  a  certain 
impression  of  reality.  With  regard  to 
English  grammar  and  composition,  the 
novel  is  below  rather  than  above  the 
average. 

Beyond    the     Wall.     By    J.    H.    Yoxall. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Thanks  to  an  opulent  style,  Mr.  Yoxall 
turns  the  progress  of  conventional  romance 
into  pageantry.  His  narrative  effects 
may,  as  it  were,  be  collected  from  the 
memoirs  of  Casanova,  the  fiction  of  Dumas, 
&c,  but  his  imagination  makes  them  his 
own.  His  period  is  from  1753  to  1761, 
and  his  hero  is  a  patrician  lady-killer 
whom  the  Venetian  Bargello  has  caught 
and  lost  and  is  trying  to  catch  again. 
This  elusive  person  is  a  cataleptic  who 
practises  the  art  of  "  abstraction  "  more 
fortunately  than  the  Master  of  Ballantrae. 
He  detaches  the  heroine  from  her  convent, 
and  from  the  moment  of  their  departure 
thence  the  eyes  of  Mrs.  Grundy  are 
affianced  to  the  book — not,  however,  at 
the  expense  of  her  composure.  No 
machinist  would  have  been  unkind  enough 
to  shape  this  girl's  fate  according  to 
nature.  Mr.  Yoxall  contrives  to  entangle 
the  reader  in  a  comedy  of  errors,  and  the 
perfect  benevolence  of  his  close  is  better 
than  a  grand  lucidity. 


The   Ha'penny  Millionaire.      By    George 

Sunbury.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
This  little  extravaganza  tells  of  the 
trivial  life  and  fortunes  of  a  naive 
elderly  person  in  search  of  gaiety  and  a 
a  wife.  He  finds,  or  thinks  he  finds,  the 
first  in  the  society  of  an  amiable  strolling 
musician  at  one  of  our  seaside  resorts. 
A  kind  of  good-natured  rollicking  fun 
is  kept  up  from  end  to  end ;  and  the 
volume  may  be  recommended  to  the 
"  seaside  reader,"  who  needs  generally  to 
be  amused  without  any  strain  upon  his 
thinking  powers. 


Unmasked    at    Last.     By    Headon    Hill. 
(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

ThisJ  story,  which  smacks  alluringly  of 
motor-cars  and  murder,  tells  of  the  Baron 
de  Guerin,  a  most  resourceful  villain,  who 
hired  a  Hampshire  estate  where  in  the 
loneliness  of  a  gamekeeper's  cottage  he 
set  up  an  establishment  for  the  manu- 
facture of  spurious  notes  and  bonds.  To 
elude  publicity  he  had  the  rector  of  the 
parish  done  to  death  in  the  vestry  before 
matins  one  Sunday,  and  suspicion  diverted 
to  the  curate,  a  favoured  rival  for  the  hand 
of  Winifred  Bassett.  This  young  lady, 
who  was  the  daughter  of  a  neighbouring 
squire,  contrived,  through  excess  of  zeal 
for  the  clearing  of  her  lover,  to  become 
a  prisoner  in  the  Baron's  castle  ;  while  an 
amateur  detective,  her  cousin,  went 
through  all  manner  of  perils  in  his  efforts 
to  bring  the  guilty  to  justice.  The  story 
is  genuinely  exciting  and  the  characters 
have  just  enough  life  to  give  plausibility 
to  their  actions. 


Laughing  through  a  Wilderness.     By  James 
Barr.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Though  the  publishers  include  this  as  a 
novel  we  can  hardly  concede  its  claims 
to  that  classification.  Rather  is  it  a 
lively  itinerary  of  a  journey  through  some 
remoter  parts  of  Canada  in  the  form  of 
disjected  fragments.  We  do  not  gather 
that  it  is  a  straightforward  account  of 
Mr.  Barr's  travels,  but  (we  should  say) 
selected  tit-bits.  It  has  the  air  of  being 
related  to  Mr.  Jerome's  work,  for  here  are 
three  men,  all  with  facetious  minds,  and 
there  are  also  canoes,  and  the  unresist- 
ing subject  of  their  easy  humour,  the 
Indian  "  breed."  Bulstrode  and  M'Whin- 
nie  and  the  narrator  succeed  in  laughing 
through  their  wilderness,  and  are  heartily 
to  be  commended  for  their  good  temper 
under  severe  trials.  But  we  do  not  know 
that  the  reader  will  follow  their  example. 
It  amused  Bulstrode  and  M'Whinnie  to 
see  the  narrator  capsize  in  his  birchbark 
canoe,  and  we  have  no  doubt  it  was 
genuinely  amusing  in  fact.  But  in  print 
it  leaves  us  cold.  Nor  are  we  much 
impressed  by  the  story  of  three  bears,  or 
that  of  the  man  in  mocassins,  the  latter 
of  which  appears  to  us  to  be  very  badly 
"  faked,"  and  fit  material  only  for 
a  cheap  magazine.  But  with  all  this 
there  is  a  genuine  heartfelt  enjoyment  in 


the  narrative  which  makes  us  tolerant. 
In  reading  we  get  infected  by  the  open  air 
as  doubtless  Mr.  Barr  himself  was. 


The  Nymph. 
&Co.) 


By  F.  Dickberry.     (White 


This  story  does  not  please  us  ;  the  only 
character  we  like  is  the  dowager 
marquise,  who  looks  down  upon  her 
grandchildren  and  their  eminently  aris- 
tocratic associates  from  a  coign  of  vantage 
supported  by  traditions  of  the  Courtjof 
Louis  XV.  She  is  personally  respectable, 
but  indulgent  to  immorality  combined 
with  refinement  and  distinction,  though 
she  despises,  with  excellent  reason,  the 
coarse-minded,  ill-mannered  representa- 
tives of  the  old  nobility  whom  her  grand- 
son entertains.  One  of  their  diversions  is 
to  gossip  laughingly  over  the  liaisons  of 
their  respective  spouses.  The  nymph  is 
an  artist's  wife  of  mysterious  origin, 
chaste,  but  intellectually  emancipated. 
A  certain  amount  of  literary  skill  and 
constructive  ingenuity  seems  to  us  wasted 
on  an  unsavoury  theme. 


The     Mystery     of     Magdalen.     By     Mrs. 
Coulson  Kernahan.     (John  Long.) 

Strange  adventures  may  be  expected  to 
befall  the  beautiful  daughter  of  a  Russian 
father  and  an  English  mother  who  at 
the  age  of  nineteen  is  inhabiting  a  bun- 
galow on  the  beach  near  Shoreham  under 
the  chaperonage  of  a  revolver  and  a  sly 
self-seeking  woman  who  had  been  her 
English  uncle's  servant  ;  the  more  so  as 
some  of  the  worst  elements  of  the  Russian 
half  of  the  heroine's  nature  have  been 
invigorated  by  her  father's  betrayal,  his 
death  in  a  Russian  prison,  and  her  mother's 
death  from  grief.  The  unauthorized 
announcement  of  Magdalen's  engagement 
to  an  entire  stranger  leads  to  a  rapid 
succession  of  contingencies  which  approach 
farce,  an  amusing  element  being  the  flutter- 
ing among  local  gossips  stirred  by  the 
heroine's  eccentricities.  The  girl's  struggle 
between  Slavonic  elements,  of  character 
and  English  influences  is*-  an  original 
motive,  which  gives  plenty  of  scope  for 
interesting  situations.  The  author  has 
contented  herself  with  a  meagre  treat- 
ment of  this  theme  garnished  with  byplay 
of  a  mildly  humorous  type,  and  her 
clever  and  vivacious  story  may  furnish 
entertainment  for  a  holiday  afternoon. 
Two  of  the  minor  characters  are  agree- 
ably sketched. 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  RATIONALISM. 

Synthetica.  By  S.  S.  Laurie,  LL.D. 
2  vols.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — Again,  as  once 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  a  voice  from 
Scotland  is  lifted  in  protest  against  the 
paradoxical  tenets  of  contemporary  philo- 
sophy to  champion  the  beliefs  of  common 
sense.  Principal  Laurie  clothes  his  argu- 
ment in  a  terminology  certainly  calculated 
to  keep  far  off  the  profane  crowd  and  startle 
at  times  the  very  elect,  but  his  theme  is  a 
vindication   of   the  reality   of   the  external 


268 


THE    ATHENHUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


world  just  as  we  see  it,  of  a  God  who  is 
love,  goodness,  and  justice,  of  free  will,  of 
the  immortality  of  the  soul  ;  all  this  structure 
resting  on  the  firm  basis  of  epistemological 
analysis — the  dicta  of  the  Dialectic.  It  need 
hardly  be  said  that  a  good  deal  of  the  co- 
incidence of  his  conclusions  with  what  he 
terms  the  "  naive  presumptions  of  the  finite 
consciousness  "  is  verbal  and  apparent  only 
— God,  for  example,  being  simply  a  form  of 
Absolute,  the  "  Absolute  Synthesis,"  to 
which  epithets  and  attributes  such  as  those 
mentioned  above  are  not  applicable  in  any 
ordinary  sense.  Nevertheless  a  creed 
emerges  which  exhibits  a  strong  combina- 
tion of  philosophy  and  religion,  of  virility 
and  mysticism. 

The  first  volume  traces  the  development 
of  mind  from  bare  consciousness  through 
the  (artificial)  stages  of  (1)  pure  feeling, 
having  for  its  object  unconditioned  being  ; 
(2)  sensation,  which  is  aware  of  the  outer 
as  outer  and  differentiated ;  and  (3)  the 
animal  stage,  with  the  synoptic  faculty  of 
receiving  the  object  co-ordinated  as  a  total, 
but  not  yet  unified  as  a  one.  Above 
this  point  we  come  to  the  Dialectic,  the 
activity  of  pure  thought,  and  with  it  the 
Ego,  which  "  grips  the  object,  and,  in 
gripping,  reveals  its  essential  characters, 
giving  to  the  whole  that  coherence  for  know- 
ledge which  it  already  has  as  object  in  the 
Absolute." 

In  the  second  volume,  on  which  the  author's 
Gifford  Lectures  were  based,  there  is  de- 
veloped— in  a  manner  which  reminds  the 
reader  now  of  Aristotle,  now  of  Hegel— the 
conception  of  God  as  the  Absolute  Being 
and  Infinite  Mind  externalizing  itself  in  the 
finite,  and  again  as  the  ideal  subsisting  as 
immanent  idea  or  form  of  each  constituent  of 
the  totality.  Evil  and  pain  the  writer  accepts 
as  necessary,  but  otherwise  indefensible, 
results  of  "  externalization."  The  supreme 
good  for  man  is  "  the  realizing  himself  as 
spirit,  that  is  to  say,  as  Ego  freely  subsuming 
and  controlling  its  conditions  with  a  view 
to  knowledge  and  conduct  "  ;  the  real 
supreme  good  is  harmony — "  finding  the 
elements  in  himself  and  appraising  them, 
assigning  to  each  its  due  place  in  the  concrete 
whole  of  his  own  completed  personality." 

The  whole  book  bears  an  unmistakable 
stamp,  the  nature  of  which  is  indicated  by 
the  substitution  of  the  term  "  meditation  " 
for  "  chapter,"  and  indeed  by  the  general 
title.  Dr.  Laurie  devotes  himself  rather 
to  the  exposition  of  his  system  than  its  estab- 
lishment, for  which,  in  many  particulars, 
he  probably  relies  on  his  previous  works — 
notably  the  well-known  '  Metaphysica  Nova 
et  Vetusta.'  Of  some  of  the  fundamental 
theses — that  All  is  One  (which  reappears 
at  intervals  throughout,  like  a  refrain)  in 
an  operative  sense,  that  "  the  cloud  exists 
externally  and  independently  just  as  it 
appears  in  consciousness,"  the  coalescence 
of  will  and  reason — little  proof  or  evidence 
is  adduced,  and  from  this  there  results  at 
times  an  appearance  at  least  of  circular 
reasoning.  Again,  the  first  volume  is  by 
mo  means  free  from  the  confusions  between 
psychology  and  epistemology,  against  which 
Sidgwick  uttered  an  emphatic  warning.  How- 
ever, whether  we  agree  or  disagree  with 
the  conclusions  drawn — and  they  are  many 
and  controversial — the  book  well  repays 
the  not  inconsiderable  trouble  of  reading  it. 

An  Agnostic's  Progress.  By  William  Scott 
Palmer.  (Longmans  &  Co.)— This  book  is 
much  moro  valuablo  than  the  occasional 
efflorescence  of  its  style  might  lead  one  to 
expect.  Tho  reader  who  is  willing  to  put 
up  with  some  "  fine  writing  "  will  find  an 
interesting  statement  of  the  author's  philo- 
sophic thought  and  of  the  means  by  which 


he  has  come  to  the  religious  convictions 
which  he  now  holds.  It  is  no  tale  of  sudden 
alterations  of  opinion  on  the  part  of  one 
whose  convictions  on  religious  subjects  are 
of  his  life  a  thing  apart.  Beginning  some- 
where in  the  sixties  with  the  influence  of 
Darwin's  '  Origin  of  Species,'  Mr.  Palmer 
arrives  at  a  philosophical  position  which 
has  found  its  clearest  and  ablest  exposition 
in  Dr.  James  Ward's  '  Naturalism  and 
Agnosticism.'  The  explanations  of  physical 
science,  its  apparatus  of  atoms  and  mole- 
cules, are  not  the  reality  behind  phenomena, 
but  an  abstract  and  symbolic  description 
of  phenomena — a  description,  moreover, 
in  which  cause,  in  the  sense  of  efficient  cause, 
is  quite  left  out.  This  consideration  dis- 
poses of  the  mechanical  theory  as  an  all- 
embracing  method  of  knowledge  :  it  deprives 
of  all  force  the  argument  from  nullus  in 
microcosmo  spiritus  to  nullus  in  macrocosmo 
deus.  The  chapter  which  will  puzzle  Mr. 
Palmer's  readers  most  is  the  sixth,  mainly 
about  the  part  played  in  his  mental  develop- 
ment by  psychical  research.  The  chapter 
is  sensible  and  open-minded,  but  it  is  marred 
by  some  talk  about  the  author's  "  shadowy 
companion " — which  may  be  only  Mr. 
Palmer's  little  joke.  What  is  of  most 
direct  theological  interest  in  the  book  is 
the  discussion,  in  the  last  chapters,  of  the 
question  of  the  infinity  of  God.  Mr.  Palmer 
lays  great  stress  on  the  doctrine,  which  he 
owes  to  Dr.  Gore,  of  the  self-limitation  of 
God — limitation  by  His  own  nature,  will, 
and  purpose  ;  and  he  is  wroth  with  those 
who,  like  Mr.  Schiller,  attribute  to  Chris- 
tianity the  "  unhappy  dogma "  of  God's 
infinity.  "  Mensura  Patris  Filius,"  says 
Irenaeus.  This  self-limitation  is  not  to  be 
regarded  as  arbitrary,  but  as  arising  from 
the  presence  of  that  idea  of  the  best  that  is 
eternally  present  to  a  will  whose  potentialities 
are  limited.  -  < 

The  reader  will  note  that  Mr.  Palmer's 
retrospect  of  his  thinking  has  one  great 
claim  to  respect  in  the  fact  that  most  of 
what  is  put  forward  in  this  book  as  the  main 
outline  of  his  theory  of  things  is  not  the 
thinking  of  twenty  years  ago,  but  the  result 
of  very  recent  effort.  Mr.  Palmer's  progress 
has  not  stopped. 

A  Short  History  of  Free  Thought.  By 
J.  M.  Robertson.  2  vols.  (Watts  &  Co.) — 
This  is  an  enlarged  edition  of  one  of  Mr. 
Robertson's  works,  which  met  with  a  certain 
popularity.  Mr.  Robertson's  views,  philo- 
sophic and  historical,  are  well  known.  A 
thoroughgoing  "  rationalist "  of  the  most 
militant  type,  he  "  inclines  "  to  the  view 
that  Montanus  never  existed,  and  he 
regards  commercial  motives  as  a  main 
support  of  religious  belief.  The  results  are 
proportionately  marvellous.  We  naturally 
get  new  views  of  things  from  a  writer  who 
thinks  men  like  Father  Dolling  and  the 
Cowley  Fathers  can  be  explained  in 
this  way.  Mr.  Robertson  is  always 
stimulating  and  often  amusing  ;  and  these 
two  volumes  are  no  exception.  Whatever 
views  we  take  either  of  facts  or  ideas,  it  is 
refreshing  to  read  a  man  whose  theory  of 
religion  goes  along  with  his  ideas  on  morality, 
who  preaches  "  free  thought  "  and  "  deter- 
minism "  with  the  same  prophetic  fervour 
as  some  have  inculcated  repentance  and 
righteousness. 

The  History  of  English  Rationalism  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century.  By  A.  W.  Benn. 
2  vols.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — Tho  two  best 
points  about  these  somewhat  portentous 
volumes  are  the  amount  of  reading  shown 
by  the  author  and  his  engaging  frankiu  88. 
Ho  begins  by  defining  nationalism  "  as  the 
mental  habit  of  using  reason  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  roligious  belief."     We  know  what  to 


expect  from  a  writer  who  sets  out  with  such 
an  object  ;  and  in  this  case  we  are  not  dis- 
appointed. Mr.  Benn's  hostility  to  all  forms 
of  religion  seems  to  us  equalled  only  by  his 
naive  belief  in  logic,  and  his  simple  faith  in 
an  ideal  from  which  personality,  freedom, 
and  love  would  alike  be  banished.  The 
book  would  be  more  suitable  to  1806  than 
1906,  and  reminds  one  of  Bolingbroke's 
attitude  without  that  golden  charm  of  style 
which  concealed  too  often  poverty  of  thought. 
In  Mr.  Benn's  work  the  reader  will  not  be 
deluded  by  taking  paste  for  diamonds.  After 
all,  even  Newman  cannot  be  understood 
merely  by  the  method  of  contempt.  A 
little  acquaintance  with  the  work  of  the 
modern  Pragmatist  or  Humanist  school 
would  have  shown  the  writer  how  men  who 
are  not  lovers  of  orthodoxy  find  the  assump- 
tions of  Rationalismphilosophicallyuntenable. 
But  the  philosophical  temperament  apart 
from  reading  is  just  what  Mr.  Benn  seems 
to  lack.  The  prejudices  in  the  moral 
science  school  of  either  Oxford  or  Cam- 
bridge are  most  assuredly  not  in  favour  of 
Christianity,  but  they  scarcely  inculcate 
the  self-confidence  and  lack  of  intel- 
lectual sympathy  of  the  writer.  With 
one  side  of  his  attitude  we  are  in 
entire  agreement  —  his  desire  for  the 
tolerance  of  all  views.  His  book  strikes 
us  as  neither  amusing  nor  particularly 
instructive.  It  is  not  really  a  contribution 
to  historical  knowledge,  for  we  think  there 
is  nothing  in  it  that  was  not  before  known  ; 
nor  does  it  add  to  historical  thinking,  of 
which,  as  Acton  said,  one  of  the  first  duties 
is  to  make  out  a  better  case  for  your  opponents 
than  they  can  make  for  themselves.  It  is 
well  that  Mr.  Benn  should  give  his  thoughts 
to  the  world ,  if  he  desires  it  ;  and  if  his  view 
of  history  leads  him  to  consider  all  religion 
a  mischief,  by  all  means  let  him  say  so. 
Only  that  is  not  the  view  of  the  persons 
whose  knowledge  of  the  subject  is  most  un- 
questioned and  thorough  ;  nor  is  there  any 
evidence  that  when  the  faith  in  irreligion 
obtains  political  mastery  it  will  not  be  just 
as  persecuting  as  the  most  intolerant  of  all 
religions.  There  are  reasons  for  supposing 
it  will  be  more  so,  as  any  one  can  see  who 
reads  the  debates  inconnexion  with  theFrench 
Separation  Law. 


HISTORICAL    LITERATURE. 

A  History  of  the  County  of  Renfrew.  By 
William  M.  Metcalfe,  D.D.  (Paisley, 
Gardner.) — Dr.  Metcalfe  has  taken  some 
considerable  pains  to  bring  together  a  great 
variety  of  facts  relative  to  the  county  of 
Renfrew,  from  the  earliest  historical  days  to 
the  present  time.  In  accomplishing  this  he 
has  put  on  record  numerous  details  that  are 
not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  several  editions 
of  Crawfurd's  history  of  the  same  shire.  It 
is,  however,  unfortunate  that  he  has  made 
the  too  common  mistake  of  attempting  to 
interweave  a  history  of  Scotland  with  a  work 
which  ought  to  have  been  confined  to  local 
annals.  In  the  very  first  lines  of  the  preface 
this  intention  is  thus  boldly  avowed  : — 

"In  the  following  pages  I  have  tried  to  tell  the 
history  of  the  county  of  Renfrew  in  connexion 
with  the  history  of  the  country. " 

It  may  seem  somewhat  uncivil  to  state  it  in 
plain  terms,  but  the  truth  is  that  very  few 
people,  except  certain  narrow-minded  Pres- 
byterians, would  care  to  accept  Dr.  Met- 
calfe as  an  exponent  of  the  history  of  Scot- 
land, though  many  would  be  ready  to 
welcome  his  efforts  to  elucidate,  from 
documentary  sources,  the  story  of  a 
single  shire.  As  it  is,  a  large  proportion  of 
theso  five  hundrod   pages  is   taken  up  with 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


269 


dissertations  as  to  general  history,  with  the 
result  that  the  space  for  handling  county 
details  becomes  far  too  limited. 

The  whole  history  of  the  burghs  of  the 
•county,  including  Renfrew,  Paisley,  Gree- 
nock, &c,  is  compressed  into  about 
fifty  pages ;  whilst  the  last  chapter, 
which  deals  with  the  parishes  of  the 
shire,  is  of  much  less  extent.  By  far  the 
best  section  is  that  which  deals  with  '  The 
Presbytery  '  ;  the  reason  is  obvious,  for  in 
this  case  Dr.  Metcalfe  has  had  the  advantage 
of  consulting  and  using  a  large  number  of 
original  records.  The  extant  documents  of 
the  presbytery  of  Paisley  go  back  to  1602, 
and  disclose  that  reverend  body,  consisting 
of  all  the  ministers  of  the  county,  in  the 
midst  of  their  "  harsh,  intolerant,  and 
fanatical  "  administration  of  matters  eccle- 
siastical. The  forcing  of  every  one  to 
partake  of  the  Communion  in  his  or  her 
own  parish  kirk  occupied  most  of  then 
time.  It  is  impossible  not  to  enjoy  the 
firmness  and  outspokenness  of  the  Dowager 
Lady  Duchall.  After  being  repeatedly 
prayed  for,  admonished,  and  summoned 
before  the  presbytery,  for  neglecting  to 
receive  the  Communion  at  the  hands  of  the 
parson  of  Renfrew,  the  old  lady  at  last 
appeared  on  August  1st,  1605.  Upon  being 
questioned  why 

■"  she  had  refusit  to  communicate  the  Bodie  of 
Jesus  Christ,  she  boldly  answered  that  it  was  for 
plane  malice  that  she  had  conceived  in  her  heart 
against  her  pastor,  Mr.  John  Hay,  for  cindrie 
wrong  she  allegit  done  by  him  to  her,  whilk 
she  tuk  in  hand  to  give  in  befoir  the  8th 
instant." 

But  when  the  8th  arrived  Lady  Duchall 
failed  to  put  in  an  appearance,  and  the 
preliminary  process  of  praying  for  her  was 
resumed.  Her  name,  however,  suddenly 
disappears  from  the  records.  "  The  old 
lady,"  adds  Dr.  Metcalfe,  "was  about  ninety 
years  of  age,  and  the  probability  is  that  she 
found  relief  from  her  spiritual  tormentors 
in  death." 

The  typography  of  the  book  is  excellent  ; 
and  there  is  a  good  map  of  the  county. 

Feudal  Aids,  1284-1431.  Vol.  IV.  (Sta- 
tionery Office.) — Seven  counties,  beginning 
with  Northamptonshire  and  ending  with 
Somerset,  are  dealt  with  in  this  volume,  but, 
owing  to  the  paucity  of  the  records,  it  is 
smaller  than  those  which  have  preceded  it. 
Those  for  Northamptonshire,  however,  have 
been  supplemented,  the  Deputy  Keeper 
•explains,  by  copies  among  the  MSS.  at 
Dean  House  by  Thomas,  Earl  of  Cardigan, 
made  probably  during  his  imprisonment  in 
the  Tower  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  War. 
There  is  also,  he  observes,  in  the  case 
of  Northamptonshire,  further  evidence,  if 
needed,  of  the  date  to  which  Kirkby's  quest 
should  be  assigned.  The  troublesome  work 
of  arranging  and  editing  these  feudal  returns 
has  been,  as  usual,  excellently  performed, 
as  might  be  expected  from  the  co-operation 
of  Mr.  Lyle  and  Mr.  Stamp.  The  indexes 
of  places  and  of  persons  also  are  clearly  the 
fruit  of  much  labour.  A  little  criticism  is 
perhaps  invited  by  the  interesting  list  of 
serjeanties  with  which  the  volume  closes. 
The  first,  which  is  the  most  important  and 
familiar  of  the-  hunting  tenures,  that  of  the 
Engaynes  of  Pytchley,  is  very  strangely 
entered  as  "  to  scare  the  wolf  from  the  king." 
Here  the  words  de  rege  should  have  been 
read  with  in  capite  which  follow  their,  not 
with  fugandum,  which  precedes  them  and 
means  to  chase  or  to  hunt.  It  is  surprising, 
at  this  time  of  day,  to  find  the  Record  Office 
entering  the  service  of  a  FitzAlan  tenant 
as  "  to  keep  ward  at  the  castle  of  Whitchurch 
(Albi  Monasterii)  in  time  of  war,"  for  its 
own    Calendar    of   Henry    III.    Inquisitions 


would  have  shown  it  that  this  Album 
Monaslerium  (the  "  Honour  "  of  which  occurs 
several  times  in  the  volume  before  us)  is 
Oswestry.  Again,  the  interesting  Shrop- 
shire serjeanty  of  rendering  two  small  knives 
at  the  Exchequer  is  omitted  from  the  list. 
The  barony  of  "  Meleharo,"  which  occurs 
under  Oxfordshire,  should,  we  think,  have 
been  identified  as  that  of  Mileham,  Norfolk, 
bestowed  on  the  founder  of  the  FitzAlans  ; 
and  why  is  not  the  fee  of  Schovile,  on  the 
opposite  page,  similarly  indexed  ?  Such 
criticism,  however,  does  not  affect  the 
general  excellence  of  this  volume  of  a  useful 
series. 

A  History  of  the  Post-Reformation  Catholic 
Missions  in  Oxfordshire.  By  Mrs.  Bryan 
Stapleton.  (Frowde.) — Tins  book  is  a  pains- 
taking compilation  of  much  interest  to  those 
families  of  Oxfordshire  and  the  adjacent 
counties  whose  forefathers  remained  staunch 
adherents  of  the  unreformed  faith  during  the 
bitter  days  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries.  Foley's  '  Records  '  are  frequently 
cited  at  considerable  length  ;  for  the  Jesuits 
worked  the  central  portion  of  the  county, 
extending  from  Woodstock  to  the  river 
Thame ;  but  the  northern  divisions  were 
chiefly  under  the  care  of  Benedictine  and 
Franciscan  clergy.  Such  books  as  '  Bene- 
dictine Necrology '  and  '  Franciscans  in 
England  '  afford  much  additional  informa- 
tion. Those  who  desire  to  have  a  large 
amount  of  information  of  this  character 
brought  together  in  a  single  rather  badly 
arranged  volume  will  be  glad  to  place  this 
book  on  their  shelves.  But  we  have  not  in 
our  study  of  the  text  detected  a  solitary 
statement  that  has  not  previously  appeared 
in  print ;  even  the  Domestic  State  Papers 
seem  to  have  been  consulted  merely  in  the 
calendar  abstracts. 

Portraits  fran$ais  (XVII.,  XVIII.,  XIX. 
Siecles).  Par  Edmond  Pilon.  (Paris,  Sansot 
et  Cie.) — The  "  portraits  "  in  question,  a 
continuation  of  a  previous  series,  may  more 
properly  be  described  as  selected  scenes  from 
the  lives  of  various  distinguished  men  and 
women,  strung  together  upon  a  slight  and 
rather  fantastic  thread  of  connexion.  We 
could  have  wished  that  the  dividing  line 
between  historical  facts  on  the  one  hand, 
and  on  the  other  the  graceful  imaginings 
of  the  author,  had  been  a  little  more  dis- 
tinctly drawn  ;  but  this  indefiniteness  does 
not,  perhaps,  tend  to  diminish  the  charm 
and  interest  of  the  different  sketches.  We 
are  much  taken  with  the  '  Jeunesse  de 
Robespierre,'  which  presents  the  "  sea- 
green  Incorruptible  "  under,  a  little-known 
aspect,  and  with  the  pathetic,  but 
not  painful,  '  Mort  de  Rouget  de  Lisle.' 
Special  notice  is  also  due  to  '  Les  Muses 
plaintives  au  Romantisme,'  which  deals  in 
a  most  sympathetic  spirit  with  a  group  of 
female  minor  poets,  forgotten  in  France 
and  never,  perhaps,  known  in  England,  but  on 
many  accounts  deserving  of  remembrance. 

Haddon,  the  Manor,  the  Hall,  its  Lords 
and  Traditions.  By  G.  Le  Blanc  Smith. 
(Elliot  Stock.) — This  is  a  well-printed,  hand- 
somely bound,  and  profusely  illustrated 
book  of  nearly  two  hundred  pages  on  a 
subject  which  has  been  treated  again  and 
again  by  dozens  of  WTiters.  As  Haddon  Hall 
has  called  forth  a  multiplicity  of  books 
of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  any  one  pro- 
posing to  add  to  the  list  ought,  we  think, 
gravely  to  ask  himself  what  object  he  has  in 
view,  and  whether  he  can  materially  improve 
on  what  has  gone  before,  or  has  discovered 
any  new  sources  of  information. 

In  the  present  case  we  may  say  that 
the     illustrations     from     photograplis      are 


numerous  and  fairly  good  —  though 
wre  have  seen  better  ;  and  as  the 
camera  has  been  used  by  Mr.  Smith,  it  is 
probable  that  that  instrument  suggested 
the  book.  It  would  be  possible  to  produce 
one  on  Haddon  containing  a  considerable 
amount  of  new  information,  for  many  records 
have  become  available  of  late  years  ;  but  we 
see  no  indications  that  Mr.  Smith  has  made 
use  of  fresh  material,  or  has  consulted  any 
except  printed  works.  Most,  if  not  all, 
of  the  documents  cited  in  the  appendix  have 
already  appeared  in  various  volumes  of  the 
Derbyshire  Archaeological  Society's  Pro- 
ceedings. 

The  chapter  on  the  descent  of  the 
manor  is  somewhat  meagre  and  faulty. 
One  of  the  main  defects  here  is  the 
absence  of  any  serious  attempt  to  note 
or  describe  the  gradations  and  changes  in 
the  architectural  story  of  Haddon  Hall, 
which  is  unrivalled  among  domestic  buildings 
in  the  succession  of  periods  exhibited  from 
Norman  to  Renaissance.  Mr.  Smith's  book 
has  many  pretty  pictures  and  a  good  deal 
of  accurate,  though  badly  arranged  material  ; 
but  we  do  not  think  that  it  is  an  improvement 
on  Mr.  F.  H.  Cheetham's  book,  issued  in 
1904.  A  good  deal  of  attention  is  just  now 
being  paid  to  the  interesting  subject  of  old 
pigeon-houses.  We  are  glad  to  notice  that 
Mr.  Smith  has  supplied  a  picture  of  the  fine 
square  pigeon-house  of  Haddon,  usually 
neglected  by  photographers.  It  well  merits 
a  careful  description  and  suggestions  as  to  its 
date,  but  there  are  only  seven  lines  of  letter- 
press about  it.  Mr.  Smith  cites,  from  the 
steward's  accounts  of  1633,  "  pd  for  a  salt 
catt  for  the  piggions,"  remarking  that  it  is 
"  a  curious  entry,"  but  giving  no  explana- 
tion. Had  Mr.  Smith  made  any  study  of 
old  pigeon-houses,  he  would  have  known 
that  the  attractive  and  marvellous  mess 
called  a  catt  occurs  in  many  pigeon  accounts. 
There  is,  moreover,  no  index,  which  is  a 
tiresome  omission.  Like  every  one  else 
who  has  taken  the  trouble  to  investigate  the 
pretty  tale  of  Dorothy  Vernon's  elopement 
(invented  less  than  a  century  ago,  but  already 
firmly  established  in  the  popular  mind), 
Mr.  Smith  has  satisfied  himself  of  the  impos- 
sibilities it  involves.  He  says,  with  emphasis  : 
"  There  is  not  one  particle  of  historical  or 
documentary  evidence  to  support  the  tale  of 
elopement." 

We  note  one  distinct  blunder  about 
this  famed  heiress  which  detracts  con- 
siderably from  the  antiquarian  value  of 
the  text.  A  letter  with  facsimile  signature 
is  given  on  pp.  37-8,  purporting  to  be  written 
by  the  lady  in  question.  But  no  two  experts 
in  scripts  could  possibly  differ  on  the  point 
of  the  date  of  the  signature,  which  really 
belongs  to  the  famous  Dorothy's  grand- 
daughter. A  more  pardonable  mistake,  as 
it  has  been  made  by  several  writers,  is  the 
attributing  of  two  heads  carved  in  panel 
to  Henry  VII.  and  his  queen.  The  costume 
makes  this  impossible.  At  the  beginning  of 
last  century  they  were  assigned  to  the 
Emperor  Maximilian  and  his  queen,  which 
is  more  likely. 

MelanUra  Castle.  (Manchester,  University 
Press.) — This  is  a  substantial,  well-illus- 
trated report  of  upwards  of  L50  pages  on 
the  Roman  station  of  Melandra  Castle, 
drawn  up  by  different  members  of  tho 
Manchester  Branch  of  the  Classical  Associa- 
tion, and  edited  by  Dr.  I!.  B.  Conway.  It 
is  chiefly  a  record  of  the  excavations  under- 
taken at  this  fort,  on  the  verge  of  Derbyshire, 
by  the  Association  in  1905.  The  book  is 
a  valuable  addition  to  the  bibliography  of 
the  Roman  occupation  of  Britain.  Among 
the  writers  are  such  experts  as  Prof.  Boyd 
Dawkins  and  Dr.  Havertield. 


270 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Major  Godfrey's  translation  of  From 
Libau  to  Tsushima,  the  interesting  diary  of 
Fleet-Engineer  Politovsky,  is  published  by 
Mr.  Murray.  The  author  was  a  young  naval 
constructor,  who  had  been  employed  at  the 
Russian  Admiralty  till  he  was  sent,  much 
against  his  will,  from  the  Baltic,  round  the 
Cape,  and  across  the  Indian  Ocean,  to  be 
drowned  like  a  rat  in  the  flag-ship,  when  she 
was  sunk  by  the  Japanese  squadron,  in  the 
straits  of  Korea.  His  maxim  was  "  stick 
to  your  books  and  never  go  to  sea,"  and  he 
seems  to  have  thought  himself,  perhaps  with 
reason,  a  fitter  ruler  of  the  White  Emperor's 
navy  than  was  Rojdestvensky,  Nebo- 
gatoff,  Alexieff,  or  Wirenius.  Although 
animated  by  intense  hatred  of  this  country, 
Politovsky  sneers  at  Germans,  calls  all 
Frenchmen  "  humbugs,"  and  over  and 
over  again  breaks  out  against  his  country- 
men. Towards  the  Japanese  he  is  uniformly 
civil,  and  his  death  was  not  so  much  due 
to  them  as  to  the  neglect  to  warn  him  when 
the  staff  of  which  he  was  a  member  fled  in  a 
destroyer  from  the  sinking  Suvaroff .  Though 
he  saw  imaginary  Japanese  at  night  in  the 
Baltic,  in  the  Atlantic,  off  the  Cape,  and  in 
the  Indian  Ocean,  he  admits  that  the  regular 
naval  officers  should  have  kept  their  heads 
better  than  he  kept  his  own,  and  frankly 
states  that  they  fired  on  their  own  ships  in 
wild  panic  "  on  the  Doggerbank."  Our 
author  says  that  there  was  one  "  consola- 
tion "  about  "  the  Hull  outrage,"  namely, 
the  excellence  of  the  Russian  "  shooting." 
Yet,  though  an  enormous  waste  of  powder 
took  place  and  several  ships  used  all  their 
guns  up  to  and  inclusive  of  6  in.  Q.F.,  the 
chaplain  of  the  Aurora  alone  was  killed  in 
addition  to  the  English  fishermen.  We 
note  subsequent  destruction  of  nets  by  the 
Russian  squadron  in  the  Channel,  the 
cutting  by  Rojdestvensky  of  the  French 
cable  from  Tangier,  the  deception  practised 
by  him  on  the  Portuguese  (as  to  neutral 
waters),  the  extent  to  which  alcoholic  mania 
existed  in  the  fleet,  and  the  "  nerves,"  or, 
as  we  say,  "  jumps,"  which  affected  the 
author  and  everybody  else.  The  officers  inter- 
cepted Japanese  wireless  messages  off  the 
Cape,  in  Madagascar,  and  in  other  unlikely 
places,  and  not  only  habitually  saw  Japanese 
lights  all  night,  but  also  Japanese  balloons 
by  day  ! 

The  Memoirs  of  the  Lord  of  Joinville.  A 
New  English  Version  by  Ethel  Wedgwood. 
(John  Murray.)  —  It  has  always  been  a 
puzzle  to  us  that  there  are  so  faw  trans- 
lations of  Joinville  ;  he  has  so  many  of 
the  characteristics  of  the  general  ideal 
of  an  English  country  gentleman  that  one 
would  have  expected  him  to  be  a  great 
popular  success  ;  yet  there  has  been  no  ver- 
sion of  importance  since  James  Hutton's  in 
the  late  sixties.  It  would  be  interesting  to 
trace  the  picture  of  the  Lord  of  Joinville 
as  a  young  man  of  sound  common  sense, 
shrewd,  firm,  self-opinionated,  early  habitu- 
ated to  government,  caught  up  at  an  impres- 
sionable moment  by  a  great  movement,  and 
in  the  very  height  of  it  falling  gradually 
and  half  unwillingly  under  the  charm  of  the 
great  man  of  his  time — "  a  king,  a  hero,  and 
a  man" — to  bear  the  imprint  of  his  spirit 
for  the  long  remainder  of  his  days,  and  to 
hand  it  down  to  us  in  an  imperishable  work 
of  art.  Miss  Wedgwood,  to  our  mind,  fails 
to  grasp  this  side  of  Joinville's  work  in  the 
little  preface  she  contributes  : — 

"He  is  do  skilled  chronicler,  like  his  oompatriol 
the  warrior  and  statesman  Villehardouin  ;  he  is  "<> 
born  story-teller  like  Villani  or  Froissart,  but  a 
hard-headed,  plain-minded  man,  to  whom  penman- 


ship is  no  art,  and  who  writes  simply  because  he 
loved  his  friend  and  believes  that  he  has  a  duty  to 
his  posterity." 

No  doubt  Joinville  loses  something  by  his 
want  of  constructive  skill,  but  as  regards 
power  of  story-telling  we  have  only  to  con- 
sider that  the  matter  of  the  book  was  col- 
lected by  the  time  its  author  was  thirty,  and 
that  for  fifty  years  he  was  learning  the  way 
to  tell  it  before  the  most  critical  audiences 
of  his  time,  before  men  who  could  check 
him  as  to  his  facts,  and  before  Court  circles 
accustomed  to  the  daily  hearing  of  the  best 
stories  in  the  world.  When  at  last,  at  the 
age  of  eighty,  Joinville  sat  down  to  dictate 
his  work,  every  word  of  it  bore  the  impress 
of  that  noble  directness  and  simplicity  which 
not  only  appeals  to  the  common  humanity 
of  all  ages,  but  is  also  the  result  of  the 
most  exquisite  literary  art.  Joinville  is 
more  than  any  other  "  the  man  of  one 
book,"  and  that  book  is  his  own  experience. 
We  can  speak  very  highly  of  Miss  Wedg- 
wood's powers  of  translation  :  she  preserves 
the  spirit  of  her  author,  and  suggests  many 
of  the  qualities  of  his  style.  As  she  has  felt 
herself  free  to  cut  out  so  much  of  the  story, 
her  choice  of  Michel's  rather  inadequate  text 
as  a  basis  of  her  work  need  not  be  commented 
on,  especially  as  its  date  raises  no  question  of 
copyright.  Scholars  will  smile  at  the  inno- 
cent parade  of  quoting  "  a  fourteenth- 
century  manuscript  known  as  Supplement 
2016,  Bibliotheque  royale,"  or  "  H.S.  Brit. 
Mus.,  Cott.  Lib.,  Julius,  A.  V.,"  or  the  note 
on  French  currency  which,  after  quoting 
Littre  for  something  that  Littre  does  not 
say,  i.e.,  "  1  livre  parisis  =  25  solidi  or  sous," 
goes  on  to  equate  "livre=liber  (lb.)  = 
pound."  A  livre  always  equals  20  sols  of 
12  deniers  each,  but  a  livre  (or  20  sols)  of 
Paris  was  worth  25  sols  tournois.  There  are 
many  expressions,  such  as  "  Brethren  of 
the  Bag,"  which  suggest  that  Miss  Wedg- 
wood would  do  well  to  submit  her  work  to 
some  one  with  more  knowledge  of  mediaeval 
history  when  a  second  edition  is  called  for. 

On  p.  14  the  translator  misses  the  king's 
play  of  words:  preudhomme  is  not  "gal- 
lant," which  is  preuhomme,  but  "prudent." 
The  spelling  of  proper  names  is  erratic  ; 
e.g.,  Begouin,  Provence  (Provins),  Corbeuil, 
Clugny,  on  three  pages  only.  The  phrase 
"  spans-length  "  is  a  poor  translation  of 
toise,  suggesting  3  spans  (27  inches)  rather 
than  18  feet. 

We  hope  that  these  little  blemishes,  which 
can  be  easily  removed,  will  not  be  allowed 
to  overshadow  the  real  worth  of  the  book. 
It  is  really  a  good  representation  of  Join- 
ville in  style  and  spirit,  extremely  well  illus- 
trated from  mediaeval  manuscripts,  and 
printed  with  the  care  which  we  expect  from 
its  publisher.  There  is,  too,  we  are  glad  to 
see,  an  index. 

The  Fortunes  of  the  Landrays,  by  Vaughan 
Kester  (Methuen  &  Co.),  is  a  tale  of  "out 
West  "  adventure,  and  there  are  Indians 
in  it.  It  should  therefore  find  favour  with 
boy  readers,  though  the  spell  of  the  red  man 
is  not  what  it  was.  As  a  story  it  is  too  long 
and  too  diffuse,  and  the  sense  of  proportion 
is  lacking.  Yet  it  is  interesting,  and  some 
of  the  characters  are  effective.  The  Mormon 
settlement  and  the  figure  of  Brigham 
Young  are  well  sketched.  There  are  one  or 
two  more,  men  and  women,  too,  who  may 
have  been  taken  from  real  life.  The  author 
does  not  so  much  give  the  impression  of  a 
trained  writer  as  of  a  person  with  a  story  to 
tell  and  some  first-hand  knowledge  of  the 
places  and  people  he  describes. 

The  Trials  of  Commander  MeTurl;.  By 
C.  J.  Cutcliffo  Hyne.  (John  Murray.) — 
The  principal  blemish  in  this  collection  of 
stories    is    that    it    has    not    been    devised 


primarily  for  a  volume,  but  for  serial  pub- 
lication. But  so  practised  a  craftsman  as 
the  author  might  have  set  this  to  rights. 
When  a  month  passes  between  the  reading 
of  each  instalment  in  a  series  of  stories,  one 
may  tolerate  the  repetition  in  each  of 
references  to  the  hero's  "  precise  "  naval 
manner,  and  the  deepening  colour  of  the 
"  thousand  tiny  wrinkles  which  seamed 
Commander  McTurk's  red  face."  But  such 
phrases  are  wearisome  when  repeated  for  con- 
tinuous reading.  The  volume  contains  a  round 
dozen  of  tolerably  amusing  yarns  woven 
deftly  enough  round  the  personality  of  a 
commander  on  the  retired  list  of  the  United 
States  Navy.  McTurk  is  clearly  devised  as 
a  successor  to  Capt.  Kettle ;  but  he  falls 
short  of  the  little  captain's  level  of  veri- 
similitude and  reality.  He  is  amusingly 
sketched  in  graphic,  lively  style,  but  hardly 
illumined  by  the  vital  spark  which  animated 
his  truculent  predecessor. 

Great  Boiclers  and  Fieldsmen ;  their  Methods 
at  a  Glance.  By  George  W.  Beldam  and 
Charles  B.  Fry.  Illustrated  by  464  Action- 
Photographs.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — Wo  have- 
already  expressed  our  appreciation  of  Mr. 
Beldam's  scientific  photography.  In  the 
present  volume  he  does  for  bowling  and 
fielding  what  he  has  done  for  golf.  For  the 
first  tune  we  have  on  record  a  series  of  instan- 
taneous pictures  of  great  bowlers  and  fields- 
men, not  posed  and  motionless,  but  taken 
in  their  stride,  in  the  moment  of  actual 
effort.  The  result  is  very  interesting.  It 
is  so  interesting,  indeed,  that  this  novel 
portrait  gallery  might  well  be  enlarged.  An 
exhibition  of  great  fieldsmen  which  does  not 
include  Mr.  Maclaren  or  Capt.  Wynyard,  for 
instance,  or  of  bowlers  which  does  not  in- 
clude Mr.  Simpson-Hayward,  a  typical 
lob-bowler  who  has  mastered  the  theory 
and  practice  of  the  onward  spin,  cannot  but 
be  so  far  disappointing.  Nor  is  the  letter- 
press thoroughly  up  to  date  ;  Mr.  Bosan- 
quet's  interesting  article,  in  which  he  reveals, 
the  secret  of  his  so-called  "  googlies,"  is 
evidently  a  reprint  from  a  magazine,  for 
since  Vogler's  debut  he  would  scarcely  have 
committed  himself  to  the  statement  that 
Wass  is  the  only  fast  leg-break  bowler  he 
knows.  However,  this  article,  together  with 
Mr.  Spofforth's  on  bowling  and  Mr.  Jessop's 
on  fielding,  is  notable. 

Mr.  Fry's  notes  to  the  photographs  are 
written  with  his  accustomed  insight,  and 
are  the  outcome  of  great  knowledge.  Occa- 
sionally, indeed,  he  omits  to  mention  a 
point  which  we  should  have  expected  him 
to  observe  ;  in  analyzing  Mead's  bowling,  for 
instance,  he  does  not  refer  to  the  fact  that 
that  bowler  (like  Mr.  Wells,  Mr.  Bosanquet, 
and  others)  sometimes  bowls  with  a  leg- 
break  action  a  hall  that  goes  straight  on 
and  secures  a  wicket  by  "  l.b.w."  Attention 
is  rightly  called  in  the  pictures  and  the  letter- 
press to  the  different  grips  for  balls  intended 
to  break  or  to  swerve,  and  to  the  power 
which  bowlers  have  found  in  the  seam  of  the 
cricket-ball.  The  writer  might  have  re- 
marked that  this  importance  of  the  grip 
involves  the  importance  of  hiding  the  ball 
from  the  batsman  till  the  moment  of  delivery.. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  Rhodes,  Blythe,  and 
nearly  all  great  slow  bowlers  do  not  let  the- 
batsman  see  what  they  intend  the  ball  tc» 
do  till  the  last  moment.  Mr.  Kotze,  the 
South  African  fast  bowler  who  figures  herer 
once  informed  the  present  reviewer  that  the 
whole  secret  of  bowling  fast  was  not  to  smoke 
and  to  eat  fresh,  not  canned,  meat.  But 
it  is  also  necessary  to  have  the  physique. 
The  immense  muscular  effort  involved  in 
bowling,  especially  fast  bowling,  is  strikingly 
revealed  by  these  photographs.  The  exer- 
tion  of  tho  hands,   back,  loins,   and  thigli3 


Nc4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


271 


are  here  plainly  illustrated,  and  effort,  too, 
is  curiously  indicated  by  the  play  of  the 
facial  muscles.  Many  of  the  pictures  are 
most  graceful  in  movement  and  pose,  others 
less  so  ;  those  of  Mr.  Foster,  Tunnicliffe, 
and  Rhodes  catching  at  short  slip  are  triumphs 
of  the  photographer's  art,  whilst  those  of 
Mr.  Macgregor  at  the  wicket,  and  J.  T.  Hearne 
bowling,  are  perfect  object-lessons.  The 
wonderful  camera  reveals  many  half-sus- 
pected truths  ;  one  of  these  is  that  many 
bowlers  are  guilty  of  no-balls,  which,  how- 
ever, no  human  umpire  can  be  expected  to 
call. 

The  appearance  of  a  sixth  edition  of  Col. 
Pratt's  Military  Law  Examiner  (Gale  & 
Polden)  leads  us  to  suggest  that  when  it  is 
again  revised  it  would  be  well  to  rewrite  the 
"  customs  of  war  "  replies,  in  view  of  the 
proposals  of  the  various  powers  at  the  Hague, 
and  the  resolutions  of  the  conference.  The 
reply  as  to  courts  of  inquiry  "  ordered  to 
investigate  a  matter  of  discipline  (not  coming 
under  section  72  Army  Act)  "  fails  (under 
heads  2  and  3)  to  meet  such  cases  as  the 
very  important  inquiry  held  by  Sir  Ian 
Hamilton  at  and  on  "  Nitrals  Nek,"  or  the 
notorious  inquiry  in  the  "  Guards  Scandal  " 
which  caused  two  debates  in  the  House  of 
Lords  in  the  last  Parliament.  These  were 
not  "  courts,"  and  they  were  not  under 
"  Military  Law,"  but,  as  they  were  univer- 
sally thought  to  be  such,  and  as  they  pro- 
duced equivalent  results  in  the  removal  of 
three  distinguished  colonels,  "  prerogative 
inquiries  "  should  be  named. 

Mr.  A.  C.  Benson  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  success  of  his  Upton  Letters,  of 
which  a  seventh  impression  is  now  out, 
crediting  him  with  the  authorship.  We  gave 
xhe  book  a  long  notice  when  it  appeared,  and 
it  is  certainly  full  of  suggestion,  if  not  pro- 
vocation, of  a  valuable  sort.  Mr.  Benson 
now  supplies  a  Preface  concerning  his 
reasons  for  anonymity  and  its  withdrawal. 
It  is  a  frank  and  engaging  piece  of  work. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  send  us  ten  more 
volumes  of  their  Popular  Classics,  a  series 
we  have  already  praised.  We  are  specially 
pleased  with  the  late  Sir  William  Clowes's 
'  Four  Modern  Naval  Campaigns,'  which  is 
only  a  few  years  old,  and  '  An  Anthology  of 
Humorous  Verse  '  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Cook,  which 
is  transferred  from  another  series.,  but  has, 
we  happen  to  know,  been  often  asked  for, 
when  it  was  out  of  print.  '  The  Satires  and 
Epistles  of  Horace  '  in  Latin,  with  Francis's 
version  opposite,  is  an  enterprising  venture. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Benson  (R.  H.),  The  Religion  of  the  Plain  Man,  2/6  net. 

Briggs  (C.  A.  and  E.  OA  A  Critical  and  Exegetical  Com- 
mentary on  the  Book  of  Psalms,  Vol.  L,  10/6 

Buck  land  (Rev.  A.  R.),  St.  Paul's  First  Epistle  to  the 
Thessalonians,  2/ 

Cordon  (S.  1).),  Quiet  Talks  about  Jesus,  2/6  net. 

Pulsford  (J.),  Quiet  Hours,  M. 

slater  (W.  ]•'.),  Limitations,  Divine  and  Human,  3/6 

Smelhe  (A.),  Give  Me  the  Master,  6rf.  net. 

Stale}  (V.).  short  Homilies  on  the  Gospels  for  the  Sundays 
of  the  Liturgical  Year,  20  net. 

Walsh  (W.),  Jesus  in  Juteopolis,  1/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 

Bemrose  (\v.),  A  Manual  of  Wood  Carving,  Twenty-Second 
Edition,  5/ 

Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  Proceedings,  No.  XLVI 
5/  net.  ' 

Rowlands  (\V.),  Among  the  Great  Masters  of  Literature 
32  Reproductions  ;  Among  the  Great  Masters  of  Music' 
82  Reproductions  ;  Among  the  Great  Masters  of  Paint- 
ing, 32  Reproductions,  3/6  net  each. 

Poetry  and  Drauia. 
Burroughs  (J.),  Bird  and  Bough,  4/6  net 
Divall  (E.  H),  A  Believers  Thoughts,  1/8  net. 
Yalgrave   (F.    T),    The    Treasury    of    Sacred    Song.    New 
Edition,  2/6  net 


Townshend  (Marchioness),  In  the  King's  Garden,  and  other 
Poems,  5/  net 

Music. 
Taylor  (F.),  Primer  of  Pianoforte  Playing,  1/ 

Bibliography. 
Book-Auction  Records,  edited  by  F.   Karslake,   Vol.   III. 

Part  IV. 
International  Co-operative  Bibliography,  7/6  net 
Library  of  Congress  :  List  of  Works  relating  to  the  American 

Occupation  of  the  Philippine    Islands,    1898-1903,    by 

A.  P.  C.  Griffin. 

History  and  Biography. 
Baker  (G.),    Unhistoric    Acts :    some    Records   of    Early 

Friends  in  North- East  Yorkshire,  7/6  net 
Canterbury   and     York    Society :    Registrum    Thoma>    de 

Cantilupo,  Part  I.  ;  Rotuli  Hugonis  de  Welles,  Part  IV. 
Haydon  (A.  L),  The  Book  of  the  V.C.,  3/6 
Hyde  (A.  G.),  George  Herbert  and  his  Times,  10/6  net 
Macaulay  (J.  B.),  The  Life  of  the  last  Earl  of  Stilling. 
Rochdale  Jubilee :   A   Record  of   Fifty   Years'  Municipal 

Work,  edited  by  Lieut. -Col.  Fish  wick. 
Sievier  (R.  S.),  Autobiography,  3/6  net. 
Trowbridge  (W.  R.  H),  Court  Beauties  of  Old  Whitehall, 

15/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Geographical  Journal,  General  Index  to  the  First  Twenty 

Volumes,  1893-1902. 
Steggall  (J.  E.  A.),  Picturesque  Perthshire,  2/6  net 
Warden  (S.  K.),  Humorous  Side-Lights  on  a  Scotch  Tour,  6/ 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 

Dogs,  edited  by  H.  Cox  :  Vol.  I.  The  Terriers,  52/6  net 

Harrison  (E.),  A  Dissertation  upon  Guns  and  Shooting, 
5/  net 

Philology. 

Aramaic  Papyri  discovered  at  Assuan,  edited  by  A.  H. 
Sayce,  21/  net. 

Erasmi  Opus  Epistolarum,  edited  by  P.  S.  Allen  :  Vol.  I., 
1481-1514,  18/  net. 

Graham  (J.)  and  Oliver  (G.  A.  S.),  Foreign  Traders'  Dic- 
tionary of  Terms  and  Phrases.  3/6 

School-Books. 
Clark  (G.  E.),  A  Practical  Arithmetic,  4/6  net 
Heaton  (E.   W.),  A  Scientific   Geography :    Book  II.,   The 

British  Isles,  1/6  net. 
Shakespeare,  The  Tragedy  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  edited 

by  R.  H.  Case,  2/6  net. 

Science. 
Blake  (C.  J.),  Operative  Otology,   Surgical  Pathology  and 

Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Ear,  15/ net 
Crotch  (A.),  Telegraph  Secondary  Cell  Instillations,  2/6  net. 
'  Electrician'  Primers,  edited  by  W.  R.  Cooper,  3  vols,  in  1, 

10/6  net 
Forchheimer    (J.),    The    Prophylaxis    and    Treatment    of 

Internal  Diseases,  21/  net 
Gloag  (M.  R.),  A  Book  of  English  Gardens,  10/6  net. 
Hallock(W.)and  Wade  (H.  T.),  Outlines  of  the  Evolution 

of  Weights  and  Measures  and  the  Metric  System,  10/  net. 
Johnson  (E.  R.),  Ocean  and  Inland  Water  Transportation, 

6/  net 
King  (I.),  The  Psychology  of  Child  Development,  5/  net. 
Tuckett  (Mrs.  A.),  A  Year  in  my  Garden,  5/  net. 
Zeda  (U.),    Electric  Bells,   Indicators,  and  Aerial   Lines, 

translated  by  S.  R.  Bottone,  2/  net 

Juvenile  Books. 
Escott-Inman   (H.)    Loyal  and  True ;    The    Second    Form 

Master  of  St  Cyril's,  3/6  each. 
Panting  (J.  H),  Clive  of  Clair  College,  3/6 
Potter  (B.),  The  Tale  of  Mr.  Jeremy  Fisher,  1/  net 

General  Literature. 

Armour  (J.  O.),  The  Packers  and  the  People,  6/  net 

Benson  (A.  C),  The  Upton  Letters,  Second  Edition,  7/6  net. 

Biggs  (A.  H.),  Ivy,  3/6 

Buchanan  (A.),  Bubble  Reputation,  6/ 

Buster  Brown,  his  Dog  Tige,  and  their  Jolly  Times,  illus- 
trated by  R.  F.  Outeault,  3/6  net. 

Cleeve  (L),  Seven  Nights  in  a  Gondola,  6/ 

Coke  (D),  The  Comedy  of  Age,  6/ 

Cowden  (A.),  The  Horse  and  the  Maid,  6/ 

Cutting  (M.  S.),  Heart  of  Lynn,  3/6 

Dalby  (W.),  The  Ivory  Raiders,  6/ 

Dawe  (C),  A  Morganatic  Marriage,  6/ 

Dawson  (J.),  The  Story  of  Richard  Martin,  3/6 

Drummond  (H. ),  The  Cuckoo,  6/ 

Dyke  (G.  C),  The  Betrayal  of  Mistress  Donis,  6/ 

Farjeon  (B.  L.),  Mrs.  Dimmock's  Worries,  i; 

Gaskell  (Mrs.),  Mary  Barton,  and  other  Tales,  Knutsford 
Edition,  4/0  net 

Gay  (G.  M.),  The  Astrologer's  Daughter,  3/6 

Gould  (Xat),  A  Hundred  to  One  Chance,  2/ 

dribble  (F.),  The  Pillar  of  Cloud,  6/ 

Heron  (D.),  Kinsmen,  6/ 

Hichens  (R.),  The  Call  of  the  Blood,  6/ 

Hundred  and  Second  Report  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  1/ 

Hutchinson's  Popular  Classics:  Anthology  of  Humorous 
Verse;  Kebles  Christian  Year;  Satires  and  Epistles  of 
Horace;  Hamilton's  Memoirs  of  the  Count  de  (iram- 
mont ;  Clowes's  Four  Modern  Naval  Campaigns; 
Dickens's  Christmas  Books;  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of 
Wakefield,  and  Addison  and  Steele's  Sir  Roger  de 
Coverley ;  Sheridan's  Complete  Plays,  lor/,  net  each. 

London  School  of  Economics  and  Political  Science,  Calen- 
dar, 1/  net. 

Meade  (L.  T),  A  Golden  Shadow,  6/ 

Mills  (J.),  Jack  Cherton  of  Sydney,  6/ 

Moberly  (I,.  (J.).  Hope  mv  Wife,  6"/ 

Pickthall  (M.),  The  Hous'e  of  Islam,  6/ 

Shire  (A.),  The  A  muring  Witness,  1/  net 

Thackeray,  being  Favourite  Passages rhosen  from  the  Works 
by  A.  H.  Hvatt,  2/  net. 

Warden  (F),  The  Old  House  at  the  Corner,  6/ 

White  (Sir  W.),  Cantor  Lectures  on  Modern  Warships,  1/ 

Zilwa  (L.  de),  The  Web  of  Circumstance,  6/ 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Halevy  (I.),  Dorot  Harischonim,  10m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Rembrandt,     Collection    complete     des     Eaux-fortes     du 
Maitre,  reproduites  par  Amand  Durand,  300fr. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Holthausen  (F.),    Beowulf,   nebst    dem    Finnsburg-Bruch- 

stiick,  Part  II.,  2m.  80. 

History  and  Biography. 
Beccari  (C),  Notizia  e  Saggi  di  Opere  e  Documenci  inediti 

riguardanti  la  Storia  ui  Etiopia,  20/ 
Paez  (P.),  Historia  .Ethiopia^,  Books  L  and  II.,  20/ 
Revue  Historique  :  Septembre — Octobre,  6fr. 
Semenoff  (E.),  Une  Page  de  la  Contre-Revolution  russe  :  les 

Pogromes,  3fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Sales  (P.),  Sa  Femme,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
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sending  Books. 


THE   NEW   SPELLING. 

Prof.  Brander  Matthews,  of  Columbia 
University,  is  the  head  of  a  Simplified 
Spelling  Board,  which  has  issued  a  list  of 
300  revised  words.  He  is  supported  by 
Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  who  has  apparently 
come  to  be  regarded,  on  very  insufficient 
grounds,  as  an  educational  expert;  and  now 
President  Roosevelt  has  ordered  the  public 
printer  of  the  United  States  to  adopt 
this  list,  which  is  to  be  fortified  from 
time  to  time  by  additions  —  duly 
endorsed  by  the  President,  we  presume — 
until  the  spelling  becomes  purelyjphonetic. 
That  the  general  spelling  in  the  United 
States  will  follow  the  official,  or  that 
much  confusion  will  result,  is  evident. 
Confusion  is  inevitable  in  any  case.  Who  is 
to  decide  what  is  the  best  phonetic  spelling  ? 
Are  we  to  commend  to  the  Board  the 
services  of  the  enlightened  scion  of  the 
aristocracy  who  astonished  his  examiners 
by  spelling  what  misguided  conservatism 
knows  as  "  wife  "  "  yph  "  ?  Why  should 
we  neglect  the  usage  winch  the  course  of  the 
ages  has  given  us  from  Elizabethan  times 
(when  spelling  was  largely  undecided) 
for  the  sake  of  the  collective  wisdom 
of  the  trio  mentioned  above  ?  We  protest 
against  this  largely  commercial  and  wholly 
presumptuous  order,  which  is  advertised  by 
the  leisure  of  the  "  silly  season."  It  is 
thrust  upon  the  world  with  a  suddenness 
wThieh  implies  indifference_to  due  authority 
or  due  consideration. 

It  is  not  enough  that  a  few  specialists 
have  laid  their  heads  together.  For  we 
have  to  remark  that  professors,  millionaires, 
grammarians,  aad  philologists,  however 
capable  or  distinguished,  are  not  entitled 
to  monopolize  decision  and  discussion  on 
linguistic  matters.  Language  and  literature 
are  living  things,  with  the  making  of  which 
the  classes  above  named  have  little  to  do. 
It  is  their  business  to  collate  and  explain 
the  results  achieved  by  other  people.  This 
premature  movement  lias  done  real  harm  to 
the  cause  of  reasonable  reform.  Taking 
the  commercial  point  of  view  alone — which 
is,  doubtless,  that  which  appeals  most  to 
Mr.  Carnegie — we  wonder  what  the  publishers 
and  the  all-powerful  typographical  unions 
of  the  United  States  think  about  the  new 
scheme. 

Before  anything  of  the  kind  can  be 
accepted,  there  are  many  points  to  be 
settled.  In  the  first  place,  no  such  scheme 
should  be  entertained  without  the  fullest 
consideration  on  the  part  of  the  whole 
English-speaking  community  in  th3  world. 
Considering  the  close  relations  between 
this  country  and  the  United  States  in  the 
matter  of  books,  we  wonder  that  pub- 
lishers   have   not    already    come    to    some 


272 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


agreement  as  to  spelling  modification  ;  we 
wonder  still  more  that  the  President 
should  attempt  to  force  on  the  United 
States  a  scheme  which  this  country  has,  so 
far  as  we  know,  had  no  proper  opportunity 
to  examine,  much  less  to  discuss. 

It  ought  to  be  obvious  that  adequate 
study  of  phonetics,  resulting  in  a  standard 
of  pronunciation,  must  precede  any  such 
action  as  that  now  hastily  taken.  We 
believe  that  The  Phonetic  News  spelt  the 
third  word  of  its  title  "  Nuz,"  but  we 
fail  to  see  what  advantage  could  accrue 
from  a  spelling  which  has  two  possible 
sounds  instead  of  one  which  can  only  be 
pronounced  in  one  way.  Such  foolishness 
shows  the  dangers  which  the  problem  in- 
volves. 

The  promoters  of  the  novelty  might  have 
quoted  the  example  of  a  delicate  and 
deliberate  artist  in  English,  Tennyson, 
whose  printed  works  show  the  forms 
'•altho',"  "thro',"  and  "tho\"  They  would 
not,  however,  have  been  wise  in  pointing 
to  such  an  example  (since  the  two  latter 
words  represent  distinct  sounds),  and  their 
abbreviations  do  nothing  to  remove  the 
confusion  which  is  urged  as  a  prime  dis- 
advantage of  our  present  spelling.  Tenny- 
son, at  least,  preserved  a  hint  of  abbrevia- 
tion in  his  spellings.  The  new  Board 
recommends  "  thru,"  we  believe,  but 
"altho  "  and  "  tho." 

As  for  the  standard  of  pronunciation 
(presumably  the  guide  for  spelling),  we  may 
note  that  even  the  ordinary  educated 
person  has  no  idea  of  subtle,  but  essential 
differences  in  speech,  and  has  in  some  cases, 
through  desuetude  or  repeated  slovenliness, 
virtually  lost  the  power  to  pronounce  as  he 
should.  Thinkers — a  very  small  portion, 
unfortunately,  of  the  valued  participants  in 
public  discussions — will  echo  the  surprise  of 
Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  that, 

"  save  for  local  exceptions,  there  should  be  no 
pressure  even  upon  those  who  desire  to  become 
teachers  in  our  schools  or  preachers  in  our  pulpits, 
to  attain  a  qualifying  minimum  of  correct  pro- 
nunciation." 

What  guarantee  is  there  that  the  Cockney 
dialect  (odious,  but  predominant  in  living 
letters),  a  finicking  Academicism  of  speech, 
or  a  distorting  nasal  bias  will  not  prevail, to 
the  disadvantage  of  the  majority  who  do 
not  wish  any  of  these  predilections  to  be 
recorded  in  modern  spelling  as  standard 
forms  of  speech  ? 

For  our  own  part,  from  the  practical 
point  of  view,  we  regard  much  of  the  present 
spelling,  which  may  seem  otiose,  as  a  valu- 
able record  of  derivation,  a  help  to  those 
who  are,  or  should  be, 

Keen  thro'  wordy  snares  to  track 
Suggestion  to  her  inmost  cell. 

Even  with  such  safeguards,  writers  highly 
rsgarded  are  continually  mistaking  the 
meaning  of  words,  and  misusing  them. 
Without  such  safeguards,  language  will 
cease  to  be  veracious  at  all,  and  become  the 
prey  of  the  ignorant  and  tho  degenerate  in 
t  bought,  who  end  by  being  the  degenerate 
in  action.  There  will  be  orthographies  and 
heresies  involving  more  waste  of  time  and 
labour  than  the  clipping  of  a  million 
vocables.  The  final  result  may  well  be  that 
the  people  best  qualified  to  judge  will  bo 
entreated  by  the  late-found  wisdom  of  the 
cocksure  reformers  to  raze  to  the  ground 
flu:  Babel  which  has  wasted  so  much  of  the 
world's  time,  and  possibly  changed  that  hege- 
mony of  the  world  which  has  been  hitherto 
the  privilege  of  tho  Anglo-Saxon  race.  For, 
as  we  pointed  out  a  fortnight  ago,  unity  of 
language  means  unity  of  thought  and  action. 
We  protest  against  a  gratuitous  division 
between  peoples  of  the  same  blood. 


We  cannot  open  our  columns  at  present 
to  the  various  aspects  of  this  large 
question,  but  we  have  felt  bound  to 
enter  our  caveat.  President  Roosevelt's 
action  may  be  widely  applauded  where 
novelty  and  hurry  are  prevalent  ideals, 
but  it  lacks  that  quality  of  reasoned  judg- 
ment which  alone  justifies  general  confi- 
dence. For  once  we  must  dissociate  our- 
selves from  an  initiative  which  has  hitherto 
been  fruitful  for  the  world's  good. 


THE    LIBRARY    ASSOCIATION    AT 
BRADFORD. 


The  Library  Association  held  their  twenty- 
ninth  annual  meeting  this  year,  assembling 
at  Bradford.  The  members  and  delegates, 
about  200  in  number,  coming  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  Kingdom  and  including  several 
American  librarians,  took  part  in  some  pre- 
liminary business  on  Monday  last,  and  in 
the  evening  were  entertained  at  a  reception 
by  the  Mayor  and  Mayoress  of  Bradford  (Mr. 
and  Mrs.  W.  A.  Whitehead). 

On  Tuesday  morning  the  members  were 
formally  welcomed  at  the  Cartwright 
Memorial  Hall  in  Lister  Park,  by  the  Mayor 
of  Bradford  on  behalf  of  the  Corporation, 
and=.by  Mr.  Alderman  J.  S.  Toothill  (Chair- 
man) on  behalf  of  the  Public  Libraries  and 
Art  Gallery  Committee. 

The  President  for  the  coming  year,  Sir 
William  H.  Bailey  (Salford),  then  delivered 
his  inaugural  address.  He  said  that  the 
Library  Association  was  a  great  educational 
machine,  consisting  as  it  did  of  men  and 
women  devoted  to  devising  the  best  means  of 
increasing  the  value  of  the  libraries  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  Sydney  Smith,  when 
preaching  the  funeral  sermon  of  William  IV., 
said  that  "  first  and  foremost  I  think  the 
new  Queen  should  bend  her  mind  to  the 
serious  consideration  of  educating  the 
people."  At  that  time  the  seats  of  learning 
and  the  professional  and  middle  classes  had 
their  libraries,  but  in  manufacturing  and 
agricultural  districts  working  people  had 
little  literature  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
village  and  Sunday-school  libraries.  The 
reformed  municipalities  came,  and  among 
their  first  work  was  the  agitation  for  free 
libraries  and  museums,  to  be  maintained  out 
of  public  rates  for  the  public  benefit.  There 
was  a  thirst  for  knowledge  in  the  land.  The 
wealth  of  the  manufacturing  districts  was 
increasing  by  leaps  and  bounds.  The  new 
railway  of  Stephenson  and  the  electric  tele- 
graph of  Sir  Francis  Ronalds  were  at  work, 
the  soft-iron  magnet  of  Sturgeon  of  Lan- 
caster, parent  of  all  the  electrical  inventions 
of  modern  times,  was  being  used  in  various 
shapes  ;  while  Richard  Roberts  and  Dr. 
Cartwright  had  shown  us  how  to  spin  and 
weave  by  James  Watt's  double-acting  steam 
engine.  Science  was  entering  into  partner- 
ship with  industry.  Dr.  Joule  of  Manchester 
was  teaching  the  rate  of  exchange  between 
heat  and  energy.  That  brilliant  period  was 
the  second  great  revival  of  letters.  It  was 
the  era  of  the  steam  printing  press,  the  steam- 
boat, and  the  locomotive  ;  it  was  the  new 
age  of  science.  The  President  asked  the 
members  to  endorse  his  view,  with  due  appre- 
ciation of  the  mighty  achievements  of  scionce, 
the  increase  of  material  wealth  and  comfort, 
and  the  higher  recognition  of  human  brother- 
hood, that  tho  Free  Libraries  Act  was  one  of 
tho  greatest  triumphs  of  the  ago  of  Queen 
Victoria.  The  first  meeting  concerned  with 
the  agitation  for  free  libraries  was  held  in 
the  Manchester  Athenamm,  and  began  in  a 
partnership    between    Manchester,    Salford, 


and  Liverpool.  Richard  Cobden  took  the 
chair.  At  the  present  time  the  Library  Acts- 
had  been  adopted  in  203  cities  and  boroughs, 
which  controlled  about  600  libraries.  There 
were  now  in  the  free  libraries  of  this  kingdom 
5,809,196  volumes,  and  probably  nearly 
50,000,000,  readers  used  those  free  libraries 
last  year.  Could  any  one  doubt  the  refining 
influence  of  this  literature  ?  One  good 
example  of  the  increase  of  education  and 
intelligence  among  the  working  classes 
would  be  found  in  the  societies  and  institu- 
tions they  managed  themselves,  without  any 
form  of  patronage  ;  witness  the  friendly 
societies,  and  the  Co-operative  Society  of 
Manchester,  with  its  turnover  of  about 
20,000,000Z.  a  year  for  goods,  its  banking 
cash  turnover  of  more  than  100,000,000?., 
and  its  great  contributions  to  its  own 
libraries,  to  education  and  charity.  And 
all  its  members  were  working  folk.  It  was 
not  enough  to  mention  the  working  classes 
alone  as  an  evidence  of  improved  education 
and  the  influence  of  free  libraries.  The 
libraries  were  for  all  classes.  We  often 
forgot  those  who  by  pluck,  natural  genius, 
and  hard  work  had  repaired  a  defective 
education,  and  now  occupied  great  positions 
as  manufacturers  and  merchants.  In  the 
industrial  world  no  man  or  master  was  of 
much  value  to  himself  who  was  ignorant 
of  the  literature  of  his  trade.  The  Library 
Association  for  a  long  time  past  had  devoted 
much  consideration  to  the  increased  use  of 
free  libraries  for  education,  industry,  and 
industrial  art.  Progress  had  been  made, 
excellent  work  done,  and  educational  autho- 
rities were  joining  in  the  movement.  The 
municipality  now  had  control  of  both  free- 
libraries  and  public  education. 

The  most  direct  partnership  between  the 
library  and  industry  might  be  found  in 
Paris.  In  1892,  when  the  Library  Associa- 
tion visited  Paris,  they  inspected  the- 
"  Forney  Libraries  of  Industrial  Art," 
which  were  established  in  the  working-class 
districts  of  Paris.  They  were  under  muni- 
cipal control,  and  were  specially  founded  to 
foster  industrial  art.  When  all  were  erected, 
there  would  be  one  in  each  of  the  100  wards 
of  the  city.  Books,  patterns,  prints,  draw- 
ings, and  photographs  were  lent  to  work- 
men. The  especial  aim  of  the  administration 
was  to  keep  on  the  shelves  of  the  librari- 
an material  of  interest  to  the  particular  trade 
of  the  district.  One  of  these  libraries  that 
the  President  had  visited  was  devoted  chiefly 
to  cabinet-making,  and  he  there  saw  models 
and  drawings  of  thousands  of  articles  of 
utility  and  beauty  that  are  made  of  wood. 
Everything  that  could  be  found  in  print 
about  woodwork  was  on  the  shelves. 
There  was  a  department  in  each  library  in 
which  models  and  illustrations  might  be 
copied  in  the  building  itself.  Easels  and 
drawing-boards  were  provided,  and  also 
facilities  for  photography.  The  desire  of 
the  management  was  to  promote  the  indus- 
trial arts  in  the  widest  possible  sense.  Not 
only  did  house  decorators  find  designs  and 
books  relating  to  their  work,  but  also  fan 
painters,  porcelain  modellers,  designers  of 
iron  and  bronze  gates,  metal  workers,  cabinet- 
makers, builders,  and  workers  in  constructive- 
as  well  as  decorative  arts  could  go  for 
inspiration  to  the  wealth  of  examples  on  tho 
shelves  and  walls.  Those  libraries  might 
well  bo  imitated  in  this  country.  Our  indus- 
trial position  was  now  assailed  ;  our  heritage- 
was  in  danger.  The  very  guns  that  wo  had 
invented  ourselves  had  been  turned  against 
us.  The  best  tools  in  the  workshops  of  tho- 
world — those  that  went  to  make  a  loco- 
motive or  a  steamboat,  or  to  produce  toxtilo 
fabrics  of  cotton,  silk,  or  wool — were  the 
product  of  tho  brains  of  Englishmen.  Wo 
should  continue  with  unabated  vigour  the- 


KM115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


273 


great  work  of  making  our  libraries  of  more 
value  to  strengthen  our  commercial  position. 
Andrew  Yarranton,  who  wrote  the  first  book 
on  technical  education  in  1676,  said,  "  God 
and  nature  are  on  the  side  of  the  English," 
for  our  natural  advantages  in  soil,  climate, 
position,  energy,  and  honesty  were  great  ; 
and  he  piously  added,  "  God  and  nature  had 
destined  England  to  be  the  emporium  of  the 
world."  The  two  qualities  of  poet  and 
inventor  were  one.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was 
an  inventor  and  poet  ;  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thornden  was  a  poet  and  patentee  and 
inventor  of  improvements  in  firearms, 
clocks,  locks,  and  many  other  things. 
Nasmyth  of  the  steam  hammer  was  a  poet, 
painter,  engraver,  and  inventor.  The  Cart- 
wright  Memorial  Hall  was  dedicated  to 
perpetuate  and  hold  in  remembrance  the 
benefactions  of  that  inventor,  who  wrote 
verses  of  merit.  There  can  be  no  progress 
in  science  without  intellectual  liberty,  which 
with  a  rich  imagination  had  been  the  basis 
of  all  our  poetry  and  mechanical  inventions. 
Richard  Roberts,  the  greatest  mechanical 
inventor  of  the  nineteenth  century,  was  a 
poor  Welsh  quarry  lad  who  came  to  Man- 
chester and  never  went  to  any  but  a  Sunday 
school,  but  he  was  a  high-class  mathematician. 
He  invented  the  planing  machine,  the  self- 
acting  mule  for  spinning  cotton,  the  modern 
locomotive,  automatic  tools,  and  steamboats. 
His  love  for  literature  was  unbounded.  He 
became  supreme  in  what  he  attempted 
because  of  his  knowledge  of  the  literature  of 
the  subject  combined  with  imagination.  Let 
us  therefore  be  not  filled  with  dismay,  let  us 
not  idly  lament  our  past  glories,  but  let  us 
increase  by  all  our  energies  the  value  to 
industry  and  art  of  the  free  libraries,  and 
thus  brighten  the  splendid  raw  material  in 
the  English  race. 

The  President  was  cordially  thanked  for 
his  address. 

The  first  paper  on  the  programme  was 
'  A  Survev  of  the  Public  Librarv  Movement 
in  Bradford.'  by  Mr.  E.  Hartley*(Bradford)  ; 
Mr.  Scrutton  followed  with  a  '  History  of 
the  Bradford  Library  and  Literary  Society  '  ; 
and  Mr.  C.  A.  Federer  gave  an  account  of  the 
'  Bradford  Mechanics'  Institution  Library.' 
Mr.  J.  Daykin  (Yorkshire  Union  of  Insti- 
tutes) dealt  with  '  Village  Libraries,  with 
Special  Reference  to  Yorkshire.' 

After  being  entertained  at  luncheon  by 
the  Mayor  the  members  met  at  an  afternoon 
-•--ion  to  discuss  public  libraries  and  educa- 
tion, as  well  as  the  somewhat  distantly 
related  question  of  bookbinding  leathers. 
The  first  subject  was  introduced  by  Councillor 
!!.  Roberts  (Chairman  of  Bradford  Educa- 
tion Committee)  in  a  paper  on  '  The  Relation 
of  Public  Libraries  to  the  Present  System  of 
Education.'  The  idea  that  the  public- 
lihrary  movement  should  form  part  of  the 
corporate  life  of  the  city  was  now  rooted 
deeply  in  the  minds  of  the  community.  In 
it-  threefold  aspect  of  library,  museum, 
mid  art  gallery,  the  movement  represented 
<>f  the  humanizing  energies  of  society, 
and  its  distinguishing  note  was  that  it  was 
owned,  directed,  and  controlled  by  the  muni- 
cipality, and  that  these  culture-forces  were 
for  the  whole  people.  The  paper  was  dis- 
cussed by  Councillor  W.  C.  Lupton  and 
Dr.  Archibald  Duff.  '  The  Leather  Question  ' 
was  dealt  with  by  Dr.  J.  Gordon  Parker 
(Herold's  Institute,  Bermondsey),  and  his 
remarks  jrave  rise  to  an  interesting  and  prac- 
tical discussion  on  the  best  leathers  and 
methods  of  detecting  defective  preparation  of 
the  skins. 

In  the  evening  the  members  were  enter- 
tained at  a  smoking  concert.  Tho  pro- 
ceedings continued  on  Wednesday  and 
Thursday. 


TWO  POEMS  OF  PHILIP  MASSINGER, 

By  the  courtesy  of  the  Librarian  I  had 
last  year  an  opportunity  of  examining  MS. 
G.  2.  21  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  which 
the  following  poems  appear.  They  were  to 
have  been  printed  in  a  volume  of  '  Literary 
Finds '  which  Dr.  A.  B.  Grosart  planned, 
but  did  not  live  to  edit.  Very  little  of  the 
verse  which  he  had  gathered  for  that  collec- 
tion was  really  new,  but  the  Massinger 
poems  were  among  the  few  which  he  was 
justified  in  calling  a  "  find " :  they  add 
some  appreciable  touches  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  dramatist.  The  manuscript  is  a 
collection  of  seventeenth-century  verse  in 
a  contemporary  handwriting  ;  some  leaves 
are  missing,  as  the  pagination  shows.  Mas- 
singer's  poems  are  on  pp.  554-9.  I  have 
not  tampered  with  the  punctuation,  as  I 
assume  that  readers  of  The  Athenceum  can 
supply  a  comma  in  an  emergency,  delete  a 
full  stop  if  it  is  not  needed,  or  retrieve  the 
construction  in 

For  the  new  Giuer  shee  dead  must  inherit 
What  was  by  purchase  gott 

by  reading    "  shee    dead  "as  a  parenthesis. 
Here  then  are  the  poems. 

The  Copie  of  a  Letter  written  vpon 
occasion  to  the  Earle  of  Pembrooke 
Lo:  Chamberlaine. 
My  Lord 

Soe  subiect  to  the  worser  fame 
Are  euen  the  best  that  clayme  a  Poets  name 
Especially  poore  they  that  serue  the  stage 
Though  worthily  in  this  verse-halting  Age 
And  that  dread  curse  soe  heauie  yet  doth  lie 
Wch  the  wrong'd  Fates  falne  out  wth  Mercurie 
Pronounc'd  foreuer  to  attend  vpon 
All  such  as  onely  dreame  of  Helicon. 
That  durst  I  sweare  cheated  by  selfe  opinion 
I  were  Apolloes  or  the  Muses  Mynion 
Reason  would  yet  assure  me,  t'is  decreed 
Such  as  are  Poets  borne,  are  borne  to  need 
If  the  most  worthy  then,  whose  pay's  but  praise 
Or  a  few  spriggs  from  the  now  withering  bayes 
Grone  vnderneath  their  wants  what  hope  haue  I 
Scarce  yet  allowed  one  of  the  Company. 
Of  better  fortune,  That  wth  their  good  parts 
Euen  want  the  waves  the  bold  and  thriuing  arts 
By  wch  they  grow  remarkeable  and  are  priz'd 
Since  sure  I  could  not  Hue  a  thing  despiz'd 
Durst  I  professe  t'  were  in  my  power  to  giue 
A  patron  that  should  euer  make  him  Hue 
Or  tell  great  Lords  that  the  maine  Reason  why 
They  hold  A  Poets  prayses  flatterie 
Is  their  owne  guilt,  that  since  they  left  to  doo 
Things  worthy  praise  euen  praise  is  odious  too 
Some  few  there  are  that  by  this  boldnes  thriue 
Wch  yet  I  dare  not  follow  ;  others  striue 
In  some  high  mynded  Ladies  grace  to  stand 
Euer  prouided  that  her  liberall  hand 
Pay  for  the  Vertues  they  bestow  vpon  her 
And  soe  long  shees  the  miracle  and  the  honor 
Of  her  whole  Sex,  and  has  forsooth  more  worth 
Then  was  in  any  Sparta  e're  brought  forth 
But  when  the  Bounty  failes  a  change  is  neare 
And  shee  'a  not  then  what  once  she  did  appeare 
For  the  new  Giuer  shee  dead  must  inherit 
What  was  by  purchase  gott  and  not  by  merit 
Lett  them  write  well  that  doe  this  and  in  grace 
I  would  not  for  a  pension  or  A  place 
Part  soe  wth  myne  owne  Candor,  lett  me  rather 
Liue  poorely  on  those  toyes  I  would  not  father 
Not  known  beyond  A  Player  or  A  Man 
That  does  pursue  the  course  that  I  haue  ran 
Ere  soe  grow  famous  :  yet  wth  any  paine 
Or  honest  industry  could  I  obteyne 
A  noble  Fauorer,  I  might  write  and  doo 
Like  others  of  more  name  and  gett  one  too 
Or  els  my  Genius  is  false.     I  know 
That  Iohnson  much  of  what  he  has  does  owe 
To  you  and  to  your  familie,  and  is  neuer 
slow  to  professe  it,  nor  had  Fletcher  euer 
Such  Reputation,  and  credit  wonne 
But  by  his  honord  Patron,  Huntington 
inimitable  Spencer  n'ere  bad  been 
Soe  famous  for  his  matchlesse  Fairie  Qneene 
Had  lie  not  found  a  Sydney  to  prefcrr 
His  plaine  way  in  his  Shepheards  Calender 
Nay  VirgiUs  selfe  (or  Martial]  does  Ire) 
Could  hardly  frame  a  poore  (inatts  Flegie 
Before  Mecsenas  cherist  him  ;  and  then 
He  streight  concein'd  ASneas  and  the  men 
That  found  out  Italic.     These  are  Presidents 
I  cite  wth  reuerence  :  my  lowe  intents 
Looke  not  soe  high,  yet  some  worke  I  might  frame 
That  should  nor  wrong  my  duty  nor  your  Name 
Were  but  your  Lo.*PP  pleas'd  to  cast  an  eye 
Of  fauoiir  on  my  trodd  downe  pouertie 
How  euer  I  confesse  myselfe  to  \><- 

Euer  most  hound  for  your  best  charitie 
To  others  that  feed  on  it,  and  uiM  pay 
My  prayers  wth  theirs  thus  as  y"  doe  yn  may 
Line  long,  belon'd  and  honorM  donbtles  then 
Soe  cleere  a  life  will  find  a  worthier  Penn. 
For  me  I  rest  assur'd  besides  the  glory 
T'wold  make  a  Poet  but  to  write  your  story. 

Phill :  Messinger. 


A  Newyeares  Guift  presented  to  my 
Lady' and  Mrs  the  then  Lidy 
Katherine  Stanhop  now  Countesse 
of  Chesterfeild. 

By  Phill :  Messinger. 

Madame 

Before  I  ow'd  to  you  the  name 
Of  Seruant,  to  your  birth,  your  worth  your  fame 
I  was  soe,  and  t'was  fitt  since  all  stand  bound 
To  honour  Yertue  in  meane  persons  found 
Much  more  in  yon,  that  as  borne  great,  are  good 
Wch  is  more  then  to  come  of  noble  blood 
Or  be  A  Hastings  ;  it  being  too  well  knowne 
An  Empresse  cannot  challenge  as  her  owne 
Her  Grandsire's  glories  ;  And  too  many  staine 
Wth  their  bad  Actions  the  noble  straine 
From  whence  they  come,  But  as  in  you  to  be 
A  branch  to  add  fresh  honor  to  the  tree 
By  vertue  planted,  and  adorne  it  new 
Is  graunted  vnto  none  or  very  few 
To  speake  you  further  would  appeare  in  me 
Presumption  or  a  seruants  flattery 
But  there  may  be  a  tyme  when  I  shall  dare 
To  tell  the  world  and  boldly  what  yu  are 
Nor  sleight  it  Madame,  since  what  some  in  me 
Esteeme  a  blemish,  is  a  guift  as  free 
As  their  best  fortunes.,  this  took  from  the  graue 
Penelopies  ehastitie,  and  to  it  gaue 
Still  liuing  Honors  ;  this  made  Aiax  strong 
Vlisses  wise  :  such  power  lies  in  a  Song 
Wch  Phoebus  smiles  on  wch  can  find  no  vrne 
While  the  Sea  his  course,  or  starres  obserue  their  turne 
Yet  t'  is  not  in  the  power  of  tinckling  Rime 
That  takes  rash  Judgments  and  deceme[s]  the  tyme 
Wth  Mountebanke  sbowes  a  worke  that  shold  indure- 
Must  haue  a  Genius  in  it,  strong,  as  pure 
But  you  beginne  to  smile,  as  wondring  why 
I  should  write  thus  much  to  y»  now  since  I 
Haue  heretofore  been  silent  may  yu  please 
To  know  the  cause  it  is  noe  new  disease 
Growne  in  my  iudgment,  nor  am  I  of  those 
That  thinke  good  wishes  cannot  thriue  in  prose 
Aswell  as  verse  :  but  that  this  Newyeares  das- 
All  in  their  loues  and  duties,  what  they  may 
Present  vnto  you  ;  though  perhaps  some  burne 
Wth  expectation  of  a  glad  returne 
Of  what  thev  venture  for  :  But  such  I  leaue 
To  their  deceiptfull  guifts  giuen  to  deceiue 
What  I  giue  I  am  rich  in,  and  can  spare 
Nor  part  for  hope  wth  ought  deserues  my  care 
He  that  hath  little  and  giues  nought  at  all 
To  them  that  haue  is  truly  liberall. 

Massinger's  connexion  with  the  Herbert 
family  is,  of  course,  well  known.  Dedicating: 
'  The  Bond-man '  in  1624  to  Philip  Herbert,- 
Earl  of  Montgomery,  he  wrote  : — 

"  How  euer  I  could  neuer  arriue  at  the  happi- 
nesse  to  be  made  knowne  to  your  Lordship,  yet  a 
desire  borne  with  me,  to  make  tender  of  all  duties,, 
and  seruice,  to  the  Noble  Family  of  the  Herberts, 
descended  to  me  as  an  inheritance  from  my  dead 
Father,  Arthur  Massinger.  Many  yeares  bee 
happily  spent  in  the  seruice  of  your  Honourable 
House,  and  dyed  a  seruant  to  it ;  leauing  his,  to 
be  euer  most  glad,  and  ready,  to  be  at  the  com- 
mand of  al  such,  as  deriue  themsehies  from  his 
most  honour'd  Master,  your  Lordships  most  noble- 
Father." 

The  reference  is  to  Henry,  second  Earl  of 
Pembroke;  after  his  death  in  1601,  Arthur 
Massinger  continued  in  the  service  of 
William,  the  third  Earl,  who  is  the  subject 
of  the  first  poem,  as  the  reference  to  Jonson- 
shows.  He  was  appointed  Lord  Chamber- 
lain in  1615.  The  dedication  of  '  The  Bond- 
man '  served  its  purpose  in  introducing  the 
dramatist  to  the  Earl  of  Montgomery. 
Aubrey  tells  us  that  Massinger  became',  tho 
Earl's  servant,  and  received  from  him  a 
pension  of  30Z.  or  40Z.,  which  after  the  poet's- 
death  was  continued  to  his  widow.  A 
tribute  in  verse  written  when  the  Earl's  son 
Charles  died  at  Florence  in  1635  has  been 
preserved  in  manuscript.  It  is  possible 
that  more  of  these  private  poems  await  the 
discoverer.  In  1633  Massinger  dedicated  to- 
the  Earl's  son-in-law,  Roger  Dormer,  Earl 
of  Carnarvon,  '  A  New  Way  to  pay  Old 
Debts ' ;  he  describes  himself  as  "  a  deuoted 
seruant  to  the  thrice  noble  Family  of  your 
incomparable  Lady." 

Lady  Katherine  Stanhope  was  the 
daughter  of  Francis,  Lord  Hastings,  son 
and  heir  to  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Hunting- 
don. In  16<  5  she  married  Philip  Stanhope,. 
Baron  of  Shelford,  who  was  created  Earl  of 
Chesterfield  in  1628.  The  poem  here  printed; 
for  the  first  time  is *  not  the  only  tribute 
wbioh  Massinger  paid  to  this  lady.    In  1623; 


274 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4115, 


Sept.  8,  1906 


he  dedicated  '  The  Duke  of  Millaine  '  to  her, 
saying : — 

"  There  is  no  other  meanes  left  mee  (my  mis- 
fortunes hailing  cast  me  on  this  course)  to  publish 
to  the  world  (if  it  hold  the  least  good  opinion  of 
mee)  that  I  am  euer  your  Ladyship's  creature." 

But  the  most  interesting  point  revealed 
to  us  in  these  verses  is  the  reference  to 
"  Huntington  "  as  the  "  honord  Patron  "  of 
John  Fletcher.  If  I  am  not  mistaken,  this 
fact  is  now  recorded  for  the  first  time.  I 
assume  that  this  patron  is  Lady  Katherine's 
grandfather,  George,  the  fourth  Earl,  who 
succeeded  his  brother  Henry  in  1595, 
and  died  himself  in  1604.  Henry  is  too 
•early;  Fletcher  was  a  boy  of  fourteen  when 
he  died.  The  little  that  is  known  of 
Fletcher's  opening  career  would  fit  in  with 
the  fourth  Earl.  Fletcher's  father,  Richard, 
Bishop  of  London,  died  on  June  15th, 
1596,  in  debt  to  the  Exchequer.  The  sug- 
gestion has  been  made  that  his  son's  career 
at  Cambridge  was  interrupted  at  this  point ; 
in  any  case,  we  may  conjecture  that  it  was 
a  time  when  a  patron  would  be  peculiarly 
helpful.  The  Earl's  death  in  1604  would 
occur  too  early  in  Fletcher's  career  for  any 
form  of  literary  acknowledgment,  such  as  a 
dedication  in  verse,  to  be  possible  ;  he  does 
not  emerge  as  a  playwright  till  about  1608. 
It  is  not  likely  that  the  fifth  Earl,  Henry, 
grandson  of  George,  was  the  patron  ;  he  was 
younger  than  Fletcher,  being  born  in  1586,  and 
he  lived  till  1 643.  Help  from  him  could  hardly 
have  been  ignored  by  the  poet  throughout 
bis  career.  I  commend  this  new  clue,  with 
its  possibilities  of  further  discovery,  to  the 
editor  in  chief  of  the  new  variorum  edition 
of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Percy  Simpson. 


THE    STRATFORD    TOWN 
SHAKESPEARE. 

Shakespeare  Press,  Liverpool,  Sept.  3rd,  1906. 

Is  your  correspondent  quite  serious  in 
-stating  that  "  bibliographers  have  cause  for 
oomplaint "  ? 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  are  two  editors 
of  this  edition,  I  believe,  and  any  cataloguer 
so  desiring  could  easily  add  their  names 
within  parentheses,  if  the  publishers  raise 
no  objection.  Where  publishers  and  editors 
are  identical,  as  in  this  case,  there  is  always 
the  difficulty  of  reiteration  to  negotiate  on 
the  title. 

The  omission  of  the  designation  complained 
of  is  surely  a  happy  accident  or  design.  No 
fewer  than  three  earlier  publishers  adopted 
the  name  of  the  poet's  birth-town  in  christen- 
ing their  respective  issues.  A  fourth  merely 
"  makes  confusion  worse  confounded." 

If  the  imprint  be  insufficient,  may  I  point 
out  other  little  traits  which  distinguish  this 
edition  ?  It  is  the  third  and  by  far  the  largest 
to  bear  a  Stratford  imprint.  It  is  the  only 
^eleven-volume  and  only  Stratford  edition 
so  far,  of  the  twentieth  century.  Its  sup- 
plement, illustrations,  and  form  are  obviously 
different  from  every  other. 

If  it  is  not  too  late,  I  would  venture  to 
suggest  that  the  edition  be  renamed  in  tin; 
supplementary  volume,  it  would  be  a 
graceful  tribute  to  Shakespeare's  mother,  or 
his  wife,  to  utilize  one  of  their  maiden  names. 

Your  correspondent's  guess  at  the  total 
number  of  editions,  coming  from  such  a 
source,  is  rather  wide  of  the  mark.  Having 
recently  compiled  a  '  Shakespeare  Biblio- 
graphy,' I  may  here  record  for  the  first  time 
that  over  eleven  hundred  distinct  editions 
of  the  works  exist  in  English.  Would  that 
no  graver  problem  beset  the  Shakspearean 
bibliographer  than  that  imagined  at  Bir- 
mingham !  Wm.  .Jachjard. 


MRS.    CHESSON'S    '  SELECTED 
POEMS.' 

337,  Sandycombe  Road,  Kew  Gardens,  Sept.  2nd,  1906. 

I  shall  be  greatly  obliged  if  you  will 
allow  me  to  state  that  the  book  entitled 
'  Selected  Poems,'  by  Nora  Chesson,  cir- 
culates in  two  editions,  only  one  of  which 
is  authorized  by  me,  though  both  issue 
from  Messrs.  Alston  Rivers.  In  the  autho- 
rized edition,  the  last  note  is  on  '  Yellow 
Weeds.'  In  July,  1906.  a  person  unknown 
to  me  passed  for  press  the  last  sheets  of  the 
unauthorized  edition.  When  T  heard  of 
this  action,  I  looked  at  my  agreement  with 
the  publishers,  and  found  that,  though  I  had 
consented  to  bear  the  cost  of  corrections 
beyond  a  proportional  limit,  I  had  neglected 
to  stipulate  that  I  should  pass  the  book  for 
press.  I  called  on  the  publishers  and  offered 
to  pay  the  printers'  bill  if  they  would  suppress 
the  book  which  had  been  made  a  source  of 
indignity  and  vexation  as  far  back  as  last 
June.  The  publishers  met  my  offer  by  the 
production  of  fresh  proofs,  which  I  passed 
for  press  without  delay.  I  confess  I  should 
have  inquired  if  sheets  had  been  printed  off 
in  correspondence  with  the  unauthorized 
press-proofs.  Disingenuousness  is  a  trifling 
virtue  in  gentlemen  whose  idea  of  "  obliging  " 
Mr.  Ford  Madox  Hueffer's  "  great  affection 
for  the  being  that  reveals  itself  "  in  my 
wife's  verse  was  to  follow  his  prescription  of 
brutal  and  untruthful  mendicancy  on  behalf 
of  my  children.  However,  I  did  not  inquire  : 
hence  a  situation  which  would  be  morbid 
if  I  was  not  cased  in  irony.  I  accept  in 
advance  the  frolicsome  plea  that  affection 
and  philanthropy  and  "  regard  for  Mr. 
Hueffer  "  have  operated  with  "  the  best 
intentions  "  ;  but  I  hope  that  Persephone 
walks  on  another  pavement. 

W.  H.  Chesson. 


THE 


BELVOIR    HOUSEHOLD 
ACCOUNTS. 


Though  loth  to  encroach  on  your  valuable 
space,  I  think  that,  in  the  interest  of  literary 
decency,  some  notice  should  be  taken  of  the 
latest  of  the  many  reckless  charges  scattered 
broadcast  in  his  writings  by  Mr.  J.  Pym 
Yeatman.  In  a  '  Postscript  '  (which  has 
been  sent  me)  to  Section  IX.  of  the  work 
he  is  pleased  to  term  '  The  Feudal  History 
of  the  County  of  Derby  '  Mr.  Sidney  Lee 
and  I  are  again  the  subject  of  his  abuse, 
and  the  following  definite  statements  are 
made  : — 

"Mr.  Horace  Round frightened  the  Deputy 

Keeper  into  appointing  him  (a  most  unfit  man)  to 
make  an  account  of  the  Belvoir  Records  for  the 
Royal  Historical  [sic]  Commission,  and  he  unduly 
pressed  Mr.  Carrington  to  allow  him  to  carry 
away  his  transcripts,  amongst  others,  of  the  Belvoir 
Household  Accounts,  which  he  coolly  proposed  to 
publish,  nearly  in  extemo,  in  his  own  name.  Mr. 
Carrington,  though  he  strongly  objected,  was  too 

much  a  gentleman    to  decline Mr.  Carrington 

was  only  just  dead  when  Mr.  Round  made  a  most 
shameful  use  of  his  work.  Through  Mr.  Sydney 
Lee  (ever  ready  to  crih)  he  published  a  most 
fulsome  and  ridiculous  account  of  a  '  Shaksperian 
discovery,'  of  very  small  value,  and  ushered  it  to 

the  world  through  the   Time*  newspaper What 

will  these  two   worthies  think  of  the  exposure  of 
their  last  little  literary  peculation?" 
This  statement,  so  far  as  it  affects  me,  is 
absolutely   without    foundation — is,  in  fact, 
mere  mendacity. 

There  was  never  any  idea  of  my  publish- 
ing, under  my  own  name  or  otherwise,  the 
Belvoir  household  accounts,  and  reference 
to  vol.  iv.  of  '  The  Manuscripts  of  the  Duke 
of  Rutland  '  (Historical  Manuscripts  Com- 
mission) will    at   once  show  (pp.  v,  xi)  that 


I  have  had  nothing  to  do  with  their  editing 
or  publication,  which  have  been  personally 
undertaken  by  the  Deputy  Keeper  of  the 
Records.  And  the  first  I  heard  of  the 
"  Shaksperian  discovery  "  was  when,  in 
common  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  I  read 
of  it  on  its  publication  in  the  press. 

I  may  add  that  in  my  report  on  the 
"  Ancient  charters,  cartularies,  &c."  (an 
entirely  separate  department),  I  made  a 
point  of  recording  that  "  the  services 
rendered  to  the  topographer  and  genealogist 
by  Mr.  Carrington's  years  of  labour  are  very 
great,"  and  that  "  Mr.  W.  A.  Carrington, 
to  whose  valuable  services  I  have  referred, 
.  .  .  .rendered  me  every  assistance  in  my 
examination  of  the  muniments  "  (pp.  1,  3). 

I  do  not  know  whether  any  scholar  in  this 
country  would  attach  any  importance  to 
anything  Mr.  Yeatman  might  say ;  but  as  I 
gather  from  his  next  paragraph  that  he  is 
preparing  to  supply  "  our  American  cousins  " 
with  pedigrees,  it  may  be  well  to  warn  them 
that  his  statements,  however  definite,  should 
be  received,  as  I  have  shown,  with  caution. 
If  further  proof  is  required,  it  will  be  found 
in  '  The  Origin  of  the  Shirleys  and  of  the 
Gresleys  '  {Derbyshire  Archceological  Journal, 
1905).  J.  H.  Round. 


THE    BOOKSELLERS'    PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 

On  the  15th  of  February  next  it  will  be 
seventy  years  since  the  Booksellers'  Institu- 
tion was  inaugurated  at  Stationers'  Hall. 
In  anticipation  of  such  an  important  event 
the  directors  have  issued  an  account  of 
its  history.  The  originator  was  George 
Greenland,  who  called  a  meeting  of  book- 
sellers "  to  take  into  consideration  the 
means  of  establishing  an  institution  for  the 
assistance  and  support  of  decayed  book- 
sellers." This  was  held  at  the  Albion 
Tavern  on  the  16th  of  December,  1836. 
Mr.  Orme  took  the  chair,  and  in  our  notice 
of  the  meeting  on  the  3 1  st  of  the  same  month, 
in  according  our  best  wishes,  we  stated  that 
the  Institution  "  ought  to  be  warmly  taken 
up  and  encouraged  by  all  the  patrons  (and 
yet  more  the  workers)  of  literature."  In 
seven  years  the  Institution  became  fully 
established  upon  the  substantial  basis  of  a 
capital  of  13.000Z.  This  shows  the  energy 
of  its  members  in  early  days.  We  notice 
from  the  Report  that  six  of  those  who  joined 
at  the  first  are  still  with  us,  while  there  are 
twenty-three  living  who  became  members 
between  1838  and  1849. 

In  the  vigour  of  youth  the  Institution  felt 
that  it  was  capable  of  further  effort  ;  the 
relief  fund  was  working  satisfactorily,  free 
medical  assistance  was  arranged,  and  it  was 
determined  to  have  a  haven  of  rest  to  which 
aged  annuitants  could  retire  to  spend  their 
declining  years.  John  Dickinson  presented 
the  beautiful  estate  at  Abbots  Langley,  and 
in  1846  the  Retreat  was  opened  by  Bulwer 
Lytton. 

From  that  date  the  story  of  the  two  insti- 
tutions has  been  one  of  continual  prosperity. 
In  1869  Mr.  Thomas  Brown  bequeathed 
10,0002.  to  the  Institution  and  a  like  sum  to 
the  Retreat.  The  trade  owe  to  the  President, 
Mr.  Charles  James  Longman,  a  deep  debt  of 
gratitude,  and  we  trust  that  the  new  forward 
movement  inaugurated  by  him  in  1902  will 
meet  with  still  greater  success,  for  it  brings 
within  the  reach  of  the  youngest  and  most 
humble  worker  "  the  very  best  insurance 
against  misfortune,"  and  "the  certainty  that 
he  will  never  be  driven  to  absolute  want." 
The  Report  gives  a  scale  of  payments  to  be 
made.  A  young  man  at  eighteen  can  secure 
all   the  benefits  of  the  Institution   by  one 


, 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


275 


payment  of  141.,  or  by  the  small  annual 
subscription  of  14s.  Slightly  increased 
payment  has  to  be  made  according  to  age. 

The  Report  contains  an  excellent  portrait 
of  Mr.  C.  J.  Longman.  We  note  also  a 
portrait  of  the  founder,  George  Greenland, 
and  one  of  Thomas  Brown,  besides  several 
views  of  the  Retreat.  '  A  Quiet  Corner  '  is 
full  of  charm.  We  hope  that  this  excellent 
Institution  will  celebrate  its  seventieth 
birthday  by  a  large  increase  both  of  mem- 
bers and  of  support  from  all  interested  in 
the  world  of  literature. 


The  first  three  volumes  of  '  The  Cam- 
bridge History  of  English  Literature,' 
already  announced,  will  be  published  in 
the  course  of  next  year,  and  represent  the 
following  periods  :  '  From  the  Origins  to 
Chaucer,'  '  From  Chaucer  to  the  Renais- 
sance,' and  '  Elizabethan  Poetry  and 
Prose.'  The  '  History  '  is  meant  for  the 
general  reader  as  well  as  the  literary 
student.  Surmises  and  theories  will  be 
avoided  so  far  as  possible,  and  the  few 
notes  will  be  printed  at  the  end  of  each 
volume,  before  the  bibliography. 

Messes.  Regan  Paul  &  Co.  are  pub- 
lishing '  Men  and  Women  of  the  French 
Revolution,'  by  Mr.  Philip  Gibbs,  in 
wkich  the  story  is  told  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  chief  actors.  A  feature  of 
the  book  will  be  the  reproduction  of 
twenty-eight  contemporary  prints,  most 
of  which  will  be  novel  to  English  readers. 

They  have  also  in  hand  two  volumes 
on  '  The  Egyptian  Soudan :  its  History 
and  Monuments,'  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Wallis 
Budge,  with  many  illustrations ;  and 
'  Gods  and  Heroes  of  Old  Japan,'  by  Miss 
Violet  M.  Pasteur,  with  marginal  decora- 
tions on  each  page,  and  four  illustrations 
in  colour  by  Miss  Ada  Galton. 

The  same  firm  are  bringing  out  new 
editions  of  '  The  Silence  of  Dean  Mait- 
land,'  with  twelve  full-page  illustrations  ; 
Mr.  Bryce's  'Two  Centuries  of  Irish 
History,'  which  is  revised  and  brought 
up  to  date,  but  offered  at  a  cheaper  price ; 
Bagehot's  brilliant  book  on  the  money 
market,  '  Lombard  Street,'  revised  by 
Mr.  C.  Johnstone ;  and  Sir  E.  Maunde 
Thompson's  '  Introduction  to  Greek  and 
Latin  Palaeography.' 

Mr.  A.  T.  Quiller-Couch  has  just 
completed  a  new  anthology  of  prose  and 
verse,  dealing  with  various  aspects  of  the 
inner  life  of  man,  which  is  to  be  called 
'  The  Pilgrim's  Way.'  His  selection  has 
been  guided  by  the  double  test  of  high 
literary  quality  and  genuine  religious  or 
ethical  tone.  It  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Seeley. 

Mr.  Sidney  Lee  has  revised  and 
brought  up  to  date  for  immediate  pub- 
lication a  new  edition  of  his  excellent 
volume  on  '  Stratford-on-Avon.'  This, 
too,  is  to  be  issued  by  the  same  firm. 

Amongst  Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black's 
announcements  for  the  autumn  are  the 
'  Correspondence    of    Dr.    John    Brown,' 


edited  by  Mr.  Sutherland  Black,  and 
two  works  by  Miss  Elizabeth  W.  Grierson, 
'  Children's  Tales  from  Scottish  Ballads  ' 
and  '  The  Children's  Book  of  Edinburgh,' 
both  with  coloured  illustrations  from 
drawings  by  Mr.  Allan  Stewart. 

'  Sir  Joshua  and  his  Circle  '  is  the 
title  of  Mr.  Fitzgerald  Molloy's  book, 
which  Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  will 
publish  on  the  18th  inst.  The  volumes 
aim  at  giving  not  merely  a  description  of 
the  rise  of  art  in  England,  but  also  an 
intimate  account  of  the  friends  and  asso- 
ciates of  the  first  President  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  among  whom  were  Gains- 
borough, Romney,  Cosway,  and  West, 
as  well  as  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  Sterne, 
and  Garrick.  The  book  will  contain 
eighteen  illustrations  after  Sir  Joshua's 
portraits  of  the  brilliant  men  and  beau- 
tiful women  of  his  day. 

Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.'s  forthcoming  addi- 
tion of  fifty  books  to  "  Everyman's 
Library "  includes  four  volumes  of 
'  Wesley's  Journal,'  Sir  George  Young's 
version  of  Sophocles,  two  volumes  of 
Percy's  '  Reliques,'  Pitt's  orations,  Rey- 
nolds's 'Discourses,'  three  of  Borrow's 
books,  Miller's  '  Old  Red  Sandstone,' 
Maurice's  '  Kingdom  of  Christ,'  and  a 
long  list  of  Scott's  novels — a  varied  selec- 
tion which  ought  to  please  every  kind  of 
taste. 

Mr.  Graham  Hill  has  just  completed 
a  poetic  play  on  the  subject  of  Lancelot 
and  Guinevere,  which  Mr.  Elkin  Mathews 
will  publish  in  October  under  the  title  of 
'  Guinevere.' 

Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti  writes  : — 
"  I  see  in  your  last  number  a  statement 
that  Mr.  A.  G.  B.  Russell  is  bringing  out 
an  important  work  concerning  William 
Blake,  including  '  the  famous  and  long-lost 
life  of  Blake  by  Frederick  Tatham,  which 
was  read  in  manuscript  by  Gilchrist, 
Rossetti,  and  others.'  By  '  Rossetti  '  no 
doubt  Dante  G.  Rossetti  is  meant.  If  a 
similar  statement  appears  in  Mr.  Russell's 
book,  it  may  as  well  be  corrected.  Gil- 
christ, who  died  in  1861,  and  Dante  G. 
Rossetti,  never  saw  this  manuscript.  The 
first  person  in  our  circle  who  saw  it  was 
myself,  when  the  MS.  appeared  in  Christie's 
sale-room,  the  Blamire  sale.  I  wrote  the 
news  to  Mrs.  Gilchrist,  and  she  replied  in  a 
letter  dated  6  Nov.,  1863,  which  has  been 
published  in  my  compilation  called  '  Rossetti 
Papers,'  1903.  Mrs.  Gilchrist  wrote  thus  : 
'  So  the  MS.  life  of  Blake  by  Tatham,  so 
long  fruitlessly  searched  for  by  my  dear 
husband,  has  come  to  light  at  last.  Both 
Mr.  Palmer  and  Tatham  himself  put  my 
husband  on  a  wrong  scent,'  &c." 

Messrs.  Harrap  &  Co.  are  issuing  in 
October,  in  thirteen  volumes,  '  The  Com- 
plete Works  of  Shakespeare,'  reprinted 
from  the  First  Folio,  with  introduction  to 
each  play,  glossaries  and  variant  readings, 
and  a  general  introduction  by  Prof. 
Churton  Collins.  The  volumes  will  be 
printed  in  modern  type,  and  will  be  of  a 
handy  size.  Omissions  from  the  Folio  of 
lines  given  in  such  single  plays  as  were 
printed  earlier,  in  quartos,  are  inserted 
between  brackets.  The  edition  promises 
to  be  an  important  aid  to  Shakspearian 
scholars. 


In  The  Nineteenth  Century  for  this- 
month  Mr.  Austin  Harrison  has  an  inter- 
esting appreciation  of  George  Gissing, 
once  his  tutor. 

'  The  Hunchback  of  Sloane  Street  ' 
is  the  title  of  Mr.  Mulvy  Ouseley's  new 
novel,  to  be  published  shortly  by  Messrs. 
Gay  &  Bird.  It  is  the  love  story  of  the 
daughter  of  a  millionaire  newspaper 
owner,  and  the  principal  scenes  are  laid 
in  London,  Brighton,  Holland,  and  Con- 
stantinople, where  the  reader  will  meet 
living  personages  under  assumed  names. 

Mr.  A.  C.  Fifield's  first  autumn  list 
includes  '  Books  that  are  the  Hearts  of 
Men,'  by  Mr.  A.  T.  Story ;  '  Walt  Whit- 
man,' by  the  late  William  Clarke,  a  new 
and  cheaper  edition  ;  '  Garrison  the  Non- 
Resistant,'  by  Mr.  Ernest  Crosby ;  and 
'  Humane  Education,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  M. 
Mitchell. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  in  the 
"Cottage  Farm  Series"  'My  Farm  of 
Two  Acres,'  by  Harriet  Martineau,  and. 
'  Fork  and  Spade  Husbandry,'  by  John 
Sillett,  which  shows  what  can  be  done 
with  the  same  limited  space  of  ground. 

The  North  American  Review,  which  has- 
been  issued  continuously  for  ninety-one 
years,  will  in  future  be  published  twice  a 
month,  and  the  price,  instead  of  being 
half-a-crown  monthly,  will  be  a  shilling 
fortnightly.  The  first  of  the  September 
numbers  includes  a  chapter  of  '  Mark 
Twain's  Autobiography,'  an  article  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Mallock  on  '  Great  Fortunes  and 
the  Community,'  Prof.  Goldwin  Smith's 
views  on  the  '  British  Empire  in  India,' 
and  a  paper  on  '  Mr.  Roosevelt's  Morai: 
Right  to  be  a  Candidate  for  the 
Presidency.' 

The  first  novel  to  be  published  from. 
Mr.  Heinemann's  autumn  fist  will  be  '  The 
Luddingtons.'  It  will  appear  on  Sep- 
tember 14th,  and  is  the  first  book  from 
the  pen  of  the  author,  Florence  Collins. 

Owing  to  their  great  increase  of  business- 
Messrs.  T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack  have  removed 
their  London  offices  to  more  commodious 
premises  at  16,  Henrietta  Street,  Co  vent 
Garden. 

'  The  Soul's  Escape  ;  or,  Perfect 
Freedom,'  is  the  title  of  a  volume  of 
meditations  which  Messrs.  Skeffington  are 
about  to  issue  at  once.  The  book  is  by 
the  author  of  '  The  Sanctus  Bell,'  and 
contains  a  preface  by  the  Rev.  Jesse 
Brett.  The  fifth  volume  of  the  same 
firm's  "  Sermon  Library "  will  also  be 
published  immediately.  This  will  consist 
of  the  first  part  of  the  late  F.  E.  Paget's 
'  Helps  and  Hindrances  to  the  Christian 
Life.' 

Dr.  Edwin  Maxey,  whose  contri- 
butions to  "Archives  Diplomatiques" 
have  won  high  appreciation,  is  writing  a. 
work  entitled  '  Triumphs  of  American 
Diplomacy,'  which  will  be  published  by 
Brentano.  The  work  claims,  by  an  appeal 
to  results,  to  establish  the  superiority  of 
modern  directness  over  the  older  finesse.  , 


276 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


A  complete  Cornish  grammar  is  being 
^written  by  Prof.  Joseph  Loth,  of  Rennes 
University.  It  claims  to  be  full  and  final 
■on  the  subject. 

The  Danish  poet  Holger  Drachmann 
celebrates  his  sixtieth  birthday  on  Octo- 
ber 9th,  when  a  new  romantic  play  by 
him,  '  Sir  Olaf,  he  Rides,'  will  be  per- 
formed for  the  first  time  at  the  National 
Theatre,  Copenhagen.  The  arrangements 
for  the  occasion  include  a  complete 
■edition  of  Drachmann's  numerous  poems, 
plays,  novels,  and  essays,  which  will  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Cyldendal. 

There  are  now  five  candidates  for  the 
Sate  Albert  Sorel's  seat  at  the  Academie 
Francaise :  the  Marquis  de  Segur,  M. 
Maurice  Donnay,  M.  G.  Lenotre,  M.  Marcel 
Prevost,  and  "Jean  Revel."  The  last 
named  is  a  notary  at  Rouen,  and  has 
published  some  fifteen  books  dealing  with 
life  in  Normandy. 

M.  Marcel  Prevost  will  publish  about 
.■a  month  hence  a  new  novel,  '  Monsieur  et 
Madame  Moloch.' 

The  '  Rabelais  en  Francais  Moderne ' 
of  M.  J.  A.  Soulacroix  is  now  complete  in 
six  volumes,  and  sold  at  a  very  moderate 
price.  It  is  highly  commended  by  M. 
lilmile  Faguet. 

Mr.  W.  Roberts,  writes  : — 

"  I  am  glad  to  read  the  announcement  in 
The  Athenaeum  that  an  Index  to  the  second 
'ten  volumes  of  '  Book- Prices  Current," 
1897-1906,  is  to  be  published  soon.  The 
Index  to  the  first  ten  volumes  has  proved  a 
very  valuable  time-saving  volume.  But,  if 
it  is  not  too  late,  may  T  suggest  a  feature  for 
.-the  new  volume  for  which  T  am  sure  every 
one  would  be  grateful  ? — I  mean  an  alpha- 
betical list  of  the  names  of  the  '  proprietors ' 
whose  sales  are  recorded  in  '  Book-Prices 
Current '  from  1887  to  1906  ?  This  list 
■would  involve  very  little  trouble,  would 
take  up  a  comparatively  small  amount  of 
space,  and  would  be  a  most  useful  and 
acceptable  feature." 

In  consequence  of  a  very  serious  and 
unexpected  loss  of  money,  Lord  Amherst 
of  Hackney  has  decided  to  sell  several 
portions  of  his  extensive  collections  of 
books,  which  include  some  unequalled 
specimens  of  the  work  of  Caxton  and 
many  of  the  early  presses,  and  a  host  of 
•other  rarities.  The  library  is,  in  fact,  one 
of  the  famous  ones  of  our  day,  but 
interest  in  its  details  is  somewhat  dis- 
counted by  the  probability  that  it  will  be 
sold  en  bloc  to  some  American  magnate. 

Dr.  Callaway  writes  : — 

"  In  your  appreciative  notice  of  my  book, 
'  King  David  of  Tsrael  :  a  Study  in  the  Evo- 
lution of  Ethics,'  you  consider  that  I  am 
unjust  to  the  hero-king  in  omitting  his 
refusal  to  drink  the  water  of  the  well  of 
Bethlehem,  because  it  had  been  obtained 
at  risk  to  life.  The  omission  was  not, 
as  you  suggest,  due  to  inadvertence,  but 
was  intentional.  The  hyperbolically  heroic 
deeds  of  the  mighty  men — the  slaying 
of  800  by  one,  of  300  by  another,  and 
such  like  marvels — are  almost  certainly 
legendary,  and  therefore  the  Bethlehem 
Incident  adds  nothing  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  real  David.  Even  if  it  were  historical, 
Ets  significance  is  by  no  means  clear.     Does 


it  point  to  chivalry  or  to  superstition  ? 
Had  I  been  unjust  to  David,  I  should  have 
defeated  my  own  object,  by  destroying  the 
value  of  David  as  the  moral  type  of  his  age." 


SCIENCE 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  ETHNOGRAPHY. 

Discoveries  a)%d  Explorations  in  the  Century, 
by  Charles  G.  D.  Roberts  (W.  &  R.  Chambers), 
is  one  of  the  volumes  of  "  The  Nineteenth 
Century  Series,"  edited  by  Mr.  Justin 
McCarthy.  It  has  been  the  object  of  the 
author  "  to  afford  a  clear  and  comprehensive, 
yet  sufficiently  compact,  presentation  of  the 
progress  and  results  "  of  "  the  search  for 
geographical  knowledge."  His  endeavour 
has  been  to  treat  his  subject  "  in  a  manner 
popular  and  entertaining  "  without  sacrific- 
ing "accuracy  in  the  effort  to  be  picturesque.'" 
The  author  may  be  credited  with  having  pro- 
duced a  book  "  popular  and  entertaining," 
but  it  is  not  a  book  which  can  be  recom- 
mended to  serious  students.  He  is  evidently 
but  superficially  acquainted  with  the  subject 
he  has  undertaken  to  deal  with.  His  state- 
ments in  many  instances  are  not  in  accord- 
ance with  well-known  facts.  Dr.  Krapf  was 
never  a  "  member "  of  Major  Harris's 
Abyssinian  mission  ;  the  surgeon  Kirk 
attached  to  that  mission  was  not  the  well- 
known  Sir  John  Kirk,  who  at  that  time  was 
only  eight  years  of  age  ;  J.  A.  McQueen,  the 
"  distinguished  geographer,"  never  was  in 
Abyssinia  ;  Dr.  Beke  never  discovered  the 
river  Gojab  ;  von  der  Decken  is  no  longer 
the  chief  authority  to  be  consulted  with 
reference  to  Kilimanjaro,  nor  is  78s  50'  "  the 
furthest  south  point  of  earth  yet  attained 
by  any  explorer."  Readers  will  in  vain 
search  this  volume  for  information  on  some 
of  the  most  distinguished  explorers  and  tra- 
vellers of  last  century.  Twenty-four  of  these, 
who  were  deemed  worthy  by  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  to  receive 
one  of  its  gold  medals,  have  been  passed  over 
in  silence,  and  the  names  of  even  such  well- 
known  and  successful  explorers  as  E.  Riippel, 
W.  J.  Hamilton,  Serpo  Pinto,  Capt.  Binger, 
Douglas  Freshfield,  Sir  F.  Lugard,  Sir 
Harry  Johnston,  Caillaud,  and  many 
others,  will  be  looked  for  in  vain.  The 
explorers  of  the  ocean,  headed  by  Sir  John 
Murray,  are  ignored  altogether  unless  they 
were  engaged  in  Polar  research.  Misprints 
are  numerous. 

Asia.  By  A.  H.  Keane,  LL.D.,  F.R.G.S. 
(Stanford.) — This  volume,  which  deals  with 
Russian  Asia,  the  Chinese  Empire,  Korea 
and  Japan,  is  part  of  the  second  edition  of 
Mr.  Stanford's  well-known  '  Compendium  of 
Geography  and  Travel.'  During  the  ten 
years  which  have  passed  since  the  appear- 
ance of  the  first  issue  a  very  considerable 
amount  of  exploration  has  been  done  in 
Central  Asia,  though  Dr.  Keane  is  perhaps 
unduly  sanguine  when  he  asserts  that  little 
remains  to  be  done.  Nor  is  it  unreservedly 
true  that  "  henceforward  Tibet  is  accessible 
to  all  comers,"  for,  unless  we  are  mistaken, 
permission  was  recently  refused  by  the  Indian 
Government  to  an  exploring  party  desirous 
of  entering  the  country.  But  if  our  know- 
ledge of  Asia  is  still  less  minute  than  in  the 
case  of  Africa,  it  has  made  notable  strides 
within  a  decade.  The  outstanding  namo  is, 
of  course,  that  of  Dr.  Sven  Hcdin,  but  tho- 
roughly sound,  if  less  generally  known  work, 
has  been  done  by  many  Russian  and  English 
explorers.  Dr.  Keane  pays  considerable 
attention  to  the  progress  of  exploration, 
and  in  many  cases  adds  a  short  quotation 


from  the  official  narrative,  with  a  reference 
to  its  source.  Thus  those  who  desire  fuller 
information  have  no  difficulty  in  procuring 
it,  and  attention  is  incidentally  called  to 
the  vast  treasures  which  are  accessible  in 
the  journals  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.  There  are  numerous  maps  and 
illustrations,  and  a  statistical  appendix  to 
to  each  chapter. 

Ethnographie  du  Tonkin  Septentrional 
(Paris,  E.  Leroux)  is  drawn  up  by  the  order  of 
the  Governor-General  of  French  Indo-China, 
and  is  the  work  of  Commandant  E.  Lunet  de 
Lajonquiere.  Nothing  can  be  more  desir- 
able or  deserving  of  encouragement  than  the 
collection  and  publication  by  colonial  govern- 
ments of  ethnographical  observations  on  the 
peoples  over  whom  they  are  called  upon  to 
rule.  It  would  be  a  matter  well  worthy  of 
an  international  agreement  to  institute  such 
inquiries  by  all  nations  upon  a  uniform  plan 
and  to  train  the  observers  so  that  the  resulting 
publications  would  possess  the  highest 
scientific  value.  From  this  point  of  view,  it 
is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  British 
Government  has  not  seen  its  way  to  assent 
to  the  proposal  of  the  Belgian  Government 
for  the  appointment  of  an  international 
bureau  of  etlmography,  which  would  ulti- 
mately become  the  directing  power  in  organ- 
izing and  systematizing  ethnographical  ob- 
servations. Meanwhile,  anthropologists  in 
several  countries  have  provided  books  of 
instruction  for  observers,  and  it  is  greatly 
to  be  wished  that  those  books  should  be  used 
by  the  agents  of  Government  in  works  like 
the  one  before  us.  The  administrators  who 
have  furnished  the  information  and  the  com- 
mandant who  has  ably  edited  it  do  not 
appear  to  have  had  in  their  hands  the  excel- 
lent manual  prepared  by  the  Society  of 
Anthropology  of  Paris,  the  use  of  which 
would  have  simplified  and  improved  their 
work.  These  general  observations  appear 
to  be  called  for  when  a  publication  is  issued, 
as  this  is,  under  official  sanction.  For  such 
a  work  everything  should  be  of  the  best, 
and  those  engaged  on  it  should  not  disdain 
the  help  of  professed  anthropologists. 

The  district  referred  to  in  this  volume  is 
the  north-eastern  portion  of  the  French 
colony  bounded  by  the  Black  River  on  the 
western  side  and  extending  a  little  to  the 
south  of  Hanoi.  About  thirty  different 
tribes  are  specified  in  the  report,  belonging 
to  five  groups — the  Thai,  the  Man,  the  Meo, 
the  Mon,  and  the  Lolo.  Of  these,  the  Thai 
number  240,000,  or  64  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
population  ;  but  the  Man  exceed  them  in 
the  villages  on  the  east  coast,  and  the  Meo 
on  the  western  frontier.  The  differences 
between  these  three  are  slight,  and  together 
they  number  83|  per  cent,  of  the  whole. 
The  Lolo  are  less  than  1  per  cent.  Thirty 
thousand  of  the  population,  mainly  those 
on  the  east  coast,  are  Annamites  and  Chinese; 
and  in  the  basin  of  the  red  river,  another 
30,000  belong  to  the  Mon. 

In  an  interesting  introductory  chapter, 
the  compiler  traces  the  past  history  of  the 
country  from  the  tradition  of  4,000  years  ago 
up  to  the  time  of  its  occupation  by  the  French. 
In  dealing  with  the  ethnographical  informa- 
tion he  has  obtained  from  the  several 
administrators,  he  has  found  their  contribu- 
tions of  unequal  value,  and  has  endeavoured 
to  give  only  those  due  to  direct  observation, 
including  physiological  characters,  but  omit- 
ting generally  all  that  belong  to  anthropology 
proper,  in  respect  to  which  those  officials 
have  not  the  special  knowledge  and  are  not 
provided  with  the  requisite  instruments  for 
making  measurements  that  would  be  correct. 
The  physical  characters  of  each  tribe  are 
therefore  only  vaguely  indicated. 

The  individuals  of  the  several  groups  have 
yellow     complexion,     straight     hair,     eyes 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


277 


narrowed,  lips  somewhat  thick.  The  Lolo 
-are  an  exception  to  this  description  and 
struck  the  author  by  their  resemblance  to 
the  Bohemian  type.  With  regard  to  stature, 
the  Thai  are  below  the  mean  stature  of 
mankind  as  given  by  Deniker,  and  the 
•others  still  shorter.  But  these  general  state- 
ments, without  exact  measurements,  are  of 
comparative^  little  value.  Proper  anthro- 
pometric methods  should  have  been  adopted. 

The  information  actually  given  is  sum- 
marized under  the  heads  of  religion,  tradition, 
dialect,  writing,  literature,  arts,  industries, 
and  pathological  characters.  The  religion 
is  denned  as  a  sort  of  animism,  complicated 
with  the  worship  of  ancestors,  the  belief  in 
the  survival  of  souls,  and  the  fear  of  male- 
volent spirits.  Sorcery  is  accordingly  much 
practised.  The  Chinese  traditions  of  the 
creation  and  of  a  universal  deluge  sparing 
only  a  single  couple,  are  adopted  with  variants 
which  are  specified  in  the  chapters  relating 
to  the  several  tribes.  Dialect  tables  are 
furnished  for  a  considerable  number  of  tribes, 
giving  the  equivalent  for  many  words  of 
common  occurrence,  but  not  dealing  with 
those  niceties  of  relationship  which  throw 
so  much  light  on  the  customs  of  primitive 
peoples.  The  languages  are  monosyllabic, 
and  from  a  syntactical  point  of  view  those 
of  the  Thai  are  most  nearly  related  to  Chinese, 
those  of  the  Man  to  the  Annamite,  and  those 
of  the  Lolo  point  to  an  independent  origin. 
Commandant  Bonifacy  has  made  a  special 
study  of  the  Man  group,  and  gives  specimens 
of  their  artistic  taste  as  shown  by  the  em- 
broidery of  their  costume.  Following  the 
lines  of  the  material,  this  is  all  angular,  and 
the  swastika  appears  prominently  in  it.  In 
the  way  of  literature,  he  found  family  books 
and  rhymed  chronicles  relating  to  the  migra- 
tions of  the  tribe  across  Southern  China  and 
to  their  religious  traditions. 

If  we  have  dwelt  rather  upon  what  the 
work  does  not  contain  than  upon  what  it 
does,  it  is  not  from  any  wish  to  disparage  it. 
On  the  contrary,  this  volume  of  38-1  pages 
does  infinite  credit  to  the  officials  from  whose 
reports  it  has  been  compiled  and  to  the 
editor,  and  is  evidence  of  the  sympathetic 
study  they  have  given  to  the  characters  of 
the  natives  as  developed  in  their  daily  life. 
It  is  illustrated  by  61  excellent  photographic 
and  other  figures  representing  the  scenery, 
the  people,  their  dwellings  and  their  imple- 
ments of  various  industries,  and  by  a  coloured 
map  showing  the  distribution  of  the  several 
tribes. 


Science  (gossip. 

Mb-  Charles  Baron  Clarke,  who  died 
last  week,  was  a  man  of  wide  culture,  but 
his  fame  will  probably  rest  on  his  devotion 
to  botany.  He  was  born  at  Andover  on 
June  17th,  1832,  and  received  his  education 
at  King's  College  School,  London,  and  at 
Trinity  and  Queens  College,  Cambridge. 
In  1856  he  was  bracketed  Third  Wrangler, 
and  two  years  afterwards  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Nine  years  later  he 
entered  the  Educational  Department  of  the 
Bengal  Government,  and  held  various 
appointments  until  he  retired  in  1887.  He 
was  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Linnean 
Societies  (of  the  latter  he  was  President  in 
1894),  and  the  long  list  of  his  writings 
includes  works  on  political  economy,  geo- 
graphy, geology,  and  anthropology  ;  but 
the  most  enduring  monument  of  his  untiring 
zeal  and  great  knowledge  will  be  his  numerous 
publications  on  the  flora  of  India. 

Messbs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.  are  making 
a    fresh     start   with     their    "  International 


Scientific  Series,"  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  F.  Legge.  New  volumes  are  announced 
on  '  Body  and  Brain,'  by  Dr.  A.  Binet, 
the  well-known  authority  on  animal  mag- 
netism, and  on  '  The  Evolution  of  Modern 
Physics,'  by  Prof.  Lucien  Poincare.  Several 
further  additions  to  the  series  are  in 
preparation. 

Mr.  William  Eagle  Clarke,  of  the 
Natural  History  Department  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Museum,  Edinburgh,  has  again 
gone  to  Fair  Isle  for  the  study  of  the  native 
and  migratory  birds.  He  was  there  last 
September,  and  contributed  a  paper  on  the 
subject  to  the  '  Annals  of  Scottish  Natural 
History.' 

The  discovery  that  many  of  the  double 
stars  form  systems  in  physical  connexion  with 
each  other  is  due  to  Sir  W.  Herschel,  who 
was  led  to  it,  like  Bradley  in  his  discovery 
of  aberration,  by  an  attempt  of  a  very  different 
character — to  determine  the  parallaxes  and 
distances  of  some  of  the  fixed  stars.  The 
subject  was  afterwards  taken  up  by  others, 
especially  by  W.  Struve,  whose  great  classic, 
'  Stellarum  Duplicium  et  Multiplicium  Men- 
surae  Micrometricae,'  appeared  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1837.  After  the  lapse  of  nearly 
seventy  years,  another  great  and  compre- 
hensive work  is  now  before  the  astronomical 
world,  and  forms  the  fifty-sixth  volume  of 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society.  The  author  is  Mr.  Thomas  Lewis, 
F.R.A.S.,  who  made  it  a  principal  object  of 
his  attention  very  soon  after  he  joined  the 
staff  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich, 
about  twenty-five  years  ago.  Collating  in 
his  scanty  leisure  the  measures  of  his  prede- 
cessors in  the  field,  and  finding  that  many  of 
Struve's  pairs  had  been  neglected  by  subse- 
quent observers,  he  obtained  the  Astro- 
nomer Royal's  permission  to  have  them 
measured  with  the  great  Grubb  refractor  of 
28  inches  aperture.  The  final  result  is  a 
complete  revision  of  Struve's  catalogue,  with 
lists  of  all  subsequent  observations  of  the 
stars  therein  contained.  From  their  dis- 
tribution in  the  heavens  (there  being  no 
known  reason  why  they  should  not  be  uni- 
formly distributed  in  actual  space)  certain 
remarkable  consequences  are  shown  to  be 
probable.  It  would  seem  that  the  universe 
of  the  stars  is  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  an 
egg  ;  that  the  solar  system  is  not  in  the 
centre  of  this,  but  situated  on  one  of  the 
minor  axes,  about  three  times  as  far  from 
one  of  its  extremities  as  from  the  other  ; 
and  that  the  largest  diameter  of  the  egg  is 
approximately  equal  to  six  hundred  light- 
years,  and  its  smallest  to  tliree  hundred 
light-years.  Mr.  Lewis  has  also  been  able 
to  come  to  remarkable  conclusions  in  many 
cases  as  to  the  relative  masses  of  binary 
stars.  "  It  is  abundantly  evident,"  he  says, 
"  that  magnitude  is  not  the  criterion  of  mass. 
The  relative  colours  and  relative  masses 
appear  much  more  interdependent."  It 
may  be  added  that  if  Prof.  Seeliger's  views 
are  just  with  regard  to  the  distance  of  even 
the  nearest  stars  in  the  Milky  Way,  that 
wonderful  zone  must  be  much  further  from 
us  than  the  universe  of  stars  here  discussed. 

On  the  night  of  the  28th  ult.  Herr  Kopff 
obtained  at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory  a 
photograph  of  Holmes's  periodical  comet. 
That  body  was  first  discovered  by  Mr.  Holmes 
at  Islington  onNovember  6th,  1892,  more  than 
four  months  after  it  had  passed  its  perihelion. 
Calculated  to  have  an  elliptic  orbit  of  very 
small  eccentricity  and  a  period  about  6  J  years, 
it  was  observed  a^ain  (though  very  faint)  in 
the  summer  of  1899,  the  perihelion  passage 
having  taken  place  on  April  28th.  At  the 
present  return  it  will  be  reckoned  as  comet  /, 
1906.  The  apparent  place  is  in  the  constella- 
tion Perseus,  in  which  the  comet  is  moving 


in  a  northerly  direction.  It  will  be  nearest 
the  earth  in  November,  when,  according  to 
Dr.  Zweiers's  ephemeris,  its  distance  from 
us  will  be  about  P88  in  terms  of  the  earth's 
mean  distance  from  the  sun. 

Several  observations  have  been  obtained 
of  Kopff 's  comet  (e,  1906),  which  was  last 
week  near  £  Pegasi,  moving  in  a  south- 
westerly direction.  Finlay's  comet  (d,  1906) 
passed  its  perihelion,  according  to  M.  Schul- 
hof's  ephemeris,  last  night.  At  the  end  of 
next  week  it  will  be  very  near  y  Geminorum, 
moving  in  a  north-easterly  direction. 


FINE   ARTS 


Bible  Side- Lights  from  the  Mound  of  Gezer  : 
;;  a  Record  of  Excavation  and  Discovery  in 
'J Palestine.  By  R.  A.  Stewart  Macalister. 
H  Illustrated.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 
The  elasticity  of  type  is  well  known  to 
publishers.  A  given  quantity  of  "  copy  " 
may  be  made  into  a  thin  or  a  thick  volume, 
or  even'ftwoTvolumes  at  pleasure,  by  an 
appropriate  admixture  of  what  the  printers 
significantly  call  "  fat."  Mr.  Macalister 
has  a  chapter  on  the  '  Golden  Calf,'  but 
his  whole  book  suggests  rather  the  fatted 
animal.  We  have  seldom  seen  an  in- 
stance f  of  such  liberal  expansion.  A 
book  which  would  amount  to,  say,  two 
Quarterly  articles  is  swelled  out  to  a 
stoutish  volume  of  ;~220  pages,  without 
the  index  and  contents,  &c.  The  buying 
public — such  as  it  is  —  is  apt  to  look 
askance  at  what  it  calls  a  "  light  "  book, 
not  by  way  of  a  slur  upon  its  morals,  but 
in  regard  to  its  money's  worth,  and  in 
spite  of  the  forty-seven  photographs,  which 
are  occasionally  interesting,  we  are  disposed 
to  think  that  the  public  verdict  on  '  Bible 
Side-Lights  '  will  be  that  it  is  decidedly 
"  light." 

Yet  brevity,  however  artfully  concealed, 
has^its  advantages.  No  one  need  be 
deterred  from  reading  Mr.  Macalister's 
little  essay  on  the  ground  of  tediousness. 
It  may  be  skimmed  in  an  hour,  and  the 
hour  will  not  be  ill-spent.  To  many  who 
have  rather  conventional  ideas  on  Biblical 
history  and  antiquities  it  will  certainly 
offer  "  lights."  Its  object,  according  to 
the  forty-seven  lines  of  '  Prologue,'  is 
"  to  show  that,  while  recording  scientific 
facts  as  fully  and  accurately  as  possible,  the 
Society  [Palestine  Exploration  Fund]  and 
its  officers  are  by  no  means  blind  to  the 
immediate  claims  of  the  Bible  student." 

The  record  of  the  author's  three  years, 
"  campaign "  at  Gezer  is.  of  course,  to 
appear  in  ample  detail  when  the  thousands 
of  data  collected  have  been  analyzed  and 
brought  into  order.  To  that  record  we 
look  forward  with  confident  interest,  for 
we  should  be  the  last  to  depreciate  Mr. 
Macalister's  scientific  labours.  The  pre- 
sent essay  is  merely  an  attempt  to  show 
how  such  excavations  bear,  not  upon  the 
identification  of  Scriptural  sites,  which 
is  often  the  chief  result  of  Palestine 
exploration,  but  upon  the  life  of  the  people 
in  Biblical  and  pre-Biblical  times,  and 
upon  the  elucidation  of  passages  in  the 
Old  Testament.     We  must  say  tha     we 


278 


think  Mr.  Macalister  carries  this  idea  to 
extremity  when  he  devotes  a  whole 
"  chapter  "  (of  six  pages,  three  blank,  the 
other  three  containing  just  over  200 
words  !)  to  '  Achan's  Spoil,'  the  net  result 
of  which  is  that  an  ingot  of  gold  found  at 
Gezer4is  "  probably  similar  "  to  Achan's 
"  wedge  "  or  "  tongue  of  gold."  It  is 
also  not  so  very  unlike  ingots  in  the  Bank 
of  England,  we  dare  say.  Another  "  chap- 
ter "  is  expended  on  '  The  Death  of  Sam- 
son,' and  here,  after  a  discussion  of  the 
position  where  the  hero  stood  during  his 
feats,  and  afterwards  when  he  was 
"leaning  upon"  the  pillars  to  rest  himself, 
some  stumps  of  stone  or  column-bases 
found  at  Gezer  "  in  a  stratum  some  three 
hundred  years  older  than  the  time  of 
Samson  "  are  adduced  as  evidence  that 
the  superposed  pillars  must  have  been  of 
wood,  and  that  Samson  only  pulled  down 
a  couple  of  wooden  posts.  Probably  that 
is  exactly  what  he  did,  but  the  Gezer 
blocks  do  not  prove  or  even  illustrate  it  ; 
and  to  wind  up  with  the  consoling  remark 
that  "  to  adopt  this  reading  of  the  story 
in  no  way  detracts  from  the  glory  of 
Samson's  strength  and  achievements,"  is 
surely  rather  cheap.  For  a  "  strong  man  " 
to  pull  down  a  post  or  two  of  a  verandah 
does  not  seem  so  "  marvellous  "  to  us  as  it 
apparently  does  to  Mr.  Macalister. 

Nevertheless  there  is  much  interesting 
stuff  in  this  httle  essay.  The  sketch  of  the 
history  of  Gezer  would  have  been  more  satis- 
fying if  the  Tell  El-Amarna  tablets  relat- 
ing to  it  had  been  given  in  translation ;  but 
the  account  of  its  early  cave-dwellers  with 
their  crematorium — "  not  improbably," 
thinks  Mr.  Macalister,  "  a  fair  conception 
of  the  Horites  " — is  worth  reading,  and 
so  is  the  chapter  on  the  High  Places, 
which  is  also  well  illustrated ;  though 
we  must  protest  against  the  anachronism 
which|brands  the  ancient  cult  as  "  moral 
abomination  "  and  worship  of  an  "  immoral 
character."  Sexual  elements  in  worship, 
however  repulsive  to  modern  conceptions, 
are  not  necessarily  immoral  according  to 
the  standard  of  their  age,  or  we  should 
perhaps  find  ourselves  denouncing  the 
Orphic  mysteries,  which  were  the  most 
spiritual  development  of  Greek  religion. 
Of  course,  in  a  popular  essay  Mr.  Macalister 
could  not  deal  with  the  true  meaning  of 
pillar  stones  and  ashera,  but  in  the  absence 
of  a  philosophical  account  it  is  misleading 
to  use  the  word  "  immoral."  The  number 
of  buried  infants  of  not  more  than  a  week 
old  and  the  discovery  of  a  double  cave 
with  a  connecting  tunnel  suggest  to  the 
author  the  sacrifice  of  the  first-born  and 
the  device  of  the  witch  of  Endor.  But  is 
it  certain  that  these  babies  were  sacrificed, 
and  not  merely  still-born  ?  and  are  there 
no  instances  of  connected  caves  which 
were  not  intended  for  the  chicanery  of 
the  medicine-man  ?  No  doubt  these  and 
other  points  which  require  substantiation 
will  be  fully  elaborated  in  the  detailed 
report  in  preparation.  The  fact,  how- 
ever, that  such  curious  things  are  discussed 
shows  that  this  precursory  essay,  slight 
as  it  is,  offers  matter  for  speculation  and 
dehate.  The  study  of  the  names  of  the 
potters,   in   emendation   of   1    Chron.   iv. 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


16-23,  will  be  interesting  to  those* who 
have  not  already  seen  it  in  the  '  Quarterly 
Statement '  of  the  Palestine  Exploration 
Fund  for  1905. 


JAMES    CHARLES. 


It  is  not  surprising  that  with  the  announce- 
ment of  the  death  of  Mr.  James  Charles,  on 
August  27th,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five,  should 
come  the  first  query  in  many  quarters  as  to 
what  manner  of  painter  he  was.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  pretend  that  his  was  an  heroic 
art  in  the  grand  manner  ;  it  was  simply  the 
art  which  it  was  the  mission  of  his  generation 
to  produce,  the  one  little  thing  which  that 
generation  contributed  to  the  history  of 
painting,  but  which  none  of  his  contempor- 
aries had  a  more  passionate  belief  in  than  lie. 
What  to  some  painters  was  theory,  to  others 
merely  fashion,  was  to  Mr.  Charles  a  faith 
that  inspired  him  to  fiery  enthusiasm. 
Warmed  by  this  flame,  he  did  work  the  best 
of  which  has  not  been  surpassed  in  its  way, 
nor  is  it  likely  that  it  will  be  surpassed  by 
later  generations,  to  whom  "  plein  air  " 
painting  will  not  come  as  a  revelation  to 
push  them  to  a  like  pitch  of  exaltation. 

Mr.  Charles's  work  by  its  genuineness  and 
reality  is  infinitely  more  important  than  the 
work  of  this  or  that  student  in  the  art  of 
plausibly  appearing  to  be  big.  That  a 
painter  so  sturdy,  so  unpretentious,  so 
obviously  one-sided  and  limited,  should  not 
have  been  thought  worthy  of  Academic 
honours  is  natural  enough  ;  it  is  more 
curious  that  one  so  evidently  marked  out 
for  posthumous  "  booming  "  should  have 
been  almost  passed  over  by  the  picture- 
dealer,  but  his  painting  had  merits  too  positive 
and  too  various,  was  too  attractive,  to  make 
a  satisfactory  padding  for  filling  out  collec- 
tions of  Barbizon  pictures. 

Yet  while  realizing  how  naturally  anta- 
gonistic to  commercial  success  was  Mr. 
Charles's  virility,  we  hope  that  his  admirers 
will  not  sit  idly  by  while  the  last  act  is  con- 
summated in  the  usual  tragi-comedy  which 
marks  the  progress  of  the  great  painter  from 
obscurity  to  "  auction-room  "  immortality. 
We  have  said  that  Mr.  Charles's  art  was  not 
heroic.  His  life  had  not  a  little  of  that 
special  heroism  of  the  painter  who  is  too 
absorbed  in  his  art  to  concern  himself  with 
any  financial  affairs  beyond  the  immediate 
needs  of  the  moment.  The  artistic  remains 
of  such  a  painter  are  usually  secured  (for 
one-tenth  of  their  ultimate  price)  from  the 
family  that  shared  his  difficulties,  to  be 
afterwards  exploited  at  enormous  profit  by 
those  who  neglected  him  when  he  was  alive  ; 
and  the  spectacle  is  so  unedifying,  and  so 
little  encouraging  to  painters  of  fine  ambition, 
that  it  is  worth  while  to  ask  oneself  whether 
some  machinery  could  not  be  found  whereby 
a  painter's  admirers  might,  acting  collectively, 
thwart  the  natural  tendencies  of  a  commercial 
age,  and  stimulate  an  interest  in  the  work 
of  a  deceased  painter  of  fine  parts  before 
every  fragment  of  work  he  ever  did  has  got 
into  alien  hands.  In  the  present  instance 
the  Royal  Academy  has  in  its  ranks  not  a 
few  men  who  have  more  than  an  inkling  of 
the  fine  quality  of  Mr.  Charles's  work.  A 
prompt  and  vigorous  attempt  to  get  together 
a  really  representative  collection  of  it  for 
the  winter  exhibition  at  Burlington  House 
would  be  a  graceful  act  that  could  only 
reflect  credit  on  its  organizers.  By  thus 
casting  over  this  great  painter  in  little  a 
corner  of  the  Academic  mantle  something 
might,  even  at  the  eleventh  hour,  be  done 
to  redeem  a  slur  on  English  art,  to  remove 
those    handicaps   which    almost    inevitably 


attend    the   serious    pursuit  of  any  art    in 
this  country. 


Algeria  and  Tunis.  Painted  and  described^ 
by  Frances  E.  Nesbitt.  (A.  &.  C.  Black.) — 
The  reviewer  of  Messrs.  Black's  series  of 
"  Beautiful  Books  "  is  reminded  of  the  pro- 
verbial resemblance  which  Caesar  and  Pompey 
bore  to  each  other,  "  especially  Pompey." 
They  are  really  very  much  alike.  A  com- 
petent, often  an  admirable,  painter  does  the 
sketches,  and  the  same  person  or  somebody 
else  "  writes  up  "  the  letterpress,  which, 
seldom  reaches  the  level  of  the  pictures^, 
though  it  w  as  undoubtedly  equal  in  the  case  of 
Dr.  van  Millingen's  '  Constantinople.'  Instead^ 
of  books  illustrated  by  sketches,  these  are 
sketches  eked  out  by  descriptions.  The 
writing  is  so  obviously  subordinate  to  the 
painting  that  it  becomes  almost  insignificant. 
In  the  present  instance  the  author  does 
both  pictures  and  print,  and  does  both  well  ;. 
but  her  sketches  are  more  valuable  as  well 
as  more  delightful  than  her  descriptions. 
The  sketches,  indeed,  are  just  what  they 
should  be — thoroughly  characteristic  of  the 
peculiar  charm  of  desert  landscape,  Eastern 
glow  and  sharp  contrasts,  dazzling  street 
scenes,  warm  rich  interiors,  and  all  that 
makes  up  the  colour  and  individuality  of  the 
East :  for  Algiers  is  still  "  East,"  despite 
longitude,  and  Tunis  and  Kairawan  are  in 
some  respects  more  eastern  than  Cairo — 
for  instance,  in  the  Suks  and  in  the  people'* 
dress.  The  author  has  put  it  all  into  her 
sketches  with  great  faithfulness  and  with 
a  true  painter's  instinct,  and  her  work  has 
been  reproduced  by  the  process  with  mora 
felicity  than  in  some  of  the  companion 
volumes.  Those  who  have  never  seen 
North  Africa  will  gam  a  very  good  idea  of 
the  scenery  and  the  towns  from  her  book  ; 
and,  apart  from  any  desire  to  learn,  every 
one  must  enjoy  the  skill  and  honesty  of  her 
art. 

Nor  have  we  any  particular  fault  to  find 
with  the  letterpress  in  general.  It  is  like 
a  great  many  other  travellers'  descriptions,, 
slight,  sketchy,  "  touristy,"  but  genial,, 
appreciative,  and  pleasant  to  read.  It  is. 
neitlxer  a  guide-book,  nor  a  history,  nor  an 
intimate  study  of  a  people  or  peoples.  There 
is  not  much  to  be  learnt  from  it  that  cannot 
be  found  in  a  dozen  other  books  about 
Algeria  and  Tunis,  but  it  is  written  taste- 
fully and  even  grammatically,  though  without 
any  distinction  of  style.  The  writer  dwells 
with  interest  on  some  of  the  antiquities 
of  Tunis,  on  the  site  of  Carthage,  on  Thugga,. 
and  especially  Timgad,  where  she  is  par- 
ticularly interesting  both  in  text  and  draw- 
ings. Constantine,  again,  gives  scope  for  an 
excellent  description.  But  she  does  it  all 
lightly,  and  there  is  no  pretence  at  archaeo- 
logical exactness.  "  Lucius  Manutius  Gallus  '* 
and  "  Via  decumanus  maximus  "  have  an 
odd  look  —  and  so,  by  the  way,  has- 
"  Bougainvillaea  "  ;  but  she  does  not, 
often  slip.  It  is  true  she  seems  to  think 
that  the  battle  of  Lepanto  was  fought  in 
1575,  but  here  she  is  really  thinking  of  Cer- 
vantes's  imprisonment.  The  adventurous 
history  of  the  corsairs  does  not  appeal  to  her;, 
to  judge  by  her  very  sparse  references  to- 
them  ;  nor  do  the  lugubrious  narratives  of 
the  captives  or  the  heroic  work  of  the' 
Order  of  Redemption  enter  much  into- 
her  story.  She  merely  describes  Algeria* 
and  Tunis  as  they  "  strike  a  contemporary,'* 
and  for  her  purpose  this  was  much  better 
than  aiming  at  something  more  ambitious 
and  probably  moro  hazardous.  The  picture 
she  gives  is  undoubtedly  charming,  and 
should  tempt  many  who  have  not  yet  been 
there  to  make  the  easy  tour  she  describes 


N°  4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


279 


with  such  delight,  though  she  seems  to  have 
met  with  an  exceptional  amount  of  bad 
weather,  and  rain  in  Algeria  is  "  rain  and  no 
mistake."  She  is  thoroughly  sympathetic, 
and  is  even  prepared  to  accept  the  peculiar 
Eastern  diversion  of  spending  a  happy  time 
-among  the  graves.  There  is  nothing  unduly 
sentimental  in  her  attitude  of  mind  ;  she 
boldly  asserts  that  "  the  joyous  rush  of  a 
motor-car  on  a  good  road  is  no  bad  antidote 
to  overmuch  strolling  in  flowery  meads," 
but  trams  in  Biskra  were  a  little  too  much 
for  her  sense  of  harmony. 

Moreover,  she  is  fond  of  mosques  and 
Arabs,  and  her  small  Arabic  is  unusually 
accurate,  though  "  El-Hadhera "  is  not 
the  way  to  spell  "  green  "  (and  the  name 
El-khadra  is  properly  given  in  another 
•connexion),  nor  was  Saduk  the  name  of  the 
late  Bey,  and  one  could  improve  Hammam 
Meskoutine  as  Arabic  for  "  the  Accursed 
Baths."  The  most  charming  piece  of  writing 
in  the  whole  book  is  the  account  of  the  wed- 
ding at  the  very  end,  which  reminds  one  of 
a  scene  in  the  tale  of  Nur-ed-din  in  the 
*  Arabian  Nights,'  and,  like  Shehrazad's 
precarious  stories,  it  breaks  off  abruptly  : 
'  The  real  bride  stood  before  her  lord,  veiled, 
with  her  head  slightly  bowed.  He  rose, 
lifted  her  veil,  and  kissed  her.  The  little 
ceremony  was  at  an  end."  A  Frenchman 
would  have  added  dots. 

Engraving  and  Etching.  By  F.  Lippmann. 
Third  Edition,  revised  by  Dr.  Max  Lehrs, 
translated  by  Martin  Hardie.  (Grevel.) — 
The  revised  edition  of  Dr.  Lippmann's  hand- 
book was  favourably  noticed  in  these  columns 
on  its  appearance.  In  its  English  form  it 
makes  a  handsomer  volume,  and  the  trans- 
lator has  made  a  few  judicious  additions  to 
the  bibliography  and  the  brief  section  de- 
voted to  English  engravers.  Though  the 
version,  on  the  whole,  is  spirited  and  read- 
able, we  have  noticed  several  passages  in 
which  the  sense  of  the  original  has  been 
missed.  In  technical  matters,  however, 
which  set  most  pitfalls  for  the  translater  of 
euch  a  handbook,  Mr.  Hardie's  knowledge 
has  enabled  him  to  walk  warily,  and  his  few 
errors  appear  to  be  due  to  a  want  of 
familiarity  with  the  actual  prints  described 
<for  instance,  Marcantonio's  'Massacre  of  the 
Innocents,'  original  and  copy),  or  else  with 
German  idiom. 

The  Episcopal  Arms  of  England  and  Wales. 
By  an  Officer  of  Arms.  (Fairbairns. ) — 
This  is  only  a  coloured  picture-book.  The 
story  of  the  arms  pertaining  to  the  different 
ancient  sees  of  England  and  Wales  might 
well  bear  description.  Such  an  attempt, 
involving  a  great  deal  of  painstaking 
research,  would  probably  bring  to  light 
much  interesting  and,  at  times,  entertaining 
information.  But  the  only  letterpress  in 
this  book  is  an  Introduction  of  two  or  three 
pages  by  a  gentleman  who  styles  himself 
"  An  Officer  of  Arms,"  but  'reveals  his 
identity — to  a  limited  circle,  at  any  rate — 
by  signing  with  his  initials.  The  whole 
of  the  old  historic  sees  have  the  bad 
mark  of  "  unofficial  "  printed  opposite 
the  arms,  and  it  is  plainly  hinted  in  the 
Introduction  that  such  sees,  which  are 
naturally  in  a  considerable  majority,  ougl it  to 
obtain  "  somo  official  pronouncement  on  the 
part  of  the  Kings  of  Arms."  As  the  arms 
of  these  sees  are  all  some  centuries  older 
than  the  Heralds'  College,  such  a  proposal 
strikes  the  ordinary  lay  mind  as  somewhat 
childish.  All  the  new  sees,  except  one,  are 
honoured  by  the  use  of  the  word  "  official," 
implying  that  they  bear,  as  it  were,  the  hall- 
mark of  approval  or  invention  by  some 
officer  of  arms.  The  one  exception  is  New- 
castle, whose  bishop  is  bold  enough  to  use 


arms  that  have  never  passed  through  this 
ordeal.  The  result  is  that  these  arms  have 
been  expunged  by  the  compiler  of  this 
book,  thereby  rendering  the  volume  imper- 
fect. 

There  is,  however,  a  dreadful  warning  on 
another  page  of  a  different  kind.  The 
arms  of  the  see  of  Liverpool,  though  re- 
joicing in  the  stamp  of  "  official,"  seem  to 
us  an  unhappy  muddle  of  modern  heraldic 
notions.     They  read  as  follows  : — 

"Argent,  an  eagle  rising  sable,  beaked  and 
legged  and  a  glory  round  the  head  or,  holding  in 
the  dexter  claw  an  ink-horn  proper,  a  chief  per 
pale  azure  and  gules,  charged  on  the  dexter  side 
with  an  open  book  or,  inscribed  in  letters  sable  : 
'  Thy  Word  is  Truth,'  and  on  the  sinister  an 
ancient  ship  with  three  masts,  the  sails  furled 
also  or." 

After  such  an  exhibition  as  this,  it  would 
not  be  surprising  if  those  in  authority  relied 
for  the  anus  of  the  new  see  of  Essex  on  the 
discernment  of  some  antiquary  of  taste 
rather  than  official  wisdom. 

Medallic  Illustrations  of  the  History  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Plates  XLT.-L., 
is  one  of  the  British  Museum  publications. 
These  ten  plates,  with  brief  descriptions,  are 
concerned  with  the  earlier  years  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.  Several  of  them  are  small 
silver  or  copper-gilt  badges,  intended  to  be 
worn  as  medals  or  ornaments  at  the  time  of 
the  Restoration ;  they  bear  a  portrait  of  the 
king,  whilst  the  reverses  are  either  plain  or 
engraved  with  the  royal  arms.  One  fine 
unique  portrait  medal,  with  three  crowns  on 
the  reverse,  is  of  gold,  weighing  2,065  grains, 
and  is  a  reward  for  services,  1660,  to  some 
faithful,  but  unknown  adherent.  Two 
embossed  medals  of  the  same  year,  executed 
in  Holland  by  Peter  van  Abeele,  com- 
memorate the  embarkation,  on  June  2nd,  of 
Charles  II.  and  his  Court  at  Scheveningen, 
on  his  way  to  England,  and  a  third 
records  the  landing  at  Dover.  A  well- 
executed,  but  absurdly  conceived,  silver 
medal  portrays  the  king  as  Jupiter  demolish- 
ing his  foes  the  giants,  "  Gigantomachia  "  ; 
this  is  supposed  to  typify  the  execution  of 
the  regicides.  Gold  and  silver  examples  of 
the  coronation  medal,  1661,  struck  for  dis- 
tribution among  the  spectators  of  the 
ceremonial,  are  said  to  have  never  been 
surpassed  in  their  minuteness  and  delicacy. 
This  piece  was  engraved  by  Thomas  Simon, 
who  charged  1107.  for  its  execution. 

A  large  variety  of  badges  and  medals  are 
illustrative  of  the  marriage,  in  1662,  of 
Charles  II.  with  Catherine  of  Braganza. 
Other  medals  of  this  year  commemorate  the 
commercial  treaties  made  between  England, 
Holland,  and  France,  with  the  object  of 
putting  an  end  to  the  conflicts  which  fre- 
quently took  place  between  the  merchant 
vessels  of  the  three  kingdoms,  and  also 
between  the  English  and  Dutch  fishing 
boats.  Another  set  of  the  same  year  bring 
to  mind  the  cession  of  Dunkirk. 

War  was  proclaimed  by  the  Dutch  in 
January,  1665,  and  in  June  of  that  year  the 
English  fleet  gained  a  decisive  victory  off 
Lowestoft.  Medals  in  gold  and  silver,  by 
Jan  Roettier,  were  struck  as  rewards  for 
those  who  had  distinguished  themselves 
in  the  conflict.  Other  medals  of  the  same 
year  commemorate  the  general  "  Dominion 
of  the  Sea"  and  the  special  action  of 
Bergen. 

The  year  1666  is  the  last  date  of  this  set 
of  plates,  including  the  alliance  of  France 
and  Holland,  and  the  seizing  of  the  island 
of  St.  Christopher. 


A    DAY'S    CROSS-HUNTING    IN    THE 
PEAK. 

Dubing  the  past  two  years  I  have  been 
twice  permitted  to  write  to  The  Athenaeum 
with  respect  to  endeavours  to  find  in  the 
Peak  Forest  district  of  Derbyshire  the  crosses 
or  their  remains  that  occur  on  old  plans  of 
various  townships,  temp.  Charles  I.,  at  the 
Public  Record  Office,  which  were  made 
when  the  first  scheme  of  disafforesting  was 
on  foot.  That  these  crosses  were  not 
forest  boundaries,  but  for  the  most  part 
pre-Norman  indications  of  parochial  and 
hamlet  limits,  becomes  better  and  better 
established.  Weather  again  interfered  with 
plans  for  a  brief  recent  expedition  to  North 
Derbyshire,  but  I  should  like  to  give  a  short 
account  of  a  single  day's  cross-hunting,  viz., 
that  of  July  14th.  In  this  walk,  which 
proved  to  be  of  considerable  and  varied 
archaeological  interest,  I  had  as  companions 
my  friend  Mr.  W.  J.  Andrew,  F.S.A.,  who 
knows  this  district  so  well,  and  Mr.  Sharpe 
Ogden,  of  Manchester.  Their  knowledge  of 
old  furniture  and  kindred  subjects  is  far 
greater  than  my  own,  and  I  am  much 
indebted  to  their  observations  in  my  few 
remarks. 

We  left  Chapel-en-le-Frith  in  the  forenoon, 
and  our  first  pause,  before  we  began  the  steep 
ascent  to  the  west  of  the  town,  was  at  Hollin 
Knowl,  where  was  one  of  the  numerous 
smaller  seats  of  the  prolific  Bagshawe  family, 
who  occupied  Ridge  Hall  on  the  higher  slopes 
as  early  as  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  This 
house,  which  bears  the  initials  R.  B.,  I.  B., 
and  G.  B.,  with  the  date  of  1745,  has  credit- 
able work  and  garden  pillars  of  that  period  ; 
but  within  the  outer  doorway  is  a  much 
earlier  entrance,  with  well-moulded  jambs  and 
lintel,  inscribed,  in  quaint  straggling  letters, 
"G.  B.  An0  Domini  1593."  This  G.  B. 
was  probably  George  Bagshawe,  second  son  of 
Nicholas  Bagshawe,  of  Abney,  by  Isabel 
Bainbridge  ;  his  elder  brother,  Henry  Bag- 
shawe of  Abney,  died  about  1601.  At  the 
back  of  the  house  there  is  some  more  late 
Elizabethan  work. 

Continuing  the  ascent  until  an  elevation 
of  over  1,100  ft.  was  reached,  we  made  another 
and  longer  pause  at  the  large  farmstead  or 
hall  of  Martin  Side,  where  an  unbroken 
succession  of  yeomen,  each  bearing  the  name 
of  Adam  Fox,  has  resided  since  the  early 
days  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Over  the 
present  main  entrance  are  the  initials 
A.  &  M.  F.,  with  the  year  1850,  surmounted 
by  a  fox.  In  another  place  is  A.  F.  1797  ; 
and  on  the  outbuildings  occurs  the  date  1645. 
Parts  of  the  old  house  with  the  gable  and 
stone  mullions  remain  on  the  north  side,  of 
a  date  between  1620  and  1640  ;  but  the  rest 
has  been  mostly  refaced  and  rewindowed 
at  later  periods.  The  interior  has  a  delightful 
amount  of  old  oak,  the  best  piece  of  which 
is  a  well-carved  four-post  bedstead,  coeval 
with  the  house  ;  but  the  top  has  been  raised 
at  a  later  date.  There  are  various  well- 
patterned  oak  cupboards  upstairs  and  down  ; 
one  on  the  landing  bore  the  dolpliin  pattern 
circa  1690. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  further,  on  tho 
roadside  towards  Dove  Holes,  the  stump  of  a 
cross  (termed  Martin  Cross  on  the  old  plans) 
was  noted.  The  height  of  this  stump  or 
squared  base  was  20  in.,  and  it  measured 
at  the  top  28  in.  by  26  £  in.  In  the  centre 
was  an  empty  shaft-socket  11  in.  by  9  in., 
and  8  in.  dec]).  From  the  rough  character 
of  this  base  stone  and  from  the  shape  of  the 
socket  it  may  fairly  be  assumed  that  it  is 
of  pre-Xorinan  date.  A  small  channel 
cut  from  the  edge  of  the  socket  to  an  angle 
of  the  base  atone  Beamed  to  be  original,  and 
may  have  served  as  a  pointer  to  the  next 
boundary  cross. 


280 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


Descending  the  hill,  we  reached  Dove 
Holes,  the  site  of  early  mediaeval  limekilns 
and  of  their  present  extensive  successors. 
Here  is  the  remarkably  fine  circular  earth- 
work called  the  Bull  Ring,  so  little  known  to 
tourists,  or  even  to  antiquaries.  It  is  of 
almost  exactly  the  same  size  as  the  somewhat 
famous  circle  of  Arbor  Low,  in  this  county. 
The  dimensions  of  the  two  are  practically 
identical.  In  each  case  the  diameter  from 
crest  to  crest  of  the  rampart  is  250  ft., 
whilst  that  of  the  central  area  within  the 
fosse  is  about  160  ft.  The  age  of  these 
circles,  which  cannot  be  later  than  the  Bronze 
period,  is  identical,  and  they  were  probably 
raised  by  the  same  hands.  The  once  up- 
right stones  of  this  great  circle  are  known 
to  have  been  removed  in  the  eighteenth 
century. 

From  Dove  Holes  we  took  the  main  road 
to  Castleton.  One  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  Peak,  as  sung  by  Hobbes  and  Cotton  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  was  the  Ebbing 
and  Flowing  Well  by  the  side  of  this  high 
road  from  Buxton  to  Castleton,  which  is 
still  occasionally  intermittent  in  its  action 
at  irregular  intervals,  after  a  fashion  that 
seemed  almost  miraculous  to  our  ancestors. 
The  well  used  to  be  almost  on  a  level  with 
the  road,  but  the  latter  was  raised  some 
feet  a  few  years  ago,  with  the  result  that  the 
culvert  under  the  highway  to  drain  the  surplus 
water  readily  becomes  choked,  and  the 
whole  area  of  this  ancient  and  often-noted 
intermittent  well,  with  the  ground  in  front 
of  it,  is  a  slimy  swamp,  wherein  the  bubbling 
up  of  newly  released  water  could  with  diffi- 
culty be  recognized  when  it  does  occur. 
This  condition  of  things  reflects  much  dis- 
credit on  those  concerned;  probably  the 
County  Council  is  the  responsible  authority. 
A  writer  in  the  twenty-sixth  issue  of  the 
Derbyshire  Archaeological  Society's  Journal 
(1904)  styles  this  well,  with  deserved 
severity,  "  a  mere  row  of  befouled  cattle- 
troughs."  To  this  statement  the  editor 
appended  a  note  stating  that  it  sadly  needed 
attention  ;  btit  up  to  this  date  the  neglect 
continues.  This  well  has  for  a  long  time 
assumed  the  form  of  a  low  semicircular  wall 
at  the  base  of  the  hillside,  with  a  succession 
of  shallow  drinking  troughs  arranged  along 
a  segment  of  the  circle  to  the  extent  of  about 
24  ft.  These  troughs,  now  broken  in  places, 
and  choked  with  weeds,  are  apparently  feci 
from  the  spring  that  issues  from  the  wall 
about  the  centre  ;  their  date  is  difficult  to 
determine,  butlthey  are  probably  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when 
traffic  was  on  the  increase,  and  were  evi- 
dently placed  here  for  the  relief  of  horses  or 
of  droves  of  cattle  using  the  road. 

About  a  mile  further  on  the  road  the 
hamlet  of  Sparrow  Pit  is  reached  ;  it  is  a  pass 
some  1,200  ft.  high,  where  four  cross-roads 
meet,  and  where  the  descent  towards 
Castleton  begins.  Seeking  information  from 
the  landlord  of  the  Devonshire  Arms  at  this 
somewhat  bleak  and  exposed  spot,  we  were 
shown  photographs  and  drawings  on  the 
walls  of  the  inn  parlour,  affording  convincing 
proofs  of  the  nature  of  winter  weather  on 
the  high  grounds  of  the  Peak.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  February  26th,  1888,  Mr.  Hall,  the 
landlord,  and  his  family  awoke  to  find  the 
house  completely  buried  in  snow,  which 
closed  even  the  bedroom  windows  ;  it  was 
some  time  before  they  were  released  through 
a  tunnel  dug  in  the  great  snowdrift.  A 
drift  nearly  as  severe  necessitated  a  like 
rescue  in  December,  1901. 

A  few  hundred  yards  from  Sparrow  Pit, 
on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  road  to  Castleton, 
just  where  a  rather  steep  descent  begins, 
we  hoped  to  find  some  trace  of  a  cross  marked 
on  the  1636  plan.  We  learnt  that  this  knoll 
of  the  road  is  locally  known  as  Top  o'  the 


Cross,  and  afterwards  found  that  the  ascent 
from  this  spot  up  the  hill-side  on  the  right 
hand  is  known  as  Broken  Cross.  The  surface 
rock  is  limestone,  and  the  highway  is  flanked 
by  Derbyshire  dry  walling  of  limestone. 
Here,  on  the  left,  at  a  sort  of  quasi-stile  into 
a  grass  field,  are  four  good-sized  pieces  of 
millstone  grit  built  into  the  wall.  The 
largest  of  these  fragments  is  31  in.  by  19  in.  ; 
they  have  been  split,  and  present  the  appear- 
ance of  having  been  used  ;  possibly  (if  not 
probably)  they  at  one  time  formed  part  of 
the  base  or  steps  of  the  long-vanished  cross. 
The  road  here  divides  Chapel-en-le-Frith 
from  Peak  Forest,  so  that  the  cross  at  this 
place  was  once  again  on  a  boundary. 

After  half-a-mile  of  descent  the  boundary 
line    between    Bushop    and    Rushop    Edge 
strikes  the  main  road  at  right  angles  on  the 
left.     Mounting    the    hill-side    to    gain    the 
higher  road  to  Castleton  from  Chapel-en-le- 
Frith,  we  hoped  that  traces  of  at  least  one 
other  of  the  old  plan-marked  crosses  might 
be  encountered  ;    but  in  this  respect  good 
fortune  did  not  await  us.     A  detour  made 
to  the  centre  of  a  large  pasture  field,  where 
a    likely-looking    upright    stone    seemed    to 
demand  attention,  merely  proved  the  object 
to  be  a  modern  example  of  a  rubbing  stone 
so  appreciated  by  cattle.     Other  antiquarian 
tastes  were,  however,  richly  and  unexpectedly 
rewarded  at  a  small  farmstead  high  up  on 
the  Rushop  slope,  where  a  visit  was  made  in 
the  attempt  to  ascertain  the  whereabouts 
of    certain   plan-marked    crosses.       At    this 
house  (Mr.  Middleton's)  our  queries,  as  else- 
where,   were    received   with    great    civility. 
Beneath  this  roof  were  noticed  a  singularly 
fine    chair    of    late    Elizabethan    or    early 
Jacobean  date,   and   a  small  settle   of  the 
same  date  ;   two  excellent  chairs  of  the  type 
known    as    "  Derbyshire  "    of    the    time    of 
Charles  I.  ;  and  against  the  wall  a  garnish 
of  well-polished  pewter  plates  of  three  diffe- 
rent sizes,  bearing  on  the  reverse  the  name 
of  Cooke,  and  therefore  of  London  eighteenth- 
century   make.     Here,   too,   was   a  cavalry 
sword  with  a  good  hilt,  which  had  belonged 
to  Samuel  Hall,  a  relative,  who  was  buried 
at  Peak  Forest  in   1798.     The  basket  hilt 
is  of  the  so-called  claymore  design,  of  about 
1750,  and  is  interesting  as  having  been  filed 
down  to  suit  the  military  requirements  of 
the  cavalry  sword  of  the  later  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.     Could  it  have  been  left 
behind    by    a    Scot    when    Prince    Charles 
gained   the    heart    of  Derbyshire   in   1745  ? 
With      regard      to       the      old      furniture, 
there    is    little    or    no    doubt   that  we  saw 
it   in    the  very    house,    small    and    out-of- 
the-way  though  it  may  be,  wherein  it  was 
first  used — a  thought  which  gives  a  greater 
social  charm  to  it  than  could  possibly  be 
attached   to   the   display    of   the   collection 
of  even  a  choice  connoisseur.     This  home- 
stead has  been  modernized  at  several   diffe- 
rent    periods  ;      but     older    stone    window 
mullions,  which  had  been  discarded  in  com- 
paratively recent  years  in  favour  of  greater 
light,  are  still  on  the  premises,  and  tell  of  an 
early   Jacobean   or   late   Elizabethan   date. 
The  interior  construction  of  this  homestead 
had   been  but  little   altered  since   its  first 
erection.     It  was  of  interest  to  note  the  short 
screen  or  "  speer,"  immediately  facing  the 
door  on  entering  ;    it  serves  to  keep  snug 
one  side   of  the  fireplace.     The  inner  side 
of  this  screen  is  panelled,  and  it  is  kept  in 
place  by  a  solid  oak  pillar,  rising  from  a  stone 
base,    which    also    supports    the    tie-beam 
nearest  to  the  fireplaco  end  of  the  single 
ground-floor  room. 

Striking  higher  up  the  hill,  we  reached 
the  new  road  (c.  1840,  I  believe)  from  Chapel 
to  Castleton  at  a  point  of  peculiar  interest, 
namely,  where  the  very  ancient  track  or 
roadway  termed  the  Bye  Flats  forks  off  at 


an  acute  angle  over  the  lofty  ridge  for  Mam 
Tor.  Its  continuation  towards  Chapel  seems 
to  have  been  interfered  with  by  the  new  road, 
which  appears  to  have  taken  the  like  direc- 
tion ;  but  towards  Mam  Tor  its  course  is 
plainly  obvious.  The  track,  which  is  about 
5  ft.  wide,  is  worn  down  in  the  moorland  to  a 
depth  of  from  10  ft.  to  12  ft. 

A  little  further  on  the  new  road  an  old 
track  branches  off  on  the  right-hand  side  for 
Hayfield,  and  is  perhaps  a  continuation  or  a 
feeder  of  the  Bye  Flats.  Beyond  this  point 
we  looked  down  upon  Ford  Hall,  the  principal 
seat  of  the  ancient  Derbyshire  family  of 
Bagshawe,  in  a  beautiful  well-wooded  dell. 
Just  within  the  gates  of  the  long  drive  down 
to  Ford  Hall  is  an  interesting  early  burial- 
ground  of  the  Quakers,  who  had  many 
adherents  in  this  part  of  Derbyshire  soon 
after  their  foundation.  It  is  a  walled  en- 
closure about  50  ft.  square.  The  wall  was 
repaired  some  forty  years  ago  :  one  of  the 
gateposts  bears  the  date  1862,  and  the  other 
"Friends'  Burial-Ground,  1668."  The 
oldest  tombstone  is  a  large  upright,  quaintly 
and  irregularly  lettered.  The  initials  only 
are  given  ;  it  records  the  burial  of  I.  R., 
son  of  T.  R.,  on  17th  of  8th  month,  1671, 
and  of  R.,  wife  of  T.  R.,  on  2d  of  10th  month, 
1685.  The  old  dislike  of  Quakers  to  the 
ordinary  month-names,  from  the  associa- 
tion of  some  of  them  with  pagan  emperors,  is 
maintained  on  other  tomb  inscriptions  of 
comparatively  modern  times. 

A  brief  examination  of  old  Slack  HalL. 
rebuilt  with  double  gables,  after  an  inter- 
esting fashion,  in  1727,  was  followed  by  the 
descent  into  Chapel-en-le-Frith,  after  a  walk 
of  some  eight  hours.  Is  there  any  other  part 
of  England,  save  the  Peak  of  Derbyshire, 
where  a  walk  of  about  eighteen  miles,  in  the- 
purest  and  most  exhilarating  air,  and  amid 
beautiful  and  extensive  scenery,  could  intro- 
duce so  great  a  variety  of  objects  of  deep- 
archaeological  interest  ? 

In  connexion  with  Saxon  or  pre-Normani 
crosses,  may  I  be  permitted  to  say  that  this 
same  brief  visit  to  Derbyshire  took  me  to- 
Wirksworth,  where  certain  necessary  repairs 
of  the  fine  mother-church  of  the  Low  Peak 
hundred  are  about  to  be  undertaken  ?  When 
writing  at  length  on  this  church  thirty  years 
ago,  I  merely  made  the  briefest  mention  of 
the  lofty  shaft  of  the  cross  that  stands  in  the 
churchyard  to  the  north-west  of  the  church. 
The  plain  squared  base  stone,  measuring 
31 1  in.  by  28|  in.,  has  a  socket  in  the  centre 
17  in.  by  10J  in.  This  socketed  stone  I  take  to 
be,  without  any  doubt ,  pre-Norman ;  it  would 
originally  carry  a  lofty  ornamented  shaft  and 
cross  like  those  still  remaining  at  Bakewell. 
The  present  shaft,  which  rises  9  ft.  from  the 
base,  but  has  lost  its  cross-head,  has  bevelled 
edges,  and  is  clearly  of  thirteenth-century 
date  ;  it  was  probably  renewed  when  the 
old  church  was  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  J.  Charles  Cox. 


yttw-^rt  (gossip. 

The  private  view  of  the  fourteenth' 
annual  exhibition  of  the  Photographic 
Salon,  at  the  gallery  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  takes  place 
next  Thursday. 

A  recent  addition  to  the  Tate  Gallery  is 
No.  2060,  '  The  Last  Load,'  by  J.  Linnell. 
The  picture  has  been  presented  by  Mr. 
J.  W.  Carlile,  and  hangs  in  Room  III. 

Copies  of  a  new  edition  of  the  Abridged 
Catalogue  of    the  Pictures   of  the  Foreign 


N°  4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


281 


Schools  were  on  sale  in  the  National  Gallery 
•on  Tuesday. 

Mk.  George  Clausen,  A.R.A.,  writes 
•concerning  Mr.  James  Charles  : — 

"  The  early  death  of  James  Charles  is  a  great 
loss  to  English  art.  He  was  one  of  the  few  artists 
of  our  time  whose  worth  is  strongly  individual, 
yet  without  mannerism.  He  was  honest,  serious, 
and  thorough,  giving  up  all  for  his  work — loving 
the  beauty  of  Nature,  the  sunlight,  colour,  and 
-air,  so  much  that  he  grew,  as  it  were,  into  living 
communion  with  her.  His  pictures — of  country 
people,  of  landscapes,  of  sunlit  interiors — have  a 
subtle,  unobtrusive  beauty  that  never  ceases  to 
<marm  :  there  is  no  pose  in  his  work,  no  conven- 
tional sentiment,  but  sympathetic  and  profound 
insight. 

"To  his  friends  his  loss  is  irreparable.  All  who 
knew  him  were  stimulated  by  his  enthusiasm,  and 
influenced  by  his  example  ;  and  those  of  us  who 
Are  known  as  the  '  younger  school '  looked  on  him 
as  a  leader  and  master.  He  seemed  indifferent  to 
the  applause  of  the  moment,  or  to  making  an 
exhibition  success,  and  many  of  his  best  works 
have  not,  I  think,  been  exhibited ;  but  it  may  be 
hoped  now,  for  the  sake  of  his  reputation,  and  for 
the  honour  of  our  school,  that  an  opportunity  may 
■shortly  be  given  of  properly  estimating  his  worth." 

Mr.  Clausen  lends  his  authority  to  a  sugges- 
tion of  the  kind  which  we  ourselves  offer  in 
our  notice  of  Mr.  Charles. 

The  press  view  of  the  autumn  exhibition 
of  modern  art  at  Liverpool  takes  place  on 
the  first  three  days  of  next  week.  This 
year  special  attention  has  been  paid  to  work 
in  black  and  white,  examples  of  continental 
artists,  and  miniatures. 

As  Mr.  Robert  Dell  is  about  to  take  up 
iiis  residence  in  Paris,  he  has  retired  from 
the  position  of  joint-editor  of  The  Burlington 
Magazine,  which  will  in  future  be  edited 
-solely  by  Prof.  C.  J.  Holmes.  Mr.  Dell  will 
be  the  representative  of  The  Burlington 
Magazine  in  Paris. 

The  sudden  death  is  announced  of 
Etienne  Leroux,  the  well-known  sculptor, 
who  was  born  at  Ecouche  (Orne)  on  August 
3rd,  1836,  and  whose  works  are  to  be  found 
in  many  important  cities  and  towns  in 
France.  He  studied  under  Jouffroy,  and 
was  an  exhibitor  at  the  Salon  from  1863  to 
the  present  year.  One  of  his  earliest  and 
most  famous  works,  the  '  Marchande  de 
Violettes,'  a  bronze  statue,  is  at  the  Luxem- 
bourg ;  his  statue  of  Jeanne  d'Arc  at 
•Compiegne,  the  monument  of  Sadi  Carnot 
at  Chabannais,  and  his  busts  include  those 
of  Renan,  Theodore  Aubanel.  the  Due 
<V  Audiff ret-Pasquier,  and  Dumas  the  younger. 
He  obtained  medals  at  the  Salons  of  1866, 
1867,  and  1870,  as  well  as  at  the  Universal 
Exhibitions  of  1878  and  1889.  He  decorated 
the  Salle  des  Fetes  at  the  Exhibition  of 
1900. 

Mr.  John  Lane  will  publish  on  Tuesday 
next  a  portfolio  of  Aubrey  Beardsley's 
drawings  illustrating  Oscar  Wilde's  '  Salome.' 
The  artist's  designs  are  here  reproduced  for 
the  first  time  in  the  actual  size  of  the 
originals,  and  are  printed  upon  Japanese 
vellum.  Among  them  is  a  drawing  origin- 
ally done  as  an  illustration  to  '  Salome,'  but 
not  included  in  the  volume  when  published. 


MUSIC 


'THE  TEMPEST'  AS  AN  "OPERA." 
The  history  of  Davenant's  and  Dryden's 
perversion  of  '  The  Tempest  '  is  very  curious, 
and  Sir  Ernest  Clarke's  interesting  letter  has 
drawn  public  attention  to  the  fact,  hitherto 
overlooked    by    editors    of    Davenant    and 


Dryden,  that  the  1670  edition  is  the  only  one 
that  represents  the  play  as  produced  in 
1667.  Later  editions  in  1674,  1676,  1690, 
1695,  and  1701  contain  the  further  altera- 
tions made  by  Shadwell  in  1673,  although 
they  have  Dryden's  name  still  attached  to 
the  preface. 

'  The  Tempest  '  is  not  included  in  the 
folio  editions  of  either  Davenant's  or 
Dryden's  '  Works,'  and,  with  strange  care- 
lessness, Sir  Walter  Scott,  the  editor  of 
Dryden,  and  James  Maidment,  the  editor  of 
Davenant,  printed  the  play  as  altered  by 
Shadwell  without  any  explanation,  instead 
of  the  edition  published  by  Dryden  in  1670. 

Maidment  writes  in  his  preface  to  '  The 
Tempest  '  (Davenant's  '  Dramatic  Works,' 
vol.  v.)  : — 

"A  few  years  after  the  death  of  Davenant 
Shadwell,  subsequently  the  poet  laureate  of 
William  III.,  and  the  political  opponent  of 
Dryden,  made  '  The  Tempest '  into  an  opera,  or 
more  properly  speaking,  a  mock  opera,  which 
answered  well  as  a  commercial  speculation,  but 
did  not  say  much  for  the  taste  of  the  writer,  who, 
however,  had  the  good  sense  never  to  print  it." 

Who  would  be  likely  to  guess  from  these 
remarks  that  Maidment  had  himself  printed 
Shadwell 's  version  as  that  of  Davenant  ? 
Sir  Ernest  Clarke's  quotation  from 
part  ii.  of  Pietro  Reggio's  '  Songs  '  (1680)  is 
most  valuable,  and  a  conclusive  proof  of  the 
truth  of  his  contention,  as  well  as  a  corro- 
boration of  Downes's  statement. 

The  main  changes  made  by  Shadwell  are 
the  introduction  of  some  more  music  and 
the  use  of  new  machinery  and  scenery 
which  are  elaborately  described.  Most 
writers  have  been  deceived  into  supposing 
that  these  stage  effects  were  the  work  of 
Davenant,  whose  name  is  so  intimately 
associated  with  the  introduction  of  scenery 
into  England. 

There  is  little  more  singing  in  Shadwell's 
than  in  Davenant's  version,  so  that,  as  is 
seen  from  the  quotation  respecting  Shad- 
well's  '  Psyche,'  it  was  the  splendid  scenes 
and  machinery,  the  changes  in  which  were 
made  to  the  accompaniment  of  music,  that 
made  the  opera,  rather  than  the  songs. 

Shadwell  divided  the  acts  into  scenes, 
which  were  not  marked  in  the  1670  edition, 
altered  the  position  of  some  of  the  incidents, 
and  changed  the  wording  of  many  of  the 
speeches.  Otherwise  he  left  the  play  much  as 
he  found  it. 

Not  only  is  all  this  a  matter  of  interest  as 
settling  a  point  of  authorship,  but  it  also 
raises  a  question  respecting  the  publication 
of  these  plays.  The  edition  of  1674,  with 
Shadwell's  alterations,  has  the  same  title-page 
as  the  1670  edition,  and  contains  Dryden's 
preface,  prologue,  and  epilogue.  It  was 
also  issued  by  the  same  publisher — Henry 
Herringman.  This  seems  to  show  that 
Dryden  made  no  objection  to  the  further 
alterations,  or  it  may  be  that  he  had  no  voice 
in  the  matter.  Doubtless  neither  Davenant, 
Dryden,  nor  Shadwell  had  a  very  high 
opinion  of  their  handiwork.  All  three  were 
too  clever  not  to  know  that  it  was  poor  stuff. 
They  produced  what  they  thought  would 
amuse  the  public,  and  the  editions  of  the 
plays  were  evidently  not  looked  upon  as 
literature,  but  as  books  of  words  for  the  play- 
goer. Sir  Ernest  Clarke's  letter  places  the 
1670  edition  of  '  The  Tempest '  in  a  quite 
special  position.  It  has  always  been  known 
as  the  first  edition,  but  now  it  stands  as  the 
only  edition  of  Davenant's  and  Dryden's 
version.  The  1674  edition  is  raised  to  the 
position  of  the  first  edition  of  Shadwell's 
version,  and  this  it  was  which  continued  to 
be  reprinted.  Henry  B.  Wheatley. 

***  We  may  note  that  there  are  articles 
on  the  music    in  '  The  Tempest,'  by  W.  J. 


Lawrence  and  Dr.  Cummings,  in  Notes  and 
Queries  (10  S.  ii.  164,  270,  329,  370),  Mr. 
Lawrence  mentioning  at  the  first  reference 
that  he  had  recently  written  on  the  subject 
in  Anglia  (1904,  xxvii.  205-17). 


INSTRUMENTAL    AND    VOCAL 
PUBLICATIONS. 

We  have  received  from  the  Jul.  Heinr. 
Heinemann  firm  at  Leipsic  some  pieces  by 
Mili  Balakirew.  The  composer,  now  in  his 
seventieth  year,  may  be  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  the  New  Russian  School.  His 
one  symphony  has  been  performed  under 
Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood  at  a  Promenade  Concert, 
while  his  'Islamey '  Fantasia  (a  very  difficult 
piece  technically)  forms  part  of  the  repertory 
of  all  great  pianists.  Of  four  pianoforte 
pieces  sent  to  us,  the  most  important 
is  a  Sonata  in  B  flat  minor  (published  by 
P.  Jurgenson),  which  we  presume  is  a 
late  work.  As  regards  the  writine;  for 
the  instrument — and  this  applies  to  all  the 
pieces  under  consideration — the  composer 
shows  himself  a  disciple  of  Henselt  and 
Liszt.  The  virtuose  element  is  prominent, 
but  thought,  feeling,  and  a  poetical  atmo- 
sphere are  evident  in  the  music.  The  Sonata 
opens  with  an  Andantino  ;  the  plaintive 
theme,  first  heard,  as  if  from  shepherd's  pipe, 
without  harmony,  is  treated  more  or  less  in 
fugato  style.  The  second  movement  is  a 
characteristic  Mazourka,  with  here  and  there 
a  touch  of  Chopin.  Then  follows  an  Inter- 
mezzo of  rare  charm  and  delicacy  ;  the  con- 
stant repetition  of  a  short  theme  or  of  a 
portion  of  it,  supported  by  a  gently  moving 
accompaniment  of  broken  chords,  is  of  admir- 
able effect.  That  theme  is  cleverly  intro- 
duced into  the  impassioned  Finale.  The 
other  three  pieces  consist  of  a  clever  and 
brilliant  Valse  di  Bravura  and  Scherzo,  No.  3, 
and  of  a  short  Complainte  in  which  a  simple 
theme  is  treated  with  all  refinement.  By 
the  same  composer  we  have  a  set  of  ten 
Romances  et  Chansons,  with  French  words, 
and  also  an  English  text  by  M.  D.  Calvo- 
coressi.  In  these  songs  the  vocal  parts  are 
mostly  declamatory,  while  the  picturesque 
and,  as  in  modern  songs,  important  piano- 
forte accompaniments  supply  colour  and 
atmosphere.  In  Aubade  and  Lied  the  com- 
poser shows  that  he  can  write  simple  melodies 
and  simple  accompaniments,  but  numbers  in 
which  the  words  are  of  mournful  or  mystic 
character  are  those  in  which  Balakirew  best 
displays  his  gifts.  The  French  original  words 
naturally  fit  the  music  better  than  the  Eng- 
lish, in  which  M.  Calvocoressi  has  endea- 
voured, perhaps  too  strictly,  to  follow  the 
French. 

Meisterwerke  deutschcr  Tonkunst  :  Alte 
Klaviermusik.  (Breitkopf  &  Hartel.) — The 
important  "  Denkmaler  deutscher  Ton- 
kunst "  series,  which  is  being  published  by 
this  firm,  is  gradually  revealing  a  quantity 
of  clavier  music  of  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  which  is  not  only 
interesting  in  itself,  but  also  enables  us 
better  to  appreciate  the  wonderful  genius  ol 
Bach.  In  the  best  of  this  early  music  are 
to  be  found  a  freshness,  charm,  and  often 
skill,  which  give  to  it  distinct  value  ;  it  is 
not  mere  stuff  for  antiquaries  to  study.  We 
have  before  us  selections  from  the  works  of 
Samuel  Scheidt,  J.  J.  Froberger,  and  Johann 
Kuhnau.  The  first  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  North  German  School  which  led  to 
Buxtehude,  who,  together  with  the  other 
two  composers,  better  known  at  any  rate 
by  name,  greatly  influenced  Bach.  The 
selections  are  in  separate  books,  and, 
being    few    in    number,     are     more     likely 


282 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


to  attract  general  musicians  than  the  com- 
plete works  published  in  the  "  Denkmaler  " 
series.  The  books  under  notice  have  been 
carefully  edited,  and  supplied  with  preface 
and  explanatory  notes  by  Dr.  W.  Niemann, 
in  German,  French,  and  English. 

Weingartner  :  Eight  Albums  of  Songs. 
(Breitkopf  &  Hartel.) — The  composer  is 
known  specially  as  a  conductor,  and  in  that 
capacity  he  is  justly  held  in  high  esteem. 
But  he  devotes  much  time  to  writing,  and 
in  the  songs  before  us  we  have  good  proof 
of  his  skill.  By  harmonic  means  he  pro- 
duces effective  and  often  romantic  colouring. 
The  means,  it  is  true,  are  at  times  too  much 
in  evidence,  the  reason  being  the  preponder- 
ance of  intellect  over  emotion.  Then  there 
are  numbers  in  which  persistent  rhythm, 
after  the  manner  of  Schubert,  tends  to  pro- 
duce monotony.  But  with  a  large  number 
of  songs  it  is  only  fair  to  judge  the  composer 
by  his  test.  In  Motten  there  is  rare  humour, 
in  Plauderwdsche  marked  lightness,  while 
in  Weberlied  he  has  caught  with  wonderful 
fidelity  the  tragic  spirit  of  the  poem.  These 
are  not  the  only  interesting  songs— far  from 
it  ;  but  they  are  the  strongest.  There  are 
in  addition  to  the  German  poems  excellent 
English  versions  by  Mrs.  B.  Shapleigh  and 
Messrs.  William  Wallace  and  John  Bernhoff. 

We  have  a  first  instalment  of  music  pub- 
lished by  Charles  Avison,  in  connexion 
with  the  Society  of  British  Composers,  which 
speaks  for  the  industry  and  ambition  of 
rising  native  musicians.  There  is  a  Sonata 
in  r>  minor-  by  Benjamin  J.  Dale,  a  work  of 
great  merit  and  interest.  The  first  move- 
ment, an  Allegro  deciso,  has  sound  material 
— not  mere  scraps  of  melody,  but  good  strong 
themes — and  the  workmanship  is  clever. 
The  second  part  of  the  Sonata  consists  of  a 
slow  movement,  Scherzo,  and  Finale,  pre- 
sented, and  without  break,  in  the  form  of 
variations.  Here  again  the  composer  has 
an  effective  theme,  while  in  the  variations 
there  is  no  lack  of  skill  or  variety.  All 
through  the  work  storm  and  stress  prevail, 
but  such  things  are  the  sign — we  were  going 
to  say  the  privilege — of  youth.  Again, 
although  the  attempt  to  present  something 
new  in  the  way  of  form  is  praiseworthy,  we 
doubt  whether  the  variation  section  in  itself 
is  not  sufficiently  extensive  without  the  long 
Allegro  which  precedes  it.  Nine  Preludes, 
by  Paul  Corder,  son  of  Mr.  Frederick 
Corder,  have  much  to  recommend  them. 
The  very  title,  of  course,  reminds  one  of 
Chopin,  and  it  may  at  once  be  said  that 
the  influence  of  that  composer  is  felt,  though 
not  in  a  way  which  suggests  slavish  imitation. 
For  any  one  writing  pianoforte  music  such 
influence  is,  indeed,  natural  and  healthy  ; 
modern  composers  are,  as  a  rule,  too  apt  to 
take  Liszt  as  a  model,  or  to  write  in  what 
may  be  termed  an  orchestral  style,  that  is 
with  the  thought  of  an  orchestra  in  their 
mind.  Mr.  Cordei  indulges  occasionally  in 
some  curious  experiments  in  harmony,  as, 
for  instance,  in  Nos.  5  and  8  ;  but  for  the 
most  part  the  writing  follows  ordinary  rules, 
without,  however,  becoming  commonplace. 


iKusicai  (Buasip. 

Madame  Adelina  Patti,  who  made  her 
first  public  appearance  at  New  York  in  1859, 
and  her  first  appearance  in  England  at  Covent 
Garden  on  May  14th,  1861,  is  about  to  retire 
from  public  life.  Her  farewell  concert  in 
London  is  to  be  given  at  the  Albert  Hall  on 
December  1st,  while  in  the  autumn  of  next 
year  she  will  appear  in  several  important 
provincial    cities.     A   beautiful   and   admir- 


ably trained  voice  has  won  for  her  both 
fame  and  fortune.  On  the  stage  she  has 
gained  her  chief  triumphs  as  Rosina  in  the 
'  Barbiere,'  Amina  in  '  Sonnambula,'  and 
Lucia  in  '  Lucia  di  Lammermoor.'  Her 
operatic  repertory  includes  many  works 
which  are  no  longer  performed.  Madame 
Patti  has  never  appeared  in  any  of  Wagner's 
operas  ;  the  reason,  however,  for  this  was 
probably  her  knowledge  of  what  best  suited 
her  voice  and  temperament. 

At  the  Promenade  Concert  at  Queen's 
Hall  on  Thursday  of  last  week  Mr.  Henry 
Wood  introduced,  for  the  first  time  in  Eng- 
land, a  "  Tableau  Musical  "  by  the  Russian 
composer  A.  Liadoff,  entitled  '  Baba-Yaga.' 
This  cleverly  scored  and  grotesque  little 
piece  is  intended  to  depict  the  journey 
of  the  witch,  who,  in  the  Russian  fairy 
tale,  rides  in  a  mortar.  The  composer  has 
contrived  some  quaint  effects,  and  does 
not  take  his  subject  too  seriously,  though 
he  employs  a  very  full  orchestra,  including 
a  xylophone.  At  this  concert  Miss  Elsie 
Home  played  Sir  Charles  Stanford's  varia- 
tions on  '  Down  among  the  Dead  Men,'  a 
well-wrought,  but  over-lengthy  work. — The 
Beethoven  programme  presented  on  the 
following  evening  included  the  Symphony 
in  d,  which  was  admirably  played,  and  the 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  e  flat.  Mr.  York 
Bowen,  the  pianist  in  the  '  Emperor,'  showed 
marked  technical  ability  and  fluency. — 
On  Saturday  evening  an  agreeably  refined 
performance  was  given  of  Dr.  Cowen's  over- 
ture 'A  Butterfly's  Ball ';  and  Miss  Kathleen 
Chabot,  a  pianist  who  has  a  charming  touch, 
played  in  good  style  the  solo  portions  of 
Mendelssohn's    seldom  -  heard    Concerto    in 


Last  Saturday  the  committee  of  the 
Norfolk  and  Norwich  Triennial  Musical 
Festival  elected  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood  to  the 
conductorship  in  place  of  Mr.  Alberto  Ran- 
degger,  who,  after  occupying  the  post  for 
the  last  twenty-five  years,  has  retired.  We 
congratulate  Mr.  Wood  on  this  appointment. 
He  is  a  conductor  of  note  and  experience, 
and,  though  he  is  evidently  in  strong  sym- 
pathy with  modern  music,  composers  of  all 
schools  are  represented  in  his  concert  pro- 
grammes. 

August  Enna,  the  Danish  composer, 
first  attracted  public  notice  by  his  opera 
'  Heksen  '  ('  The  Witch  '),  produced  at 
Copenhagen  in  1892.  His  symphonic  poem 
'  Marchen,'  performed  for  the  first  time  in 
London  at  the  concert  on  Tuesday  evening, 
contains  some  expressive  thematic  material, 
but  the  developments  are  not  interesting. 
The  orchestration  is  frequently  heavy,  and 
the  work,  though  it  only  lasts  half  an  hour, 
appears  long. 

The  death  is  announced  of  the  well-known 
vocalist  Eugen  Gura.  He  was  born  near 
Saatz  (Bohemia),  and  studied  at  the  Con- 
servatorium  of  Munich,  in  which  city  he 
began  and  ended  his  artistic  career.  He 
was  engaged  at  Breslau  (1867-70),  at  Leipsic 
(1870-76),  and  at  Hamburg  (1876-83).  He 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1896,  but  imper- 
sonated Hans  Sachs  at  the  inaugura- 
tion of  the  Prince  Regent  Theatre.  Gura 
appeared  in  the  roles  of  the  Dutch- 
man, Hans  Sachs,  and  Lysiart  ('  Eury- 
anthe  ')  at  the  Drury  Lane  opera  season  of 
1882  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Richter. 
He  is  said  to  have  left  some  memoirs. 

Herr  Ernst  van  Dyck  wrote  a  letter  to 
the  Menestrel  of  the  2nd  inst.  stating  that 
Herr  Mottl  had  accepted  the  conductorship 
of  the  winter  opera  season  at  Covent  Garden, 
provided  he  could  obtain  leave  of  absence 
from    Munich.     Permission,    however,    has 


not  been  granted  ;  consequently  Herr 
Balling,  Mottl's  successor  at  Carlsruhe,  has- 
been  engaged  in  his  place. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sum.      Sunday  League  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mon.— Sat.  Promenade  Concerts,  8,  Queen's  Hall, 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

His  Majesty's. — The  Winter's  Tale. 

During  recent  years  '  The  Winter's  Tale  * 
has  sprung  into  consideration  with  Shak- 
speare  worshippers.  A  late  work,  it  is 
held,  it  belongs,  like  '  The  Tempest,'  to  a> 
period  of  serenity,  when  the  poet's  mind,, 
having  passed  through  the  time  of  ques- 
tioning in  '  Hamlet '  and  that  of  revolt  in 
'  Timon  '  and  '  Troilus  and  Cressida,'  had 
gone  back  to  its  pristine  delight  in  youth, 
beauty,  and  purity.  In  earlier  times  it 
stood,  in  managerial  estimate  at  least,  in  a, 
less  exalted  position,  and  in  its  infrequent 
revivals  in  the  eighteenth  century  was  as 
often  seen  in  the  inept  rendering  of  Garrick 
as  in  the  noble  original.  Among  London 
representations  within  living  memory  the- 
most  interesting  is  that  at  the  Lyceum  in 
September,  1887,  in  which,  with  more 
success  than  might  have  been  anticipated,. 
Miss  Mary  Anderson  doubled  the 
parts  of  Hermione  and  Perdita.  Since- 
then  the  piece,  though  it  has  had 
a  grand  run  in  Manchester,  has  been 
unseen  in  the  capital.  Like  most 
Shakspearean  revivals  at  His  Majesty's, 
the  piece  is  presented  in  three  acts,  art 
arrangement  to  which  the  action  readily 
lends  itself.  The  abridgment,  if  such  it 
may  be  called,  does  not,  like  that  prac- 
tised by  Garrick,  involve  any  omission  of 
the  opening  action.  Act  I.  simply  con- 
tains the  whole  of  the  scenes  in  Sicily,, 
and  ends  with  the  vindication  of  Hermione 
by  the  oracle  of  Apollo  and  her  sup- 
posed death  after  hearing  of  that  of 
Mamillius.  The  second  act  passes  in 
Bohemia,  and  includes  the  appearance  of 
Time  as  prologue,  the  pastoral  scenes  of 
Florizel  and  Perdita,  and  the  display 
of  the  wiles  and  wares  of  Autolycus. 
Act  III.  is  retransferred  to  the  Court  of 
Sicily,  whither,  at  the  bidding  of  Camillo, 
Florizel  conveys  Perdita,  and  where  he  is 
forgiven  by  his  father  in  the  course  of  the 
general  amnesty  and  reconciliation  that 
follow  the  unveiling  of  the  statue  of 
Hermione. 

This  arrangement  is  not  only  pardon- 
able— it  is  expedient,  and  the  play 
thus  obtained  is  dramatic  and  effective. 
There  are  periods  when  the  whole  drags 
somewhat,  noticeably  those  occupied  with 
the  humours  of  Autolycus.  For  this  the 
actor  can  scarcely  be  held  responsible, 
since  Mr.  Somerset's  rendering  of  the  part 
is  both  apt  and  quaint.  The  general 
performance  of  the  play  is  worthy  of  the 
best   traditions   of   His   Majesty's   under 


N°4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


283 


the  present  management.  Apart  from  the 
curiosity  of  seeing  as  Hermione  an  artist 
who,  fifty  years  ago,  appeared  as 
Mamillius  in  Charles  Kean's  production  of 
the  play,  Miss  Terry  is  probably  the  best 
living  representative  of  the  part  she  now 
•essays.  It  is,  at  least,  impossible  to  recall 
a  performance  radiating  more  poetry, 
refinement,  and  distinction.  Mrs.  Tree 
makes  an  ideal  Paulina,  tempering  with 
some  discretion  the  shrewishness  which 
makes  her  so  dangerous,  albeit  so  loyal,  a 
champion  of  the  distressed  queen.  The 
Perdita  of  Miss  Violet  Tree  had  much 
pastoral  prettiness  and  grace.  A  good 
representative  of  Florizel  was  found  in 
Mr.  Basil  Gill.  Mr.  Charles  Warner  was 
a  dramatic  and  powerful  Leontes.  The 
characters  generally  were  well  played, 
some  of  the  bucolic  personages  being 
specially  excellent.  The  mounting  was 
of  exceptional  merit,  the  scene  when 
the  oracle  of  Apollo  was  read  being  thril- 
ling. Deafening  applause  attended  the 
whole,  which  may  count  among  the  most 
imaginative  and  poetical  of  Mr.  Tree's 
revivals.  We  do  not  know  that  there  is 
any  rule  on  the  subject,  but  the  substitu- 
tion of  "  winds  of  March  "  for  "  winds  of 
March  "  in  the  celebrated  praise  of  the 
<laffodil  administered  to  us  something  of 
a  shock. 


Adelphi. — Tristram  and  Iseult :    a  Play 
in  Four  Acts.     By  J.  Comyns  Carr. 

In  Mr.  Carr's  version  of  the  legend 
of  Tristram  and  Iseult,  produced  at  the 
Adelphi,  the  chief  source  of  inspiration 
has  been  found  in  Sir  Thomas  Malory, 
in  whose  '  Morte  d' Arthur  '  the  adventures 
of  Sir  Tristram  de  Liones  constitute  the 
•eighth  book.  In  its  development,  how- 
ever, the  story  departs  widely  from  the 
Arthurian  legend,  and  in  its  close  it 
approximates  to  that  Wagnerian  treatment 
with  which  a  modern  public,  interested  in 
inusic  rather  than  literature,  is  most 
familiar.  Against  the  latest  version  it 
may  perhaps  be  urged  that  it  is  not  until 
the  third  act  that  the  whole  moves,  and 
that  half  the  piece  is  occupied  with  matter 
that  is  anticipatory  of  the  main  action. 
The  initial  portion  lends  itself,  however, 
splendidly  to  the  purpose  of  quasi -liistorical 
pageantry  ;  and  the  love  interest,  when 
once  it  asserts  itself,  is  stimulating  and 
fateful. 

Two  opening  acts  pass  respectively  in 
Cornwall  and  Ireland.  To  the  latter 
country  Sir  Tristram  is  sent  that  he  may 
be  cured,  by  the  healing  hands  of  Iseult, 
the  daughter  of  Gormon,  king  of  that 
island,  of  a  poisoned  wound  received  in  a 
combat  with  Moraunt  (the  son  of  Gormon, 
and  the  brother  of  Iseult),  whom  he  slew! 
It  is  as  a  nameless  knight  that  he  visits 
a  place  swarming  with  enemies.  His 
identity  is  discovered  by  Queen  Oren,  who 
clamours  for  his  death.  A  difficulty  in 
this  is,  however,  experienced.  While  still 
nameless,  Sir  Tristram  has  overthrown 
Sir  Palamides,  a  paynim  knight  by  whom 
all  Ireland's  champions  have  been  van- 
quished,  and  has  in  so  doing  won   the 


monarch's  plighted  word  for  his  protection 
and  for  the  granting  of  any  request  he  may 
make.  His  demand  for  Iseult,  as  the  wife 
of  his  uncle  King  Mark  is  accordingly 
granted,  and  in  the  third  act  the  maiden 
is  on  shipboard,  accompanying  the  knight 
to  Cornwall.  With  them  goes  the  magic 
potion.  This,  under  the  mistaken  im- 
pression that  it  is  a  poison,  is  administered 
to  him  by  Iseult,  who  already  loves  him, 
and  is  ashamed  of  so  doing.  It  is  also 
partaken  of  by  her,  with  the  result  that 
both  share  "  immortal  love  that  never 
dies."  The  enemies  of  the  pair  are  on  the 
watch  ;  the  secret  of  their  clandestine 
meetings  is  surprised,  the  jealous  monarch 
is  brought  upon  their  secure  hour,  Sir 
Tristram  is  feloniously  slain,  and  Iseult, 
repeating, 

For  all  Love's  wounds  there  is  no  cure  but  Death, 

breathes  out  her  soul  over  her  slain  knight. 
This  short  account  will  show  how 
widely  the  version  departs  from  the  original. 
Iseult  of  the  White  Hands  is  introduced, 
but  serves  a  mystical  and  symbolical 
purpose.  All  this  is  told  in  language  which 
flags  somewhat  at  the  outset,  but  in  the 
later  passages  has  much  passion  and 
fervour,  and  by  which  the  audience  is 
strongly  moved.  The  mounting  is  no  less 
poetical  than  the  dialogue,  and  the  whole 
constitutes  a  beautiful  and  fascinating 
entertainment.  The  acting  in  the  principal 
parts  is  admirable.  Miss  Lily  Brayton 
assigns  much  picturesqueness  and  romance 
to  Iseult ;  Mr.  Matheson  Lang  is  a  good 
Sir  Tristram,  and  Mr.  Oscar  Asche  a  fate- 
ful King  Mark.  Miss  Wynne-Matthison 
distinguishes  herself  as  Brangwaine.  The 
piece  is  the  best  Mr.  Comyns  Carr  has  given 
to  the  stage. 


Duke  of  York's. — Toddles.  An  English 
Version  of  '  Triplepatte '  by  Tristan 
Bernard  and  Andre  Godfernaux. 

In  giving  to  the  '  Triplepatte  '  of  the  two 
French  authors  an  English  setting  the 
anonymous  adapter  has,  nominally  at 
least,  reduced  into  three  acts  the  five  of 
the  original.  The  real  name  of  the  piece 
should  be  '  The  Irresolute,'  Toddles,  like 
Triplepatte,  being  a  nickname  be- 
stowed upon  the  hero,  in  English 
Lord  Meadows.  The  action  shows  the 
difficulty  in  forcing  to  the  scratch  a  young 
nobleman  who,  having  allowed  himself  to 
be  cajoled  into  a  promise  of  marriage, 
hesitates  about  carrying  it  out,  but  at 
length,  when  pressure  is  removed,  fulfils 
willingly  and  gladly  his  compact.  What- 
ever vivacity  the  piece  possesses  is  due 
to  the  comic  situation  in  the  second  act, 
in  which  the  hero  receives  in  his  bedroom, 
and  in  fact  in  bed,  the  visits  of  various 
interested  people  of  both  sexes,  and  shows 
himself  so  dilatory  that  his  wedding 
garments  are  carried  off,  and  his  appear- 
ance at  the  Mairie  has  to  be  made  in  very 
unconventional  gear.  Sufficiently  extra- 
vagant fooling  is  all  this.  In  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  the  hero  proves,  how- 
ever, a  very  diverting  character,  and  that 
admirable  comedian  in  the  unrespected 
sanctities  of  his  bedchamber  is  excruciat- 


ingly comic.  A  capital  piece  of  acting  is 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Alfred  Bishop  ;  and 
Miss  Nancy  Price  in  a  part  deprived 
of  all  significance,  Miss  Gertrude  Kingston, 
Miss  Lottie  Venne,  and  others  assign^the 
whole  much  animation. 


GIUSEPPE    GIACOSA. 

By  the  death  of  Giacosa,  which  took  place 
on  Sunday  in  his  fifty-ninth  year,  Italy  loses 
one  of  her  foremost  dramatists,  His  earliest 
works,  the  'Partita  a  Scacchi  '  (1873)  and 
the  '  Trionfo  d'  Amore,'  are  delicate  and 
legendary  in  character,  and  composed  in 
versi  marlelliani.  More  strictly  liistorical 
and  more  ambitious,  but  still  mediaeval  in 
spirit  and  old-fashioned  in  conception  and 
execution,  are  the  '  Fratello  d'  Armi,'  the 
'  Conte  Rosso,'  and  '  Luisa.'  Had  Giacosa 
written  nothing  besides  these  plays  (and 
certain  libretti),  it  is  safe  to  assert  that  he 
would  have  had  admirers  and  been  regarded 
as  a  sound  craftsman  ;  but  he  would  have 
played  no  part  in  the  great  movement  that 
has  revolutionized  the  contemporary  drama 
of  Europe.  It  is  on  the  two  masterpieces  of 
his  latest  manner,  the  '  Tristi  Amori  '  and 
'  Come  le  Foglie,'  that  Giocosa's  fame  will 
rest.  The  former  deals  with  the  worn  theme 
of  adultery,  but  the  treatment  is  fresh  ;  and 
while  sentimentality  finds  no  place,  the  out- 
look is  tolerant,  and  the  knowledge  of  men 
and  women  profound.  In  '  Come  le  Foglie  '  a 
typical  modern  Italian  family  is  dissected 
with  relentless  truth,  with  power  and 
sincerity.  The  philosophy  is  harsh,  yet 
the  tenderness  of  the  writer's  heart,  here'  as 
always,  underlies  the  conception  and  its 
development.  The  whole  thing  is  in  the 
nature  of  a  social  cry,  which  could  not  and 
did  not  fail  of  its  effect.  The  dialogue  and 
general  workmanship  of  these  pieces  are  on 
the  whole  admirable,  in  spite  of  a  tendency 
to  artificiality  in  the  intrigue.  '  Come  le 
Foglie  '  is  perhaps  too  local  for  non-Italian 
audiences  ;  but  the  '  Tristi  Amori  '  is  uni- 
versal in  its  appeal,  and  it  is  a  thousand 
pities  that  Signora  Duse  never  included  it 
in  her  repertory  when  visiting  this  country. 

H.  O. 


Urttmatir  (gossip. 

The  action  of  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  in  with- 
holding from  the  press,  on  the  night  of  the 
first  production  at  the  Garrick  of  'The 
Morals  of  Marcus,'  the  complimentary  ad- 
missions customary  on  similar  occasions  is 
not,  we  are  told,  due  to  an  outburst  of 
petulance,  histrionic  or  managerial,  but  is  a 
deliberate  protest  against  the  conditions 
under  which  the  task  of  writing  theatrical 
criticisms  is  discharged.  Fresh  point  has 
been  given  to  what  has  long  been  felt  to  be 
a  difficulty  by  the  fact  that  the  early  hours 
at  which  the  morning  newspapers  go  to  press 
are  virtually  prohibitive  of  justice  being 
done  to  a  performance  at  its  close.  To 
combat  this  state  of  affairs  recourse  has  been 
had  to  many  devices,  that  most  in  favour 
consisting  in  admitting  the  reporter  to  a 
dress  rehearsal.  Against  this  scheme,  as 
against  most  others,  including  that  adopted 
by  Mr.  Bourchier,  something  may  be  urged. 
A  notice  postponed,  as  on  Mr.  Bourchier's 
plan  it  necessarily  is,  for  a  week,  is  almost 
useless  to  a  daily  paper.  A  possible 
solution  of  the  difficulty  might  consist  in  the 
devotion  of  less  space  to  the  consideration 
of  things  theatrical,  the  importance  of  which 


284 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4115,  Sept.  8,  1906 


may  be  overestimated.  A  communique  from 
the  Garrick  Theatre  states  that  from  a 
business  point  of  view  all  is  well,  and  that  no 
loss  of  interest  or  profit  has  attended  the 
absence  of  press  notices.  If  this  can  be 
accepted,  it  can  only  be  said  that  from  the 
managerial  standpoint  cadit  qucestio.  It  may 
be  doubted,  however,  whether  the  author 
and  the  executant  will  not  have  something 
to  say  against  a  process  which,  at  whatever 
pecuniary  gain,  deprives  them  of  customary 
and  gratifying  recognition. 

Under  the  title  of  'The  Royal  Flower,' 
an  adaptation  by  "  Pern"  of  'L'CEillet  Blanc  ' 
of  MM.  Alphonse  Daudet  and  Ernest  Manuel 
has  been  given  at  the  Coronet  Theatre. 
First  produced  at  the  Comedie  Franchise  on 
April  8th,  1865,  the  original  had  for  its 
interpreters  Mesd  ames  Laf  ontaine  and  Ponsin , 
and  MM.  Maubant  and  Coquelin  cadet.  A 
previous  adaptation,  with  the  title  '  The  Last 
Lily,'  was  executed  by  Mr.  Clement  Scott, 
and  given  in  1886  at  the  TownHall,  Kilburn. 

'The  Hypocrites,'  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur 
Jones,  has  been  produced  with  exemplary 
success  at  the  Hudson  Theatre,  New  York. 
It  was  also  given,  for  copyright  purposes, 
the  same  evening  (August  30th)  at  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Hull. 

'The  First  Mrs.  Ridgeway  '  is  the  title 
of  a  play  by  Mr.  Robert  Ganthony,  in  which 
Miss  Lottie  Venne  will,  it  is  anticipated,  be 
seen  at  a  West-End  theatre. 

'Terre  d'Epouvante  '  is  the  title  of  a 
three-act  drama  by  MM.  Andre  de  Lorde 
and  Eugene  Morel,  to  be  given  before  long 
at  the  Theatre  Antoine.  Its  scene  is  Mar- 
tinique in  a  period  of  earthquake. 

Mr.  Bram  Stoker's  '  Personal  Reminis- 
cences of  Henry  Irving '  will  be  published 
by  Mr.  Heinemann  in  two  large  volumes  on 
October  13th,  the  anniversary  of  Irving's 
death.  The  book  is  crowded  with  anecdotes 
and  personal  touches  concerning  Irving  and 
his  many  friends  and  acquaintances. 


MISCELLANEA. 

'VENUS   AND   ADONIS': 

A    SPANISH    COINCIDENCE. 

Commentators  on  '  Venus  and  Adonis ' 
have  noticed  how  rarely  the  legend,  for  all 
its  beauty,  was  chosen  by  poets  before  Shak- 
speare.  The  little  poem  of  Constable  and 
the  few  stanzas  of  Lodge  are  about  all  so 
far  as  English  literature  is  concerned.  The 
story  was  equally  neglected  by  foreign 
authors,  and  there  is  therefore  some  interest 
in  finding  that  it  had  been  used  by  a  famous 
Spanish  writer  as  the  subject  for  his  longest 
poem. 

Diego  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  is  still  widely 
known  as  the  reputed  author  of  '  Lazarillo 
de  Tormes.'  Their  inaccessibility  has  made 
his  poems  less  familiar.  For  some  years 
after  Mendoza's  death  they  were  circulated 
in  manuscript,  and  it  was  not  till  1610  that 
they  were  first  printed  in  Madrid  by  Juan  de 
la  Cuesta.  This  was  thirty-five  years  after 
the  author's  death.  They  then  had  the 
honour  of  a  commendatory  sonnet  by  Cer- 
vantes. This  volume  is  one  of  the  rarest  of 
the  Spanish  classics,  and  it  is  probably  duo 
to  this  that  the  poems  have  escaped  the 
attention  of  Shakspearean  students.  The 
title  of  the  particular  poem  is  '  Fabula  de 
Adonis,  Hypomenes,  y  Atalanta.'  It  com- 
mences on  p.  48  verso.  The  subject  closely 
follows  Ovid. 


As  a^j  specimen  of  the  three  poets,  I 
append  a  few  lines  from  the  speech  of  Venus 
dissuading  her  lover.  B^ 

Shakspeare  (the  reference  is  to  the  boar)  : 

Alas,  he  naught  esteems  that  face  of  thine, 
To  which  Love's  eyes  pay  tributary  gazes  : 
Nor  thy  soft  hands,  sweet  lips,  and  crystal  eyne, 
Whose  full  perfection  all  the  world  amazes  : 
But  having  thee  at  vantage,  wondrous  dread, 
Would  root  these  beauties  as  he  roots  the  mead. 

The  parallel  passage  in  Ovid  reads  : — 

Non  movet  retas, 

Nee  facies,  nee  quae  Venerem  movere,  leones, 

Setigerosque  sues,  oculosque,  animosque  ferarum. 

The  Spanish  author  (p.  54)  writes  thus : — 

Tu  floreciente  edad,  tu  hermosura, 
Tu  gracia,  tu  saber,  y  tu  destreza, 
De  que  yo  me  venci,  siendo  segura, 
No  la  puede  entender  bestial  bruteza : 
Ni  querran  perdonar  en  la  espesura 
El  Osso,  el  Puerco,  el  Lobo,  essa  belleza, 
No  vencen  rostro  y  ojos  celestiales 
La  fuerga  de  los  brutos  animales. 

There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  Shak- 
speare knew  anything  of  Spanish,  but  his 
English  lines  certainly  seem  to  approach 
nearer  to  the  Spanish  in  this  instance  than 
the  Latin.  Edward  Dupernex. 


Corrigenda.— No.  4114,  p.  244,  col.  3,  1.  33,  for  "Mellan" 
read  "Innellan"  ;  1.  37,  for  "Lord"  read  "Love." 


To    Correspondents.— A.  IL— R.  T.— S.   S.—  H.   O.— 

Received. 

G.  C— M.  B.— Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


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VIRGIL'S    AENEID.-BOOK     IX.    H.    M.     Stephenson.      (Junior  and 

Senior) 

LIVY.— BOOK  V.     M.  Alford.     (Senior) 

HORACE'S  ODES— BOOK  IV.    T.  E.  Page.     Elementary  Classics,  Is.  Gd. 

Classical  Series.     (Senior)        

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GREEK. 
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MEDEA.    A.  W.  Vkkrai.l.    (Senior)        

ELEMENTARY  FRENCH. 
PERRAULT'S  CONTES  DE  FEES.    G.  E.  Fasnaciit.    (Preliminary)      .. 


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COLLEGE    OF    PRECEPTORS'    EXAMINATIONS,    MIDSUMMER    AND    DEC,    1907. 


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HORACE'S  ODES. 

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THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  :— A  Knighthood  of  1603— The  Post  Office,  1856-1906— Oldest  Inscription  in  Guipuscoan— 
"  Pony  "  =  "  Crib  " — Greene-Marlowe  Parallel  —  "  Terrapin  "  :  its  Etymology  —  Wordsworth's 
"  Solitary" — Seaman  Apprentice  Book — "  Widge,"  Horse,  Dialect  Survival — Shakespeare,  Then 
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River — Anne  Ensor — John  Hamilton  Reynolds  —  St.  William  of  Sherrifield  —  Throgmorton  : 
Penistone  :  Heveringham. 

REPLIES  :—"  G,"  Hard  or  Soft  — Virgil,  '  .Eneid'  I.  462  —  Registers  of  St.  Kitts  —  Authors  of 
Quotations  Wanted — "Rime"  v.  "  Rhyme" — Inscriptions  at  Lucerne — Lord  Bonville  of  Chewton 
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— Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England—"  O  dear,  what  can  the  matter  be?" — Fleetwood  Brass — 
Johnson's  Poems — Marriage  in  a  Shift. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—  Two  Editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher—'  The  Modern  Language  Review ' 

— Reviews  and  Magazines. 
Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES:— Stephen  Gray,  F.R.S.— The  Post  Office,  1856-1906— Gilbert  Bourne— Byron  on  the  Prince 
Regent — "  Sprecan,"  "  Specan,"  to  Speak — Curiosities  of  Cataloguing — Manorial  Customs — 
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QUERIES: — "Oxe-aye" — Washington  Medal — Fairmile — Devonshire  Square — 'Concise  History  of 
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REPLIES: — Passing-Bell — George  Almar — "Plum":  Jack  Horner — Serpent  bound  to  the  Cross — 
Prisoner  suckled  by  his  Daughter — Shakespeare's  Creations—"  Crosse  cop'  " — Gatton  Inscription — 
Sir  Thomas  More  sainted  by  a  Bask  —  Clement's  Inn  Sundial — Inscription  at  Constance — 
"Hypocrite" — "Ecce  Tiberim!" — 'The  Ritualist's  Progress' — Literary  Pastimes  —  Authors 
Wanted — West's  Picture  of  the  Death  of  General  Wolfe — Death  Birds  in  Scotland  and  Ireland — 
"  Touching  wood  " — "Up":  its  Barbarous  Misuse — Volunteer  Movement — Pincushion  Sweet — 
"Verify  your  references" — Matthew  Arnold's  'Church  of  Brou' — Desmond — Catte  Street — 
"  Mininin,"  a  Shell— Grantham  Cross  —  "  Podike  " — Pressing  to  Death  —  "War":  its  Old 
Pronunciation — Nine  Men's  Morris — Marriage  in  a  Shift — Cherry  in  Place-names — Sir  Edward 
Harley  and  Parliament. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS :—  Burke's  'Landed  Gentry  of  Great  Britain '—' Studies  in  Roman  History'— 
'  Handbook  of  Legal  Medicine '— '  The  Shakespeare  Symphony.' 

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Contents  of  JUL  Y  Number. 
ARBER,  E.  A.  NEWELL.  On  the  Past  History  of  the  Ferns.  With 
Diagram  in  the  Text,— ELLIS,  DAVID.  The  Life-History  of  Bacillus  hirtus 
(Svn.  Bacterium  hirtum,  Henrici ;  Pseudomonas  hirtum,  Ellis).  With 
Plate  XVI.— ROBERTSON,  AGNES.  Some  Points  in  the  Morphology  of 
Phyllocladus  alpinus,  Hook.  With  Plates  XVII.  and  XVIII.  —  HILL, 
T.  G.  On  the  Presence  of  a  Pariehnos  in  Recent  Plants.  With  Plates 
XIX.  and  XX. —BEER,  RUDOLF.  On  the  Development  of  the  Spores  of 
Riecia  glauca.  With  Plates  XXI.  and  XXII.  —  BOODLE.  L.  A.  The 
Monoecism  of  Funaria  hvgrometrica,  Sibth.  With  four  figures  in  the 
Text.— STAFF,  OTTO.  The  Statiees  of  the  Canaries  of  the  Subsection 
Nobiles.  II.  With  a  Map  in  the  Text.— YAPP,  R.  H.  Fruit-dispersal 
in  Adenostemma  viseosum.  A  Biological  Study.  With  Plate  XXIII. — 
NOTES.— SCOTT,  D.  H.  The  Structure  of  Lepidodendron  obovatum, 
Sternb.  —  BOODLE,  L.  A.  Lignification  of  Phloem  in  Helianthus. — 
CAMPBELL,  D.  H.  Germination  of  the  Spores  of  Ophioglossum  Multiple 
Chromatophores  in  Anthoceros. 

ALSO  PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  FROWDE. 

OXFORD   LIBRARY   OF  PROSE   AND  POETRY. 

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CAESARS   CIVIL  WAR,   WITH  POMPEIUS.  :  M  A R  Y     WOLLSTONECRAFT'S     ORIGINAL 


Translated  by  T.  P.  LONG.  With  11  Maps.  Extra  fcap.  8vo,  cloth, 
3s.  Qd.  net.  [O.rford  Library  of  Translations. 

CATALOGUE      OF     THE     HEBREW 

MANUSCRIPTS  IN  THE  BODLEIAN  LIBRARY.  Vol.  II.  Bv 
ADOLF  NEUBAUER,  Ph.D.  M.A.  and  ARTHUR  ERNEST 
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reference  to  the  Oriental  and  other  Manuscripts.  By  EALCONER 
MADAN.  Vol.  V.  Nos.  '21,331  31,000  (collections  received  during 
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from    the   English    Lyrical   Poetry   of    Four   Centuries,    with   Notes, 
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REGISTER! 


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IRMINGHAM    MUSICAL    FESTIVAL. 


TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY,  AND  FRIDAY. 
OCTOBER  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  1906. 

Principal  Vocalists : 

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HARRISON,  FFRANGCON  DAVIES,  WILLIAM  HIGLEY, 

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Tuesday  f 

Morning.  \ 


Tuesday  / 

Evening  \ 


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1  ELIJAH.' 
'THE  APOSTLES.' 


Wednesd; 
Morning 


t    \ 


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THE  KINGDOM.' 

(Composed  expressly  for  this  Festival. I 

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Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke's  New  Work 

•the  bells: 
beethoven's  violin  concerto. 

New  Work  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt 

SINFONIETTA  IN  G  MINOR. 

Berlioz's  Overture 

'LE  CARNIVAL  ROMAIN.' 


'THE  MESSIAH.' 

Mr.  Granville  Bantock's  New  Work 

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STRAUSS'S  'TOD  UND  VERKLARUNG.' 


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3Iorning.  \  TSCHAIKOWSKY  S  VIOLIN  CONCERTO. 

PriHim  f  Sir  C.  Villiers  Stanford's 

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evening.  i  'HYMN  OF  PRAISE'  (Mendelssohn). 

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Visitor 

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SESSION  lHOO-1907. 

The   SESSION    consist-   of    AUTUMN    TERM    (September  17   to 

December 21.) ;  winter  TERM  (Januarys  to  April  13] ;  SUMMER 

TERM  (April  15  to  June  2»). 

Instruction  in  all  Branches  of  Music ;  Students'  Choir  and 
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liroiritont  Institutions. 

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The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  3. 
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J.  H.  FISHER,  B.S.Lond.,  Dean. 


LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 
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SPECIAL  CLASSES. 
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SPECIAL  CLASSES  arc  also  held  for  the  INTERMEDIATE  M.B. 
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ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 
WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  CCTOBER  1. 

Arrangements  having  been  made  for  instruction  in  the  Preliminary 
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Physics 

Chemistry 

Botany 

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Physiology 


Provost— T.  GREGORY  FOSTER,  Ph.D. 
FACULTY    OF     MEDICAL    Si   IENCES. 
The  SESSION  1906-7  BEGINS  on  TUESDAY,  October  2,  1906. 
F.  T.  TROUTON.  M.A.  F.R.S.  (Vice-Dean) 
f Sir  W.  RAMSAY.  K.C.Ii   F.R.S. 
J.  NORMAN  col.LIE,  Ph.D.  F.R.S. 
I  K.  c.  C.  BAIT,  F.I  c. 

F.  W.  OLIVER,  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 
J.  P.  HILL,  lis 

G.  D.  THANK.  LL.D.  (Deanl. 
E.  II.  STARLING.  M.D.  F.R.S. 

Pharmacology    A.  R.  CUSHNV.  M.A.  Mil. 
Hygiene        ..     H.  R.  KENYVi io|i.  M.B.  D.P.H. 
Pathological      I.      ,,,,, .  Pv   .... 
Chemistry     fVl  "ARLEV,  M.D. 

University  College  lias  been  constituted  a  University  Centre  for  the 

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For  Prospectus  and  other  information  apply  to  the  Secretary 
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W.  w.  BETON,  M.  A.,  Secretary. 

THK  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SKAFORD,  SUSSEX 
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tress  st    Felix  School  Southwold).      References "P Tto  P^clialoi 

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rnHE 

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MISS  DAWES,  M.A.  D. Lit. Loud.,  Classical 
Tripos,  Cambridge.  -  WEYBRIDGE  LADIES'  SCHOOL, 
Surrey.  One  of  the  healthiest  -p.t-  in  England.  Superior  educa- 
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JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

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Address— 74,  Gower  Street,  London,  W.C. 
Registrar-Miss    ALICE    M.     FOUNTAIN. 


/CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training-college  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal.  Mi-s 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

MISS    DREWRYS     EVENING    MEETINGS 
for   the  CRITICAL   STUDY   of   INDIVIDUAL   WORKS  ol 
ENGLISH     LITERATURE    will     BEGIN     AGAIN      EARLY     in 

OCTOBER     Miss   Drewry  uives  Lectures.   Heading- .  and  I .ns  in 

Engli-h  Language  and  Literature  and  Kindred  Subjects;  Examines 
and  helps  Student*  by  letter  and  in  her  Reading  Society.  —  !*!,  Kim.- 
Henrys  Road.  London,  N.W. 

GERMAN      PASTOR'S     FAMILY     RECOM- 
MENDEI)  for  BOARD  and  INSTRUCTION. -For  particulars 
apply  Dr.  HOYLE,  University,  Manchester. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  OIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upm  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABB1TAS,  THlllNG  4  ( 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

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Situations   ITarant. 

QOUNTY  BOROUGH   OF   BOURNEMOUTH. 

Kim  ATTON  COMMITTEE. 

WANTED,  ASSISTANT  ART  master  for  the  DRUMMnisn 
ROAD  and  POKESDOWN  ART  SCHOOLS.  Salary:."'.,,,,'  „„„',,' 
The  Master  will  be  required  tod.  rote  his  whole  time  to  thi  servfeus 
of  the  Committee. 

Applications,  stating  ace.  uualiiications,  and  experience  ami 
accompanied  by  copies  of  Testimonials,  to  lie  sent  to  the  underm'mnl 
not  lat.r  than  SEPTEMBER  29,  1906,  unueisigm.l 


Municipal  offices,  Bournemouth 


FRANK  W.  IBBETT 

Secretary  to  the  Education  Committee. 


290 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N° 4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  i>ost  of  PRINCIPAL  of 
BEDFORD    COLLEGE.     Salary  450f.  a  year,  with  Board  and  Resi- 
dence.—Particulars  can  be  obtained  from  the  SECRETARY,  to  whom 
Testimonials  and  References  should  be  sent  on  or  before  OCTOBER  10. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE 

IGOWER  STREET,  W.C.). 
The  COUNCIL  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN 
ANCIENT  HISTORY  in  succession  to  the  late  Dr.  E.  S.  Shuckburgh. 
— Applications,  together  with  such  Testimonials  (not  more  than 
three  copied  and  such  other  evidence  of  fitness  for  the  post  as 
Candidates  desire  to  submit,  must  reach  the  PROVOST  not  later 
than  SEPTEMBER  21. 

WALTER  W.  SETON,  Secretary. 


UNIVERSITY      OF      MELBOURNE. 


rpHE 

LECTURESHIP  IN  CLASSICS. 
Applications    are    invited    for    the    position    of   LECTURER    IN 
CLASSICS  at  the   UNIVERSITY  OF   MELBOURNE.     Salary  350!. 
per  annum. 

Applications,  with  six  copies  of  Testimonials,  must  be  forwarded 
not  later  than  MONDAY,  October  I,  to  THE  AGENT  GENERAL 
FOR  VICTORIA,  142,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  London,  E.C.,  :from 
whom  full  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

HARTLEY    UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE, 
SOUTHAMPTON. 
Principal— 8.  W,  RICHARDSON,  D.Sc. 
The    COUNCIL     invite    applications    for    the     appointment    of 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  MATHEMATICS. 

Applications,  giving  particulars  of  age.  training,  qualifications,  and 
exiwrience,  with  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  in 
to  the  PRINCIPAL  on  or  before  SEPTEMBER  18,  1908. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Registrar.  W.  KIDDLE,  Registrar. 

September  3, 1906. 


H 


ARRIS     INSTITUTE,     PRESTON. 


SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

A  SECOND  MASTER  is  REQUIRED  in  the  above  SCHOOL  OF 
ART  to  undertake  the  teaching  of  Design  and  to  assist  in  the 
General  Work  of  the  School,  including  Classes  from  the  Pupil- 
Teachers'  Centre. 

Preference  will  he  given  to  Candidates  possessing  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Designing  for  Textile  Fabrics. 

Time  required  about  Twenty-eight  Hours  per  Week.  Salary  120?. 
Duties  to  commence  on  OCTOBER  l.— Form  of  Application,  which 
must  be  returned  before  SEPTEMBEIt  19.  may  be  obtained  from 

T.  R.  JOLLY,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 


BOLTON 


COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF 
EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
WANTED,  a  SENIOR  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the  PUPIL- 
TEACHERS'  CENTRE  (about  250  Girls).  Salary  }1M..  rising  by 
animal  increments  of  51.  to  200?.  A  University  qualification  (or  its 
equivalent i,  and  wide  experience  in  a  Secondary  School  or  Pupil- 
Teachers'  Centre,  necessary. 

Application  Form,  and  list  of  duties,  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of 
stamped  addressed  envelope.— The  last  dav  for  receiving  applications, 
which  should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned,  is  SEPTEMBER  29. 

FREDERIC  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 
Education  Offices,  Nelson  Square,  Bolton. 

BOLTON 


COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF 
EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
WANTED,  a  SENIOR  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the 
MUNICIPAL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  lalxmt  3.-.0  Girls).  Salary  170?., 
rising  by  annual  increments  of  57.  to  200?.  A  University  qualification 
(or  its  equivalent),  and  wide  experience  in  a  large  Secondary  Girls' 
School,  necessary. 

Application  Form,  ami  list  of  duties,  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of 
stamped  addressed  envelope.— The  last  day  for  receiving  applications, 
which  should  lie  sent  to  the  undersigned,  is  SEPTEMBER  29. 

FREDERIC  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 
Education  Offices,  Nelson  Square,  Bolton. 

FOREIGN  BOOKSELLER  WANTED  to  take 
charge  of  the  FOREIGN  ORDERING  DEPARTMENT  in  a 
large  WEST-END  BUSINESS.  Must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
Recent  and  Standard  French  and  German  Books.— Write,  giving  full 
particulars  and  Salary  required,  Box  2491,  Willing's,  125,  Strand,  W.C. 

Situations   Wianttb. 

YOUNG  LADY7  (22)  desires  post  as  PRIVATE 
SECRETARY   or   COMPANION-SECRETARY    to    Lady  or 

Gentleman.  Shorthand,  Type-Writing.  &c.  Experienced.  (food 
Correspondent,  &c.  Excellent  references.  —  Apply  SECRETARY, 
Box  1162,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  E.C. 

THE  MANAGER  of  a  well-known  PUBLISH- 
ING II'  >USE  will  be  at  liberty  shortly  and  seeks  RE  APPOINT- 
M  ENT.  Twenty  yeai  ■*'  practical  experience.  Thorough  knowledge  of 
all  details  of   Publishing  Business  and  Organizing  ability.     Highest 

references.— Box  1163,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

APPOINTMENT    WANTED.  —  TWENTY 
TEARS'  EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  PUBLISHING  TRADE.- 

Advertiser,  intimately  acquainted  with  all  Branches  of  the  Business, 
and  »ell  known  to  Publishers,  DESIBES  ENGAGEMENT  with  a 
Publisher,  01  as  Traveller  to  a  Printer,  Binder,  Paper  Maker,  4c,  or 
as  Advertisement  Canvasser.  Excellent  Testimonials.  — Box  1141, 
Athemeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  E.C. 


iHtscfllatuous. 


WANTKI)  AT  ONCE,  YOUNG  GERMAN 
PHILOLOGIST  to  TEACH  a  GERMAN  BOV  of  11,  to  prepare 
him  for  the  Fourth  class  In  Latin.  German,  anil  Arithmetic.  State 
tei  oi.,.  — Addi'-ss  G.,  'are  of  Mr.  A.  Siegle,  30,  Lime  Street,  E.C. 


WANTED,  a  TUTOR  to  TAKE  CHARGK  of 
a  DIFFICULT  BOV  of  IS,  and  give  instruction  in  Elementary 

Mathematics,  4c.    Must  reside  In  the  Country,  take  no  other  Pupils, 

ami  be  prepare,]   to  give  his  almost  undivided  time  and  attention. — 
Address T.  907,  Messrs.  Deacon's,  Leadcnhall  Street,  E.C. 


ADVERTISKR,  having  studied  German  abroad, 
desires  work    as  TRANSLATOR   of   GERMAN  TEXT.— 

Address  Box  1164,  Allen m  Press.  18,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

PROFESSOR  of  NATURAL  HISTORY  would 
like  some  REVIEWING  of  BOOKS,  or  would  write  Articles  on 
Natural  History  Subjects.— Apply  Box  noi,  Athemeum  Press,  13, 
Bream  a  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


H 


UGUENOT  and    FRENCH-CANADIAN 

PEDIGREES  from  Unpublished  MS.  and  other  Sources. 
Genealogical  Index  to  over  10,000  Families.  Jacobite  and  British 
Families  in  France.— C.  E.  LART,  Charmouth,  Dorset,  and  Red 
House,  Chislehurst. 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience. —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH.  128, 
Alexandra  Roud,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


CEARCHES  UNDERTAKEN  at  the  DUBLIN 

KJ  RECORD  OFFICE,  4c,  by  competent  and  experienced 
SEARCHER.— Reply  X  650,  care  Eason  4  Son,  Limited,  Advertising 
Agents,  Dublin. 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


WANTED,  LITERARY  or  ARMY  GENTLE- 
MAN as  PAYING  GUEST  in  PRIVATE  FAMILY  (Literary 
Gentleman's  Widow  and  Son).  Hunting,  Fishing,  and  Golf.  Terms 
moderate.— Address  L.  E.,  Tufnail's  Library,  Newbury,  Berks. 

FOR     SALE,    EARLY     VOLUMES     of     the 
ATHEN.EUM,  1828  to  \S5l  (wanting  4  vols.).    Will  be  sold  in 
one  lot  or  divided.— A.,  50,  Millgate,  Wigan. 

TO  LET,  WAREHOUSES  and  OFFICES,  at  low 
rental,  within  five  minutes  of  Fleet  Street.— Apply  Box  1156, 
Athena?um  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


%u-HEritm,  &r. 

TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  4c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  'id.  jper  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow 

AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank,  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 

rilYPE- WRITING.  —  MSS.,   SCIENTIFIC    and 

JL  of  all  descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FAllRAN,  Doningtou  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 

TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
—Miss  E.  M.  TIGAR,  64,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 
Established  1884. 

TYPE- WRITING.— SIXPENCE  PER  THOU- 
SAND  WORDS,  on  a  new  Remington  Machine.  Carbons 
Threepence  per  Thousand.  —  Miss  SOMERSET,  10,  Coptic  Street, 
British  Museum,  W.C. 


Catalogues. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  4e.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
LOGUES issued  and  sent  i>ost  free  on  application.  Books  Bought.— 
WALTER  T.  SPENCER,  27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 


BOOKS.  —  All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookfinder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  makeaspecial 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists.  Special  List  of  •>. null  Books  I  particularly  want  post  free. 
— EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-16.  .lohn  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
mingham. Railroadiana,  1,500  Items,  Books,  Maps,  Guides,  Time 
Tables,  4c,  3d.  free. 

MANUSCRIPTS.     INCUNABULA. 

A    R    R    Y  H.  PEACH, 

37,  BELVOIR  STREET,  LEICESTER, 

HOLDS  A  LARGE  STOCK  OF  EARLY  PRESSES,  4c, 

WHICH  HE  CAN  OFFER  TO  COLLECTORS 

AT  VERY  MODERATE  PRICES. 

CATALOGUES  FREE  ON  APPLICATION. 


H 


A  NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS. —Collectors 

J\.  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  4  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek.  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  4  SON,  Limited,  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  18,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 

KEADERS  anil  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  write  for  J.  BALDWIN'S  MONTHLY- 
CATALOGUE  OF  SECONDHAND  BOOKS,  sunt  post  free  on 
a]. plication.  Books  in  all  Blanches  of  Literature.  Genuine  Bargains 
in  Scarce  Items  and  First  Editions.  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 
—Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 

■PUBLISH  KRS'  REMAINDERS. 

±  SEPTEMBER  LIST  NOW  READY, 

Including  nil  Latest  Purchases  offered  at  greatly  reduced  juices. 

WILLIAM   G  L  A  I  S  II  E  R,  Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller, 

2«5,  High  Holborn,  London. 

Also  CATALOGUE    OF    POPULAR    CURRENT   LITERATURE, 

and  LIST  OF  FRENCH  NOVELS,  CLASSICS.  &c. 

A  THEN^EUM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

XI.  FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athmmim,  NntM  and  Qwrien,  4c,  it 
prepared  to  submit  estimates  for  all  kinds  <>f  BOOK,  NEWS, 
ami  PERIODICAL  PRINTING. -13,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancer} 
Lane,  E.C. 


JEUtospaper  Agents. 

p    MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 

V>.  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  4c  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

Mitchell  House,  1  and  2,  Snow  Hill.  Holliorn  Viaduct.  E.C. 

NORTHERN    NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 
KENDAL,  ENGLAND, 
Supplies  Editors  with  all  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 
from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts. 

NEWSPAPER  PROPERTIES 

BOUGHT,  SOLD.  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 
EVERY  REQUISITE. 
The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 
and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 
Full  particulars  from 
THE     IMPERIAL     NEWS     AGENCY, 
2  and  4,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Jltttljors'  Jlgtmts. 

rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

•A  ,  ,.T.I!e  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.—  Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  34,  Paternoster  Row 

rpO   AUTHORS.— MR.   SUTTON,  Publisher  of 

J-  'Museum  Studies.'  is  PREPARED  to  CONSIDER  MSS.  of 
Technical .  Scien  die,  Mathematics,  Biography,  or  Art  (no  Novels).— 
Address  ROBERT  SUTTON,  ffl,  The  Exchange,  Southwark  Street, 
London,  S.E. 


TV/T  R,    GEORGE    LARNER,     Accountant    and 

„■  ..  Mceiised  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing.  Newspaper. 
Printing  and  stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
Sheets  and  Iradiie-  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.  All  Business 
carried  out  under  Mr.  Earners  personal  supervision.— 2S  29  and  30 
Paternoster    Row.    E.G.,    Secretary   to   the   Booksellers'   Provident 


^aUa  bg  Jbwitan. 

Surgical  Instruments  and  Shop  Fixtures. 
TUESDAY,  September  18,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
.  mR,?oms'  38'  Ki"S  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  the 
FIRST  PORTION  of  the  STOCK-IN-TRADE  of  Mr.  R.  BEAU- 
CHAMP  date  Ferguson  4  Co.),  of  West  Smithfield.  The  Sale  will 
include  Aseptic  Scalpels— Spencer  Wells'  Forceps— Tooth  and  Bone 
Forceps— Eye  and  Ear  Instruments— Minor  Operating  Cases— and  a 
great  variety  of  other  Surgical  Instrunienas— Plate  Glass  Counter  and 
other  Show  Cases— Range  of  Shop  Cases  with  Drawers  and  Cupboards 
—Gas  Fittings,  4c. 

A  FURTHER  PORTION  of  this  STOCK  will  be  SOLD  on 
IRIDAY,  September  21,  and  the  REMAINDER  on  FRIDAY 
September  28. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  4  and  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  on 
application. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms.  38,  King: 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  —  Telescoi.es  —  Theodolites- 
Levels—  Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers— Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


IPSWICH  (near  to). 
THE  CONTENTS  OF  THE  CHANTRY  MANSION  comprising  the 
Appointments  of  Hall,  Four  Reception  and  Twenty  Bedrooms, 
including  numerous  fine  Pieces,  chiefly  in  Mahogany  and  Oak; 
also  of  the  Kitchens  and  Offices  ;  a  Billiard  Table  by  Burroughes- 
4  Watts ;  Six  Hundred  Volumes  of  Books  ;  and  the  Collection  of 
Oil  Paintings,  including  Examples  by  or  after  Baekhuysen, 
F.  L.  T.  Francia,  E.  R.  Smyth,  N.  Berghem,  T.  Hart,  D.  Teniers, 
J.  Van  Breda,  John  Moore,  Zoffany,  T.  S.  Cooper,  W.  Shayer, 
Watteau,  and  others.    Also  Garden  Tools  and  Outdoor  Effects. 

GARROD,  TURNER  &  SON,  in  conjunction 
with  GEORGE  TROLI.OPE  &  SONS,  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  on  THURSDAY,  FRIDAY,  and  SATURDAY,  Sep- 
tember 20,  21.  and  22,  at  11  o'clock  each  day  precisely,  by  direction  of 
LADY  DOMVILLE,  the  Estate  having  been  sold. 

On  view  WEDNESDAY,  September  19,  irom  10  to  r>  o'clock.  Cata- 
logues may  be  had  of  the  AUCTIONEERS,  Ipswich,  and  7,  Hobart 
Place,  Eaton  Square,  !x>ndon,  S.W. 


D 


0     N 


Q      U     I 

A  Literary  Study. 
By  WALTER  STEPHENS 


X      O      T      E. 


EBENEZER     PR  OUT'S     WORKS. 
Bound,  each  net.  r»s. 
HARMONY:    its  Theory   and    Practice.      Nineteenth    Impression. 

Revised  and  largely  Re-written. 
ANALYTICAL  KEY  To  THE  EXERCISES  in  the  Same.    Net  3s. 
COUNTERPOINT:  Strict  and  Free. 
DOUBLE  COUNTERPOINT  AND  CANON. 
FUGUE. 

FUGAL  ANALYSIS. 
MUSICAL  FORM. 
APPLIED  FORMS. 
THE  ORCHESTRA.    2  vols. 
AUGENER,  Ltd.,  6,  New  Burlington  Street,  and  22,  Newgate  Streat- 


THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine 
Street,  London,  W.C..  SEPTEMBER  IB,  contains:— 
THE  TRADE  UNION  CONGRESS:  The  Chapel  of  St  Peter  on- 
the-Wall.  Bradv.cU  on  Sea  (with  Illustrations);  Notes  on  the  Resist- 
ance of  Building  Stones  to  Frost;  Asiatic  Art  at  the  Bethnal  Green 
Museum-  Mottoes  on  Mantelpieces;  Hoofs,  Structurally  Considered 
(Student's  Column);  Caxton  House.  Westminster  (Views  and  Dctaif 
Elevation);  Sketches  of  Market  House,  Chipping  Cunpden);  and 
Tudor  nouse,  Broadway,  Gloucestershire,  4c.— From  Office  us  u1>oY0- 
lid. ;  by  post,  4;c(.),  or  through  any  Newsaguut. 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


291 


A   SELECTION    FROM 

MESSRS    HUTCHINSON    &    COS    AUTUMN    ANNOUNCEMENTS 


SIR  JOSHUA  AND    HIS    CIRCLE       By  Fitzgerald    Molloy,   Author  of  'The  Russian   Court  iu  the 

19th  Century,'  &c.     In  2  vols,  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  24*.  net.  With  16  Full-Page  Portraits  and  2  Photogravure  Frontispieces,  after  Paintings 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

LIBERIA:    the  Negro  Republic  in  West  Africa       By  Sir  Harry  Johnston,  G.C.M.Gr.  K.C.B.,  &c, 

Author  of   'The  Uganda  Protectorate,'  &c.     With  402  Illustrations  from  Original  Drawings  and  Photographs  by  the  Author  and  others.     A 

large  number  of  Plates  of  botanical  subjects  and  Maps  especially  drawn  for  the  work  under  the  Author's  instructions,  and  28  Coloured   Plates 

from  the  Author's  own  paintings.     In  2  vols,  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  with  Author's  designed  End-Papers  in  colour,  42«.  net. 

"Few  books  dealing  with  the  African  Continent  come  up  to  the  high  standard  which  Sir  Harry  Johnston  already  has  set  himself,  but  in  'Liberia' 

those  earlier  works  by  which  his  literary  industry  is  so  admirably  illustrated  are  certainly  surpassed.    This  work  will  stand  not  only  as  a  record  of  his  industry 

and  painstaking  research,  but  as  the  sole  necessary  reference  to  a  little-known  region  for  many  years  to  come." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

FIVE    FAIR    SISTERS:    an   Italian  Episode  at  the  Court  of  Louis  XIV      By  H.  Noel  Williams, 

Author  of  '  Madame  Recamier  and  Her  Friends,'  &c.     With  16  Illustrations  and  a  Photogravure      rontispiece.     In  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  16*. net. 

[.Second  Edition. 
"  From  cover  to  cover  it  is  crammed  with  exciting  incidents,  romantic  adventures,  elaborate  intrigues,  and  episodes  ©f  love,  jealousy,  and  poisoning 
all  of  which  occurred  in  very  fact,  a  feast  of  thrilling  romance,  narrated  with  a  satisfying  fulness  of  detail,  irresistibly  entertaining  and  piquant.     There  is- 
not  a  dull  page  in  the  whole  book.     It  is  a  book  which  everybody  should  get  and  read  and  unfailingly  enjoy." — Tribune. 

THE     REAL     LOUIS     THE     XVth      By  Lieut.-Col.  Andrew   C.  P.  Haggard,    D.S.O.,  Author  of 

•  The  Regent  of  the  Roues,'  &c.     With  32  Full-Page  Portraits  and  2  Photogravure  Frontispieces.     In  2  vols,  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  24*.  net. 

"  Col.  Haggard  has  read  widely  among  the  authorities  for  the  period  and  subject  he  deals  with Indeed,  he  writes  this  kind  of  book  very  well,  and 

probably  induces  many  people  to  learn  something  about  history  which  they  would  never  have  sought  from  the  '  usual  channels '  of  historical  information. 
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CARTHAGE  AND  TUNIS     The  Old  and  New  Gates  of  the  Orient      By  Douglas  Sladen,  Author  of 

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292 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


293 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  15,  1906. 

CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Queen  Louisa  of  Prussia 293 

The  English  Church  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  294 

Mr.  Chesterton  on  Dickens 294 

Pastoral  Poetry  and  Drama 295 

A  New  Diarist  296 

New  Novels  (The  House  of  Islam  ;  The  Youngest 
Miss  Mowbray  ;  Lucy  of  the  Stars  ;  The  Bar  ;  The 
Viper  of  Milan  ;  Meshes  of  Mischance  ;  The  Arn- 

clitfe  Puzzle) 297-298 

Theological  Literature 299 

Our  Library  Table  (The  "Knutsford  Edition"  of 
Mrs.  Gaskell ;  Readings  on  the  Inferno  ;  The 
Church  and  Commonwealth  ;  The  Real  Louis  XV.  ; 
On  the  Queen's  Errands  ;  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion ;  A  French  Account  of  the  Pogroms ;  French 
Catholics  and  their  Difficulties  ;  The  Gentleman's 
Magazine  ;     Burke's    Landed    Gentry    of   Great 

Britain)  300—301 

List  of  New  Books 301 

The  Library  Association  at  Bradford  ;  The  Prior 
Papers  at  Lonc.leat  ;  Two  Poems  of  Philip 
Massinger  ;  The  Battle  of  Ethandun  . .      302—303 

Literary  Gossip        304 

.science— Botanical  Literature  ;  Our  Library- 
Table  (Stonehenge  Astronomically  Considered ; 
The  Electrical  Nature  of  Matter  and  Radio- 
Activity  ;  Modern  Steam  Road  Wagons  ;  Joutel's 
Journal  of  La  Salle's  Last  Voyage) ;  Gossip  305—307 
Fine  Arts  — Our  Library  Table  (The  Bells  of 
England ;  English  Furniture  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century  ;  The  Talbot  Taylor  Collection  ;  Official 
Guide  to  Holyroodhouse) ;  The  Churches  of  the 
Hundred    of    Carhampton  ;    Arch.eological 

Notes;  Gossip 307—310 

Music  — Hereford    Musical    Festival;    Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week 310—311 

Drama— The  Morals  of  Marcus  ;  Mrs.  Temple's 

Telegram;  His  Child  ;  Gossip     ..       ..     311—312 
Index  to  Advertisers       312 


LITERATURE 

Queen  Louisa  of  Prussia.  By  Mary- 
Maxwell  Moffat,  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
The  present  life  of  Queen  Louisa  is  not 
upon  so  extensive  a  scale  as  an  English 
biography  (also  by  a  lady)  published  some 
thirty  years  ago  ;  but  it  embodies  import- 
ant new  material.  Since  Miss  Hudson's 
'  Life  and  Times  of  Louisa '  the  Keeper  of 
the  Berlin  Archives  has  printed  various  new 
letters  of  the  Prussian  queen,  and  edited 
the  correspondence  of  Louisa  and  her 
husband  with  the  Emperor  Alexander  I., 
besides  making  important  contributions 
to  the  life-history  of  the  first-named  in 
the  Hohenzollern  Jahrbuch ;  whilst  so 
recently  as  last  year  Dr.  Bailleu's  researches 
were  supplemented  by  the  publication  in 
the  Deutsche  Revue  of  '  The  Letters  of 
Queen  Louisa  to  her  Governess,'  edited 
by  the  Royal  Librarian  at  Berlin,  Dr.  B. 
Krieger.  The  present  author  has  also  had 
the  advantage  of  consulting  Alwyn  Lonke's 
German  biography,  as  well  as  Seeley's 
masterly  work  on  Stein,  which  may  well 
be  regarded  as  the  best  English  book  on 
the  foundation  of  modern  Germany. 

If  it  can  scarcely  be  said  that  Mrs. 
Moffat  has  risen  to  the  heights  of  her 
opportunities,  she  has,  at  least,  written  an 
unpretentious,  careful,  and  fairly  read- 
able book.  The  verdict  of  the  historical 
student  will  be  that  "  it  is  all  right  so  far 
as  it  goes  "  ;  for  it  is  clear  that  the  writer 
has  an  adequate  grasp  of  the  subject,  and 
has  discerned  the  true  significance  of  the 
personality  which  she  set  out  to  portray. 
But  the  student  will  want  a  great  deal 
more  than  he  rinds  here  ;  and  so  also,  we 
should  suppose,  would  any  "  general 
reader"  whose  interest  in  so  attractive  a 
woman  as  the  mother  of  the  first  German 
Emperor  (in  the  modern  sense)  had  been 
really  aroused. 

The  author  tells  as  that,  "  but  for  con- 
temporary testimony  and  the  published 


fragments  of  her  correspondence,"  Louisa 
"  might  have  come  to  be  regarded  as  a 
somewhat  insipid  paragon  of  all  the 
domestic  virtues."  She  is  right  in  appeal- 
ing to  the  testimony  of  her  letters  to  show 
that  this  mother  of  emperors  was  some- 
thing far  other  than  this,  and,  in  fact, 
deserved  her  fame  as  second  only  to  the 
great  Frederick  as  a  unifier  of  the  North 
German  peoples.  Yet  Mrs.  Moffat  is 
herself  inclined  to  linger  over  the  supposed 
virtues  of  Frederick  William  III.'s  consort 
when  we  are  waiting  to  hear  more  about 
her  in  the  capacity  of  the  inspirer  of  the 
War  of  Liberation.  We  are  far  from 
ignoring  the  important  work  the  Queen 
did  in  the  moral  sphere  in  cleansing  the 
Court  from  the  atmosphere  of  license 
tempered  by  mysticism  which  had  pre- 
vailed under  the  great  Frederick's  suc- 
cessor, and  in  raising  generally  the  ethical 
tone  of  Prussia  ;  but  in  a  book  which  is 
none  too  long  too  much  space  is  taken  up 
by  accounts  of  the  domesticity  so  dear  to 
the  King  and  Queen  alike.  Napoleon's 
innuendoes  as  to  Louisa's  relations  with 
the  Emperor  Alexander  need  less  refutation 
to-day  than  they  did  when  their  victim 
was  alive  :  what  we  are  chiefly  concerned 
about  is  the  amount  of  truth  in  the  state- 
ment inspired  by  him,  that  she  was  "  a 
woman  with  a  taking  face,  but  with  little 
intelligence,"  who  was  "  wholly  incapable 
of  foreseeing  the  consequences  of  her 
actions." 

If  the  French  Emperor  ever  believed 
in  this  view  of  the  character  of  Louisa  of 
Prussia — it  is  possible  that  he  did — the 
later  interviews  at  Tilsit  certainly  un- 
deceived him.  He  admitted  that  when 
face  to  face  with  himself  she  had  remained 
mistress  of  the  situation,  and  that  "  if  the 
King  [of  Prussia]  had  brought  her  to 
Tilsit  he  would  have  obtained  more 
favourable  terms  "  ;  and  to  the  end  of 
her  life  he  continued  to  treat  her  as  no  in- 
considerable factor  in  the  politics  of  Europe. 
Even  in  1806  Gentz  expressed  himself 
"  fairly  astonished  at  the  exactitude  of  her 
knowledge,"  and  the  readiness  of  her 
"  reflections  on  what  the  average  mind 
would  have  considered  insignificant  de- 
tails." It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  Queen  had  not  been  very  well  edu- 
cated ;  that  she  was  barely  thirty  at  the 
time  of  this  meeting  with  the  great  pub- 
licist :  above  all,  that  it  was  not  until 
Napoleon's  recent  violations  of  Prussia's 
neutrality  that  she  had  begun  to  give  any 
close  attention  to  politics. 

Louisa's  letter  to  her  husband,  advising 
him  as  to  his  conduct  in  the  coming  inter- 
view with  the  hated  French  conqueror  at 
Tilsit,  is  of  itself  sufficient  to  establish 
her  claims  to  statesmanship  : — 

"Let  Napoleon  take  half  your  kingdom  if 
he  will,  but  see  to  it  that  you  are  left  in  full 
and  independent  possession  of  the  half  that 
remains  to  you,  with  power  to  do  that  which 
is  right,  to  secure  the  happiness  of  those  who 
are  still  subject  to  you,  and  to  form  such 
political  alliances  as  honour  and  jour  own 
judgment  dictate." 

In  repelling  the  demand  for  Hardenberg's 
dismissal  she  wrote  : — 

"  Say  to  him  that  it  would  be  the  same 
thing  if  you  were  to  demand  the   dismissal 


of  Talleyrand,  who  serves  him  well,  but  of 
whom  you  have  good  reason  to  complain, 
and  whom  you  cannot  possibly  trust " 

— an  admirable  counter  thrust.  Finally 
there  is  the  not  impracticable  notion  of  a 
union  of  Northern  Europe  against  "  the 
hydra." 

The  warning  to  Alexander  before  meet- 
ing his  new  ally  at  Erfurt  to  be  on  his 
guard  against  "  that  accomplished  liar 
Napoleon  "  shows  equal  prescience.  And 
in  the  days  when  the  oppressor  of  Europe 
had  overthrown  Austria  for  the  third 
time,  and  was  now  meditating  an  alliance 
with  the  daughter  of  the  Hapsburg,  the 
Queen  of  Prussia  was  one  of  the  few  who 
saw  that  he  was  beginning  to  overshoot 
the  mark  : — 

"His  insatiable  ambition  prevents  him 
from  seeing  beyond  himself  and  his  personal 
interests.  Many  will  admire  him,  but  few 
will  have  any  affection  for  him.  He  is 
dazzled  by  his  past  good  fortune,  and 
fancies  that  everything  is  possible  for  him. 
That  is  to  say,  he  has  ceased  to  exercise 
moderation  ;  and  the  man  who  cannot  hold 
a  medium  course  is  sure  to  lose  his  balance 
and  come  to  the  ground." 
When  this  was  written  the  Spanish  diffi- 
culty was  beginning  to  be  acute,  and  the 
Tsar  was  already  beginning  to  repent  the 
desertion  of  his  Prussian  ally. 

Mrs.  Moffat  does  not  express  any  opinion 
as  to  the  Queen's  supposed  cognizance  of 
Schill's  gallant  attempt  upon  Magdeburg  ; 
and  she  is  careful  to  ascribe  to  tradition 
alone  the  story  as  to  Louisa's  attempt  two 
years  earlier  to  secure  that  valuable  fortress 
for  Prussia  in  her  second  meeting  with 
the  conqueror  at  Tilsit.  It  comes  from 
French  sources,  and  has  a  somewhat 
suspicious  literary  flavour.  But  it  was 
right  to  give  it,  as  Dr.  Rose  has  also  done, 
in  a  slightly  different  form,  in  his  '  Life  of 
Napoleon.' 

Perhaps  Louisa's  latest  biographer  might 
have  given  us  more  about  her  relations 
with  literary  men.  The  Queen  was  in 
sympathy  with  the  romantic  movement, 
and  was  greatly  influenced  in  particular 
by  Herder  and  Schiller  ;  she  endeavoured 
in  vain  to  tempt  the  latter  to  a  permanent 
sojourn  at  Berlin.  Mrs.  Moffat  corrects 
Madame  de  Stael  when  she  says  that 
Fichte  and  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  were 
induced  to  settle  in  the  Prussian  metro- 
polis through  Frederick  William's  influ- 
ence. In  Humboldt,  however,  his  Queen 
certainly  took  a  great  personal  interest. 
Louisa  reads  and  quotes  Goethe,  whose 
description  of  his  furtive  view  of  her  and 
her  sister  Frederica  ("  celestial  beings 
visible  for  a  moment  amongst  the  tumult 
of  war")  during  the  campaign  of  1793  is 
well  known. 

Despite  her  zeal  for  education,  Louisa 
(who  acted  on  Stein's  advice)  seems  to 
have  made  a  bad  choice  of  a  tutor  for  her 
eldest  son  ;  the  author  goes  so  far  as  to 
attribute  Frederick  Wtlliom  IYYs  failure 
as  a  ruler  to  this  mistake.  It  is  curious, 
in  the  light  of  after  events,  to  encounter 
the  mention  of  his  youneer  brother 
William,  the  future  Emperor  (who  lived 
to  be  upwards  of  ninety,  and  survived  a 
serious  attempt  made  on  his  life  when  an 
old  man),  as  "  bright  and  good,  but  never 


294 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4116, 


Sept.  15,  1906 


very  strong  physically."  Not  the  least 
attractive  of  the  illustrations  represents 
Louisa,  with  these  two  future  rulers  of 
Prussia  on  either  arm,  walking  on  the 
Luisenweg,  near  Konigsberg,  in  the  days 
of  their  enforced  exile  from  Berlin.  If 
the  elder  failed  to  give  Prussia  the  head- 
ship of  Germany  the  younger  triumphantly 
succeeded.  Yet  he  was  thought  to  re- 
semble his  rather  insignificant  father  more 
than  his  distinguished  mother ;  it  was 
"  Fritz "  from  whom  everything  was 
expected. 

The  author  shows  generally  a  sound 
knowledge  of  European  history,  and  seldom 
errs  in  detail.  She  is  not,  however,  very 
happy  in  her  remarks  about  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick — that  unfortunate  survivor  of 
Frederick's  school  who  failed  before 
Napoleon  and  the  Revolution.  Had  she 
read  Lord  Fitzmaurice's  monograph  upon 
him  (reviewed  in  The  Athenozum  five  years 
ago),  she  would  have  learnt  that  the  un- 
fortunate manifesto  of  1792  was  only 
nominally  his,  and  she  would  probably 
not  have  expressed  regret  that  Frederick 
William  II.  "  did  not  take  supreme  com- 
mand of  the  troops  "  :  that  being  what 
he  virtually  did,  with  no  very  happy 
results.  A  reference  to  the  Declaration  of 
Pillnitz  as  issued  in  1781  (p.  33)  is  pro- 
bably a  misprint ;  but  we  think  that  the 
rising  of  Hofer  must  be  antedated. 
Gluck  appears  as  "  Gltick,"  and  we  do  not 
know  why  such  forms  as  "  Colberg  "  and 
"  Ciistrin  "  are  adopted.  As  to  the  English 
there  is  little  fault  to  be  found ;  but 
"  will  "  occurs  several  times  when  shall 
should  have  been  written. 

Louisa's  beauty  can  be  guessed  from  five 
well-reproduced  portraits  ;  and  one  of 
the  appendixes  relates  to  the  two  orders 
which  help  to  preserve  her  memory  in 
Germany — the  Iron  Cross  and  the  Luisen- 
orden. 


A  History  of  the  English  Church  from  the 
Accession  of  George  I.  to  the  End  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century.  By  the  Rev.  J.  H. 
Overton  and  the  Rev.  F.  Relton.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 
The  reputation  of  this  series  is  more  than 
sustained  by  this  volume.  Canon  Over- 
ton had  made  the  subject  the  study  of  a 
lifetime,  and  his  qualifications  for  treating 
it  are  well  known.  Not  merely  knowledge 
but  also  a  loving  interest  in  the  Church  at 
an  unattractive  period  distinguish  all  that 
he  wrote  on  the  subject.  Of  Mr.  Relton's 
work  we  can  only  say  that  he  is  well 
qualified  to  carry  on  what  Canon  Overton 
had  begun.  The  result  is  everything  that 
could  be  desired.  The  book  is  read- 
able, accurate,  and  sympathetic.  All  the 
aspects  of  Church  life  and  the  want  of  it 
in  the  eighteenth  century  are  discussed, 
and  the  picture  presented  to  us  is  less 
depressing  than  it  used  to  be.  It  was 
natural  that  men  just  issuing  from  the 
eighteenth  century,  anddesiring  to  counter- 
act its  evils,  should  see  nothing  but  gloom 
in  the  story  of  Whig  ascendancy,  world- 
liness  in  life,  and  latitudinarianism  in 
creed.     Newman's    bitter    comments    are 


easily  understood.  But  we  can  now  see 
the  other  side  of  the  medal,  and  find  a 
large  amount  of  genuine  religion,  and  not 
inconsiderable  intellectual  courage,  in  the 
despised  eighteenth  century.  At  the 
same  time  the  writers  justly  point  out 
that  this  century  was  responsible  for  a 
peculiarly  mundane  and  prosaic  tone. 
This  was  not  the  case  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  we  doubt  very  much  whether 
it  will  be  so  in  the  future.  The  most  living 
aspects  of  Church  life  now  show  a  good 
deal  of  the  tenderness  and  delicacy  which 
it  seemed  the  mission  of  the  Whig  estab- 
lishment to  extinguish. 

On  two  men  we  are  glad  to  find  the 
authors'  verdict  a  little  different  from  the 
common — Hoadly  and  Warburton.  Of 
Hoadly  they  say  :  "  He  lived  in  pre- 
critical  days,  and  must  not  therefore  be 
judged  too  harshly  by  us.  Of  his  sin- 
cerity and  purity  of  motive  there  can  be 
no  question."  This  is  perfectly  true. 
The  ordinary  view  of  the  great  contro- 
versialist is  that  of  Perry,  popularized  by 
Wakeman.  Neither  of  these  historians 
appears  to  have  gone  seriously  into  the 
matter,  or  they  would  have  discovered 
the  truth.  Hoadly  as  a  theologian  was 
little  more  than  a  disciple  of  such  men  as 
Archbishop  Tenison,  and  his  conception 
of  the  Christian  faith  was  certainly 
meagre.  But  he  had  one  great  merit  : 
he  saw  that  toleration  was  not  an  expedient, 
but  a  duty.  His  schemes  of  comprehen- 
sion were  doubtless  impossible,  though 
they  cannot  have  seemed  so  ludicrous 
then  as  they  would  now.  But  he  laid 
stress  on  the  common  rights  of  subjects 
to  equal  treatment  in  the  modern  State, 
and  he  really  marks  a  stage  considerably 
in  advance  of  Locke,  whose  toleration  was 
never  more  thanindifferentism.  To  Hoadly 
the  Test  Act  was  a  malum  in  se,  which 
should  be  put  an  end  to.  On  the  other 
hand,  he  held  this  principle  as  a  strong 
Establishment  man,  and  naturally  wished 
to  exhibit  it,  so  far  as  possible,  by  widen- 
ing the  bounds  of  the  Establishment. 
He  did  not  distinctly  realize  the  separate- 
ness,  as  a  different  society,  of  the  Church 
from  the  State.  None  of  his  predecessors, 
High  or  Broad  Church,  did  this  ;  but  one 
of  his  opponents,  William  Law,  did.  His 
replies  to  Hoadly,  and  indeed  the  Nonjuring 
position  in  general,  mark  an  epoch  in  the 
progress  towards  freedom  of  doctrine. 

The  other  point  on  which  we  are  glad 
to  see  Mr.  Relton  lay  stress  is  the  sincerity 
of  Warburton.  That  great  scholar  and 
considerable  writer  had  many  limitations, 
and  one  of  his  worst  faults  was  a  taste 
for  elaborate  paradox.  But  to  imply,  as 
the  ordinary  ill-informed  criticism  does, 
that  he  was  neither  a  genuine  believer  nor 
really  interested  in  Christianity,  is  an 
error.  He  did  care  ;  as  he  said  in  one  of 
his  letters  to  Hurd,  "  We  are  fighting  pro 
aris  et  focis " — in  the  cause  of  religion 
against  infidelity.  It  is  true  that  his 
method  of  defence  is  that  of  an  Old  Bailey 
barrister,  that  he  is  clever  rather  than  con- 
vincing, and  a  suggestive  writer  rather 
than  a  profound  thinker.  We  agree  that 
the  ordinary  view  of  him  is  inadequate, 
and  that  the  statements  of  Leslie  Stephen 


are  exaggerated.  As  in  the  case  of  Hoadly, 
the  writers  seem  hardly  aware  of  the  real 
importance  which  Warburton's  famous 
'  Alliance  of  Church  and  State '  must 
always  possess  in  the  history  of  toleration. 
His  complete  recognition  of  the  Church 
as  a  separate  social  body,  with  its  own 
mind  and  will,  apart  from  the  State,  even 
though  he  makes  the  alliance  mean  the 
surrender  of  all  its  powers,  prepares  the 
way  for  the  only  theory  of  the  Church 
which  the  present  reviewer  thinks  it 
possible  to  maintain  in  the  modern  State. 
It  is  the  theory  consecrated  by  the  Jesuits 
in  the  statement  that  the  Church  is  a 
societas  jure  et  genere  perfecta  ;  but  it  can 
be  found  in  early  Presbyterians  like  Cart- 
wright  and  Travers,  and  is  the  real  cachet 
of  modern  as  distinct  from  mediseval 
thought. 

Where  all  is  so  good  we  do  not  like  to 
find  fault,  but  we  think  the  authors  are  a 
little  too  biographical  in  their  treatment, 
and  wish  they  had  given  us  rather  more 
exact  estimates  of  general  theological  and 
philosophical  tendencies. 


Charles  Dickens.     By  G.  K.  Chesterton. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Chesterton's  book,  which  appears 
in  good  type  with  ample  margins,  is 
singularly  one-sided  and  irritating,  but  of 
value  as  a  critical  study  of  Dickens  ;  for 
study  of  the  sort  has  not  been  made  of  late 
years,  gossip  concerning  details  of  iden- 
tification in  the  novels  and  sentimental 
laudation  of  a  typical  English  figure  being 
much  preferred  by  the  public.  Dickens 
is  a  typical  English  figure,  and  it  is  on 
this  side  that  Mr.  Chesterton's  study  is 
illuminating.  It  abounds  in  side-lights 
thrown  by  a  somewhat  mystical  optimism 
and  uproarious  spirits  on  the  Gargantuan 
feast  of  good  humour  provided  by  the 
master. 

The  real  misfortune  of  the  book  is  that 
the  author  seems  unable  to  check  his  pro- 
pensity for  wild  paradox,  and  cherishes 
a  growing  habit  of  exaggeration,  which 
leads  to  false  emphasis  and  essentially 
obscures  the  issue.  Mr.  Chesterton's 
writing  resembles  the  oratory  of  a 
street-preacher,  who  would  persuade  the 
crowd  to  stay  by  mere  verbiage,  the 
cramming  of  statements  into  parallel 
sentences,  the  use  of  unexpected  adjec- 
tives, and  an  alliteration  which  is  apt  to 
sacrifice  truth  and  logic.  Is  it  necessary 
to  shout  in  order  to  be  heard,  or  to  be 
violent  to  show  that  you  are  in  earnest  ? 
Our  author  clearly  thinks  that  exaggera- 
tion is  a  virtue.  But  when  a  man  is 
hideously  and  repeatedly  didactic — feels 
a  mission,  in  fact,  to  instruct  the  world — 
we  think  that  he  might  take  the  trouble 
to  say  what  he  must  say  in  a  way  less 
calculated  to  mislead.  We  think,  too, 
that  he  might  be  liberal  enough  to 
state  his  own  views  of  life  and  politics 
without  abusing  the  class  and  party  to 
which  he  does  not  belong.  Mr.  Chesterton's 
sallies  would  be  good  talk  ;  his  divagations 
might  be  amusing  in  debate,  but  in  a  book 


N°  4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


295 


they  seem  to  us  otiose,  if  not  intolerable. 
It  is  a  pity,  because  Mr.  Chesterton  is  a 
seer  in  his  way,  believing  and  rejoicing 
where  many  poor  moderns  can  only  doubt 
and  tremble. 

Still,  in  spite  of  these  serious  draw- 
backs, the  book  has  good  points  of  an 
unusual  kind.  Everywhere  the  author 
shows  the  courage  of  his  convictions, 
and  he  has  an  acute  perception  of 
some  of  the  main  merits  and  defects  of 
Dickens,  which  have  been  ignored  or 
slurred  over  by  others.  His  account  of 
the  irritability  and  restlessness  of  the 
novelist  is  a  remarkable  piece  of  insight. 
It  might  have  been  supported  by  quota- 
tion, for  did  not  Dickens  write  in  his 
letters  ? 

"  I  shall  never  rest  much  while  ray 
faculties  last,  and  (if  I  know  myself)  have 
a  certain  something  in  me  that  would  still 
foe  active  in  rusting  and  corroding  me,  if  I 
flattered  myself  that  I  was  in  repose." 

We  should  fill  pages  of  this  paper  if  we 
started  out  to  refute  a  tenth  of  the  extra- 
ordinary positions  and  statements  to  be 
found  here,  and  we  see  no  particular 
reason  for  following  up  hints  and  clues 
which  have  much  more  to  do  with  our 
author's  philosophy  of  life  than  with 
Dickens.  We  give  a  specimen  of  his 
zeal  for  parallels.  He  tells  us  that  "  the 
fighting  of  Cobbett  was  happier  than  the 
feasting  of  Walter  Pater."  This  is  an 
ill  -  considered  antithesis,  though  both 
nouns  begin  with  the  same  letter  and  have 
the  same  number  of  syllables.  Cobbett 
was  a  born  fighter,  and  combat  was  his 
natural  element  :  we  have  yet  to  learn 
that  Pater  was  a  born  feaster,  or,  indeed, 
a  feaster  at  all.  Really,  Mr.  Chesterton 
reminds  us  of  a  celebrated  Dickensian 
character  who  was  in  the  habit  of  rounding 
off  a  sentence  with  anything  that  sounded 
well,  without  much  regard  for  its  meaning. 
His  sweeping  generalizations  lead  him  into 
all  sorts  of  irrelevant  questions  ;  he  has 
democracy  on  the  brain,  and  must,  of 
•course,  explain  that  it  is  "  not  demo- 
cratic." He  sees  in  Dickens  many  things 
that  are  applicable  to  his  own  personality 
and  views.  Still,  his  exposition  of  Dickens 
as  democrat — the  main  purpose  of  the 
book — strikes  us  as  veracious  and  valuable: 

"Dickens  did  not  write  what  the  people 
wanted.  Dickens  wanted  what  the  people 
wanted.  And  with  this  was  connected  that 
other  fact  which  must  never  be  forgotten, 
and  which  I  have  more  than  once  insisted 
on,  that  Dickens  and  his  school  had  a 
hilarious  faith  in  democracy  and  thought 
of  the  service  of  it  as  a  sacred  priesthood." 

Dickens  was  in  his  day  the  most  popular 
author,  but  we  doubt  if  "  the  people  "  of 
the  present  year  of  grace  has  not  a  higher 
appreciation  of  penny  stories  and  other 
lurid  stuff  which  deals  with  the  supposed 
habits,  names,  and  pleasures  of  the  aris- 
tocracy. "  The  people  "  means  several 
things  ;  in  the  case  of  readers  of  Dickens  it 
means  more  often  the  lower  middle  classes 
than  those  who  can  afford  none  of  the 
ordinary  comforts  of  life — except,  possibly, 
the  halfpenny  newspaper,  if  that  is  a 
-comfort. 

The  fantastic  side  of  Dickens  has  never 
met  with  such  wild  laudation.     We  can 


imagine  the  ghost  of  the  master  in  the 
Elysian  fields  smiling  over  this  praise  of 
Mrs.  Nickleby  : — 

"If  Mrs.  Nickleby  is  a  fool,  she  is  one  of 
those  fools  who  are  wiser  than  the  world. 
She  stands  for  a  great  truth  which  we  must 
not  forget;  the  truth  that  experience  is  not 
in  real  life  a  saddening  thing  at  all.  The 
people  who  have  had  misfortunes  are 
generally  the  people  who  love  to  talk 
about  them.  Experience  is  really  one  of 
the  gaities  of  old  age,  one  of  its  dissipations. 
Mere  memory  becomes  a  kind  of  debauch. 
Experience  may  be  disheartening  to  those 
who  are  foolish  enough  to  try  to  co-ordinate 
it  and  to  draw  deductions  from  it.  But  to 
those  happy  souls,  like  Mrs.  Nickleby,  to 
whom  relevancy  is  nothing,  the  whole  of 
their  past  life  is  like  an  inexhaustible 
fairyland." 

Mr.  Chesterton  has  to  meet  the  criticism 
that  Dickens's  splendid  and  unequalled 
gallery  of  comic  figures  consists  of  people 
who  simply  go  on  being  comic,  present 
us  (to  use  the  language  of  the  lower  stage 
which  the  democracy  fosters)  with  a  series 
of  "  turns  "  which  delight  us,  but  give  no 
impression  of  being  living  characters, 
cannot  be  conceived  as  young,  or  as  dying, 
or,  in  fact,  as  being  anything  but  comic 
figures.  To  say  that  "  Dickens's  art  is 
like  life  because,  like  life,  it  is  irresponsible, 
because,  like  life,  it  is  incredible,"  is  uncon- 
vincing. The  more  elaborate  excuse 
proffered  for  this  deficiency  is  that 

"Dickens  was  a  mythologist  rather  than 
a  novelist';  he  was  the  last  of  the  mytho- 
logists,  and  perhaps  the  greatest.  He  did 
not  always  manage  to  make  his  characters 
men,  but  he  always  managed,  at  the  least, 
to  make  them  gods.  They  are  creatures 
like  Punch  or  Father  Christmas.  They  live 
statically,  in  a  perpetual  summer  of  being 
themselves.  It  was  not  the  aim  of  Dickens 
to  show  the  effect  of  time  and  circumstance 
upon  a  character  ;  it  was  not  even  his  aim 
to  show  the  effect  of  a  character  on  time 
and  circumstance.  It  is  worth  remark,  in 
passing,  that  whenever  he  tried  to  describe 
change  in  a  character,  he  made  a  mess  of  it, 
as  in  the  repentance  of  Dombey  or  the 
apparent  deterioration  of  Boffin.  It  was 
his  aim  to  show  character  hung  in  a  kind 
of  happy  void,  in  a  world  apart  from  time 
— yes,  and  essentially  apart  from  circum- 
stance, though  the  phrase  may  seem  odd  in 
connection  with  the  godlike  horse-play  of 
'Pickwick.' " 

That  Dickens  had  any  such  visionary  aim 
we  do  not  believe,  any  more  than  that  he 
was  free  from  the  ordinary  desire  of  any 
respectable  novelist,  which  is  to  show 
character  against  time  and  circumstance. 
'  Pickwick  '  is  picaresque,  and  differs  in 
character  from  the  other  novels.  We 
know  that  Dickens  was  driven  in  these 
away  from  what  he  felt  to  be  reality  and 
justice  for  his  creations  by  fear  of  what  his 
public  would  think.  This  was  plain 
cowardice  in  one  who  combined,  as  Mr. 
Chesterton  rightly  points  out,  singular 
sanity  on  many  points  with  the  wildest 
extravagance. 

We  note  an  excellent  passage  on  Dickens's 
tendency  to  be  theatrical.  He  was 
"  sensitive,  theatrical,  amazing,  a  bit  of  a 
dandy,  a  bit  of  a  buffoon.  Nor  are  such 
characteristics,  whether  weak  or  wild,  en- 
tirely accidents  or  externals.  He  had  some 
false  theatrical  tendencies  integral  in  his 
nature.     For  instance,  he  had  one  most  un- 


fortunate habit,  a  habit  that  often  put  him 
in  the  wrong,  even  when  lie  happened  to  be 
in  the  right.  He  had  an  incurable  habit  of 
explaining  himself." 

It  is  a  habit  which  many  reformers  of 
to-day  share.  We  note  as  fair  and  not 
frequently  made  the  admission  that 
Dickens  was  English  in  his  indifference 
to  foreign  art,  in  his  humanitarianism, 
and,  we  might  add,  generally,  in  his 
Philistinism.  His  extraordinar}'  sense  of 
the  romance  of  the  streets,  the  dignity 
and  fantasy  underlying  common  things, 
could  meet  with  no  more  fit  exponent 
than  Mr.  Chesterton,  who  has  more  than 
any  one  else  of  our  time  a  similar  endow- 
ment. But  we  are  inclined  to  despair 
when  we  see  how  that  endowment 
luxuriates  in  oddities  of  every  kind,  in- 
cluding a  great  deal  of  advice.  Our 
author  would  have  us  believe  seriously 
that  "  in  the  vacillations  of  Toots,  Dickens 
not  only  came  nearer  to  the  psychology 
of  true  love  than  he  ever  came  else- 
where, but  nearer  than  any  one  else  ever 
came."  He  would  have  us  believe,  too, 
that  Dickens  did  universal  things  in  fiction, 
whereas  Thackeray  and  others  did  not. 
These  latter  were  merely  occupied,  it 
appears,  with  "  realism,  the  acute  study 
of  intellectual  things,"  which  "  numerous 
men  in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy  were 
doing  as  well  or  better  than  they."  Pro- 
testing, as  we  do,  against  this  stupid  and 
stale  depreciation  of  great  writers  because 
they  are  not  Dickens,  we  may  point  out 
that  there  is  a  "  universal  "  figure  (one 
of  the  few  subjects  of  the  perpetual 
English  jokes  which  exhilarate  the  de- 
mocracy) which  Dickens  has  bungled 
and  Thackeray  has  done  supremely.  The 
Campaigner  stands  out  once  for  all  as  the 
type  of  the  mother-in-law.  Dickens  has 
attempted  a  similar  sketch,  but  it  is  so 
feeble  that  no  one  speaks  of  it. 

We  suppose  that  Mr.  Chesterton  must 
continue,  like  his  great  exemplar,  to  work 
in  his  wild  way,  which  is  the  only  way  for 
him.  He  gives  us  the  impression  of 
breakneck  speed  in  writing,  and  a  fluency 
like  that  of  the  popular  novelist  who 
believes  in  words  more  than  anything  else. 
We  know  that  Mr.  Chesterton  does  believe 
in  much  else,  so  that  this  impression  is 
unfair.  But  it  looks  as  if  he  did  not  take 
enough  trouble  with  his  work,  and  set 
out  to  teach  the  world  with  impromptus. 
He  does  not  believe,  at  any  rate,  in  the 
unpopular  qualities  of  conciseness  and 
moderation.  Are  they  qualities  worth 
neglecting  ?  The  educated  man  has  one 
answer,  the  street-preacher  another. 

The  book  includes  two  portraits  of 
Dickens  at  different  periods,  and  also  an 
index.  It  reaches  a  higher  level  of 
accuracy  in  names  than  some  recent 
examples,  but  Mr.  Chesterton  has  made 
Miss   Podsnap  into  Miss  Lammle. 


Pastoral  Poetry  and  Pastoral  Drama  :    a 

Literary  Inquiry,  with  Special  li>  Urence 

to  the  Pre-Restoraiion  Stage,  in  England. 

By  Walter  W.  Greg.     (A.  H.  Bullen.) 

Amon~u  the  more  general  reflections  with 

which  Mr.  Greg  introduces  and  concludes 


29(3 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


his  account  of  the  Elizabethan  pastoral 
drama  we  find  two  which  are  well  deserving 
of  the  close  attention  of  the  literary 
student.     One  is  that 

"any  theory  of  pastoral  is  not  a  theory  of 
pastoral  as  it  exists,  but  as  the  critic 
imagines  that  it  ought  to  exist.  'Every- 
thing is  what  it  is,  and  not  another  thing,' 
and  pastoral  is  what  the  writers  of  pastoral 
have  made  it." 

This  appears  to  us  to  be  a  wholesome  warn- 
ing to  those  who,  compelled  by  the  force 
majeure  of  the  older  Italian  and  Trench 
criticism,  or  seduced  by  the  modern 
"  scientific  "  habit  of  finding  an  orderly 
evolution  in  literary  whim,  have  assumed 
that  the  perplexing  varieties  of  the  pas- 
toral can  be  explained  by  rule  and  labelled 
with  precision.  To  many  the  only  justi- 
fication of  research  and  the  painful  study 
of  all  known  examples  is  the  disclosing 
of  some  general  principle,  or,  as  is  too  often 
the  case,  the  proving  of  some  literary 
theory  ingeniously  assumed.  For  cen- 
turies critics  have  endeavoured  to  coerce 
the  pastoral  to  a  working  formula,  and 
to  discover  a  definition  which  will  apply 
to  all  its  phases.  That  they  have  not 
succeeded  is  less  surprising  than  that 
they  have  not  come  to  see  how  difficult, 
let  us  say  impossible,  is  their  task.  For 
the  pastoral  is  a  more  elusive  thing  than 
the  sonnet,  and  experience  has  told  us  how 
the  latter,  though  the  most  formal  of  all 
and  the  most  dependent  upon  model, 
gives  trouble  to  the  literary  genealogist. 
Mr.  Greg's  caveat  follows  most  opportunely 
the  generalizations  of  some  recent  books 
on  this  subject.  He  clinches  the  matter 
by  saying  that  "  pastoral  is  not  capable 
of  definition  by  reference  to  any  essential 
quality." 

A  modification  of  this  conclusion,  to  the 
effect  tli at 

"what  does  appear  to  be  a  constant 
element  in  the  pastoral  as  known  to 
literature  is  the  recognition  of  a  contrast, 
implicit  or  expressed,  between  pastoral  life 
and  some  more  complex  type  of  civiliza- 
tion," 

strengthens  rather  than  weakens  the 
author's  position,  for  the  contrast  of  town 
and  country  sentiment,  whether  repre- 
sented by  the  two  mice  of  ancient  fable 
or  by  Strephon  and  his  friends  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  lies  at  the  root  of  all 
literature.  This  consideration,  however, 
helps  us  to  another — that  "  only  when 
the  shepherd-songs  ceased  to  be  the  out- 
come of  unalloyed  pastoral  conditions  did 
they  become  distinctively  pastoral."  Here 
again  is  good  advice  to  the  literary  doc- 
trinaire, whatsoever  problem  of  "arti- 
ficiality "  may  be  his  concern — advice  as 
applicable  to  the  vexed  question  of  the 
origins  of  the  ballad  (to  name  but  one)  as 
tot  lie  subject  in  hand.  But  Mr.  Greg  keeps 
off  "  so  controversial  a  subject  "  as  the 
ballad,  and  leaves  us  to  reflect  whether 
some  of  the  exponents  of  pastoral 
"theory"  and  of  ballad  "  theory "  are 
not  equally  indifferent  to  the  evidences  of 
"  lateness  "  in  the  respective  genres.  If 
In-  assumption  regarding  the  late  develop- 
ment of  the  "distinctively  pastoral"  be 
accepted,   he  has  supplied  an  analogical 


argument  against  the  remote  origin  of  the 
English  ballads.  His  observations  on  the 
persistent  habit  of  having  a  "  peasant 
maiden"  and  a  "high-born  suitor"  as 
the  persons  in  the  ballads  and  in  the 
pasiourelles,  and  his  criticism  of  the  "popu- 
larity "  of  the  latter,  make  for  the  same 
conclusion. 

Mr.  Greg's  method  may  not  commend 
itself  to  those  who  have  a  pigeon-hole 
for  everything,  and  something  for  every 
pigeon-hole  in  their  critical  cabinet.  His 
frank  confession  that  "  there  is  and  can 
be  no  such  thing  as  a  '  theory '  of  pastoral, 
or  indeed  of  any  other  artistic  form  de- 
pendent, like  it,  upon  what  are  merely 
accidental  conditions,"  will  save  him, 
at  their  hands,  from  the  charge  of 
shirking  their  quarrel.  After  all,  he  has 
given  the  facts  and  marshalled  and  ex- 
plained them  in  a  way  which  the  most 
high-flying  critic  will  approve.  The  book, 
moreover,  is  chiefly  concerned  with  the 
matter  of  Elizabethan  pastoralism,  and 
in  particular  with  its  dramatic  manisfesta- 
tions.  It  may  be  preferred  against  the 
volume  that  the  preliminary  chapters — 
admittedly  an  addition  to  an  early  essay 
— might  have  been  omitted,  or  reduced 
in  bulk.  Mr.  Greg  is  in  a  like  plight  with 
Mr.  E.  K.  Chambers.  The  latter  gave  a 
volume  of  folk-lore  preliminaries  as  an 
introduction  to  his  valuable  book  in 
one  volume  on  '  The  Mediaeval  Stage.' 
Here,  after  214  pages  in  a  book  of  421  pages, 
Mr.  Greg  intimates  that,  "  having  at 
length  arrived  at  what  must  be  regarded 
as  the  main  subject  of  this  work,  it  will 
be  my  task  in  the  remaining  chapters," 
&c.  Italian  pastoralism  is  perhaps  as 
important  to  Mr.  Greg's  thesis  as  the  ludi 
of  the  folk  were  to  Mr.  Chambers's,  but 
students  of  Elizabethan  literature  have 
such  strong  claims  upon  Mr.  Greg  in  his 
own  Fach,  that  they  may  be  excused 
impatience  of  these  long-drawn  prelimi- 
naries. Nor  does  Mr.  Greg  lay  claim  to 
much  originality  there  :  he  relies  on  many 
authorities,  English  and  continental,  and, 
to  his  credit,  on  all  occasions  admits  his 
indebtedness. 

The  "  remaining  chapters "  give  an 
excellent  account  of  the  'Dramatic  Origins 
of  the  English  Pastoral  Drama  '  (chap,  iv.), 
and  the  '  Three  Masterpieces  '  (chap,  v.), 
viz.,  Fletcher's  '  Faithful  Shepherdess,' 
Randolph's  '  Amyntas,'  and  Jonson's  '  Sad 
Shepherd.'  Chap.  vi.  deals  with  the  plays 
founded  on  the  pastoral  romances  and 
with  the  English  stage  pastoral  ;  and 
chap.  vii.  concludes  with  the  '  Masques 
and  General  Influence.'  Mr.  Greg's  analysis, 
of  the  three  main  influences  at  work  in  the 
pastoral  drama  is  a  careful  and  convincing 
piece  of  work.  These  he  describes  as  the 
Arcadian  drama  of  Italy,  the  Sidneian 
romance  derived  from  Spain,  and  the  home 
tradition  of  the  romantic  drama. 

We  have  noted  one  or  two  printers'  slips, 
which  the  Oxford  Press,  justly  praised 
by  Mr.  Greg  for  its  "  marvellous  accuracy," 
will  no  doubt  correct  at  the  first  opportunity. 
We  refer  to  such  errors  as  "  where  "  on 
p.  45, 1.  26,  and  "  ground  "  on  p.  311,  1.  9. 
Something  appears  to  have  gone  wrong 
on  p.  299, 1.  2. 


Mr.  Greg  has  been  known  hitherto  as  a 
careful  bibliographer  and  as  a  keen  observer 
in  the  dessous  of  Elizabethan  literature.. 
For  such  work  his  style  has  been  appro- 
priately direct  and  simple.  Here,  espe- 
cially in  the  preliminary  excursus,  he- 
assumes  a  new  manner.  Of  Theocritus,, 
for  example,  he  says  : — 

"For  him,  as  at  a  magic  touch,  the  walls 
of  the  heated  city  melted  like  a  mirage  into 
the  sands  of  the  salt  lagoon,  and  he- 
wandered  once  more  amid  the  green  woods- 
and  pastures  of  Trinacria,  the  noonday  sun 
tempered  by  the  shade  of  the  chestnuts  and 
the  babbling  of  the  brook,  and  by  the  cool 
airs  that  glide  down  from  the  white  cliff s- 
of  Aetna.  There  once  more  he  saw  the 
shepherds  tend  their  flocks,  singing  or 
wrangling  with  one  another,  dreamily 
piping  on  their  wax  -  stopped  reeds  or 
plotting  to  annex  their  neighbours'  gear; 
or  else  there  sounded  in  his  ears  the  love- 
song  or  the  dirge,  or  the  incantation  of  the 
forsaken  girl  rose  amid  the  silence  to  the- 
silver  moon."_. 

In  another  passage  we  have  this  con- 
trast : — 

"  Fontenelle,  offended  at  the  odour  of 
Theocritus'  hines,  Rapin,  with  his  Jesuitical 
prudicity  and  ethico-literary  theories  of 
propriety,  are  not  the  kind  of  thinkers  to 
advance  critical  and  historical  science." 

We  confess  that  we  prefer  the  sobriety 
of  Mr.  Greg's  accustomed  manner.  Like 
Bacon's  "  new  things,"  such  passages 
"  trouble  by  their  Inconformity." 


Journals  of  Hon.  William  Hervey,  1755- 

1814.     (Bury    St,    Edmunds,    Paul    & 

Mathew.) 
This  is  by  far  the  most  interesting  of 
the  series  of  "  Suffolk  Green  Books  "  due 
to  local  industry.  There  are  at  Ickworth 
a  pile  of  fifty-eight  small  notebooks,  cover- 
ing the  sixty  years  between  1755  and  1814. 
Sixteen  of  them  are  military  ;  but  the 
remaining  forty-two  are  civilian,  and  are 
the  journal  of  a  tourist  of  singular  dis- 
crimination and  most  catholic  tastes. 

The  writer  of  these  diaries  was  Williami 
Hervey,  the  youngest  son  of  John,  Lord 
Hervey.  He  was  born  in  1732,  and  after 
being  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge,  entered 
the  army  in  1755,  and  served  for  some 
time  in  North  America.  His  regiment 
returned  to  Ireland  in  the  summer  of 
1763.  Much  light  is  thrown  on  the  story 
of  this  eight  years'  campaign  in  North 
America  by  these  journals,  which  also 
contain  a  variety  of  incidental  information 
that  would  not  a  find  a  place  in  any  mere 
military  record. 

Several  months  before  William  Hervey's 
return  home,  namely,  in  February,  1763, 
the  little  oligarchy  of  some  thirty  members 
of  the  corporation  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
had  elected  him  one  of  their  two  members 
of  Parliament.  He  continued  to  repre- 
sent the  town  until  1768  ;  he  makes,  how- 
ever, but  little  reference  to  politics  or 
Parliament  in  his  journals.  The  Army 
Lists  show  that  he  was  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  1st  Foot  Guards  from  1766  to  1773  ; 


N°4ll6,  Sept.  15,  1906 


tilE    AftfEN^tTM 


m 


lieutenant-colonel   on   half-pay  in    1775 ; 
and  full  general  in  1790. 

From  the  date  of  his  return  from 
America  up  to  the  very  year  of  his  death, 
a  period  of  fifty  years,  Hervey  spent  most 
of  his  time  as  an  assiduous  tourist.  He 
made  two  continental  tours,  four  into 
Scotland,  and  one  into  Ireland.  But  the 
most  remarkable  part  of  his  travels, 
usually  undertaken  on  horseback,  con- 
sisted of  continuous  visits  to  almost  every 
part  of  England  and  Wales.  In  those 
days  there  were  very  few  men  of  leisure 
or  culture  who  cared  to  experience  the 
discomforts  of  prolonged  homeland  tours. 
It  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  Hervey 
visited  such  fashionable  resorts  as  Bath, 
Cheltenham,  and  Tunbridge  Wells ;  or 
that,  being  well  connected,  he  was  often 
to  be  found  at  such  places  as  Audley  End, 
Alnwick,  or  Gorhambury.  His  friendship, 
too,  with  special  families  took  him  often 
into  particular  counties,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Mundy  family,  of  Markeaton,  Derby- 
shire. But,  if  we  recall  the  days  in  which 
he  lived,  when  the  taste  for  picturesque 
scenery  or  small  places  of  interest  was  rare, 
it  is  certainly  not  a  little  astonishing  to 
find  an  army  officer,  of  high  birth,  visiting 
and  noting  such  places  as  Porlock,  Cul- 
bone,  and  Clovelly  in  the  west  of  England, 
Higham  Ferrers  and  Kenilworth  in  the 
Midlands,  and  Dunwich,  Walberswick, 
Southwold,  and  Covehithe  on  the  Suffolk 
coast. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  what  interested  the 
General  most.  He  was  clearly  a  good 
antiquary  of  his  day.  Rude  stone  monu- 
ments had  a  great  attraction  for  him  : 
Stonehenge  with  Avebury,  the  arrows  of 
Boroughbridge,  and  Kits  Coty  House, 
with  very  many  more  less  famous  pre- 
historic remains,  were  to  him  objects 
of  pilgrimage.  Ruined  castles,  such  as 
Caerphilly, Chepstow, Raglan, and  Harlech, 
and  abbeys,  such  as  Beaulieu,  Castle  Acre, 
Jervaux,  and  Whitby,  obtain  brief 
chronicle  in  these  pages.  Roman  anti- 
quities were  never  overlooked.  The  pic- 
tures, too,  at  great  houses  are  all  noted. 
The  sites,  also,  of  battle-fields,  such  as 
Sedgemoor,  Tewkesbury,  Culloden,  or 
Flodden,  were  duly  visited. 

So  assiduous  a  tourist  must  have  been 
one  of  the  best-informed  men  of  his  day. 
He  took  an  interest  in  the  dawn  of  manu- 
factures at  such  places  as  Birmingham, 
Manchester,  or  Leeds ;  made  notes  of 
pilchard  and  mackerel  fishing  when  on  the 
seacoast ;  and  was  ever  specially  ready 
to  mark  agricultural  improvements,  such 
as  early  instances  of  the  cultivation  of 
turnips  and  mangel-wurzel.  Draining  at 
Yeldham,  the  wages  of  Tenbury  hop- 
pickers,  ploughing  with  five  horses  in  a 
row  near  Aylesbury,  the  price  of  Welsh 
cattle,  smock-making  in  Kent,  hart's- 
tongue  fern  used  in  brewing,  and  the 
tomato  in  a  garden  at  West  Tarring  are 
among  the  incidental  country  subjects 
that  claimed  his  attention. 

The  General  could  never  see  a  hill 
without  gaining  the  summit  and  describ- 
ing the  view,  or  an  exceptionally  fine  tree 
without  measuring  its  girth  ;  and  he  took 
so  lively   an  interest  in   humanity   that 


he  made  a  point  of  visiting  all  schools, 
hospitals,  prisons,  and  poorhouses  that 
came  in  his  way. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  wild  statement 
current  concerning  the  invention  of  bath- 
ing-machines. We  note  that  when  Hervey 
visited  Margate  in  September,  1781,  he 
enters  in  his  diary  "  one  bathing  machine 
here."  But  he  had  seen  several  at  Yar- 
mouth some  years  earlier  ;  for  when  he 
was  there  in  October,  1774,  after  stating 
that  there  were  "  excellent  baths  here, 
constant  running  salt  water,  and  excellent 
dressing-rooms,"  he  adds,  "  There  are 
also  wheel  machines  to  go  into  the  sea." 
The  early  date  does  not  surprise  us,  for 
Notes  and  Queries  (7  S.  ii.  214)  shows  that 
these  clumsy  contrivances  were  in  use  as 
far  back  as  1763. 

Hervey  had  strong  ideas  on  vaccination, 
at  a  time  when  it  was  held  in  abhorrence 
by  many  of  the  educated.  In  1803  he 
caused  190  poor  people — men,  women, 
and  children — of  Horringer  (Hornings- 
heath),  near  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  on  the 
family  property,  to  be  "  inoculated  with 
the  cowpox,"  paying  a  Bury  surgeon  the 
then  heavy  fee  of  5s.  each,  amounting  to 
47?.  10s.  Such  an  order  would  have  pro- 
duced a  riot  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
but  a  substantial  inducement  to  submit 
to  the  operation  seems  to  have  been 
offered.  The  diary  records,  about  the 
same  time,  that  the  General  divided  among 
42  persons  of  Horringer  "  20,000  turfs, 
for  which  I  paid  131.,  it  being  13s.  a 
thousand." 

The  terrible  results  of  the  high  price  of 
corn  about  a  century  ago  obtain  incidental 
mention  in  several  places.  Under  July  27th, 
1795,  is  this  entry  :— 

"  A  riot  this  morning  at  Waklen  on  account 
of  the  high  price  of  provisions  ;  a  small  party 
of  the  mob  came  to  Audley  End  to  force 
away  the  labourers,  but  were  timely  stopt 
by  Lord  Howard  ;  the  two  leaders  were 
named  Lord  and  Pluck,  the  latter  a  shoe- 
maker ;  the  magistrates  obliged  to  yield 
to  the  demand,  and  a  board  was  put  up  in  the 
market-place  stating  that  flour  should  be 
sold  at  2s.  a  peck,  a  quartern  loaf  at  Id., 
meat  at  4jd.,  and  cheese  at  4d.  a  pound." 

The  condition  of  the  poor,  even  at 
harvest  time,  was  grievous.  The  bread 
riots  would  have  been  much  worse,  but 
for  wholesale  charity.  Under  August  12th 
of  this  same  year  Hervey  wrote,  at  Gor- 
hambury : — 

"  The  wheat  harvest  began  this  day.  Lord 
Grimston  gives  broth  3  times  a  week  to  the 
poor  ;  about  70  or  80  persons  are  thus  fed, 
a  quart  to  each  ;  the  cauldron  holds  about 
70  gallons  ;  the  broth  composed  of  12  stone 
of  beef,  20  stone  of  rice,  7  lb.  of  flour,  and 
some  garden  stuff  ;  as  it  wastes  whilst  boiling, 
some  water  is  added  to  it;  it  costs  Lord  G. 
about  14  guineas  a  week." 

The  diarist  generally  tells  us  where  he 
went  to  church.  But  curiosity  now  and 
again  led  him  into  Nonconformist  places 
of  worship.  Thus,  when  stopping  for  a 
Sunday  at  Chenice  (probably  Chenies, 
in  Buckinghamshire),  in  1797,  he  went 
in  the  afternoon  to  the  "  Anabaptists' 
meeting-house"  to  see  their  ceremony 
of  adult  baptism,  of  which  he  gives  a 
terse  description,  the  minister  dipping 
a  woman  backwards  in  a  large  bath. 


When  at  Durham  on  a  Wednesday  in 
1811,  Hervey  was  anything  but  impressed 
with  the  cathedral  service  : — 

"  Walked  into  the  cathedral  during  the 
evening  service,  one  prebendary,  two  readers, 
six  gentlewomen  at  the  prayers,  the  vergers 
with  their  acquaintance  walking  up  and 
down  the  center  isle." 

There  is  hardly  an  ill-natured  word  as 
to  any  one  throughout  the  sixty  years  of 
these  diaries  ;  and  there  must  have  been 
something  strangely  offensive  about  a 
clergyman  to  secure  such  an  entry  as  this 
in  1792  :— 

"  Preacher    a    Mr. ,    who    has    two 

curacies  near  Cambourn,  the  most  disgust- 
ing puppy,  both  in  the  desk  and  pulpit,  I 
ever  met  with." 

The  drawback — and  it  is  a  great  one — 
to  this  volume  is  the  scheme  adopted 
for  editing  these  diaries.  Whilst  grateful 
for  what  is  given,  the  reader  cannot  sup- 
press a  considerable  longing  for  what  is 
omitted.  Such  a  set  of  diary  jottings, 
never  intended  for  publication,  were 
bound  to  be  scrappy  ;  but  why  is  this 
scrappiness  accentuated  by  severe  edit- 
ing and  abbreviation  ?  For  instance, 
lists  of  good  pictures  in  great  houses  are 
for  the  most  part  cut  out,  though  of  the 
greatest  value  for  art-lovers.  We  are 
told  also  that  views  from  the  tops  of  hills 
or  accounts  of  scenery  are  generally 
omitted.  There  are  few  parts  of  our 
islands  of  more  interest  than  the  coast  line 
of  the  west  of  England  ;  yet,  when  Hervey 
makes  a  journal  of  his  western  tour  in 
1779,  the  editor  heads  the  chapter  with, 
"  I  have  much  shortened  this  journal." 
In  fact,  we  are  never  sure  whether  we 
have  got  the  ipsissima  verba  of  the  General. 
The  editor  interpolates  not  a  few  bracketed 
notes,  sometimes  of  considerable  length, 
which  we  would  gladly  have  spared  in 
order  to  secure  more  of  our  notable  diarist. 

The  truth  is  that  the  editor  did  not 
realize  the  great  value  and  the  high 
general  interest  of  these  diaries.  WTe  ought 
to  have  had  two  volumes  instead  of  one, 
for  he  admits  that  his  omissions  and  in- 
clusions are  "  all  much  of  a  muchness." 
But  even  in  its  mutilated  form  this  sixty- 
year  journal  is  a  remarkable  document. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


The    House    of    Islam.    By    Marmaduke 

Pickthall.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Having  acquitted  himself  honourably  in 
other  fields,  Mr.  Pickthall  has  turned 
again  to  that  of  '  Said  the  Fisherman,' 
in  which  he  first  won  favour  with  the 
public — not  because  of  that  favour,  but 
because  his  new  theme  demanded  this 
field.  That  his  English  novels  have 
matured  his  undoubted  talent  for  story, 
and  materially  strengthened  his  crafts- 
manship, while  the  passage  of  time  has 
widened  his  outlook  upon  men  and  things, 
will  not,  we  think,  be  doubted  by  readers 
of  the  present  book,  which  we  warmly 
commend.  It  is  a  sane  and  well-reasoned 
conception ;  and  the  author's  ends  are 
served  in  a  thorough  and  direct  manner. 

9 


m 


TftE    ATflEN^UM 


fcP4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


His  scheme     as  been  to  place  before  us 
the     two    principal     types     of     Oriental 
humanity,  and  by  their  juxtaposition  to 
present  a  clear  picture  of  the  realities  of 
life   in  the   Near   East.     This    is  a  bald 
description  of  a  story  which  is  certainly 
a  work  of  art,  rich  in  fine  imagery  and 
delicate     fancy.      But,     however    it     be 
described,  the  reader  will  find  that  Mr. 
Pickthall    conveys    his    teaching    in    the 
form   of   a   delightful    story,    interest    in 
which  is  never  for  a  moment  allowed  to  flag 
while  a  moral  is  being  pointed  or  a  deduc- 
tion drawn.     The  lesson  is  there  for  those 
who  will  give  it  thought ;  but  the  story  is 
also  there,  and  should  beguile  the  studious 
avoider    of   mere    information    from    the 
moment  when  the  two  principal  characters 
start  for  the  new  sphere  which  one  is  to 
conquer  by  his  saintliness,  the  other  by  his 
unscrupulous  use  of  force  and  authority. 
The   two  Eastern  types  referred   to    are 
the  pious  and  orthodox  Muslim,  to  whom 
fife  is  a  meditative  preparation  for  Para- 
dise, and  the  Muslim   who,   by  virtue  of 
some  official  post,  has  been  brought  into 
willing  contact  with   Europeans,  is  ambi- 
tious in  a  worldly  sense  and,  being  some- 
what   scornful     of     the     simplicity     of 
the   orthodox,  is  prepared    to  trifle  with 
the     injunctions    of     the    Koran    where 
they    bear     upon    intercourse    with     in- 
fidels and   departure  from  the  traditions 
of  Islam.     The  people  of  the  Near  East 
may  be    broadly  divided  into  these  two 
classes — the  sincerely  orthodox    and    the 
nominally  orthodox.     The  world  of  Islam 
has  not  yet  absorbed  sufficient  of  Euro- 
pean  culture  for    the  production   of   the 
agnostic,  or  the  flippant  mocker  of  faith. 
Because  "  East  is  East  and  West  is  West," 
too  many  of  us  are  apt  to    write  off   the 
most  truly  worthy  and  respectable  section 
of  a  Muslim  community  as  fanatics,  and 
to    load    with     undeserved     praise    the 
mercenaries  and  self-seekers  among  them 
—  the    least    respectable   and     least    re- 
spected in  the  community— as  enlightened 
people,    broad-minded,    intelligent,    mag- 
nanimous,   and     the    rest    of     it.       Mr. 
PickthalPs    fine    story    should    serve    as 
a  wholesome    corrective     here,    although 
it  is    an   idyll,    a    thing  full  of  Eastern 
glamour  and  elusive  fragrance. 

We  have  referred  to  the  growing  excel- 
lence of  the  author's  workmanship.  It  is 
shown  here  by  his  delicacy  of  style,  sure 
choice  of  phrase,  and  restraint  and  sim- 
plicity of  diction.  Our  only  objections 
are  that  Mr.  Pickthall  is  at  times  too 
resolutely  Oriental  for  the  ordinary  reader 
to  follow  him  easily,  and  that  he  would 
gain  occasionally  by  straightforward  nar- 
rative where  facts  are  conveyed  by  brief 
allusion  only.  He  is  a  novelist  seriously 
to  be  reckoned  with,  and  '  The  House  of 
Islam  '  should  considerably  enlarge  his 
audience. 

The  Youngest  Miss  Mowbray.    By  B.  M. 

Croker.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
The  exploitation  of  the  fairy  tale  as  a 
basis  for  up-to-date  fiction  is  at  best  a 
hazardous  experiment,  and  in  the  present 
case  we  cannot  help  feeling  that  it  is  an 


experiment  in  which  the  author  herself 
has  no  real  belief.  At  the  outset,  cer- 
tainly, Cinderella  finds  a  sufficiently 
appropriate  representative  in  the  desolate 
little  girl  cruelly  neglected,  and  even  ill- 
treated,  by  her  guardian  half-sister  ;  but 
then  comes  the  disturbing  and  incongruous 
episode  of  an  expensive  foreign  education, 
and  the  heroine's  ultimate  position  differs 
widely  from  that  of  her  prototype,  inas- 
much as  the  two  wicked  sisters  are  living 
virtually  on  her  money  (how  came  the 
conscientious  family  solicitor  to  coun- 
tenance this  infamy  ?),  and  she  herself 
enjoys  a  cheerful  and  fairly  independent 
existence.  The  ball,  the  prince,  and  the 
fairy  godmother  are  all  too  plainly 
destitute  of  any  raison  d'etre,  except  the 
necessity  of  adhering  to  the  copy  ;  and 
what  healthy,  open-air  girl  could  wear 
the  famous  slippers,  far  less  dance  in  them  ? 
The  story  is  written  with  Mrs.  Croker 's 
wonted  liveliness  and  ease  of  style. 


Lucy  of  the  Stars.     By  Frederick  Palmer. 

(Werner  Laurie.) 
Rarely,  even  in  a  novel,  have  we  en- 
countered a  set  of  people  so  perversely 
bent  on  wrecking  their  own  lives  as  those 
who  sustain  the  action  of  this  story  ;  and 
never,  outside  a  novel,  have  we  witnessed 
such  malevolent  strokes  of  Fate  as  those 
which  still  further  harass  the  author's  ill- 
treated  puppets.  The  net  result  is  that 
two  out  of  five  people  marry  and  live  un- 
happily, a  third  is  wantonly  done  to  death 
in  a  wholly  irrelevant  railway  accident, 
and  a  fourth  (mainly  through  the  blunder- 
ing of  the  fifth,  her  blindly  devoted  father) 
dies  broken-hearted.  The  merit  of  the 
book  lies  in  the  presentation,  under  an 
unusually  attractive  aspect,  of  public  life 
across  the  Atlantic  in  certain  latter-day 
phases  ;  yet  it  can  scarcely  be  said  to 
fulfil  the  conditions  requisite  for  that 
difficult  achievement,  a  successful  poli- 
tical novel.  The  differences  in  English 
and  American  character  are  treated  with 
notable  impartiality,  and  on  the  whole  with 
discrimination  ;  but  the  author  has  not 
been  equally  successful  with  regard  to  the 
differences  in  speech. 


The  Bar.     By  Margery  Williams.  (Methuen 

&  Co.) 
A  will-o'-the-wisp  fascination  lures  the 
reader  to  the  last  page  of  this  enigmatic 
story,  only  to  leave  him  perplexed  and 
distressed — wondering  where  he  missed 
the  key  to  the  riddle.  Doubtless  the 
author  holds  it,  but  she  would  have  risked 
nothing  of  the  atmosphere,  successfully 
conveyed,  of  village  life  on  the  coast  had 
she  strengthened  the  slender  threads  of 
plot  which  serve  to  sustain  her  impressions. 
She  can  reproduce  in  excellent  style  the 
music  of  the  curling  breakers,  the  drench- 
ing spray  and  drifting  sand,  the  glamour 
and  the  terror  of  tossing  sea  and  harbour 
bar;  but  the  characters  are  rather  im- 
pressionistic studies  than  clear-cut  pictures 
of  humanity.     Those  only  who  are  fasci- 


nated by  the  evanescent,  the  mystic,  or 
the  fatalistic  will  appreciate  this  book. 


The  Viper  of  Milan.     By  Marjorie  Bowen. 

(Alston  Rivers.) 
The  action  of  this  story  takes  place  in  the 
fourteenth  century,  its  title  being  derived 
from  the  cognizance  of  the  Visconti  family, 
who  at  that  time  bore  sway  in  Milan. 
While  making  no  special  pretensions  to 
historical  accuracy,  it  attains,  from  the 
standpoint  of  romance,  an  unusually  high 
level.  The  author's  command  of  pic- 
turesque detail  and  her  imaginative  power 
in  the  region  of  the  horrible  are  alike  re- 
markable, the  latter  quality  being  espe- 
cially manifested  in  the  opening  chapter. 
For  characterization  in  its  more  delicate 
shades  no  great  scope  is  allowed  in  a  work 
of  this  kind,  yet  power  is  shown  in  the 
conception  of  the  hero,  with  his  con- 
summate taste  alike  in  assassination  and 
in  other  more  generally  recognized  branches 
of  the  fine  arts,  his  Machiavellian  ability 
for  scheming,  and  that  taint  of  here- 
ditary madness  which,  coupled  with  his 
fiendish  cruelty,  procures  him  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  in  league  with  the  Evil  One. 
His  less  inhuman,  but  almost  equally 
non-moral  sister  is  also  admirably  drawn, 
and  both  impress  us  as  being  well  in  har- 
mony with  their  environment.  We  notice 
with  regret  the  numerous  grammatical 
slips  which  disfigure  an  otherwise  excellent 
style.  The  author  is,  however,  young, 
we  believe,  and  may  not  be  above  improv- 
ing herself  in  this  respect. 


Meshes  of  Mischance.     By  Gilbert  Wintle. 

(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 
A  detailed  description  of  a  London  bank 
robbery,  the  salvage  in  mid-ocean  of  a  self- 
abandoned  human  derelict,  farm  expe- 
riences in  Manitoba,  nugget-finding  in 
British  Columbia,  the  arrest  and  trial  of 
the  innocent  hero,  terminating  with  his 
triumphant  release  and  the  suicide  in 
prison  of  the  gentleman  cracksman — these 
are  some  of  the  well-worn  threads  which 
provide  the  meshes  of  this  particular  mis- 
chance. There  is  little  to  distinguish 
the  story  from  innumerable  similar  pro- 
ductions, except  the  use  of  the  phrase 
';  not-any-too-remotely-broken-broncho  "! 
The  author  conveys  the  impression  of 
verisimilitude  in  many  of  his  descriptions, 
and  with  a  less  hackneyed  plot  and  a  little 
more  respect  for  the  mother  tongue  may 
do  much  better  work  than  this. 


The  Arncliffe  Puzzle.     By  Gordon  Holmes. 

(Werner  Laurie.) 
Love  and  criminal  mvstery  make  a  simple 
tale  of  '  The  Arncliffe  Puzzle.'  The  cha- 
racters— which  include  an  American 
Croesus,  an  English  detective,  an  expert 
in  toxicology,  and  a  Phyllis  much  given  to 
flirting—are  well  contrasted.  The  solu- 
tion is  not  unexpected,  but  emotionally 
effective  ;  and  though  the  criminals  fall 
short  of  artistry  in  crime,  the  book  is  even 
easier  to  read  than  to  review. 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


299 


THEOLOGICAL    LITERATURE. 

Daniel  and  its  Critics  :  being  a  Critical 
and  Grammatical  Commentary.  By  the  Rev. 
Charles  H.  H.  Wright,  D.D.  (Williams  & 
Norgate.) — The  present  work  is  put  forward 
by  Dr.  Wright  as  a  companion  volume  to 
'  Daniel  and  his  Prophecies,'  noticed  by 
us  a  fortnight  ago.  Frankly  speaking, 
we  do  not  think  that  the  arguments 
laid  before  the  public  here  and  elsewhere 
will  have  the  effect  of  setting  back  the  hand 
of  time,  or  in  other  words,  force  us  to  return 
to  now  generally  abandoned  positions  on 
the  interesting  subject  of  Daniel.  But  at 
the  same  time  we  cannot  withhold  from  the 
learned  author's  publications  their  due  meed 
of  praise  for  the  stores  of  information  con- 
tained in  them,  and  for  the  clear  and  genial 
mode  of  presentation  which  often  meets  us 
in  his  pages.  The  central  part  of  the  volume 
now  before  us  is,  indeed,  by  its  very  nature, 
largely  neutral.  Grammar  and  philology 
are  clearly  not  matters  of  the  higher,  but  of 
textual  and  linguistic  criticism.  Dr.  Wright 
has  here  catered  as  much  for  the  beginner 
as  for  the  advanced  student,  and  we  can  have 
nothing  to  say  against  this.  The  printing 
mistakes  which,  in  such  a  mass  of  forms 
taken  from  various  languages,  are  almost 
unavoidable,  may,  however,  hamper  young 
students.  On  p.  78  we  are,  for  instance, 
presented  with  the  non-existent  ^riD»  besides 
another  mistake  of  a  less  serious,  but,  for 
that  reason  perhaps,  more  misleading  nature. 
The  Introduction,  which  occupies  thirty-one 
pages,  deals  with  objections  raised  by  the 
critics  to  the  author's  '  Daniel  and  his 
Prophecies,'  the  bearing  of  the  doctrine  of 
Christ's  kenosis  on  the  problem,  and  other 
debatable  matters  ;  and  it  then  proceeds  to 
give  a  useful  summary  of  the  literature  on 
the  Book  of  Daniel,  including  patristic, 
mediaeval,  and  Jewish  commentaries  and 
grammars,  &c. 

Pp.  215-77  contain  additional  matter 
grouped  under  four  headings.  In  Appendix  I. 
Dr.  Wright  criticizes  the  suggestions  made 
by  the  late  Prof.  Salmon  in  his  '  Introduction 
to  the  New  Testament,'  that  the  column  in 
Origen's  Tetrapla  purporting  to  be  the  LXX. 
version  of  Daniel  may  after  all  have  been 
another  translation  which  served  as  the 
basis  of  Theodotion's  version.  In  Appendix 
II.  the  titles  given  to  Cyrus  and  Cambyses 
in  the  Babylonian  contract  tablets  are  dealt 
with.  The  well-known  crux  connected  with 
"  Darius  the  Mede,"  in  Daniel  ix.  1,  is  of 
course,  also  introduced.  What  the  persecu- 
tion of  heretics  by  the  Roman  Church,  dealt 
with  in  Appendix  III.,  has  to  do  with  the 
problem  of  Daniel  one  is  at  a  loss  to  under- 
stand. It  looks  as  if  this  part  had  somehow 
dropped  in  by  chance.  Appendix  IV., 
entitled  'Daniel  and  Zoroastrianism,'  by 
Prof.  L.  H.  Mills,  is  very  interesting. 
The  indebtedness  of  exilic  Judaism  to  the 
Zoroastrian  religious  system  is  here  fully 
acknowledged.  "No  one  is  able,"  writes 
Prof.  Mills, 

"and  no  one  wishes,  to  ignore  the  fact  that  the 
Jewish  doctors,  after  the  first  shock  of  their 
national  and  domestic)  disasters,  began  to  perceive 
tliat  they  had  entered,  so  far  as  the  tone  of  the 
Eschatology  is  concerned,  a  new  intellectual 
existence." 

Resurrection  and  other  beliefs  of  post- 
exilic  Judaism  are  then  shown  to  have 
taken  their  colouring,  and  many  of  their 
details,  from  the  religion  of  the  Persians. 
Prof.  Mills  thinks,  however,  that  in  its  first 
stage  the  later  Jewish  doctrine  of  immortality 
was  developed  quite  independently  of  Zoro- 
astrianism. One  must  grant  that  the  exiled 
Jews  were  themselves  predisposed  to  accept 
the  doctrine,  but  one  would  have  thought 


that  foreign  influence  had  something  to  do 
with  its  beginning. 

The  Book  of  Isaiah,  and  other  Historical 
Studies.  By  the  Rev.  Charles  H.  H.  Wright, 
D.D.  (Francis  Griffiths.) — In  this  volume 
Dr.  Wright  reprints  eight  of  his  Biblical 
and  historical  essays.  That  on  the  Book  of 
Isaiah,  which  occupies  the  first  ninety  pages 
of  the  volume,  was  originally  printed  as  an 
article  in  the  second  edition  of  Sir  William 
Smith's  '  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,'  vol.  i. 
(the  only  volume,  by  the  way,  published  of 
this  edition).  As  this  and  the  other  essays 
are  stated  to  have  been  brought  up  to  date, 
we  must  take  the  opinions  here  expressed 
as  representing  in  every  particular  Dr. 
Wright's  present  views.  The  boldness  which 
in  this  critical  age  is  required  to  defend 
the  unity  of  the  Isaianic  prophecies  is,  of 
course,  backed  by  very  strong  personal  con- 
viction on  the  part  of  the  author.  We  must 
own  that  as  a  rule  he  puts  the  modern 
critical  view  in  a  spirit  of  perfect  fairness, 
but  the  defensive  portions  of  the  essay 
strike  us  as  lame  and  unconvincing.  The 
charge  of  "  shamefully  tampering  with 
documentary  evidence,"  levelled  against 
the  critics  on  p.  58,  rests,  of  course,  on  a 
misapprehension,  unless  it  has  been  put  in 
for  rhetorical  effect.  '  The  Site  of  Paradise,' 
which,  like  several  of  the  other  essays,  ori- 
ginally appeared  in  The  Nineteenth  Century, 
is  a  sympathetic  review  of  Prof.  Friedrich 
Delitzsch's  well-known  '  Wo  lag  das  Para- 
dies  ?'  As  the  subject  is  likely  to  come  to  the 
fore  again  sooner  or  later,  the  republication 
of  the  essay  (No.  II.  in  the  volume)  is  fully 
justified.  Essays  III.  and  IV.  treat  of  the 
traces  of  human  sacrifice  found  in  the  Old 
Testament  and  of  the  "  malicious  charge  of 
human  sacrifice  "  made  against  the  Jews. 
The  story  of  the  famous  trial  of  fifteen  Jews 
at  Tisza-Eszlar  in  1882  is  well  told.  In  the 
fifth  essay  some  '  Great  Jewish  Rabbis  of 
the  First  and  Second  Centuries  '  are  sympa- 
thetically dealt  with.  '  Martin  Luther  '  is 
the  subject  of  the  next  essay.  The  author's 
usual  bonhomie  appears  to  have  forsaken 
him  when,  in  connexion  with  the  Roman 
legend  of  Luther's  violent  death,  he  writes  : 

"  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  such  charges, 
however  silly  in  themselves,  will  some  day  be 
utilized  by  the  Ritualists  in  their  shameful  at- 
tempts to  deprave  the  glorious  Reformation." 

In  the  seventh  essay,  entitled  '  Religious 
Life  in  the  German  Army  during  the  War 
of  1870-1,'  the  author  shows  himself  tho- 
roughly Germanophil,  though  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that  his  sentiments  are  here  largely 
dictated  by  his  strong  Protestant  feeling. 
The  last  essay,  entitled  '  The  Persecution  of 
the  Lutherans  in  the  Baltic  Provinces  of 
Russia,'  and  reprinted  from  The  Nineteenth 
Century  for  December,  1880,  provoked  a 
considerable  amount  of  controversy  at  the 
time  ;  but  Dr.  Wright  is  now  disposed  to 
go  even  further  than  he  originally  did.  He 
says  in  the  Preface  : — 

"  Disposed  as  I  then  was  to  look  at  M.  Pobe- 
donoszeff  as  an  earnest  Christian  whose  hostility 
might  be  melted  down  by  love,  I  have  learnt  to 
regard  him  as  a  typical  persecutor." 

In  the  Appendix  a  list  of  Dr.  Wright's 
publications  during  the  last  fifty  years  is 
given.  It  includes  such  subjects  as  Irish, 
Hebrew,  John  Bunyan,  and  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  In  the  list  of  pamphlets  a  con- 
siderable number  on  Dublin  University 
questions  will  be  found.  We  lav  down  the 
book  witli  the  feeling  that  we  have  been  in 
the  company  of  a  vigorous,  versatile,  strenu- 
ous, and  withal  a  refreshing  personality. 

An  Enquiry  into  the" Evidential  Value  of 
Prophecy.  By  E.*A.  Edghill.  (Macmillan 
#  Co.) — Mr.  'Edghill's^book  ha3  the  merit 


of  being  the  Hulsean  Prize  Essay  for  1904, 
and  its  value  is  further  affirmed  by  a  favour- 
able appreciation  given  in  a  preface  written 
by    the    Bishop    of   Winchester.     Dr.    Ryle 
says  that  "  whether  his  conclusions  always 
commend  themselves  or  not,  he  has  worked 
out  his  design  with  thoroughness  and  care, 
and  has  presented  us  with  a  treatment  of  his 
subject  distinguished  by  great  industry  and 
warm   sympathy  "  ;     and   he   refers   to   the 
essay  having   "  been  produced  by  a  young 
curate,   amidst   the   heavy   duties   and  con- 
tinual distractions  of  work  in  a  large  town 
parish."     The  author  of  the  essay,  though  the 
statement    may    appear    almost    hidicrous, 
would  have  been  famous  as  an  apologist  in 
the  second  century,  when  the  fulfilment  of 
Old  Testament   prophecy   in   the   person   of 
Jesus  was  of  high  value  in  the  work  of  con- 
viction  and   conversion.     In   the   twentieth 
century  there  is  not  any  great  importance 
attached  to  this  fulfilment,  and  this  fact  may 
be  explained  by  the  treatment  of  the  Scrip- 
tures  by   the   Higher   critics.      Strauss,    for 
instance,  had  he  been  here  to  criticize  Mr. 
Edghill,  would  have  declared  that  the  more 
complete  the  harmony  between  the  Old  and 
the  New  Testaments  in  regard  to  prophecy, 
the  more  evident  is  the  conclusion  that  the 
Christian    writers    shaped    their    narratives 
and  constructed  their  arguments  with  con- 
scious allusion  to  Messianic  conceptions  and 
ideals.     Living    writers  could  be  found   to 
dispute    on    critical    grounds    the    Messianic 
sayings  of  Jesus  ;    and  there  are  some  who 
would  agree  with  Prof.  Bousset  in  declaring 
that  Jesus  "  must  have  been  dominated  by 
a  deep  and  direct  sense  of  the  inadequacy 
of  the  Messianic  title  for  that  which  He  felt 
Himself    by    His    inner    convictions  to  be." 
Mr.   Edghill  does  not  deny  himself  critical 
freedom,  as  is  shown  by  his  examination  of 
the  use  of  prophecy  in  St.  Matthewr's  Gospel  ; 
but  he  accepts  the  Scriptures  as  trustworthy 
documents,  and  finds  that  Jesus  in  His  per- 
sonality  and   teaching   fulfilled   the   highest 
prophetic  ideals,  and  that  He  realized  pre- 
dictions in  the  details  of  His  experience.     He 
takes  as  true,  for  instance,  the  account  of 
the  virgin  birth,   and  sees  in  that   birth  a 
proof  of  the  unique  personality  expected  in 
the  pious   imagination  of  Jewish  seers.     He 
will  not,  however,  associate  the  virgin  birth 
with  the  well-known  and  wrongly  translated 
verse  Isaiah  vii.  14,  though  he  endorses  the 
very  questionable  statement  that  the  LXX. 
rendering  of  the  verse  "  was  in  some  sense 
providential,"  and  adopts  the  words  of  the 
late    Prof.     Davidson,    that    this    rendering 
"  led  men  to  anticipate  the  truth,  or  it  made 
the    truth    when    revealed    more    credible." 
In  view  of  the  importance  that  has  been  and 
may  be  attached  to  the  fulfilment  of  prophecy 
in  Jesus,  this  book  may  be  highly  praised 
for    its     fulness     of     detail    and     its     most 
careful     workmanship.     It     has,     however, 
another    and    significant    value.     It    traces 
the  growth  of  an  idea  and  its  expansion  into 
a  national  ideal,  and  sets  forth  the  manner 
of  the  realization  of  the  idea  and  the  fulfil- 
ment of   the  ideal.     The  author  has,  what- 
ever    he    may    name    it,  a    philosophy    of 
history,  and  he  affirms  that  Old  Testament 
prophecy,  "by  its  wonderful  superiority  to 
contemporary  ideals  and  expectations,  uives 
evidence  of  a  divine  origin  "  ;   while  by  "  its 
unparalleled  persistence  in  refusing  to  let  go 
the  hope  of  Israel.  .  .  .it  gives  evidence  of  a 
divine   power   at    work,    upholding   and   sus- 
taining  the   prophets."      .Mr.     Edghill    does 
not  expressly  limit  the  divine  influence  to 
the  sphere  of  Jewish  thought  and  Jewish  men, 
though   he  sees   in   the   history   of  Lsrael   a 
special  manifestation  of  that  influence.     He 
would  neither     have    offended   religion,  nor 
have  done    despite  to    clear  thinking,    had 
he  seen  in  the  progress  and  fulfilment  of  thf> 


300 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,.  1906 


highest  Jewish  ideal  an  instance,  definitely 
to  be  traced,  of  the  working  of  God  in  all 
history. 

The  Social  Teaching  of  St.  Paul  By  W. 
Edward  Chadwick.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) — If  St.  Paul's  social  teaching  demands 
attention,  there  is  also  need  for  an  examina- 
tion of  it  in  connexion  with  his  vision  of  the 
goal  of  history,  to  be  reached  even  in  his 
own  day  through  the  establishment  of  a 
visible  Messianic  kingdom.  St.  Paul  argued 
for  the  Gospel  as  a  divine  message  to  Gentile 
and  Jew  alike,  yet  taught  men  to  look 
for  the  return  of  Christ  before  the  Gospel 
could  be  heard  in  many  parts  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  He  had  a  clear  conception  of  a 
social  system,  as  this  book  shows,  but 
he  held  that  the  return  of  Christ  would 
transform  the  conditions  of  existing  society. 
The  coherence  of  St.  Paul's  ideas,  and  par- 
ticularly the  relation  of  his  Messianic  hopes 
to  his  social  teaching,  might  well  be  examined 
in  such  a  work  as  Mr.  Chadwick's  ;  but  the 
author  has  chosen  to  write  a  small  book  on  a 
big  subject.  It  is  not  often  that  a  reader 
has  to  complain  that  a  treatise  is  too  short 
or  too  condensed,  but  the  complaint  might 
be  urged  against  Mr.  Chadwick  for  this 
volume.  It  is  extremely  condensed  in  style, 
and  many  subjects  requiring  ample  treat- 
ment are  merely  outlined.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  is  suggestive  and  full  of  interesting 
points.  A  few  pages,  for  example,  are 
devoted  to  the  "  Messianic  hope  " — an 
important  subject  in  connexion  with  the 
education  of  the  Apostle  ;  and  a  few  sen- 
tences are  given  to  the  "  transformations," 
made  after  his  conversion,  of  Messianic  con- 
ceptions or  popular  ideas.  The  Messianic 
subject  is  full  of  interest,  and  the  treatment 
is  suggestive  ;  but  more  is  required.  Again, 
the  chapter  named  '  St.  Paul's  Teaching  and 
Modern  Sociology  'merely  touches  the  fringe 
of  a  great  and  complex  question.  In  that 
chapter  the  author  adopts  a  method  sug- 
gestive of  a  college  or  university  essay. 
"  As  an  example,"  he  says,  "  of  a  recent 
scientific  exposition  of  the  science  of  society 
I  would  take  Prof.  Gidding's  '  Inductive 
Sociology,'  and  I  will  now  try  to  show  how 
St.  Paul's  teaching  is  in  very  close  agreement 
with  his  conclusions."  It  may  be  frankly 
admitted  that  Mr.  Chadwick  has  chosen  a 
most  interesting  subject  for  discussion  ;  that 
he  has  shown  clear  thought,  and  given  evi- 
dence of  ample  learning  and  of  knowledge 
of  even  the  most  recent  literature.  Our 
ground  for  dissatisfaction,  which  can  easily 
be  remedied,  may  be  translated  into  an 
invitation  to  him  to  pursue  the  study  which 
he  has  begun. 

The  Foundations  of  Relic/ion.  By  John 
Boyd  Kinnear.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) — 
This  book  is  a  summary  of  lectures  delivered 
in  a  country  parish  in  Scotland  by  a  layman, 
and  speaks  well  for  the  intelligence  of  the 
preacher  and  the  congregation  alike.  Mr. 
Kinnear  discourses  on  subjects  such  as  God, 
revelation,  man,  sin,  death,  Christ,  the 
Gospel,  which  are  the  foundations  not  of 
religion,  as  the  title  of  the  book  indicates, 
but  of  the  Christian  religion.  He  contrives  not 
to  be  dull,  and  dullness  would  not  be  easy 
to  him  in  his  rapid  movement  through  the 
things  of  theology.  His  style  possesses  the 
grace  of  lucidity,  which  is  manifest  in  his 
presentation  even  of  arguments  which  a 
trained  thinker  would  reject.  A  layman  is 
as  likely  as  a  cleric  to  be  interested  in  the 
foundations  of  religion,  but  it  is  not  usual 
for  a  layman  to  have  the  special  knowledge 
which  entitles  a  man  to  deal  with  founda- 
tions. Mr.  Kinnear  has  sufficient  knowledge 
to  keep  him  from  being  dangerous,  and  many 
readers  of  his  book  will  be  interested  in  his 
arguments,    whirl)    are    not    commonplace, 


even  when  they  are  neither  profound  nor 
exhaustive.  He  knows  something  of  science, 
and  can  speak  of  it  in  popular  language  ;  but 
from  the  methods  and  customs  of  science 
it  is  not  easy,  in  spite  of  Mr.  Kinnear,  to 
prove  the  existence  of  God.  It  is  true  that 
science  does  accept  the  existence  of  certain 
things  not  perceptible  by  the  senses  ;  and 
though  religion  with  the  same  justification 
may  pass  beyond  the  things  that  are  seen 
and  temporal,  it  does  not  necessarily  reach 
the  idea  of  a  God  or  prove  His  existence. 
Mr.  Kinnear  makes  use  of  the  old  method 
of  analogy,  though  his  illustrations  are 
derived  from  departments  of  science  almost 
unknown  till  modern  times  ;  but  he  does 
not  make  the  method  of  analogy  more  effec- 
tive than  did  those  who  delighted  in  it  in  the 
past. 

The  chapter  which  deals  with  Christ 
and  His  divinity  may  be  taken  as  another 
example  of  Mr.  Kinnear's  treatment  of  diffi- 
cult theological  problems.  In  meeting  those 
who  deny  that  divinity  we  are  not  likely 
to  convince  them,  or  to  show  much  power 
of  constructive  thought,  if  we  say  that  we 
are  to  "  be  content  humbly  to  express  our 
incapacity  to  understand  all  the  deep  mys- 
teries of  the  entrance  of  the  Spirit  of  God 
into  the  substance  of  a  human  body."  It 
may  be  pointed  out  that  that  incapacity,  or 
at  least  the  understanding  of  the  entrance 
of  the  spirit  of  God  into  one  human  body 
alone,  is  precisely  the  difficulty  which  pre- 
vents certain  men  from  believing  in  the 
divinity  of  Christ.  Neither  orthodox  theo- 
logians nor  philosophical  thinkers  will  be 
content  with  Mr.  Kinnear's  statement  that 
"  the  three  '  persons  '  are  only  to  be  taken 
as  three  manifestations  of  God,  in  the  differ- 
ent stages  of  the  work  of  the  redemption  of 
mankind  from  sin." 

Mr.  Kinnear  has  thought,  not  profoundly, 
indeed,  but  with  force  sufficient  to  stimulate 
men  beginning  to  advance  in  their  theological 
speculations. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  have  sent  us 
Mary  Barton,  and  other  Tales,  the  first  volume 
of  the  "  Knutsford  Edition  "  of  Mrs.  Gas- 
kell's  works,  which  is  intended  to  be  "  de- 
finitive," and  will  readily,  we  think,  secure 
public  approval.  Dr.  A.  W.  Ward,  who 
contributes  a  general  introduction  to  the 
new  issue  and  a  special  one  to  each  volume, 
has  had  the  assistance  of  two  daughters  of 
Mrs.  Gaskell,  and  his  capable  and  sympa- 
thetic memoir  (mainly  that  he  contributed 
to  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  '  a 
few  years  ago)  tells  us  all  that  we  need  to 
know  concerning  the  author  of  '  Cranford.' 
It  is  pleasant  to  find  this  exposition  by  a 
writer  who  had  long  a  leading  part  in 
the  cultured  life  of  Manchester,  and  who 
actually  took  on  some  of  the  work  at  Owens 
College  done  by  Mrs.  Gaskell's  husband. 
We  have  seen  of  late  years  too  many  un- 
authorized and  inadequate  memoirs  of  English 
classics.  There  was  nothing  sensational 
or  abnormal  about  Mrs.  Gaskell,  or,  as  Dr. 
Ward  remarks,  about  her  style.  She  copied 
nobody,  was  neither  a  prig  nor  a  pedant  in 
her  writing,  and  her  beautiful  naturalness  is 
the  best  of  gifts  and  examples,  putting  lior 
beside  a  great  writer  of  English  like  Gold- 
smith. The  authors  of  '  The  Vicar '  and 
'Cranford'  are  not  often  the  favourites  of  the 
strutting  stylist,  but  they  aro  not  the  worso 
for  that. 

By  the  by,  Dr.  Ward  has  allowed  him- 
self some  repetitions  which  might  have  been 
avoided,  e.g.,  "At  the  root  of  the  misunder- 
standing. , .  .lay  the  rooted  belief."  0$  p.  3  of 


'  Mary  Barton  '  we  read  of  "  dark  hair,  neatly 
and  classically  arranged  eyes,  but  sallow 
complexions."  Surely  it  was  the  hair  that 
was  so  arranged,  and  the  punctuation  has 
gone  wrong. 

Messrs.  Methuen  send  us  a  new,  and  in 
large  part  rewritten,  edition  of  Mr.  William 
Warren  Vernon's  Readings  on  the  Inferno  of 
Dante.  Most  of  what  we  said  in  reviewing 
the  first  editions  of  this  and  the  other 
portions  of  the  '  Readings  '  remains  true. 
So  long  as  Mr.  Vernon  is  sampling  Ben- 
venuto  of  Imola  for  his  reader's  benefit,  or 
adducing  parallel  passages  from  more  than 
one  literature,  or  recording  little  experi- 
ences of  his  own,  he  is  all  that  can  be  desired 
as  a  guide  to  Dante.  On  the  historical  side, 
too,  he  is  fairly  strong.  But  when  he  comes 
to  philology  he  is  altogether  out  of  his 
country.  He  is  perfectly  acquainted,  no 
doubt,  with  Italian  as  spoken  at  the  present 
day,  and  has  talked  with  many  recent  Italian 
Dantophilists.  Unluckily,  modern  Italian 
is  hardly  a  safer  guide  for  the  interpretation 
of  Dante  than  modern  English  is  for 
that  of  Chaucer  ;  indeed,  were  it  not  that  in 
most  editions  of  Dante  the  spelling  is 
modernized,  whereas  Chaucer  has  to  be 
read  in  the  forms  of  his  own  time,  the  ana- 
logy would  be  even  closer.  To  argue,  for 
instance,  that  because  in  Tuscany  at  the 
present  day  "  to  wear  mourning  "  is  "  por- 
tare  il  bruno,"  therefore  Dante  means  black 
when  he  says  brown,  seems  hopelessly  un- 
scientific. Did  he  really  mean  us  to  see  in 
the  water  of  the  stream  of  Lethe,  as  it  "  si 
muove  bruna  "  under  the  shade  of  the  divine 
forest,  a  mystic  type  of  the  Irwell  ?  Again, 
to  say  that  "  there  is  no  sort  of  analogy 
between  the  French  vallon  and  the  Italian 
vallone  "  is,  to  say  the  least,  misleading. 
The  termination  in  each  case  is  etymologic- 
ally  the  same  ;  why  French  made  it  diminu- 
tive, and  Italian  the  contrary,  is  a  puzzle. 
But  in  fact  it  may  be  doubted  whether  in 
Dante's  time  the  modern  augmentative 
sense  was  fully  established.  At  all  events, 
it  does  not  appear  in  his  use  of  vallone. 
Sometimes  Mr.  Vernon  is  led  astray  by  his 
desire  to  prevent  his  readers  from  being 
misled  by  French  analogies  ;  as  where  he 
tells  them,  for  instance,  that  while  drapeau 
in  French  means  "  a  banner,"  drappello 
in  Italian  means  "  a  file  of  men."  In 
the  first  place,  it  does  not  mean  "  a  file," 
but  "  a  company  "  ;  and  it  means  that 
simply  because,  as  Baretti  knew,  it  did  once 
mean  a  banner  or  ensign — more  precisely, 
the  "  colour  "  of  a  company  ;  the  name,  as  in 
Elizabethan  English,  being  transferred  to  the 
unit  which  fought  under  it.  Perhaps,  however, 
as  good  an  instance  as  any  of  the  light- 
hearted  way  in  which  Mr.  Vernon  treats 
linguistic  matters  is  to  be  found  in  a  remark 
that  fora  is  "  an  ancient  form  "  of  sarebbe. 
If  so,  it  has  "  diablement  change  en  route." 
The  two  words  no  doubt  mean  the  same,  but 
so  do,  in  certain  combinations,  "  been  "  and 
"  gone  "  in  English.  Is  "  been  "  a  form  of 
"  gone  "  ?  Italian  philology  has  made  con- 
siderable advanco  since  the  days  of  Nan- 
nucci,  though  we  would  not  deny  that  it 
owes  much  to  that  eminent  man.  But  it 
cannot  stay  for  ever  whore  he  left  it. 

The  Church  and  Commonwealth.  By  the 
Right  Rev.  George  Ridding,  Bishop  of 
Southwell.  (Arnold.) — The  late  Bishop  of 
Southwell  was  a  type  of  bishop  which  is 
perhaps  not  likely  to  perpetuate  itself:  a 
successful  head  master,  a  perfect  specimen  of 
the  culture  of  the  old  school,  and  a  spirit 
full  of  reverence  for  things  established.  Yet 
ho  was  a  man  of  wide  sympathies  and  strong 
common  sense.  His  broad  and  balanced 
judgments  wero  well  worth  reproducing,  and 
w;ll?  wo  hope,  secure  wido  attention,     TJloy 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


301 


are  not  such  good  reading,  or  perhaps  so 
important  in  any  way,  as  the  charges  of 
Stubbs.  But  they  are  alive  with  interest, 
and  full  of  suggestion.  On  one  point  we 
are  glad  that  the  bishop  speaks  out,  village 
parishes.  Those  who  know  the  Church  know 
very  well  that  there  is  not  a  little  still  of  that 
spirit  in  the  country  clergy  which  was  one  of 
the  causes  that  drove  Newman  to  Rome. 
The  bishop  says,  after  mentioning  the  good 
pastors  : — 

"  There  is  a  remainder  who  cannot  expect  much 
enthusiasm  to  be  roused  for  efforts  to  maintain 
them  or  the  Church  which  they  represent.  The 
two  required  Sunday  services,  and  nothing  else  said 
or  done  in  the  week,  will  not  rouse  enthusiasm,  but 
that  is  not  so  rare  a  village  impression  of  the 
parson's  work." 
Further  on  he  speaks  more  plainly  still  : — ■ 

"  If  the  village  clergy  all  believe  that  they  are 
satisfying  their  office  and  their  people,  I  must  say 
plainly  that  they  are  living  in  a  fool's  paradise. 

Our   most    loyal    Church    laymen if    they  are 

reduced  to  give  an  account  of  parish  lukewarmness 
about  Church  maintenance,  end,  when  their  real 
mind  is  extracted,  by  saying  reluctantly,  '  Well, 
if  you  look  round,  can  you  wonder  ? '  " 
We  fancy  that,  despite  all  changes,  these 
remarks  are  still  pertinent,  and  we  fear  that 
the  proportion  of  scholars  among  the  country 
clergy  has  grown  smaller,  as  indeed  it  has 
throughout  the  Church. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  book  there  are 
some  very  wise  words,  written  in  an  hour 
which  was  for  many  one  of  panic,  on  the 
subject  of  criticism  : — 

"  To  no  student  ought  there  to  be  cause  of  alarm 
in  Old  Testament  criticism  ;  it  will  only  be  upon 
false  issues.  We  have  first  to  consider  what 
signifies.  What  is  the  Bible  to  us  ?  Is  it  the  story 
of  Abraham's  family,  and  Moses'  rule,  and  the 
two  kingdoms  ?  Is  it  not  the  great  religious  idea 
of  the  One  God  of  Holiness  and  Truth  which  is  the 
sole  and  whole  life  of  the  Book  ? " 

On  New  TestaTnent  criticism,  while  de- 
precating all  rashness,  he  says  : — 

"Discussion  even  of  fundamental  truths  cannot 
be  suppressed  if  we  wish,  and  we  ought  not  to  wish 
it  if  it  could." 

The  Real  Louis  XV.,  by  Lieut. -Col. 
Andrew  C.  P.  Haggard  (Hutchinson),  will 
hardly  rank  as  a  serious  contribution  to  the 
history  of  the  eighteenth  century  in  France, 
and  we  feel  sure  that  the  gallant  author  will 
not  expect  us  to  take  it  as  such.  One  sure 
sign  of  this  is  that  from  beginning  to  end  of 
the  two  handsome  volumes  there  is  not  a 
single  foot-note  or  bibliographical  reference, 
so  tho  book  is  not  intended  to  be  of  use 
to  students  of  the  period.  At  the  same 
time  we  have  a  kindly  feeling  for  Col.  Hag- 
gard, and  we  recognize  that  his  works  on 
French  history  "  supply  a  want."  When 
one  thinks  of  tho  tons  of  rubbish  which  are 
annually  purchased  by  the  book-buying 
public,  chiefly  in  the  shape  of  novels,  one 
cannot  but  be  grateful  to  an  author  who 
devotes  his  extensive  knowledge  and  his 
industry  to  guiding  the  indolent  into  the 
paths  of  historical  study.  Whatever  defects 
may  bo  patent  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  it  is 
infinitely  better  worth  reading  than  nine- 
tenths  of  contemporary  popular  literature  ; 
and  some  of  those  who  read  these  volumes 
may  be  tempted  to  turn  to  more  profound 
writers  on  the  period,  or  even  to  revive  their 
French  in  order  to  study  at  first  hand  a  most 
fascinating  branch  of  French  literature,  tho 
memoirs  of  tho  eighteenth  century.  We 
ought  to  add  that  the  title  of  the  book,  '  Tho 
Real  Louis  XV.,'  does  not  indicate  that 
Col.  Haggard  attempts  any  rehabilitation 
of  "  the  Well-belovea."  Some  of  the  repro- 
ductions of  portraits  which  illustrate  the 
volumes  are  excellent,  notably  tho  Nattiers 
of  Madame  Louise  Marie,  of  Madamo  Ade- 
laide, and  of  Madame  de  Pompadour. 


On  the  Queen's  Errands.  By  P.  H.  M. 
Wynter.  (Pitman  &  Sons.) — This  volume 
seems  to  claim,  bj'  title  and  emblem,  to  be 
a  record  of  public  service  ;  and  its  author 
was,  in  point  of  fact,  for  thirty-six  years  a 
Queen's  Messenger.  But  this  period  of  his 
life  occupies  rather  less  than  half  of  the  300 
pages  ;  the  rest  tells  of  Oxford — for  Capt. 
Wynter  is  a  son  of  that  handsome  Head, 
Dr.  Philip  Wynter,  who  presided  over 
St.  John's  College  for  forty  years  of  the  last 
century — of  schooldays,  mostly  unpleasant, 
at  Harrow  and  elsewhere  ;  of  soldiering  in 
India,  not  very  eventful  ;  and  once  again  of 
Oxford  and  Oxfordshire  in  these  latter  days. 

The  Duke  of  Wellington  was  Chancellor 
of  Oxford  University  when  Dr.  Wynter  was 
Vice-Chancellor  ;  and  we  are  glad  to  hear 
a  thing  or  two  about  the  academic  amenities 
of  the  Iron  Duke,  who,  when  his  "  Carolus  " 
was  corrected  into  "  Carolus,"  retorted  with 
"  Jac5bus,"  and  replied  to  his  critic,  "  No  ! 
damn  it  !  You  can't  have  it  always  your 
own  way  !  If  your  reading  of  Carolus  is 
Carolus,  Jacobus  must  be  JacObus." 

Unfortunately,  the  rest  of  the  book  is  not 
up  to  the  level  of  this  anecdote.  The  remi- 
niscences of  the  author's  service  are  not 
wildly  exciting,  for  he  had  not  much  time 
to  look  about  him,  and  a  messenger  does  not 
leave  the  beaten  tracks  of  travel. 

Capt.  Wynter  knows  enough  Latin  to 
quote  it  frequently  and  sometimes  incorrectly, 
and  enough  Greek  to  call  Odysseus  "  the 
Greek  Ulysses  "  :  it  is  a  pity  that  his  style  is 
not  brighter,  and  that  his  book  suffers  from 
the  inability  to  distinguish  between  incidents 
of  real  interest  in  the  career  which  he  has 
pursued  and  the  ordinary  recollections  of  a 
country  sportsman. 

Mr.  G.  P.  Fisher's  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, which  comes  to  us  from  Messrs.  Hodder 
&  Stoughton,  has  been  revised  and  enlarged. 
The  book  is  as  useful  as  a  compilation  of  this 
sort  can  ever  be  ;  it  is  valuable  for  reference, 
fair-minded,  and  accurate.  It  is  not  a  full 
or  complete  account,  and  these  things  ought 
not  to  be,  as  they  often  are,  treated  as 
substitutes  for  larger  histories. 

M.  Anatole  France  contributes  a  preface 
to  Une  Page  de  la  Contre-Rerolution  russe, 
by  M.  E.  Semenoff  (Paris,  P.  V.  Stock  ; 
London,  Mudie).  The  book  is  an  account 
of  the  Pogroms,  or  organized  attacks  on  the 
Jews,  which  have  disgraced  the  history  of 
Russia  in  the  last  months. 

M.  Leon  Chaine  has  sent  us  a  new  and 
enlarged  edition  of  Les  Catholiques  francais 
et  leurs  Difficultes  actuelles  (Paris,  Storck), 
which  first  appeared  in  1902.  The  book 
attracted  some  attention  on  its  publication, 
as  it  set  forth  tho  difficulties  of  Liberal 
Catholics  in  France  who  did  not  approve 
of  the  line  taken  by  most  of  the  French 
Catholics  in  the  Dreyfus  affair  and  other 
political  controversies.  It  has  a  certain 
retrospective  interest,  as  it  was  produced 
after  the  passing  of  the  Associations  Law, 
while  as  yet  disestablishment  did  not  seem 
inevitable,  although  events  were  shaping 
to  bring  it  about.  The  chief  and  unique 
feature  of  M.  Chaine's  new  edition  is  an 
appendix  of  over  500  pages,  containing 
tho  newspaper  articles  written  both  in  France 
and  in  foreign  countries  upon  his  book,  and 
any  one  who  1ms  the  time  to  peruse  them 
wiil  find  a  good  deal  that  is  valuable  in  the 
public  opinion  thus  expressed  in  the  journals 
of  Europe  and  America  on  the  ecclesiastical 
question  in  France,  when  it  was  approaching 
a  definite  crisis. 

We  have  received  Vol.  CCC.  of  The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  which  is  neatly  bound,  and 
forms,  unlike  some  other  collected  periodicals, 
a  companionable  volumo  of  reasonable  size 


and  weight.  Its  contents  will  afford  abun- 
dant pleasure  to  the  old-fashioned  sort  of 
gentleman  who  rejoices  in  scholarship,  and 
finds  some  vivid  interests  in  the  past  as  well 
as  the  present.  The  mere  existence  of  such 
a  magazine  is  somewhat  of  a  portent  in  the 
twentieth  century,  but  we  trust  that  what 
has  been  so  well  begun  may  be  maintained 
in  spite  of  the  illiberal  tendencies  of  the  pre- 
sent day.  An  Englishman's  ignorance  is, 
as  Bowen  once  said,  like  his  house,  his 
castle,  which  is  apt  to  be  closed  to  explorers  ; 
but  he  may  yet  have  to  give  way,  if  the 
small  band  resolved  for  better  things  remains 
solid. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Burke's  Landed 
Gentry  of  Great  Britain  (Harrison)  has  just 
been  reissued  after  an  interval  of  six  years. 
The  volume  now  contains  1,882  pages,  and 
is  of  deep  interest  to  all  lovers  of  history 
and  genealogy.  It  represents  a  class  which 
does  much  good  work  for  the  country  in  a 
quiet  way,  and  shuns,  as  a  rule,  that  adver- 
tisement which  follows  the  steps  of  titled 
persons.  Among  names  of  literary  interest 
are  those  of  Calverley  (once  Blayds),  Fletcher 
of  Saltoun,  and  Herrick.  There  are  nine 
families  of  Howards.  Several  families  have 
a  marked  aptitude  for  scholarship,  among 
whom  are  the  Jebbs  and  the  Headlams. 
Others  take  a  pride  in  preserving  traditional 
Christian  names,  such  as  the  Milners  of 
Totley  Hall,  who  have  been  Gamaliels  for 
centuries.  We  should  have  been  glad  to 
see  some  rule  as  to  the  length  of  tenure 
which  constitutes  a  "landed"  family,  but 
find  none.  In  many  cases,  of  course,  there 
are  descents  which  put  a  mushroom  aristo- 
cracy out  of  court.  Thus  the  family  of 
Moens  of  Tweed,  represented  lately  by  our 
distinguished  correspondent  the  President 
of  the  Huguenot  Society,  has  a  pedigree 
occupying  a  page  and  three-quarters  of 
small  print,  and  going  back  to  "Godefridus 
de  Monte,"  mentioned  in  a  deed  of  1200. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Cafferata  (H.  Canon),  The  Catechism  Simply  Explained, 

6d.  net. 
Gordon  (S.  I).),  Quiet  Talks  on  Service,  2/6  net. 
Hatch  (E.),  and  Redpath  (H.  A.),  A  Concordance  to  the 
Septuagint  and  the  other  Greek  Versions  of  the  Old 
Testament,  2  vols.   137/0  ;   Supplement  40/ ;   Complete, 
3  vols.  168/ 
Thompson  (R.  W.),  Griffith  John,  7/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archirolnrjy, 
Baker  (T.  T.),  Color-Correct  Photography,  1/  net. 
Harris  (J.  C),  Uncle  Remus  w'th  12  Coloured  Plates  and 

84  Pen-and-ink  Pictures. 
Outeault  (R.  F.),  Buster  Brown's  Pranks,  3/G  net. 

Poctni  and  Drama. 
Alston  (J.),  Odds  and  Ends  in  Rhyme,  3/ 
Carr  (J.  C),  Tristram  and  Iseult,  1/6  net. 
Cawein  (M.  .1.),  The  Vale  of  Tempe,  Idol.  50  net. 
Lange  (M.  R.),  The  Dream  Cup,  and  other  Poems,  2  6  net. 
Rubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam,  translated  by  E.  FitzGerald, 

M.  net. 
Sadi's  Scroll  of  Wisdom,  Introduction  by  A.  N.  Wollaston, 

1/  net 
Smith  (Walter  C),  Poetical  Works,  4/6  net. 
Wyndham  (H.  S.),  Annals  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  1732- 
1897,  2  vols.  21/  net. 

Music. 
Streatfeild  (R.  A.),  Modern  Music  and  Musicians,  7/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Library  Association :  Class  List  of  Best  Books,  1905-6, 1/net. 

Philosophy. 
Cobwebs  of  Thought)  by  Arachne. 

History  and  Biography. 
Abrahams   (I.),   A    Short    History  of   Jewish   Literature, 

net. 
Beaton  (A.  J.),  The  Social  ami  Economic  Condition  of  the 

Highlands  of  Scotland  since  1800,  3/6 
I)nbbs(<;.  II.  K.),  Charlotte  (drday  in  Prison,  2/6 
Orvden  (A.),  Memorials  of  Old  Wiltshire,  15/ net. 
Dam  u  < A.),  Celebrated  Crimea  of  the  Russian  Court,  6/ net. 
Grierson  (II.  J.  C),  The  First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth 

Century,  6  net.     (Periods  of  European  Literature.) 
Hyett  (F.  A.).  Gloucester  in  National  History. 
Leyds  (W.   .1.),  The   First  Annexation   of    the  Transvaal, 

21/  net. 
Sismondi  (J.  C.  L),  History  of  the  Italian  Republics  in  the 

Middle  Ages,  5/  net. 
Vaughan  (H.  M.),  The  Last  of  the  Royal  Stuarts,  10/6  net. 


302 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


'ctoria  History  :  Nottingham,  edited  by  W.  Page,  Vol.  I. 
Vincent  (L.  H.),  American  Literary  Masters,  8/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Durrant(A.  I.),  Handbook  to  Osborne,  id. 
Hart(\V.  H.),   K  very  day  Life  in  Bengal,  and  other  Indian 

Sketches,  3/6 
Lloyd  (A.  15.),  Uganda  to  Khartoum,  10/6  net. 
Lucas  (E.  V.),  A  Wanderer  in  London,  6/ 
Lumsden  (J.),  The  Skipper  Parson  on  the  Bays  and  Barrens 

of  Newfoundland,  2/6 
Purchas's  Voyages,  Vols.  XV.  and  XVI,  12/6  net  each. 
Scott  (G.  V.),  The  Romance  of  Polar  Exploration,  5/ 
Sladen  (D.),  Carthage  and  Tunis,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 
Snell  (F.  J.),  North  Devon,  6/ net. 
Stewart  (B.),  My  Experiences  of  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  6/ 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Gallaher  (D.)  and   Stead  (W.  J.),  The    Complete  Rugby 

Footballer,  10/6  net. 

Philology. 
Grierson  (G.   A.),  Linguistic  Survey  of  India,  Vol.   VII.  ; 

Indo-Aryan  Family,  Southern  Group,  9/9 
School-Books. 
Chope(R.  H.),  Arithmetic  for  the  Preliminary  Certificate 

Examination,  2/6 
Hamilton  (J.  G.)and  Kettle  (F.),  A  Second  Geometry  Book, 

without  Answers,  3/6 
Heyden  (A.  F.  van  der),  First  Steps  in  the  Calculus,  3/ 
Mackay  (D.)and  Curtis  (F.  J.),  Second  French  Book,  1/6  net. 
Montesquieu,  Lettres  Persanes,  edited  by  E.  Pellissier,  1/6 
Pliny  Letters,  Book  VI.,  edited  by  J.  D.  Duff,  2/6 
Ready  (A.  AV.),  Precis  and  Precis  Writing,  4/6 
Scott  Continuous  Readers  :  The  Abbot,  Notes  by  H.  Cors- 

torphine. 

Science. 
British  Standard  Specifications  for  Railway  Rolling  Stock. 

10/6  net. 
Cawein  (M.),  Nature-Notes  and  Impressions,  1  dol.  50  net. 
Ebbard  (R.  J.),  Dyspepsia  and  Costiveness,  their  Cause  and 

Cure,  2/6  net. 
Emerson  (C.  P.),  Clinical  Diagnosis,  21/ net. 
Eye  and  Nervous  System,  edited  by  AV.  C.  Posev,  25/  net. 
Fleming  (R.  A.),  A  Short  Practice  of  Medicine,  10/6  net. 
Minchin(G.  M.)  and  Dale  (J.  B.),  Mathematical  Drawing 

7/6  net.  b 

Turner  (W.  P.),  Tuberculosis,  its  Origin  and  Extinction 

2/6  net. 
United  States  National  Museum,  Proceedings,  Vol  XXX 
Yorke  (J.  P.),  Applied  Electricity,  7/6 

Juvenile  Books. 

Book  of  Romance,  5/ 

Cobb  (Ruth),  The  Wonder  Voyage,  3/6 

Ellis  (E.  S.),  Deerfoot  in  the  Forest ;  Deerfoot  in  the  Moun- 
tains ;  Deerfoot  on  the  Prairies,  2/6  each. 

Everett-Green  (E.),  Percy  Vere,  2/6 

Finnemore  (J.),  A  Captive  of  the  Corsairs,  5/ 

Forbush  (W.  B.),  The  Boy's  Life  of  Christ,  5/ 

Girvin  (B.),  The  Tower  ;  The  Zoo,  (id.  each. 

Hamer  (S.  H.),  The  Little  Folks'  Story  Book  in  Colour  ■  The 
Little  Folks'  Sunday  Book,  3/6  each. 

Leighton  (R.),  Monitor  at  Megson's,  3/6 

Peril  and  Patriotism,  5/ 

General  Literature. 

Agnus  (Orme),  Minvale,  6/ 

Appleton  (G.  W.),  The  Ingenious  Captain  Cobbs,  0/ 

Bacheller  (I.),  Silas  Strong,  6/ 

Bloundelle-Burton  (J.),  Knighthood's  Flower,  6/ 

Blunt  (W.  S.),  Atrocities  of  Justice  under  British  Rule  in 
Egypt,  1/  net. 

Boyd  (M.  S.),  Backwaters,  6/ 

Browning  Treasure  Book,  selected  by  A.  M.  Washington 
3/6  net.  B       ' 

Cholmondeley  (M.),  Prisoners,  6/ 

Dent's  Everyman's  Library:  Dramas  of  Sophocles  by  Sir  G 
\oung;  Browne's  Religio  Medici;  Percy's  Reliques  of 
Ancient  English  Poetry,  2  vols.  ;  Irving's  The  Sketch- 
Book  ;  Scott's  Redgauntlet ;  Maurice's  The  Kingdom 
of  Christ,  2  vols.  ;  Borrow's  Lavengro  and  The  Bible  in 
Spain  ;  Brown's  Rab  and  his  Friends  ;  Ford's  Gather- 
ings from  Spain  ;  and  other  Volumes,  1/net 

Findlater  (J.  H.),  The  Ladder  of  the  Sta  rs  6/ 

Franklin  (Benjamin),  Writings,  Vol.  VIII.,  12/6  net 

Ki.isrr  (Mrs.  H.),  In  the  Shadow  of  the  Lord   6/ 

Garth  (A.),  Make  Money  in  the  Mail  Order  Business.  5/ 

Gentleman  a  Magazine,  Vol.  CCC. 

Glynn  (J!.),  The  Soul  of  a  Woman,  6/ 

Haggard  (II.  Rider),  Benita,  6/ 

Hoboea  (J.  O.l  The  Flute  of  Pan,  6rf. 

Le  Feuvre  (A.),  The  Mender,  6/ 

Lloyd  (J.  s.),  Municipal  Elections  and  How  to  Fight  Them, 

I/O  11  Gt*. 

McAulay(A.),  The  Safety  of  the  Honours  6/ 
Maeterlinck  (M.),  My  Dog,  translated  by  A.  T.  de  Mattos 
3/6  net.  ' 

Master-Man  (The),  6/ 
Mathews  (F.  A.),  TheUndeflled,  6/ 
Maxwell  (Major-Genera]  p.),  nibbles  and  Prabbles  io/net 
Meade  (L.  TJ.  In  the  Flower  of  her  Youth   6/  '     ' 

Noble  (E.),  Fisherman's  Gat,  6/ 
Penny  (F.  B.1  The  Tea-Planter,  0/ 
Powell  (FA  The  Wolf  Men,  3/6 

K'1SStorics)'V'J'e    Marria*e   of   Colonel    Lee,  and   other 

Sergeant  (A.),  An  Impetuous  Girl,  6/ 

Stretton  (H.),  Thoughts  on  Old  Age  2/ 

rreherne  (P.),  A  Love  Cure,  3/6 

Tweedale  <Y.),  The  Portals  of  Love,  6/ 

Vance  (L.  J.),  The  Private  War,  6/ 

Walton  (Mrs.  O.  K),  Doctor  Forester,  6/ 

w,1'"s1("-/,V)'  '"  ""•  l>:,ys  "f  u"'  Comet,  6/ 

Whishaw  (FA  King  by  Combat,  8/6  ;  'I  be  Patriots,  r,/ 

w!  !\""y»\( ^,y\iTl,A-  M'i  Th"  (';"  "{  Destiny  6/ 
Whitby(B.),  The  Whirligig  of  Time,  0/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Gay  Olonsignor),  Lettres  de   Direction   spirituelle,   Series 

III.,  6fr. 
Severac  (.).  B.),  La  Secte  russe  dea  Homines  de  Dieu,  5fr. 


Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Svoronos  (J.  N.),  Das  Athener  Nationalmuseum,  deutsche 

Ausgabe  von  W.  Barth,  Parts  VII.  and  VIII.,  14m.  80. 
AVinckler  (II.),   Altorientalische  Forschungen,   Series  III. 

Vol.  III.  Part  I.,  5m. 

Bibliography. 
Lasteyrie  (R.  de)  et  A'idier  (A.),  Bibliographie  des  Travaux 

historiques   et  archeologiques,   A'ol.    A'.    Part  I.,  4fr.  ; 

Bibliographie    generate    des    Travaux    historiques    et 

archeologiques,  1902-3. 

History  and  Biography. 
Aulard  (F.    A.),   Receuil  des  Actes  du    Comite  de    Salut 

public,  Vol.  XVII. 
Avenel    (A'icomte  G.   d'),    Lettres    du    Cardinal    Mazarin, 

Vol.  IX. 
Bemont(C),  Roles  gascons  :  A'ol.  III.  1290-1307. 
Heyck  (E.),  Deutsche  Geschichte,  A'ol.  II.,  13m. 
Leclercq  (Dom),  Les    Martyrs:    Vol.    A'L,  Jeanne  d'Arc, 

Savonarol,  3fr.  50. 
Lippert(J.),  Ibn  Saad  :  Biographien  Muhammeds,  A'ol.  IA7. 

Part  I.,  hrsg.,  6m.  50. 
Theodore-A'ibert  (P.),  La  Philosophie  de  la  Colonisation, 

Vol.  II.,  8fr. 

Geography. 
Blanchard  (R.),  La  Flandre,  12fr. 

Philology. 
Nemethy    (G.),    Lygdami    Carolina    et    Panegyricus    in 

Messallam,  ed.,  3m. 

*,*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE    LIBRARY    ASSOCIATION    AT 

BRADFORD. 

n. 

The  proceedings  were  resumed  on  Wednes- 
day morning,  September  5th,  when  Mr. 
H.  W.  Fovargue  (Hon.  Solicitor  to  the 
Association)  submitted  his  views  on 
'  Library  Legislation  for  County  Areas,'  and 
incidentally  referred  to  the  new  Public  Libra- 
ries Bill  which  the  Association  is  promoting, 
and  which,  among  other  points,  proposes 
that  libraries  shall  be  relieved  from  the 
payment  of  local  rates,  that  the  Act 
shall  be  extended  to  counties,  and,  more- 
over, that  the  present  limitation  of  the  rate 
to  one  penny  shall  be  removed.  The  subject 
was  discussed  by  Councillor  T.  C.  Abbott 
(Manchester),  who  urged  all  the  members 
present  to  help  to  create  public  opinion  in 
favour  of  the  proposed  alteration  of  the  law  ; 
by  Mr.  C.  Madeley  (Warrington),  Mr.  E.  A. 
Savage  (Wallasey),  Mr.  Greenhough  (Read- 
ing), and  others.  Mr.  T.  Duckworth  (Wor- 
cester) moved  and  Mr.  Lockett  (Hudders- 
field)  seconded :  "  That  this  meeting  approves 
of  the  principles  of  the  Public  Libraries  Bill 
drawn  up  by  the  Council."  The  resolution 
was  carried. 

Mr.  J.  McKillop  (London  School  of 
Economics)  then  dealt  with  '  The  Present 
Position  of  London  Municipal  Libraries, 
with  Suggestions  for  increasing  their  Effi- 
ciency.' There  were  in  London  about  85 
libraries  and  branches  supported  by  rates 
raised  by  25  out  of  the  28  metropolitan 
boroughs.  The  suggestion  was  that  a  central 
loan  collection  of  the  more  expensive  books 
specially  useful  to  the  university  student 
should  be  formed,  and  that  these  books 
should  be  issued  free  of  charge,  for  use  at 
home,  through  local  libraries.  The  cost  was 
estimated  roughly  at  60,000L,  spread  over 
ten  years,  with  an  annual  charge  for  ad- 
ministration of  about  5,000?.  after  four  or 
five  years.  Mr.  L.  Inkster  (Battersea),  Mr. 
L.  Stanley  Jast  (Croydon),  Mr.  H.  D. 
Roberts  (Brighton),  Mr.  Doubleday  (Harap- 
stead),  and  others  favoured  the  idea  of 
a  central  authority.  Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder 
(Athenssum  Club)  said  the  proposals  were 
on  sound  lines  of  evolution  and  a  natural 
consequence  of  recent  changes  in  metro- 
politan government.  A  resolution  request- 
ing the  Council  to  consider  the  question  was 
carried. 

In  the  afternoon  Mr.  and  Mrs.  James 
Roberts  invited  a  large  party  to  meet  the 
members  at  a  garden  party  in  their  beautiful 
grounds   at  Milner  Field,    Saltaire.     In  tho 


evening  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Council 
was  submitted  at  a  business  meeting.  The 
Council  were  able  to  announce  an  increase 
in  the  membership,  but  the  number  of  deaths 
during  the  year  had  been  unhappily  large, 
including  that  of  Dr.  Richard  Garnett.  The 
twenty-eighth  annual  meeting  at  Cambridge 
in  1905  was  specially  interesting  as  being 
held  in  commemoration  of  the  jubilee  of  the' 
Cambridge  Free  Library  and  of  its  librarian. 
The  Association  had  been  officially  repre- 
sented at  the  inaugural  ceremonies  of  several 
new  libraries.  The  first  of  the  three  local 
conferences  authorized  by  the  Cambridge 
meeting  in  continuation  of  the  work  of  the 
Public  Education  and  Public  Libraries 
Committee  was  held  at  Birmingham  on 
May  3rd,  by  kind  invitation  of  the  Lord 
Mayor,  who  presided  over  the  meeting. 
Mr.  H.  J.  Tennant,  M.P.,  had  promised  to 
take  charge  of  the  Bill  to  amend  library 
legislation  proposed  by  the  Council.  The 
Council  drew  attention  to  the  great  and  in- 
creasing success  of  the  work  of  the  Educa- 
tion Committee  :  over  one  hundred  students 
entered  for  the  last  examination,  being  more 
than  double  the  number  of  the  previous  year. 
Correspondence  classes  in  library  history  and 
administration  and  in  cataloguing  had  been 
conducted  by  Mr.  Brown  and  Mr.  Quinn, 
and  had  been  taken  advantage  of  very  largely 
by  assistants  outside  London.  Courses  of 
lectures  in  cataloguing,  classification,  library 
history,  and  library  administration  had 
been  delivered  at  the  London  School  of 
Economics  and  Political  Science.  In  con- 
sequence of  his  appointment  to  the  librarian- 
ship  at  Brighton,  Mr.  H.  D.  Roberts  had 
been  obliged  to  resign  his  office  as  Hon. 
Secretary,  and  the  Council  expressed 
their  thanks  for  the  valuable  services 
rendered  by  him  during  ten  years.  Nearly 
the  whole  edition  of  1,000  copies  of  '  Leather 
for  Libraries,'  prepared  by  the  Sound 
Leather  Committee,  had  been  sold.  Satis- 
factory progress  had  been  made  during  the 
past  year  in  the  cataloguing  of  the  library 
of  the  Association,  now  conveniently  housed 
at  the  London  School  of  Economics.  The 
Report,  balance-sheet,  and  accounts  were 
received  and  adopted. 

The  whole  of  Thursday  was  devoted  to  the 
important  technical  subjects  of  classifica- 
tion, cataloguing,  bookbinding,  and  pro- 
fessional education.  In  a  paper  on  '  The 
Development  of  Classification '  Mr.  E.  A. 
Savage  (Wallasey)  criticized  the  separation 
of  geography  from  history  and  the  keeping 
of  biographical  literature  apart  in  subject 
classification.  The  relative  functions  of 
classification  and  cataloguing  were  often 
confused.  Mr.  F.  T.  Barrett  (Glasgow),  Mr. 
L.  S.  Jast,  Mr.  E.  W.  Hulme  (Patent  Office), 
and  Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder  took  part  in  the  dis- 
cussion. '  The  Formation  of  an  Advisory 
Board  on  Cataloguing  and  Classification ' 
was  recommended  by  Mr.  T.  Aldred  (South- 
wark).  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport  (British 
Museum)  followed  with  a  lantern  lecture  on 
the  history  of  bookbinding  in  England,  and, 
aided  by  a  fine  series  of  pictures  of  beautiful 
specimens,  described  the  characteristic  work 
of  the  great  English  bookbinders  from  the 
ninth  century  to  the  present  time. 

In  the  afternoon  Mr.  H.  D.  Roberts  dealt 
witli  '  The  Education  of  tho  Librarian : 
Elementary  Stage,'  and  Mr.  E.  A.  Baker 
(Woolwich)  with  the  advanced  stage  of  the 
same  subject,  which  was  also  discussed  by 
Mr.  Tedder,  Mr.  McKillop,  and  Mr.  G.  T. 
Shaw  (Liverpool).  '  The  Thomas  Greemvood 
Library  at  Manchester  '  was  described  by 
Mr.  W.  E.  A.  Axon  (Manchester),  and  '  The 
Library  of  tho  Association  at  the  London 
School  of  Economics  '  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Hulme. 
Tho  proceedings  then  came  to  an  end. 

During  the  meeting  a  modol  bindery  for  a 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


303 


library,  including  leathers,  arranged  by- 
Mr.  Douglas  Cockerell  (Messrs.  W.  H.  Smith 
&  Son),  was  exhibited,  and  also  a  collection 
of  the  best  books  of  1905  and  1906,  formed 
with  the  kind  co-operation  of  the  principal 
publishers.  A  classified  and  annotated  list 
of  these  books  was  on  sale.  In  the  evening 
the  usual  annual  dinner  of  the  Association 
took  place  at  the  Midland  Hotel,  Bradford. 

On  Friday  there  was  a  whole-day  excur- 
sion to  Farnley  Hall,  Ilkley,  and  Bolton 
Abbey,  which  wound  up  a  well-attended  and 
successful  meeting.  The  excellent  local 
organization  was  due  to  the  Reception  Com- 
mittee, of  which  the  Mayor  (Mr.  W.  A.  White- 
head) was  chairman,  the  vice-chairmen 
being  Alderman  J.  S.  Toothill  and  Councillor 
W.  C.  Lupton,  and  the  hon.  secretaries  Mr. 
F.  Stevens  and  Mr.  Butler  Wood  (City 
Librarian). 

The  meeting  next  year  will  be  held  at 
Glasgow.  

THE  PRIOR  PAPERS  AT  LONGLEAT. 

he  University  Press,  Cambridge,  Sept.  3rd,  1906. 

Through  the  kindness  of  the  Marquis  of 
Bath,  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  examin- 
ing the  Prior  papers  preserved  at  Longleat. 
These  papers  contain,  in  addition  to  the 
Prose  Dialogues,  referred  to  by  Pope  and 
by  other  writers  who  saw  them,  many 
hitherto  unpublished  poems  by  Prior,  written 
by  him  at  Wimpole  and  at  Down  Hall  in 
his  later  years,  together  with  other  poems 
of,  presumably,  an  earlier  date.  In  the 
Preface  to  the  first  volume  of  Prior's  writings, 
edited  by  me  for  the  Syndics  of  the  University 
Press  (1905),  I  was  able  to  announce  that, 
thanks  to  the  kindness  of  the  Marquis  of 
Bath,  the  second  volume  will  contain  the 
Prose  Dialogues  referred  to  above.  I  am 
now  able  to  add  that  the  Marquis  of  Bath 
has  been  so  good  as  to  express  his  willingness 
to  meet  the  wishes  of  the  Syndics  of  the 
Press  with  regard  to  these  unpublished 
poems  by  Prior,  and  that  they  also  will  form 
part  of  the  second  volume  now  in  the  press. 

This  examination  of  the  Longleat  MSS. 
has  solved  one  or  two  vexed  questions,  which 
will  be  dealt  with  in  due  course  ;  it  has 
shown  that  Prior  worked  in  forms  of  verse 
hitherto  unsuspected  ;  and  it  has  proved 
that  certain  poems  published  anonymously 
are  his.  I  am  now  anxious  to  ascertain, 
before  the  publication  of  my  second  volume, 
whether  any  of  the  poems  photographed  for, 
or  transcribed  by,  me  were  published  anony- 
mously and  have  eluded  the  search  I  have 
so  far  made.  By  the  courtesy  of  the  editor 
of  The  Alhenceum,  therefore,  I  add  a  list  of 
titles  and  first  lines  of  the  more  important 
of  the  poems  I  propose  to  print  as  an  addi- 
tion to  Prior's  known  work,  and  I  shall  be 
extremely  grateful  if  any  scholar  familiar 
with  the  miscellanies  of  the  period  will  let  me 
know  at  the  University  Press,  should  he 
recognize  any  of  these. 

To  Madam  K.P.     See  Strephon  see  what  a  reful- 
gent ray. 
To  a  Lady   Sleeping.     Still  Sleep  stil  fold  those 

lovely  Arms. 
Charity  never   faileth.     Say  would'st  Thou  gain 

eternal  Praise. 
In  praise   of   the  Lady   Margaret,  etc.     If  gilded 

flaggs  and  heaps  of  polish'd  Stone. 
Sp.ik.ii  m  a  Vision  to  the  Lady  Margaret.     T\vas 

night,  the  Droosy  Diety  began. 
On  the  Coronation.     No  'tis  in   vain  ;  what  limits 

shal  oontrolL 
Not  writing  to  K.P.     So  from  Divinity  and  things 

above. 
Arria   and    Pctus.       With    Roman    constancy    & 

desent  pride. 
To  the  Countess  of  Dorset.     Yes  I  did  stubernly 

believe. 
To  the  E.  of  D.      The  scorching  Dogstar  and  the 

Suns  fierce  ray. 


Journey  to  Copt-Hall.     Thirty  Six  Miles — too  far 

to  walk  a- foot. 
On  Mr.  F.  S.  Killing  the  French  K.     The  joyful 

Slaves  whom  your  report  set  free. 
To  the  B.  of  R.     With  humble  hopes  Your  good- 
ness will  excuse. 
God   is  Love.     Almighty  Power  !    whom   Angells 

hymns,  men's  Prayers  adore. 
To  the  E.  of  D.     Wake  Goddess  wake  Thy  drousy 

Lyre. 
A  Hymn  to  the  Spring.     Fairest  Child  of  flowing 

time. 
To  a  Friend  on  his  Marriage.  Chamont  was  absent, 

and  remembrance  brought. 
Letter  to  T.     My  little  Wid  :  to  you  I  send. 
To  Dr.    F.     To  clear    the    Brain    or    purge    the 

thought. 
Epistle  to   Lord  .     That  witli  much  Wealth 

and  large  encrease,  My  Lord. 
To  My  Lady  Exeter.     Great  God  of  Time,  whose 

early  care. 
Song.     Set  by  Mr.  K.     Love  has  often  threat'ned 

War. 
Song.    Set  by  Messrs.  Pickering  &  Tudway.    Love 

I  confess  I  thought  Thee  but  a  Name. 
To  Mr.  K 's  Tune  of  the  Prince's  march.  Great 

Nassau  rise  from  Beauty. 
Cpelia.    Were  Caelia  absent  and  rembrance  brought. 
A  Hymn  to  Venus.     Almighty  pow'r  of  Harmony 

&  Love. 
[Unnamed.]     Thy  King,  0  may  I  call  him  by  that 

Name? 
Ballad.     The  Factions  which  each  other  claw. 
[Unnamed.]     The  Crown  once  again. 
Seneca  Troas  Act  2  Chorus  translated.     Is   it  a 

Truth  or  but  a  well  told  Lye. 
[Unnamed.]     For  instance,  when  you  think  you 

see  a. 
Intended  for  Lock.    Lock  wou'd  the  Human  under- 
standing show. 
[Unnamed.  ]     For  when  your  Judge  becomes  your 

Foe. 
[Unnamed.]    To  her  loose  dress   she   calls   some 

foreign  Aid. 
[Unnamed.]     Odd  is  the  Justice  of  that  Land. 
Anaxarchus.     Thus  wounded  and  thus  spit. 
[Unnamed.]     Yet  Distanc'd  and  Undone  by  those. 
Invocation   to  Fortune.      Assist   my   Cause   with 

Honour,  Justice,  Truth. 
[Unnamed.]     Who  e'er  a  serious  view  will  take. 
True  Statesmen.     True  Statesmen   only  Love  or 

Hate. 
Simile.     The  worthless  Cypher,  when  alone. 
The   Courtier.      Our   Courtiers   traffick    for   their 

fame. 
From  Virgil's  Georgic.     So  Philomel  beneath  the 

Poplar  shade. 
Answer  to  the  Female  Phaeton.     As  Almoner  in 

Holy  Week. 
To  a  Painter.     In  foreign  Lands  my  Poetry  stands 

dumb. 
Prologue  to  the  play  of  Chit  Chat.    The  ugly  Beau 

too  partial  to  his  Glass. 
Frederik,  etc.     What  Bocace  with  superior  Genius 

Cloath'd. 
From   Ronsard's  Franciade.      On   Yonder  Guilty 

Plain,  long  Seasons  hence. 
[Unnamed.]     Broghil  did  Cowley's  thankful  Muse 

commend. 
[Unnamed.]     Let  Reason  then  her  Arts  implay. 
[Unnamed.]     Thou  Arm'st  thyself  in  Cfelia's  Eyes. 
Song.     Let  Us  my  Dear  my  life  be  Friends. 
[Unnamed.]     0   Dear   to  God  &   Man   O   Trincc 

approv'd. 
[Unnamed.]       Releas'd    frem    the    Noise    of    the 

Butcher  &  Baker. 

A.  R.  Waller. 


TWO  POEMS  OF  PHILIP  MASSINGER, 

I  regret  to  say  that  these  poems  have 
already  been  printed.  Prof.  Bang,  of 
Lo\ivain,  points  out  to  me  that  they 
appeared  in  Englische  Studien,  vol.  xxvi., 
1899,  which  I  am  sorry  to  have  overlooked. 

Apparently  Dr.  Grosart  abandoned  his 
intention  of  publishing  his  miscellaneous 
collection  of  "Finds,"  and  contented  him- 
self with  printing  the  Massingcr  poems,  an 
epithalamium  by  Randolph,  and  a  few 
additional  lyrics.  I  do  not  know  whether 
he  carried  out  the  intention,  expressed  in  a 


foot-note  of  his  article,  to  print  "  a  hitherto 
unpublished  poem  by  Bacon  entitled 
'  Farewell  to  Fortune,'  "  which  he  found  in 
the  same  manuscript  as  the  Massinger.  In 
any  case,  it  is  the  trite  "  The  world 's  a 
bubble,"  which  has  found  its  way  into  the 
anthologies.  Percy  Simpson. 


Mr.  Percy  Simpson  will,  I  am  sure, 
pardon  me  for  pointing  out  that  he  is  in- 
correct in  thinking  that  the  two  poems  in 
the  last  number  of  The  Athenceum  under  the 
above  heading  are  printed  for  the  first  time. 
They  were  published  seven  years  ago,  by 
Dr.  A.  B.  Grosart  himself,  in  Englische  Studien 
(Band  XXVL),  and  are  well  known  to 
students  of  Massinger,  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher.  A.  R.  Waller. 


THE   BATTLE  OF    ETHANDUN. 

St.  John's  College,  Oxford. 

Mr.  Greswell,  following  largely  the  lines 
of  Bishop  Clifford,  endeavours  to  prove  that 
Alfred's  crowning  victory  in  878  was  fought 
at  Edington  in  Somerset.  His  evidence  is 
largely  based  upon  the  natural  features  of 
the  district  as  they  are  made  to  harmonize 
with  the  Danish  plan  of  campaign.  We  read 
much  of  this  latter  in  Bishop  Clifford's 
paper,  but  as  the  plan  of  campaign  was  so 
largely  the  product  of  his  undisciplined 
imagination,  he  has  failed  to  convince  critical 
students  that  he  was  justified  in  placing  this 
important  battle  in  Somerset.  Mr.  Greswell 
has  hardly  succeeded  in  strengthening  Clif- 
ford's theories.  He  assumes  that  the  raid 
of  Ingwar  and  Healfdene's  brother,  whom 
he  calls  Hubba,  was  part  of  the  campaign. 
He  states  that  "  we  are  trying  to  reconcile 
the  impossible  "  in  making  the  joint  cam- 
paign extend  from  Cynuit  Castle  at  Apple- 
dore  (a  modern  antiquarian  figment)  to 
Edington,  near  Westbury,  in  Wilts.  The 
point  of  this  argument  is  that  the  latter 
place  is  too  far  inland,  and,  indeed,  it  is 
objected  that  Wiltshire  has  not  a  seaboard. 
If  these  arguments  were  valid,  Mr.  Greswell 
would  have  to  prove  that  the  Cippanham 
(whose  identity  with  the  Wiltshire  Chippen- 
ham is  placed  beyond  all  doubt  by  Asser) 
was  also  in  Somerset,  for  it  is  open  to  all 
the  objections  that  he  urges  against 
Edington  near  Westbury,  and  yet  it  played 
a  considerable  part  in  the  campaign. 

As  I  have  identified  Ethandun  with  this 
Wiltshire  Edington  in  my  map  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  Britain,  and  in  my  edition  of  Asser, 
where  I  have  dealt  with  the  claims  of  other 
sites,  I  make  no  excuse  for  examining  Mr. 
Greswell's  arguments  seriatim. 

1.  This  I  have  dealt  with  above.  The 
strange  idea  that  Dene  Forest  derives  its 
name  from  the  Danes  does  not,  even  if  it 
were  true,  afford  any  serious  argument  in 
support  of  Mr.  Greswell's  views. 

2.  Mr.  Greswell  adopts  Bishop  Clifford's 
identification  of  Cynuit  with  Combwich  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Parret.  By  amazing 
arguments  Clifford  had  previously  located 
Cynuit  at  Cannington  Park,  Somerset.  The 
way  in  which  ho  converts  Cynuit  into  Comb- 
wich is  characteristic  of  his  methods  of 
dealing  with  historical  evidence.  Instead 
of  Asser's  form  Cynuit  he  takes  the 
late  form  Cynwith  (where  the  th  has 
obviously  the  usual  Anglo-Norman  value  of 
t),  alters  it  into  Cynwich,  which  he  explains 
as  meaning  "  King's  town"  (the  compound 
Cyne-wlc  is  not  recorded  in  O.K.),  and  then 
identifies  it  with  Combwich!  Mr.  <  Ires  well 
quotes  Roger  of  Hoveden's  form  as  "  Cym- 
wich,"  but  the  reading  in  Bishop  Stubbs's 
edition  is  Cynwith.  But  it  is  waste  of  time 
to  discuss  the  form  used   by  this  chronicler, 


304 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


for  in  this  passage  he  merely  copies  Simeon 
of  Durham,  who  in  his  turn  copies  Florence 
of  Worcester,  who  transcribes  Asser,  who 
is  the  only  authority  for  the  name. 

3.  The  old  "  Cottonian  MS."  that  states 
that  "  Hubba  is  said  to  have  sacked  Somer- 
ton"  in  878  is  too  vague  a  reference  to  be  of 
any  use.  If  not  due  to  some  modern 
antiquary's  blunder,  the  MS.  must  be  one 
of  the  products  of  the  late  falsifiers  of  his- 
tory of  the  period  when  the  French  'Brut' 
and  its  lies  nourished.  Certainly  no  such 
sacking  of  Somerton  is  known  from  trust- 
worthy sources,  and  the  Cottonian  collection 
is  hardly  the  one  in  which  a  ninth-century 
authority  would  have  lurked  for  three  cen- 
turies without  discovery. 

4.  The  much  later  evidence  of  the  division 
of  Somerset  east  and  west  by  the  Parret, 
and  William  the  Conqueror's  disposal  of 
lands  in  that  county,  do  not  afford  any 
argument  that  can  be  taken  seriously  as  to 
the  site  of  Ethandun.  This  certainly  does 
not  prove  that  the  ninth-century  district  of 
the  Defene  extended  to  the  Parret. 

5.  The  starting-point  of  the  attempts  to 
locate  this  battlefield  in  Somerset  is  the 
existence  of  a  place  called  Edington  in  that 
county.  Mr.  Greswell,  in  order  to  support 
the  identification  of  this  Edington  with 
Ethandun,  advances  the  argument  that  the 
name  "  agrees  closely  with  Huntingdon's 
'  Edendune.'  "  Here,  again,  we  have  a 
worthless  and  derivative  form  of  the  twelfth 
century  cited  in  preference  to  the  con- 
temporary ninth-century  Ethandun.  No 
argument  in  favour  of  the  Somerset  Eding- 
ton as  against  the  one  in  Wiltshire  can  be 
based  upon  Huntingdon's  spelling.  Both 
forms  might  equally  descend  from  Ethan- 
dun, and  in  order  to  decide  between  the  two 
it  is  necessary  to  trace  their  history.  As 
Edington  in  Wiltshire  was  conferred  upon 
Romsey  Abbey  by  King  Edgar  in  968,  and  it 
was  thus  a  royal  possession,  there  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  that  it  was  the  Ethandun 
of  King  Alfred's  will,  and  of  a  charter, 
preserved  in  the  original  form,  of  King 
Eadwig  in  957.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
Somerset  Edington  appears  in  Domesday 
and  in  the  Exeter  Domesday  as  Eduuine- 
tune,  Edwinetuna,  and  clearly  represents  an 
O.E.  Eadwines-tun.  Thus  there  never  was 
an  Ethandun  in  Somerset.  This  fact  makes 
any  comment  on  arguments  6  and  7 
unnecessary. 

8.  If  "  rumours  still  survive  of  King 
Alfred's  fights  with  the  Danes  in  this  Polden 
neighbourhood,"  they  are,  no  doubt,  due  to 
the  inspiration  of  misguided  local  anti- 
quaries, and  are  too  untrustworthy  to 
deserve  attention. 

From  the  evidence  of  Athelweard,  who 
had  from  his  official  position  a  good  know- 
ledge of  this  part  of  Wessex,  it  is  clear  that 
Cynuit  was  in  Devon.  The  name  is  a  Welsh 
form  of  the  river-name  Cunetio,  winch 
appears  in  O.E.  as  Cynete,  in  modern 
English  as  Kennet,  and  it  is  under  some 
such  form  as  the  latter  (or  perhaps  Kint- 
bury)  that  the  place  would  now  appear. 
But  the  Devon  maps  know  of  no  such 
names,  and  the  Berkshire  river  and  village 
are  too  far  from  Devon  to  bo  considered. 
W.  II.  Stevenson. 


Vittxmqi  (Stosstp. 

On  October  1st  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.  will  publish  '  The  Gate  of  Death  :  a 
Diary,'  in  which  the  author  describes  the 
experiences  of  one  who  has  twice  ap- 
proached the  end  of  all  men ;  and  a  new 


novel  by  Katharine  Tynan,  entitled  '  The 
Story  of  Bawn,'  which  is  a  romantic  love 
story  in  the  Irish  setting  which  the  author 
knows  well  how  to  portray. 

They  will  also  publish  on  the  same  day 
*  Social  Silhouettes,'  which  consists  of  a 
revision  of  the  sketches  of  '  Social  Types ' 
which  Mr.  George  W.  E.  Russell  recently 
contributed  to  The  Manchester  Guardian. 
Mr.  Russell  has  a  reputation  alike  for 
anecdote  and  for  caustic  observation  of 
society. 

Mr.  Alfred  Kingston,  author  of 
'  East  Anglia  and  the  Great  Civil  War,' 
is  writing  a  '  History  of  Royston, 
Hertfordshire,'  which,  as  the  seat  of  a 
monastery  and  the  country  home  of 
King  James  I.,  apart  from  its  connexion 
at  various  periods  with  English  history, 
has  some  claims  to  notice.  The  volume 
will  contain  a  biographical  section  devoted 
to  Royston  worthies,  with  portraits,  plans, 
and  illustrations,  and  will  be  published 
shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock,  in  conjunction 
with  Messrs.  Warren,  of  Royston. 

Since  Lord  Roberts  has  given  his 
blessing  to  the  latest  exercise  in  German- 
ophobe  fiction,  the  moment  is  opportune 
for  the  publication  of  a  counter-prophecy 
in  a  less  fearful  mood.  Something  of  the 
kind  will  be  found  in  '  The  North  Sea 
Bubble  :  a  Fantasia,'  by  Mr.  Ernest  Old- 
meadow,  which  will  be  published  on  the 
25th  inst.  by  E.  Grant  Richards.  Recog- 
nizing that  Germany  has  more  Socialists 
than  soldiers,  and  that  Internationalism 
grows  faster  than  the  Kaiser's  navy,  the 
writer  adopts  an  irreverent  attitude  to 
the  German  power  as  it  will  appear  in  the 
near  future.  It  is  explained,  however, 
that  Mr.  Oldmeadow's  "Fantasia"  will 
present  high  politics  "not  in  digressions, 
but  as  vital  parts  of  an  engaging  romance." 
The  scene  is  laid  in  London  and  Ireland. 

Messrs.  Macmillan's  new  books  for 
the  season  include  a  volume  on 
'  Israel  in  Europe,  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  Present  Day,'  by  Mr. 
G.  F.  Abbott;  and  'Adonis,  Attis, 
Osiris  :  Studies  in  the  History  of  Oriental 
Religion,'  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Frazer.  Travel 
and  folk-lore  are  mingled  in  '  The  Todas 
of  the  Nilgiri  Hills,'  by  Dr.  W.  H.  R. 
Rivers ;  '  Pagan  Races  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula,'  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Skeat  and  Mr. 
C.  0.  Blagden  ;  '  The  Lower  Niger  and  its 
Tribes,'  by  Major  A.  G.  Leonard  ;  and  '  At 
the  Back  of  the  Black  Man's  Mind,'  which 
consists  of  notes  on  the  kingly  office  in 
West  Africa  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Dennett.  The 
lore  of  highways  and  byways  is  repre- 
sented by  'The  Fair  Hills  of  Ireland,' 
by  Mr.  Stephen  Gwynn  ;  '  Berkshire,'  by 
Mr.  J.  E.  Vincent,  illustrated  by  Mr.  F.  L. 
Griggs  ;  and  '  Untravelled  England,'  by 
Mr.  J.  J.  Hissey.  In  philosophy  '  An  Out- 
line of  the  Idealistic  Construction  of  Ex- 
perience,' by  Prof.  J.  B.  Baillie  ;  '  The 
Structure  and  Growth  of  the  Mind,'  by 
Prof.  William  Mitchell ;  and  '  Studies  in 
Humanism,'  by  Mr.  F.  C.  S.  Schiller,  are 
promised. 

Among  Messrs.  Macmillan's  forthcom- 
ing novels  are  '  Her  Majesty's  Rebels,' 
by   Mr.   S.    R.   Lysaght ;  '  The   Enemy's 


Camp,'  by  Mr.  H.  Sheringham  and  Mr. 
Nevill  Meakin ;  and  '  Andrew  Good- 
fellow,'  a  tale  of  1805,  by  Mrs.  H.  H. 
Watson. 

Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  are  issuing  shortly 
'  Constantine  the  Great,'  a  tragedy  in  verse, 
by  Mr.  Newman  Howard,  the  author  of 
'  Savonarola.'  The  fall  of  the  emperor's 
frivolous  wife  Fausta,  and  his  short-lived 
son  and  favourite  Crispus,  are  the  occasion 
for  a  striking  study  of  the  character  of 
Constantine,  and  the  conflict  between 
paganism  and  Christianity.  The  book  is 
dedicated  to  an  assiduous  student  of  the 
classics. 

Mr.  Helnemann's  autumn  list  includes 
a  •  History  of  Hungarian  Literature,'  by 
Prof.  F.  Riedl,  and  a  '  History  of  Latin 
Literature,'  by  Mr.  Marcus  Dimsdale ; 
in  "  Illustrated  Cameos  of  Literature," 
'  Anatole  France,'  by  Dr.  Brandes,  and 
'  George  Meredith,'  by  Mr.  G.  K.  Chester- 
ton ;  and  '  The  Early  Life  of  George 
Brandes  by  Himself.'  He  is  publishing 
new  editions  of  the  same  writer's  '  Main 
Currents  in  Nineteenth  Century  Litera- 
ture,' and  of  Dr.  Nordau's  books,  '  Lies ' 
and  '  Paradoxes,'  and  his  fiction  includes 
'The  Pulse  of  Life,'  by  Mrs.  Belloc 
Lowndes ;  '  The  Moonface,  and  other 
Stories,'  by  Mr.  Jack  London ;  '  Un- 
employed, Limited,'  by  Mr.  James  Blyth  ; 
and  a  new  novel  by  the  author  of  '  Joseph 
Vance.' 

Among  E.  Grant  Richards's  books  to 
be  issued  this  autumn  are  '  The  Voyages 
of  Captain  William  Dampier,'  edited  by 
Mr.  John  Masefield  ;  '  Heidelberg :  its 
Princes  and  Palaces,'  by  Miss  Elizabeth 
Godfrey ;  '  Echoes  from  "  Kottabos,"  ' 
edited  by  two  excellent  scholars,  Prof. 
Tyrrell  and  Sir  Edward  Sullivan ;  and 
'  Queens  of  Old  Spain,'  by  Major  Martin 
Hume.  In  fiction  we  are  promised 
'The  Miracle  Worker,'  by  Mr.  Gerald 
Maxwell ;  '  The  Private  War,'  by  Mr.  L.  J. 
Vance  ;  '  The  Broken  Law,'  by  Mr.  Harris 
Burland ;  and  '  The  Earthquake :  a 
Romance  of  London  in  1907,'  by  Mr.  W. 
Holt  White. 

Among  Messrs.  Hutchinson's  announce- 
ments are  '  The  House  of  Howard,'  by  Mr. 
Gerald  Brenan ;  '  Under  the  Syrian  Sun,' 
by  Mr.  A.  C.  Inchbold,  illustrated ;  Memoirs 
of  Malakoff,  edited  by  Mr.  R.  M.  John- 
ston (2  vols.),  and  Talleyrand,  by  Mr. 
Joseph  McCabe.  Their  forthcoming  fiction 
includes  '  The  Far  Horizon,'  by  Lucas 
Malet ;  «  A  Dull  Girl's  Destiny,'  by  Mrs. 
Baillie  Reynolds  ;  '  Guy  Fulkes  of  the 
Towers,'  by  Miss  E.  Everett-Green; 
'  Smoke  in  the  Flame,'  by  Iota  ;  and  '  The 
Strayings  of  Sandy,'  by  Miss  Dorothea 
Conyers. 

Mr.  Robert  Aitken,  who  died  at 
Cramond,  near  Edinburgh,  last  week,  was 
at  one  time  on  the  staff  of  The  Scottish 
Leader,  and  for  a  good  many  years  did 
valuable  work  in  leader-writing  and  re- 
viewing for  The  Glasgow  Herald.  He  wrote 
a  number  of  articles  for  the  new  edition  of 
'  Chambers's  Cyclopaedia  of  English  Lite- 
rature,' and  had  made  extensive  researches 
for  a  history  of  the  Knights  Templars  in 
Scotland.     Bred  to  tho  law  at  Glasgow 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


305 


University,  he  was  widely  read  in  history 
and  general  literature. 

We  notice  with  regret  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Cunninghame  Graham  at  Hendaye,  in  the 
Pyrenees.  She  shared  her  husband's  lite- 
rary tastes,  writing  with  him  '  Father 
Archangel  of  Scotland  and  other  Essays,' 
while  she  was  the  author  of  a  '  Life  of 
Santa  Teresa  '  and  an  adaptation  of  '  The 
Dark  Night  of  the  Soul,'  by  Father  San 
Juan  de  la  Cruz. 

Messrs.  Blackie  are  publishing  '  Girl 
Comrades,'  by  Miss  Ethel  F.  Heddle, 
who  has  returned  to  the  writing  of  stories 
for  girls  in  their  teens  ;  and  a  story  for  boys 
entitled  '  The  Lost  Explorers  :  Across  the 
Trackless  Desert,'  by  Mr.  Alexander  Mac- 
donald,  who  is  known  as  an  explorer  and 
as  the  author  of  '  In  Search  of  Eldorado.' 

Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen  writes : — 

"  With  regard  to  the  correspondence  that 
has  arisen  out  of  your  generous  review  of 
vols,  iii.-v.  of  the  '  Stratford  Town  Shake- 
speare,' I  would  like  to  say  that  this  will  be 
completed  in  ten  volumes  (not  eleven).  The 
last  volume  will  contain  a  number  of  copy- 
right essays  by  M.  Jusserand,  Mr.  Robert 
Bridges,  Canon  Beeching,  Mr.  M.  H.  Spiel- 
mann,  and  others,  and  a  sheaf  of  textual 
notes  by  myself.  For  the  text  I  am  re- 
sponsible. 

"  One  of  the  essential  features  of  the  edition 
being  its  production  in  the  poet's  native 
town,  the  imprint  '  Shakespeare  Head  Press, 
Stratford-on-Avon,'  seemed  a  more  satis- 
factory means  of  identification  than  the  name 
of  the  '  Stratford  Town  Shakespeare ' — which 
might  be  merely  a  fancy  title." 

Messrs.  G.  Bell  &  Son's  new  educa- 
tional books  include  '  Junior  Practical 
Mathematics,'  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Stainer ; 
'  Experimental  Geometry,'  by  Mr.  W.  M. 
Baker  and  Mr.  A.  A.  Bourne ;  '  A  First 
Year's  Course  in  Practical  Physics,'  by 
Mr.  James  Sinclair ;  '  A  French  Historical 
Reader,'  by  Mr.  R.  N.  Adair ;  and  '  A  First 
French  Reader,'  by  Mr.  R.  P.  Atherton. 

With  regard  to  the  letter  published 
by  Mr.  Chesson  concerning  his  wife's 
'  Selected  Poems,'  in  our  columns  last 
week,  we  understand  that  Messrs.  Alston 
Rivers  did  not  wait  for  further  additions 
to  the  glossary  after  a  second  revise  had 
been  submitted,  on  the  ground  that  the 
book  had  already  been  seriously  delayed, 
and  that  such  delay  was  likely  to  injure 
its  prospects  with  the  public.  The  firm 
were  not  responsible  for  the  idea  of  pub- 
lishing the  book  or  the  terms  in  which  it 
was  announced ;  and  as  its  publication 
was  not  a  speculation  of  possible  profit 
for  them,  the  edition  was  announced 
before  an  agreement  had  been  signed.  In 
view  of  Mr.  Chesson's  letter,  Messrs. 
Rivers  wish  the  public  to  understand 
that  whilst  the  publisher  was  responsible 
for  the  cost  of  production,  the  entire 
profits  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  fund 
announced. 

Mr.  William  Jagoard  writes  regarding 
the  Index  to  '  Book-Prices  Current '  : — 

"  In  reply  to  Mr.  Roberts's  thoughtful 
reminder  of  last  week,  may  I  say  that  a 
sub-index  of  library  owners,  1887-1906,  is 
already  in  shape,  and  will  be  added  to  the 
'  Second  General  Index  '  ?  I  am  nevertho- 
less  obliged  by  his  courtesy.  The  omission 
of    this    (and  more  important  lists)    in   the 


'  First  Index  '  was  entirely  due  to  exigencies 
of  time  and  space.  For  nearly  four  years 
the  work  stood  still,  crying  out  for  a 
worker,  but  no  one  came  forward.  My 
hands  were  already  full ;  but  it  is  said  that 
'  the  busy  man  most  readily  finds  time.'  I 
am  glad  to  hear  from  so  capable  a  judge 
that  the  '  First  Index  '  proves  useful,  and 
am  sanguine  that  the  second  will  be  doubly 
so." 

Amongst  the  papers  in  Chambers's 
Journal  for  October  are  '  Golf  of  Yester- 
day and  To-day,'  by  Mr.  F.  Kinloch ; 
'  Transvaal  Treasure  Hunts,'  by  Mr. 
Douglas  Blackburn ;  and  '  The  Passing 
of  the  Duel,'  by  Mr.  Alfred  Fellowes. 

The  oldest  of  French  journalists,  M. 
Philibert  Audebrand,  died  in  Paris  on 
Monday  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety. 
From  1842  to  1848  he  was  a  parliamentary 
reporter,  and  wrote  innumerable  chroniques 
and  causeries  for  various  papers.  He 
edited,  or  was  a  leading  contributor  to, 
many  journals,  notably  Tam-Tam, 
V Entr'acte,  Vert-Vert,  Charivari,  Le  Cor- 
saire,  and  Le  Figaro.  He  founded  the 
Gazette  de  Paris.  He  wrote  a  great 
number  of  books,  many  of  which  are 
novels  long  since  forgotten,  but  others 
— such  as  '  Memoires  d'un  Passant, ' 
'  Petits  Memoires  du  XIXe  Siecle,' 
and  '  Romanciers  et  Viveurs ' — may  be  re- 
membered. 

Messrs.  Baker  &  Son,  of  Clifton,  will 
publish  on  October  1st  a  small  volume 
entitled  '  Some  Little  Quakers  Jn  their 
Nursery.' 

,  Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
a  Report  of  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
Commission  on  the  papers  of  Lord 
Verulam  (price  Is.  net).  Sir  Harbottle 
Grimston  is  the  chief  figure.  His  copy  of 
"  My  Speech  on  the  Election  Day  at 
Colchester,  1639,"  and  other  speeches, 
with  local  references  to  "  old  King  Coell," 
are  good  reading. 

We  note  the  appearance  of  the  fol- 
lowing :  Report  of  the  Civil  Service 
Commissioners  (4|d.) ;  Report  of  the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education  in 
Scotland  (4s.  2d.) ;  Report  of  the 
President  of  Queen's  College,  Cork  (2ld.) ; 
and  Ordinance  of  Glasgow  University 
instituting  a  Degree  in  Pharmacy  {Id.), 
and  of  St.  Andrews  on  Degrees  in 
Agriculture  (Id.).  A  Return  as  to  Educa- 
tion in  the  United  Kingdom  gives  com- 
parisons between  the  three  kingdoms  in 
numbers  of  schools,  teachers,  and  pupils 
(lid.);  and  the  Leicester  and  neighbour- 
ing counties  part  of  the  Return  of  Non- 
Provided  Schools  is  published  (Sd.). 


SCIENCE 


BOTANICAL    LITERATUItK. 

Handbook  of  Flower  Pollination.  Based 
upon  Hermann  Muller's  Work  'The  Fertilisa- 
tion of  Flowers  by  Insects'  by  Paul  Knuth. 
Translated  by  J.  K.  Ainsworth  Davis. 
Vol.  I.  Introduction  and  Literature.  With 
81  Figures  in  the  Text.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) — "This  is  a  text-book,  not  for 
students,  but  for  professors."  \v;is  tlnj  remark 


once  made  to  us  by  a  German  professor 
about  a  similar  volume,  and  it  would  apply 
equally  to  this  valuable  work.  Unfortunately 
English  publications  of  this  type  are  rare,  and 
our  text-books  for  professors  of  botany  are  for 
the  most  part  translations  of  German  classics. 
That  this  should  be  the  case  is  a  reproach 
to  our  leading  scholars.  They  appear  to 
lack,  however,  only  that  painstaking  con- 
centration necessary  for  the  compilation  of 
such  exhaustive  volumes,  not  the  know- 
ledge, or  the  power  to  do  original  research. 

The  series  of  translations  of  the  most 
important  German  works  edited  by  Prof. 
Bayley  Balfour  has  been  of  great  service  to 
British  botanists,  and  added  largely  to  the 
resources  of  our  literature.  The  present 
volume  is  the  first  of  the  three  comprising 
Knuth's  masterly  work,  which  is  by  far  the 
most  comprehensive  on  its  subject,  and  of 
world-wide  renown.  Tt  will  be  therefore 
specially  welcomed  by  the  many  people  who 
prefer  to  read  up  a  subject  in  English  rather 
than  a  foreign  language.  The  original  first 
volume  consisted  entirely  of  an  Introduction 
and  Bibliography  ;  the  Introduction,  how- 
ever, is  complete  in  itself,  and  gives  a  mass 
of  ordered  detail  about  the  highly  complex 
relations  between  insects  and  flowers.  Based 
on  the  plan  of  Muller's  work,  it  was  pub- 
lished at  intervals  over  an  extended  period  ; 
hence  notes  and  additions  to  the  Biblio- 
graphy were  necessarily  added  to  the  later 
volumes.  In  the  translation  these  are 
wisely  brought  together,  so  that  the  biblio- 
graphy of  flower  pollination  forms  one  useful 
list,  of  which  the  references  have  been 
specially  revised  by  Dr.  Fritsch  to  ensure 
accuracy.  To  the  text  the  editor  has  added 
several  useful  notes,  indicating  matters  of 
importance  that  have  arisen  since  Knuth's 
work  was  completed.  In  the  arrangement 
of  the  text  as  well  as  the  many  text  figures 
the  original  is  followed. 

The  actual  translation,  which  was  begun 
by  Dr.  Gregg  Wilson,  but  revised  and 
completed  by  Prof.  Ainsworth  Davis,  gives 
as  literal  a  rendering  of  the  original  as  the 
different  idioms  of  speech  allow.  Excellent 
as  it  is,  however,  one  finds  slips  here  and  there, 
though  they  are  surprisingly  few.  To  cite 
an  example  :  on  p.  31  the  phrase  "  The 
pleogamous  forms  are  very  common  "  surely 
reverses  the  meaning  of  the  original  "  treten 
sehr  zwriick."  In  a  few  instances  also  the 
choice  of  the  English  word  is  not  quite  happy, 
as,  for  example,  on  p.  143,  where  a  colour  is 
described  as  "  saturated  blue."  This  would 
be  a  perfectly  correct  translation  of  "gesat- 
tigtes  blau,"  were  the  object  a  chemical 
solution  and  not  a  colour  ;  to  describe  the 
latter,  "  deep  "  or  "  rich  "  blue  is  the  usual 
term. 

These  points,  however,  are  of  trifling 
importance  in  comparison  with  the  un- 
forgivable sin  of  forgetting  the  index.  It 
seems  incomprehensible  that  any  one  accus- 
tomed to  using  scientific  books  should  like 
to  publish,  with  no  apology  for  an 
index,  a  translation  of  a  volume  of  nearly 
400  pages,  which  furthermore  is  splendidly 
indexed  in  the  original.  Not  only  is  the  text 
index  omitted,  but  also  the  equally  essential 
index  of  subjects  appended  to  the  Biblio- 
graphy in  the  original  ;  while,  Btrange  to  say, 
an  index  is  given  to  a  little  list  of  but  seven 
pages  of  zoological  references  ! 

The  publishers  may  argue  that  a  complete 
index  will  be  given  at  the  end  of  the  third 
volume.  That,  of  course,  is  necessary,  but 
it  is  small  compensation  to  those  who  may 
attempt  to  refer  to  this  volume  (which 
is  complete  in  itself)  to  know  that  in  the 
course  of  time,  when  the  third  volume  may 
be  published,  they  will  be  able  to  buy  an 
index  in  it  for  the  first.  It  was  not, 
W9     think,     an     open     question     whether. 


306 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


an  index  was  desirable  with  the  first  volume  ; 
that  had  been  decided  in  the  affirmative  by 
the  original  author,  and  it  was  the  duty  of  the 
translators  to  render  the  volume  complete, 
text  and  indexes,  as  that  author  gave  it. 

How  Ferns  Grow.  By  Margaret  Slosson. 
(New  York,  Holt  &  Co.  ;  London,  Bell  & 
Sons.) — The  title  of  this  book  is  to  some 
extent  misleading,  and  those  who  consult  its 
pages  in  the  expectation  of  obtaining  infor- 
mation as  to  the  life-history  and  processes  of 
growth  of  ferns  in  general  will  find  their 
wishes  only  partially  satisfied.  What  they 
will  find  is  an  account  of  the  leaf-development 
in  the  sporophyte  of  some  eighteen  North 
American  ferns.  In  any  delimitation  of 
fern-species  it  is  necessary,  says  the  author, 
"  to  take  into  consideration  the  leaf -deve- 
lopment of  each  species."  Jf  this  be  not 
done  there  is  always  the  risk  that  the  student 
may  treat  different  stages  of  growth  of  one 
species  as  if  they  were  independent  species 
or  varieties.  A  clearer  conception  of  the 
genetic  affinities  of  fern-species  can  be  formed 
from  a  knowledge  of  the  entire  series  of  stages 
of  development  in  the  leaf,  and,  indeed,  in 
other  organs,  than  from  the  study  of  isolated 
stages,  however  advanced.  These  stages 
of  development  are  thought  by  some  to 
furnish  a  clue  to  the  genealogical  descent 
of  the  particular  plant.  Others,  like  M. 
Casimir  de  Candolle,  do  not  attach  such 
significance  to  these  intermediate  stages. 
Fern  students  in  general,  especially  those 
working  in  herbaria,  have  comparatively 
rarely  the  opportunity  of  observing  the  exis- 
tence and  sequence  of  the  stages  between  the 
origin  of  the  frond  from  the  prothallus  and 
the  fully  developed  sporophyte.  It  is  the 
object  of  the  book  to  supply  these  deficien- 
cies— at  least  in  so  far  as  the  limitations 
of  the  author's  plan  permit.  We  have 
thus  a  descriptive  account  of  the  several 
ferns  included — an  account  rendered  more 
complete  than  usual  by  the  insertion  of 
details  relating  to  the  intermediate  leaf- 
forms  before  mentioned.  These  may  not 
be — indeed,  generally  are  not — all  met  with 
on  one  individual  plant.  Hence  a  series  of 
specimens  must  be  examined,  compared, 
and  correlated.  An  introductory  chapter 
on  the  development  of  the  fern-leaf  deals 
with  these  points,  and  will  be  valuable,  not 
to  say  fascinating,  reading  to  those  whose 
interest  in  ferns  is  not  concerned  wholly 
with  their  elegance  of  form.  The  author 
states  that  the  nomenclature  adopted  is  in 
accordance  with  the  "  American  code," 
but  as  that  has  been,  we  believe,  consider- 
ably modified  from  time  to  time,  we  do  not 
know  exactly  what  modification  has  been 
followed.  At  any  rate,  it  is  startling  to  find 
our  wall  rue,  Asplenium  ruta-muraria,  now 
labelled  Belvisia  ruta  muraria  ;  but  this  is 
not  so  disconcerting  as  one  name  given  to 
our  common  hart's  tongue  fern,  viz.,  Scolo- 
pendrium  scolopendrium.  We  are  glad  to 
see  that,  while  this  name  is  cited  by  the 
author,  it  is  not  adopted  by  her.  No  fewer 
than  forty-six  plates,  mostly  excellent,  are 
given,  together  with  numerous  illustrations 
in  the  text  and  a  full  index,  so  that  we  may 
confidently  recommend  the  book  to  fern 
students. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Stonehenge  and  other  British  Stone  Monu- 
ments, Astronomically  Considered.  By  Sir 
Norman  Lockyer,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) — In  'The  Dawn  of  Astro- 
nomy,' published  twelve  years  ago,  Sir 
Norman  Lockyer  gave  an  interesting 
account  of  the  principles  and  methods  by 
which  it  has  been  possible  to  trace  the  ideas 


of  the  ancient  Egyptians  in  the  orientation 
of  a  temple  which  they  proposed  to  build. 
What  renders  investigations  of  this  kind  of 
scientific  importance  is  that,  on  account  of 
the  regular  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  they 
furnish  a  clue  to  the  dates  of  the  erection  of 
these  ancient  buildings.  Sir  Normarr  has 
lately  turned  his  attention  to  those  remark- 
able monoliths  in  our  own  island,  the  most 
conspicuous  of  which  are  called  Stonehenge. 

Great  care  has  lately  been  taken  to  pre- 
serve them  from  further  injury  since  the 
time  when,  on  the  last  day  of  1900,  one  of 
the  outer  stones  or  sarsens  (as  they  are 
called)  was  blown  down  in  a  severe  storm. 
There  are  two  circles  of  stones,  the  inner 
formed  of  blue  stones  smaller  than  the  outer 
sarsens.  And  within  these  are  two  sets  of 
stones  erected  in  the  shape  of  a  horse-shoe, 
the  inner  one  of  these  formed  of  blue  stones. 
Now  the  open  part  of  the  outer  horse-shoe 
faces  the  sun  at  sunrise  at  the  time  of  the 
summer  solstice — the  season  (as  Sir  Norman 
remarks)  which  early  man  would  find  easiest 
to  fix  by  observation.  Beyond  the  outer 
circle  is  one  large  monolith,  at  which  a 
spectator,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
horse-shoe,  would  see  the  sun  on  the  horizon 
at  that  solstice.  It  seems  evident,  then,  that 
the  erection  was  intended  to  answer  the  pur- 
pose of  a  primeval  calendar.  Sir  Norman 
has  carried  out  some  very  elaborate 
researches  with  regard  to  the  date  which 
would  in  early  times  be  taken  as  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year. 

One  very  remarkable  result  is  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  original  date  of  Stonehenge 
was  somewhat  less  than  two  thousand  years 
before  Christ.  It  is  impossible  in  our  limited 
space  to  describe  these  investigations  in 
detail.  They  are  the  fruit  of  long-con- 
tinued study,  which  includes  other  archaeo- 
logical remains  of  a  similar  kind ;  and  some 
of  the  results  and  processes  have  been 
explained  in  articles  contributed  in  recent 
years  to  the  columns  of  Nature  and  other 
publications.  But  those  specially  interested 
in  the  subject  will  find  the  whole  set  out  in 
detail  in  the  work  before  us,  which  cannot 
fail  to  attract  general  attention,  and  will 
probably  secure  a  large  amount  of  accept- 
ance from  scholars. 

The  Electrical  Nature  of  Matter  and  Radio- 
Activity .  By  Harry  C.  Jones.  (Constable 
&  Co.) — The  present  work  first  appeared  as 
a  series  of  articles  in  The  Electrical  Review. 
The  aim  of  the  writer  has  been  "  to  present 
the  most  important  facts  and  conclusions 
in  connection  with  the  work  on  the  Electrical 
Nature  of  Matter  and  Radio- Activity  as  far 
as  possible  in  non-mathematical  language," 
and  we  think  that  he  has  produced  a  book 
which  should  prove  useful  to  those  whose 
mathematical  attainments  do  not  permit 
them  to  study  the  larger  and  more  difficult 
works  of  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  and  Prof. 
Rutherford.  The  first  two  chapters  present 
a  short  account  of  the  electrical  conductivity 
of  gases.  Next  follow  two  on  the  electric 
theory  of  matter  and  the  nature  of  the  atom 
in  terms  of  the  theory.  It  is  unfortunate  that 
these  subjects  should  have  been  introduced 
at  so  early  a  stage,  since  their  importance 
cannot  be  appreciated  by  the  student  until 
he  is  in  possession  of  a  knowledge  of  at  least 
some  of  the  facts  of  radio-activity,  to  explain 
which  has  been  one  of  the  objects  of  the  theory. 
A  reservation  of  this  part  of  the  subject  to 
a  later  stage  would  have  been  more  Logical 
and  instinct  ive. 

Next  is  described  the  discovery  of  the 
RSntgen  rays,  and  a  good  account  is  added 
of  the  manner  in  which  this  led  up  to  that 
of  the  Becquerel  rays  and  radio-activity,  to 
which  subject  the  rest  of  the  book  is  devoted. 
Alter  dealing  with  the  discovery  and  pre- 


paration of  pure  radium  salts  the  author 
discusses  the  question  of  the  atomic  weight  of 
radium.  He  rejects  the  value  225,  obtained 
by  Madame  Curie  by  direct  experiment,  in 
favour  of  258,  obtained  by  Runge  and  Precht 
by  a  spectroscopic  method,  and  places 
radium  in  Group  II.  of  the  periodic  table, 
in  series  thirteen  instead  of  twelve.  Amongst 
other  reasons  for  accepting  this  value  it  is 
argued  that,  as  radium  is  more  radio-active 
than  uranium  or  thorium,  it  should  also 
possess  the  highest  atomic  weight.  This 
does  not  necessarily  follow,  and  is  at  least 
inconsistent  with  the  view  (which  later 
receives  support)  that  uranium  is  the  parent 
of  radium. 

The  production  of  polonium,  radiotel- 
lurium,  and  actinium  is  next  described,  and 
chapters  follow  on  the  nature  and  properties 
of  the  a,  [3,  and  y  rays  ;  the  heating  effect 
of  radium  ;  the  properties  of  the  emana- 
tion and  its  products  ;  the  formation  of 
helium  from  radium  ;  and  the  transmuta- 
tion theory  of  Messrs.  Rutherford  and  Soddy 
which  has  been  advanced  to  account  for 
these  phenomena.  A  chapter  at  the  end 
of  the  book  deals  with  some  of  the  more 
recent  advances  which  have  been  made 
since  the  previous  portion  was  written,  such 
as  the  experiments  of  Messrs.  Bragg,  Klee- 
man,  and  Rutherford  on  the  range  of  the  a 
particle,  and  the  investigations  of  the  last 
named  on  the  slowly  decaying  products  of 
radium  ;  and  there  is  a  discussion  of  various 
work  on  the  "  radiobe."  To  these  already 
might  be  added  a  number  of  other  important 
researches  which  have  since  been  published  ; 
but  in  a  subject  so  keenly  studied  as  radio- 
activity, a  text-book  is  bound  to  be  partly 
out  of  date  almost  as  soon  as  it  is  issued. 

The  work  is  remarkably  free  from  mis- 
takes of  all  kinds,  and  has  evidently  been 
composed  with  care  ;  but  there  are  some 
inaccurate  statements  which  cannot  be 
passed  without  comment.  On  p.  30  it  is 
stated  that  "  Thomson  has  calculated  the 
arrangement  of  the  electrons  in  a  sphere  of 
positive  electrification  which  will  be  stable." 
The  case  of  the  stability  of  the  electrons 
arranged  in  circles  has  been  worked  out,  but, 
to  the  best  of  our  knowledge,  the  case  in  three 
dimensions  has  not  yet  yielded  to  mathe- 
matical analysis. 

Again,  on  p.  134  we  find  it  stated  that  "  if 
....  a  negative  electrode  is  introduced  into 
the  vessel,  all  the  excited  activity  is  confined 
to  this  electrode."  This  is  true  in  the  case  of 
thorium,  but  with  radium  emanation  a  small 
quantity  of  excited  activity  is  always  found 
deposited  on  the  positive  electrode.  This  is 
a  remarkable  fact,  which  has  as  yet  received 
no  explanation,  and  the  attention  of  the 
reader  should  certainly  be  called  to  it. 

We  notice  with  much  regret  that  the  volume 
does  not  contain  a  single  diagram.  A  figure 
illustrating  the  description  in  the  text  of 
subjects  such  as  the  rate  of  decay  of  radio- 
active bodies  according  to  an  exponential 
law,  or  of  the  difference  between  the  decay 
curves  of  the  active  deposit  from  radium 
when  measured  by  the  a  and  B  rays,  would 
have  been  of  great  assistance  to  the  reader. 

Notwithstanding  these  defects,  Prof. 
Jones  has  compressed  into  a  small  space 
a  very  good  account  of  the  most  im- 
portant phenomena  of  radio-activity,  and 
his  volume  should  prove  of  service  to  those 
who  are  interested  in  tho  subject,  but  can 
afford  to  devote  only  a  limited  time  to  its 
study. 

Modern  Steam  Road  Wagons.  By  William 
Norris.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — Motors  of  all 
kinds  for  traction  on  roads  have  made  such 
great  strides  in  recent  years  that  a  book 
dealing  practically  and  thoroughly  with  a 
very  important  class  commercially  of  motors 


tf°4116,  Sept.  15,1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


30? 


for  the  carriage  of  materials  and  goods 
cannot  fail  to  be  of  considerable  value  at 
the  present  time.  The  most  difficult  pro- 
blems in  connexion  with  heavy  steam  vehicles 
for  running  on  roads  are  the  design  of  the 
boiler  and  the  wheels  ;  but  whereas  suitable 
forms  for  the  boilers  of  these  vehicles  have 
been  carefully  investigated,  though  still 
capable  of  further  improvement,  their  wheels 
have  not  hitherto  been  at  all  adequately 
studied,  requiring,  as  they  do,  in  addition  to 
a  suitable  diameter  and  width  of  tyre  for  a 
definite  load,  to  combine  silence  in  working 
with  an  absorption  of  shocks  in  passing  over 
irregularities  in  the  roads. 

After  an  introductory  chapter,  in  the  latter 
part  of  which  reference  is  made  to  the  regu- 
lations about  these  vehicles  issued  in  1905, 
followed  by  a  chapter  on  '  Roads  and  Power 
Required,'  the  important  subject  of  boilers 
is  considered.  Of  the  various  forms  of  boilers 
adopted,  the  commonest  type  is  the  cylin- 
drical, vertical,  fire-tube  boiler  with  the  tubes 
partially  submerged,  though  boilers  have  also 
been  made  after  this  type  with  the  tubes 
wholly  submerged  ;  whilst  a  great  advantage 
of  it  is  the  uniform  water-level  main- 
tained under  all  conditions  of  working,  which 
is  enhanced  by  simplicity  of  construction  and 
ample  space  between  the  tubes.  Modified 
forms  of  the  locomotive  type  of  boilers  are 
also  largely  used,  especially  for  level  roads  ; 
but  they  take  up  a  considerable  space,  and 
on  steep  inclines  the  water,  flowing  to  the 
lower  end,  leaves  the  tubes  uncovered  at  the 
other  end .  The  boilers  of  several  makers  are 
described  and  illustrated  ;  and  this  branch 
of  the  subject  is  completed  by  a  short  refer- 
ence to  boiler  feed-pumps  and  boiler  fittings. 

In  a  chapter  on  '  Wheels '  the  present 
forms  of  construction  are  described  and  the 
requirements  for  these  parts  are  laid 
down  ;  whilst  the  author  expresses  the  hope 
that  before  long,  in  view  of  the  progress 
already  attained,  possibly  by  the  inter- 
position of  a  resilient  agent  between  the 
road  and  the  wheels,  the  mechanism  may 
be  isolated,  and  the  excessive  repairs 
and  vibration  be  thereby  reduced.  The 
remaining  particulars  of  construction  of 
these  vehicles  are  supplied  by  concise 
descriptions  of  the  brakes,  steering  gear, 
and  springs  employed ;  and  then  details 
are  given,  with  illustrations,  of  the  steam 
waggons  manufactured  by  ten  different  com- 
panies, and  a  short  account  of  the  general 
type  of  tip  waggons.  The  regulations  which 
came  into  operation  in  March  last  year,  with 
reference  to  motor-cars  exceeding  two  tons  in 
weight  unladen,  and  any  trailer  drawn  by  a 
heavy  motor-car,  are  printed  in  full. 

A  very  interesting  comparison  is  given  at 
the  end  of  the  book  of  the  results  of  trials 
of  haulage  by  motor  and  horses.  In  the 
first  instance,  supplied  in  detail  by  some 
millers  near  Preston,  where  sacks  of  corn 
were  conveyed  from  the  Preston  docks  to  the 
mill,  and  sacks  of  flour  from  the  mill  to 
the  warehouse,  under  conditions  which  the 
author  regards  as  specially  unfavourable  to 
motors,  the  cost  of  hauling  the  same  load 

Eer  week  amounted  to  KM.  4s.  2d.  with 
orses,  and  61.  10s.  by  motor,  or  a  wreekly 
saving  of  3?.  14s.  2d.  from  using  the  latter. 
In  the  second  example  cited,  where  1\  tons 
of  furniture  were  removed  for  Messrs.  Shool- 
bred,  in  a  portion  of  a  round  journey  of 
82  \  miles,  by  a  5-ton  waggon,  and  also  by 
two  3-horse  vans,  the  motor  waggon  did  in 
two  days  what  the  two  vans  did  in  three ; 
and  as  a  result  of  this  trial  Messrs. 
Shoolbrcd  purchased  tho  waggon.  Though 
this  class  of  work,  owing  to  the  time  spent 
in  standing  under  steam  for  loading  and 
unloading,  is  unfavourable  for  good  runs 
and  a  small  consumption  of  fuel,  the  average 


cost  of  a  month's  working  in  the  removal  of 
furniture  at  various  places  near  London, 
with  one  of  these  waggons,  was  only  23  Id. 
per  ton-mile,  and  a  consumption  of  1  cwt. 
of  coke  in  2-4  hours.  The  subject  is  treated 
in  a  thoroughly  practical  manner  ;  and  the 
book  deserves  the  careful  consideration  of 
firms  concerned  in  the  haulage  of  heavy 
loads  on  ordinary  roads,  and  should  lead 
to  a  large  extension  of  the  employment  of 
motor  waggons  for  such  purposes. 

JouteVs  Journal  of  La  Salle's  Last  Voyage, 
1684-7  (Albany,  N.Y.,  J.  McDonough),  is 
another  reprint  of  the  first  English  transla- 
tion published  in  1714,  and  not  a  translation 
of  the  fuller  and  more  authentic  text  pub- 
lished by  P.  Margry  in  1879.  This  seems  a 
pity.  An  appreciative  account  of  La  Salle's 
life-work  by  the  editor,  Dr.  H.  R.  Stiles, 
and  a  '  Bibliography  of  the  Discovery  of  the 
Mississippi,'  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Griffin,  chief 
"  Bibliographer  "  of  the  Library  of  Congress, 
form  welcome  additions.  It  is  curious  that 
neither  of  them  refers  to  the  early  travels  of 
Chouart  and  Radisson,  who  reached  the 
upper  Mississippi  many  years  before  Jolliet 
and  Marquette,  and  whose  accounts  were  for 
the  first  time  published  by  N.  E.  Dionne  in 
1884. 


Sfcunc*  (Bossip. 

Mr.  Heinemann  is  publishing  this  autumn 
the  following  volumes  of  '  The  World's 
History':  Vol.  V.,  'Eastern  Europe'; 
Vol.  VI.,  'The  Teuton  and  Latin  Races'; 
and  Vol.  VIII. ,  'Western  Europe  since  1600 
— the  Atlantic  Ocean,'  completing  the  work. 
He  also  announces  'A  Handbook  of  Meta- 
bolism,' 3  vols.,  by  Dr.  Carl  von  Noorden, 
the  English  version  edited  by  Dr.  Walker 
Hall ;  and  two  books  by  Prof.  Metchnikoff, 
•Medical  Hygiene,'  and  'The  Nature  of 
Man,'  edited  by  Dr.  Chalmers  Mitchell. 
Scientific,  but  intended  for  non-technical 
readers,  is  '  Motors  and  Men,'  by  Mr.  Henry 
Norman,  M.P.,  illustrated  by  his  own  photo- 
graphs. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death,  by  his  own 
hand,  of  Dr.  Ludwig  Boltzmann,  Professor 
of  Theoretical  Physics  at  the  University  of 
Vienna.  Besides  holding  the  position  of  Pro- 
fessor at  the  Universities  of  Berlin,  Munich, 
and  Leipsic,  Dr.  Boltzmann  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Institution  and  a  Privy 
Councillor  of  the  Austrian  Empire.  He  was 
the  author  of  many  learned  articles  and  of  a 
'  Manual  of  Analytical  Mechanics,  Electricity,' 
&c.  His  death  at  the  age  of  sixty-two,  fol- 
lowing upon  the  suicide  some  two  months 
ago  of  Prof.  Drudo,  of  Berlin,  is  perhaps  evi- 
dence of  the  confusion  that  the  late  dis- 
coveries in  physics  have  brought  about  in 
the  ideas  of  scholars  educated  in  the  earlier 
theories. 

Among  recent  Parliamentary  Papers  is  a 
First  Report  of  the  Meteorological  Com- 
mittee (for  year  ending  31st  March  last) 
(Is.  4d.).  The  appointment  of  Mr.  Gold, 
third  Wrangler  in  1903,  to  a  new  post,  as 
Superintendent  of  Instruments,  which  are 
now  supplied  to  the  navy,  the  mercantile 
marine,  and  colonial  Governments,  is  noted. 
The  Report  contains  a  valuablo  scientific 
paper  on  wind  velocity. 

Another  annual  Parliamentary  Paper  is 
the  Report  of  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Alkali 
Works,  which  includes,  as  usual,  the  manu- 
facture of  chemical  manures,  sulphuric  acid, 
ammonia,  tar,  and  other  processes  producing 
deloterious  fumes  (price  8d.). 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bullock-Workman-,  who 
have  been  mountaineering  in\the  Kashmir 
Himalayas,    reached   some    great    altitudes. 


For  two  nights  they  encamped,  with  their 
seven  Italian  guides  and  porters,  at  an 
altitude  of  over  21,000  feet  in  the  Nun  Kun 
range,  which  is  declared  to  be  the  highest 
camp  yet  made  by  mountaineers.  On  one 
occasion  Dr.  Bullock-Workman,  accompanied 
by  a  guide  and  a  porter,  ascended  a  peak  in 
the  same  range  of  over  23,000  feet. 

An  historic  landmark  is  about  to  disappear 
with  the  demolition  of  the  little  eminence 
near  Ulm  knowm  as  the  "  roc  Napoleon," 
from  which  the  Emperor  wratched  the  march 
past  of  the  garrison  under  General  Mack  on 
October  20th,  1805.  In  consequence  of  the 
doubling  of  the  line  of  railway  between  Ulm 
and  Sigmaringen  this  rock  is  to  be  blown  up; 
but  it  is  alleged  that  the  real  motive  of  the 
German  authorities  in  this  action  is  the 
desire  to  remove  the  memorial  of  a  French 
victory  in  Germany. 

Srx  new  small  planets  are  announced 
from  the  KdnigsUihl  Observatory,  Heidel- 
berg: three  were  photographed  by  Prof. 
Max  Wolf  and  one  by  Herr  Kopff  on  the 
22nd  ult.,  one  by  Prof.  Wolf  on  the  27th, 
and  one  by  Herr  Kopff  on  the  28th. 

The  photograph  of  Holmes's  periodical 
comet  (/,  1906)  on  the  28th  ult.  was 
obtained  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf,  who  describes 
it  as  of  the  sixteenth  magnitude,  with  a 
concentric  halo,  tolerably  round,  but 
brighter  on  the  western  side  than  on  the 
eastern,  and  with  a  suspicion  of  a  small 
nucleus.  The  place  was  then  R.A.  4h  7m  248, 
N.P.D.  47°  32',  and  the  motion  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  so  that  the  comet  is  now 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  constellation 
Perseus. 

Further  observations  are  published  of 
Kopff's  comet  (e,  1906),  but  all  describe  it 
as  very  faint,  scarcely  exceeding  the  twelfth 
magnitude.  According  to  Herr  Ebell's 
ephemeris,  it  has  for  some  time  been  reced- 
ing both  from  the  sun  and  the  earth. 

We  have  received  the  eighth  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  della  Societa 
degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani.  containing  a 
continuation  of  Prof.  Ricco's  account  of 
the  Italian  observations  of  the  total  eclipse 
of  the  sun  on  August  30th,  1905  ;  Prof. 
Mascari's  statistics  of  the  solar  spots, 
facula?,  and  protuberances  observed  at 
Catania  during  the  first  half  of  1906  (all  the 
phenomena  appear  to  show  a  maximum  in 
March) ;  and  continuations  of  the  spectro- 
scopical  images  of  the  solar  limb  observed 
at  Catania,  Kalocsa,  Odessa,  Rom?,  and 
Zurich,  during  July,  August,  and  September. 
1904,  as  well  as  of  the  older  ones  obtained 
by  the  late  Prof.  Tacchini  at  Palermo  from 
August  to  November,  1878. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Bells  of  England.  By  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Raven.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — Dr.  Raven,  who 
is  well  known  as  the  best  living  authority 
on  campanology,  and  who  lias  produced 
more  than  one  good  book  on  the  bells  of  East 
Anglia,  has  in  this  volume  of  the  "  Anti- 
quary's Books  "  brought  together  a  gnat 
variety  of  well-arranged  material,  culled 
from  upwards  of  half  a  century's  study  of 
English  belfries  and  bell  records.  The  result 
is  a  most  readable  and  at  the  same  time 
scholarly  hook,  which  is  brightened  by  a 
variety  of  timely  and  often  original  illustra- 
tions, many  of  them  taken  from  early  manu- 
scripts in  the  British  Museum.  It  is  a  work 
that  can  scarcely  fail  to  give  satisfaction  to 
any  who  are  interested  in  the  story  of  bells, 


308 


THE    ATSEN^UM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1900 


whether  experts  or  novices.  The  Celtic, 
Saxon,  Norman,  Plantagenet,  and  Tudor  use 
of  bells,  and  the  history  of  the  later  foundries, 
are  fully  discussed  ;  whilst  other  chapters 
tell  of  particular  dedications,  of  change- 
ringing,  of  chime  barrels  and  carillons,  of 
handbells  or  tintinnabula,  of  bell  usages  and 
laws,  and  of  the  legends  and  poetry  to 
which  they  have  given  birth.  Many  a  fact 
and  many  a  myth  as  to  the  bells  of  England 
are  pleasantly  told  in  the  less  technical  parts 
of  these  pages  ;  and  as  the  theme  is 
extensive,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  that  we 
miss  some  things  which  we  should  have  liked 
to  read.  Place,  we  think,  might  have 
been  found  for  a  few  examples  of  the 
more  modern  instances  of  quaint  records 
found  on  bells,  such,  for  instance,  as  the 
inscription  at  Ashover,  Derbyshire,  stating 
that  the  big  bell  was  cracked  in  ringing  for 
the  downfall  of  Bonaparte.  Among  old 
bell-lore  there  is  no  reference  to  the  bell  of 
St.  Guthlac,  kept  at  the  Austin  priory  of 
Repton,  which  was  supposed  to  afford  a 
remedy  for  headache.  Space,  too,  might  have 
been  found  for  the  mention  of  the  ancient  and 
touching  English  custom  of  ringing  half- 
muffled  peals  on  Holy  Innocents'  Day,  which 
tarried  long  in  the  west  of  Somerset.  There  is 
no  record  here  of  the  remarkable  inci- 
dent in  the  reign  of  Henry  TIE.,  when 
the  clerk  of  Chipping  Ongar,  Essex, 
was  killed  by  the  falling  of  the  bell  clapper 
as  he  was  tolling.  The  clapper,  at  the  inquest, 
was  declared  deodand,  and  forfeited  to  the 
Crown  ;  it  had  to  be  redeemed  by  the 
churchwardens  for  a  considerable  sum. 

These  are,  however,  trifling  faults  of 
omission,  if  faults  at  all  ;  the  critic  looks  in 
vain  for  sins  of  commission. 

English  Furniture  and  Furniture  Makers 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  By  R.  S. 
Clouston.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) — Among  the 
numerous  recent  books  on  furniture  Mr. 
Clouston's  singles  itself  out  for  special  atten- 
tion, not  so  much  for  the  greater  information 
or  taste  disclosed  in  its  pages  as  for  the 
author's  unconventional  views.  He  himself 
describes  these  as  "  revolutionary,"  which 
is  rather  to  lose  a  sense  of  proportion.  His 
preface  is  somewhat  portentous,  and  he  has 
the  air  of  snapping  his  fingers  in  defiance  at 
those  who  do  not  hold  his  opinions.  For 
one  thing,  he  is  greatly  concerned  about  the 
exact  date  at  which  mahogany  was  intro- 
duced. He  makes  out  a  good  case  for  1725 
as  the  beginning  of  the  claw-and-ball  period, 
in  which,  apparently,  Mr.  Litchfield  agrees 
with  him,  but  not  Mr.  F.  S.  Robinson.  It 
will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  book  is 
scholarly,  even  to  the  point  of  pedantry  ; 
but  it  must  not  be  undervalued  for  that 
reason.  Mr.  Clouston  is  an  ardent  student, 
and  has  his  period  at  his  finger-tips.  If  he 
may  not  be  infallible  in  matters  of  taste, 
he  can  pick  out  the  work  not  only  of  the 
masters,  but  also  of  the  minor  hands.  Thus 
he  is  one  of  the  few  writers  who  insist  on 
the  worth  of  Johnson  ;  and  he  gives  a  good 
deal  of  attention  to  Robert  Mainwaring, 
Matthias  Lock,  Shearer,  and  others.  Perhaps 
he  is  best  in  his  treatment  of  the  work  of  the 
Adams,  whoso  important  influence  on 
English  contemporary  furniture  ho  points 
out.  He  properly  defends  Chippendale 
from  Mr.  Heaton's  intolerant  assault  on  that 
famous  maker,  although  recognizing  that 
Chippendale  was  a  tradesman  and  had  to 
sell  his  goods  ;  and  he  will  not  have  it  that 
Chippendale  was  influenced  l>y  Sir  William 
Chambers  in  his  Chinese  designs.  Of  the 
four  great  designers  we  can  gather  Mr. 
Clouston's  opinions  from  this  passage,  which 
is  fairly  summary  in  its  criticism  : — 

"It  is  open  to  ua  to  admire  the  grandeur  of 

conception,  the  just  proportions,  and   the  archi- 


tectural feeling  of  Chippendale,  the  ornate  sim- 
plicity and  unfailing  eye  for  colour  of  Adam,  the 
dainty  grace  of  Hepplewhite,  or  the  severe  but 
absolute  correctness  of  Sheraton  at  his  best.  It  is, 
unfortunately,  as  easy  to  find  fault  as  it  is  to 
admire.  The  flamboyance  which  runs  riot  through 
so  much  of  Chippendale's  work  is  so  obvious  that 
it  barely  requires  mention.  Adam  is  inclined  to 
be  finikin  ;  Hepplewhite  shows  a  most  uncertain 
knowledge  of  the  first  principles  of  design,  and 
Sheraton  lacks  the  higher  artistic  qualities  of 
imagination." 

But  is  severity  the  characteristic  of  Sheraton 
at  his  best  ?  The  decadence  of  his  ' '  Empire  " 
period  is  recognized,  but  Mr.  Clouston 
deprecates  too  harsh  a  criticism,  consider- 
ing that  the  designer  held  out  against  the 
growing  fashion  till  he  was  near  ruin. 

We  have  referred  to  the  occasionally 
aggressive  tone  of  the  book.  That  does  not 
affect  its  value,  which  is  considerable.  It  will 
doubtless  find  its  place  in  libraries  among 
established  books  on  furniture.  The  style 
is  discursive,  and  touches  many  subjects, 
such  as  the  history  of  the  Church  and  the 
Latin  language,  which  are  not  exactly 
material  to  the  thesis. 

The  Talbot  J.  Taylor  Collection.  (Put- 
nam's Sons.) — This  handsome  volume,  which 
contains  187  splendid  illustrations,  is  de- 
signed to  reveal  to  the  world  the  decorative 
treasures  hidden  in  Mr.  Taylor's  house 
Cedarhurst,  Long  Island.  Talbot  House, 
of  which  a  photograph  is  given,  is  built  in 
the  Elizabethan  style,  and  is  by  no  means 
pretentious,  but  its  contents  are  invaluable. 
It  would  seem  as  if  the  owner  had  made  a 
hobby  of  buying,  not  so  much  for  the  pur- 
poses of  use  as  for  "  a  collection."  This 
book  will,  therefore,  be  mainly  of  interest 
to  collectors,  who  are  not  always  the  same  as 
connoisseurs.  The  house  is  especially  rich 
in  old  carved  woods,  and  in  German  and 
French  furniture.  It  is  not  so  thoroughly 
representative  of  English  styles. 

Sir  Herbert  Maxweli's  Official  Guide 
to  the  Abbey-Church,  Palace,  and  Environs 
of  Holyroodhouse  (Blackwood)  is  notable 
chiefly  for  its  frank  admission — made  for 
the  first  time  in  a  work  of  this  kind — of  the 
notorious  spuriousness  of  the  portraits  of 
kings  and  chiefs  in  the  so-called  "  picture 
gallery."  When  Shelley  visited  the  "  beg- 
garly palace,"  he  wrote  of  these  portraits 
that  they  must  have  been  "  the  production 
of  some  very  inferior  artist  who  could  not 
get  employment  as  a  sign-painter."  The 
artist  was  James  de  Witte  (described  in  the 
contract  of  1684  as  "  painter  "),  who  bound 
himself  to  prepare  a  series  of  110  portraits 
"the  haill  [whole]  Kings  who  have  reigned  over 
this  Kingd;  m  of  Scotland,  from  King  Fergus,  the 

first  king,  to  King  Charles  the  Second and  to 

make  them  like  unto  the  originalls  which  are  to  be 
given  to  him." 

How  the  "  originalls  "  of  kings  who  lived 
(if,  indeed,  some  of  them  lived  at  all)  before 
the  invention  of  portrait  painting  were 
procured,  no  one  can  tell.  The  portraits, 
at  any  rate,  are  there  ;  and  the  numerous 
visitors  to  the  old  Edinburgh  home  of  the 
Stuarts  are  now  assured,  by  official  authority, 
that  "  all  the  likenesses  and  many  of  the 
very  names  of  the  earlier  monarchs  are 
fictitious."  For  the  rest,  Sir  Herbert  Max- 
well has  simply  retold  the  story  of  Holyrood 
as  it  is  known  to  students  of  Scottish 
history — telling  it,  however,  in  his  own  way, 
with  a  certain  picturesqueness,  and  with 
an  eye  to  the  romance  of  the  subject  which 
gives  a  real  distinction  to  the  paper-covered 
booklet.  Some  excellent  illustrations  add 
greatly  to  the  interest  of  a  work  which,  if  it 
had  not  been  described  as  a  "guide,"  wo 
should  have  said  lacked  something  in  lacking 
an  indox. 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  THE  HUNDRED 

OF  CARHAMPTON. 

i. 

The  Hundred  of  Carhampton,  in  the 
extreme  west  of  the  county  of  Somerset, 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Bristol 
Channel,  and  on  the  west  by  the  county  of 
Devon.  Its  churches  are  not  nearly  so 
numerous  as  in  many  a  hundred  of  smaller 
area  in  this  and  other  counties,  for  it 
includes  such  large  stretches  of  wild  moor- 
land that  it  could  never  have  been  occupied 
by  a  considerable  population. 

In  a  like  area  in  several  parts  of  England 
fifty  parish  churches  might  be  found,  but  in 
this  hundred  we  have  only  sixteen  parish 
churches,  namely,  those  of  the  two  well- 
known  market  towns  of  Dunster  and  Mine- 
head,  of  the  little  town  of  Porlock,  and  of 
the  villages  of  Carhampton  (with  chapel  of 
Rodhuish),  Culbone,  Cutcombe,  Exford, 
Luccombe,  Luxborough,  Oare,  Selworthy, 
Stoke-Pero,  Timberscombe,  Treborough, 
Withycombe,  and  Wootton  Courtney.  There 
are  also  two  ancient  chapels,  happily 
restored  to  their  original  use,  as  well  as  the 
remains  of  several  others.  These  churches 
have,  as  will  be  seen,  very  considerable  and 
diversified  interests  of  their  own  ;  but  one 
of  the  chief  joys  of  visiting  them  is  to  be 
found  in  the  exceeding  beauty  of  the  scenery 
that  has  to  be  traversed.  It  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  surpass  the  beauty  of  the  sea-line 
of  this  hundred,  particularly  of  the  Bay  of 
Porlock,  anywhere  round  our  coast,  whilst 
the  glorious  valley  of  the  Horner,  stretching 
up  past  Cloutsham  Ball  to  Dunkery 
Beacon,  the  highest  point  of  Exmoor.  is 
almost  unrivalled  for  the  varied  charm  of  its 
inland  loveliness. 

Two  of  this  group  of  West  Somerset 
churches  have  most  unusual  dedications. 
The  church  in  the  centre  of  Porlock  town  is 
dedicated  to  St.  Dubricius,  whilst  the  tiny 
church  of  Kitnore,  hidden  away  in  a  deep 
cleft  running  down  into  the  sea,  has 
almost  entirely  lost  its  old  name,  acquiring 
that  of  St.  Culbone,  the  patron  saint 
of  this  early  shrine.  It  is  an  axiom 
among  genuine  ecclesiologists  to  look 
carefully  for  early  remains  where  there 
are  early  and  unusual  dedications.  This 
notion  is  confirmed  by  the  result  of  careful 
search  in  the  Carhampton  Hundred.  It  is 
only  at  Porlock  and  Kitnore  or  Culbone  that 
I  have  been  able  to  trace  pre-Norman  work. 
So  far  as  Porlock  itself  is  concerned,  it  is  of 
particular  interest  to  note  its  association 
with  the  great  Welsh  archbishop  of  the 
sixth  century.  The  other  five  dedications 
that  have  survived  in  his  name  are  to  be 
found  in  Monmouthshire  and  Herefordshire. 
In  this  case  it  would  appear  likely  that 
Dubricius  crossed  over  the  waters  of  the 
Bristol  Channel  from  Glamorganshire  on  a 
missionary  enterprise,  landing  in  Porlock 
Bay,  and  that  the  church  founded  there 
took  its  name  after  tho  archbishop's  death. 
The  tradition  that  was  still  current  here 
some  fifty  years  ago  made  Culbone  the 
name  of  a  brother  priest  who  accompanied 
Dubricius  from  Wales  and  tarried  here, 
building  himself  a  hermitage  or  oratory  in 
the  secluded  Kitnore  combo  towards  the 
end  of  his  life 

Within  the  church  of  St.  Dubricius, 
Porlock,  there  now  rests  a  fragmont  of  a 
pro-Norman  cross  in  a  founder's  recess  of 
the  south  aisle.  This  fragment,  found 
during  a  recent  restoration,  is  but  small, 
yet  sufficient  remains  to  show  that  it 
formed  part  of  a  richly  ornamented  upstand- 
ing cross  of  knotwork  combined  with 
figures.  It  is  not  of  the  earliest  forms  of 
such  designs,  and  would  probably  be  assigned 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


309 


by  experts  to  the  tenth  century.  A  great 
attack  was  made  on  this  coast,  and  a  landing 
effected  in  Porlock  Bay  by  a  piratical  band 
from  Brittany  in  the  year  918.  Very  possibly 
the  original  wooden  church  Mas  at  this  time 
destroyed  or  abandoned,  and  when  peace 
was  restored  to  the  neighbourhood  the  first 
stone  church  was  erected.  It  is  difficult  to 
believe  that  those  capable  of  the  workman- 
ship of  this  cross  would  be  content  with  a 
mere  timber  place  of  worship.  Tt  seems 
likely,  too,  that  a  Saxon  stone  church  of 
substantial  character  stood  here  and  sufficed 
for  a  long  period  ;  for  there  is  no  sign  of 
Norman  workmanship  about  the  present 
building,  and  it  was  obviously  rebuilt  in  the 
days  of  Henry  III. 

As  to  Culbone,  though  it  is  hardly  possible 
to  believe  that  there  is  workmanship  extant 
here  of  the  days  of  St.  Culbone,  if  he  was 
an  associate  of  SS.  Dubricius  and  David, 
nevertheless  there  is  evidently  work  per- 
taining to  this  diminutive  church  which  is 
of  older  date  than  the  time  of  the  Normans. 
Culbone  not  only  has  the  most  picturesque 
and  secluded  situation  of  any  church  in 
England,  but  can  also  lay  claim  to  be  the 
smallest  perfect  parish  church  in  the  king- 
dom. There  are  one  or  two  others  whose 
walls  enclose  a  slightly  smaller  area,  but 
they  are  either  chapels,  or  only  fragments  of 
the  original  church.  At  Culbone,  however, 
there  is  a  complete  and  ancient  diminutive 
church,  consisting  of  chancel,  nave,  and  south 
porch,  with  a  small  slated  spire  rising  from 
the  western  gable.  The  actual  interior 
measurements,  often  wrongly  cited  in  guide- 
books, are  :  total  length,  33  ft.  ;  width  of 
nave,  12  ft.  8  in.  ;  width  of  chancel  from 
9  ft.  7^  in.  to  10  ft.  The  walls,  which  are 
about  2  ft.  6  in.  thick,  though  pierced  with 
later  windows  which  are  of  varying  dates, 
are  not  later  than  Norman,  and  pos- 
sibly earlier.  At  all  events,  there  is 
Saxon  work  on  the  north  side  of  the 
chancel,  where  there  is  a  most  note- 
worthy double-light  small  window  cut  out 
of  a  single  stone,  which  is  ornamented  on 
the  exterior,  and  has  a  bolt-hole  through 
the  centre  mullion  inside  for  the  fastening 
of  shutters.  The  outside  shows  clearly  that 
there  has  been  a  small  projecting  early 
building  in  this  place,  which  would  serve  as 
an  ankerhold  for  a  recluse,  or  as  a  diminutive 
chamber  for  the  ministering  priest.  The 
foundations  of  this  small  chamber  were 
extant  not  so  long  ago  ;  it  may  have  been 
the  saint's  original  oratory,  to  which  a 
tiny  church  was  afterwards  attached.  The 
double-light  window  seems  to  have  been 
set  back  when  the  chamber  was  removed. 
The  whole  stone  out  of  which  these  two 
tiny  round-headed  lights  are  cut  measures 
only  26  in.  by  18  in. 

As  to  the  Norman  work  in  the  fabrics  of 
these  churches  there  is  not  much  extant 
evidence  ;  but  here,  as  in  other  districts,  the 
presence  of  several  Norman  fonts  is  a  proof 
of  the  Christian  faith  and  ecclesiastical 
energy  of  the  conquering  race.  At  Car- 
hampton,  whose  church  is  entered  on  the 
Domesday  Survey,  the  old  Norman  font 
has  been  unhappily  rejected  during  a  recent 
rot  oration  ;  but  it  has  found  shelter  in  the 
old  chapel  of  Rodhuish.  At  Withycombe 
church  the  font  is  of  late  Norman  date, 
with  cable  moulding  below  the  bowl.  The 
old  stone  font  of  Sehvorthy  is  an  undoubted 
plain  example  of  Norman  work.  This  font 
is  otherwise  most  singular,  inasmuch  as  it  is 
carefully  encased  in  an  octagonal  wooden 
covering,  with  panels  of  linen-fold  design. 
This  coating  is  probably  of  1660  date.  Two 
of  the  most  retired  churches,  both  within 
the  confines  of  Kxmoor — namely,  Stoke-Pero 
and  Oare— retain  their  small  Norman  font- 


bowls.  In  the  former  case  the  bowl  has  a 
diameter  of  23  in.,  but  the  latter  is  smaller. 
Each  of  them  is  supported  by  a  more  recent 
octagonal  shaft. 

Of  Norman  work  in  the  fabrics,  there  are 
the  west  doorway  and  western  central 
tower  piers  of  Dunster  church,  and 
the  western  tower  of  the  bleakly  situated 
church  of  Stoke-Pero — a  parish  of  some 
fifty  inhabitants,  under  the  shelter  of  Dun- 
kery  Beacon.  The  core  of  this  tower  and 
its  archway  into  the  nave  are  clearly  of  early 
plain  Norman  date  ;  the  buttresses  and  the 
unfinished  uppermost  stage  are  of  a  later 
period.  This,  too,  is  the  case  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  western  tower  of  Timberscombe 
church.  Possibly  this  is  also  the  date  of  the 
lower  part  of  Selworthy  church  tower,  which 
is  undoubtedly  older  than  the  rest  of  the 
fabric;  but  in  this  instance  rough-cast  and 
ivy  conceal  so  much  of  the  walls  that  it  is 
difficult  to  speak  with  certainty.  A  stone 
corbel-head  at  Oare  exhausts  the  noticeable 
Norman  features  of  the  hundred. 

As  to  the  Early  English  or  First  Pointed 
style  of  the  thirteenth  century,  there  is 
special  evidence  in  the  monks'  choir  of 
Dunster  church,  and  at  Porlock  and  Luc- 
combe,  and  smaller  but  certain  remains  at 
Luxborough,  Treborough,  and  Oare.  Porlock 
clmrch  was  rebuilt  on  a  good  scale  in 
the  first  half  of  that  csntury.  The  tower, 
with  its  long  western  lancet  and  low  double 
buttresses  at  each  of  the  western  angles,  is  a 
substantial  example  of  that  date.  The  body 
of  the  church  consists  of  nave  and  south 
aisle,  and  there  are  traces  remaining  of  lancet 
windows.  The  chancel,  as  may  be  gathered 
from  a  double-drained  piscina,  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  finished  before  Edward  I.  came 
to  the  throne.  From  the  tower  springs  an 
octagonal  broached  spire  of  great  timbers 
covered  with  oak  shingles.  Many  of  the 
main  timbers  of  the  spire  are  possibly  as  old 
as  the  tower,  but  exposed  shingles  require 
fairly  frequent  renewal.  In  favourable  cir- 
cumstances they  last  about  a  century  :  these 
were  renewed  in  1884.  The  spire  has  a  most 
graceless,  truncated  appearance,  having  lost 
some  fifteen  feet  of  its  summit  in  a  storm 
about  1700.  Its  ugly  look  had,  however, 
endeared  itself  so  much  to  some  of  the  older 
inhabitants,  that  it  was  left  unaltered,  by 
an  unfortunate  error  in  judgment,  during 
the  extensive  restorations.  A  local  wise- 
acre, whose  opinion  was  regarded  as  of 
much  weight,  remarked  :  "  You  can  see  a 
spire  with  a  point  anywhere,  but  this  is 
peculiar  to  Porlock." 

The  chancel  of  Luccombe  church  was 
clearly  rebuilt  in  the  second  half  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  A  large  lancet  window 
has  been  reopened  on  each  side,  and  there 
are  a  double  piscina  and  a  single  sedile  in 
the  south  wall. 

The  archway  into  the  chancel  of  the 
much  modernized  church  of  breezy  Tre- 
borough is  Early  English.  There  are  three 
shafts  in  the  jambs,  with  good,  plainly 
moulded  capitals  and  bases.  On  the  south 
side  of  the  chancel  of  Luxborough  church 
are  two  small,  widely  splayed  lancets,  and  a 
similar  one  in  the  north  wall.  The  lower 
stages  of  the  tower  are  of  like  date — that 
is,  fairly  early  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III. 
This  tower  has  been  egregiously  altered  of 
late  years,  and  spoilt  by  the  addition  of 
another  stage,  absurdly  adorned  with  cross- 
bow loopholes. 

Another  old  tower — probably  in  the  main 
of  the  thirteenth  century — which  has  been, 
unhappily,  nearly  as  much  spoilt,  is  that  of 
Wootton  Courtney  church.  In  this  case  a 
gabled  or  hip-backed  stage  has  been  added, 
out  of  keeping  not  only  with  the  rest  of  the 


church,   but  also  with   the  architecture  of" 
the  district. 

From  this  and  slighter  indications  it  i3 
clear  that  there  was  a  general  demand 
in  this  part  of  Somerset,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.,  for  larger  chancels  than  those 
of  Norman  and  Saxon  date,  to  accommodate 
a  greater  dignity  of  service.  In  some  in- 
stances, also,  the  mere  bell-cote  of  the  west 
gable  gave  way  to  a  bell-carrying  tower. 

At  Cutcombe  there  is  an  interesting  Early 
English  font  of  Purbeck  marble,  which  was 
dug  up  in  the  churchyard  some  forty  years 
ago.  It  consists  of  a  block  of  black  veined 
marble  28  in.  square,  and  has  an  excep- 
tionally shallow  bowl,  only  12  in.  in 
diameter.  It  is  supported  on  a  central 
shaft,  with  four  small  shafts  at  the  angles. 
The  small  shafts  were  missing  when 
the  font  was  dug  up  from  the  place 
where  it  had  doubtless  been  thrown  by 
the  Commonwealth  Puritans,  when  the 
use  of  the  old  fonts  was  forbidden. 
These  pillars  have  been  renewed  in  red  local 
stone,  making  a  curious  contrast. 

Of  the  work  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
usually  termed  Decorated,  there  are  no- 
striking  examples ;  but  the  architectural 
student  will  have  no  difficulty  in  detecting 
window  insertions  and  a  few  other  details  of 
this  period  in  the  churches  of  Dunster,  Mine- 
head,  Porlock,  "Withycombe,  &c.  The  two- 
staged  towc  r  of  Cutcombe,  which  lacks  any 
stone  stairway,  should  also  not  be  overlooked  ; 
it  is  of  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  or 
the  beginning  of  Edward  II.  The  small 
octagonal  font,  with  octagonal  shaft,  at 
Luxborough  is  probably  of  the  reign  o£ 
Richard  II.  J.  Charles  Cox. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Mr.  Vincent  Brtjmmek.  apparently  a 
pupil  of  Prof.  Jastrow,  of  Baltimore,  has 
written  a  very  interesting  article  in  the 
liecueil  de  Travaux  on  an  incantation  tablet 
belonging  to  Father  Scheil.  The  tablet 
appears  to  be  one  of  the  series  generally 
known  as  siptu  bit  nuru  ("  incantation  of  the 
house  of  light  "),  a  list  of  which,  all  from 
examples  taken  from  Assurbanipal's  library 
at  Kuyunjik,  is  given  in  Mr.  Leonard  King's 
excellent  '  Babylonian  Magic  and  Sorcery,' 
p.  53.  The  present  tablet,  however,  instead 
of  being,  like  these  last,  in  Assyrian,  is  written 
in  Sumerian,  and  in  an  extremely  archaic 
script  which  Mr.  Brummer  thinks  may  be 
as  old  as  3500  B.C.  This  is,  then,  a  striking 
confirmation  of  the  view  formed  on  other 
grounds  that  Assurbanipal's  spells  were  not 
originals,  but  copies  and  translations  of 
documents  in  use  thousands  of  years  before. 
Moreover,  the  Sumerian  title  E-nu-skub  does 
not,  according  to  the  same  authority,  mean 
"  incantation  of  the  house  of  light,"  but 
"incantation  of  the  house  not  exorcised," 
i.e..  of  the  house  which  does  not  need  exor- 
cism or  purification  because  it  is  already  pure. 
From  this  Mr.  Brummer  proceeds  to  the 
further  deductions  t hat  the  temple  of  Ea  at 
Eridu  was  the  holy  place  par  excellence  of  the 
Sumerian  religion,  whence  all  other  Sumerian 
temples  were  supposed  to  derive  their 
sanctity,  and  then  that  Ea  was  the  most 
important     personage    in    the    Babylonian 

Trinity  or  Supreme  Triad,  the  later  supre- 
macy of  his  son  Marduk  being  merely  a 
political  device  of  the  priests  who  helped 
to  found  the  city  of  Babylon  by  immigration 
from   Eridu.     Although    there   is   much   in 

t  his  that  is  conjectural,  the  theory  is  plausible 

enough  and  amusingly  worked  out. 

In  one  of  the  masterly  reviews  which  M. 
Maspero  usually  contributes  at  this  time  of 
year  to  the  Revue  Critique,  he  takes  occasion 


310 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


to  remark,  concerning  Baron  von  Bissing's 
and    Dr.    Borchardt's    work    on    the    Sun- 
Temple  at  Abusir,  that  the  building,  when 
complete,   must   have   singularly   resembled 
;a  Babylonian  "  Ziggurat,"  and  also  that  an 
Egyptian  town  and  temple  of  the  Memphite 
■period  must  have  been  very  like  the  buildings 
•ef  a  Babylonian  city  of  the  same  period  as 
-exemplified  in  the  case  of  "  Ur  of   the  Chal- 
dees."     If  this  be   accepted,   we  have   one 
parallel    the   more   to   add   to  those  of  the 
•cylinder-seal    and    the    building    with    clay 
bricks,    between    the    Babylonian    and    the 
-early  Egyptian  culture.     Whether  this  im- 
plies the  derivation  by  descent   of   the  last 
named   from   the  first,  or   merely  conscious 
<or    unconscious    borrowing,     must     remain 
undecided.  In    a    review   of    Dr.   Breasted's 
'  History  of  Egypt,'  already  noticed  in  The 
Athenceum     (see     No.    4095),    M.    Mas]3ero, 
while  doing  full  justice  to  the  good  qualities 
of  what   he   calls  a  useful   and  interesting 
book,  takes  the  author  gently  to  task  for  his 
feo    uncompromising   Berlinism,    and    men- 
tions in  passing  that  M.  Legrain's  discoveries 
.  at  Karnak  have  already  cast  grave  doubt  on 
Dr.  Sethe's  ingenious  theories  of  the  revo- 
lutions and  restorations  in   the    dynasty  of 
'the    early    Thothmes.     As    to    the    Berlin 
■  chronology  based  upon  the  supposed  risings 
•  of  Sirius,  the  Director  of  the  Service  says, 
with  polite  irony,  that  he  has  seen  too  many 
-absolutely  fixed  dates  derived  from  astro- 
momical     data     upset    shortly     after     their 
promulgation  by  others  no  less  absolutely 
;fixed,  and   drawn   from    the   same  sources, 
■•not  to  be  sceptical  in  such  matters.     It  may 
also  be  noted  that  M.  Legrain  completes  in 
the     current     number   of    the   Recueil    the 
summary  of  his  wonderful  find  of  historical 
statues  in  the  favissa  at  Karnak,  and  gives 
us  the  welcome  news  that  the  volumes  of 
the   Catalogue    General   dealing   with   them 
;are  already  in  print. 

Much  important    information    which    the 
Egyptologist    should   not  miss    is    included 
an     M.      Victor      Loret's      Musee      Guimet 
lecture  on  '  L'Egypte  au  Temps  du  Totem- 
isme.'     Although  one  finds  it  very  hard  to 
believe  that  the  objects  in  the  Negadah  vase- 
paintings    are    not    galleys,   but    stockaded 
villages,  and  that  the  neter  sign  is  not  an 
;axe,  but  an  ensign,  these  are  not  very  essen- 
tial  parts  of  his  theory,   which  is,  briefly, 
■•that  the  gods   of  the   Egyptians  were  the 
totems  of  the  different  Egyptian  clans  before 
they  were  worshipped  as  gods.     The  theory, 
which  is  set  forth  with  all  M.  Loret's  accus- 
tomed skill  and  wealth  of  illustration,  has 
imuch  to  recommend  it,  and  would  certainly 
-explain  that  worship  of  animals  which  ever 
isince  Roman  times  has  formed  one  of  the 
•standing  puzzles  of  Egyptian  religion.     The 
•examples  which  he  takes  from  the  so-called 
slate  "  palettes  "  and  other  relics  of  archaic 
-times  are  convincing  enough  ;    but  he  is  not 
;altogether  so  satisfactory  when  he  comes  to 
define  the  meaning  of  "  totem."     To  speak 
of  the  emblem  as  a  "  signe  de  ralliement  " 
and  an  "  attribut  ethnique  "  does  not  take 
us  the  whole  way,  unless  he  can  explain  why 
one  clan  should   choose  one  emblem,   and 
another,  another.     It  is  easy  to  understand, 
■for  instance,  why  the  royal  tribe  should  call 
iitself    "  the    Hawks  "    and    another    "  the 
Elephants,"  and  such  names  can  be  paralleled 
fey  the  usage  of  Red  Indians  and  other  races. 
But  why  should  any  body  of  men  call  them- 
selves the  "  Tresses  of  Hair  "  or  the  "  Crossed 
Arrows,"  as,  according  to  M.  Loret's  theory, 
two  of  the  Egyptian  tribes  must  have  done  '! 
An   opponent   of   the   totemistic   theory   of 
ireligion  might  surely  reply  that  it  was  because 
the  tribe  worshipped,  for  other  reasons,  gods 
,of  whom  the  objects  in  question  were,  for 
some  reason  or  another,  the  emblems,  that 
they  gathered  under  their  banners,  in  the 


way  that  we  hear  under  Rameses  II.  of  a 
Regiment  of  Amen,  a  Regiment  of  Ptah,  and 
the  like.  Yet  the  longer  one  studies  M. 
Loret's  theory,  the  more  interesting  and 
probable  does  it  become. 

The  late  exhibition  of  the  Egypt  Explora- 
tion Fund  at  King's  College  was  distinguished 
from  those  of  earlier  years  by  a  series  of 
lectures  illustrated  by  lantern-slides,  the 
three  lecturers  being  Dr.  Naville,  Mr.  H.  R. 
Hall,  and  Mr.  Currelly.  Dr.  Naville's 
discourse  was  in  effect  a  description  of  the 
work  at  Deir  el-Bahari ;  but  Mr.  Hall  gave  a 
very  interesting  account  of  the  connexion 
between  early  Greece  and  Egypt — a  con- 
nexion which  he  asserted  to  be  proved  so 
far  as  Twelfth  Dynasty  times  are  concerned, 
and  to  be  very  probable  for  neolithic  ones. 
His  idea,  which  he  broached  last  year  in 
The  Journal  for  Hellenic  Studies,  is  that  the 
earliest  civilization  of  both  countries  was 
neither  Semitic  nor  Aryan,  but  was  derived 
from  Prof.  Sergi's  Mediterranean  race,  of 
whom  he  considers  the  "dark  dolichocephalic" 
Southern  European  of  the  present  day  the 
representative.  He  pointed  out  many  like- 
nesses between  the  Eleventh  Dynasty  temple 
at  Deir  el-Bahari,  the  Labyrinth  at  Hawara, 
and  the  Cretan  Labyrinth  at  Cnossus  ;  while 
he  concluded  that  such  differences  as  do 
occur  can  be  accounted  for  by  the  contrast 
between  the  ever-varying  beauty  of  the 
Greek  landscape  and  the  flat  monotony  of 
the  Nile  Vallejr.  Mr.  Currelly  gave  two 
interesting  lectures  on  the  Exodus,  in  which 
he  likened  the  position  of  the  Israelites  in 
Egypt  to  that  of  the  Bedawis  who  live  about 
the  Wady  Tumulat  at  the  present  day.  He 
thought  that  even  a  few  spears  in  this  situation 
may  have  been  useful  to  the  declining  power 
of  the  Hyksos,  and  that  the  Hebrews  probably 
joined  some  of  the  many  Asiatic  invaders  of 
Egypt  in  the  time  of  Mineptah  or  Rameses  III. 
and  thus  brought  about  their  own  expulsion. 
As  to  the  route  of  the  Exodus,  he  pointed  out 
that  the  fugitives  must  have  passed  near 
Tanis,  whose  garrison  turned  out  in  pursuit, 
and  were  later  magnified  into  "  Pharaoh 
and  his  host."  Palmer's  choice  of  er  Raba 
as  the  site  of  the  battle  of  Rephidim  is  im- 
possible, as  there  would  not  be  enough  water 
there  for  the  hosts  either  of  the  Amalekites 
or  the  Israelites,  whose  numbers  Mr.  Currelly 
put  at  6,000  men.  He  also  gave  a  physical 
explanation  of  the  crossing  of  the  Red  Sea, 
and  his  reasons  for  considering  that  manna 
was  nothing  but  snow,  which  the  exiles 
would  here  see  for  the  first  time. 

Some  curious  points  in  the  history  of  the 
Church  are  raised  in  the  current  number  of 
the  Revue  Archeologique  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Paton 
in  a  note  on  the  inscription  of  Abercius.  He 
agrees  with  Mr.  F.  C.  Conybeare  that  "  the 
Virgin "  here  specifically  mentioned  as 
Trapdkvos  ayvr'j  was  not  the  Virgin  Mary,  but 
the  Church,  which  was  thus  generally  sym- 
bolized during  the  first  century  and  the  early 
part  of  the  second.  He  also  thinks  that  the 
Xpno-Tov  oTvov  here  mentioned  was  an  allu- 
sion to  the  Eucharist,  the  adjective  being  a 
sort  of  common  form  under  which  the  Church 
in  time  of  persecution  was  accustomed  to 
conceal  the  forbidden  word  ^pioTiavos.  Thus 
he  would  explain  the  xPVvre,  Xa'P€  so  o^11 
found  on  Christian  tombstones  of  the  period. 
In  this,  as  in  other  matters,  the  Orthodox 
or  Greek  Church  has  preserved  the  ancient 
usage.  __ 

JTtiu-^rt  (gossip. 

The  "■  proprietors  of  The  Burlington 
Magazine  have  decided  to  extend  its  benefits 
by  bringing  out  an  abridged  edition  of  it  on 
the  15th  of  each  month,  for  the  use  of  those 
lovers  of  art  who  wish    to  be  up  to  date  in 


their  knowledge,  but  have  leisure  for  only  a 
general  survey.  The  Shilling  Burlington  will 
make  its  first  appearance  on  October,  15th. 
It  will  contain  a  selection  from  the  articles 
of  the  greatest  popular  interest  in  the  current 
Burlington,  and,  like  it,  will  be  amply  illus- 
trated with  photogravures,  collotypes,  and 
colour  and  half-tone  plates.  These  features, 
combined  with  the  sound  scholarship  of  the 
parent  magazine,  make  the  new  venture  one 
of  great  interest. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  announce 
their  early  publication  of  "The  Medici  series 
of  Reproductions  after  the  Old  Masters," 
which  they  regard  as  of  exceptional  quality. 
The  plates  will  be  printed  in  colour,  and  in 
exact  facsimile,  by  a  new  photographic  process 
which  eliminates  the  possibility  of  error  due 
to  copying  by  hand,  and  the  use  of  highly 
glazed  paper.  The  first  three  plates  of  the 
series  will  be  ready  in  about  a  month's  time, 
and  will  be  :  '  Head  of  the  Virgin  Mary,' 
by  Luini,  detail  from  the  fresco  now  in  the 
Brera  Palace,  Milan  ;  '  Head  of  the  Christ,' 
after  Leonardo's  unfinished  cartoon  at  the 
same  place ;  and  Botticelli's  '  Virgin  and 
Child,'  after  the  painting  in  tempera  in  the 
Museo  Poldi-Pezzoli  at  Milan. 

Part  V.  of  Mr.  Sidney  Colvin's  '  Selected 
Drawings  from  Old  Masters  in  the 
University  Galleries  and  in  the  Library  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,'  about  to  be  pub- 
lished, contains  drawings  by  the  following 
artists :  Vittore  Pisano,  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Lorenzo  di  Credi  and  his  School,  the  School 
of  Botticelli  (two),  Raffaellino  del  Garbo, 
Michelangelo,  Raphael  (two,  and  one  doubt- 
ful), School  of  Giorgione  (two),  Titian,  Hugo 
van  der  Goes,  Rembrandt,  Durer,  and  Hans 
von  Kulmbach  (two). 

Among  Messrs.  Macmillan's  announcements 
are  '  Crome's  Etchings,'  a  catalogue  and 
appreciation  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Theobald ;  '  Cos- 
tume, Fanciful,  Historical,  and  Theatrical,' 
by  Mrs.  Aria  and  Mr.  Percy  Anderson ;  '  The 
Santuario  of  the  Madonna  diVico,  Pantheon 
of  Charles  Emanuel  I.  of  Savoy,'  by  Sign  or 
Melano  Rossi ;  and  a  new  edition  of  Mrs. 
Frankau's  '  Eighteenth  -  Century  Colour 
Prints.' 

Mr.  Heinemann  is  publishing  this 
season  Vol.  II.  of  '  The  King's  Pictures,' 
photogravures  of  the  Windsor  Castle  collec- 
tion, with  text  by  Mr.  Lionel  Cust ;  '  Ver- 
sailles and  the  Trianons,'  by  M.  Pierre  do 
Nolhac,  with  coloured  plates  by  M.  Rene 
Binet,  which  is  also  available  in  an  edition 
de  luxe,  and  a  reissue  in  five  parts  of  the 
successful  reproductions  of  'Great  Masters.' 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  promise,  amongst 
other  books,  'The  Art  Crafts  for  Be- 
ginners,' by  Mr.  F.  G.  Sandford,  and 
'Staffordshire  Pots  and  Potters,'  by  Messrs. 
G.  W.  Rhead  and  F.  Rhead,  both  of  which 
will  be  fully  illustrated. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

HEREFORD    MUSICAL  FESTIVAL. 

The  one  hundred  and  eighty-third 
meeting  of  the  three  choirs  of  Hereford, 
Gloucester,  and  Worcester  began  last 
Tuesday  morning,  and,  as  usual,  with  a 
performance  of  Mendelssohn's  '  Elijah,' 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Sinclair.  The 
principal  singers  were  Mesdames  Albani 
and  Ada  Crossley,  and  Messrs.  Ben  Davies 
and  William  Higley  the  last  named 
taking  with  credit  the'piace  of  Mr.  Andrew 
Black,  who  was  unable  to  appear. 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


311 


In  the  evening  Dr.  Walford  Davies 
conducted  his  sacred  symphony  "  Lift  up 
your  hearts,"  composed  expressly  for  the 
occasion.  The  first  two  movements  are 
virtually  instrumental ;  there  are  only  a 
few  vocal  bars  at  the  beginning  of  the 
first.  The  Allegro  energico,  written  on 
classical  fines,  though  full  of  thought, 
lacks  contrast  and  chmax ;  the  Allegretto 
amabile,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  charming 
little  movement,  only  it  seems  out  of 
place  in  a  sacred  symphony.  Next  comes 
a  "Soliloquy"  for  bass,  which,  however, 
proved  disappointing.  A  Largo  espressivo 
opens  well  with  an  emotional  theme,  and 
three  "  sayings  of  Jesus  "  are  afterwards 
sung  by  the  choir ;  but  the  simplicity  of 
the  music,  though  certainly  a  step  in 
the  right  direction,  brings  it  near  the 
commonplace.  The  Finale,  in  which  the 
old  plain-song  Sanctus  is  used  as  basis,  is 
most  elaborate.  There  are  a  few  fine 
moments  in  it,  yet  on  the  whole  the  com- 
poser, looking  after  details  in  the  work- 
manship, seems  to  have  failed  to  grasp 
the  general  effect  of  the  music.  The 
effect  is  one  of  aiming  at  something  with- 
out actual  realization.  To  judge  from  the 
performance,  the  work,  which  is  far  from 
easy,  had  not  been  fully  rehearsed  ;  there 
was  a  want  of  light  and  shade  in  the 
choral  singing,  and  even  the  orchestra — 
an  excellent  one,  under  the  leadership  of 
Mr.  Frye  Parker — was  not  always  certain. 
A  better  rendering  might  show  off  the 
music  in  a  more  favourable  fight,  yet  we 
are  of  opinion  that  Dr.  Davies  has  not 
used  his  gifts  this  time  to  the  best 
advantage.  The  soloist  was  Mr.  Plunket 
Greene,  who  made  the  most  of  his  part.  An 
impressive  rendering  was  afterwards  given 
of  SirEdward  Elgar's  '  Dream  of  Gerontius,' 
with  Miss  Muriel  Foster  and  Messrs.  John 
Coates  and  Ff range on-Da vies  as  soloists. 

The  programme  on  Wednesday  morning 
included  Bach's  Mass  in  b  minor,  with 
omission  of  the  first  eleven  numbers. 
There  was  at  times  a  want  of  light  and 
shade  in  the  choral  portions,  and  through 
heaviness  the  entries  of  important  themes 
in  the  various  voices  did  not  always  stand 
out  with  sufficient  clearness.  At  other 
times  there  was  not  the  requisite  tender- 
ness, as  in  the  "  Et  incarnatus."  Gener- 
ally, however,  there  was  much  deserving 
of  praise.  The  "Et  resurrexit "  was 
given  with  splendid  spirit,  and  the 
"  Osanna "  was  delightfully  sung.  The 
most  impressive  number  was  the  grand 
"  Sanctus,"  rendered  with  all  power  and 
stateliness.  The  choir  is  very  good  :  the 
basses  are  the  finest  section,  and  next  to 
them  come  the  sopranos.  The  soloists 
were  Madame  Albani,  Miss  Muriel  Foster, 
and  Messrs.  John  Coates  and  W.  Higley. 
Madame  Albani,  of  course,  only  took  part 
in  the  duet  "  Et  in  unum  Dominum  "  ; 
the  other  three  were  successful,  especially 
Miss  Foster,  who  in  the  pathetic  "  Agnus 
Dei  "  had  the  finest  solo. 

Sir  Hubert  Parry  conducted  his  new 
work,  '  The  Soul's  Ransom,'  for  soprano 
and  baritone  soli,  chorus,  and  orchestra. 
In  a  stately  instrumental  introduction 
various  themes  are  heard,  which  as  the 
work  unfolds    gain  point    and  meaning. 


The  style  of  the  music  throughout  is 
dignified,  and  the  composer  expresses  his 
thoughts  and  feelings  in  very  direct 
manner.  As  in  '  The  Love  which  casteth 
out  Fear,'  which  he  wrote  for  the 
Worcester  Festival,  Sir  Hubert's  chief  aim 
seems  to  be  not  to  display  his  learning  and 
skill,  but  rather,  in  the  fewest  possible 
notes,  to  intensify  the  solemn  words. 
There  is  latent  power  in  his  music — a 
power  which  as  the  work  becomes 
familiar  will  make  itself  more  strongly 
felt.  The  composer's  style  is  opposed  to 
the  fashion  of  the  present  day,  and  one 
is  apt  occasionally  to  mistake  his  outward 
simplicity  for  superficiality,  just  as,  on  the 
other  hand,  complexity  of  harmony  and 
rhythm  suggests  to  some  minds  pro- 
fundity. 

The  opening  chorus,  "  Who  can  number 
the  sands  of  the  sea  ?  "  displays  breadth, 
and  the  soprano  solo,  "  Why  are  ye  so 
fearful  ?  "  is  expressive,  the  fugato 
passages  for  chorus  adding  effective  con- 
trast, while  the  final  chorus,  "  See  now, 
ye  that  love  the  light,"  gradually  grows 
in  fervour  right  to  the  end.  The  most 
impressive  part  of  the  work  is,  however, 
the  setting  of  the  dramatic  narrative  from 
Ezekiel  of  the  valley  of  dry  bones. 

The  choir  sang  very  finely,  while  the 
soloists,  Madame  Albani  and  Mr.  Plunket 
Greene,  entered  thoroughly  into  the  spirit 
of  the  music  assigned  to  them. 

The  concert  in  the  Shire  Hall  in  the 
evening  proved  highly  successful.  Two 
songs  with  orchestral  accompaniment  by 
Mr.  Ivor  Atkins  were  sung  with  intensity 
by  Mr.  William  Higley.  They  are  entitled 
'  Too  Late '  and  '  Thou  art  Come.'  Both 
are  good,  but  the  first  shows  the  greater 
individuality.  Then  there  were  '  Three 
Elizabethan  Pastorals,'  composed  by  Dr. 
Herbert  Brewer,  who  conducted.  The  first 
two  are  dainty,  but  the  third,  '  The  Morris 
Dance,'  is  specially  characteristic,  and  the 
accompaniment  has  been  cleverly  scored. 
They  were  admirably  sung  by  Mr.  John 
Coates.  Miss  Evangeline  Anthony  gave 
an  excellent  rendering  of  Mozart's  delight- 
ful Violin  Concerto  in  E  flat,  especially  of 
the  Adagio,  which  was  played  with  rich 
tone  and  true  feeling.  A  new  suite, 
'  Dreamland,'  Op  38,  in  four  short 
sections,  by  Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke,  was 
given  under  his  direction.  The  music  is 
full  of  taking  melody  and  fine  points. 
The  scoring,  however,  seemed  to  us  in 
many  places  unduly  strenuous  in  com- 
parison with  the  title  of  the  work. 
Madame  Albani  and  Mr.  Plunket  Greene, 
who  both  sang  solos,  were  received  with 
marked  favour. 


A  symphonic  poem  entitled  '  St.  George,' 
and  composed  by  Mr.  Georges  Dorlay,  a 
member  of  the  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  was 
brought  forward  at  the  Promenade  Concert 
at  Queen's  Hall  on  Thursday  of  last  week. 
Founded  on  Schiller's  ballad  '  The  Fight 
with  the  Dragon,'  the  work  in  question  is  far 
too  noisy.  The  composer,  who  is  obviously 
an  admirer  of  Richard  Strauss,  seems  unable 
to  realize  the  value  of  contrast.   He  uses  the 


orchestra  with  considerable  skill,  but  should 
repress  a  tendency  towards  mere  riotous 
display. 

At  Tuesday's  concert  was  given  the  first 
performance  in  England  of  the  episode 
'Ausfahrt  und  Schiffbruch,'  from  Ernst 
Boehe's  'Odysseus  Fahrten.'  This  is  the 
first  of  the  four  tone-poems  constituting  the 
'  Odysseus  '  cycle,  which  has  met  with  much 
favour  in  Germany.  The  music  is  strong, 
well  knit,  and  picturesque,  and  the  composer 
has  selected  good  themes,  particularly  the 
heroic  one  which  represents  Odysseus,  and 
the  well-contrasted  gentle  and  tender  sub- 
ject which  depicts  the  hero's  longing  for 
Penelope.  The  storm  is  ably  painted,  and, 
while  effective  enough,  is  not  overdone. 

The  Sunday  Concert  Society's  afternoon 
concerts  will  be  resumed  at  Queen's  Hall  on 
the  30th  inst.,  and  will  continue  for  a  season 
of  twenty-six  weeks.  The  Queen's  Hall 
Orchestra  and  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  will  play  on  alternate  Sundays, 
the  former  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Henry 
Wood,  the  latter  under  Sir  Alexander  Mac- 
kenzie and  Sir  Charles  Stanford  in  turn. 
These  orchestras  will  also  play  on  alternate 
Sundays  at  the  Albert  Hall  Sunday  afternoon 
concerts,  which,  commencing  on  October  7th, 
will  be  continued  for  a  period  of  thirty-nine 
weeks.  Among  the  singers  engaged  for 
the  Kensington  concerts  are  Madame  Albani, 
Madame  Ada  Crossley,  Miss  Amy  Castles, 
Madame  Blanche  Marchesi,  Madame  Agnes 
Nicholls,  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn,  and  Mrs. 
Henry  J.  Wood  ;  and  Messrs.  Ben  Davies, 
John  Coates,  Ffrangcon-Davies,  and  Watkin 
Mills.  The  instrumentalists  include  Madame 
Carreno,  Miss  Adela  Verne,  Herr  Emil  Sauer, 
Mr.  Kreisler,  Sefior  Sarasate,  Mischa  Elman, 
M.  Jean  Gerardy,  M.  Hollman,  and  several 
others  of  note. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Si's.      Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Hon.— Sat.  Promenade  Concerts,  8,  Queen's   Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Garrick. — The  Morals  of  Marcus  :  a 
Play  in  Four  Acts.  By  William  J. 
Locke. 
Whatever  results  may  attend  the  limita- 
tions upon  the  discharge  of  critical  func- 
tions imposed  by  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier 
at  |the  Garrick  Theatre,  diminution  of 
public  interest  is  not  one  of  them,  and  the 
play  extracted  by  Mr.  Locke  from  his 
'  Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne  '  may  count 
among  the  most  popular  of  London  enter- 
tainments. Conspicuous  as  are  the  merits 
of  the  novel,  the  task  of  adaptation  cannot 
have  been  easy.  The  pleasant  air  of  erudi- 
tion by  which  the  original  is  distinguished 
can  scarcely  be  wafted  across  the  foot- 
lights, or  when  so  wafted  will  hardly  com- 
municate the  same  delight  as  is  conveyed 
to  the  meditative  reader.  Still,  among  the 
attractions  of  the  play  one  of  the  greatest 
is  the  merit  of  the  dialogue,  which  is 
sustainedly  excellent. 

What  chiefly  distinguishes  the  play  from 
the  novel  is  the  limitation  of  the  scene. 
The  opening  of  the  story,  which  passes  at 
the  school  in  which  Sir  Marcus  is  an  in- 
competent master,  disappears,  and  the 
action  is  confined  to  his  two  residences — 
his  cottage  at  Surbiton  and  his  town  house. 
In  the  garden  of  the  former  he  makes  the 
acquaintance    of    the    heroine  ;     in    Car- 


312 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


lotta's  boudoir  in  the  second  act  he  receives 
the  visit  of  Hamdi  Effendi,  and  there,  too, 
the  elopement  of  Carlotta  and  of  Sebastian 
Pasquale  is  plotted  and  carried  out.  An 
effect  of  this  is  that  the  suspicions  con- 
cerning Hamdi  Effendi  have  not  time  to 
ripen,  and  the  intrusion  of  the  Moham- 
medan into  the  action  becomes  almost 
superfluous.  What  is  lost,  however,  in 
importance  by  him  is  gained  by  Judith 
Mainwaring,  who  is  converted  into  an 
eminently  attractive  and  sympathetic 
personage.  Some  diminution  of  vivacity 
as  well  as  some  conventionalizing  of  action 
attends  these  changes.  Something  like 
what  has  been  done  was,  however,  indis- 
pensable to  endow  the  whole  with  dra- 
matic sequence  and  to  render  its  motive 
generally  intelligible  ;  and  sufficient  success 
is  obtained  to  justify  the  course  adopted. 
Enough  of  the  gaiety  and  charm  of  the 
original  survives  to  make  the  piece  one  of 
the  most  exhilarating  of  modern  days. 
In  the  interpretation  everything  depends 
upon  the  heroine.  An  admirable  ex- 
ponent of  Carlotta  is  found  in  Miss  Alex- 
andra Carlisle.  To  demand  physical 
attractions  such  as  those  concerning 
which,  in  the  book,  the  enamoured  Sir 
Marcus  raves  is  heavily  to  handicap  her. 
The  selection  of  Miss  Carlisle  has,  however, 
the  same  kind  of  success  as  had  that  of 
Miss  Dorothea  Baird  for  Trilby.  Miss 
Lillah  McCarthy  is  excellently  suited  to 
Judith  Mainwaring  ;  Mr.  C.  Aubrey  Smith 
constitutes  an  effective  Sir  Marcus  ;  and 
Mr.  Julian  L' Estrange  is  a  not  too  re- 
pulsive Sebastian  Pasquale.  Other  parts 
are  adequately  played,  but  these  are  all 
which  have  much  influence  in  bringing 
about  the  success  which  is  scored. 


Waldorf. — Mrs.  Temple's  Telegram  :  a 
Farce  in  Three  Acts.  By  Frank  Wyatt 
and  William  Morris. — His  Child  :  a 
Play  in  One  Act.  By  Frederick  Fenn 
and  Richard  Pryce. 
Of  the  two  widely  disparate  works  con- 
stituting the  reopening  programme  at  the 
Waldorf,  the  longer,  if  not  the  more  im- 
portant, is  a  farce  of  thoroughly  old- 
fashionedandconventional  design.  Return- 
ing home  in  his  dress  clothes  at  a  preposter- 
ously late  hour,  Jack  Temple,  finding  a 
true  statement  of  what  has  detained  him 
received  with  incredulity,  invents  a  story 
of  losing  a  train  and  being  put  up  by  a 
friend,  which  is  received  with  no  more 
credit.  Asked  for  the  name  and  address 
of  his  host,  he  mentions  a  certain  John 
Brown,  of  Peckham.  Now  this  address 
of  pure  fantasy  happens  to  be  that  of  an 
amorous  hairdresser.  When,  accordingly, 
Mrs.  Temple,  in  order  to  bowl  out  her 
husband,  wires  to  John  Brown,  requesting 
lum  to  favour  her  with  a  call,  she  receives 
a  visit  from  the  hairdresser  in  question, 
followed  by  one  from  his  jealous  and  sus- 
picious wife.  Meantime,  the  fact  that  a 
telegram  has  been  dispatched  having  come 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  husband,  he  has 
induced  a  friend  from  America  to  personate 
the  recipient.  Fronted  with  the  real  and 
the  pseudo-John  Brown,  Mrs.  Temple 
takes  the  wrong  one  for  the  right,  with  the 
result  that  a  comic,  if  rather  extravagant 


Jmbroglio  arises,  further  complications 
being  developed.  Mr.  Allan  Ay nes worth 
plays  brightly  as  the  hero,  and  Mr.  William 
Morris  is  mirthful  as  the  pseudo-Brown. 
Miss  Sibyl  Carlisle  is  agreeable  as  the 
heroine.  The  whole  is  innocently  amusing. 
'  His  Child,'  the  idea  of  which  is  derived 
by  Mr.  Fenn  from  '  Lambeth  Liz,'  a  tale 
of  his  associate,  is  a  pathetic  story  of 
mean  streets,  and  has  remarkable  actuality. 
Nursing  amid  much  discomfit  an  illegiti- 
mate child,  Liz  receives  from  the  wife  of 
its  father  an  offer  to  adopt  it.  This  she 
is  tempted  to  accept.  Learning,  however, 
that  the  father  in  question  is  dead,  she 
determines  to  hold  to  all  that  remains  to 
her  of  him.  The  two  women — the  wife 
and  the  mistress — are  played  by  Miss 
Harriet  Clifton  and  Miss  Haidee  Wright. 
The  struggle  between  the  pair  is  moving, 
and  the  whole  is  a  faithful  picture  of  life 
amid  abject  surroundings. 


Bramatir  (Hossip. 

In  front  of  '  The  Man  from  Blankley's,' 
with  which  the  Haymarket  has  reopened, 
is  now  played  a  one-act  comedietta  by  Mr. 
Keble  Howard,  entitled  '  Compromising 
Martha.'  This  trifle  is  simple  as  it  can  be, 
but  is  well  written  and  admirably  acted,  and 
constitutes  a  delightful  lever  de  rideau. 
Martha,  a  dame  of  eighty-seven  summers,  sur- 
prises the  curate  kissing  his  sweetheart,  but 
has  her  lips  sealed  by  being  herself  subjected 
by  him  to  the  same  osculatory  experience. 
Very  bright  and  attractive  is  the  entire 
programme  at  the  theatre. 

Mr.  Lewis  Waller  will  produce  the  new 
play  '  Robin  Hood  '  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's, 
Birmingham,  on  October  12th,  and  on  the 
17th  will  transfer  it  to  London  to  the  Lyric. 
He  will  himself  play  the  eponymous  hero, 
Miss  Evelyn  Millard  appearing  as  Maid 
Marian,  and  Mr.  A.  E.  George  as  Friar  Tuck. 

Me.  Bernard  Shaw  has  written  a  five- 
act  play  called  '  The  Doctor's  Dilemma.' 

Miss  Laura  Linden,  a  well-known  actress 
during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  in 
London  and  the  country,  has  died.  She 
played  in  many  theatres — Toole's,  the 
Gaiety,  the  Globe,  the  Opera  Comique,  the 
Criterion,  Drury  Lane,  &c. — and  was  a  sister 
of  Miss  Marie  Linden.  Her  first  London 
appearance  was  made  at  Sadler's  Wells  on 
April  16th,  1881,  as  Barby  Haggett  in  'His 
Wife,'  an  adaptation  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur 
Jones  of  Mark  Hope's  '  A  Prodigal  Daughter.' 

In  consequence  of  the  withdrawal  of  '  The 
Sin  of  William  Jackson  '  the  Lyric  Theatre 
has  been  closed. 


To  Correspondents.— R.  B.  B.—  H.  M.  B.— P.  S.— E.  V. 

-J.  A.  J.  H.—  Received.     M.  V.  B.— Not  for  us  apparently. 

W.  R.M.—  Duly  received.       K.P.— H.  J.  E.— Many  thanks. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Pa(!K 

Authors'  Acents      290 

Bagster  &  sons        315 

bei.i.  &  sons 312 

Catalogues       290 

Duckworth  &  Co 818 

KlUCATIONAI 289 

Hurst  and  Bi.ackett          292 

Hutchinson  &  Co 291 

MACMIM.AN  &  Co 292 

Miscellaneous 290 

Newspaper  Agents 290 

Notes  and  Queries 314 

Provident  institutions 289 

Bales  bk  Auction 290 

Situations  Vacant 289 

Situations  Wanted 290 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co 31C 

Typewriters,  &c 290 

Unwin       292 


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314 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


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THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — 'Anecdotes  of  Polite  Literature' — Magdalen  College  School — George  Carew's  Books — A 
Great  Bohemian  Teacher — Valparaiso  :  its  Pronunciation — Birds'  Eggs  in  Spanish  Churches — 
"Belliter,"  Bell-founder — Pike  or  Pyke  Family — "  The  King's  Head,"  Hampstead  Road. 

QUERIES  : — Governor  Parr  of  Nova  Scotia — Cromwell's  House  of  Lords — William  Collins  the  Poet — • 
French  Camp  at  Sandgate — "The  Somersetshire  Whipping" — Barham's  Aims  in  Ashford  Church 
— British  Castles  :  Stokesay  :  Raglan — Dvvight  Surname — "  Lilliput  Hall "  Public  House — Hutton 
Hall — Courtesy  Titles  and  Remarriage — Sindbad  the  Sailor  :  Monkeys  and  Cocoa-Nuts — Red 
Indians  in  Poetry — Sybyl  de  Tyngrie — Mazes — Nelson  Sale  Catalogue — Lichfield  Will — '  Tom 
Tough' — "Franche  leal  et  oie" — Elizabeth  Hamden — "  Patty." 

REPLIES: — Monumental  Brasses — "Plum":  Jack  Horner — "Plump"  in  Voting — "Place" — Panton 
Family — Godfrey  of  Bouillon — The  Tribal  Hidage — Election  Sunday,  Westminster  School — 
"Searchers" — Tadpole — Nine  Men's  Morris— "  Stafford  blue" — French  Assignats — "Eshin'"i 
"  Beltin'  " — Land  lying  "  towards  the  sun  " — St.  Peter's  in  Chepe  :  St.  John  Zachary — Houses  of 
Historical  Interest — King  Valoroso — Mottram  Hall — "  Soga  " — Ausone  de  Chancel — Ernest 
Augustus  Stephenson — '  The  Ritualist's  Progress ' — Capt.  Grindlay  :  T.  Waghorn — The  Late 
Duke  of  Rutland — John  Hoy  :  Serle's  Coffee-House — Sir  Thomas  More  sainted  by  a  Bask — 
Fairmile — Snakes  in  South  Africa — '  Clifford  Priory' — Roman  Catholic  Priests  buried  in  London- 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Lectures  on  the  Method  of  Science  '—Raven's  '  Bells  of  England  '— '  Book- 
Auction  Records' — 'The  English  Historical  Review' — 'The  Gentleman's  Magazine' — 'The 
National  Review.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  :— A  Knighthood  of  1603— The  Post  Office,  1856-1906— Oldest  Inscription  in  Guipuscoan— 
"  Pony  "  =  "  Crib  " — Greene-Marlowe  Parallel — "Terrapin":  its  Etymology  —  Wordsworth's. 
"Solitary" — Seaman  Apprentice  Book — " Widge,"  Horse,  Dialect  Survival — Shakespeare,  Then 
and  Now — "Autobus" — Epitaph  at  Wye,  Kent — Belt  Race. 

QUERIES: — "  Born  in  the  purple  " — Waterloo — Richard  Pilkington — Paulus  Jovius— Field-Glasses  in 
1650—  Bromborough :  Giblett :  Crane — Canon  v.  Prebendary — The  Explorer  of  the  Orange 
River— Anne  Ensor — John  Hamilton  Reynolds  —  St.  William  of  Sherrifield  —  Throgmorton  :. 
Penistone :  Heveringham. 

REPLIES  :—"  G,"  Hard  or  Soft  — Virgil,  '  ^Eneid  '  I.  462  —  Registers  of  St.  Kitts  —  Authors  of 
Quotations  Wanted — "Rime"  v.  "  Rhyme" — Inscriptions  at  Lucerne — Lord  Bonville  of  Chewton 
— " Breaking  the  flag" — Matthew  Arnold's  ' Church  of  Brou' — Order  of  the  Royal  Oak — James 
Hosking  :  Elizabeth  Vinnicombe— St.  Winifred  and  the  Old  Pretender— Holy  Trinity,  New  York 
— Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England — "  0  dear,  M'hatcan  the  matter  be?" — Fleetwood  Brass — 
Johnson's  Poems — Marriage  in  a  Shift. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— Two  Editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher—'  The  Modern  Language  Review  r 
— Reviews  and  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents.  

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 

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N°4116,  Sept.  15,  1906 


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315 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


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EIGHTH.  The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  benefit*  in  all  cases  of  need. 

t  .',,v,',,,lR'r  ,''lfoim:lti'm  apply  to   the   Secretary    Ma.   GEORGE 
LARNLIt.  28,  Paternoster  Row.  E.0 


(Educational. 

CHURCH  EDUCATION  CORPORATION.— 
<  herwell  HALL.  OXFORD.  Training  College  for  Women 
Teachers.  Principal— Hist  CATHERINE  I.  DOD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer 
in  Education  at  the  University  of  Manchester.    Students  are  prepared 

for  the  Oxford  T :hers'  Diploma,  the  Cambridge  Tea.  h.i-  i  . 

D  ploma  "i  tb.   University  of  London,  and  the  Higher 

1  roebel  Certificate.    A  Grant  of  851.  will  be  made  to  any  Student  who 

I  the   1.1.   \ .,  Higher  Local  or  Senior  Local  Examinations 

and  is  ready  to  comply  with  the  regulations  of  the  Hoard  of  Edu<  ation. 

1  ull  particulars  on  application. 

M!<S  l)IIK.\Vi:VS  EVENING  MEETINGS 
m  the  CRITICAL  STUDY  of  INMYlinw.  WORKS  of 
ENGLISH  LITERATURE  will  BEGIN  AGAIN  E  \ri.y  in 
OCTOBER.  Miss  Drewrj  gives  Lectures,  leadings,  and  Lessons  in 
English  Language  and  Literature  and  Kindred  siii.ic.-ts;  Examines 
and  helps  Students  by  letter  and  in  her  Reading  Society.— 14:1  King 
Henrys  Road,  London,  N.W.  B 


MISS  DAWES,  M.A.  D.Lit.Lond.,  Classical 
Tripos.  Cambridge.  —  WEYBRIDGE  LADIES'  SCHOOL, 
Surrey.  One  of  the  healthiest  spots  in  England.  Superior  educa- 
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T 


HE      UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


FACULTIES  OF  ARTS  (INCLUDING  COMMERCE  AND 
LAW),  SCIENCE,  AND  TECHNOLOGY. 
The   NEXT  SESSION  will  BEGIN  OCTOBER  1.     Prospectus  of 
any  Faculty  may  be  had,  post  fr;e.  from  the  REGISTRAR. 
Lyddou  Hall  has  been  licensed  for  the  residence  of  Students. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 


u 


NIVERSITY        COLLEGE. 


Provost-T.  GREGORY  FOSTER,  Ph.D. 
FACULTY    OF    MEDICAL    SCIENCES. 
The  SESSION  1906-7  BEGINS  on  TUESDAY,  October  2, 1906. 
Physics         ..    P.  T.  TROUTOX.  M.A.  F.R.S.  iViee-Dean). 

( Sir  W.  RAMSAY,  K.C.B.  F.R.S. 
Chemistry    ..\i.  NORMAN  COLLIE,  Ph.D.  F.R.S. 

I  E.  O.  C.  BALY,  F.I.C. 
Botany  ..    F.  W.  OLIVER.  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 

Zoology         ..    J.  P.  HILL,  D.Sc 
Anatomy       ..     G.  D.  THANE,  LL.D.  (Dean). 
Physiology    ..     E.  It.  STARLING.  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Pharmacology    A.  R.  CUSHNY,  M.A.  M.I). 
Hygiene        ..     H.  R.  KENWOOD,  M.B.  D.P.H. 
^mttTy1     }V.HARLEY,M.D. 

University  College  has  been  constituted  a  University  Centre  for  the 
Teaching  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 

COURSES  of  INSTRUCTION  are  arranged  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  the  Intermediate  Examination  in  Medicine  of  the 
University,  as  well  as  for  the  corresponding  Examinations  of  the 
Examining  Board  of  the  Royal  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
and  other  Licensing  Bodies. 

Fees  for  the  Preliminary  Scientific  Course,  25  Guineas,  and  for  the 
Intermediate  Course.  55  Guineas. 

The  EXAMINATION  for  the  BUCKNILL  SCHOLARSHIP,  of  the 
value  of  135  Guineas,  and  for  the  ENTRANCE  EXHIBITIONS,  of 
the  value  of  55  Guineas  each,  COMMENCES  on  SEPTEMBER  25. 

For  Prospectus  anil  other  information  apply  to  the  Secretary, 
University  College,  London  (Gower  Street,  W.C.I. 

W.  W.  SETON,  M.A.,  Secretary. 

TTNIVERSITY      COLLEGE     HOSPITAL 

\J  MEDICAL     SCHOOL. 

(University  of  London.) 

WINTER  SESSION.  1906-7,  BEGINS  on  TUESDAY,  October  2,  1900. 

UNIVERSITY'  COLLEGE  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  com- 
prises  the  Departments  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine.  Surgery 
and  Clinical  Surgery,  Midwifery  and  Gynaecology,  Pathology  and 
Morbid  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Pathology.  Bacteriology.  Mental 
Physiology  and  Mental  Diseases,  Dental  Surgery.  Practical  Pharmacy, 
and  other  Departments  for  the  Study  of  Special  Diseases,  such  as 
those  of  the  Eye,  Skin,  Ear,  and  Throat,  and  for  Instruction  in  the 
use  of  Amestheties,  and  in  Electro-Therapeutics,  and  the  Application 
of  the  X-Rays. 

ENTRANCE. 

A  Student  may  enter  the  School  as  soon  as  he  has  passed  the 
University  of  London  Matriculation  Examination,  or  one  of  the  other 
Preliminary  Examinations  that  qualify  a  Medical  Student  for  entering 
a  Medical  School.  In  this  case  be  will  pursue  bis  Preliminary  and 
Intermediate  Studies  at  University  College,  and  when  those  are 
completed  will  carry  on  his  Advance. I  Medical  Studies  at  University 
College  Hospital  Medical  School.  The  Student  who,  in  addition  to 
having  passed  a  Matriculation  or  other  Examination,  has  completed 
his  Preliminary  and  Intermediate  Medical  Studies  at  University 
College  or  elsewhere,  may  enter  the  University  College  Hospital 
Medical  School  for  his  Advanced  Medical  Studies  only.  Qualified 
Medical  Men  and  others  who  can  produce  evidence  of  sufficient 
qualifications  may  be  admitted  to  Special  Departments  for  the 
purposes  of  research,  or  to  Hospital  Practice  for  certain  definite 
periods. 

FEES. 

The  Preliminary  Scientific  Course  at  University  College,  25  Guineas. 

Intermediate  Course  at  University  College.  55  Guineas. 

Final  Ml!  Course  at  University  College  Hospital  Medical  School, 
K0  Guineas  if  paid  in  one  sum,  or  B2  Guineas  paid  in  two  instalments  of 
5(1  and  32  Guineas. 

university  college  HOSPITAL  has,  through  the  munificence 
of  the  late  Sir  John  Blundell  Maple,  Bart  .  been  rebuilt,  and  extended 

in  a rdance  with  the  requirements  oi  iera  sanitary  science.    The 

new  Hospital  will  accommodate  :iiki  Patients,  and  possesses  extensile 
Out-Patient  and  Special  Departments. 

Thirty-six  Clinical  Appointments,  eighteen  of  which  are  Resident, 
are  tilled  up  by  Competition  during  the  year,  and  these,  as  well  as  all 
Clerkships  and  Dre-serships,  ;„e  open  to  Students  of  the  Hospital 
without  extra  ice.  The  Hospit.il  is  now  complete,  and  will  be  formally 
opened  by  H.R.H.  the  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT  on  NOVEMBER  6. 

NEW  BUILDINGS  FOB  THE  MEDICAL  school  are  being 
ere.tcl  by  means  of  the  munificence  of  Sir  Donald Cunie,  immediately 
opposite  the  Hospital,  and  will  be  ready  for  occupation  shortly.  Pro- 
vision will  lie  made  in  them  both  for  tlio  work  of  the  Undergraduate 
Student  and  for  that  of  the  Post-Graduate  and  Research  Student. 

Professors. 

Medicine  3.  R.  BRADFORD,  M.D.  F.R.S. 

f  Sir  THOMAS  BARLOW,  Bart  .  K.C.V.O.  M.D. 
Clinical  Medicine         J.  R    BRADFORD,  M.D.  F.R.8. 

(.SIDNEY   MARTIN.  M.D    F.R.S. 
Surgery  I    E   B  YRKER,  I'  Ill's. 

f  A.  E.  BARKER,  I'  R.C  S. 
Clinical  Surgery        \  R.J.  GODLEE,  M.B.  M.S.  F.R.C.S. 

I  Sir  \  I<  TOR    HORSLEY,  1    R  - 
Midwifery  H.  R.  SPENCER.  M.D.  1"  B  C  P. 

Pathology  sihney  m  \kti\.  M.D.  f.r.s. 

I,nis  }j.  RISIEN  RUSSELL,  M.I). 

''lancai"l'suig,,ryi"}1>KRCY  WKOBSO,  B.R  F.R.C.S. 

s.  uolarshipe  and  Exhibitions  of  the  value  of  -lOO'.  are  offered  for 
competition  annually. 

The  Athletic  Ground  is  at  A.  ton,  within  easy  access  of  the  Hospital 

I  08,  with  all  information  as  f.,  l  'lasses.  Scholarships,  &<■.,  rnav 

be  obtained  from  the  Dean,  University  College  Hospital  Medical 
School,  Gower  Street,  W.C. 

SIHNEY  MARTIN,  M.D.  F.R.S.,  Dean. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s,  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

BEDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 

The  SESSION  1906-7  will  OPEN  on  THURSDAY,  October  4. 

Students  are  requested  to  enter  their  names  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  .1. 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  Branches  of  General  and  Higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically,  they  form  a  Connected  and  Progressive  Course, 
hut  a  Single  Course  in  any  Subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  in  preparation  for  all  Examinations  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  in  Arts  and  Science,  for  the  Teachers'  Diploma 
(London),  and  for  the  Teachers'  Certificate  (Cambridge);  and  also  a 
Special  Course  of  Scientific  Instruction  in  Hygiene. 

Six  Laboratories  are  open  to  Students  for  Practical  Work. 

THREE  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS.  One  in  Arts  and  Two  in 
Science,  will  be  offered  for  competition  in  JUNE,  1907.  The  Early 
English  Text  Society's  Prize  will  be  awarded  in  JUNE,  1907. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEACHERS. 

THREE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  20*.  for  One  Year, 
are  offered  for  the  Course  of  Secondary  Training,  beginning  in 
JANUARY.  1907. 

The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  the  Best  Candidate  holding  a 
Degree  or  equivalent  in  Arts  or  Science. 

Applications  should  reach  the  HEAD  OF  THE  TRAINING 
DEPARTMENT  not  later  than  DECEMBER  15. 

ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON). 
WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  CCTOBER  1. 
Arrangements  having  been  made  for  instruction  in  the  Preliminary 
and  Intermediate  Subjects  I  Physics.  Chemistry,  Anatomy,  and  Physio- 
logy) to  be  undertaken  by  the  University  of  London,  THE  ENTIRE 
LABORATORIES   AND"  TEACHING   AT  THIS   HOSPITAL  AND 
SCHOOL    ARE    NOW    DEVOTED     TO     INSTRUCTION    IN    THE 
SUBJECTS     FOR    THE     FINAL     EXAMINATIONS     [Medicine, 
Surgery,  Pathology,  &c.l.     Unequalled  facilities  are  therefore  available 
for  CLINICAL   INSTRUCTION  AND  RESEARCH. 
Further  information  from 

F.  JAFFREY.  F.R.C.S..  Dean  of  the  School. 

QT.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

kj  PADDINGTON,  W. 

(University  of   London.) 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  1. 

The  Medical  School  provides  complete  Courses  for  the  Medical 
Degrees  of  the  Universities  of  London,  Oxford.  Cambridge,  and 
Durham  ;  for  the  Diplomas  of  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P. ;  and  for  the  Naval 
and  Military  Medical  Services. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  iM.B.Lond.i.  A  complete  Course 
of  Chemistry,  Physics,  and  Biology,  under  recognized  Teachers  of  the 
University. 'will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  -'. 

SIX  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  in  Natural  Science,  value 
145;.  to  52J.  10s.,  will  be  competed  for  on  SEPTEMBER  21-26. 

Calendar  and  full  particulars  on  application  to  the  DEAN. 


KING'S        COLLEGE,        LONDON. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
FULL  COURSES  for  MATRICULATED  STUDENTS  are  provided 
in  Arts,   Laws,   Science,    Engineering,    Medicine,    and    Theology   at 
Composition  Fees  ;  or  Students  may  attend  the  Separate  classes. 
Preparation  for  all  Examination-  of  the  London  University. 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  3. 
For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  SECRETARY. 
King's  College,  strand.  W.C. 

WOMEN'S  DEPARTMENT.  KENSINGTON. 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  J. 
Apply  to  the  VICE  PRINCIPAL,  13,  Kensington  Square. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  te 
the  CHOI cio  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  G  A  It  IS  IT  AS,  TURING  4  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,   free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TnRING,   Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  ot  Uppingham,  36,  Sackville  Street.  London.  W. 


^situations   Vacant. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
.UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON  . 
YoRK  PLA<  E,  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 
The  Col  Ni  II.  Invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PRINCIPAL  Of 
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^ttnatiorts    Wianttb. 

WANTED,  EMPLOYMENT  in  a  LIBRARY, 
or  to  make  Searches,  oi  Translations— Latin,  Greek.  French, 
Italian.  Spanish,  and  German. — H.  B.,   18,  RoMbarj   Square,   B 
B.I  I. 


J? XPERT  STENOGRAPHER  —Well-educated 
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(  ban.  cry  Line.  E.C. 


is  Buildings, 


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Town  01  Country,  Public  01  Private,     First-clast  Test! n 

London   library'.— 11.,  care  of  Whiteley,  Bookseller.  K.-» 
Gardi  us. 


318 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


AJ 


PPOINTMENT    WANTED.  —TWENTY 

_~    YEARS   EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  PUBLISHING  TRADE.- 

Advertiser,  intimately  acquainted  with  all  Branches  of  the  Business, 
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S 


iEtsallaneoua. 

IR    WILFRID    LAWSON    MEMORIAL    AT 

ASPATKIA.  ,     , . 

The  COMMITTEE  invite  DESIGNS  for  a  MONUMENT  to  the  late 
SIR  WILFRID  LAAVSON.  to  consist  of  a  Fountain  Base,  with  a 
life-size  Hen.!  of  Sir  Wilfrid  in  bronze  relief,  deeply  sunk  m  the  form 
of  a  Medallion,  suitable  Inscriptions  and  Panels,  at  a  cost  not 
cx.ee.limr  l.'ioiW.,  before  .IANUAHY  1,  1907. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  Secretary^ 

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F.  RICHARDSON. 


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including  Poetry  and  the   Drama-Shakespearinna-I-  list  Editions ic-J 

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N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


325 


SATURDAY.  SEPTEMBER  22,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

326 


Aingek's  Life  and  Letters       

The  Royal  Commission  and  the  Ornaments 
Rubric         326 

M.  Bourget's  Studies  and  Portraits         ..        ..326 

A  Dialect  of  Donegal      327 

A  Critical  Edition  of  Don  Quixote  ..  ..328 
Nhw  Novels  (Prisoners  ;  I  Know  a  Maiden  ;  Benita  ; 
The  Whirligig  of  Time  ;  The  Brangwyn  Mystery  ; 
Pharaoh's  Turquoise  ;  Mrs.  Dimmock's  Worries  ; 
The  Pillar  of  Cloud ;  The  Cuckoo ;  The  Ivory- 
Raiders)         329-331 

English  Philology ..        ..331 

Our  Library  Table  (The  First  Annexation  of  the 
Transvaal ;  From  Charing  Cross  to  Delhi ;  Simla 
Village  Tales  ;  A  Short  History  of  the  Scottish 
Highlands  and  Isles ;  The  Interlinear  Bible ; 
Pribbles  and  Prabbles  ;  Everyman's  Library  ;  The 
Pocket  Hardy  ;  Cranford ;  Hints  to  Young  Authors  ; 

The  Flute  of  Pan) 332—334 

List  of  New  Books 334 

The  Origin  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  The  Belvoir  House- 
hold Accounts;  The  Irish  Word  "Raheen" 

335—336 

Literary  Gossip 336 

Science  —  symbolic     Logic  ;     Anthropological 

Notes;  Gossip 338—339 

Fine  Arts— Excavations  at  Nippur;  Edinburgh; 
Catalogue  of  Oxford  Portraits  ;  Remi- 
niscences   of    the   Impressionist   Painters  ; 

Gossip         340—341 

Music  —  Hereford    Musical  Festival  ;    Gossip  ; 

Performances  Next  Week 342 

Drama  — The   Bondman;    Peter's  Mother;    The 

Sixth  Commandment  ;  Gossip         ..        ..      342—343 
Miscellanea— Robert  Owen  as  Lecturer;  Shak- 

speare  and  John  o'  Combe 344 

Index  to  Advertisers      344 


LITERATURE 


The  Life  and  Letters  of  Alfred  Ainger.     By 
Edith  Sichel.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

To  those  who  knew  the  late  Master  of  the 
Temple  in  his  professional  and  public 
characters  only  this  account  of  his  life 
and  correspondence  has  come  as  a 
pleasant  surprise.  A  lover  and,  for  the 
most  part,  a  discerning  judge  of  letters, 
Ainger  was  no  born  word-compeller :  he 
wrote  slowly  and  laboriously,  in  a  style 
marked  chiefly  by  a  certain  fastidious 
composure  and  simplicity  of  language. 
In  the  pulpit  he  was  more  of  a  homilist  than 
an  orator  or  a  dialectician — distinguished 
rather  for  clarity  and  sobriety  of  thought 
and  word  than  for  intellectual  subtlety 
or  emotional  force.  Neither  in  his  ser- 
mons nor  in  his  literary  work  is  there  a 
hint  of  those  winning  qualities  known  to 
his  intimates — the  lambent  wit,  the  gifts 
of  mimicry  and  dramatic  representation, 
the  fantastic  grace  of  thought  and  move- 
ment. The  truth  is  that  Ainger's  nature, 
Janus-like,  looked  two  ways.  There  met 
in  him,  perhaps  by  virtue  of  his  Huguenot 
descent,  two  clearly  defined  strains — the 
one  Gallic,  blithe,  alert,  the  other  sober, 
serious,  almost  Puritanic.  "  It  was  part 
of  his  charm,"  says  his  biographer,  "  that 
he  contrived  to  unite  so  many  paradoxes. 
Mercurial  and  formal,  fantastic  yet  im- 
bued with  sharp  common  sense,  he  was  a 
strange  mixture  of  Ariel  and  an  eighteenth- 
century  divine." 

Ainger  was  but  a  lad  when  he  encoun- 
tered two  influences  which  moulded  his 
character,  and  in  a  measure  shaped  his 
career.  He  had  been  bred  in  a  non- 
religious  atmosphere  :  his  mother  was 
dead  ;  his  father,  a  successful  London 
architect,  nominally  Unitarian,  kept  an 
open  mind  on  the  point  of  creed,   and 


frequented  neither  church  nor  chapel. 
But  at  the  age  of  twelve  the  boy  was  taken 
by  his  schoolmaster  to  hear  Frederick 
Denison  Maurice  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel, 
and  there,  under  the  spell  of  the  preacher, 
he  found  religion.  Again,  at  school  he 
met  the  sons  of  Dickens,  and  was  pre- 
sently enrolled  in  the  youthful  amateur 
dramatic  company  at  Tavistock  House. 
Here  his  rendering  of  '  Miss  Villikins  '  in 
the  character  of  Lord  Grizzle,  on  Twelfth 
Night,  1854,  caused  Thackeray  to  roll 
off  his  chair  in  a  peal  of  laughter. 

"  Charles  Dickens  and  Frederick  Maurice 
sound  incongruous  names  to  couple,  yet 
both  played  an  equal  part  in  Ainger's  exist- 
ence ....  They  represent,  as  it  were,  his  dual 
nature,  the  two  distinct  sides  of  his  cha- 
racter, which  he  always  kept  strictly  apart  ; 
on  the  one  hand,  the  sober  and  spiritual,  on 
the  other,  the  humorous  and  dramatic." 

No  doubt  it  was,  as  Miss  Sichel  observes 
elsewhere,  by  the  influence  and  example 
of  Maurice  —  perhaps  in  some  degree  of 
Kingsley  and  Robertson  as  well — that 
Ainger  was  led  to  take  orders.  In  his 
own  words,  he  "  owed  everything  to 
Maurice." 

As  one  in  whom  orthodox  belief  had 
early  crystallized,  Ainger  was  intolerant 
of  all  attempts  to  dilute  the  cardinal 
dogmas  of  Christianity.  "  He  was,"  says 
Miss  Sichel, 

"  throughout  life  possessed  by  a  deep  con- 
viction of  sin.  .  .  .The  Christian  Revelation, 
with  its  sense  of  reconcilement,  was  a  neces- 
sity to  him,  and  this  necessity  was,  in  his 
eyes,  evidence  beyond  which  he  felt  no  need 
to  travel." 

Truly,  a  happy  frame  of  mind,  if  such, 
indeed,  Ainger's  actually  was  !  But  when 
his  biographer  adds  that  "  the  strength 
of  his  personal  needs  made  him  turn  away 
from  any  thought  or  study  that  might  lead 
to  the  weakening  of  his  stronghold,"  we 
are  led  to  ask  whether  in  Ainger's  case, 
after  all,  the  evidential  weight  and  force  of 
this  inward  witness  can  have  been,  as  she 
maintains,  infrangible  and  supreme.  The 
words  we  have  quoted  point  to  a  funda- 
mental weakness  in  his  theological  posi- 
tion— nay,  more,  they  seem  to  indicate 
what  we  must  hold  to  have  been  a  radical 
defect  of  character.  Just  as,  when  deal- 
ing with  the  life  and  the  letters  of  Lamb, 
he  shrank  from  confronting  or  exhibiting 
the  naked  truth,  and  from  printing  the 
documents  as  they  stood — preferring  to 
edit  them  into  consistency  with  his  notion 
of  Charles  Lamb  as  he  ought  to  have  been  ; 
so,  when  dealing  with  matters  of  religious 
belief,  he  deliberately  ignored  the  de- 
structive arguments  and  conclusions  of 
modern  criticism,  averting  his  eyes  from 
them,  according  to  his  biographer,  "  with 
a  strong  distaste  that  amounted  to  dis- 
tress." His  mind  had  taken  a  bias  from 
the  teaching  of  Maurice — a  bias  which  he 
must  at  all  costs  preserve  to  the  end. 
That  he  "  owed  everything  to  Maurice  " 
was  true  in  more  senses  than  one,  and  in 
thus  acknowledging  the  debt  he  uncon- 
sciously exhibited  his  blind  subjection  to 
authority.  "  A  clergyman  is,  at  the  best, 
a  man  in  blinkers  :  he  must  not  receive 
any  lateral  impressions" — so  he  writes 


in  his  notebook  about  the  time  of  his 
ordination  (September,  1860).  This  is  a 
melancholy  expression  to  a  single-minded, 
passionate  seeker  after  truth.  Again,  con- 
fident as  he  appeared  and  believed  himself 
to  be,  Ainger  betrayed  a  sense  of  his  in- 
secure position  by  the  petulant  witticisms 
with  which  he  strove  to  disparage  the 
opinions  that  offended  him.  Finding  on 
a  friend's  table  a  volume  of  sermons, '  High 
Hopes,'  by  Congreve,  "  Ah,  I  see,  '  High 
Ropes,'  by  Blondin,"  he  remarked,  and 
laid  the  book  down.  As  a  literary  critic 
he  showed  the  dogmatist's  injustice  when 
dealing  with  writers  who  had  openly 
abandoned  belief  in  supernatural  religion. 
Of  George  Eliot,  for  example,  he  observes 
that 

"  she  patronises  everything  in  the  world — 
even  Christianity.  The  very  fact  that,  hold- 
ing the  opinions  we  know  her  to  have  enter- 
tained towards  Christian  theology,  she  should 
have  dealt  with  Christianity  as  she  does  in 
'  Adam  Bede,'  is  the  most  perfect  instance 
of  this  patronising.  That  she  should  make 
moral  and  pathetic  capital  out  of  an  Institu- 
tion she  held  to  be  based  vpon  the  idlest  of 
fables  is  to  me,  and  always  was,  a  revolting 
incident." 

It  would  be  hard  to  say  which  is  the  stronger 
ingredient  in  this  judgment — theological 
rancour  or  sheer  stupidity.  George  Eliot 
had  always  a  profound  religious  instinct 
which  declared  itself  the  more  as  she  fell 
adrift  from  the  power  of  dogma.  When 
'  Adam  Bede  '  was  written  she  had  lost 
the  antagonistic  temper  which,  ten  years 
before,  had  marked  her  for  a  time — a 
temper  inseparable,  perhaps,  from  the  re- 
nunciation of  any  creed.  She  no  longer 
quarrelled  with  "  any  faith  in  which  human 
sorrow  and  human  longing  for  purity  have 
expressed  themselves  " — "  on  the  con- 
trary," she  writes  to  M.  D' Albert, 
"  I  have  a  sympathy  for  it  that  predominates 
over  all  argumentative  tendencies.  I  have 
not  returned  to  dogmatic  Christianity .... 
but  I  see  in  it  the  highest  expression  of  the 
religious  sentiment  that  has  yet  found  its 
place  in  the  history  of  mankind,  and  I  have 
the  profoundest  interest  in  the  inward  life 
of  sincere  Christians  in  all  ages.  Many 
tilings  that  I  should  have  argued  against 
ten  years  ago,  T  now  feel  myself  too  ignorant, 
and'too  limited  in  moral  sensibility,  to  speak 
of  with  confident  disapprobation." 

Later  she  writes  that  she  no  longer  sym- 
pathizes with  freethinkers  as  a  class,  and 
holds  that  "  a  spiritual  blight  comes  with 
no  faith."  People  said  that  she  had 
borrowed  Dinah's  sermons  and  prayers 
from  her  aunt,  whereas  in  truth  they  were 
"written  with  hot  tears  as  they  surged 
up  in  her  own  mind." 

"The  simple  fact  is,  that  1  never  saw  any- 
thing of  my  aunt's  writing,  and  Dinah's 
words  came  "from  me  'as  the  tears  come 
because  our  heart  is  lull,  and  we  can't  help 
them.'  " 

Ainger's  wit,  like  Lamb's,  was  largely 
allusive  :  he  had  a  happy  knack  of  finding 
novel  applications  for  old  phrases  and 
familiar  ((notations.  As  he  and  Vaughan 
stood  one  night  absorbed  in  talk,  bed- 
candles  in  hand,  on  the  first-floor  landing 
at  the  Temple,  some  grease  fell  on  the 
carpet  from  the  Dean's  slanting  candle. 
"  How  neat  he  spreads  his  wax  !  "    was 


326 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NM117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


Ainger's  quick  comment — a  nattering 
comparison  of  the  dignitary  to  "  the  little 
busy  bee."  On  some  one  saying  that  he 
ate  a  mince-pie  every  day  for  luck,  Ainger 
replied,  Tantum  Religio  potuit  suadere 
malorum.  We  find,  however,  some  old 
jokes  here  which  were  not  worth  repetition. 
Miss  Sichel  has  done  her  work  well  on 
the  whole  ;  in  dealing  with  the  correspond- 
ence, however,  she  has  not  always  shown 
discretion.  There  are  certain  confidences 
here  printed  from  Ainger's  letters  to  his 
intimates,  the  publication  of  which  is 
calculated  to  wound  persons  still  living, 
and,  were  he  capable  of  sublunary  vexa- 
tions, would  undoubtedly  cause  the  writer 
acute  distress.  The  volume  is  furnished 
with  a  four-page  "  Index,"  from  which 
all  the  more  important  topics  and  names 
appear  to  have  been  carefully  excluded. 


The  Royal  Commission  and  the  Ornaments 
Rubric.  By  Malcolm  MacColl.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
If  Canon  MacColl  has  not  proved  his  case, 
he  has  certainly  presented  a  very  per- 
suasive argument  for  it.  We  approached 
this  book  with  feelings  of  repulsion.  The 
"  Ornaments  Rubric  "  is  a  topic  worn  to 
death  with  controversy,  and  concerning 
that  aspect  of  religious  life  which  is,  to 
say  the  least,  not  the  most  profound. 
Moreover,  brevity  is  not  one  of  the  Canon's 
merits,  and  we  expected  little  but  the 
iteration  of  familiar  arguments.  The 
book  is,  however,  an  agreeable  surprise. 
The  Ornaments  Rubric  has  never  appeared 
in  so  interesting  a  light,  and  Dr.  MacColl 
makes  us  realize  the  great  force  that  lies 
in  his  contention.  That  contention  is 
that  the  words  of  the  rubric  "  by  the 
authority  of  Parliament  in  the  second  year 
of  the  reign  of  King  Edward  the  Sixth  " 
cannot  refer  to  the  Prayer  Book,  because 
the  Act  did  not  receive  the  royal  assent 
till  the  third  year  ;  that  the  ornaments 
in  question  referred  to  the  Order  of  Com- 
munion set  forth  by  Cranmer  at  the  begin- 
ning of  Edward's  reign  ;  that  these  were 
virtually  identical  with  those  in  use  at  the 
end  of  Henry  VIII. 's  reign  ;  and  that  this 
reign  witnessed  at  its  close  changes  in  the 
direction  of  Anglicanism  beyond  the  mere 
political  anti-Papalism  which  has  been 
commonly  regarded  as  the  high-water 
mark  of  Henry's  revolution.  Canon 
MacColl  does  not,  in  our  opinion,  put  out 
of  court  the  very  plausible  explanation 
of  the  slip,  if  it  was  a  slip,  in  the  citation 
of  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  which  was  given 
by  Mr.  Frere  in  his  admirable  treatise  on 
religious  ceremonial,  previously  noticed 
in  these  columns.  It  appears  to  us  that 
Mr.  Frere's  position  is  perfectly  possible. 
The  point  is,  Which  is  the  more  likely  ? 
All  that  Dr.  MacColl  needs  for  his  case  is  to 
show  that  the  Ornaments  Rubric  could 
reasonably  be  referred  to  some  other 
statutory  "  use,"  and  that  such  reference 
was  the  more  probable.  In  questions  of 
interpretation  we  can  rarely  get  beyond 
the  more  likely  of  two  hypotheses,  when 
each  has  prima  facie  support.  Now  the 
obvious  interpretation  of  the  rubric  is  in 
our  opinion  the  common  one  which  refers 


it  to  the  first  Prayer  Book  authorized  by 
the  Act  of  Uniformity,  and  regards  the 
alleged  mistake  either  as  a  mere  verbal 
error,  or  even  as  the  (then)  received  mode 
of  citing  an  Act  of  Parliament,  and  there- 
fore no  error  at  all.  Canon  MacColl  has 
done  nothing  to  show  that  this  view  is 
impossible.  What  he  has  done  is  to  put 
forward  a  counter- view,  and  give  extremely 
strong  reasons  for  regarding  it  as  more 
probable. 

The  reasons  are  of  the  following  nature. 
The  Order  of  Communion  issued  in  March, 
1548,  by  the  Privy  Council,  and  com- 
mended by  a  royal  proclamation,  had  in- 
directly the  authority  of  Parliament  ;  the 
Council  regarded  themselves  as  issuing 
the  Order  so  that  the  statute  enjoining 
communion  in  both  kinds  might  be  "  well 
executed."  This  Order  was  clearly  in  use 
in  the  second  year  of  Edward  VI.  Further 
than  this,  the  Latin  version  of  the  Act  of 
Uniformity,  which,  though  not  authori- 
tative, is  illuminating,  uses  words  (quem- 
admodum  mos  erat)  which  refer  not  merely 
to  the  authority  of  Parliament,  but  also 
to  the  actual  use  of  the  year  1548.  It  is 
this  Latin  version  that  seems  to  us  almost 
decisive  in  favour  of  Canon  MacColl's 
interpretation.  Coupled  with  certain 
remarks  of  Sandys  quoted  by  the  author, 
the  translation  makes  it,  to  say  the  least, 
highly  probable  that  the  rubric  refers,  not 
to  the  Prayer  Book,  but  to  the  Order  of 
Communion  and  the  ritual  there  enforced, 
or  assumed.  We  do  not  say  the  case  is 
conclusive  ;  but  Canon  MacColl  has  made 
it  clear  that  his  interpretation  is  not  to  be 
dismissed  lightly,  but  deserves  to  be  con- 
sidered as  a  very  good  claim  to  explain 
the  facts. 

We  should  say  that  to  the  Canon  the 
question  is  purely  literary,  as  he  regards 
the  ornaments  of  the  First  Prayer  Book 
as  the  same,  or  almost  the  same,  as  those 
of  the  Order  of  Communion.  We  could 
wish  that  the  long  introduction,  with  its 
elaborate  discussion  of  historical  and  legal 
prejudices,  had  been  omitted.  It  is 
most  of  it  sound  and  veracious,  but  it 
seems  to  us  unnecessary.  On  the  subject 
of  the  Elizabethan  "  Advertisements," 
and  indeed  of  the  queen's  general  attitude, 
the  Canon  is  undoubtedly  right  ;  but  he 
does  not  allow  enough  for  her  capacity 
for  dissimulation. 

A  slip  sent  to  us  after  the  publication 
of  the  book  points  out  that  "  as  the  author's 
reference  to  some  of  his  examiners  on 
p.  xv  has  been  misunderstood  by  one  of 
his  reviewers,  he  wishes  to  say  emphatic- 
ally that  he  was  treated  by  all  the  com- 
missioners with  great  courtesy  and  con- 
sideration." 

We  may  add,  in  conclusion,  that  the  sub- 
ject has  been  already  so  widely  discussed 
that  we  cannot  open  our  columns  to 
letters  dealing  with  it. 


Etudes  ct  Portraits  :  Sociologie  et  Littera- 
ture.  Par  Paul  Bourget.  (Paris,  Plon- 
Nourrit  &  Cie.) 
Almost  the  whole  of  M.  Bourget's  new 
book  could  be  comprised  under  the  head- 
ing  "For  Church  and  King."    The  first 


and  better  part  of  it  is  concerned  with 
"  sociological  "  problems,  with  questions  of 
education,  science,  "  l'ascension  sociale." 
But  in  the  second  part,  which  is  ostensibly 
concerned  with  literature,  the  Catholic 
and  anti-democratic  element  is  never  far 
away.  We  have  a  long  essay  on  '  Pierre 
Loti  en  Terre  Sainte,'  and  it  is  mainly  con- 
cerned with  the  pious  aspirations  which 
Loti's  nerves  evoked  for  him  at  the  contact 
of  Calvary  and  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  There 
are  some  interesting  personal  recollec- 
tions of  Barbey  d'Aurevilly,  but  what  con- 
cerns M.  Bourget  more  than  anything  else 
is  to  authenticate  the  genuine  Catholicism 
of  the  author  of  '  Le  Pretre  Marie  '  and 
'  Les  Diaboliques.'  The  essay  on  M.  de 
Vogue  is  chiefly  occupied  with  the  military 
and  patriotic  side  of  one  who  has  inter- 
preted many  foreign  influences  to  his 
countrymen.  There  is  also  a  ponderous 
eulogy  of  a  writer  of  verse,  M.  de  Pomairols, 
whose  chief  merit  seems  to  be  that  he  is  a 
landed  proprietor  who  thinks 
C  'est  un  tres  grand  honneur  de  posseder  un  champ, 
and  who,  "  descendant  d'une  longue  lignee 
de  terriens,"  has  seen  "  Fame  de  la  famille 
comme  incarnee  dans  l'heritage."  In  a 
just  and  generous  tribute  to  M.  Maurice 
Barres  on  the  occasion  of  his  election  to 
the  Academy,  it  is  not  so  much  as  a  man 
of  letters  that  M.  Bourget  considers  "  cet 
ecrivain  encore  jeune  et  qui  est  deja  un 
maitre,"  but  as  "  le  plus  efficace  serviteur, 
peut-etre,  a  l'heure  presente,  de  la  France 
eternelle." 

All  this  gives  a  certain  coherence 
to  a  book  made  up  of  essays  and 
reviews  of  varying  importance,  and 
at  first  sight  but  faintly  connected. 
It  shows  us  the  Bourget  of  the 
latest  period,  the  period  of  '  L'Etape '  ; 
no  longer  the  disinterested  seeker  of  those 
'  Essais  de  Psychologie  contemporaine  ' 
which  remain  his  most  satisfying  contribu- 
tion to  literature,  but  settled,  with  a  mind 
fully  made  up  on  all  questions — Catholic, 
monarchical,  traditionalist.  The  '  Notes 
Sociales,'  among  which  the  most  generally 
interesting  is  that  on  '  La  Politique  de 
Balzac,'  discuss  many  questions  of  the 
moment  in  France  ;  and  they  take  the  side 
of  the  Church  in  the  ferocious  struggle  which 
is  now  going  on  between  conservative  and 
revolutionary  forces.  The  best  thing  in 
the  book  is  the  comment  on  the  modern 
definition  of  the  law  as  the  will  of  the 
nation  : — 

"  Oui,  elle  peut  etre  consideree  comme 
l'expression  de  la  volonte  nationale,  mais, 
a  la  condition  que  Ton  definisse  la  volonte 
nationale  par  ses  trois  elements  les  morts, 
les  vivants,  ceux  a  naitre,  et  que  ces  trois 
elements  aient  leurs  organes.  Vous  voyez 
ce  que  devient  avec  cette  definition  le  droit 
du  nombre." 

The  special  service  to  France  for  which 
M.  Bourget  honours  M.  Barres  lies  pre- 
cisely in  this  recall  of  a  nation  intoxicated 
with  cheap  logic  to  what  is  older  than  all 
logic — to  its  roots  in  "  la  terre  et  les  morts." 
The  struggle  in  France  at  the  present 
moment  is  far  more  than  a  struggle  between 
('lunch  and  State,  though  it  can  be  sym- 
bolized by  those  two  forces  in  conflict ;  it 
is  the  whole  battle  between  "  young  ignor- 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


327 


ance  and  old  custom,"  between  the  force 
which    liberates    and    destroys    and   that 
which  fetters  and  maintains.     M.  Bourget 
is  no  longer  a  student,  he  is  a  partisan  ; 
and  he  sees  only  the  destructive  element 
in  that  awakening  flood  let  loose  by  the 
French  Revolution,  and  Catholicism  only 
as     a     medicine    for    a    mind     diseased, 
not  as  the  opiate  of  the  mind.     But  there 
is  much  that  is  true,  valuable,  and  neces- 
sary at   the  moment  in  his  criticism  of 
modern    theories    of    education,    and    he 
reinforces,    in    his    more    practical    and 
obvious  way,  what  Maeterlinck  has  put 
forward  as  a  kind  of  gospel  :   the  primary 
importance  of  what  is  unconscious  or  sub- 
concious  in  us — what   we  inherit  rather 
than  what  we  acquire.     The  desire  of  the 
majority  to-day  in  every  country  (not  in 
France  only,  but  also  in  England,  in  Ger- 
many, in  Japan)  is  to  achieve  material 
results  with  newly  made  tools.     Every- 
thing is  to  be  cheap,  immediate  in  effect, 
and    of    the    latest    modern    make.     The 
minority    (which   is    "  always    right,"    as 
Ibsen  realized)  may  go  to  equal  extremes 
in  its  revolt  against  this  hurry,  this  level- 
ling downward,  this  automobilization  of 
the  mind  ;    but  it  can  only  be  of  service 
(if  no  more  than  the  service  of  a  drag  on  a 
wheel)  in  its  reassertion  of  such  forgotten 
truths  as  this  fundamental  truth  of  Balzac  : 
"  L'egalite  sera  peut-etre  un  droit,  mais 
aucune    puissance    humaine    ne    saurait 
convertir  ce  droit  en  fait."     On  all  these 
matters    M.    Bourget   has    much   that   is 
Bensible  and  useful  to  say,  and  his  analysis 
and  summary  of  the  ideas  of  Balzac  on 
religious  and  political   questions  form  a 
valuable  contribution  to  the  study  both 
of  these   questions   and   of   Balzac.     But 
it  is  when  he  leaves  sociology  for  literature 
that  we  come  to  realize  the  limitations  as 
an  artist  of  this  novelist,  who  has  always 
preferred  psychology  to  art.     The  essay 
on  M.  de  Pomairols  shows  him  unable  to 
dissociate   poetry  from   the  tendency   or 
subject-matter    of    poetry,    and    honestly 
accepting  as  a  poet  of  serious  importance 
one  who  has  interested  him  by  what  seems 
to  him  Wordsworthian  in  his  nature.     The 
extracts  which  he  gives — "  il  s'y  trouve  a 
chaque  instant  de  ces  vers  charges  de  sens, 
que    Ton   n'oublie   plus   quand   on   les   a 
compris,   tant    ils   ramassent  de  sage  et 
noble     experience     humaine" — are,     as 
poetry,  mediocre.     In  writing   of    Sainte- 
Beuve    as    a    poet    he   shows   the   same 
insensibility  to  what  is  and  what  is  not 
poetry,  and  calmly  makes  assertions  like 
these  : — 

"  Le  don  poetique  diroimie  avec  l'age.  II 
demeure,  sauf  exception,  le  privilege  de  la 
ieuneese. . .  .La  plupart  des  poetes  ressem- 
blenl  h  ces  oiseaux  qui  ne  chantent  qu'a 
1'epoque  de  l'amour." 

Every  student  of  poetry  knows  that,  with 
a  few  exceptions,  no  genuine  poet  has 
ever  lost  his  gift  of  poetry  with  age, 
though  the  gift  of  self-criticism  may  fail! 
Wordsworth  may  be  claimed  as  an  excep- 
tion ;  but  against  him,  among  recent  poets, 
we  can  set  Browning,  Tennyson,  Hugo, 
and  Landor.  all  of  whom  wrote  some  of 
their  finest  lyrical  works  after  the  age  of 
seventy.     Again,  when  M.  Bourget  assures 


us  that  "  un  poete  complique  est  une 
anomalie  presque  monstrueuse,"  he  has 
certainly  forgotten  the  most  complicated 
of  all  poets,  Shakspeare.  All  that  he  says 
of  poetry — and  he  examines  poetry  with 
the  same  careful  attention  which  he  gives 
to  social  problems — is  the  talk  of  an  out- 
sider. M.  Bourget  presents  to  us  with  an 
air  of  profundity  the  following  chain  of 
reasoning  :  "  Qui  dit  inconscient  dit  irre- 
flechi ....  Qui  dit  inconscient  dit  aussi 
spontane,  et  qui  dit  spontane  dit  simple." 
This  is  meant  to  prove  how  monstrous  a 
thing  it  is  for  a  poet  to  be  Complicated. 

When  M.  Bourget  writes  of  novelists 
he  has  something  more  definite  to  say, 
and  his  note  on  "  the  lovers  of  Venice  " 
is  extremely  ingenious.  Realizing  how 
much  both  George  Sand  and  Alfred  de 
Musset  were  instinctively  and  profession- 
ally writers,  and  how  irreconcilable  were 
their  methods  and  manners  of  writing,  he 
quietly  points  out  a  sufficient  cause  of 
divergence  in  their  mere  tendencies  and 
necessities  as  writers.  Drunken  esca- 
pades and  Pagello  become  equal  proba- 
bilities when  one  of  the  lovers  can  only 
work  under  the  inspiration  of  excitement 
and  the  other  under  the  inspiration  of 
calm. 

The  two  essays  on  Maupassant,  written 
at  ten  years'  distance,  have  a  certain  per- 
sonal interest,  and  contain  a  few  remi- 
niscences. They  point  out  clearly  some 
of  the  main  merits  of  Maupassant,  but 
with  a  singular  lack  of  proportion  in  their 
judgments.  To  say  that  Flaubert  "  sen- 
tait  grandir  dans  son  eleve  un  talent  peut- 
etre  superieur  au  sien  "  is  to  show  an  in- 
capacity to  distinguish  between  great 
work  and  clever  work  ;  and  to  say  that 
"  son  style  serre  valait  presque  celui  de 
Flaubert  "  is  to  show  an  equal  incapacity 
to  distinguish  between  great  style  and 
clever  style.  "  De  ces  deux  poetes,"  says 
M.  Bourget,  speaking  of  Heine  and  Musset, 
lt  lequel  est  superieur  ?  Vaine  question  !  " 
It  would  have  been  well  if  M.  Bourget  had 
realized  the  wisdom  of  his  own  reply  to 
himself.  In  the  essay  on  Sainte-Beuve 
we  have  a  cathedral  of  art  in  which 
Lamartine,  Hugo,  and  Musset  are  to  be 
honoured  with  statues,  Sainte-Beuve  with 
a  bust,  and  Baudelaire,  Sully-Prudhomme, 
and  Coppee  with  medallions.  Has  M, 
Bourget  lost  his  sense  of  "  values  "  in  lite- 
rature in  his  preoccupation  with  questions 
of  psychology,  sociology,  and  politics  ? 


A  Dialect  of  Donegal  :  being  the  Speech  of 
Meenawannia  in  the  Pariah  of  Glenties. 
Phonology  and  Texts.  By  E.  C. 
Quiggin.    (Cambridge, University  Press.) 

Henry  Bradshaw  was  the  founder  of  the 
study  of  the  Celtic  languages  and  their 
literature  at  Cambridge.  His  own  dis- 
coveries of  glosses,  his  studies  of  the  Irish 
canons,  of  the  lives  of  the  saints,  and  of  the 
Latin  used  by  men  whose  vernacular  was 
Celtic,  form  a  large  collection  of  original 
work.  It  was  at  his  instance  that  the 
University  published  in  1882  a  transla- 
tion of  the  Irish  grammar   of  Windisch. 


The  next  work  of  the  University  Press 
was  the  '  Thesaurus  Palaeo-Hibernieus  ' 
of  Stokes  and  Strachan  in  1901,  a  most 
useful  collection  of  old  Irish  glosses  from 
a  great  variety  of  printed  sources,  copious 
and  well  arranged,  with  a  few  defects,  of 
which  one  is  the  omission  by  the  authors 
of  any  sufficient  reference  to  the  dis- 
coveries of  Bradshaw  in  the  subject,  which 
he  freely  imparted  to  his  contemporary 
workers.  Mr.  E.  C.  Quiggin's  book  is  the 
third  Irish  publication  of  the  University 
Press,  and  is  a  valuable  piece  of  original 
work.  He  is  a  native  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
so  that  he  has  the  advantage  of  a  Celtic 
ear.  He  lectures  on  modern  languages  at 
Cambridge,  and  has  studied  under  Zimmer. 
As  Bradshaw  stimulated  in  the  University 
Celtic  studies,  which  had  before  been  con- 
fined to  solitary  individuals  like  George 
Elwes  Corrie,  the  Master  of  Jesus,  so  in 
Caius  College,  Mr.  C.  H.  Monro,  one  of  the 
senior  fellows,  has  long  been  known  for 
the  ardour  with  which  he  has  pursued 
and  encouraged  the  study  of  Irish.  Mr. 
Quiggin  has  continued  in  the  same  course, 
and  lectures  at  Caius  every  term  on  Irish. 
The  particular  subject  of  this  book  was 
beset  with  difficulties  : — 

"Worst  of  all,  however,  was  the  difficulty 
in  getting  away  from  English,  a  difficulty 
which  has  dogged  me  all  through.  That  I 
was  able  to  overcome  all  these  and  other 
difficulties  is  due  solely  to  the  unfailing 
kindness  of  my  host,  John  Hegarty.  J.  H. 
is  my  chief  source  of  information,  and  a 
word  about  him  may  not  be  out  of  place. 
He  was  born  in  1831,  and  has  spent  all  his 
life  in  Meenawannia,  with  the  exception  of 
about  1 8  months.  He  possesses  a  far  better 
knowledge  of  Donegal  Irish  than  any  other 
person  I  have  met,  and,  as  far  as  I  can 
judge,  he  has  been  little,  if  at  all,  influenced 
by  book  Irish.  He  has  an  immense  store  of 
tales  and  Fenian  poems  in  the  vernacular, 
and  it  is  only  a  few  of  the  oldest  men  and 
women  like  himself  that  are  able  to  speak 
Irish  in  its  purity." 

Mr.   Quiggin  has  printed  several  texts 
which     represent     accurately    Mr.     John 
Hegarty's  speech.     The  phonology  of  the 
texts  is  indicated  by  the  method  of  the 
Association  Phonctique.     The  texts  them- 
selves consist  of  proverbs,  riddles,  catches, 
and  stories  of  varying  length.     These  are, 
of  course,  given  as  examples  of  phonology, 
and  any  one  acquainted  with  the  speech 
of  the  descendants  of  Conall  Gulban  in  the 
wilds  of  Tirconaill  can  bear  testimony  to 
the    laborious    fidelity    with    which    Mr. 
Quiggin  has  written  it  down.     Whoever 
works  out  the  complex  phonetic  symbols 
of  the  Association  Phonetique  in  his  pages 
may  recall  exactly  the  voice  and  intona- 
tion of  Feidhlimidh  the  Fiddler,  singing, 
as  he  did  year  after  year  forty  years  ago, 
to  pilgrims  and  to  the  country  at  large 
in  the  Old  Glen  during  the  octave  of  the 
Assumption.     It    would   be    an    error    to 
suppose    that   when    bis   predecessors   as 
musicians,  Cormac  O'Ciaragain  and  Tadhg 
O'Crugadain,  sang  to  their  harps  before 
Black  Hugh  the  son  of  Red  Hugh  the  son 
of  Xiall  the  Rough  the  son  of  Turlough  of 
the   Wine,   in   bis  court   at  Ballyshannon, 
they  spoke  Irish  in  this  way,  or  that  such 
was  the  language  of  Ferghal  og  Mac-an 
Bhaird,  whose  home  was  within  sight  of 


328 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


Meenawannia,  when   about  1577  he  sang 
his  panegyric  on  O'Neill  : — 
I  gcrich  Uladh  na  n-es  mall. 

(In  the  province  of  Ulster  of  well-flowing  water- 
falls.) 
In  the  poem  in  which  Tadhg  O'Huiginn 
celebrates  the  hospitality  in  Donegal  of 
Maelmora  Mac  Suibhne, 

Tanac  oidhche  go-h-eas  caoille 
Bud  chumain  Horn  go  la  in  bhraith 
(I  came  one  night  to  Eascaille  :  I  shall  think  of  it 
till  doomsday) 

no  trace  of  dialect  is  to  be  discovered. 

The  literary  language  was  the  same 
throughout  Ireland  while  a  living  literature 
existed.  O'Neill  would  not  have  called 
poets  from  all  parts  of  Erin  to  recite  before 
him  at  Christmas — 

Nodlaig  do  chuamar  do  'n  Chraoibh 
Ollamhain  Fhodhla  d'  aontaibh 
(At  Christmas  we   went  to  the  Creeve  :  the  pro- 
fessors and  all  Ireland  together) 

as  is  related  by  O'Huiginn,  had  not 
all  Ireland  had  a  single  literary  language. 
Contemporary  with  this  each  clan  must 
have  always  had  its  peculiarities,  and 
the  aggregate  of  these  must  have  pro- 
duced the  characteristics  of  the  common 
speech  of  each  province.  Phonologists 
who  have  not  studied  the  varieties  of 
individual  speech  sometimes  over-estimate 
the  importance  of  dialects. 

The  literary  language  is  almost  extinct 
in  Ireland,  and  the  time  for  the  study  of 
the  speech  of  the  unlettered  is  fast  passing 
by.  We  can  no  longer  know  whether  the 
Ulstermen  who  formed  the  kingdom  of 
Ui  Maine  retained  in  their  speech  any 
peculiarity  of  their  place  of  origin,  nor 
whether  the  Deisi  kept  in  Waterford  any 
oddities  of  speech  which  they  brought 
from  Meath.  Mr.  Quiggin's  book  is  there- 
fore a  most  interesting  contribution  to  a 
subject  on  which  very  little  has  been 
written,  and  about  which  it  will  soon  be 
impossible  to  collect  any  observations.  He 
truly  says  :— 

"The  phonetic  decay  of  the  speech  of  the 
younger  people  will  be  constantly  exem- 
plified in  this  sketch,  but  more  appalling 
is  the  introduction  of  English  words. 
Numbers  of  the  people  have  been  in 
America  or  Scotland  for  longer  or  shorter 
periods,  and  when  they  return  the  Irish 
they  speak  is  often  little  better  than  a 
jargon." 

The  language  has  long  been  discouraged, 
and  if  at  the  present  day  it  has  received 
some  outside  encouragement,  this  is  not 
very  deep  in  its  effects.  Thus  in  Ardara, 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  scene  of  Mr. 
Quiggin's  labours,  while  there  is  a  notice 
in  Irish  painted  outside  the  dispensary, 
the  Epistle  and  Gospel  are  read  to  the 
vast  congregation  which  flows  in  from 
the  mountains  to  Mass  on  Sunday  in  Eng- 
lish and  not  in  Irish. 

Mr.  Quiggin's  book  begins  with  a  full 
statement  of  all  the  vowel  and  consonant 
sounds,  with  many  examples,  and  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  Middle  and  Old  Irish  forms. 
The  observations  in  the  treatise  of 
Finck  on  the  pronunciation  of  the 
Aran  islanders,  and  those  in  the  '  Out- 
lines of  Manx  Phonology  '  of  Prof.  Rhys, 
as  well  as  the  valuable  dialect  lists 
in    the    Irish    grammar   of    John    Molloy 


published  in  1867,  are  thoroughly  used  for 
purposes  of  comparison.  The  subject  is 
treated  with  such  elaboration  that  it 
would  be  difficult  to  criticize  any  of  the 
paragraphs  without  a  special  study  of  the 
same  kind  as  that  of  the  author.  Another 
form  might  perhaps  have  been  added  in 
the  discussion  on  the  word  robal,  Middle 
Irish  erball,  a  tail,  since  it  occurs  in  a 
Donegal  song. 

The  general  discussion  is  followed  by 
word-lists  of  Old  and  Middle  Irish,  Modern 
Irish,  Scotch  Gaelic,  and  Manx.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  as  the  Professor  of  Arabic 
at  Cambridge  has  preserved  several  dia- 
lects heard  in  Cairo  by  gramophone  records, 
so  Mr.  Quiggin  may  some  day  make  a 
valuable  addition  to  this  book  by  similar 
records  of  the  poetic  recitation  of  Mr. 
Hegarty  and  others  of  the  few  learned 
country  people  left  in  Ireland.  The 
University  would  do  well  to  make  a 
grant  for  this  purpose. 

"  Leis  an  uile  mhadadh  a  chnaoimh  " 
("  Every  one  has  his  own  subject,"  as  it 
may  be  freely  rendered)  is  the  first  of  the 
proverbs  which  Mr.  Quiggin  has  collected. 
It  may  in  the  fullest  sense  be  applied  to 
him  and  his  treatise,  the  admirable  result 
of  many  laborious  hours  of  observation  on 
the  moorlands,  in  the  fields,  and  by  the 
turf  fire  on  the  hearth  in  Meenawannia, 
and  of  subsequent  arrangement,  compari- 
son, and  generalization  within  the  Gate  of 
Wisdom  of  Dr.  Caius. 


El  Ingenioso  Hidalgo  Don  Quijote  de.  la 
Mancha.  Compuesto  por  Miguel  de 
Cervantes  Saavedra.  Primera  edicion 
critica,  con  variantes,  notas  y  el  dic- 
cionario  de  todas  las  palabras  usadas  en 
la  inmortal  no  vela,  por  D.  Clemente 
Cortejon.  Tomos  I.,  II.  (Madrid, 
Victoriano  Suarez.) 

The  two  volumes  before  us,  con- 
taining- the  first  thirty-two  chapters  of 
'  Don  Quixote,'  are  enough  to  enable  us  to 
form  a  judgment  as  to  the  merits  of  this 
edition.  It  is  unquestionably  the  most 
substantial  result  of  the  Cervantes  ter- 
centenary. Spanish  editors  of  the  national 
classic  are  apt  to  show  more  zeal  than  dis- 
cretion. Even  Clemencin,  to  whom  all 
students  are  indebted,  rates  Cervantes 
as  though  he  were  a  dull  schoolboy  ;  and 
Hartzenbusch  introduces  into  the  text  a 
series  of  radical  and  gratuitous  changes. 
Sehor  Cortejon  treats  his  author  with  due 
respect.  He  has  spent  infinite  pains  in 
collating  thirty  earlier  editions,  and  his 
copious  notes  form  a  most  useful  com- 
mentary on  the  obscure  allusions  and 
difficult  passages  with  which  the  work 
abounds  ;  he  further  promises  a  diction- 
ary of  the  words  used  in  '  Don  Quixote,' 
thus  carrying  into  effect  the  idea  of  Saenz 
del  Prado,  whose  collection  of  notes  is  a 
pathetic  monument  of  useless  labour. 
Lastly,  it  is  not  the  least  of  Sefior  Cortej6n's 
good  points  that  as  a  rule  he  speaks 
courteously  (and  sometimes  with  generous 
appreciation)  of  his  predecessors,  even 
when  they  have  the  double  misfortune  to 
be  foreigners  and  to  hold  opinions  differ- 


ing from  his  own.  This  departure  from 
tradition  among  Cervantists  is  as  new  as 
it  is  welcome. 

But,  though  Sefior  Cortejon  has  pro- 
duced a  valuable  piece  of  work,  his  per- 
emptory methods  are  open  to  criticism. 
He  describes  (vol.  i.  p.  xxix)  as  "  useless  " 
the  demonstration  that  the  history  of  the 
text  was  unknown  to  the  Spanish  Academy 
when  it  published  its  edition  in  1780,  and 
that  the  Academy  edition  of  1819  assumed 
its  actual  shape  owing  to  the  ill-advised 
acceptance  of  an  erroneous  theory  ad- 
vanced by  Juan  Antonio  Pellicer  in  1797. 
It  is  never  "  useless  "  to  expose  deeply 
rooted  errors,  nor  to  prove  that  an  official 
edition  has  no  title  to  the  special  authority 
claimed  for  it.  Till  the  ground  is  cleared, 
and  the  real  facts  are  established,  no 
progress  is  possible  ;  and  the  real  facts 
were  not  established  before  1898.  Sefior 
Cortejon  allows  (vol.  i.  p.  lxxxv),  with  a 
very  visible  air  of  reluctance,  that  the 
demonstration  was  successful  :  in  other 
words,  he  admits  that  both  the  Academy 
editions  were  based  on  wrong  principles, 
and  that  Pellicer's  theory — that  Cervantes 
corrected  the  Madrid  reprint  of  1608 — is 
untenable.  It  is  a  great  gain  to  have  this 
admission  at  last  in  black  and  white.  The 
demonstration  can  only  be  said  to  be  use- 
less in  the  sense  that  a  bombardment  is 
useless  after  the  citadel  has  surrendered. 
On  the  main  issues  Sefior  Cortejon  throws 
up  the  case.  But,  even  now,  the  true 
history  of  the  text  is  not  so  accurately 
known  as  it  ought  to  be,  and  it  is  evident 
that  Sefior  Cortejon  himself  is  not  fully 
acquainted  with  the  details.  No  one  with 
any  knowledge  of  the  subject  has  ever 
blamed  the  Spanish  Academy 

"  por  haber  confundido,  al  darnos  su  magni- 
fica  edicion  de  1780,  las  dos  primeras  que 
del  'Don  Quijote'  hizo  el  tantas  veces 
mencionado  editor.  .  .  .  " — Vol.  i.  p.  lxiv. 

This  shows  a  curious  misunderstanding  of 
the  situation.  In  1780  the  Academy  did 
not  confuse  the  two  editions  of  '  Don 
Quixote  '  published  at  Madrid  in  1605  :  in 
1780  that  learned  body  was  still  unaware 
that  two  editions  of  the  text  had  been 
published  in  1605,  though  the  fact  had 
been  pointed  out  in  England  three  years 
earlier  by  Bowie.  It  was  not  till  1819 
that  the  confusion  between  the  princeps 
and  the  second  Madrid  edition  took  place, 
and,  to  make  matters  worse,  the  Academy 
rejected  both  in  favour  of  the  third  edition. 
If  an  accomplished  expert  like  the  present 
editor  has  not  yet  grasped  these  rather 
elementary  facts,  it  is  evidently  not  "  use- 
less" to  point  them  out  to  ordinary 
students  who  have  almost  everything  to 
learn. 

As  regards  the  text  itself,  Seiior  Cor- 
tejon's  system  is  eclectic  ;  but,  on  the 
whole,  he  prefers  the  readings  of  the  second 
edition  : — 

"  Volviendo  al  punto  de  partida,  y  para 
evitar  vaguedades,  importa  docir  resuelta- 
mente,  que  aun  no  habiendo  corregido 
Cervantes,  como  no  corrigio,  ninguna  de  las 
tres  ediciones  de  Juan  do  la  Cuesta,  y  aun 
siendo  muy  discutible,  como  lo  es,  la  mayor 
autoridad  de  cualquicra  de  ellas,  todavia 
parece  que  uno   se    siente    como  movido  a 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


329 


inclinarse  respetuosamente  ante  la  segunda 
de  las  sobredichas  obras." — Vol.  i.  p.  cxliii. 

The  underlying  argument  is  difficult  to 
follow,  and  Sefior  Cortejon  does  not  appear 
to  have  thought  out  all  his  conclusions. 
Why  are  the  readings  in  the  second  edition 
to  be  preferred  to  those  in  the  first  ?  If 
the  manuscript  of  '  Don  Quixote  '  were 
found  to-morrow,  the  plain  duty  of  an 
editor  would  be  to  print  the  text  as  Cer- 
vantes wrote  it  there.  In  default  of  the 
manuscript,  what  is  the  nearest  approxi- 
mation to  it  ?  Surely  the  first  edition, 
which  was  set  up  from  the  author's  copy. 
Whatever  value  attaches  to  the  second 
edition  is  derived  from  the  possibility 
that  the  author's  manuscript  was  still  in 
existence  when  the  reprint  was  undertaken. 
But  this  is  pure  conjecture.  In  the  first 
case  we  have  to  do  with  realities  ;  in 
the  second,  with  surmises.  However,  it 
is  perplexing  to  observe  how  often  Sefior 
Cortejon  rejects  the  readings  of  the  second 
edition  in  favour  of  those  found  in  the 
first  edition  only.  For  instance,  in  the 
fourth  fine  of  the  preliminary  Solisdan 
sonnet  (vol.  i.  p.  46),  "home"  is  preferred 
to  "  hombre  "  ;  and  in  chap.  iii.  "  pre- 
venciones  referidas "  to  "  prevenciones 
recebidas  "  (vol.  i.  p.  86,  1.  10) ;  in  chap, 
iv.  "en  la  tierra  "  is  preferred  to  "  sobre 
la  tierra"  (vol.  i.  p.  102,  1.  5)  ;  and  in 
chap.  ix.  "  sedero  "  to  "  escudero  "  (vol.  j. 
p.  208,  1.  2);  in  chap.  xii.  "  cayado  y 
pellico  "  is  printed  instead  of  "  ganado  y 
pellico  "  (vol.  i.  p.  252,  1.  19) ;  and  in 
the  heading  of  chap.  xv.  "  yangiieses " 
instead  of  "  gallegos."  In  chap,  xxiii. 
"  Macabeos "  is  preferred  to  the  really 
ludicrous  "  mancebos "  (vol.  ii.  p.  175, 
1.  6).  These  few  examples  suffice  to  show 
that  Sefior  Cortejon's  preference  for  what 
he  thinks  the  "  carefully  corrected " 
second  edition  (vol.  i.  j>-  19,  note)  is  by 
no  means  unqualified.  In  each  of  these 
cases,  and  in  many  others  which  we  have 
not  room  to  note,  the  reading  of  the  first 
edition  is  incomparably  better.  The 
strange  thing  is  that  Sefior  Cortejon 
should  fail  to  draw  the  obvious  conclusion 
from  these  significant  circumstances. 

In  the  matter  of  conjectural  emendation 
the  editor's  choice  of  alternatives  does  not 
always  commend  itself.  Near  the  end  of 
chap.  xiii.  (vol.  i.  p.  280,  1.  21)  the  first 
edition  reads  "  dejarc  de  abrigar  los  que 
quedan,"  and,  as  this  has  no  meaning  a.s 
it  stands,  a  change  is  unavoidable.  For 
"abrigar  "  Sefior  Cortejon  reads  "  quemar," 
which  he  takes  from  the  second  edition. 
But  how  could  "  quemar  "  be  mistaken 
by  the  compositor  for  "  abrigar  "  ?  The 
reading  "  abrasar  "  imposes  itself  on  any 
one  who  has  studied  the  dubious  loops  and 
long  .s's  in  the  few  available  scraps  of 
Cervantes'a  handwriting,  and  it  involves 
the  least  possible  disturbance  of  the  text. 
In  other  cases  the  editor's  action  is  capri- 
cious. Thus  in  chap,  v.,  though  he 
believes  "  el  preso  Abencerraje "  to  be 
more  strictly  correct  than  "el  cautdvo 
Abencerraje,"  he  retains  "  cautivo "  in 
the  text  (vol.  i.  p.  113,  1.  5)  because  he 
thinks  that  Cervantes  wrote  it  (as  lie 
presumably  did,  for  otherwise  how  did 
the  word  appear  in  the  first  edition  ?). 


This  is  a  thoroughly  sound  principle, 
which,  however,  is  abandoned  four  pages 
later  in  the  case  of  the  housekeeper's 
exclamation,  "  Mira  en  hora  maza." 
Though  the  three  Madrid  editions  of  1605- 
1608  all  give  this  reading,  and  though  the 
editor  explicitly  approves  of  it,  he  sub- 
stitutes the  modern  commonplace  expres- 
sion, "  Mira  en  hora  mala  " — out  of  con- 
sideration, as  he  says,  for  readers  unfamiliar 
with  archaisms  (vol.  i.  p.  117, 1.  17).  Such 
ingenios  legos  are  not  likely  to  read  '  Don 
Quixote  '  in  these  sumptuous  and  scholarly 
volumes,  which,  as  Senor  Cortejon  else- 
where declares  with  justifiable  pride,  are 
intended  solely  for  specialists — "  van  tan 
solo  camino  de  las  [manos]  del  sabio,  del 
erudito,  del  estudioso  "  (vol.  ii.  p.  lxxix). 
But,  however  that  may  be,  the  proceeding 
is  absolutely  indefensible. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  collation  has 
been  carried  out  with  remarkable  thorough- 
ness ;  the  Lisbon  editions  of  1605  in  par- 
ticular have  never  been  so  carefully 
gleaned  before,  but,  as  they  are  pirated 
reprints  of  no  authority,  it  is  a  question 
whether  the  comparison  was  worth  under- 
taking. Some  variants  are  sure  to  escape 
the  most  careful  worker,  and  we  give 
a  few  readings  which  should  have  been 
noted  in  the  first  volume  :  p.  19,  1.  14, 
"agora"  for  "  ahora "  ;  p.  112,  1.  1, 
"  cubierto  de  polvo  "  for  "lleno  de  polvo"  ; 
p.  131,  1.  8,  "  reina  Pintiquiniestra  "  for 
"  reina  de  Pintiquinestra  "  ;  p.  138, 11.  3-4, 
"  no  le  entiendo  "  for  "  no  lo  entiendo  "  ; 
p.  150,  1.  2,  "  es  este  el  mejor  libro  "  for 
"  es  el  mejor  libro  "  ;  p.  182,  1.  3,  "  De 
essa  manera  "  for  "  Desa  manera  "  ;  p.  207 
1.  18,  "  quedara  "  for  "  quedaria  "  ;  and 
p.  247,  1.  5,  "  el  cuello  "  for  "  tu  cuello." 
These  and  other  omissions  should  be  noted 
in  the  list  of  errata  in  the  third  volume. 

The  commentary  deserves  high  praise. 
It  contains  much  interesting  and  suggestive 
matter ;  but,  perhaps  because  serious 
foreign  works  are  not  easily  accessible  in 
Spain,  Senor  Cortejon's  information  is 
occasionally  behindhand.  His  note  on 
duelos  y  quebrantos  shows  that  he  has  not 
read  M.  Morel-Fatio's  lucid  discussion  of 
this  phrase  in  the  '  Etudes  Romanes  '  dedi- 
cated to  Gaston  Paris.  He  is  at  a  similar 
disadvantage  in  classifying  (vol.  i.  p.  140) 
the  books  of  chivalry  ;  '  Don  Polindo  '  is 
not  one  of  the  '  Palmerin  '  series,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  there  ever  was  any  such  book 
as  '  Flotir  '  :  the  allusion  is,  no  doubt,  to 
'  Flortir,'  an  Italian  work  purporting  to 
be  translated  from  the  Spanish,  precisely 
as  '  Don  Quixote  '  purports  to  be  trans- 
lated from  the  Arabic.  These  matters 
have  been  made  clear  by  Mr.  Purser.  The 
statement  (vol.  ii.  p.  34)  that  Camus  trans- 
lated '  Oliveros  de  Castilla  '  into  French 
implies  a  slight  misunderstanding  of  what 
actually  happened  :  '  Oliveros  de  Cas- 
tilla '  was  translated  into  Spanish  in  1499 
from  the  reprint  (1492)  of  Camus'a 
'  Olivier  de  Castille,'  which  was  first  pub- 
lished at  Geneva  in  1482. 

We  may  say  in  conclusion  that,  what- 
ever basis  be  adopted  for  the  text  of  '  Don 
Quixote,'  some  passages  which  occur  in 
one  or  other  of  the  early  Madrid  editions 
must   be  excluded.     Though   Sefior   Cor- 


tejon does  not  attempt  to  deny  that  the 
original  description  of  Don  Quixote's 
rosary  in  chap.  xxvi.  is  by  Cervantes,  he 
omits  it  without  scruple  ;  and,  though  he 
is  unable  to  prove  that  Cervantes  is  in  any 
way  responsible  for  the  two  interpolations 
describing  the  loss  and  recovery  of  Dapple, 
he  incorporates  both  in  his  text.  His 
chief  argument — the  resemblance  of  style 
— is  far  from  strong  :  before  the  discovery 
that  the  dedication  of  '  Don  Quixote  '  was 
borrowed  largely  from  Herrera  and  Medina, 
resemblances  of  style  might  have  been 
quoted  to  prove  that  it  was  in  Cervantes's 
best  manner,  and  they  have  often  been 
quoted  as  justifying  the  ascription  to  him 
not  merely  of  '  La  Tia  fingida,'  but  also  of 
two  celebrated  romances — '  Elicio  '  and 
'  Galatea  ' — which  are  now  unanimously 
admitted  to  be  by  Salinas.  It  is,  however, 
only  fair  to  add  that,  as  he  progresses  with 
his  work,  Senor  Cortejon  seems  to  realize 
more  fully  the  strength  of  the  case  he  has 
to  meet ;  if  he  does  not  argue  his  point 
with  diminishing  conviction,  he  is  at  least 
much  less  affirmative  in  the  second  volume 
than  in  the  first,  and  he  ends  by  allowing 
(vol.  ii.  p.  lxxviii)  that  the  weight  of  expert 
opinion  may  possibly  be  against  him.  So 
much  candour  does  him  honour. 

The  ideal  text  of  '  Don  Quixote  '  would 
be  a  phototype  reproduction  of  the  princeps 
with  the  variants  of  the  second  edition  and 
a  concise  commentary.  Senor  Cortejon 
comes  short  of  the  ideal,  but  we  can  pay 
his  edition  no  higher  compliment  than  to 
submit  it  to  minute  critical  examination. 
It  is  capable  of  improvement  in  several 
respects,  but  it  is  a  notable  advance  on 
all  other  editions  recently  issued  in  Spain, 
and  reflects  great  credit  on  both  editor  and 
publisher. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


Prisoners.        By     Mary      Cholmondeley. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Miss  Cholmondeley  has  written  a  power- 
ful, though  somewhat  painful  book.  It  is 
the  story  of  a  pretty,  shallow,  and  selfish 
woman,  who  habitually  sacrifices  others  to 
her  own  comfort  and  safety,  but  finally, 
through  much  suffering,  gains  the  release 
of  her  imprisoned  soul  by  confession  and 
the  sacrifice  of  what  she  holds  most  dear. 
In  the  earlier  chapters  we  make  her 
acquaintance  at  a  time  when  she  is  living 
in  Italy  with  an  elderly  Italian  husband, 
the  Duke  of  Colle  Alto.  One  evening 
Michael  Carstairs,  a  young  Englishman 
who  was  her  lover  before  her  marriage, 
comes  to  her  window,  in  response  to  her 
urgent  entreaty.  Just  at  that  moment 
the  police  discover  that  a  murder  has  been 
committed  in  the  Duke's  garden,  and  sur- 
round the  house.  The  Englishman's  only 
chance  of  escape  is  to  hide  behind  a  screen 
in  the  boudoir  of  the  Duchess,  where  he 
is  presently  discovered,  and  in  order  to 
save  her  reputation  he,  although  ignorant 
of  all  knowledge  of  the  crime,  confesses 
that  he  is  the  murderer.  He  is  sent  to 
prison  for  fifteen  years,  and  the  Duchess 
lacks  the  courage  to  tell  the  truth  and 
secure  his  release.    The  rest  of  the  story  is 


330 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°  411-7,  Sept.  22,  1906 


concerned  with  her  gradual  repentance, 
and  the  influences  which  brought  her  to 
a  knowledge  of  her  true  self. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  had  the  Duchess 
told  the  truth  as  to  the  presence  of  Car- 
stairs  in  her  room  she  could  not  have 
secured  his  release,  for  her  evidence  would 
not  have  availed  for  a  moment  against 
the  man's  voluntary  confession  of  guilt. 
If,  however,  the  reader  ignores  this  fact, 
he  can  find  no  fault  with  the  manner  in 
which  Miss  Cholmondeley  has  developed 
her  story.  There  is  not  an  uncertain 
touch  anywhere.  From  the  moment  that 
Carstairs  is  taken  to  prison,  the  dissection 
of  the  Duchess's  small  soul  proceeds  with 
the  firm  and  faultless  skill  of  the  accom- 
plished surgeon.  We  meet  many  people 
in  the  course  of  the  story,  and  every  one, 
with  a  single  exception,  is  drawn  with 
precision,  and  informed  with  life.  The 
book  has  been  written  with  the  utmost 
care.  The  author  does  not  strain  after 
epigram,  but  she  is  an  eminently  thought- 
ful writer,  and  her  thoughts  command  our 
attention.  Her  one  failure  is  Carstairs. 
We  are  told  that  he  is  "pale,  handsome, 
distinguished,"  and,  knowing  that  we  have 
to  do  with  the  ideal  man  of  a  good  woman, 
we  are  not  surprised  to  find  that  he  is  also 
"  perfectly  groomed."  In  point  of  fact, 
Carstairs  belongs  wholly  to  melodrama. 
He  is  not  in  the  least  convincing,  and  the 
reader  will  find  it  difficult  to  sympathize 
with  his  sufferings,  because  it  is  difficult 
to  believe  that  he  ever  existed.  But 
apart  from  Carstairs  the  book  is  tho- 
roughly successful. 


/  Know  a  Maiden.     By  Maria  Albanesi. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
The  course  and  incident  of  this  story,  and 
to  some  extent  the  development  of  its 
characters,  depend  on  the  action  of  a 
stepmother  in  keeping  her  little  step- 
daughter out  of  her  inheritance.  This 
position  would  seem  at  first  sight  to  put 
an  end  to  all  possibility  of  sympathy  for 
the  stepmother.  But  this  is  not  altogether 
so,  because  Madame  Albanesi  has  willed 
it  otherwise.  The  temptation  to  ensure 
the  worldly  advantage  of  her  own  children 
proves  too  strong  for  an  otherwise  amiable 
and  charming  woman.  She  takes  pos- 
session of  the  girl's  money,  and  sees  her 
beloved  son  and  daughter  enriched,  but  at 
the  expense  of  her  own  happiness.  Her 
conscience  gives  her  no  rest ;  she  is  ever 
on  the  alert,  dreading  the  face  of  the 
victim  and  the  sight  of  any  stranger  who 
may  be  supposed  to  have  a  clue.  The 
girl's  own  beautiful  nature  makes  her  in 
the  end  the  sole  support  and  comfort  of 
the  woman,  struck  down  by  paralysis  and 
the  neglect  of  those  for  whom  she  has 
sinned.  Yet  the  neglect  of  the  children 
is  not  exaggerated,  rather  the  result  of 
their  upbringing.  The  merit  of  the  story 
is  that  it  is  concerned  with  specimens  of 
average  human  nature.  Even  the  generous 
little  girl  is  not  wholly  unlike  a  real  per- 
son. One  or  two  of  the  rest  seem  familiar 
types,  including  the  worldling  with  the 
warm  heart  hidden  beneath  a  sardonic 
manner. 


Benita.    Bv  H.  Rider  Haggard.     (Cassell 
&Co.) 

'  Benita  '  is  a  South  African  romance, 
composed  of  Zulu  warriors,  buried  treasure, 
underground  passages,  a  standard  villain, 
an  English  maiden  of  surpassing  beauty 
and  bravery,  much  hypnotism  on  the  part 
of  the  villain,  and  considerable  sonorous 
prophecy  on  the  part  of  an  ancient  native 
priest.  These  excellent  ingredients  are 
well  mixed,  and  the  result  is  a  story 
bristling  with  adventure  and  thoroughly 
readable.  It  is  much  less  full  of  gore 
than  the  earlier  African  stories  of  Mr. 
Haggard  ;  but  on  the  other  hand  there 
is  a  cave  well  filled  with  ready  -  made 
corpses.  It  reminds  us  of  '  King  Solomon's 
Mines  '  and  certain  other  of  Mr.  Haggard's 
stories,  but  that  may  be  its  best  passport 
to  popularity. 

The    Whirligig    of    Time.      By    Beatrice 
Whitby.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Miss  Whitby  has  set  herself  the  task  of 
describing  what  happens  when  a  deter- 
mined spinster,  devoted  to  the  advocacy 
of  woman's  rights,  marries  an  irritable, 
selfish,  and  domineering  widower,  with  a 
family  of  assorted  children.  She  has 
carried  out  her  purpose  with  considerable 
skill,  and  has  made  a  book  that  will  please 
the  large  circle  who  demand  a  quiet, 
domestic  narrative,  rather  than  a  story  in 
which  strange  things  happen  and  people 
talk  smartly.  Most  of  the  characters  may 
be  familiar  to  the  habitual  novel-reader. 
The  irritable  and  selfish  husband  has  been 
met  in  many  novels,  and  the  strong-minded 
wife  is  a  type  rather  than  a  person.  Still 
the  story  is  well  told,  and  has  a  mild 
interest. 

The  Brangwyn  Mystery.  By  David  Christie 
Murray.     (John  Long.) 

If  Mr.  Murray's  latest  novel  recalls  his 
earlier  works,  it  will  certainly  not  be 
because  it  bears  any  resemblance  to 
them.  Such  books  as  'Rainbow  Gold' 
and  '  Joseph's  Coat,'  with  their  vivid 
sketches  of  life  in  the  Black  Country,  were 
strong  in  characterization  and  incident ; 
'  The  Brangwyn  Mystery,'  which  is  con- 
cerned with  the  murder  of  a  wealthy  old 
man,  is  merely  a  piece  of  sensationalism, 
and  rather  an  indifferent  piece,  too.  The 
defect  of  the  mystery  is  that  there  is 
really  so  little  that  is  mysterious  about  it. 
Early  in  the  narrative  it  is  made  perfectly 
plain  that  one  of  the  old  man's  two 
nephews  put  him  to  death.  Since  the 
suspicion  of  everybody  in  the  book  falls 
upon  Aloysius,  the  experienced  reader 
knows  that  Alexis  will  prove  to  be  the 
murderer.     The  story  is  smoothly  written. 


Pharaoh's    Turquoise.      By   A.   M.   Judd. 
(F.  V.  White  &  Co.) 

Melodrama  is  akin  to  burlesque,  and 
nobody  with  a  sense  of  humour  will  read 
this  melodramatic  tale  of  gipsy  life  without 
a  sense  of  enjoyment.  All  the  familiar 
incidents — from  the  opening  chapter,  in 
which  an  earl's  daughter  loses  her  way  in 


a  forest,  to  the  closing  scenes,  in  which 
Gabriel  Gideon,  the  gallant  gipsy  who 
rescues  her  from  her  plight,  is  proved  to 
be  her  elder  brother — have  a  fine  and 
irresistible  touch  of  extravagance.  Some 
of  the  characters  —  notably  old  Silas 
Gideon,  the  chief  of  the  gipsy  encampment 
in  the  haunted  wood — are  not  wanting  in 
vividness ;  and  several  of  the  scenes,  par- 
ticularly that  in  which  Gabriel  Gideon, 
becomes  possessed  of  the  wonderful  tur- 
quoise ring  that  once  adorned  the  "  em- 
balmed finger"  of  a  "royal  mummy," 
have  the  quality  of  imagination  ;  but  the 
book  in  its  main  features  is  too  extra- 
vagant in  its  conventionalism,  ■  too  sug- 
gestive of  parody,  to  be  taken  seriously. 


Mrs.    Dimmock's    Worries.      By    B.    L. 
Farjeon.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

It  is  a  little  difficult  to  comment  upon  a; 
book  in  which  the  narrator,  referring  to. 
this  very  work,  says  : — 

"  Can  it  be  possible  ?  Is  it  really,  really 
true  ?  Shall  I  see  myself  in  the  shop- 
windows  and  on  the  book-stalls  ?  It  is 
almost  incredible.  Oh,  dear  Critics,  dear 
gentlemen  of  the  press,  be  kind  to  me, 
overlook  my  many  faults ....  I  beg,  I  im- 
plore ! " 

To  be  sure,  the  narrator  is  part  of  the 
author's  creation,  but  the  whole  book  is 
in  the  same  vein.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the' 
story  of  a  woman  of  middle-class  family, 
told  by  herself,  she  having  been  urged 
into  scribbling  for  the  press  by  a  reckless 
nephew  who  finds  her  letters  interesting. 
She  says  of  herself  that,  though  she 
cannot  play  the  piano  like  Paderewski, 
she  can  wash  and  iron  a  shirt  better  than 
he  can,  and  make  a  beefsteak  pudding  fit 
to  set  before  the  Queen.  And  so  she  tells 
of  her  daily  household  life,  and  though 
the  chronicle  is  one  of  small  beer,  it  is  not 
without  humour  and  kindliness. 


The  Pillar  of  Cloud.     By  Francis  Gribble. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) 

People  who  have  been  mute  under  the 
affliction  of  drabness  in  their  own  lives 
will  feel  grateful  to  Mr.  Gribble  for  this 
story  of  a  girl  of  genius,  who  escaped 
from  poverty  into  the  demi-monde,  and 
returned  thence  heart-broken,  but  hope- 
ful in  dreams  of  the  life  to  come.  Irony 
goes  far  in  the  scene  which  makes  her 
triumphant  performance  of  a  wedding 
march  the  cue  for  the  entrance  of  a 
lawyer  armed  with  a  "solatium."  English 
authors  are  apt  to  write  with  excess  of 
pompous  sentiment  when  avoiding  ex- 
cessive sexuality.  Mr.  Gribble's  realism 
breaks  down  in  the  scene  which  brings 
his  heroine  and  her  lover  together  before 
they  pretend  that  the  Temple,  Fleet 
Street,  is  a  coral  island.  On  the  whole, 
however,  he  is  an  intelligent  observer  of 
the  unrespectable.  A  modern  Mistress 
Overdone  is  an  excellent  portrait.  His 
satire  at  the  expense  of  popular  serials  is 
poor.  He  does  not  appreciate  the  extra- 
ordinary cleverness  which  dreadfully  en- 
livens the  hoardings ;  and  we  think  that, 
in  real  life,  his  feuilleloniste  would  have 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


331 


found  authorship  less  remunerative  than 
type-  writing. 

The  Cuckoo.     By   Hamilton  Drummond. 
(F.  V.  White  &  Co.) 

If  the  reader  can  summon  in  himself 
enough  faith  in  childhood  to  face  an 
-extremely  unpleasant  situation,  he  will 
be  sure  to  read  •  The  Cuckoo '  with 
atoning  excitement  and  admiration.  The 
scene  is  laid  in  France  in  the  sixteenth 
century;  and  "the  cuckoo"  is  a 
■child  who  owes  existence  to  the  ad- 
vantage taken  of  an  unconscious  girl  by 
a  peasant.  The  girl  marries  a  seigneur, 
and  the  child  is  born  late  enough  to  enjoy 
false  prestige  as  his  heir.  Fortunately 
the  glamour  of  high  thinking  and  noble 
deeds  is  over  this  story,  which  is  told 
with  warmth  and  sincerity.  Oddly  enough, 
the  author  is  no  realist ;  he  is  romantic 
at  the  core. 

The  Ivory    Raiders.     By   Walter    Dalby. 
(Alston  Rivers.) 

Here  is  a  tolerably  commonplace 
story  of  adventure,  but  it  is  told  with  a 
good  deal  more  ability  than  usually  goes 
to  the  making  of  such  stories.  The  result 
is  a  vastly  entertaining  book,  and  one 
which  should  delight  many  readers.  The 
hero  is  the  son  of  a  wealthy  financier, 
with  whom  we  find  him  dining  in  the 
opening  chapter.  His  father  has  just 
heard  of  the  young  man's  engagement 
to  a  lady  of  the  locality  who  is  consider- 
ably his  senior,  and  much  his  superior  in 
knowledge  of  the  world.  The  father's 
comment  is  to  the  effect  that  he  cannot 
countenance  the  engagement  until  his 
son  has  seen  a  little  of  the  world.  The 
young  man  must  go  abroad  and  learn  to 
"  keep  his  end  up  "  for  a  couple  of  years. 
He  does  so,  and  receives  a  letter  in  Africa 
in  which  he  is  released  from  his  engage- 
ment. By  that  time  the  edge  of  his  calf 
love  has  been  considerably  blunted,  and 
the  blow  does  not  greatly  perturb  him. 
He  goes  through  a  variety  of  adventures 
while  disbursing  the  little  nest-egg  with 
which  his  father  had  furnished  him,  and 
finally  reaches  poverty,  in  company  with 
two  more  or  less  disreputable  companions, 
in  Portuguese  East  Africa.  His  grand 
escapade  as  an  ivory  raider  is  redeemed 
from  utter  failure  in  a  really  humorous 
manner,  and  he  reaches  England,  "  a  man, 
handled  and  made,"  to  find  his  father 
preparing  for  marriage  with  the  ladv  who 
had  jilted  him.  The  plot  is  not  remark- 
able, but  the  treatment  is  refreshingly 
crisp. 


ENGLISH    PHILOLOGY. 

A  Late  Eighth-Century  Latin-Anglo-Saxon 
Glossary  prest  rred  in  the  Library  of  the  Leiden 
University.  Edited  by  .7.  H.  Hessels.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.)— To  students  of 
English  philology  the  'Leiden  Glossary'  has 
hitherto  been  chiefly  known  from  the  extracts, 
comprising  those  entries  that  contain  Old 
English  words,  published  by  Dr.  Sweet  in 
'The  Oldest  English  Texts.'  A  complete 
edition  of  the  glossary  has  long  been  desired 
— partly  because  the  glosses  printed  by  Dr. 


Sweet  present  many  obscurities  which  need 
all  the  elucidation  they  can  obtain  from  the 
purely  Latin  glosses  among  which  they  are 
interspersed  ;  and  partly  because  it  was 
evident  that  the  collection  must  contain 
material  of  considerable  value  for  the  study 
of  late  and  mediaeval  Latin.  Mr.  Hessels 
has  supplied  the  want  with  admirable  skill. 
It  appears,  however,  that  he  has  been  anti- 
cipated. After  he  had  printed  a  large  por- 
tion of  his  text,  he  discovered  that  the  first 
part  of  an  edition  of  the  glossary  had  been 
published  in  1901  by  Dr.  P.  Glogger.  On 
being  informed  that  Mr.  Hessels  was  pre- 
paring an  edition,  Dr.  Glogger  generously 
offered  to  suppress  his  own  work.  Of  course 
this  proposal  was  not  accepted,  and  in  1903 
Dr.  Glogger  issued  a  second  part,  containing 
his  explanations  of  the  text,  of  which  Mr. 
Hessels  has  been  able  to  make  extensive 
use.  The  third  and  concluding  instalment, 
treating  of  the  relations  between  the  '  Leiden 
Glossary '  and  various  compilations  of 
similar  nature,  is  announced  as  in  preparation. 
Dr.  Glogger's  edition,  which  we  have  not 
been  able  to  consult,  is  cordially  praised  by 
Mr.  Hessels,  who  quotes  from  it  many  acute 
and  convincing  suggestions.  Although  it 
has  been  somewhat  unfortunate  for  both 
editors  that  they  did  not  sooner  discover 
that  they  were  engaged  on  the  same  work, 
it  is  on  the  whole  an  advantage  that  the  elu- 
cidation of  this  difficult  and  philologically 
valuable  document  should  have  been  taken 
in  hand  by  two  highly  competent  scholars. 

In  the  present  work  Mr.  Hessels's  scholar- 
ship and  industry  have  been  put  to  a  much 
severer  test  than  in  his  valuable  edition  of 
the    '  Corpus   Glossary.'     That  edition  gave 
merely  a  reproduction  of  the  text  of  the  MS., 
with  the  addition  of  alphabetical  lists  of  the 
Latin  and  Old  English  words,  and  an  intro- 
duction treating  mainly  of  the  deviations  of 
the  orthography  from  the  standard  of  classical 
Latin.     The  indexes  to  the  '  Leiden  Glossary,' 
on  the  other  hand,  contain  an     exhaustive 
commentary  on  the  glosses.     This  difference 
of  treatment  has  been  suggested  by  the  differ- 
ence in  the  character  of  the  two  texts.     In  the 
'  Corpus  Glossary '  the  lemmas  are  arranged 
alphabetically,  without  any  indication  of  the 
sources  from  which  they  are  derived.     The 
'  Leiden  Glossary  '  is  divided  into  sections, 
most  of  which  have  headings  indicating  the 
book  (sometimes  a  book  of  Scripture,  some- 
times a  work  of    an    ecclesiastical  historian 
or  a  grammarian)  in  which  the  words  occur. 
Mr.  Hessels  has  diligently  searched  through 
all  the  works  referred  to  in  these  headings, 
as  well  as  many   others   that  seemed    pos- 
sible sources  for  those  sections  where    there 
is  no  reference.     Where  he  has  been  able 
to  identify  the  passage  from  which  a  lemma 
is  taken,  he  prints  it   in  full   in    his    index. 
Even  when  due  account  is  taken  of  the  aid 
furnished    by   the    investigations    of   earlier 
scholars,  the  labour  of  discovering  the  sources 
must  be  admitted  to  have  been  enormous. 
The  matter  would  have  been  comparatively 
simple   if  the  glossary  had  been  free  from 
corruptions  in   the  text.     But  it  is  a  copy 
made  by  High   German  scribes   of   the  end 
of  the  eighth  century  from  an  original  in  an 
English  handwriting  of  a  much  earlier  period, 
with  which  they  were  imperfectly  familiar  ; 
and    hence    it    abounds    with    blunders,    of 
which  sicunia  for  reuma  is  no  very  extra- 
ordinary   example.     Further,    a   large    pro- 
portion   of    the   lemmas    are    Greek   words, 
which   have   passed   through   the   hands   of 
scribes  who  probably  did  not  know  the  Greek 
alphabet,    and     who     have      often     altered 
them    almost    beyond   recognition.      Uhd<  r 
these    difficulties    Mr.    Hessels's    success    in 
tracing  the  sources  of  the  glossary  has  been 
remarkable.      The     Latin     Index     is     really 
interesting    reading,    owing    to    the    unex- 


pected light  that  is  continually  thrown  on 
the  most  hopeless-looking  glosses.  ' '  Cataantis 
contrarius,"  for  instance,  is  a  puzzle  that 
could  hardly  be  solved  by  mere  guessing. 
The  lemma  turns  out  to  represent  koto, 
di'Ticf>pa(Tiv.  Similarly  "  De  citiuis,  de  in- 
sanis,"  would  assuredly  have  been  insoluble 
if  it  had  not  been  traced  to  Jerome's  words 
"  De  kvAAois  tacuit  "  in  his  commentary  on 
Matt.  xv.  31. 

In  a  very  few  instances  Mr.  Hessels  seems 
to  have  gone  astray  in  the  identification  of 
the  passages  to  which  the  glosses  relate. 
Under  Quadraplas  [sic]  die,  there  is  a  lengthy 
gloss  concerning  the  fractional  excess  over 
365  days  in  the  year  ;  but  the  passage  quoted 
in  the  Index,  referring  to  the  position  of  the 
sun  at  the  vernal  equinox,  does  not  contain 
the  words  of  the  lemma  With  all  the  editor's 
diligence  and  learning  he  has  had  to  leave 
a  considerable  number  of  unsolved  riddles, 
such  as  "  cicima  geometria."  In  some 
instances  explanations  that  could  have  been 
given  have  been  omitted,  probably  because 
the  editor  thought  them  to  be  unnecessary  ; 
but  the  interpretation  of  such  forms  as 
"  conices  "  (for  chceniees,  \olvtKt<s)  is  surely 
not  too  obvious  to  need  pointing  out. 

In  dealing  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  part   of 
the  glossary  Mr.  Hessels  is  not  so  much  at 
home  as  when  discussing  late  Latin  words, 
and  although  the  work  is  creditably  done, 
there  are  several  points  that  might  have  been 
more  satisfactorily  dealt  with.     Under  the 
gloss  "  Colomellas,  Ionium,"  the  Latin  Index 
has  an  elaborate  note  on  the  interpretation  of 
Ionium,  which  contains  several  mistakes,  and 
concludes  with  the  suggestion  that  the  word 
is     an     Old     English     instrumental     plural, 
"  Ionium  for  leomum  from  leoma  (also  written 
lema),   from   A.-S.    Urn,    a  limb,   joint,   but 
especially  a  branch."     This  is  rather  wild, 
and  we  are  inclined  to  doubt  whether  the 
word  is  Old  English  at  all  (why  the  instru- 
mental case  when  the  lemma  is  accusative  ?) 
and  not  rather  a  corrupt  reading  for  the  Latin 
tomum.     The  letters  t  and  I,  according  to  the 
facsimile  page,  are  nearly  enough  alike  in  the 
MS.  to  render  the  corruption  probable.     The 
Latin  histrionibus  appears  with  the  mysterious 
rendering  oroccerum,  for  which  former  editors 
read    droccerum.     This    is    plainly    an    Old 
English  word  or  a  corruption  of  one.     We  can 
offer  no  solution   (dreccerum  does  not  seem 
very   likely)  ;     but   surely   Mr.    Hessels    was 
strangely  advised  when  he  penned  the  sug- 
gestion that  oroccerum  is  "  a  derivation  [sic], 
perhaps,  from  ore  (Lat.  orcus).  the  infernal 
regions."     In    the    Anglo-Saxon    Index    the 
error   is   carried   a   little   further,   ore  being 
said    to    mean    "  a    stage-player."     Under 
hcegtis  in  this  Index  there  is  some  confusion 
between  the  two  wholly  unconnected  Ger- 
manic words  represented  respectively  by  the 
German  Eidechse,  lizard,   and   Heoce,   wit  eh. 
The  explanation  of  the  mistake  seems  to  be 
that  in  Dutch,  which  is  Mr.  Hessels's  native 
language,  the  word  for  lizard  has  by  popular 
etymology  become  hagedis,  which  resembles 
the  older  forms  of  the  word  for  witch.     We 
could  mention  several  other  points  in  which 
Mr.  Hessels's  treatment  of  Old  English  words 
is   not   altogether   what  could   be   desired. 
They  are  not,  however,  of  great  importance, 
and  do  not  materially  lessen  the  value  or 
merit    of    this    scholarly    and    marvellously 
laborious    piece    of   work.     The    book    does 
Mr.    Hessels   the   greatest    credit,    and    is   in 
every  way  worthy  of  the  reputation  of  the 
Cambridge  Press. 

Growth  and  Structure  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. By  Otto  Jespersen.  (Leipsic,  B.  G. 
Teubner  ;     London,    Xutt   and    Williams    & 

Xorgate.) — The  style  of  this  excellent  work 
displays  a  correctness  and  ease  which  would 
be  highly  creditable  to  a  native  scholar,  and 


332 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


are  marvellous  in  the  case  of  a  foreigner, 
while  the  matter  and  method  evince  ade- 
quate mastery  of  the  intricate  subject.  The 
learned  author  of  '  Progress  in  Language  ' 
has  succeeded  here  thoroughly  in  his  en- 
deavour "  to  write  at  once  popularly  and 
so  as  to  be  of  some  profit  to  the  expert 
philologist."  The  title  and  scope  of  the 
treatise  and  its  adaptability  to  readers  un- 
versed in  linguistic  science  naturally  bring 
it  into  line  with  Mr.  Henry  Bradley's  '  Making 
of  English  '  (1904),  which  Prof.  Jespersen 
cannot  have  had  the  opportunity  of  utilizing, 
as  he  would  have  been  glad,  without  doubt, 
to  adopt  or  discuss  Mr.  Bradley's  views  on 
several  interesting  points  ;  for  instance,  on 
"  root-creation,  which  is  the  invention  of  an 
entirely  new  word,  usually  either  imitative 
of  some  inarticulate  noise,  or  suggested  by 
some  instinctive  feeling  of  expressiveness," 
and  on  "  the  attributive  use  of  the  sub- 
stantive." We  object  to  the  term  "root" 
being  applied  to  modern  additions  to  a 
vocabulary,  and  hold  that  many  new  forms 
are  due  to  accident,  to  mispronunciation, 
defective  hearing,  or  lapse  of  memory. 
Prof.  Jespersen  devotes  more  space  to  the 
comparatively  unimportant  topic  of  deli- 
berate coinages,  such  as  "  vril  "  and 
"  kodak,"  and  to  newly  invented  derivatives 
and  compounds,  than  to  the  multitude  of 
familiar  short  words  which  in  English,  as  in 
other  Teutonic  languages,  defy  philologists. 
He  mentions,  among  others,  "  jump," 
"gloat,"  "fun,"  "jam,"  and  "slum,"  and 
suggests  that  "  some  of  them  may  be  due 
to  children's  playful  inventiveness."  He 
agrees  with  the  statement  that  "  mere 
position  before  another  noun  is  really  the 
most  English  way  of  turning  a  noun  into  an 
adjective,"  but,  unlike  Mr.  Bradley,  he 
does  not  distinguish  with  sufficient  sharp- 
ness between  a  noun  used  attributively 
and  a  noun  forming  an  element  of  a 
compound  noun  ;  moreover,  no  notice  is 
taken  of  the  hyphen  as  used  in  his  term 
"  prop-word."  Dr.  Jespersen  hardly  does 
justice  to  our  diminutive  suffixes.  He 
ignores  "  -et,"  while  noticing  its  Italian 
equivalents  "  -etto,"  "  -etta,"  and  English 
"  -let  "  (of  which  "  -et  "  is  an  element), 
though  the  following  instances  are  common 
"  circlet,"  "  eaglet,"  "  facet,"  "  floweret," 
"  islet,"  "  jacket,"  "  midget,"  "  owlet," 
"  packet,"  "  tablet,"  "  coronet,"  "  turret." 
The  suffix  of  "  bullock,"  "  buttock,"  "  hil- 
lock," "  paddock,"  also  deserves  mention. 
We  read  that  "  -kin  "  is  "  not  very  frequently 
used  "  ;  Mr.  Bradley,  however,  writes  :  "  In 
modern  English  we  can,  at  least  in  jocular 
speech,  add  -kin  to  almost  any  noun  to  form 
a  diminutive.  Even  more  common  than  -kin, 
and  more  dignified  in  use,  is  -let." 

To  select  for  special  appreciation  any 
portion  of  a  work  uniformly  admirable  may 
savour  of  temerity ;  yet  we  cannot  resist 
the  temptation  to  suggest  that  the  chapter 
on  Scandinavian  influence,  which  occupies 
about  a  tenth  of  the  volume,  rises  a  little 
above  the  average  in  interest  and  compre- 
hensiveness. In  a  paragraph  on  syntax  we 
are  told  : — 

"'He  could  have  done  it'  agrees  with  'ban 
kunde  have  giort  det '  against  '  er  hfttte  68  tun 
konnen '    (and    French    '  il    aurait    pu    lc    faire'). 

Other    points    in    syntax   might    perhaps   be 

ascribed  to  Scandinavian  influence,  such  as  the 
universal  position  of    a  genitive  case  before   its 

noun the    use    of     a    preposition    governing    a 

dependent  clause  (he  talked  of  how  people  had 
injured  him;  where  German  must  B&y  davon  wie, 
and  Dutch  er  run  hoe),  &c  ;  but  in  these  delicate 
matters  it  is  not  safe  to  assert  too  much,  as  in  fact 
many  similarities  may  have  been  independently 
developed  in  both  languages." 

The  characteristics  of  the  English  lan- 
guage make  much  the  same  impression  on 


the  Danish  philologist  as  on  English  critics 
from  De  Quincey  to  Mr.  Bradley ;  but  the 
native  estimates  are  on  the  whole  expressed 
with  more  reserve  than  this  latest  foreign 
encomium,  which,  however,  is  accompanied 
by  judicious  warnings  against  the  debase- 
ment of  our  great  inheritance.  After  giving 
some  examples  of  the  new  style  of  writing 
for  newspapers,  the  Professor  justly  avers 
that  "  no  other  language  lends  itself  by  its 
very  structure  to  such  vile  stylistic  tricks 
as  English  does." 

A  double  part  (5  and  6)  of  Bausteine  shows 
that  this  German  contribution  to  English 
philology  is  making  solid  and  creditable 
progress.  A  sixteenth-century  MS.  from 
Balliol  College,  which  gives  equivalents  in 
English  and  French,  is  carefully  studied  by 
Dr.  R.  Dyboski.  The  English  terminology 
used  by  various  modern  critics  of  lyric 
poetry  is  explained  in  detail,  and  there  is 
also  a  useful  article  on  English  Parliamentary 
terms  which  have  escaped  the  dictionaries. 
The  editor,  Dr.  Kellner,  concludes  his  inter- 
esting studies  of  single  words.  "  Besetting," 
"  bewilder,"  "  blatant,"  "  casual,"  and 
"  crude  "  are  all  considered  with  abundant 
examples,  which  would  be  better  worth 
examining  if  they  were  taken  from  men  of 
letters  instead  of  novelists.  Writers  of 
fiction  are  not  often  authorities  on  language, 
and  are  usually  in  too  much  of  a  hurry  to 
pause  over  the  meaning  which  they  conceive 
words  to  bear.  It  would  be  unkind,  but 
possibly  useful,  to  present  a  few  instances  in 
which  they  have  done  discredit  to  their 
native  tongue.  It  is  tolerably  easy  for  the 
expert  to  distinguish  between  the  printed 
matter  which  is  carefully  written  by  people 
of  some  education,  and  the  average  casual 
stuff  which  betrays  only  haste  and  ignorance. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Dr.  Leyds,  in  The  First  Annexation  of  the 
Transvaal  (Fisher  Unwin),  has  on  several 
important  points  a  good  case.  The  annexa- 
tion of  the  Diamond  Fields  does  not  look 
well  on  paper.  The  statements  of  Liberal, 
as  well  as  of  Imperialist,  historians  on  the 
motive  for  the  annexation  of  the  South 
African  Republic  by  Lord  Carnarvon,  do 
not  stand  the  test  of  impartial  inquiry.  The 
clear  intention  of  Lord  Derby  to  abandon 
by  the  London  Convention  all  claim  to 
suzerainty  is  in  contradiction  with  our 
official  position  of  1899.  On  the  other 
hand,  Dr.  Leyds  is,  we  fear,  the  man  who 
more  than  any  other  was  the  cause  of  the 
final  annexation  which  he  sought  to  avert. 
President  Kruger,  without  the  advice  of 
Lr.  Leyds,  would  not,  we  think,  have  tried  to 
save  the  independence  of  the  Republics  by 
the  menace  of  a  phantom  alliance  against 
us  on  the  part  of  Germany,  France,  and 
Russia.  In  this  book  the  author  displays 
the  same  combination  of  smart  intelligence 
and  rash  blundering  which  was  conspicuous 
during  Ids  European  mission.  He  destroys 
the  whole  effect  of  his  case,  for  the  very 
European  Liberals  to  whom  his  arguments 
might  otherwise  appeal  with  force,  by  his 
treatment  of  the  native  question.  Address- 
ing himself,  as  he  does,  to  impartial  men  in 
Western  Europe,  he  seems  to  attack  the 
Dutch  missionaries  from  Holland,  and  also 
Livingstone,  for  looking  on  the  black  races 
of  South  Africa  as  composed  of  creatures 
with  immortal  souls.  Dr.  Leyds  plays  into 
the  hands  of  those  who  distrust  him,  and 
dislike  the  Boer  Government  he  served,  by 
writing  of  the  Kaffirs  : — 

"  They  were    without   exception    the    most    in- 
veterate cattle  thieves,  and  they  showed  a  supreme 


disregard  for  the  distinction  between  truth  and 
falsehood." 

"  To-day,"  he  writes,  too  truly, 
"the  inhabitants  of  South  Africa,  both   English 
and  Dutch,   are  practically   united  in   their  con- 
demnation of  early  missionary  methods." 

Attacking  the  British  Government  for  its 
protection  of  the  natives,  Dr.  Leyds  adds  : — 
"  Successive  Secretaries  of  State  adopted  a 
method  of  dealing  with  the  blacks  which  alone 
would  have  compelled  the  border  population  to 
emigrate." 

In  this  matter  Dr.  Leyds  will  have  against 
him  every  European, not  personally  interested, 
whose  conviction  is  Christian,  and  also  those 
guided  by  a  non-Christian  idealism  which,, 
as  taught  by  Mr.  John  M.  Robertson  and 
others  of  influence  in  Parliament,  produces 
violent  conflict  with  white  South  African 
opinion.  In  his  strictures  on  the  recognition 
of  native  States  in  1851  Dr.  Leyds  condemns 
in  advance  the  policy  which  has  produced 
the  colony  of  Basutoland,  and  which  has 
preserved  Khama.  It  is  clear  that  the  large 
reserves  set  aside  for  the  natives  in  Swazi- 
land by  the  recent  settlement  would  not  find 
protection  from  Dr.  Leyds.  He  gives  a  very 
different  account  of  the  operations  against 
the  Basutos,  by  Briton  and  Boer,  in  the 
thirty-three  years  which  followed  1851,  from 
that  which  our  reading  of  history  suggests. 
The  circumstances  which  forced  the  Cape  to 
ask  us  to  take  back  Basutoland  in  March, 
1884,  are  not  to  be  disposed  of  by  the  violent 
language  here  quoted — used  by  the  Aus- 
tralian correspondent  Mr.  Hales  in  1901. 

Dr.  Leyds  writes  : — 

"  Among  the  other  charges  that  were  brought 

against  them  ["  the  Transvaalers  "]  was  that 

native  prisoners  taken  in  war  were  invariably 
enslaved." 

He  attacks  "  the  English  practice.  .  .  .a  hut 
tax.  This  paid  for  the  cost  of  government, 
and  was  supposed  to  act  as  an  incentive  to 
the  natives  to  work."  Among  the  Boers 
"  payment  for  the  use  of  the  ground  on 
which  their  tribes  lived  "  by  "  a  stated 
amount  of  labour  yearly,"  and  the  apprentice 
system  applied  to  "  destitute  persons,"  form, 
Dr.  Leyds  says,  "  the  only  foundation  for 
the  charge  of ...  .slavery."  The  practices 
above  named  he  defends  by  examples  drawn 
from  the  Cape  and  Natal. 

When  Dr.  Leyds,  after  having  thus  pre- 
judiced his  case,  comes  to  his  main  point, 
he  manages  to  make  things  unpleasant  for 
the  memory  of  Lord  Carnarvon.  The 
annexation,  in  1848,  by  Sir  Harry  Smith, 
of  the  territory  which  later  formed  the 
Orange  State,  had  been  based  on  a  supposed 
consent  of  the  Boers  which  was  afterwards 
admitted  to  have  been  imaginary,  and  Lord 
Grey  had  been  deceived  by  "  the  man  on  the 
spot."  As  to  "  the  asset  of  the  flag,"  Dr. 
Leyds  has  grounds  for  thinking  that  on  such 
occasions  it  is  necessary  to  guard  against 
deception  by  "  men  who  hope  that  British 
rule  will  temporarily  increase  the  value  of 
their  holdings  "  —  often  speculative,  in 
"  options,"  rather  than  real.  The  state- 
ment, in  the  second  Queen's  Speech  of  1877, 
that  "  the  Proclamation  of  my  Sovereignty 
in  the  Transvaal  lias  been  received  throughout 
the  Province  with  enthusiasm,"  was  untrue. 
When  t  his  was  pointed  out  in  February,  1880, 
by  the  present  Duke  of  Devonshire  and 
others,  Lord  Carnarvon  seemed  to  throw 
the  blame  on  Sir  T.  Shepstone.  The 
passages  from  the  Commission  of  1870  and 
from  letters  brought  together  by  Dr.  Leyds 
show  that  Lord  Carnarvon  was  himself 
responsible. 

The  complaint  made  that  John  Bright  has 
"  few  successors  "  is  not  well  founded,  but  the 
measure  of  popularity  reached  by  the  war 
of  1899  was  in  high  degree  due  to  Dr.  Leyds'a 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


333 


own  policy.  He  killed  his  Republic  by  his 
intrigues,  and  it  might  have  survived  if 
Kruger  had  had  a  less  adventurous  secretary. 
Comparison  between  explosive  and  expand- 
ing bullets,  attacks  on  the  Intelligence 
Department  of  our  War  Office  for  inquiries 
similar  to  those  made  by  foreign  War  Offices 
in  England,  and  the  charge  of  "  employing 
thousands  of  blacks  against  "  the  Boers  in 
1900,  are  not  helpful.  The  employment  of 
our  native  cavalry  from  India  was  deli- 
berately avoided  when  it  would  have  been 
all-important,  and  the  employment  of  natives 
in  auxiliary  services  was  not  much  worse 
than  that  employment  of  their  native  body- 
servants  which  was  common  among  the  chief 
Boer  farmers. 

Mr.  S.  Paenell  Kerr  in  the  preface  to 
From  Charing  Cross  to  Delhi  (Fisher  Unwin) 
tells  us  that  books  on  India  may  be  divided 
into  three  classes  :  the  guide-book  ;  the 
colour-book,  "  so  called  because  the  colour 
in  the  pictures  makes  up  for  the  want  of  it 
in  the  letterpress  "  ;  and  the  educational 
treatise.  But  his  book  is  none  of  these  ;  it 
is  merely  "  a  light  and  irresponsible  chronicle 
of  impressions  :  nothing  more."  The  de- 
finition may  be  accepted,  except  the  last 
two  words,  for  there  is  something  more  ; 
not  a  great  deal,  perhaps,  but  still  enough 
to  stimulate  serious  thought.  And  this  is 
skilfully  contrasted  with  the  lighter  and 
larger  part  of  the  book,  wherein  the  author 
conducts  the  reader,  with  much  pleasure  and 
little  fatigue,  over  the  long  journey  indicated 
in  the  title.  Mr.  Kerr  appears  generally 
to  see  straight  and  receive  just  impressions 
— slight  necessarily,  for  in  a  brief  visit  they 
can  scarcely  be  otherwise.  He  would  do 
well  to  realize  that  the  "  average  Anglo- 
Indian  "  and  even  the  "  choleric  Anglo- 
Indian,"  who  have  studied  the  country  and 
its  people  for  the  better  part  of  their  lives 
are  more  likely  to  be  correct  in  their  conclu- 
sions as  to  what  is  best  for  both  than  any 
casual  visitor,  even  though  he  may  be  above 
the  average. 

Quite  a  different  book  connected  with 
India,  though  not  included  in  Mr.  Kerr's 
three  classes,  is  Simla  Village  Tales ;  or, 
Folk-Talcs  from  the  Himalayas,  by  Alice 
Elizabeth  Dracott  (John  Murray).  It  con- 
sists of  fifty-seven  stories  or  fables  gathered 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  India's  summer 
capital,  stories  which  have  been  expelled  by 
the  bustle  of  official  life,  and  have  found  refuge 
in 

'•distant  valleys  and  remote  villages,  where,  on 
cold  winter  nights,  Paharees,  young  and  old, 
gather  together  to  hear  these  oft-repeated  tales. 
From  their  cradle  under  the  shade  of  ancient 
deodar-,,  beside  the  rocks,  forests,  and  streams  of 
the  mighty  Himalayan  mountains,  have  I  sought 
'airs  to  place  them  upon  the  great  book- 
shelf,,! the  World." 

Paharees,  it  may  be  mentioned,  are  hill  men 
and  women.  The  tales  deserve  a  modest 
space  in  the  collection  indicated,  for  Hima- 
n  folk-lore  is  fascinating,  and  is,  Mrs. 
Dracott  thinks,  in  danger  of  disappearing. 
So  we  are  indebted  to  her,  her  sister,  and 
her  husband  for  rescuing  some  of  the  stories 
while  there  is  yet  time.  Many  of  them  have 
a  strong  family  likeness  to  'those  of  other 
lands,  ;iii,l  one,  'A  Legend  of  Sardana,'  is 
based  on  fact,  though  all  stories  respecting 
the  Begum  Sumroo  do  not  greatly  redound 
to  her  reputation  for  sanctity.  The  illus- 
trations arc  appropriate  :  some  apparently 
are  by  -Mr-.  I  <racott,  and  Mr.  Hallam  Murray, 
whose  skill  as  an  artist  is  well  known,  is 
thanked  for  "invaluable  assistance."  The 
binding  is  in  excellent  taste,  and  in  harmony 
with  the  contents  of  the  book. 

On  the  whole,  we  may  congratulate  Mr. 
W.    C.    Mackenzie   on   A    Short    History    of 


the  Scottish  Highlands  and  Isles  (Paisley, 
Gardner).  The  subject  is  worthy  of  more 
attention  than  it  usually  receives  from 
Scottish  historians,  though  lately  Dr.  Mit- 
chell's '  History  '  emphasized  the  import- 
ance of  this  branch  of  the  national  story. 
A  fairly  homogeneous  early  civilization 
(this  is  hardly  too  high  a  view  to  take  of  the 
condition  of  the  Celtic  lordship  of  the  Isles 
as  it  emerged  from  the  Scandinavian  crucible) 
is  met  by  the  mixed  force  of  the  younger 
Norman  and  Papal  aggression,  with  its 
feudal  and  ecclesiastical  apparatus.  That 
force — which  in  little  more  than  a  century 
reduced  the  polity  of  Lowland  Scotland  to 
the  pattern  of  continental  Europe,  and  by  a 
more  gradual  process  teutonized  its  language, 
and  to  some  extent  its  blood- — never  com- 
pletely superseded  in  practice  the  patriarchal 
institutions  of  the  Highlands,  and  to  this 
day  has  not  entirely  eclipsed  the  ancient 
tongue.  The  antagonism  of  these  ideals  is 
the  history  of  the  Highlands  ;  and  their 
contemporaneous  influence  is  the  key  to 
the  savage  conflicts  of  private  war,  and  the 
occasional  outbreaks  on  a  public  scale,  that 
mark  that  history.  Though  in  the  North, 
after  the  conquest  of  Moray,  there  was  no 
such  nucleus  of  general  resistance  to  the 
Lowland  power  as  existed  in  the  West,  the 
same  causes  underlay  the  internecine  war- 
fare of  the  clans.  This  general  truth  is 
fairly  indicated  by  the  present  author. 

His  early  chapters  deal  generally  and 
cautiously  with  the  questions  of  primitive 
races  and  language,  and  where  conclusions 
are  drawn,  they  are  those  of  the  most  recent 
avithorities.  The  medireval  annals,  much 
compressed,  enable  us  to  trace  the  emerg- 
ence of  the  house  of  Somerled,  its  aggrandize- 
ment by  the  gratitude  of  Bruce  to  Angus 
Og,  and  the  seeds  of  its  decadence  planted 
in  the  new  feudal  relations  with  the  Crown. 
Later  we  are  told  of  the  clan-struggles  which 
followed  the  fall  of  the  Island  lordship,  the 
steady  acquisitiveness  of  Argyle,  the  rise  of 
the  Mackenzies,  and  the  establishment  of 
the  Gordons  as  a  Highland  power.  Occa- 
sionally the  compression  of  details  is  some- 
what disconcerting.  Thus  on  p.  77  we  are 
told  :— 

"  The  Kers  [sic]  of  Lome,  nephews  of  Donald 
Balloch,  had  a  squabble  over  the  family  property, 
in  which  the  Earl  of  Argyle  intervened,  and  much 
blood  was  spilt." 

No  one  would  guess  that  this  refers  to  John 
Ciar  Macdougal  "  of  Lome,"  head  of  his 
clan,  to  whose  father  Stewart,  the  feudal 
lord  of  Lome,  had  given,  in  1451,  titles  of 
some  of  the  lands  comprised  in  the  old 
Celtic  lordship.  Here  we  have  a  typical 
transaction,  and  the  interference  of  Argyle 
to  release  John  Ciar  from  imprisonment  by 
his  brother  Alan,  and  to  assert  himself  in  the 
territory  he  afterwards  acquired,  was  typical 
also.  No  doubt  "much  blood  was  spilt." 
Our  author  shows  that,  among  Scottish 
kings  after  Bruce,  James  IV.  and  V.  best 
understood  and  dealt  with  Highland  pro- 
blems, and  that  in  the  long  tale  of  misunder- 
standing and  perfidy  James  I.  of  England 
takes  the  palm  of  demerit. 

The  civil  wars  of  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries  are  adequately  treated, 
though  with  some  marks  of  haste.  A  Sir 
James  Livingstone  has  been  invented  as  the 
victor  of  the  "  Haughs  of  Cromdale  " — an 
odd  duplication,  which  may  be  compared  to 
the  converse  process  of  some  recent  writers. 
who  have  rolled  the  two  famous  or  notorious 
Sirs  George  Mackenzie  into  one. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  book  deals 
with  modern  times,  and  a  series  of  views 
of  the  social  and  economical  conditions  of 
the  country  at  different  periods  during  the 
indefinite  centuries  leave  little  to  be  desired 
except   marginal   dates.     These  would  pre- 


vent past  conditions  being  confused  by  the- 
general  reader  with  those  of  to-day. 

The  author,  in  spite  of  occasional  sole- 
cisms, has  a  trenchant  style  when  he  pleases. 
"  The  densely  populated  borough  of  Camp- 
beltown riding  into  the  haven  of  assured 
wealth  on  a  sea  of  whisky  "  is  not  the  least 
happy  of  his  touches.  His  views  are  demo- 
cratic, but  he  endeavours  to  be  impartial. 
To  our  thinking,  he  is,  like  most  people,  too 
severe  upon  the  lairds  of  recent  times.  There 
were  uncommercial  chiefs  besides  Seaforth  ; 
and  some  were  ruined  for  their  clansmen's 
sake.  At  any  rate,  it  should  be  remembered 
that  most  of  them  had  had  feudal  titles  for 
centuries,  and  in  the  eye  of  the  law  were 
always  "  landislords,"  and  nothing  else  ; 
and  that  when  the  Land  Commission  gave 
the  crofters,  whose  mode  of  occupancy  only 
became  universal  in  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  the  boon  of  fixity  of 
tenure,  it  gave  what,  in  a  strictly  legal  sense,, 
they  never  had  before.  Under  the  clan 
system  they  were  governed  by  an  autocracy, 
"  tempered  by  assassination."  Their  land 
rights  were  on  sufferance,  but  their  interests 
were  those  of  their  chiefs,  and  "  if  they 
were  serfs,  they  never  knew  it."  We  agree 
with  our  author  that  the  patriarchal  system, 
purged  of  its  feudal  accretions,  might  have 
proved  a  beneficent  solution  of  many  socio- 
logical problems.  But,  apart  from  legis- 
lation, how  could  chiefs  have  avoided  the 
commercial  economy  of  their  day  ?  and  what 
intelligent  legislation  on  such  a  subject  could 
have  been  expected  from  the  economists  of 
the  time  ? 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  have 
sent  us  a  copy  of  The  Interlinear  Bible  : 
1611  and  1885,  which  is  on  India  paper,  and 
presents  a  very  ingenious  means  of  detecting 
at  once  the  differences  between  the  Revised 
and  Authorized  Versions.  The  general 
principle  adopted  is  that  large  type  repre- 
sents the  agreement  of  both.  When  they 
differ,  the  renderings  of  both  are  printed 
in  small  type :  those  of  the  Revised 
Version  in  the  upper  line,  and  those  of  the 
Authorized  in  the  lower.  A  blank  in  the 
upper  or  lower  line  indicates  the  absence  of 
any  corresponding  words  in  the  Revised 
Version  or  the  Authorized  Version  respect- 
ively. Thus  the  reader  has  before  his  eyes 
two  continuous  versions.  The  use  of  italics 
in  the  old  Version  has  been  rightly  reduced, 
and  in  other  ways  the  volume  is  admirably 
practical  in  its  brevity  and  comprehensive- 
ness. 

Messrs.  Skeffington  have  sent  us  a 
collection  of  odds  and  ends  of  information 
criticism,  philology,  &c,  by  the  late  General 
Maxwell,  which  is  entitled  Fribbles  and 
Prabblcs.  The  book,  in  fact,  is  very  like  a 
bound  volume  of  Notes  and  Queries,  begin- 
ning with  such  topics  as  Baboo  English,  queer 
Bibles,  changes  in  pronunciation,  and 
printers'  errors.  The  author  was.  as  ho 
says,  an  idle  man,  interested  in  languages, 
and  he  has  gathered  a  good  deal  that 
should  serve  to  amuse  the  ordinary  reader. 
But  there  is  very  little  originality  in  his 
collections,  and  he  has  explained  or  repeated 
a  great  deal  that  educated  people  know.  He 
has  printed,  for  instance,  as  'very  seldom 
scon  "  Catherine  Fanshawe's  riddle  on  H, 
and  an  epigram  which  we  find  in  five  books 
within  our  reach. 

lie  was  an  industrious  student  of  Latin 
and  Greek,  though  his  scholarship  is  now 
somewhat  old-fashioned.  "  Quern  deus  vult 
perdere,"  &c,  is  untraced.  he  says,  but  he 
ought  to  have  referred  to  the  note  in  Jebb's 
'Antigone'  on  it.  The  Greek  inscription 
on  Johnson's  tomb  is  all  awry,  he  notes, 
in  Mr.  Ihrrell's  edition  of  Boswell  (1896); 
but  he  is  wrong  in  supposing    that  he  alone- 


334 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


lias  noticed  the  blunder,  or  that  this  edition 
is  the  latest  available.  He  seems  to  think 
it  odd  that  in  Mai  one's  note  to  Boswell,  which 

■  contains  the  Greek  in  question,  such  a  blunder 
should  have  remained  for  many  years  un- 
corrected. It  would  be  odd  if  it  were  the 
fact.  Malone  gave  the  Greek  correctly,  or 
saw  that  his  printers  did,  in  the  edition  of 
1824  that  lies  before  us.  Dr.  Birkbeck  Hill 
(1887)  gives  it  correctly,  too,  in  his  famous 
edition.  The  fact  is  that  modern  careless- 
ness alone  has  made  the  muddle.  As  for 
the  wording  of  the  epitaph,  reference  should 
have  been  made  to  Johnston's  '  Life  of  Parr,' 
which  explains  its  source.  The  book  frankly 
acknowledges  that  many  of  its  good  things 
are  transferred  from  others — a  creditable 
confession,  which  is  becoming  increasingly 
rare — and  the  author,  if  he  suffers  "  chest- 
nuts "  gladly,  has  some  interesting  specula- 

.tions  of  his  own  to  put  forward.  Thus  on 
the  pen-name  of  George  Eliot  he  has  a  more 
definite  suggestion  than  J.  W.  Cross  in  the 

-  Life  '  :— 

"  Many  years  ago — some  time  in  the  forties— a 
young  officer  of  the  Bengal  cavalry — a  very  line 
young  man,  I  believe,  called  George  Donnithorne 
Eliot,  was  accidentally  drowned  in  the  lake  of 
'Nynee  Tal,'  in  the  lower  Himalayas.  Now  it  will  be 
admitted  that  Donnithorne  is  a  very  uncommon 
name ;  yet  we  have  '  Arthur  Donnithorne '  in 
4  Adam  Bede  ' ;  and  we  have  the  rest  of  that  young 
man's  name,  '  George  Eliot,'  as  the  novelist's 
pseudonym.  I  think  there  is  something  in  this. 
It  is  too  remarkable  a  coincidence  to  be  due  to 
mere  chance.  Who  knows  but  that  the  George 
Donnithorne  Eliot  of  Nynee  Tal  was  an  early  friend, 
lame,  or  ideal  of  Marian  Evans ;  and  hence  her 
doption  of  the  name  George  Eliot." 
There  is,  too,  a  perpetual  public  which 
rejoices  in  such  notes  as  the  following  : — 

"It  is  a  curious  fact,  perhaps  not  generally 
Known  or  remembered,  though  doubtless  familiar 
to  Macaulay's  omniscient  schoolboy,  that  Charles 

•  James  Fox  had  two  aunts,  of  whom  one  died  in 
1665,  and  the  other  in  1826  ;  the  deaths  of  these 
two  ladies  having  thus  been  separated  by  the 
extraordinary  interval  of  161  years." 

The  index  is  not  adequate,  but  the  book  is 
hardly  likely  to  be  used  for  reference. 

The  third  set  of  fifty  volumes  which  are 
•now  appearing  in  "  Everyman's  Library  " 
■(Dent)  contains  some  notable  additions. 
Scott's  novels  are  now  completed,  and  Pitt's 
Orations  open  a  new  section  :  two  of  Borrow's 
books,  Lavengro  and  The  Bible  in  Spain,  are 
introduced  by  T.  S.  and  Mr.  Edward  Thomas 
respectively.  The  latter  has  the  better 
conception  of  his  business,  it  seems  to  us. 
T.  S.  writes  in  a  style  which  does  not  qualify 
him  to  patronize  Matthew  Arnold  as  he 
does.  Much  of  his  essay  is  interesting  but 
outside  the  matter  in  hand,  and  we  do  not 
agree  with  his  views.  It  would  have  been 
better,  surely,  to  give  the  introductions  to 
these  two  books  to  the  same  critic.  Borrow 
has  been  the  subject  of  many  reprints  of 
late  years,  but  there  is  happy  enterprise 
in  the  reissue  of  the  work  of  his  friend 
Ford,  Gatherings  from  Spain,  which  consists 
of  selections  from  the  famous  '  Handbook.' 
It  is  a  most  entertaining  volume,  and  is 
capably  introduced  by  Mr.  Okey,  whose 
notes  will  be  of  real  service  to  readers.  Prof. 
Herford  has  written  a  lucid  summary  of  the 
chief  points  in  Browne's  Heligio  Medici,  and 
other  Writings,  to  which  a  glossary  is  wisely 
appended.  Another  Brown  needs  no  intro- 
duction for  liab  and  his  Friends,  which,  with 
-other  selections  from  '  Horse  Subsecivas,' 
will  be  a  welcome  revelation  to  many 
•readers.  Percy's  Reliques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry,  2  vols.,  is  an  addition  to  the  series 
which  pleases  us  much,  and  revives  our  hope 
of  increasing  the  number  of  tln.se  who  love 
a  ballad.  The  Kingdom  of  Christ,  2  vols., 
by  F.  D.  Maurice,  places  within  the  reach  of 


the  public  the  work  of  a  remarkable  pioneer 
of  thought  who  helped  to  make  The  Athenceum 
in  its  early  days. 

Perhaps,  however,  the  most  striking  of 
the  volumes  before  us  is  The  Dramas  of 
Sophocles  in  English  Verse,  by  Sir  George 
Young,  who  has  revised  his  rendering  for 
inclusion  in  the  "  Library."  Here  we  have 
a  modern  version  by  a  good  scholar  not  only 
of  the  plays,  but  also  of  the  tantalizing  frag- 
ments of  one  of  the  first  stylists  in  the  first 
language  in  the  world  for  grace  and  beauty. 
We  get  notes,  too,  in  which  the  translator 
gives  us,  briefly  and  often  pungently,  his 
views  on  matters  of  text  and  rendering.  The 
thanks  of  the  public  are  due  to  him  for  allow- 
ing the  republication  at  a  cheap  price  of  his 
version.  Like  all  the  best  renderings,  it 
shows  skilful  use  of  Shakspeare's  language. 

Messrs.  Macmillan's  "  Pocket  Hardy  " 
begins  with  Tess  of  the  D'Urbervilles,  and  is 
sure  to  be  very  widely  taken  up.  It  is 
neatly  bound  and  well  printed  ;  further,  it 
contains  the  remarkable  prefaces,  to  the 
quality  of  which  we  called  attention  in 
noticing  the  same  firm's  last  edition  of  Mr. 
Hardy's  novels. 

Cranford.  and  other  Tales,  is  just  out  in  the 
"  Knutsford  "  Edition  of  Mrs.  Gaskell  (Smith 
&  Elder),  which,  among  its  other  merits, 
is  judiciously  illustrated.  The  frontispiece 
is  a  charming  sketch  of  Knutsford  which 
was  made  in  184G,  and  was  only  discovered 
recently.  Dr.  Ward's  introduction  to  the 
best  of  Mrs.  Gaskell's  works  is  an  excellent 
piece  of  work,  from  which  in  many  places  we 
are  tempted  to  quote.  It  excels  both  in 
criticism  and  in  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
truth  and  fancy  which  went  to  the  making 
of  the  inimitable  idyll.  Few  books  are  so 
near  the  heart  of  England. 

We  are  glad  to  see  a  new  edition  of  Mr. 
Lacon  Watson's  Hints  to  Young  Authors 
(Brown  &  Langham).  It  is  not  all  to  be 
taken  seriously,  as  the  author  now  explains, 
but  it  is  none  the  worse  for  exhibiting  in  a 
light  way  a  good  deal  of  sound  advice. 
Beginners  are  apt  to  waste  their  own  time 
as  well  as  that  of  editors  to  an  annoying 
extent.  They  need  instruction,  especially 
in  an  age  when  it  is  usual  for  everybody  to 
write  on  everything,  with  the  hope  of  getting 
something  inserted  somewhere.  We  our- 
selves do  not  want,  for  instance,  chatty 
articles  derived  from  second-rate  books  of 
reference,  or  ten  "  poems  "  at  once  from 
anybody. 

Mr.  John  Long  has  just  published  a  six- 
penny edition  of  the  late  Mrs.  Craigie's  novel 
The  Flute  of  Pan.  It  shows  much  of  the 
author's  pungent  analysis  of  character,  but 
is  over-elaborate  in  style. 


LIST   OF   NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Catholic    Scripture    Manuals :    Gospel    according   to    St. 

Matthew,  4/  net. 
Churchmanship  and  Labour,  compiled  by  Rev.  W,  II.  Hunt, 

5/ 
Kssays  for  the  Times  :  K.cfnrm    in  1  he  Teaching   ol   the  <>M 

Testament;    Christianity  and    Wealth;    The   Fourth 

Gospel,  M.  net. 
Gladden  (WA  The  New  Idolatry,  3/6 
Hutton  (J.  A.),  Pilgrims  in  the  Regions  of  Faith:  Amiel, 

Tolstoy,  Pater,  Newman,  3/6  net. 
Jupp(\V.  .).),   The  Religion  of  Nature  and  of  Human  Ex- 
perience, 2/6  net. 
Little  Sermon  Hook,  2/6  not. 

Monnin  (A.),  Life  of  the  Blessed  Cure  d'Ars,  2/6  net. 
Nepveu  (Father),  I  am  the  Way,  translated  by  the  Hon.  A. 

Wilmot,  2/6  net. 
Ridgewa.y  (C.  J.),  The  King  and  His  Kingdom,  and  other 

Sermons,  8/8  nel , 
Sermons  by  Unitarian  Ministers,  Second  Series,  1/6  net. 

Smith  (S.  <:.  K.),  The  Elements  of  Greek  Worship,  2/6  net 
Soul's  Escape  (The);  or,  Perfect  Freedom,  by  the  author  of 

'The  SanctUS  Bell,'  3/6 
Southouse  (A.  .1.),  The  Making  of  Simon  Peter,  3/0 
Bwete  (H.  15.),  The  Apocalypse  of  St.  John,  15/ 


Vizard  (P.  E.),  The  Resurrection  of  Jesus,  3d.  net. 
Walton  (Mrs.  O.  F.),  Unbeaten  Paths  in  Sacred  Story,  3/6 
Westcott  (B.  FA  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians,  10/6 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Archaeological  Survey  of  India,  Annual  Report,  1903-4. 
Binyon  (L.),  John  Crome  and  John  Sell  Cotman,  3/6  net. 
Christie  (Mrs.  A.  II.),  Embroidery  and  Tapestry  Weaving, 

5/  net. 
Cunynghame  (II.    HA    European   Enamels,  25/  net;    Art 

Enamelling  on  Metals,  Third  Edition,  6/  net. 
Glazier  (R.),  A  Manual  of  Historic  Ornament,  6/  net. 
Hind  (C.  L.),  The  Education  of  an  Artist,  7/6  net. 
MacWhirter  Sketch-Book,  5/ 

Materials  for  the  History   of  the  Church  of   Lancaster, 
edited  by  W.  O.  Roper,  Vols.  III.  and  IV.  (Chetham 
Society.) 
Stone  (Sir  B.),  Pictures :   Records  of  National  Life  and 

History,  2  vols.,  7/6  net  each. 
Surrey,    painted    by    S.   Palmer,   described    by  A.   R.   H. 

Moncrieff,  20/  net. 
Thomas  (M.),  How  to  Judge  Pictures,  2/  net. 
Tomb  of  Hatshopsitu,  Introduction  by  T.  M.  Davis,  Life 

and  Monuments  of  the  Queen  by  E.  Naville,  42/  net. 
Poetry  and  Drama. 
Amelia  and  the  Dwarfs  :  a  Charade  in  One  Act,  6d.  net. 
Apotheosis,  a  Poem,  2/  net. 

Brown  (A.),  The  Sacred  Dramas  of  George  Buchanan. 
Dillon  (A.),  King  Arthur  Pendragon,  4/6  net. 
Hogg  (W.),  Meditata,  1/6  net. 
Hoste(M.  R),  Nausicaa,  1/6  net. 
Longer  Temperance  Dramas,  1/ 
Nott  (V.),  Summer  Days,  and  other  Poems,  2/6  net. 
Porter  (F.),  Songs  of  Australia,  6rf. 

Wilde  (O.),  Salome,  illustrated  by  A.  Beardslev,  10/6  net* 
Wild  Oats,  2/6  net. 

Music. 
Journal  of  the  Irish  Folk-Song  Society,  Double  Number, 

3/  net. 

Philosophy. 
Post  (L.  F.),  Ethical  Principles  of  Marriage  and  Divorce,  5/ 
Ramanathan  (P.),  The  Culture  of  the  Soul  among  Western 

Nations,  5/ 

Bibliography. 
Library  of  Congress  :  Classification,  Class  Q,  Science. 

Political  Economy. 
Leacock  (S.),  Elements  of  Political  Science,  7/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Acton  (Lord)  and  his  Circle,  edited  by  A.  Gasquet,  15/  net. 
Acton  (Lord),  Lectures  on  Modern  History,  edited  by  J.  N. 

Figgis  and  R.  V.  Laurence,  10/  net. 
Beers  (H.  A.),  A  Short  History  of  American  Literature, 

3/6  net. 
Britain's  Sea  Story,  edited  by  E.  E.  Speight  and  R.  M. 

Nance,  5/ 
Cartrie  (Count  de).  Memoirs,  16/  net. 
Daniell  (Rev.  J.  J.),  A  Compendium   of  the  History  and 

Geography  of  Cornwall,  Fourth  Edition,  10/6  net. 
Feet  of  Fines  "for  Essex,  Part  VII.,  edited  by  R.  E.  G.  Kirk. 
From  Valmy  to  Waterloo,  translated  by  R.  B.  Douglas,  6/ 
Gambier  (J.  WA  Links  in  my  Life  on  Land  and  Sea,  15/  net. 
Godfrey   (E.),   Heidelberg,   its   Princes   and   its   Palaces, 

12/6  net. 
Letters  and  Recollections  of  George  Washington,  12/6  net. 
Liber  (M.),  Rashi,  translated  by  A.  Szold,  3/6  net. 
Lloyd  (A.),  Admiral  Togo,  2/6  net. 
Millard  (T.  F.),  The  New  Far  East,  6/  net. 
Wood  (W.),  Survivors'  Tales  of  Great  Events,  3/6 
Yorke  (H.  R.),  France  in  1802,  edited  by  J.  A.  C.  Sykes,  6/ 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Aldeburgh  (Notes  on),  by  a  Visitor,  6d. 
Del  Mar  (W.),  The  Romantic  East:  Burma,  Assam,  and 

Kashmir,  10/6 
Pepper  (C.  M.),  Panama  to  Patagonia,  10/0  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Pennell-Elmhirst  (E.),  The  Best  of  the  Fun,  1891-7,  6/  net. 

Education. 
Hill  (C.  S.),  Notes  on  Education,  1/6  net. 
Mitchell  (Rev.  A.  M.),  Humane  Education,  3d.  net. 
Wei  ton  (J.),  Principles  and  Methods  of  Teaching,  4/6 

Philology. 
Boraston  (J.  M.),  Prof.  Skeat  and  Spelling  Reform,  Gd.  net. 
Graham  (J.)    and   Oliver  (G.  A.  S.),  German  Commercial 

Practice  connected  with  the  Export  and  Import  Trade, 

Pari  II.,  4/0 
Vietor(W.),  A  Shakespeare  Reader,  with  a  Phonetic  Tran- 
scription. 

School-Books. 
Aristophanes,  The  Frogs,  Notes  by  T.  G.  Tucker,  3/6 
Charles  (Rev.  O.  B.),   The   Body  and  Temperance,    Eight 

Lessons,  ill. 
Hoare  (T.    W.),   Look  About    You   Nature    Study  Books, 

Book  IV.,  &d. 
Johnson  (W.  S.),  Orangia  :  a  Geographical   Reader  of  the 

Orange  River  Colony,  1  '6 
Mackenzie  (A.   II.),   Theoretical  and  Practical   Mechanics 

and  Physics,  1/ 
Mudie  (W.),  Elementary  Arithmetical  Graphs,  6d. 
Nancarrow  (J.  1L),  Elementary  Science,  8/6 
Perkin  (F.  M.),  Practical  Methods  of  Inorganic  Chemistry, 

2/6  net. 
Pichon  (J.   EA  Premieres  Notions  de  Vocabulaire  et  de 

Lecture,  1/6 

Science. 
American  Journal  of  Mathematics,  Vol.  XXVIII.,  No.  III., 

Idol.  50. 
Andrews  (H.  R.),  Midwifery  for  Nurses,  4/6  net. 
Basque!  (11.),  A  Manual  of  Hydraulics,  translated  by  A.  II. 

Peake,  7/6  net. 
Cottage  Farm  Series:  My  Farm  of  Two  Acres,  by  II.  Mar- 

tineau:    Fork    and    Spade   Husbandry,   by  J.    Sillott, 

dd,  net  each. 
Crawford  (J.  II.),   From   Fox's    Earth    to   Mountain   Tarn, 

10/6  net. 
Ilenshaw   (J.    W.),  Mountain    Wild   Flowers   of    America, 

8/6  net. 
.levons  (W.  S.),  The  Coal  Question,  edited  by  A.  W.  Flux, 

10/  net. 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


335 


Lodge  (R.  B.),  The  Story  of  Hedgerow  and  Pond,  5/  net. 
Parker  (C.   A.),  A  Guide  to  Diseases  of   the  Nose  and 

Throat,  IS/  net. 
Stonham  (C),  The  Birds  of  the  British  Islands,  Part  II., 

7/6  net. 
Thurston  (E.),  Ethnographic  Notes  in  Southern  India,  6/ 

Juvenile  Books. 
Coupin  (H.)  and  Lea  (J.),  The  Romance  of  Animal  Arts  and 

Crafts,  5/ 
Elliot  (G.  F.  S.),  The  Romance  of  Plant  Life,  5/ 
Foxy  Grandpa's  Surprises,  by  Bunny,  3/6  net. 
Hyrsfc  (H.  W.  G.),  Adventures  in  the  Great  Deserts,  5/ 
Layard  (A.),  Billy  Mouse,  1/  net. 
Quiller  Couch  (.Mabel),  The  Carroll  Girls,  5/ 
Selous  (E.),  Tommy  Smith's  other  Animals,  2/6 
Snagge  (Ladv),  Simple  Talks  to  Little  Children  on  Holy 

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Stables  (G.),  The  City  at  the  Pole,  3/6 
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Verbeek(G.),  The  Upside-Downs  of  Little  Lady  Lovekins 

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Ward,  Lock  A  Co.'s  Wonder  Book,  1007,  3/6 

General  Literature. 
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Bland  (H.),  Letters  to  a  Daughter,  3/6  net. 
Carey  (R.  N.),  No  Friend  like  a  Sister,  6/ 
Cole  (R.  W.),  His  Other  Self,  6/ 
Collins  (Florence),  The  Luddingtons,  6/ 
Dudeney  (Mrs.  H.),  Gossips  Green,  6/ 
Dumas  (A.),  Ascanio  ;   Memoirs  of  a  Physician,  3  vols., 

2/6  net  each. 
Eglinton  (J.),  Bards  and  Saints,  1/net. 
Emerson  (R.  W.),  Works,  complete,  edited  by  J.  P.,  3/6 
Fitchett(W.  H.),  Ithuriel's  Spear,  6/ 

Frenssen  (G.),  Holyland,  translated  by  M.  A.  Hamilton,  0/ 
Gaskell   (Mrs.),    Cvanford,    and    other    Tales,    Knutsford 

Edition,  4/6  net, 
Hains  (T.  J.),  The  Voyage  of  the  Arrow,  6/ 
Halidom  (M.  Y.),  The  Woman  in  Black,  6/ 
Hardy  (T.),  Tess  of   the    D'Urbervilles,  Pocket   Edition, 

2/6  net. 
How  to  do  More  Business,  1/  net. 
Kenealv  (A.)  Lady  Fitz-Maurice's  Husband,  6/ 
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Knollys  (G.),  Ledgers  and  Literature,  3/6  net. 
Le  Queux  (W.),  The  House  of  the  Wicked,  6/ 
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M&gnay  (Sir  \V.),  The  Master  Spirit,  6/ 
Maitland  (Major  H.  R.  S.),  Sponsors  or  Conscription,  1/ 
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Oldmeadow  (E.),  The  North  Sea  Bubble,  0/ 
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Penrose  (Mrs.  H.  H).  Rachel  the  Outsider,  0/ 
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Phillpotts  (E.),  The  Poacher's  Wife,  0/ 
Ranger-Gull  (C).  The  Serf,  <5<l. 
Reynolds  (Mrs.  ! •'. ).  Hazel  <>f  Hazeldean,  6/ 
Sangster(M.  E.),  The  Little  Kingdom  of  Home,  5/ 
Secret  Life  (The),  being  the  Book  of  a  Heretic,  6/ 
Smith  (F.  11.  i.  The  Wood  Fire  in  No.  3,  6/ 
Stephens  (W\),  Don  Quixote,  a  Literary  Study,  6d.  net. 
Story  (A.  T.).  Books  that  are  the  Hearts  of  Men,  2/6  net. 
Van  Dyke  (H).  Meals  and  Applications,  3/0  net. 
Wagner(C),  Wayside  Talks,  :i'6 
Watson  (K.  EL  L.>,  Hints  to  Young  Authors,  2/ net. 
Watson  (K.),  The  Gaiety  of  Fatma,  0/ 
Whadcoat  (G.  c ).  The  Balance,  6/ 
Whishaw(F.),  A  Russian  Coward,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 
Bibliography. 
Delalain  (P.),  Essai  de  Bibliograpbie  de  l'lmprinierie   en 
France,  2fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Desbriere  (K.)  et  Sautai  (M.),  La  Cavalerie  de  1740  a  1789, 
3fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Demontes  (V.),  Le  Peuple  algerien,  4fr. 
I'recbia  (N.),  Dans  lea  Carpathes  roumaines :  Les  Bucegi, 
3fr. 

Folk-lore. 
Bonilla   y  <  n  Martin  (A.),  Libro  de   los  engaflos  e  los 
asayamientos  de  las  mngeres,  4  pesetas. 

Philology, 
Buisteine,  Vol.  I.  Parts  V.  and  VI. 

General  Literature. 
Margueritte  (P.  et  V.),  Sur  le  Vif,  3fr.  50. 
Nerouvel  (C).  Sang  rouge  et  Sang  bleu,  3fr.  50. 
Etonx  (EL  le),  L'lleureux  et  l'Heureuse,  3fr.  50. 

toed  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Horning  will  i>,  included  in  this  List  unless  prei-imixhi 
noted.    Publishers  arc  requested   '<•   state  prices  when 


THE   ORIGIN  OF  LINCOLN'S  INN. 

I  have  recently  examined  the  chartulary 
of  the  Abbey  of  Malmesbury,  now  in  the 
Cotton  Collection  at  the  British  Mnseum 
(Faustina,  15.  VIII.).  To  my  great  surprise 
1  discovered  that  the  abbot's  mansion  in 
Holborn  is  described  (fo.  192)  as  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  some  letters  patent  dated  6  October, 
L380  (and  confirmed  by  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  acting  under  Papal  authority  on 
13  October,  1383),  whereby  the  Abbot  and 
Convent  of  Malmesbury  made  an  assignment 
of  certain  recently  acquired  property  for  a 
special  ecclesiastical  purpose.  The  material 
words  of  the  assignment  are  as  follows  : — 


"  deputauimus  disposuimus  ordinauimus  et  assig- 
nauinms  pro  nobis  et  successoribus  nostris 
imperpetuum  capelle  beate  Marie  ivirginis  in 
ecclesia  monasterii  predicti  site  pro  diuini  cultus 
augmento  ac  conseruacione  luminarinm  in  eadem 
capella  pro  tempore  ardencium  et  pro  reparacione 
eiusdem  capelle  imposterum  diligenda,  uidelicet 
totum  hospicium  nostrum  uocatum  LyncoJnesynne 
in  parochia  sancti  Andree  in  Holbottrne  in 
suburbio  Londonie  situatnm  cum  omnibus  mes- 
suagiis  schopis  gardinis  et  curtilagiis  eidem  hos- 
picio  adiacentibus  et  cum  omnibus  redditibus  et 
pertinenciis  suis  ttniuersis  una  cum  reuersione 
unius  messuagii  et  unius  curtilagii  que  Gaillardus 
Pet  et  Agnes  uxor  eius  tenent  ad  terminum  uite 
eorum  situatorttm  in  orientali  parte  predicti  hospicii 
nostri  prouiso  tamen  quod  quocienscunque  nos  uel 
successores  nostri  abbates  dicti  monasterii  ibidem 
fuerimus  pro  parliamento  regio  siue  aliis  negociis 
nostris  Londonie  expediendis  liabeamus  usum  et 
aysiamentum  tocius  noui  hospicii  nostri  ibidem 
iuxta  magna  gardinum  de  nouo  edificati  ac  eciam 
coquine  occidentali  parte  dicti  hospicii  situate  cum 
libero  introitu  et  egressu  ad  eadem  pro  mora  et 
habitacione  nostris  ut  premittitur  ita  quod  custos 
predicte  capelle  qui  pro  tempore  fuerit  aliis 
temporibus  de  predictis  hospicio  et  coquina  ad 
comodum  capelle  supradicte  liberam  habeat 
disposicionem. " 

On  another  folio  of  the  chartulary  we  have 
the  words,  "  de  firmario  noui  hospicii  apud 
Londoniam  uocati  Lyncolnesynne  "  (fo.  253 
verso). 

The  property  described  in  these  documents 
was  situate  on  the  south  side  of  Holborn, 
immediately  to  the  east  of  Staple  Inn.  It 
obviously  acquired  the  name  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  from  Thomas  of  Lincoln,  who,  as  the 
chartulary  shows,  was  one  of  its  former 
owners.  This  Thomas  was  a  counter 
(narrator)  or  Serjeant,  practising  in  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  whose  name  appears  in 
the  Year  Books  of  Edward  IIL  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  of  Lincoln,  and  probably  a 
descendant  or  kinsman  of  Gilbert  of  Lincoln, 
"  parmenter,"  who  with  his  wife  Alice  was 
in  possession  of  some  of  the  property  in 
November,  1269. 

The  four  charters  by  which  the  property 
became  vested  in  the  abbot  and  convent  may 
be  briefly  noticed.  By  the  first,  dated 
1  December,  1364,  Thomas  of  Lincoln 
granted  all  his  lands  and  tenements  in  the 
parish  of  S.  Andrew,  Holborn,  to  John  Clay- 
mond,  Peter  Turk',  and  Robert  of  Ditton. 
By  the  second,  dated  3  Feb.,  1365/6,  Peter 
Turk'  and  Robert  of  Ditton  granted  all  their 
tenement  in  the  parish  of  S.  Andrew  of 
Holborn,  in  the  suburb  of  London,  which 
they  had  of  the  gift  and  feoffment  of  Thomas 
of  Lincoln,  to  William  of  Wroston,  Thomas 
Coubrigg',  William  Camme,  and  Robert  of 
Cherlton.  Tt  would  seem  that  at  the  date 
of  this  charter  John  Clavmond  was  dead. 
By  the  third  charter,  dated  2  April,  1368, 
William  of  Wroston  and  Robert  of  Charlton 
released  to  Thomas  Cowbridge  and  William 
Camme  all  right  and  claim  which  they  had 
or  in  any  way  could  have  in  three  messuages 
in  the  parish  of  S.  Andrew  of  Holborn,  in  the 
suburb  of  London,  which  formerly  belonged 
to  Thomas  of  Lincoln,  and  of  which  they 
themselves,  William  of  Wroston,  Robert  of 
Cherlton.  Thomas  Coubrigg',  and  William 
Camme  had  been  enfeoffed  by  Peter  Turk' 
and  Robert  Ditton.  Finally,  by  a  charter 
dated  1  May,  1369,  Thomas  Coubrigg'  and 
William  Camme,  after  obtaining  licence  from 
the  king,  granted  the  same  property  to  the 
abbot  and  convent  of  Malmesbury  (fo.  163 
verso). 

Thomas  of  Lincoln  the  serjeant  was  a 
likely  person  to  have  gathered  round  him  a 
body  of  apprentices-at-law,  such  as  those 
who  formerly  inhabited,  and  whose  suc- 
cessors still  occupy,  the  present  Lincoln's 
Inn.  Perhaps  we  may  see  here  the  beginning 
of  that  famous  Tnn  of  Court.  Thomas  of 
Lincoln  may  on  selling  his  Inn  to  the  abbot 


of  Malmesbury  have  taken  up  his  residence 
at  the  Lincoln's  Inn  of  to-day,  which  then 
belonged  to  the  Bishop  of  Chichester,  bring- 
ing there  a  body  of  apprentices  who  had 
lived  with  him  in  his  old  Inn.  We  may 
easily  conceive  the  younger  apprentices  of  a 
few  generations  later  receiving  instruction 
from  their  seniors,  instead  of  from  a  resident 
serjeant  ;  while  those  Serjeants  who  had 
once  been  members  of  the  Inn  exercised 
a  general  supervision  over  the  whole  learned 
society.  This,  in  fact,  was  the  state  of 
things  at  Lincoln's  Inn  not  long  after  the 
acquisition  of  their  Holborn  property  by  the- 
Abbot  and  Convent  of  Malmesbury. 

I  am  not  suggesting  that  this  is  more  than1 
a  possible  explanation.  For  my  part  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  the  old  view  that 
Lincoln's  Inn  was  once  the  residence  of  the 
Earls  of  Lincoln,  whoso  arms  it  used,  is  still 
entitled  to  respect.  In  1903  I  published  a 
brief  paper  intended  to  show  that  though 
Henry  de  Lacy,  Earl  of  Lincoln,  had  pur- 
chased a  mansion  in  another  part  of  Holborn 
in  the  year  1286,  very  little  evidence  has  been 
adduced  to  show  that  he  or  his  ancestors- 
had  not  been  in  possession  of  the  present 
Lincoln's  Inn  at  an  earlier  date.  Some  ten 
years  ago,  when  I  was  not  interested  in  this 
subject,  I  noticed  on  one  of  the  Chancery 
Rolls  an  instrument  mentioning  a  grant  by  a 
member  of  the  earl's  family  to  one  of  the- 
bishops  of  Chichester  of  property  in  or 
adjoining  London.  I  have  unfortunately 
lost  the  reference  to  it  ;  but  the  impression 
which  the  instrument  left  on  my  mind  was 
that  it  related  to  some  part  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
Probably  this  instrument  will  come  to  light 
in  one  of  the  forthcoming  Calendars  of" 
Chancery  Rolls. 

The  Malmesbury  Chartulary  contains 
much  other  information  relating  to  the 
parish  of  S.  Andrews,  Holborn.  In  particular 
the  names  of  some  of  the  successive  owners 
of  Staple  Inn  might  be  obtained  from  the 
descriptions  of  the  boundaries  of  the  Abbot 
of  Malmesbury's  property.  It  is  much  to- 
be  regretted  that  no  society  exists  for  the 
publication  of  charters  and  other  documents 
relating  to  London. 

One  other  small  matter  of  philological 
interest  may  be  noticed.  I  have  already 
mentioned  a  Gilbert  of  Lincoln,  "  parmenter/ 
He  is  sometimes  described  in  the  chartulary 
as  par mentar ius  and  sometimes  as  pelliparius; 
this  is  also  the  case  with  some  of  the  other 
citizens  of  London  who  owned  land  in  Hol- 
born. The  'New  English  Dictionary'  de- 
fines a  parmenter  as  a  tailor,  but  adds  a  note- 
of  interrogation.  The  definition  is  scarcely 
warranted  by  the  examples  cited  ;  and,  in 
view  of  the  evidence  of  the  Malmesbury 
charter,  is  almost  certainly  incorrect. 

G.  J.  Turner. 


THE    BELVOIR    HOUSEHOLD 
ACCOUNTS. 

15,  Greenhill  Road,  Harlesden,  Sept.  8,  1906. 

Though  also  loth  to  encroach  on  your 
valuable  space,  T  think  that,  in  the  interest 
of  literary  decency,  some  notice  .should  be 
taken  of  Mr.  Round's  attack  on  me  ;  but 
in  using  his  opening  words,  I  do  not  intend 
to  abuse  your  columns  by  mere  personalities. 
I  will  answer  Mr.  Round  in  as  tersea  manner 
as  possible. 

I  had  been  compelled  in  my  work  to  expose 
his  conduct,  which  may  fairly  be  described 
in  his  own  words,  for  making  unwarrantable 
additions  to,  and  corrections  of  Domesday 
and  the  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  and  of 
giving  false  dates,  perhaps  ignorantly,  to 
other  documents.  Wishing  to  compel  him. 
to  answer  this,  1  myself  supplied  him  with 
passages    from    my    seventh    volume    and 


386 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


recently  with  the  advance  sheets  of  chap.  i. 
of  Section  IX.  of  my  work,  which  I  published 
in  advance  of  the  volume ;  but  instead  of 
sending  his  reply  to  me  direct  or  to  any 
publication  in  which  I  could  claim  the  usual 
privilege  to  reply,  he  sent  it  to  the  columns 
of  a  private  journal  open  to  regular  sub- 
scribers only, 

As  to  the  other  charges  of  mendacity 
which  you  permit  him  to  hurl  at  me  in 
respect  of  this  ridiculous  mus,  which  com- 
pared to  the  more  serious  matter  is  not 
worth  noticing,  I  do  not  understand  what 
it  is  that  he  denies.  T  had  my  facts  from 
Mr.  Carrington  himself — he  was  a  lifelong 
friend,  and  I  knew  from  himself  how  dis- 
satisfied he  was  with  Mr.  Round.  He  was 
a  man  incapable  of  untruthfulness,  and  I 
have  good  reason  to  know  that  his  family 
have  been  much  hurt  at  Mr.  Round's  abuse 
of  his  privileges,  and  quite  recently  I  have 
had  the  satisfaction  to  receive  from  Mrs. 
Carrington  her  warmest  thanks  for  having 
in  this  preface  vindicated  her  husband's 
memory.  Does  Mr.  Round  deny  that  this 
great  Shakspearean  discovery  was  taken 
from  Mr.  Carrington's  private  MSS.,  and 
that  they  were  borrowed  by  Mr.  Round 
himself  from  Mr.  Carrington,  who  was  led 
to  believe  that  certain  acknowledgments 
were  to  be  given  to  him,  although  no  worthy 
ones  have  ever  been  made  ?  How  came 
Mr.  Carrington's  MSS.  to  be  restored 
to  his  family  after  his  death  dis- 
figured by  underscoring  of  parts  evidently 
intended  for  the  printer  ?  All  this  may 
have  been  a  dream  except  the  underscoring  ; 
but  it  is  wrong  to  call  it  mendacity.  Will 
Mr.  Round  explain  what  he  admits  and 
what  he  denies  ? — and  I  will  answer  him. 
And  will  he  explain  how  it  was  that,  when 
he  saw  the  merit  of  this  great  discovery  im- 
properly given  to  another  man,  he  did  not 
at  once  set  the  matter  right  ?  The  onus  lay 
upon  him  to  do  so.  It  is,  however,  to  the 
malicious  attack  made  upon  me  in  the  last 
paragraph  of  Mr.  Round's  letter  that  I  would 
particularly  call  attention.  Mr.  Round  does 
not  seem  to  regard  my  scholarship  more 
highly  than  I  view  his  pretensions.  This 
is  very  sad,  but — happily,  I  think  I  can  get 
over  it — his  .  motives  in  thus  attacking  me 
should  be  exposed.  Your  readers  are  not 
perhaps  aware  that  we  are  rivals  in  bringing 
out  a  history  of  Derbyshire.  I  have  the 
start  of  him  by  the  issue  of  eight  volumes 
(from  the  preface  of  the  ninth  of  which  lie 
evolves  this  libel).  He  has  made  frantic 
efforts  to  force  his  work  upon  the  county, 
but  without  much  success,  for  in  my  work 
I  have  by  anticipation  exposed  many  of 
bis  feudal  blunders.  J.  Pym  Yeatman. 

%*  While  reserving  an  open  mind  on 
the  subject  under  discussion,  we  must  so 
far  agree  with  Mr.  Yeatman  as  to  refuse 
the  use  of  our  columns  further  in  the  matter. 


THE    IRISH    WORD    "  RAHEEN." 

'  The  word  "  raheen  "  is  recorded  in  the 
'  English  Dialect  Dictionary  '  (s.v.  '  Rean,'). 
No  glossarial  authority  is  given  for  the  word, 
nor  is  there  produced  any  evidence  to  show 
that  it  is,  or  ever  has  been,  a  word  belonging 
to  the  popular  speech  of  any  English  dialect. 
The  only  quotation  for  the  word  is  taken 
from  the  Folk-Lore  Record  (1882),  v.  168  :— 

"  Trees  (whieh  are  usually  hawthorns)  in  the 
raths,  raheens,  and  such  early  structures,  cannot 
be  cut  without  bringing  ill-luck  to  the  occupier 
of  the  field." 

Prom  this  it  would  appear  that  "raheen" 
is  a  word  used  by  antiquaries  in  speaking  of 
Irish  antiquities.  Well,  what  is  the  meaning 
of    the    Irish     word    "  raheen "  ?      In    the 


dictionary  the  word  appears  as  a  form  of 
"  rean,"  which  is  explained  as  follows  : — 

"A  balk  in  a  field,  esp.  one  serving  as  a  boun- 
dary ;  a  strip  of  uncultivated  and  overgrown 
ground  round  an  arable  field  ;  a  division  of  land. " 

That  is  to  say,  "  raheen,  an  early  structure," 
is  equated  with  "  rean,  a  balk  in  a  field." 
Moreover,  according  to  the  dictionary 
this  Irish  word  "  raheen  "  is  of  Germanic 
origin,  and  is  identical  with  "  O.N.  rein,  a 
strip  of  land."  The  dictionary  also  equates 
our  word  not  only  with  the  Northern  rean, 
a  balk,  but  with  the  West-Country  reen,  a 
small  stream,  and  with  the  Cornish  reen,  a 
steep  hill-side.  Surely  it  would  have  been 
more  scientific  to  treat  in  separate  articles 
these  four  words,  which  certainly  have 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  one  another, 
either  in  etymology  or  in  meaning. 

There  is  nothing  really  obscure  in  the 
word  "raheen."  It  is  simply  an  English 
way  of  writing  Irish  raithin,  a  genuine  Gaelic 
word  meaning  a  small  fort  or  rath.  Raithin  is 
in  form  a  diminutive  of  Irish  rath,  a  mound 
or  earthwork  for  defence.  For  ample  in- 
formation on  the  subject  of  Irish  "raths" 
see  O'Curry's  '  Manners  and  Customs  of  the 
Ancient  Irish '  (General  Index).  Both 
"  Rath  "  and  "  Raheen  "  occur  frequently 
in  Irish  place-names,  as  one  may  see 
from  the  '  Postal  Guide '  or  Crockford's 
'  Clerical  Directory.' 

It  may  be  noted  that  the  Folk-Lore  quota- 
tion above  cited  occurs  also  in  the  dictionary 
under  the  word  '  Rath.'  It  is  curious, 
therefore,  that  the  etymology  of  "  raheen  " 
should  have  been  missed. 

A.  L.  Mayhew. 


Hitoatg  (Bnssxp* 

Principal  Caird  many  years  ago  con- 
tributed a  series  of  articles  to  Good  Words 
under  the  general  title  of  '  Essays  for 
Sunday  Reading.'  These,  at  the  request 
of  several  Scottish  booksellers,  have  been 
reprinted  in  book  form,  and  will  be  pub- 
lished on  October  2nd  by  Sir  Isaac 
Pitman  &  Sons,  who  inform  us  that  the 
first  edition  has  already  been  over- 
subscribed, and  that  a  second  impression 
is  now  being  prepared.  Dr.  Donald 
Macleod,  who  succeeded  the  author  as 
pastor  of  Park  Church,  Glasgow,  has 
written  a  biographical  introduction. 

The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  October 
reproduces  a  newly  discovered  portrait 
of  Charlotte  Bronte.  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson 
writes  on  '  The  Ethics  of  Reviewing  '  ; 
and  in  '  La  Chaise- Dieu  '  Miss  Violet 
Markham  describes  a  picturesque  corner 
of  France.  Mr.  F.  T.  Bullen  writes  from 
a  seaman's  point  of  view  on  '  The  Tides.' 
In  '  A  Private  of  the  Mutiny  '  Mr.  Walter 
Frith  gives  a  little  history  of  an  old  soldier 
still  living. 

Among  the  new  books  of  Messrs.  Long- 
man are  '  Personal  and  Literary  Letters 
of  Robert,  Earl  of  Lytton,'  by  his 
daughter,  in  two  volumes,  with  eight 
portraits  ;  the  '  Correspondence  of  Two 
Brothers,'  the  eleventh  Duke  of  Somerset 
and  Lord  Webb  Seymour,  edited  by  Lady 
Guendolen  Ramsden ;  '  Recollections  of 
a  Lucknow  Veteran,'  by  Major-General 
Ruggles  ;  '  Twenty  Years  of  Continental 
Work  and  Travel,'  by  Bishop  Wilkinson  ; 


and  a  memoir,  by  Mrs.  Charles  Towle,  of 
John  Mason  Neale,  whose  work  takes  a 
leading  part  in  many  hymn-books. 

The  same  firm  announce  a  revised 
reissue  of  Prof.  Mackail's  '  Select  Epi- 
grams from  the  Greek  Anthology,'  a 
delightful  book  which  has  long  been 
out  of  print.  Reprints  of  Nettleship's 
'  Memoir  of  T.  H.  Green,'  as  a  separate 
book  with  a  short  preface  by  Mrs.  Green, 
and  of  '  The  Diary  of  Master  William 
Silence '  are  also  to  be  noted. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  October 
Independent  Review  will  be  '  The  Genius 
of  William  Morris,'  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mac- 
kail ;  '  The  New  Egyptian  Nationalism,' 
by  Mr.  Wilfrid  Scawen  Blunt ;  '  Liberal- 
ism, Socialism,  and  the  Master  of  Eli- 
bank,'  by  Mr.  L.  G.  Chiozza-Money,  M.P. ; 
'The  Motor  Tyranny,'  by  Mr  G.  L. 
Dickinson  ;  '  Germans  and  Letts  in  the 
Baltic  Provinces,'  by  Prince  Lieven  ;  '  Sir 
Edward  Grey's  Foreign  Policy  :  II.  The 
Congo ;  the  Pan-Islamic  Movement,'  by 
Mr.  H.  N.  Brailsford;  'The  Land  Policy 
of  the  Government,'  by  Mr.  F.  A. 
Channing,  M.P. ;  and  '  Oxford  in  the  New 
Century,'  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Zimmern. 

In  the  October  Blackwood  Sir  Herbert 
Maxwell  writes  on  the  proposed  land 
legislation  for  Scotland,  and  gives  his 
experience  as  an  owner  of  small  hold- 
ings. Another  article  discusses  the  ques- 
tion of  naval  mobility  under  the  title  of 
'  The  Speed  of  the  Capital  Ship.'  There 
is  a  poem  by  Mr.  Alfred  Noyes,  entitled 
'  From  the  Shore.'  The  number  also  con- 
tains '  Concerning  a  General  Staff,'  by 
Major  G.  F.  MacMunn. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  are 
publishing  this  autumn  '  The  American 
Scene,'  in  which  Mr.  Henry  James  gives 
his  impressions  of  a  year  spent  in  the 
United  States  after  a  long  absence ;  and 
'  The  Future  in  America,'  which  is  further 
described  as  "  a  search  after  realities," 
by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells.  In  sociology  and 
ethics  Prince  Kropotkin's  '  The  Conquest 
of  Bread,'  Mr.  L.  T.  Hobhouse's  « Morals 
in  Evolution,'  2  vols.,  and  '  The  Return 
to  the  Land,'  by  Senator  Jules  Meline, 
should  be  of  interest.  The  indefatigable 
Mr.  C.  G.  Harper  has  a  new  work  on  '  The 
Old  Inns  of  England,'  with  numerous 
illustrations,  appearing  with  the  same 
firm. 

Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stoughton's  long 
list  of  announcements  includes  '  The  Cities 
of  St.  Paul,'  by  Prof.  W.  M.  Ramsay; 
'  Studies  in  the  Theology  of  the  New 
Testament,'  by  Principal  Fairbairn ;  in 
the  series  of  "  Literary  Lives,"  '  Ibsen,' 
by  Mr.  Gosse,  and  '  Goethe,'  by  Prof. 
Dowden ;  '  The  Life  of  Sir  George  Wil- 
liams,' by  Mr.  J.  E.  Hodder  Williams ; 
and  '  Alone  in  the  Heart  of  Japan,'  by 
Mrs.  Adams  Fisher.  Their  fiction  includes 
'  Running  Water,'  by  Mr.  A.  E.  W.  Mason ; 
'  A  Princess  of  Vascovy,'  by  Mr.  John 
Oxenham  ;  '  The  Second  Book  of  Tobiah,' 
by  Miss  Silberrad ;  '  A  Little  Brown 
Mouse,'  by  Madame  Albanesi ;  'The 
Triumphs  of  Tinker,'  by  Mr.  Edgar  Jepson; 
and  '  Towards  the  Light,'  by  Miss  Dorothea 
Price  Hughes. 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


337 


Among  the  books  to  be  published  by 
the  Cambridge  University  Press  are  '  The 
Essays  and  English  Plays  of  Cowley,' 
edited  by  Mr.  A.  R.  Waller ;  '  The  Works 
of  Giles  and  Phineas  Fletcher,'  edited  by 
Mr.  F.  S.  Boas ;  '  The  Poems  of  George 
Gascoigne,'  edited  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Cun- 
liffe;  and  'Modern  Spain,  1815-98,'  by 
the  late  H.  Butler  Clarke. 

Messrs.  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  have  in 
hand  '  William  Clark,  Journalist,  his  Life 
and  Work,'  by  Mr.  Herbert  Burrows  and 
others  ;  '  Memoirs  of  Prince  Kropotkin,' 
arranged  by  Mr.  B.  S.  Rowntree  ;  '  Medal- 
lions from  Early  Florentine  History,'  by 
Miss  Emily  Underdown;  and  '  A  Dictionary 
of  Political  Phrase,'  by  Mr.  H.  Mont- 
gomery, assisted  by  Mr.  P.  G.  Cambray. 

In  one  of  the  letters  of  Acton  to  be 
published  in  '  Lord  Acton  and  his  Circle  ' 
on  Monday  will  be  found  a  neat  little 
domestic  criticism  of  Gladstone.  Acton 
reports  Mr.  Robertson  Gladstone  as  com- 
plaining, "  My  brother  William  never 
looks  out  of  the  window."  The  curious 
in  such  analogies  may  care  to  recall  that 
of  Manning,  a  close  friend  of  Gladstone's 
earlier  career.  Manning's  sister  used  to 
say,  "  I  should  like  to  take  Henry  to  see 
the  shops  in  Regent  Street." 

Mr.  John  Lane  will  publish  next  week 
•  A  Cruise  across  Europe :  Notes  on  a 
Freshwater  Voyage  from  Holland  to  the 
Black  Sea,'  by  Mr.  Donald  Maxwell. 
From  the  ice  -  encumbered  harbour  of  a 
sleeping  Dutch  village  the  Walrus  of 
London  makes  her  departure  to  the  Near 
East.  Climbing  by  the  Rhine  and  Maine, 
she  crosses  a  mountain  range  by  an 
almost  unknown  canal  and  reaches  the 
Danube.  Thence  she  descends  through 
Austria,  Hungary,  Servia,  and  Bulgaria 
to  the  Roumanian  swamps  on  the  shores 
of  the  Black  Sea.  Readers  of  the  author's 
similar  book,  '  The  Log  of  the  Griffin,' 
will  expect  a  lively  record. 

Macmillan's  Magazine  for  October  in- 
cludes '  Short  Commons,'  an  account  of 
the  attack  on  a  fort  in  one  of  the  Philip- 
pines, the  defenders  of  which  were  re- 
duced nearly  to  starvation ;  an  article  on 
the  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Ecclesiastical  Discipline  ;  a  paper  on  '  Early 
Jacobean  Architecture,'  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Etty  ; 
and  '  Between  the  Cataracts,'  notes  from 
an  Egyptian  diary,  by  Mr.  Harold  Spender. 

Temple  Bar  for  October  contains  a 
paper  by  Mr.  Edward  Thomas  on  '  Gilbert 
White,'  giving  a  sketch  of  his  character 
and  life,  both  apart  from,  and  in  con- 
nexion with,  Selborne ;  Mr.  Cecil  Chester- 
ton, in  '  Art  and  the  Detective,'  puts  in 
a  plea  for  the  Sherlock  Holmes  school  of 
fiction,  when  it  is  good  of  its  kind ;  Miss 
Margaret  Perry  in  '  The  Story  of  a  French 
Cat  '  describes  a  household  favourite ; 
and  Mr.  Clive  Phillipps-Wolley  contributes 
the  ballad  of  '  A  Mortgaged  Farm.' 

Mr.  Heinemann  is  publishing  a  limited 
library  edition  of  the  complete  works  of 
Tourguenieff.  This  consists  of  fifteen 
volumes,  with  forty  -  eight  illustrations, 
translated  by  the  competent  hand  of 
Mrs.  Constance  Garnett. 


Among  autumn  announcements  is 
'  Camp  Fires  in  the  Canadian  Rockies,' 
by  Mr.  William  T.  Hornaday,  with  seventy 
illustrations,  from  photographs  taken  by 
Mr.  John  M.  Phillips,  and  two  maps. 
This  is  the  narrative  of  an  exciting  expe- 
dition which  the  author  and  the  illustrator 
made  into  the  mountains  of  British 
Columbia  in  search  of  the  elusive  moun- 
tain goats  and  sheep.  Grizzly  bears  and 
other  big  game  were  incidents  of  the 
chase.  Mr.  Werner  Laurie  is  the  pub- 
lisher. 

Dr.  Charles  G.  Russell,  who  since 
1887  has  been  editor  of  The  Glasgow 
Herald,  has  resigned  on  account  of  ill- 
health.  Formerly  upon  the  staff  of  T he- 
Caledonian  Mercury,  he  was  afterwards 
London  correspondent  of  The  Leeds 
Mercury,  and  was  also  for  eight  years 
literary  editor  of  The  Sportsman.  In 
1885  he  became  assistant  editor  of  The 
Glasgow  Herald,  and  two  years  later 
succeeded  Dr.  Stoddart  as  editor  on  his 
resignation.  Dr.  Russell  was  president 
of  the  Institute  of  Journalists  in  1892-3. 

Among  new  volumes  of  verse  to  be 
published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  shortly  are 
'  Childe  Rowland,  and  other  Poems,'  by 
Mr.  Alfred  A.  Bell,  and  '  Farewell  to 
Eton,  and  other  Verses,'  by  Mr.  K. 
Fenton,  author  of   '  Eastern  Memories.' 

Among  Messrs.  CasselPs  new  volumes 
for  the  season  are  '  Westminster  Abbey  : 
its  Story  and  Associations,'  by  Mrs.  A. 
Murray  Smith,  a  daughter  of  Dean 
Bradley,  which  will  be  fully  illustrated  ; 
and  '  Notable  Trials,'  in  which  Mr.  R.  S. 
Deans  has  revived  some  romances  of  the 
law  courts.  Particular  attention  will  be 
attracted  by  their  announcement  of  the 
"  Pentland  Edition"  of  the  works  of 
Stevenson,  which  is  to  be  complete  in 
twenty  volumes,  and  limited  to  1,550 
copies.  It  is  proposed  to  include  the 
works  that  appeared  in  the  "  Edinburgh 
Edition,"  with  some  new  matter,  but 
not  the  Letters.  Mr.  Gosse  is  writing  a 
General  Introduction  and  a  series  of  brief 
biographical  notes. 

The  Twenty-fourth  Annual  Report  of 
the  Cambridge  (Mass.)  Dante  Society,  just 
issued,  announces  that  Dr.  Paget  Toynbee 
and  Signor  Isidoro  del  Lungo,  the  well- 
known  editor  of  the  chronicle  of  Dino 
Compagni,  have  been  elected  honorary 
members  of  the  Society.  The  Report 
contains  a  detailed  chronological  list,  by 
Dr.  Toynbee,  of  English  translations  from 
Dante,  from  Chaucer  to  the  present  day, 
which  runs  to  well  over  100  pages,  and 
is  by  far  the  most  exhaustive  list  of  the 
kind  yet  published. 

Messrs.  Putman's  Sons'  new  books 
include  '  Madame  de  Stael  to  Benjamin 
Constant,'  unpublished  letters,  translated 
from  the  papers  of  Madame  Charlotte  de 
Constant ;  '  Princesses  and  Grand  Dames,' 
an  authorized  English  version  of  Arvede 
Barine  ;  and  a  book  on  '  John  Calvin  '  by 
Prof.  Williston  Walker. 

Messrs.  Duckworth  &  Co.  are  pub- 
lishing this  season  '  The  Life  and  Letters 
of  Leslie  Stephen,'  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Mait- 


land ;  '  The  Future  of  Japan,'  by  Mr. 
W.  P.  Watson ;  '  Comparative  Studies  in 
Nursery  Rhymes,'  by  Miss  Nina  Ecken- 
stein ;  and  in  fiction  '  His  People,'  by 
Mr.  R.  B.  Cunninghame  Graham ; 
'  Old  Fireproof,'  by  Mr.  Owen  Rhoscomyl ; 
and  '  Human  Toll,'  by  Mrs.  Barbara 
Baynton. 

Mr.  George  Allen  announces  the 
"  Lilliput  Series  "  of  books  for  children. 
Each  book  will  contain  illustrations  in 
black-and-white  and  in  colour,  by  Mr. 
Carton  Moore  Park,  the  editor  of  the 
series,  and  the  type  will  be  large — an 
important  point. 

Mr.  Eveleigh  Nash  has  in  prepara- 
tion '  From  Fiji  to  the  Cannibal  Islands,' 
by  Miss  Beatrice  Grimshaw,  with  a  hun- 
dred illustrations ;  and  a  translation  of 
'  Canada :  the  Two  Races,'  by  M.  Andre 
Siegfried,  an  important  study  to  which 
we  devoted  a  long  notice  in  its  French 
form. 

Mr.  Walter  Hogg,  whose  last  volume 
of  verse,  '  The  Bacchante,  and  other 
Poems,'  was  favourably  received,  will 
publish  on  Wednesday  next  through  Mr. 
S.  Wellwood  a  volume  of  new  sonnets, 
entitled  '  Meditata.' 

M.  Huysmans  is  publishing  on  Octo- 
ber 1st  a  book  on  '  Les  Foules  de 
Lourdes.' 

University  College  announce  a 
course  of  ten  lectures — arranged  in  con- 
junction with  the  Education  Committee 
of  the  London  County  Council,  and  open 
without  fee  to  all  teachers  in  London 
schools — on  '  Greek  Literature,'  by  Mr. 
L.  Solomon,  on  Saturday  mornings,  be- 
ginning with  October  13th.  Particular 
attention  will  be  given  to  the  choice  of 
the  best  English  translations  and  com- 
mentaries on  the  subject. 

Prof.  L.  M.  Brandin  begins  on  the 
same  day  a  course  of  ten  lectures  on 
La  Fontaine's  Life  and  Fables  and  the 
technique  of  French  Verse,  and  Prof. 
A.  Pollard  begins  on  the  Thursday  before 
ten  lectures,  principally  on  the  history 
of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies ;  while  Prof.  Ker  announces  courses 
on  '  Middle  English  Texts,'  beginning  on 
October  9th,  and  '  The  History  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry,'  beginning  the  next  day. 

A  college  professor  will  present  in  the 
October  number  of  Scribner,s  some  medi- 
tations on  the  small  salaries  of  professors, 
and  what  they  could  do  with  fifteen 
thousand  a  year. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  death,  on 
Monday  last,  of  M.  Alexandre  Beljame, 
Professor  of  English  Literature  at  the 
Faculte  des  Lettres,  Paris.  M.  Beljame 
was  born  at  Villiers-le-Bal  (Seine  et  Oise) 
on  November  26th,  1843.  He  published  a 
number  of  books  which  have  become 
standard  educational  works  with  teachers 
of  English  in  French  schools,  and  trans- 
lated several  plays  by  Shakspeaiv.  Tenny- 
son's '  Enoch  Arden,'  and  Shelley's 
'Alastor.' 

Mr.  H.  J.  Glaisher,  of  Wigmore  Street, 
is  publishing  in  October  'The  Ambrose 
Calendar,'  which  will  specially  appeal  to 


338 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N*  4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


those  with  literary  taste.  The  borders 
and  pages  have  been  expressly  designed 
by  Mr.  John  Phillips  from  the  decora- 
tions of  old  manuscripts,  amongst  others 
the  famous  '  Book  of  Kells.' 

The  well  -  known  author  Wolfgang 
Kirchbach,  whose  death  in  his  forty- 
ninth  year  is  reported  from  Bad  Nauheim, 
was  born  in  London  of  German  parents. 
He  settled  in  Germany,  where  he  took  up 
journalism,  and  became  the  editor  of  the 
Magazin  fur  Liter  atur,  and  "  feuilleton 
editor,"  first  of  the  Neue  Dresdener  Tage- 
bJatt,  and  in  1890  of  the  Dresdener  Nach- 
richten.  He  was  the  author  of  a  number 
of  novels,  among  them  '  Das  Leben  auf 
der  Walze  '  and  '  Kinder  des  Reiches,' 
and  of  several  plays  and  volumes  of 
verse.  His  philosophical  writings,  '  Was 
lehrte  Jesus  ? '  and  '  Das  Buch  Jesus,' 
attracted  much  attention  at  the  time  of 
their  publication. 

B jornson's  novel  '  Mary  '  will  be  pub- 
lished on  October  3rd,  and  appear  in 
fifteen  different  translations  or  foreign 
editions.  It  is  concerned  with  the  history 
of  an  old  Norwegian  family,  and  the 
development  of  a  strong-minded  woman 
by  means  of  love. 

We  have  to  note  the  publication  among 
Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Registrar-General  for 
Ireland,  2s.  M. 

Next  week  we  shall  publish  our  annual 
notice  of  '  German  Literature,'  by  Dr. 
Heilborn,  and  '  Russian  Literature,'  by 
M.  Briusov.  The  latter  has  been  delayed 
by  the  troublous  state  of  the  country. 

We  shall  also  notice  some  school-books 
suitable  for  the  winter  term  now  at  hand. 


SCIENCE 


SYxMBOLIC    LOGIC. 

The  Development  of  Symbolic  Logic.  By 
A.  T.  Shearman.  (Williams  &  Norgate.) — 
This  volume  professes  on  its  title-page  to  be 
"  a  Critical-Historical  Study  of  the  Logical 
Calculus."  Tts  style  is  smooth  and  pleasant 
and,  when  its  author  does  not  argue,  lucid. 
Tn  some  places  also  the  work  is  suggestive, 
if  not  convincing.  So  much  we  can  say  in 
favour  of  Mr.  Shearman's  book  ;  more,  we 
regret  to  say,  we  cannot.  Whether  we  regard 
it  in  its  critical  or  in  its  historical  aspect,  we 
find  the  work  to  be,  on  the  whole,  prejudiced 
and  superficial,  and,  as  a  natural  conse- 
quence, neither  just  nor  accurate.  These 
defects  we  believe  to  be  due  in  part  to  in- 
sufficient  reading  ;  hut  they  are  evidently 
due  also,  and  in  greater  measure,  to  the 
author's  exaggerated  veneration  for  the 
founders  of  the  symbolic  logic  which  he 
accepts  as  orthodox.  The  fundamental 
dicta  of  these  Mr.  Shearman  regards  as  estab- 
lished tint  lis  which  cannot,  without  fallacy, 
be  contradicted.  When  a  controversialist 
places  him  in  1  he  awkward  dilemma  of  having 
to  choose  between  the  surrender  of  one  of 
these  dicta  and  the  acceptance  of  some 
absurd  conclusion,  he  unhesitatingly  accepts 
the  '  <  inclusion,  and  euphemistically  calls  it  a 
paradox.  The  paradox  may  appear  absurd, 
but  since  it  follows  noec.-ssiriiy  from  the 
cherished  dictum,  it  is  not,  and  cannot  be, 
wrong  logically.     It  is  no  wonder,  therefore, 


that  Mr.  Shearman  finds  himself  heavily 
handicapped  when  he  ventures  into  con- 
troversy with  a  logician  who  has  but  scant 
reverence  for  authority,  and  accepts  no 
dicta  except  such  as  common  sense  can 
endorse.  The  principal  contributors  to  the 
development  of  symbolic  logic  since  the  time 
of  Boole  he  considers  to  be  "  Venn,  Schroder, 
Keynes,  Johnson,  Mitchell,  C.  Ladd-Franklin, 
and  Peirce."  Of  two  other  logicians,  Prof. 
Jevons  and  Mr.  Mac  Coll,  he  writes  as  follows  : 
"Of  these  two  writers  the  former  unquestionably 
exercised  in  England,  at  any  rate,  a  greater  in- 
fluence than  any  other  logician  of  his  time,  while 
the  latter  has  in  all  his  work  shewn  an  ability  and 
inventiveness  of  a  very  high  order.  In  spite  of 
these  facts,  however,  I  cannot  but  think  that 
Jevons  and  Mr.  MacColl  have  not  assisted  to  any 
great  extent  in  erecting  the  symbolic  structure 
that  is  at  present  available.  In  the  case  of  Jevons 
the  reason  of  this  seems  to  be  that  he  was  wanting 
in  the  power  of  originating  important  logical 
generalisations,  and  that  he  failed  to  appreciate 
the  full  significance  of  the  work  done  by  other 
logicians.  The  smallness  in  the  number  of  Mr. 
MacColPs  contributions  to  the  creation  of  a  useful 
ealcttlus  is  apparently  due  to  his  conviction  that  it 
is  impossible  for  him  to  co-operate  with  other 
symbolists,  since  their  procedure  involves,  in  his 
opinion,  many  limitations  and  errors." 

In  his  subsequent  criticism  the  author 
shows  unfairness  towards  Jevons  in  unduly 
dwelling  on  the  now  universally  perceived 
weak  points  in  that  logician's  system — on 
defects  which  Jevons,  if  he  had  lived,  would 
probably  have  long  ago  corrected.  The 
really  important  contributions  of  Jevons  to 
symbolic  logic,  as  it  was  in  his  day  under- 
stood, he  slurs  over  with  slight  notice.  He 
shows  still  more  unfairness  towards  Mr. 
MacColl  (to  whom,  however,  he  devotes  much 
more  space),  first,  by  mistranslating  that 
writer's  very  simple  notation  ;  secondly,  by 
attributing  some  of  his  leading  discoveries 
to  others  ;  and  thirdly,  by  ignoring  his 
important  mathematical  application  of  his 
system  in  his  Calculus  of  Limits* — a  symbolic 
instrument  which  the  tyro  in  mathematics 
will  find  useful  in  dealing  with  elementary 
problems,  and  which  the  advanced  student 
will  find  indispensable  in  some  of  the  high 
branches.  Mr.  Shearman  in  this  volume 
resumes  his  controversy  with  Mr.  MacColl 
in  Mind  on  the  subject  of  the  '  Existential 
Import  of  Propositions.'  He  begins  with 
the  following  quotation  from  that  writer's 
sixth  paper  in  Mind  : — 

"  We  assume  our  Symbolic  Universe  (or 
'  Universe  of  Discourse')  to  consist  of  our  universe 
of  realities,  eu  e2,  e.„  &c,  together  with  our 
universe  of  unrealities,  o,,  o.,,  o:i,  &c. ,  when  both 
these  enter  into  our  argument.  But  when  our 
argument  deals  only  with  realities,  then  our 
Symbolic  Universe  slf  «2>  8:»  &c-j  and  our  universe 
of  realities,  e];  e2,  e;!,  &c. ,  will  be  the  same  ;  there 
will  be  no  universe  of  unrealities,  ol5  o2,  o:j,  &c. 
Similarly,  our  Symbolic  Universe  may  conceivably, 
but  hardly  ever  in  reality,  coincide  with  our 
universe  of  unrealities." 

After  giving  a  brief  resume  of  Mr.  Bertrand 
Russell's  criticism  of  this  view  in  Mind,  Mr. 
Shearman  proceeds  thus  : — 

"Another  way  of  proving  that  Mr.  MacColl's 
position  is  untenahlc  is  to  show  that  it  involves 
him  either  in  self-contradiction  or  in  the  necessity 

of   making   unjustifiable    assumptions In    the 

lirst  place,  then,  it  is  certainly  self-contradictory  to 
uprtil:  of  fn'O  unirerses  oj  discourse.  The  Universe 
of  Discourse  in  Symbolic  Logic  means  all  the 
things  that  we  are  talking  about,  and  there  cannot 
be  two  such  groups  of  '  all.'  " 

We  invite  the  reader's  attention  to  the  words 
we  have  put  in  italics  in  the  latter  paragraph. 


A  short  account  of  this  calculus,  in  its  latest  develop- 
ment, will  in'  found  in  Mr.  MacColl's  'Symbolic  Logic  and 
its  Applications'  (Longmans).  Dr.  Schroder,  in  his  recently 
published  posthumous  work  (vol.  ii.,  part  ii.  of  his  '  Algebra 
der  Logik  '),  gives  a  long  account  of  this  oalculus,  as  it  first 
appeared  twenty-nine  years  ago,  and  strongly  recommends 
it  to  Gentian  mathematicians. 


Nowhere  does  Mr.  MacColl  "  speak  of  two 
universes  of  discourse."  On  the  contrary, 
he  distinctly  asserts  that  there  is  only  one 
symbolic  universe  (or  "  universe  of  dis- 
course "),  as  the  reader  will  see  by  re-reading 
the  extract  which  Mr.  Shearman  quotes. 
We  do  not  for  a  moment  believe  that  Mr. 
Shearman  intended  to  mislead,  but  the  effect 
is  the  same.  By  the  time  the  reader  of  his 
book  has  reached  the  words  in  italics  he  has- 
probably  but  a  confused  recollection  of  the 
extract  quoted,  and  naturally  imagines  from 
these  words  that  the  author  has  convicted 
Mr.  MacColl  of  self-contradiction.  A  few 
lines  further  on  Mr.  Shearman  writes  : — 

"  Next,  consider  the  passages  in  which  Mr. 
MacColl  has  made  unjustifiable  assumptions.  He 
believes  that  his  fundamental  division  into 
realities  and  unrealities  supplies  a  method  of 
getting  rid  of  certain  paradoxes  that  ordinary 
symbolists  have  to  accept.  He  says  that,  whereas 
these  thinkers  are  led  to  state  '  every  round 
square  (a  null  class)  is  a  triangle,'  he  can  say  '  no 
round  square  is  a  triangle.'  But  such  a  universal 
negative  can  be  reached  only  by  labelling  some  of 
our  compartments  real  and  some  unreal,  and  to  do 
this  two  premises  are  assumed,  viz. ,  '  no  round 
squares  are  real,'  and  '  all  triangles  are  real.'" 

Again  the  italics  are  ours.  These  two  pre- 
mises Mr.  Shearman  calls  "  unjustifiable 
assumptions  "  !  Does  he  then  doubt  their 
validity  or  think  they  need  demonstration  ? 
As  regards  the  nature  of  the  so-called  "  null 
class,"  or  (as  Mr.  MacColl  prefers  to  call  it) 
unreal  class,  denoted  by  the  symbol  0,  there 
are  two  incompatible  definitions  or  con- 
ventions. The  usual  convention  hitherto 
accepted,  in  spite  of  its  seeming  self-contra- 
diction, by  all  writers  on  symbolic  logic, 
Mr.  MacColl  alone  excepted,  is  that  this 
null  (or  zero)  class  is  a  class  that  has  no 
members.  Mr.  MacColl  maintains  that  it  is 
a  class  which,  though  it  has  no  real  members, 
may  have  as  many  unreal  members  as  we 
choose  to  assign  to  it  ;  and  that  it  must 
have  at  least  one  unreal  member,  namely, 
itself.  So  far  the  difference  between  the 
two  views  may  be  regarded  as  merely  verbal. 
Both  are  compatible,  for  example,  with  the 
statement  that  centaurs,  fairies,  mermaids, 
&c,  are  non-existent.  Where  the  two  views 
clash  is  in  their  respective  assumptions  as  to 
the  possible  range,  position,  or  locality  of 
the  nidi  class.  Symbolists  in  general  assign 
to  it  ubiquity  ;  they  assert  that  it  is  con- 
tained in  every  class,  real  or  unreal.  In 
opposition  to  this  view,  Mr.  MacColl  holds 
that  the  null  class,  being  admittedly  an  un- 
reality, can  never  form  part  of  a  class  of  pure 
realities.  The  commonly  accepted  conven- 
tion of  its  ubiquity  would  force  us  to  accept 
the  somewhat  staggering  paradox  that 
"  every  man  over  twelve  feet  is  a  woman." 
Mr.  MacColl's  proposed  convention  that  it 
should  be  restricted  to  unrealities  would 
imply  that  this  so-called  paradox  is  an  im- 
possibility, and  therefore  a  reductio  ad 
absurdum  of  the  commonly  accepted  assump- 
tion that  leads  to  it.  What  appears  par- 
ticularly to  have  disturbed  his  fellow- 
symbolists  is  a  short  note  by  him  in  Mind 
(No.  54) — a  note  which  they,  not  unnaturally, 
regard  as  a  general  challenge.  Mr.  Shearman 
in  replying  to  this  note,  should,  in  fairness, 
have  given  it  in  Mr.  MacColl's  exact  words, 
which  are  as  follows  : — 

"May  I  ask  the  Boolian  logicians  who  still 
maintain  that  their  formula  (0A  =  0)  is  necessarily 
trtic,  whatever  the  class  A  maybe,  to  point  out 
the  error  (if  error  they  find)  in  the  following 
reasoning?  According  to  their  symbolic  conven- 
tions, the  statement  (XA-  X)  asserts  that  'Every 
X  is  A,'  whatever  X  and  A  may  represent.  By 
their  conventions  also  the  symbol  0  represents 
non-existence.  Let  A  represent  existent.  It  follows 
that  the  statement  (0A  =  0)  asserts  that  'Every 
non-existence  is  existent,'  an  assertion  which  is 
self-contradictory.     Hence,  the  statement  (0A  =  0) 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


3:39 


is  not  always  true  for  all  values  (i.e.,  meanings)  of 
A.  Of  course,  the  formula  (0A=0)  holds  good  in 
mathematics  for  every  number  or  ratio  A  ;  as,  for 
example  (0x2=0).  But  then,  in  mathematics 
<0X2=0)  does  not  assert  that  '  Every  0  is  2.'  " 

Mr.  Shearman  in  his  reply  maintains  that 
there  is  no  absurdity  in  the  paradox  that 
every  non-existence  (including  "  centaurs," 
&c,  see  p.  165)  is  existent,  and  he  endeavours 
to  establish  its  validity  by  the  following 
curious,  but  hardly  convincing  argument  : — 

"For  with  two  terms  0  and  'existent'  the 
universe  of  discourse  is  necessarily  divided  into 
four  compartments,  namely,  0  not-existent,  0  ex- 
istent, not-0  existent,  not-0  not-existent.  Whether 
the  four  may  be  expressed  as  less  than  four  is  not 
a  point  that  we  need  here  consider.  Now,  when 
we  say  'every  non-existence  is  existent,'  what 
happens  is  that  the  first  of  these  compartments  is 
erased.     This  implies  no  absurdity." 

The  best  comment  upon  this  "  compartment" 
mode  of  reasoning  is  to  take  a  concrete  illus- 
tration. Suppose  a  railway  company  were 
to  set  apart  a  special  carriage  (or  "  compart- 
ment ")  for  "  Mermaids  that  do  not  smoke," 
and  that  they  found,  as  they  probably  would, 
that  that  carriage  always  remained  empty. 
Does  Mr.  Shearman  really  think  that  this 
would  justify  the  conclusion  that  "all  mer- 
maids smoke  "  ?  No  juggling  with  "  com- 
partments "  can  hide  the  plain  fact  that 
unrealities  (including  mermaids)  and  realities 
{including  smokers)  are  mutually  exclusive 
classes. 

Another  point  on  which  the  author  attacks 
Mr.  MacColl  is  that  writer's  theory  that  state- 
ments may  be  divided  not  only  into  the 
customary  divisions  of  true  and  false,  but 
into  various  other  divisions  as  well,  accord- 
ing to  the  requirements  of  the  problem 
treated  ;  and  that  it  is  especially  important 
to  take  into  account  and  denote  by  some 
special  symbols  (such  as  e,  n,  6)  three  mutu- 
ally exclusive  classes  which  he  calls  the 
certain,  the  impossible,  and  the  variable. 
What  these  are  Mr.  MacColl  has  made  plain 
by  a  definition  illustrated  by  a  diagram  in 
No.  4005  of  The  Athenceum,  and  also,  though 
without  a  diagram,  in  his  recently  published 
book.     But,  in  Mr.  Shearman's  opinion, 

"  the  objection  to  this  procedure  is  based  on  the 
fact  that  the  considerations  according  to  which 
such  classifications  are  reached  all  refer  to  the 
relation  in  which  the  thinker  stands  to  the  pro- 
position, and  not  to  the  proposition  itself." 

If  Mr.  Shearman  had  given  more  serious 
study  to  the  theory  which  he  condemns,  he 
would  have  perceived  that  it  is  entirely 
independent  of  psychological  considerations. 
The  statement  (7x9  =  63),  for  example,  is  a 
certainty,  and  the  statement  (7x9  =  64)  an 
impossibilit>/,  whether  or  not  Mr.  Shear- 
man's "  thinker  "  happens  to  know  the 
multiplication  table.  Again,  if,  by  our  data, 
a  number  is  taken  at  random  between  6  and 
12,  the  statement  that  it  will  be  between  4 
and  20  is  a  certainty,  that  it  will  be  less  than 
.*!  is  an  impossibility,  and  that  it  will  be 
greater  than  8  is  a  variable,  that  is  to  say, 
possible,  but  uncertain.  Surely  these  are 
plain  facts  which  no  "  thinker,"  wise  or 
foolish,  can  alter.  After  admitting  that  in  a 
certain  controversy  with  other  symbolists 
Mr.  MacColl  has  proved  his  point,  the  author 
makes  this  curious  reservation  : — 

"But  he  is  not  justified  in  constructing  formulae 
upon  this  plane.  At  any  rate,  those  that  he  here 
constructs  form  no  part  of  pure  logic,  for  in  this 
the  force  of  the  proposition  consists  in  the  definite 
erasion  or  salvation  of  certain  compartments." 

In  other  words,  symbolic  logic  must  confine 
its  operations  within  Dr.  Venn's  ingenious, 
but  rather  narrow  compartments  ;  and  since 
Mr.  MacColl's  system  refuses  to  be  thus 
restricted,  it  should — whatever    its    advan- 


tages as  an  instrument  of  research — be  denied 
all  right  to  the  title  of  "  pure  logic  "  ! 

We  have  dwelt  at  some  length  on  the 
author's  hostile  criticism  of  Mr.  MacColl's 
logical  doctrines,  partly  because  this  criticism 
occupies  a  prominent  position  in  his  book, 
but  chiefly  because  the  questions  discussed, 
and  especially  that  of  the  "  existential  import 
of  propositions,"  are  receiving  more  and 
more  attention  from  logicians.  The  majority 
of  writers  on  the  traditional  logic  appear  to 
incline — on  this  last  question  at  least— 
towards  the  views  of  Mr.  MacColl,  while  his 
fellow-symbolists  are  all,  or  nearly  all 
against  him.  The  question  of  "  existential 
import  "  may  appear  trivial  in  itself,  but, 
like  the  invention  of  the  symbol  0  in  arith- 
metic, it  involves  an  important  principle 
which  may  yet  prove  to  have  far-reaching 
effects  both  in  exact  science  and  speculative 
philosophy. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

The  Memoires  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Northern  Antiquaries  of  Copenhagen  for 
1904,  just  issued,  contain  two  papers.  The 
principal  one,  by  Messrs.  Thomsen  and 
Jessen,  describes  a  find  of  the  early  Stone 
Age  at  Brabrand,  near  Aarhus.  Mr.  Thom- 
sen states  that  this  discovery  presented 
conditions  of  stratification  so  favourable  as 
to  offer  a  series  of  implements  previously 
unknown,  and  at  the  same  time  to  enable 
the  successive  periods  of  deposit  to  be  deter- 
mined with  precision  ;  and  that  in  conse- 
quence it  has  thrown  new  light  upon 
the  civilization  of  the  Stone  Age,  and  has 
added  a  link  to  the  long  chain  which  begins 
with  the  rudest  fashionings  of  stone,  and 
ends  with  the  marvellous  technique  displayed 
in  Denmark  at  the  conclusion  of  the  Stone 
Age.  The  site  of  the  discovery  was  at  the 
eastern  end  of  the  long  and  straight  Lake  of 
Brabrand,  which  passes  through  the  river 
of  Aarhus  to  the  Cattegat,  in  a  spot  which 
in  early  times  must  have  formed  with  that 
river  an  islet.  Among  the  objects  specially 
noted  are  :  a  hatchet  of  deer  horn  attached 
to  a  thick  wooden  handle,  from  which  the 
bark  had  not  been  removed  (the  hatchet 
having  been  broken  away  from  the  handle 
at  the  original  hole  made  for  the  attachment 
at  its  narrower  part,  another  hole  was  drilled 
through  the  broader  part)  ;  a  hatchet  orna- 
mented with  lozenge-shaped  figures  bounded 
by  parallel  lines,  and  with  parallel  bands  of 
dots  and  of  triangular  figures  formed  by  the 
broken  point  of  a  flint-flake  ;  a  bone  comb 
of  five  teeth,  of  which  three  remain  ;  the 
left  shoulder-blade  of  an  aurochs,  from  which 
three  roundels  have  been  partially  cut  out, 
and  six  similar  bones,  belonging  to  various 
animals,  with  a  fragment  of  a  ring  detached 
from  one  of  them  ;  in  pottery,  a  vase,  almost 
complete,  with  an  ornament  on  the  edge 
formed  by  the  finger-nails  of  the  operator, 
and  fragments  of  similar  ones  ;  a  piece  of 
curved  wood,  apparently  for  throwing ;  a 
long  piece  of  wood,  worked  to  a  point  at  the 
lower  end  ;   and  many  piles. 

The  other  paper  is  rather  antiquarian  than 
anthropological,  treating  on  the  presence  of 
"  acoustic  jars  "  in  certain  Danish  churches. 
These  contrivances  are  not,  we  believe,  un- 
common in  churches  in  England. 

The  eolith  controversy  has  been  raised 
in  the  daily  press  by  some  observations  in 
the  weekly  article  on  science  contributed  by 
the  Hon.  R.  J.  Strutt  to  The  Tribune.  Mr. 
Strutt  holds  that  "  it  has  now  been  con- 
clusively proved  that  these  eoliths  are  of 
purely  natural  origin,"  and  relates  the  experi- 
ments made  by  Prof.  Marcellin  Boule  at 
the   cement   works    of   Mantes.     Mr.    A.    S. 


Kennard  rejoins  that  those  experiments  do 
not  prove  that  eoliths  are  produced  at  wash- 
mills,  and,  if  they  did,  it  would  only  show 
that  there  were  wash-mills  in  eolithic  times. 
On  neither  side  do  these  arguments  seem 
conclusive.  M.  Boule's  experiments  show 
that  these  rude  implements  may  be  formed 
by  processes  analogous  to  the  action  of 
whirlpools  and  currents,  but  do  not  show 
that  some  such  implements  may  not  have 
been  formed  by  human  workmanship.  What 
these  experiments  have  done  is  to  weaken 
the  evidence  in  favour  of  human  action 
afforded  by  these  eoliths. 

Dr.  Munro  has  contributed  to  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  notes 
(1)  on  a  human  skeleton  found,  with  pre- 
historic objects,  at  Great  Casterton,  Rutland, 
and  (2)  on  a  stone  cist,  containing  a  skeleton 
and  an  urn,  found  at  Largs,  Ayrshire.  The 
Hon.  John  Abercromby  has  added  a  report 
on  the  urn,  and  Prof.  D.  J.  Cunningham  a 
report  on  the  two  skulls.  The  Rutland 
cranium  is  dolichocephalic  ;  the  Largs  one  is 
brachycephalic,and  the  urnor beaker  is  placed 
by  Mr.  Abercromby  far  back  in  the  Bronze 
Age.  Dr.  Munro  adds  some  characteristic 
and  instructive  observations  on  the  ethnic 
elements  which  have  helped  to  mould  the 
physical  characters  of  the  highly  mixed 
population  now  inhabiting  the  British 
Isles.  As  for  the  brachiocephalic  hordes 
who  ultimately  pushed  their  way  into 
Britain  and  introduced  the  Celtic  language, 
he  is  at  a  loss  to  account  for  their  origin 
or  racial  characteristics,  noting  only  that 
they  possessed  round-headed  and  mentally 
capacious  brain-cases. 


%tuntt  (gossip. 

Messrs.  Longman  announce  '  The  Electron 
Theory,'  a  book  for  popular  use  by  Mr.  E.  E. 
Fournier  :  and  '  Essays  in  Pastoral  Medicine,' 
by  Dr.  A.  O'Malley  and  Dr.  J.  J.  Walsh. 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  announce 
Vol.  II.  of  '  A  Treatise  on  the  Theory  of 
Alternating  Currents,'  by  Mr.  A.  Russell  ; 
and  new  editions  of  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson's 
'  Conduction  of  Electricity  through  Gases,* 
and  Prof.  Love's  '  Theoretical  Mechanics.' 
Vol.  III.  of  the  'Reports  of  the  Anthro- 
pological Expedition  to  Torres  Straits  '  is 
also  announced,  and  will  deal  with  '  Lin- 
guistics.' 

The  death,  in  his  sixty-ninth  year,  is 
announced  from  Breslau  of  the  distinguished 
oculist  Prof.  Hermann  Cohn.  He  wrote 
several  works  on  the  care  of  the  eye  in 
schools,  and  was  able  to  effect  many  im- 
portant reforms  in  this  respect.  Among  his 
best-known  writings  are  '  Die  Hygiene  des 
Auges  in  den  Schulen,'  '  Ueber  die  Notwen- 
digkeit  der  Einfiihrung  von  Schularzten,1 
and  a  '  Lehrbuch  der  Hygiene  des  Auges.' 

A  good  piece  of  geographical  exploration 
in  Central  Africa  was  accomplished  by 
Lieut.  Lancrenon,  of  the  colonial  artillery, 
in  1905,  and  a  description  of  it  appears  in 
the  last  proceedings  of  the  Paris  Geographical 
Society.  For  some  years  the  French  autho- 
rities have  been  anxious  to  discover  a  prac- 
ticable route  between  Fort  Carnot.  on  the 
Sanga,  and  Lai,  on  the  Logone.  In  1901 
an  expedition  under  Capt.  Lofler  failed  in 
the  attempt,  after  Losing  more  than  half  its 
number.  Lai  is  the  centre  of  a  fertile 
country  abounding  in  cattle  and  horses, 
whereas  Carnot  is  surrounded  by  an  arid 
and  unproductive  region.  On  July  5th, 
1905,  M.  Lancrenon  left  Carnot  with  his 
little  caravan  of  twenty-five,  including  three 
other   Frenchmen,    and   on   September    4th 


340 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


he  readied  Lai  in  safety.  He  traversed  an 
unknown  country  inhabited  by  peaceful 
tribes,  some  of  whom  had  never  heard  of  the 
white  man.  On  the  N'Gu  river  he  dis- 
covered a  cataract  of  over  300  feet.  When 
he  reached  the  Logone  valley  he  encountered 
the  hostile  Laka  tribe,  but  altogether  in  a 
march  of  395  miles  he  lost  only  two  men. 
In  December  M.  Lancrenon,  having  returned 
to  Carnot,  paid  a  second  visit  to  Lai,  follow- 
ing a  different  route,  which  he  covered  in 
seventeen  days.  During  these  journeys  he 
traced  an  itinerary  of  over  1,000  miles. 

The  Cambrian  Natural  Observer  for  1905, 
which  we  have  just  received,  is  somewhat 
late  in  making  its  appearance.  It  is  edited 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Mee,  of  Tremynfa,  Llanishen, 
Cardiff,  and  gives  a  record  of  the  work  of  the 
Astronomical  Society  of  Wales.  The  year 
was  one  of  great  activity  in  solar  spots, 
many  of  which  were  carefully  observed  by 
Mr.  Mee  and  others.  The  solar  eclipse  of 
August  30th  was  only  a  small  partial  one  in 
Wales,  but  some  of  the  observations  were  of 
interest,  particularly  that,  by  Mr.  T.  Harries, 
of  the  lunar  limb  seen  off  the  sun's  disk. 
Two  lunar  eclipses  (on  February  19th  and 
August  15th)  were  well  observed.  The 
little  volume  contains  also  meteorological 
and  other  observations,  particularly  of  the 
splendid  aurora  seen  on  the  evening  of 
November  15th.  Mr.  G.  Goodman  con- 
tributes temperature  records  at  Cardiff, 
showing  that  the  lowest  readings  (26°-5)  oc- 
curred in  January  and  November,  and  the 
highest  (78°)  in  June,  the  latter  temperature 
being  also  nearly  reached  in  July.  Regret 
is  expressed  at  the  loss  sustained  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  G.  Carslake  Thompson.  The 
illustrations,  which  are  good,  include  views 
of  the  Cardiff  City  Observatory  and  telescope, 
the  gift  of  the  late  Mr.  F.  G.  Evans. 

Dr.  H.  J.  Klein,  of  Cologne,  has  pub- 
lished a  treatise,  '  Neubildungen  auf  dem 
Monde,'  in  which  he  maintains  that  physical 
changes  have  undoubtedly  taken  place  in 
some  cases  on  the  moon's  surface,  notwith- 
standing recent  attempts  to  controvert  this 
idea.  One  of  the  most  notable  of  his  in- 
stances is  founded  on  his  own  observations 
of  the  crater  Hyginus  N. 

The  volume  of  the  Connaissance  des 
Temjis  for  1908  does  not  show  any  further 
changes  in  the  contents  of  this  valuable 
annual.  M.  Loewy  remarks  that  those  which 
have  been  introduced  within  little  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  century  "  ont  amene,  dans  les 
differentes  parties  de  cette  ephemeride,  une 
augmentation  qui  double  a  peu  pres  le 
volume."  Jt  was  with  the  issue  for  1876 
that  his  own  superintendence  began  of  a 
work  which,  started  by  Picard  in  1679, 
has  suffered  no  interruption  since.  A  useful 
feature  is  the  extensive  table  of  latitudes  and 
longitudes  of  places  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  longitudes  are  given,  both  in  degrees 
and  in  time,  for  the  meridian  of  Paris. 

Finlay's  comet  (d,  1906)  is  now  a  little 
to  the  south-west  of  S  Geminorum,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  month  will  be  about  twelve 
degrees  due  south  of  Castor.  But  it  can 
only  he  seen  with  telescopes  of  very  high 
power,  and  will  soon  cease  to  be  visible, 
even  with  their  aid.  The  next  return  will 
be  due  about  the  end  of  1912. 

A  smalt,  planet  was  photographed  by 
Dr.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konigstulil  Observatory, 
Heidelberg,  on  the  night  of  the  30th  ult., 
which,  though  it  was  not  far  from  the  place 
of  Main,  No.  66,  can  hardly  be  identical  with 
it,  because  its  motion  in  declination  is  much 
greater  than  that  calculated  for  Maia ;  so 
that  it  is  probably  another  new  planet. 


FINE   ARTS 


Babylonian  Expedition  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania — Excavations  at  Nippur : 
Plans,  &c,  of  the  Buildings.  Part  I. 
(Philadelphia.) 

A  good  deal  of  literature  has  already 
grown  up  round  the  very  meritorious 
work  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
on  the  city  and  temple  of  Bel  at  Nippur. 
First  came  the  volumes  in  which  Dr. 
Peters — not  then,  at  any  rate,  an  Assyrio- 
logist  —  described  the  many  difficulties 
and  checks  experienced  by  the  expedition 
led  by  him,  culminating  in  its  igno- 
minious flight  and  the  burning  of  its 
camp  by  the  Arabs.  Later  came  the 
news  that  his  successor  Dr.  Haynes, 
greatly  daring,  had  set  both  the  Arabs 
and  the  malaria  at  naught  by  braving 
the  heat  of  the  summer,  and  had  suc- 
ceeded in  continuing  the  work  through 
the  entire  year.  Then  followed  Dr. 
Hilprecht's  very  long  and  not  entirely 
satisfactory  account  of  the  tablets  which 
formed  the  chief  spoils  of  the  expedition, 
and  his  '  Explorations  in  Bible  Lands,' 
which  for  the  first  time  gave  a  coherent 
and  readable  account  of  the  doings  of  the 
expedition.  The  present  seems  to  be 
what  the  French  would  call  a  "definitive  " 
publication,  which  when  complete  will 
leave  nothing  to  be  told  concerning  the 
many  buildings  at  Nippur  unearthed  by 
the  expedition,  or  the  objects  there  found. 
The  part  now  under  review  contains  the 
plans  and  measurements  made  in  the 
excavations  by  Mr.  Joseph  Meyer,  Mr. 
P.  H.  Field  and  Mr.  Colman  d'Erney 
successively,  with  some  thirty  plates  of 
large-scale  photographs  and  many  archi- 
tectural plans.  The  size  of  the  volume, 
which  measures  16  by  11  inches,  has  per- 
mitted of  these  being  reproduced  with 
an  attention  to  detail  rare  in  a  work  of 
this  kind. 

It  is  the  "descriptive  letterpress"  by 
Mr.  Clarence  S.  Fisher,  however,  that 
accompanies  these  plates,  which  must 
here  claim  most  attention.  Without 
going  into  technical  details,  Mr.  Fisher 
has  set  himself  to  give  a  much-needed 
description  of  the  physical  features  of 
Babylonia  as  a  whole,  which  is  of  the 
highest  importance  to  the  archaeologist. 
Whether  he  is  right  in  saying  that  the 
union  of  clay,  chalk,  and  sand  there 
found  makes  an  ideal  soil  for  agriculture 
need  not  be  discussed ;  but  he  is  un- 
doubtedly right  when  he  points  out  that 
Babylonia  is  the  first  home  of  the  wheat- 
plant,  and  he  might  have  added  of  the 
date-palm,  the  two  vegetable  products 
which  have,  perhaps,  done  the  most 
for  the  civilization  of  mankind.  That 
Babylonia  is  also  the  country  where  we 
find  the  earliest  records  of  man  in  a 
civilized  state  has  long  been  recognized  ; 
but  Mr.  Fisher  makes,  so  far  as  we  are 
aware,  an  entirely  new  point  when  he 
tells  us  that  many  (perhaps  all)  of 
the  ancient  Babylonian  cities,  which 
we  have  been  accustomed  to  consider 
inland    towns,   were    originally   seaports. 


Thanks  to  the  constant  shifting  of  river3 
like  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  Shirpurla 
or  Telloh,  Sippar  or  Fara,  were  once  as 
much  on  the  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
as  Eridu  and  "  Ur  of  the  Chaldees "  ; 
and  all  this  goes  to  support  the  hitherto 
incredible  tradition  preserved  by  Berosus 
that  the  earliest  inhabitants  received  their 
share  of  culture  from  strangers  who  came 
up  the  Gulf  in  ships.  Mr.  Fisher  shows, 
with  great  appearance  of  probability,  that 
this  culture  worked  upwards  from  the 
shores  of  the  Gulf,  the  oldest  towns  being 
those  nearest  the  sea,  and  that  its  spread 
was  everywhere  marked  by  the  establish- 
ment of  cities,  and  canals  connecting 
them  with  the  rivers  which  formed  the 
main  arteries  of  corporate  life.  Whence 
came  the  seafarers  possessed  of  sufficient 
engineering  and  architectural  skill  for  the 
construction  of  canals  and  cities,  at  so 
early  a  date,  he  offers  no  hint ;  nor  is 
any,  we  think,  suggested  by  the  present 
state  of  our  knowledge. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  his  account  of  the 
works  in  Nippur,  or,  as  its  founder  called 
it,  the  city  of  En-lil  ("  Lord  of  the  Air"), 
is  full  of  interest.  Thanks  to  him,  we 
can  here  trace  the  foundation  of  the  huge 
temple,  built  on  a  platform  raised  above 
the  surrounding  plain  in  order  to  protect 
it,  as  he  says,  from  the  yearly  inundation. 
Round  this  grew  the  important  public 
buildings,  such  as  the  royal  palace  and 
its  fortress,  surrounded  by  the  zigzag  wall 
which  he  holds  to  be  typical  of  the  times 
before  Sargon  of  Akkad,  whose  date  is 
generally  put  at  3750  B.C.  The  ever- 
increasing  archives  of  the  temple,  written 
on  clay  tablets,  were  for  the  most  part 
stored  in  chambers  or  cloisters  con- 
structed in  the  wall  itself,  and  the 
portentous  growth  of  their  numbers 
made  the  periodical  reconstruction  of 
this  necessary.  Nearly  all  these  build- 
ings were  made  of  baked  bricks,  so  that 
their  remains  have  lasted  without  much 
deterioration  ;  but  outside  this — in  what 
must  at  first  have  been  the  suburbs  of 
the  town  —  were  scattered  the  villas  of 
the  merchants  and  the  huts  of  their  work- 
men, built  in  unburnt  or  sun-dried  bricks 
which  have  long  since  crumbled  into  dust. 
The  reconstruction  of  nearly  the  whole 
city  by  Sargon's  son  Naram-Sin  is  also 
clearly  shown  by  Mr.  Fisher ;  and  the 
gradual  evolution  of  the  temple  from 
what  was  once  a  building  in  one  story 
on  a  raised  platf orm  to  one  of  four  floors, 
raised  one  above  the  other  in  roughly 
pyramidal  form,  and  communicating  with 
each  other  by  straight  staircases,  also 
comes  out  clearly  enough.  We  are  there- 
fore able  to  trace  with  fair  certainty  the 
development  of  the  city  until  the  fatal 
day  when  the  rise  of  Babylon  caused  its 
decline,  and  it  became  the  haunt  of 
foreign  settlers  like  the  Jews,  the  only 
relics  of  whose  occupation  are  the 
thousands  of  magic  bowls  constantly 
occurring  in  the  upper  levels  of  the  site. 

One  word  may  be  spared  as  to  the 
technical  details  of  the  building.  The 
earliest  bricks  were  made  of  clay  mixed 
with  chopped  straw,  both  ingredients 
being,  as  has  been  noticed,  native  to  the 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


341 


soil.  But  these  bore,  perhaps  by  accident, 
a  channel  caused  by  the  deeply  impressed 
thumb  of  the  brick-maker,  and  this 
turned  out  to  be  such  an  effective 
"bond"  with  the  mortar  then  in  use 
that  at  last  it  evolved  into  five  longi- 
tudinal scores,  made  apparently  with  the 
fingers.  So  effective  were  these  last  that 
even  at  the  present  day  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  separate  the  bricks  of  two 
well-laid  courses  without  breaking  them. 
As  for  the  archives,  the  tablets  were 
all  stored  in  clay  jars  waterproofed 
with  bitumen ;  but,  owing  perhaps 
to  the  scarcity  of  material,  only 
the  bottom  of  the  jar  was  baked,  the 
walls  being  formed  of  raw  clay  with  a 
thin  daub  of  pitch.  From  this  Mr. 
Fisher  gathers  that  the  jars  were  from 
the  first  buried  in  the  earth,  with  only 
the  tops  accessible.  Among  the  most 
valuable  finds  of  the  expedition  was  a 
fairly  complete  builder's  plan  (here  repro- 
duced) of  the  city  as  it  existed  in  pre- 
Sargonic  times,  showing  the  temple,  the 
gates,  and  the  canals  in  recognizable 
form,  with  their  descriptions  in  cuneiform 
script. 

Altogether  we  may  heartily  congratulate 
both  the  University  and  Mr.  Fisher  on 
the  first  part  of  a  book,  which  bids 
fair  to  be  a  most  valuable  contribu- 
tion to  science.  We  have  noticed  some 
typographical  errors,  such  as  "  super- 
ceded "  for  superseded,  and  the  trans- 
mogrification of  Capitaine  Croz's  patro- 
nymic into  "  Gros  "  ;  but  these  are  trifles. 


It  was  inevitable,  notwithstanding  all  the 
■existing  literature  on  the  subject,  that  the 
Scottish  capital  should  make  the  theme  of 
one  of  the  "  Ancient  Cities  "  series  ;    hence 
we  bave  Miss  M.  G.  Williamson's  Edinburgh  : 
a  Historical  and   Topographical  Account  of 
the    City    (Methuen).     Miss    Williamson    re- 
marks of  Edinburgh  that  "  there  is  singularly 
little  to  see,  but  there  is  a  great  deal  to  think 
about."     The   first   part    of   this   statement 
cannot  be  accepted  without  hesitation  :    as 
to   the   second   there    can   be   no   question. 
Miss  Williamson's  book  will  at  any  rate  give 
the  interested  reader  plenty  to  "  think  about," 
especially  if  he  does  not  already  know  his 
Edinburgh.     Its  purpose  is  to  connect  the 
history  of  the  city  with  its  chief  objects  of 
interest,  and  this  is  achieved,  on  the  whole, 
with  success.     In  the  opening  chapters  the 
history    of    Edinburgh    is    traced    from    the 
early  days  regarding  which  legend  is  more 
obligingly  copious  than  authentic,  down  to 
the  reign  of  James  VI.,  and  (more  slightly) 
t<>  the  time  of  the  '45,  when  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  had  one  glorious  hour  of  life  in  the 
old  home  of  his  ancestors  under  the  shadow 
of   Arthur's   Seat.     In  later   chapters   parts 
of   the   history   are   given  in  greater  detail, 
linked  with  objects,  such  as  the  Castle  and 
Holvrood,  round  which  that  history  centres. 
The  section  dealing  witli  the  literary  lights 
of  old  Edinburgh  is  perhaps  the  least  satis- 
factory   in    the    hook.      What    claims    have 
John    Knox  and  William   Carstares,  and  the 
'saintly  Leighton  "  to  figure  here?    On  the 
other    hand,    the   chapter   on   the   old  social 
life  and  customs  of  the  city  is  excellent.     It 
is  full  of  interesting  and  accurate  detail,  and 
brings  out  vividly  the  strange  admixture  of 
charm  and  squalor  which  was  to  be  seen  in 
"  mine    own    romantic    town  "    before    that 
designation  became  familiar.     An  excellent 


itinerary  is  included  for  the  benefit  of 
hurried  visitors,  and  there  are  some  charming 
drawings  by  Mr.  Herbert  Railton.  The 
index  is  full  and  serviceable. 

Illustrated  Catalogue  of  a  Loan  Collection 
of  Portraits  in  the  Examination  Schools, 
Oxford,  1906.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.)— 
This,  the  third  exhibition  of  Oxford  portraits, 
was  intended  to  cover  the  creative  period  of 
native  English  art.  Under  the  Tudors  and 
the  Stuarts  portraiture  was  almost  entirely 
in  the  hands  of  foreigners  ;  to  Sir  James 
Thornhill  and  his  greater  pupil  Hogarth  is 
ascribed  the  earliest  formation,  between 
1720  and  1730,  of  a  British  School.  The 
typical  artist  of  the  eighteenth  century  was 
Reynolds,  by  whose  exertions  the  Royal 
Academy  was  founded  in  1768.  With  his 
great  name  are  associated  those  of  Gains- 
borough, Romney,  Hoppner,  Lawrence,  all 
well  represented  in  this  collection.  From 
the  brushes  of  Raeburn  and  Wilkie  no  por- 
traits exist  in  Oxford. 

But  besides  their  artistic  value,  the  por- 
traits then  exhibited  amply  illustrate  the 
social,  literary,  and  scientific  annals  of  the 
century.  The  well-known  Addison  from 
Magdalen  College  Hall  shows  his  juvenile 
face,  grey  periwig,  and  bright  blue  velvet 
coat  ;  the  Bodleian  sent  an  equally  youthful 
Prior  by  the  elder  Richardson.  A  delicate, 
feminine  Pope,  and  a  Swift  whose  plump,  con- 
tented face  is  not  yet  worn  by  the  fierce, 
haggard  lines,  the  sceva  indignatio,  of  later 
years,  are  attributed  to  Charles  Jervas.  Of 
Gibbon  we  have  the  noble  Romney  and 
Lord  Rosebery's  wonderful  Reynolds,  in 
which,  "  while  the  oddness  and  vulgarity 
of  the  features  are  refined  away,  the  likeness 
is  perfectly  preserved."  Garrick,  with  his 
inimitable  mocking  mask,  holds  open  not  a 
Shakspeare,  but  a  Terence  ;  a  Samuel 
Johnson,  ascribed  to  Miss  Reynolds,  is 
amongst  the  less  pleasant  of  his  many  por- 
traits. Tom  Warton  looks  out  from  the 
canvas  sturdy  and  swarthy  ;  his  brother 
Joseph  is  every  inch  a  schoolmaster.  A 
large,  powerful,  dominant  face  and  figure 
belong  to  Young,  of  the  '  Night  Thoughts.' 
Remembered  now  by  two  lines  only,  it  was 
for  half  a  century  the  most  admired  of  sacred 
poems.  Burke  ascribed  to  early  study  of  it 
his  own  magnificent  diction  ;  in  the  well- 
thumbed  copy  used  by  him  he  wrote  the 
lines, 

Jove  claimed  the  verse  old  Homer  sung, 
But  God  himself  inspired  Young. 

Greatest  amongst  eighteenth-century  divines 
is  the  Bishop  Butler  from  Oriel  ;  of  interest 
more  ephemeral  is  smooth,  courtly  Sache- 
verell.  The  fine  Opie  of  Priestley  suggests 
a  highly  spiritualized  Robespierre  ;  Romney's 
John  Wesley  shows  the  long  nose,  noble 
forehead,  pinched,  narrow  mouth  and  chin  ; 
while  an  unknown  artist  faithfully  renders 
Whitefield's  squint,  which,  it  was  said,  in 
him  as  in  Edward  Irving,  added  strange 
piquancy  to  very  handsomefeatures.  Amongst 
lawyers,  Lord  Stowell  beams  majestic,  judi- 
cial, positive,  looking  as  if,  like  Elijah 
Pogram,  he  defied  the  universe  ;  Black- 
stone's  cheery  face  justifies  Boswell's  state- 
ment that  he  compiled  his  '  Commentaries  ' 
with  a  bottle  of  port  ever  beside  him.  Science 
exhibits  Flamsteed's  compressed  mathe- 
matical mouth,  and  Sir  Hans  Sloane, 
bewigged  and  robed,  in  magisterial  placidity 
of  conviction.  Burnev,  with  gay  Doctor's 
gown  and  scroll  of  music,  smiles  confirma- 
tion of  Daddy  Crisp's  insistence  on  his  great 
social  charm. 

Post  alii  !  Dr.  Adam  of  Pembroke,  John- 
son's friend  and  entertainer  ;  Provost 
Eveleigh,  grandfather  of  the  Oriel  "  Noetics," 
and  the  introducer  of  public  examinations 
into  the  University  ;    the  "  Sweet  Queen  " 


of  Fanny  Burney  ;  Hough,  who  as  President 
of  Magdalen  valiantly  withstood  King 
James  II.  ;  magnificent  old  Cyril  Jackson  ; 
Kyrle,  the  Man  of  Ross  ;  Sir  Roger  Newdi- 
gate,  and  Bishop  Heber  ;  besides  store  of 
knights  and  barons  bold,  who  figured  in  their 
day  as  Chancellors  or  benefactors,  and  whose 
memorial,  except  for  these  presentments, 
is  perished  with  them.  The  exhibition  was 
at  once  a  lesson  in  art  and  a  study  in  English 
history  ;  the  University  has  done  well  to 
commemorate  it  in  this  volume,  with  sixty- 
eight  reproductions,  a  lucid  preface  by  Mr. 
Lionel  Cust,  and  full  indexes  of  painters, 
portraits,  and  contributors. 

No.  3  of  the  "Tower  Press  Booklets" 
(Dublin,  Maunsel  &  Co.),  entitled  Remi- 
niscences of  the  Impressionist  Painters,  is  an 
interesting  little  lecture  delivered  by  Mr. 
George  Moore  on  the  occasion  of  the  Exhibition 
of  Modern  Art  in  Dublin.  Mr.  Moore  knew 
Manet,  Monet,  and  Sisley  before  they 
belonged  to  artistic  history,  and  his  vivid 
sketch  of  them  and  their  circle  was  well 
worth  preserving,  though  occasionally  too 
personal  to  be  in  good  taste.  We  note  that 
the  late  Charles  Furse  is  made  into  "  Furze." 


3ftiw-^.rt  (ioaaip. 

An  exhibition  of  the  works  of  Mr.  Holman 
Hunt  is  being  organized  by  Messrs.  Ernest 
Brown  &  Phillips,  with  the  co-operation  of 
the  artist,  and  will  take  place  at  the  Leicester 
Galleries,  Leicester  Square,  in  October. 

Messrs.  Dickinson  held  a  private  view 
last  Thursday  of  water-colour  drawings  of 
Oxford  by  Mr.  Allen  ShufTrey. 

Recent  additions  to  the  Tate  Gallery  are 
'  The  Deserted  Mill  '  (No.  2070),  by  Mr. 
G.  D.  Leslie,  R.A.,  and  '  The  Heretic ' 
(No.  2071),  by  Mr.  Frank  Craig.  These 
pictures  were,  we  may  remind  our  readers, 
purchased  this  stunmer  by  the  President 
and  Council  of  the  Royal  Academy  under 
the  terms  of  the  Chantrey  Bequest.  Although 
both  were  three  weeks  ago  placed  on  the 
official  notice-board  at  Millbank  as  having 
been  "  added  to  the  Gallery  since  the  latest 
edition  of  the  catalogue,"  the  former  has 
only  within  the  last  few  days  been  hung  in 
Room  XIV.  ;  the  latter  has  not  yet  been 
placed  in  the  Gallery. 

The  October  number  of  The  Connoisseur 
will  contain  the  first  of  a  series  of  illustrated 
articles  on  Mr.  Pierpoint  Morgan's  English 
collection  of  pictures  by  old  masters  and 
other  artists.  The  articles  are  written  by 
Mr.  W.  Roberts,  who,  with  Mr.  Humphry 
Ward,  has  been  for  some  years  engaged 
in  compiling  an  exhaustive  '  Catalogue 
Raisonne  '  of  Mr.  Morgan's  pictures. 

Messrs.  Cassele  &  Co.  announce  in  art 
'  The  Old  Engravers  of  England  in  their 
Relation  to  Contemporary  Life  and  Art,'  by 
Mr.  M.  C.  Salaman  ;  '  Porcelain,'  by  Mr. 
W.  C.  Burton  ;  '  Landscape  Paintim,'  in  Oil 
Colour,'  by  Mr.  Alfred  East,  A.R.A.  ;  and 
'Flowers  "from  Shakespeare's  Garden,'  a 
posy  from  the  plays,  pictured  by  Mr.  Walter 
Crane. 

MESSRS.  Duckworth  &  Co  are  publishing 
this  season  'Westminster  Abbey  and  the 
Kind's  Craftsmen,'  by  Mr.  W.  K.  Let  baby  ; 
'The  Interpretation  of  Nature  in  Earlier 
Greek  Art,'  by  Prof.  E.  Lowy,  translated  by 
Mr.  John  Fofchergill;  'The  Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood,'  by' Mr.  F.  M.  Hueffer  ;  and 
'  Perugino,'  by  Mr.  Edward  Hutton. 


342 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

HEREFORD   MUSICAL   FESTIVAL. 

Last  week  we  were  able  to  notice  the 
performances  up  to  and  including  the 
concert  in  the  Shire  Hall  on  the  Wednesday 
evening.  On  the  following  morning  Sir 
Edward  Elgar's  '  The  Apostles  '  was  given 
in  the  Cathedral.  Reference  has  been 
made  on  various  occasions  to  this  work, 
and  it  is  most  likely  that  something  will 
have  to  be  said  about  it  when  it  is  performed 
at  the  forthcoming  Birmingham  Festival 
along  with  the  composer's  new  oratorio 
'  The  Kingdom,'  with  which  it  is  imme- 
diately connected.  For  the  present,  then, 
we  have  only  to  record  an  admirable 
rendering  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
Sinclair.  The  soloists  (Misses  Agnes 
Mcholls  and  Muriel  Foster,  and  Messrs. 
John  Coates,  William  Higley,  Ffrangcon- 
Davies,  and  Dalton  Baker),  choir,  and 
orchestra  all  seemed  determined  not  only 
to  give  the  letter  of  the  music,  but  also 
to  get  at  its  spirit. 

In  the  evening  there  was  a  work  of  very 
different  character,  viz.,  the  '  Te  Deum,' 
for  three  choirs,  orchestra,  and  organ, 
composed  by  Berlioz,  produced  at  St. 
Eustache,  Paris,  April  30th,  1855.  This 
was  originally  intended  to  form  an  episode 
in  a  composition  glorifying  the  military 
fame  of  Napoleon,  which  was  to  be 
entitled  '  The  Return  of  the  First  Consul 
from  his  Italian  Campaign.'  In  a  letter 
to  a  Russian  composer,  which  is  dated 
February  23rd,  1849,  Berlioz  says  he  is 
hard  at  work  on  the  '  Te  Deum  '  ;  but  the 
original  scheme,  like  others  planned  by 
him,  was  never  carried  out. 

The  '  Te  Deum  '  is  a  work  of  which 
Berlioz  was  proud,  especially  the  "final 
section,  the  "  Judex  crederis,"  which  he 
describes  as  "  without  doubt  my  greatest 
creation."  It  is,  indeed,  a  remarkably 
impressive  movement.  The  strongly 
marked  rhythm  of  the  "  Judgment " 
theme,  which  is  heard  nearly  throughout 
the  movement,  the  persistent  figure  in 
the  orchestra  at  the  words  "  Per  singulos 
dies,"  and  the  wonderful  working-up 
to  the  climax — all  these  characteristic 
features  betoken  genius  of  a  high  order. 
The  performance  of  the  work  was  very 
fine.  The  tenor  solo  was  ably  rendered 
by  Mr.  Ben  Davies.  After  it  came  Men- 
delssohn's '  Hymn  of  Praise.'  The  two 
Avorks  are  poles  apart  in  style,  and  it  is 
not  surprising  to  learn  from  the  letters  of 
the  composers  that,  though  on  friendly 
terms  with  each  other,  there  was  no 
genuine  sympathy  between  them  in  matters 
concerning  their  art. 

There  was  the  usual  performance  of 
'  The  Messiah  '  on  the  Friday  morning, 
the  festival  closing  in  the  evening  with  a 
chamber  concert  in  the  Shire  Hall,  in 
which  the  Nora  Clench  Quartet  took  part. 


$tnsiral  (Beszip. 

At    the    Promenade    Concert    at    Queen's 
i  1  all  on  Thursday  of  last  week  was  performed, 


for  the  first  time  in  England,  the  '  Entr'acte 
Symphonique '  from  Alfred  Bruneau's  'Mes- 
sidor,'  an  opera  produced  in  Paris  nine  years 
ago,  and  founded  on  Emile  Zola's  '  Poena 
of  Labour.'  The  four  acts  deal  with  the 
four  seasons,  and  the  prelude  played  at 
Queen's  Hall  precedes  the  last  act.  It  is 
based  on  a  beautiful  melody  typifying  spring, 
around  which  are  grouped  several  less  im- 
portant subjects,  and  the  music,  which  shows 
marked  originality,  works  up  to  a  striking 
climax. — On  the  following  evening  satis- 
factory performances  were  given  of  Beet- 
hoven's Symphony  in  B  flat  and  Concerto  in 
c  minor.  The  soloist  in  the  latter  was  Miss 
Fanny  Davies,  who  discharged  her  task  in 
her  usual  sound  and  artistic  style. 

Mr.  Jan  Blockx,  composer  of  the  suc- 
cessful opera  '  La  Princesse  d'Auberge,'  has 
given  his  impressions,  in  a  '  Symphonic 
Triptych,'  of  All  Souls'  Day,  Christmas,  and 
Easter,  and  these  were  well  rendered  by  Mr. 
Wood  and  his  orchestra  last  Tuesday.  The 
music  is  clever  and  taking,  though  the  bell 
effects  in  the  first  and  third  movements  are 
somewhat  too  persistent.  The  delicate 
Christmas  pastoral  middle  section  offers, 
however,  good  contrast. 

On  Wednesday  the  programme  included 
Bach's  '  Brandenburg  '  Concerto,  No.  4,  with 
Messrs.  Verbrugghen,  Fransella,  Borlee,  and 
Kiddle  as  soloists ;  Schubert's  Symphony 
in  c,  which  was  finely  rendered  ;  and  the 
first  appearance  of  Miss  Grace  Smith,  who 
gave  a  fluent  interpretation  of  Mozart's 
Concerto,  No.  2. 

Georges  Jacobi,  the  well-known  com- 
poser of  ballet  music,  and  conductor  of  the 
Alhambra  orchestra  for  twenty-six  years, 
died  at  his  residence,  Camden  Town,  on 
Thursday  last  week.  He  was  born  at  Berlin 
in  1840,  studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatoire, 
and  before  coming  to  London  conducted  at 
the  Bouffes  Parisiens,  where  most  of  Offen- 
bach's operas  were  produced. 

Mr.  Sedley  Taylor  is  publishing  with 
the  Cambridge  University  Press  a  book 
on  a  subject  which  has  attracted  several 
musicians,  '  The  Indebteelness  of  Handel  to 
'Works  by  other  Composers.' 

A  new  comedy  opera,  the  joint  work  of 
Messrs.  Percy  French  and  Houston  Collis- 
son,  whose  '  Noah's  Ark  '  was  received  with 
favour  last  Christmas  at  the  Waldorf 
Theatre,  is  in  preparation. 

Mr.  Joseph  Bennett,  well  known  for 
years  both  as  a  writer  and  musical 
critic,  on  the  occasion  of  his  retirement 
from  public  life,  is  to  be  entertained  at  a 
banquet,  organized  by  the  Concert-goers' 
Club,  early  in  November,  with  Sir 
Alexander  Mackenzie  in  the  chair.  Mr. 
Bennett  will  also  be  entertained  by  his 
colleagues  on  the  musical  press  at  a  private 
dinner  on  October  31st. 

The  Pvoman  pianist  and  composer  G. 
Sgambati  has  just  brought  to  completion  a 
'  Requiem,'  which  will  be  performed  on 
November  9th  at  Cologne,  and  later  at 
Mainz.  The  '  Requiem  '  is  being  published 
by  Messrs.  Schott  &  Co.,  and  promises  to  be 
a  work  of  considerable  interest. 

It  was  recently  announced  that  Lorenzo 
Perosi  had  composed  an  opera  entitled 
'  Leggenda  Svizzera,'  but  the  composer  at 
once  contradicted  the  report.  It  is  easy  to 
understand  how  the  mistake  arose  :  accord- 
ing to  Le  Minestrel,  the  composer  of  the 
above-named  opera  is  Loronzo  Parodi. 

M.  Weckkrein  has  found  the  autograph 
of  the  biography  written  by  Berlioz  himself 
for  his  friend  Joseph  d'Ortigue,  by  whom 
it  was  published  (December,  1832).  The 
French    composer,   says    M.    A.    Pougin   in 


Le  Menestrel  of  the  16th  inst.,  knew  and 
appreciated  the  proverb  "  On  n'est  jamais- 
mieux  servi  que  par  soi-meme,"  and  by  way 
of  proof  he  quotes  the  description  Berlioz. 
gives  of  his  personal  appearance.  Here 
is  one  sentence  from  it :  — 

"  Les  traits  de  son  visage  sont  beaux  et  bien 
marques  ;  un  nez  aquilin,  une  bouche  fine  et 
petite,  le  menton  saillant,  des  yeux  enfonees  et 
percants,  qui  parfois  se  eouvrent  d'un  voile  de 
melancolie  et  de  langueur." 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sun.       Sunday  League  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mon. — Sat.  Proruena'le  Concerts,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sat.      Herr  Kreislers  Violin  Recital,  :i.  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Drury  Lane. — The  Bondman.     By  Hall 

Caine. 
Sufficient  departure  from  the  story  is 
made  in  the  dramatization  by  Mr.  Hall 
Caine  of  his  fine  novel  b  The  Bondman  ' 
almost  to  justify  the  claim  of  the  play  to- 
be  regarded  as  an  original  work.  The 
alterations  that  have  been  effected  are, 
it  is  true,  in  the  environment  of  the  tale 
rather  than  in  its  essentials,  and  the  most 
important  is  of  doubtful  expediency. 
This  consists  of  the  substitution  of  Sicily 
for  Iceland  as  the  scene  of  the  more 
dramatic  portion  of  the  action.  In  favour 
of  this  it  may  be,  and  is,  urged  that  the 
scene  of  '  The  Prodigal  Son,'  last  year's 
autumnal  drama  from  the  same  source, 
was  also  Iceland,  and  that  a  risk  that 
might  interfere  with  the  chance  of  popu- 
larity was  involved  in  its  employment.. 
This  is  looking  too  far  back,  and 
is  altogether  too  prudent.  Last  year's 
drama  is  as  much  a  thing  of  the  past  as. 
would  have  been  last  year's  snows,  if 
we  had  had  any,  and  memorie& 
concerning  it  could  scarcely  have  influ- 
enced the  fortunes  of  this  year's  experi- 
ment. Relations  between  the  Isle  of  Man 
and  Iceland  are  moreover  more  probable 
than  those  between  Manxland  and  Sicily. 
These  things  are  not  advanced  as  of  much 
significance.  From  the  point  of  view  of 
scenic  effect  something  may  be  urged  in 
favour  of  the  change.  The  "hoarse  Trina- 
crian  shore"  has  a  music  of  its  own,  and 
the  cruelty  of  the  scenes  in  the  sulphur 
mines  is  more  easily  conceivable  under 
Sicilian  than  under  Danish  rule.  At  any 
rate,  the  closing  action  fits  one  country 
as  well  as  another,  and  the  final  scene,, 
though  reached  by  circuitous  approaches, 
is  effective  as  well  as  beautiful.  That  the 
fatal  ending  had  been  abandoned,  and 
that,  as  in  the  case  of  Romeo,  a  milder 
sentence  had  been  decreed,  "  Not  body's- 
death,  but  body's  banishment,"  is  known, 
having  been  proclaimed  and  vindicated 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Collins.  This  end — in  which 
from  a  rock  on  the  sunlit  island,  Jason 
contemplates  the  vessel  containing  all 
he  loves  sailing  away  for  England— came 
at  the  close  of  an  apparently  Interminable 
scene,  but  was  very  pathetic  when  reached. 
One  advantage  of  the  arrangement  by 
which  the  whole  was  submitted  to  a  special 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


343 


public  at  a  general  rehearsal  was  that  the 
management  was  furnished  with  proof  in 
how  much  need  the  whole  stood  of 
excision.  That  some  profit  did  not  spring 
from  the  chance  thus  afforded  may  not  be 
said.  It  was,  however,  inadequate,  and 
further  abridgment  is  an  imperious  neces- 
sity. 

As  at  present  arranged,  the  story  begins 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  a  beautiful  view  in 
which  constitutes  an  opening  tableau. 
The  brotherly  relations  between  Jason 
and  Michael  Sunlocks,  on  which  in  the 
novel  so  much  stress  is  laid,  are  narrated 
by  different  characters  or  evolved  in 
course  of  action.  Both  are  in  search  of 
each  other — Michael  with  benevolent  pur- 
pose, and  Jason  animated  with  deadliest 
intentions.  The  "  divinity  that  shapes 
our  ends,  rough-hew  them  how  we  will," 
ordains  that  at  the  moment  when,  with 
murderous  thoughts,  Jason  arrives  in 
search  of  Michael  at  the  Fairbrother  farm, 
the  object  of  his  quest  has  just  sailed  for 
Sicily  on  an  errand  of  mercy,  with  a 
promise  to  return  in  a  couple  of  years  to 
claim  as  his  own  the  fair  Greeba.  Not 
two,  but  three  years  elapse,  and  nothing 
is  heard  of  the  wanderer.  Wrapt  up  in 
the  love  of  Greeba,  in  whose  heart  he  has 
all  but  supplanted  his  brother,  Jason  has 
allowed  his  thoughts  of  animosity  to 
slumber.  During  the  festivities  of  harvest 
time  he  proposes  to  her,  and  is  accepted. 
Xo  sooner  has  the  word  "  yes  "  been  spoken 
than  a  letter  is  received  from  Michael  by 
Greeba,  accounting  for  his  silence,  and 
bidding  her  go  out  to  be  married  to  him 
in  Sicily,  where  he  has  headed  a  successful 
revolution.  His  bidding  is  executed,  and 
Greeba  in  the  third  act  is  seen  as  a  mode- 
rately happy  wife.  She  has  been  followed 
however,  by  Jason,  all  whose  worse  nature 
is  again  aroused,  and  who  has,  with  pur- 
pose of  murder  in  his  heart,  entered  his 
brother's  house.  In  what  follows  the 
plot  of  the  novel  is  closely  adhered  to. 
Unable  to  dissuade  Jason  from  his  schemes 
of  vengeance,  Greeba  summons  assist- 
ance and  gives  him  into  custody.  For 
the  offence  with  which  he  is  charged  Jason 
is  sent  to  the  sulphur  mines.  Here  he  is 
joined  by  Michael,  whom  a  turn  of  for- 
tune's wheel  has  hurled  from  power  and 
converted  into  a  traitor.  Some  remote 
influence  of  kinship  asserts  itself,  and,  be- 
fore they  know  one  another,  the  stronger 
brother  becomes  the  weaker's  champion 
and  support.  When  ultimately  their 
relationship  is  revealed,  all  thought  of 
vengeance  has  passed  once  more  from  the 
mind  of  Jason,  and  been  replaced  by  a 
heavenly  pity  and  resolution  of  self- 
sacrifice.  To  the  island  in  which  Michael 
Sunlocks  is  confined,  awaiting  the  carry- 
ing out  of  a  death  sentence,  Jason  pene- 
trates. Here  he  arranges  for  his  brot  her's 
escape,  reconciling  and  reuniting  him  to 
the  wife  he  has  learnt  to  mistrust,  placing 
himself  as  Bondman  in  his  stead,  and  taking 
upon  himself  the  death  penalty  that  has 
been  incurred. 

Very  far  from  doing  justice  to  an  heroical 
story  is  this  bald  narrative.  Portions  of 
it  drag  in  the  telling,  and  the  final  sacrifice 
of  Jason  resembles  somewhat  too  closely 


that  of  Sydney  Carton  in  '  The  Tale  of  Two 
Cities.'  Still  the  whole  is  pervaded  by  a 
fine  and  potent  spirit,  and  when  it  is  taken 
in  quicker  time  will  rank  among  the  most 
exemplary  of  Drury  Lane  successes.  Mrs. 
Patrick  Campbell  is  scarcely  girlish  enough 
for  Greeba.  Mr.  Frank  Cooper  as  Jason 
and  Mr.  Henry  Ainley  as  Michael  Sunlocks 
were  finely  contrasted.  Mr.  Henry  Neville 
and  Miss  Marie  Ilhngton  were  the  Fair- 
brothers  ;  Mr.  Austin  Melford,  Father 
Ferrati  ;  and  Mr.  Lionel  Brough,  Grand- 
father. The  principal  characters  were 
received  with  much  favour,  and  the  whole 
was  a  success.  .  i  $ 


Wyndham's  Theatre. — Peter's  Mother  : 
a  Comedy  in  Three  Acts.  By  Mrs. 
Henry  de  la  Pasture. — The  Sixth  Com- 
mandment :  a  One- Act  Play.  By  C. 
Hamilton. 

For  what  in  '  The  Lonely  Millionaires,' 
her  previous  dramatic  venture,  was  pro- 
mise, Mrs.  Henry  de  la  Pasture  in  '  Peter's 
Mother '  substitutes  performance.  In 
psychology  and  in  dialogue  the  later  piece 
is  not  only  a  great  advance  upon  its  pre- 
decessor, but  may  also  claim  to  be  one  of 
the  best  and  brightest  works  that  recent 
years  have  given  to  the  stage.  Though  its 
first  appeal  to  the  public  was  made  as  a 
novel,  it  was  written,  we  are  told,  as  a  play. 
This  may  well  have  been,  the  disposition 
of  the  scenes  being  clever,  the  grouping 
of  the  characters  dramatic,  and  the  chief 
defects  of  the  play — the  length  of  certain 
scenes  and  the  manner  in  which  the  cha- 
racters shuffle  on  and  off  of  the  stage — 
as  characteristic  of  the  dramatist  as  of  the 
adapter.  As  compensation  for  a  slight 
tendency  to  verbosity  may  be  counted 
the  healthiness  of  the  whole  and  the  human- 
ism with  which  it  is  informed.  It  is  prin- 
cipally a  disquisition  on  maternal  tender- 
ness, but  among  the  lights  in  which  it  may 
be  viewed  is  that  of  a  study  in  heredity ; 
the  development  of  the  impetuous  and 
self-willed  son  into  a  greater  prig  than  his 
dead  father  is  ingenious  and  effective. 

In  Barracombe  House,  Devon,  in  which 
the  action  passes,  beneath  an  appearance 
of  calm  all  is  not  well.  Unknown  to  his 
wife,  Lady  Mary  Crewys,  Sir  Timothy 
Crewys  is  under  the  necessity  of  under- 
going a  serious  operation,  the  results  of 
which  the  medical  attendant  contemplates 
with  some  trepidation.  As  the  outcome  of  a 
general  crotchetiness  which  makes  him, 
among  other  things,  a  pro-Boer,  Sir 
Timothy  insists  that  the  knowledge  of  his 
state  shall  be  kept  from  his  wife.  This 
unpropitious  moment  is  chosen  by  his  son 
Peter  to  join  as  a  volunteer  the  British 
army  (the  period  is  1899)  in  South  Africa. 
Learning  that  her  son  starts  the  next  day 
from  Southampton,  Lady  Mary  announces 
her  intention  of  seeing  him  off.  Under 
these  conditions  it  becomes  necessary  to 
tell  her  the  reason  why  she  should  be  by 
the  side  of  her  husband,  the  operation 
upon  whom  is  fixed  for  that  day.  Even 
then  it  is  difficult  to  persuade  her  that  the 
claims  of  maternity  are  not  greater  than 
those  of  wifehood. 

Two  years  and  four  months  elapse,  and 


Lady  Mary,  now  a  widow,  is  dreaming  of 
second  nuptials  with  John  Crewys,  Q.C., 
her  husband's  cousin  and  her  own  best 
friend  and  adviser.  The  first  gleam  of 
sunshine  lias  come  into  her  life,  and  she 
has  brightened  up  the  old  house  in  anti- 
cipation of  her  son's  return.  Peter  comes 
back,  minus  an  arm,  but  in  other  respects 
his  father's  double.  Over  the  poor  woman 
the  chilling  influences  reassert  themselves, 
and  she  dares  not  think  of  communicating 
to  her  son  her  new  dreams.  Peter  has 
had,  however,  some  love  passages  witli  a 
certain  Sarah  Hewel,  who,  with  a  sub- 
lime self-confidence,  promises  to  bring 
him  to  better  ways  of  thinking.  Holdi ng 
herself  as  a  lure,  she  succeeds  in  her  self- 
imposed  task,  and  at  the  conclusion  two 
not  very  inspiriting  love  affairs  are  in  the 
way  of  a  happy  solution. 

This  sympathetic  work  is  brightly  and 
well  played.  Perhaps  the  greatest  accom- 
plishment of  Mrs.  de  la  Pasture  consists 
in  supplying  Miss  Marion  Terry  with  a 
part  in  which  the  sweet  womanliness  of 
that  accomplished  actress  asserts  itself 
to  the  highest  advantage.  The  illuminating 
power  of  a  late-found  joy  in  life  and  its 
timid  repression  under  a  repetition  of  the 
freezing  influences  to  which  she  had  long 
been  subject  are  shown  with  unsurpassable 
art.  Mr.  A.  E.  Matthews  as  Peter  and  Mr. 
Fred  Kerr  as  John  Crewys  give  admirably 
life-like  presentations  ;  and  Mr.  Norman 
McKinnel  realizes  the  crotchety  Sir 
Timothy.  Clever  sketches  are  furnished 
by  Miss  Dolores  Drummond,  Miss  Alice 
Beet,  and  Mr.  E.  W.  Garden  ;  but  Miss 
Hilda  Trevelyan  is  scarcely  adapted  to 
the  fascinating  Sarah.  The  performance 
was  received,  as  it  deserved,  with  much 
enthusiasm,  and  the  piece  establishes  the 
right  of  Mrs.  de  la  Pasture  to  a  place  among 
our  few  dramatists. 

A  terribly  lugubrious  piece  is  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton's '  The  Sixth  Commandment.'  Under 
the  influence  of  extreme  poverty,  and  in 
the  vain  hope  of  saving  the  life  of  their 
child,  Johannes  and  Anna  have  murdered 
a  woman  who  has  sought  refuge  in  their 
hut  in  the  Black  Forest.  With  indescrib- 
able terror  they  learn  that  their  victim 
was  the  beloved  wife  of  Martin,  the  brother 
of  Johannes,  who,  breathing  purposes  of 
vengeance,  has,  under  supernatural  prompt- 
ings, traced  her  to  their  cottage.  The  two 
brothers  are  well  played  by  Messrs. 
Percival  Stevens  and  Walter  Hampden. 
Miss  Madge  Mcintosh  shows  flashes  of 
genuine  power  as  the  wife. 


$ramsii£  (gossip. 

'John  Bull's  Other  Island'  was 
revived  on  Monday  at  the  Court  Theatre, 
Mr.  Louis  Calvert  reappearing  as  Broadbent, 
and  Miss  Ellen  O'Malley  as  the  heroine. 
Mr.  Ben  Webster  was  seen  for  the  first  time 
as  Larry  Doyle,  Mr.  E.  Gurney  was  Father 
Dempsey,  and  Mr.  James  Hearn  was 
Haffigan. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie  is  engaged  upon  a  new 
play,  whieh  at  the  close  of  the  American 
season  will  be  presented  in  London  by  Miss 
Maude  Adams. 


344 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


On  the  revival  of  '  Peter  Pan  '  in  December 
Miss  Pauline  Chase  will  present  the  title  role. 

Mr.  Barbie's  '  Little  Minister  '  is  in 
rehearsal  at  the  Court  Theatre,  Dresden, 
and  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's  '  You  Never  Can 
Tell  '  at  the  Kleines  Theater,  Berlin. 

Next  Tuesday  afternoon  '  Silverbox,'  a 
new  play  by  Mr.  John  Galsworthy,  will  be 
produced  at  the  Court  by  Messrs.  Vedrenne 
and  Barker. 

Mr.  Norman  V.  Norman  will  shortly 
produce  a  piece  founded  by  the  Rev. 
Frederick  Langbridge  upon  an  incident 
in  '  Esmond.'  He  will  himself  play  the 
Chevalier  to  the  Beatrix  Esmond  of  Miss 
Beatrice  Wilson. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Sothern  and  Miss  Julia 
Marlowe  will  appear  at  the  Waldorf  next 
April  in  an  English  version  of  Hauptmann's 
'  Sunken  Bell.'  Adaptations  of  works  of 
Sudermann,  D'Annvmzio,  and  Maeterlinck, 
together  with  some  Shakspearean  master- 
pieces, are  also  promised. 

While  on  his  country  tour  Mr.  Tree  is 
occupied  with  arrangements  for  the  pro- 
duction in  London  of  '  Macbeth '  and 
'  Antony  and  Cleopatra,'  which  will  be  in- 
cluded in  his  winter  programme  at  His 
Majesty's. 

Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  will  appear,  by 
invitation  of  the  governors  of  the  Shakspeare 
Memorial  Theatre,  Stratford-on-Avon,  in 
'  Macbeth,'  Mrs.  Bourchier  (Miss  Violet 
Vanbrugh)  playing  Lady  Macbeth. 

'  Caught  in  the  Rain  '  is  the  title  of  a 
play  in  which,  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  Charles  Frohman,  Mr.  William  Collier 
will  reappear  in  London. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  announce 
'  Joseph  Jefferson  :  Reminiscences  of  a 
Fellow  Player,'  by  Mr.  Francis  Wilson,  who 
has,  it  appears,  made  a  special  record  of 
Jefferson's  table-talk. 

Among  Mr.  Heinemann's  announcements 
is  the  publication  in  book  form  of  Mr. 
Pinero's  play  '  His  House  in  Order,'  which 
may  be  regarded  as  the  chief  dramatic 
success  of  the  year. 


MISCELLANEA. 


ROBERT,  OWEN    AS    LECTURER. 

5,  Oak  Grove,  Cricklewood,  N.W. 
It  is  timely,  now  Mr.  Podmore's  '  Robert 
Owen  '  is  receiving  so  much  worthy  atten- 
tion, to  come  upon  one  of  the  original 
advertisements  issued  by  the  philanthropist 
to  call  people  to  his  lectures.  It  reads  as 
follows  : — 

A  Cure  for  Want,  or  the  Fear  of  Want. 

Attend  Mr.  Owen's  Lectures,  delivered  every 
Sunday  Morning,  at  11  o'clock,  at  No  2  Leicester- 
place,  Leicester-square,  and  judge  for  yourselves 
of  the  principles  on  which  Mr.  Owen  proposes  to 
found  an  entire  New  State  of  Society,  in  which 
Truth  will  he  substituted  for  Religion,  beneficial 
realities  tor  injurious  mysteries  and  ceremonies  ; 
knowledge  for  ignorance ;  riches  for  poverty ; 
universal  charity,  kind  feelings,  and  union,  for 
discord,  evil  passions,  unkind  feelings  and  un- 
charitableness.  You  who  wish  to  avoid  Want,  or 
fear  of  Want,  and  to  prevent  the  longer  existence 
<>f  tin'  cut-throat  work  that  now  pervades  all  ranks 
of  Society,  if  you  cannot  attend  the  Lectures,  read 
and  study  them,  and  then  judge  for  yourselves  of 
the  practicability  of  Owen's  principles  of  Society  ; 
you  will  then  l.e  convinced  that  want,  or  the  fear 
of  it,  can  !)!•  easily  banished  from  the  earth. 

Owen's  Lectures  are  published  weekly  by 
Strange,  Paternoster-row  ;  and  H.  Hetherington, 
No.  13  King's-gate-street,  Holborn,  in  Numbers, 
price  'M.  each  ;  and  to  be  had  of  every  Bookseller. 


This  was  sent  through  the  twopenny  post 
to  my  father  (Griffith  Humphreys)  as  a 
cutting  from  a  newspaper,  with  this  MS. 
note  heading  it  : — 

Thursday. 
A  Meeting  this  Evening  at  2  Leicester-place  ; 

and  with  this  other  note  at  the  foot : — 

Subscribe  a  trifle  towards  founding  a  school  in 
which  truth  shall  be  substituted  for  religion. 

The  sheet  has  been  carefully  hoarded  up 
among  my  father's  letters,  which  by  chance 
I  am  now  going  through  ;  but  unluckily  he 
who  pinned  the  advertisement  on  did  not 
add  from  what  paper  it  had  been  cut,  nor 
the  date  of  it.  Neither  does  the  post-mark 
help.  It  is  too  blurred  to  be  read.  How- 
ever, 1829  is  given  by  the  'D.N.B.'  as  the 
year  in  which  Owen  was  delivering  Sunday 
lectures  ;  and  though  the  premises  are 
mentioned,  not  as  Leicester  Place,  but  as  the 
Mechanics'  Institute,  Southampton  Build- 
ings, and  later  as  another  Institute  in  Burton 
Street,  a  frequent  shifting  from  hall  to  hall 
is  quite  conceivable  as  necessary  policy,  and 
the  date  of  one  of  the  late  twenties  may  be 
accepted.  Jennett  Humphreys. 


SHAKSPEARE  AND  JOHN  O'  COMBE. 

Ealing,  W. 

Remembering  the  savage  epitaph  which 
Shakspeare  is  said  to  have  written  on  John 
o'  Combe,  and  that  Thomas  Quiney,  of 
Stratford,  married  Judith  Shakspeare,  I 
thought  that  perhaps  you  might  be  willing 
to  find  a  corner  for  what  follows  :— 

To  the  Right  Reverend  Father  in  God  Steven, 
Bishop  of  Winchester,  Lord  Chancellor  of 
England  (1553-1555). 
The  complaint  of  Adryan  Quynye,  of  Stretforde 
uppon  Haven,  Mercer. — The  complainant  is 
seized  in  fee  of  one  tenement  called  Barlands 
Howse,  with  one  garden,  one  orchard,  and  one 
barn,  in  Stretford.  Diverse  evidences  and  writings 
relating  to  this  estate  have  come  into  the  hands  of 
one  John  Combes  (sometimes  written  John  a' 
Combes),  of  Stratford,  gentleman,  who  by  means 
thereof  doth  make  and  convey  sundry  estates 
secretly  of  the  premises,  to  the  disheryson  of  your 
said  Orator.  Prays  relief  in  the  usual  form. — 
Record  Office,  Early  Chancery  Proceedings, 
Bundle  1373. 

Mark  W.  Bullen. 


To  Correspondents.— A.  M.— H.  H.  J.—  w.  H.  H.— 
G.  N.—  J.  W.— W.  H.  C.—  Received. 
H.  S.  M. — Not  suitable  for  us. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
.appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO   ADVERTISERS. 


Paok 

Authors'  Agents       318 

Bell  &  Sons 344 

Cambridge  University  Press 346 

Catalogues        318 

CHATXO  &  WlNDUS 348 

Constable*  Co 347 

Dent        324 

Educational 317 

Heinemann        310 

hodder  &  ntougiiton        320,321 

Hurst  and  Blackett         324 

Insurance  Companies         34f> 

L0CKW00D  &  SON         345 

MACMILLAN  &  CO 324 

Mktihkn  <fe  Co.           323 

Miscellaneous 318 

Newspaper  Agents 318 

Notes  and  Queries 340 

Provident  Institutions 317 

Richards sis 

Sales  by  Auction 818 

Situations  Vacant 317 

Situations  Wanted 317 

Swan  SONNENSCHEIN  &  Co.            322 

Type -Writers,  &c 318 


MESSRS.   BELLS 

LIST. 


LIST  OF  NEW  AND  FORTHCOMING 
BOOKS  or  COMPLETE  CATALOGUE  sent 
to  any  Address  on  application. 


A  NEW  EDITION  OF 

TROLLOPE'S 
BARSETSHIRE    NOVELS. 

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FREDERIC  HARRISON. 

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II.  BARCHESTER  TOWERS. 

[Ready  September  26.. 
III.   DOCTOR    THORNE.  [October. 

IV.  FRAMLEY  PARSONAGE. 

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Vol.    V.  POETICAL  WORKS. 

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London:   GEORGE   BELL  &   SONS, 
York  House,  Portugal  Street,  W.C. 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


345 


CROSBY    LOCKWOOD    &    SON 


Nearly  ready,  medium  8vo,  cloth,  12*.  Orf.  net. 

GOLD   MINING   MACHINERY.    Its   Selection,  Arrangement, 

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Preparation  of  Estimates  of  Cost.  IJy  W.  H.  TIXXEV,  formerly  in  charge  of  machinery  at  the  Mysore  Mine, 
M.Inst,  M.  &  M.     With  111  list  rations.  

Just  published,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  Is.  net. 

FIRST    LESSONS   IN  COAL    MINING   for   use    in   Primary 

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346 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


GENERAL   INDEXES. 


CAMBRIDGE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 


ARISTOTLE   DE   SENSU   AND    DE 

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MEMORIA.     Text 

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^GENERAL  INDEX, 

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EIGHTH  SERIES      ..060 

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A  GRAMMAR  OF  CLASSICAL  LATIN.     By  Arthur  Sloman, 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


347 


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348 THE    ATHENAEUM  N° 4117,  Sept.  22,  1906 


CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  PUBLISHERS. 

STOKIES  OF  THE  ITALIAN  ARTISTS  FROM  VASARI. 

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THE  ANNALS  OF  COVENT  GARDEN  THEATRE,  1732—1897. 

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It  is  impossible  to  imagine  a  subject  more  fraught  with  romance  and  anecdote  than  the  history  of  a  great  theatre,  and  in  writing  the  history  of  Covent 
Garden,  the  author  has  had  to  pass  under  review  a  host  of  extraordinary  people.  There  are  few  figures  in  theatrical  or  any  other  history  that  are  more 
eccentric  than  was  that  of  John  Rich,  the  founder  of  the  theatre  ;  John  Beard,  George  Colman,  John  and  Charles  Kemble,  Macready,  Chas.  Mathews,  and 
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R.  L.  STEVENSON.  I  AUSTIN  D0BS0N. 

COLLECTED    POEMS :     including    Underwoods,    Ballads,    EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY  VIGNETTES.    First  Series.    With 

Songs  of  Travel.  [September  27.       I  3  Illustrations.     To  be  followed  by  Second  and  Third  Series. 

NEW      SIX-SHILLING      NOVELS. 
THE  TEA-PLANTER.    By  Mrs.  Penny,  Author  of '  Dilys.' 

Amid  charming  natural  surroundings,  the  authoress  weaves  a  romantic  tale,  in  which  the  ordinary  life  of  a  planter  is  laid  open  to  view.  The  bungalow 
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THE  OLD  HOUSE  AT  THE  CORNER.    By  Florence  Warden. 

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quickening  the  ingenuity  of  half-a-dozen  unmarried  daughters." — Outlook. 

THE  PRIVATE  DETECTIVE.    By  Robert  Machray. 

Is  of  the  same  kind  as  his  popular  stories  '  A  Blow  over  the  Heart '  and  '  The  Mystery  of  Lincoln's  Inn.'  As  the  title  suggests,  it  is  highly  sensational, 
and  has  the  merit  of  leading  up,  after  many  dramatic  incidents  and  exciting  episodes,  to  a  wholly  unexpected  denouement. 

THE  PATH  OF  GLORY.    By  Georges  Ohnet,  Author  of '  The  Ironmaster.' 

"  A  strong  and  finely  conceived  work.     The  artistry  is  delicate  and  subtle,  yet  there  is  no  strain  or  over-tenseness." — Morning  Leader. 

COMET  CHAOS.     By  Cyril  Seymour,  Author  of  '  Magic  of  To-morrow.' 

A  romance  of  love,  treasure,  and  prophecy. 

A  NEW  NOVEL  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  THAT  POPULAR  STORY  '  THE  FREEMASONS.' 

BURNT   SPICES.      By  L.  S.  Gibson.  [0ll8(:ptemhe rS7, 

THE  M0T0RMANIACS.    By  Lloyd  Osbourne.    Crown  8vo,  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

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THE  ATHENAEUM 

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No.  4118. 


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Applications,  with  fifteen  copies  of  Testimonials,  to  be  lodged  with 
WILLIAM  SIMPSON,  Town  Clerk  of  Dunfermline,  on  or  before 
OCTOBER  2  next 

Dunfermline,  September  20,  1906. 

REAT       WESTERN       INSTITUTION, 

SWINDON,  WILTS. 
(CENTRAL  LIBRARY,  31,000  vols.) 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  above  INSTITUTION  require  the  services  of 
an  ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN.  Salary  65'.  per  annum.  Library 
experience  necessary. — Applications,  in  Candidates'  own  handwriting, 
stating  age  and  other  particulars,  to  lie  sent,  together  with  copies  of 
Testimonials,  not  later  than  OCTOBER  8,  addressed  to  the  Librarian, 
from  whom  also  further  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

WM.  II.  BAGGULEY,  Librarian. 
H.  J.  SOUTHWELL,  Secretary. 
September  2.3,  Kioc. 


G 


Situations    WLanUb. 

TO  PUBLISHERS,  AUTHORS,  AND  OTHERS. 
-GENTLEMAN  (SS),  Oxford  Graduate  (Honours),  with  Business 
as  well  as  Literary  and  Educational  experience,  seeks  ENGAGE 
MENT.  Contributed  to  leading  Reviews.  Been  Secretary  of  large 
Literary  Society,  where  duties  included  Editing  Magazine,  Drafting 
Reports  and  Prospectuses,  Correspondence,  Committee  Business, 
Organization  of  an  Office,  Responsibility  for  Accounts,  Cataloguing, 
Indexing,  Ac— Apply  A.  O..  Box  116*,  Athonauim  Press,  13,  Breams 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C, 


A  PPOINTMENT    WANTED.  —TWENTY 

A  YEARS'  EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  PUBLISHING  TRADE  — 
Advertiser,  intimately  acquainted  with  all  Branches  of  the  Business, 
and  well  known  to  Publishers,  DESIRES  ENGAGEMENT  with  a 
Publisher,  or  as  Traveller  to  a  Printer,  Binder,  Paper-Maker,  Ac,  or 
as  Advertisement  Canvasser.  Excellent  Testimonials.— Box  1141, 
Athen:euui  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

WANTED,  EMPLOYMENT  in  a  LIBRARY, 
or  to  make  Searches,  or  Translations— Latin.  Greek.  French, 
Italian,  Spanish,  ami  German.— H.  11. ,  :;»>,  Roscbery  Square,  Rosebery 
Avenue,  E.C. 

VOUNG  LADY  requires   RE-ENGAGEMENT 

JL      as  FOREIGN  CORRESPONDENT  or  PRIVATE  SECRETARY. 

Shorthand.  Tvpe-writing,  120—160.  French  and  German  Translation 
and  Shorthand.— A.  J.,  Wemyss  Cottage,  Blaokheath,  S.E. 


Mi&ttll&ntava. 


QIR    WILFRID    LAWSON    MEMORIAL    AT 

IO  ASPATRIA. 

The  COMMITTEE  invite  DESIGNS  for  a  MONUMENT  to  the  late 
SIR  WILFRID  LAWSON,  to  (.insist  of  a  Fountain  Base,  with  a 
life-size  Head  of  Sir  Wilfrid  in  bronze  relief,  deeply  sunk  in  the  form 
of  a  Medallion,  suitable  Inscriptions  and  Panels,  at  a  cost  not 
exceeding  UNIO/.,  before  JANUARY  I,  WOT. 

Further  particulars  may  lie  obtained  from  tin-  Secretary. 

F.  RICHARDSON. 

Aspatria.  Cumberland. 


HEAD  MISTRESS.  SCHOOL  of  ART,  and  Art 
Examiner,  GIVES  INSTRUCTION  in  ELEMENTARY  and 
ADVANCED  STAGES  of  DRAWING  and  PAINTING.  Students 
prepared  for  the  Examinations  of  the  Board  of  Education.  Private 
Lessons  also  given  to  Amateurs.  Terms  upon  application.— Miss 
ROSA   E.  WOON,  24.  Glebe  Place.  Chelsea.  S.W. 


A  GENTLEMAN,  aged  21,  of  good  Literary 
Taste,  who  has  Matriculated,  desires  a  Position,  where  he 
would  thoroughly  LEARN  the  BUSINESS,  in  a  firm  publishing 
Modern  Fiction,  or  on  a  Weekly  Journal-  Information,  giving  full 
particulars  as  to  Terms,  .v.-  .  can  be  addressed  toll.  E.  F..  l,  St,  James 
Terrace,  Regent  a  Park.  N.W. 

BACHELOR   (27),    Householder  at    Loughton, 
Essex,  engaged  in  Scientific  Work,  would  like  to  meet  anotbei . 
preferably  interested  in  Literature  "r  the  Arts,  to  SHARE  HOU8E 

KEEPING    with    him.—  Write    to    Bo»    1169,    Athemcuni    Pre»6,   13, 
Bream  s  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 

HUGUENOT  and  FRENCH-CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES  from  Unpublished  MS.  and  other  Sources. 
Genealogical  Index  to  over  10.000  Families.  Jacobite  and  British 
Families  in  France.— C.  E.  LART.  Charmouth,  Dorset,  and  Red 
Souse,  chislehurst. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch.  German,  snd 
Latin.  Seventeen  years  experience. —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


i  early  Subscription,  tree  by  post,  inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

Ihtshuss  fnr  Disposal. 

BOOKSELLING  BUSINESS  FOR  SALE.— A 
very  old  established  SECOND-HAND  BOOK  BUSINESS,  with 
wide  connexion,  situate  in  South  London.  Good  Shop  and  Warehouse. 
Long  Lease,  Rent  40/.  Well  selected  Stock.  Good  reason  for 
disposal.  Part  Purchase  Money  can  remain  if  desired. — Apply  W.  W  . 
care  of  J.  E.  May,  Advertisement  Agent,  08,  Fleet  Street,  B.C. 


TYPE-WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS.  4c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons.  3d.  flier  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank,  Roxhorough  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITING. —MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  descriptions.  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Tvpe-Writingi. 
Usual  terms— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Doningtou  House,  J<>. 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand.  London. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages!.  Research.  Revision.  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

JUitljors'   Agents. 

AUTHOR  S.  —  Enterprising  PUBLISHING  i 
HOUSE  will  ( '<  INSIDER  OR  I(i  IN  AL  NOVELS.  BIOGRAPHIES. 
ESSAYS.  MEMOIRS.  4c.  -  Address  HOOKS,  care  of  Anderson'* 
Advertising  Agency,  14.  King  William  Street.  Strand.  W.C. 


rPHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

-I.  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGUES.  34.  Patcruoeter  Row 


TO   AUTHORS.— MR.   SUTTON,  Publisher  of 
.'Museum  Studies,'  is  PREPARED  to  CONSIDER    MSS.    of 
Technical.  Scientific.  Mathematics,   Biography,  or  Art  mo  Novels). 

A.lilr»iB    IKlUlTRT    SCTToV      ,-1      1P1,«     #„..! ^-...*i 


$efospap*r  Jgents. 

p     MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 

V'.  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  .o  Purchase,  luiestigationsaud  Audit  of  Accounts.  4c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

Mitchell  House.  1  and  2.  Snow  Hill.  Holborn  Viaduct.  E.C. 

XT  E  W  S  PAPER  PROPERTIES 

i-l      BOUGHT,  SOLD.  VALUED.  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 

EVERY  REQUISITE. 

The  Loudon  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  numlier  of  Provincial 

and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  particulars  from 

THE      I  M  P  E  R  I  A  L     N  E  W  S     A  G  E  N  C  Y. 

2  and  4,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.C. 


(Catalogues. 


IJEADERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
t  their  advantage  to  write  for  3.  BALDWINS  MONTHLY 
CATALOGUE  of  SECOND-HAND  books,  sent  post  Iree  on 
application.  Books  in  all  Branches  of  Literature,  Genuine  Bargains 
in  Scarce  Items  and  first  Editions  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 
—Address  li.  Osborne  Road.  Lejton,  Essex. 

PUBLISHERS'  REMAIND  E  R  B. 

SEPTEMBER  LIST  Now  READY. 
Including  all  Latest  Purchases  offered  at  greatly  reduced  prices. 
WILLIAM  G  LAIS  HER,  Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller. 
■jiic.  High  Holborn,  London, 


BOOKS.  -All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  exjiert  Bookfinder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE  I  make  a  special 
feature  of  exchanging  sny  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  no- 
vations Lists.  Special  List  ol  2,000  li' ■•>*.*  I  particularly  want  isist  free. 
-EDW.  BAKERS  Gnat  Bookshop,  14  IS,  J. din  Bright  Street.  Bir- 
mingham. Railroadiana,  J, 'Art  Items,  Books,  Maps,  Guides,  Time 
Tables.  4c..  id.  fiee. 


CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS,  at  greatly 
reduced  prices.  L  PHILOSOPHY.  II.  RELIGION.  Ill  Ills 
TORY.  IV.  PoETRV.  DRAMA.  MUSIC  V.  BEAUX  ARTS.  VI. 
GEOGRAPHY.  VII.  MILITARY.  VI II.  FICTION.  IX.  GENERAL 
LITERATURE. 

DULAU  4  CO.  37,  Soho  Square,  London.  W. 


350 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray.  Lever,  Ainsworth;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  4c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
LOGUES issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  Bought.— 
WALTER  T.  SPENCER.  '27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 

ANCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 
and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  4  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  Igratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek.  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  4  SON,  Limited,  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


F 


0     R     E     I     G     N  BOOKS 

Supplied  quickly  and  cheaply. 

CLASSIFIED  CATALOGUES  POST  FREE. 

References  in  all  large  Towns. 

W.  MULLER, 

16,  GRAPE  STREET,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 

(Late  of  Castle  Street  East>. 

CATALOGUE  No.  45.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
and  Books,  including  an  extensive  and  fine  Collection  of  the 
Plates  of  Turner's  LIBER  STUDIORUM  and  other  Engravings  after 
Turner  —  Hogarth's  Engravings  — Whistler's  Etchings  — Works  by 
Ruskin,  &c.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  '2,  Church  Tcrraca, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

j?P)     fjo    COMPETITION      CLEARANCE 

ckJ*J     tJO.    CATALOGUE  of  interesting  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS 

free  on  application.— JACOBS.  Publisher  and  Bookseller,  14!»,  Edgwar-e 
Road,  Loudon,  W.    Books  and  Libraries  purchased. 


^aUs  bir  Jlurttatt. 

Valuable  Standard  and  Miscellaneous  Books  from  various 
Private  and  other  Sources. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane.  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY.  October  3.  and  Three  Following  Days,  VALUABLE 
STANDARD  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  a  fine 
Copy  of  the  Engravings  from  the  Works  of  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence, 
Proofs,  some  before  Letters— Claude's  Liber  Veritatis,  Original  Edition, 
3  Tols.  old  morocco— Holbein's  Portraits  of  the  Court  of  Henry  VIII. 
—Books  of  Engravings  and  Etchings— Goupil's  Historical  Mono- 
graphs, 9  vols.,  uniformly  bound  in  calf— Gould's  Monograph  of  the 
Trochilida;.  5  vols.,  and  other  Standard  Works  in  Natural  History, 
Botany,  Science,  and  Travel  — Cussans's  History  of  Hertfordshire, 
3  vols.,  and  other  Topographical  and  Genealogical  Iiooks— Yiollet  le- 
Duc,  Dictionnaire  de  1'Architecture,  10  vols.  —  Chaffers's  Keramic 
Gallery,  2  vols.  —  Ruskin  s  Works.  New  Library  Edition,  26  vols. — 
Handsomely  Bound  Sets  and  Library  Editions  of  Shakespeare, 
Fielding,  and  Smollett,  Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  Boswell's  Johnson, 
Fronde's  History  of  England,  The  Gadshill  Dickens,  Thackeray, 
and  Tennyson,  Edition  de  Luxe— First  Editions  of  Scott's  Waverley, 
3  vols.,  1814.  and  Tales  of  My  Landloid,  12  vols.,  1816-19— Books  illus- 
trated by  Cruikshank  and  Phiz— Sporting  Iiooks— Folk-Lore  Society's 
Publications,  from  1878  to  V.m.  51  vols.  —  Archicologia  Cambrensis, 
1846  to  1885.  36  vols.— Zoological  Society's  Proceedings,  186S  to  1892— 
a  small  Library  of  Mathematical  Books,  4c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,    including    a    Selection,    the 
Property  of  a  Lady. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Kane,  W.C.  on 
WEDNESDAY.  October  17.  and  Two  Following  Days,  valuable  MIS- 
CELLANEOUS BOOKS,  including  the  Property  of  a  LADY,  com- 
prising Hutchins's  History  of  Dorset,  4  vols.— Nash's  Worcestershire, 
with  the  Supplement,  2  vols.— Warner's  Illuminated  MSS.  in  the 
Britijsh  Museum,  Four  Series  —  Creighton's  yueen  Elizabeth,  4c. 
6  vols.,  Goupil— Mrs.  Frankau's  J.  R.  Smith— Editions  de  Luxe  of 
Lord  Ronald  flower's  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  and  Sir  Walter  Arm- 
strong's Hogarth,  with  other  Fine-Art  Books— Issues  from  the  Doves. 
Vale,  and  Caradoo  Presses,  some  printed  on  Vellum— an  extensive 
Selection  of  Early  Nineteenth-Century  Books  of  Travel  relating  to 
Australia,  Tasmania.  New  Zealand,  and  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific- 
Books  on  America  and  the  American  Civil  War— a  large  Collection  of 
Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Century  English  Literature  from  an  Old 
Library  in  the  Country,  chiefly  in  contemporary  calf  bindings— Sets 
of  Standard  and  Modern  Authors,  including  the  Writings  of  Carlyle, 
Ruskin,  William  Morris,  Swinburne,  Oscar  Wilde,  &e. 
Catalogues  on  application. 


Valuable  Modern  Books  from  the  Library  of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.    HODGSON  &   CO.    will    SELL   by 
AUCTION  DURING  OCTOBER  Valuable  MODERN  BOOKS 
from  the  LII'.KARY  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  Including  a  Coloured  Copy 

of  Nash  sold  Mansions  of  England  aiaOValcs,  in  portfolios-Books  of 
Prints  and  Engnumgs  -Publications  of  the  Learned  Societies  Issues 
from  the  Modern   Presses— First    Editions   of    Browning,    Matthew 

Arnold,  and  others— Sets  of  Standard  Authors,  &c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 

Rare  and  valuable  Books,  including  a  Collection  of  Bonks  in 
Early  English  Literature,  Jr.,  selected  from  an  Old 
Country  Library. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  DURING  NOVEMBER,  a  SELECTION  of  rare 
BOOKS  in  OLD  ENGLISH  LITERATURE,  comprising  fine  Copies  of 
the  original  Quarto  Editions  of  Shakespeare's  King  Henry  VI.  ii;iii— 
Sir  John  Oldcastle.  1600— and  other  Quarto  Plays  by  Kyd.  Massinger 
Shirley,    Nabbes.   Otway,   Dridcn,  and   others -the    First.    Edition   of 

Shakespeare's  Poems,  with  the  rare  Portrait.  1640— Original  Editions 
of  the  Writings  of  Drayton,  Raleigh,  Randolph,  Cartwrigbt,  Waller, 
Pope.  Swift,  4c.— scarce  and  curious  Black  Letter  Books—  Early 
Works  on  Trade  ami  Commerce— rare  Books  relating  to  America— 
Sporting  Magazine,  first  23  vols,  in  the  original  half-binding, 
uncut,  4c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  arc  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms.  38.  King 
Street.  Corent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, slides,  and  OBJECTIVES— Telescopes— Theodolites— 
Levels — Eleetricnl  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers— Household 
>  urniture -Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  riaw  Thursday  J  to  »  and  morning  of  Sale. 


British  and  Exotic  Lepidoptera. 
TUESDAY,  October  2,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Rooms.  38,   King  Street,   Coven t    Garden,   W.C,    the 
valuable  COLLECTION    of    BRITISH    LEPIDOPTERA  formed  by 
Mr.  C  H.  MORRIS,  of    Lewes    (without   reserve);  al60  British  and 
Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Colcoptera,  4c. 
Catalogues  on  application.    On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale. 

Curiosities. 

TUESDAY,  October  9,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 
R.    J.    C.    STEVENS    will    OFFER    at    his 

Rooms.  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C, 
GREEK,  ROMAN,  and  OLD  ENGLISH  GOLD  and  SILVER  COINS, 
Spears,  Bows  and  Arrows,  Shields,  &c,  from  the  Tenimber  Islands- 
Chinese  and  Japanese  Porcelain,  Bronzes,  Screens,  4c.  —  a  large 
number  of  Needlework  Pictures  of  Flowers  and  other  Subjects — a 
very  handsome  Sable  Mantle— Pictures,  Prints,  Drawings,  4c— and 
the  usual  varied  assortment. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  5  and    morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 


M 


B 


L        A        C        K        W        0 
'      For  OCTOBER  contains 
THE  SPEED  OF  THE  CAPITAL  SHIP. 

THE  BLUE-STOCKINGS. 

MY  GREEN  FROGS. 


0        D 


By  J.  II.  LABBAN. 


CONSTANTINOPLE  :  A  REMINISCENCE. 

THE  DAFT  DAYS.     Chaps.  10-12. 

By  NEIL  MUNRO. 
CONCERNING  A  GENERAL  STAFF. 

By  Major  G.  F.  MACMUNN,  D.S.O. 
GUNGA  WATER. 

By  EDMUND  CANDLER. 
FROM  THE  SHORE. 

By  ALFRED  NOYES. 
MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD. 
CHARLES  JAMES  FOX. 

THE  RADICALS  AND  THE  LAND. 

By  Sir  HERBERT  MAXWELL,  Bart. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  BILL  AND  THE  WEST 

RIDING  JUDGMENT. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AND  AFTER. 
OCTOBER. 
THE    AWAKENING   OF   CHINA  :    A  Street  Placard  from  Hunan- 

By  Lionel  Giles. 
THE  VILLAGE  DEITIES  OF  SOUTH  INDIA.    By  the  Right  Rev. 

the  Bishop  of  Madras. 
PAN-ISLAMISM.    By  Prof.  A.  Vambery. 

FROM  A  DIARY  AT  DUBLIN  CASTLE  DURING  THE  PIKENIX 
PARK  TRIAL.     By  Mrs.  Charles  Roundell. 

THE   STORY   OF   THE    LABOUR   PARTY.     By  L.  A.  Atherley 

Jones,  K.C  M.P. 
THE   GOVERNMENT   TRADE   DISPUTES   BILL.       By  Clement 

Edwards,  M.P. 
THE  ISLAND  OF  "OOF.''    By  A.  G.Hyde. 
AMERICAN  SPELLING.     By  the  Rev.  Herbert  Thurston,  S.J. 
THE  CHILDREN  OF  FLORENCE.    By  Rose  M.  Bradley. 
GEOGRAPHY    IN    OUR    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS.      By   R.    E.    Mac- 

naghten.  formerly  Assistant  Master  at  Harrow. 
THE  PROBLEM  OF  EARTHQUAKES.    By  J.  Starkie  Gardner. 
THE  SUDERMANN  CYCLE.    By  Florence  B.  Low. 
THE  CLERICAL  CONSPIRACY.    By  Herbert  Paul,  M.P. 
MR.  HALDANE  BETWEEN  THE  DEVIL  AND  THE  DEEP  SEA. 

By  Colonel  the  Earl  of  Enroll. 
London :  SPOTTISWOODE  4  CO.,  Limited,  5,  New  Street  Square. 

THE    HOME    COUNTIES     MAGAZINE. 
AN  ILLUSTRATED  MAGAZINE  DEVOTED  TO 

POPULAR  TOPOGRAPHY. 

Published  Quarterly, price  is.  fid.  net ;  post  free,  Is.  Sd. 

Tim   OCTOBER   Ihioik   contains  amongst  other  Articles;— 

Willington  Church.     Peter  the  Wild  Boy.    Dove-Cotes.     Moor  Park. 

Palimpsest  BrSSses in  Hertfordshire.    Some  East  Kent  Parish  History. 

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Cases.     No.  1.     Notes  on  Old  Chelsea. 

Numerous  Illustrations,  Quarterly  Notes,  Notes  and  Queries, 

Replies,  Reviews. 

London  :  REYNELL  4  SON.  44,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 

THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine 
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Frost  ;  The  Building  Trade  in  India  (Builders'  and  Contractors' 
Column);  Roofs  Structurally  Considered  (Student's  Column);  New 
Infirmary,  Holloway  Sanatorium;  Columbarium  for  the  Borough  of 
Hampstead,  4c— From  Office  as  above  I  id.  ;  by  jiost,  i'.d.)}  or  through 
any  Newsagont. 

NOW  READY,  price  2». ;  post  free.  2s.  All. 

(IE   DUBLIN    UNIVERSITY    CALENDAR, 

lflOH-7. 

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London:  LONGMANS,  GREEN  4  00. 


T 


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SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

THE  WILDERNESS. 
THE  WILDERNESS. 

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[  Just  published. 

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MARCUS  0RDEYNE. 

By  WILLIAM  J.  LOCKE.  Author  of  'Derelicts,'  &c. 

***  The  dramatic  version  of  Mr.  Locke's  remarkable  novel 
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THE   UNDYING   PAST. 

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BEATRICE  MARSHALL. 
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novel,  and  not  a  piece  of  life  lived  out  before  our  eyes— 
a  piece  of  life  in  which  we  have  been  sympathetic,  intimate 
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JOHN  LANE, 
Tho  Bodley  Head,  London  and  New  York. 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 THE    ATHENAEUM 351 

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352 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


CAMBRIDGE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS. 


A  Grammar    of    Classical   Latin,  for   use   in    Schools   and 

Colleges.     By  ARTHUR  SLOMAN,  M.A.,    formerly   Master  of  the 

King's  Scholars  in  Westminster  .School,  late  Head  Master  of  Birkenhead 

School.     Large  crown  8vo,  6s. 

Extract  front  Preface. — "By  'Classical  Latin' is  here  meant  that  artificial  literary 

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and  HORACE  in  poetry.     All  statements  of  Syntax,  if  made  without  specific  extension  or 

limitation,  apply  to  Latin  as  we  find  it  in  these  writers.     With  regard  to  Accidence  the 

scope  of  this  hook  is  extended  to  some  other  authors,  commonly  read  in  Schools,  who 

approximate  more  or  less  closely  to  the  severe  standards  adopted  by  the  literary  purists 

above  mentioned." 

A  Prospectus  will  be  sent  on  application. 

A    Companion   to    Greek    Studies.       Edited    by   Leonard 

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A    History   of    Classical    Scholarship.      From    the    Sixth 

Century  B.C.  to  the  End  of  the  Middle  Ages.  With  Chronological 
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Bacchylides.      The   Text   edited   by   Sir   Kichard   C.   Jebb, 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


VOLUME     I. 

JUST  PUBLISHED. 

THE  CAMBRIDGE 
NATURAL  HISTORY. 

EDITED    BY 

S.  F.  HARMER,  Sc.D.  F.R.S., 

AND 

A.    E.    SHIPLEY,    M.A.    F.R.S. 

To  be  completed  in  10  vols.  8vo,  17s.  net  each. 

VOLUME  I. 
PROTOZOA.    By  Prof.   Marcus  Hartog,  M.A. 
D.Sc.Lond.     PORIFERA  (SPONGES).     By 

IGEBNA  B.  J.  SOLLAS,  B.Sc.Loild.       COELEN 

TERATA    AND     CTEN0PH0RA.      By 

Prof.  S.  J.  Hickson,  M.A.  F.R.S.     ECHINO 

DERMATA.     By   Prof.    E.    W.    MacBride, 

M.A.  F.R.S.     Fully  illustrated. 

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PREVIOUSLY  PUBLISHED. 
WORMS.  LEECHES,  &c. 

VOLUME  II. 

FLATWORMS.  By  F.  W.  Gamble,  M.Sc.  NEMERTINES. 
By  Miss  L.  SHELDON.  THREADWORMS,  *c  By 
A.  E.  SHIPLEY.M.A.  F.R.S.  ROTIFERS.  ByMARCUS 
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PERIPATUS.  By  Adam  Sedgwick,  M.A.  F.R.S.  MYRIA- 
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INSECTS.    Part  II. 

VOLUME  VI. 

HYMENOPTERA,  continued  (Tubulifera  and  Aculeata), 
COLEOPTERA,  STREPSIPTERA,  LEPIDOPTERA, 
DIPTERA,  APHANIPTERA,  THYSANOPTERA, 
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F.R.S. 

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ASCIDIANS  AND  AMPHIOXUS.  By  W.  A.  Herd- 
KAN,  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 

AMPHIBIA  AND  REPTILES. 

VOLUME  VIII. 
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BIRDS. 

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By  A.  II.  Evans,  M.A.  With  numerous  Illustrations  by 
i  ■    k.  Lodge. 

MAMMALIA. 

VOLUME  X. 

By  Frank    Evrrb  Beddard,  m.a.Oxoii.  F.R.S.,  vice- 
Secretary  and  Prosector  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London. 
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Notes,  by  the  Rev.  F.  P.  LONG,  M.A.  With  11  Maps. 
Extra  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  3*.  Orf.  net. 

[The  Oxford  Library  of  Translations. 

PREMIERES      NOTIONS      DE 

VOCABULAIRE  ET  DE  LECTURE.  Par  J.  E. 
PICHON.  Methode  Directe  pour  I'Enseignement  des 
Languea  Vivantes  Application  an  Francais.  Extra, 
fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  Is.  (id.    {Oxford  Higher  French  Series. 

A      CONCORDANCE      TO      THE 

SEPTUAGINT  AND  THE  OTHER  GREEK 
VERSIONS  OF  THE  OLD  TESTAMENT  (including 
the  APOCRYPHAL  BOOKS).  By  the  late  EDWIN 
HATCH,  M.A.  D.I).,  and  HENRY  A.  REDPATH, 
M.A.  D.Litt.  Assisted  by  many  Scholars,  supplement 
by  HENRY  A.  REDPATH,  M.A.  D.Litt.  Fasc.  II. 
(Completing  the  Work),  His.  The  Complete  Work  in 
3  vols.,  8/.  8*.  (or  Concordance,  2  vols.,  01.  17s.  M. ; 
Supplement,  1  vol.,  2/.). 

A   HEBREW   LEXICON  OF   THE 

OLD  TESTAMENT.  With  an  Appendix  containing 
the  Biblical  Aramaic,  based  on  the  Thesaurus  anil 
Lexicon  of  GESENIUS.  By  FRANCIS  DROWN, 
s  R  DRIVER,  and  C.  A.  BRIGGS.  Completion  of 
the  Work.     Small  4to,  cloth,  34s.  net. 


HURST  k  BLACKETT,  Limited, 
182,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


List  of  New  and  Recent  Books  on  application. 

London  :  HENRY  FROWDE,  Oxford  University 
Fress  Warehouse,  Amen  Corner,  E.O. 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


357 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  20,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

357 
358 
359 
360 
361 


Two  Books  ok  the  Year  in  Germany 

Russian  Literature  ok  the  Year 

Acton's  Lectures  on  Modern  History 

The  English  Hymnal         

France  in  1802 

New  Novels  (In  the  Days  of  the  Comet ;  The  Call  of 
the  Blood  ;  Fisherman's  Gat ;  The  Luddingtons  ; 
Gossips  Green  ;  Knighthood's  Flower;  The  Master- 
Man  ;  The  Private  War  ;  Silas  Strong  ;  The  Web  of 
Circumstance  ;  The  Yoyage  of  the  Arrow)   . .      362—363 

School- Books 363 

Our  Library  Table  (Panama  to  Patagonia;  Stray 
Leaves  ;  My  Don  I  Memorials  of  a  Warwickshire 
Family  ;  The  Complete  Rugby  Footballer  ;  A 
Scottish  Criminal  Trial ;  Book-Auction  Records  ; 
Dumas)  364—366 

List  of  New  Books 36C 

Canon  J.  J.  Raven  ;  The  University  of  London 
and  its  Schools  ;  Prof.  Beljame  . .        . .      366—368 

Literary  Gossip        368 

Science— The  Victoria  History  of  Nottingham  ; 
Illustrations  of  British  Blood -sucking 
Flies  ;  Insect  Pests  of  the  Farm  and 
Garden  ;  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat  ; 
pelseneer  on  mollusca  ;  systematic  in- 
ORGANIC Chemistry;  Gossip;  Meetings  Next 
Week 370—372 

Fine  Arts— The  Education  ok  an  Artist  ;  Annual 
of   the   British    School    at   Athens  ;    Rem- 
brandt's  Etchings;    The  Churches  of  the 
Hundred  of  Carhampton  ;  Gossip         ..      372—374 
Music— Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week        ..    375 
Drama— The  Silver  Box  ;  Gossip       ..        ..      375—376 
Index  to  Advertisers        376 


LITERATURE 


GERMAN    LITERATURE. 

TWO   BOOKS   OF   THE    YEAR. 

We  have  once  more  entered  upon  an 

age  of  questioning  in  Germany,  and  indeed 

this   tendency  to   question 

the  German  things  has  always  been 
spirit.  one  of  our  strong  points. 
During  the  last  quarter 
of  the  past  century,  howrever,  we  had 
so  much  to  do  that  we  could  not  cast 
a  glance  beyond  the  four  walls  of  our 
chamber.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
the  German  Empire  is  still  young.  It  was 
long  before  we  placed  ourselves  on  an 
equal  footing  and  entered  into  competition 
with  other  nations,  longer  still  before 
the  seductive  vision  of  a  freer,  broader 
life  dawned  upon  our  minds.  While  in 
the  eighties  and  nineties  of  the  last  cen- 
tury minds  were  generally  agitated  by 
social  questions,  that  solicitude  was  not 
so  much  personal  as  altruistic.  The 
question  to-day  is  directly  personal. 
It  seems  as  if  men  were  feeling  cramped 
in  their  narrow  rooms  ;  they  sally  forth 
through  the  gardens  that  yield  them 
fruits  and  flowers  for  their  daily  needs, 
and  gaze  towards  the  hills  beyond,  over 
which  the  sun  is  about  to  rise  or  the  clouds 
to  gather. 

^  I  do  not  know  if  an  age  of  hot  and  pas- 
sionate questioning  such  as  this  is  favour- 
able to  art  as  art.  When  I  think  of  Homer, 
Shakspeare,  and  Goethe,  I  find  myself 
unable  to  say  what  questions  they  pro- 
pounded or  answered  in  their  works.  But 
why  should  we  measure  ourselves  by  the 
standard  of  perpetuity  ?  and  what  good 
is  the  attempt  to  determine  whether  the 
generations  that  come  after  us  will  piously 
preserve  the  structures  that  we  build  or 
"Will  pull  them  to  the  ground  ?     "  Give  us 


this  day  our  daily  bread  !  "  Here,  then, 
I  shall  speak  of  two  of  the  past  year's 
books — Gustav  Frenssen's  novel  '  Hill- 
igenlei  '  and  Arthur  Schnitzler's  comedy 
'  Zwischenspiel.'  Both  fail  to  satisfy  the 
highest  demands  of  art,  but  both  have  been 
produced  by  this  urgent  spirit  of  question- 
ing, and  supply  an  answer,  each  in  its 
own  fashion. 

It  is  perhaps  a  fact  of  some  significance 
that  Frenssen  was  a  clergyman  and 
Schnitzler  a  physician  before  they  devoted 
themselves  entirely  to  literature.  Some- 
thing of  his  former  profession  clings  to 
each  writer,  for  doctors  of  the  soul  or 
the  body  have  to  ask  a  great  many  ques- 
tions. Frenssen  and  Schnitzler  both  have 
a  deeply  meditative  and  inquiring  tem- 
perament ;  it  needs  a  problem  to  call  their 
creative  energies  into  activity.  Frenssen 
has  the  health  and  sturdy  independence 
of  one  who  lives  a  country  life,  looks  his 
fellows  straight  in  the  face,  and  turns  his 
clear  gaze  up  to  the  stars  in  visionary 
thought  ;  Schnitzler  is  the  neurotic, 
moody,  sensitive  child  of  the  metropolis, 
who  makes  it  his  task  to  arrest  and  hold 
fast  the  fleeting  impulses  of  the  spirit,  and 
to  whom  reality  appears  illusion,  and 
illusion  reality.  We  may  feel  ourselves 
more  drawn  to  the  one  or  the  other  accord- 
ing to  our  temperament,  but  neither  can 
be  ignored. 

Frenssen  certainly  stands  in  the  front 

rank  of  our  German  novelists,  yet  he  is 

far  from  being  a  master  of 

frenssen's  literary  art.  Everything 
'  hilligenlei.'  that  is  commonly  under- 
stood by  the  term  "com- 
position "  is  lacking  in  his  work.  He  lays 
one  stone  by  the  side  of  another,  and  does 
not  build  up  a  compact  whole.  It  is 
curiously  difficult  to  obtain  a  bird's-eye 
view  in  any  of  his  books  ;  they  confuse 
the  reader,  and  it  is  only  near  the  end  that 
he  sees  what  the  aim  of  the  author 
has  been.  There  is  no  light  or  shade  to 
set  off  and  subdue  the  various  parts  ;  the 
main  action  is  thrust  into  the  background 
by  every  separate  incident.  It  follows 
that  Frenssen,  as  a  novelist,  is  deficient  in 
style  in  the  higher  sense  of  the  word.  His 
forte  is  the  episode,  and  indeed  his  works 
are  really  collections  of  episodes  ;  as  a 
narrator  of  detached  incidents  he  is  ad- 
mirable. As  in  '  Jorn  Uhl  '  the  picture 
of  battle,  so  in  '  Hilligenlei  '  that  of  life 
on  a  sailing-vessel  is  set  before  us  in  a 
series  of  richly  coloured  and  impressive 
scenes.  Strong,  forceful  figures  are  dis- 
played against  the  background  of  their 
native  landscape,  which  is  always  clearly 
seen.  In  the  episodes  in  which  Frenssen 
gives  poetical  and  popular  expression  to 
those  dim  fancies  and  presentiments  of 
struggling,  self-willed  souls  that  are  so 
characteristic  of  his  Holstein  people,  his 
style  resembles  that  of  the  ballad-writers  ; 
we  get  the  impression  that  a  master  of  the 
short  ballad — he  has  never  published  any- 
thing in  that  form — is  trying  his  hand, 
and  not  altogether  to  his  advantage,  at  a 
long  prose  narrative. 

In  '  Hilligenlei  '  an  account  of  the  life 
of  Christ,  written  on  the  basis  of  modern 
theological  investigation,  occupies  an  im- 


portant part,  and  gives  an  answer  to  the 
question  concerning  religious  belief.  Frens- 
sen here  breaks  with  all  dogma  ;  his 
Saviour  is  human,  and  merely  human — 
a  struggling,  wrestling  mortal,  who  finds 
peace  in  bringing  his  life  into  direct  com- 
munion with  God,  and  is  impelled  to  pro- 
claim this  purely  human  Gospel  to  his 
people.  But  he  realizes  in  his  life  the  ideal 
of  unswerving  faith  to  one's  true  self,  and 
his  message  contains  what  is,  according 
to  Frenssen,  the  vital  thing  in  every  belief, 
"  the  humble  reverence  for  the  secret 
that  lies  behind  the  world  and  the  soul." 
This  Jesus  is  thus  proclaimed  the  Saviour, 
even  though  he  does  not  arise  from  the 
dead. 

The  hero  of  '  Hilligenlei  '  is  himself  a 
figure  very  similar  to  this  purely  human 
Christ.  He  is  given  over  to  painful  medi- 
tation ;  the  sufferings  of  his  fellow- men 
allow  him  no  peace  ;  and  at  every  sorrow 
that  befalls  another  the  question  "  Why  ?  " 
presents  itself  to  his  mind.  He  is  a  sailor, 
but,  after  he  is  grown  up,  attends  one  of 
the  higher  schools  and  studies  theology, 
though  not,  as  the  event  proves,  to  under- 
take a  cure  of  souls  ;  the  cure  of  his  own 
soul  keeps  him  from  that.  The  promise 
of  happiness  in  love  comes  late  to  him,  and 
is  nipped  in  the  bud  ;  renunciation  is  his 
lot.  It  is  he  who  writes  the  life  of  Christ 
in  the  deep  distress  of  his  soul,  and 
finds  consolation  in  the  task.  Soon  after- 
wards he  is  laid  to  rest  in  an  early  grave. 

Beyond  a  doubt  there  is  in  Frenssen 
himself  something  of  this  troubled  thinker 
and  questioner.  But  it  represents  only 
one  side  of  his  rich,  mature,  and  stable 
personality.  There  is  also  something 
in  him  to  which  the  pleasures  of  the  senses 
make  a  strong  appeal — something  that 
emphatically  affirms  the  goodness  of  life. 
The  most  varied  types  appear  in  his  novel 
— the  pushing,  unscrupulous  man  of  the 
world,  the  smooth  speculator,  the  man  of 
tranquil  life,  the  woman  of  strong  sensual 
passions  :  Frenssen  from  the  depths  of  his 
own  personality  can  find  understanding 
for  them  all.  And  all  of  them  who  prove 
strong  enough  to  reach  their  goal  are 
justified  in  his  sight,  even  as  they  are 
justified  by  life  itself. 

He  delights  in  the  strength  of  sensual 
passions.  There  are  things  in  the  novel 
of  this  wrhilom  clergyman  that  may  shock 
readers.  There  is  the  bride  who  submits 
to  the  passionate  kisses  of  another  lover, 
that  she  may  not  rob  him  of  his  brief  hour 
of  imagined  bliss.  Youths  and  maidens 
who  are  engaged  to  each  other  anticipate 
the  rights  of  marriage  as  a  matter  of 
course.  One  girl  yields  herself  to 
her  lover  in  order  to  force  her  father's 
consent  ;  another,  in  the  vehemence 
of  her  passion,  gives  herself  up  to  a 
married  man,  and  afterwards,  when  she 
is  about  to  wed  another,  feels  herself  under 
no  obligation  to  inform  him  of  this  excess. 
Passion  in  itself,  so  it  be  only  pure  and 
strong,  is  sacred  to  Frenssen.  "  Nature, 
thank  God,  is  more  powerful  than  con- 
vention ;  and  love — thank  God  again  ! — 
is  stronger  than  death." 

Here  is  Frenssen's  confession  of  faith  : 
"  Believe  that  there  is  in  you  much  that 


358 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


is  good  and  noble  !  This  belief  is  a  hundred 
times  better  than  that  taught  by  the 
Church — that  we  are  one  and  all  condemned 
to  hell."  Strength,  he  thinks,  is  the  best 
thing  of  all  in  a  man  ;  and  even  though 
it  should  show  itself  only  in  unconditional 
surrender  to  an  idea,  even  though  it  should 
burst  out  in  the  flames  of  an  earthly, 
sensual  passion,  yet  it  will  carry  through 
life  any  one  who  possesses  it. 

While  this  outlook  upon  lif e  has  certainly 
been  to  some  extent  suggested  to  Frenssen 
by  his  intercourse  with  a 
schnitzler's  self-willed,  resolute  race  of 
•  zwischen-  men,  in  whom  the  sensual 
spiel.'  passions  are  strongly  de- 
veloped, the  great  city,  with 
its  neurotic  inhabitants,  its  distracted 
haste,  and  its  ever-changing  moods,  has 
taught  Arthur  Schnitzler  a  very  different 
philosophy.  He  is  a  sceptic,  and  puts  no 
faith  in  sensual  impulses.  And  while  the 
romantic  element,  of  which  there  is  such 
an  abundance  in  Frenssen's  novel,  seems 
there  to  emanate,  as  it  were,  from  the 
landscape  and  to  spread  like  mist  across 
the  downs,  it  shows  itself  in  Schnitzler's 
drama  in  a  glimmering  light.  In  Frenssen 
we  see  the  struggle  to  secure  freedom  from 
the  conventional  conceptions  of  morality ; 
in  the  case  of  Schnitzler's  city-bred  person- 
ages this  freedom  is  a  self-evident  proposi- 
tion. The  result  proves,  however,  that 
the  struggle  for  freedom  is  full  of  profit, 
its  possession  full  of  danger. 

In  Schnitzler's  play  '  Zwischenspiel '  a 
man  and  a  woman,  both  of  whom  are  free 
from  prejudices  of  any  kind,  have  married. 
He  is  a  musical  director,  and  she  a  singer, 
and  the  unconventional  views  held  in  the 
artistic  circles  they  frequent  have  influ- 
enced them  deeply.  Even  from  the  begin- 
ning they  felt  that  their  union  would  have 
to  come  to  an  end  as  soon  as  their  love  for 
each  other  should  be  dead.  Their  partner- 
ship, however,  was,  as  theyimagined,  based 
upon  one  solid  foundation — that  of  sin- 
cerity. They  have  promised — and  hitherto 
have  kept  the  promise  —  that  they  will 
speak  the  truth  to  each  other  unreservedly, 
even  if  the  day  should  come  when  one  or 
the  other  falls  in  love  with  some  one  else. 

Their  love  for  each  other  gradually 
grows  cooler  and  cooler,  and  at  last  temp- 
tation comes  to  both  of  them  simulta- 
neously. And  now  Schnitzler,  in  a  scene 
that  displays  all  his  mastery  in  the  subtlest 
psychological  analysis,  shows  how  the  very 
sincerity  on  which  they  had  relied  proves 
their  ruin.  Both  of  them  unwittingly 
deceive  themselves  and  each  other  while 
seeking  to  tell  one  another  the  simple 
truth  without  reservation.  Desire  for 
another  woman  has  taken  complete  pos- 
session of  the  man  ;  without  clearly  per- 
ceiving what  he  is  doing  he  manages  to 
arouse  the  sleeping  demon  in  his  wife's 
bosom,  only  in  order  that  he  may  be  free. 
Accordingly  they  resolve  to  break  the 
fetters  that  bind  them  ;  they  will  follow 
the  bent  of  their  hearts  and  yield  to 
the  promptings  of  sensuality.  But  why 
should  they  on  that  account — free-thinkers 
as  they  are — dissolve  a  partnership  so 
advantageous  to  their  professional  inter- 
ests,  break  up  their  comfortable  home, 


and  cease  to  bring  up  their  child  between 
them  ?  What  should  force  them  to  such 
a  step  ?  They  care  nothing  for  the  pre- 
judices of  the  world  ;  they  will  continue, 
then,  to  live  together  as  comrades 
without  constraint.  They  will  both  do 
as  they  please,  but,  as  before,  they  will 
have  no  secrets  from  each  other. 

Professional  engagements  call  them 
away,  the  husband  to  one  place,  the  wife 
to  another,  and  they  set  off  on  their  re- 
spective journeys.  He  is  unfaithful  to  her, 
and  imagines  that  she  has  been  equally 
false  to  the  marriage  vow.  Months  later 
they  meet  again  in  their  home.  A  gust 
of  sensual  passion  overcomes  the  man  ; 
the  supposed  liaison  with  which  he  credits 
her  renders  her  only  more  desirable  in  his 
eyes,  her  resistance  makes  him  still  more 
vehement,  and  finally  she  gives  way  and 
yields  to  him. 

Next  morning  he  is  possessed  by  a  single 
thought — to  put  his  supposed  rival  out 
of  the  world. .  A  duel,  he  thinks,  will  afford 
him  the  best  opportunity  of  doing  so.  He 
learns,  however,  that  his  wife  has  not  been 
faithless  to  him  after  all,  and  there  is 
therefore — so  he  imagines — nothing  to 
prevent  their  marriage  from  continuing 
just  as  it  was  before.  She  has  to  teach 
him  that  it  is  not  so.  She  did  not  keep 
faith  with  him  in  her  inmost  soul ;  the 
desire  for  another  was  strong  in  her.  And 
she  asks  him  :  "  Have  you  grown  so 
easily  pleased  all  of  a  sudden  as  to  be 
satisfied  with  a  favour  that  another  man 
might  have  been  able  to  get  well  enough 
if  only  he  had  been  with  me  at  the  time  ?  " 
Her  question  opens  his  eyes  ;  they  separate 
for  years,  perhaps  for  ever. 

Schnitzler's  comedy  '  Zwischenspiel '  is 
a  piece  of  work  written  in  all  seriousness. 
It  proves  that  the  institution  of  marriage 
is  justified  in  its  own  nature,  and  those 
who  consider  themselves  superior  to  all  the 
traditional  conceptions  of  morality  are 
themselves  made  to  furnish  the  proof. 
In  spite  of  the  most  unlimited  indulgence, 
in  spite  of  being  established  on  a  basis  of 
sincerity,  marriage  falls  to  pieces  when 
once  husband  and  wife  have  broken  faith. 
Sensual  passion  does  not  cement,  it  is 
more  likely  to  dissolve,  the  bond.  The 
passion  that  Frenssen  felt  to  be  sacred 
seems  to  Schnitzler's  sceptical  and  dis- 
trustful observation  only  a  leaping  flame 
that  quickly  dies  down. 

These  new  works  of  Frenssen  and 
Schnitzler  represent,  as  it  were,  two  dia- 
metrically opposite  points  of  view.  Both 
are  equally  derived  from  entirely  modern 
tendencies  of  German  thought,  but  the 
one  affirms  what  the  other  denies.  Their 
merit  is  that  they  have  both  done  their 
best  to  draw  living  water  with  pure  hands. 
Ernst  Heilborn. 


RUSSIAN    LITERATURE. 
During  the  last  twelve  months  (from 
September,    1905,    to    September,    1906) 
Russian  literature  has  en- 
new  press    tered  upon  conditions  en- 
conditions.    tirely   unusual   to  it,   pro- 
duced by  the  general  move- 
ment in  the  country.     At  the  end  of  the 


year  1905  liberty  of  the  press  was  brought 
about  by  revolutionary  measures.  News- 
papers, magazines,  and  books  were 
issued  without  any  censorship.  The 
Government  was  forced  to  acknowledge 
an  accomplished  fact  and  to  publish  new 
laws  about  the  press,  certainly  leaving 
still  much  room  for  administrative 
repression,  but  for  all  that  allowing  much 
more  freedom  than  before.  Numerous  new 
periodicals  appeared  in  Russia,  with  very 
varied  objects,  and  extending  to  social 
democratic  and  revolutionary  programmes. 
Many  of  these  were  suppressed  after  the 
first  numbers  or  after  an  existence  of  some 
weeks,  but  they  were  soon  reissued  under 
another  name,  and  readers  recognized  this 
change  of  masks.  Satirical  magazines 
appeared  in  numbers,  ridiculing  the  higher 
ranks  of  the  Government  and  their  activities ; 
and  in  this  way  in  Russia,  after  a  long 
interval,  political  and  social  satire  arose. 
Pamphlets  on  political  subjects  had  a 
great  circulation  (for  the  most  part  trans- 
lations of  chapters  of  books  by  Marx, 
Kautski,  Labriola,  Vandervelde,  and  Kro- 
potkin),  sometimes  running  to  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  copies.  At  first  pamphlets 
of  a  social-democratic  tendency  had  the 
greatest  success  ;  in  the  latter  period  those 
dealing  with  the  advocacy  of  anarchist 
theories  were  in  the  greatest  demand. 

The  new  conditions  of  the  press  also 
permitted   the    publication    of    a    whole 
series  of  books,  the  issue  of 
the  which  in  Russia  had  formerly 

dekabrists.  been  impossible.  Mention 
has  been  made  in  the 
columns  of  The  Athenceum  (1905,  No.  4068) 
of  various  works  dealing  with  the  Deka- 
brists (the  conspirators  of  December  26th, 
1825).  To  these  materials  must  be  added 
the  attractive  '  Memoirs  '  of  D.  Zabalishin, 
a  former  sharer  in  the  movement  of  1825  ; 
and  especially  '  Russian  Law  '  ('  Russkaia 
Pravda  '),  the  plan  of  a  constitution,  com- 
posed by  P.  Pestel,  who  played  a  leading 
part  in  the  circles  of  the  Dekabrists. 
'  Russkaia  Pravda '  had  till  lately  been 
inaccessible  to  investigators,  and  was 
first  printed  under  the  editorship  of  P. 
Stchegolev.  Special  criticism,  however, 
has  shown  many  deficiencies  in  this  edition. 
Finally,  there  has  appeared  in  the  book- 
market  the  '  Journey  from  St.  Petersburg 
to  Moscow,'  by  A.  Radistchev,  a  celebrated 
work,  which  brought  a  terrible  punish- 
ment upon  the  author  on  its  appearance 
in  1790.  Twice  since  that  date  (in  1872 
and  1903)  its  publication  has  been  sup- 
pressed by  the  censorship. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  the  domain  of 
creative  literature  but  little  has  appeared. 
The    first    play,    'To    the 
drama        Stars,'  by  A.  Andreev,  met 
and  with   lively  condemnation. 

fiction.  It  appeared  in  the  mis- 
cellany '  Knowledge,'  but, 
owing  to  the  theatrical  censorship,  could 
not  be  produced  upon  the  stage.  In  the 
play  a  savant  is  represented  who  is 
entirely  devoted  to  astronomical  ques- 
tions, and  there  is  a  circle  of  revolution- 
aires  occupied  entirely  with  contemporary 
matters,  the  burning  questions  of  the  day. 
There  is  but  little  dramatic  movement  in 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


359 


the  piece.  A.  Andreev  has  collected  in 
the  second  volume  of  his  '  Tales  '  his  best 
productions,  of  which  I  have  had  occasion 
to  speak  in  these  columns — '  The  Abyss,' 
1  Thought,'  '  The  Life  of  Basil  of  Thebes,' 
&c.  Madame  Z.  Gippius  has  collected 
into  a  miscellany,  under  the  title  of  '  The 
Red  Sword,'  her  new  stories,  full  of 
profound  and  clever  thoughts,  and  written 
in  an  elaborate  and  original  style. 

Among  volumes  of  poems  the  most 
remarkable  is  a  small  book  by  K.  Bal- 
mont,  '  Fairy  Tales,'  child's 
poetry.  stories,  which  are  just  like 
a  pure  mountain  spring 
unexpectedly  appearing  in  the  close, 
stormy  atmosphere  of  contemporary 
Russia.  '  The  Wreath,'  a  collection 
of  poems  by  the  writer  of  these  lines, 
has  attracted  the  favourable  notice 
of  the  critics.  While  speaking  of  poetry 
I  must  certainly  mention  the  second 
volume  of  the  Academy's  edition  of  the 
works  of  Pushkin,  which  has  just  been 
issued,  six  years  after  the  first.  The 
book  appears  under  the  editorship  of  V. 
Yakushkin,  who  has  made  efforts  to  pre- 
serve all  the  "  rough  copies  "  of  the  poet, 
printing  them  in  full,  with  all  the  correc- 
tions and  erased  passages.  Some  persons 
may  object  to  such  a  method,  but  in  any 
circumstances  this  new  volume  (the  poems 
of  1818  to  1820)  is  of  importance  for  the 
study  of  Pushkin. 

D.  Merezhkovski  has  shown  great 
activity,  for  he  has  published  three  books. 
The  first  of  these,  'The 
biography.  Coming  Vulgarian,'  cha- 
racterizes A.  Chekhov  and 
Gorki  as  writers  without  religious 
feeling  :  in  their  success,  especially  that 
of  the  latter,  the  author  sees  a  symptom 
of  the  coming  triumph  of  the  vulgar  fellow, 
everything  that  is  grovelling  in  man.  In 
the  second,  '  The  Prophet  of  the  Russian 
Revolution,'  he  gives  a  totally  new  point 
of  view  of  Dostoievski.  The  author  shows 
that  there  is  a  profound  disagreement 
between  Dostoievski's  official  Slavophile 
views,  justifying  Russian  autocracy,  and 
the  spirit  of  revolt  which  lies  hid  in  his 
work.  The  terrible  force  of  revolution  is 
more  dangerous  to  society  than  all  the 
attempts  of  the  throwers  of  bombs.  His 
third  work,  '  Gogol  and  the  Devil,'  gives 
an  original  interpretation  of  the  person 
and  fate  of  Gogol. 

Two  of  the  new  monthly  magazines  may 
be  noticed.  The  Past  (Biloe)  was  founded 
with  the  object  of  collecting 
magazines,  materials  for  the  history  of 
the  Russian  emancipation 
movement,  especially  in  the  sixties  and 
seventies  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Owing  to  the  abundance  of  material, 
which  by  the  conditions  of  the  censure 
has  up  to  the  present  time  been  untouched 
by  the  Russian  press,  the  magazine  is 
able  to  give  in  each  number  much  that 
is  valuable  and  curious.  The  luxurious 
publication  The  Golden  Fleece,  on  the  other 
hand,  aims  at  exclusively  artistic  objects, 
and  its  pages  are  open  to  the  most  refined 
of  contemporary  Russian  poets  and 
artists. 

Valerii  Briusov. 


Lectures  on  Modern  History.  By  the  late 
Lord  Acton.  Edited,  with  an  Intro- 
duction, by  J.  N.  Figgis  and  R.  V. 
Laurence.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

In  the  present  volume  we  find  Acton's 
Inaugural  Lecture  as  Professor,  his  scheme 
for  '  The  Cambridge  Modern  History,'  and 
nineteen  of  his  lectures,  covering  in  giant 
strides  the  ages  of  the  Renaissance,  the 
Reformation,  the  Counter-Reformation, 
the  wars  of  religion,  the  rise  of  political 
parties,  the  creation  of  the  Prussian  and 
the  Russian  powers,  and  the  American 
Revolution.  Great  lectures  as  they  are, 
they  still  are  lectures  only — knowledge 
cut  up  into  sections  to  last  forty-five 
minutes,  and  cover  a  given  amount  of 
ground  ;  so  phrased  as  to  hold,  if  possible, 
the  attention  of  a  large  and  miscellaneous 
class,  and  so  planned  as  to  serve  in  some 
degree  as  teaching  for  an  examination. 
They  may  not  serve  to  disabuse  the 
minds  of  some  careless  critics  of  the  false 
notion  that,  because  Acton  published  com- 
paratively little,  he  left  to  the  world  no 
great  inheritance  of  ideas. 

In  these  lectures  the  grouping   of  the 
facts  and  the  method  of  their  selection  are 
not   utterly  different  from  the   grouping 
and  method  which  other  historians  have 
used.     There    are   many   passages   which 
might  have  come  from  the  lips  of  Seeley 
or  Stubbs,  for  the  distant  roar  of  the  ages 
has  not  a  hundred  tones,  but  one  tone, 
which  the    wisest   of   historical   lecturers 
may  not  greatly  vary.     But  when  Acton 
held  to  his  ear  the  conch  of  time  and  told 
men  what  he  heard  therein  of  the  ocean's 
roar,  it  was  always  clear  that  he  heard  the 
note  not  quite  as  others  hear  it.     All  his 
lectures,  all  his  writings,  reviews,  and  letters, 
tell,  in  different  words,  what  was  the  note 
he  heard.     These  newly  published  lectures 
only    tell    over    again,    what    those    who 
valued    Acton    knew    before,     that    his 
message  to  the  world  was  a  great  idea — the 
idea  of  placing  history  in  a  more  intimate 
relation  with  the  moral  sciences  than  has 
ever  been  done  before.     The  roar  of  the 
ages  sounded  to  him  one  long  thunderous 
spiritual  and  moral  warning,  a  summons  to 
clearer    thinking,     bolder    action,     wiser 
judgment.     History  was  to  him  a  great 
code  of  ethical  principles  and  examples, 
and  for  him  the  supremely  important  book 
in  the  code  was  the  book  Liberty  ;    and 
under  the  book  the  title  Conscience  ;  and 
under  the   title   the   chapter  Toleration. 
Round  the  title  a  great  gloss  was  prepared 
by  the  writing  on  those  little  slips  pigeon- 
holed at  Aldenham,  of  which  the  unthink- 
ing speak  with  contemptuous  pity. 

The  Acton  code  with  its  "  extravagants  " 
was  not  a  disordered  encyclopaedia  with- 
out an  alphabetical  arrangement ;  it 
was  dignified  and  unified  by  the  great 
central  intention ;  it  was  not  a  mere 
rag-bag  into  which  to  stuff  the  pieces 
torn  off  daily  in  greedy  and  unguided 
reading,  but  the  ordered  scheme  which 
only  a  master  -  mind  could  conceive. 
That  scheme  may  have  been  made  upon 
a  hypothesis  entirely  false  (the  hypothesis 
that  a  law  of  moral  progress  governs  the 
worlds    but,    like    Columbus,    Acton    de- 


serves the  credit  of  the  greatness  of  his 
scheme,  and  of  the  service  such  schemes 
do  to  humanity.  Much  as  he  owed  to 
continental  writers  on  the  moral  of 
history,  whose  names  he  loved  to  recite 
that  they  might  be  known  and  honoured 
in  England,  his  moral  of  history  was  his 
own,  and  he  made  use  of  it  just  where 
other  historical  philosophers  have  shrunk 
from  applying  their  teaching,  namely 
with  reference  to  modern  times.  Whether 
we  accept  or  reject  the  premise  upon 
which  he  built  his  theory,  it  is  at  least 
possible  to  admire  its  courage — a  courage 
of  which  his  learning  was  the  measure — 
and  to  rejoice  that  he  made  explicit  what 
weaker  men  would  have  preferred  to 
leave  implicit  for  their  safety's  sake. 

Of  Acton's  unconquerable  optimism  his 
lectures  bear  many  traces.     In  a  glowing 
passage,  full  of  his  own  spirit  of  hope  and 
confidence,  he  said,  "  We  have  dethroned 
necessity  in  the  shape  both  of  hunger  and 
of  fear,"  speaking  as  one  who  never  knew 
hunger,  and   could   cause,  but   not   have 
occasion  for,  fear.     He  spoke  of  the  "  grow- 
ing dominion  of  disinterested  motive  "  in 
the   year   when   a  great  war  was   raging 
which  showed  no  slackening  in  the  forces 
of  national  self-interest  ;   but,  as  he  wrote 
in  the  letters  to  Mary  Gladstone,  which 
constitute  so  far  the  best  clue  the  world  has 
to  the  knowledge  of  his  character,  "  I  can 
only  say  things  with  which  people  do  not 
agree."     It    was    strange    that    religious 
faith  should  take  with  him  the  form  of 
passionate  belief  in  progress,  for  he  com- 
bined this  belief  with  a  critical  penetra- 
tion into  human  motive  and  a  severity  of 
judgment  which  left  few  ages,   and  few 
great  public  characters  in  any  age,  un- 
condemned.     His  heroes  were  more  often 
women  than  men.     Over  and  over  again 
in  these  lectures  he  puts  on  the  black  cap, 
and  sends  to  the  gallows  those  who  died  -in 
their    beds.     Mary,    Queen    of    Scots,    is 
acquitted  ;  but  George  I.  is  sent  to  Tyburn, 
and  Elizabeth  to  serve  her  time  for  con- 
spiracy to  murder.      Strafford,  Laud,  and 
Charles  were,  in  his  view,  put  to  death 
illegally,  but  not   unjustly.      They  were 
justly  condemned,  for  the  reason  that  "  we 
have   no   thread    through   the   enormous 
intricacy     and     complexity     of     modern 
politics    except   the   idea  of   progress  to- 
wards more  perfect  and  assured  freedom, 
and  the  divine  right  of  free  men."     He 
adds  :  "  We  must  be  prepared  to  see  how 
this    principle     applies    in    other    times, 
especially  the   times  in  which  we  live." 
It  seems  a  little  hard  on  the  prisoner  to 
tell  him  that  he  is  condemned  in  order 
to  illustrate  a  principle  which  will  become 
useful  later  in  explaining  the  course  of 
history. 

But  though  many  of  these  incisive 
sentences  are  a  challenge  to  the  con- 
tentious, they  are  sentences  that  make 
the  reader  think,  and  are  too  definite 
and  too  startling  to  allow  him  to  be 
satisfied  with  ignorance.  It  has  been 
said  that  Acton  had  the  Inquisition  "  on 
the  brain,"  but  the  lectures  do  not,  like 
his  letters,  bear  that  suggestion  out.  Yet 
there  is  one  sentence,  "It  is  doubtful 
whether  death   by   fire   [for   heresy]   was 


360 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


adopted  as  the  most  cruel,"  which  must 
surely  have  come  at  a  moment  when  in- 
dignation had  got  the  better  of  his  know- 
ledge :  to  suggest  the  possibility  that 
enjoyment  of  the  victim's  sufferings  could 
enter  as  one  of  the  considerations  is  to 
ignore  the  whole  long  history  of  death  by 
fire.  It  cannot  be  contended  that  Acton 
was  wholly  free  from 

The  instinctive  theorizing  whence  a  fact 
Looks  to  the  eye  as  the  eye  likes  the  look, 

but  in  our  desire  to  know  him  we  can  feel 
no  regret  that  these  lectures  contain  many 
touches  more  valuable  for  what  they  tell 
of  him  than  for  what  they  tell  of  men  and 
institutions  for  whom  we  have  other 
"  original  authorities."  Men  who  at- 
tended Acton's  lectures  said  that  they 
were  being  taught  by  an  "  original  autho- 
rity," so  close  in  touch  with  the  past  did 
he  seem,  through  his  own  family,  his 
personal  means  of  knowledge.  Many  an 
anecdote  in  these  lectures  reveals  this.  He 
had  looked  on  the  face  of  Tilly,  and 
had  read  the  unpublished  dispatches  of 
D'Avaux. 

He  held  that  no  part  of  modern  history 
has  been  so  searched  and  sifted  as  to  be 
without  urgent  need  of  the  touch  of  a 
fresh  mind,  and  it  is  this  touch,  with 
which  every  lecture  begins  and  ends,  that 
makes  this  volume  valuable.  The  lectures 
have,  like  his  letters,  the  sound  of  his 
voice  in  the  roll  of  their  sentences,  and 
the  plain  -  spokenness  which  he  seldom 
allowed  himself  in  speech  is  refreshingly 
stimulating  here.  They  are  free  from  the 
tendency  to  excessive  allusiveness  to 
which  he  sometimes  yielded.  Willingness 
to  deliver  judgment  generally  seems  to  be 
the  prerogative  of  the  ignorant  rather 
than  the  learned,  but,  coming  from 
Acton,  a  judgment  meant  that  he  had 
seen  all  the  facets  of  the  crystal,  truth, 
and  could  bring  them  under  the  rule  of  law. 

Publication  has  been  sadly  delayed  : 
already  the  flood  of  continental  learning 
has  swept  away  some  of  the  passages  that 
seemed  truisms  in  1900.  Denifle's  'Luther 
und  Lutherthum  '  would  not  have  left 
Acton's  chapter  on  Luther  just  as  it 
stands.  Why  the  "  illustrious  bastard  " 
should  appear  as  Erasmus  Rogers  we  are 
at  a  loss  to  understand.  There  are  some 
misprints,  and  piety  need  not  have  re- 
frained from  an  occasional  correction  of 
error,  such  as  Acton  himself  would  cer- 
tainly have  made.  After  carefully  ex- 
plaining the  reason  why  Johann  Midler 
was  called  Regiomontanus,  he  would  not 
have  left  unchanged  "  at  Regiomontanus." 

A  short  introduction  is  devoted  to  an 
account  of  Acton's  work  as  professor  ;  it 
is  written  in  terms  of  just  and  warm 
appreciation,  and  brings  out  well  how 
splendidly  he  worked,  not  merely  by 
example,  but  also  by  inconspicuous, 
laborious  drudgery,  to  fulfil  the  duties  of 
his  office.  The  index  is  not  for  the 
unenlightened  reader  :  in  a  book  full  of 
names,  mentioned  by  way  of  briefest 
allusion,  he  will  look  for  at  least  a 
Christian  name  or  initial  to  distinguish 
names  of  people  from  those  of  places, 
whereas  the  rule  followed  has  been  to 
give   only  the   information   contained   in 


the  text.  Some  forms  are  latinized  in  the 
text,  while  some  are  translated  :  so  also  in 
the  index.  A  reference  in  the  text  to 
Prof.  Firth's  '  Cromwell '  appears  in  the 
index  as  Firth,  '  Lives.'  The  curious 
collection  of  citations  which  Acton  chose 
to  serve  as  an  appendix  to  his  inaugural 
lecture— a  collection  which  gave  some 
handle  to  the  scoffer — is  relegated  to  a 
subordinate  place  in  this  reissue.  The 
index  gives,  as  a  rule,  references  to  works 
cited  in  the  text,  but  omits  the  citations 
in  the  appendix. 


The  English  Hymnal.     (Oxford,  University 
Press  ;    London,  Frowde.) 

It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  criticize  a  new 
hymn-book.  One  is  confused  by  the  bias 
of  doctrine,  the  prejudices  of  warring  sects 
or  divisions  of  sects,  merits  of  piety  and 
defects  of  poetry,  for  poetry  has  been,  as 
was  remarked  long  ago,  on  the  side  of  the 
Devil  more  than  the  angels.  Now  in 
modern  times  short  poems  have  been  pro- 
claimed as  lyrics  which  could  not,  it  seems 
to  us,  be  sung  ;  but  hymns  exist  for  no 
other  purpose,  and  effective  songs,  like 
recitations,  are  not  always,  or,  we  fear, 
often,  poetry.  There  is  some  truth  in  the 
old  French  jibe,  "  What  is  not  worth 
saying,  one  sings."  And  so  the  literary 
critic  views  with  supercilious  doubts  books 
which  are  likely  to  encourage  mawkish 
sentimentalism  alike  in  words  and  music. 
He  should  be  pleased  with  '  The  English 
Hymnal,'  for  it  contains  more  poetry  than 
usual,  and  it  reduces  sentimentality  to  a 
minimum. 

An  obvious  handicap  to  any  new  book 
of  the  sort  is  the  conservative  tendency  of 
the  English  people,  which  is  strongly 
marked  in  its  religion.  This  '  Hymnal ' 
stands  as  a  novelty  somewhat  to  older 
books  of  well-tried  merit  as  the  translation 
of  the  Revisers  stands  to  our  old  Bible, 
the  Authorized  Version  of  James.  It  is 
of  no  use  to  say  in  each  case  that  the  later 
book  represents  the  actual  words  for- 
merly falsified  by  ignorance  of  their  real 
meaning,  or  the  actual  words  of  the  hymn- 
writer,  altered  by  meddling  hands,  or 
altered  (for  reasons  all  can  respect)  because 
they  were  regarded  as  an  outrage  on  true 
doctrine.  The  mass  of  the  public  dis- 
regards the  rights  of  scholarship,  resents 
change,  is  prepared  to  die  in  the  old  ways 
till  it  is  gradually  moved  by  the  working 
of  the  honourable  minority  who  have  more 
open  minds,  and  have  cast  off  the  prejudice 
against  living  writers  which  was  a  feature 
of  literary  criticism  even  in  the  days  of 
Horace.  We  do  not  conceive  that  most 
authors  of  hymns  wrote  them  without 
knowing  what  they  did,  or  without  ponder- 
ing the  full  meaning  of  their  words  ;  and 
we  can  see  no  justification  for  altering  the 
text  of  a  hymn  without  the  permission  of 
the  man  who  wrote  it,  still  less  for  adding 
to  it  casually  the  work  of  another  hand. 
In  these  matters  the  new  book  is  excellent, 
and  catholic.  We  find,  for  instance,  two 
versions  of  the  '  Veni,  Creator,'  and  many 
may  prefer  the  unfamiliar  one.  "  Hark, 
how  all  the  welkin  rings  !  "  is  the  real  text 


of  Charles  Wesley's  famous  Christmas 
hymn.  It  will  be  found  here  so  printed, 
and  is  followed  by  the  revised  version  of 
Whitefield  (1753),  Madan  (1760),  and 
others.  The  last  line  of  Milman's  hymn 
"  When  our  heads  are  bowed  with  woe  " 
is  "  Gracious  son  of  Mary,  hear."  If  that 
offends  any  one,  we  think  that  he  should 
go  elsewhere  for  consolation  in  preference 
to  altering  the  text. 

We  hope  that  the  prejudices  excited  by 
these  changes,  or  rather  reversions  to 
original  text,  will  not  prevent '  The  English 
Hymnal '  from  having  a  good  trial.  It  is 
the  most  comprehensive  collection  that 
we  know,  and  this  width  of  range  is  a 
great  advantage.  It  is  high  time  that 
varieties  of  religious  experience  should  be 
recognized  by  the  common  people  as  normal. 
The  veiled  enmity  which  still  disgraces 
many  rival  faiths  should  not  prevent  an 
interchange  of  their  monuments  of  devo- 
tion. In  its  open-mindedness,  and  in  the 
inclusion  of  hymns  by  living  writers,  this 
book  is  pre-eminent.  The  six  compilers 
of  the  collection  supply  themselves  forty- 
six  hymns.  Mr.  Hanbury  and  Mr.  D.  C. 
Lathbury  contribute  nothing,  but  Mr. 
W.  J.  Birkbeck  has  one  hymn,  Mr.  Athel- 
stan  Riley  twelve,  Mr.  T.  A.  Lacey  four- 
teen, and  Mr.  Percy  Dearmer  nineteen. 
It  would  be  reasonable  to  wonder  if  these 
gentlemen  were  original  poets  of  merit. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  they  figure  here,  for 
the  most  part,  as  translators,  a  depart- 
ment in  which  they  excel.  They  have  the 
learning  and  enthusiasm  needed  to  render 
many  foreign  hymns  into  English,  and 
thus  they  have  put  the  fervour  and  faith 
of  other  peoples  within  reach  of  the 
Englishman  of  to  -  day.  The  trans- 
lations here  available  include  twenty- 
two  each  from  the  Greek  and  the 
German,  two  each  from  the  Syriac  and 
the  Italian,  and  one  each  from  Welsh, 
Irish,  Danish,  and  Swahih,  while  render- 
ings of  Latin  hymns  abound.  Many  of 
these  are  derived  from  '  The  Yattendon 
Hymnal,'  an  admirable  collection  which 
maintains  a  high  level  of  literature  as  well 
as  devotion.  Nor  are  other  sources  neglected. 
'  The  Methodist  Hymn- Book  '  contains 
much  that  ordinary  collections  might 
envy,  and  we  are  glad  to  find  in  the  book 
before  us  twenty  hymns  by  Charles 
Wesley.  It  might  have  included  from 
the  last-mentioned  source  Walsham  How's 
For  all  Thy  love  and  goodness,  so  bountiful  and  free, 
for  this  hymn  dwells  on  the  praise  of  the 
spring  : — 

The  flowers  are  strown  in  field  and  copse,  on  the 
hill  and  on  the  plain  : 

Thy  name,  Lord,  he  adored  ! 
The  soft  air  stirs  in  the  tender  leaves  that  clothe 
the  trees  again  : 

Glory  to  the  Lord  ! 

It  is  especially  in  the  open-air  aspects  of 
religion,  in  the  expression  of  the  joys  of 
life,  that  our  hymnology  is  defective. 
Such  a  hymn  as  No.  278  of  '  The  English 
Hymnal,'  a  rendering  of  Gerhardt's  "  Nun 
ruhen  alle  Wiilder,"  is  therefore  a  real 
addition.  Many  writers  have  insisted  on 
the  practical  character  of  hymns  who  seem 
to  have  forgotten  that  praise  as  well  as 
prayer  is  an  essential  part  of  religion. 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


361 


We  are  glad  to  see  that  some  hymns  are 
included  from  the  great  writers  of  the 
United  States.  Wendell  Holmes  and 
Lowell  each  supply  a  good  example  of 
their  powers,  the  latter  including  lines 
more  often  quoted  in  the  pulpit,  we  have 
heard  it  said,  than  any  other.  Of  Whittier 
there  are  four  examples,  all  eminently 
worthy  of  their  place.  The  first  (173), 
for  the  restoration  or  dedication  of  a 
church,  is  a  perfect  specimen  of  his 
gracious  and  all-embracing  simplicity. 
Among  English  men  of  letters  represented 
are  Blake  (whose  example  is  not  that  we 
should  have  chosen),  Calverley,  Dryden, 
and  Herrick.  Two  hymns  display  the 
tender  lucidity  of  Christina  Rossetti.  It 
Is  pleasant  to  find  here  the  admirable 
hymns  composed  by  H.  J.  Buckoll  for 
the  beginning  and  end  of  a  school  term. 
Lady  Tennyson's  '  Morning  Hymn  '  for 
boys  in  the  Gordon  Home  would  have  been 
welcome.  Tennyson  himself  is  repre- 
sented by  five  verses  of  the  introduction 
to  '  In  Memoriam,'  which  we  do  not  regard 
as  a  happy  choice. 

Generally  the  great  merit  of  the  book 
is  its  comprehensiveness,  as  we  have  said. 
The  needs  of  special  occasions  have  been 
prominent  in  the  minds  of  the  compilers. 
They  have  thrown  their  net  very  wide,  and 
have,  it  seems  to  us,  occasionally  brought 
up  fish  which  might  have  been  again  cast 
Into  the  sea.  It  is  well  to  have  a  section 
on  '  Patriotism,'  hardly  so  teachable  a 
virtue  as  some  people  think,  but  we  cannot 
fancy  that  Mr.  Kipling's  '  Recessional  ' 
is  effective  sung  in  a  church  or  else- 
where— sung  as  a  hymn,  we  mean.  It 
Is  essentially  a  reflective  rather  than 
lyrical  piece.  Of  course,  it  has  been  put 
to  music,  but  so  have  other  poems  which 
required  misguided  ingenuity  on  the  part 
of  musical  composers.  Mr.  Kipling's 
stately,  Augustan  style  of  rhetoric  is  for 
the  study  rather  than  the  church  or  the 
concert-room.  We  prefer  Mr.  Chester- 
ton's poem  on  the  same  lines. 

One  or  two  hymns  we  miss  which,  we 
think,  deserved  inclusion  ;  but  we  regard 
the  collection  as  so  generally  satisfactory 
that  we  are  unwilling  to  lend  an  air  of 
depreciation  to  our  notice  by  a  list  of 
possible  improvements.  Our  suggestions 
would,  too,  be  more  concerned  with 
expansion  in  the  new  directions  which 
the  volume  has  taken  than  with  objections 
to  its  contents. 

We  should  add  that  each  hymn  is 
headed  by  the  name  of  its  author  or  other 
available  details  concerning  its  origin, 
while  at  the  end  of  the  book  there  are  a 
collection  of  '  Introits  and  other  Anthems,' 
a  Table  of  Office  Hymns  for  Saints'  Days, 
and  Indexes  of  Authors,  first  lines  of 
hymns,  and  original  first  lines  also  in  the 
case  of  translations.  The  book  is  available 
in  various  neat  forms,  with  and  without 
music,  and  is  already,  we  hear,  in  its 
hundred  and  twenty-seventh  thousand. 


France     in     1802.     By     H.     R,     Yorke. 

(Heinemann.) 
Here  we  have  a  reprint  of  an  interesting 
series  of  letters  written  by  Henry  Redhead 


Yorke.  Lady  Sykes  has  completed  the 
volume  by  an  Appendix  of  more  than  one 
hundred  pages,  consisting  of  biographies 
of  nearly  all  the  persons  mentioned  in 
Yorke's  letters  ;  and  Mr.  Richard  Davey 
has  written  an  Introduction. 

To  advert  first  to  the  letters,  we  may 
remark  that  they  were  well  worth  repub- 
lication, but  that  they  needed  at  many 
points  explanatory  notes  for  the  elucida- 
tion of  statements  or  references  which  the 
reader  of  to-day  will  fail  to  understand. 
Further,  there  are  many  remarks  which 
need  to  be  corrected.  Yorke's  hatred  of 
the  Revolution,  of  which  he  had  formerly 
been  an  ardent  supporter,  led  him  into 
many  exaggerations,  or  even  perversions 
of  truth.  The  well-informed  reader  will 
see,  even  at  the  outset,  that  his  object  was 
to  write  down  France  and  write  up  Eng- 
land. He  contrasts  the  backward  agri- 
culture of  the  Pas  de  Calais  with  the 
"luxuriant  richness"  of  the  county  of 
Kent.  The  sight  of  women  ploughing  in 
the  fields,  while  young  men  were  begging 
for  bread  in  the  towns,  produces  another 
set  of  reflections  ;  and  before  he  has 
reached  Amiens  he  has  decided  that 

"  the  Revolution,  which  was  brought  about 
ostensibly  for  the  benefit  of  the  lower  orders 
of  society,  has  brought  them  to  a  degree  of 
degradation  and  misfortune  to  which  they 
never  were  reduced  under  the  ancient 
monarchy.  They  have  been  disinherited, 
stripped  and  deprived  of  every  resource  for 
existence,  except  defeats  of  arms  [sic]  and 
the  fleeting  spoil  of  vanquished  nations." 

There  is  no  note  forthcoming  to  warn  the 
half -informed  reader  against  accepting 
this  bombastic  nonsense,  and  to  remind 
him  that,  while  the  wealthy  and  the  clergy 
were  despoiled,  the  peasants  had  in  very 
large  numbers  become  freeholders  on  the 
land  which  they  formerly  held  on  a  feudal 
tenure.  In  the  same  section  Yorke  gives 
the  impression  that  all  the  churches  had 
been  wrecked  or  transferred  to  atheistical 
uses.  We  find  no  note  to  correct  this  gross 
exaggeration.  Similarly,  at  Paris,  Yorke 
descants  on  the  odious  vices  which  were 
paraded  at  the  Palais  Royal,  and,  after  a 
sufficiently  free  description,  takes  care 
to  point  the  moral  in  favour  of  England 
as  the  land  of  virtue  and  purity.  We  may 
remark  that  this  was  the  very  year  in 
which  Wordsworth  penned  his  sonnet 
Milton  !  thou  shouldst  be  living  at  this  hour, 

in  which  he  mourned  the  depravity  of  his 
countrymen. 

The  obvious  bias  of  the  descriptions 
nearly  everywhere  detracts  from  their 
historical  value.  Still,  Yorke's  accounts 
of  many  scenes  in  and  around  Paris  are 
full  of  interest.  Having  taken  some  part 
in  French  affairs  ten  years  before,  he 
contrasts  the  Paris  of  the  Consulate  with 
the  Paris  of  the  Jacobins  in  an  entertaining 
way.  His  reminiscences  of  the  notables 
of  the  Convention  may  be  cited  as  a  favour- 
able example  of  his  style  (pp.  61-9)  ;  and 
his  interviews  with  Fouche,  Bonaparte, 
and  David  are  likewise  good  reading. 
He  found  Tom  Paine  living  in  obscurity 
in  Paris,  and  utterly  disgusted  with  the 
Government  of  the  day.  According  to 
Yorke,  Paine  said,   "  Republic  !     This  is  ' 


no  Republic.  I  know  of  no  Republic 
but  that  of  America. ..  .For  myself,  I 
renounce  all  European  politics." 

Yet,  among  these  descriptions,  which  are 
alike  interesting  and  valuable,  we  find 
statements  such  as  that  on  p.  141  : — 

"  In  old  France  there  were  more  univer- 
sities, colleges,  and  public  schools  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world.  All  these  were 
overthrown  by  the  Jacobin  Revolution." 

Next  to  nothing  is  said  of  the  educational 
work  of  the  Convention,  and  the  reader 
is  left  with  the  impression  that  the  Jacobins 
were     mere    destroyers.      Unfortunately, 
too,  the  work  is  disfigured  by  an  excep- 
tional number  of  misprints.     It  is  regret- 
table that  Lady  Sykes  did  not  secure  the 
advice  of  a  specialist  or  the  help  of  a  skilled 
proof-reader.     If  she  had,  we  should  not 
have   found   the   following   curiosities   of 
nomenclature  :    '*  Cambaceres  "  for  Cam- 
baceres  ;     "  Dubois-Crouce  "   for  Dubois- 
Crance ;    "  Duke    de    le    Rochefoucault " 
(p.     329)  ;      "  Talleyrand-Perigard  "     for 
Talleyrand- Perigord  (p.  343)  ;    k-  Mouge  " 
for  Monge  (p.  309),  and  all  through  the 
biographical  appendix  dealing  with  that 
eminent  physicist ;  and  kt  Faesh  "  for  Fesch 
(p.    120)  ;    while    on   pp.   68-9    misprints 
come  thick  and  fast  :     "  the  Lornettes  " 
for  the  Lameths,    "  Moury  "   for  Maury, 
t;  Comtal  Venaissin  "  for  Comte  Venaissin, 
"  Gondet  "  for  Guadet,  and  "  Gensonne  " 
for  Gensonne.     In  several  cases  the  names 
have  been  so  tortured  out  of  all  resem- 
blance to  the  originals  that  the  editor  has 
been   unable   to   supply    the    biographies 
promised  in  the  foot-notes.     Even  so,  the 
Appendix  extends  to  a  needless  length  : 
the  casual  mention  of  Voltaire  by  Yorke 
leads  Lady  Sykes  to  write  six  pages  of 
small   print    on   that   personage,    who   is 
assuredly  not  "  little  known  to  students 
of     Revolutionary     history."     The     bio- 
graphies are  not  devoid  of  mistakes,  as 
where  (p.   322)  it  is  stated  that  in   1837 
Cobbett  had  the  remains  of  Tom  Paine 
brought    to    England.     Cobbett    died    in 
June,  1835.     Many  of  the  old  statements 
about    Danton,    which    have    often    been 
refuted,    are    here    reproduced  ;     and    we 
are  told  that  among  those  executed  with 
him    were    "  Le    Sechelle "    (Herault    de 
Sechelles)    and    "  Philippeaux "    (Phelip- 
peaux). 

The  tone  of  Mr.  Davey's  Introduction 
may  be  gathered  from  the  statement  that 
Yorke's  letters  were 

"written  with  the  object  of  exposing  the 
fruits  of  a  tyrannical  and  corrupt  form  of 
government  whose  wires  were  pulled  by 
unscrupulous  miscreants  in  the  oft-blas- 
phemed names  of  '  Liberty,  Equality,  and 
Fraternity.'  " 

Mr.  Davey  must  surely  know  that  the  one 
wirepuller  at  that  time  was  the  First 
Consul,  whose  work  of  reconstruction  was- 
at  that  very  time  making  a  new  France. 
Again,  we  read  (p.  8)  :  — 

"Every  subsequent  Revolution  which  has 

taken  place  in  France  since  1793 — in 
1838  [sic],  1848,  and  1870— has  originated 
in  the  continuance  of  the  Jacobin  traditions, 
the  main  object  of  which  is  to  substitute 
free-thought  for  Christianity." 


362 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


It  is  not  by  random  assertions  such  as  this 
that  the  greatest  political  movement  of 
modern  times  will  be  discredited. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


In  the  Days  of  the  Comet.     By  H.  G.  Wells- 

(Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Mk.  Wells's  new  romance  is  not  so  much 
a  tale  as  a  continuation  of  his  splendid 
vision  of  Utopia.  He  has  in  other  books 
laid  the  broad  foundations  of  his  reformed 
world,  and  has  come  down  in  many  in- 
stances to  details.  We  cannot  doubt  that 
he  has  his  faith  firmly  fixed,  and  would 
be  prepared  to  schedule  his  novum  organon 
if  events  should  call  upon  him  to  do  so. 
In  his  latest  book  he  is  not  much  concerned 
either  with  principles  or  with  details  ; 
he  presents  us  with  a  vision  of  his  golden 
age  as  seen  through  a  dream  of  fiction. 
We  open  with  an  old  man  in  a  tower 
writing,  and  the  indications  of  a  new  hfe 
are  rendered  in  Mr.  Wells's  inimitable 
way.  This  tale  is  the  tale  of  the  old 
man's  personal  experiences  up  to  the  time 
of  the  Great  Change.  It  is  like  the  author 
to  base  that  change  upon  a  signal  flaw 
of  natural  phenomena  which  is  yet  in 
harmony  with  natural  law.  Mr.  Wells's 
scheme  is  always  to  compass  a  law  so 
large  that  it  embraces  seeming  violations 
of  itself,  or  at  least  of  the  lesser  laws  which 
human  science  has  so  far  made  out. 
A  comet,  flying  in  space,  impinges  on 
this  planet,  and  the  gases,  released  by 
the  impact  and  mingling  with  the  terrene 
atmosphere,  effect  an  instantaneous  revo- 
lution in  the  world.  We  are  the  creatures 
of  our  environment,  and  the  infusion  of 
greater  supplies  of  oxygen  in  our  film  of 
air  would  alter  human  nature  and  the 
destiny  of  the  human  race.  Mr.  Wells's 
thesis  amounts  merely  to  that.  We  are 
to  obtain  the  millennium  by  the  green 
vapour  of  the  comet.  This  change  is  an 
amelioration,  and  involves  the  destruction 
of  injustice  and  unreasoning  passions.  It 
exalts  human  nature.  The  narrator  is 
an  under  -  educated  youth  of  callow 
passions  and  ambitions,  in  love  with  a 
gardener's  daughter.  He  and  his  associates 
in  the  cauldron  of  the  black  country 
are  moving  fast  towards  Socialism,  and 
the  anarchy  incident  to  our  present  con- 
ditions of  class  strife  is  rearing  its  head. 
Moreover,  Leadford  is  under  the  pressure 
of  a  personal  grievance,  for  his  sweetheart 
chooses  to  run  off  with  the  young  squire. 
The  restitution  of  public  right  becomes 
now  coincident  in  his  mind  with  private 
vengeance.  The  two  march  together. 
Leadford  will  have  reparation,  and,  in 
the  quest  of  his  selfish  revenge,  pursues 
the  eloping  lovers  with  a  revolver.  At 
the  crisis  of  the  conflict  arrives  the  comet, 
and  with  it  the  Great  Change.  It  is  only 
an  imagination  such  as  Mr.  Wells  possesses 
that  can  conceive,  image,  and  write  such 
a  description  as  follows  immediately  on 
this.  We  have  admired  most  of  all  in 
his  previous  work  passages  from  '  The 
Time  Machine,'  but  these  pages  reach 
that  high  level,  if  they  do  not  exceed  it. 
For  their  sake  we  forgive  the  somewhat 


absurd  picture  of  the  Prime  Minister  in 
the  ditch  with  the  raw  "  pot-bank  "  boy, 
and  the  unnatural  arguments  which  pass 
between  Leadford,  his  former  sweetheart, 
and  her  lover.  We  do  not  find  the  conclud- 
ing chapters  so  exhilarating  as  the  earlier 
parts  of  the  book.  But  it  remains  as  a 
whole  a  fine  testimony  to  the  imagination 
and  intellect  of  one  of  the  most  original 
thinkers  of  the  day. 


The  Call  of  the  Blood.     By  Robert  Hichens. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
The  singular  power,  which  belongs  to  Mr. 
Hichens,  of  painting-in  his  effects  by  in- 
numerable minute  touches  has  been  often 
remarked  and  is  present  here.  His  atmo- 
sphere is  obtained  not  by  large  strokes 
and  big  splashes  of  colour,  as  with  some 
writers,  but  by  meticulous  and  inde- 
fatigable labour.  He  belongs  to  the 
school  of  patient  brushwork,  and  we 
have  no  fault  to  find  with  him  on  the 
score  of  his  method,  if  it  is  effective. 
Unhappily,  sometimes  it  is  not,  but  gives 
the  impression  of  over-elaboration  of 
unessentials.  Mr.  Hichens's  method  is 
possibly  due  to  the  fact  that  his  faculty 
of  vivid  visualization  is  dominant  in 
his  talent.  Intellectually  he  ranks  less 
high  than  emotionally.  His  realizations 
are  quick,  and  his  mind  is  flowing  with 
impressions.  Consequently  the  pages  of 
any  book  he  writes  are  crowded  with 
them.  Looking  back  on  this  story  of 
awakened  heredity,  we  can  see  Hermione 
Lester  walking  in  hfe,  even  to  her  un- 
attractive features,  though  other  critics 
find  her  rather  a  lay  figure.  Also, 
her  husband,  Delarey,  whose  Sicihan 
grandmother  was  responsible  for  all  the 
trouble  herein  related,  is  a  person  we  know. 
So,  too,  the  various  Sicihan  characters 
come  before  us  vividly  ;  and  it  may  be 
held  that  Mr.  Hichens  is  justified  of  his 
method.  But  still  one  wonders  if  all  the 
work  was  needed  to  produce  these  graphic 
portraits,  and  one  decides  in  the  negative 
— hesitatingly.  Mr.  Hichens  at  any  rate 
is  open  to  the  accusation  of  taking  a  long 
time  to  tell  a  simple  story,  which  is  merely 
an  account  of  how  a  husband  ten  years 
the  junior  of  his  plain  wife  turned  to  a 
pretty  Sicilian  peasant  and  paid  the 
heaviest  penalty.  It  is  as  possible  to 
exaggerate  the  importance  of  human 
actions  as  to  under-estimate  it.  No  one, 
however,  can  complain  of  a  lack  of  local 
colour  in  this  story. 


Fisherman's     Gat.     By     Edward     Noble. 

(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
Mr.  Noble's  fourth  novel  gives  him 
honourable  standing  among  the  novelists 
who  count,  the  writers  who  have  some- 
thing to  say,  and  have  given  honest  study 
to  the  question  of  how  it  may  best  be  said. 
'  Fisherman's  Gat '  is  a  story  of  the  Thames 
estuary,  a  drama  of  London's  great  river, 
a  romance  of  the  lives  of  those  who  come 
and  go  in  the  lesser  craft  in  which  deep- 
sea  certificates  are  not  required  of  a  man. 
Mr.  W.  W.  Jacobs  has  made  these  people 
his  own,  the  reader  might  bo  inclined  to 


say  ;  but  anything  less  like  that  popular 
writer's  work  than  '  Fisherman's  Gat ' 
could  not  easily  be  found.  Here  are  a  few 
fines  which  are  supposed  to  explain  Mr. 
Noble's  choice  of  title.  To  some  they 
may  convey  more  than  a  hint  of  melo- 
drama, and  if  so  they  will  do  injustice  to 
a  fine  piece  of  work  : — 

"  For  here,  in  the  path  of  the  Gat,  on  soft, 
sheeny  nights,  when  the  moon  is  only  thinly 
veiled,  or  when  the  Gat  has  bared  its  teeth 
before  the  spume  and  smother  of  a  south-east 
gale,  sounds  drive  down  the  wind  and  the 
shadow  of  a  man  is  seen,  sometimes  rowing, 
sometimes  standing,  sometimes  struggling 
with  a  boat — and  the  curse  of  the  Gat  falls 
on  all  who  see  him  at  Ms  task." 

But  the  book  is  little  concerned  with  old 
wives'  fables  and  curses.  It  is  much  too 
full  of  the  strenuous  actuahties  of  modern 
riverside  hfe  for  that.  Love,  treachery, 
passion,  crime,  the  stress  and  strain  of 
dangers  afloat  and  labour  complications 
ashore  ;  owners,  sailors,  good  simple  folk 
and  smug  hypocrites,  evil  livers  and  honest 
dealers — all  figure  in  this  story,  and 
make  a  drama  of  real  interest,  strong 
in  atmosphere,  characterization,  and  first- 
hand observation. 


The   Luddingtons.     By    Florence    Collins. 
(Heinemann.) 

The  theme  of  this  novel,  though  not 
wholly  pleasant,  has  certainly  the  unusual 
merit  of  originality.  The  hero  is  an 
eminent  physician  self-dedicated  to  the 
discovery  of  a  cure  for  a  dire  disease.  The 
doctor  is  beloved  by  a  girl  who  inherits  on 
the  maternal  side  a  predisposition  to  this 
disease.  Her  mother  is,  indeed,  already 
attacked  by  it,  but  knowing  the  future 
son-in-law's  horror  of  any  such  hereditary 
taint,  she  keeps  her  condition  a  secret — a 
species  of  heroism  to  which  we  find  it 
impossible  to  accord  the  approval  de- 
manded by  the  author.  The  novel  con- 
tains one  excellent  character — the  heroine's 
father,  a  self-made  City  man  of  Jewish 
origin,  who  is  absolutely  life-like,  and  in 
his  way  attractive.  With  his  wife,  how- 
ever, he  shares  pecuhar  views  of  honour, 
which  lead  him  to  defraud  his  daughter 
and  heiress  by  setthng  her  fortune,  not 
on  herself,  but  on  her  husband. 


Gossips  Green.     By  Mrs.  Henry  Dudeney. 
(CasseU  &  Co.) 

There  is  a  certain  piquancy  about  Mrs. 
Dudeney's  persistent  diatribes  against 
"  the  modern  woman,"  occurring  as  they 
do  in  a  novel  like  the  present,  essentially 
feminine  and  essentially  of  our  own  day. 
Its  author,  in  true  modern  fashion,  is 
concerned  less  with  the  theme  of  the  story 
(a  mariage  de  convenance  disturbed  by 
the  resurrection  of  a  former  lover)  than 
with  the  manner  of  telling  it ;  and  this 
manner  is,  in  the  main,  admirable — sym- 
pathetic, humorous,  artistic,  yet  convey- 
ing withal  a  slight  suggestion  of  insincerity. 
This  may  arise  partly  from  the  idyllic  view 
of  village  life  a  hundred  years  ago,  and 
partly  from  the  fact  that  the  dialect, 
though  graceful  and  carefully  sustained, 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


363 


impresses  us  rather  as  "  book  English  " 
than  as  a  living  language.  The  principal 
actors  also  are  not  exempt  from  the  same 
suspicion  of  unreality,  for  they  seem  to 
exist  rather  to  display  the  writer's  skill 
in  manipulating  them  than  to  work  out 
their  own  destiny  in  their  own  way. 
This  does  not,  however,  apply  to  some  of 
the  subsidiary  personages — the  quaint 
villagers,  for  example,  and  the  Frenchified 
maiden  aunt,  who  are  altogether  delight- 
ful and  refreshing. 


Knighthood's    Flower.     By    John    Bloun- 
delle-Burton.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

The  scene  of  Mr.  Bloundelle-Burton's 
story  is  laid  in  France  in  the  days  when 
those  curious  people,  the  knights  known 
to  writers  of  historical  romances,  are  said 
to  have  existed.  The  plot  is  well  con- 
structed, and  the  story  is  plentifully  pro- 
vided with  incident.  Yet  it  cannot  be 
said  that  the  author  has  wholly  escaped 
the  pitfall  of  occasional  tediousness. 


The  Master-Man.     (John  Lane.) 

Since  Wendell  Holmes  gave  us  the  por- 
trait of  a  shrewd,  kindly,  New  England 
country  doctor,  the  type  has  been  popular 
with  American  novelists.  The  hero  of 
'  The  Master-Man  '  is  a  doctor,  who  to  his 
remarkable  professional  skill  adds  all  the 
virtues  that  any  one  man  can  possess. 
The  book  is  evidently  the  author's  first 
attempt,  and  has  many  of  the  faults  that 
are  usually  found  in  the  first  book  of  a 
young  woman  writer.  Still  it  is  not  with- 
out promise,  and  parts  of  it  can  be  read 
with  pleasure. 

The  Private   War.     By  Louis  J.   Vance. 
(E.  Grant  Richards.) 

In  the  beginning  of  this  story  we  find  a 
strong  flavour  of  that  delectable  history 
which  Stevenson  called  '  The  New  Arabian 
Nights  '  ;  a  little  later  we  find  ourselves 
embarked  upon  a  lively  example  of  what 
the  astute  Capt.  Nares  meant  by  the  "dime 
novel  "  ;  and  in  the  end  we  are  moved  to 
the  conviction  that  Mr.  Vance  has  pro- 
duced a  rattling  good  story  of  sensation 
and  adventure.  It  is  possible  that  even 
when  he  lays  the  book  aside  the  average 
reader  will  have  no  more  than  a  hazy 
impression  of  what  the  private  war  was 
waged  over,  or  who  were  the  parties  to 
it.  But,  in  view  of  the  sustained  interest 
and  excitement,  and  the  lavish  accumula- 
tion of  incident,  this  uncertainty  is  a  matter 
of  no  importance.  We  five  for  the  moment, 
and  the  moment  is  always  crowded.  There 
are  a  Russian  secret  agent,  an  unscrupu- 
lous Prussian  military  attache,  an  irre- 
concilable band  of  bravoes  from  a  Russian 
secret  society,  a  charming  English  girl, 
an  adventurous  barrister,  and  an  Ame- 
rican lover.  These  are  the  principal  actors, 
but  the  stage  is  crowded  with  people,  and 
there  are  no  pauses  between  the  acts. 
The  characters  treat  obstacles  and  ^ob- 
structions as  ninepins,  and  armed  oppo- 


sition merely  raises  their  spirits.     This  is 
the  right  vein  for  sensational  romance. 


Silas  Strong.  By  Irving  Bacheller.  (Fisher 
Unwin.) 

The  hero  of  Mr.  Bacheller's  book  is  a  hunter 
who  lives  in  the  Adirondack  forest,  in  the 
northern  part  of  New  York,  and  keeps  a 
diary  spelt  in  the  Rooseveltian  manner. 
The  author  has  taken  great  pains  in  draw- 
ing the  portrait  of  Silas,  and  has  certainly 
succeeded  in  placing  the  man  vividly 
before  his  readers.  But  many  will  be 
unable  to  feel  either  great  admiration  for, 
or  any  unusual  interest  in,  Silas.  He  is 
far  more  true  to  life  than  Cooper's 
Leatherstocking,  but  he  does  not  awaken 
the  same  degree  of  sympathy.  In  fact, 
Silas  is  at  times  rather  a  bore.  Of  the 
other  characters  of  the  story  there  is  not 
much  to  be  said.  Mr.  Bacheller  gives 
some  excellent  pictures  of  forest  scenery, 
and  his  book  is  pervaded  with  the  atmo- 
sphere of  the  great  pine  forest. 


The  Web  of  Circumstance.     By  Lucien  de 
Zilwa.     (Skeffington  &  Son.) 

The  "  web "  wherein  all  the  principal 
characters  of  this  novel  are  entangled  is 
apparently  produced  by  the  circumstance 
that  each  of  them  adopts  the  traditionally 
meritorious  precaution  of  having  more 
than  one  string  to  his  bow.  The  hero  is 
divided  between  an  eligible  maiden,  his 
betrothed,  and  an  attractive  Parisienne 
of  easy  virtue  ;  his  fiancee,  in  turn,  has 
thoughts  of  jilting  him  in  favour  of  a 
military  villain,  also  not  without  encum- 
brances, while  the  French  lady  on  her  side 
is  held  in  the  grip  of  her  past ;  but  ulti- 
mately a  suicide  and  two  more  or  less 
broken  hearts  clear  the  ground  for  at 
least  one  satisfactory  marriage.  The 
dialogue  is  easy,  and  the  narrative,  though 
scarcely  of  the  kind  which  it  is  possible 
to  take  seriously,  moves  with  sufficient 
alertness. 

The  Voyage  of  the  Arrow.     By  T.  Jenkins 
Hains.     (Brown,  Langham  &  Co.) 

The  present  volume  is  a  long  romantic 
tale,  containing  a  most  generous  measure 
of  the  conventional  elements  of  sea-story. 
The  love  of  a  woman  runs  through  it,  and 
battle,  murder,  and  sudden  death  all  play 
their  part,  with  piracy,  storm,  and  ship- 
wreck as  adjuncts  of  a  stirring  sort.  We 
find,  perhaps  necessarily,  less  characteriza- 
tion and  a  good  deal  less  actual  observation 
of  modern  sea  fife  here  than  there  was  in 
'  The  Windjammers.'  Romance  is  the 
main  object  in  this  book,  and  in  pursuing 
it  Capt.  Hains  shows  himself  not  quite 
craftsman  enough  to  be  able  to  observe 
the  same  fidelity  to  nature  and  experience 
which  distinguished  his  earlier  work.  '  The 
Voyage  of  the  Arrow '  will  be  none  the  less 
popular  for  that ;  it  is  written  with  feeling 
and  conviction,  without  gross  negligence 
of  truth,  and  with  a  swing  and  zest  which 
should  commend  it  particularly  to  young 
people. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

A  Grammar  of  Classical  Latin.  By  Arthur 
Sloman.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.) — 
Probably  the  nearest  approach  of  late  years 
to  a  standard  Latin  grammar  with  preten- 
sions to  thoroughness  has  been  the  book  by 
Profs.  Gildersleeve  and  Lodge.  We  do  not 
know  that  the  grammar  before  us,  which 
closely  resembles  Prof.  Gildersleeve's  in 
scope,  is  likely  to  supersede  the  established 
favourite,  but  it  certainly  has  the  advantage 
of  coming  several  years  later.  It  is  all  so 
much  to  the  good  that  latterly  an  independent 
examination  of  the  facts  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, made  possible  by  monumental  indexes 
and  studies  of  "  Stylistik,"  has  been  gradually 
curtailing  the  deadening  influence  of  tra- 
dition. In  England  much  is  due  to  the  work 
of  Profs.  Postgate  and  Sonnenschein  :  Mr. 
Sloman  confessedly  aims  at  following  them 
on  their  path  of  progress.  Let  us  hasten 
to  say  that  he  has  produced  an  excellent  book, 
marked  by  patience,  insight,  and  indepen- 
dence. In  480  pages  he  has  provided  a 
grammar  of  classical  Latin  that  will  supply 
all  the  wTants  of  public-school  and  university 
students.  By  "  classical  Latin  "  is  meant 
"  that  artificial  literary  dialect  of  which 
Cicero  and  Caesar  are  the  recognized  ex- 
ponents in  prose,  Vergil,  Ovid,  and  Horace 
in  poetry."  These  are  the  normal  bounds  of 
the  syntax  as  here  treated.  The  accidence 
includes  other  authors,  notably  Sallust  and 
Livy  in  prose,  and  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Pro- 
pertius,  Lucan,  Persius,  and  Juvenal  in 
poetry.  We  have  tested  these  pages  tho- 
roughly, and  find  that  the  groupings  and 
classification  of  usages,  e.g.  of  the  ablative 
case,  are  on  the  most  approved  and  modern 
lines.  A  great  deal  of  care  has  obviously 
been  spent  on  the  type  and  tabulation,  so 
that  the  eye  has  ample  assistance  as  it 
travels  over  the  page.  It  makes  for  clear- 
ness that  "  norm  "  is  used  as  an  equivalent 
for  "  substantive,"  and  does  not  include 
"  adjective."  In  the  marking  of  hidden 
long  quantities  the  author  does  not  appear 
to  be  consistent  ;  e.g.,  on  pp.  154,  156,  why 
does  he  not  mark  the  u  of  obtunsum, 
and  the  a  of  actum  ?  On  p.  79  we  find 
set  forth  the  truth  about  junior  and  natu 
minor. 

C.  Plinii  Caecilii  Secundi  Epistularum 
Liber  Sextus.  Edited  by  J.  D.  Duff.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) — The  letters  of 
the  younger  Pliny  have,  we  think,  been  but 
little  annotated  for  schools,  and  this  volume 
of  the  "  Pitt  Press  Series  "  should  be  very 
useful.  In  letters  one  gets  best  that  impres- 
sion of  real  persons  which  is  difficult  to 
convey  to  boys  grinding  away  at  shadowy 
figures  they  hardly  conceive  as  human. 
Pliny  is  very  human,  assured  of  his  own 
merits,  and  his  talents  as  a  busybody  have 
made  his  letters  unusually  interesting.  Mr. 
Duff  appreciates  him  excellently,  and  the 
notes  have  that  satisfactory  brevity  without 
dullness  which  is  the  result  of  good  sense  and 
good  scholarship.  Pliny  writes,  for  instance, 
that  Priscus  is  a  little  mad,  "  interest  tamen 
officiis,"  on  which  the  note  is  :  "  Officiis, 
'  social  events  '  :  a  recitation,  a  wedding,  a 
birthday  party,  are  all  officio  in  the  language 
of  the  empire."  Another  note  remarks  that 
a  supply  of  panthers  to  be  baited  in  tho 
amphitheatre  "  was  always  a  popular  item 
in  the  programme."  We  wish  that  Mr.  Duff 
had  time  to  give  us  a  book  on  the  social  life 
of  later  Rome  ;   no  one  could  do  it  better. 

The  Frogs  of  Aristophanes,  edited,  with 
introductions,  commentary,  and  critical 
notes,  by  T.  G.  Tucker,  Ls  the  latest  addition 
to  .Missis.  Macmillan's  "Classical  Series," 
and,  like  Mr.  Starkie's  '  Wasps,'  a  capital 
piece  of  work.     Prof.  Tucker  is  a  lively  and 


364 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


accomplished  scholar  who  has  published 
too  little.  In  '  The  Frogs  '  he  has  a  field 
already  well  traversed,  but  we  are  glad  to 
find  that  he  has  included  in  his  Introduction 
a  good  section  on  comic  metre  and  language. 
Once  again  we  may  say  that  such  references 
as  those  frequently  made  to  "  Kiihner- 
Gerth  "  are  both  useless  and  annoying  to  the 
scholars  for  whom  such  a  book  as  this  is 
intended.  In  the  first  place,  few  young 
students  or  boys  can  read  German  ;  in  the 
second,  if  they  could,  they  would  hardly  be 
able  to  procure  the  book  in  their  school 
library.  Similarly  we  do  not  think  that 
Teutonic  support  need  be  quoted  for  an 
explanation  of  "  the  anticipatory  or  pano- 
ramic present."  On  (refxves  (178  and  1496) 
it  would  have  been  well  to  note  the  significant 
use  of  the  word  by  Euripides  in  the  '  Hippo- 
lytus  '  and  elsewhere.  In  202  ov  /xt)  is  not 
so  clearly  explained  as  it  might  be.  In  756 
ofJLOfiaa-Tiyias  is  surely  "  patron  of  our  common 
whippings."  In  1192  rjpp-q<rev  is  generally 
explained  "  went  with  a  murrain,"  but  does 
it  not  also  recall  a  limping  gait,  as  when  it 
is  used  of  Hephaestus,  'ippiov  (Iliad,  xviii.  421), 
a  passage  which  Dr.  Merry  also  has  neglected  ? 
We  mention  these  few  points  to  show  that 
we  have  paid  the  edition  the  compliment  of 
close  study.  Everywhere  we  have  been 
struck  with  the  knowledge  and  ability  dis- 
played by  Prof.  Tucker.  Perhaps  he  is  too 
read}-  to  decide  what  is  or  is  not  Greek,  but 
that  is  a  good  disposition  for  a  writer  of 
school-books. 

Lettres  Persanes,  par  Montesquieu,  adapted 
and  edited  by  Eugene  Pellissier,  is  one  of 
"  Siepmann's  Classical  French  Texts  "  (Mac- 
millan).  The  idea  of  adding  to  modern 
French  texts  a  new  section  of  classical  authors 
of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries 
is  good,  and  we  are  glad  to  see  Montesquieu's 
attractive  lightness  and  wisdom  offered  to 
the  schoolroom  with  judicious  excisions,  and 
plenty  of  notes  on  French  grammar  and  idiom 
old  and  new.  But  little  translation  is  supplied 
— an  abstention  with  which  we  are  fully  in 
accord.  At  the  end  there  are  useful  sections 
concerning  words,  phrases,  and  sentences 
for  viva  voce.  Passages  for  translation  are 
further  provided  in  which  eminent  English 
writers  have  considered  the  work  of  Montes- 
quieu. We  notice  here  some  criticisms 
which  might  have  found  a  place  in  the  intro- 
duction. For  an  English  boy  Johnson's 
dictum  that  Montesquieu  was  "  a  fellow  of 
genius....  in  many  respects,"  and  a  refer- 
ence to  Goldsmith's  'Citizen  of  the  World,' 
would  be  more  striking  than  the  French 
passages  quoted. 

Those  who  have  mastered  the  elements  of 
the  language  will  find  that  the  Second  French 
Book,  by  1>.  Mackay  and  F.  J.  Curtis  (Whit- 
taker  &  Co.),  provides  suitable  material  for 
the  continuation  of  their  studies.  The  wide 
range  of  topics  presented  in  the  lessons 
enforces  the  use  of  an  extensive  vocabulary  : 
and  the  questions  at  the  end  of  each  chapter 
should  enable  the  teacher  to  test  the  pupil's 
success  in  assimilating  what  he  has  read. 
The  latter  half  of  the  book  contains  graduated 
exercises  for  retrans'ation  ;  a  few  French 
songs,  set  to  music  both  on  the  old  and 
the  sol-fa  system,  together  with  a  short 
grammar  and  vocabulary. 

We  have  previously  expressed  our  appre- 
ciation of  the  attempt  to  improve  th(;  old- 
fashioned  system  of  imparting  a  knowledge 
of  foreign  languages.  Two  new  books 
adapted  to  the  teaching  of  French  on  the 
rational  direct  method  have  just  appeared, 
and  should  meet  with  considerable  success. 
From  the  Oxford  University  Press  comes 
Premieres  Notions  de  Vocabulaire  et  de 
Lecture,  by  J.  E.  Pichon,  a  book  well  suited 
for  young  beginners,  dealing  as  it  does,  in  a 


simple  yet  interesting  manner,  with  common 
objects,  and  illustrated  with  a  number  of 
diagrams  and  pictures. 

German  Commercial  Practice  connected 
with  the  Export  and  Import  Trade,  by  James 
Graham  and  George  A.  S.  Oliver,  Part  II. 
(Macmillan),  is  a  thorough  and  practical 
volume,  which  we  can  warmly  commend  for 
commercial  use.  It  is  strange  to  read  in 
the  Preface  that  "  the  commercial  series 
of  modern  language  handbooks  is  the 
first  of  its  kind."  A  merchant  doing  a  good 
home  trade,  and  desirous  of  developing  a 
foreign  trade,  cannot  do  better  than  put  his 
young  clerks  through  such  a  course  as  this. 
The  authors  wisely  hint  the  differences  in 
sentiment  between  us  and  the  Germans,  and 
suggest  study  of  the  general  language  and 
literature  of  the  country.  Several  facsimiles 
of  bills  and  other  business  documents  are 
included. 

Orangia  :  a  Geographical  Reader  of  the 
Orange  River  Colony,  by  W.  S.  Johnson 
(Longmans),  is  a  simple  guide  for  colonial 
children  in  Standard  III.,  who,  according  to 
the  latest  regulations,  are  expected  to  know 
something  of  geography.  The  author  has 
done  his  work  very  well,  treats  the  right 
points,  and  uses  clear,  simple  language. 
There  are  some  illustrations  which  show  that 
the  colony  has  already  various  handsome 
streets  and  buildings,  and  we  note  skilful 
avoidance  of  matters  likely  to  stir  up  pre- 
judice. 

The  fourth  number  of  the  "  Look-about- 
you  "  Nature  Study  Books,  published  by 
Messrs.  Jack,  is  well  adapted  for  calling  into 
play  a  child's  powers  of  observation,  for  the 
author,  Mr.  T.  W.  Hoare,  has  succeeded,  by 
means  of  a  well-planned  dialogue  between 
an  uncle  and  his  nephews,  in  imparting  useful 
knowledge  about  plants,  birds,  fishes,  and 
insects.  We  are  pleased  to  notice  a  scarcity 
of  technical  terms  in  this  elementary  book 
on  biology,  as  the  young  student  should  not 
be  puzzled  by  the  use  of  unintelligible  words. 
The  types  selected  for  study  being  easily 
obtainable,  we  can  recommend  the  little 
volume  as  a  good  class-book  ;  moreover,  it 
is  produced  in  an  attractive  style,  both  the 
diagrams  and  type  being  excellent. 

Algebra  for  Beginners.  By  W.  Dodds. 
(Murby  &  Co.) — While  giving  the  compiler 
of  this  little  work  full  credit  for  his  endeavour 
to  crowd  in  as  much  as  possible,  we  must 
express  our  opinion  that  quality  should 
never  be  sacrificed  to  quantity,  as  appears 
to  be  the  case  in  the  volume  under  review. 
In  all  school-books,  especially  in  such  as  deal 
with  mathematics,  clearness  of  type  and 
figures  is  essential  ;  in  this  respect  we  cannot 
praise  this  production.  Although  we  find 
nothing  new  in  the  treatment  of  the  subject, 
its  principles  are  carefully  explained,  and 
an  abundance  of  examples  is  offered  for 
solution. 

Messrs.  Ralph,  Holland  &  Co.  send  us 
Elementary  Science  :  a  Course  of  Elementary 
Physics  and  Chemistry,  by  J.  H.  Nancarrow. 
This  is  a  third  and  enlarged  edition  of  a  work 
which  has  justly  secured  popularity  by  its 
lucidity  and  judicious  choice  of  experiments. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mr.  Charlks  M.  Pkprkr  appears  to  have 
had  some  kind  of  mission  from  Washington 
in  the  journey  which  he  records  under  the 
t  it  le  Panama  to  Patagonia  ( H  odder  &  Stough- 
ton).  A  sub-title  suggests  the  limitation, 
observed  in  the  text,  which  confines  the 
author's   observation    to    the   development, 


by  the  future  Canal,  of  the  Pacific  Ports  of 
South  America.  The  policy  which  seems  to- 
underlie  the  volume  is  that  of  increased  com- 
mercial intercourse  between  those  ports  and 
the  Mississippi  river  and  railroad  system,  in 
combination  with  political  patronage  by  the 
United  States  of  the  rivals  of  Argentina  and 
Brazil.  In  the  preface,  the  effect  of  the  Canal 
on  the  progress  and  permanency  of  Peru, 
Chili,  and  Bolivia  is  contrasted  with  previous 
general  belief  in  the  hopelessness  of  expecting 
much  from  "  the  Spanish- American  repub- 
lics." The  obvious  answer  to  pessimism  lies 
in  the  marvellous  improvement  of  Argentina, 
the  predominant  State  of  South  America, 
against  which  the  author  seems  to  wish  to- 
band  together  several  of  the  other  republics^ 
This  policy  is  not  avowed,  but  its  evident 
workings  among  the  pages  of  Mr.  Pepper 
give  the  chief  interest  to  the  book.  A  point 
on  which  much  stress  is  laid  is  one  to  which 
insufficient  attention  has  been  directed 
hitherto.  The  author  contends  that  there- 
is  a  great  future  for  the  tableland  which  lies 
between  the  main  chain  of  the  Andes  and 
the  plains  of  the  East  Coast,  and  that  its 
future  population  will  find  commercial  outlet, 
not  through  Rio  and  Buenos  Ayres,  but  by 
the  West  Coast  ports,  far  nearer  to  New 
Orleans,  and  even  to  New  York.  Now  that 
the  old  policy  of  United  States  control  of 
Latin  America  has  broken  down  through 
the  strength  of  Argentina,  the  new  policy, 
based  upon  the  considerations  named,  may 
conceivably  cause  Chili  and  Peru  to  throw 
in  their  lot  with  Mexico  and  the  United 
States  rather  than  with  the  rival  East 
Coast  republics.  If  Brazil  and  Argentina 
could  force  their  Western  people  to  trade 
down  the  rivers,  to  the  eastward,  instead  of 
by  railways  through  the  mountains  at  short 
distances,  to  the  westward,  Mr.  Pepper's 
theories  would  not  stand  ;  but  he  gives 
many  engineering  reasons  for  his  belief  that 
the  interest  of  their  Western  population  will 
ultimately  force  the  Eastern  republics  to- 
come  into  the  commercial  alliance  which  he 
foresees. 

We  cordially  agree  with  all  that  our 
author  writes  as  to  the  importance  of  the 
Spanish  tongxie.  The  Americans  have  failed 
to  learn  it,  while  the  Germans  engaged  in  the 
American  trade  have  mastered  Spanish,  and 
the  former  are  consequently  handicapped  in 
competition.  Esperanto,  essentially  a  Latin 
language,  stands  as  little  chance  against 
commercial  Spanish  as  it  does  against  literary 
and  diplomatic  French.  Mr.  Pepper  inci- 
dentally attacks,  though  in  a  friendly  fashion, 
the  spirit-drinking  habits  of  our  people  in 
South  America.  We  should  have  thought 
that  his  own  countrymen  in  the  same  regions 
were  not  specially  distinguished  from  ours 
by  sobriety.  The  German  clerk,  however, 
has  an  advantage  in  his  abstinence  from 
spirit-drinking  as  well  as  in  his  linguistic 
powers.  There  are  few  matters  treated  in 
the  volume  which  are  of  interest  to  the  ordi- 
nary traveller  or  reader,  but  the  illustrations 
which  represent  the  spraying  with  arsenic 
and  nitre  of  the  railway  lines  and  banks  for 
the  destruction  of  vegetation  are  new  to  us. 

Thk  articles  reprinted  by  Mr.  Herbert 
Paul  under  the  title  of  Stray  Leaves  (Lane) 
are  pretty  sure  to  repeat  the  success  of  his 
similar  collection  '  Men  and  Letters  '  issued 
in  1901.  The  new  book  has  the  same  merits 
as  the  old.  Mr.  Paid  has  a  gift  for  intro- 
ducing good  stories  in  an  easy  way  which 
is  effective  ;  he  is  always  confident,  and 
almost  always  epigrammatic.  He  has,  as 
we  have  said  before,  some  of  Macaulay's 
decisive  knockdown  manner.  He  can  bo 
depended  on  at  any  time  for  a  brilliant 
summary  of  a  book  or  character  of  import- 
ance. Here  he  has  two  stimulating  subjects, 
Stubbs  and  Creighton,  and  he  has  produced 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


365 


a  vivid  picture  of  both,  which  is  the  occasion 
for  some  salutary  plain  speaking. 

The  disadvantage  of  Mr.  Paul's  shorthand 
style  is  that  he  leaves  out  much  that  may  be 
essential.  You  must  take  the  epigram  or 
the  allusion  and  make  the  best  of  it.  If  he 
has  personal  knowledge  of  his  man,  one 
can  trust  his  acuteness  to  produce  a  good 
portrait.  Thus  the  article  on  the  author  of 
'  Ionica  '  is  full  of  telling  touches,  depicting 
a  type  not  so  rare  as  is  supposed.  That  on 
Creighton  omits  the  not  unimportant  fact 
that  he  was  from  1884  to  1891  a  Cambridge 
professor.  He  would  have  been  a  great  man 
in  that  position  if  he  had  never  been  made  a 
bishop. 

The  article  on  '  The  Novels  of  Peacock  ' 
shows  Mr.  Paul  at  his  best  and  brightest, 
though  it  suffers,  like  most  of  his  work,  from 
a  plethora  of  short  sentences.  We  notice 
here  the  statement  that  "  Thackeray's 
names,  though  often  ludicrous,  are  always 
happy,  and  often  inimitably  droll."  They 
are  generally  happy,  but  not  always.  We 
have  outgrown  the  taste  which  gave 
characters  in  fiction  names  obviously 
derived  from  their  habits  or  professions.  It 
does  not  strike  us  as  either  droll  or  felicitous 
to  read  in  '  The  Newcomes  '  how 

"the  family  who  had  taken  Mrs.  Bugslry's  [lodgings] 
had  left  as  usual  after  the  first  night,  the  poor 
little  infant  blistered  all  over  with  bites  on  its  dear 
little  face." 

Nor  is  it  thought  funny  nowadays  to  call  an 
embittered  critic  Mr.  Wormwood,  as  Lytton 
does  in  '  Pel  ham.' 

Mr.  Paul  is  one  of  the  few  classical  scholars 
who  can  write  lightly  enough  to  be  popular, 
and  we  have  read  again  with  pleasure  his 
papers  on  '  The  Study  of  Greek  '  and  '  The 
Religion  of  the  Greeks,'  which  contain  much 
of  novelty  for  the  ordinary  reader.  Both 
refer  incidentally  to  that  revival  in  the  study 
of  Euripides  which  is  a  striking  feature  of 
recent  years,  and  we  are  glad  to  find  many 
references  to  the  work  of  English  men  of 
letters  in  perpetuating  classic  language  and 
tradition.  Here  Mr.  Paul  has  said  some 
pungent  things  worth  saying,  but  generally 
left  unsaid,  alike  by  popularizers  and  experts. 
He  has,  however,  slipped  in  his  remark  that 
"there  have  been  acknowledged  masters  of  Eng- 
lish prose  who  were  wholly  innocent  of  Greek. 
Shakespeare's  prose  is  inferior  only  to  his  verse  ; 
the  names  of  Bunyan  and  of  Goldsmith  will  at 
once  occur  to  every  one." 

Probably  Mr.  Paul  has  been  relying  on  a 
good  memory,  which  is  a  great  snare.  The 
charming  Preface  to  '  The  Citizen  of  the 
World  '  ends  with  a  Greek  epigram  printed 
in  that  language,  and  Goldsmith's  '  Essays  ' 
contain  Greek  passages  from  Homer,  Demos- 
thenes, Aristotle,  Theocritus,  Sappho,  and 
Demetrius  Phalereus. 

M.  Maeterlinck's  short  essay  on  My 
Dog  reads  well  in  the  translation  of  Mr. 
A.  T.  de  Mattos,  to  which  the  publisher. 
Mr.  George  Allen,  has  awarded  luxurious 
type.  There  are  also  some  coloured  illus- 
trations by  Mr.  G.  V.  Stokes,  who  seems  to 
m  strangely  lacking  in  a  negative  sense  of 
humour.  The  essay  is  a  characteristic  piece 
of  the  author's  pretty  writing,  exhibiting  man 
aa  the  god  of  the  dog,  and  the  dog  as  for- 
tunate in  having  so  definite  a  divinity  to 
worship.  We  do  not  think,  however,  that 
the  attempt  to  place  the  dog  above  all  other 
animals  for  his  loving  insight  into  man  is 
justified.  Are  all  the  tales  of  the  elephant 
moonshine  ?  Horses  have  the  same  affec- 
tion and  understanding  as  dogs,  as  M. 
Maeterlinck  would  know,  if  he  had  lived 
among  them  day  by  day.  To  talk  of  "  the 
uncertain  and  craven  horse,  who  responds 
only  to  pain  and  is  attached  to  nothing,''  is 
special  pleading  of  a  gross  character.     There 


are  other  indications  that  to  our  author  the 
dog  is  a  delightful  novelty  rather  than  a 
familiar  friend.  Some  of  his  generalizations 
seem  distinctly  unsound  ;  for  instance,  the 
dog  does  not  deny  his  young  for  man's  sake  ; 
in  the  breeding  season  the  mother  will  bite 
the  hand  of  her  god  for  interfering  with  her 
little  ones.  Pelleas,  the  little  bulldog,  sur- 
vived six  months  only  ;  if  he  has  successors 
we  hope  M.  Maeterlinck  will  deepen  his 
knowledge  of  dog  nature,  its  gains  and  losses 
in  connexion  with  man,  for  he  lends  to  obser- 
vation a  delicate  grace  of  language  which  is 
seldom  combined  with  serious  study. 

Memorials  of  a  Warwickshire  Family.  By 
the  Rev.  Bridgeman  G.  F.  C.  W.  Boughton- 
Leigh.  (Frowde.) — Mr.  Boughton  -  Leigh's 
motive  in  collecting  and  publishing  these 
records  of  an  old  Warwickshire  family  is 
that  honourable  sort  of  family  pride  upon 
which  Sir  Hugh  Gilzean-Reid  descants  in  a 
suitable  preface.  The  author  adds  little 
or  nothing  to  the  knowledge  of  the  genea- 
logist, though  we  must  not  omit  to  commend 
his  printing  of  extracts  from  the  parish 
registers  of  Newbold-on-Avon,  Dunchurch, 
and  Bilton.  But  he  collects  and  records 
many  interesting  facts  and  anecdotes  which 
connect  the  Leighs  of  High  Leigh,  the  De 
Bovetons  or  Boughtons,  and  the  Egerton 
Leighs  with  the  beautiful  old  hamlets  on  the 
Avon  familiar  to  every  Rugby  boy.  The 
legend  of  One-handed  Boughton,  the  merits 
of  the  late  vicar  of  Newbold-on-Avon,  and 
the  career  of  the  preaching  baronet,  Sir 
Egerton  Leigh,  alike  stir  the  author  to 
enthusiasm.  Of  Harborough  Magna,  Har- 
borough  Parva,  Brownsover,  Stoneleigh, 
Dunchurch,  Bilton,  and  Newbold  he  writes 
with  so  much  affection  that  he  kindles  or 
rekindles  in  his  readers  a  friendly  sentiment 
towards  those  places.  As  to  Rugby,  he  has 
at  least  one  good  story  of  Temple's  cha- 
racteristic method  of  dealing  with  a  Boughton 
Leigh  boy  which  is  new  to  us.  The  family 
pride  which  begat  this  book  would  be  wholly 
justified  of  its  offspring,  if  it  had  not  led  the 
author  to  commit  one  serious  breach  of  good 
taste.  After  lamenting  that  the  presenta- 
tion to  the  church  of  Newbold-on-Avon, 
which  should  have  remained  in  the  family, 
had  been  given  to  strangers,  he  quotes  the 
text,  "  Shall  I  not  visit  for  these  things  ? 
saith  the  Lord.  Shall  not  my  soul  be  avenged 
on  such  as  this  ?  "  and  in  a  foot-note  names 
the  alien  vicar,  "  who  was  appointed  in 
opposition  to  a  petition  signed  by  six  hun- 
dred of  the  parishioners,  and  died  a  few 
weeks  after  his  institution." 

Apt  to  the  beginning  of  the  football  season 
appears  The  Complete  Rugby  Footballer,  by 
D.  Gallaher  and  W.  J.  Stead  (Methuen). 
The  title-page  bears  the  qualification  "  on 
the  New  Zealand  system,"  but  no  one  will 
question  the  claims  of  that  system  to  be 
complete  after  the  triumphant  tour  of  last 
season  by  its  exponents.  The  captain  and 
vice-captain — a  forward  and  a  back — of  the 
New  Zealanders  here  explain  the  secret  of 
their  success,  which  is  one  encouraging  to 
English  sport.  For  it  was  achieved  by  men 
who  loathe  the  idea  of  professionalism — 
representing  physical  fitness  without  faddism, 
and  progress  in  the  theory  of  the  game.  The 
packing  of  the  scrummage  in  "wedge  forma- 
tion "  was  an  outstanding  feature  of  our 
visitors'  play,  and  this,  with  other  ingenious 
tactics,  is  lucidly  explained  here  by  means 
of  diagrams.  Details  of  boots,  jerseys,  &c, 
and  also  of  the  ethics  of  football,  are  discussed 
with  moderation  and  good  sense.  The 
authors  are  justified  in  considering  the  per- 
petual scrummages  ordered  by  the  referee  a 
nuisance,  also  in  expecting  that  official  to 
keep  up  with  the  rapid  movements  of  the 
players  on  the  field.  A  good  deal  of  what  they 


say  may  seem  obvious,  but  there  is  much  that 
is  novel.  The  team  actually  invented  a  new 
method  of  tactics  on  the  way  to  England, 
which  was  successfully  put  into  practice. 
They  were  so  keen  to  keep  in  training  that 
on  board  ship  many  of  the  heavier  men 
paid  periodical  visits  to  the  stoke-hole, 
and  worked  hard  there. 

An  important  appendix  exhibits  the  rules 
of  the  authorities  which  control  the  game  in 
England  and  in  New  Zealand,  and  decisions 
on  various  contested  points.  There  are 
several  good  illustrations,  but  the  first  is 
inadequately  bound  into  the  book. 

Trial  of  Eugene  Marie  Chanterelle.  "  Not- 
able Scottish  Trials  Series."  (Sweet  & 
Maxwell.) — In  noticing  an  earlier  volume 
in  Messrs.  Sweet  &  Maxwell's  "  Notable 
Scottish  Trials  Series  "  we  expressed  doubt 
as  to  the  advantage  of  exhuming  these 
sordid,  and  often  revolting,  details  of  crime, 
and  this  opinion  is  confirmed  by  the  latest 
issue,  dealing  with  the  '  Trial  of  Eugene 
Marie  Chanterelle.'  It  is  an  ordinary  case 
of  a  drunken  and  dissipated  husband  poison- 
ing his  wife  after  insuring  her  life  for  a  con- 
siderable sum,  and  being  convicted  of  murder 
on  purely  circumstantial  evidence.  To 
criminal  lawyers  it  may  be  of  some  service 
to  have  the  evidence,  the  speeches  of  counsel, 
and  the  judge's  charge  reproduced,  though 
we  believe  that  these  can  all  be  referred  to 
in  the  official  criminal  records.  To  medical 
men  the  post-mortem  report  may  conceivably 
be  of  use,  and  the  sensational  novelist  may 
employ  such  a  book  as  this  to  inform  him 
in  the  technique  of  secret  crime  and  judicial 
procedure  ;  but  no  healthy  mind  could  find 
any  recreation  from  the  nauseating  narra- 
tive. On  the  other  hand,  a  person  nourish- 
ing homicidal  intent  might  gather  hints  how 
to  escape  detection  by  avoiding  the  trifling 
blunders  which  served  to  bring  home  his 
guilt  to  Chanterelle. 

The  editor  contribvites  an  introduction 
expressed  in  unmitigated  journalese  ;  in 
fact,  it  would  not  surprise  us  to  learn  that 
such  passages  as  the  following  had  been  lifted 
bodily  out  of  some  contemporary  report 
of  the  execution  : — 

"The  condemned  man  retired  to  rest  at  one 
o'clock.  So  soundly  did  he  slumber  that  he  had  to 
be  roused  at  five  o'clock,  and  as  soon  as  he  had 
dressed  he  was  attended  by  Mr.  Wilson,  who 
remained  with  him  till  seven  o'clock.  At  six 
o'clock  he  partook  with  evident  relish  of  a  light 
breakfast  of  coffee  and  eggs,  and  a  request  to  smoke 
was  afterwards  readily  acceded  to,  to  his  manifest 
satisfaction." 

We  are  unable  to  look  forward  with 
satisfaction  to  the  continuation  of  this 
series,  which  may  be  indefinitely  prolonged  ; 
for  the  trials  seem  to  be  selected  without 
reference  to  historic  interest  or  the  light 
thrown  by  them  upon  social  conditions  in  a 
bygone  age.  Chanterelle's  crime  was  com- 
mitted and  expiated  no  longer  ago  than 
1878  ;  and  the  case  is  chiefly  memorable 
because  the  execution  of  the  murderer  was 
the  first  hanging  to  be  conducted  in  private 
in  Edinburgh. 

Book-Auction  Records.  Edited  by  Frank 
Karslake.  Vol.  III.  Part  4.  (Karslake  <v 
Co.) — The  third  volume  of  these  Records — 
of  which  this  is  the  last  part,  comprising  the 
sales  that  took  place  between  July  1st  and 
August  '2nd —contains  15,200  entries,  or 
more  than  five  hundred  fewer  than  those 
registered  during  the  season  of  1904-5.  The 
only  sale  of  real  importance  during  July  took 
place  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  on  the  23rd  and 
24th,  and  the  most  valuable  lots  consisted 
of  manuscripts,  which  are  not  considered 
here.  Amongst  the  printed  books  win- 
three  of  Nash's  pamphlets  :  '  Summer's  Last 
Will  and  Testament,'    1600,   which  realized 


366 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


141?.  ;  '  Have  with  You  to  Saffron  Walden,' 
1596,  which  was  purchased  for  991.  ;  and 
"  Nashes  Lenten  Stuffe,'  1599,  which  fetched 
111?.  At  Heber's  sale,  seventy-two  years 
ago,  the  last  two  of  these  books  were  sold 
respectively  for  41.  and  21.  5s.;  but  as  fine 
copies  of  the  works  of  the  greater  luminaries 
of  the  Elizabethan  firmament  become  ex- 
hausted, the  literary  merits  of  the  lesser 
lights  will  receive  wider  recognition,, and  the 
writings  of  Lodge,  Greene,  Nash,  Dekker, 
and  their  contemporaries  may  be  expected 
to  rise  in  value.  Amongst  other  interesting 
books  which  passed  under  the  hammer  in 
July  were  Fitz-Geffrey's  '  Sir  Francis  Drake,' 
1596,  a  very  early  copy,  which  produced  151Z., 
and  a  presentation  copy  of  Lovelace's 
'  Lucasta,'  1649,  which  was  sold  for  101. 
Charles  Cotton,  to  whom  this  copy  was  given 
by  Lovelace,  was  only  nineteen  at  the  time, 
but  it  is  probable  that  his  verses  had  already 
gained  the  approbation  of  the  older  lyrist,  his 
senior  by  twelve  years.  A  very  cheap  book 
was  Anthony  Nixon's  '  The  Three  Shirley 
Brothers,'  1607,  of  which  probably  not  more 
than  two  or  three  perfect  examples  are  in 
existence.  Heber's  copy,  from  which  the 
date  had  been  cut  off,  realized  41.,  while  Mr. 
Sabin  was  able  to  secure  the  present  copy, 
apparently  a  very  fine  one,  for  91. 

The  frontispiece  of  part  4  of  the  Records 
•consists  of  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Garnett,  taken  in 
1895.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  brief  memoir. 
The  Prefatory  Notes  express  some  very 
sound  views  upon  the  compilation  of  sale 
catalogues.     The  Index,  as  usual,  is  excellent. 

Messrs.  Dent's  attractive  edition  of 
Dumas  has  reached  Memoirs  of  a  Physician 
and  Ascanio.  These  are  not  the  best  of  the 
author's  novels,  but  they  are  a  good  deal 
better  than  many  historical  romances  of 
to-day.  Dumas  allows  himself  improba- 
bilities of  plot  which  would  hardly  be 
tolerated  nowadays,  but  he  gives  his  readers 
in  return  for  this  allowance  inimitable  verve 
in  dialogue  and  characterization.  The  reader 
who  has  this  increasing  row  of  red  books  by 
his  side  has  laid  up  good  store  of  amusement 
for  winter  evenings. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
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Alston  (L.),  Stoic  and  Christian  in  the  Second  Century, 

3/  net. 
Deutero-Canonica,  No.  7,  6d. 
Fechner  (G.  T.),  On  Life  after  Death,  translated  by  Dr.  H. 

AVernekke,  New  Edition,  3/6 
Frazer  (.1.  G.),  Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris,  10/ net. 
Gould  (F.  J.),  The  Building  of  the  Bible,  Third  Edition,  3d. 
Hall  (Sir  S.),  A  Short  History  of  the  Oxford  Movement, 

4/6  net. 
Johnson  (E.),  Devotional  Aspiration,  2/6  net. 
Klein  (F.  A.),  The  Religion  of  Islam,  7/6 
Maclaren   (A.),   The    Books    of    Exodus,    Leviticus,   and 

Numbers.  7/6 
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Powell  (B.  E.),  Spinoza  and  Religion,  6/6  net. 
Powell  (F.  E.).  The  Unified  Gospel,  3/6  net. 
Westcott  (B.  F.),  The  Gospel  of  Life,  Od. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Atkinson  (T.  D.),  A   Glossary  of  Terms  used   in   English 

Architecture,  3/6  net. 
Cartwright  (J.),  The  Early  Work  of  Raphael,  New  Edition, 

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Jones  (E.  A.),  The  Church  Plate  of  the  Diocese  of  Bangor, 

21/  net. 
Lansdale  (M.  II.),  The  Chateaux  of  Touraine,  24/  net. 
Macqnoid  (P.),  A  History  of  English  Furniture,  Vol.  III. 

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Molloy  (F.),  Sir  Joshua  and  his  Circle,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 
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Sharp  (W.),   Fair  Women   in  Painting  and    Poetry,   New 

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Temple  (A.  G.),  Early  Flemish  Art,  Illustrated  Catalogue, 

10/6  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama 
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Dunlop  (G.  A.),  In  Lonely  Dreaming,  &d.  net. 
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Jeayes(I.  H),  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Derbyshire  Charters, 

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CANON   JOHN   JAMES   RAVEN,    F.S.A. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Dr. 
Raven,  the  celebrated  campanologist,  who 
died  on  the  20th  inst.,  after  a  very  short 
illness,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three.  He 
was  an  exhibitioner  of  Emmanuel,  Cambridge, 
was  a  Senior  Optime  of  1857,  and  proceeded 
successively  to  the  degrees  of  B.A.,  M.A., 
R.D.,   and  D.D.     He  was  ordained  deacon 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


367 


in  1857,  and  priest  in  1859,  at  the  hands  of 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  His  first 
curacy  was  at  Sevenoaks,  a  post  which  he 
held  in  conjunction  with  a  mastership  at  the 
local  grammar  school.  In  1859  Emmanuel 
College  appointed  him  to  the  head-master- 
ship of  Bungay  Grammar  School,  where  he 
remained  until  promoted  in  1866  to  a  like 
position  at  Great  Yarmouth.  Dr.  Raven 
retained  this  appointment  for  nearly  twenty 
years.  He  is  pleasantly  remembered  both 
at  Bungay  and  Yarmouth  as  a  genial  and 
zealous  schoolmaster  ;  but  his  love  of  work 
was  so  great  that  during  all  that  time  he 
also  acted  as  curate  in  adjacent  parishes. 
His  college  presented  him  to  the  important 
benefice  of  Fressingfield-with-Withersdale. 
in  1885,  and  this  he  retained  to  the  time  of 
his  death.  In  1888  he  became  Honorary 
Canon  of  Norwich,  and  in  1896  Rural  Dean 
of  Hoxne. 

Dr.  Raven's  devotion  to  the  study  of 
bells  began  when  he  was  a  boy,  and  notes  of 
his  on  bells  and  other  ecclesiological  details 
were  actually  printed  in  one  of  Mr.  Parker's 
books  when  he  was  but  eighteen  years  of  age. 
He  was  in  much  request  as  a  lecturer  on  bells 
and  bell-ringing  in  various  parts  of  the  country 
during  the  time  he  was  at  Yarmouth,  and  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  the  active 
president  of  the  Diocesan  Bell-Ringers' 
Association.  On  his  retirement  from 
scholastic  work  Dr.  Raven,  who  had  pub- 
lished a  most  successful  book  on  the  bells 
of  Cambridgeshire  in  1881,  found  he  had 
more  time  to  give  to  the  completion  of  his 
great  undertaking  on  the  bells  of  Suffolk, 
where  towers  are  of  such  frequent  occurrence. 
This  admirable  book  was  not  issued  until 
1890.  The  author  said  in  his  preface  that 
it  had  cost  him  over  forty  years  of  labour, 
and  experts  agree  that  it  is  by  far  the  best 
and  most  trustworthy  of  county  monographs 
on  bells.  Most  of  the  leisure  of  the  last  year 
of  his  life  was  given  to  the  volume  which  we 
noticed  on  the  15th.  In  the  work  of  writing 
and  seeing  this  through  the  press  Dr.  Raven 
took  an  almost  boyish  delight.  The  book 
was  published  only  two  or  three  weeks  before 
his  death,  and  he  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
much  favourable  appreciation  of  it  by  the 
press  and  by  private  friends. 

This  is  not  the  place  in  which  to  dilate 
upon  his  faithfulness  as  a  parish  priest,  or 
upon  the  remarkable  way  in  which  he  won 
the  affectionate  regard  of  his  parishioners  ; 
but  it  may  be  remarked  that  he  never  allowed 
any  archaeological  or  historical  work,  not 
even  his  devotion  to  bell-lore,  to  interfere 
with  his  duty  to  his  parish  in  matters 
spiritual  and  temporal. 

Notwithstanding,  however,  Dr.  Raven's 
faithful  discharge  of  scholastic  and  parochial 
duties,  his  archaeological  writings,  always 
accurate,  original,  and  painstaking,  were  far 
more  numerous  than  would  be  suspected  by 
those  who  only  know  his  two  or  three  large 
books  on  bells.  He  took  a  considerable 
interest  in  various  other  branches  of  anti- 
quities. In  addition  to  numerous  papers 
written  and  printed  earlier  in  his  life,  he 
contributed  within  the  last  fifteen  years, 
to  the  journals  of  various  archaeological 
societies,  the  following  among  other 
essays :  Roman  Pottery  at  Caister ;  The 
Roman  Camp  at  Burgh  ;  A  Bronze  Strigil 
found  at  Covehithe  ;  Othona  and  the  Count 
of  the  Saxon  Shore  ;  The  Church  and 
Monastic  Buildings  of  Bungay  ;  The  Priory 
of  Blythburgh  ;  The  Priory  of  Rumburgh  ; 
The  Old  Minster  of  South  Elmham  ;  Den- 
nington  Church  Notes  ;  St.  Stephen's  Leper 
House,  Norwich  ;  The  History  of  Education 
in  East  Anglia  ;  Notes  on  Nottingham  Bells  ; 
Notes  on  some  Dorset  Bells  ;  The  Bell  of 
Colchester  Castle ;  and  Caledonian  Cam- 
panology. 


Dr.  Raven  also  made  a  few  contributions 
to  theology  in  the  way  of  published  sermons 
and  tracts.  There  are  likewise  contributions 
of  his  to  literature  outside  campanology, 
the  most  important  of  which  are  his  history 
of  Suffolk,  in  the  "Popular  County  History 
Series,"  issued  in  1895,  and  the  editing  in  the 
same  year  of  a  valuable  set  of  parochial 
records  (beginning  in  1490)  called  '  The 
Cratfield  Papers.' 

He  took  an  active  interest  in  the  '  Victoria 
County  History  '  scheme  for  his  own  county, 
and  had,  we  believe,  completed  a  section  on 
'  Early  Man,'  which  will  before  long  appear 
in  the  first  volume.  He  was  a  keen  reader 
of  The  Athenceum  and  we  recall  a  correction 
of  his  on  a  Homeric  point. 

Dr.  Raven's  literary  industry  seemed 
almost  to  increase  with  increasing  years.  On 
the  very  day,  at  the  end  of  last  July,  when 
he  returned  the  revise  of  the  final  sheet  of 
'  The  Bells  of  England,'  he  wrote  proposing 
— as  we  are  permitted  to  say — to  bring  out 
a  volume  under  some  such  title  as  '  Side- 
lights of  the  Revolution  Period,'  wherein 
it  was  intended  to  set  forth  various  hitherto 
unknown  facts  and  incidents  relative  to 
Archbishop  Sancroft  and  the  Nonjurors. 
Such  a  work  from  his  pen  would  have  been 
of  great  value.  Dr.  Raven  possessed  tran- 
scripts that  he  had  made  of  several  unpub- 
lished letters,  in  private  hands,  written  by 
Archbishop  Sancroft  and  Bishop  Sprat  of 
Rochester  during  the  excitement  caused  by 
the  fiction  of  the  "  Flower-Pot  Plot."  He, 
had  also  made  a  transcript  of  Sancroft's 
Commonplace  Book  at  Gawdy  Hall. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON  AND 
ITS    SCHOOLS. 

The  recent  Calendars  of  London  LTniversity 
clearly  show  that  in  the  old  and  new  depart- 
ments of  learning,  represented  by  the  great 
faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  the  University 
worthily  maintains  the  high  standard  of 
scholarship  and  research  which  has  made  its 
degrees  justly  valued.  This,  however,  is  a 
result  that  was  only  to  be  expected,  and 
greater  interest  perhaps  is  attached,  for  the 
moment,  to  the  vicissitudes  of  some  other 
branches  of  academic  learning.  We  know 
already  that,  during  the  last  few  years,  some 
of  these  have  evinced  a  tendency  to  cut 
themselves  adrift  from  the  parent  bodies 
and  form  new  faculties  and  independent 
schools.  Thus  Economics  have  been  severed 
from  Arts,  becoming  a  distinct  faculty  ;  and 
a  similar  position  has  been  assigned  to  Engi- 
neering under  the  new  constitution  of  the 
University.  Other  branches,  again,  have 
not  as  yet  achieved  more  than  recognition 
as  distinct  studies  regulated  by  separate 
Boards.  But  whilst  some  of  these,  like 
Languages  and  Moral  Philosophy,  are  firmly 
wedded  to  their  respective  faculties,  others, 
like  History  and  Archaeology,  appear  destined 
to  form  faculties  of  their  own. 

Again,  we  shall  observe  a  tendency  for 
certain  studies  to  place  themselves,  as  it 
were,  during  this  transitional  period,  at  the 
service  of  the  faculties  at  large,  and  thus 
Art  becomes  in  turn  the  handmaiden  of 
Science.  Finally,  we  shall  have  to  recognize 
the  advent  of  new  schools  of  practical  study 
or  research,  and  we  shall  agree  that  these 
owe  their  distinctive  character  and  im- 
portance to  the  unrivalled  facilities  for 
certain  researches  afforded  by  the  metropolis 
itself. 

In  view  of  all  these  signs  of  academic 
liberty  and  progress  it  may  seem  thankless 
to  take  note  of  murmurs  that  have  reached 
us  concerning  the  "  tyranny  of  Science  "  or 
"  the  bigotry  of  Art."     Doubtless  it  is  to 


be  regretted  that  one  study,  which  may 
seem  of  infinite  importance,  should  be  starved, 
whilst  another,  which  is  of  greater  practical 
utility,  should  revel  in  rich  endowments ; 
but  this  has  been  the  fate  of  certain  curious 
learning  from  the  first.  Again,  there  are 
some  of  us,  to  whom  specialization  has  a 
deeper  meaning,  who  view  with  resentment 
the  efforts  of  the  schoolmen  to  impose  con- 
ventional limitations  and  conditions  on 
scientific  studies.  To  others  the  compulsion 
of  a  student,  intended  for  a  career  in  history 
or  literature,  to  matriculate  in  mathematics,, 
and  not  in  Latin,  French,  or  German,  may 
seem  the  last  bulwark  of  a  liberal  education. 
These,  after  all,  are  matters  of  opinion  which 
have  been  fairly  contended  on  many  a 
stricken  field.  But  it  is  otherwise  when  we 
learn  that  the  present  day  student  is  subject 
to  disabilities  which  may  appear  mainly 
due  to  the  inadvertence  or  inefficiency  of  the 
academic  authorities. 

A  striking  instance  in  point  is  furnished 
by  the  official  papers  in  the  current  Calendar 
relating  to  a  recent  innovation  in  the  cur- 
riculum for  the  degree  in  Laws,  which  has 
inflicted  a  needless  hardship  upon  under- 
graduate students.  Hitherto,  as  in  the  case 
of  every  other  faculty  of  the  University,  law 
students  have  been  allowed  to  proceed  in  due 
course,  after  Matriculation,  to  an  Inter- 
mediate Examination.  However,  by  a  regu- 
lation which  came  into  force  in  1905,  they 
are  now  required  to  pass  a  further  "  Pre- 
liminary "  examination  in  Arts.  Thus  a 
law  student  who  matriculated  in  September, 
1904,  would  have  found  himself  required  to 
pass  what  is  virtually  a  second  Matricula- 
tion in  September,  1905,  prolonging  his 
literary  training  for  a  whole  year,  during 
which  matriculated  students  in  other  facul- 
ties were  able  to  pursue  the  studies  pertain- 
ing to  their  graduate  courses. 

It  would  scarcely  be  surprising  if,  in  the 
face  of  this  novel  and  unreasonable  require- 
ment, the  newly  matriculated  student  should 
waver  in  his  laudable  intention  of  obtaining 
a  degree  in  lieu  of  a  bare  professional  quali- 
fication. At  this  moment,  too,  he  would 
be  plied  with  the  attractive  prospectuses  of 
the  admirably  equipped  school  of  the  Law 
Society  itself,  which,  though  strongly  repre- 
sented in  the  councils  of  the  University,  is  in 
friendly  rivalry  with  it  as  a  teaching  body. 
But  apart  from  this  injustice  to  students 
who  have  spent  two  or  three  years  in  pre- 
paring for  Matriculation  with  a  definite 
object,  the  expedient  of  this  "  Preliminary  " 
examination  is  futile  in  itself.  For  all 
sufficient  purposes,  every  one  of  the  five 
subjects  in  which  papers  are  set  forms 
already  part  of  the  Matriculation  examina- 
tion, and  we  can  only  suppose  that  the 
intention  of  those  who  promoted  this  regu- 
lation was  to  make  it  impossible  for  a  student 
who  had  matriculated  in  mathematics  and 
science  to  graduate  for  a  profession  which 
obviously  requires  some  knowledge  of  Latin 
and  French. 

How  unnecessary  really  was  this  clumsy 
device  is  shown  by  the  success  of  the  simple 
procedure  adopted  by  the  Civil  Service  Com- 
missioners in  like  cases.  It  would  surely 
have  sufficed  to  indicate  by  a  foot-note  in 
the  Matriculation  scheme  that  candidates 
intending  to  proceed  to  the  degree  in  Laws 
would  be  expected  to  take  Latin  and  French. 
Certainly  the  innovation  was  not  justified 
for  purposes  of  revenue,  neither  was  it 
desired  by  the  Law  teachers,  in  whose 
behalf  it  was  presumably  introduced. 
But  if  motives  of  educational  efficiency 
should  be  pleaded  in  its  defence,  we 
might  reply  that  efficiency  should  begin 
elsewhere.  Because  a  law  student  must 
begin  his  professional  studies  with  the  late 
Latin  and  Norman-French  texts  illustrating 


368 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


English  constitutional  history  and  the  law- 
books of  the  later  Empire,  it  can  scarcely 
avail  him  to  be  pestered  with  further  ele- 
mentary questions  on  the  politics  and  battles 
of  English  history,  supplemented  by  passages 
for  translation  and  criticism  culled  from  the 
flower  of  the  classical  authors  of  Rome  and 
France. 

Such  experiments,  we  think,  are  scarcely 
wise  at  a  time  when  the  Law  School  of  the 
University,  as  an  institution  of  native  growth, 
is  compelled  to  struggle  for  its  bare  existence. 
It  is  true  that,  with  a  curious  ir  consistency, 
its  degrees  in  Laws  are  open  to  colonial 
graduates,  and  ostensibly  to  some  certificated 
students  who  could  scarcely  pretend  to  the 
qualifications  insisted  on  by  the  new  regu- 
lations ;  but  the  stability  of  a  metropolitan 
school  of  law  should  not  be  based  on  external 
support  alone. 

The  last  reflection  will  apply  with  even 
greater  force  to  the  position  of  a  History 
School,  the  very  existence  of  which  many 
persons  would  be  disposed  to  deny.  It  is 
true  that  History,  though  its  interests  are 
placed  under  the  care  of  a  separate  Board  of 
studies,  is  attached  to  the  faculty  of  Arts. 
But  History  is  now  more  generally  regarded 
as  a  science,  and  it  is  interesting  to  find  that 
the  most  modern  apparatus  of  historical 
research  is  provided  by  a  scientific  school 
of  the  University  which  virtually  constitutes 
the  Faculty  of  Economics.  We  have  referred 
on  former  occasions  to  these  interesting 
beginnings  of  a  London  School  of  History, 
which  has  received  a  new  impetus  through 
the  exertions  of  a  private  committee  of  well- 
known  scholars.  In  the  event  of  some  ade- 
quate endowment — by  the  University  itself, 
•or  through  the  generosity  of  private  donors — 
it  may  be  hoped  that  a  fully  equipped  School 
of  History  will  be  some  day  established, 
capable  of  carrying  out  the  enlightened 
scheme  of  study  which  the  existing  Board 
has  already  indicated  in  the  interests  of  the 
University  at  large. 


PROF.    BELJAME. 


The  death  of  Prof.  Alexandre  Beljame,  of 
the  Sorbonne,  which  you  briefly  noticed  last 
week,  will  be  sincerely  regretted  by  those 
who  know  what  his  life  and  labours  signified 
for  the  maintenance  of  relations  such  as  we 
all  wish  to  be  continuous  between  the  French 
world  of  learning  and  our  own.  And  the 
news  will  come  as  a  shock  to  many  who  have 
listened  with  growing  delight  to  the  double 
series  of  Clark  Lectures  given  by  Prof. 
Beljame  at  Trinity  during  the  academical 
year  just  drawing  to  a  close.  While  dis- 
appointed by  his  inability — in  consequence 
of  an  illness  which  we  did  not  all  of  us  know 
to  be  serious — to  fulfil  his  engagement  to 
take  part  in  the  Extension  courses  delivered 
at  Cambridge  in  the  Long  Vacation,  we 
looked  forward  to  welcoming  him  again  in  a 
university  to  which  he  was  beginning  to 
become  attached.  A  kindly  token  of  good- 
will was  his  recent  promise  to  contribute  to 
•our  new  enterprise  of  a  'Cambridge  History 
of  English  Literature'  a  review  of  the  in- 
fluence of  Moliere  upon  our  drama — a  subject 
in  which  he  took  a  very  special  interest,  and 
which  he  thought  still  in  need  of  an  adequate 
treatment. 

I  first  met  Prof.  Beljame  (who  was  already 
known  to  me  through  Ins  admirable  work  on 
Pope  and  our  so-called  "  Augustan  "  age) 
when,  several  years  ago,  he  visited  the  north 
of  England  as  member  of  a  French  Com- 
mission for  collecting  information  on  the 
subject  of  higher  instruction  in  this  country. 
He  then  impressed  me  by  his  clearness  of 
insight,  his  wide  literary  sympathies — and 
his    faultless    English.     In    Cambridge,   the 


Master  and  Fellows  of  Trinity — to  whose 
discrimination  those  of  us  who  take  the 
goods  the  gods  provide  us  have  owed  the 
privilege  of  listening  to  a  succession  of  dis- 
tinguished Clark  Lecturers — never  made  a 
happier  choice  than  when  they  invited  Prof. 
Beljame.  His  lectures  were  delivered  sitting, 
and  in  French  ;  and  the  tone  and  manner 
(so  far  as  my  experience  went)  were  those  of 
a  causerie  rather  than  a  professorial  discourse. 
But  the  power  and  charm  of  the  voice,  the 
perfect  articulation,  and  the  subtle  diversity 
of  intonation  were  in  themselves  almost 
irresistible.  Of  the  two  lectures  which  I  was 
fortunate  enough  to  hear,  both  were  occu- 
pied with  the  growth  of  the  knowledge  of 
Shakspeare  in  France  ;  and  one  of  these, 
which  described  the  influence  first  exercised 
by  him  on  the  French  stage,  more  especially 
through  Talma,  covered  ground  probably  as 
unfamiliar  to  the  rest  of  his  hearers  as  it  was 
to  myself.  But  there  was  nothing  weari- 
some, because  there  was  nothing  superfluous, 
though  M.  Beljame  was  a  man  of  assiduous 
and  minute  research.  French  literary  art 
possesses  the  supreme  gift  of  knowing  how 
to  conceal  that  it  is  an  art. 

No  study,  if  I  may  judge  from  repeated 
conversations  with  M.  Beljame,  interested 
this  distinguished  scholar  more  than  that 
of  idiom.  Like  all  who  have  entered  into 
the  heart  of  more  than  one  language,  he 
recognized  in  translation  one  of  the  supreme 
tests  of  literary  power  as  well  as  of  linguistic 
insight  ;  and  on  one  occasion  he  brought  to 
my  house  his  prose  version  of  '  Enoch  Arden,' 
as  if  to  show  us  how  such  labours  befitted 
the  teacher  as  well  as  the  learner.  Yet  he 
would  probably  have  classed  himself  among 
the  learners  ;  for  he  was  much  given  to 
dwelling  on  the  progressive  growth  of  his 
own  French  language,  and  on  the  danger 
of  ignoring  its  more  recent  conquests. 
Altogether,  I  have  not  met  many  scholars 
so  well  qualified  as  Prof.  Beljame  to  repre- 
sent— whether  in  his  own  ancient  seat  of 
learning  or  in  partibus — the  fullness  and  the 
grandeur  of  the  study  of  modern  literature. 

A.  W.  Wabd. 


Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  announces  a 
memoir  by  Prof.  William  Knight  of  ex- 
ceptional interest,  '  Thomas  Davidson, 
the  Wandering  Scholar.'  It  appears  that 
the  Fabian  Society  had  its  rise  as  an 
offshoot  from  his  "Fellowship  of  the 
New  Life."  He  was  a  strong  influence 
as  a  teacher  in  the  United  States, 
starting  a  "  summer  school "  for  the 
teaching  of  philosophy  and  literature 
amongst  the  mountains.  Estimates  by 
numerous  friends  and  pupils  of  his  will 
add  to  the  attractions  of  the  book. 

Other  interesting  announcements  are 
a  new  issue  of  '  Romola '  in  two  volumes, 
edited  by  our  distinguished  correspondent 
Dr.  Biagi,  who  has  devoted  two  years  to 
the  historical  side  of  the  romance,  and 
selected  160  illustrations  to  it ;  '  With 
Shelley  in  Italy '  and  '  Byron  in  Italy,' 
both  copiously  illustrated,  and  edited  by 
Mrs.  A.  B.  McMahan ;  and  '  Canada  To- 
day,' by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hobson,  who  visited 
the  country  last  autumn. 

Mr.  Unwin's  forthcoming  fiction  in- 
cludes *  Father  Felix's  Chronicles,'  a  story 
of  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century, 


by  the  late  Mrs.  Chesson ;  '  The  Iron 
Gates,'  a  story  of  slum  life  and  philan- 
thropists, by  Miss  Annie  E.  Holdsworth  ; 
and  '  London  Lovers,'  by  Mrs.  Baillie- 
Saunders. 

Mr.  A.  T.  Quiller- Couch's  novel '  Sir 
John  Constantine,'  which  recently  com- 
pleted its  appearance  in  The  Cornhill 
Magazine,  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  in  book  form  early 
next  month.  It  is  an  eighteenth-century 
story  of  romantic  adventure  undertaken 
by  a  chivalrous  Englishman  to  secure  the 
crown  of  Corsica  for  his  son,  and  to  rescue 
a  certain  royal  lady  from  durance.  The 
adventurers  become  involved  in  the  fierce 
strife  of  Corsican  parties  and  Genoese 
invaders,  and  only  love  triumphs  amid 
disaster. 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Scawen  Blunt  con- 
tributes to  the  forthcoming  number  of 
The  Dublin  Review,  a  poem  entitled  '  The 
Dance  of  Death,'  adapted,  with  liberties, 
from  Victor  Hugo's  '  Fantomes.'  The 
prose  of  the  number  includes  articles  on 
'  The  Fiscal  Question,'  by  Mr.  Hilaire 
Belloc,  M.P. ;  on  '  The  Report  of  the 
Ritual  Commission,'  by  Father  Robert 
Hugh  Benson  ;  on  '  Winchester  Mother  of 
Schools,'  by  Monsignor  Stapleton  Barnes  ; 
and  on  '  Fenelon  in  Exile,'  by  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Maxwell  Scott.  An  anonymous 
article,  '  For  Truth  or  for  Life,'  may 
safely  be  assigned  to  the  pen  of  the  editor, 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward. 

Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett  will  pub- 
lish early  next  month  '  Folk-Tales  from 
Tibet,'  collected  by  Capt.  W.  F.  O'Connor, 
CLE.,  during  two  years  spent  at  Gyantse, 
Lhassa,  &c.  These  stories,  hitherto  in- 
accessible to  the  outside  world,  are  accom- 
panied by  some  remarkable  coloured 
pictures,  the  maiden  effort  at  illustration 
of  a  native  artist. 

Among  the  books  in  preparation  at  the 
Clarendon  Press  are  '  Howell's  Devises  ' 
and  '  Peacham's  Compleat  Gentleman,' 
both  edited  by  Prof.  W.  A.  Raleigh ; 
'  Critical  Essays  of  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury,' by  Mr.  J.  E.  Spingarn,  3  vols.  ; 
'The  Life  and  Letters  of  Sir  Henry  Wotton,' 
edited  by  Mr.  L.  Pearsall-Smith  ;  and 
'  The  Theory  of  Good  and  Evil,'  2  vols., 
by  Dr.  H.  Rashdall.  Among  several 
interesting  additions  to  "  The  World's 
Classics  "  will  be  the  verse  translations  of 
/Eschylus  and  Sophocles  by  Prof.  Lewis 
Campbell  ;  '  Silas  Marner,'  with  intro- 
duction by  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  ;  and 
'  Sheridan's  Plays  and  Poems,'  with  intro- 
duction by  Mr.  Joseph  Knight. 

The  writings  of  Mr.  Upton  Sinclair, 
the  author  of  '  The  Jungle,'  have  been 
thoroughly  revised  by  him,  and  will  be 
published  by  Mr.  Heinemann  during  the 
autumn.  The  first  to  appear  will  be 
'  King  Midas,'  the  author's  earliest  book. 
Its  original  title  was  '  Springtime  and 
Harvest.'  It  will  be  followed  by  '  The 
Journal  of  Arthur  Stirling,'  for  which  the 
author  has  written  a  new  preface. 

Amongst  the  papers  to  be  read  before 
the  Royal  Historical  Society  during  the 
ensuing    session    several    will  deal   with 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


369 


classical,  Oriental,  and  modern  European 
subjects,  including  contributions  by  Sir  H. 
Howorth  and  Mr.  Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  and 
a  communication  on  the  subject  of  the 
official  documents  of  the  Franco-German 
War.  Mr.  G.  J.  Turner  and  Mr.  J.  F. 
Chance  will  read  further  instalments  of 
their  scholarly  papers,  on  Henry  III.  and 
George  I.  respectively  ;  and  a  continuation 
of  the  important  researches  on  the  English 
relations  with  Portugal  is  promised, 
besides  Dr.  Gairdner's  description  of  the 
French  attack  on  Brighton  in  1513. 

The  same  Society  is  shortly  publishing, 
in  addition  to  the  current  volume  of 
Transactions,  a  further  volume  of  the 
*  Camden  Miscellany,'  containing  some 
curious  seventeenth  -  century  reminis- 
cences, together  with  the  concluding 
volume  of  Abbot  Gasquet's  valuable 
Premonstratensian  collection. 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  this  autumn  a 
volume  entitled  '  The  Welsh  Fairy  Book,' 
by  Mr.  W.  Jenkyn  Thomas,  head  master 
of  the  Grocers'  Company's  School.  It 
represents  the  first  attempt  yet  made  to 
present  the  fairy  lore  of  Wales  in  a  form 
attractive  to  young  people.  There  will  be 
ninety  illustrations  by  Mr.  Willy  Pogany. 

Last  year  Mr.  William  H.  Davies  made 
a  remarkable  stir  with  his  collection  of 
poems  entitled  '  The  Soul's  Destroyer.' 
Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  is  now  about  to  pub- 
lish a  second  volume,  entitled  'New  Poems.' 
Some  of  these  were  written  during  the 
same  gloomy  period  as  '  The  Soul's  De- 
stroyer,' the  others  during  the  year  of 
comparative  ease  and  cheerfulness  which 
followed  success. 

One  of  the  three  posthumous  volumes 
by  "  Fiona  Macleod  "  will  be  published  in 
a  few  days  by  Country  Life.  '  Where  the 
Forest  Murmurs '  is  a  series  of  nature 
sketches  written  at  different  times  and  in 
different  countries.  The  second  post- 
humous volume,  to  be  issued  later — '  The 
Immortal  Hour  ' — will  contain  two  tragic 
dramas  ;  and  the  third  will  be  a  collected 
edition  of  poems  old  and  new,  written 
under  the  name  of  Fiona  Macleod.  Mrs. 
William  Sharp  intends  also  to  arrange  for 
publication  a  selection  from  the  three 
published  volumes  of  verse  by  her  husband 
— two  of  which  are  out  of  print — and  to 
add  to  it  a  number  of  recent  poems. 

The  Clarendon  Press  are  publishing  for 
Mr.  F.  V.  Dickins,  C.B.,  an  important 
work  on  '  Primitive  and  Mediaeval 
Japanese  Texts.'  These  will  be  trans- 
literated and  translated,  with  intro- 
ductions, notes,  glossaries,  and  index. 
The  editor  follows  in  transliteration  the 
system  devised  by  Sir  Ernest  Satow  and 
adopted  by  Prof.  Chamberlain,  and  his 
aim  is  to  give  the  English  reader  a  fuller 
understanding  of  the  primitive  and 
mediaeval  literature  of  Japan  than  can 
be  gathered  from  merely  literal  or 
imitative  translations.  The  examples 
chosen  are  in  each  case  the  earliest  of 
their  class,  and  have  been  followed,  more 
or  less  closely,  as  models,  in  the  produc- 
tion of  most  of  the  purely  Japanese — 
as  distinct  from  Japano-Chinese — litera- 
ture of  later  times. 


Vernon  Lee  will  publish  shortly 
through  E.  Grant  Richards  a  little  book 
entitled  '  Sister  Benvenuta  and  the  Christ 
Child.' 

Mr.  Blackwell,  of  Oxford,  will  publish 
in  a  fortnight  or  so  '  Westminster  Versions,' 
which  are  prize  renderings  into  Greek  and 
Latin  verse,  reprinted  from  the  Saturday 
issue  of  The  Westminster  Gazette.  These 
will  be  edited  by  Mr.  H.  F.  Fox. 

Four  new  volumes  will  shortly  be  added 
to  Messrs.  Blackie's  "  Red  Letter  Library," 
namely,  l  Burns's  Select  Poems,'  '  Arnold's 
Select  Poems,'  '  Hazlitt's  Select  Essays,' 
and  Thoreau's  '  Walden.'  These  books 
will  be  introduced  by  Mr.  Neil  Munro,  Mrs. 
Meynell,  Mr.  Charles  Whibley,  and  Mr. 
Richard  Whiteing  respectively. 

The  Fortnightly  Review  for  October 
contains  a  reply  by  Mr.  Theodore  A.  Cook 
to  the  article  which  appeared  in  the 
September  number,  entitled  '  France, 
England,  and  Mr.  Bodley.' 

The  death  is  announced  on  Monday 
last,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  of  Mrs. 
J.  H.  Riddell,  the  well-known  novelist. 
Her  stories  dealt  chiefly  with  the  City  and 
commercial  life. 

'  The  Greedy  Book  :  a  Gastronomical 
Anthology,'  by  Mr.  Frank  Schloesser, 
author  of  '  The  Cult  of  the  Chafing  Dish,' 
is  announced  for  early  publication  by 
Messrs.  Gay  &  Bird.  The  title,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  belies  the  contents,  for  it  is 
a  sober,  literary  work,  dealing  with  the 
anecdotal  and  historical  aspect  of  cookery, 
combined  with  the  advice  of  a  practical 
expert  who  prefers  simplicity  and  plain 
cooking  to  the  exaggerations  of  the  modern 
cuisine. 

Mr.  William  Wallace,  LL.D.,  has 
been  appointed  to  succeed  Dr.  Charles 
Russell  as  editor  of  The  Glasgow  Herald. 
He  was  at  one  time  classical  master  in 
Ayr  Academy,  and  later  a  journalist  at 
Dumfries  and  in  London.  He  has  for 
about  eighteen  years  been  assistant  editor 
to  Dr.  Russell. 

The  Committee  of  the  Glasgow 
celebration  of  the  fourth  centenary  of  the 
birth  of  Buchanan,  which  will  be  held  in 
Glasgow  University  at  the  beginning  of 
November,  ask  for  loans  of  books, 
portraits,  views,  relics,  or  other  articles 
relating  to  Buchanan.  Offers  may  be 
addressed  to  Mr.  J.  L.  Galbraith, 
University  Librarian,  the  University, 
Glasgow,  or  Mr.  F.  T.  Barrett,  City 
Librarian,  21,  Miller  Street,  Glasgow,  the 
hononary  secretaries  of  the  Committee. 

Mr.  Mulvy  Ouseley's  new  novel  will, 
as  we  announced  recently,  be  published  in 
a  few  days  by  Messrs.  Gay  &  Bird.  In 
order  to  prevent  its  being  confused  with 
'  The  Hunchback  of  Westminster,'  Mr. 
Ouseley  has  altered  his  title  from  '  The 
Hunchback  of  Sloane  Street '  to  '  The 
Sorrows  of  Michael.' 

We  do  not  propose  to  continue,  as  we 
said  last  week,  the  controversy  concerning 
the  '  Belvoir  Household  Accounts,'  but  it 
is  only  fair  to  state  that  we  are  assured, 
on   what   should    be  the    best  authority, 


that  Mr.  Round  is  not  engaged  on  a 
'  History  of  Derbyshire,'  and  that  the 
charge  made  against  him  of  having 
supplied  an  entry  to  Mr.  Lee  is  without 
any  foundation  in  fact. 

The  contents  of  the  October  number 
of  The  Home  Counties  Magazine  include 
articles  on  '  Willington  Church,'  '  Peter 
the  Wild  Boy,'  '  Dove-cotes,'  '  Moor 
Park,'  '  Palimpsest  Brasses  in  Hertford- 
shire,' '  The  Chronicle  of  Paul's  Cross,' 
'  Star  Chamber  Cases,'  and  '  Notes  on 
Old  Chelsea.' 

There  will  shortly  be  issued  from  the 
Chiswick  Press  '  A  Genealogical  History 
of  the  Savage  Family  in  Ulster.'  This 
is  a  revision  and  enlargement  of  some 
chapters  of  '  The  Savages  of  the  Ards,' 
edited  by  the  late  Prof.  G.  F.  Savage- 
Armstrong. 

Messrs.  Sands  &  Co.  are  publishing 
this  autumn  *  The  Philosophy  of  Chris- 
tianity,' by  the  Rev.  A.  B.  Sharpe  ;  '  The 
God  of  Philosophy,'  by  the  Rev.  F. 
Aveling ;  and  '  The  Immortality  of  the 
Human  Soul  Philosophically  Explained,' 
by  the  Rev.  G.  Fell. 

In  fiction  Mr.  Laurie  will  publish  this 
season  '  The  Workaday  Woman,'  by  Miss 
Violet  Hunt ;  '  The  Salving  of  a  Derelict,' 
by  Mr.  Maurice  Drake ;  and  '  The  Last 
Miracle,'  by  Mr.  M.  P.  Shiel. 

Messrs.  John  Heywood,  of  Manchester 
and  London,  have  acquired  the  series 
known  as  "  The  Cameo  Classics." 

Mademoiselle  de  Bovet  ('  M.A.B."), 
now  Marquise  Guy  de  Bois-Hebert,  with  a 
home  in  Galicia,  has  given  proof  of  that 
versatility  of  which  we  lately  wrote  when 
attacking  the  inartistic  and  indecent"  illus- 
trations "  attached  b}^  a  publisher  to  one 
of  her  naughtier  volumes.  She  has  just 
finished  a  novel  which  constitutes  a 
tractate  against  divorce,  and  also  a  Polish 
story,  likely  to  form  a  "  roman  pour 
jeunes  filles."  The  author  is  now  at  work 
on  an  adaptation  of  a  Polish  peasant-novel. 

Mr.  Rathmell  Wilson's  new  book 
'  An  Exile  from  Fairyland  '  will  be  pub- 
lished during  the  autumn  by  Mr.  Elkin 
Mathews. 

The  death,  in  his  eighty-sixth  year,  is 
announced  from  Neckarsulm  of  Karl 
Diinzer,  the  founder  of  the  well-known 
German-American  paper  Westliche  Post. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  revolu- 
tionary movements  in  the  forties,  and 
after  the  defeat  of  his  party  in  1849  he 
sought  refuge  in  the  United  States,  where 
he  soon  took  a  prominent  position  in 
journalism. 

A  well-known  Swedish  poet  and  critic, 
Oscar  Levertin,  died  on  the  22nd  inst. 

The  growth  of  the  press  in  India  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  the  713  newspapers 
now  printed  in  that  country  are  100  more 
than  the  total  of  ten  years  ago.  Bombay 
has  the  greatest  number  of  papers,  and 
the  Punjab  comes  second. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Board 
of  the  Booksellers'  Provident  Institution 
on  Thursday  week  last  the  sum  of  98/. 
was  voted  to  55  members  and  widows  of 


370 


THE    ATHENJSUM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


members.      Two     new     members     were 
elected. 

Among  recent  Parliamentary  Papers  is 
Further  Correspondence  relating  to  the 
Island  of  Tristan  da  Cunha  (10d.).  It 
opens  with  a  dispatch  of  1903,  in  which 
Mr.  Chamberlain  writes  that "  all  experience 
of  small  and  isolated  communities  tends 
to  show  that  their  removal  becomes  de- 
sirable in  their  own  interests."  This  was 
the  ground  given  for  transporting  the 
people  of  Pitcairn  to  Norfolk  Island,  but 
the  failure  of  the  experiment  was  complete. 

Other  Parliamentary  Papers  are  an 
Ordinance  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
which  alters  the  examination  for  medical 
degrees  (Id.);  and  East  Indian  Railways 
[when  will  Parliamentrecognize"India"?]: 
Administration  Report  for  1905  (2s.  9d.). 
This  volume  contains  an  excellent  map 
of  India,  "  corrected  up  to  30th  April," 
but  we  note  that  the  Kurram  and  Kabul- 
River  extensions — long  since  sanctioned, 
and  under  construction — are  not  marked, 
though  given  in  several  maps  attached  to 
volumes  recently  reviewed  by  us.  A 
Fishery  Report  we  name  in  '  Science 
Gossip.' 

Next  week  we  shall  publish  brief  notices 
of  the  books  of  the  past  year  in  Spain  and 
Italy. 

SCIENCE 


History  of  the  County  of  Nottingham. 
Edited  by  W.  Page,  F.S.A.  Vol.  I. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

Although  Nottinghamshire  possesses  one 
of  the  oldest  county  histories  in  Thoroton's 
'  Antiquities  of  Nottinghamshire,'  which 
was  first  published  in  1677,  up  to  the 
present  it  has  been  destitute  of  any 
substantial  or  accurate  information  in 
accordance  with  modern  research.  This 
first  volume  of  a  complete  history  of  a 
small  but  interesting  shire  promises  well  ; 
though  here,  as  in  other  examples  of  the 
'  Victoria  History '  scheme,  the  real 
test  of  efficiency  will  be  afforded  by 
the  topographical  sections,  where  each 
parish  is  subject  to  individual  treat- 
ment. This  volume  is  briefer  by 
some  hundred  pages  than  the  initial 
numbers  of  the  different  counties 
already  issued.  It  seems  likely  that  the 
essay  on  Roman  remains  had  to  be  de- 
ferred ;  and  very  possibly  the  omission 
will  be  made  up  in  the  subsequent  volumes. 
At  all  events,  there  is  little,  if  anything,  to 
provoke  hostile  criticism  in  the  admirable 
series  of  papers  that  make  up  the  four 
hundred  pages  of  the  present  issue. 

The  natural  history  of  Nottinghamshire 
is  less  diversified  than  that  of  several  of  its 
neighbours.  Much  of  its  surface  is  gently 
undulating  ;  the  highest  elevation  is  but 
651  feet,  whilst  a  great  part  of  the  eastern 
side  lies  below  the  100-feet  contour  line  ; 
and  in  the  Carr  lands  of  the  north  there 
is  an  area,  much  of  which  is  actually  less 
than  10  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The 
high  state  of  cultivation  which  prevails 
in  the  greater  part  of  the  county,  coupled 


with  the  absence  of  undrained  marsh 
land,  militate  against  any  exuberance  of 
natural  products  ;  nevertheless  it  will  be 
found  that  Nottinghamshire  exhibits 
considerable  richness  and  variety  in  both 
fauna  and  flora.  Prof.  Carr  deals  ably 
with  the  greater  part  of  these  subjects, 
such  as  the  various  branches  of  botany, 
fishes,  reptiles,  mammals,  and  most  of  the 
insects.  It  is  grievous  to  learn  that  the 
most  famous  of  the  county's  flowering 
plants,  the  purple  spring  crocus,  the 
glorious  sheen  of  whose  colour  used  to 
spread  over  many  acres  of  the  Notting- 
ham meadows  on  the  left  of  the  fine 
from  the  Trent  to  Nottingham,  is  now 
fast  disappearing.  Much  of  the  land  for- 
merly occupied  by  this  beautiful  and  rare 
plant  is  now  built  over,  and  its  habitat  is 
becoming  more  restricted  year  by  year. 
Prof.  Carr  has  nothing  to  say  as  to  the 
once  popular  legend  that  these  purple 
spring  crocuses  were  originally  imported 
for  medicinal  purposes,  by  the  old  Cluniac 
monks  of  Lenton.  Indeed,  his  account 
of  the  flora  suffers  throughout  from  a  too 
dry  and  technical  spirit,  not  a  single 
local  name  for  any  plant  being  given. 
It  would  have  been  well  if  his  attention 
had  been  drawn  to  the  manner  in  which 
Mr.  G.  C.  Druce,  in  this  same  scheme, 
has  treated  the  botany  of  two  other 
counties.  The  Trent  meadows  near  Not- 
tingham used  also  to  produce  in  great 
abundance  (certainly  as  late  as  the  seventies 
of  last  century)  the  autumn  crocus  (Crocus 
nudiflorus),  which  was  first  recorded  as  a 
British  plant  in  1738  by  Deering,  who 
found  it  "in  Nottinghamshire  meadows 
and  round  Trent  Bridge."  This  plant 
happily  still  lingers,  but  in  rapidly  dimin- 
ishing quantities.  One  of  the  gayest 
of  Nottinghamshire  wild  flowers,  which 
obtains  no  special  mention  from  Prof. 
Carr,  is  the  fascinating  yellow  monkey 
flower  or  Mimulus,  which  is  now  familiar 
to  flower-lovers  in  many  parts  of  England. 
Within  the  last  few  years  we  have  noticed 
it  in  two  different  localities  by  streamlets 
of  the  Sherwood  district. 

Mr.  Joseph  Whitaker,  of  Rainworth 
Lodge,  Blidworth,  deals  with  the  birds 
in  an  interesting  and  capable  fashion, 
giving  the  results  of  many  years  of  patient 
personal  investigation.  The  faults  of  his 
treatise  are  the  exclusion  of  all  reference  to 
local  names,  and  an  excessive  attention 
to  the  avifauna  immediately  surround- 
ing his  own  house,  to  the  disadvantage 
of  other  equally  important  districts.  That 
handsome  bird  the  hawfinch,  as  in  some 
other  counties,  is  on  the  increase  ;  and 
it  is  pleasant  to  learn  that  the  heron  and 
the  greater  crested  grebe  are  multiplying. 
Mr.  Whitaker  has  evidently  great  faith  in 
aiding  the  protection  of  birds  by  nesting- 
boxes,  which  seem  to  abound  in  his  gardens 
and  grounds.  He  mentions  that  redstarts 
breed  in  boxes  that  he  has  had  put  up  in 
the  Rainworth  plantations.  This  is  an 
interesting  fact ;  but  ornithologists  will 
be  amazed  to  learn  that  Mr.  Whitaker 
has  "  nearly  100  boxes  on  trees  at  Rain- 
worth, each  one  containing  a  pair  of  star- 
lings." The  starling,  as  is  well  known, 
will  build  in  any  conceivable  hole,  from  a 


rabbit  burrow  to  the  highest  crevice  on  the 
loftiest  tree  or  building.  Why  any  reason- 
able bird  lover  should  encourage  these  pests 
(which  are  the  ejectors  of  woodpeckers, 
nuthatches,  and  other  rare  birds  from 
their  legitimate  dwellings)  we  cannot, 
we  confess,  understand.  Mr.  Whitaker 
gives  entertaining  accounts  of  two  duck- 
traps  in  the  county,  the  one  at  Park  Hall, 
Warsop,  and  the  other  in  Annesley  Park  : 

"  They  are  made  by  cutting  a  narrow  canal 
through  an  island  and  covering  it  over  with 
wire  netting  ;  at  each  end  is  a  door,  which 
can  be  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure.  The 
trap  is  baited  with  corn.  The  ducks  swim 
in  to  feed,  and  when  a  sufficient  number  have 
entered,  the  doors  at  the  ends  are  lowered  by 
means  of  a  wire  pulled  by  the  fowler,  who  is 
concealed  in  a  hut  from  which  he  can  get  a 
clear  view  of  the  trap  without  being  seen  by 
the  wildfowl  on  the  water.  The  captives 
are  left  until  night,  when  the  other  ducks  have 
left  the  pond,  and  are  then  caught,  the  doors 
raised,  corn  spread,  and  the  trap  is  again 
ready  for  next  day.  This  mode  of  capture 
is  more  effective  than  shooting  ;  for  if  wild- 
fowl are  shot  at  often,  they  leave  the  lake  ; 
but  when  taken  in  a  trap,  the  rest  are  not 
disturbed  and  attract  others." 

The  ardent  student  of  English  bird-life 
usually  associates  his  pursuit  with  stif- 
fened limbs,  chill  surroundings,  and  long 
periods  of  sheer  dullness  brightened  by 
flashes  of  delightful  observation ;  and 
much  of  the  charm  of  the  occupation  in 
reality  proceeds  from  the  rewards  that 
are  won  by  genuine  and  painstaking  toil. 
Park  Hall,  however,  is  in  the  opposite 
scale,  for  there,  according  to  Mr.  Whitaker, 
the  privileged  ornithologist  can  revel  in 
the  very  lap  of  luxury  : — 

"  There  is  no  more  delightful  occupation 
for  a  naturalist  than  to  sit  in  the  library 
window  with  a  good  pair  of  glasses  watching 
the  wildfowl — six  or  seven  or  even  more 
species — some  asleep,  others  feeding  or 
chasing  one  another  over  the  glassy  surface 
of  the  lake,  and  parties  of  pochards  and 
tufted  ducks  busy  diving.  When  lit  up  by  a 
bright  winter  sun,  the  scene  is  one  to  be 
remembered." 

Nevertheless  the  genuine  naturalist  will 
probably  prefer  the  zest  of  the  strained 
position,  with  its  sharpening  of  the  higher 
senses,  to  the  lounge  chair  of  the  Sybarite. 

There  are  sections  in  this  volume  (all 
good  of  their  kind)  on  '  Early  Man,'  'Anglo- 
Saxon  Remains,'  and  '  Domesday  Survey  '; 
and  one  of  much  value,  well  illustrated 
with  plans,  on  '  Ancient  Earthworks.' 
Miss  Locke  has  also  contributed  an  admir- 
able sketch  of  the  '  Political  History  '  of 
the  county  ;  but  on  this  occasion  all  that 
we  can  notice  is  the  natural  history. 

The  volume  closes  with  an  article  on 
'  Forestry,'  the  joint  contribution  of  the 
Rev.  R.  H.  Whitworth  (well  known  as  the 
accomplished  ballad- writer  and  experi- 
enced antiquary  of  Sherwood  Forest)  and 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox.  This  article  has  a 
wealth  of  original  material,  both  ancient 
and  modern,  and  might  with  advantage 
have  been  extended.  The  accounts  of  the 
mammals  earlier  in  the  volume  and  in 
this  article  do  not  altogether  agree,  and 
also  somewhat  overlap.  For  instance, 
roedeer  are  not  named  in  the  former  case  ; 


NM118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


371 


but  it  is  proved,  under  '  Forestry,'  that 
they  used  to  exist  in  Sherwood. 


Illustrations  of  British  Blood-sucking  Flies. 
With  Notes  by  E.  E.  Austen.  (Published 
by  Order  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum.) — The  very  beautiful  plates  which 
illustrate  this  volume  have  been  reproduced 
from  coloured  drawings  made  by  Mr.  A.  J. 
Engel  Terzi  for  exhibition  in  the  North  Hall 
of  the  Natural  History  Museum  at  South 
Kensington.  It  was,  however,  fortunately 
considered  by  the  authorities  of  that  in- 
stitution that  in  these  drawings  there  was 
material  for  a  much-desired  book  on  the 
blood-sucking  flies  found  in  Britain,  and  Mr. 
Austen  was  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  pre- 
paring a  descriptive  text.  He  has  succeeded 
in  producing  a  non-technical  and  thoroughly 
trustworthy  exposition  of  these  insects,  and 
made  a  distinct  addition  to  our  insular 
natural  history.  Many  of  these  flies  are 
known  to  have  relation  to  human  disease, 
particularly  species  belonging  to  the  genus 
Anopheles,  which  have  been  proved  to  con- 
stitute an  agency  in  the  dissemination  of 
ague,  not  so  much  by  their  geographical  as 
by  their  numerical  distribution.  The  number 
of  blood-sucking  flies  found  in  the  British 
Islands,  so  far  as  can  be  estimated  by  present 
knowledge,  is  74,  and  this  in  a  Dipterous 
fauna  that  comprises  between  2,700  and  3,000 
species. 

There  is  a  considerable  misconception  with 
reference  to  the  meaning  of  the  terms  "  gnat  " 
and  "  mosquito,"  and  we  read  that, 
"  properly  used,  they  apply  to  any  species  of  the 
Family  Culicida;,  so  that  if  we  prefer  to  employ  a 
word  of  foreign  origin  rather  than  the  old  English 
gnat,  our  British  species  of  Anopheles,  Culex,  &c, 
are  as  much  entitled  to  be  called  mosquitoes  as  are 
tropical  species  belonging  to  the  same  genera, 
from  many  of  which  they  would  be  indistinguish- 
able to  the  untrained  observer." 

The  rearer  of  live  stock  will  recognize  from 
the  excellent  figures  of  Mr.  Terzi  many  of 
the  natural  enemies  which  torment  the 
animals  under  his  charge. 

Insect  Pests  of  the  Farm  and  Garden.  By 
F.  Martin-Duncan.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 
— This  book  has  the  appearance  of  a  com- 
pilation, but,  though  no  references  are  given, 
the  work  has  been  carefully  done.  Economic 
entomology  is  now  being  studied  by  com- 
petent and  State-aided  entomologists  in 
most  civilized  countries,  though  in  very 
different  degree,  and  therefore  the  standard 
for  such  publications  as  the  one  under  notice 
has  considerably  risen.  Mr.  Martin-Duncan 
exhibits  some  unfamiliarity  with  general 
entomology.  We  may  instance  his  state- 
ment that  the  larvae  of  Hemiptera  are  gene- 
rally only  distinguishable  from  the  adult  by 
the  absence  of  wings,  which  are  developed 
later.  This  certainly  cannot  be  maintained, 
and  one  of  the  most  difficult  matters  in  the 
study  of  that  order  is  to  identify  exotic  larval 
forms  with  the  exact  species  of  a  genus  where 
no  field  information  has  been  supplied. 
Again,  we  find  the  well-known  genus  Bruchus 
written  "  Brachus  "  on  plate  as  well  as  in 
text.  Perhaps  our  author  has  been  most 
successful  in  appeasing  both  the  followers 
of  Darwin  and  of  Lamarck,  and  in  one  para- 
graph. Writing  on  the  transformations  of 
the  Arthropoda,  he  remarks  that  these  vary 
in  different  species,  "  having  become  modified 
under  the  influence  of  natural  selection  and 
the  constant  endeavour  of  the  creatures  to 
adapt  themselves  to  their  environment  at  all 
periods  of  their  life."  The  farmer  and  the 
gardener  can  read  this  volume  with  much 
profit  ;  they  will  be  able  to  recognize  their 
insect  foes,  and,  what  to  them  will  be  of 
greater    importance,    they    will    also    learn 


some  of  the  best  agencies  by  which  these 
pests  may  be  destroyed. 

A  Guide  to  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat 
and  their  Treatment.  By  Charles  A.  Parker. 
With  255  Illustrations.  (Arnold.)  —  The 
diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat  have  long 
awaited  comprehensive  exposition  in  English. 
The  two  volumes  on  the  subject  written  by 
Sir  Morell  Mackenzie  when  this  branch  of 
medicine  and  surgery  was  still  young  held 
their  ground  for  many  years,  partly  because 
they  came  from  the  hands  of  a  master,  and 
partly  because  they  are  written  in  an  easy 
and  readable  manner.  But  even  their  vogue 
had  its  day,  and  no  worthy  successor  ap- 
peared on  this  side  of  the  Tweed.  Mr.  C.  A. 
Parker  has  now  removed  this  reproach.  The 
'  Guide  to  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat  ' 
shows  him  to  be  a  thoroughly  capable  surgeon, 
well  versed  in  the  literature  and  practice  of 
laryngology,  and  at  the  same  time  justifies 
the  existence  of  such  special  hospitals  as  the 
Throat  Hospital  in  Golden  Square,  where 
sufficient  experience  can  alone  be  obtained 
to  enable  a  surgeon  to  write  so  complete  a 
manual.  Mr.  Parker  has  already  published 
a  good  work  on  adenoids  ;  he  is  therefore  no 
novice  in  writing,  and  his  style  makes  the 
book  easy  to  read  and  to  remember. 

The  '  Guide  '  is  well  arranged.  It  deals 
first  with  methods  of  examination,  local 
treatment,  and  operative  treatment,  giving 
under  these  headings  the  present  practice 
of  the  Golden  Square  hospital.  A  useful 
section  follows,  upon  those  complications  of 
the  upper  respiratory  tract  which  are  likely 
to  occur  in  the  course  of  the  acute  specific 
fevers,  tubercle,  syphilis,  leprosy,  and  the 
rarer  conditions  of  glanders  and  rhinoscleroma. 
Next  comes  an  inchoate  chapter  headed 
'  Complications  occurring  in  Organic  and 
Constitutional  Disorders,'  which  is  capable 
of  improvement  in  future  editions.  The  real 
subject  of  the  '  Guide '  follows,  and  the 
diseases  of  the  nose,  of  the  naso-pharynx,  of 
the  oro-pharynx,  and  of  the  larynx  are  dealt 
with  in  a  series  of  thoroughly  satisfactory 
chapters.  The  facts  given  are  accurate,  the 
conclusions  drawn  are  sound,  and  the  treat- 
ment is  modern.  Mr.  Parker  will  do  well  to 
indicate  in  future  editions  that  there  are 
other  treatments  for  removing  adenoids 
which  are  in  many  respects  better  than  the 
one  he  recommends  :  and  as  an  instance  of 
the  manner  in  which  the  advances  of  science 
are  foreshadowed,  he  might  point  out  that 
Percivall  Pott,  in  his  surgical  lectures 
delivered  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  from 
1763  to  1781,  used  to  teach  that  the  best  way 
of  preventing  the  recurrence  of  nasal  polypi 
was  to  remove  a  piece  of  bone  with  the 
growth. 

The  illustrations  are  well  rendered,  and 
those  made  from  photographs  showing  the 
different  methods  of  performing  operations 
are  especially  useful.  Fig.  199  needs  simpli- 
fying, for  in  its  present  form  it  is  incompre- 
hensible. There  is  a  first-rate  index,  in 
double  columns,  extending  to  22  pages. 

A  Treatise  on  Zoology.  Edited  by  E.  Ray 
Lankester. — Part  V.  Mollusca.  By  Paul 
Pelseneer,  D.Sc.  (A.  &  C.  Black.)— Dr. 
Pelseneer's  contributions  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  morphology  of  the  Mollusca,  and  his 
earlier  text-book  are  so  well  known  to  the 
zoologist  that  he  only  needs  to  be  told  of  the 
publication  of  the  present  volume.  Those 
who  are  desirous  of  becoming  zoologists  may 
admire  the  work,  but  will  not,  we  think, 
be  attracted  by  it.  In  the  first  place  the 
illustrations  are  often  the  very  slightest 
sketches,  quite  unworthy  of  the  matter, 
or  even  of  the  type  and  paper  ;  not  tor  long 
have  we  seen  so  many  old  friends  reproduced, 
and  many  of  these  are  said  to  be  from  the 
works  of  the  editor,  whereas  thev  have  for 


numerous  years  been  what  Prof.  Owen  used 
to  call  the  common  intellectual  property 
of  mankind.  The  history  of  the  subject, 
again,  is  not  at  all  well  treated  ;  the  student 
will  not  be  able  to  make  out  why  the  well- 
known  group  of  Pteropods  has  been  broken 
up,  nor  how  the  legend  came  of  Jurassic 
molluscs  still  living  in  an  African  lake ; 
however,  Dr.  Pelseneer  post-dates  Wood- 
ward's well-known  manual  by  some  thirty 
years,  so  history  is  not,  perhaps,  his  strongest 
point.  We  must  not  appear  to  be  ungracious, 
for  the  work  contains  a  good  deal  of  exact 
information,  and  has  been  well  put  into 
English  by  Dr.  Bourne. 

Systematic  Inorganic  Chemistry,  from  the 
Standpoint  of  the  Periodic  Law.  By  R.  M. 
Caven,  D.Sc,  and  G.  D.  Lauder,  D.Sc. 
(Blackie  &  Co.)— This  book  is  intended  for 
advanced  students  reading  for  a  final  degree, 
and  therefore  possessed  of  the  usual  infor- 
mation given  in  intermediate  collegiate 
courses.  The  authors  have  arranged  an 
exposition  of  the  Periodic  Law  which  affords 
the  best  method  of  systematic  classification 
of  the  elements  and  their  compounds.  In 
appendixes  will  be  found  notes  on  the  non- 
valent  elements  of  the  Helium  group  and 
on  the  problem  of  the  origin  of  the  elements. 
The  authors  have  selected  their  facts  and 
material  carefully  and  arranged  them  well  ; 
and,  without  producing  anything  of  a  strik- 
ingly original  character,  have  constructed 
a  trustworthy  text-book  which  will  prove 
useful  to  students  who  have  mastered  the 
elementary  stages  of  chemistry. 


Sttitntt  (gossip. 

Among  the  announcements  of  Messrs. 
Whittaker  &  Co.  are  '  Modern  Practice  in 
Coal-Mining,'  by  Mr.  D.  Burns  and  Mr.  G.  L. 
Kerr  ;  '  Armature  Construction  :  a  Practical 
Handbook  for  Electrical  Engineers,'  by 
Mr.  H.  M.  Hobart  and  Mr.  A.  G.  Ellis  ; 
'  A  Pocket-Book  of  Aeronautics,'  by  Mr. 
H.  W.  L.  Moedebeck,  intended  as  a  practical 
treatise  on  the  popular  use  of  balloons  ;  '  A 
Guide  to  Electric  Lighting,'  by  Mr.  S.  R. 
Bottone  ;  and  '  Motor  Construction  '  and 
'  The  Care  of  Motor-Cars,'  both  by  Mr.  T. 
Gray. 

There  is  published,  price  4^d.,  North  Sea 
Fishery  Investigations :  Report  of  the  British 
Delegates  at  Amsterdam  in  1906.  "  The 
Determination  of  Temperatures  "  on  "  the 
Doggerbank  "  takes  no  account  in  its  tables 
of  the  sudden  heat  caused  by  the  Russian 
squadron  in  "  the  Hull  incident." 

The  Clarendon  Press  promise  the  following 
books  :  '  The  Evolution  of  Culture,  and  other 
Essays,'  by  the  late  Lieut. -General  Pitt- 
Rivers,  edited  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Myres  ;  a  trans- 
lation of  the  '  Hermann  von  Helmholtz  '  of 
Leo  Koenigsberger  ;  '  Surgical  Instruments 
in  Greek  and  Roman  Times,'  by  Mr.  James 
Milne  ;  and  '  A  Catalogue  of  the  Herbarium 
of  Dillenius,'  by  the  well-known  Oxford 
botanist  Mr.  G.  C.  Druce,  assisted  by  Prof. 
S.  H.  Vines. 

The  moon  will  be  full  at  48  minutes  past 
noon  (Greenwich  time)  on  the  2nd  prox., 
and  new  at  lOh.  43m.  on  the  night  of  the 
17th.  The  planet  Mercury  will  become 
visible  in  the  evening  towards  the  end  of 
next  month,  but  low  in  the  heavens  near 
the  boundary  of  the  constellations  Libra  and 
Scorpio.  Venus  is  now  in  Libra,  and  enters 
Scorpio  on  the  10th  prox.,  passing  very  near 
Antares  on  the  21st  ;  she  will  attain  her 
greatest  brightness  as  an  evening  star  during 
the  last  week  of  next  month.  Mars  is  passing 
in  an  easterly  direction  through   Leo,   and 


372 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


rises  a  little  earlier  each  morning.  Jupiter 
is  nearly  stationary  in  the  western  part  of 
Gemini,  rising  now  at  Greenwich  about 
10  o'clock  in  the  evening.  Saturn  is  near 
A  Aquarii,  on  the  meridian  at  10  o'clock  in 
the  evening  on  the  3rd  prox.,  and  at  9  o'clock 
on  the  18th. 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  Michie  Smith, 
the  Director,  Bulletin  No.  VI.  of  the  Kodai- 
kanal  Observatory,  containing  the  measure- 
ments of  the  wave-lengths  of  the  widened 
lines  in  the  sunspot  spectra  as  recorded  during 
the  second  half  of  1905,  a  specially  interesting 
period  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  those 
phenomena  ;  and  the  situation  of  the  obser- 
vatory, at  an  altitude  of  about  7,700  feet 
above  the  sea,  in  an  atmosphere  of  exceptional 
transparency,  is  well  adapted  for  the  solar 
work  now  regularly  carried  on  there,  in  which 
Mr.  Michie  Smith  will  soon  have  the  valuable 
assistance  of  Mr.  Evershed. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 
Society  of  Engineer*.  7.30.— 'Recent  Practice  in  Cane-Sugar 
Machinery.'  Mr.  P.  P.  Nursey. 
W'y.a.     Entomological,  St. 


Mor. 


FINE    AKTS 


The  Education  of  an  Artist.     By  C.  Lewis 

Hind.  (A.  &  C.  Black.) 
The  value  of  Mr.  Hind's  book  is  hardly 
to  be  gauged  by  inquiring  whether  it  is 
an  original  contribution  to  art  criticism. 
Mr.  Hind's  art  criticism  does  not  belong 
to  him  more  than  any  one  else  :  he  is  a 
popularizer  who  says  over  again  what 
others  have  said,  but  in  such  a  way  as  to 
attract  a  public  to  whom  those  others  are 
a  sealed  book,  and  thus  incidentally,  it  may 
be  claimed,  he  wins  over  that  public  to  the 
study,  or  at  least  acquaintance,  of  the  old 
masters.  If  the  task  be  carried  through 
within  the  limits  of  good  taste,  there  is 
nothing  in  it  derogatory  to  Mr.  Hind  :  for 
such  painters  as  he  has  taken  under  his 
wing  he  becomes  the  advertising  agent, 
and  places  at  their  service  just  those  arts 
of  up-to-date  canvassing  with  which  we 
are  familiar  in  other  walks  of  life. 

Who  has  not  caught  himself,  when 
looking  over  a  daily  paper,  reading  with 
absorbed  interest  a  touching  tale  of  hero- 
ism or  faithful  affection,  only  to  find  it 
culminating  in  a  puff  for  some  one's  pills  ? 
Just  so  does  Mr.  Hind  win  us  to  the  study 
of  the  arts — it  would  appear  that  not 
otherwise  will  the  general  public  consent 
to  read  what  is  good  for  it — and  though 
the  method  is,  we  believe,  completely 
successful,  it  carries  with  it  associations 
that  predispose  us  to  regard  it  as  undigni- 
fied. The  present  work  is  the  better  for 
bearing  on  its  cover  no  illustrious  name, 
and  we  look  forward  to  the  time  when 
Mr.  Hind,  in  more  perfect  imitation  of 
the  real  thing,  will  eschew  in  his  titles  all 
mention  of  the  specific  whose  virtues  he 
brings  forward. 

As  it  is  the  title  is  misleading. 
Claude  Williamson  Shaw,  whose  artistic 
education  is  here  described,  is  a  flimsy 
invention  ;  but  even  as  an  invention  Mr. 
Hind  refrains  from  making  a  painter  of 
him  as  a  sequel  to  such  an  apprenticeship, 
and  an  artist  in  the  non-literary  sense  is 
surely   suggested   by   the   word   "  artist '' 


when  used  on  the  title-page  of  a  work 
"  with  ninety-one  full-page  illustrations  " 
from  famous  pictures.  The  artistic  edu- 
cation of  a  journalist  is  the  real  subject  of 
this  innocently  egotistical  volume,  nor 
can  such  a  subject  arouse  any  great 
enthusiasm. 

But  the  book  is  by  no  means  exclusively 
devoted  to  the  impression  that  art  makes 
upon  the  mythical  Mr.  Shaw.  It  cele- 
brates the  beauty  of  Italy  and  the  glamour 
of  historic  association  ;  it  celebrates  even 
more  persistently  that  more  obvious  charm 
of  touring — the  charm  of  novelty,  of 
surprises  ;  and,  indeed,  what  makes  it 
readable  is  just  its  fidelity  of  accident  and 
circumstance,  that  at  least  offers  a  certain 
illusion  of  actuality.  Mr.  Hind  is  genu- 
inely excited  over  Mr.  Shaw's  trip — 
records  his  little  personal  incidents  of 
travel  with  a  gusto  that  makes  the  book 
companionable.  They  are  so  trivial,  these 
incidents,  and  so  destitute  of  any  bearing 
on  the  education  of  an  artist,  that  there  is 
something  delightfully  ingenuous  in  the 
pompous  phrases  with  which  their  cheery 
chronicler  announces  his  interviews  with 
other  great  minds.  "  Coming  from  that 
august  chamber,"  we  are  told,  "  he  was 
in  the  mood  to  follow  in  the  deep  trail  of 
Michel  Angelo."  So  he  follows  it  in  a  cab. 
On  another  page  we  see  him  hesitating  for 
some  tense  moments  before  "  marching 
boldly  into  the  Citadel  and  challenging 
Sandro  Botticelli  to  do  his  worthiest  or 
his  worst  with  him."  Or  yet,  again,  "  He 
could  have  wrung  the  Magyar's  hand — to 
meet  the  great  Giorgione  thus  by  chance 
in  Buda  Pesth,  to  hear  his  cry  across  the 
centuries — it  was  magnificent."  But  here, 
after  all,  was  some  excuse  for  enthusiasm, 
for  he  had  discovered  his  picture  without 
the  aid  of  Baedeker. 

These  picturesque  encounters,  wherein 
the  question  always  seems  somehow  to  be 
whether  this  or  that  master  will  rise  to  the 
possibilities  of  the  occasion,  are  sand- 
wiched between  trite  conversations  with 
ciceroni  and  boarding-house  acquaint- 
ances, and  the  combination  gives  an 
engaging  picture  of  the  modern  talent  that 
has  the  gift  of  turning  a  Cook's  tour  into 
an  adventure.  This  is  the  right  mood, 
perhaps,  for  such  a  chronicle,  and  we  might 
become  attached  to  Mr.  Shaw  but  for  his 
tendency  to  break  out  periodically  after 
dinner  into  a  rather  bookish  resume  of 
the  history  of  art,  which  is  glib  enough, 
but  wearisomely  familiar.  At  Assisi  he 
had  a  "  cell  "  overlooking  the  Umbrian 
plain  : — 

"  Far  away  on  yonder  hill  slope  he  could 
discern  the  saffron  walls  and  spires  of 
Perugia.  This  was  the  place  to  tarry  in — 
this  eyrie  overlooking  the  sunlit  valley,  where 
birds,  descendants  of  the  creatures  to  win  mi 
St.  Francis  preached,  wheeled  and  circled, 
sometimes  almost  sweeping  through  the 
window  of  the  white  cell.  He  leaned  from 
the  casement  and  thought  of  Giotto,  the 
shepherd  boy  who " 

One  wonders  whether  in  Mr.  Hind's 
works  that  shepherd  boy  is  not  always  a 
hint  for  the  wise  reader  to  skip  an  unin- 
teresting attempt  to  reduce  within  the  all- 
compelling  three-page  limit  of  the  readers 


of  snippets,  certain  current  generalizations,, 
which,  colour  them  as  he  may,  Mr.  Hind 
cannot  bring  into  relation  with  that  delight- 
ful egotist  Mr.  Shaw.  To  call  these  rather 
second  -  hand  classifications  "  reveries  " 
does  not  give  them  spontaneity.  The 
reader  finds  a  "  reverie  in  a  Florentine 
passage,"  a  "  Venetian  reverie  "  from  the 
top  of  S.  Giorgio's  Campanile,  and  a  very 
"  purple "  dream  alleged  to  have  been 
captured  in  the  train  as  it  approaches 
Venice.  All  these  dreams  are  generaliza- 
tions on  approved  lines,  but  made  more 
compact  and  telling  to  hit  the  popular 
taste.  The  whole  book  gives  a  highly 
coloured  "  operatic "  notion  of  artistic 
education,  describing  it  as  a  very  turbulent 
and  thrilling  experience.  One  can  under- 
stand that  its  author,  like  his  hero,  would 
find  it  drudgery  to  learn  to  draw  from  life. 
We  venture  to  think  that  the  man  who 
approaches  art  under  such  guidance  will 
be  disappointed.  He  will  not,  without 
proportionate  study  to  provoke  such 
insight,  be  able  to  see  even  in  the  greatest 
works  those  heart-shattering  splendours 
("  Eternity  blazing  time  into  nothing- 
ness," to  quote  a  typical  saying  of  our 
author)  which  were  revealed  in  so  lavish 
a  fashion  to  Claude  Williamson  Shaw. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  would,  we  think,  be 
easy  to  provoke  by  such  reading  as  this 
an  hysterical  enthusiasm  for  entirely 
imaginary  beauties — an  achievement  which, 
we  believe,  Mr.  Hind  would  regret.  We 
conjure  him,  therefore,  to  limit  his  super- 
latives, to  promise  his  neophytes  less, 
and  make  them  do  a  small  percentage  of 
thinking  for  every  plum  of  sensationalism. 
So,  having  the  ear  of  the  public,  he  may 
sow  the  seeds  of  a  sound  artistic  interest, 
not  of  a  sentimental  pretence  at  interest. 
His  range  of  artistic  admirations  in 
the  safer  field  of  old  pictures  is  on  the 
whole  sound,  but  his  book  has  so  little 
restraint  and  proportion  that  we  would 
hardly  trust  him  among  the  moderns. 
He  might  mistake  the  shadow  for  the 
substance,  and  there  is  plenty  of  sham 
simplicity  and  sham  severity  about  to-day 
to  mislead  the  enthusiastic  admirer  of 
such  qualities. 

It  seems  to  us  that  there  are  elements 
of  irony  in  Mr.  Hind's  position.  This 
critic,  himself  so  lacking  in  severity  and 
restraint,  is  most  exacting  about  these 
qualities  in  others  ;  himself  a  maker  of 
rechauffes,  he  is. most  hard  on  the  seven- 
teenth-century eclectics,  his  brothers.  If 
he  heed  not  his  steps,  the  result  may  be 
that  the  quiet  painters  he  most  admires 
will  be  those  who  cannot  bear  to  be  praised 
so  noisily  as  he  praises  them.  The  public 
which  delights  in  his  writing  will  be  just 
the  public  that  can  only  pretend  to  admire 
the  artists  of  his  choice. 


The  Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens. 
No.  XL  Session  1904-1905.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) — The  present  number  of  this  Annual 
consists  of  three  classes  of  articles,  in  nearly 
equal  proportions  :  two  of  these  deal  with 
the  records  and  results  of  excavations  in 
Crete  and  in  Laconia  respectively  ;  the 
third  consists  of  miscellaneous  records  of 
exploration  or  study  in  Greece  on  the  part 
of  the  students  of  the  School. 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


373 


Jn  the  Cretan  portion  Mr.  Arthur  Evans's 
excavations  at  Cnossus  occupy  this  time  but 
a  comparatively  small  space.  The  most 
important  discovery  is  the  house  along  the 
roadway  leading  west  from  the  palace  ;  this 
contained  a  "  bath-room  "  in  which  the  fluted 
columns  have  left  their  impress  on  a  later 
plaster  filling  ;  here  also  was  a  shrine  with 
-curious  natural  formations,  resembling 
human  or  animal  figures,  probably  as  objects 
of  worship.  The  most  difficult  and  inter- 
esting piece  of  work  was  the  restoration  of 
the  grand  staircase  in  the  domestic  quarter 
of  the  palace  ;  this  was  rendered  necessary 
by  a  subsidence,  and  has  now  been  carried 
out  much  more  thoroughly  than  before,  with 
as  exact  a  reproduction  as  possible  of  all 
the  original  features.  Mr.  Evans  acknow- 
ledges the  able  assistance  in  this  work  of 
the  architect,  Mr.  C.  C.  E.  Doll.  Mr.  Mac- 
kenzie's paper  on  '  Cretan  Palaces  and 
^Egean  Civilization  '  is  a  criticism  of  Prof. 
Dorpfeld's  attempt  to  distinguish  at  Cnossus 
and  Phaestus  between  an  earlier  or  "  Carian" 
and  a  later  or  "  Achaean  "  type.  The  con- 
troversy turns  to  a  great  extent  on  highly 
technical  evidence  ;  but  Mr.  Mackenzie's 
maintenance  of  the  essential  unity  of  the 
Cretan  development  seems  to  be  well  estab- 
lished. Against  the  great  authority  of  his 
opponent,  Mr.  Mackenzie  is  able  to  appeal 
to  a  minute  local  study  and  knowledge  of 
detail,  which,  especially  in  partially  pub- 
lished work,  give  him  the  advantage. 

The  excavations  of  the  School  at  Palae- 
kastro  were  mainly  devoted  to  the  site  of  the 
temple  of  the  Dictaean  Zeus,  which  yielded 
some  interesting  early  Hellenic  work  ;  the 
houses  in  its  neighbourhood  were  rich  in 
Minoan  vases  of  stone  and  terra-cotta,  and 
also  in  ivory  carvings.  In  addition  to  these 
the  exploration  of  a  neolithic  rock-shelter 
at  Magasa,  and  of  more  ossuaries  of  the  type 
already  known,  has  served  to  supplement  our 
knowledge  of  the  site  and  its  successive 
civilizations. 

The  explorations  and  excavations  in 
Laconia  described  in  the  present  volume  do 
not  include  the  discoveries  at  Sparta  which 
aroused  so  much  interest  last  spring,  but 
record  the  preliminary  phases  of  systematic 
work  in  Laconia  to  which  those  discoveries 
form  a  fitting  sequel.  The  excavations  at 
Angel ona  revealed  a  small  local  heroon  and 
its  sculptures  ;  those  at  Geraki  were  mainly 
negative  in  their  results  as  regards  the  site, 
but  are  accompanied  by  the  publication  of 
some  sculptures  which  tend  to  confirm  the 
existence  of  a  local  Laconian  school  in  late 
archaic  times  ;  those  at  Thalamae  seem  to 
indicate  the  proximity  of  the  oracular  shrine 
of  Jno-Pasiphaae,  though  no  exact  topogra- 
phical results  were  attained.  Frankish  work 
has  also  received  its  full  share  of  attention, 
especially  in  the  citadel  of  Geraki,  where 
interesting  traces  of  Saracenic  influence  were 
found  by  Mr.  Wace.  The  work  of  the  School 
in  Laconia  is  also  represented  by  its  admir- 
able catalogue  of  the  Museum  at  Sparta, 
which  is  mentioned  in  the  Report  as  a  special 
publication,  produced  by  Mr.  Tod  and  Mr. 
Wace. 

It  is  impossible  to  criticize  in  detail  the 
miscellaneous  papers  that  make  up  the  rest 
of  the  Annual.  Several  of  them  record 
useful  and  careful  investigations,  and  testify 
to  the  varied  activity  of  the  students.  A 
more  general  interest  attaches  to  Mr. 
Dickinss  publication  of  'A  Head  hi  con- 
nexion with  Damophon,'  especially  in  view 
of  the  author's  as  yet  unfinished  study  of  the 
remains  of  the  great  group  at  Lycosura. 
There  are  few  sculptors  more  puzzling  than 
Damophon,  and  his  work  has  been  assigned 
by  various  authorities  to  periods  varying 
from  the  early  part  of  the  fourth  century  B.C. 
to    the    age    of    Hadrian.     Mr.    Dickins    is 


inclined  to  assign  him  to  the  third  century 
B.C.,  and  he  sets  the  head  of  the  Titan  Anytus 
in  relation  to  a  series  in  which  the  well- 
known  Zeus  of  Otricoli  has  the  chief  place. 
The  last  word  is  not  yet  said  about  Damo- 
phon, but  Mr.  Dickins's  further  contributions 
to  the  subject  will  be  awaited  with  interest. 
It  is  a  disadvantage  inherent  in  the  delay 
almost  unavoidable  in  the  publication  of  so 
elaborate  an  Annual  that  the  Report  has  to 
record  such  already  remote  events  as  the 
Archaeological  Congress  of  April,  1905,  and 
the  opening  of  the  Penrose  Library,  of  which 
a  full  notice  was  included  in  the  last  Annual. 
Mr.  Bosanquet's  resignation  of  the  Director- 
ship is  not  referred  to  ;  but  the  excellent 
and  varied  work  here  recorded  shows 
how  great  is  his  loss  to  the  School.  At  the 
same  time  the  able  co-operation  of  Mr. 
Dawkins,  which  is  attested  in  many  places 
in  this  volume,  promises  well  for  the  future 
of  the  School  under  his  direction. 

Rembrandt  :  Des  Meisters  Radierungen  in 
402  Abb ildungen.  Herausgegeben  von  Hans 
Wolfgang  Singer.  (Stuttgart  and  Leip- 
sic,  Deutsche  Verlagsanstalt.) — The  eighth 
volume  of  the  useful  series  "  Klassiker  der 
Kunst  in  Gesamtausgaben  "  is  devoted  to 
Rembrandt's  etchings.  It  provides  a  cheap 
substitute  for  the  monumental  work  of 
Rovinski  without  attempting,  except  in  very 
few  cases,  the  illustration  of  more  than  a 
single  state.  The  reproductions,  on  the  whole, 
are  as  satisfactory  as  can  ever  be  obtained 
from  line  and  half-tone  blocks  printed  on 
shiny  paper.  The  editor  makes  it  clear  that 
he  is  not  responsible  for  the  choice  of  im- 
pressions to  be  reproduced.  So  far  is  he, 
indeed,  from  acquiescing  in  that  choice,  that 
he  places  several  etchings  (B.  304,  165,  7,  17, 
279,  271,  53,  275,  273)  in  the  second,  or 
doubtful,  class  of  Rembrandt's  work,  because 
in  the  states  illustrated  in  this  volume  they 
can  no  longer  be  called  the  authentic  work 
of  Rembrandt,  although  we  may  infer  that 
the  earliest  states,  had  reproductions  of  them 
been  available,  would  have  been  admitted 
to  the  honours  of  the  first  division.  Such 
conscientiousness  verges  on  pedantry,  and 
the  distinction  drawn  is  too  fine  to  be  appre- 
ciated by  the  more  careless  sort  of  reader 
into  whose  hands  such  a  popular  edition  is 
likely  to  fall.  When  he  finds  '  The  Young 
Haaring  '  (p.  177),  for  instance,  described 
as  doubtful  because  a  picture  of  the  fourth 
state,  instead  of  the  first,  is  given  in  the  book, 
it  is  not  the  reader's  fault  if  a  wholly  un- 
deserved prejudice  against  this  noble  portrait 
is  created  in  his  mind.  If  the  plate  is  from 
Rembrandt's  hand  at  all,  it  should  be 
classed  as  a  Rembrandt,  however  praise 
may  need  to  be  qualified  when  later  altera- 
tions have  brought  disfigurement. 

The  arrangement  of  the  plates,  if  not  their 
selection,  is  the  work  of  Prof.  Singer.  We 
regret  that  he  should  have  used  the  oppor- 
tunity given  to  him,  as  editor  of  a  volume 
in  a  popular  series,  to  promulgate  views  as 
to  the  authenticity  of  Rembrandt's  etchings 
so  revolutionary  and  so  personal  that  no 
single  expert  is  likely  to  agree  with  them, 
while  they  necessitate  an  arrangement  of 
the  book  which  must  bewilder  the  layman. 
Only  138  etchings  are  admitted  as  certainly 
authentic  ;  75  are  called  doubtful  ;  and  the 
third  class,  rejected  etchings,  is  composed 
of  a  mixed  multitude  in  which  a  masterpiece 
like  '  Ephraim  Bonus  '  and  such  a  clumsy 
scrawl  as  '  The  Castle  '  (B.  252)  are  both  to 
be  found. 

If  nameless  rubbish  like  '  The  Castle,'  and 
landscapes  which  have  been  proved  to  be 
the  work  of  P.  de  With  or  Ivoninck,  were  to 
be  included  in  the  volume  at  all  because  they 
have  once  been  called  by  Rembrandt's  name, 
it  would  have  been  more  consistent  to  tlirow 


criticism  overboard,  and  present  the  public 
with  *  Rembrandt  '  according  to  Bartsch 
placed  in  some  intelligible  order.  Prof.  Singer, 
if  he  had  had  a  free  hand,  would  probably 
have  preferred  to  let  the  hundred  and  forty 
odd  elect  etchings  stand  alone.  But  a  wise 
editor  would  have  chosen  a  middle  course, 
and  devoted  his  volume  to  the  three  hun- 
dred etchings  (approximately)  which  the. 
majority  of  recent  critics  are  agreed  in  regard- 
ing as  the  work  of  Rembrandt,  admitting 
some  few  doubtful  plates  for  which  a  case 
can  be  made  out,  and  rejecting  absolutely 
those  which  would  nowadays  find  no  defender. 
No  Rembrandt  catalogue  is  likely  to  please 
everybody,  but  we  doubt  whether  the  ar- 
rangement adopted  in  the  volume  before  us 
can  possibly  satisfy  anybody  except  its 
author. 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  THE  HUNDRED 
OF  CARHAMPTON. 


There  is  an  abundance  of  work  of  the 
fifteenth  and  early  sixteenth  centuries  to  be 
noted  in  the  churches  of  Carhampton 
Hundred.  Somerset,  it  is  needless  to  state, 
is  celebrated  for  its  western  towers  of  that 
period,  many  of  which  are  remarkable  for 
their  magnificent  proportions  as  well  as 
the  beauty  of  their  enrichments.  This 
district  contains  but  one  tower  that  is  men- 
tioned in  the  list  of  sixty  representative 
church  towers  of  the  county,  recently  drawn 
vip  by  the  late  Mr.  Brereton,  namely,  that 
of  Minehead  ;  but  the  towers  of  Dunster 
and  of  Luccombe  have  also  distinct  claims 
to  recognition.  Minehead  tower  is  a  fine, 
example  of  the  plainer  stamp  of  Somerset 
towers.  The  more  enriched  ones  have  three 
or  two  windows  abreast  in  the  belfry  stage, 
but  in  this  case  (forming  one  of  the  "  Bristol 
and  Channel  district  type,"  according  to 
Mr.  Brereton's  divisions)  there  is  only  a 
single  window — though  a  wide  three-light 
one — on  each  face  of  the  uppermost  stage. 
The  striking  position  of  this  church,  on  the 
steep  slope  of  the  hill  above  the  old  town, 
gives  the  tower  from  several  positions  an 
appearance  of  greater  height  than  it  really 
possesses.  Its  width  above  the  base  mould- 
ings is  26  ft.  by  24  ft.  6  in.  The  height  to 
the  top  of  the  parapet  is  89  ft.  8  in.,  and  the 
extra  height  of  the  stair-turret  at  the  south- 
east angle  is  about  10  ft.  above  the  parapet, 
giving  a  total  height  of  100  ft. 

In  many  parts  of  England  where  there  are 
fine  towers,  notably  in  East  Anglia  and  in 
Lincolnshire,  the  roundel  stairways  are 
arranged  in  the  thickness  of  the  inner 
masonry,  so  as  not  to  be  visible  from  out- 
side ;  contrariwise  in  Somerset,  the  stairs 
are  almost  invariably  contained  in  an  angle 
turret,  which  is  made  a  distinctive  feature 
of  the  general  design,  and  which  is,  as  a  rale, 
crowned  by  a  battlemented  elevation  rising 
from  8  ft.  to  18  ft.  above  the  rest  of  the 
tower.  On  the  south  face  of  the  tower,  in 
the  middle  stage,  is  a  group  depicting  the 
Holy  Trinity  under  an  ogee-shaped  docketed 
canopy.  There  is  another  small  group  on 
the  east  face,  over  the  nave,  representing 
St.  Michael  weighing  souls,  assisted  by  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  and  impeded  by  Satan. 

The  tower  of  the  retired  but  beautiful 
village  of  Luccombe  is  of  like  characteristics 
tO  thai  of  .Minehead,  but  of  somewhat  small,  r 
dimensions  ;  it  has  a  south-east  angle  turret, 
and  the  total  height  is  86  ft. 

The  tower  of  the  fine  cruciform  church  of 
Dunster  rises  in  three  stages  from  the  cross- 
ing that  divided  the  parish  church  from  the 
conventual  church  of  the  small  Benedictine 
priory.  It  is  90ft.  high,  exclusive  of  the 
slender  pinnacles  at  the  angles,   which   add- 


374 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


about  another  10  ft.  to  the  height  ;  the 
stair  turret  is  at  the  north-west  angle.  It 
is  interesting  to  know,  in  this  case,  the  exact 
date  of  the  work.  The  rebuilding  of  the 
central  tower  of  Dunster  church  was  begun  in 
1443,  when  the  parish  entered  into  a  con- 
tract with  a  builder  to  pay  for  the  work  at 
13s.  4cL  per  foot  ;  the  parish  was  also  to 
provide  the  rough  stone,  haulage,  &c.  There 
is  a  single  buttress  at  each  angle  with  four 
sets-off,  dying  away  just  below  the  parapet. 
The  true  Somerset  tower,  of  later  date,  has 
pairs  of  buttresses  set  at  right  angles  at  the 
corners,  as  at  Minehead,  which  pass  into 
nearly  flat  pilaster  strips  in  the  upper  stages. 
The  date  of  the  Minehead  tower  is  circa 
1500. 

There  is  yet  another  strongly  built  and 
fairly  proportioned  tower  of  this  group  of 
churches  to  be  named,  which  approximates 
in  date  to  the  rebuilt  tower  of  Dunster.  The 
three-staged  western  tower  of  Exford,  which 
is  70  ft.  high,  is  of  the  first  half  of  the  fif- 
teenth century  ;  an  historical  notice  of  this 
church  which  hangs  in  the  porch  is  mistaken 
in  assigning  it  to  an  earlier  date. 

In  the  same  century  a  low  tower  was  added 
on  the  south  side  to  Withycombe  church, 
the  lower  stage  forming  the  porch.  There 
is  also  a  much-modernized  tower  on  the  south 
side  of  Treborough  church,  which  probably 
had  its  origin  in  the  same  period,  when  rings 
of  bells  were  coming  into  general  fashion. 

External  or  projecting  stair-turrets  are 
not  infrequently  to  be  noticed  as  prominent 
features  of  Somerset  churches  apart  from 
the  towers,  particularly  as  used  for  leading 
to  rood-lofts.  There  are  good  instances  at 
Banwell,  Winscombe,  and  Burrington,  and 
two  fine  examples  in  this  Hundred  at  Mine- 
head  and  Dunster.  In  the  latter  case  there 
is  a  boldly  projecting  semi-sexagonal  turret 
in  the  south  wall  of  the  nave  (two  bays  dis- 
tant from  the  central  tower),  with  two  small 
lights.  The  exact  date  of  this  is  known, 
for  it  coincides  with  the  noble  rood-screen 
erected  in  1499  to  form  a  chancel  for  the 
parochial  part  of  the  great  church  of  Dunster. 
The  Minehead  example  is  much  more  re- 
markable, and  is  fairly  entitled  to  the  use  of 
that  often  misplaced  word  "  unique."  There 
is  no  south  aisle  to  Minehead  church,  and  the 
projecting  turret  to  the  east  of  the  porch  on 
this  side  of  the  church  is  square  in  shape  and 
unusually  large.  It  contains  a  wide  stair- 
case of  easy  gradient,  entered  from  the  in- 
terior by  a  large  doorway,  forming  an  almost 
luxurious  approach  to  the  top  of  the  wide 
rood-screen.  Another  remarkable  feature  of 
this  stair-turret  is  that  it  is  lighted  by  a  large 
square-headed  window  of  an  almost  domestic 
type.  The  suggestion  that  this  window  was 
intended  to  serve  as  a  beacon  light  to  guide 
fishermen  and  others  when  seeking  entry  to 
the  little  harbour  after  nightfall  seems  both 
reasonable  and  feasible.  The  natural  interest 
taken  by  the  church  and  congregation  in 
those  of  this  ancient  fishing  port  who  earned 
their  bread  upon  the  waters  is  brought  to 
mind  by  an  inscription  over  the  east  window 
(dated  1529)  of  the  north  chancel  chapel  : — 

We  prey  to  Jhn  and  M(ary) 
8enu  our  neybim  safte. 

Some  of  the  best  work  of  the  latter  part 

of  the  fifteenth  century  is  to  be  found  in  the 

south  aisle  of  Selworthy  church.     The  two 

large  four-light  windows  of  this  aisle,  to  the 

east  of  the  porch,  have  exceptionally  good 

tracery    of    this    period.     A    transom    runs 

across  the  centre  of  these  windows,  and  there 

are  two  small  quatrefoils  on  each  side  of  the 

cinquefoil   heads   of  tho  lower  lights  below 

the    transom.     This    effective    and    unusual 

arrangement  of  transom  tracery  is  repeated 

in  the  three-light  windows  on  the  south  side 

of  the  nave  of  Wootton   Courtney  church 

and  in  other  places,  and  seems  character- 


istic of  the  district.  The  south  or  Arundell 
aisle  of  Luccombe  church  has  a  good  east 
window,  and  the  capitals  of  the  arcade 
between  the  aisle  and  nave  are  richly  carved. 

Almost  every  church  of  this  and  other 
parts  of  Somerset  and  the  West  bears  evi- 
dence of  the  considerable  revival  of  work 
on  the  fabrics  and  fittings  that  characterized 
the  century  immediately  preceding  the 
Reformation.  In  not  a  few  cases  the  old 
fonts  gave  way  to  successors.  Octagonal 
sculptured  fonts  of  this  period  are  to  be  seen 
at  Wootton  Courtney,  Luccombe,  Tre- 
borough, Exford,  Porlock,  Dunster,  and 
Minehead.  Of  these  Minehead  is  far  the 
most  elaborate  example  ;  round  the  shaft 
are  eight  small  figures  in  canopied  niches, 
representing  the  four  Evangelists  and  the 
four  Latin  Fathers.  The  panels  of  the 
Dunster  font  bear  the  symbols  of  the  Passion. 

A  particular  feature  of  the  fifteenth-century 
or  Perpendicular  architecture  of  the  churches 
of  this  part  of  England,  which  also  prevails 
generally  in  Cornwall  and  Devon,  is  the 
frequent  absence  of  both  chancel  arches  and 
nave  clerestories.  The  absence  of  chancel 
arches  led  to  the  greater  elaboration  of  rood- 
screens.  Well-carved  screens,  to  judge  from 
fragments  of  about  1450  which  ran  across 
the  churches  of  Luccombe,  Selworthy,  and 
Porlock,  were  pulled  down  during  the  re- 
spective refittings  of  those  buildings  in  the 
first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The 
Luccombe  screen  was  removed  in  1840,  the 
best  parts  being  used  as  a  reredos  and  for 
the  front  of  a  west  gallery.  In  a  recent 
admirable  restoration  of  this  church  most 
of  these  fragments  have  been  used  in  a 
low  screen.  At  the  little  church  of  Culbone 
the  screen  across  the  chancel  arch  still 
remains  ;  it  is  of  somewhat  rude  but  effective 
design,  and  has  large  quatrefoils  at  the  head 
of  each  of  the  eight  openings,  four  on  each 
side  of  the  doorway. 

There  is,  however,  a  most  remarkable 
group  of  screens  in  five  adjacent  parishes 
of  this  Hundred,  all  circa  1500,  and 
obviously  executed  by  the  same  set  of 
craftsmen.  They  have  not  received  the 
attention  they  deserve,  and  are  to  be 
found  in  the  churches  of  Dunster,  Mine- 
head,  Carhampton,  Timberscombe,  and 
Withycombe.  The  last  two  of  these, 
being  in  small  churches  in  villages  off 
main  roads,  are  almost  unknown.  They 
have  a  character  of  their  own,  differing  much 
from  the  fine  screens  of  South  Devon,  but 
having  a  considerable  resemblance  to  the 
well-known  example  in  Hartland  church, 
North  Devon.  All  of  these  screens  are  about 
11  ft.  high,  but  vary  greatly  in  length,  in 
proportion  to  the  width  of  the  church — from 
Dunster,  with  fourteen  bays  or  compartments, 
seven  on  each  side  of  the  central  doorway, 
stretching  across  the  nave  and  both  aisles, 
to  Withycombe,  with  only  two  compart- 
ments on  each  side  of  the  doorway,  across 
the  east  end  of  the  nave  of  this  small  church, 
which  has  a  width  of  only  18  ft.  6  in.  These 
screens  are  coved  or  canopied  on  each  side, 
so  as  to  allow  of  a  considerable  width  for 
the  rood-loft  above  them.  At  Minehead  the 
top  of  the  screen  is  about  8  ft.  in  width,  and 
at  Withycombe  it  is  5  ft.  8  in.  The  beautiful 
tracery  of  four  divisions  in  each  compart- 
ment is  similar  in  each  instance,  and  there 
is  also  a  close  likeness  in  the  enriched  lines 
of  finely  carved  cornices  that  project  above 
the  coving  on  the  western  side.  These 
screens  were  stripped  of  their  roods  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation,  and  the  protect- 
ing panels  of  the  rood-lofts  have  also  dis- 
appeared, but  otherwise  they  are  in  good 
condition. 

The  exact  date  of  the  finest  of  tho  series, 
that  of  Dunster,  is  known,  and  it  was  pro- 
bably the  harbinger  of  the  rest.     A  dispute 


arose  towards  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century 
between  the  Benedictine  prior  of  Dunster 
and  the  parochial  vicar  of  the  town  as  to  the 
use  of  the  respective  portions  of  the  church. 
The  dispute  was  settled  in  1499  by  the  Abbot 
of  Glastonbury  as  arbitrator,  when  it  was 
decided  that  the  parishioners,  who  seem 
previously  to  have  used  the  crossing  under 
the  tower  as  a  chancel,  were  to  be  strictly 
confined  to  the  nave.  The  handsome  rood- 
screen  was  then  put  up  across  the  nave  and 
its  aisles  in  the  unusual  position  of  two  bays 
from  the  east,  in  order  to  secure  a  proper 
chancel  or  presbytery  for  the  use  of  the  parish. 

The  Minehead  screen,  across  the  nave  and 
north  aisle,  has  eleven  compartments,  in- 
cluding the  two  that  form  the  entrances  to 
the  chapel  and  north  aisle.  The  church- 
wardens' accounts  show  that  the  loft  was 
reused  and  fitted  with  seats  in  1630.  These 
seats  remained  on  this  wide  loft  and  were 
used  by  school  children,  both  boys  and  girls, 
up  to  the  restoration  of  the  church  in  1887-9. 
I  can  well  remember  attending  service  in  one 
of  these  rood-loft  seats  in  the  "  fifties  "  of 
last  century.  On  the  top  of  this  screen, 
near  the  north  wall,  stands  a  small  early 
seventeenth-century  figure,  locally  known 
as  "  Jack  Hammer  "  ;  it  holds  in  its  hands 
an  iron  hammer,  with  which  it  used  to  strike 
the  quarters  on  a  clock  beneath  the  tower. 
It  should  be  compared  with  the  two  better- 
known  "  Jacks  o'  the  Clock  "  at  the  Suffolk 
clmrches  of  Blythburgh  and  Southwold. 

The  screen  at  Carhampton  underwent 
slight  repair  and  a  complete  painting  and 
gilding  at  the  time  when  the  church  was  con- 
siderably restored  in  1862-3.  There  is  not, 
of  course,  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  that  all 
these  screens  were  originally  beautifully 
painted  and  gilded  ;  but  the  attempt  to 
reproduce  the  old  effect  at  Carhampton  is 
somewhat  of  a  failure,  though  laudable 
enough  for  the  time  at  which  it  was  made. 
Too  much  white  has  been  used,  and  the  colours 
are  too  crudely  tinted.  Nowadays  there  are 
church  architects  who  could  safely  be  en- 
trusted with  the  task  of  reviving  the  deep- 
toned  blues  and  reds  and  pattern  painting 
of  the  old  colourists. 

But  if  the  repainting  of  the  Carhampton 
screen  cannot  be  regarded  with  satisfaction, 
the  extraordinary  and  incongruous  shades 
with  which  some  one  has  seen  fit  to  smear 
the  beautiful  old  screen  of  Timberscombe 
must  certainly,  I  think,  be  viewed  with 
general  distaste. 

The  screen  of  the  little  church  of  Withy- 
combe is  unspoilt  by  modern  colouring,  but 
the  compartment  adjoining  the  south  wall 
has  been  stripped  of  all  its  tracery  in  order 
to  make  an  easy  thoroughfare  from  the 
chancel  seats  into  the  adjoining  pulpit  in  the 
nave.  Local  gossip — I  cannot  answer  for 
its  truth — says  that  this  ruthless  deed  was 
perpetrated  for  the  convenience  of  a  former 
minister  of  unusual  dimensions. 

J.  Charles  Cox. 


Jfiiu-^rt  (itosaip. 

At  the  New  Dudley  Gallery,  169,  Picca- 
dilly, an  exhibition  of  modern  paintings  and 
sculpture  was  opened  to  the  press  on  Thurs- 
day last. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  to-day  an  exhibition 
opens  of  paintings  and  drawings  bv  Messrs. 
H.  R.  Thompson,  H.  L.  Dell,  and  W.  W. 
Manning. 

To-day  is  also  fixed  for  the  private  view 
of  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  Black  Frame 
Sketch  Club,  at  the  galleries  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  British  Artiste*' 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


375 


^The  Holman  Hunt  Exhibition  is  to  open 
next    Saturday.       With    the    exception   of 

*  The  Light  of  the  World,'  which  was 
recently  exhibited  in  London  and  is  now  in 
the  colonies,  all  the  most  famous  works  of 
the  distinguished  painter  will  be  shown. 
The  City  of  Birmingham  is  lending  '  The 
Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona '  and  '  Christ  in 
the  Temple,'  and  the  Manchester  Corpora- 
tion '  The  Shadow  of  Death '  and  '  The 
Hireling  Shepherd '  ;  besides  which  there 
will     be  the    '  Triumph   of    the    Innocents,' 

*  The  Lady  of  Shalott,'  the  artist's  portrait 
of  himself  destined  for  the  Uffizi  Gallery, 
and  numerous  other  paintings  and  uater- 
colours.  The  exhibition  will  last  for  six 
weeks. 

Messrs.  Frost  &  Reed,  of  Bristol,  have 
on  view  in  that  city  '  Some  British  Bulwarks  ' 
and  other  pictures  by  Mr.  Reginald  Smith, 
whose  paintings  are  well  known,  both  in 
Paris  and  London. 

The  third  of  the  four  parts  of  a  strong 
and  excellent  novel  '  Le  Lierre,'  in  the 
Revue  de  Paris  of  the  15th  inst.  contains  a 
remarkable  sketch  of  some  of  the  most 
striking  pictures  of  the  National  Gallery, 
which  the  hero  comes  over  from  Paris  to 
revisit.  A  short  account  of  the  '  Lord 
Heathfield,'  and  a  long  one  of  the  Botticelli 
'  Slumber  of  Mars  '  or  '  Mars  and  Venus,'  are 
the  gems  of  the  descriptive  passages.  The 
author  of  '  Le  Lierre  '  is  a  generous 
admirer  of  the  art  treasures,  and  even  of  the 
art  itself,  of  Great  Britain,  and  almost  seems 
to  set  London  above  Paris  as  the  art  para- 
dise, while  he  reassures  us  against  our  jealous 
fears  of  the  purchasing  energy  of  Berlin. 

'  The  National  Gallery  of  Ireland  ' 
and  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan's  recent  find,  '  A 
Fourteenth-Century  Sketch-Book,'  are  among 
the  most  important  contributions  in  the 
October  Burlington.  The  former  is  described 
by  Mrs.  Duncan,  the  latter  by  Mr.  Roger  E. 
Fry,  the  nine  drawings  in  silver-point  on 
thin  panels  of  boxwood,  of  which  it  consists, 
being  reproduced  in  facsimile.  The  other 
subjects  treated  include  '  English  Provincial 
Museums,'  '  St.  Cloud  Porcelain,'  '  Portraits 
by  Goya  and  Holbein,'  and  an  undescribed 
woodcut  by  Wolfgang  Huber.  Mr.  Lionel 
Cust  and  Miss  K.  Martin  write  on  the  por- 
traits of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  with  special 
reference  to  a  painting  recently  identified 
at  Hardwick  ;  while  the  frontispiece  is  a 
photogravure  place  of  the  picture  by  Raphael 
recently  presented  to  the  National  Gallery. 

The  death  in  New  York  is  announced 
of  Mr.  H.  P.  Du  Bois,  who  had  been  for 
the  last  ten  years  art  and  musical  critic  of 
The  New  York  American,  but  who  will  be 
most  widely  remembered,  perhaps,  by  his 
contributions  to  bibliography,  a  subject  on 
which  he  wrote  for  many  years  in  The  New 
York  Times.  His  '  New  York  Private 
Libraries '  was  a  delightful  book,  written 
with  admirable  good  taste,  and  was 
intended  to  be  the  first  of  a  series,  which, 
however,  never  got  beyond  the  initial  issue. 

The  fine  collection  of  manuscripts  and 
miniatures  made  by  M.  Joseph  Gielen, 
Keeper  of  the  Records  of  the  town  of  Maes- 
eyck,  has  been  presented  by  its  owner  to  the 
Royal  Library  at  Brussels,  where  it  will 
shortly  be  accessible  to  the  public.  Among 
the  gems  of  the  collection  is  the  prayer  book 
of  Marie  Leczinska,  superbly  bound,  with 
gold  fastenings  and  miniatures  by  Rousselet. 

The  principal  articles  in  the  October 
number  of  The  Antiquary  will  be  as  follows  : 
'The  Folk  Traditions  of  the  Ash  Tree,'  by 
Mr.  J.  H.  MacMichael  ;  '  Some  Antiquities 
of  Carma  '  (illustrated),  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Colling- 
wood;  'The  Ancient  Town  of  Downpatrick,' 
by  Mr.   W.   J.   Fennell  ;     'A  Note   on   the 


"  Manorbere  Cromlech  '  ;  a  translation,  by 
Miss  Gurney,  of  an  article  on  Petra  (illus- 
trated by  Prof.  A.  Michaelis)  ;  and  '  Stone 
Monuments  Astronomically  Considered,'  a 
review  of  Sir  Norman  Lockyer's  recent  book 
on  Stonehenge. 


MUSIC 


iExisiral  (gosEtp. 

At  Queen's  Hall  on  Tuesday  evening  was 
given  the  first  performance  of  Mr.  Granville 
Bantock's  Prelude  to  '  Sappho.'  The  cycle 
to  which  this  clever  piece  forms  the  intro- 
duction consists  of  a  series  of  settings  of 
translations  of  the  poems  of  Sappho.  Most 
of  the  themes  employed  in  the  prelude  are 
derived  from  the  cycle,  the  last  song  of  the 
series  being  the  first  drawn  upon.  As  a 
rule,  the  thematic  material  is  worthy  and 
picturesque,  and  Mr.  Bantock  shows  that  he 
has  achieved  a  thorough  command  of  the 
resources  of  the  orchestra.  The  prelude  was 
carefully  played  under  the  guidance  of  Mr. 
Henry  Wood.  At  the  same  concert  Mr. 
Robert  Burnett  sang  two  melodious  '  Forest 
Scenes,'  entitled  respectively  'Midnight'  and 
'  Dawn  in  the  Forest,'  from  the  pen  of 
Mr.  Vittorio  Ricci. 

That  Tscha'ikowsky  is  a  name  to  conjure 
with  was  again  demonstrated  at  the  concert 
on  Wednesday  evening,  when  a  crowded 
audience  gave  emphatic  expression  to  their 
delight  at  Miss  Fanny  Davies's  rendering  of 
the  solo  part  of  the  b  flat  minor  Concerto. 
The  first  half  of  the  programme,  which 
opened  with  the  Russian  composer's  '  Ca- 
priccio  Italien,'  closed  with  the  Symphony 
No.  4,  in  F  minor,  splendidly  interpreted  by 
Mr.  Wood  and  his  indefatigable  orchestra. 

We  congratulate  the  Yorkshire  choir  and 
their  able  conductor,  Dr.  Henry  Coward,  on 
the  brilliant  success  of  the  concerts  held  at 
Diisseldorf,  Frankfort-on-Main,  and  Cologne. 
The  programmes  were  devoted  to  British 
music  At  Cologne '  The  Dream  of  Geronfcius ' 
was  admirably  rendered,  and  Eaton  Faning's 
'  Moonlight '  was  highly  appreciated. 

Mr.  Neil  Forsyth  informs  us  that  ar- 
rangements have  now  been  completed  for 
the  autumn  season  of  opera  at  Covent  Garden, 
where  performances  will  be  given  by  the  San 
Carlo  company  for  eight  weeks,  beginning 
next  Friday,  instead  of  on  Thursday,  as 
previously  announced.  The  first  opera  will 
be  '  Rigoletto,'  with  Madame  Melba  and  MM. 
Krismer  (a  new  Italian  tenor)  and  Sam- 
marco.  Mesdames  Giachetti,  Kirkby  Lunn, 
and  de  Cisneros  have  been  engaged,  also  the 
excellent  tenor  Signor  Zenatello.  Signor 
Mugnone  will  again  be  the  conductor. 

The  singers  already  engaged  for  the 
winter  season  of  German  opera  at  Covent 
Garden  in  January  and  February  next, 
previously  mentioned  in  these  columns,  incl  ude 
the  following:  Mesdames  Aino  Ackte,  Marie 
Brema,  Leffler-Burckhardt,  Litvinne,  Minnie 
Nast,  Agnes  Nicholls,  and  Kraus-Osborne  ; 
and  MM.  Bertram,  Bussard,  van  Dyck, 
Feinhals,  Herold,  Hinckley,  and  Felix  von 
Kraus. 

Among  the  novelties  announced  by  M. 
Albert  Carre  for  his  forthcoming  season  at 
the  Paris  Opera  Comique  are  Puccini's 
'  Madaina  Butterfly  '  ;  '  Ariane  et  Barbe- 
Bleue,'  by  Paul  Dukas  ;  '  Circe,'  by  Hille- 
macher  ;  and  '  La  Lepreuse,'  by  Lazzari. 
Gluck's  '  Orphee,'  '  Alceste,'  and  '  Iphigenie 
en  Tauride  '  are  also  to  be  performed. 

The  Oriana  Madrigal  Society  hopes  to 
give  its  fourth  concert  in  December  under 


the  direction  of  Mr.  C.  Kennedy  Scott. 
Intending  members  are  requested  to  apply  to 
the  honorary  secretary,  Mr.  H.  J.  L.  J. 
Masse,  Leighton  House,  Kensington. 

The  London  Trio  (Amina  Goodwin,  Simon- 
etti,  and  Whitehouse)  announces  a  ninth 
series  of  six  subscription  concerts,  to  take 
place  on  October  19th,  December  13th, 
January  29th,  February  26th,  March  19th, 
and  April  30th.  The  programmes  will 
include,  among  other  works,  all  Beethoven's 
trios  for  pianoforte  and  strings,  to  be  played 
in  chronological  order. 

His  Majesty  has  appointed  Mr.  F.  J. 
King,  organist  of  the  church  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalene,  Sandringham,  as  successor  to 
Mr.  Arthur  H.  Cross,  who  had  held  the  post 
for  twenty-eight  years.  Mr.  King  has  for 
some  time  been  assistant  to  Dr.  Bates  at 
Norwich  Cathedral. 


Sun. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  :!.30,  Queen's  Hull. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mon. —  Sat.  Promenade  Concerts,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Wed.    Lherinne'8  Orchestral  Concert,  3.15,  Queen's  Hall. 
Fiti.      Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Sat.      Children  anil  Young  Students'  Concert,  ?.,  Steinway  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 
Court. — The  Silver  Box  :  a  Play  in  Three 

Ads.  By  John  Galsworthy. 
One  of  the  grimmest,  most  realistic,  and 
most  powerful  studies  of  actual  life,  '  The 
Silver  Box,'  in  spite  of  its  characteristic- 
ally British  story,  seems  to  owe  sometlung 
to  Scandinavian  influences.  As  a  picture 
of  what  is  most  sordid  in  middle-class 
respectability  it  need  not  have  been  dis- 
owned by  Ibsen,  and  its  satire  of  social 
inequalities  and  legislative  injustice  is 
direct  and  scathing.  There  is,  indeed,  a 
Swift-like  sincerity  about  its  teaching,  the 
moderation  of  which  is  as  noteworthy  as 
its  fidelity. 

The  scene  opens  in  the  house  of  John 
Barthwick,  M.P.,  a  model  of  Philistine 
respectability.  Here  arrives  in  the  early 
morning  John  Barthwick,  jun.,  the  heir  of 
the  family.  Too  drunk  to  let  himself  in, 
he  is  indebted  to  Jones,  a  passing  stranger, 
for  opening  his  door,  and,  after  giving  him 
a  drink,  he  falls  asleep  on  the  sofa.  Here 
he  sleeps  until  he  is  aroused  by  the  arrival 
of  the  servants  in  the  morning.  When 
the  parents  come  down  to  breakfast,  the 
fact  is  discovered  that  a  silver  cigarette 
box  has  disappeared.  This  was  undoubt- 
edly in  the  room  the  previous  evening,  and 
has  been  carried  off  on  his  departure  by 
Jones.  Suspicion  alights  upon  Mrs.  Jones, 
a  charwoman,  who  alone,  so  far  as  is  known, 
has  been  in  the  room  and  has  subsequently 
been  out  of  the  house.  When  a  detective 
is  summoned  it  is  upon  her  that  attention 
is  fixed.  The  address  she  gives  is  searched, 
and  the  missing  box  is  found  there.  By  a 
curious  coincidence,  Jones,  the  nocturnal 
visitor  of  young  Barthwick,  and  the  char- 
woman are  husband  and  wife.  Mrs.  Jones 
is  then  arrested  for  theft,  her  husband 
accompanying  her  to  prison  on  a  charge 
of  assaulting  the  police.  In  the  course 
of  the  preliminary  investigations  which 
are  carried  on  domestically  at  the  Barth- 
wicks'  some  uncomfortable  revelations 
concerning  the  son  of  the  house  are  afforded. 
It  is  shown  that  he  was  drunk  enough  to 


376 


THE    ATHENAEUM 

cast  for  the  hero  and  Miss  Lilian  Braithwaite 
for  the  heroine. 

The  production  at  the  Court  of  Mr. 
Bernard  Shaw's  new  play  '  The  Doctor's 
Dilemma  '  is  fixed  for  November  20th. 

'  Once  upon  a  Time,'  one  of  the  most 
successful  romantic  plays  by  the  Danish 
poet  Holger  Drachmann,  has  just  been  trans- 
lated by  an  officer  in  the  American  navy, 
and  may  be  performed  as  a  Christmas  piece 
on  the  London  stage. 

In  the  revival  at  the  Deutsches  Theater, 
Berlin,  of  '  The  Winter's  Tale  '  Frau  Agnes 
Sormo  plays  Hermione,  and  Herr  Kayssler, 
Leontes. 

To  Correspondents.— A.  H.  A.— S.  L.— R.  H.  I.  P.— 
F.  C.  N.— Received.  M.  B.— Not  suitable  for  us. 

J.  H.  L— Noted.        D.  G.  M.— Too  late  to  be  inserted. 

INDEX  TO   ADVERTISERS. 

— - ♦ — 

Page 

Authors  Agents       349 

Bell  &  Sons 376 

Black       378 

Business  for  Dist-osal 349 

Cambridge  University  Press 352 

Cassell  &  Co 377 

Catalogues        349 

Constable  &  Co 351 

Educational 349 

Griffin  &  Co 354 

heinemann         355 

hodder  &  stougiiton        376 

Hurst  and  Blackett          356 

Insurance  Companies         378 

Lane         360 

Longmans  &  Co.         379 

Macmillan  &  Co 353,356 

Magazines,  &c 350 

Miscellaneous 349 

Murray 354 

Nash         378 

Newspaper  Agents 349 

Oxford  University  Press          356 

Sales  by  Auction 350 

Situations  Vacant 349 

Situations  Wanted 349 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co 379 

Type-Writers,  &c 349 

Unwin       380 

EDUCATIONAL    WORKS. 


N°4118,  Sept.  29,  1906 


have  left  his  latchkey  in  the  lock,  to  have 
slept  all  night  on  the  sofa,  and  to  have 
spent  the  previous  evening  in  scenes  of 
debauchery.  As  these  things  must  come 
out  in  the  evidence  concerning  the  stolen 
silver  box,  a  fearful  blow  is  likely  to  be 
levelled  at  the  Barthwick  respectability, 
and  much  regret  is  felt  by  the  Member 
of  Parliament  that  a  prosecution  has  been 
needlessly  undertaken.  What  is  done  is 
suggested  by  an  astute  lawyer.  An  air 
of  humanity  is  given  to  the  withdrawal  of 
a  prosecution  against  Mrs.  Jones  which 
cannot  be  sustained.  Acting  under  advice, 
young  Barthwick  acknowledges  drunken- 
ness, but,  taking  refuge  in  a  total  loss  of 
memory,  withholds  all  mention  of  cir- 
cumstances which  would  plead  in  extenua- 
tion of  the  offence  of  Jones.  In  perfect 
good  faith,  the  magistrate  allows  him- 
self to  be  led  by  the  nose,  and,  at  the 
cost  of  a  flagrant  injustice  to  a  creature 
of  no  consideration,  the  respectability  of 
the  Barthwicks  is  vindicated. 

The  story,  an  outline  of  a  portion  of 
which  is  furnished,  is  told  in  admirable 
fashion  ;  the  characters  are  drawn  witjj,, 
remarkable  skill ;  and  the  dialogue  is 
excellent.  The  circumstances  in  some 
respects  violate  probability,  but  the  whole 
is  drawn  from  the  quick,  and  pulsates  with 
interest,  being  thoroughly  life-like.  The 
mounting  and  the  acting  are  exemplary  ; 
and  the  play  is  a  worthy  specimen  of  the 
class  of  entertainments  which  have  made 
of  the  Court  Theatre  an  equivalent  of  the 
Parisian  Theatre  Antoine.  Mr.  Norman 
McKinnel's  Jones  was  superb  in  breadth, 
and  Miss  Irene  Rooke's  Mrs.  Jones  was 
melting  in  pathos.  The  performances  of 
Mr.  James  Hearn,  Mr.  A.  E.  Matthews, 
Miss  Sydney  Fairbrother,  and  other  artists 
were  in  the  highest  degree  commendable. 


Bramstir  Gossip. 

'  A  Wire  Entanglement,'  a  one-act 
comedietta  of  Capt.  Robert  Marshall,  was 
produced  at  the  Comedy  Theatre  on  Satur- 
day evening.  It  is  a  simple  and  vivacious 
piece,  the  dialogue  of  which,  of  a  sufficiently 
amorous  complexion,  is  spoken  on  the  tele- 
phone. This  trifle  was  brightly  interpreted 
by  Miss  Sarah  Brooke  and  Mr.  Graham 
Browne. 

'  When  Knights  were  Bold,'  a  farce  by 
Charles  Marlowe,  in  which  Mr.  James  Welch 
has  been  seen  at  Nottingham,  is  a  piece  of 
rather  riotous  extravagance,  in  one  act  of 
which  some  intention  is  apparent  to  burlesque 
'  Ivanhoe.'  The  heroine,  at  least,  is  the 
Lady  Howena  ;  the  hero  fights  a  comic  duel 
with  Sir  Brian  Ballymote  ;  and  there  is  a 
Jew,  Mr.  Isaac  Isaacson,  with  a  daughter. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  will  make  his  first  appear- 
ance in  America  at  the  New  Amsterdam 
Theatre,  New  York,  on  Monday  in  '  Paolo 
and  Francesca,'  by  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips. 
'  Charles  I.,'  '  The  Lyons  Mail,'  and  '  The 
Bells  '  will  be  given  subsequently. 

Mr.  Jkrrard  Grant  Allen  has  secured 
a  lease  of  the  Criterion  Theatre,  at  which 
house  he  will  produce  on  Saturday,  October 
13th,  'The  Amateur  Socialist,'  by  W.  Kings- 
ley  Tarpey,  a  piece  which,  under  the  title  of 
'  Windmills,'  lias  heen  performed  by  the 
Stage    Society.     Mr.  Eric    Lewis    has   been 


BELL'S     STANDARD    ELOCU- 

TIONIST.  Principles  and  Exercises,  with  a  copious 
Selection  of  Extracts  in  Prose  and  Poetry.  Adapted 
for  Reading  and  Hesitation.  By  D.  C.  BELL  and 
ALEX.  MELVILLE  BELL,  F.E.I.S.  New  Edition, 
Revised  and  Enlarged.  188th  Thousand,  616  pp.,  price 
3s.  6<2. 
"  Far  the  best  of  the  many  books  of  the  kind." — Scotsman. 

THE     SELF -EDUCATOR     SERIES 

Edited  by  JOHN   ADAMS,  M.A.  B.Sc,  Professor  of 

Education  in  the  University  of  London. 
1.  FRENCH.  Bv  John  Adams,  M.A.  B.Sc.  (Now ready.) 
2.  GERMAN.  By  John  Arams,  M.A.  B.Sc.  3.  ENGLISH 
COMPOSITION.  Bv  G.  H.  Thoknton,  M.A.  4.  ARITH- 
METIC AND  ALGEBRA.  Bv  John  Davidson,  M.A. 
5.  LATIN.  By  W.  A.  Erwakd,  M.A.  6.  BOTANY. 
By  Rorkkt  S.  Wish  art,  M.A.  With  Illustrations. 
7.  DRAWING.  Bv  Rorekt  Y.  Howie,  M.A.  With 
Illustrations.  8.  CHEMISTRY.  By  John  KNIGHT,  M.A. 
B.Sc.    With  Diagrams,  price  Is.  net  each. 

THE  CROWN  IMPERIAL  READER. 

A  Descriptive  Account  of  the  Territories  forming  the 
British  Empire.  Edited  by  the  Hon.  WM.  PEMBER 
REEVES,  High  Commissioner  for  New  Zealand,  for- 
merly Minister  of  Education  in  New  Zealand,  Member  of 
the  Senate  of  London  University,  &c,  and  E  E 
SPEIGHT,  B.A.  F.R.G.S.,  Editor  of  the  "Temple 
Readers"  and  other  Educational  Works.  450  pp., 
price  2s.  Gd,  net. 

BRITAIN'S   SEA   STORY.    Being  the 

Story  of  British  Heroism  in  Voyaging  and  Sea  Fight 
from  Alfred's  time  to  Trafalgar.  Edited  by  E.  E. 
SPEIGHT,  B.A.  F.R.G.S.,  and  R.  MORTON  NANCE. 
Illustrated  in  Colour  from  Paintings  by  R.  MORTON 
NANCE.     4:30  pp.,  price  2s.  Gd.  net. 

A   NATURE    READER.     For   Senior 

Students.  Edited  by  the  Hon.  Sir  JOHN  A. 
COCKBURN,  K.C.M.G.  M.D.,  formerly  Premier  and 
Minister  of  Education  in  South  Australia,  President  of 
the  Manual  Training  Association,  &c,  and  E.  E. 
SPEIGHT,  B.A.  ER.G.S.  With  many  Full-Page 
Reproductions  of  the  Great  Masterpieces  of  Country- 
side Paintings.     330  pp.,  price  2s.  net. 

LE   PETIT   PRECEPTEUR;   or  First 

Steps  to  French  Conversation.  For  the  use  of  Young 
Beginners.  By  F.  GRANDINEAU,  formerly  French 
Master  to  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria.    60  woodcuts, 

price  Is.  Gil.     Sixty-third  Edition. 

HODDER     &     STOUOHTON, 
Warwick  Square,  London,  E.G. 


MESSRS.  SELL'S 

NEW    EDUCATIONAL    BOOKS. 


Messrs.  BelVs  Complete  Educational  Catalogues,  or 

Prospectuses  of  any  of  the  Books  mentioned  below, 

sent  to  any  address  on  application. 


JUNIOR 
PRACTICAL  MATHEMATICS. 

By  W.  J.  STAINER,  B.A. 

Complete,  3s.,  or  with  Answers,  3s.  6d.,  or  in 

Two  Parts. 

Part  I.    (consisting  chiefly   of    Arithmetic  and 

Algebra),  2s.,  or  with  Answers,  2s.  M. 

Part  II.   (Geometry  and  Mensuration),   Is.  6d~ 


PENDLEBURY'S  JUNIOR 
ARITHMETIC. 

Is.  Qd.  ;  or  with  Answers,  2s. 

(The  Answers  separately,  6d.  net.) 

A  new  Arithmetic  for  the  Lower  and  Middle- 
Forms.  Written  on  modern  lines  with  free  em- 
ployments of  Graphs,  &c.  It  is  especially  suited 
to  the  requirements  of  the  various  Elementary- 
Examinations. 

PENDLEBURY'S  NEW 
SHILLING    ARITHMETIC. 

Is.  ;  or  with  Answers,  Is.  4d. 

**'"'  Similar  to  the  Junior  Arithmetic,  except 
that  all  treatment  of  the  first  four  rules  is  omitted. 


ALGEBRAIC  GEOMETRY. 

A  New  Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytical  Conic 

Sections. 

By  W.  M.  BAKER,  M.A. 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


379 


MESSRS.    LONGMANS    &    CO.'S    LIST. 
CORKESPONDENCE  OF  TWO  BROTHERS. 

Edward  Adolphus,  11th  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  his  Brother,  Lord 

Webb  Seymour,  1800-1819,  and  after. 

Edited     by     LADY7     GTJENDOLEN     RAMSDEN. 

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Edinburgh  to  prosecute  his  investigations  into  moral  and  physical  philosophy.  Here  he  met 
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c 


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382 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


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Assistant  Actuary  of  the  National  Mutual  Life  Assurance  So<  etj  . 

with  Discussion. 
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London:  c.t  E.  LAYTON,  Parringdon Street. 


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THE  MONTH'S  NEW  ISSUES. 

DIGEST  OF  THE  LATEST  COMPANIES'  REPORTS. 
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With  Map,  <  toloured  Frontispiece,  57  pases  of  Illustrations,. 

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Demy  8vi>,  cloth  gilt,  10i:  net. 

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N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


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383 


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M. 


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her  aim  has  been,  rather,  to  give  the  reader  some 
idea  of  Italy's  real  life  and  civilization,  the  im- 
pulses, hopes,  and  ambitions  of  the  nation  and  her 
people,  and  her  present  position  in  the  world  of 
European  thought. 


ENGLAND'S   PAENASSUS. 

An  Anthology  of  Anthologies. 
Edited  by  W.  GARRETT   HORDER. 

In  leather,  3s.  6cZ.  net ;  in  cloth,  2*.  Qd.  net. 

An  attempt  to  eliminate  the  personal  equation 
in  the  presentation  of  the  best  poems  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.  Nearly  every  previous  attempt  has 
been  the  result  of  an  individual  judgment ;  and  it 
occurred  to  the  Editor  that  a  collection  gathered 
out  of  the  finest  existing  anthologies  would 
be  a  choicer  volume  of  English  verse  than  any 
existing. 


THE  SENTIMENTALISTS. 

By  ROBERT  HUGH  BENSON. 


Father  Benson  has  here  for  once  forsaken  the 
paths  of  historical  fiction  in  favour  of  the  ' '  problem 
novel."  His  theme  is  the  danger  of  sentimentality 
and  the  failure  of  convention  to  effect  a  cure. 
Worldliness  and  elaborateness  does  not  and  can- 
not reveal  to  a  man  his  own  shallowness  and 
insufficiency ;  sentiment  has  to  be  limited  and 
conscience  consulted. 


NEW 

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By    Dr.     WASHINGTON    GLADDEN. 

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GRIFFITH  JONES,  B.A. 
The    Author   discusses   the  modern   tendency  on 
both  sides   of   the   Atlantic    to  debase  the  moral 
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3s.  6d. 

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A  series  of  short  expositions  on  the  several  clauses 
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3a.  <></. 


NEW    EDITIONS. 

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MY    RECOLLECTIONS. 

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WILL.  Cheap  Fourth  Edition,  with 
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THE  WORLD'S 
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By  W.  G.  FREEMAN,  B.Sc.  F.L.S., 
and  S.  E.  CHANDLER,  D.Sc.  F.L.S. 
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OFFICE    ORGANISATION 
AND      MANAGEMENT 

(Including  Secretarial  Work). 
By    LAWRENCE     R,     DICKSEE    and 
H.  E.   BLAIN. 
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condensed   form   all    the    information   on   all   tho 
points  that  from  time  to  time  arise. 


A  Copy  of  the  Complete  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  Autumn  Publications  will  be  sent  post  free  to  any  address  on  application  to 
SIR  ISAAC  PITMAN  &  SONS,  Ltd.,  No.  1,  Amen  Corner,  London,  E.C. 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


387 


MESSES    HUTCHINSON    &    CO'S    AUTUMN    ANNOUNCEMENTS 


SIR  JOSHUA  AND  HIS  CIRCLE     By  Fitzgerald  Molloy,  Author  of  '  The  Russian  Court  in  the  18th 

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CARTHAGE  AND  TUNIS     The   Old  and  New  Gates  of  the  Orient.     By  Douglas  Sladen,  Author  of 

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Carthage.     For  this  one  will  take  a  lot  of  beating." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

THE  FIRST  GENTLEMAN  OF  EUROPE       By  Lewis    Melville,  Author  of   <  The  Life  of   William 

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[October  16. 

UNDER  THE   SYRIAN  SUN      The  Lebanon,  Baalbec,  Galilee,  and  Judea      By  A.  C.  Inchbold.     With 

40  Full-Page  Coloured  Plates,  and  S  Black -and- White  Drawings  by  STANLEY  INCHBOLD.     In  2  handsome  vols,  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  24*.  net. 

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WITH  FLASHLIGHT  AND  RIFLE  in  Equatorial  East  Africa     A  Record  of  Hunting  Adventures  and 

Studies  in  Wild  Life.     By  C.  G.  SCHILLINGS.     Translated  by  FREDERIC  WHYTE.     With  an  Introduction  by  Sir  HARRY  JOHNSTON, 
G.C.M.G.  K.C.B.    Illustrated  with  302  of  the  Author's  "untouched"  Photographs  Taken  by  Day  and  Night.    NEW  AND  CHEAPER  EDITION.' 
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cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  21s.  net.  With  about  150  Illustrations,  including  4  Coloured  Plates,  many  Reproductions  from  Line  Drawings,  and  64  pa<*es  of 
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ALGIERS  AND  BEYOND      By  M.  W.    Hiuion-Simpson.      In  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,   12s.  net.     With 

32  Illustrations  on  Art  Paper,  and  a  Map.  [October  16. 

MEMOIRS   OF    MALAKOFF      Edited   by    R.   M.    Johnston,  Author   of   <  The   Napoleonic   Empire   in 

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THE  SOUL    MARKET      By  Olive  Christian   Malyery   (Mrs.   Archibald   Mackirdy\   Author   of    'The 

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gilt  top,  16a.  net.     With  24  Illustrations  on  Art  Paper  and  a  Photogravure  Plate.  [October  23. 

THE  ART  GRAFTS  FOR  BEGINNERS     By  Frank  G.  Sanford.     With  over  200  Working  Drawings 

and  Photographs.     Cloth,  3s.  Qd.  net.  [Ready. 

THE  NEW  ANECDOTE  BOOK     Edited   by  Alfred  IT.   Miles.     Including    One    Thousand   and    One 

Good  and  mainly  Modern  Stories,  Anecdotes,  Incidents,  Episodes,  Illustrations,  Yarns,  Adventures,  Eccentricities,  Witticisms,  Epic-rams,  and 
Bon  Mots,  Literary,  Dramatic,  Artistic,  Musical,  Clerical,  Legal,  Medical,  Military,  Nautical,  Social,  and  Moral.  Suitable  for  the  Fireside!  the 
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THE  LIVING  RACES  OF  MANKIND     A  Popular  Illustrated  Account  of  the  Customs,  Habits,  Pursuits, 

Feasts,  and  Ceremonies  of  the  Races  of  Mankind  throughout  the  World.  By  Eminent  Specialists,  including  R.  LYDEKKER  F  R  S  Sir 
HARRY  JOHNSTON,  G.C.M.G.  K.C.B.,  &c,  Dr.  R,  W.  SHUFKLDT,  Dr."  A.  H.  KEANE,  H.  N.  HUTCHINSON,  B.A.  F.R.g!s.',  A.  H. 
8AVAGE-LANDOR,  fee.,  kc.  800  Photographs  from  Life.  25  Coloured  Plates,  and  also  Maps.  The  complete  Work,  in  2  vols.,  now  ready, 
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THE  FAR  HORIZON 
PRISONERS 

THE  BELLES  OF  VAUDRGY 

BEYOND  THE  WALL 

THE  FRUIT  OF  THE  TREE 

w. 


NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


LUCAS  MALET 

MARY  CHOLMONDELEY 
[Third  Edition. 

G.  B.  BURGIN 
[Ready. 

J.  H.  YON  ALL,  MP 
[Ready. 


SMOKE  IN  THE  FLAME 


andF.  IEIGNMOUTH  SHORE 
[Ready. 

"IOTA" 

[In  the  press. 

THE  TRAMPLING  OF  THE  LILIES     rafael  sabatini 

[October  16. 

THE  RING  OF  DAY  MARY  BUTLEB 

[Heady. 


A  MORGANATIC  MARRIAGE 

MRS.  DIMMOCK'S  WORRIES 

GUY  FULKES  OF  THE  TOWERS 

VENUS  AND  THE  WOODMAN 

THE  STRAYINGS  OF  SANDY 

THALASSA 

QUEEN  OF  THE  RUSHES 


CARLTON  DAWE 
[Ready. 

B.  L.  FARJEON 

[Read >j. 

E.  EVERETT-GREEN 

[Ready. 

VINCENT  BROWN 

[In  the  press. 

DOROTHKA  CONYERS 
[/;;  the  2)res8. 

MRS.  BAILLIK  REYNOLDS 
[Third  Edition. 

ALLAN  !: AINE 

[Thin!  Edition. 


London:  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  34,  35,  and  30,  Paternoster  Row. 


388 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


HARPER    &    BROTHERS'    LIST. 

A    POPULAR    REPRINT    OF   THE    AUTHORITATIVE    LIFE    OF 

MADAME    RECAMIER 

AND    HER    FRIENDS. 

By  H.  NOEL  WILLIAMS.     Demy  8vo,  7s.  U. 

The  expensive  edition  of  this  authoritative  work  published  in   1901  has  been  out  of  print  some  time, 
great  demand,  however,  the  Publishers  hauejust  issued  a  cheaper  reprint  in  a  handy  form. 

"  He  has  done  justice  to  a  subject  of  unrivalled  charm." — Athencuum. 

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In  response  to  the 


QUEENS    OF    THE    FRENCH    STAGE. 

By  H.  NOEL  WILLIAMS.     Illustrated.     Medium  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net;  post  free,  lis. 

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LATER    QUEENS    OF    THE    FRENCH    STAGE. 

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history  of  eighteenth-century  France." — Daily  Telegraph. 


It  helps  to  make  known  the  social 


THE  AWAKENING  OF  HELENA  RICHIE. 

MARGARET  DELAND.     6s.  [Sixth  Impression. 

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BESS    OF   THE    WOODS. 

WARWICK  DEEPING.     6s.        [Fourth  Impression. 
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THE       UNDEFILED. 

F.  A.  MATHEWS.     6s. 
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ANN      BOYD. 

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SPOILERS   OF  THE    NORTH. 

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EAST    VERSUS    WEST. 


WILLIAM     JENNINGS     BRYAN'S 

ELOQUENT   VINDICATION   OF    CHRISTIAN   CIVILIZATION. 

LETTERS     TO     A     CHINESE      OFFICIAL. 


Being  a  Reply  to  '  Letters  from  a  Chinese  Official.'     Crown  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

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[Shortly. 


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depicts  with  rare  grace  and  delicacy  certain  incidents  in  the  life  of  our  Lord. 

THE   STORY   OF  THE    OTHER 
WISE    MAN. 

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The  author  attains  a  point  of  view  now  separated  from  us  by  nineteen 
centuries,  and  in  the  course  of  his  vivid  narrative  deals  with  the  Nativity  and 
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but 


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A    NEW    NOVEL    BY 

SIR        GILBERT        PARKER,       M.P., 

THE    WEAVERS,    COMMENCES    IN    THE    OCTOBER    NUMBER    OF 

HARPER'S   MAGAZINE,    NOW   READY. 

OTHER  NOTABLE  FEATURES  OF  THE  OCTOBER  NUMBER:— 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON By  CHAS.  F.  THWING,  LLD.   ,  THE    SCILLY    ISLES.      Illustrated.      By  ROBERT  SHACKLETON. 

ROBERT      K.      DUNCAN.  —  HIGHER      TEMPERATURES      AND 

MODERN  INDUSTRY.  J.   STORER    CLOUSTON'S    NEW   STORY,    THE   FORTUNATE 

LAURENCE    HOUSMAN'S   1111':  HEART  OF  A  MAID.  '  LORD  FABRIGAS. 


HARPER'S 


MAGAZINE. 


HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  45,  Albemarle  Street,  London,  W. 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


389 


G.    P.    PUTNAM'S    SONS'    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

THE  CENSORSHIP  OF  THE  CHURCH  AND  ITS  INFLUENCE  UPON  THE   PRODUCTION 

AND  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  LITERATURE.     A  Study  of  the  History  of  the  Prohibitory  and  Expurgatory  Indexes,  together  with  Some 

Consideration  of  the  Effects  of  State  Censorship  and  of  Censorship  by  Protestants.     By  GEO.  HAVEN  PUTNAM,  Litt.D.,  Author  of  '  Authors 

and  their  Public  in  Ancient  Times,'  'Books  and  their  Makers  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  '  The  Question  of  Copyright,'  &c.     Uniform  with  '  Books  and 

their  Makers.'     2  vols.     8vo,  cloth,  21s.  net. 

This  treatise  presents  a  schedule  of  the  indexes  issued  by  the  Church,  together  with  a  list  of  the  more  important  of  the  decrees,  edicts,  prohibitions, 

and  briefs  having  to  do  with  the  prohibition  of  specific  books  from  the  time  of  Gelasius  I.,  567  a.d.,  to  the  issue  in  1900  of  the  latest  Index  of  the  Church 

under  Leo  XIII.     The  author  has  had  an  opportunity  of  making  a  personal  examination   of  the  larger  number  of  the  indexes  which  are  described  in  his 

schedule,  and  he  presents  under  the  descriptive  titles  of  the  more  important  of  these  indexes  a  specification   of  the  special  character  of  the  constitution  and 

regulations  contained  in  each,  and  a  selection  of  titles  of  the  more  important  of  the  books  condemned.     He  has  attempted  to  indicate  the  influence  exerted 

by°the  Censorship  of  the  Church  on  the  undertakings  of  authors,  professors,   publishers,  and   booksellers  in  each  one  of  the  European  States  in  which  the 

regulations  of  the  Index  came  into  force.     In  the  final  chapter  is  presented  a  summary  of  the  conclusions  reached  by  certain  representative  Catholics 

of  to-day  in  regard  to  the  present  literary  policy  of  the  Church  of  Rome. 


THE  HISTORY  OF   PAINTING.    By  Richard  Muther,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  the  University  of 

Breslau,  Author  of  'History  of  Modern  Painting,'  &c.  Translated  from  the  German,  and  Edited,  with  Critical  Notes,  by  GEORGE  KRIEHN. 
Ph.D.,  sometime  Instructor  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  Assistant-Professor  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University.  With  Illustrations, 
2  vols.  8vo,  cloth  extra.  


THE    SPINNER   IN   THE   SUN.     By   Myrtle   Reed, 

Author  of  'At  the  Sign  of  the  Jack  o'  Lantern,'  'Lavender  anil  Old  Lace,'  <£e. 
Uniform  with  '  Lavender  and  Old  Lace.'    Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  6s. 


BOB  HAMPTON  OF  PLACER.     By   Randall  Parrish. 

Author  of  '  When  Wilderness  was  King,'  '  My  Lady  of  the  North.'    With  4  Illus" 
trations  in  Colour  by  ARTHUR  I.  KELLER.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  6*. 


REMINISCENCES  OF  BISHOPS  AND  ARCHBISHOPS.     By  Henry  Codman  Potter,  Bishop  of 

New  York.  With  13  Photogravure  Portraits.  8vo,  cloth,  8s.  6(1.  net. 
As  Secretary  of  the  House  of  Bishops,  and  during  his  long  episcopate,  Bishop  Potter  has  been  the  associate  and  friend  of  a  group  of  singularly  interesting 
men.  In  his  own  easy  and  graceful  manner  he  has  recorded  illuminating  anecdotes  and  experiences  connected  with  famous  bishops.  These  reminiscences  are 
very  human  and  personal,  and  reveal  the  men  themselves  under  their  vestments.  Bishop  Potter  has  done  more  than  write  a  charming  book  ;  he  has 
performed  a  genuine  service  in  preserving  these  intimate  memories  of  distinguished  prelates,  and  some  of  the  memoirs  which  his  readers  will  find  most 
precious  concern  himself. 

PRINCESSES  AND  COURT  LADIES.    By  Arvede  Barine,  Author  of  '  La  Grande  Mademoiselle,' 

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JOHN    CALVIN.      The    Organizer   of    Reformed    Pro-    ITALIAN  VILLAS.    By  Elizabeth  W.  Champney,  Author 


testantism,    1509-1564.      By    WILLISTON    WALKER,   Titus    Stout   Professor   of 
Ecclesiastical  History  in  Yale  University.    Illustrated.    Crown  Svo,  cloth,  6s. 

[No.  9  in  "Heroes  of  the  Reformation." 


of  'Romance  of  the  Feudal  Chateaux,'  'Renaissance  Chateaux,'  'Bourbon  Chateaux,' 
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MADAME  DE  STAEL  TO  BENJAMIN  CONSTANT.   Unpublished  Letters  and  other  Mementoes. 

From  the  Papers  left  by  Madame  CHARLOTTE  DE  CONSTANT.     Edited  by  ELIZABETH  DE  NOLDE.     Translated  from  the  French  by 
CHARLOTTE  HARWOOD.     Illustrated.     8vo,  cloth,  6s. 


WINGED  WHEELS  IN  FRANCE.  By  Michael  Myers  Shoemaker,  Author  of  Islands  of  the  Southern 

Seas,'  '  The  Great  Siberian  Railway,'  '  The  Heart  of  the  Orient,'  '  Prisons  and  Palaces  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,'  &c.     With  about  60  Illustrations. 
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THE  BOOK  OF  TEA.    By  Okakura-Kakuzo.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s.  net. 

This  l)ook  in  praise  of  tea,  written  by  a  Japanese,  will  surely  find  sympathetic  readers  in  England,  where  the  custom  of  tea-drinking  has  become  so 
important  a  part  of  the  national  daily  life.  Mr.  Kakuzo  shows  that  the  English  are  still  behind  the  Japanese  in  their  devotion  to  tea.  In  England,  afternoon 
tea  is  variously  regarded  as  a  fashionable  and  luxurious  aid  to  conversation,  a  convenient  way  of  passing  the  time,  or  a  restful  and  refreshing  pause  in  the 
day's  occupation,  but  in  Japan  tea-drinking  is  ennobled  into  Teaism,  and  the  English  cup  of  tea  seems  trivial  by  comparison. 


THE  LAST  RIDE  TOGETHER.     By  Robert  Browning. 

Illustrated  by   FREDERICK    SIMPSON    COBURN.      With    6    Full-Page    Photo- 
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THE  SHOCK  OF  BATTLE. 


TWILIGHT    FAIRY    TALES.     By    Maud    Ballington 


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BOOTH,  Author  of  '  Sleepy-Time  Stories,'  '  Lights  of  Childland,'  &c. 

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THE    EVOLUTION    OF    RELIGIONS.      By    Everard 

BIERER.    8vo,  cloth. 


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attainment  of  perfect  love,  which  involves  knowledge  of  God.     The  path  to  this  attainment  lies  in  following  a  living  teacher  who  has  himself  reached  that 
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390 THE    ATHEN^UM  N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    PENTLAND    EDITION 

OF   THE   WORKS    OF 

ROBERT     LOUIS    STEVENSON. 

Complete  in  20  volumes.    10  Guineas  net  each  Set. 

It  will  be  within  the  remembrance  of  the  public  that  during  the  years  1894  to  1898  was 
produced  "The  Edinburgh  Edition"  of  Stevenson's  Works.  This  Edition,  consisting  of 
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THE  PENTLAND  EDITION  has  been  arranged  in  conjunction  with  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  late  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  and  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.,  acting  on  behalf  of 
the  various  publishers  of  his  works  in  this  country. 

The  volumes  will  bear  on  the  title-page  the  names  of  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.,  Ltd., 
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Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  will  issue  this  Edition  on  behalf  of  these  publishers.  They  have  also 
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&Co. 

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The  publishers  have  been  fortunate  in  securing  the  co-operation  of  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse, 
who  will  contribute  a  General  Introduction,  arrange  the  order  and  contents  of  the  volumes, 
and  write  a  series  of  brief  biographical  notes  to  precede  the  various  works. 

THE  PENTLAND  EDITION  will  be  published  in  twenty  volumes,  demy  8vo, 
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The  edition  will  be  limited  to  1,550  numbered  copies,  of  which  50  copies  will  be  set 
aside  for  the  Press,  &c. 

The  Volumes  will  be  set  in  a  handsome  small  pica  type  of  large  face,  and  a  fine  paper 
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It  is  intended  to  publish  the  first  four  volumes  during  October. 
Applications  for  copies  will  be  registered  in  the  order  received. 

The  publishers  reserve  the  right  to  increase  the  price  of  the  Edition  to  those  whose 
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***    A  detailed  Prospectus  will  he  sent  post  free  on  application. 
CASSELL  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  La  Belle  Sauvage,  London,  E.C. 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


391 


MIDSHIPMAN    TO    FIELD- 

The  book  is  full  of  romance,  incident,  adventure,  and 


A     FBELD-IVIARSHAL'S     SV3EMOIRS 

THE  FIRST  EDITION  WAS  EXHAUSTED  BEFORE  PUBLICATION. 
There    has  just   been   published    one    of    the    most    interesting    Autobiographies    of    the    century,     FROM 
MARSHAL.     By  Field-Marshal  Sir  EVELYN  WOOD,  V.C.  G.C.B.     2  vols,  demy  8vo,  25s.  n 
historical  importance.     Application  should  be  made  early,  for  the  demand  will  be  great. 

THE    ART    OF    THE    GREEKS 

By  H.    B.    WALTERS.     With   over    100  Plates.     Wide   royal   Svo,    12s.    M.    net. 
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There  is  also  a  chapter  on  recent  discoveries.     The  book  is  magnificently  illustrated. 


work. 


THE     MIRROR    OF    THE    SEA 


By  JOSEPH  CONRAD,  Author  of  'The  Nigger  of  the  Narcissus.'     Crown  Svo,  Qs.      Chapters  on  the  sea — chiefly  of  an  autobiographical  nature. 

MESSRS.  METHUEN  have  just  published  a  New  Novel  by  MARY  HAMILTON,  Author  of  'Cut  Laurels,'  entitled  THE  FIRST  CLAEM. 

the  story  of  a  struggle  between  two  passions — a  woman's  love  for  her  husband  and  her  love  for  her  child. 

Kindly  write,  to  MESSRS.  METHUEN  for  their  NEW  LIST  of  ANNOUNCEMENTS,  which  is  attractively  Illustrated. 


It  is 


GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

EUROPEAN   ENAMELS.     By  H.  Cunynghame,  C.B.    With  54 

Plates  in  Collotype  and  Hall-Tone  and  4  Plates  in  Colour.    Wide  royal  8vo,  25s.  net. 

[The  Connoisseur's  Library. 
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times  to  the  present  day  in  Europe. 

GARRICK    AND   HIS   CIRCLE.        By  Mrs.  Clement  Parsons, 

With  36  Portraits  and  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  12s.  6d.  net. 
This  book  is  not  only  a  life  of  the  great  actor,  but  an  attractive  picture  of  the 
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SOME    BEAUTIES    OF    THE    SEVENTEENTH    CENTURY. 


By  ALLAN  FEA.     With  over  80  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 
"  An  alluring  and  valuable  book." — World. 
"  The  book  makes  interesting  reading,  Mr.  Tea  writing  in  a  light,  easy  style. 


He  shows 


Edited    by    Miss    N.    G.    Royde-Smith. 


a  very  extensive  and  accurate  knowledge  of  the  secret  history,  the  'petticoat  politics,'  of 
this  extremely  difficult  period." — Daily  Mail. 

GEORGE   HERBERT   AND   HIS   TIMES.       By  A.   G.  Hyde. 

With  32  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  10s.  6d.  net. 
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A  BOOK  OF  ENGLISH   GARDENS.      By   M.   R.   Gloag  and 

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Globe. 
"Miss  Gloag   writes   with   knowledge,    and  the    daintily    suggestive   sketches   are 
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THE   LAST   OF    THE    ROYAL    STUARTS:    Henry    Stuart, 

Cardinal  Duke  of  York.  By  H.  M.  VAUGHAN.  20  Illustrations.  Demy  Svo,  10s.  6A  net. 

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contribution  to  historical  literature. " — Globe. 

THE  COMPLETE  RUGBY  FOOTBALLER.     By  D.  Gallaher, 

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SECOND  EDITION. 

CHARLES  DICKENS.     By  G.  K.  Chesterton.    With  2  Portraits. 

Demy  8vo,  7s.  Gd.  net. 
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"A  book  of  extraordinary  interest." — Daily  News. 

"Quite  a  remarkable  book."—  Westminster  Gazette. 

"A  remarkable  book,  so  brilliant,  so  vigorous  and  vital " — Daily  Telegraph. 

"It  is  all  excellent  writing a  delightfully  unconventional  book."— Punch. 

THE  HYGIENE  OF  MIND.     By  T.  S.  Clouston,  M.D.,  Lecturer 

on  Mental  Diseases  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.     Illustrated.     Demy  Svo,  7s.  (id. 
net. 

QUEEN  LOUISA  OF  PRUSSIA.     By  Mary  M.  Moffat.     With 

20  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  7s.  Crf.  net. 
"The  writer  has  an  adequate  grasp  of   the  subject,  and   has  discerned   the  true 
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"  Miss  Moffat  has  told  the  story  of  a  beautiful  life  beautifully."— Standard. 
"Of  unusual  interest  and  of  unusual  excellence."— Daily  Telegraph. 

MODERN  MUSIC  AND  MUSICIANS.      By  R.  A.  Streatfeild. 

W  ith  24  Portraits  and  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  7s.  M.  net. 
A  sketch  of  the  development  of  modern  music  since  the  days  of  Palestrina. 
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A    WANDERER   IN    LONDON.     By   E.    V.    Lucas.     With   52 

tt  Illustrations,  of  which  10  are  in  Colour  by  NELSON  DAWSON.     Crown  Svo,  6*. 

"  m  "  j      of  '"""'te  solace  and  comfort,  a  literary  joy."— Horning  Leader. 
•    ..      ■   i  Lucaf  knows  his  London  well,  and  all  its  treasures,  and  one  could  not  have  a 
MtCer-iniormed  nor  a  more  genial  guide."—  Tribune. 

"  Suggesting,  revealing,  enlightening,  instructing."— Daily  News. 

A    PILLOW    BOOK. 

Crown  Svo,  4s.  (id.  net. 

A    GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS    USED    IN    ENGLISH   ARCHI- 

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TOMMY    SMITH'S   OTHER   ANIMALS.      By  Edmund  Selous. 

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NEW    NOVELS. 

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THE  CALL  OF  THE  BLOOD.     By  Robert  Hicbens,  Author  of 

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THE  GUARDED  FLAME.     By  W.  B.  Maxwell.     6s. 

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THE  CAR  OF  DESTINY,  and  its  Errand  in  Spain.    By  C.  N. 

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THE  POACHER'S  WIFE.     By  Eden  Phillpoits,  Author  of  ■  The 

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"The  book  is  remarkable  for  its  skill  and  refinement  Mr.  Lucas  comes  as  near  com- 
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THE   HOUSE  OF  ISLAM.     By  Marmaduke  Pickthall,  Author 

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"  One  does  not  often  come  upon  a  novel  so  clean,  so  robust,  and  so  brilliantly  con- 
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THIRD  EDITION. 

THE   WICKHAMSES.     By  W.  Pett  Ridge.     6s. 

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A   ROGUE'S   TRAGEDY.      By  Bernard  Capes.     6s. 

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THE    LADDER    TO    THE    STARS.     By  Jane   H.  Findlater, 

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IN  THE  SHADOW  OF  THE  LORD.     By  Mrs.  Hugh  Fraser, 

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I    KNOW    A    MAIDEN.      By   E.    Maria    Albanesi,   Author  of 

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SECOND  EDITION. 

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8vo,  6s. 
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PROFIT  AND  LOSS.     By  John  Oxenham.     6s. 

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Tribune. 


METHUEN  &  CO.  36,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


392 THE    ATHENAEUM N-4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


JUST  PUBLISHED.        PRICE    3s.    6d. 

LORD    RANDOLPH    CHURCHILL. 

A    REMINISCENCE    AND    A   STUDY. 

BY 

LORD        ROSEBERY. 


SOME  OPINIONS   OF  THE  PRESS. 


The  TRIBUNE  says  : — "  This  remarkable  book  finishes  as  it  begins,  on  a  note  of  unforced  pathos  and  regret.  As  a 
man's  portrait  painted  by  a  friend  it  is  full  of  beautiful  colouring.  It  is  a  sad  memory  book,  but  in  some  places  touched  with 
humour,  and  in  others  sharp  and  incisive  with  pregnant  phrasing.  Yet  so  easily  do  its  sentences  flow  that  to  those  familiar 
with  Lord  Eosebery  as  an  orator  the  words  may  almost  be  heard  to  fall  from  his  lips  with  personal  inflection,  passion,  and  tone. 
It  may  safely  be  said  that  the  book  as  it  stands  could  have  been  written  by  no  other  man  in  England.  As  an  historical 
document  it  is  important,  and  as  a  literary  achievement  a  triumph  worthy  to  rank  with  its  author's  '  Napoleon  '  and  '  Pitt.' " 

The  WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE  says :— «  A  most  interesting  and  vivid  sketch.  In  the  region  of  biography  Lord 
Rosebery's  is,  of  course,  a  master-hand  ;  and  this  little  book  will  rank  among  the  most  fascinating  products  of  his  pen.  It  is 
throughout  exceedingly  generous  and  sympathetic  in  tone,  and  as  a  literary  achievement  is  of  the  highest  order." 

The  DAILY  TELEGRAPH  says  : — "  Like  all  Lord  Rosebery's  literary  work,  it  is  polished  ad  unguem,  and  is  as  bright, 
crisp,  and  epigrammatic  as  it  is  full  of  real,  intimate,  and  first-hand  knowledge." 

The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says  : — "  A  volume  that  will  give  delight  not  only  to  politicians  of  all  sides,  but  to  the 
general  public,  whose  interest  lies  in  the  more  human  aspect  of  a  great  career." 

The  GLOBE  says  : — "  The  book  is  an  admirable  study  of  recent  politics  and  of  a  very  striking  personality." 

The  SHEFFIELD  DAILY  INDEPENDENT  says  :— "  It  is  all  fascinatingly  written,  with  a  keen  critical  instinct,  a  fine 
fairness  of  mind,  and  a  delightful  freshness  of  diction.  It  is  not  often  one  can  thus  read  eminent  statesmen's  deliberate 
summings-up  of  their  eminent  contemporaries." 

The  SCOTSMAN  says: — "It  is  difficult  in  reading  this  monograph,  thoughtful,  humorous  at  times,  never  without  a 
certain  brilliance,  to  get  away  from  the  feeling  that  it  is  a  personal  document,  and  more  valuable  as  reflecting  the  well-weighed 
general  view  of  the  living  writer  than  as  a  political  picture  of  his  dead  friend." 

The  BELFAST  NEWS-LETTER  says :— "  The  work  is  one  of  great  political  and  personal  interest,  and  it  will  be 
eagerly  welcomed  by  both  parties  and  all  who  give  attention  to  political  affairs." 

The  STAR  says: — "It  is  full  of  good  things.  Lord  Rosebery  gives  many  vivid  pictures  of  Lord  Randolph's  rich 
personality." 

The  EASTERN  MORNING  NEWS  says:— "Lord  Rosebery  seldom  touches  any  subject,  either  in  his  speeches  or 
writings,  without  investing  it  with  particular  interest,  and  this  remark  applies  especially  to  what  he  has  to  say  about  one  of 
the  most  striking  personalities  in  the  political  world  of  the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century." 

The  LIVERPOOL  COURIER  says  : — "  It  is  indeed  as  a  study  of  Lord  Randolph,  a  study  informed  by  personal  knowledge 
and  influenced  by  friendship,  that  this  monograph  must  be  considered,  and  as  such  it  is  valuable  and  interesting.  It  is  written 
with  great  charm.  Lord  Rosebery's  literary  skill  has  seldom  been  shown  to  such  advantage.  The  phrasing  is  consistently 
distinguished  and  delightful." 

The  WESTERN  DAILY  PRESS  says  :— "Lord  Rosebery's  brilliant  little  study  is  a  book  that  throws  further  light  upon 
the  most  remarkable  figure  in  politics  which  our  generation  has  seen." 

The  MANCHESTER  GUARDIAN  says  : — "  The  reminiscential  chapters  read  like  private  letters  accidentally  opened. 
We  notice  nothing  in  the  book  that  should  not  have  been  there,  and  yet  it  has  an  engaging  tone  of  intimacy  ;  it  is  almost  as 
good  as  if  it  were  an  indiscretion."  ^ 

ARTHUR  L.  HUMPHREYS,  187,  Piccadilly,  London,  W. 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906        THE    ATHEN^UM 393_ 


MR.    EDWARD    ARNOLD'S    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

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N°4119.  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


395 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  G,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Lord  Rosebery  on  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  ..    395 

Italian  Literature 395 

Spanish  Literature 397 

Mr.  Newman  Howard's  Constantine  the  Great  398 
La  Vendue  and  the  French  Revolution  ..  ..399 
New  Novels  (Holy  laud ;  The  Greenstone;  The 
Comedy  of  Age ;  The  Safety  of  the  Honours ; 
The  Ingenious  Captain  Cobhs ;  The  Gaiety  of 
Fatina  ;  The  Private  Detective  ;  Lady  Fitz- 
Maurice's  Husband  ;  A  Widow  by  Choice)        400 — 401 

Economics         401 

Our  Library  Table  (From  Midshipman  to  Field- 
Marshal  ;  Links  in  my  Life  on  Land  and  Sea ; 
Puck  of  Pook's  Hill ;  Uganda  to  Khartoum  ; 
Gloucester  in  National  History  ;  St.  Stephen's  in 
the  Fifties  ;  Sir  Benjamin  Stone's  Pictures  ;  The 
Return  to  the  Land  ;  The  North  Sea  Bubble  ; 
Disenchanted;  The  World's  Classics)         ..      403—406 

List  ok  New  Books 406 

The  Quatercentenary  Feast  at  Aberdeen  ; 
Canning  and  the  Tilsit  Auticles  ..        ..407 

Literary  Gossip        408 

Science— Wild  Life  in  East  Angi.ia  ;  Societies  ; 

Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip 41° 

Fine    Art— The    Church    Plate    of    Bangor; 

Botticelli  ;  Gossip      411—412 

Music— The  Birmingham  Festival;  Gossip;  Per- 
formances Next  Week         412—414 

Drama— Gossip 414 

Index  to  Advertisers       414 


LITERATURE 


Lord  Randolph  Churchill.     By  Lord  Rose- 
bery.    (A.  L.  Humphreys.) 

Lord  Rosebery's  excellent  little  volume 
— the  best  literary  work,  in  our  opinion, 
which  he  has  produced — has  been  gutted 
by  the  daily  press.  It  raises,  hoAvever, 
some  historical  questions  on  which  Athe- 
naeum reviewers  have  had  to  comment, 
especially  in  connexion  with  Mr.  Morley's 
4  Gladstone,'  Mr.  Barry  O'Brien's  '  Par- 
nell,'  Davitt's  memoirs,  and  recent  volumes 
by  Mr.  Churchill  and  Mr.  Gorst. 

Lord  Rosebery  is  not  satisfied  with 
Mr.  Churchill's  admissions  as  to  the 
compact  of  1885  between  some  of  the  Con- 
servative leaders  and  Parnell.  It  is 
natural  that  this  should  be  so,  inasmuch 
as  our  author  knows  more  than  the  reti- 
cence imposed  on  Privy  Councillors  allows 
him  to  relate.  He  rightly  tells  us  that  as 
yet  there  "  cannot  be  a  complete  dis- 
closure." He  comments,  as  did  The 
Athenceum  in  reviewing  the  life  of  '  Lord 
Randolph  Churchill,'  on  Mr.  Churchill's 
statement  "  that  it  was  not  in  any  sense 
a  bargain."  In  the  earlier  passages  which 
deal  with  the  matter  Lord  Rosebery  does 
not  inform  his  readers — indeed,  his  lan- 
guage  might  imply  the  contrary  opinion 
— that  Lord  Salisbury  was  a  party  to 
the  assurance  given  by  Lord  Randolph  to 
Pan-ell  at  the  interviews  ;  and  he  also  at 
first  follows  that  one  of  the  two  statements 
of  Mr.  Churchill  which  implied  that  the 
only  promise  was  that  there  should  be 
"  no  coercion."  Just  as  Mr.  Churchill 
went  on,  in  a  later  account  derived  from 
different  sources,  to  reveal  a  second  pro- 
mise, so  does  Lord  Rosebery.  He  shows 
that   Lord   Randolph    himself   frequently 


stated  that  "  Lord  Salisbury  and  his 
immediate  political  friends,"  especially 
Lord  Ashbourne,  were  in  close  council. 
Lord  Rosebery,  however,  suggests  that 
while  Lord  Randolph  "  urged  his  view, 
....  he  did  not  mention  his  momentous 
conversation  with  Parnell."  The  fact  is 
that  there  was  more  than  one  conversa- 
tion, and  that  Lord  Randolph  had  re- 
ported to  Lord  Salisbury  in  the  interval 
between  them.  These  circumstances  were 
within  the  knowledge  of  many  who  are 
still  living.  Lord  Rosebery  sums  up  his 
careful  account  of  the  transaction  in  the 
following  words  : — 

"  There  can  be,  I  think,  no  question  in  any 
impartial  mind  that  there  was  a  valid,  though 
unwritten,  understanding  with  the  Irish 
leader,  of  which  many  in  high  position  among 
the  Tories  may  have  been  unconscious,  and 
of  which  Randolph  was  the  medium  and 
the  channel." 

As  The  Athenceum  has  pointed  out  in 
dealing  with  the  references  of  Mr.  Justin 
McCarthy  and  others  to  the  subject,  we 
know  that  Sir  Michael  Beach  was  excluded 
from  the  "  small  eonciliabulesr  Lord 
Rosebery  goes  on  to  state  that 

"  the  result  was  apparent  in  a  memorable 
scene,  when,  in  the  House  of  Lords,  the  new 
Prime  Minister,  after  setting  forth  his  political 
programme,  handed  over,  against  all  pre- 
cedent, to  Lord  Carnarvon,  the  new  Viceroy, 
the  task  of  announcing  the  Irish  policy  of 
the  Government." 

It  will  be  remembered  by  those  interested 
in  this  curious  point  of  modern  political 
history,  on  which  so  much  has  turned 
and  may  still  turn,  that  a  debate  in  the 
House  of  Commons  and  a  declaration  by 
Sir  Michael  Beach,  followed  by  explana- 
tions from  Lord  Carnarvon  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  subsequently  added  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  facts.  It  might,  how- 
ever, be  gathered  from  Lord  Rosebery's 
words  that  Lord  Carnarvon  was  not  him- 
self favourable  to  the  policy  of  moderate 
Home  Rule,  in  the  1885  sense  of  the 
expression,  to  which  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill  was  at  that  time  committed. 
It  is,  therefore,  material  to  repeat  that 
the  three  promises  to  Parnell  were  (1) 
no  coercion,  (2)  a  Maamtrasna  inquiry, 
and  (3)  "a  Viceroy "  —  Parnell  saj^s 
"  favourable  to  Home  Rule,"  Lord  Ran- 
dolph says  "  willing  to  inquire  into  Home 
Rule."  There  is  a  remarkable  declara- 
tion on  this  subject  in  Lord  Rosebery's 
pages,  which  informs  us — perhaps  upon 
the  authority  of  Lord  Randolph — that. 
"  unknown  to  him,  his  own  Viceroy  had 
for  two  months  past  been  handling  the 
accursed  thing."  Accepting  to  the  full 
Lord  Randolph's  own  account  of  the 
transactions,  we  are  at  a  loss  to  under- 
stand how  it  can  be  established  that  he 
was  unaware,  as  Sir  M.  Beach  was  un- 
doubtedly unaware,  of  the  nature  and 
scope  of  the  "  inquiries "  of  Lord  Car- 
narvon. 

On  the  subject  of  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill's  resignation  Lord  Rosebery's 
pages  are  also  full  of  interest.  We  are 
surprised  at  an  incidental  reference  to 
the  habits  of  Lord  Salisbury  :  "  It  is 
doubtful  if  Lord  Salisbury  ever  suggested 


an  interview  in  his  life."  We  believe 
that  many  who  have  served  in  Cabinet 
with  that  distinguished  statesman  are 
aware  of  his  constant  willingness,  not 
only  to  write  at  enormous  length,  with 
great  courtesy  and  clearness,  in  his  own 
hand,  upon  all  points  of  difference,  but 
also  to  invite  interviews  to  smooth  over 
difficulties. 

Lord  Rosebery  is  always  given  to  what 
are  known  as  "  tantalizing  references " 
—little  anecdotes  which  discreetly  stop 
short  of  names,  and  suggest  delightful 
trains  of  thought,  differing  in  all  his 
readers.  We  find  one  of  them  in  a  record 
of  a  pleasant,  late  conversation  with  his 
friend  : — 

"  I  remember  once  saying  that  a  certain 
statesman  had  not  shone  at  the  Foreign 
Office  ;  he  at  once  declared  that  he  deli- 
berately regarded  him  as  the  greatest  Foreign 
Secretary  that  had  ever  lived.  This  was 
not  conviction,  nor  even  opinion  ;  it  was 
only  returning  the  ball  over  the  net." 

Lord  Rosebery — who,  as  a  great  Foreign 
Secretary,  has  not  perhaps  the  highest 
opinion  of  Lord  Granville  as  a  Foreign 
Secretary,  but  who  quotes  with  just 
reprobation  the  violent  language  applied 
to  the  latter  by  Lord  Randolph  Churchill 
much  earlier  in  his  career — may  find  that 
in  this  passage  he  has  suggested  to  many 
Lord  Granville's  name.  It  was  character- 
istic of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  to  espouse 
with  warmth,  and  even  with  ferocity,  at 
various  periods,  sometimes  not  distant 
from  one  another,  the  most  opposite 
views.  Lord  Randolph  was  not  separated 
from  Lord  Granville,  bitter  as  had  been 
the  temporary  feud,  by  the  gulf  which 
lies  between  modern  Imperialist  and  old 
Manchester  or  Cobdenic  opinion.  On  the 
whole,  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  had  at 
bottom  the  old  economic,  "  Little  Eng- 
land," Manchester,  Cobdenic  mind.  In 
the  later  stages  of  his  career  this  fact — 
wholly  at  variance  with  much  of  the 
language  of  his  middle  period — was  as 
evident  as  in  his  earliest  essays  in  the 
political  world. 


ITALIAN    LITERATURE. 

Since  my  last  review  for  The  Athenceum 
Italian  literary  production  has  not  been 
over-abundant.     '  II  Santo' 
'  il  santo  '    of    Antonio    Fogazzaro,    a 
and  other   book  of  last  year  which  has 
fiction.       recently     been     translated 
into    English,    has    offered 
material,  or  rather  pretext,  for  gossip  and 
discussions  that  arc  still  going  on.     As  is 
well    known,    the    book    was    put    in   the 
Index,    and    the    author,    a    devout    and 
believing  Catholic,  " laudabiliter  se  Bubjecit 
et  opus  reprobavit  "  in  order  not  to  incur 
excommunication.     He     also     announced 
that  he  would  permit  no  new  translations 
of  the  story,  but  that  he  could  not  prevent 
the  publisher  from  continuing  to  sell  it, 
as  he  had  a  legal  contract  with  him.     This 
submission  of  Fogazzaro,  which  was  purely 
an  act  of  conscience,  absolutely  personal, 
lias  raised  the  suspicions  of  some.     Fogaz- 
zaro is  a  member  of  the  Italian  Senate, 


396 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,1906 


and  also  belongs  to  the  Higher  Council  of 
Public  Instruction,  which  is  nominated, 
partly  by  the  University  and  partly 
by  the  Minister,  to  decide  on  uni- 
versity competitions  and  other  questions 
of  higher  education.  Now  between  the 
personal  submission  of  Fogazzaro  to  the 
decree  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Index 
and  his  position  as  member  of  the  Higher 
Council  some  have  seen  a  patent  incom- 
patibility, asserting  that  any  one  who 
obeys  the  Church  and  its  dogmas  is  in- 
capable of  judging  in  questions  of  science. 
So  protests  have  been  published  in  the 
newspapers,  and  the  "  Fogazzaro  case  " 
has  become  a  convenient  platform  for 
anti-clerical  or  Catholic  declarations.  It 
is  all  much  ado  about  nothing,  since 
Fogazzaro  has  stated  that,  in  spite  of 
these  protests,  he  will  not  resign  his 
office. 

All  this  chatter,  if  it  has  tended  to 
spread  the  sale  of  '  II  Santo,'  which  in- 
creases daily,  has  not  freed  the  romance 
from  the  defects  that  I  have  already  pointed 
out  and  the  manifest  disproportion  between 
the  theme  and  the  atmosphere.  A  religious 
phenomenon  does  not  seem  possible  or 
intelligible  if  it  lacks  theproperatmosphere. 
'  II  Santo  '  produces  the  effect  of  those 
ultra-modern  religious  pictures  in  which 
Christ  is  seen  appearing  at  a  supper  of 
persons  clad  in  evening  dress.  The  violent 
contrast  between  the  theme  and  the 
modern  and  mundane  atmosphere  destroys 
all  verisimilitude. 

In  fiction  no  other  book  has,  rightly  or 
wrongly,  made  so  much  stir.  Matilde 
Serao,  who  remains  the  Italian  George 
Sand,  has  published  in  a  volume  her  last 
romance,  '  Dopo  il  Perdono,'  which  ap- 
peared first  in  the  pages  of  the  Nuova 
Antolorjia,  a  fact  that  has  robbed  the 
book  of  the  merit  of  novelty,  but  not  of 
the  strong  qualities  always  inherent 
in  the  romantic  work  of  this  powerful 
writer.  Diego  Angeli,  a  brilliant  writer 
and  poet,  has  in  a  lively  story  described 
'  L'  Orda  d'  Oro  '  ('  The  Golden  Tribe  '), 
that  cosmopolitan  society  which  flocks 
to  Rome  in  search  of  the  distractions 
offered  by  the  only  capital  in  existence 
that  can  boast  of  two  Courts  and  two 
diplomatic  worlds,  where  carnival  and 
dance  can  be  had  in  double  doses.  Piero 
Giacosa,  a  man  of  real  talent,  has  produced 
an  original  volume  of  stories,  in  which 
research  into  the  most  mysterious  scien- 
tific problems  forms  the  plot  for  romantic 
adventures.  The  '  Specchi  dell'  Enigma  ' 
— such  is  the  title — remind  me  of  certain 
of  Poe's  novels,  and  of  some  stories  by 
another  talented  artist,  Camillo  Boito, 
which  are  the  best  of  the  output  of  twenty 
or  thirty  years  ago,  when  Giovanni  Verga, 
Anton  Giulio  Barrili,  Antonio  Caccianiga, 
Salvatore  Farina,  and  Enrico  Castelnuovo 
(the  last  named  is  now  publishing  his 
'  Ultime  Novelle ')  delighted  Italian 
readers. 

Next   to  what  is  called  "  entertaining 

literature,"    books   of   art   win    the  most 

public      favour.       This     is 

art  books,   natural,  since  to  the  value 

of  their  contents  they  add 

tho    attractions   of    beautiful   and    faith- 


ful reproductions  of  masterpieces  of  art  or 
grand  views.  The  Istituto  d'  Arti  Grafiche 
at  Bergamo,  under  the  direction  of  Cor- 
rado  Ricci,  has  continued  the  publication 
of  '  Italia  Artistica,'  which  is  a  series  of 
valuable  monographs  on  the  cities  and 
districts  of  the  peninsula.  We  have  had 
two  excellent  monographs — one  on  Dante 
Gabriele  Rossetti,  written  by  Elena  Ros- 
setti  Angeli,  whose  relationship  to  the 
artist  has  not  blinded  her  judgment,  and 
the  other  on  Mose  Bianchi,  the  famous 
leader  of  the  Lombard  school  of  paint- 
ing, by  Giulio  Pisa.  Both  are  adorned 
with  many  valuable  reproductions.  In 
the  history  of  modern  Italian  painting 
we  have  a  masterly  work,  a  beautiful 
volume  on  Domenico  Morelli,  who  was 
perhaps  the  only  great  master  of  Italian 
painting  in  the  second  half  of  the  last 
century,  by  Primo  Levi,  one  of  the  most 
learned  and  conscientious  of  our  art 
critics. 

To  the  history  of  ancient  art  we  have 
a  weighty  contribution   by  Ludwig  and 

t  Molmenti    in    the    volume 

aet  history,  on  Vittore  Carpaccio, which 
was  the  last  work  of  the 
lamented  and  erudite  German.  Gustav 
Ludwig,  enamoured  of  Italy  and  Venice, 
dedicated  to  his  fortunate  researches  the 
best  years  of  his  feverish  energy,  and 
when  dying  bequeathed  his  writings  and 
library  to  that  "  Kunsthistorisches  In- 
stitut "  which  some  learned  Germans 
founded  in  Florence,  to  become  a  valu- 
able workshop  for  students.  This  beauti- 
ful book  by  Pompeo  Molmenti  and  Ludwig 
is  to  be  translated  into  English. 

Adolfo  Venturi  has  published  another 
volume  of  his  monumental  history  of  art, 
treating  of  the  '  Sculpture  of  the  Thir- 
teenth Century,'  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
he  will  be  able  with  unabated  vigour  to 
carry  to  a  successful  termination  this 
important  work.  I  may  also  recommend 
a  book  that  will  be  welcome  to  art 
students,  and,  being  written  in  French, 
will  have  a  wider  circulation  than  Italian 
can  command.  '  Le  Peintre  Graveur 
Italien,'  by  Alessandro  di  Vesme,  forms 
a  necessary  appendix  to  the  famous  book 
of  Bartsch,  familiar  to  every  lover  of 
engravings. 

After  ten  years  of  labour  and  expense, 
there  has  now  appeared,  complete  in  two 
volumes,  richly  illustrated, 
drama.  the  work  of  Prof.  Luigi 
Rasi  on  '  Italian  Come- 
dians.' The  history  of  the  Italian 
theatre  up  to  the  present  day  has 
found  in  Rasi,  the  director  of  the 
Royal  School  of  Elocution  in  Florence, 
a  faithful  expositor.  Hitherto  we  had  no 
book  giving  full  and  precise  notices  of 
individual  artists,  from  Isabella  Andreini 
to  Eleonora  Duse,  from  Fiorilli  to 
Salvini.  Luigi  Rasi,  who  has  the 
patience  of  the  collector,  first  gathered  a 
large  and  valuable  mass  of  illustrations 
and  documentary  matter,  and  then  put 
his  information  into  a  dictionary.  It 
is  one  of  the  few  modern  Italian  books 
that  have  a  profusion  of  illustrations 
of  various  kinds  and  abundance  of 
facsimiles   and   autographs.     It  is  also  a 


splendid  document  for  the  history  of 
costume,  and  should  find  a  place  in  public 
libraries. 

Under  the  next  heading  must  be  men- 
tioned the  book  by  Alessandro  d'Ancona 

on    '  La    Poesia    Popolare- 

history       Italiana,'  which  presents  in 

and  a   definite    form   the    rich 

biography,    result  of  studies  on  which. 

the  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pisa  has  spent  the  best  years 
of  his  life  ;  the  '  Nuovi  Studi  Danteschi  ' 
of  another  Senator,  Francesco  d'Ovidio, 
and  the  admirable  lectures  of  yet 
another,  Prof.  Isidoro  Del  Lungo  (a 
member  of  that  Academy  which  is  com- 
piling the  vocabulary  of  the  national 
language),  on  '  La  Donna  Fiorentina  del 
Buon  Tempo  Antico.'  This  last  volume 
represents  long  studies  on  the  social- 
life  of  woman  up  to  the  latest  times 
of  liberty,  and  deserves  to  be  translated 
into  some  foreign  language  before  any 
nimble  compiler  appropriates  the  sub- 
stance of  it.  Sic  vos  non  vobis  might 
be  the  motto  of  the  best  books  and 
authors. 

With  regard  to  foreign  literatures,  the 
study    of   which   is    exceedingly   popular 

amongst  us,  I  must  mention 

foreign      an  excellent '  Manuale  Com- 

literature  parativo      di      Letterature 

IN  italy.     Straniere,'    compiled    with 

nice  judgment  by  two  well- 
known  professors  of  the  Florentine  Uni- 
versity, Guido  Mazzoni  and  P.  E.  PavolinL 
The  house  that  has  published  it  has  added 
another  volume  to  its  meritorious  series- 
of  literary  manuals.  In  proof  of  what  I 
have  just  asserted,  I  shall  cite  a  dainty 
and  useful  booklet  by  Cino  Chiarini,  who 
carries  on  the  literary  traditions  of  his 
father  Giuseppe,  '  Romeo  e  Giulietta. 
nelle  Novelle  Italiane  e  nella  Tragedia  di 
Shakespeare  novamente  tradotta.'  Young 
Chiarini  has  made  an  excellent  beginning 
of  an  Italian  version  of  the  tragedies  of 
Shakspeare,  and  I  hope  that  he  may  con- 
tinue a  work  interpreted  both  with  zeal 
and  learning.  His  volume  is  dedicated 
to  Dr.  Furnivall. 

Not  to  give  a  lengthy  catalogue  of  books, 
I  shall  confine  myself  to  mentioning  a 
few  more  volumes  that  are  of  importance 
for  the  English  public.  Dora  Melegari, 
daughter  of  that  Amedeo  Melegari  who, 
after  conspiring  with  Mazzini,  continued 
his  political  career  as  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs  when  the  Liberal  Left 
came  into  office  in  1876,  is  a  remarkable 
woman,  mistress  equally  of  Italian  and 
French.  She  published  '  Les  Ames  Mortes,' 
and  has  now  selected,  from  the  corre- 
spondence that  Mazzini  had  with  her 
father,  all  that  refers  to  the  associations 
"  La  Giovine  Italia  "  and  "  La  Giovine 
Europa,"  which  had  so  great  an  influence 
on  politics  in  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  Ernesto  Nathan,  who  is  one  of 
the  most  important  persons  in  the  Liberal 
party,  and  lias  dedicated  his  life  to  the 
cult  of  Mazzini,  has  produced  a  curious 
volume  entitled  '  Venti  Anni  di  Vita 
Italiana  attraverso  1'  Annuario.'  Here — 
comparing,  at  a  distance  of  twenty  years, 
the  data  and  results  of  the  '  Annuario  di 


N°4110,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


397 


Statistica  '  published  by  the  Government, 
— he  shows  the  direction  and  magnitude 
of  the  economic  and  moral  progress  of 
Italy  during  that  period.  It  is  a  study  in 
the  English  style,  that  is,  positive  and 
practical,  without  a  shade  of  that  patriotic 
rhetoric,  that  national  jingoism,  which  is 
so  harmful,  especially  to  us  Latins.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  and  believed  that  Italy  will 
now  advance  as  much  in  scholarship  and 
culture  as  she  has  in  social  welfare,  thanks 
to  the  insatiability  and  self-criticism  which 
are  perhaps,  among  the  best  character- 
istics of  our  nation,  when  they  do  not  tend 
to  excess  and  not  foster  an  inert  and 
infructuous  scepticism. 

Guido  Biaui. 


SPANISH    LITERATURE. 

The  balance  of  the  last  twelve  months 
has  been  rather  against  Spanish  literature, 
for  during  that  period  it 
obituary,  has  lost  some  of  its  most 
illustrious  representatives. 
In  my  review  of  1905  I  recorded  the  death 
of  Juan  Valera,  a  most  striking  and  original 
figure  in  the  literary  history  of  our  time. 
He  has  been  followed  by  Pereda,  the  virile 
and  faithful  painter  of  scenery  and 
manners  in  the  province  of  Santander, 
one  of  the  purest  and  most  idiomatic  of 
Castilian  writers,  and  one  whose  influence 
on  the  novel  will  be  enduring.  To  these 
two  great  names  must  be  added  those  of 
others  who,  if  not  so  eminent,  will  occupy 
an  important  position  in  the  literary 
perspective  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Among  them  should  be  mentioned  Manuel 
Palacio,  a  poet  of  no  sublime  inspiration, 
but  an  ingenious,  satirical,  elegant,  and 
correct  artist.  It  is  true  that  he,  Valera, 
and  Pereda  all  lived  to  an  advanced  age, 
and  that  they  had  probably  given  their 
best  to  the  world ;  but  though  their  pro- 
ductivity may  be  arrested,  so  long  as 
great  writers  are  still  with  us,  they  seem 
to  cast  a  kind  of  tutelary  shade  within 
which  are  developed  the  authors  who  are 
destined  to  replace  them,  and  who  may  have 
little  in  common  with  their  immediate 
predecessors.  And  as  death  is  inevitable, 
we  must  seek  such  compensations  for  it  as 
we  can  find.  One  of  the  most  important 
is  that  our  literary  capital  is  increased 
not  merely  by  the  contributions  of  new 
writers  whose  personality  is  as  yet,  in 
many  cases,  undetermined,  but  also  by 
those  of  writers  of  past  ages  who,  though 
they  enjoy  a  traditional  fame,  are  not 
within  reach  of  the  general  public — either 
because  their  works  are  unpublished,  or 
because  they  exist  only  in  early  editions 
of  great  rarity. 

Accordingly     we     must     account    it    a 

notable  event   in  our  recent  literary  life 

that  there  is  to  be  a  sequel 

EDITIONS  OF  to  the  monumental  "Biblio- 
classic       teca  de  Autore?  Espanoles," 

LITERATURE,  which  is  universally  known 
by  the  name  of  "  Rivade- 
neyra."     Its   seventy-two    volumes    have 
been  the  means  of  introducing  the  ordi- 
nary reader  to  many  a' masterpiece.     The 


"  Nueva  Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles," 
published  by  Bailly-Bailliere  &  Sons  at 
Madrid  under  the  editorship  of  Menendez 
y  Pelayo  (whose  name  is  a  guarantee  of 
good  work),  is  intended  to  complete  the 
Rivadeneyra  collection  by  including  addi- 
tional authors  and  matter,  and  to  make 
good  the  deficiencies  of  the  earlier  series 
in  such  cases  as  those  of  Tirso  de  Molina, 
Jove-Llanos,  and  the  novelists  who  pre- 
ceded Cervantes.  Up  to  the  present  the 
"  Nueva  Biblioteca "  has  issued  four 
volumes.  The  first  contains  a  consider- 
able part  of  the  '  Tratado  historico  sobre 
la  primitiva  novela  espanola  '  which  will 
form  Menendez  y  Pelayo's  preface  to  the 
texts  of  Cervantes's  predecessors  in  the 
domain  of  romance  ;  this  is,  in  effect,  a 
valuable  and  profoundly  interesting 
history  of  the  novel  in  Spain.  The 
second  volume,  edited  by  Senor  Serrano  y 
Sanz,  consists  of  autobiographies  and 
memoirs,  including  the  celebrated  '  Viaje 
a  Turquia,'  by  Cristobal  de  Villalon, 
and  the  '  Vida  del  capitan  asturiano 
Domingo  de  Toral  y  Valdes  '  ;  the 
'  Sermones  del  P.  Fray  Alonso  de  Cabrera,' 
a  famous  sixteenth-century  preacher,  con- 
stitute the  third  volume,  edited  by  Father 
Mir,  and  the  fourth  gives  twenty-four 
plays  by  Tirso  de  Molina,  together  with  an 
excellent  life  of  the  dramatist  by  Senor 
Cotarelo.  Tirso  is  rightly  ranked  among 
the  greatest  of  our  dramatic  writers,  and 
students  who  know  how  immensely  his 
reputation  has  risen  within  the  last  few 
years  will  rejoice  at  this  new  instalment 
of  his  works  and  the  information  con- 
tained in  the  biography.  The  publishers 
of  the  "  Nueva  Biblioteca  "  further  an- 
nounce the  '  Primera  Cronica  General,' 
under  the  editorship  of  that  competent 
philologist  Senor  Menendez  Pidal ;  a 
collection  of  '  Libros  de  Caballerias,'  edited 
by  Senor  Bonilla  ;  another  collection  of 
'  Escritores  cientificos,'  with  an  intro- 
duction by  Senor  Saavedra,  a  high 
authority  ;  a  third  collection  of  '  Tra- 
tadistas  de  arte  militar  de  los  siglos 
XVI.  y  XVII.,'  which  will  be  annotated  by 
Senor  Barado  ;  a  fourth  of  '  Poetas  an- 
daluces  del  siglo  XVI.'  and  '  Cantos  popu- 
lares,'  edited  by  Senor  Rodriguez  Marin  ; 
and  a  volume  of  '  Tratadistas  de  critica 
y  metodologia  historicas,'  prepared  by  the 
present  writer.  It  is  proposed  to  include 
in  the  "  Nueva  Biblioteca "  not  only 
Castilian  works,  but  also  works  in  Catalan 
and  in  Latin — I  need  scarcely  say  that 
many  of  our  didactic  authors  wrote  in 
Latin — with  accompanying  translations. 

Similarly  the  firm  of  the  Viuda  Rico  has 
begun  to  publish  under  Senor  Cotarelo's 
editorship  a  "  Coleccion  selecta  de  anti- 
guas  novelas  espanolas,"  a  pleasing  series 
of  volumes  which  should  renew  the  vogue 
of  many  entertaining  works  now  neglected 
or  forgotten. 

Lastly,  before  leaving  this  group  of 
publications,  I  should  mention  a  new 
volume  of  the  "  Antologia  de  poetas  liricas 
castellanos,"  which  contains  the  continua- 
tion of  Menendez  y  Pelayo's  '  Tratado  de 
los  romances  viejos.'  As  often  happens 
with  this  author,  his  hook  gives  more  than 
the  title  promises,  for,  in  addition  to  deal- 


ing with  the  cycles  and  subjects  of  the 
romances,  it  presents  a  vivid  and  accurate 
historical  picture  of  Spanish  national  life 
during  the  Middle  Ages. 

As   I  have   referred  to  history,   I  will 
mention  the  most  valuable  books  of  this 

class.     I   must   first   name 
history,      a    work    which    bears    the 

perhaps  inaccurate  title  of 
'  Fin  de  la  nacion  catalana.'  In  this 
volume  Senor  Sanpere  y  Miquel  narrates 
anew,  with  an  abundance  of  fresh  docu- 
ments, the  story  of  the  Catalan  movement 
against  Philip  V.,  and  the  proceedings 
which  ended  in  the  abolition  of  the  Catalan 
fueros  or  privileges.  Senor  Sanpere  y 
Miquel  has  produced  a  most  informing 
work,  full  of  new  facts,  and,  though  there 
may  be  slips  in  the  interpretation  of 
the  documents  (some  of  them  in  English), 
its  merits  far  exceed  its  defects.  On  a 
smaller  scale,  but  no  less  remarkable,  is 
'  Don  Luis  de  Requesens  y  la  politica 
espanola  en  los  Paises  Bajos,'  by  Francisco 
Barado,  a  specialist  in  all  questions  of 
military  history.  Students  of  prehistoric 
art  and  prehistoric  matters  generally  will 
be  interested  by  '  Las  pinturas  y  grabados 
de  las  cuevas  prehistoricas  de  la  provincia 
de  Santander '  (Altamira,  Covalanas, 
Hornos  de  la  Pena,  Castillo),  in  which 
Senor  Alcalde  del  Rio's  powers  of  descrip- 
tion and  analysis  are  displayed  to  great 
advantage.  The  recent  discoveries  made 
in  France  by  MM.  Capitan,  Breuil,  and 
Cartailhac  lend  a  special  and  immediate 
interest  to  this  monograph.  I  should  also 
mention  Senor  Melida's  volume  '  Las 
esculturas  del  Cerro  de  los  Santos  '  ;  a 
study  by  Senor  Blazquez  on  Spanish 
cartography  in  the  Middle  Ages ;  and 
Senor  Urena's  book  on  the  ancient  Visi- 
gothic  laws,  which  corrects  and  supple- 
ments Zeumer's  well-known  works  on  the 
subject. 

There  has  been  no  lack  of  good  novels, 
but  I  do  not  think  I  am  too  fastidious  in 

saying   that    few    of   them 
fiction.      are    of    exceptional    merit. 

Perez  Galdos  has  published 
a  finely  written  '  Episodio  national ' 
entitled  '  La  vuelta  al  mundo  en  la  Nu- 
mancia,'  in  addition  to  '  Casandra,'  a 
novel  in  dramatic  form  which  strikes  me 
as  the  most  perfect  and  eloquent,  as  well 
as  the  most  effective,  of  his  symbolical 
works.  '  Tristan  6  el  pesimismo,'  by 
Palacio  Valdes,  though  full  of  clever  points, 
shows  no  advance  on  his  previous  books. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  '  La  Maja  des- 
nuda,'  by  Blasco  Ibaiiez  ;  as  a  psycho- 
logical study  it  is  excellent,  but  as  a  novel 
less  vigorous  and  original  than  the  stories 
of  Valencian  life  which  we  expect  from 
this  writer.  I  must  be  content  to 
give  the  titles  of  some  hooks  which  may 
rank  with  those  just  mentioned  :  these  air 
Oiler's  v  Pilar  Prim,'  Pio  Baroja's  'La 
feria  de  los  discretos  '  and  '  Paradox  Rev  ' 
(which,  like  other  tales  by  the  same 
novelist,  shows  signs  of  English  influence), 
Victor  Catala's  '  Solitut,'  and  Rusinol's 
•  Ancells  de  fang.1  Special  mention  should 
he  made  of  '  Mis  ultimas  tradiciones  peru- 
anas,'  a  volume  by  Ricardo  Palma,  a 
recognized  master  of  the  short  story. 

9 


898 


TfiE    ATHEN^tTM 


3SP4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


Among  the  younger  generation  of  novel- 
ists I  must  note  three  names :  Ciges 
Aparicio,  author  of  '  Del  Hospital '  and 
'  Del  cuartel  y  de  la  guerra '  ;  Sanchez 
Diaz,  author  of  '  Juan  Corazon '  ;  and 
Miro,  author  of  '  Del  vivir.'  All  three  are 
remarkable  for  energy  of  thought  and 
expression,  for  the  realistic  sincerity  of 
their  transcriptions,  and  for  an  engaging 
audacity  of  view.  They  excel  both  in 
execution  and  in  sympathy. 

As  regards  verse,  I  must  draw  attention 

to  Maragall's  '  Eulla,'  to  Llorente's  Valen- 

cian    poems     as    well     as 

poetry       to  the  new  edition  of  his 

translation     of       '  Faust,' 

and    to    two    posthumous 

volumes    containing  works 

by  Balart  and  Reina. 

In  the  drama  the  foremost  figures  are 
the  Catalan  writers  Iglesias  (who  takes 
the  first  place),  Rusinol,  and  Creuhet,  and 
the  Castilian  authors  of  established  repu- 
tation— Benavente,  the  brothers  Quintero, 
Perez  Galdos,  and  Linares.  The  dramatic 
essays  of  Emilia  Pardo  Bazan,  Valle  Inclan, 
and  others,  though  not  deficient  in  literary 
qualities,  have  not  won  real  success. 

Rafael  Altamira. 


and 

DRAMA. 


Constantine  the   Great :    a   Tragedy.     By 
Newman  Howard.     (Dent  &  Co.) 

Constantine  the  Great  is  one  of  those 
mysterious  men  who  puzzle  the  historian 
and  baffle  the  scholar.  His  career  and  his 
character  evade  alike  the  explorations  of 
learning  and  the  speculations  of  philo- 
sophy. Hamlet  himself  is  hardly  more 
inconsistent  in  his  moods  and  conduct. 
The  precise  proportions  of  his  sincerity  and 
insincerity  can  never  be  ascertained  ;  but 
if  his  contradictions  make  the  student 
despair,  they  fascinate  the  dramatic  poet, 
who  finds  in  such  a  figure  more  scope  for 
imagination  than  in  one  whose  outlines 
are  fixed  by  convention.  Mr.  Howard's 
tragedy  demands  the  severest  scrutiny, 
for  it  is  an  ambitious  essay  in  the  mori- 
bund art  of  poetic  drama.  He  explains 
that  it  is 

"  the  third,  historically  the  first,  of  a 
Christian  Trilogy,  sequent  in  aim  and 
treatment  but  not  in  narrative.  Against 
a  background  of  religious  crisis  each  drama 
presents  a  fidelity,  religion  in  essence,  and 
its  obverse  infidelity,  severally  to  a  friend, 
a  cause,  and  a  past." 

It  is  a  wise  poet  that  knows  his  own  poetry. 
Mr.  Howard  is  not  the  first  poet  to  mis- 
understand himself,  to  lay  stress  on  what 
seems  to  others  a  secondary  and  unim- 
portant gloss  on  the  essential  scheme. 
We  do  not  like  trilogies,  for  they  are,  as  a 
rule,  inartistic.  We  are  even  less  taken 
with  the  idea  of  the  didactic  trilogy.  A 
tragedy  ought  not  to  be  explicitly  designed 
to  point  a  moral.  Fidelity,  with  its  con- 
verse infidelity,  is  one  of  those  abstract 
motives  which  the  poet  may  well  leave  to 
the  Drury  Lane  dramatist  or  the  popular 
pulpiteer.  They  are  not  out  of  place  in 
certain  novels,  but  are  not  the  stuff  of 
imaginative  drama. 


Happily  the  threat  in  the  preface  is  not 
fulfilled  in  the  play.  Indeed,  Mr.  Howard 
hastens  to  add  that  "  action,  character- 
isation, and  the  stage  picture  are  the  quest.'"' 
Action  there  is,  and  .plenty  of  it.  The 
play  is  all  action.  The  four  acts  are  full, 
perhaps  too  full,  of  exciting  situations, 
sensational  surprises,  plots  and  counter- 
plots. The  common  defect  of  the  poetic 
play  is  poverty  of  action.  The  defect  of 
this  play  is  wealth  of  action.  It  contains 
the  material  of  two  tragedies.  Mr.  Howard 
seems  to  be  conscious  of  this  defect, 
for  he  divides  the  four  acts  into  two  parts, 
'  Minervina  Tragedy '  and  '  Crispus 
Tragedy.'  The  first  part  might  itself  be 
divided,  for  '  Maximian  Tragedy '  occupies 
as  large  a  place  as  '  Minervina  Tragedy.' 
There  is  one  law  which  the  dramatist 
cannot  break  with  impunity.  He  should 
never  put  two  plays  into  one.  He  should 
never  allow  an  underplot  to  clog  the  main 
plot.  Having  chosen  the  Crispus  motive, 
Mr.  Howard  should  not  have  allowed  the 
Maximian  motive  to  interfere  with  it  at 
the  vital  period  of  the  play,  namely,  the 
period  of  exposition. 

The  story  of  Crispus,  as  told  by  Gibbon 
in  six  poignant  pages,  is  simple.  He 
was  Constantine's  eldest  son  and  pre- 
sumptive heir.  His  mother  Minervina  had 
been  divorced  in  order  to  make  way  for 
the  alliance  with  Fausta.  It  is  the  story 
of  Napoleon  and  Josephine.  Constantine 
gives  Crispus  the  rank  of  Caesar,  and 
delights  in  his  valiant  genius,  until  his 
naval  victory  over  Licinius  in  the  Helles- 
pont and  his  growing  popularity  arouse 
envy  and  distrust  in  the  emperor's  breast. 
He  then  lures  him  to  a  festival  at  Rome, 
and  with  cruel  malignity  contrives  his 
murder.  The  Christian  apologists  have 
palliated  the  crime  of  Constantine,  and 
Mr.  Howard  legitimately  adopts  their 
view  that  the  emperor  was  misguided  by 
conspirators.  But  instead  of  developing 
this  stern  conflict  between  parental  love 
and  imperial  power,  Mr.  Howard  compli- 
cates it  by  introducing  another  theme — 
the  attempt  of  Maximian  to  assassinate 
Constantine.  This  provides  one  of  the  finest 
situations  in  the  play,  and  undoubtedly 
throws  light  upon  Constantine's  concep- 
tion of  a  Roman  Empire  welded  ^together 
by  Christianity.  But  it  chokes  the  Crispus 
theme,  and  makes  the  death-scene  of 
Minervina  almost  an  anti-climax.  After 
the  intense  drama  of  Maximian's  plot 
we  arebnot  prepared  to  respond  to  any- 
thing less  dramatic.  Nothing  short  of  a 
violent  death  could  thrill  us.  But  Mr. 
Howard  leaves  the  cause  of  Minervina's 
death  in  obscurity.  It  is  true  that  Con- 
stantine "  thrusts#her  aside,"  and  that  this 
is  represented  as  the  cause  of  her  death. 
But  Minervina  is  a  strong  woman.  A  few 
hours  earlier  she  had  been  transfixing  a 
tree  with  a  spear.  To  make  her  die  of  a 
push  is  to  strain  credulity  and  to  provoke 
a  smile.  Constantine  ought  at  least  to 
stab  her. 

But  the  interpolation  of  the  Maximian 
episode  works  mischief  still  more  serious. 
It  prevents  us  from  grasping  the  relations 
between  the  lovers,  Crispus  and  Theona. 
This  weakens  the  last  act,  for  wc  have 


almost  forgotten  Theona  by  the  time  she 
reappears.  It  is  true  that  the  brief  love- 
scene  in  the  wood  reveals  the  sudden  passion 
of  Crispus  for  Theona,  but  it  does  not  hint 
at  Theona's  love  for  Crispus.  Drama  is 
the  art  of  preparation,  and  every  sentence 
— nay,  almost  every  word — ought  to  shed 
its  influence  through  every  succeeding  part 
of  the  action.  The  tragic  fate  of  the 
lovers  would  be  deepened  if  at  the 
outset  they  had  been  exhibited  in  the 
dawn  of  their  romantic  passion — exhibited 
as  Shakspeare  takes  care  to  exhibit  Romeo 
and  Juliet,  Hamlet  and  Ophelia. 

When  we  pass  from  the  structure  to  the 
ornament,  we  see  at  once  that  Mr.  Howard 
has  eschewed  the  current  vice  of  rhetorical 
and  lyrical  declamation,  and  endeavoured 
to  make  his  characters  speak  dramatically. 
He  has  always  had  the  gift  of  style, 
and  here  he  shows  it  to  great  advantage. 
The  verse  is  struck  from  the  action  like 
sparks  from  a  horse's  hoofs.  It  is  pregnant 
in  the  level  passages,  and  in  the  more 
emotional  moments  it  is  alive  with  true 
dramatic  imagination.  There  are  con- 
tinual flashes  of  phrase  which  illumine  the 
spiritual  mood  of  the  speaker.  Take,  for 
example,  the  passionate  scene  in  which 
Constantine  denounces  Crispus  : — 

Crisptis.  No,  father,  I  have  nought  to  hide,  nor 
blush  for. 
That  we  encountered  calls  for  no  defence. 
I  join  my  force  with  yours  ;    the  Empress  meets 
us — 

Constantine.  Your  meeting  was  forbidden. 

Crisp.  It  was  unsought. 
I  swear  upon  the  cross  that  when  I  entered 
Half  an  hour  since,  I  knew  not  she  was  here. 
We  first  met  yesterday  : — by  chance  it  was— 

Const.  By  chance  !     By  chance  !     So  to  this  den 
of  Isis, 
This  stew-house  of  lascivious  crimes  and  orgies, 
By  chance  she  is  lured,  he  cuts  his  way  by  chance 
Into  her  presence  ;  and  by  chance  accosts  her  ; 
The  doors  are  locked  by  chance ;   by  chance  he  is 

heard 
To  stir  old  ranklings  of  her  father's  death — 

Crisp.  [Passionately].   Oh,  this  is  false  ! 

Const.  [Furiously],  Silence,  thou  traitor  ! 

By  chance,  I  say,  he  names  his  mother's  death, 
As  bond  of  vengeance  ;  yet  not  so  prevailing — 

Crisp.  This  is  all  false  ! 

Const.  Deny  it, — your  words  are  rain 

Poured  to  extinguish  hell, — deny,  then  say 
How  rustics  know  things  that  the  court    knows 

not, — 
That  you  and  I  know  only  ? 

Crisp.  0  my  God  ! 

Const.  Still  not,  I  say,  prevailing,  he  by  chance 
Threatens,  makes  brag  of  power ;   by  chance  she 

swoons, — 
So  violent  by  chance  he  grows, — brags  that  forsooth 
He  hath  a  puissance  more  than  ours  :  he  '11  try  it ! 
We  are  for  the  wrestle.     Guards,  away  with  him  ! 

This  is  dramatic  poetry  of  the  finest 
quality,  for  it  is  the  very  voice  of  character 
in  action.  The  scene  after  the  soldiers 
bear  in  the  body  of  Crispus  is  not  less 
splendid  : — 

Const.  My  son  ! 

Lactantim.   Stabbed  to  the  heart  !  0  cruel ! 
Const.  I  Waving  Theona  aside].  Go,  child  ! 
Theona  [  )Yil<lhj].    Yes,-  for  1  yet  may  find  him. 

[Slabs  herself. 
Lact.  God  !    S<>  swift? 

Const.  The  sun-bird  hath  his  mate.     Now  rope 
thy  words 
Into  a  Boourge  of  thorns  !  My  soul  is  naked  : 

Merc's  license  for  (lie  lash  ;   lay  on  !   lay  on  ! 

Lact.  Nay,  [  have  done  j  words  choke  me;  now 

remains 
No  speech  save  tins, — to  utter  all  my  soul 
In  death's  interrogation  ;  for  1  loved  him. 


NM119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


399 


Const.  0  dragon 


Blurred   and   crooked 


envy 
mirror  ! 

How  didst  thou  twist  fair  features  into  foul  ! 
Death  breaks  the  glass.     I  see  him  face  to  face, 
This  man  I  made,  this  child  I  danced  and  dandled. 
[  Wildly']  0  little  laugher,  wilt  not  laugh  again  ? 

But  it  is  not  only  in  the  utterance  of 
tremendous  passion  that  the  style  is 
dramatic.  One  of  the  noblest  touches  in 
the  play  is  found  in  the  three  words  of  the 
dying  Crispus.  The  golden  fibula  which 
Constantine  had  given  to  his  mother,  and 
which  lay  on  his  heart,  turned  the  blade 
of  the  executioner.  Crispus  took  it  off, 
saying,  "  The  gold  remembered."  That 
is  drama.  And  it  would  be  hard  to  better 
the  majestic  words  of  Constantine  with 
which  the  play  concludes. 

Apart  from  these  lofty  passages,  the 
play  is  laden  with  all  kinds  of  poetic  gold. 
Some  of  the  lyrics  are  memorable.  Theona's 
denunciation  of  Rome  might  inspire  the 
latest  victim  of  the  newest  Russian 
tyranny  : — 

Death  to  thee,   thou   hell-bird,  blacker  than   the 
raven, 
Ravisher  and  despot,  doomster  of  despair  ! 
Death  to  ye,  his  Romans,  sycophants  and  craven, 
Worms  among  the  mighty,  wolves  among  the 
fair  ! 

A  more  magical  and  more  wistful  strain 
is  the  song  that  Theona  sings  over  her 
doomed  lover  : — 

Sailor,  sailor,  whither  away? 
Beach  thy  boat  in  the  shining  bay. 
The  curlew  cries  across  the  sea  : 
It  is  my  soul  that  cries  to  thee. 

The  shepherd  gales  on  Ida's  rocks 
Pipe  to  the  clouds  ;  they  go  in  flocks  ; 
Slowly  along  the  crags  they  creep, 
Wandering  like  great  herds  of  sheep. 
Sailor,  sailor,  whither  away  ? 
Follow  me  up  the  hills,  I  pray. 
Where  the  clouds  have  torn  their  fleeces 
Singing  water  never  ceases  ; 

Never  the  golden  sunlight  fails, 
Till  to  the  call  of  nightingales 
A  star  drops  into  the  night  and  shines, 
A  glow-worm  through  the  dusky  pines. 
Waving  corn  and  honey  dews, — 
Whether,  0  sailor,  wilt  thou  choose, — 
Crocus  lawns  and  clinging  lips, 
Or  travail  of  thy  toiling  ships  ? 

Sailor,  sailor,  whither  away  ? 
Beach  thy  boat  in  the  shining  bay. 
The  curlew  ories  across  the  sea  : 
It  is  my  soul  that  cries  to  thee. 

When  we  have  put  together  all  the 
poetical  achievements  of  this  tragedy, 
when  we  have  set  them  beside  its 
mastery  of  dramatic  speech  and  struc- 
ture, and  when  we  have  dispassionately 
weighed  against  these  excellences  its 
defects,  we  cannot  hesitate  to  place  it 
among  all  but  the  highest  of  English 
drama  tic  poetry 


Memoirs  of  the  Count  de  Cartrie.  With 
an  Introduction  by  Frederic  Masson, 
and  Appendices  and  Notes  by  Pietre 
Amedee  Pichot  and  other  Hands.  (.John 
Lane.) 

This  '  Record  of  the  Extraordinary  Events 
in  the  Life  of  a  French  Royalist  during  the 
War  in  La  Vendee  and  of  his  Flight  to 
Southampton  '  is  a  notable  addition  to  the 
already  large  body  of  contemporary  narra- 
tives about  the  rising  in  the  West' against 
the  Revolutionary  regime,     it  is  printed 


from  a  translation,  made  apparently  by 
some  friend  of  the  author  during  his  life- 
time, and  the  original,  though  diligently 
advertised  for,  is  still  missing  ;  but  its 
authenticity,  despite  certain  misspellings 
of  names  and  some  minor  inaccuracies  as 
to  facts,  seems  to  have  been  satisfactorily 
established  by  the  researches  of  M.  Pichot, 
and  is  fully  accepted  by  M.  Frederic 
Masson.  The  manuscript  translation  was 
bought  by  Mr.  Iredale,  of  Torquay,  some 
time  in  1904  from  the  daughter  of  Isaac 
Latimer,  the  well-known  editor  of  The 
Western  Daily  Mercury  ;  but  from  whom 
the  last  named  acquired  it  is  not  known. 
The  translator's  Preface  says  that  De 
Cartrie  left  the  '  Memoirs  '  with  a  friend, 
with  permission  to  extract  from  or  copy 
them,  when  he  returned  to  France  in  1800. 
Whether  he  took  the  original  with  him 
does  not  appear  :  at  any  rate,  it  was  never 
published. 

When  the  editor  of  the  Revue  Britan- 
nique  first  read  the  manuscript  submitted 
to  him  by  Mr.  Lane,  he  had  to  confess 
that  he  knew  nothing  of  the  writer  of  the 
'  Memoirs,'  and  even  doubted  if  the  names, 
spelt  on  it  "  De  Castric,  Comte  de  Ville- 
niere,"  were  French.  But  he  soon  ascer- 
tained the  true  form  of  the  name,  and, 
entering  with  his  accustomed  zest  into  the 
historic  hunt,  found  out  a  good  deal  about 
the  memoirist's  family  history  from  a 
descendant  of  one  of  his  sisters.  He  even 
had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  several 
portraits,  including  that  of  De  Cartrie 
himself.  The  whole  affair  is  a  triumph  of 
patient,  persevering  research.  M.  Pichot 
was  baffled  only  in  his  attempt  to  ascertain 
the  precise  identity  of  the  London  localities 
mentioned  by  De  Cartrie,  and  to  learn 
the  place  and  date  of  his  death. 

The  castle  of  La  Cartrie,  or  La  Carterie, 
is  situated  in  the  west  of  the  department 
of  Maine  et  Loire,  which  formed  part  of 
the  old  province  of  Anjou.  It  was  ac- 
quired by  the  Talour  family  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  was  held  by  them  till 
the  death  of  Toussaint  Ambroise  de  Talour 
de  Cartrie,  Comte  de  Villeniere,  our  author, 
who  was  last  heard  of  in  August,  1824. 
It  is  now  the  property  of  a  M.  Villebiot. 
The  Comte  de  Cartrie,  as  he  was  ordinarily 
called,  came  of  a  stock  of  lawyers,  and  his 
father  was  secretary  of  the  Cour  des 
Comptes  of  Brittany.  But  both  he  and 
his  two  elder  brothers  (each  of  whom  fell 
in  action  during  the  Seven  Years'  War) 
early  entered  the  army,  Toussaint  Am- 
broise serving  with  the  Berri  regiment  in 
Canada.  At  the  peace,  however,  he  left 
the  army  and  settled  in  his  province.  Not 
for  thirty  years,  then,  before  the  outbreak 
of  the  Vendean  rising  had  he  seen  service. 
Meanwhile  he  had  married  and  had  sons 
and  daughters  of  his  own.  In  his  second 
chapter  De  Cartrie  relates  how  his  eldest 
son  was  already  serving  in  the  republican 
army,  and  how  the  second,  drawn  by  lot 
in  the  Convention  requisition,  had  ille- 
gally been  refused  the  right  of  providing 
a  substitute. 

W7hen  a  convocation  of  the  Anjou 
nobles  determined  early  in  1793  to  resist 
''the  Patriots,"  De  Cartrie  was  hying  at 
his  chateau  (six  leagues  from  Angers)  with 


his  wife,  daughters,  and  youngest  son. 
"  In  my  heart  I  was  decidedly  determined 
to  join  this  party,"  he  writes,  but  adds 
that  he  hesitated  from  consideration  for 
the  family  fortunes.  However,  the  case 
being  put  before  them,  the  wife  and 
children  declared  they  would  follow  him, 
preferring  the  preservation  of  his  honour 
to  riches  : — 

"  Thus  I  abandoned  my  possessions  and 
the  safety  of  my  wife  and  children,  who  from 
that  moment  were  exposed  to  the  tyranny 
of  those  regicides,  who  abused,  killed,  and 
burnt  all  that  came  within  their  power." 

It  was  the  abuse  of  this  power,  says 
De  Cartrie,  that  drove  the  people  of 
La  Vendee  to  acts  of  desperation  ;  and 
M.  Masson  is  at  pains  to  insist  that  the 
movement  was  in  no  sense  primarily  a 
royalist  rising,  though  it  afterwards  be- 
came so. 

"  It  emanated  from  below  rather  than 
from  above ....  no  rebellion  was  ever  more 
democratic,  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word," 

he  writes  in  the  Introduction.  And  it  had 
the  defects  of  this  quality  :  the  leaders 
were  never  consecutively  and  consistently 
obeyed  by  the  peasantry. 

"In  no  other  record  do  we  see  so  plainly 
the  struggle  between  these  strange  soldiers 
and  their  unfortunate  leaders  as  in  these 
memoirs  " 

is  the  emphatic  pronouncement  of  the 
expert.  When  the  republicans  were  able 
to  bring  up  experienced  soldiers,  who 
adapted  their  tactics  to  the  country  and 
the  enemy  with  whom  they  had  to  deal, 
the  issue  was  never  long  in  doubt  : — 

"  M.  de  la  Cartrie  tells  us  of  the  methods  of 
the  peasants  to  procure  leaders,  and  the 
way  in  which  they  obeyed  them,  of  the 
anxieties  of  these  fathers  dragging  their 
wives  and  children  at  their  heels,  exposed 
at  every  moment  to  the  chance  of  seeing 
them  die  of  hunger  or  of  hearing  of  their 
massacre  ;  of  the  issue,  in  fact,  of  the  Insur- 
rection of  La  Vendee,  which  [was]  no  sooner 
opposed  by  regular  troops  than  it  dwindled 
away  as  regards  an  army,  dropped  strate- 
gical operations,  and  continued  only  as 
guerilla  war." 

It  is  strange  that  De  Cartrie  himself, 
though  the  uncle  of  Bonchamps  and  an 
intimate    of    D'Autichamps,    La    Roche- 
jaquelein's   second   in    command,    should 
never  have  been  named  by  other  memoir- 
writers.     In  his  own  straightforward  nar- 
rative he  appears   as  taking  a  prominent 
part    on    at  least  three  occasions  in  the 
campaign  of  '93  in  Normandy  or  Anjou. 
At     Avranches     in    November    he    uses 
his  influence  to    prevent  desertions,  and 
even  declares  that  he  "  turned  the  scale  " 
at  a  council  of  war,  when  he  represented 
the  necessity  of  going  to  the  relief  of  the 
Poitevin  contingent  of  the  northern  army, 
who    had    marched    away.       In  the  un- 
successful   attack    upon    Angers    in    the 
following  month  he  was  able  by  his  per- 
sonal exertions,  "  with  some  pioneers  and 
about   two    thousand   men,"    to   get    the 
assault  renewed  for  a  time.      During  the 
retreat    after  the  disaster  at  Le  Mans  he 
seems  to  have  persuaded   no  fewer  than 
six    thousand    men,    who    had    gone    off 
towards  Alencon,  to  rejoin  the  main  body 
in   retiring   on    Laval.     De    Cartrie    was 


400 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NM119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


awarded  the  cross  of  St.  Louis  in  1814, 
and  the  Order  of  the  Lys  at  some  sub- 
sequent date  ;  but  he  obtained  no  sub- 
stantial relief  from  the  Restoration  mon- 
archy, and  was  in  a  destitute  condition 
when  last  heard  of  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Le  Mans  of  evil  memory. 

As  a  record  of  personal  suffering  and 
indomitable  perseverance  against  oppos- 
ing circumstances  the  narrative  of  De 
Cartrie's  escape  to  the  eastern  fron- 
tier, in  the  disguise  of  a  master  gunner, 
could  not  easily  be  surpassed.  Hiding 
with  his  youngest  son  in  the  holes  of 
trees  near  his  own  estate,  and  venturing 
out  at  night,  he  had  learnt  that  "  the 
Patriots,"  who  had  taken  his  wife  and 
daughters,  were  only  waiting  for  his  own 
apprehension  in  order  to  hold  a  family 
execution  :  if  he  could  evade  capture  for 
a  time,  they  might  be  saved.  The  devo- 
tion of  a  carpenter  and  the  assistance  of 
some  friends  of  his  eldest  son  procured 
him  the  necessary  disguise  and  means  of 
transport  across  the  Loire  and  Mayenne  ; 
and  when  he  reached  Nancy  he  had  the 
luck  to  fall  in  with  his  daughter-in-law, 
who  procured  him  assistance  to  cross  the 
frontier  into  Germany.  In  Belgium, 
whither  he  soon  made  his  way,  he  found 
himself  penniless,  but  succeeded  at  length 
in  reaching  De  Broglie's  army  at  Liege. 
Befriended  at  first  by  D'Autichamps,  he 
afterwards  attached  himself  to  the  family 
of  his  Angevin  neighbour  Walsh- Serrant, 
with  whom  he  crossed  from  Rotterdam 
to  London  in  the  autumn  of  1794. 

After  living  six  months  in  England  with 
the  Walshes,  one  of  whom  had  turned 
patriot  to  protect  Serrant, DeCartrie  offered 
his  services  to  the  Prince  de  Leon,  who 
commanded  a  battalion  of  French  emigres 
in  the  British  service  ;  and  with  them, 
though  in  very  bad  health  at  the  time,  he 
took  part  in  the  Quiberon  expedition.  It 
was  on  his  return  from  this  ill-fated  venture 
that  circumstances  obliged  the  unfortu- 
nate exile  to  work  as  a  gardener  at  Bit- 
terne  Grove,  near  Southampton.  Finally, 
helped  by  charity  and  having  scraped 
together  savings  from  the  small  sum 
allowed  him  by  the  British  Government, 
he  returned  in  1800  to  France,  where  but 
little  is  to  be  learnt  of  his  subsequent 
doings.  Of  his  eldest  son's  career  M. 
Pichot  gives  a  highly  curious  account  in 
an  appendix  :  he  played  the  role  of 
"  patriot "  to  the  end,  taking  part  in  the 
Revolution  of  1830,  and  being  pensioned 
by  Louis  Philippe.  As  to  the  records  of 
the  other  sons,  which  he  has  discovered 
in  the  French  military  archives,  M. 
Pichot  appears  sceptical.  The  youngest 
survived  till  1854,  dying  on  a  little  farm 
"  which  represented  a  poor  remnant  of 
the  Talours'  domains." 

One  of  the  most  curious  things  about 
these  'Memoirs'  arc  the  mistakes  which 
occur.  The  misspellings  of  names  may 
no  doubt,  as  is  suggested,  be  due  to  their 
having  been  dictated  to  a  foreigner  ; 
though  how  Bulkeley  could  have  become 
"  Robon  de  lie  "  is  a  little  difficult  to 
imagine.  These  nominal  errors  have  been 
corrected  in  the  printed  text.  But  that 
De  Cartrie  should   have  stated  that  his 


sisters,  Mesdames  Bulkeley  and  Sapinaud, 
had  perished,  is  surely  strange,  though 
no  doubt  explicable  in  the  circumstances. 
We  do  not,  however,  feel  able  to  accept 
the  supposition  that  he  had  confused 
the  fate  of  Madame  de  la  Rochefoucauld 
with  that  of  the  former. 

In  addition  to  M.  Pichot's  notes  there 
are  one  or  two  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  G.  K. 
Fortescue,  whose  assistance  must  have  been 
welcome.  In  one  note  (p.  240)  we  observe 
that  "  Val  Loo  "  is  printed  as  the  name  of 
the  painter.  The  frequent  occurrence  of 
"  rout  "  for  route  in  the  version  of  De 
Cartrie  is  an  error  that  might,  one  thinks, 
have  been  amended.  The  portraits  and 
other  illustrations  (especially  the  photo- 
gravure frontispiece  of  De  Cartrie)  are  an 
interesting  feature  of  a  work  which  reflects 
credit  on  all  concerned. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Holyland.  By  Gustav  Frenssen.  Trans- 
lated from  the  German  by  Mary  Agnes 
Hamilton.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Frenssen's  fine  novel  is  so  fully  discussed 
in  last  week's  Athenceum  that  it  would  be 
superfluous  to  criticize  it  again.  We  may, 
however, welcome  itsappearance  in  English, 
and  recommend  it  most  heartily  to  all  who 
regard  the  art  of  fiction  as  something 
more  than  a  clever  spinning  of  plots  and  a 
pleasant  arrangement  of  words.  Miss 
Hamilton  has  done  her  work  carefully,  and 
we  have  no  wish  to  disparage  her  render- 
ing when  we  say  that  the  book  loses  sadly 
in  translation.  Frenssen's  curiously  indi- 
vidual style  can  hardly  be  successfully 
reproduced,  and  many  of  his  inti- 
mately sentimental  touches,  which  sound 
natural  and  affecting  in  German,  neces- 
sarily become  awkward  or  mawkish  in  our 
language.  But  while  we  should  advise  all 
who  can  to  make  acquaintance  with  the 
novel  in  the  original,  we  trust  that  in  its 
present  form  it  will  find  many  readers  who 
would,  without  an  interpreter,  have  no 
opportunity  of  enjoying  it. 


The    Greenstone.     By    Alan    St.    Aubyn. 
(John  Long.) 

Yet  another  sacred  stone,  sure  to  be  traced 
and  carried  off  by  a  sinuous  Oriental,  gives 
the  title  to  this  mixture  of  Ruskin's 
theories  and  theosophy  ;  for  in  this  in- 
stance it  is  from  Thibet  that  the  talisman 
issues,  fitfully  attended  in  its  exile  by  astral 
bodies  or  disembodied  spirits.  The  author 
evinces  a  serious  purpose,  her  main  theme 
being  self-sacrifice  in  pursuit  of  high  ideals, 
including  "  the  simple  life,"  the  raising 
of  the  masses,  and  elementary  honesty. 
A  vague  amount  of  millions,  several  of 
which  are  needed  for  the  probation 
of  the  three  prominent  idealists,  are 
attracted  by  the  Greenstone  to  its 
temporary  owner,  the  heroine's  father. 
Her  brother  and  her  lover  (two 
of  the  Oxford  road-makers)  and  herself 
form  the  trio.  The  brother  visits  Lhassa, 
where  he  receives  a  bias  toward  esoteric 
Buddhism,  and  the  lover  consecrates  his 


modest  inheritance  and  himself  to  com- 
munal experiments,  while  the  heroine, 
renouncing  her  ambitious  ideals  after  the 
catastrophe  caused  by  the  final  disappear- 
ance of  the  stone,  devotes  herself  to  com- 
monplace virtues.  Notwithstanding  some 
crudity  and  extravagance,  this  story  is  a 
great  improvement  on  '  A  Fellow  of 
Trinity.' 

The  Comedy  of  Age.     By  Desmond  Coke. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) 

Absence  of  interesting  incidents  and  cha- 
racters should  be  counterbalanced  by 
more  sterling  qualities  than  those  exhibited 
in  this  picture  of  Oxford  University  life. 
An  elderly  tutor,  a  bookworm  of  an 
extinct  type,  becomes  unduly  intimate 
with  the  inane  and  unmannerly  under- 
graduates of  his  college,  and  in  par- 
ticular with  a  frivolous  freshman  given  to 
poses,  one  of  which  is  engagement  to  a 
shopgirl.  The  Don  tries  to  elevate  this 
youth,  whose  deceptive  aspect  of  stern 
thoughtfulness  had  attracted  him  ;  but 
they  only  bore  and  perplex  each  other  up 
to  the  last  eight  pages,  when  they  become 
friends  at  parting,  and  the  old  man 
emerges  from  his  novel  experiences  re- 
freshed and  ready  to  read  Dickens. 


The    Safety   of    the   Honours.      By    Allan 
McAulay.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

"  The  Honours  "  are  those  of  Scotland, 
the  crown  and  sceptre  and  sword  ;  the 
story  is  the  history  of  the  vicissitudes 
through  which  these  precious  symbols  of 
Scottish  independence  passed  during  the 
Cromwellian  era.  The  subject  is  good  and 
suitable  for  romance,  and  it  is  handled 
with  taste  and  discernment,  but  not 
with  any  noteworthy  degree  of  inspiration. 
Here  is  the  one  weakness  of  a  praiseworthy 
piece  of  work  :  it  is  without  fire  ;  it  lacks 
the  air  of  inevitability,  of  busy  reality. 
Though  the  tale  tells,  and  tells  minutely, 
of  the  long  siege  of  Dunnottar  Castle,  when 
that  stronghold  held  the  Honours,  we 
derive  from  it  no  sensation  of  stress  or 
strife.  The  weariness  of  the  siege  is  all 
that  this  placid  and  amiable  narrative 
conveys  to  us.  The  characterization  is 
good,  and  so  is  the  writing. 


The  Ingenious  Captain  Cobbs.     By  G.  W. 
Appleton.     (John  Long.) 

This  is  a  badly  written  detective  story 
of  an  ingenious  character.  The  crime  is  a 
double  murder,  and  the  story  shows  how 
it  was  viewed  by  an  ex-inspector  of  Scot- 
land Yard,  by  a  detective  officer  told  off 
to  deal  with  it  by  Scotland  Yard,  and  by 
an  amateur  detective  whose  connexion 
with  thewholebusiness  is  intimate  through- 
out and  remarkable.  The  central  idea  of 
the  tale  may  not  be  absolutely  original  ; 
few  things  are;  but  it  is  ingenious,  and 
has  been  handled  with  no  small  share  of 
ability,  despite  the  fait  that  its  author 
has  much  to  learn  as  a  writer.  The  real 
criminal's  motive  has  not  been  made  so 
clear  as  it  should  have  been,  and  easily 
might  have  been. 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


401 


The     Gaiety     of     Fatma.     By     Kathleen 
Watson.     (Brown,  Langham  &  Co.) 

There  are  signs  of  promise  about  this 
story,  which  is  picturesquely  localized,  for 
the  most  part,  in  Algeria,  where  Fatma, 
the  daughter  of  a  noble  Frenchman  and 
a  mother  who  traces  her  line  from  the 
ancient  native  chiefs,  lives  with  her  aunt 
and  cousin  in  the  retirement  of  a  chateau 
on  the  coast.  This  Franco-Arab  maiden 
is  a  charming  creature,  whether  orga- 
nizing the  sports  of  the  little  Arab  chil- 
dren, who  adore  her  ;  nursing  "  M.  the 
exile,"  the  Briton  whom  she  marries  on  his 
death-bed  ;  or  repelling  the  advances  of 
a  "  milord  Anglais,"  who  moves  about 
the  world  to  vary  the  gratification  of  his 
appetites.  A  doctor  who  devotes  himself 
to  the  well-being  of  Fatma' s  people  soon 
impresses  the  reader  as  an  original  cha- 
racter, and  the  love  interest  which  gra- 
dually pervades  the  relations  between 
these  two  is  proportioned  to  the  strength 
of  their  natures.  The  tragedy  which 
nearly  separates  them  is  pitiful,  but 
we  can  hardly  imagine  even  so  frail  a 
creature  as  Lois,  Fatma's  injured  cousin, 
making  a  false  accusation  on  her  death-bed 
to  shield  her  betrayer.  On  the  whole,  we 
like  the  Algerian  part  of  the  story  better 
than  that  which  tells  of  Fatma's  life  in 
England,  though  some  characters  there 
(Cecil  Dickson,  the  man  of  business, 
especially)  are  well  imagined.  Fatma  as 
a  great  lady  is  introduced  to  the  "  height 
of  society,"  and  comes  through  her  expe- 
riences untarnished  ;  but  we  do  not  feel 
this  part  of  the  work  to  be  more  than 
superficial.  We  are  puzzled  by  "  Lord 
Eric  Lorimer-Harben,"  the  Scotch  mag- 
nate. Is  this  meant  for  a  baronet's  title  ? 
He  is  evidently  not  a  younger  son. 


The  Private  Detective.     By  Robert  Mach- 

ray.  (Chatto  &  Windus.) 
This  is  another  ingenious,  well-sustained, 
and  labyrinthine  story  of  crime  and  its 
detection.  It  turns  largely  on  personation, 
but  the  truth  about  the  identity  of  the 
pretended  Carstairs  Malven  is  skilfully 
withheld  till  the  close.  The  weakest  part 
seems  to  us  to  be  the  acceptance  of  the 
personator  by  the  family  lawyer  and 
doctor,  without  apparently  a  reference  in 
conversation  to  any  of  the  commonplace 
details  of  home  life  which  would  have 
betrayed  him.  Personal  resemblance,  and 
the  knowledge  of  one  fact,  that  Carstairs 
had  gone  near  to  kill  his  brother,  seem 
to  have  satisfied  the  solicitor  ;  and  the 
doctor,  having  trouble  of  his  own,  asked 
no  questions  at  all.  Granted  the  possi- 
bility of  the  man's  establishment  as  the 
squire  of  Malven,  the  train  of  incidents 
which  leads  up  to  his  identification  as  a 
murderer  is  cunningly  laid.  A  greal 
feature    in    the    book    is    the  element    of 

the  biter  bit."  the  detective  hoist   with 
his  own  petard. 

Lady   FitzMaurice'a   Husband.     By    Ara- 
bella Kenealy.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 

This  novel,  which  has  already  appeared 
as     a     feuilleton,     is     to     us     unpleasant. 


We  are  told  of  the  green-eyed  foil  of 
the  beauteous  heroine  that  "  her  thin 
red-haired  body  writhed  in  torture. 
Her  fever  for  his  kisses  was  like  ague  in 
the  blood  "  ;  we  read  of  "  the  soft,  white, 
sensuous  flesh  in  which  sex  lurked  like  a 
pallid  spotted  snake,  hissing  softly  and 
strangling  in  its  evil  coils  the  heart's  best 
impulses."  On  another  occasion  we  find 
the  same  lady  clinging  to  ':  red  lips  with 
her  anaemic  ones."  The  characters  are 
conventional.  The  schoolgirl  heroine  sud- 
denly translated  from  poverty  to  wealth, 
conditional  upon  marriage  on  or  before 
her  eighteenth  birthday  ;  the  errant  bride- 
groom who  at  the  eleventh  hour  fails  to 
appear  ;  the  green-eyed  foil  aforesaid  and 
the  dual  personality  of  Sir  Michael  Fitz- 
Maurice,  round  which  the  plot  revolves — 
all  are  unworthy  of  one  who  has  done  good 
work,  and  has  indeed,  in  the  first  chapter 
of  this  book,  produced  a  delightful  picture 
of  a  select  academy  for  young  ladies. 


A  Widow  by  Choice.     By  Coralie  Stanton 
and  Heath  Hosken.     (Werner  Laurie.) 

This  novel  has  good  matter  within  it,  but 
fails  to  grip  the  reader  because  not  one  of 
the  characters  lives.  It  reads  as  if  it  had 
been  written  to  order,  and  undoubtedly 
leaves  off — it  cannot  be  said  to  end — to 
order.  The  mark  of  the  daily  newspaper 
is  also  over  the  ends  of  chapters.  The 
"  widow  by  choice  "  who  endeavours  to 
efface  herself  by  feigning  suicide,  in  order 
that  her  husband  may  take  to  himself 
many  thousands  a  year  and,  incidentally, 
another  lady,  is  outrageously  inconsistent, 
and  we  find  our  sympathies  where  we  are 
sure  the  authors  did  not  mean  them  to  be 
— with  the  forsaken  husband.  The  pic- 
tures of  Italy,  and  the  characterization  of  a 
multi-millionaire  are  superficial,  as  is  also 
the  female  villain.  The  threads  have  been 
carefully  chosen,  and  the  colours  could 
have  been  made  to  blend,  but  the  fabric 
is  ill  woven. 


ECONOMICS. 


The  Principles  of  Money  and  Banking.  By 
Charles  A.  Conant.  2  vols.  (Harper  & 
Brothers.) — Perhaps  the  clearest  manner  in 
which  the  intimacy  of  Mr.  Conant's  acquaint- 
ance with  the  subjects  he  writes  on,  and  the 
wide  range  of  his  investigation,  can  be  shown, 
is  to  mention  the  fact  that  the  coins  which 
superseded  the  old  Mexican  dollars  in  the 
Philippines  have  been  "  familiarly  called 
'  Conants  '  "  in  connexion  with  a  report  made 
by  him  on  the  subject.  It  is  not  usual  for 
a  coin  to  bear  the  name  of  any  individual 
unless  it  is  that  of  a  monarch.  The  only 
Other  instance  we  remember  in  modern  times 
of  a  private  person's  name  being  associated 
with  a  coin  is  that  of  the  groat  or  fourpermy 
piece,  which,  when  reintroduced  into  this 
country  in  183(>,  was  familiarly  known  as  a 
"  Joey."  wit  h  a  side  glance  at  Joseph  Hume, 

at  whose  suggestion  the  recoinage  was  carried 
out.  But  we  must  turn  from  these  purely 
personal  matters  to  the  two  solid  volumes 
now  before  us. 

There  have  been  a  good  many  works  by 
capable  writers  on  the  Subject  of  money 
and  banking,  but   we  do  not  remember  any 


other,  written  either  in  the  New  World  or 
the  Old,  packed  so  closely  with  useful  in- 
formation, and  bearing  in  its  pages  so 
distinct  a  proof  of  a  wide,  acquaintance 
with  the  many  branches  of  the  subject. 
The  book  is  not  a  treatise  on  the  details  of 
banking  or  the  issues  of  "  paper  money,"  but 
it  supplies  the  monetary  history  of  the  past 
generation,  shown  by  steady  progress  towards 
the  gold  standard  in  commercial  countries. 
Mr.  Conant  may  truly  say  with  just  pride 
that  "  among  the  steps  which  have  been 
taken  to  bring  about  this  result  are  several 
in  which  the  writer  himself  has  had  a  share, 
for  the  Philippines,  for  Mexico,  and  for  the 
Republic  of  Panama."  Two  distinctive 
subjects  are  treated  which  are  not  included 
in  earlier  systematic  treatises  : — 

"  One  is  the  fact  that  the  development  of  money 
and   of   existing   monetary  systems   has   been  the 

result  of  a  long  evolution The  other  is  that  the 

progress  of  this  evolution  has  followed  the  principle 
of  marginal  utility,  which  has  been  so  successfully 
applied  to  the  solution  of  economic  problems,  but 
was  not  until  recently  applied  in  detail  to  the  sub- 
ject of  money." 

It  is  customary  in  a  work  of  this  descrip- 
tion to  go  back  to  the  basis  of  the  matter, 
and  to  remind  the   reader  that,  while  "the 
money    of    a  nation    is    only    a   small    part 
of  its  capital,"  it  is  a  vitally  important  part 
— far  more  so  than  its  mere  "  cost  "  would 
imply,  "  because  it  performs  a  function  which 
could  only  be    performed    with   great  diffi- 
cult y,    if   at    all,    without   it."     For    many 
ages    "money"    provided   almost   the  only 
machinery    for    this    purpose.     It    was,    as 
Mr.   Conant  reminds  us,    "  almost  the  only 
store  of  value  of  an  exchangeable  character 
until  the  creation  of  negotiable  securities." 
These  may  be  of  many  descriptions.     Lat- 
terly their  growth  has  been  enormous,  and 
"  international   securities  "   have,  especially 
of  recent  years,   been  largely  employed    in 
"  international    transactions    for    the  settle- 
ment of  obligations  between  countries  which 
would  otherwise  have  to  be  settled  in  gold 
or  by  movements  of  commodities."     Secu- 
rities of  this  description  are  of  very  different 
types  and  different  standards.     "  There  are 
found  great  quantities  of  Spanish  and  Cuban 
Bonds  "  ;     many   other   bonds   dating   from 
"  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Latin  America  ; 
and  the  Russian  government  loans,   whose 
prompt    absorption    afforded    proof    of    the 
sincerity  of  the  outburst  of  French  enthu- 
siasm for  a  Russian  alliance."     The  wealth 
of  France  and  her  esteem  for  Russia  have 
been  marked  by  the  fact  that  nearly  half 
the  issue  of  Russian  securities  of  recent  years, 
as  is  estimated,  has  been  floated  on  the  French 
market.     Some     of     these     securities,     Mr. 
Conant   reminds    us,    "  have   practically   no 
domicile    except    upon    European    Bourses, 
and  are  employed  there  as  substitutes  for 
money  and  the  counters  in  speculation  aris- 
ing from  the  conflicting  phases  of  the  political 
and    economic   situation."      The   coupons   of 
the  Russian  National  Debt  are  payable  in 
francs  at  Paris,  in  pounds  sterling  in  London, 
in  florins   at  Amsterdam,  and   in  marks    at 
Berlin.      These     securities    (and    they    are 
typical  of  many  others)  can  be  utilized  "  as 
true  bars  of  gold,  according  to  the  respective 
position  of  the  exchanges." 

While  some  securities  thus  make  their  way 
into  the  exchanges  of  the  world  by  their  own 
force  and  usefulness,  the  legal-tender  quality 
of  money  is  conferred  on  it  by  law.  Mr 
Conant  reminds  us  of  this  fact  by  quoting  the 
remarkable   historical    instance   that    when, 

in  the  year  L257,  Henry  III.  desired  to  intro- 
duce gold  into  the  currency  of  England,  a 
writ  was  issued  commanding  that  the  gold 
money  which  the  kinj^  had  caused  to  he  made 

should  lie  current  in  London  and  elsewhere 

within   the  realm  of  England   "at   the  rate 


402 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4119,  Oct.  6,  1908 


of  20  pennies  of  sterlings  for  every  gold 
penny."  Legal-tender  money  has  not  always 
been  formed  of  such  valuable  materials,  even 
in  England.  To  come  to  more  modern  times, 
the  Bullion  report  in  1811  stated  that  the 
"  cost  "  of  an  ounce  of  gold  in  English  bank 
notes  had  then  risen  to  51.  in  paper,  when 
its  gold  value  was  31.  17s.  Gd.  Fortunately 
it  was  not  long  before  resumption  of  specie 
payments  took  place,  but  in  many  other 
countries  much  trouble  has  been  caused  by 
excessive  issues  of  paper.  Thus  in  Brazil 
issues  between  1889  and  1904  sent  the 
exchange  down  from  27  Jd.  in  1889  to  lO^d. 
in  1894,  the  par  being  27d.  These  subjects 
are  explained  fully  in  the  chapters  on  the 
'  Theory  of  Government  Paper  Money '  and 
on  '  How  the  Value  of  Government  Paper 
is  Determined  '  in  Mr.  Conant's  first  volume, 
which  show  the  manner  in  which  Govern- 
ments have  treated  the  currency  for  their 
own  advantage.  The  value  of  money,  he 
reminds  vis,  is  "  derived  in  part  from  its  use 
as  a  medium  of  exchange.  The  same 
principle  applies  to  paper  money.  Govern- 
ments can  create  a  demand  for  such  money 
by  special  measures."  The  risk  is  that 
governments  almost  invariably  over-issue 
the  paper  in  the  creation  of  which  they  have 
a  monopoly.  An  over-issue  is  followed  by 
the  invariable  result  of  depreciation.  Mr. 
Conant  gives  many  examples.  The  essential 
difficulty 

"  in  all  Government  measures  for  regulating  the 
value  of  Government  paper  issues  is  the  absence 
of  power  and  flexibility  in  Government  machinery. 
It  is  a  misconception  that  is  widely  prevalent  that 
the  financial  power  of  the  Government  is  greater 
than  that  of  the  mercantile  community." 

The  second  volume,  which  deals  almost 
exclusively  with  banking  subjects,  comes 
even  more  closely  home  to  the  English 
reader.     As  the  author  truly  says  : — 

"  The  greater  part  of  the  commerce  of  the  world 
is  carried  on  by  a  refined  system  of  barter,  in 
which  banking  credits  of  one  sort  or  another  are 
the  chief  factors  ;  but  sound  banking  involves  the 
promise  to  pay  metallic  money,  and,  therefore,  is 
based  upon  such  money." 

The  essential  elements  of  credit  are  confi- 
dence and  time.  That  banks  do  not  create 
capital,  but  simply  enable  it  to  circulate,  is  a 
fundamental  fact.  Where  the  use  of  cheques 
is  restricted  or  unknown,  the  issue  of  notes 
enables  business  to  be  carried  on.  As  Leon 
Say  declared  in  a  debate  in  the  French  Senate 
in  1884  on  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the 
Bank  of  France,  the  bank  note 
"  is  the  deposit  account  of  humble  citizens  and 
small  merchants.  The  rich  obviate  the  use  of 
money  by  taking  a  check-book ;  the  humbler 
citizen  deals  in  a  sort  of  deposit  account  on  the 
bank  by  taking  its  bills." 

We  are  so  accustomed  to  find  no  difficulty 
in  the  transmission  of  money  that  we  forget 
that  the  absence  of  proper  credit  facilities 
has  imposed  heavy  charges  upon  the  farmers 
in  the  Southern  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  in  other  countries.  The  bank-note 
currency  benefits  not  only  the  banker,  but 
also  all  the  industries  the  cost  of  management 
of  which  is  reduced  through  the  economy 
it  produces  in  the  use  of  the  precious  metals  ; 
but  it  is  necessary  to  regulate  the  paper 
currency  issued  by  the  banks,  in  the  sense 
of  requiring  them  to  give  security  for  their 
issues.  The  great  benefit  of  a  hanking 
currency  is  in  keeping  the  volume  of  currency 
constantly  on. a  level  with  the  requirements 
of  production  and  trade.  This  adjustment  is 
reached  even  more  completely  in  a  paper 
currency  like  that  of  England,  which  consists 
almost  exclusively  of  cheques.  The  one  real 
requirement  for  a  circulation  of  this  descrip- 
tion is  the  same  as  that  for  an  issue  of  bank- 
notes ;  that  is  to  say,  the  provision  of  a 
sufficient  specie  reserve.     As   public  atten- 


tion, where  a  cheque  circulation  exists,  is 
not  drawn  to  the  facts  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  the  case  of  a  note  circulation, 
this  point  is  apt  to  pass  with  less  notice. 
At  the  same  time,  too  much  interference  by 
Governments  with  banking  operations  has 
resulted  in  great  injury  to  the  countries 
concerned. 

The  development  of  the  Clearing  System 
has  been  an  incredible  advantage  to  business. 
Mr.  Conant's  historical  investigations  have 
enabled  him  to  trace  it  back  to  a  principle  of 
Roman  commercial  law.  The  system  had 
attained  a  high  degree  of  perfection  in  the 
fifteenth  century  by  the  arrangements  at  the 
fairs  of  Lyons.  Of  these  four  were  held  at 
stated  intervals  in  each  year,  a  day  of  settle- 
ment having  been  fixed  at  the  fair  next  pre- 
ceding. Each  banker  came  to  these  settle- 
ments with  a  balance-sheet  of  his  debts  and 
credits.  After  a  comparison  of  accounts, 
the  settlement  followed  in  money,  of  which 
very  little  was  ultimately  required.  These 
quarterly  settlements  continued  till  the 
French  Revolution.  The  Edinburgh  Clearing 
House  was  founded  in  1760,  that  of  London 
in  about  1775.  This  last  has  gradually 
grown  to  the  figures  now  published  weekly. 
The  clearings  in  New  York  have  also  been 
enormous,  the  daily  average  there  having 
been  nearly  51,000,000Z.  in  1901.  The 
daily  average  passed  at  the  London 
Clearing  House  for  the  same  year  was 
31,000,000Z.  The  absence  in  New  York  of 
a  central  bank  like  the  Bank  of  England 
compels  the  settlements  of  the  American 
clearings  to  be  concluded  in  a  different 
manner  from  those  in  London,  the  balance 
being  settled  in  legal  tender.  Hence  also 
in  times  of  pressure  payments  are  met  by  an 
agreement  between  the  banks.  Into  the 
system  of  Stock  Exchange  clearings,  less 
generally  known,  but  fully  as  important 
from  a  banking  point  of  view,  space  does  not 
permit  our  entering  here. 

For  the  complete  understanding  of  the 
subjects  dealt  with,  the  volumes  themselves 
must  be  read  and  studied.  All  that  we  can 
do  is  to  call  attention  to  the  qualities  of  the 
book.  Our  best  thanks  must  be  expressed 
for  a  work  which  must  have  been  a  great 
strain  on  the  power  of  a  man  constantly 
immersed  in  business.  Mr.  Conant  has 
obviously  studied  Bagehot  very  closely.  The 
reviewer  may  hence  be  allowed  to  quote 
a  remark  made  to  him  by  Bagehot  himself — 
that  the  proper  man  to  write  on  a  subject 
is  the  man  who  is  constantly  practising  the 
operations  he  describes.  Mr.  Conant  fulfils 
these  conditions. 

Among  other  reprints  we  note  with  equal 
approval  a  fresh  edition,  in  "  The  Pater- 
noster Library  "  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  of 
Bagehot's  Lombard  Street.  The  book  is 
a  true  classic,  and  thoroughly  worthy  of 
the  honour  done  it  :  and  the  present  or 
twelfth  edition,  which  follows  the  eleventh 
after  seven  years,  is  illustrated  by  notes 
uniformly  excellent  in  their  accuracy. 

Another  reprint  is  a  cheaper  issue  of 
Problems  of  Empire  (A.  L.  Humphreys), 
by  Mr.  T.  A.  Brassey.  Unlike  '  Lombard 
Street,'  the  volume  has  not  been  brought 
up  to  date,  and  the  foot-notes  are  far  from 
perfect.  The  author  retains  his  views — 
equally  unpopular  with  both  the  great 
parties  in  the  State,  but  not  to  be  con- 
demned on  that  score  alone — in  favour  of 
Home  Rule  all  round  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
combined  with  colonial  representation  in  an 
Imperial  Parliament.  He  believes  that  he 
can  overcome  Australian  resistance  to 
representation  here  by  means  of  "  a  small 
surtax  "  and  a  small  duty  on  corn  with 
colonial  preference.  The  passage  in  the 
preface  as  to  the  duty  on  corn  is  confusing, 


if  not  confused.  Mr.  Brassey  cannot  consent 
to  admit  Australian  wheat  "  duty  free,"  and 
the  preference  which  he  would  give,  the 
entire  duty  being  "  small,"  is  rejected 
by  Australians.  Mr.  Brassey  goes  on  to 
quote  Sir  M.  Beach  as  a  "  great  "  Free 
Trade  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  who 
imposed  "  a  small  duty  on  corn."  Tn  that 
duty,  however,  there  was  no  preference. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  failure  in  the  notes 
to  modernize  the  volume  we  majr  refer  to 
the  article  on  naval  reserves.  Mr.  Goschen's 
utterances  on  raising  a  naval  reserve  force 
in  colonies  are  referred  to  in  the  text  and 
quoted  in  a  foot-note.  There  have  sub- 
sequently been  a  whole  series  of  debates, 
official  memoranda,  and  reports  upon  the 
subject.  The  experiment  has  been  tried 
in  Newfoundland  with  much  success,  that 
being  the  colony  in  which  alone  the  strongest 
advocates  of  the  system  wished  it  to  be 
undertaken.  It  has  also  been  tried  in 
Australia,  where  the  rate  of  wage  causes 
extreme  difficulty.  The  Admiralty  argu- 
ment against  training  seamen  for  the 
American  fleet  by  applying  the  plan  to  the 
maritime  provinces  of  Canada  is  not  duly 
considered. 

The  Principles  of  Wealth  and  Welfare.  By 
Charles  Lee  Raper,  Ph.D.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.) — As  Prof.  Raper  tells  us  in  the  preface 
to  his  little  book,  "it  is  only  a  simple  and 
elementary  discussion  of  the  more  important 
principles  which  are  involved  in  the  con- 
sumption, production  and  distribution  of 
wealth  " — wealth,  he  proceeds  to  explain, 
"  as  a  means  to  an  end — a  means  to  human 
welfare  in  all  of  its  manifold  aspects."  The 
volume  thoroughly  comes  up  to  this  standard. 
It  is  not  a  text-book,  a  handbook,  nor  a 
primer.  It  is  intended  to  fulfil  an  entirely 
different  function — to  set  the  subject  it 
discusses  in  a  broad  way  before  the  reader. 
A  more  distinctly  American  book  has  hardly 
ever  come  into  our  hands.  Not  only  the 
spelling,  but  also  the  mode  of  regarding 
events,  the  standpoint  from  which  the  differ- 
ent aspects  of  life  are  viewed,  is  distinctly 
that  of  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  A 
quicker  way  of  dealing  with  many  matters 
is  put  before  us.  Thus  incidentally  the 
English  reader,  accustomed  to  notation  in 
the  time-honoured  form  of  £  s.  d.,  is  shown 
by  example  the  rapidity  of  computation 
possessed  by  a  people  who  enjoy  a  decimal 
standard.  Throughout  we  are  reminded  of 
the  environments  which  surround  citizens 
of  the  United  States.  No  other  people  in 
the  world  can  say,  as  they  do,  that  in  little 
more  than  80  years — a  period  included  not 
infrequently  in  the  life  of  one  man — between 
the  years  from  "  1821  to  1903  more  than 
21,000,000  foreigners  came  to  our  shores." 
In  little  more  than  a  century  their  people 
had  grown  from  4,000,000  to  something  like 
80,000,000.  Meanwhile,  during  tho  same 
period,  from  a  proportion  of  4  per  cent,  of  tho 
population  being  dwellers  in  towns,  33  per 
cent.— a  proportion  eight  times  as  large — 
were  housed  in  the  same  manner.  Con- 
currently witli  all  this  energy  of  progress 
the  questions  which  come  up  before  the 
American  student  of  economics  have  de- 
veloped with  the  same  rapidity  and  the  same 
immensity  of  extension.  On  the  subjects 
which  distinguish  life  in  America  in  some 
senses  from  life  in  the  Old  World,  on  ques- 
tions of  monopolies  and  tariffs  and  some 
developments  of  trade  unions,  Prof.  Paper 
writes  with  equal  fairness  and  directness  of 
expression.  The  strong  points  in  the  work 
done  by  trade  unions,  and  equally  by  Factory 
Acts,  are  described  with  justice  and  dis- 
crimination : — 

"  While  they  have  in  times  of  their  wars  brought 
great   loss  and  disturbance  to  themselves  and  to 


N°4ii9,  Oct.  6,  1906 


TH£    AfHEN^lUM 


403 


the  whole  society  in  which  they  put  forth  their 
activity,  while  they  have  created  bitter  and  hostile 
feelings  and  at  times  displayed  intense  selfishness, 
the  unions  have  not  upon  the  whole  failed  in  their 
mission  and  work." 

They  have  sought 

"  the  wealth  and  welfare  of  the  toilers  of  ordinary 
talent.  And  their  work  for  this  class  of  labourers, 
though  it  has  oftentimes  been  wrought  in  injustice 
and  in  wrath,  has  not  by  any  means  wholly  failed." 
Again  : — 

"  Though  a  modern  institution  of  only  a  century 
in  age,  the  factory  act  to-day  prevails  over  an  area 
larger  than  that  covered  by  the  public  policeman. 
It  is  almost  coextensive  with  the  system  of  educa- 
tion maintained  by  the  state.  And  though  a  new 
institution,  the  factory  act  is  truly  one  of  the 
world's  greatest  achievements.  It  has  profoundly 
influenced  the  productive  power  of  labor  and  has 
added  to  the  world's  wealth  and  welfare." 
The  working  out  of  economic  conditions  is 
seen  in  the  United  States  on  a  larger  scale 
than  in  this  country.  The  impetus  given  to 
economic  life  by  facilities  of  movement  #nd 
by  the  enormous  power  of  first-rate  business 
management  is  very  striking. 

Prof.  Raper's  remarks  on  the  "  tendencies 
which  we  may  call  economic  laws "  are 
ingenious  and  true.     Thus  he  says  : — 

' '  Economic  laws  are  not  so  unchanging  as  are  the 
laws  of  nature,  as  for  instance  those  of  chemistry, 
physics,  or  mathematics.  Their  data  are  always 
more  or  less  changing  ;  they  have  a  large  human 
element  in  them.  They  are  only  statements  of  the 
tendencies  of  forces  which  are  themselves  to  an 
extent  changing." 

Turning  to  the  development  of  these  laws, 
the  problem  of  the  United  States,  he  says, 
"  is  not  Free  Trade,  but  tariff."  This 
subject  he  proceeds  to  discuss  with  a  detach- 
ment of  mind  which  enables  him  to  see  the 
weak  as  well  as  the  strong  sides  of  the  national 
policy.  He  asks,  "  Is  the  burden  of  the 
tariff  entirely  borne  by  the  consumer  ?  " 
Prof.  Raper  does  not  consider  that  it  is 
borne  by  the  consumer  alone,  though  he 
fully  admits  that  he  bears  a  part  (and  a 
very  heavy  part)  of  the  burden.  He  con- 
tinues : — 

"That  our  tariff  policy,  though  it  has  at  times 
been  largely  for  other  than  public  interests,  has 
aided  us  in  becoming  so  enormously  great  within 
such  a  marvelously  short  space  of  time,  we  fully 
believe.  We  contend,  however,  that  its  assistance 
has  been  comparatively  slight,  and  that  the'  funda- 
mental and  vital  elements  of  our  wonderful  economic 
progress  have  been  American  labor,  capital,  natural 
resources,  and  business  sense." 

The  last  sentence  contains  an  opinion  for 
which  the  earlier  sentences  have  hardly  pre- 
pared the  reader,  but  that  it  expresses  the 
truth  as  to  American  progress  there  can  be 
little  doubt.  Unaccustomed  as  we  English- 
men are  to  regarding  these  questions  in  the 
way  they  are  handled  in  this  work,  it  is 
one  from  which  British  readers  —  and  in 
particular  teachers  in  secondary  schools, 
for  whose  use,  we  conclude  from  the  title- 
page,  it  is  particularly  intended — may  learn 
a  great  deal. 

Mr.  Raper  will  forgive  us  for  questioning 
the  complete  applicability  of  his  statement 
that  in  respect  of  motive  power  "  it  was  not 
until  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century  that 
man  began  to  make  use  of  water  as  such  a 
power  and  to  apply  its  gigantic  force  to 
machinery."  Though  it  was  not  till  close 
on  the  year  1800  that  the  subject  of  water 
mill-  was  seriously  worked  out,  the  employ- 
ment of  water  as  a  motive  power  in  the  Old 
World  dates  back  at  least  to  the  days 
of  Archimedes,  and  has  been  discussed 
by  many  great  thinkers,  Torricelli  and  Sir 
Isaac  New  ton  among  the  number.  Forma 
of  water  mill-;  were  to  he  found  in  the  eigh- 
teenth Century  and  early  in   the  nineteenth. 

in  remote  districts  of  the  United  Kingdom, 

that   had   probably   gone   on   unaltered   for 


generations.  These  primitive  engines  are 
referred  to  by  Dr.  Johnson  in  his  '  Journey 
to  the  Western  Islands  of  Scotland  '  ;  and  the 
description  of  the  mill  visited  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  his  voyage  to  the  Shetland  Islands 
in  1814,  with  his  statement  that  "  there  are 
about  500  such  mills  in  Shetland,"  though 
each  was  "  incapable  of  grinding  more  than 
a  sack  at  a  time,"  may  remind  us  how  long 
a  discovery  may  remain  in  abeyance. 

Some  economic  questions  occasionally 
remain  thus  undiscussed  for  a  long  time.  It 
is  well  for  us  to  be  reminded  how  they  are 
viewed  in  countries  with  economic  condi- 
tions different  from  our  own.  Prof.  Raper's 
book  touches  on  some  of  these.  Besides 
stimulating  our  thoughts,  the  work  has 
also  the  advantage  of  being  written  through- 
out in  a  simple  and  easy  style.  The  more 
important  chapters  are  each  followed  by 
a  series  of  questions.  These  groups  of 
questions,  twenty-two  in  all,  vary  in  number 
from  six  or  seven  down  to  two  in  a  group. 
The  English  student  who  thinks  this  method 
more  suited  to  the  juvenile  than  the  mature 
reader  may  be  recommended  to  turn  to  the 
example  on  p.  127  in  which  competitive  and 
monopoly  conditions  are  dealt  with,  to  that 
on  p.  208  on  State  ownership,  p.  249  on 
wages,  and  p.  328  on  distribution.  The 
teacher  who  sets  these  questions  will  have 
to  develope  them  to  make  them  of  real  use 
to  his  scholars,  while  the  student  who  has 
mastered  no  more  than  these  subjects  will 
have  travelled  on  a  long  way  towards  under- 
standing some  of  the  most  difficult  questions 
in  economics. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Readers  will  be  delighted  with  From 
Midshipman  to  Field- Marshal  (Methuen  & 
Co.),  the  two  volumes  of  the  memoirs  of  Sir 
Evelyn  Wood.  We  have  always  been 
jealous  of  the  French  soldiers  who  left  us 
diaries — sometimes  perhaps  not  quite  vera- 
cious— which  "  no  Englishman  could  write." 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood  does  not  in  a  single  line 
lay  himself  open  to  the  suspicion  of  drawing 
the  long  bow  or  indulging  in  the  "  yarn  " 
which  his  naval  service,  indeed,  would 
warrant.  We  have  found  our  Marbot  or  our 
Canrobert  in  his  first  volume,  but,  if  it  be 
allowable  to  employ  so  strained  a  phrase, 
a  modest  Marbot.  In  his  second  volume, 
necessarily  less  "  irresponsible  "  and  natu- 
rally less  gay,  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  quotes  as 
his  principal  adviser  in  tactics  when  directing 
the  training  at  Aldershot  of  the  British 
army  Col.  Lonsdale  Hale,  and  the  testi- 
mony, which  is  no  doubt  thoroughly  deserved, 
strikes  the  reader  as  unusual  in  the  case 
of  a  soldier  who  has  rightly  risen  to  high 
command.  In  the  adventurous  stories  of 
the  first  volume  the  same  delicacy  of  feeling 
is  to  be  discerned  ;  and  to  Sir  Edward  Brad- 
ford, for  example,  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  con- 
stantly assigns  a  bravery  superior  to  his 
own.  So  scrupulous  is  our  author  that  we 
have  even  searched  without  success  for  a 
story  which  he  has  been  known  to  tell,  but 
which,  though  doubtless  true,  has  possibly 
been  omitted  as  "  too  tall  an  order  "  for  the 
British  public;.  It  is  whispered  that  when 
the  ambassadors  of  the  King  of  Coomassie, 
whose  kindly  reception  by  "  Wood's  regi- 
ment "  on  "  Christmas  Day  at  Prahsu  "  is 
recorded,  had  failed  in  their  mission,  the 
non-commissioned  officers  approached  our 
author  with  a  request  :  "  We  have  treated 
these  men  kindly.''  they  said,  "'as  you 
wished    it    and    as    they    were    ambassadors, 

but  now  they  have  failed  ■  they  cannot  go 
back,  or  they  would  be  killed  and  eaten. 
Please,  therefore,  lei  us  eal  them,  as  other- 
wise   they    will    be    wasted."     Sir    Evelyn 


Wood  has  given  us  the  best  old  British  navy 
since  '  Tom  Cringle  '  and  '  The  Younger 
Son,'  the  best  Crimea,  and  the  best  Mutiny. 
His  later  wars  are  related  by  a  general  officer, 
often  an  acting  statesman,  and  in  some  parts 
are — of  necessity — dull. 

A  "  first-class  fighting  man  "  Sir  Evelyn 
ever  was  and  is.  His  prowess,  however, 
not  only  with  the  cavalry  soldier's  sabre, 
but  also  with  his  fists,  will  be  new  to  many 
readers.  Like  Marbot,  he  sometimes  dis- 
dained to  cut  or  thrust,  and  sheathed  his 
sword  to  administer  correction  in  British 
fashion  by  "  a  blow  on  the  jaw,"  or,  in  other 
words,  the  terrible  "  undercut."  The  only 
thing  in  his  beau  sabreur  first  volume  which 
strikes  us  as  untrue  to  life  is  the  portrait 
of  "  Mr.  E.  Wood,  R.N.,"  as  he  is  thought 
to  have  appeared  in  1852.  We  have  ap- 
pealed to  those  who  remember  H.M.S.  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  in  that  year,  and  who 
well  recall  not  only  the  great  new  two-deckers, 
but  also  the  officers  and  men  by  whom  they 
were  manned  ;  and  they  agree  in  our  judg- 
ment that  the  portrait,  though  more  like 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood  than  is  the  less-handsome 
portrait  of  the  present  year,  prefixed  to  the 
second  volume,  recalls  the  eighteenth  century 
more  closely  than  the  second  half  of  the 
nineteenth. 

Many  will  turn  with  interest  to  the  pas- 
sages upon  the  Majuba  campaign,  in  which 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood  played  a  part  which 
exposed  him  to  much  obloquy.  The  faets 
are  all  set  forth  with  perfect  accuracy,  but 
readers  will  continue  to  draw  opposite 
conclusions  from  them  according  to  their 
preconceived  opinions.  The  key  to  the  diffi- 
culties is  that  Sir  Evelyn  WTood,  like  all  the 
great  soldiers  who  have  known  the  Dutch, 
was  personally  drawn  towards  them,  and 
sympathized  deeply  with  their  love  of  free- 
dom. On  the  other  hand,  he  and  others  were 
naturally  anxious,  as  soldiers,  to  beat  any 
enemy  in  the  field.  The  conflict  was  as 
marked  in  1881  as  hi  the  period  twenty  years 
later  illustrated  for  us  by  many  generous 
soldiers'  books.  The  Government  and  the 
Generals — Colley  and  Wood — were  dealing 
in  their  diplomacy  with  Kruger  and  Joubert 
through  President  Brand  of  the  Orange  State. 
It  was,  therefore,  necessary  above  all  things 
so  to  conduct  both  negotiations  and  opera- 
tions in  the  field  that  President  Brand 
should  not  feel  that  any  one  had  played 
him  false.  With  this  key  the  apparent 
contradictions  of  the  various  telegrams  are 
easily  laid  open  to  the  mind. 

The  humanity  of  a  great  fighting  soldier 
comes  out  in  all  parts  of  the  book.  Recent 
events  in  Egypt,  the  details  of  which  have 
shocked  a  large  section  of  the  British  public, 
were  perhaps  in  the  mind  of  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood  as  he  related  how,  when  two 
Egyptians  had  to  be  shot  in  1883,  he  sent 
away  the  son  of  one  of  them,  "as  I  did  not 
wish  him  to  hear  the  volley  which  was  to 
kill  his  father."  Some  anecdotes  which 
by  their  brightness  redeem  even  the  narrative 
of  the  perplexities  of  an  Adjutant-General 
in  1900  are  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  first 
volume.  The  superior  prophetic  know- 
ledge of  what  is  about  to  happen  in  the  War 

Office  possessed  by  the  humbler  members 
of  the  staff  is  alluded  to  in  the  table  of  con- 
tents, and  justified  by  a  passage  which  shows 
how  one  of  the  women  cleaners.  "  a  char- 
woman," pointed  to  some  carpenters'  poles 
about  the  building,  and  informed  a  colleague, 
"That's  where  the  new  lot's  going  to  'ang 
the  old  lot."  A  later  story  illustrates  equal 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  War  Office  cat. 
It  is  not,  however,  the  charwoman  and  the 

eat  alone  in  the  War  Office  who  are  some- 
times right.     Sir   Evelyn   W I  ascribes   to 

General    Grierson     complete    confidence    in 

Japanese  success  against  Russia  "  six  months 


404 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°411&,  Oct.  6,  1906 


before  the  war  broke  out."  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  the  War  Office  held,  at  least 
by  November,  the  belief — not  shared  by 
the  Russians  or  the  French— that  there 
would  be  war,  and  that  the  result  of  the  war 
could  not  fail  to  be  that  which  ultimately 
ensued. 

Some  of  the  purely  military  suggestions 
of  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  are  also  interesting, 
as,  for  example,  one  which  bears  upon  his 
belief  in  the  superiority  among  our  yeomanry 
regiments  of  those  raised  west  of  a  line 
drawn  north  and  south  through  Bath. 

We  have  difficulty  in  finding  any  fault 
with  these  two  volumes,  but  must  enter  a 
complaint  against  uniform  observance  in 
Indian  names  of  the  official  spelling  in  its 
highest  and  driest  form.  In  a  book  which 
will  be  read  by  the  great  public  "  Dihli  " 
for  the  ancient  capital  of  India,  and  "  Kanh- 
pur  "  for  the  scene  of  the  historic  massacre, 
are  surely  improper.  We  have  noticed  but 
one  misprint :  a  reference  in  a  chapter- 
heading  to  "  Sir  William  Howard,"  whose 
name  is  rightly  given  in  the  text  as  that  of 
the  then  Dr.  Russell. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  publishes  Links  in 
my  Life  on  Land  and  Sea,  by  Commander 
Gambier,  R.N.,  a  lively  volume  written  in  a 
sprightly  style.  Names  are  as  a  rule  omitted, 
but  the  stories  are  free  enough  in  all  con- 
science without  them,  and  in  some  cases  they 
may  be  guessed.  Since  the  recent  earthquake 
at  San  Francisco  it  has  often  been  pointed 
out  that  it  had  been  prophesied,  and  also 
that  earthquakes  had  occurred  at  San  Fran- 
cisco in  the  memory  of  living  men  which 
would  have  destroyed  the  city  had  it  at  the  time 
been  built  otherwise  than  of  adobe  or  mud 
brick.  The  same  is  true  of  Wellington,  the 
capital  of  New  Zealand,  with  the  substitu- 
tion of  one-story  wood  huts  for  sun-dried 
Mexican  architecture.  Capt.  Gambier  de- 
scribes an  earthquake  at  Wellington  in 
which  the  earth  opened  and 

"  swallowed  up  some  cattle,  but  closed  again  so 
quickly  that  it  jammed  a  cow  between  its  folds, 
leaving  half  the  poor  beast  sticking  up  above  the 
ground.  I  did  not  see  it  myself,  but  was  told  it 
by  men  who  said  they  had." 

Capt.  Gambier  is  no  respecter  of  persons. 
He  ends  a  passage  about  Stanley  with  these 
words  :  "  An  American  newspaper  must 
be  fed  with  blood,  bunkum,  and  lies." 
Hobart  Pasha  comes  off  even  worse  ;  and 
Sir  A.  Layard  is  hard  hit.  Dealing  with 
the  famous  ecclesiastic  and  Shakspearean 
reciter  Bellow,  he  ascribes  his  parentage, 
when  "  called  Higgins,"  to  "  Monsieur 
Mercredi,"  or  in  other  words  the  great  actor. 
Of  the  Empress  Eugenie  he  tells  us  that 
"  there  is  not  a  drop  of  any  other  than 
Scotch  and  English  blood  in  her  veins." 
Certainly  no  one  ever  met  any  one  less  like 
a  Briton  than  the  mother  of  the  Empress. 
The  author's  fluent  French  causes  us  to 
wonder  at  the  repetition  of  a  mistake  in 
the  spelling  of  a  single  simple  word  at  pp.  18 
and  43,  for  it  is  a  mistake  which  affects 
sound. 

Puck  of  Pook\?  Hill.  By  Rudyard  Kip- 
ling. (Macmillan.) — In  his  new  part — the 
missionary  of  empire — Mr.  Kipling  is  living 
the  strenuous  life.  He  has  frankly  aban- 
doned story-telling,  and  is  using  his  complete 
and  powerful  armoury  in  the  interest  of 
patriotic  zeal.  We  find  his  design  peeping 
out  everywhere  in  his  writings,  and  here  it 
is  cunningly  set  to  engage  the  feet  of  children. 
We  say  "cunningly,  because  the  interpre- 
tation of  his  new  stories  is  by  no  means  easy 
foi  the  young.  They  will  read  and  read 
on,  without  fully  understanding,  but  in  an 
atmosphere  which  compels  attention.  The 
general  effect  is  the  cultivation  of  a  healthy 


patriotism,    but   a    child    would    hardly   see 
how    it    was    arrived    at.      "  Weland,"    says 
Puck,  towards  the  close,   "  gave  the  Sword. 
The    Sword    gave    the    Treasure,    and    the 
Treasure    gave    the    Law."     This    must    be 
taken  as  embodying  the  plan  of  the  book 
and   its   ten  tales.     Jt  is  not  obvious   upon 
the    face    of    it.       Mr.    Kipling    wraps    up 
his  meaning.      A  child  will  see  these  stories 
as   broken   pieces   of   a   fairy   tale   which   is 
full    of     interest,    but    difficult.       "  Grown- 
ups "    have    a   way    of    laughing    at    things 
which      is      not      intelligible     to      children, 
if     to     themselves.        But     how     Kipling- 
esque  is  the   conception  !     When   Dan   and 
Una  are  playing  Bottom  and  Titania.  on  a 
midsummer  day,  enters  to  them  Puck,  the 
real    thing,     "  the    oldest   Old    Thing  "    in 
England.     Puck,  indeed,  is  the  last  survivor 
of  the  spirits  who  have  held  sway  in  this 
land.     All,   all    are    gone,    the   old   familiar 
faces — all    save   this   "  small   brown  pointy- 
eared  person,"  under  whose  magic  Dan  and 
Una  go  down  the  long  gallery  of  history  and 
see    the    beginnings    of    our    island    record. 
It  begins  with  the  forging  of  the  Sword  of 
Weland,  who  is  known  also  asWayland  Smith. 
Mr.  Kipling's  skill  and  tact    in  the   adapta- 
tion of  names  and  place-names  are  now  as 
ever,  amazing.     All  these  things  happen  by 
Pevensey,  and  one  could  not  pass  "in"  that 
neighbourhood  after  reading  '  Puck  of  Pook's 
Hill'    without  finding  it    full    of    memories. 
To    achieve  such   a  result  is  to  work  with 
imagination,    and    to    write    with    plenary 
vigour    and   confidence.      Mr.    Kipling    will 
hack   his   way   to   his    end   by    sheer    force 
of    will    and   high   spirits,    and    in    spite    of 
every  obstacle.     We  do  not  greatly  care  for 
the    method  he    employs  in    these  episodes 
of  our  rough  island  story,  but  he  will  have 
his    way.     It    involves    supernaturalism    to 
what  appears  to  us  a  clumsy  extent.    More- 
over,  the  author  seems  too  much  in  love 
with    his    mission.     He    neglects    the    main 
object  of  his   art,  which    should   always   be 
remembered  as  the  main  object.     He  does 
not  bear  in  mind  that  he  must  first  of  all  tell 
a  tale.     We  listen  to  the  story  of  Weland's 
sword  with  mouth  open  like  Una  and  Dan, 
but  we  are  not  interested  in  the  disdain  of 
the   Lady   ^Elueva,   and   we   are   quite  sure 
all    Mr.    Kipling     wanted    to     tell    us    was 
that     Anglo-Saxons     and     Normans     inter- 
married,   and    got    on    very    well    together, 
and  knit  into  a  perfect  race,   of  which  we 
should  be   proud.     We   are,    and  no   doubt 
the  atmosphere  will  be  absorbed  by  children 
as  they  read.     But  we  are  sure  they  would 
have   liked   more   story.     And   where   there 
is    most    story,    as  in   the  last    tale   of  the 
Treasure  and  the  Law,  there  is  a  wild  dis- 
respect for  historical  truth.     The  machinery 
of    the    tales,     as    we    have    remarked,     is 
awkward,    and    even    provoking,    as    when, 
during  Kadmiel's  story,   we  hear  the  guns 
in  the  coverts,  and  the  present  elbows  away 
the   past.     The   story    of   the    '  Dymchurch 
Flit  '  stands  alone  in  its  method,  style,  and 
picturesque     beauty.     It     is     an     exquisite 
piece  of  work  unrelated  to  its  predecessors 
and    its    successor.       Testimony    must     be 
borne   once   more   to   Mr.    Kipling's   virility 
in  the  other  stories,  and  to  the  facility  and 
frequent  beauty  of  his  associated  verse. 

Uganda  to  Khartoum  :  Life  and  Adventure 
on  the  Upper  Nile.  By  Albert  B.  Lloyd. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) — The  writer  of  this  notice 
had  an  old  friend  who  entertained  a  rooted 
objection  to  the  continent  of  Africa,  partly 
on  the  same  ground  as  Miss  Jellyby,  but 
also     because     the     hooks     written     about    it 

"  were   all    so  very  dry."     This    prejudice, 
we  are  happy  to  add,  did  not   survive  the 
perusal   of   Drummond's   'Tropical   Africa 
and    Sir     Harry    Johnston's    '  Kilimanjaro 


Expedition  '  ;    and  had  Mr.    Lloyd's  works 
come   within   the  reader's  purview,   we  are 
sure  that  he,  too,  would  have  ranked  with 
these  favoured  authors.     In  truth,  the  writer 
of  '  In  Dwarf  Land  and  Cannibal  Country  ' 
has   produced   one   of  the  most  fascinating 
books  we  have  come  across  for  a  long  time. 
He   takes   us   to   an   unhackneyed   country, 
but  this  is  not  the  secret  of  his  charm  ;    he 
has   the  seeing  eye   and  the   graphic  touch 
which  would  lend  interest  to  Camden  Town, 
and  the  want  of  which  is  responsible  for  the 
portentous  Africa  of  the  old  books  of  travel. 
He   has   the   art   of   selection — he   does   not 
attempt  to  give  us  the  whole  of  his  itineraries, 
or  to  relate  every  event  in  strict  chronological 
order  ;     he  knows   how   to   convey   a  vivid 
impression,  and  refrains  from  burdening  the 
reader's  memory  with  unnecessary  details. 
He  relates  the  most  exciting  hunting  yarns 
in  a  quiet,  unassuming  manner  which  almost 
renders    one  oblivious  of    the    coolness  re- 
quired, to  face,   for  instance,  two  charging 
elephants    when    perched    in    a    small    tree 
hardly   strong   enough   to   bear   his   weight. 
This  simple,  manly  tone,  a  strong  sense  of 
humour,  an  equally  strong  feeling  of  human 
sympathy    which    never    degenerates    into 
sentimentality,     and     an     intense     love     of 
nature  and  of  sport,  make  the  author,  as  he 
unconsciously  reveals    himself,  as  attractive 
as  his  book.       He    unaffectedly    states    his 
reasons   for   taking    out   a   501.    sportsman's 
licence,   and   the  necessity,   apart   from   the 
pleasure,    of   bagging   his   two   elephants    a 
year  ;     but   he   sincerely  regrets   the  noble 
fellow   with   the    90  lb.    tusks,    who    "  could 
not  have  been  more  than  a  hundred  years 
old,"  and  refuses,   in  spite  of  the  entreaties 
of  the  natives,   to  meddle  with   the  merry 
baboons  disporting  themselves  on  the  great 
bare  rock  by  the  Albert  Lake,  where  they 
could  not  do  any  damage.     We  find  innu- 
merable character-sketches,   and  little  vig- 
nettes of  incident,  humorous  and  pathetic  : 
King  Andereya  of  Unyoro  ;    the  Rev.  Nuwa 
Nakiwafu,  whose  father  was  in   the  witch- 
doctoring    business,     and    who     was    being 
brought  up  to  it  himself,  when  he  surrep- 
titiously learned  to  read  ;  the  poor  dejected 
witch-doctor  of  Butyabwa,  deserted  by  his 
people,  and  wondering  what  he  had  done  to 
bring   about   their   continued   ill-luck  ;     the 
Bakidi   chiefs,    and   their   invitation  to   Mr. 
Lloyd  to  visit  their  country — "  It  is  not  the 
likes  of  you  that  we   fight  with  "  :    and  the 
Nile  crossing  at  Miyeri,  with  the  old  chief's 
touching   request  that    he   might   "  practise 
divination  "   before  starting. 

Chap,  iv.,  'Folk-Lore  and  Native  Customs 
of  the  Banyoro,'  gives  a  curious  legend 
about  the  descent  of  their  kings,  in  which 
a  princess's  child,  whose  father  is  a  mysterious 
and  semi-divine  being,  is  cast  out,  but  rescued 
and  fostered  by  a  potter.  One  wonders 
whether  this  could  possibly  be  a  Lunyoro 
version  of  the  tale  related  by  the  Baganda 
about  their  king  Kimera,  whose  father  went 
on  a  trading  journey  into  Bunyoro,  married 
a  woman  of  the  country,  left  her  after  a  time 
to  return  home,  and  died  on  the  way.  The 
Bunyoro  king,  hearing  of  the  child's  birth, 
and  made  uneasy  by  a  prophecy,  ordered  him 
to  be  killed  :  he  was  thrown  into  a  pit  at  the 
clay-diggings,  rescued  and  brought  up  by  a 
potter,  and  tinally  came  to  his  own.  This 
story  is  given  in  the  '  Manuel  de  Langue 
Luganda  '  published  by  the  White  Fathers 
(Uinsiedeln,  1894). 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  part  of  the 
book  is  that  relating  to  the  little-known 
Aeholi  country,  north  of  the  Victoria  Nile, 
and  its  non-Hantu  inhabitants,  who  call 
themselves  (Jang,  and  are  called  by  the 
Baganda Ganyi.     Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lloyd  settled 

in    this   region,    and    remained    there    lor   the 
greater  part  of  a  year,  after  which  they  tra- 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


405 


veiled  overland  to  Gondokoro  (through  the 
Bari  and  Madi  country)  on  their  way  home. 
It  is  worth  noting  that  the  places  known  on 
our  maps  as  Foweira,  Fatiko,  Fajao,  &c, 
are  really  Paweri,  Patigo,  Pajao,  the  prefix 
pa  meaning,  it  seems,  "  of."  In  the  Bantu 
languages  it  may  mean  either  "  at  "  or  "  of," 
and  in  some  parts,  as  in  West  Nyasaland,  it 
frequently  forms  a  part  of  place-names. 
Probably  the  erroneous  form  arose  from  the 
names  having  been  first  heard  by  Europeans, 
coming  from  the  north,  from  Arabs  or 
speakers  of  Arabic. 

We  have  said  nothing  of  the  type  and 
general  get-up  of  the  book,  which  are 
excellent,  nor  of  the  numerous  illustrations, 
a  feature  of  great  interest. 

Mr.  Hyett  publishes,  through  Mr.  John 
Bellows  of  Gloucester  and  Messrs.  Kegan 
Paul  in  London,  Gloucester  in  National 
History.  The  atithor  is  already  known  as  a 
writer  on  Florence,  and  also  on  a  subject 
closely  connected  with  his  present  volume. 
He  explains  in  a  modest  preface  that  he 
should  not  have  written  his  '  Gloucester  ' 
if  that  city  had  been  included  in  the  "  His- 
toric Towns  "  Series.  It  is  difficult  to  name  a 
city  of  England  or  Ireland  with  higher  claim 
to  be  included  than  the  Christmas  capital  of 
the  Norman  and  earliest  French  kings  of 
England.  During  the  wars  of  the  Barons,  and 
the  two  contests  for  the  throne  of  England 
which  were  entwined  with  them,  Gloucester 
was  the  centre  of  action,  and  as  late  as  the 
Commonwealth  the  whole  fortune  of  the 
realm  twice  hung  upon  the  siege  of  Glou- 
cester. There  is  no  spot  in  the  United  King- 
dom where  there  has  been  more  fighting  of 
a  critical  or  decisive  character  than  between 
the  Severn  bridge  near  Gloucester  and  the 
bridge  of  Evesham.  Not  only  in  the  little- 
known  wars  in  which  Romans,  Britons,  and 
Welsh  figured,  but  also  in  the  wars  of  the 
Barons,  of  the  Roses,  and  of  Charles  I., 
the  struggle  for  the  passages  of  the  Severn 
and  command  of  Gloucester  played,  on  the 
whole,  the  greatest  part.  The  Scotch 
border  and  the  neighbourhood  of  Berwick 
themselves  stand  second  to  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Gloucester.  These  facts,  on  the 
one  hand,  give  an  interest  to,  and  on  the 
other  detract  from  that  of  Mr.  Hyett's 
book.  He  is  embarrassed  by  the  wealth 
of  material  which  illustrates  the  history  of 
Gloucester,  and  while  he  fills  his  pages  with 
events  of  first-class  national  importance, 
though  local  in  their  character,  he  is  forced 
to  make  his  book  a  sort  of  history  of  England. 
The  volume  is  in  every  way  creditable  to 
those  concerned  in  its  production,  and, 
while  the  facts  are  accurately  stated, 
misprints  are  few.  Where  Mr.  Hyett  is  a 
little  loose  in  pedigrees  he  follows  high 
authority.  The  great  part  played  by  the 
Clares  and  the  Despensers  causes  the  ascrip- 
tion to  any  member  of  either  family,  by  one 
antiquary  or  another,  of  the  acts  of  others. 
We  doubt,  for  example,  whether  any 
can  "  sort  out  "  the  two  Gilbert  de  Clares 
or  the  four  Hugh  le  Despensers.  Quarter- 
ings  were  not  scientifically  used  in  those 
early  times,  and  pedigrees  when  made  later. 
as  they  were,  are  not  to  be  trusted.  Nothing 
is  more  misleading  than  Church  history  and 
ascriptions  of  effigies  and  arms  on  tombs. 
Every  one  goes  to  Tewkesbury  to  see  the 
magnificent  statues  in  the  Abbey  of  "  Hugh 
le  Despenser  "  and  his  wife.  Is  there  any 
evidence  whatever  that  the  tomb  is  that  of 
a  Despenser  ?  Three  local  guide-books — 
two  of  them  deservedly  of  repute— give 
three  different  versions  of  the  descent  of  the 
Clare  dignities  and  properties  to  the  De- 
spensers. Mr.  Hyett,  when  tested  on  this 
delicate  point,  states  that  the  husband  of 
the  sister  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  Earl  of  Glou- 


cester, was  "  Hugh  Despenser  the  younger." 
The  phrase  is  one  of  great  antiquity.  "  Hugh 
Despenser  the  Elder  "  was  said  to  be  the 
Earl  of  Winchester  disembowelled  at  Bristol 
a  few  weeks  after  "  Hugh  Despenser  the 
younger  "  had  been  disembowelled  at  Here- 
ford. Froissart,  on  the  other  hand,  says 
that  the  elder,  who  was  ninety  years  of  age, 
was  killed  in  sight  of  his  son,  and  then  the 
younger  was  sentenced  at  Hereford  by  the 
queen  and  barons  to  be  executed  there.  One 
of  the  miniatures  in  the  French  National 
library  represents  the  executioner  removing 
the  heart  in  order  to  place  it  on  the  firewhich 
is  burning  at  the  foot  of  the  ladder  in  the 
market-place,  while  the  patient  is  hardly 
discomposed  at  an  operation  which  he 
regards  without  displeasure.  It  is  only 
necessary  to  refer  to  the  dates  given  in  the 
painstaking,  but  naturally  inconclusive  lives 
of  the  Despensers  in  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,'  to  discover  how  ittle 
we  really  know  about  these  highly  unpopular 
men.  All  interested  in  Gloucester  will 
thank  Mr.  Hyett  for  his  volume. 

A  second  reprint  of  the  Parliamentary 
notes  or  House  of  Commons  diary  of  a 
journalist  of  much  talent  appears  as  St. 
Stephen's  in  the  Fifties,  by  E.  M.  Whitty, 
edited  by  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy,  who  has 
the  advantage  of  remembering  the  House 
in  such  early  times.  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin 
may  be  congratulated  on  this  venture. 
The  first  edition  was  called  '  History  of  the 
Session  1852-3,'  and  the  second  '  The 
Derbyites  and  the  Coalition.'  Some  of 
Whitty's  portraits  are  of  singular  inter- 
est and  power,  and  well  deserve  the  honour 
of  frequent  republication.  The  description 
of  Disraeli  speaking  is  the  best  ever  written, 
but  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  Whitty 
was  too  favourable  to  the  Tory  leader's 
perorations.  Those  who  were  the  strongest 
admirers  of  Disraeli's  speaking  were  often 
repelled  by  the  "  closing  sentences,  delivered 
with  a  louder  voice  and  with  more  vehement 
gestures,"  and  most  inclined  to  reject  the 
phrase  based  upon  them — "  great  orator." 
Whitty's  description  of  the  third  Sir  Robert 
Peel  (son  of  the  Prime  Minister,  and  second 
Minister  of  that  name)  is  as  good  as  anything 
in  the  volume.  Its  freedom  or  licence  is 
startling  in  the  present  day,  and  recalls 
Kenealy,  or  Disraeli  writing  anonymously 
in  the  '  Letters  of  Runnymede.'  Mr.  Justin 
McCarthy,  most  amiable  of  men,  must  have 
hesitated  before  reprinting  the  sentences 
which  figure  on  p.  96.  Another  series  of 
passages  by  Whitty,  which  make  the  reader 
feel,  even  though  he  be  a  man  of  seventy 
who  can  remember  the  Great  Exhibition, 
how  far  back  "  the  fifties  "  are,  concern 
the  attitude  of  the  House  towards  Mr. 
Cobden's  motions.  When  the  Radical 
chieftain  "  with  his  usual  tact  confessed 
openly  to  his  silly  vexation  "  at  being 
counted  out,  "  our  principal  door-keeper, 
Lord  Charles  Russell,  heartily  laughed." 
The  "  door-keeper "  would  have  laughed, 
but  Lord  Charles  Russell  held  the  still  more 
dignified  office  of  Serjeant-at-Arms,  and 
appointed  door-keepers.  The  Government 
whip,  in  producing  "  the  count,"  "  Mr. 
Hayter,  was  warmly  aided  by  the  Opposi- 
tion ;  even  Mr.  Butt  did  not  look,  as  lie 
kept  a  respectable  distance  from  the  door, 
very  anxious  to  "  prevent  it,  yet  Mr.  Butt 
had  the  second  motion.  "  Nobody,  in  fact, 
wanted  to  go  in,  but  "  a  member  with  a 
motion  still  lower  down  the  paper,  "  Mr. 
Cobden,  who  had  a  vast  pile  of  papers  under 
his  arm,  and  was  ready,  after  an  evening's 
reading,  to  turn  India  inside  out  ;  and 
Mr.  Hume,  who  dreads  a  count-out  with  all 
his  soul — for  what  can  Mr.  Hume  do — go 
to  a  casino  ? — when  there  is  no  House  ?  " 


The  House  as  a  w-hole  showed  only  "  mali- 
cious satisfaction  at  the  sight  of  the  humbled' 
Stuart,  the  ghastly  and  indignant  Cobden, 
and  the  perplexed  and  melancholy  Hume." 

Sir  Benjamin  Stone's  Pictures  (Cassell  & 
Co.)  form  a  book,  or  the  first  part  of  a  book, 
on  Parliament.  The  letterpress  is  mostly 
by  Mr.  M.  MacDonagh,  and  is  to  be  com- 
mended, while  the  illustrative  photographs- 
are  good.  Some  of  them  are  very  old,  and 
the  inclusion  of  many  who  have  disappeared' 
from  the  House  of  Commons  gives  a  look 
of  staleness  to  the  volume.  The  selection 
of  peers  and  members  photographed  is- 
capricious.  One  looks  for  the  recent  Chan- 
cellors of  the  Exchequer,  on  both  sides, 
without  finding  even  the  well-known  face- 
of  Sir  William  Harcourt.  The  present 
Prime  Minister  and  the  ablest  members  of 
his  Government  are  missing,  while  there  are 
included  Sir  Walter  Plummer,  Sir  Edwin* 
Durning-Lawrence,  and  Mr.  J.  F.  X.  O'Brien. 
The  pictures  of  '  The  House  of  Commons  in 
Committee,'  also  alluded  to  as  '  The  House 
of  Commons  in  Committee  of  Supply,'  is 
an  obvious  "  fake."  It  gives  no  Govern- 
ment and  no  regular  Opposition  ;  no  mace 
"  under  the  table,"  and  no  reporters  in  the- 
gallery. 

It  is  not  likely  that  we  shall  learn 
much  that  can  bear  on  the  land  problems 
of  Great  Britain  from  the  leading; 
French  Protectionist.  The  Return  to  the 
Land,  by  M.  Meline  (Chapman  &  Hall),  is- 
exactly  what  might  be  expected  from  its 
author.  The  only  oddity  about  the  volume 
is  that  it  has  a  preface  by  Mr.  Justin 
McCarthy,  whose  ideas  have  been  through 
life  widely  different  from  those  of  M. 
Meline.  The  intention  of  M.  Meline  is- 
not  that  which  he  professes,  and  Mr. 
McCarthy  accepts.  His  career  as  a  minister 
and  since  his  fall  has  fully  revealed  his 
policy.  Mr.  Chamberlain  is  patronized,  as 
a  brother  Protectionist,  but 

"  The  weak  point  in  the  system  is  easily  dis- 
cerned. It  is  based  upon  an  illusion,  the  belief,, 
that  is,  that  the  great  Britisli  colonies — Canada, 
for  instance — will  come  to  a  stop  in  their  economic 
development  and  give  up  their  industries,  resigning 
themselves  to  dependence  upon  the  mother-country 
for  manufactured  goods.  It  is  very  probable  that 
they  will  do  just  the  opposite,  and,  walled  in  behind 
their  protective  tariffs,  develop  their  national  in- 
dustries better  than  ever.  There  are  signs  of  this- 
already.  A  group  of  Canadian  manufacturers  have 
just  formed  themselves  int  >  a  syndicate  for  estab- 
lishing a  tinware  manufactory,  and,  in  order  to 
ct  mpete  successfully  with  Wales,  which  bitherto' 
has  supplied  Canada  with  tinware,  they  have 
petitioned  their  Government  for  a  protective  duty, 
and  have  been  promised  it.  This  will  administer 
a  mortal  blow  to  the  tinware  industry  in  Wales." 
Japan  is  represented  as  having  deliberately 
attacked  Russia  in  the  interest  of  a  policy 
of  exclusive  dealing.  M.  Meline  on  "  the" 
focd  of  the  masses"  in  France  will  be 
charged  by  French  Free  Traders  with 
nauseating  cant.  We  wish  that  his  trans- 
lator had  been  content  to  divide  the  British. 
Empire,  without  "  dividing  up." 

The  North  Sea  Bubble,  said  to  be  by  "Ernest 
Oldmeadow  "  (E.  Grant  Richards),  is  a  skit 
on  'The  Invasion  of  1910,'  a  sensational 
volume  reviewed  by  us  early  in  August  last. 
Treasures  of  wit  are  launched  against  Mr. 
Le  Queux  and  his  shooting  of  batches  of 
respectable  Britons  in  Park  Lane,  "near 
Dorchester  House."  The  soldiers  who 
receive  copies  to  review,  from  editors  who- 
bad  already  sent  them  the  book  laughed 
at,  will  understand  the  jokes,  but  it  is  hard 
to  see  how  the  outside  public  is  to  make 
much  of  them.  There  are  some  delicious- 
foot-notes,  but  a  subscriber  to  a  library  who 
receives  this  '  Bubble  '  in  a  batch  will  set 


406 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4119f  Oct.  6,  1906 


them  down  to  abnormal  stupidity  on  the 
part  of  the  author,  unless  he  happens  to 
nave  read  Mr.  Le  Queux  with  much  care. 
The  speech  of  the  Prime  Minister  at  the 
meeting  of  Parliament  in  the  .building  of 
Queen's  College,  Galway,  is  a  good  imitation 
of  our  official  style.  The  whole  of  Great 
Britain  has  been  occupied  by  the  Prussian 
forces.  Lord  Kew  begins  his  speech  at  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Houses  : — 

"  Perhaps  I  ought  to  make  a  statement  as  to  why 
Parliament    is    resuming    its    labours     after    the 

Christmas  holidays  at  an  unusually  early  date 

The  work  of  Parliament  during  the  first  months  of 
the  Session  was  somewhat  disturbed  by  certain 
unfortunate  events.    We  have  shortened  the  recess, 

partly  to  overtake  our  arrears,  and " 

The  party  note  is  well  brought  in  :  "  The 
circumstances  in  which  our  predecessors 
retired  from  office  will  not  have  been  for- 
gotten." The  result  of  the  forcible  meeting 
of  Parliament  on  Irish  soil  "  is  a  measure  of 
justice  to  Ireland  "  ;  but  the  Prime  Minister 
is  a  little  oppressed  by 

"  the  fear  that  what  we  offer  to  Ireland  out  of  our 
full,  though  tardy,  persuasion  as  to  its  wisdom 
and  justice,  should  be  regarded  by  Irishmen  as  a 
bribe  flung  down  hypocritically  by  Englishmen  in 
a  panic." 
The  Nationalist  reply  is  almost  as  good  : — 

"  Mr.  O'Redmond  said  that  even  the  disasters 
of  the  past  six  months  were  not  too  heavy  a  price 
to  pay  for  this  Union  of  Hearts.  England  and 
Ireland  together  would  regain  the  world." 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  publish,  under 
the  title  Disenchanted,  an  excellent  translation 
of  Loti's  latest  of  three  attempts  to  describe 
the  women  of  modern  Constantinople.  We 
invariably  fail  to  understand  what  public 
interested  in  such  literature  can  need  trans- 
lation of  a  stylist,  but,  passing  over  the 
difficulty,  have  nothing  but  praise  for  this 
attempt  by  Mrs.  Bell. 

"  The  World's  Classics  "  (Frowde)  con- 
tinue to  make  interesting  advance.  Among 
the  latest  volumes  are  Mrs.  Gaskell's  Ruth 
and  Mary  Barton,  both  with  brief  and  sen- 
sible introductions  by  Mr.  Shorter  ;  and 
Defoe's  Captain  Singleton,  and  The  Professor, 
to  which  are  added  the  Poems  of  C.  E.  and  A. 
Bronte,  introduced  by  Mr.  Watts-Dunton, 
who  shows  his  wide  range  over  the  field  of 
literature,  ancient  and  modern,  in  his  most 
interesting  notes.  They  bristle  with  attrac- 
tive points — discussions  of  the  manner  of 
Homer,  the  advantages  to  a  literary  family 
of  living  outside  London,  and  the  right  way 
to  tell  a  story  of  treasure  trove.  We  get, 
as  might  be  expected,  a  warm  tribute  to 
Emily  Bronte's  one  outstanding  lyric,  and 
incidentally  skilful  selections  of  illuminating 
judgments  which  the  modern  critic  has  for- 
gotten, or,  perhaps,  never  valued.  All  is, 
too,  explained  with  that  lightness  of  touch 
which  seldom  accompanies  insight  and 
erudition. 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Baynes  (II.),  The  Way  of  the  Buddha,  2/  net. 
Bernard  (E.  It.),  Great  Moral  Teachers,  3/6  net. 
Carpenter  (J.    Estlin),   The   First   Three  Gospels,   Fourth 

Edition,  (M.  net. 
Chapman  (J.  w.),  s.  n.  Hartley  of  Water  street,  3/6  net. 
Dollinger  (J.  J.  I.),  The  Gentile  and  the  Jew,  translated  hy 

N.  Darnell,  Second  Edition,  2  vols.,  12/ net. 
Dntch  Handbook  for  Communicants,  id. 
Faith  and  Freedom,  by  ;in  Oxford  Layman,  1*.  net. 
Galloway  (Rev.  W.  I}.),  The  Decalogue  and  the  Lord's  Day, 

:;/  net. 
Gang  First  Catechism,  i</. 
Granger  (M.  E),  Advent  Readings,  3/6  net. 
Gray  (J.  M.),  Primers  of  the  Faith.  3/0  net. 
Hall  (A.  C.  A.),  The  Example  of  Our  Lord,  especially  for 

His  .Ministers.  2/6  net. 
Home  (.1.),  Promptings  to  Devotion,  2/0  net. 
Kafir  Prefer  Book,  New  Edition,  1*.  id. 
Luganda  Old  Testament  History,  1/:  Pentateuch  Portion, 

4-/. 
McKira  (R,  H.),  The  Problem  of  the  Pentateuch,  ::/6  net. 
Miller  (.1.  R.),  The  Garden  of  the  Heart,  3/6 
Sidney  (I'.),  Modern  Rome  in  Modern  England,  5/ 


Stanley  (A.  P.),  Christian  Institutions,   Popular  Edition, 

2/6  net. 
Steere  (E.),  Words  of  Strength  and  Wisdom,  1/6  net. 
Wilson  (Canon  J.  M.),  Notes  for  One  Year's  Sunday  School 

Lessons,  Series  V.,  1/ 
Xosa  Communion  Book,  New  Edition,  8rf. 

Law. 
Brown  (W.  J.),  The  Austininn  Theory  of  Law,  10/6  net. 
Moore  (W.  H.),  Act  of  State  in  English  Law,  10/6  net. 

Fins  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Aramaic  Papyri  discovered  at  Assuan,  21/  net. 
Blake  (\V.),   Etchings  from  his   Works,   by  W.  B.   Scott, 

12/6  net. 
Cassell's  The  Nation's  Pictures,  Part  I.,  Id.  net. 
Christy  (H.  C),  The  Christy  Album,  16/ 
Sanford  (F.  G.),  The  Art  Crafts  for  Beginners,  edited  by 

A.  F.  Phillips,  3/6  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama 
Anthology  of  Australian  Verse,  edited  by  B.  Stevens,  2/6  net. 
De  La  Alare  (W.),  Poems,  3/6  net. 
Gingold  (H.),  Abelard  and  Heloise,  3/6  net. 
Greenwell  (D.),  Carmina  Crueis,  New  Edition,  3/6 
Howard  (N.),  Constantine  the  Great,  4/6  net. 
Irving  (H.  B.),  Occasional  Papers,  Dramatic  and  Historical, 

3/6  net. 
Taylor  (T.  H.),  Parsifal,  3/6  net 

Music. 
Hymns,  Ancient  and  Modern  :  Miniature  Music  Edition. 
Song-Garden  for  Children,   Music  edited  and  arranged  by 

N.  O'Neill,  2/6  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Meline  (Senator  J.),  The  Return  to  the  Land,  5/  net. 
Schooling  (J.    H.),   The    British    Trade    Year-Book,    1906, 

10/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Calendar  of  the  Charter  Rolls:  Vol.  II.,  Henry  III.-Ed- 

wardl.,  1257-1300,  15/ 
Calendar  of   Entries  in   the  Papal  Registers  relating  to 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  :  Papal  Letters,  Vol.   VII., 

1417-31,  15/ 
Calendar    of    the    Inquisitions    Post    Mortem :     Vol.    II., 

Edward  I.,  15/ 
Gaskell  (H.  S.),  With  Lord  Methuen  in  South  Africa,  6/ 
Harrison  (F.),  Memories  and  Thoughts,  8/6  net. 
Hickey  (P.),  Innisfail  ;  or,  Distant  Days  in  Tipperary,  3/6 
Hogg  (E.  M.),  Quintin  Hogg,  3/6  net 
House  of  Letters,  edited  by  E.  Betham,  Second  Edition, 

6/  net. 
Jenkins  (J.  H.),  Ebenezei-  E.  Jenkins,  3s.  Gd. 
Johnston  (Col.  W.),  Roll  of  the  Graduates  of  the  University 

of  Aberdeen,  1860-1900. 
Keene  (H.    G.),  History    of  India,   2  vols.,  New   Edition, 

12/6  net. 
Mahaft'y  (J.  P.),  An  Epoch  in  Irish  History,  Second  Edition, 

7/6  net. 
Pierson  (A.  T.),  James  Wright  of  Bristol,  3/6  net. 
Priestley  (L.  A.  M.),  The  Love  Stories  of  some  Eminent 

Women,  6/ 
Ramsden    (Lady    Guendolen),     Correspondence    of     Two 

Brothers,  Edward   Adolphus,  Duke  of  Somerset,  and 

Lord  Webb  Seymour,  15/  net. 
Rosebery  (Lord),  Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  3/6 
Sanderson  (E.),  Great  Britain  in  Modern  Africa,  5/ 
^■[--Studies  in  the  History  and  Art  of  the  Eastern  Provinces  of 

the  Roman  Empire,  edited  by  W.  M.  Ramsay. 
Studies  in  the  History  and  Development  of  the  University 

of  Aberdeen,  edited  by  P.  J.  Anderson. 
Webb  (S.   and   B.),   English   Local  Government  from  the 

Revolution  to  the  Municipal  Corporations  Act,  16/  net. 
Whitty  (E.  M.),  St.  Stephen's  in  the  Fifties,  10/6  net. 
Wood  (Sir  E.),  From  Midshipman  to  Field-Marshal,  2  vols., 

25/  net. 

Geography  and  Tra  pel. 
Cook's  Handbook  for  Egypt  and  the  Sudan,  by  E.  A.  W. 

Budge,  Second  Edition,  10/ 
Strasburger  (E.),  Rambles  on  the  Riviera,  translated  by 

O.  and  B.  C.  Casey,  21/  net. 

Education. 
London  University  Guide,  1907. 
Oxford  University  Programme  of  Special  Studies,  1906-7, 

6<f.  net. 
University  College,  London  :  Calendar,  Session  1906-7,  2/6 

Philology. 
Avesta,  Pahlavi,  and  Ancient  Persian  Studies  in  honour  of 

the  late  Shams-ul-Ulama  Dastur  Peshotanji  Behraniji 

Sanjana,  First  Series,  12/6  net. 
Blum  (J.),  English-German  and  German-English  Vocabu- 
lary, 2/6  net. 
Cardin  (U),  English-Italian  and  Italian-English  Vocabu- 
lary, 2/6  net. 
McLaughlin    (J.),     English-French     and     French-English 

Vocabulary,  2/6  net. 
New  English  Dictionary  :  N — Niche,  5/ 
Pitman's    Dictionary    of    Commercial    Correspondence    in 

French,  German,  Spanish,  and  Italian,  Parti.,  2d. 
Zigula  Dictionary,  2/ 
Zigula  Exercises,  New  Edition,  1/4 

School- Books. 
Blackie's  Latin  Texts :  Virgil,  yEneid,  X.,  XL,  and  XII.,  Gd. 

net,  each. 
Blackie's  Little  French  Classics:  Laboulaye's  Le  Chateau 

de  la  Vie  ;  Labiche's  Le  Baron  do  Fourchevif,  Sri.  each. 
Blackie's    Modern    Language     Series  :    Feuillet's    Vie    de 

Polichinelle ;    De    Maistre's    Voyage   Autour   de   ma 

Chanibre,  l*.  (id.  each. 
Browning's  Saul  and  Rabbi  Ben  Ezra,  2d. 
Carter  (M.  E.), Outlines  of  British  History  from  1017  to  1S70, 

2/6 
clive's  Mathematical  Tables,  1/6 

Dickens's  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  ('>'!. 

EdwardesfE.  J.),  The  Elements  of  Plane  Geometry,  3/6 

Hennese.v  (J.  E.),  The  School  Garden,  1/0 

Lock  (J.  B.)and  Child  (J.  M.),  Trigonometry  for  Beginners, 

2/6 
Lowell,  Select  Poems,  2d. 
Magee(E.),  Cendrillon  Feerie,  id. 
Musset(A  de),  Poesies  Choisies,  edited  by  C.  E.  Delbos,  2/0 

net. 


Petits  Contes  pour  les  Enfants  :  La  Petite  Charite,  id. 
Scott's  Old  Mortality,  edited  by  H.  B.  George,  2/0  ;  Quentin 

Durward,  with  Notes,  2/0 
Shaw  (P.  V,.),  A  First- Year  Course  of  Practical  Magnetism. 

and  Electricity,  2/6  net. 
Weber  (K.),  Grossvaterchen  und  Grossmutterchen,  Kinder- 

lustspiel,  Gd. 

Science. 
Bromwich  (T.  J.  I' A.),  Quadratic  Forms  and  their  Classifica- 
tion by  means  of  Invariant  Factors,  3/6  net. 
Butkett  (('.  W.)  and  Poe  (C.  n.),  Cotton:  its  Cultivation, 

Marketing,  and  Manufacture,  8/6  net. 
Cambridge  Natural  History:  Protozoa,   Porifera,   Ccelen- 

terata  and  Ctenophora,  Echinodermata,  17/0  net. 
Dreaper  (W.  P.),  The  Chemistry  and  Physics  of  Dyeing, 

10/6  net. 
Grossmann  (J.),  Ammonia  and  its  Compounds,  2/6  net. 
Hobart  (H.    M.),    Elementary    Principles    of    Continuous- 
Current  Dynamo  Design,  7/6  net. 
Lamb  (C.  G.),  Alternating  Currents,  10/6  net. 
Living  Races  of  Mankind,  Vol.  II.,  10/6  net. 
Noble  (Sir  A.),  Artillery  and  Explosives,  21/0  net. 
Shepherd  (E.  T.),  Practical  Farming  in  Relation  to  Soils, 

Manures,  and  Crops,  4/6  net. 
Stewart  (R.   W.),   A  Text- Book  of  Light,  revised  by  J. 

Satterly,  Fourth  Edition,  4/6 
Studies  in  Pathology,  edited  by  W.  Bulloch. 
Williamson  (A.  P.  W.),  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry, 

3/6  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Avery  (II.).  Play  the  Game !  3/6 
Baldwin  (M.),  Dora:  a  High  School  Girl,  3/6 
Bancks  (Rev.  G.  W.),  A  World  beneath  the  Waters,  New 

Edition,  2/6 
Barter-Snow  (L.  A.),  Ursula  :  a  Candidate  for  the  Ministry, 

2/6 
Bevan  (T.),  The  Fen  Robbers,  2/6 

Caldecott's  (R.)  Picture  Book,  Nos.  1  and  2,  1/  net  each. 
Comrie  (M.  S.),  In  the  Tyrant's  Grip,  3/6 
Fenn  (G.  Manville),  'Tention  !  5/ 
Finnemore    (J.),    Foray    and    Fight,    3/6 ;    The    Empire's 

Children,  2/6 
Golden  Fairy  Book,  edited  by  A.  Lang,  6/ 
Hamer  (S.   H.),  The  Little  Folks' Book  of  Wonders;  The 

Little  Folks'  Nature  Book,  3/G  each. 
Hassall  (J.),  The  Chums,  2/6 
Kenyon  (E.  C),  Gladys's  Repentance,  2/6 
Lucas  (M.  D.  C.),  The  Adventures  of  Babs,  1/  net. 
Meade  (L.  T.),  The  Hill-Top  Girl,  6/ 
Orange  Fairy  Book,  edited  by  A.  Lang,  6/ 
Stables  (Gordon),  War  on  the  World's  Roof;  Wild  Life  in 

Sunnv  Lands,  3'6  each. 
Weltch  (E.),  The  Granny  Growler  Stories,  3/6 
Whishaw  (F),  The  Boys  of  Brierley  Grange,  3/6 
Williams  (A.),  The  Romance  of  Early  Exploration,  5/ 

General  Literature. 

Baum  (L.  F.),  The  Marvellous  Land  of  Oz,  6/ 

Beale  (A.),  Concealment,  6/ 

Browne  (Sir  T),  Religio  Medici,  and  other  Essays,  2/  net. 

Carey  (R.  N.),  At  the  Moorings,  3/6 

Clarke  (M.  C),  An  Anglo-French  Maid,  6/ 

Crawfurd  (O.),  In  Green  Fields,  6/ 

Cutting  (M.  S.),  Little  Stories  of  Courtship,  5/ 

Dawson  (F.),  The  Heir  of  Dene  Royal,  6/ 

Dicksee  (L.  R.)  and  Blain  (H.  E.),  Office  Organisation  and 
Management,  Part  I.,  2d. 

Doudney  (S.),  Shadow  and  Shine,  6/ 

Fletcher  (J.  S.),  A  Maid  and  her  Money,  6/ 

Freeman  (W.  G.)and  Chandler  (S.  E.),  The  World's  Com- 
mercial Products,  Part  I..  7d.  net. 

Garland  (H),  Witch's  Gold,  6/ 

Gaskell  (Mrs.),  Ruth,  and  other  Tales,  Knutsford  Edition, 
4/6  net. 

Gate  of  Death  (The),  a  Diary,  7/6  net. 

Gibson  (L.  S.),  Burnt  Spices,  6/ 

Golden  Afternoon  and  other  Stories,  2/6  net. 

Herbertson  (A.  G.),  The  Plowers,  6/ 

Jewish  Year-Book,  edited  by  Rev.  I.  Harris,  2/6  net 

Kernahan  (Coulson),  The  Dumpling,  6/ 

London  (J.),  Moon-Face  and  other  Stories,  6/ 

Lytton's  The  Last  of  the   Barons,  Vol.  II.,  7/6 

Maclean  (N.),  Hills  of  Home,  6/ 

Maxwell  (G.),  The  Miracle  Worker,  6/ 

Nixon  (A.)  and  Richardson  (G.  H.),  Secretarial  Work  and 
Practice,  5/ 

Norris  (F.),  The  Joyous  Miracle,  2/ 

Orczy  (Baroness),  I  Will  Repay,  6/ 

Pollock  (F.  L),  The  Treasure  Trail,  6/ 

Russell  (G.  W.  F;.),  Social  Silhouettes,  7/6  net. 

Sheehan  (Canon),  Early  Essays  and  Lectures,  0/  net 

Shore  (W.  T.  and  F.  'I'.),  The  Fruit  of  the  Trees,  (i/ 

Tomkins  (Rev.  H.  G.),  An  Englishman's  Politics,  New 
Edition,  (id. 

Trollope  (A.),  The  Warden ;  Barchester  Towers,  York 
Library,  2/  net  each  ;  Library  Edition,  3/6  net  each. 

Turner  (E.J,  In  the  Mist  of  the  Mountains,  3/6 

Tynan  (K.),  The  Story  of  Bawn,  6/ 

Wynne  (May),  Maid  of  Brittany,  (1/ 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Preuss  (II.),  Die  Vorstellungen  vom  Antichrist  im  spateren 

Mittelalter,  Sm. 
Wrede  (W.),   Das  literarische  Riitsel    des    Ilebriierbriefs, 
2m.  60. 

Fine  Art  and  Arcluvology. 
Lemonnier  (C),  Alfred  Stevens  et  son  (Euvre,  SOfr. 

Bibliography. 
Schwenke  (P.)  u.  Hortzschansky  (A.),  Berliner  Bibliotheken- 
fuhrer,  lm.  20. 

History  and  Biograph;i. 
Azaxnbnja  (G.  d'),  La  Grace  ancienne,  Bfr. 
Balagny  (Commandant),  Napoleon  en  Espagne,  Vol.  IV., 

12fr. 
Maigron  (L.),  Fontenelle,  7fr.  Ml. 
MaSSOD  (l<\),  Jadis,  Series  II.,  3fr.  50. 
Monvel  (It.  B.  de),  George  Brummell  et  George  IV.,  3fr.  50. 


N°4119.  Oct.  0,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^IUM 


407 


Philology. 
Olahn  (A.),  Horats  lyriske  Digte  i  Udvalg,  lkr.  25. 
Harder  (Dr.   F.),  Werden  und  Wandern  unserer  Worter, 

Dritte  Auflage,  3m.  60. 
Thesaurus    Lingua?    Latin;?,   Vol.    II.   Part  X.,    Vol.   IV. 

Part  I. ,  14m.  40. 

Science. 
Boletin  del    Cuerpo   de    Ingenieros  de   Minas  del  Peru, 

Nos.  37,  38,  39. 
Crepin  (J.),  La  Chevre,  7fr.  50. 
Director  del  Cuerpo    de    Ingenieros  de    Minas  del  Peru, 

1904-5. 
Hartmann(H.),  Lecene  (P.),  et  Okinczyc  (J.),  Chirurgie  de 

l'lntestin,  16fr. 

General  Literature. 
Belzac  (H.),  Le  Crime  du  Faafedme,  3fr.  50. 
Boulanger  (M.),  L'Amazone  blessee,  3fr.  50. 
Germain  (A.),  Coeurs  inutiles.  Bit.  50. 
Huguenin  (P.),  Celenie  Jacotin,  3fr.  50. 
Huysmans(J.  K.),  Les  Foules  deLourdes,  3fr.  50. 
Lorrain  (J.),  L'Aryenne,  3fr.  50. 
Ohnet  (G.),  La  dixieme  Muse,  3fr.  50. 
Pettit  (C),  Le  Chinois  de  Wile.  Bambou,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Marning  u-iH  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE  QUATERCENTEXARY  FEAST 
AT  ABERDEEN. 

The  great  inter-university  event  of  the 
year  has  come  and  gone,  and  Aberdonians 
may  well  feel  proud  and  happy  at  a  notable 
success.  In  the  first  place,  the  weather 
was  exquisite,  and  the  constant  astonish- 
ment at  it  expressed  by  the  natives  also 
showed  how  exceptional  it  must  have  been. 
The  foreigners  who  came  from  sunny  dimes 
carried  away  an  impression  of  Scotch  weather 
which  many  other  experiences  will  not  efface. 

In  spite  of  the  lateness  of  the  date,  the 
meeting  was  thoroughly  representative  of 
the  intellect  of  Europe.  There  was  such  a 
galaxy  of  learned  men  collected  that  it  was 
impossible  to  see  and  know  more  than  a 
snail  fraction  of  the  crowd — and  this,  too, 
notwithstanding  that  Aberdeen,  following 
the  laudable  example  of  Dublin  in  1892, 
had  furnished  a  complete  directory  of  hosts 
and  guests,  and  of  guests  and  hosts,  with 
their  local  addresses.  Those  who  remember 
how  the  feasts  of  Edinburgh  and  of  Glasgow 
were  marred  by  the  neglect  of  this  example 
could  not  but  be  struck  with  the  welcome 
contrast.  In  many  other  points  also  the 
Tercentenary  in  Dublin  afforded  instructive 
ideas  which  were  fully  utilized.  The  state 
procession  through  the  streets,  of  which 
many  were  afraid,  was,  as  in  Dublin,  most 
useful  in  making  the  populace  take  part 
as  witnesses  in  the  feast.  The  thoroughfares 
.  indeed,  not  kept  clear,  as  they  would 
have  'been  had  there  not  been  a  second 
-sion  which  demanded  that  privilege  ; 
but  the  very  halts  and  delays  in  the  progress 
gave  time  to  those  who  study  human  nature 
to  observe  the  poor,  to  have  a  word  with 
wondering  children,  and  to  gauge  the  feeling 
of  the  unwashed — and  many  unwashed  there 
were — at  the  sight  of  aged  and  apparently 
respectable  persons  parading  themselves  in 
gaudy  colours  and  absurd  headdresses  in  the 
(.pen  street.  Good-humoured  contempt  was 
not  excluded  either  by  the  general  curiosity 
or  the  admiration. 

The  hospitalities  of  Aberdeen  were  not 
only  moat  ample  and  hearty,  but  assumed 
jantic  scale  unprecedented  on  any  such 
ion.  The  dinner  given  by  Lord  Strath- 
cona  (tli->  Chancellor),  in  a  building  specially 
iOQ  people,  was  little  short 
of  a  miracle  in  the  perfection  of  its  arrange- 
ments. Not  only  were  the  menu  and  wines 
excellent  and  perfectly  served,  but,  es  if 
by  inspiration,  the  committee  that  assorted 
the  company  at  their  tables  brought  together 
those  who  longed  to  meet,  and  who  had 
been  seeking  one  another  for  days.  Yet, 
alas:  there  is  no  flawless  perfection  in  this 
World.  In  tic  first  place,  tin-  huge  size 
of  the  company  made  it  wholly  impossible 
for  any  speaker  to  reach  more  than  a  small 


fraction  of  it,  and  people  who  have  eaten 
and  drunk  well  cannot  be  expected  to  sit 
silent  when  they  can  hardly  see,  and  not 
at  all  hear,  the  speaker.  It  would  therefore 
have  been  far  wiser  to  forego  the  speeches, 
and  we  wonder  that  this  was  not  done.  But 
still  wrorse  (and  this  applies  to  all  the  feasts 
and  meetings)  was  the  playing  of  loud 
military,  or  still  louder  organ  music,  as  if 
for  the  purpose  of  hindering  the  conversation 
which  was  the  primary  object  of  these  meet- 
ings. When  strangers  are  being  announced, 
when  mon  and  women  of  divers  nations, 
whose  languages  are  not  reciprocally  familiar, 
want  to  converse,  absolute  freedom  from  irre- 
levant noise  is  the  sine  qua  non  of  comfort. 
It  was  truly  melancholy  to  see  famous 
foreigners  throwing  up  their  hands  in  de- 
spair when  they  failed  to  hear,  and  could 
not  convey  their  ideas.  We  lay  stress  on 
this  defect,  which,  even  if  made  at  first 
through  thoughtlessness,  should  not  have 
been  allowed  to  mar  the  later  festivities. 

The  State  visit  of  the  King  and  Queen 
was  of  course  the  prominent  feature  of  the 
week — so  prominent  that  there  were  not  a 
few  who  regretted  its  coincidence  with  a 
great  University  function.  Other  interests 
predominated  ;  idlers  and  courtiers  crowded 
out  the  men  of  learning,  and  civic  people 
became  the  principal  hosts.  It  was  the 
stopping  of  traffic  for  the  King's  entrance 
which  made  the  civic  authorities  unwilling 
to  stop  it  for  the  interesting  University 
procession,  which  was  consequently  broken 
into  fragments  and  spoilt. 

The  splendid  new  buildings  opened  by 
the  King  were  grotesquely  described  in  the 
Principal's  address  as  "  structural  additions," 
and  are  another  instance  of  the  success  of 
the  modern  horse  leech  and  her  daughters 
in  obtaining  huge  funds  for  one  (and  that 
not  the  better)  side  of  University  training. 

If  the  conduct  of  the  King  was  described 
in  the  address  as  courteoxts,  we  will  take  the 
proper  word,  and  say  that  the  conduct  of 
the  students  was  gracious.  They  gave  help 
and  direction  everywhere,  and  their  polite- 
ness went  even  so  far  as  to  applaud  a  speech 
which  showed  how  the  adoption  of  a  political 
career  may  ruin  a  man's  self-respect.  The 
professors,  too,  were  everywhere,  and  doing 
everything  with  unparalleled  zeal  anel  good 
nature.  How  such  men  as  Prof.  Davidson 
survived  the  week  was  a  wonder  to  many. 

If  some  millionaire  would  turn  from  the 
endowment  of  science  to  that  of  arts,  and 
build  a  quadrangle  of  residences  adjoining 
the  King's  College  or  the  old  Cathedral, 
Aberdeen  might  become  an  ideal  Northern 
University.  The  city,  though  rather  large, 
is  so  well  ordered  and  respectable  that 
students  can  live  there  with  safety.  The 
surroundings  are  healthy.  The  traditions, 
especially  of  the  King's  University,  are 
venerable.  The  teaching  staff  has  been, 
and  is  now,  admirable.  With  a  head  dis- 
tinguished for  learning,  and  the  material 
help  of  Mitchells,  Strathconas,  and  Carnegies, 
Aberdeen  ought  to  stand  in  the  very  first 
rank  as  a  seat  of  culture  and  place  of  educa- 
tion.  The  present  feast  showed  what  vast 
capabilities  there  are  both  in  the  University 
and  in  the  city. 

We  will  make  one  more  suggestion  as  to 
the  management  of  future  fei  i  of  the  kind. 
Aberdeen,  as  did  Dublin,  set  apart  an  office 
and  rooms  where  visitors  could  write  letters, 
obtain  information,  smoke,  and  idle.  This 
was  found  in  the  earlier  instance  inestimable, 
as  strangers  made  it  their  natural  meeting- 
place.  But  at  Aberdeen  it  was  not  fre- 
quented, because  the  round  of  engagements 
was  too  exacting.  If  notice  had  been  issued 
that  an  hour  or  two — say  3  to  6 — would  he 
set  apart  for  informal  meeting  and  conversa- 
tion anion  in  this  room,  its  useful- 


ness would  have  been  greatly  enhanced. 
But  it  is  a  comfort  for  an  old  visitor  and 
critic  of  these  feasts  to  record  that  now,  for 
the  first  time,  the  experience  of  others  has 
been  utilized,  and  a  real  advance  been  made 
in  the  disposing  and  arranging  of  a  world 
of  learned  men,  who  come  from  the  four 
winds  of  heaven  for  a  week  of  enjoyment. 

We  will  say  little  about  the  list  of  honorary 
degrees.  It  was  surely  too  long,  and  also 
included  some  surprising  names.  Yet  from 
every  country  represented  there  was  some 
one  man  who  commands  universal  respect, 
and  we  cannot  but  sympathize  with  the 
senate  if  they  were  deceived  by  pompous 
and  even  imaginary  titles  to  honour  men 
regarded  as  impostors  in  their  own  land. 
There  was  a  good  reason  on  paper  for  every- 
thing that  was  done,  and  in  every  detail  this 
great  celebration  sho%ved  long  deliberation, 
careful  preparation,  and  hence  unexampled 
excellence.  M. 


CANNING  AND  THE  TILSIT  ARTICLES. 

The  Athenceitm  not  long  ago  reviewed 
a  volume  of  '  The  History  of  England,' 
edited  bv  Dr.  Hunt  and  Dr.  Poole,  com- 
prising the  years  1801  to  1831.  Referring 
to  the  action  of  the  British  Government  in 
regard  to  Denmark,  the  reviewer  says  : — 

"  It  is  the  received  view  that  the  British  Govern- 
ment had  no  definite  knowledge  of  the  terms  of  the 
secret  treaty,  or  of  the  secret  articles  of  the  main 
Franco-Russian  compact  there  signed." 

A  similar  view  is  maintained  in  an  article 
in  The  Edinburgh  Review  for  last  April. 
The  learned  writer  of  that  article  concludes, 
if  I  understand  him  rightly,  that  Canning's 
action  was  based  upon  an  acute,  and  as  it 
turned  out  accurate,  deduction  from  facts 
within  the  knowledge  of  the  whole  world. 
But  how  is  this  opinion  to  be  reconciled  with 
Canning's  own  words  in  his  speech  of  Feb.  3rd, 
1808,  or  with  the  words  placed  by  him  in  the 
King's  mouth  in  the  previous  September  ? 
In  the  latter  we  read  : — 

"H.M.  had  received  the  most  positive  informa- 
tion of  the  determination  of  the  present  ruler  of 
France  to  occupy  with  a  military  force  the  territory 

of  Holstein,  for  the  purpose  of availing  himself 

of  the  aid  of  the  Danish  fleet  for  the  invasion  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland." 

It  is  true  that  neither  here  nor  throughout 
the  '  Declaration  '  is  there  any  specific 
mention  of  the  Treaty,  still  less  of  the  secret 
articles.  But  that  such  a  reference  was  at 
once  read  into  them  is  clear  from  the  lan- 
guage used  in  the  debate  of  Feb.  3rd.  Mr. 
Ponsonby's  motion,  indeed,  asked  only  for 
"  the  substance  and  dates  of  all  information 
transmitted  by  His  Majesty's  Minister  at 
the  Court  of  Copenhagen  during  the  past 
year  "  ;  but  his  speech  left  no  doubt  as  to 
what  the  Opposition  was  in  search  of.  After 
referring  to  a  statement  by  Lord  G.  Leveson 
Gower  thai  General  Budberg  had  admitted 
the  existence  of  secret  articles,  but  denied 
that  these  had  any  referen<  to  England,  the 
speaker  continued  : — 

"Now,  it  had  been   insisted  in   Hia  Maj 
Declaration  relative  to  Russia  and  Denmark,  that 
it  was  a  knowledge  of  those  secret  articles  that  had 
induced   Bis  M  ijeaty  to  take  the  Bteps  that  he  had 
done  for  the  purpose  of  scouring  the  Danish  fleet. 

Caroling  did  not  evade  the  challenge  by 

pointing  out,  as  he  n  ighi  have  done,  that 

neither  in  the  Dsclaration  nor  in  the  motion 

e    the    House    was    there    any    mention 

■ivt  articli  s.     Ee  argu  ■'.  inde<  •!.  from 

"  what  was  notorious  "  ;   but,  he  continues 

'•if   they    W6W   to  ask   why  they  had    rested    their 

upon  pn  oise  information,  vrhen  the  event-- 
and    Eacta  thai    bad   Bince  taken   place  bad  fully 

justified  their  measure,  he  would  answer  that  they 


408 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


liad  stated  that  precise  ground  because  it  was  true, 
.  and  not  because  they  thought  it  necessary  to  their 
justification  in  judging  of  the  case  before  the  House. 
If  any  more  evidence  should  be  thought  necessary, 
let  them  be  condemned,  for  nothing  should  ever 
extort  from  them  the  source  whence  they  had 
•received  their  information." 

Surety  all  this  points  to  something  a  good 
deal  more  definite  than  a  mere  happy  intui- 
tion. 

The  identity  of  the  informant,  whose 
incognito  was  so  carefully  preserved,  is 
never  now  likely  to  be  revealed.  All  those 
"who  could  have  revealed  it  from  first-hand 
"knowledge  have  long  been  in  their  graves. 
"The  various  suggestions  that  have  been  made 
have  been  pretty  well  disposed  of  by  Dr. 
Rose,  Mr.  Temperley,  and  other  students  of 
"Canning's  career.  If  a  mere  amateur  may 
intervene  with  a  conjecture  on  a  point  which 
has  perplexed  trained  historians,  mine  would 
be  this.  The  closeness  with  which  the  secret 
was  guarded  seems  to  indicate  that  the 
.informant  was  a  person  for  whom  its  dis- 
closure would  have  had  very  serious  con- 
sequences. So  long  as  Napoleon's  dis- 
pleasure was  a  thing  to  be  dreaded,  there 
were  many  exalted  personages  in  Europe 
"whose  safety  might  have  been  an  object  of 
-consideration  ;  but  when  he  had  fallen,  it 
might  be  thought  that  these  would  have  re- 
garded the  business  as  a  feather  in  their  caps  ; 
if,  indeed,  there  had  not  been  a  crop  of  false 
claimants  to  the  gratitude  of  England.  At 
any  rate,  the  secret  need  not  have  been 
specially  guarded  any  longer.  We  are  thus 
led  to  suppose  that  the  informant  was  one 
to  whom  discovery  would  at  any  time  have 
brought  danger  or  disgrace.  Can  we  not 
conceive  some  patriotic  Dane,  having  ob- 
tained, it  does  not  here  matter  how,  an  early 
knowledge  of  the  autocrats'  scheme,  and 
determined  that  at  whatever  cost  his  country 
should  be  kept  out  of  Buonaparte's  hands, 
-making  all  speed  to  London,  to  lay  his  news 
"before  the  last  Government  which  still  made 
head  against  the  all-devouring  tyranny  ? 
By  hastening  to  one  of  the  North  Sea  ports, 
and  making  for  Hull — the  wind  was  not 
favourable  for  the  Thames — he  could  just 
have  reached  London  by  July  21st,  the  day 
oh  which  intelligence  reached  Canning 
•*'  directly  from  Tilsit."  Great  as  would 
have  been  such  a  man's  services  to  the  common 
■cause  of  Europe,  and  in  the  long  run  to 
Denmark  itself,  one  can  hardly  suppose  that 
the  immediate  consequences  of  his  act  would 
have  been  condoned  by  his  countrymen,  for 
a  generation  or  two,  at  least.  Here,  then,  we 
have  a  real  reason  for  the  persistent  refusal 
of  Canning  and  his  colleagues  to  divulge  the 
source  of  their  information.  Twenty  years 
after,  therefore  shortly  before  his  own  death, 
when  the  "  Corsican  ogre  "  had  long  been 
•past  the  power  of  wreaking  his  vengeance 
on  any,  small  or' great,  we  find  Canning  slily 
pointing  out  to  Stapleton,  evidently  with 
the  intention  of  putting  the  ingenuous  secre- 
tary on  a  false  scent,  a  passage  from  the 
so-called  memoirs  of  Fouche,  implicating 
Talleyrand.  If  Talleyrand  had  really  been 
the  source  of  information,  what  possible 
reason  could  there  have  been  at  that  time  of 
day  for  withholding  his  name  ?  He  surely 
had  no  character  to  lose. 

Arthur  John  Butler. 

***  On  other  occasions  in  earlier  years 
another  reviewer  has  adopted  in  our  columns 
the  same  argument  as  that  now  put  forward 
by  Mr.  A.  J.  Butler,  but  has  used  it  to  lead 
to  the,  perhaps  extravagant,  conclusion  that 
it  was  Alexander  who  was  at  the  bottom  of 
the  revelation.  He  has  yielded,  unconvinced, 
&o  the  weight  of  "authority," 


Mb.  John  Murray  will  publish  very 
shortly  a  volume  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee, 
entitled  '  Shakespeare  and  the  Modern 
Stage :  with  other  Essays.'  The  book 
mainly  consists  of  articles  on  various 
aspects  of  Shakspearean  drama  which 
bear  on  current  affairs.  Most  of  the  essays 
have  been  contributed  to  periodicals  during 
the  past  few  years,  and  they  have  now 
been  thoroughly  revised.  A  paper  on 
'  Aspects  of  Shakespeare's  Philosophy  ' 
has  not  been  printed  before.  Besides 
this  essay  and  the  one  which  gives  the 
volume  its  title,  the  subjects  dealt  with 
are  '  Shakespeare  and  the  Elizabethan 
Pkygoer,' '  Shakespeare  in  Oral  Tradition,' 
'  Pepys  and  Shakespeare,'  '  Mr.  Benson 
and  Shakespearean  Drama,'  '  The  Muni- 
cipal Theatre,'  '  Shakespeare  and  Patriot- 
ism,' '  A  Peril  of  Shakspearean  Re- 
search,' '  Shakespeare  in  France,'  and 
'  The  Commemoration  of  Shakespeare  in 
London.'  Messrs.  Scribner  are  bringing 
out  the  work  simultaneously  in  America. 

Dr.  Beattie  Crozier's  new  volume 
on  political  economy,  which  we  announced 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  is  now  ready, 
and  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Long- 
man during  this  month.  It  will  be  en- 
titled '  The  Wheel  of  Wealth  :  being  a 
Reconstruction  of  the  Science  and  Art  of 
Political  Economy  on  the  Lines  of  Modern 
Evolution.' 

Mr.  Laurence  Gomme  has  completed 
a  work  entitled  '  The  Governance  of 
London  :  Studies  of  the  Place  of  Lon- 
don in  English  Institutions.'  It  deals 
with  many  phases  of  the  history  of  London 
as  a  Roman,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  charter 
city,  and  will  suggest  a  line  of  inquiry 
which  has  hitherto  been  neglected  by 
historians.  The  book  will  be  published 
by  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin. 

Major  Martin  Hume,  who  has  started 
for  his  annual  (holiday  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  intends  to  write,  for  pub- 
lication by  E.  Grant  Richards  early  in 
the  new  year,  a  record  of  his  impressions 
of  the  latter  country,  with  the  object  of 
stimulating  interest  in  the  land  of  "  our 
oldest  ally."  The  volume  will  be  pro- 
fusely illustrated  in  colours. 

Mr.  John  Lawler's  '  English  Book 
Auctions  in  the  Seventeenth  Century ' 
will  shortly  be  published  in  the  reissue  of 
Mr.  Elliot  Stock's  "  Book-Lover's  Library." 
It  will  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  rise 
and  progress  of  book  sales  from  1676,  and 
will  deal  with  the  early  methods  of  selling 
books,  the  owners  of  the  libraries  sold, 
and  in  some  cases  the  prices  the  chief 
books  fetched,  supplying  in  addition  infor- 
mation about  the  auctioneers  and  their 
catalogues. 

The  Clarendon  Press  will  publish  this 
season  a  new  edition  of  '  Christabel,' 
illustrated  by  a  facsimile  of  the  MS.,  and 
textual  and  other  notes  by  Mr.  Ernest 
Hartley  Coleridge.  Fresh  material  has 
lately  come  to  light  in  the  shape 
of  a  fourth  MS.  copy,  which  has  been 
collated    for    the    forthcoming    edition  j 


while  Mr.  Coleridge's  recent  researches 
have  enabled  him  to  elucidate  several 
interesting  points — topographical,  chrono- 
logical, &c. — connected  with  the  poem. 
Those  who  have  heard  Mr.  Coleridge 
lecture  on  the  Lake  poets,  or  read  his 
addresses  in  the  Transactions  and  off- 
prints of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature, 
will  await  the  new  '  Christabel '  with 
interest. 

Mr.  W.  B.  Gerish  is  about  to  issue  a 
biography  of  Sir  Henry  Chauncy,  the 
historian  of  Hertfordshire,  largely  founded 
on  a  manuscript  collection  relating  to  the 
Chauncy  family  in  the  possession  of  Major 
W.  A.  Chauncy.  The  volume  will  contain 
seven  illustrations,  and  will  be  divided 
into  three  sections,  the  first  dealing  with 
Sir  Henry's  ancestry,  the  second  with  his 
personal  and  family  history,  and  the  third 
with  his  great  topographical  work. 

A  biography  of  the  late  Mrs.  Craigie 
is  now  in  preparation.  Mr.  John  Morgan 
Richards  (56,  Lancaster  Gate,  W.),  as  his 
daughter's  executor,  will  be  greatly 
obliged  if  those  who  possess  letters  from 
Mrs.  Craigie,  or  other  material  likely  to 
be  of  service,  will  entrust  them  to  him. 
All  documents  so  lent  will  be  copied  and 
returned  without  delay.  Mr.  T.  Fisher 
Unwin  will  be  the  publisher  of  the  work. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  have 
nearly  ready  for  publication  a  new  novel 
by  Mr.  Henry  Newbolt,  entitled  'The 
Old  Country  :  a  Romance.'  The  idea  of 
the  story  is  that  England  as  she  is  and 
as  she  will  be  cannot  be  understood  with- 
out an  inborn  knowledge  of,  and  sympathy 
with,  her  past. 

Mr.  George  Allen  will  issue  '  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence's  Letter-Bag,'  edited 
by  Mr.  G.  Somes  Layard  ;  Prof.  Gilbert 
Murray's  translation  of  the  '  Medea '  of 
Euripides  ;  '  Old-Fashioned  Flowers,'  with 
coloured  illustrations  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Elgood  ; 
and  "  The  Labour  Ideal,"  a  series  of  books 
by  leaders  of  the  Labour  movement,  the 
first  being  '  Socialism,'  by  Mr.  Keir  Hardie. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  announces  '  Lotus 
Land,'  an  account  of  Southern  Siam  by 
Mr.  P.  A.  Thompson,  illustrated  from  the 
author's  photographs  ;  '  My  Friends  the 
French,'  reminiscences  by  Mr.  R.  H. 
Sherard ;  '  Literary  London,'  by  Mrs. 
E.  M.  Lang,  with  an  Introduction  by  Mr. 
G.  K.  Chesterton,  and  illustrated  by  forty 
photographs  ;  and  '  Sketches  in  Nor- 
mandy,' by  Mr.  Louis  Becke.  His  novels 
include  '  The  Sinews  of  War,'  by  Mr.  Eden 
Phillpotts  and  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett,  and 
'  Life's  Shop  Window,'  by  Victoria  Cross. 

Messrs.  Wells  Gardner  &  Co.'s 
announcements  include  '  Things  by  the 
Way  '  and  '  The  Soul  of  the  Book,  and 
other  Sermons,'  both  by  Canon  Scott 
Holland ;  '  Thoughts  on  Imperial  and 
Social  Questions,'  by  the  Earl  and  the 
Countess  of  Meath  ;  '  Haunts  and  Homes 
of  Famous  Authors,'  by  Prof.  Dowden, 
Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  Canon  Rawnsley, 
Miss  Helen  Zimmern,  and  others  ;  '  The 
Railway  Children,'  by  E.  Nesbit ;  and 
'  Forgotten  Tales  of  Long  Ago,'  selected 
by  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas. 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


409 


Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen  announces  several 
volumes  /of  verse,  including  '  Poems, 
1899-1905,'  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats  ;  a  third 
series  of  '  Popular  Ballads  of  the  Olden 
Time,'  edited  by  Mr.  F.  Sidgwick,  chiefly 
consisting  of  Scottish  ballads  of  the  Border, 
with  a  map  of  the  Border  country  ;  and 
'  Early  English  Lyrics  :  Amorous,  Divine, 
Moral,  and  Trivial,'  chosen  by  Mr.  E.  K. 
Chambers  and  Mr.  Sidgwick. 

Messrs.  Warne  &  Co.  announce  a 
number  of  novels,  including  '  Darry's 
Awakening,'  by  Dr.  Helen  Bourchier  ; 
«  Gerald  the  Sheriff,'  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Whistler; 
and  '  The  Dawn  of  a  To-morrow,'  by  Mrs. 
F.  H.  Burnett.  They  are  also  bringing 
out  many  school  stories  and  adventure 
books  ;  while  their  art  books  for  children 
include  a  new  edition  of  Randolph  Calde- 
cott's  miniature  picture  books  ;  a  new 
pocket-book  series  by  Beatrix  Potter ; 
and  a  dainty  series  of  bijou  books  by  Mrs. 

F.  H.  Burnett. 

Mr.  T.  N.  Foulis  promises  '  The  Arts 
and  Crafts  of  Older  Spain,'  by  Mr.  Leonard 
Williams,  in  two  volumes  with  120  full- 
page  illustrations  ;  '  The  Heart  of  Spain  : 
an  Artist's  Impressions  of  Toledo,'  by 
Stewart  Dick,  illustrated  in  colour  and 
by  sketches ;  '  The  Auld  Ayrshire  of 
Robert  Burns,'  by  Mr.  T.  F.  Henderson, 
with  illustrations  in  colour  by  Mr.  Monro 
S.  Orr  ;  Dr.  John  Brown's  '  Pet  Marjorie,' 
illustrated  in  colour  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Preston 
Macgoun ;  '  London  Streets,'  by  Mr. 
A.  H.  Adams  ;  '  Nietzsche,'  by  Mr.  A.  R. 
Orage ;  and  '  Rubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam,' 
by  Mr.  George  Roe. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti's  '  Reminiscences  ' 
will  be  issued  by  Messrs.  Brown,  Langham 
&  Co.  on  the  17th  inst.  The  two  volumes 
will  contain  an  account  of  the  early  days 
of  the  Rossetti  family,  with  interesting 
side-lights  on  the  Pre-Raphaelite  move- 
ment, and  references  to  Burne-Jones, 
Morris,  the  Brownings,  Tennyson,  and  Mr. 
Swinburne.  Of  the  eighteen  illustrations, 
very  few  have  been  previously  published. 

The  same  publishers  will  issue  during 
the  month  '  Eve  and  the  Wood  God,'  by 
Helen  Maxwell,  and  '  Moons  and  Winds 
of  Araby,'  by  Roma  White. 

Messrs.  Sealy,  Bryers  &  Walker 
will  publish  early  this  month  '  Elizabethan 
Ireland,    Native    and    English,'    by    Mr. 

G.  B.  O'Connor ;  '  The  Foundation  of 
the  Hospital  and  Free  School  of  King 
Charles  II.,'  with  notices  of  contemporary 
events  in  Dublin,  by  Sir  F.  R.  Falkiner 
(sometime  Recorder  of  Dublin)  ;  and 
*  Types  of  Celtic  Life  and  Art,'  by  the 
Rev.  F.  R.  Montgomery  Hitchcock. 

Mr.  H.  Belloc,  M.P.,  has  been 
appointed  chief  of  the  reviewing  de- 
partment of  The  Morning  Post  in  succes- 
sion to  Mr.  W.  H.  Helm,  who  has  become 
an  assistant  editor  of  that  journal. 

A  book  which  may  be  expected  to 
prove  interesting,  entitled  '  The  Problem 
of  Black  and  White  in  South  Africa,'  is 
announced  for  publication  next  week  by 
the  Heintzelman-Hopkins  International 
Publishing  Company  in  Boston,  U.S.A. 
The  author,  Mr.  Alan  Kirkland  Soga,  the 


son  of  a  Scottish  missionary  whose  wife 
was  a  native  of  South  Africa,  had  long 
experience  in  the  Native  Affairs  Depart- 
ment of  Cape  Colony,  holding  the  rank 
of  assistant  magistrate  before  retiring, 
and  is  now  the  editor  of  an  important 
native  newspaper,  Izwi  Labantu.  His 
volume  purports  to  give,  in  its  first  half, 
"  the  real  story  of  the  South  African 
aborigines,"  and  the  second  part  is  a  care- 
ful review  of  the  present  situation,  dealing 
with  all  the  social  and  economic  ques- 
tions that  have  come  into  special  pro- 
minence during  the  past  few  years.  Mr. 
Keir  Hardie  has  supplied  an  introduction. 

The  October  number  of  the  African 
Society's  Journal  will  contain  a  translation, 
by  Mr.  H.  Weld  Blundell,  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  of  an  Amharic  MS. 
entitled  '  The  History  of  Atze  Tewodros 
(King  Theodore).'  Mr.  Blundell's  explora- 
tions in  Ab}rssinia  form  the  subject  of  a 
paper  in  the  June  number  of  The  Geogra- 
phical Journal.  A  special  article  is  de- 
voted to  a  review  of  some  important  lin- 
guistic works  lately  issued  on  the  Con- 
tinent :  Herr  Diedrich  Westermann's 
1  Ewe  Dictionary,'  M.  Georges  Thomann's 
'  Manuel  de  Langue  Neouole '  (a  Kru 
dialect  spoken  on  the  Ivory  Coast),  and 
M.  Monteil's  '  Contes  Soudanais.' 

'  Yoppy  :  an  Autobiography  of  a 
Monkey,'  by  Mollie  Lee  Clifford,  is  the 
title  of  a  humorous  book  shortly  to  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Gay  &  Bird. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  British  Academy 
on  the  31st  inst. — the  first  after  the  Long 
Vacation — Dr.  D.  G.  Hogarth  will  read 
a  paper  on  '  The  Ephesian  Artemis,'  set- 
ting forth  some  of  the  results  of  his  recent 
excavations. 

A  Gaelic  legend  from  Gregorson  Camp- 
bell's MSS.,  a  bundle  of  Jacobite  letters 
of  the  Nairne  family,  and  a  critical  survey 
(by  Mr.  W.  L.  Mathieson)  of  the  Scottish 
Parliament  from  1560  until  1707  are — with 
some  curiosa  on  Alloa  witches  drawn  from 
parochial  records — among  the  contents 
of  The  Scottish  Historical  Review  for 
October. 

The  Benchers  of  the  Middle  Temple 
have  affixed  a  tablet  to  the  wall  of  the 
room  in  Brick  Court  where  Oliver  Gold- 
smith died.  It  is  on  the  second  floor. 
The  memorial  is  of  red  granite  and  bronze, 
with  the  poet's  likeness  and  the  inscrip- 
tion, "  In  these  chambers  died  Oliver 
Goldsmith."  It  has  been  designed  and 
modelled  by  Mr.  Percy  FitzGerald. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Bertram 
Dobell  is  about  to  complete  his  '  Catalogue 
of  Privately  Printed  Books,'  of  which  the 
first  part  was  issued  in  1891,  and  the 
second  and  third  parts  in  the  two  following 
years.  These  three  instalments  are  full 
of  quaint  and  out-of-the-way  information, 
for  nearly  every  entry  is  fully  annotated, 
and  many  collectors  must  have  felt  that 
they  had  a  grievance  against  Mr.  Dobell 
for  not  finishing  what  he  had  so  ably 
begun.  Probably  many  have  had  the 
three  parts  bound,  despairing  of  living 
to  see  the  undertaking  completed.  When 
Mr.  Dobell  began  this  compilation,  nearly 


twenty  years  ago,  he  possessed  upwards 
of  1,000  volumes  of  privately  printed 
books ;  about  2,500,^  however,  will  be 
described  in  the  complete  work,  which  is 
to  be  issued  at  a  moderate  price. 

j?^The  book-auction  season  opens  on 
Tuesday  next,  when  Messrs.  Hodgson 
will  begin  a  four  days'  sale,  which  will 
include  many  valuable  standard  books. 
Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson  and  Messrs. 
Sotheby  will  also  open  this  month.  Messrs. 
Sotheby's  earlier  sales  will  include  the 
choicer  portion  of  Dr.  Garnett's  library, 
among  which  are  many  extremely  inter- 
esting presentation  copies,  whilst  the 
Trentham  Hall  library  of  the  Duke  of 
Sutherland  will  be  dispersed  in  November. 

At  University  College,  Gower  Street, 
Prof.  Robertson  will  begin  on  Monday 
his  course  of  lectures  on  '  German  Literary 
Criticism  from  Opitz  to  Schiller.'  Prof. 
Carveth  Read  will  on  the  same  day  begin 
his  course  on  '  The  History  of  Modern 
Philosophy '  ;  and  on  Tuesday  Prof. 
Priebsch  will  give  his  first  lecture  on 
'  German  Religious  Poetry  of  the  Eleventh 
and  Twelfth  Centuries.' 

The  death  is  announced  in  Edinburgh 
last  Saturday  of  Mr.  Charles  Bertram 
Black,  eldest  son  of  Adam  Black,  pub- 
lisher, in  his  eighty-fourth  year.  Mr. 
Charles  Black,  owing  to  delicate  health, 
lived  mostly  abroad  :  first  at  Valparaiso, 
and  then  at  Santiago,  where  he  became 
a  professor  of  English.  On  returning  to 
England  he  resided  at  Bath.  In  1866  he 
accompanied  his  father  on  a  tour  in 
Spain,  from  San  Sebastian  to  Gibraltar, 
where  they  crossed  to  Tangiers.  Adam 
Black  made  this  journey  the  subject  of  a 
lecture  before  the  Edinburgh  Philosophical 
Institution  in  1868.  Mr.  C.  B.  Black 
was  author  of  many  guide-books  pub- 
lished by  the  firm  of  Messrs.  A.  &  C. 
Black,  including  those  to  Paris,  the 
Riviera,  and  districts  in  the  north  and 
south  of  France. 

It  is  with  great  regret  we  hear  of  the 
death  of  Mr.  Wm.  Faux.  At  the  dinner 
given  in  his  honour  on  his  retire- 
ment in  1903,  after  more  than  fifty  years' 
service  at  Messrs.  Smith  &  Son's,  when 
Mr.  John  Murray  presided,  his  zest  in  life 
and  heartiness  caused  his  friends  to  hope 
that  he  had  before  him  many  years  of 
leisure. 

There  will  appear  next  week  the  new 
novel  of  M.  Marcel  Prevost.  A  novel 
which  we  look  forward  to  with  even 
happier  expectation  is  the  first  book  of 
M.  Alain  Morsang,  whose  tale,  '  Le  Lierre  ' 
(referred  to  in  '  Fine-Art  Gossip '  last 
week),  ended  in  the  1st  October  number 
of  La  Revue  de  Paris. 

Dr.  Enno  Littmann,  of  Princeton 
University,  U.S.A.,  whose  work  on  Semitic 
inscriptions  we  reviewed  a  short  time  ago, 
has  been  appointed  to  succeed  Prof. 
Noldeke  in  the  Chair  of  Semitic  Languages 
at  the  University  of  Strassburg. 

On  Saturday  last  was  issued  the 
memoirs  of  Mistral,  reprinted  from  the 
Annates  Politiques  et  LitUraircs.  Mistral  is 
a  great  man  of  letters — inferior,  we  think, 


4}f) 


THE    ATHENJUM 


NMI19,  Oct.  6.  1*K>6 


however,  as  a  Provencal  poet  to  Aubanel 
and  Roumanille.  His  memoirs  have  an 
interest  wider  than  local  literature. 

There  has  appeared  in  Paris  the  first 
volume  of  a  big  book  on  the  rules  of  legis- 
lative assemblies.  It  deals  with  Germany, 
the  United  Kingdom,  Austria-Hungary, 
and  Belgium,  and  the  work  will  be  complete 
with  the  publication  of  a  second  volume. 

Herr  C.  Spiess,  of  the  North  German 
Mission  in  Togo  (German  West  Africa),  is 
about  to  publish  in  the  Deutsche  Geo- 
graphische  Blatter  (Bremen)  an  important 
study  of  Fetishism  among  the  Ewe  people, 
illustrated  with  photographs  of  excep- 
tional interest.     *  „  •-. ..  ,-t     ,.    .  „  --.,.  j   « 

The  list  of  Parliamentary  Papers  which 
was  issued  on  September  28th  is  in  arrear, 
and  we  dealt  last  week  with  the  papers 
of  most  interest  to  our  readers.  In 
'  Science  Gossip  '  will  be  found  a  mention 
of  two  others. 

SCIENCE 


Wild  Life   in  East  Anglia.     By   W.   A. 
Dutt.     (Methuen  &  Co.)  «     . 

Mr.  Dtttt  writes  of  what  he  knows,  and 
his  books  are  consequently  valuable.  On 
the  present  occasion  he  has,  we  think, 
attained  his  highest  level  of  interesting 
compilation. 

Dealing  first  with  '  Past  and  Present,' 
he  touches  on  the  so-called  "  Forest  Bed," 
now  thought  to  be  the  spot  where  a  host 
of  animals  were  stranded  and  buried, 
after  being  surprised  by  a  flood  flowing 
from  the  south,  during  that  pre-glacial 
era  when  England  and  the  Continent  were 
one.  Leaving  the  sabre  -  toothed  tiger 
and  the  woolly  rhinoceros  with  their 
equally  strange  bedfellows,  Mr.  Dutt 
continues  : — 

"  The  existing  mammalian  fauna  of  East 
Anglia ....  is  practically  identical  with  that 
which  inhabited  Eastern  England  at  the 
time  of  the  final  separation  of  Great  Britain 
from  the  Continent.  Three  species,  pro- 
bably four — the  black  rat,  the  brown  rat, 
the  rabbit,  and,  perhaps,  the  squirrel — have 
been  introduced  during  the  historical  period  ; 
four  species — the  brown  bear,  the  wolf,  the 
wild  boar,  and  the  beaver — which  are  known 
to  have  inhabited  Britain  during  the  his- 
toric period — are  extinct  as  British  animals  ; 
and  at  least  five  species — the  wild  cat,  the 
marten,  the  red  deer,  the  roedeer,  and  the 
wild  ox — no  longer  exist  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  excepting  such  deer  as  have  been 
introduced  into  parks." 

But  it  is  in  bird  life  that  the  Eastern 
((.unties  excel.  The  district  formed  by 
the  silting  up  of  the  estuaries  by  the  tidal 
current  from  the  north-west 
"naturally  attracted  swamp  and  marsh- 
loving  birds,  such  as  the  bittern,  spoonbill, 
avocet,  ruff,  godwit,  heron,  redshank,  and 
snipe.  On  the  quiet  waters  of  the  Broads, 
the  extent  of  which  was  far  greater  than  it  is 
to-day.  ducks,  grebes,  and  coots  abounded  ; 
the  rail  skulked  in  the  fringing  reed  jungles 
and  watery  wildernesses  of  sedge  and  rush  ; 
v.  hile  among  the  reeds  and  in  the  sallow  and 
alder  carrs  thousands  of  marsh-haunting 
warblers  sang  all  the  summer  through.  Jn 
winter,  when  the  musical  call-note  of  the 
bearded  titmouse  was  heard  in  every  reed- 


bed,  innumerable  flocks  of  wild-fowl  from 
the  North  took  the  places  of  the  summer 
visitants  which  had  gone  South  ;  and  at  all 
seasons  buzzards,  harriers,  and  kestrels 
hovered  over  swamp  and  marsh,  or  beat 
along  the  borders  of  the  carrs.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  last  century  there  were  colonies 
of  black  terns,  common  terns,  and  avocets 
in  the  Broads  district  ;  in  the  seventeenth 
century  spoonbills  nested  at  Claxton  and 
Reedham  ;  and  until  a  few  years  ago  the 
ruff  nested  every  year  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Hickling  Broad.  Even  now,  notwith- 
standing that  persecution  and  changed  con- 
ditions have  driven  several  species  from 
their  old-time  breeding  haunts,  Broadland 
is  to  the  ornithologist  one  of  the  most  fasci- 
nating districts  in  England." 

This  is  an  excellent  description,  and 
throughout  the  book  Mr.  Dutt  shows  a 
great  advance  in  literary  skill.  What 
must  this  district  have  been,  he  asks, 

"  when  man  had  done  little  or  nothing  to 
mar  its  primitive  wildness,  could  scarcely 
find  foothold  amid  its  trackless  morasses, 
and  might  easily  be  '  lantern-led  '  into 
danger  by  the  Will  o'  the  Wisps  which 
flickered  over  its  misty  fens  ?  " 

Obviously  a  fowler's  paradise,  and  its 
conversion  to  agricultural  purposes  seems 
almost  a  mistake  in  the  light  of  present 
economic  conditions.  Certainly  the  fen 
farmers  of  Cambridgeshire  must  some- 
times think  so.  Their  own  present  wheat- 
fields  were  morasses,  and  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Ely  the  haunt  of  sporting  Cantabs 
not  many  generations  ago. 

It  is  from  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  that  the  decrease  in  the 
number  of  wild-fowl  becomes  marked. 
The  Rev.  R.  Lubbock's  lament  in  1847 
is  often  echoed  :  "  Oats  are  grown 
where  seven  or  eight  years  back  one 
hundred  and  twenty-three  snipes  were 
killed  in  one  day  by  the  same  gun."  "  As 
dry  as  Arabia  "  is  the  condition  of  the 
Claxton  Marshes.  Happily,  the  rarer 
sorts  of  birds  are  now  well  protected,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  some  (like  the  great  crested 
grebe)  may  increase  in  number.  Above 
all,  we  trust  that  beautiful  little  bird  the 
bearded  titmouse  or  "  reed  pheasant," 
may  retain  the  last  breeding  spot  it  has 
in  England.  The  list  of  lost  breeding 
birds  forms  a  melancholy  chapter.  Apart 
from  waterfowl,  it  is  recorded  that  the 
last  indigenous  great  bustard  was  killed 
in  1838,  while  the  buzzard  and  the  kite 
are  nearly  or  wholly  extinct ;  the  pere- 
grine no  longer  nests  on  the  Norfolk 
coast ;  and  the  raven  has  left  the  land 
where  once  it  was  held  sacred. 

We  note  a  good  account  of  the  plain 
country  about  Thetford  and  Brandon. 
It  is  a  peculiar  region,  with  its  flints, 
its  stone  curlew  and  ringed  plover,  its 
Roman  way,  the  Drove,  its  bit  of  old 
history,  and  its  curious  flora,  including 
seashore  grasses.  "  The  Denes,  Dunes, 
and  Meal-Marshes  " — these  last  in  North- 
West  Norfolk — are  not  forgotten,  nor 
their  wealth  of  migratory  birds.  Every 
bird  in  Norfolk  is  migratory,  except  the 
sparrows  and  green  woodpeckers,  and  the 
parasites  of  man,  pheasants,  partridges, 
and  tame  swans.  So  says  Mr.  J.  H. 
Gurney,  who  should  know. 

We  cannot  touch  upon  many  admirable 


chapters  for  the  naturalist,  nor  go/lin 
detail  into  Mr.  Dutt's  delightful  experi- 
ences. His  "  upland  rover,"  Old  Mowl^ 
must  have  been  good  company.  Such 
unconventional  figures  were  more  common 
fifty  years  ago.  We  can  confirm  from  our 
own  experience  the  solemn  nature  of 
rustic  "  sing-songs."  "  I'll  sing  the  one 
0  "  is  a  typical  chant,  and  must  contain 
echoes  of  pre-Christian  times.  We  are 
glad  Old  Mowl  used  the  old-fashioned 
noose,  and  would  not  hunt  his  moles  in 
all  weathers,  as  some  farmers  expect. 
"The  Old  Fen"  and  the  old  Suffolk 
Marshman  are  graphically  dealt  with.  The 
"  lantern-men  "  used  to  haunt  more  upland 
districts,  and  we  can  well  recall  the  super- 
stition attached  to  these  Will-o'-the-Wisps. 
'  The  Water-bailiff  '  is  another  good  study. 
One  of  his  adventures  (he  got  bogged  in  a 
soft  place  on  the  fen,  and  only  saved  him- 
self by  means  of  his  gun,  the  ends  of  which 
were  resting  on  firm  hassocks  of  sedge)  had 
a  parallel  in  the  present  reviewer's  ex- 
perience. At  another  time,  firing  from  a 
punt  at  two  large  birds,  on  which  a  heron 
"  cut  down  "  at  the  moment,  he  found  he 
had  killed  two  spoonbills  and  the  heron, 
and  winged  a  gull  full  forty  yards  away  ! 

With  this  tall  story  we  take  leave  of 
Mr.  Dutt  and  his  entertaining  volume, 
only  adding  that  both  philologists  and 
men  of  letters  may  thank  him  for  two 
appendixes  dealing  with  East  Anglian 
terms  for  wild  flowers  and  birds.  Some 
of  the  former  we  have  met  with  in  other 
districts  ;  the  term  "  air-goat,"  for  the 
snipe,  is  also  the  Gaelic  description. 


SOCIETIES. 

Society  of  Engineers. — Oct.  1. — Mr.  Maurice 
Wilson,  President,  in  the  chair.— A  paper  was  read 
on  'Recent  Practice  in  Cane-Sugar  Machinery,'  by 
Mr.  Perry  F.  Nursey,  Past-President. 


Mos. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 
Royal  Academy,  4.— 'Tests  and  Trials  of  Pigments,'  Prof.  A 
H.  Church. 

Tucks.  Royal  Acad  amy,  4.— 'Selected  and  Restricted  Palettes,'  Prof. 
A.  H.  Church. 


^riimtt  (Sossip. 

The  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  have,  in  addition  to  the  medals 
and  prizes  given  for  communications  dis- 
cussed at  the  meetings  of  the  Institution 
last  session,  made  the  following  awards 
in  respect  of  other  papers  in  1905-6 :  a 
Telford  Gold  Medal  to  Mr.  G.  A.  Denny  ; 
a  George  Stephenson  Gold  Medal  to  Prof. 
W.  E.  Dalby  ;  Telford  Premiums  to  Messrs. 
\Y.  it.  Baldwin.- Wiseman,  G.  N.  Abernethy, 
H.  R.  C.  Blagclen.  M.  R.  Collins,  and  James 
Kelly  ;  and  a  Crampton  Prize  to  Mr.  P.  T. 
Gask.  For  students'  papers  Miller  Prizes 
were  awarded  to  Messrs.  Ralph  Freeman, 
A.  F.  Harrison,  A.  J.  Grhaling,  T.  H.  Grigson, 
J.  \V.  !).  Ball,  and  A.  Morris.  Mr.  Harrison 
also  gained  the  James  Prescott  Joule  Medal. 

Dr.  W.  Oslicr  will  deliver  the  ITarveian 
Oration  at  the  College  of  Physicians  on 
Thursday,  the  18th  ins!. 

The  Walter  Scott  Publishing  Company 
are  producing  this  autumn  '  The  Psychology 
of  Alcoholism,'  by  the  Rev.  G.  B.  Cutten; 
and  a  translation  by  ftir.  F.  I.eggo  of  Dr. 
Le  Bon's  book  on  '  The  Evolution  of  Matter,*' 
which  has  had  a  great  success  in  France. 


NM1I9.  Oct.  6.  1906 


THE    ATHENiElJM 


411 


Among  Parliamentary  Papers  we  note  the 
appearance  of  a  supplement  to  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Local  Government  Board, 
containing  the  Report  of  the  Medical  Officer 
(price  4s.)  which  deals  this  year  chiefly  with 
smallpox  and  vaccination  ;  also  the  similar 
report  on  Sanitary  Measures  in  India  (price 
Is.  5d.). 

Seven  new  small  planets  are  announced 
as  having  been  photographically  registered 
by  Herr  Kopff  at  the  Konigstuhl  Observa- 
tory, Heidelberg  :  three  on  the  12th  ult. 
(one  of  them  may  be  identical  with  Fama, 
No.  408),  one  on  the  17th,  and  three  on  the 
18th.  No.  526,  which  was  first  discovered 
on  October  11th,  1901,  has  been  named 
Jena  ;  No.  463,  discovered  on  October  31st, 
1900,  has  received  the  designation  Lola  ; 
and  No.  481,  discovered  on  February  12th, 
1902,  that  of  Emita. 

Kopff's  comet  (e,  1906)  passed  its  peri- 
helion, according  to  Herr  Ebell's  second 
determination  of  its  orbit,  so  long  ago  as 
May  14th,  at  the  distance  from  the  sun  of 
1-40  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distance. 
It  is  an  exceedingly  faint  object  ;  Prof. 
Millosevich,  observing  it  at  Rome  on  the 
■9th  and  12th  ult.,  says  that  the  nucleus  is 
only  equal  to  a  star  of  the  thirteenth  magni- 
tude, adding  that  "  la  piccola  e  debbola 
nebulosita  e  dissimetrica  rapporto  al  nucleo." 

No  further  report  has  been  received  respect- 
ing Holmes's  periodical  comet. 


FINE   ARTS 


The  Church  Plate  of  the  Diocese  of  Bangor. 
By  E.  Alfred  Jones.     (Bemrose  &  Sons.) 

Mr.  Alfred  Jones  has  already  made  a 
name  as  an  accurate  writer  on  old  plate, 
and  in  this  volume  he  gives  an  interesting 
and  entertaining  account  of  the  church 
plate  of  the  counties  of  Anglesey,  Car- 
narvon, Merioneth,  and  Montgomery. 
These  Welsh  counties  include  various 
remote  parishes,  and  Mr.  Jones's  visits 
to  some  of  these  retired  localities 
have  been  well  rewarded.  Thus  in 
the  church  of  Llandudwen,  seven  miles 
to  the  north-west  of  Pwllheli,  he  found  a 
pre-Reformation  silver  chalice,  hitherto 
-unchronicled .  It  bears  no  marks,  but 
the  date  is  obviously,  by  comparison  with 
<lated  examples,  circa  1500.  This  brings 
up  the  known  instances  of  old  massing 
chalices  that  escaped  destruction  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation  to  about  forty. 
The  bowl  is  plain  hemispherical,  and  it  is 
supported  by  an  hexagonal  stem  divided 
by  a  large  ornate  knop.  The  foot  is 
curved  hexagonal,  and  one  of  the  com- 
partments has  an  engraved  Crucifixion 
on  a  foliated  gilt  background.  It  is  almost 
identical  with  one  at  Llanelian,  Denbigh- 
shire. These  and  a  paten  at  Llanmaes, 
Glamorganshire,  dated  1535,  are  the  only 
three  pieces  of  pre-Reformation  church 
plate  known  to  be  extant  in  Wales. 

Nevertheless,  there  is  another  older 
piece  of  plate,  that  has  been  in  use  as  an 
alms-dish  in  the  well-known  Carnarvon- 
shire church  of  Clynnog  far  beyond  the 
memory  of  man.  In  this  case,  however, 
its  origin  was  in  a  certain  sense  secular.  It 
'is  a  mazer  bowl  of  dark  polished  maple- 
wood,  mounted  in  an  ornamental  silver- 
gilt   band,   which   bears   the   black-letter 


inscription  :  "  Ihs  nazarenus  rex  iudeorum 
fili  dei  miserere  mei."  In  the  centre  of 
this  small  bowl,  which  is  5{  in.  in  diameter, 
and  2T36  in.  deep,  is  a  boss  of  silver-gilt 
engraved  with  flowers,  which  were  origin- 
ally enamelled.  The  date  is  about  1480- 
1490,  and  it  is  supposed  by  Mr.  Jones  to 
have  belonged  to  the  adjacent  monastic 
house  of  Clynnog.  The  mazer  was  the 
favourite  drinking  vessel  of  the  monks 
of  the  wealthier  Benedictine  establish- 
ment. The  monks  of  the  great  priory 
of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  had,  accord- 
ing to  an  inventory  of  1328,  as  many  as 
182  (not  138,  as  Mr.  Jones  has  it)  mazers 
in  their  frater.  Later  inventories  name 
32  mazers  at  Battle  Abbey,  40  at  West- 
minster, and  49  at  Durham.  Accord- 
ing to  the  '  Rites  of  Durham,'  "  Every 
monk  had  his  mazer  severally  by  himself 
to  drink  in ... .  and  all  the  said  mazers 
were  largely  and  finely  edged  with  silver 
double-gilt."  With  regard  to  mazers, 
as  in  other  particulars,  Mr.  Jones  supplies 
much  information  in  his  able,  but  not 
overloaded  introduction.  The  best  ac- 
count of  English  mazers  is  to  be  found  in 
1  a  contribution  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope 
to  Archozoloqia  (11.  129-93),  where  most 
of  the  best  extant  specimens  are  described. 
From  the  instances  there  cited  it  becomes 
evident  that  mazers  were  occasionally 
given  to  parish  churches  in  pre-Reforma- 
tion days,  so  that  there  is  no  necessity 
to  suppose  that  the  Clynnog  mazer  came 
from  any  religious  house.  When  bestowed 
on  parish  churches  in  old  days,  they  had 
no  connexion  with  altar  usage,  but  were 
intended  to  be  of  service  at  church  ales  or 
other  parochial  festivities.  It  was  at  one 
time  supposed  that  the  beautifully  polished 
birdsej^e  maplewood,  of  which  the  old 
mazers  are  made,  came  from  abroad  ;  but, 
although  this  may  have  been  the  case 
with  particular  examples,  recent  researches 
into  old  forest  accounts  show  that  English 
maple- wood  for  bowls  fetched  a  high  price 
in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 
It  was  notably  grown  and  reserved  for 
this  purpose  in  one  of  the  wards  of  the 
Derbyshire  forest  of  Duffield. 

Bangor,  like  other  dioceses,  preserves 
a  considerable  number  of  the  Elizabethan 
cups  which  were  made,  in  accordance  with 
the  order  of  Archbishop  Parker,  to  take 
the  place  of  the  older  chalices.  It  has 
previously  been  noticed  that  most  of  these 
cups  were  probably  transformed  from 
the  older  chalices,  with  the  addition  of  the 
necessary  silver  to  make  them  sufficiently 
large  for  the  administration  of  the  Sacra- 
ment to  the  laity  in  both  kinds  : — 

"  In  the  perfect  little  chalice  at  Bottwnog, 
which  bears  a  date — 1575 — contemporary 
with  the  time  when  this  living  was  held  by 
Henry  Rowlands,  founder  of  the  Grammar 
School  there,  and  subsequently  Dean  and 
I>is] nip  of  Bangor,  the  holding  capacity  of 
the  bowl  remains  much  the  same  as  the 
former  massing  chalice,  and  the  hammering 
marks,  and  also  traces  of  the  original  gilding, 
are  plainly  visible  inside  the  bowl  Very 
little,  if  any,  additional  metal  was  used  in 
the  reconstruction  of  this  interesting  piece." 

There  are  three  highly  valuable  and 
interesting  pieces  of  Elizabethan  plate  in 
country  churches  of  Anglesey,  which  were 


designed  for  secular  use,  but  which  bene- 
factors of  a  later  date  presented  to  the 
churches.  At  Penmynydd  is  a  most 
elegant  and  beautiful  tazza,  dated  1570-1, 
intended  for  sweetmeats,  but  given  to  the 
church  in  1707  to  serve  as  a  chalice  ;  at 
Llanbadrig  is  a  superb  silver-gilt  cup  and 
cover,  1573-4,  obviously  of  secular  origin  ; 
whilst  at  Llanfihangel-Ysceifiog  is  another 
graceful  secular  cup  with  "  steeple  " 
cover,  dated  1601. 

The  church  of  St.  Mary,  Beddgelert, 
possesses  a  remarkable  silver  chalice  with 
paten  cover  dated  1610,  which  is  certainly 
unique  in  its  engraving,  and  most  note- 
worthy when  the  date  of  its  execution  is 
borne  in  mind.  The  bowl  is  delicately 
engraved  with  graceful  standing  figures  of 
the  three  Maries.  The  Blessed  Virgin  is  in 
the  centre  with  halo.  Above  the  figures  are 
the  names — "  M.  Cleophae,"  "  M.  Virgo," 
and  "  M.  Salome."  On  the  foot  is  in- 
scribed :  "  Donum  Johannis  Williams 
aurificis  regis.  1610."  The  donor.  Sir 
John  Williams,  was  goldsmith  to  James  I.  ; 
he  resided  at  Minster  Court  in  the  Isle 
of  Thanet,  but  was  born  in  Beddgelert 
parish. 

The  cathedral  church  of  Bangor  pos- 
sesses a  massive  silver-gilt  altar  service, 
consisting  of  two  chalices  with  paten 
covers,  a  tall  flagon,  and  a  large  alms-dish. 
This  costly  but  plain  service  bears  the 
date  1638  ;  it  was  probably  provided  by 
William  Roberts,  who  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Bangor  by  Archbishop  Laud, 
in  Croydon  oiiapel,  on  September  3rd, 
1637. 

Of  plate  of  later  date  the  diocese  pos- 
sesses a  great  variety  illustrative  of  the 
successive  tastes  of  different  periods,  in- 
cluding not  a  few  pieces  originally  designed 
for  domestic  use.  There  are  also  a  goodly 
number  of  old  pewter  vessels,  of  much 
variety  both  in  form  and  date.  The 
earliest  dated  example  is  a  fine  Charles  I. 
flagon,  in  good  preservation,  which  was 
the  gift  of  William  Wynn  to  Llangoed 
church  in  1637.  At  the  church  of  Caerhun 
is  a  Charles  II.  pewter  flagon  engraved 
with  tulips  and  other  flowers :  on  the 
flat  cover  is  a  stag. 

This  handsome  quarto  volume  of  up- 
wards of  150  pages  is  the  most  interesting 
book  on  church  plate  hitherto  issued. 
Messrs.  Bemrose  have  been  generous  with 
admirable  plates  :  they  are  thirty-four 
in  number,  and  their  large  size  permits, 
in  most  cases,  of  several  examples  being 
given  on  each,  without  overcrowding. 


Les  Mattres  de  V  Art. — Botticelli.  Par 
Charles  Diehl.  (Paris,  Librairio  de  l'Art 
ancien  et  moderne.) — This  series  of  mono- 
graphs, corresponding  to  our  own  "  Great 
Masters  "  series,  is  designed  to  meet  a  long- 
felt  want  in  France,  where,  in  past  years, 
the  art  student  has  experienced  a  dearth  of 
popular  textbooks  dealing  with  the  lives 
of  eminent  artists.  The  volumes  which 
have  already  appeared  cover  a  wide  held, 
including     Reynolds    and    David.    Michael 

Angelo  and  Clans  Sinter  :  while  those  in 
preparation  range  from  Phidias  to  Ingres, 
from  the  Van  Eycks  to  Prud'hon — a  truly 


412 


THE    ATHEN>SUM 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


catholic  selection  !  The  present  volume 
might  lead  one  to  suppose  that  the  editor- 
in-chief  prefers  his  authors  to  remain  on 
sure  ground  and  indulge  in  criticism  which 
is  unassailable  rather  than  original.  From  the 
first  lines  of  the  preface  to  the  rough  French 
index  M.  Diehl  shows  a  reluctance  to  drift 
on  to  the  shoals  of  speculative  criticism, 
and  leans  on  the  deductions  of  others  in 
cases  where  he  might  have  hazarded  theories 
and  observations  of  his  own.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  the  list  of  Botticelli's  works 
which  he  includes  is  admittedly  that  given 
by  Mr.  Berenson  in  his  '  Florentine  Painters 
of  the  Renaissance.'  Many  French  critics 
in  bygone  years  looked  on  Mr.  Berenson  as 
even  less  safe  than  the  once  much-abused 
Morelli,  and  both  were  at  first  voted  blind 
guides  ;  but  M.  Diehl  does  not  hesitate,  in 
accordance  with  good  modern  opinion,  to 
accept  Mr.  Berenson's  authority.  He  is 
at  his  best  in  summarizing  the  art  of 
Botticelli  (p.  125),  although  he  is,  in  our 
opinion,  too  emphatic  in  his  condemnation  of 
"  ces  contrastes  trop  heurtes  et  tonalites 
trop  brutales."  He  gives  a  graphic  descrip- 
tion of  the  burning  of  "  les  livres  legers,  les 
ceuvres  d'art  trop  pai'ennes,"  on  the  "  bucher 
des  vanites  "  in  1497.  He  sums  up  in  well- 
chosen  language  the  "  preoccupations  de 
realisme  "  and  the  reasons  for  Savonarola's 
denunciation  of  many  works  of  contemporary 
art.  We  are,  of  course,  reminded  that  "  II 
Bottieello  "  means  "  le  petit  tonneau,"  but 
we  are  not  given  any  suggestion  as  to  how 
Sandro  acquired  this  not  over-poetic  nick- 
name. To  refer  to  the  Villa  Lemmi  frescoes, 
now  in  the  Louvre,  as  having  been  "  long- 
temps  tenus  pour  perdus  "is  to  understate 
the  case.  They  had  been  whitewashed  over 
for  no  one  knows  how  many  years,  perhaps 
even  three  centuries,  and  their  very  existence 
was  unknown  until  their  chance  discovery 
in  1873. 

The  bibliography  is  serviceable  rather  than 
exhaustive.  It  might  well  have  included 
a  reference  to  the  article  by  Miintz  on  '  Bot- 
ticelli etait-il  Heretique  ?  '  which  appeared 
in  the  Journal  des  Debats  in  1897,  more 
especially  as  the  remarks  (p.  34,  note)  on 
'  The  Assumption  '  in  the  National  Gallery 
need  amplifying.  M.  Diehl  refers  in  the 
bibliography  to  Mr.  Colvin's  article  in  The 
Portfolio  in  1871,  but,  in  view  of  his  remark 
(p.  145)  on  the  inscription  of  '  The  Nativity,' 
it  would  have  been  advisable  to  refer 
to  the  fuller  and  more  critical  article 
which  Mr.  Colvin  published  in  the  same 
year.  The  illustration  here,  by  the  way, 
is  far  from  satisfactory,  as  it  omits  two 
inches  of  the  top  of  the  picture,  and  so  cuts 
off  the  three  lines  of  inscription.  Otherwise 
the  illustrations  are  adequate,  and  far  better 
than  many  that  have  appeared  in  popular 
text-books  of  our  own. 

As  the  preface  begins  with  the  words 
"  Depuis  le  jour  ou  Ruskin  decouvrit  Botti- 
celli et  ou  les  Pre-Raphaelites  saluerent  en 
lui  un  ancetre,"  it  is  remarkable  that  the 
bibliography  should  contain  a  reference 
to  only  one  of  Ruskin's  works  —  the 
'  Ariadne  Florentina,  Lecture  VI.,'  which 
deals  with  '  Design  in  the  Florentine  School 
of  Engraving.'  A  less  happy  choice  could 
hardly  have  been  made. 

It  would  have  been  well  to  give  a 
supplementary  list  of  doubtful  works  show- 
ing strong  Botticellian  influence.  The  omis- 
sion is  to  be  regretted,  because,  at  the  present 
stage  of  art  criticism,  it  is  difficult  to  say 
whether,  a  few  years  hence,  documentary 
evidence  may  not  justify  a  more  precise 
judgment  of  the  works  now  doubtfully 
attributed  to  Botticini,  and  also  throw  into 
stronger  relief  the  half-mythical,  though 
clearly  recognizable,  personality  of  Amico 
di  Sandro. 


Jfitu-Jlrt  (iflssxp. 


The  press  view  of  the  Holman  Hunt  Exhi- 
bition at  the  Leicester  Galleries  took  place 
on  Thursday. 

Messes.  Dickinson  opened  yesterday  an 
exhibition  of  water  -  colour  drawings  of 
Algeria  by  Mr.  Douglas  Fox  Pitt. 

The  Society  of  Artists  at  Work  opened 
an  exhibition  of  arts  and  handicrafts  at  the 
Grafton  Galleries  on  Tuesday. 

Messes.  Bell  announce  a  book  on  '  The 
Gem-Cutter's  Craft  '  by  Mr.  Leopold  Clare- 
mont.  Although  there  are  many  books 
upon  precious  stones,  this  is  the  first  to  be 
written  by  a  practical  gem-cutter.  In  it 
every  kind  of  gem  is  described,  and  the 
difficulties  of  discriminating  precious  stones 
are  discussed.  The  work  deals  with  the 
practical,  scientific,  artistic,  and  commercial 
aspects  of  the  subject. 

Me.  A.  H.  Bullen  is  about  to  bring  out 
a  life  of  Thomas  Stothard,  R.A.,  by  the  late 
Mr.  A.  C.  Coxhead.  The  volume  will  contain 
many  examples  of  Stothard's  designs  and  a 
catalogue  of  his  work. . 

Me.  Geoege  Allen  will  issue  early  in 
November  Mrs.  Barrington's  '  Life,  Letters, 
and  Work '  of  Leighton.  The  two  volumes 
will  contain  over  140  reproductions  from 
drawings  and  paintings  by  Lord  Leighton, 
including  several  not  hitherto  published. 
Besides  diaries,  there  will  be  letters  from 
George  Eliot,  Ruskin,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, and  many  more  ;  and  Sir  E.  Poynter, 
Sir  W.  B.  Richmond,  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  and 
others  will  contribute  reminiscences  of 
Leighton.  The  frontispiece  to  the  second 
volume  will  be  Watts' s  portrait  of  Leighton 
in  chalk  and  pencil. 

We  know  not  if  it  is  useless  to  complain 
again  of  the  official  catalogues  of  the  pictures 
in  the  National  Gallery,  which  at  the 
moment  are  those  alone  to  be  obtained  by 
visitors.  The  elaborate  accounts  by  M. 
Morsang  in  his  novel  '  Le  Lierre,'  already 
named  by  us,  will  send  many  to  see  once 
more  the  Bronzino  'Venus,  Cupid,  Folly, 
and  Time.'  In  the  abridged  catalogue  there 
is  not  in  this  case  (and  there  is  hardly  any- 
where) any  account  of  the  history  or  true 
meaning  of  the  picture,  described,  indeed,  in 
the  most  wooden  terms.  Surely  the  sup- 
posed execution  of  it  for  Francis  I.  and  the 
other  historic  details  repeated  by  the  French 
novelist  were  worthy  of  some  examination, 
such  as  would  add  to  the  value  of  the 
national  collection. 

The  Morning  Post  is  a  newspaper  with 
taste.  It  is  probably  a  member  of  the  staff 
unconnected  with  the  world  of  art  who 
declares  that "  those  who  love  to  see  London 
growing  beautiful  rejoice  that  the  new  build- 
ing "(the  War  Office  in  Whitehall)  "has 
taken  the  place  of  the  dingy  old  mansions 
which  used  to  stand  there."  Others  prefer 
Carrington  House.  The  Morning  Post  writer 
states  that  the  new  War  Office  "  has  been 
designed  to  harmonize  with  Charles  the 
First's  Banqueting  Hall."  Inigo  Jones  would 
fail  to  find  the  harmony.  He,  indeed,  is 
snubbed  with  the  remark  that  the  rival 
"  military  palace,"  "  is  of  a  bolder  and  more 
varied  character."  Others  think  tameness 
to  be  its  chief  defect.  The  rooms,  more- 
over, will  be  singularly  inferior  to  those  now 
occupied  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War. 

The  Salon.  d'Automne,  which  opens  on 
Monday  week  in  Paris,  will  contain  several 
interesting  features.  In  the  first  place,  an 
exhibition  of  Russian  art,  chronologically 
arranged,  will  occupy  at  least  fifteen  rooms. 
In  the  second,  important  selections  of  works 
by  Gustave  Courbet  and  Gauquin — a  painter 


"pluscelebre  que  connu  " — will  form  another 
attractive  feature.  As  at  the  last  Salon  of 
the  Societe  Nationale  des  Beaux-Arts,  one 
room  will  be  reseived  for  a  display  of  a 
series  of  works  by  Eugene  Carriere. 

The  interesting  announcement  comes 
from  Hanley  that  Messrs.  Josiah  Wedg- 
wood &  Sons,  of  Etruria,  have  dis- 
covered at  their  old  works  important 
letters  and  documents  relating  to  Jcsiah 
Wedgwood,  the  founder  of  the  firm. 
Among  the  papers  is  much  unpublished 
information  of  a  biographical  character, 
whilst  numerous  fine  specimens  of  early 
Wedgwood  have  also  been  unearthed.  So 
much  has  been  written  concerning  Wedg- 
wood and  his  pottery,  from  MissMeteyard 
down  to  the  present  time,  that  the  subject 
would  seem  to  have  become  almost  thread- 
bare; but  it  is  claimed  that  the  new  docu- 
ments, which  are  to  be  published,  include 
"  information  which  none  of  the  biographers 
has  yet  touched." 

Me.  Heebeet  Southam,  of  Innellan, 
Shrewsbury,  is  making  an  appeal  for  funds 
for  excavations  at  Haughmond  Abbey,  to  be 
conducted  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 
Harold  Brakspear. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

THE     BIRMINGHAM     FESTIVAL. 

The  Festival  which  began  last  Tuesday- 
morning  is  one  of  considerable  interest. 
All  the  novelties  are  by  British  com- 
posers, and  among  them  is  Sir  Edward 
Elgar's  oratorio  '  The  Kingdom.'  His 
name  is  specially  associated  with  Birming- 
ham. His  '  Dream  of  Gerontius,'  pro- 
duced here  in  1900,  was  rapidly  recognized? 
as  a  work  of  high  purpose  and  high- 
achievement.  '  The  Apostles,'  which  fol- 
lowed three  years  later,  did  not — perhaps 
by  reason  of  its  less  dramatic  subject — 
create  so  marked  a  sensation,  but  snowed 
great  ability  and  earnest  feeling.  Of  the 
new  work,  or  rather  continuation  of  '  The- 
Apostles,'  we  shall  presently  speak.  A 
word,  however,  must  be  said  about 
the  performance  of  Mendelssohn's  very- 
familiar  oratorio  '  Elijah.' 

That  it  should  be  selected  for  the  open- 
ing morning  of  the  Festival  was  natural 
enough,  and,  on  this  its  diamond  jubilee, 
specially  fitting.  With  '  The  Apostles r 
a  new  style  of  oratorio  has  come  into 
existence.  We  will  not  speculate  as 
to  whether  that  particular  work  or  any 
of  its  successors  will  finally  affect  the 
popularity  of  '  Elijah  '  ;  to  hear  the  old 
in  close  juxtaposition  with  the  new  wasr 
however,  interesting  and  instructive.  Of 
the  soloists,  Mesdames  Albani  and  Ada 
Crossley,  Miss  Gleeson-White,  and  Mr. 
John  Harrison,  there  is  no  need  to  speak  ; 
but  Mr.  William  Higley's  rendering  of 
the  baritone  music  may  be  mentioned. 
In  "  Is  not  his  word  "  and  "  It  is  enough  " 
he  was  very  good  ;  for  the  rest  he  showed 
good  intentions,  which  in  time  will  be 
more  fully  realized.  The  choral  singing 
was  fine  :  the  voices,  of  truly  excellent 
quality  and  strength,  are  well  balanced. 
Dr.  Richter  conducted  with  unusual 
energy  —  at  times,  as  for  instance  in  the 
chorus   "  He  watching  over  Israel,"  with 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


413 


more  animation  than  suited  the  character 
of  the  music.  In  connexion  with  '  Elijah '  it 
is  interesting  to  note  that  among  the  basses 
of  the  choir  there  is  one,  Mr.  Pountney, 
who  sang  under  Mendelssohn  in  1846,  and 
who  has  not  missed  a  single  festival  since 
that  date. 

On  Wednesday  morning  was  produced 
Sir  Edward  Elgar's  oratorio  '  The  King- 
dom,' and  under  his  own  direction.  On 
the  previous  evening  '  The  Apostles,'  with 
which  the  new  work  is  intimately  connected 
both  in  letter  and  spirit,  had  been  per- 
formed, so  that  there  was  an  advantage 
in  hearing  it  in  such  close  juxtaposition. 
In  a  "  Note  "  to  '  The  Apostles  '  the  com- 
poser led  one  to  suppose  that  the  next 
work  would  complete  the  scheme,  but 
it  seems  from  a  remark  in  Mr.  Jaeger's 
able,  though,  through  his  sincere  admira- 
tion for  the  work,  too  eulogistic  analysis 
of  the  music,  that  the  Church  of  the  Gentiles 
is  reserved  for  a  third  section.  There  is 
•something  uncomfortable  about  the  appear- 
ance of  a  trilogy — or  whatever  in  the 
course  of  time  the  work  may  become — in 
sections.  It  certainly  prevents  definite 
judgment.  And  unfortunate^  the  interval 
between  the  appearance  of  each  section 
is  long :  three  years  have  elapsed  since 
*  The  Apostles,'  and  it  seems  most  likely 
that  another  three  years  will  elapse  before 
we  get  the  final,  or  at  any  rate  next 
portion. 

The  text  of  '  The  Kingdom  '  is  divided, 
as  was  the  case  in  '  The  Apostles,'  into 
various  sections.  First  comes  '  In  the 
Upper  Room,'  preceded,  however,  by  an 
instrumental  Prelude,  in  which  we  have, 
as  it  were,  the  argument  of  the  whole 
poem.  There  are  themes  connected  with 
the  Gospel  and  the  preaching  of  the 
apostles,  but  a  large  space  is  devoted 
to  "  Peter  "  themes,  and  with  reason,  as 
this  apostle  took  so  prominent  a  part 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Church 
at  Jerusalem.  His  supremacy  is  some- 
what strongly  emphasized  in  the  course 
of  the  work,  but  in  the  section  to 
•come  the  greater  importance  of  the 
Apostle  of  the  Gentiles  ought  to  be  fully 
recognized,  and  the  power  and  glory  of  the 
new  kingdom  forcibly  set  forth.  Men- 
delssohn was  fortunate  in  his  selection  of 
Elijah,  and  Sir  Edward  Elgar  when 
dealing  with  St.  Paul  will  have  a  fine 
opportunity  for  writing  powerful  and  de- 
scriptive music.  The  theme  of  the  New 
Faith  in  the  Prelude,  in  which,  by  the 
way,  there  is  a  '  Parsifal '  touch,  is  dignified 
and  impressive,  and  so  also  is  the  quiet, 
solemn  coda  ;  the  earlier  portion  is  less 
characteristic. 

The  opening  setting  for  soli  and  chorus 
of  the  words  ki  Seek  first  the  Kingdom  of 
God  and  His  righteousness  "  is  in  simple 
diatonic  style,  and  there  are  other  passages 
that  offer  fitting  contrast  to  the  chro- 
matic element  which  figures  so  largely 
throughout  the  work,  and  especially  in 
the  setting  of  the  Loid's  Prayer  at  the 
close,  where  to  us  it  seems  much  out 
of  place.  The  '  Upper  Room '  section 
is  decidedly  impressive,  particularly  the 
concluding  chorus  "  0  ye  priests." 

Next  comes    '  At  the    Beautiful   Gate 


(The  Morn  of  Pentecost),'  which  opens 
with  a  duet  between  Mary  and  Mary 
Magdalene,  the  music  of  which  is  fresh 
and  thoughtful.  '  Pentecost '  begins  in 
solemn  manner  :  the  quiet  section  for 
soli  and  mystic  chorus  "  The  Spirit  of  the 
Lord "  is  a  splended  piece  of  writing. 
The  voices  are  singing  of  the  coming  of 
the  Holy  Spirit,  the  Comforter,  while 
in  the  orchestra  is  heard  a  soft,  soothing 
theme  of  rare  beauty.  The  music  of  the 
descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost  shows  imagina- 
tion, yet  on  the  whole  it  is  disappointing  ; 
it  is  vivid,  exciting,  but  it  does  not  make 
a  deep  impression.  Again  in  the  chorus 
depicting  the  astonishment  created  by  the 
Galilaeans,  the  conception  is  decidedly 
dramatic,  yet  the  substance  of  the  music 
is  thin  :  it  is  vivid,  yet  not  convincing. 
Peter's  address  to  the  men  of  Judaea  is, 
however,  strong  and  dignified  :  the  pian- 
issimo entry  in  the  orchestra  of  the  New 
Faith  theme  is  very  striking.  In  Section  IV. 
'  The  Sign  of  Healing,'  the  tranquil  tender 
strains  offer  one  of  the  effective  contrasts 
already  mentioned.  The  music  dealing 
with  the  arrest  of  Peter  and  John  is  not 
particularly  significant,  but  the  long 
soprano  solo  for  Mary  is  full  of  tenderness 
and  poetry. 

In  the  closing  section,  '  In  Fellowship,' 
we  may  note  the  vigorous  chorus  "  Lord, 
Thou  didst  make  the  heav'n,"  written  in 
a  diatonic  direct  style  which  reminds  one 
of  the  past  rather  than  the  present,  though 
certainly  not  unwelcome  on  that  account, 
for  the  too-frequent  use  of  chromatics  is 
apt,  even  with  our  composer's  clever 
employment  of  them,  to  lessen  their  force. 
Of  the  setting  of  the  Lord's  Prayer  we 
have  already  spoken. 

In  the  use  of  representative  themes  the 
composer  shows  very  great  skill ;  and  as 
the  music  becomes  familiar  that  skill  will 
become  more  and  more  evident.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  are  passages  in  which 
they  are  introduced  in  a  mechanical 
manner,  while,  again,  the  iteration  of  the 
impressive  New  Faith  theme,  or  of  a 
portion  of  it,  without  its  becoming  in 
some  way  more  intense,  does  not  make 
for  growing  interest.  The  '  Pentecost ' 
motive,  or  rather  figure,  seems  too 
slight  for  such  an  important  scene. 
The  orchestration  of  the  music,  though 
at  times  too  strenuous — the  com- 
poser is  fond  of  sudden  bursts  of 
sound — is  very  effective.  Throughout,  the 
strongly  emotional  character  of  the  music 
shows  how  deeply  the  composer  was  in 
sympathy  with  his  subject — perhaps  on 
the  whole  too  much  so  for  self-criticism. 
He  has  not  always  been  able  to  distinguish 
between  what  is  essential  and  what  sub- 
ordinate. Some  scenes  seem  hurried,  some 
spun  out  ;  we  are  here  referring  to  the 
words. 

The  work  must  be  heard  more  than 
once  to  judge  it  properly,  and  oppor- 
tunities will  soon  occur  in  London  for 
renewing  acquaintance  with  it.  For  the 
present  we  merelv  record  first  impressions. 
Both  '  The  Apostles  '  and  '  The  Kingdom  ' 
were  given  under  the  direction  of  the 
composer.  Many  soft  passages  were  sung 
in  far  too  loud  a  tone,  but  this  was  the 


result  of  over-anxiety  on  the  part  of  Sir 
Edward,  resulting  in  a  use  of  the  baton  not 
sufficiently  delicate.  But  the  choir  with 
these  few  exceptions  sang  with  great 
fervour  and  force,  while  the  soloists — 
Miss  Agnes  Nicholls,  Miss  Muriel  Foster, 
Mr.  John  Coates,  and  Mr.  W.  Higley — 
deserve  all  praise.  Mention  must  also 
be  made  of  Messrs.  Ffrangcon  Davies  and 
Charles  Clark,  the  Jesus  and  the  Judas, 
who,  in  addition  to  the  soloists  above 
named,  sang  in  '  The  Apostles.' 

The  long  evening  programme  began 
with  a  second  novelty,  a  setting  of  Poe's 
dramatic  poem  '  The  Bells,'  for  chorus 
and  orchestra,  by  Mr.  Joseph  Holbrooke. 
Mr.  Ernest  Newman  in  his  useful  ana- 
lytical notes  calls  attention  to  the  com- 
poser's strong  predilection  for  "  that 
strangely  original  poet,"  but  hitherto 
that  source  of  inspiration  has  not  proved 
for  him  a  very  profitable  one.  The  poem 
in  question  gives  opportunity  for  music 
of  an  objective  and  realistic  character, 
and  Mr.  Holbrooke  has  illustrated  it  in 
tones  with  considerable  skill.  There  are 
the  Sledge,  the  Wedding,  the  Alarum, 
and  the  Iron  Bells,  and  with  great  in- 
genuity he  has  invented  harmonic  effects 
and  orchestral  colouring  so  as  to  obtain 
considerable  variety.  An  abnormally 
large  orchestra  is  employed,  and  at  times 
with  most  strenuous  effect,  and,  like  the 
sound  of  many  bells,  so  confused  that  one 
cannot  tell  exactly  what  part  each  instru- 
ment is  playing.  The  composition  is  a 
brilliant  tour  de  force,  and  the  choir  sang 
against  the  huge  orchestral  mass  with 
immense  spirit.  The  toning  down  of  the 
music  in  the  coda,  and  the  last  whisper 
of  the  voices,  proved  very  striking.  Dr. 
Richter  conducted,  and  at  the  close  Mr. 
Holbrooke  was  twice  recalled  to  the 
platform.  There  was  a  third  novelty,  a 
Sinfonietta  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt,  to  which 
we  must  refer  next  week. 

Mischa  Elman,  who  played  the  Beet- 
hoven Concerto,  was  received  with 
enthusiasm. 


JItusiral  (Dossip. 

Mr.  Fritz  Kreisler  gave  the  first  recital 
of  the  autumn  season  at  Queen's  Hall  last 
Saturday  afternoon.  His  fine  technique  and 
graceful  style  were  exhibited  to  advantage 
in  the  melodious  Concerto  in  c  major  by 
Corelli,  which  contains  a  fresh  and  pleasing 
Allegro  movement  and  a  beautiful  Adagio 
dolente.  Mr.  Kreisler  plaj'ed  his  own 
arrangement  of  a  clever  '  Study  on  a 
Handel  Chorale  '  by  Franz  Benda,  and  also 
a  bright  Gigue  in  b  minor  by  Gerolamo  do 
Angelis.  He  played,  too,  with  marked  skill 
the  '  Allemande '  and  '  Courante  '  from 
Bach's  Sonata  in  b  minor,  and  three  of 
Paganini's  very  difficult  Caprices. 

At  the  Promenade  Concert  at  Queen's 
Hall  on  Thursday  of  last  week  Mr.  Henry 
Wood  brought  forward  the  overture  '  Une 
Nuit  a  Carlstein,'  by  the  Bohemian  composer 
Zdenko  Fibich,  which  was  then  heard  for 
the  first  time  in  England.  Attractive  themes 
are  presented  in  this  work,  which  holds  the 
attention  firmly  by  reason  of  its  animation 
and  varied  interest.  The  orchestral  colour- 
ing, effective  and  picturesque,  shows  a  skilful 
hand. 


414 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


Madame  Suzanne  Adams  has  joinad  the 
San  Carlo  Opera  Company,  and  will  appear 
at  Covent  Garden  on  Monday  evening  as 
Micaela  in  '  Carmen.' 

Julius  Stockhausen  died  on  Septem- 
ber 22nd  at  Frankfort-on-Main,  at  the  ripe 
age  of  eighty.  He  was  a  great  singer  and  a 
great  teacher.  Born  in  Paris,  he  studied  at 
the  Conservatoire  of  that  city,  but  came  to 
London  in  1848,  and  worked  under  the  late 
Manuel  Garcia.  For  a  short  time  he  appeared 
on  the  stage  ;  it  was,  however,  in  oratorio 
and  as  an  interpreter  of  the  songs  of  Schu- 
bert, Schumann,  and  Brahms  that  he  won 
his  reputation.  In  1884  he  founded  his 
school  of  singing  at  Frankfort,  and  two 
years  later  published  his  method  of  singing. 
As  proof  of  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held,  it  may  be  added  that  when  Wagner 
was  reorganizing  the  school  of  music  at 
Munich,  he  tried  to  induce  Stockhausen  to 
become  a  member  of  the  teaching  staff. 

The  score  and  parts  of  '  La  Mort  de 
Sardanapale,'  the  cantata  with  which  Berlioz 
in  1830  won  the  Prix  de  Rome,  are  lost,  but 
M.  Julien  Tiersot  has  just  discovered  a  note- 
book of  manuscript  music  in  the  handwriting 
of  Berlioz,  containing  a  portion  of  the  final 
air  and  the  whole  of  the  concluding  "  In- 
cendie  "  symphony  of  that  work.  The  text 
is  known,  so  that  the  words  written  under 
the  air  gave  the  clue  to  the  music. 


Tin 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert.  :!.»0,  Albert  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
.—Sat.  Promenade  Concerts.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

'  Barmen,'  Covent  Garden. 
5.     Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
>.     M.  Lhevinne's  Orchestral  Concert,  3.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden, 
us.  Misses  Hart  ami  Polgreeil'8  Vocal  and  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.30, 
Bechstein  Hall. 
Italian  Open,  Covent  Garden. 

Madame  Clara  Butt  and  Mr.  Kennerley  Rumford's  Grand  Con- 
cert, 2.45,  Albert  Hall. 
Seiior  Sarasate  and   Mr.   C.   Sobrino's  Violin  and  Pianoforte 

Recital,  :!,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Lionel  Ovcnden,  Violin  and  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.30,  Crystal 

Palace. 
Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


Dramatic  (Bcssip. 

There  will  be  five  evening  performances 
of  '  The  Eumenides '  at  Cambridge,  viz.,  on 
Friday,  November  30th,  and  the  following 
Saturday,  Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednes- 
day. A  performance  will  also  be  given  on 
the  Saturday  afternoon.  Prof.  Henry 
Jackson  has  succeeded  the  late  Sir  Richard 
Jebb  as  President  of  the  Greek  Play 
Committee. 

Reduckd  into  two  acts,  and  played  by 
actors  inexperienced  in  the  drama  of 
_ia.ii  times,  'He's  much  to  Blame,' 
with  which  Mr.  W.  H.  C.  Nation  reopened 
Saturday  last  Terry's  Theatre,  conveys 
but  a  poor  idea  of  the  kind  of  entertain- 
ment provided,  apart  from  his  own  pieces, 
by  Sheridan  for  (lis  patrons.  Produced  at 
py  Lane  on  February  13th,  1798,  the 
pi.  ce  in  its  original  shape  was  assigned  to 
Holcroft,  the  author  of  'The  Road  to  Ruin,' 
ranslator  from  memory  of  '  J.o  Mariage 
de  Figaro,'  and  the  original  English  repre- 
sentative of  Figaro.  It  was  also,  with  some 
dubiety,  attributed  by  Genest  to  [John] 
Fenwick.  For  the  present  generation  the 
question  of  authorship  has  little  interest,  the 
v.  :t  of  dialogue,  for  which  the  piece  was  once 
celebrated,  having  disappeared  with  the 
of  time  or  evaporated  in  the  alembic 
(.i  abridgment.     Since  the  first  performance 

when  the  comedy,  with  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Pope,  "Gentleman"  Lewis,  Airs.  Mattocks, 
Miss  Betterton,  and  Mrs.  Gibbs  in  the  east, 
an  for  twenty-one  nights — no  revival  until 


the  present  has  been  recorded.  Mr.  Charles 
Groves  now  appears  as  Dr.  Gosterman,  a 
German  physician,  but,  excellent  actor  as 
he  is,  makes  little  of  the  part. 

Following  this  revival  comes  '  Yellow 
Fog  Island,'  a  musical  and  satirical  play  in 
two  acts,  by  Mr.  Arthur  Sturgess.  This 
species  of  burlesque  shows  the  reception  by 
civic  authority  of  a  barbarian  monarch  who, 
contemplating  British  proceedings,  is  im- 
pressed by  their  inconsistency,  and  inveighs, 
with  not  much  humour,  against  modem 
extravagances  and  follies.  To  this  unambi- 
tious trifle  Mr.  Nation,  after  his  wont  of  a 
generation  ago,  contributes  some  imitations 
of  French  songs. 

The  final  tableau  has  been  excised  from 
'  The  Bondman,'  which  has  undergone  in 
other  respects  much  compression,  the  need 
of  which  was  obvious  from  the  first. 

In  reviving,  as  he  purposes  at  Christmas, 
at  afternoon  performances  at  some  theatre 
unnamed  as  yet,  '  Alice  in  Wonderland,' 
Mr.  Seymour  Hicks  will  play  the  hatter, 
Alice  being  taken  by  Miss  Marie  Studholme. 

'  The  Amateur  Socialist,'  with  which 
the  Criterion  will  reopen  on  Saturday  next, 
will  be  preceded  by  '  The  Lemonade  Boy,' 
a  serio-comic  romance  of  humble  life,  in  one 
act,  by  Miss  Gladys  Unger. 

Fresh  from  his  rehearsals  of  '  Macbeth  ' 
to  be  produced  in  November  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  enunciates 
the  opinion  that  the  thane  is  a  man  of  large 
ambition,  but  an  arrant  coward,  and  holds 
that  he  can  be  presented  in  no  other  light. 

A  performance  of  '  The  Good-Natured 
Man  '  will  be  given,  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  William  Poel,  at  the  Coronet  Theatre 
next  Thursday  afternoon,  with  the  same 
company  that  took  part  in  it  at  Cambridge 
in  August. 

On  Monday  Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  made  at 
the  New  Amsterdam  Theatre,  the  largest 
New  York  house,  his  first  appearance  in 
America.  His  performance  of  Paolo  in 
Mr.  Stephen  Phillips's  '  Paolo  and  Francesca' 
was  received  with  enthusiasm. 


To  Correspondents. —E.  W.— G.  B.  B.  —  A.  W. — 
Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— ♦ — 

P.u;e 

Arnold 393 

Authors'  Agents       381 

Autotype  Company 382 

Bagster..  418 

batsford 418 

Bf.u,  &  .Sons 414 

B  em  hose  &  Sons        417 

BUIAEN 410 

Burlington  Magazine        418 

Cambridge  University  Press 383 

Cassei.l  <fc  Co 390 

Catalogues       382 

Constable  417 

Duckworth  &  Co 420 

Educational 381 

Exhibitions       3S1 

Griffin  &  Co 384 

Harper  &  Bros 338 

Heinemann        416 

Humphreys       S92 

Hutchinson  &  Co 387 

Hurst  &  Blackett 394 

Insurance  Companies  418 

Literary  CORRESPONDENCE  College 418 

Macmiixan  &  Co 391 

Magazines,  &c 882 

Methuen  &  Co S9J 

Miscellaneous 381 

Newspaper  Agents 382 

nuit       n9 

Pitman  &  Co 886 

Provident  Institutions 383 

PUTNAM'S  Sons 889 

Religious  Tract  Society 894 

Sales  by  Auction '882 

Situations  Vacant ::si 

Situations  Wanted 3si 

S.I'.C.K 415 

Type-Writers,  *c :wi 

Ward,  Lock  &  Co 88£ 

Williams  &  Nokgate  41C 


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Study  of  the  Latin  Liturgy  up  to  the  Time  of  Charlemagne.  Bv  Monsignore 
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Mary  E.  Moule.  By  her  Father,  HANDLEY  C.  G.  MOULE,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Durham.     With  Portrait.    Fifth  Edition,  Revised.     Small  post  8vo,  cloth,  Is.  Gd. 

CONCERNING  THEM  WHICH  ARE  ASLEEP.     Words 

By  HANDLEY  C.  G.  MOULE,   D.D.,  Bishop  of 


to  Mourners  from  a   Mourner. 
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PORTFOLIO 

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ELY.  I      BANGOR  AND  ST.  ASAPH. 

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THE     ATHENjEDM 


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cipal CAIRD  of  Glasgow  University,  Dr. 
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MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

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Irving  knew  all  the  eminent  men  of  his  time,  and  these  volumes  are  crowded  with  anecdotes  and 
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tact of  a  spiritual  influence  of  extraordinary  beauty. 


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%*  Mr.  Heinemann  has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  that  he  has  been  able  to  make  arrangements 
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powerfully  influenced  modern  thought  than  perhaps  any  one  else. 

As  the  later  plays  are  all  Mr.  Heinemann's  copyright,  this  is  the  only  complete  copyright 

edition  which  can  be  published. 

The  Works  will  be  Complete  in  Eleven  Volumes,  crown  8vo,  5a.  each,  and  will  appear  at  Monthly" 
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THE  FLIGHT  OF  MARIE  ANTOINETTE.    From  the  French 

of  G.  LBNOTRB.    1  vol.  demy  8vo,  fully  illustrated,  10s.  net.  [Prospectus  on  applicatio-t. 

A  detailed  account,  founded  upon  contemporary  documents,  of  the  ill-fated  flight  of  Louis  XVI.  and  bis  family.  A. 
vivid  and  moving  history,  which  throws  fresh  light  upon  the  facts,  and  recreates  for  us  the  charm  of  Marie  Antoinette 
and  tbe  futility  of  the  King  j  and,  profoundly  tragic  as  it  is,  lightened  throughout  by  touches  of  humour. 

NAPOLEON,  KING    OF   ELBA.      From  the  French   of  Paul 

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JOSEPH     VANCE. 

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N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


417 


MESSRS.     CONSTABLE'S    LIST. 

SOME    RECENT    PUBLICATIONS. 

THE    KING    OF    COURT    POETS. 

A  Study  of  the  Life,  Work,  and  Times  of  Lodovico  Ariosto. 

By  EDMUND  GARDNER,  Author  of  '  Dukes  and  Poets  in  Ferrara,'  &c. 
With  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  16s.  net. 
The  DAILY  TELEGRAPH  says  :— "  In   this  work  he   has  given   us   in   scholarly   fashion  a  careful  and  deeply 

interesting  chapter  of  Renaissance  history and  he  has  made  for  many  of  us  the  name  of  Ariosto  something  more  than  a 

mere  name  attached  to  certain  poems.  He  has  made  it  stand  for  a  striking  personality  occupying  a  prominent  position  in 
the  history  of  his  time  and  in  the  literature  of  his  country.  There  is  the  very  spirit  of  romance  in  much  of  the  history  of 
the  Renaissance  in  Italy,  and  that  history,  always  interesting,  is  made  additionally  so  when  presented  with  the  fulness 
of  knowledge  and  literary  ability  of  Mr.  Edmund  Gardner." 

SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

A  GERMAN  POMPADOUR.    Marie  Hay.    Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

[Second  Edition. 
"  This  is  a  notable  piece  of  work.    There  is  distinction  in  the  style,  and  the  writer  shows  evident  familiarity  with  the 
period  and  place  involved." — Athenceum. 

"  Memoirs  of  a  remarkable  character  and  of  considerable  historical  importance." — Westminster  Gazette. 

LETTERS  AND  RECOLLECTIONS  OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.    Being 

his  Correspondence  with  Tobias  Lear  and  the  latter's  Diary.  Illustrated  with  Rare  Portraits.  Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

VICTORIAN    NOVELISTS.    By   Lewis  Melville,  Author  of  'The  Life  of 

William  Makepeace  Thackeray.'    Illustrated  with  Portraits.    Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

WILLIAM   STUBBS.    Bishop  of  Oxford,  1825-1901.    From  the  Letters  of 

WILLIAM   STUBBS.    By  WILLIAM  HOLDEN  HUTTON,  B.D.     With  a  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  other 
Illustrations.    Demy8vo,  6s,  net. 

QUINTIN  HOGG.     A  Biography  by  Ethel  Hogg.     With  a  Preface  by  the 

DUKE  of  ARGYLL.     Illustrated.    NEW  POPULAR  EDITION.     Demy  8vo,  3s.  6d.  net. 

ELEMENTS   OF   POLITICAL   SCIENCE.      By   Stephen   Leacock,    B.A. 

Ph.D.,  Associate  Professor  of  Political  Science  M'Gill  Universit3*,  Montreal.    Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d.  net. 

TIME  AND  CLOCKS;    a  Description  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Methods  of 

Measuring  Time.    By  II.  H.  CUNYNGHAME,  F.R.S.    With  numerous  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 


of  'The  Red 


NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
THE   INCOMPLETE   AMORIST.     By  E.   Nesbit,   Author 

House,'  &c. 

HOLYLAND.    By  Gustav  Frenssen.    Author  of  'Jorn  Uhl.' 
BOOKS    FOR    EARLY    PUBLICATION. 

AN  UNUSUALLY  INTERESTING  BIOGRAPHY. 

THE  LIFE  OF  CHARLES  GODFREY  LELAND  (HANS  BREITMANN). 

By  ELIZABETH  ROBBINS  PENNELL.    2  vols,  illustrated,  demy  8vo,  21s.  net. 

CONTENTS. 
VOLUME  I.: -Chap.  I.  Early  Years.— Chap.  II.  Princeton.— Chap.  III.  Heidelberg— Chap.  IV.  Munich.— Chap.  V. 
Paris  in  '48.- Chap.  VI.  Years  of  Storm  and  Stress.— Chap.  VII.  Years  of  Storm  and  Stress  (continued).— Chap.  VIII. 
Hans  Breitmann. — Chap.  IX.  The  First  Holiday. 

VOLUME  II:— Chap.  X.  Life  and  Work  in  England.-Chap.  XI.  Return  to  Philadelphia.— Chap.  XII.  In  Phila- 
delphia: the  Industrial  Art  School.— Chap.  XIII.  The  Romany  Rye.— Chap.  XIV.  The  Romany  Rye  (continued).— 
Chap.  XV.  Tinkers  and  Red  Indians.— Chap.  XVI.  In  England  again.  —  Chap.  XVII.  "In  an  Atmosphere  of  Witch- 
craft."—Chap.  XVIII.  In  Florence.— Chap.  XIX.  The  End.— Bibliography.— Index. 


By  W.  T.  Fyfe.    With 
By  Bliss  Perry. 


EDINBURGH   UNDER   SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 

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4.  THE  NTT-BROWN  MAID. 

5.  MORE  ANCIENT  CABOLS. 

6.  THE     LOVER'S    COMPLAINT,     AND     THE 

PHiKMX  AM)  TURTLE 
"Delightful  little  books,  finely  printed." —  Queen. 
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volumes."— A-',  s  and  Qu 


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DAVID       NUTT, 

57-59,  LONG  ACRE. 


FOLK-LORE. 

TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY. 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Myth,  Tradition,  Institution,  and 

Custom. 

Vol.  XVII.    No.  3.    Net  5s. 

THE     SCAPE-GOAT     IN     EUROPEAN     FOLKLORE. 

N.  W.  THOMAS,  M.A. 
NOTES    IN    REPLY    TO    MR.     HOWITT    AND    MR. 
JEVONS.     A.  LANG,  M.A.  LLD.,  &c. 

DR.    HOWITT'S   DEFENCE    OF    GROUP-MARRIAGE. 
N.  W.  THOMAS. 

THE  EUROPEAN  SKY-GOD.    VI.  The  Celts.    ARTHUR 

BERNARD  COOK. 
COLLECTANEA.  —  A    Yorkshire    "  Wassail    Box."      E. 

WRIGHT.— Some  English  String  Tricks.     W.  INNES 

POCOCK. 

CORRESPONDENCE.  -  Crystal  -  Gazing.        EDWARD 

CLODD. 
REVIEWS.— J.  G.  Frazer,  'Lectures  on  the  Early  History 

of  the  Kingship.'    Gunnar  Landtman,  'The  Origin  of 

Priesthood.'     F.  POLLOCK.— E.   K.  Chambers,  'The 

Median-al  Stage.'    OLIVER  ELTON. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  FOLK-LOBE 
SOCIETY.— No.  LVII. 

A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FOLK- 
LORE FOR  THE  YEAR  1905.  Comprising 
Independently  Published  Works,  and  Articles 
in  the  Periodical  Press  and  in  Transactions  of 
Learned  Societies,  issued  in  the  British  Empire. 
With  Classified  Indices  ;  compiled  by  N.  W. 
THOMAS.     Demy  Svo,  wrapper,  Is.  net. 

LATEST    PUBLICATIONS. 
LYRICS.     By  Gerald  Gould.    Second 

Edition.     Crown  Svo,  wrapper,  la.  net. 
***  The  first  edition  of  Mr.  Gould's  '  Lyrics '  issued  in  the 
summer  went  out  of  print  in  six  weeks'  "time.    The  Second 
Edition  will  soon  be  exhausted. 

NAUSICAA.  An  Idyll  of  the  Odyssey. 

Adapted  and  Arranged  for  Performance  in. 
Girls'  Schools  and  Colleges.  By  Miss  M.  R. 
HOSTE  (Lady  Margaret  Hall,  Oxford)'. 
Crown  Svo,  55  pages,  with  Illustrations,  paper, 
Is.  Qd.  net ;  cloth,  2s.  Qd.  net. 

BY  THE  A  UTHOR  OF  MB.   UBBLEDEJUB 

MY  FRIEND    POPPITY.     By 

AUGUSTA  THORBURN.  Illustrated  in  red 
and  black  by  ALICE  B.  WOODWARD. 
Square  16mo,  coloured  boards,  2s.  Qd. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  BABY  BOSH  AT 
THE  SEA. 

BEASTS    IN    BAYSWATER.      By 

HARRY  BRUCE.  Showing  how  Baby  Bosh 
went  to  the  Zoo,  and  how  the  Zoo  came  to 
Kensington  Gardens,  and  WHAT  there  befell. 
Pictured  in  36  Coloured  Plates  with  accom- 
panying Letterpress.     Cloth,  Is.  net. 

THE  TREASURE  TRAIL:  a  Novel 

of  Adventure.  By  E.  FRANK  POLLOCK. 
Crown   Svo,    with  Coloured   Frontispiece  and 

Designed  Cover,  ('>*: 

This  is  a  splendid  story  of  adventure,  full  of  good 
incidents  that  are  exceptionally  exciting.  The  story  deals 
with  the  search  for  gold  bullion,  originally  st  den  from  the 
Boer  Government  in  Pretoria,  and  scored  in  a  steamer  sunk 
somewhere  in  ttie  Mozambique  Channel  Two  different 
search  parties  are  endeavouring  to  secure  the  treaav 
the  story  deals  with  their  adventures  and  its  final  •■• 
by  one  party  only  a  fen-  hours  before  the  arrival  of  the 
second.  The  book  reads  like  an  extract  from  life,  and  the 
whole  story  is  vivid  and  realistic  with  descriptions  of  the 
life  of  a  party  of  gentlemen  adventurers  whe  are  willing  to 
run  great  odg&for  great  gains.  There  is  also  "a  woman  in 
the  case,"  Margaret  Laurie,  who  proves  a  delightful, 
reliant,  and  audaciou  -  heroine. 

BEHIND    THE    VEIL.     By    Ethel 

ROLT  WHEELER.  With  Photogravure 
Frontispiece,  Full-Page  Illustrations,  and 
Decora  tin  n  byAUSTlfj  0.  SPARE.  Square 
demy  Sv<>,  cloth,  top  gilt,  rjg,  net. 

V  In  this  collection  of  fantastic  Btories  Miss  Wheeler 
shows  herself  an  apt  disciple  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe.  The 
illustrations  are  the  work  or  a  young  artist,  whose  original 

talent   may  !>■_-  Compared   with   that  of    the    late    Aubrey 
Beardsley. 


420 THE     ATHEN^UM N°4119,  Oct.  6,  1906 

SELECTIONS    FROM 

DUCKWORTHj&^O^AUTUMN  LIST. 

THE    LIFE    AND    LETTERS    OF    LESLIE    STEPHEN. 

By    FREDERIC    W.     MAITLAND. 

With  5  Photogravures.     Royal  8vo,  18s.  net. 
"  Not  less  admirable  than  the  incisive  penetration  which  he  brought  to  bear  were  the  fairness  and  candour  which  shine  through  everything  he  wrote. 
•It  would  be  hard  to  find  among  English  critics  of  this  or  the  last  generation  any  one  more  free  from  prejudice,  more  careful  and  temperate  in  statement. 
James  Russell  Lowell  said  of  Leslie  Stephen  '  that  he  was  the  most  lovable  of  men.'     Those  who  knew  him  as  Lowell  did  would  have  echoed  Lowell's  words." 

James  Bryce. 
A  Prospectus  of  (his  important  Work  is  in  preparation ,  and  will  be  sent  to  any  address. 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  AND  THE  KINGS'   CRAFTSMEN.    By  W.  R.  Lethaby,  Author  of 

'  Mediaeval  Art.'     With  125  Illustrations,  many  Drawings  and  Diagrams  by  the  Author.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  Qd.  net. 
"  From  its  crowded  associations,  and  the  many  lovely  minor  works  it  contains,  as  well  as  its  own  intrinsic  beauty,  this  church  must  be  held  by  every 
Englishman  as  the  supreme  work  of  art  in  the  world." — Extract  from  Preface. 

THE  NOTE-BOOKS  OF  LEONARDO  DA  VINCI.     By  Edward  McCurdy,  M.A.    With  13  Illus- 

trations.     Demy  8vo,  8s.  net. 
The  note-books  and  diaries  of  Leonardo  contain  much  that  is  of  the  greatest  interest  and  importance,  and  give  an  insight  into  the  mind  of  the  great 
■master.     Selections  rendered  into  English  are  now  published  for  the  first  time,  and  constitute  an  important  addition  to  literature,  revealing  the  master's  ideas 
on  life,  nature,  art,  poetry,  and  fantasy. 

LIFE  AND  EVOLUTION.    By  F.  W.  Headley,  Author  of '  Problems  in  Evolution.'    With  80  Illus- 

trations.     Demy  8vo,  8s.  net. 
A  lucid  account  of  the  theory  of  evolution,  free  from  technicalities,  and  making  an  easy  understanding  of  the  subject  possible.     The  matter  is  of  the 
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examination,  reflection,  and  careful  reasoning.     A  volume  of  scientific  value,  with  an  exceptionally  interesting  series  of  illustrations. 

A  TEXT-BOOK   OF  FUNGI,  including  Morphology,  Physiology,  Pathology,  and  Classification. 

By  GEORGE  MASSEE,  Mycologist  and  Principal  Assistant,  Royal  Herbarium,  Kew.     With  110  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 
A  knowledge  of  the  structure  and  life-history  of  the  fungi  is  now  required  of  those  who  seek  a  degree  or  diploma  in  agriculture  and  forestry  in  the 
•  universities  and  colleges.    The  present  volume  is  arranged  as  a  text-book  for  educational  use,  and  it  is  written  on  the  lines  required  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture. 

NEW    VOLUMES    IN    THE    LIBRARY    OF    ART. 

"THE    EXCELLENT   RED    SERIES."— Times. 

C0RREGGI0.    By  T.  Sturge  Moore,  Author  of  '  Albert  Durer.'    With  55  Illustrations.    Pott  4to, 

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paper  boards,  Is.  &d.  net. 
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THE  ATHENAEUM 

fmmtal  rrf  (Bttglfol}  an&  JFumgn  literature  %titntt,  tht  $int  &xtz,  $txizxt  mb  tht  Brants 

No.  4120. 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  13,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  At*  A  NEWSPAPER 


$*rtur*s. 

•"UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

TTNIVERSITY        COLLEGE. 

CLASSICAL  ART  AND  LITERATURE. 

A  COURSE  OF  LECTURES  on  this  subject  will  be  given  by  Prof. 
ERNEST  GARDNER  on  MONDAYS  at  3  p.m.,  supplemented  by 
DEMONSTRATIONS  in  the  BRITISH  MUSEUM  on  WEDNESDAYS 
at:).:iO  p.m. 

Introductory  Lecture  on  Art  and  Literature:  The  LAOCOON,  on 
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without  payment  or  ticket.  Classes  on  Archaeological  subjects  for 
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the  subject. 

For  Prospectus  and  all  further  particulars  apply  to  the  undersigned. 
WALTER  W.  SETON,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.— UNIVERSITY 
COURSES  in  PHYSIOLOGY,  BOTANY,  and  ZOOLOGY  will 
lie  delivered  as  follows:— PHYSIOLOGY. -A  COURSE  of  EIGHT 
LECTURES  on  'THE  PHYSICAL  CHEMISTRY  OF  COLLOIDS, 
WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  IMMUNITY,'  will  be  given  in 
the  PHYSIOLOGICAL  LABORATORY  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  by 
Mr  J  A.  CRAW,  on  TUESDAYS,  beginning  OCTOBER  16,  1906,  at 
5  pv  BOTANY.— A  COURSE  of  SIX  LECTURES  on  'THE 
PHYSIOLOGY  OF  MOVEMENT  IN  PLANTS'  will  be  given  at  the 
CHELSEA  PHYSIC  GARDEN,  S.W.,  by  Mr.  FRANCIS  DARWIN, 
FRS,  on  FRIDAYS,  beginning  OCTOBER  1»,  1906,  at  4.::0  p.m. 
ZOOLOGY— A  COURSE  of  FOUR  LECTURES  on  'THE  PHYLO- 
>GENY  OF  THE  HIGHER  CRUSTACEA'  will  lie  given  in  the 
ZOOLOGICAL  LECTURE  ROOM  OF  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE, 
<Jower  Street,  W.C.,  by  Mr.  W.  T.  CALMAN,  D.Sc,  on  WEDNES- 
DAYS, beginning  OCTOBER  24,  1906,  at  5  p.m.  Admission  to  any  of 
the  above  Courses  is  free  by  Ticket,  obtainable  on  application  to  the 
undersigned.— P.  J.  HARTOG,  Academic  Registrar,  South  Kensing- 
ton, S.W. 


Gfeljilriiions. 


HOLM  AN    HUNT'S    COLLECTED    WORKS. 
EXHIBITION  of  the  COLLECTED  WORKS  of  W.  HOLMAN 
HUNT,  O.M.  D.C.L.    NOW  OPEN.  10  till  6.    Admission  18. 
THE  LEICESTER  GALLERIES,  Leicester  Square. 

EXHIBITION  OF  PAINTINGS  by  H.  Raymond 
Thompson,  H.  L.  Dell,  W.  Westley  Manning,  and  the  late 
ARTHUR  TOMSoN.  —  THE  BAILLIE  GALLERY,  04,  Baker 
Street,  W.,  10  to  6.  

PORTRAITS.— Exhibition  of  Reproductions  of 
Portraits  from  the  Fourteenth  Century  to  the  Present  Day.— 
FREDK.  HOLLYER'S  Studio,  9,  Pembroke  Square,  Kensington. 
Open  daily  10  till  6. 


OLD    PICTURES. 
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of  the  Old  Italian,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and  British  Schools. 
160,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 


T 


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1\  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Founded  1839. 
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DE  KEYSERS  HOTEL,  MONDAY,  NOVEMBER  5,  NEXT. 
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Gentlemen  willing  to  act  ns  Stewards  are  respectfully  solicited  to 
address  W.   WILKIE  JONES,   Secretary  to  the   Institution,   15-16, 
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Association.) 

Address— 74,  Gower  Street,  London,  W.C. 
Registrar-Miss   ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 
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until  3  p.m. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  (late  Second  Mis- 
tress  St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  Loudon  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

riHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training"College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
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are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
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who  for  more  than  tliirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  th« 
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K 


ENT      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


DARTFORD  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  DARTFORD. 

WANTED  in  JANUARY*  NEXT  at  the  above-named  School  :— 

111  An  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  Elementary  and  Advanced 
Mathematics  ;  and 

121  An  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  English  Language  and 
Literature. 

History,  French,  Scripture,  Needlework,  desirable  as  subsidiary 
subject*. 

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annual  increments  of  11.  10s.  for  the  first  two  years,  then  by  57.,  to  a 
maximum  of  150*. 

Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  the  Secretary,  County 
School  for  Girls,  Dartford,  Kent,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  OCTOBER  23. 

Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
(By  order  of  the  Committee.! 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 

Caxton  House,  Westminster,  S.W. 


c 


ALCUTTA        UNIVERSITY. 


NOTICE. 
In  JANUARY,  1907.  the  Senate  will  proceed  to  appoint  a  whole- 
time  officer  as  REGISTRAR  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  on  a  salary  of 
Rs.  800  per  mensem,  rising  to  Its.  1,000  in  five  years  by  four  annual 
increments  of  Rs.  50.  Applications  for  the  post  must  reach  the 
undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  17.  1908.  Candidates  are 
required  to  send  printed  Copies  of  their  Testimonials.  Canvassing 
will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

The  Registrar  will  be  appointed  in  the  first  instance  for  five  years 
only,  but  at  the  end  of  every  such  term  he  may  be  re-appointed.     He- 
must  be  a  graduate  of  position,  with  experience  of  University  affairs. 
He  may  be  a  member  of  the  Senate,  but  not  of  the  Syndicate. 
The  duties  of  the  Registrar  will  be  as  follows  :— 

(«)  To  be  the  custodian  of  the  Records,  Library,  Common  Seal, 
and  such  other  property  of  the  University  as  the  Syndicate 
will  commit  to  bis  charge. 
({•)  To  act  as  Secretary  to  the  Syndicate,  and  to  attend  all 
meetings  of  the  Senate,  Faculties,  Syndicate,  Boards  of 
Studies,  Board  of  Accounts,  Boards  of  Examiners,  and  any 
Committees  appointed  by  the  Senate,  the  Faculties,  the 
Syndicate,  or  any  of  the  Boards,  and  to  keep  Minutes 
thereof. 
(<)  To  conduct  the  official  correspondence  of  the  Syndicate  and 
the  Senate.  . 

(d)  To    issue    all    notices    convening    meetings    of    the    Senate. 

Faculties,  Syndicate,  Boards  of  Studies.  Hoard  id  Accounts, 
Boards  of  Examiners,  and  any  Committees  appointed  by 
the  Senate,  the  Faculties,  the  Syndicate,  or  any  of  the 
Boards. 

(e)  To  perform  such  other  work  as  may  be,  from  tunc  CO  time, 

prescribed  bv  the  Syndicate,  and  eenerally  to  render  sue  h 

assistance  as  may  be  desired  by  the  Vice  Chancellor  in  the 

performance  of  his  official  duties. 

It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Registrar,  on  full 

pay,  leave  of  absence  for  one  month  in  a  year,  or  for  an  accumulated 

period  not  exceeding  four  months  in  five  years.     It  is  also  competent 

to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  him.  on  half  pay.  leave  of  absence  whieh 

may  he  added  to  the  period  of  leave  on   full  pay  for  a  period  not 

exceeding  eight  months  in  five  year*. 

It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Registrar  a  gratuity 
or  pension  regulated  a*  follows  :— 

(a)  After  a  service  of  less  than  ten  years,!  gratuity  not  I  ■  •  ■  ■ 
one  month's  salary  for  cob  completed  year  oi  service. 
(6)  After  a  service  of  not  less  than  ten  years  up  to  twenty -five 
years,  a  pension  not  exceeding  one  sixtieth  of  the  :iici;ilt 
salary  (if.,  the  average  calculated  iii~m  the  last  three  years 
of  service)  multiplied  by  the  number  of  yean  ot  completed 

(ct  The  pension  will  in  no  case  exceed  Rs.  5,000  per  annum. 
in  case  of  'misconduct  or  neglect  of  duty,  the  Registrar  shall  be 
liable  to  suspension  by  the  Syndicate,  and  to  dismissal  by  the  Senate 
on  the  report  of  the  Svndicate 

The  selected  candidate  will  bi   required  to  join  his  i-.st   by  the 
middle  of  FEBRUARY',   1907.     He  will  continue  to  hold  office  not 

Later  than  MARCH  31, 1912.  .._         . 

C.  LITTLE,  Registrar. 
Senate  House,  September  7,  1906. 


i  early  Subscription,  free  by  post,  inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


FRANCE.-The  ATHENJEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER.  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES  PINS. 
LILLE.  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTH 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
6AINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON.  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON.  248,  Rue  do  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  de  Rivoli, 


c 


ALCUTTA        UNIVERSITY. 


NOTICE. 
In  JANUARY,  1007,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  appoint  a  salaried 
INSPECTOR  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  Colleges  affiliated  to  this 
University.  Applications  for  the  post  are  hereby  invited,  and  they 
must  reach  the  undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  17,  1906.  Candi- 
dates are  required  to  send  printed  Copies  of  their  Testimonials. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification.  The  appointment 
will  be  made  by  the  Senate  subject  to  the  approval  of  Government. 

The  Inspector  of  Colleges  will  be  appointed  in  the  first  instance  for 
five  years  only,  but  at  the  end  of  every  such  term  he  may  be  reap- 
pointed. He  must  be  a  person  of  high  academic  standing,  and  one 
possessing  some  experience  of  Indian  Colleges.  He  will  be  a  whole- 
time  officer  of  the  University,  and  his  salary  will  be  Rs.  800  per 
mensem,  rising  to  Rs.  1.000  in  five  years  by  four  annual  increments  of 
Rs.  50.  He  may  be  a  Fellow  of  the  University,  but  must  not  be  a 
member  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  duties  of  the  Inspector  of  Colleges  will  be  : — 
In)  To  report  on  Colleges  applying  for  affiliation, 
ib\  To  inspect  affiliated  Colleges,  and 

(el  To  inspect  such  Schools  as  may,  from  time  to  time,  lie  indi- 
cated by  the  Syndicate. 
It  is  comi>etent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Insi>ector  of  Colleges 
on  full  pay,  leave  of  absence  for  one  month  in  a  year,  or  for  an  accu- 
mulated period  not  exceeding  four  months  in  five  years.  It  is  also 
competent  to  theSyndicate  to  grant  him,  on  half  pay,  leave  of  absence 
which  may  be  added  to  the  period  of  leave  on  full  pay  for  a  period  not 
exceeding  eight  months  in  five  years. 

The  Inspector  of  Colleges  may.  with  the  permission  of  the  Syndicate, 
avail  himself  of  the  College  vacations. 

The  Syndicate  may  grant  to  the  Insiiector  of  Colleges  a  gratuity  or 
pension  regulated  as  follows  : — 

(« I  After  a  service  of  less  than  ten  years,  a  gratuity  not  exceeding 

one  month's  salary  for  each  completed  year  of  service. 
(b.i  After  a  service  of  not  less  than  ten  years,  up  to  twenty-five 
years,  a  pension  not  exceeding  one-sixtieth  of  the  average 
salary  (i.e.,  the  average   calculated  upon  the  last  three 
years  of  service)  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years  of 
completed  service. 
[«)  The  pension  will,  however,  in  no  case  exceed  Rs.  5,000  per 
annum. 
In  case  of  misconduct  or  neglect  of  duty,  the  Inspector  of  Colleges 
will  Vie  liable  to  suspension  by  the  Syndicate  and  to  dismissal  by  the 
Senate  on  the  report  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  selected  candidate  will  be  required  to  join  his  appointment  bv 
the  middle  of  FEBRUARY.  1907.  He  will  continue  to  hold  office  not 
later  than  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Senate  in  JANUARY,  1912. 

C.  LITTLE.  Registrar. 
Senate  House,  September  7,  1906. 

pIVIL     SERVICE     COMMISSION—  FORTH- 

\J  COMING  EXAMINATION .  —  EXAMINERS  in  the  EX- 
CHEQUER and  AUDIT  DEPARTMENT  [18-20).— NOVEMBER  1. 
The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications  can  be  received. 
—They  must  be  made  on  Forms  to  be-  obtained,  with  particulars, 
from  the  SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission,  Burlington 
Gardens,  London,  W. 


M 


UNICIPAL    SECONDARY    SCHOOL    AND 

PUPIL-TEACHER  CENTRE,  ACCBJNGTON. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  with  special  qualifications 
for  the  teaching  of  English,  Geography,  and  History.  Applicants 
must  be  Graduates,  and  experienced  Teachers.  Initial  Salary  1207. 
per  annum,  ri-ing  by  biennial  increments  of  101,  to  1601.,  and  by  non- 
autoiuatie  increments  to  1802. 

By  additional  service  on  Saturday  Mornings,  and  in  the  Evening 
Classes,  the  Salary  mav  lie  further  augmented. 

Application  Forms  ito  be  returned  Dot  later  than  OCTOBER 20), 
obtainable  from  JNO.  RHODES,  Secretary. 


D 


R.    WILLIAMS'S    SCHOOL,    DOLGELLEY. 


The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  for  the  api«>iutffient  of 
H  ?:  A  l  >  mistress,  s  iln  v  T'li,  with  a  capitation  grant  at  present) 
of  20s  per  Pupil,  together  with  board,  i  esiden. .-.  \i  Present  number 
of  Pupils  1"7  i Boarders  77,  Hav  S.hnlars  10).  Applications,  together 
with  Copies  of  not  more  than  four  rei  ent  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  t.. 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  10  pro 
are  requested  to  forward  Twenty  Copies  of  then  applications  and 
uials. 

D.  OSWALD  DAVIES.  Solicitor. 

1 1,  tuber  9,  1906.  Dolgelley.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


B 


RISTOL     EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


ST.  GEORGE  BE!  ONDARY  HAY  SCHOOL  MIXED'. 

WANTED  IMMEDIATELY,  TWO  ASSISTANT  MISTRESSES. 
(■...i.'l  qualification*  m  M.itle  ii.iti. -.  English,  French,  and  General 
I  iterarv  Subiects  .  —  in  i:il.  Salarv  <M.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual 
in.  lenient-  ..f  :J  t..  ii"l.  In  call  olating  the  initial  Salary,  credit  will 
be  giren  for  half  length  ot  service  In  a  Secondary  8chool  approved  by 
the  Board  "i  Kdueati.ui :  notions  of  a  year  will  be  disregard; 
Forms  of  Application,  whii  b  must  be  returned  on  or  before  SAT  t  K 
ii\\  Octobei  ■-"  1906,  may  be  obtained  by  sending  •••  stamjied, 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  the  SECRETARY,  Education 
Guildhall,  Bristol. 

Octobei  '•',  1908, 


422 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


CITY  OF  BIRMINGHAM  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
The  COMMITTEE  require  the  services  of  a  CHIEF  ASSISTANT 
MISTRESS  fur  the  GIRLS'  DEPARTMENT  of  the  GEORGE 
DIXON  COUNCIL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.  Candidate!  must  have 
a  Degree,  or  he  specially  qualified  to  teach  Mathematics  and  either 
Latin,  Botany,  or  Biology.  Salary  130?.  to  ISO?,  per  annum,  according 
to  cxperience'and  qualifications. 
Form  of  Application  may  he  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

JOHN  ARTHUR  PALMElt,  Secretary. 
Education  Department,  Edmund  Street, 
September  25,  1906. 


GREAT  MALVERN  SCHOOL  OF  ART.— 
HEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED,  duties  to  commence  in 
JANUARY  NEXT.  Commencing  Salary,  120?.  per  annum.  Teaching 
in  schools  permitted.— Applications,  with  particulars  of  qualifications 
and  with  sealed  Testimonials,  to  he  sent,  on  or  before  NOVEMBER  IS, 
to  Mrs.  JACOB  illon.  Sec),  St.  Helens,  Great  Malvern,  from  whom  a 
Prospectus  of  the  School  may  be  obtained. 

ART  SALESMAN  required  in  West-End  old- 
established  ART  BUSINESS.  Must  he  thoroughly  conversant 
with  Water  Colours,  Paintings,  and  Old  Engravings.  Good  education 
and  address  anil  highest  references  required.  State  age.  salary,  and 
full  particulars.— H.  B.  M.,  care  of  Hart's  Advertising  Offices,  Mal- 
travers  House,  Arundel  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

WANTED,  EDITORIAL  WRITER  for  leading 
DAILY  NEWSPAPER.  Preference  to  University  man 
capable  of  writing  on  Finance  and  Trade.— Apply  by  letter  to  A.  B  , 
Box  1179,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 

A  LADY   WANTED,  as  SECRETARY  to  the 
Freedom    of    Labour    Defence.  —  Apply    by    letter    to    Miss 
MACKENZIE,  61,  Avonmore  Koad,  West  Kensington,  W. 


jlittiatinns   TSHankb. 

MISS  ZOE  PROCTER  (Secretary  to  the  late 
John  Oliver  Hobbes)  desires  RE-ENGAGEMENT  FOR  DAILY 
SECRETARIAL  WORK.— Address  2,  Surbiton  Park  Crescent, 
Kingston-on-Thames. 

GENTLEMAN  (Cantab.)  seeks  LIBRARY 
WORK.  Good  knowledge  English  and  German  Scientific 
Literature.  Small  Salary  at  starting.— Address,  T.  C,  Box  1175, 
Athenaeum  Press,  IS,  Bream's  Buildings.  E.G. 


$rtism!a:i£ims. 

Ty  ANTED,      PUBLISHER 

PRIVATE     PERSON 
To  Issue  a 

GREAT    VINDICATION    OF    FREE    TRADE 

(Holding  the  Imprimatur  of  the  Cobden  Club), 

BY  A  BRILLIANT  WRITER, 

Author  of  many  Masterly  Exposures  of  Mr.  Chamberlain. 

Box  1178,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


or 


AN  ARTIST,  tired  of  the  caprices  of  foolish 
Exhibitions,  wishes  to  be  EMPLOYED,  at  a  sensible  wage,  to 
PAINT  any  Subject  from  Nature  (Interiors,  Portrait,  Landscape, 
Animals,  Flowers,  Nudes  of  Athletes,  &c.l.  chosen  by  Patrons  them- 
selves. Drawings  as  well  as  Paintings.  No  Exhibition  Subjects  or 
other  Illustrations.  The  Painter  will  keep  the  Picture  for  himself  if 
it  should  not  please.— Apply  to  Box  1180,  AtheuEeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  E.C. 

ON  receipt  of  a  Postcard  to  the  "  PUBLISHERS, 
14,    Warwick    Lane,    E.C,"    a    Copy    of    a    new    LITERARY 
PERIODICAL  will  be  sent  post  free  to  any  address. 


TO  AUTHORS  and  PUBLISHERS.— A  well- 
known  CAMBRIDGE  MAN,  M.A..  is  open  to  ADVISE 
AUTHORS,  Revise  Copv  or  proofs,  &c.  Highest  references.— Address 
M..  Box  1177,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C- 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
than-  cry  Lane,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.      Seventeen    years'    experience. —J.     A.    RANDOLPH,    12?, 

Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.YV. 

pOUNTRY   HOME  for  YOUNG    CHILD.      A 

w    LADY  experienced  In  thi and  education  of  Children  would 

UNDERTAKE    KNTIliE    PF.IisoXAL    <  MAIiGH.      Ili-hest   refer- 
ences.—MISS  BARRY,  The  Whit,-  Bouse,  Amersham,  bocks. 

PERMANENT  HOME  WANTED  for  Girl  of  6, 
where  special  attention  would  be  paid  t'.   Diet  and   Hygiene. 
ices  required  and  given.— Address  Box  1174,  Athena-urn' Press, 
1 .:.  Bream  s  buildings,  E.C. 


rpRAINING  FOR  PRIVATE  SECRETARIAL 


WORK  AND  INDEXING. 


Secretarial  Bureau:  52-.,  COMMIT  ST..   BOND  ST.,  LONDON,  W. 

Founded  IBM.  Telephone:  2428 Gbrhabd. 

MISS  PETHKRBRIDGK  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos). 

Emi-i.ovho  iiv  iiik  Im,m  OmCZ  As-liideyer  nf  the  i:,,st  India 
Company's  Records;  Dutch  and  Portuguese  Translator. 

The  Drapers  1  'ompan;  ■  Records  Catalogued  and  Arranged. 

Imii.mii  ok  The  Records  of  the  Count;  Borough  of  Cardiff-  The 
Warrington  Town  Records; The  blue  Books  „i  the  Koyal Commissions 
on:  London  Traffic,  The  Supply  of  Pood  In  PtmoofWar.  Motoi  Cars 
Canals  and  Waterways;  The  Minutes  of  the  Education  Committee  m 
the  Somei  set  1  lounty  council. 

Miss  PETHERBRLDGE  trains  from  Three  to  Six  Pupils  every 
>tar  for  Private.  Secretarial,  and  Special  indexing  Work.  The 
training  is  one  of  Apprentice  hip,  I'upils  starting  as  Junior  Members 
of  tb.- St  air  and  working  up  II,  rough  all  lie  |;,anel,es.  It  is  practical 
on  actual  work,  each  Pupil  being  indmdualh h<  d.     The  training 

of   indexing— which   includes    Research  Work  and    Precis 

Writing  -Shorthand,  Type  Writing,  and  Business  Training. 

Tiik  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING.     liilUm    PirniBDErDO 

Ka.  Ul.  jk>  t  free. 


HUGUENOT  and  FRENCH-CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES  from  Unpublished  MS.  and  other  Sources. 
Genealogical  Index  to  over  10,000  Families.  Jacobite  and  British 
Families  in  France.— C.  E.  LART,  Charmouth,  Dorset,  and  Rod 
House,  Chislehurst. 


B 


OOK-PLATES. 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MORING,  Engraver,  Stationer,  Printer,  &c. 
257.  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


TO  LET,  WAREHOUSES  and  OFFICES,  at  low 
rental,   within  five  minutes  of  Fleet  Street.— Apply  Box  1156, 
Athenscum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  K.C. 

Wyyt-WLxittts,  &r. 

A  UTHORS'   MSS.,    SERMONS,   PLAYS,    and 

Jt\-  all  kinds  of  TYPE-WRITING  carefully  and  accurately  done  at 
home  (Remington).  !)d.  per  1,000  ;  Duplicating  from  Ss.  6u".  per  100.— 
M.  L.,  18,  Edgeley  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 

TYPE- WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS.,  Translations.  &c.  Legal  and 
General  Copying.  Circulars,  &c,  Duplicated.  Usual  terms. 
References.  Established  Thirteen  Years.  —  SIKES  &  SIKES,  229, 
Hammersmith  Road,  W.  (Private  Address:  13,  Wolverton  Gardens, 
Hammersmith.) 

TYPE-WRITING. —MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  er  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 

TYPE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  4c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons.  3d.  .per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages!.  Research.  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10.  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  3d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank,  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 


$.ufbGrs'   Agents. 

rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879 

-I.  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  (e 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi 
menials  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  34.  Paternoster  Row 


Cor 


n     MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 

\J.  Purchase  of  Newspajrur  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
I  rebate  or  I'm.  base,  I uve.  ligations  aud  Audit  of  Accounts,  Ac  Card 
oi  Terms  on  application. 

Mitchell  Mouse.  1  ami  2.  Snow  Hill.  Holborn  Viaduct.  E.C. 


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PUBLISHER, 
Having  Special  Facilities  for  the  Production  of  Scientific,  Educa- 
tional, Theological,  Technical,  Biographical,  and  Art  Works, 

Is  prepared  to  arrange  for  the  issue  of  same,  in  a  tasteful  style,  and 
at  most  reasonable  cost. 

Books  illustrated    by  the    "  Suttonelle "  Glas-Print,  specimen    of 
which  will  be  sent  to  applicants. 

MSS.  carefully  read.     Estimates  of  costs  supplied. 

Accounts  verified  by  a  Chartered    Accountant's    Certificate, 

4.!.  THE  EXCHANGE,  SOUTHWARK  STREET,  S.E. 

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N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


423 


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ROYAL  STATISTICAL  SOCIETY'S  JOURNAL 
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Contents. 

THE    GENERALISED    LAW    OF    ERROR;    or.    Law    of    Great 

Numbers.  By  Prof.  F.  Y.  Edgeworth,  M.A.  D.C.L. 
MISCELLANEA  :-I.  ADDRESS  TO  THE  ECONOMIC  SCIENCE 
AND  .STATISTICS  SECTION  OF  THE 
BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  AD- 
VANCEMENT OF  SCIENCE,  York,  190IS. 
By  A.  L.  Bowley,  M.A. 
II.  THE   CRIMINAL.     By  Prof.  Bela  Foldes,  of 

Budapest. 
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REGISTRATION     DISTRICTS    OF 
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H.  D.  Vigor  and  G.  Udney  Yule. 
And  other  Articles. 
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COTTON:  its  Cultivation,  Marketing,  Manufacture,  and  the  Problems  of  the  Cotton  World. 

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[October  22. 


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Author  of  '  Mr.  John  Strood,'  '  Park  Lane,'  &c. 

THE    OPENED    SHUTTERS. 

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Author  of  'Jewel,'  'The  Right  Princess,  Ac. 


THE    COUNTY   ROAD.     By  Alice  Brown, 

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THE  MAN  IN  THE  CASE.    By  Elizabeth 

STUART   PHELPS,   Author  of  'Trixy,  'Burglars  in 
Paradise,'  Ac 

M0NTLIVET.    By  Alice  Prescott  Smith. 


ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  <fc  CO.  Limited  16  James  Street  Haymarket  S.W. 


424 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


425 


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426 


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N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


List  of  a  few  Books  selected  from  the  Stock  of 

P.    M.    BARNARD 

Formerly  Classical  Scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge), 
SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLER, 

4,  Mount  Pleasant  Road,  Saffron  Walden. 

ALISON  (A.).— History  of  Europe,  17S9-1815.   10  vols,  library  Edition, 

8vo,  1842,  calf  extra,  25*. 
ANTHROPOLOGICAL  REVIEW.     7  vols,  cloth  mot  uniform!,  and 

i  parts,  all  issued,  8vo,  1803-70,  21. 
AHNOLI'  i Matthew). —Poems.     A  New  Edition,  small  8vo,  1853,  the 

First  Edition  of  the  First  Series,  original  cloth,  uncut.  :!5s. 
ATJLICCS  COQUIXARIAE.    12mo,  1650,  old  calf,  8s.  M. 
BEMBO    iP.I.— Prose.      Small   folio,    Vinegia,    1625,    vellum,    wants 

ff.  2  and  3,  inferior  copy  of  the  First  Edition,  7s.  id. 
B<  ii  'i.V(  'CIO  I  J.  I.— Traite  des  Mesadventures  de  Personnages  signalez, 

Paris.  1578,  old  vellum,  fair  copy,  7s.  firf. 
BOH  OAl'LTIER— Book  of  Ballads.    N.d.,  Early  Edition,  original 

cloth  (worn),  20s. 
BORROW  (O.i. — Bible  in  Spain.    3   vols,  small  8vo,  Second  Edition, 

1843,  cloth.  12s. 
BRUNET   (J.  Ch.).— Manuel  du  Libraire.      Fourth   Edition,  5  vols. 

in  2,  large  8vo,  1838-45,  full  morocco  and  half-morocco,  17s.  6d. 
BURTON  (J.  II. i. -The  Bookhunter.    Small  8vo,  1862,  half-calf,  Fir6t 

Edition.  6s. 
CAMILLO    (XI.    G.).— Opere.      2    vols,    in   1,    12mo,    Vinegia,    1560, 

VL-IIUIU,  5s. 

CASTIGLIONE  (B.).— 1\  Cortegiano.     12mo,   Vinegia,   1587,   vellum, 

s».  ed. 

CASTIGLIONE  (B.).— Le   Parfait  Courtisan.     Italian    and    French, 

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CHATTO   (W.  A. i. —Treatise  on  Wood  Engraving.     Large  8vo,  1861, 

original  half-binding  (wornl,  10s. 
C  ROMWELLIANA.     By  M.  Stace.     Small  folio,  1810,  half-morocco, 

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CIBBER  [Colley),  An  Apology  for  the  Life  of.     8vo,  1740,  old   calf, 

joints  cracked.  First  8vo  Edition,  8s.  C(f. 
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DAVIS  (J.  B.'.— Thesaurus  Craniorum.    8vo.  1867,  cloth,  58. 
DEMOSTHENES.— Orations,  trans.  T.  Leland.    4to,  1771,  calf,  good 

copy,  158. 
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Plates  by  Phiz,  very  fair  copy,  15s. 
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plates  clean,  10s. 
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EWALD  iA.  C.I. —Stories  from  the  State  Papers.    2  vols,  small  8vo, 

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GOLDSMITH  ANI>  PARNELL.— Poems,  with  Woodcuts  by  T.Bewick. 

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HALLAM  i H.I. —Constitutional  History  of  England.    3  vols.  8vo,  1854, 

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svo,  1M37-39,  half-calf.  First  Edition,  15s. 
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HERBERT  SPENCER.    By  Prof.  J.  Arthur  Thomson,  M.A. 

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Birmingham  Post. 

JOSEPH  PRIESTLEY.    By  Dr.  T.  E.  Thorpe,  F.R.S. 

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GEORGE  BENTHAM.    By  B.  Daydon  Jackson. 

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appears. " — Scotsman. 

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N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


427 


MESSRS.  SKEFFINGTONS'  NEW  LIST 


THIS  DAY.     By  B.  STEWART.     Cloth,  price  6s. 
Profusely  Illustrated  from  50  Photographs  by  the  Author. 

MY  EXPERIENCES  OF  CYPRUS. 

' '  A  bright  account  of  a  beautiful  island  by  one  with  exceptional  oppor- 
tunities of  knowing  both  the  place  and  the  people." — Standard. 

"The  remarkable  series  of  photographs  illustrating  the  traveller's  record 
should  alone  inspire  readers  with  the  desire  to  visit  Cyprus.  The  book  is, 
altogether,  thoroughly  worth  reading." — Westminster  Gazette. 

"  A  very  interesting  account  of  the  life  on  the  island,  its  history,  and  the 
cities  which  adorn  it.     Full  of  interest  to  the  archaeologist  and  the  historian. 

Indeed  the  book  is   most  interesting  and  the  numerous  photographs  are 

admirable." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"A  most  useful  book,  with  much  incidental  information  of  historical  and 
archaeological  interest.  "—Outlook. 


ONE   OF  THE   MOST   REMARKABLE   AND 
INTERESTING  BOOKS  OF  THE  YEAR. 

By  Major-General  PATRICK  MAXWELL.  LL.D., 

Translator  of  Schiller's  '  Maid  of  Orleans,'  Schiller's  '  William  Tell,'  Lessing's 
'  Nathan  the  Wise,'  Lessing's  '  Minna  von  Barnhelm,'  &c. 

The  Times  says: — "The  book  contains  something  to  interest  every- 
body." 

The  Spectator  says  : — ':  May  be  read  without  flagging  of  interest  from 
cover  to  cover." 

PRIBBLES  AND  PRABBLES; 

Or,  Rambling  Reflections  on  Yaried  Topics. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  ANECDOTE,  REFERENCE,  AND  QUOTATION. 

"  Leave  your  prabbles,  'oman — what  is  the  foeative  case,  William  ?  " 

'  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  IV.  ii. 
"Pribbles  and  Prabbles."— Ibid.,  V.  v. 

THIS  DAY.     Demy  8vo,  cloth,  price  10s.  net. 

"  There  is  so  much  that  is  fresh  and  entertaining  that  it  may  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  very  best  books  of  the  kind  that  we  have  had  for  some  time.  It 
should  take  its  place  as  a  regular  storehouse  for  the  seeker  after  amusing  bits 
at  once  gossipy  and  informing.  We  cannot  do  more  than  indicate  some  of  the 
varied  contents  of  this  very  attractive  miscellany." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"This  is  certainly  one  of  the  books  which  may  be  read  without  flagging 
of  interest  from  cover  to  cover.  Major-General  Maxwell  was  a  man  of  letters 
whose  activities  extended  over  a  wide  range  of  subjects.  And  whatever  he 
writes,  he  writes  in  the  fashion  of  a  scholar,  and  his  quotations  are  correct. 
This  ma}'  Bound  a  trifle,  but  we  can  assure  our  readers,  on  the  strength  of  a 
very  large  experience,  that  it  is  not  as  common  as  it  should  be.  If  eminent 
conversationalists  ever  prepare  themselves  for  an  evening  in  society,  this  is 
the  very  volume  fur  them." — Spectator. 

"The  reviewer  might  well  despair  of  giving  any  satisfactory  account  of 
this  delightful  medley.  The  late  Major-General  Maxwell  had  a  mind  stored 
«rith  millions  of  out-of-the-way  scraps  of  knowledge,  and  note-books  in  which 
he  apparently  had  jutted  down  anything  that  struck  him  as  curious  in  a  very 
wide  course  of  reading.  Our  readers  will  best  lie  able  to  judge  of  the  character 
of  the  work  by  sampling  a  page  or  two.  Major-(Jeneral  Maxwell's  note-books 
must  be  veritable  storehouses  of  quaint  odds  and  ends." — Academy. 

"  One  of  the  quaintest  books  produced  for  many  a  long  day  is  '  Pribbles 
and  Prabbles.'  " — Birmingham  Daily  Po.it. 

"As  an  accomplished  and  versatile  scholar,  a  reader  in  widely  diverse 
fields,  and  a  thinker  with  a  quick  and  independent  critical  gift,  General 
Maxwell  invariably  approaches  his  subject  from  the  right  side.  He  is  an 
excellent  example  of  a  man  who  turns  his  scholarship  to  practical  account,  and 
gives  it  a  direct  bearing  on  actual  life.  It  is  quite  impossible  in  a  brief  notice 
to  traverse  all  the  ground  covered  by  this  frankly  discursive  and  entertaining 
miscellany.  From  religion  to  gibberish,  from  Shakespeare  to  the  Balaam  Box, 
from  the  Devil  looking  over  Lincoln  to  a  jackass  purring,  the  author  moves  in 
easy,  calm,  and  deliberate  transition.  Excellently  written,  the  book  is  one 
which  scholars  and  patriots  will  fully  enjoy." — Glasgow  //•  raid. 


NEW    SIX -SHILLING     NOVELS. 

THIS  DAY.    By  GEORGE  CON  NOCK  DYKE. 

THE  BETRAYAL  OF  MISTRESS  DONIS. 

A  Romance. 

"An  excellent  historical  romance,  the  adventures  by  sea  and  land,  the 
fighting,  the  escapes,  and  the  varied  incidents  are  very  entertaining  and  well 
described.     Readers  are  sure  to  be  interested." — Daily  Telegraph. 


THIS  DAY.      By  LUCIAN    DE   ZILWA. 

THE    WEB    OF    CIRCUMSTANCE. 

A  new  and  most  interesting  Story  of  Modern  Life. 

"  The  men  and  women  here  are  not  so  many  lay  figures.  They  are 
instinct  with  life.  There  arc  no  wearisome  disquisitions,  and  yet,  by  means 
of  a  word  here  and  a  phrase  there,  mental  and  moral  histories  are  traced  with 
a  master  hand." — Glasgow  Herald. 

THIS  DAY.      By  DAVID    HERON. 

KINSMEN, 

A  stirring  and  most  interesting  narrative  of  the  great  Marquis  of 
Montrose. 

"  'The  Great  Marquis'  is  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  past,  and  any  book 
with  him  for  hero  should  attract  attention.  What  is  specially  good  in  the 
book  is  the  description  of  contemporary  .Scotland  ;  the  endless  feuds  between 
the  clans,  and  the  rivalries  and  jealousies  existing  between  Scottish  and  Eng- 
lish cavaliers,  are  set  forth  with  much  knowledge  and  skill." — World. 


THIS    DAY.      BY 

BUBBLE 


ALFRED    BUCHANAN. 

REPUTATION. 


A  Story  of  Modern  Life. 

The  story  enables  us  to  see — almost  feel — the  very  pulse  of  those  of  our 
own  race  and  language  who  live  and  work  out  their  destiny  under  sub- 
tropical skies,  in  other  lands  and  amidst  other  social  environment  s  than  our 
own. 

"The  novel  contains  convincing  pictures  of  Australian  city  life,  and 
there  is  always  sufficient  interest  to  keep  the  reader  engrossed." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

JUST  OUT.   BY  POYNTON  STRANGER. 

With  a  Preface  by  the  DUKE  OF  NEWCASTLE. 

TOLL    MARSH. 

A  new  and  most  interesting  novel  on  the  marriage  question. 

"  The  plot  is  developed  with  considerable  skill,  and  the  characterization 
is  original  and  convincing." — Yorkshire  Post. 


JUST  OUT.     BY  REGINALD  ST.  BARBE. 

A     SPANISH     WEB. 

This  novel  depicts  with  absolute  fidelity  Spanish  Life  and  Character, 
and  has  all  the  verve  and  "go"  that  make  for  a  great  popular  success.  It 
is  specially  interesting  at  this  present  time. 

"Mr.  St.  Barbe  knows  thoroughly  the  people  and  the  country  of  which 
ho  writes,  and  he  is  able  to  invest  his  story  with  that  peculiar  quality  that 
can  only  be  described  as  'atmosphere9  so  thoroughly  that  the  reader  who 
knows  nothing  of  Spain  is  convinced  from  the  first  page  that  an  accurate 
picture  of  the  country  is  being  laid  before  him,  and  he  leaves  the  book  with 
the  conviction  that  Mr.  St.  Barbe  has  done  more  to  show  him  the  heart  of  the 
people,  and  enabled  him  to  realize  the  characteristics  of  the  Spanish  peasant, 
than  any  other  writer,  whether  of  fiction  or  fact,  he  could  name." 

Court  Journal. 

"  It  presents  a  striking  picture  of  rural  lite  as  it  is  lived  in  Spain  to-day, 
painted  by  one  who  knows  the  country  anil  its  poeple.  As  a  story,  'A 
Spanish  Web '  is  singularly  dramatic  and  leaves  a  vivid  impression  on  the 
reader's  mind."—  Newcastle  Daily  Chronicle. 

"  The  pictures  of  Spanish  life  and  character  are  beyond  all  praise this 

is  by  far  the  best  story  dealing  with  Spain  that  we  have  yet  come  a 

Qlasgoio  Herald. 

"A  well-spun-out  web  of  intrigue  and  passion." — Times. 


London :  SKEFFINGTON  &  SON,  34,  Southampton  Street,  Strand,  W.C. ; 

And  of  all  Libraries  and  Booksellers. 


428 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


MR.   EVELEIGH   NASH'S 

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A    GORGEOUS    BOOK. 

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BY 

MARY  CRAVEN 

(Mrs.  C.  J.  ffoulkes). 

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Touraine  chateaux.  The  personal  element  is 
happily  made  much  of,  till  the  walls  are  alive 
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By  CHEDOMILLE  MIJATOVITCH, 

Late  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary of  the  King  of  Servia  to  the 
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SUCCESS    IN     LIFE. 

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THE   FLIGHT   OF  MARIE  ANTOINETTE. 

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NAPOLEON,   KING    OF    ELBA. 

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THE    ATHENiEUM 


433 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  13,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

.  433 

.  434 

.  435 

,  436 

,  437 

,  438 


439 


'The  Toitrmaline  Expedition       

Letters  mud  Recollections  of  Washington 

The  Coming  of  the  Saints  

The  Duke  of  Somerset  and  his  Brother    

Haklutt  and  Purchas        

The  Knights  of  England 

.New  Novels  (No  Friend  like  a  Sister;  Rachel  the 
Outsider  ;  Hazel  of  Hazcldean  ;  Sinless  ;  The  Un- 
dented ;  The  Swimmers  ;  Minvalc)      

•OCR  Library  Table  (Jusserand's  Literary  History; 
British  Trade  Year -Book;  Social  Silhouettes; 
Labour  Legislation  in  Argentina;  Romantic  Cities 
of  Provence ;  Great  Britain  in  Modern  Africa)    440 — 441 

List  of  New  Books 442 

The  Publishers  and  'The  Times'  Book  Club; 
Canterbury  and  York  Society  ;  Origin  of 
Lincoln's  Inn        443 

Literary  Gossip         443 

Science— Ethnographic  Notes  in  Southern  India  ; 
The  Study  of  Plant  Like  for  Young  People  ; 
The  Romance  of  Plant  Life  ;  Anthropological 
Notes;   Gossip;  Meetings  Next  Week  ...      445—446 

tfiNE  Arts— Millet's  Drawings  ;  The  Greek  Coins 
ofPhrygia;  The  Holman  Hunt  Exhibition; 
Gossip  447—449 

Music— The  Polyphonic  Period  ;  The  Birming- 
ham Festival;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week 449-451 

Drama—  Ristori  ;  Gossip     451—452 

Index  to  Advertisers         452 


LITERATURE 


The  Tourmaline  Expedition.  By  Major 
A.  Gibbon  Spilsbury.  With  an  Ap- 
pendix on  South-West  Barbary  as  a 
Field  for  Colonisation  by  W.  B.  Stewart. 
(Dent  &  Co.) 

Major  Spilsbury1  s  exploit  was  worth 
commemorating.  It  happened  ten  years 
ago,  but  it  is  not  forgotten,  nor  likely 
to  be  for  some  time  to  come.  Not  every 
year  does  an  officer  on  leave  defy  his 
own  Government  and  the  fleets  of  two 
Mediterranean  Powers  by  attempting 
to  "  run  "  a  cargo  of  rifles  and  ammu- 
nition in  a  150-ton  yacht  upon  No  Man's 
Land.  It  was  such  a  feat  as  Hawkins 
would  have  enjoyed,  and  in  Elizabethan 
•days  it  would  have  succeeded.  Even  as 
it  is,  a  brilliant  idea  which  flamed  and  went 
out  like  a  rocket,  its  attraction  must  be 
irresistible  to  the  lower  forms  of  schools, 
where,  we  believe,  the  vivacious  stories 
of  the  late  G.  A.  Henty  are  still  devoured 
with  gusto.  Major  Spilsbury  has  clearly 
mistaken  his  epoch  :  he  should  have  been 
born  in  the  age  of  the  buccaneers  and 
sailed  the  Spanish  main.  His  whole 
adventure  is  so  unreal,  indeed  preposter- 
ous, that,  but  for  the  evidence  of  the  law 
reports  and  contemporary  newspapers, 
we  could  easily  imagine  some  future  critic 
dismissing  the  whole  episode  as  a  variant 
of  other  legends.  The  one  point  about 
the  Tourmaline  Expedition  that  would 
strike  him  as  modern,  and  therefore 
probable,  is  the  part  played  in  it  by  a 
syndicate ;  but  after  all  it  might  be 
argued  that  the  romantic  historian  of  an 
imaginary  adventure  had  ingeniously  used 
the  modern  term  expressly  to  mislead, 
and  that  ';  Syndicate  "  is  but  a  translation 
of  "  Gentleman  Adventurers "  or  some 
such  association  which  heroes  like  Raleigh 
and  Drake  were  not  above  serving.  One 
questions,  however,  whether  even  Drake 


would  have  considered  a  single  quick- 
firing  2-inch  Maxim-Nordenfeldt  gun, 
much  as  it  would  have  delighted  him,  a 
sufficient  armament  for  a  buccaneer  at 
the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
especially  when  there  were  battleships  on 
the  look-out,  and  when  the  scene  of  action 
was  only  five  days'  sail  from  a  disapprov- 
ing Admiralty. 

Major  Spilsbury  had  visited  Morocco 
and  had  been  attracted  by  the  stories 
he  heard  of  the  Sus  country  to  its  south, 
"  one  of  the  wealthiest  countries  of 
Africa,"  "  a  land  of  mystery,"  "  as  com- 
pletely fenced  in  from  the  outer  world 
as  Thibet  "  then  was — a  land,  moreover, 
which  exported  such  apparently  hetero- 
geneous products  as  acrobats  and  school- 
masters. This  "  unoccupied  space,"  as 
Major  Spilsbury  chose  to  regard  it,  is  a 
tract  of  about  800  miles  from  north  to 
south,  and  from  200  to  500  miles  from 
east  to  west,  and  stretches  from  the  Sus 
river,  in  Southern  Morocco,  to  the 
boundary  of  French  Senegal.  According 
to  Mr.  W.  R.  Stewart  (his  initials 
vary  in  the  book,  and  Major  Spils- 
bury also  seems  uncertain  whether  his 
own  second  name  should  be  spelt 
Gibbon  or  Gybbon),  who  contributes 
a  sketchy  Appendix  to  this  volume,  the 
greater  part  of  this  territory  belonged  to 
no  State,  but  owed  allegiance  to  various 
local  chiefs,  until  the  British  Foreign 
Office,  by  a  "  proclamation "  addressed 
apparently  to  the  world  at  large,  "  pre- 
sented "  it  to  the  Sultan  of  Morocco, 
"  out  of  presumably  pure  kindness  of 
heart."  Far  be  it  from  us  to  enter  upon 
so  thorny  a  debate.  It  is  not  always  easy 
to  decide  to  whom  any  country  belongs. 
Irishmen,  for  example,  maintain  that 
Erin  belongs  to  the  Celts  ;  yet  we  have 
a  secret  doubt  whether  the  representatives 
of  the  ancient  Ugrian  Firbuilg,  "  or  men 
of  pith,"  have  not  the  better  title.  At 
the  present  moment,  indeed,  facts  are 
on  the  Major's  side,  and  the  Emperor  of 
Morocco  seems  to  have  confused  ideas 
as  to  what  parts  of  the  country  be- 
long to  him.  Major  Spilsbury,  however, 
evidently  started  with  the  assumption 
that  the  Sus  territory  was  part  of  Morocco, 
for  it  was  to  the  Emperor's  Court  that 
he  betook  himself  early  in  1897,  in  order 
to  obtain  his  Majesty's  sanction  to  a 
"  concession "  for  trade  with  the  Sus 
tribes.  The  "  concession  "  was  brought 
to  London  by  a  certain,  or  perhaps  we 
should  say  uncertain,  Kerim  Bey,  who 
represented  himself  to  be  a  number  of 
things  which  he  was  not ;  and  it  would 
seem  extraordinary,  to  those  who  are 
unacquainted  with  the  fascinations  of 
company  -  promoting,  that  a  body  of 
sane  and  sober  gentlemen  should  have 
embarked  upon  this  wild  venture  with  no 
better  guarantee  than  the  bare  word  of  an 
obvious  half-breed ;  for  surely  the  letter 
he  produced  from  the  Sherif  of  Wazan 
could  scarcely  be  held  as  a  warranty,  apart 
from  the  facts  that  it  was  forged  and  that 
the  Sherif  was  dead. 

The  English  Foreign  Office  was  under 
no  illusions  on  the  subject.  It  sanctioned 
the  project  of  trade  with  the  Sus  tribes, 


probably  out  of  regard  for  the  amiable 
diplomatist  who  was  chairman  of  the 
Syndicate  ;  but  it  insisted  on  the  condi- 
tion that  the  Sultan  of  Morocco's  consent 
must  first  be  obtained.  Major  Spilsbury 
appears  to  entertain  a  poor  opinion  of 
the  Foreign  Office,  and  he  says  things 
about  the  Legation  at  Tangier  and  the 
British  consulates  in  Morocco  which,  had 
they  any  weight,  would  doubtless  make 
the  judicious  grieve.  But  we  do  not 
really  see  what  other  course  was  open 
to  the  representatives  of  the  Crown,  as 
a  Power  friendly  to  Morocco,  to  whom 
there  was  at  least  a  suspicion  that  the  Sus 
country  belonged. 

To  the  Court  of    Morocco   accordingly 
Major  Spilsbury  repaired — to  no  purpose, 
as  it  turned  out,  except  to  furnish  him 
with  the  occasion  for  writing  an  enter- 
taining   narrative    of    his    journey.       If 
this   offers   nothing   strikingly  new,   it   is 
full    of    shrewd    observation,    and   when 
compared    with    some    ladies'    views    on 
Morocco  lately  published  it  illustrates  the 
contrast  between  a  woman's  and  a  man's 
way  of  looking   at   things.     He   is   good 
about  horses,  and  the  horses  in  Morocco 
must  be  remarkable  if  they  often  go  down 
sides    of   precipices    "  3,000   feet    sheer," 
as  his  did.     Also  it  is  good  hearing  that 
':  the  word  of  an  Englishman  "  still  holds 
its    prestige    among    the    Moors.     Major 
Spilsbury's  adventures,   we  may  remark 
parenthetically,  lose  nothing  in  the  telling, 
and  he  has  a  blissful  sense  of  humour. 
His  account  of  how  the  officers  of  the 
Morocco  army  manage  to  send  their  men 
back  to  civil  life  and  appropriate   their 
pay,   whilst  keeping  up   the    muster-roll 
on  the  state-parade  before  the  Sherif  by 
marching  the  same  men  repeatedly  before 
his  Majesty,  is  delightful :    the  long  file 
marched  past,  then  doubled  through  the 
city   to   another   gate,    and   denied   once 
more    before    the    royal   carriage,    like    a 
stage  army,   and  thus  the  required   tale 
was  made  up.    The  journey  to  Marrakush, 
however,  was  more  interesting  than  fruit- 
ful,   for   the  concession  turned  out  to  be 
worthless,  the  papers  forged,  and  Kerim 
Bey  a  rank  impostor.     Major  Spilsbury 
succeeded  only  in  obtaining  a  fiat  refusal 
when  he  asked  to  be  allowed  to  go  to  the 
Sus    country.     The    whole    idea    seemed 
"  a  myth,"  and  even  Kaid  Maclean    was 
discouraging.     But    the    Major    was    not 
the  man  to  throw  up  the  sponge.     It  is 
true  he  had  given  his  word  to  Sir  Arthur 
Nicolson    that    he    would   not  cross   the 
Atlas  into  Sus,  but  he  held  that  he  was 
not  thereby  debarred  from  other  routes. 
He  made  his  way  to  Mogador,  and  here 
he  met  some  envoys  of  the  "  paramount 
chief  "  of  the  Sua  tribes,  who  had  been 
dogging  him  all  along  in  hope  of  an  under- 
standing.     With  them  he  made  a  com- 
mercial treaty  on  behalf  of  his  Syndicate  : 
"  Barkis  "  was  perfectly  "  willing." 

It  was  there  that,  in  the  current  phrase, 
"  the  fun  began."  First  the  Major 
smuggled  the  envoys,  who  went  in  fear 
of  their  lives,  off  to  the  Canaries,  under 
the  nose  of  the  Governor  of  Mogador, 
who  boarded  the  ship  expressly  to  search 
for   them.     Next    he   landed   on   the   Sus 


434 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


coast,  where  the  envoys  in  due  time 
returned  from  the  "  paramount  chief " 
with  the  treaty  ratified,  and  the  assembled 
representatives  of  the  tribes  signified  what 
articles  of  commerce  they  most  needed — 
rifles  and  ammunition,  of  course.  A 
triumphant  return  to  London  was  followed 
by  the  consent  of  the  Globe  Syndicate  to 
the  arrangements,  in  spite  of  remon- 
strances from  the  Foreign  Office,  and  in 
the  absence  of  the  chairman,  who  had 
formerly  been  an  ambassador  and  enter- 
tained official  scruples  on  the  subject  of 
importing  arms  ;  and  the  rifles  and  ammu- 
nition were  duly  purchased,  by  means  of 
an  auxiliary  syndicate,  at  Antwerp,  and 
stowed — we  should  imagine  with  some 
difficulty — to  the  weight  of  85  tons,  on 
the  steam  yacht  Tourmaline,  150  tons, 
which  had  been  "picked  up''  at  Cowes. 
Arriving  off  the  Sus  coast,  Major  Spils- 
bury  was  met  by  the  same  envoys,  accom- 
panied by  representatives  of  twenty-five 
tribes,  all  enthusiastic  tariff  reformers, 
but  prepared  to  land  his  arms.  Un- 
fortunately, the  Morocco  man  -  of  -  war 
Hasaniya  hove  in  sight  at  this  interesting 
moment,  and  the  Tourmaline  steered 
outside  the  three-mile  limit  to  avoid 
complications — though  this  looked  rather 
like  giving  away  the  case  against 
Morocco's  rights  over  the  Sus  country. 
As  the  Hasaniya  was  sending  out  boats 
full  of  armed  men,  the  Major  let  fly  his 
2-inch  Maxim-Nordenfeldt  across  her  bows, 
whereupon  every  man  on  board  scuttled 
below,  and  the  boats  hastily  returned  to 
their  davits.  Still,  it  was  not  easy  to 
land  arms  with  the  enemy's  ship  patrolling 
the  coast,  and  with  the  best  part  of  his 
own  crew  ashore,  and  to  all  appearances 
detained  as  hostages.  Presently  a  number 
of  little  white  bell-tents  began  to  rise  like 
magic  out  of  the  earth,  and  it  became 
apparent  that  the  troops  of  the  Sultan 
were  on  the  spot.  Whether  the  Sus  country 
belonged  to  Morocco  or  not,  Morocco  was 
in  occupation. 

The  game  was  now,  of  course,  "  up  "  ; 
but  not  so  the  fun.  The  Spanish  Govern- 
ment, suspecting  Carlist  plots,  refused 
'pratique  at  Arrecife,  though  Major  Spils- 
bury  had  prepared  a  plausible  certi- 
ficate of  health  ;  so,  after  smuggling  his 
Manchester  goods  ashore,  he  carried  his 
little  craft  right  into  the  harbour  of 
Mogador,  under  the  muzzles  of  the  old 
Portuguese  cast-iron  guns,  and  almost 
alongside  of  the  Hasaniya,  and  threatened 
to  bombard  the  Moorish  town.  The 
reputation  of  the  2-inch  gun  was  so  por- 
tentous that  the  walls  were  manned  and 
the  beach  patrolled  all  night.  We  repeat, 
the  narrative  loses  nothing  in  the  telling. 

Finally,  with  one  of  the  Queen's  ships 
on  the  look-out  for  him,  the  Major  carried 
the  Tourmaline  into  Gibraltar,  without 
her  papers,  just  to  see  what  the  British 
authorities  thought  about  it  all ;  and 
finding  that  there  was  some  objectionable 
little  technicality  about  carrying  arms  and 
ammunition  unnotified  into  the  harbour, 
he  secretly  stole  out  again,  much  to  the 
surprise  of  the  look-out  man,  and,  making 
for  Antwerp,  got  rid  of  his  unsold  cargo. 
The   subsequent   legal   proceedings    form 


something  of  an  anticlimax.  The  ad- 
venture itself  is,  as  Dominie  Sampson 
would  say,  '*  prodigious."  It  only  needs 
the  music  of  Offenbach  to  make  it  perfect. 


Letters  and  Recollections  of  George  Wash- 
ington :  being  Letters  to  Tobias  Lear 
and  Others  between  1790  and  1799. 
With  a  Diary  of  Washington's  Last 
Days  kept  by  Mr.  Lear.  (Constable 
&  Co.) 

This  volume  (as  a  clause  which  we  have 
omitted  from  the  title-page  states)  shows 
"  the  First  American,  in  the  management 
of  his  estate  and  domestic  affairs."  Those 
acquainted  with  publications  relating  to 
Washington's  biography  will  find  little 
new  to  them  in  its  contents,  which  are 
introduced  by  Mrs.  Louisa  Lear  Eyre, 
granddaughter  of  Tobias  Lear,  the  Presi- 
dent's secretary  and  aide-de-camp,  and 
previously  tutor  to  his  adopted  son. 
Few  of  the  more  important  letters  here 
printed  have  not  been  included  in  some 
previous  collection,  though  they  will 
doubtless  be  new  to  most  readers  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  For  such  readers 
some  help  in  the  way  of  annotation 
might  with  advantage  have  been  pro- 
vided, even  though  an  index  were 
not  judged  necessary.  Some  of  them 
might,  for  instance,  desire  informa- 
tion as  to  the  spurious  letters  of  Wash- 
ington referred  to  in  his  long  com- 
munication to  the  Rev.  Dr.  William 
Gordon  ;  others  might  conceivably  have 
some  curiosity  about  Mr.  Thomas  Paine, 
who  afterwards  changed  his  name  to 
Robert  Treat  Paine,  and  would  perhaps 
be  gratified  if  they  learned  that,  so  far 
from  claiming  connexion  with  him  of 
'  The  Rights  of  Man,'  he  even  declared 
that  he  gained  a  "  Christian  "  name  for 
the  first  time  when  he  adopted  his  new 
designation.  And  how  many  could  say 
what  was  "  the  Columbian  alphabet  "  ? 

Jared  Sparks  printed  some  2,500  of 
Washington's  letters,  and  to  these  Mr. 
Worthington  Chauncey  Ford  added  about 
five  hundred  more.  The  former  had  the 
use  of  the  Lear  correspondence,  and 
presented  the  originals  to  the  present 
editor.  Robert  Rush,  sometime  American 
Minister  in  England,  published  in 
1857  a  book  entitled  '  Washington  in 
Domestic  Life,'  in  which  he  summarized 
some  thirty  of  the  Lear  letters  which 
form  the  first  section  of  the  present  work  ; 
we  do  not  agree  with  Mr.  Ford  that  his 
treatment  of  them  was  so  "  scrappy  "  as 
to  be  valueless.  Others  of  the  Lear 
letters  have  since  been  printed  privately 
by  Mr.  W.  K.  Bixby. 

Washington's  correspondence  with  his 
secretary  deals  chiefly  with  such  matters 
as  his  establishment  in  Philadelphia 
(where  he  hired  a  house  for  his  use  during 
the  sitting  of  Congress  :  the  most  inter- 
esting of  the  illustrations  depicts  it)  ; 
the  management  of  his  servants,  the 
education  of  his  adopted  children,  and 
farming  matters.  There  are  references, 
1  however,  to  the  plans  of  public  buildings 


for  the  "  New  City  "  (Washington),  which 
the  President  thought  "  well  conceived  " 
and  "  ingenious  "  ;  and  occasional  allu- 
sions to  public  events.  Amongst  other 
things  we  gather  that  Mrs.  Washington 
was  not  fond  of  applying  for  money  ;  that 
a  tight  hand  was  kept  by  the  master  of 
Mount  Vernon  over  all  servants,  whether 
whites  or  slaves  ;  that  it  was  the  custom 
in  Virginia  to  allow  to  a  tenant  "going  on 
a  new  place,"  and  "bringing  everything 
with  him,"  one,  two,  and  sometimes  three 
years'  freedom  from  rent ;  that  Wash- 
ington was  in  active  correspondence  with 
Arthur  Young  and  Sir  John  Sinclair  on 
agricultural  matters  ;  and  that  he  wished 
to  realize  a  great  part  of  his  scattered 
landed  property,  so  that  the  remainder  of 
his  days  might  be  "  more  tranquil  and 
free  from  cares,"  as  well  as  for  other  good 
reasons. 

In  a  letter  written  to  Lear  when  in 
England  Washington  tells  him  of  the 
resentment  in  America  excited  by  the 
British  policy  towards  neutrals,  which 
went  so  far  that  a  resolution  was 
carried  through  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, and  only  lost  in  the  Senate  by  a 
casting  vote,  that  all  commercial  inter- 
course should  be  prohibited  between  the 
United  States  and 

"  the  subjects  of  the  King  of  Great  Britain, 
or  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  other 
nation,  so  far  as  the  same  respects  articles 
of  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  Great 
Britain  or  Ireland." 

This  was  in  1794,  when  Jay  was  in  London, 
entrusted  by  Washington  with  the  special 
mission  in  consequence  of  which  matters 
were  smoothed  over  for  some  years. 

The  .  chief  attraction  of  the  present 
volume  is  manifestly  meant  to  be  Lear's 
account  of  Washington's  death.  Of  this 
Mr.  Ford,  in  a  note  prefixed  to  the  four- 
teenth and  last  volume  of  his  edition  of 
the  President's  writings,  declared  that 
there  were  two  versions,  the  one  which 
he  printed  being  taken  from  the  Have- 
meyer  papers.  The  manuscript  of  the 
other  (Sparks's  version)  "  appears  to  be 
lost,"  he  wrote.  It  is  the  latter — which 
is  rather  more  expanded  than  the  other, 
but  differs  from  it  in  no  material  respect — 
that  the  present  text  follows.  It  is  well 
enough  known  in  America,  and  the  British 
Museum  has  a  copy,  printed  in  1891. 
"  Doctor,  I  die  hard  ;  but  I  am  not  afraid 
to  go  ;  I  believed  from  my  first  attack 
that  I  should  not  survive  it  ;  my  breath 
cannot  last  long"  is  the  only  speech  of  the 
dying  man  which  can  be  considered  at 
all  remarkable.  These  words,  however, 
are  characteristic. 

Of  the  miscellaneous  letters  which  con- 
stitute the  third  part  of  the  book,  several 
are  reproduced  from  the  publications  of 
the  Long  Island  Historical  Society.  They 
are  largely  concerned  with  agriculture,  in 
which  Washington  took  both  a  practical 
and  theoretical  interest.  The  "  first  Ame- 
rican "  seems  to  have  held  a  low  opinion 
of  his  countrymen  as  farmers,  and  con- 
sidered landed  property,  when  not  under 
the  immediate  management  of  the  pro- 
prietor, as  "  more  productive  of  plague 
than  profit."     As  to  the  economic  value 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


435 


of  negroes  he  thus  expresses  his  ideas  to 
General  Alex.  Spots  wood  : — 

"  With  respect  to  the  other  species  of 
property  concerning  which  you  ask  my 
opinion,  I  shall  frankly  declare  to  you  that 
I  do  not  like  even  to  think,  much  less  talk 
of  it ...  .  Were  it  not  then  that  I  am  principled 
against  selling  negroes,  as  you  would  cattle 
at  a  market,  I  would  not,  in  twelve  months 
from  this  date,  be  possessed  of  one  as  a 
slave.  I  shall  be  happily  mistaken,  if  they 
are  not  found  to  be  a  very  troublesome 
species  of  property  ere  many  years  pass 
over  our  heads  (but  this  by  the  bye)." 

Three  years  later  (in  1797)  he  expresses 
his  regret  at  having  to  break  through  a 
resolution  "  never  to  become  the  master 
of  another  slave  by  'purchase,'''  the  un- 
fortunate occasion  being  "  the  running 
off  of  my  cook." 

On  June  25th,  1797,  Washington  writes 
to  John  Quincy  Adams  : — 

"  I  am  now,  as  you  supposed  the  case 
would  be  when  you  then  wrote,  seated  under 
my  Vine  and  Fig  Tree,  where,  while  I  am 
permitted  to  enjoy  the  shade  of  it,  my  vows 
will  be  continually  offered  for  the  welfare 
and  prosperity  of  our  country  ;  and  for 
the  support,  ease  and  honor  of  the  Gentle- 
man to  whom  the  administration  and  its 
concerns  are  entrusted  "  [his  correspond- 
ent's father]. 

But  his  repose  was  of  short  duration  : 
in  view  of  war  with  France  he  had 
to  accept  once  more  the  command 
of  the  army,  and  was  fated  to  have  his 
attention  distracted  from  those  agricul- 
tural pursuits  which  throughout  his  life 
appear  to  have  been  nearest  his  heart. 

In  a  letter  to  Kosciusko  of  the  same 
year  he  assures  the  Polish  patriot  of  his 
services  "  as  a  private  citizen,"  but  adds  : 

"  You  will  find,  however,  contrary  as  it 
may  be  to  your  expectation  or  wishes,  that 
all  pecuniary  matters  must  flow  from  the 
Legislature  and  in  a  form  which  cannot  be 
dispensed  with." 

More  care  might  with  advantage  have 
been  expended  upon  the  text  of  the 
letters.  Obvious  misprints  such  as  "  Sodon 
and  Man  "  ;  "  aiding  "  for  adding,  and 
"  anoner  "  for  answer  (both  on  p.  196)  ; 
"  doil "  for  soil,  &c,  should  surely  not 
have  been  allowed  to  pass.  "  Frederick 
and  Berkeley  courtier  "  (p.  264)  is  sheer 
nonsense  :  counties  is,  presumably,  what 
was  written.  The  punctuation "  of  the 
opening  sentences  of  the  last  paragraph 
on  p.  191  is  clearly  also  faulty. 

The  main  impression  left  by  this 
selection  of  Washington's  correspondence 
is  that  of  a  man  both  just  and  generous, 
but  one  by  no  means  incapable  of  ex- 
acting from  others  the  performance  of 
their  rightful  obligations  towards  him- 
self—  a  man,  in  fact,  who  was  worthy 
of  respect  and  was  not  to  be  trifled  with. 
His  strong  sense  of  public  duty  comes 
out  in  one  of  the  last  letters  to  his  secre- 
tary, to  whom  he  expresses  his  earnest 
wish  and  desire, 

"  when  I  quit  the  stage  of  human  action, 
to  leave  all  matters  in  such  a  situation,  as  to 
give  as  little  trouble  as  possible  to  those 
who  will  have  the  management  of  them 
thereafter." 

Washington    admits   that   in   his   private 


letters  he  paid  little  attention  to  "  com- 
position or  correctness  "  ;  but,  although 
his  spelling  is  often  eccentric,  his  meaning 
is  invariably  clear,  and  usually  expressed 
without  awkwardness. 


The  Coming  of  the  Saints.     By  John  W. 
Taylor.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

This  is  no  ordinary  book.  It  cannot  fail 
to  be  of  deep  interest  to  orthodox  believers 
in  the  New  Testament,  nor  is  there  any- 
thing in  these  pages  that  will  set  on  edge 
the  nerves  of  the  most  sensitive  historical 
critic.  We  find  a  poetry  of  diction  and 
a  simplicity  of  style  in  Mr.  Taylor's  setting 
of  the  old  stories  and  early  legends  which 
can  scarcely  fail  to  win  for  them  a  renewed 
and  patient  hearing.  Controversy  is 
entirely  absent ;  nor  is  there  any  of  that 
nice  weighing  of  evidence  and  facts  which 
may  be  found  in  Duchesne's  '  Fastes 
Episcopaux.'  The  short  introduction  ends 
thus : — 

"  I  have  not  taken  upon  myself  to  dis- 
entangle history  from  legend.  The  modern 
critic  is  by  no  means  infallible,  and  in  rooting 
out  the  tares  is  apt  to  destroy  the  wheat  also. 
'  Let  both  grow  together  until  the  harvest.'  " 

In  the  first  days  of  the  Christian  era 
the  saints  came  from  Palestine  by  easy 
walking  stages  on  land,  and  by  sailing 
ships  or  strong  rowing  boats  over  the 
Mediterranean  seas.  Genuine  history  has 
very  little  to  say  of  these  strangers  and 
pilgrims  ;  their  mission  and  their  person- 
alities seemed  too  insignificant  for  notice  ; 
and  yet  their  disciples  may  well  have 
handed  down,  through  successive  genera- 
tions, the  traditions  of  their  wanderings, 
their  successes  and  their  failures.  There 
must  be  certain  substrata  of  truth  in  the 
legends  of  apostolic  and  sub-apostolic 
times.  Mr.  Taylor  writes  of  at  least  two 
comings  of  the  saints  : — 

"  The  first  is  of  Hebrew  missionaries  whose 
coming  is  probable,  but  problematical,  and 
whose  identity  is  solely  a  matter  of  tradition 
or  of  inference.  The  second  is  a  later  coming 
— the  coming  of  the  Greek  ;  the  chief 
example  of  this  being  the  coming  of  Tro- 
phimus,  the  friend  and  disciple  of  St.  Paul, 
whose  identity  as  the  first  missionary  priest 
of  Aries  is  fairly  well  established.  His 
coming  is  confirmed  by  documents  going 
back  as  far  as  the  beginning  of  the  fifth 
century,  and  is  therefore  partly  traditional 
and  partly  historical." 

The  volume  opens  with  chapters  (mainly 
Scriptural,  but  written  in  felicitous  lan- 
guage) on  the  calling  and  making  of  the 
first  Christian  saints,  and  their  primary 
missionary  journeys.  These  are  followed 
by  a  long  chapter  dealing  with  the  story 
of  Rabanus.  In  the  library  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  is  a  remarkable  fifteenth- 
century  manuscript  life  of  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalene, which  claims  to  be  a  copy  of  an 
original  life  compiled  by  Rabanus  Maurus, 
Archbishop  of  Mayence,  who  flourished 
from  776  to  856.  There  seems  little  or 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  this  is  in  truth  a 
copy  of  that  which  was  written  by  Rabanus 
in  the  ninth  century,  and  that  the  state- 
ment in  his  prologue  as  to  the  work  being 
compiled  from   records  then  extant  and 


manuscripts  of  a  much  older  date  is  trust- 
worthy. The  work,  which  is  not  only  a 
fife  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  but  also  of 
her  sister  St.  Martha  and  her  brother 
St.  Lazarus,  is  divided  into  fifty  chapters, 
and  translations  are  supplied  of  some  of 
the  more  interesting  paragraphs  and  chap- 
ters. The  narrative  at  first  follows  in 
the  main  that  given  by  the  Evangelists  ; 
but  after  the  Ascension  the  accounts  are 
given  "  according  as  our  fathers  have  told 
us,  and  according  to  the  accounts  they 
have  left  us  in  their  writings."  We  may 
note  that  modern  scholarship  has  found 
great  difficulties  in  the  life  of  Mary  Mag- 
dalene, which  is  confused  in  the  Gospels. 
The  brother  and  sisters  sold  their  properties 
in  Jerusalem,  Magdala,  and  elsewhere, 
bringing  the  amounts  to  the  Apostles  ; 
whilst  the  house  at  Bethany,  near  Jeru- 
salem, was  reserved  as  an  oratory,  and 
subsequently  consecrated,  with  Lazarus 
as  the  priest.  When,  however,  the  perse- 
cution of  the  Jews  began,  Lazarus  left 
Bethany  for  Cyprus,  of  which  island  he 
became  the  first  bishop.  Chap,  xxxvii. 
records  that  St.  Peter  (to  whom,  in  con- 
junction with  St.  Paul,  the  evangelizing 
of  the  kingdoms  of  the  West  had  been 
allotted),  in  the  year  48,  chose  a  com- 
pany (of  whom  St.  Maxime  was  chief, 
Trophimus  being  one  of  the  bishops)  to 
go  forth  to  Marseilles.  St.  Maxime 
eventually  went  to  the  neighbourhood  of 
Aix,  where  the  Magdalene  finished  her 
wanderings  ;  whilst  Parmenus,  to  whom 
St.  Martha  was  attached,  preached  at 
Avignon.  Most  of  the  remaining  chapters 
are  occupied  with  vivid  accounts  of  the 
exemplary  fives  of  the  two  missionary 
sisters  of  Lazarus. 

After  a  discussion  of  other  fives  of 
St.  Mary  Magdalene  preserved  at  Paris, 
and  of  different  traditions  of  the  Three 
Maries,  Mr.  Taylor  gives  a  scholarly 
chapter  on  St.  Trophimus  and  Aries,  re- 
producing in  an  attractive  fashion  the 
various  glimpses  of  his  fife  (as  recorded 
by  tradition)  after  he  parted  from  St.  Paul 
at  Caesarea. 

Never  has  one  of  the  sweetest  and  best 
of  all  old  Christian  legends — the  legend 
of  the  Genouillade  or  kneeling'^Saviour — 
been  better  told  than  in  the  words  of  Mr. 
Taylor,  who  knows  the  site  of  the  story 
well.  The  pages  describing  the  incident 
and  site  are  far  too  long  for  quotation.  This 
is  the  story  in  the  very  briefest  outline. 
Les  Aliscamps,  or  the  Elysian  Fields,  had 
for  a  long  time  been  a  favourite  pagan 
cemetery  before  St.  Trophimus  came  to 
Aries.  Among  the  profanations  of  railway 
cuttings,  high  roads,  canals,  and  workshops, 
old  Roman  sarcophagi  of  various  periods, 
with  the  usual  invocations  to  the  gods, 
can  still  be  seen.  As  St.  Trophimus 
multiplied  his  converts,  it  became  an 
important  matter  to  decide  whether  the 
Christians  should  be  buried  among  their 
relatives  and  friends  in  the  old  pagan 
cemetery,  or  whether  they  should  seek  for 
some  special  and  distinctive  place  of  in- 
terment. It  was  no  easy  question,  for 
the  early  Christiana  thought  gravely  of 
the  sacredness  of  the  lifeless  clay,  once  a 
temple  of  the  Holy  Spirit.     As  St.  Tro- 


436 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4120,  Oct.  13,  1908 


phimus  paced  the  alleys  of  the  ancient 
shaded  cemetery  through  a  summer  night, 
considering  what  it  would  be  best  to  do, 
a  light  shone  forth  in  the  darkness,  and 
the  saint  perceived,  kneeling  among  the 
tombs,  as  though  identifying  Himself 
with  those  whose  bodies  were  then  beneath 
the  soil,  the  Saviour,  with  His  pierced 
hands  solemnly  raised  in  benediction  of  the 
pagan  burial-place.  The  reality  of  this 
heavenly  consecration  was  at  once  ac- 
cepted. On  the  spot  where  our  Saviour 
was  seen  to  kneel,  St.  Trophimus  erected 
an  altar  and  a  chapel,  and  henceforth  Les 
Aliscamps  became  the  most  coveted  of  all 
burial-places. 

In  the  Provencal  legends  Joseph  of 
Arimathea  occurs  as  one  of  the  first  Eastern 
missionaries  who  came  to  the  Rhone  valley 
and  passed  through  Provence  on  the  way 
to  Britain.  Traces  are  found  of  St. 
Joseph's  companions  or  disciples  both  at 
Limoges  and  Morlaix  ;  but  there  is  no  sug- 
gestion of  any  resting-place  for  him  on 
the  Continent.  There  are,  however, 
legendary  traces  of  him  in  Cornwall,  whilst 
the  little  town  of  Glastonbury  and  ad- 
jacent country  are  filled  with  ancient 
memories  of  him  and  his  mission.  There 
is  a  particular  fascination  about  the 
chapter  that  deals  with  these  traditions, 
and  the  least  credulous  of  historical 
students  can  hardly  fail  to  realize,  after 
reading  it,  that  the  treatment  of  all  these 
legends  as  mere  idle  myths  presents  greater 
difficulties  than  the  idea  that  they  have 
some  solid  foundation. 

What  is  true  of  the  Glastonbury 
memories  is  true,  after  a  more  conclusive 
fashion,  of  the  traditional  continental 
sites  of  the  earliest  missions  across  the 
Mediterranean  from  East  to  West,  from 
Palestine  to  Gaul,  extending  even  from 
Caesarea  to  Glastonbury,  on  the  probable 
lines  of  the  ancient  commercial  traffic  of 
the  period.  Each  stopping-place  has  its 
own  reputed  set  of  missionary  teachers 
or  early  apostle,  such  as  Lazarus  at  Mar- 
seilles, or  Zacchseus  at  the  romantic  Roca- 
madour. 

With  much  patient  learning,  and  careful, 
sympathetic  study  of  all  the  reputed 
resting-places  of  the  early  saints,  Mr. 
Taylor  weaves  together  the  frail  but  fine 
threads  that  link  the  Christianity  of  tra- 
dition with  the  Christianity  of  the  Bible, 
and  both  of  these  with  the  histories  of 
Gaul  and  Britain. 

Whether  our  faith  burns  bright  enough 
to  rise  to  the  heights  of  general  acceptance 
of  the  historical  accuracy  of  the  majority 
of  these  memories  or  not,  every  one  will 
follow  with  interest  the  vivid  descriptions 
of  Mr.  Taylor's  journeys  to  continental 
sites  identified  with  the  coming  of  saints. 

The  chapter  '  On  Pilgrimage,'  rendered 
additionally  attractive  by  good  photo- 
graphic plates,  is  full  of  charm.  The 
shrines  and  tombs,  the  churches  and  chapels 
connected  with  the  saints  of  old  herein 
described,  are  of  the  class  that  usually 
escape  the  notice  of  the  tourist,  and  are 
for  the  most  part  ignored  by  the  guide- 
book maker.  Mr.  Taylor  tells  of  the  fourth 
century  subterranean  church  of  St.  Victor 
at   Marseilles,    built   round   the   far   older 


natural  cave  or  grotto  known  as  the  original 
first-century  church  or  refuge  of  St. 
Lazarus  ;  of  Les  Saintes  Maries,  in  the 
Camargue,  the  traditional  first  landing- 
place  of  the  Hebrew  missionaries ;  of 
the  places  at  Avignon  and  Tarascon 
intimately  associated  with  memories  of 
St.  Martha ;  of  the  highly  romantic 
village  and  sanctuaries  of  Rocamadour, 
specially  associated  with  Zacchseus ;  and 
of  many  another  sacred  spot. 

We  may  end  our  notice  of  a  remarkable 
book  by  a  quotation  : — 

"  We  read  the  story  of  the  Gospels  and 
watcli  the  slow  unfolding  of  the  spiritual 
character  in  the  various  disciples,  and  espe- 
cially in  Salome,  in  Mary  Cleopas,  in  Mary 
Magdalene,  and  Martha,  in  Lazarus  and  the 
man  born  blind,  and  cannot  readily  believe 
that  all  this  had  but  little  earthly  sequel. 
Somewhere,  whether  in  East  or  West,  God, 
who  had  called  them,  lived  with  them,  and 
taught  them  in  the  Person  of  His  Son,  must 
have  used  them  as  His  messengers  and 
missioners.  It  was  not  in  the  Holy  Land  or 
in  the  immediate  East,  or  we  should  read  of 
them  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  or  Epistles. 
The  silences  of  history  (as  in  the  case  of 
St.  James  the  Greater)  correspond  with  the 
voices  of  tradition." 


Correspondence  of  Two  Brothers  :  Edward 
Adolphus,  Eleventh  Duke  of  Somerset, 
and  his  Brother,  Lord  Webb  Seymour, 
1800  to  1819  and  After.  By  Lady 
Guendolen  Ramsden.  (Longmans  & 
Co.) 

The  interest  of  this  volume  is  considerable, 
though  it  does  not  lie  on  the  surface. 
Judged  as  literature,  the  correspondence 
of  the  eleventh  Duke  of  Somerset 
and  his  brother,  Lord  Webb  Seymour, 
must  be  pronounced  monotonous.  Con- 
sidered as  illustrative  of  that  full  age 
which  roughly  coincides  with  the  Regency, 
it  carries  a  distinct  value.  We  are  too 
apt  to  associate  the  early  years  of  the  last 
century  with  the  Brighton  Pavilion  and 
Crockford's,  with  four-bottle  men  and 
magnificent  soldiers,  with  the  dandies 
and  great  ladies  who  sinned  in  august 
circles.  But  those  years  had  their  serious 
side,  and  during  their  course  both  political 
parties  acquired  fresh  intensity  of  purpose. 
Few  contrasts  are  more  remarkable  than 
that  between  the  Whigs  of  the  days  of  Fox, 
Sheridan,  and  Fitzpatrick,  who,  their 
generous  ardours  notwithstanding,  re- 
garded the  House  as  a  playground,  and 
those  Whigs  who  acknowledged  the  intel- 
lectual leadership  of  Horner,  Mackintosh, 
Romilly,  and,  despite  his  vagaries, 
of  Brougham.  The  new  school  learnt 
much  from  Bentham,  but  more  from 
the  Scottish  philosophers  and  men  of 
science,  of  whom  Dugald  Stewart  exer- 
cised the  widest  influence.  The  educa- 
tion of  young  men  of  family  like  Lord 
Lansdowne,  Lord  Melbourne,  and  Lord 
.John  Russell  was  not  considered  complete 
until  Edinburgh  or  Glasgow  had  finished 
what  Oxford  or  Cambridge  had  begun. 
They  were  not  content,  as  were  Lord 
Granville  and  Lord  Wellesley,  with  being 
able  to  turn  out  a  pretty  set  of  Latin 


hexameters  ;  but  they  approached  states- 
manship with  knowledge  acquired  from 
Stewart  or  Millar,  Brown  or  Playfair, 
and  with  their  faculties  sharpened  by 
the  debates  of  the  Speculative  Society. 
Clever  young  Tories  like  Lord  Palmerston 
and  Lord  Dudley  went  through  the  same 
training,  and  the  former  used  to  declare 
in  after  life  that  in  the  three  years  he 
spent  in  Edinburgh  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  all  his  useful  habits  of  mind. 

The  intellectual  influence  of  Edinburgh 
appears  on  nearly  every  page  of  the  corre- 
spondence between  the  two  brothers. 
The  Duke  of  Somerset,  it  is  true,  picked 
up  his  devotion  to  science  and  mathe- 
matics from  the  uncongenial  soil  of 
Oxford.  But  we  find  him  constantly 
looking  for  inspiration  to  the  North, 
gladly  receiving  Dr.  Brown  when  on  a 
visit  to  London,  and  eager  to  know  what 
Playfair  or  another  thought  of  his  biquad- 
ratic. Lord  Webb  Seymour,  having 
once  reached  Edinburgh,  lived  there  or 
in  its  neighbourhood  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  devoted  to  his  books  and  lite- 
rary friends.  "  Slow,  thoughtful,  re- 
served, and  very  gentle,"  wrote  Lord 
Cockburn  in  his  '  Memorials,' 

"  he  promoted  the  philosophical  taste  even 
of  Horner,  and  enjoyed  quietly  the  jocularity 
of  [Sydney]  Smith,  and  tried  gravely  to 
refute  the  argumentative  levities  of  Jeffrey. 
His  special  associate  was  Playfair.  They 
used  to  be  called  husband  and  wife,  and  in 
congeniality  and  affection  no  union  could 
be  more  complete." 

A  certain  mild  futility  characterized  Lord 
Webb,  for  he  left  nothing  behind  him. 
But  he  was  thinking  all  the  time,  and 
thinking  hard.  Thus,  while  on  a  visit 
to  Hamilton  Castle,  he  was — 

"  engaged  by  the  races,  &c.  Am  endea- 
vouring to  extract  what  I  can  from  the 
occurrences  of  the  gay  scenes  around  me 
for  '  speculations  on  the  emotions,'  and 
with  some  success." 

A  backer  who  has  lost  heavily  is 
wont  to  express  his  emotions  with  some 
freedom  ;  but,  joking  apart,  Lord  Webb 
does  seem  to  have  had  the  root  of  the 
matter  in  him  ;  while  in  the  Duke's 
suggestion  that  he  should  take  physiology 
into  account  we  have  a  vague  anticipation 
of  Darwin. 

Lord  Webb  Seymour  was  given  to 
impressing  his  views  on  his  friends  with 
much  earnestness  and  prolixity.  Hallam 
received  some  criticisms  on  '  The  Middle 
Ages  '  which,  if  we  may  judge  from  the 
historian's  reply,  embraced  arrangement, 
style,  treatment, — everything.  Horner, 
sad  to  relate,  when  taken  to  task  for  a 
speech  against  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  "  went  down  to  avoid  punish- 
ment "  :— 

"  You  will  not  think  it  odd,  that  I  have 
not  said  anything  of  the  friendly  letter  I 
received  from  you,  while  I  was  on  tho  last 
spring  circuit.  I  took  it  as  you  meant  it  ; 
as  the  interposition  of  your  authority  as  a 
friend  rather  than  opening  a  controversy 
with  me.  I  think  I  could  justify  myself 
on  many  points,  where  you  have  mistaken 
me,  or  been  misinformed  about  me  ;  then 
there  is  a  great  allowance  to  be  made,  in 
your  judgment  of  my  conduct,  for  tho  con- 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


437 


siderable  difference  of  opinion  that  still 
exists,  as  it  has  always  done,  between  yon 
and  myself  upon  some  fundamental  points 
of  politics,  both  foreign  and  domestic." 

Horner  was  a  busy  barrister  and  member 
of  Parliament,  and  may  well  have  felt 
that  a  letter  from  a  leisurely  philosopher, 
which  in  its  printed  form  occupies  over 
five  solid  pages,  might  be  passed  as  an 
indigestible  hors  iVceuvrc.  But  his  anti- 
Bourbon  views  much  exercised  the  Sey- 
mour brothers,  of  whom  the  Duke  cannot 
be  said  to  have  precisely  grasped  the 
international  situation  as  it  developed 
after  the  first  overthrow  of  Napoleon. 
Thus  he  writes  on  May  4th,  1814  : — 

';  To  be  sure  the  present  prospect  is  delight- 
ful. Balance  of  power,  public  law,  municipal 
law,  political  liberty,  mixed  governments, 
religious  toleration,  liberty  of  the  press, 
advancement  of  science,  instruction  of  the 
lower  orders,  diffusion  of  knowledge,  revival 
of  commerce,  freedom  of  trade  ;  all  these 
things  arc  now  in  the  foreground.  And  the 
want  of  them  all  has  lately  been  such,  that 
I  trust  Europeans  have  learnt  to  know 
their  value." 

Metternich,  who  declines  an  invitation 
from  the  Duchess  of  Somerset  on  the 
next  page  of  Lady  Guendolen  Ramsden's 
book,  would  have  been  much  diverted  by 
these  speculations,  had  they  caught  his 
eye.  He  took  good  care  to  put  down 
political  liberty,  mixed  governments,  and 
that  sort  of  thing. 

The  Duke  of  Somerset  was  socially 
inclined,  and  commented  with  some 
humour  on  the  arrival  of  Madame  de 
Stael  in  London  : — 

"  In  my  last  letter  I  mentioned  going  to 
visit  Madame  de  Stael.  She  was  just  going 
out  as  I  got  to  the  door,  and.  but  for  Mr. 
Rogers  who  was  coming  out  as  I  went  in, 
1  should  not  have  gained  admittance.  There 
were  many  persons  with  her,  and  she  was 
running  about  and  talking  as  fast  as  possible. 
Her  dress  and  manners  are  very  extraordinary. 
The  news  of  Lord  Wellington's  victory  had 
just  arrived,  and  she  descanted  upon  it 
witli  much  animation.  I  can  not  better 
describe  to  you  the  bustle  she  makes,  than 
by  saying  that  leaving  her,  the  streets  of 
London  seemed  solitary  :  for,  as  to  noise 
and  hurry  and  rapidity  in  the  succession  of 
events,  there  is  as  much  difference  between 
her  room  and  them,  as  between  them  and 
the  park  at  Bulstrode." 

Lord  Lansdowne  also  kept  the  Duke  well 
posted  in  public  affairs,  while  his  amiable 
Duchess  had  a  large  circle  of  correspond- 
ents, including  the  much-married  Duchess 
of  Sagan,  the  patriotic  Pole,  Prince 
Czartoryski,  and  Lord  Eldon's  brother, 
the  agreeable  Lord  Stowell.  The  last 
of  them,  then  Sir  William  Scott,  sent  her 
a  character  of  Romilly,  on  the  occasion 
of  his  tragic  death  by  his  own  hand,  which 
is  curiously  at  variance  witli  the  usual 
descriptions  of  that  enlightened  man  :— 

"  I  cannot  say  that  I  felt  the  Surprise 
that  you  express  at  the  Catastrophe  of  Sir 
Samttel.  I  always  knew  Him  to  be  a  Man 
of  violent  Temper,  and  thought  that  He 
might  easily  enough  be  worked  up  to  a 
degree  of  morbid  Excitement  by  Events 
that  strongly  affected  his  Passions.  He 
was  uiKpier-tionably  a  Man  of  powerful 
Talents — particularly  so  in  the  Exercise  of 
his  Profession.  But  even  there  in  his 
Practice  He  was  unable  to  restrain  tho  warmth 


of  his  Temper,  and,  from  Impatience  of 
Contradiction  &  Control  he  used  to  indulge 
himself  in  Reflections  upon  his  Opponents, 
which  were  not  at  all  becoming  the  Occa- 
sion, and  sometimes  drew  upon  him  un- 
pleasant Retorts. 

The  majority  of  the  letters — especially 
after  the  Duke's  rank,  rather  than  his 
attainments,  had  raised  him  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  Royal  Society — are  con- 
cerned with  men  of  science,  and  inter- 
esting points  may  be  picked  out,  such  as 
Sir  Humphry  Davy's  supposed  imitation 
of  Cuvier  in  his  lectures,  and  Sir  John 
Barrow's  indignation  because  a  bay  had 
been  named  after  Baffin.  Sir  James  South 
tells  the  story  : — 

"  Mr.  Barrow,  addressing  Mr.  Walker, 
said  '  Bring  me  down  the  copper  plate  of 
our  Map  of  the  Polar  Regions.'  He  did  so. 
Mr.  Barrow  taking  the  plate,  and  putting 
his  finger  on  Baffin's  Bay.  said.  '  Mr.  Walker 
there  is  Baffin's  Bay — Baffin's  Bay — d — d 
nonsense — no  such  bay  exists — d — d  non- 
sense !  Baffin  was  a  stupid  old  fool — beat 
it  out  Mr.  Walker — beat  it  out — a  d — d 
hoax  from  beginning  to  end  ' — Mr.  Walker 
was  astonished  ;  which  Mr.  Barrow  observ- 
ing, repeated  his  orders.  '  beat  it  out — beat 
it  out  Mr.  Walker,  and  let  me  see  the  plate 
when  you  have  done  it.'  ' 

The  Duke  also  made  collections  of 
'  Dreams,  Visions,  and  Presensions,'  to 
which  he  furnished  a  sententious  preface, 
and  of  which  we  need  only  say  that  they 
are  racier  than  those  recently  contributed 
to  a  morning  paper.  Among  them  is  an 
account  of  the  well-known  premonition 
of  death  entertained  by  the  Major  Howard 
whom  Byron  immortalized  in  '  Childe 
Harold.' 

Lady  Guendolen's  notions  of  editing 
are  original,  but  not  ineffective.  Long 
extracts  from  Harriet  Martineau  and 
quotations  from  Haydn's  '  Dictionary  of 
Dates '  set  forth  information  which  a 
more  experienced  hand  would  have  con- 
densed into  a  foot-note.  She  has  failed 
to  elucidate  an  allusion  or  two,  such  as 
Lord  Lansdowne's  reference  to  an  "  illus- 
trious personage  "  who  was  to  have  been 
sent  out  to  take  command  in  the  Pen- 
insula (p.  79).  This  was  the  Duke  of 
York,  who,  as  Greville  tells  us,  bitterly 
resented  the  preference  given  to  the  Duke 
of  Wellington.  On  the  whole,  however, 
Lady  Guendolen  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  a  competent  and  conscientious  piece 
of  work. 


= 

The  Principal  Navigations,  Voyages,  Traf- 
figues,  and  Discoveries  of  the  English 
Nation.  By  Richard  Hakluyt.  (Glas- 
gow, MacLehose  &  Sons.) 

The  English  Voyages  of  the  Sixteenth 
Century.  By  Walter  Raleigh.  (Same 
publishers.) 

Hakluytus  Posthumus  or  Purchas  his 
Pilgrimes  :  contayning  a  History  of  the 
World  in  Sea  Voyages  and  Lande 
Travells  by  Englishmen  and  Others.  By 
Samuel  Purchas.     (Same  publishers.) 

Prof.  Raleigh's  introduction  to  Hakluyt. 
published  in  the  concluding  volume  of  the 
series  together  with  a  most  valuable 
index,    and    afterwards    reprinted    as    a 


separate  work,  is  perhaps  more  of  a  eulogy 
than  a  critical  account  of  the  collection 
of  voyages  with  which  it  deals.  Nor  is  this 
to  be  wondered  at.  There  are  times  when 
eulogy  is  the  truest  criticism,  and  with 
the  eye  fixed  on  the  central  episode  of 
Hakluyt,  the  victory  over  Spain  in  the 
contest  for  English  independence,  we  can 
agree  that  no  language  is  extravagant  to 
praise  the  deeds  of  the  generation  of  Drake 
and  Raleigh,  of  Bacon  and  Hooker,  of 
Shakspeare  and  Marlowe.  '  The  English 
Voyages  of  the  Sixteenth  Century'  is 
written  with  an  adequate  knowledge  of 
the  naval  history  of  the  time,  and  with 
a  full  appreciation  of  the  life-work  of 
Richard  Hakluyt,  but  becomes  most 
interesting  when  it  enters  on  the  author's 
own  sphere  of  labour  and  treats  of  the 
influence  of  the  voyages  on  poetry  and 
imagination. 

The  value  of  Prof.  Raleigh's  work  would 
have  been  increased  if  he  had  recognized 
more  explicitly  the  European  nature  of 
the  movement  towards  the  sea.  and  thus 
brought  out  the  special  result  of  our 
national  temperament  on  the  general 
characteristics  of  the  Western  Renais- 
sance ;  the  lateness  of  our  voyages  in 
strange  seas  of  thought  as  well  as  to  new 
countries,  and  our  coming  last  into  the 
field  and  reaping  the  richest  harvest. 
But  while  he  retains  the  more  insular 
standpoint,  lie  enters  admirably  into 
the  Elizabethan  spirit,  and  the  re- 
sult is  an  illuminating  and  enter- 
taining essay.  What  Prof.  Raleigh  will 
think  of  the  way  in  which  he  ran  amock 
among  the  poets  of  the  nineteenth- 
century  Romantic  Revival,  when  he- 
returns  to  a  more  sober  frame  of  mind, 
is  another  question.  His  choice  of 
Godwin's  '  Political  Justice  '  as  the 
nineteenth-century  counterpart  of  Hak- 
luyt's  '  Voyages  '  in  the  formation  of 
poetical  thought  will  astonish  those  who 
forget  '  Queen  Mab  '  and  the  references 
to  "Primus"  in  other  poems.  The 
Elizabethan  men  of  action  could  not  have 
found  a  better  panegyrist  than  Prof. 
Raleigh  ;  a  mere  recital  of  their  deeds 
and  motives  would  have  made  an  inter- 
esting book,  and  when  this  recital  is  the 
work  of  a  writer  well  fitted  for  his  task, 
the  book  becomes  a  work  of  art — litera- 
ture in  the  best  sense. 

If  Hakluyt  and  Purchas  had  held  them- 
selves bound  within  the  narrow  limits 
of  a  title-page,  pedantic  accuracy  might 
have  been  gratified,  but  assuredly  then 
work  would  never  have  formed  a  stately 
library  in  the  magnificent  reprint  of 
Messrs.  MacLehose.  The  careful  reader 
of  "  the  great  prase-epic  of  the  modem 
English  nation "  soon  finds  it  made 
up  of  the  observations  and  adventures 
of  travellers  far  from  being  English  in 
any  sense  of  the  word,  and  that  when 
the  narrator  is  an  Englishman,  he  was 
often  but  one  in  a  crew  of  foreign  seamen 
going  about  their  accustomed  voyages 
Hakluyt  and  Purchas  tell  the  history  not 
only  of  the  English  voyages  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  but  of  the  struggle  for  the  com- 
mand of  the  sea  by  the  nations  of  Western 
Europe.     As   in   other   manifestations    of 

9 


438 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4120,  Oct.  18,  1906 


the  Western  Renaissance,  England  came 
last  into  the  field,  and  in  this  particular 
•one  her  earliest  efforts  were  often 
misdirected,  and  the  results  obtained 
were  foredoomed  to  ultimate  sterility. 
Hakluyt  preserves  for  us  the  history  of 
the  early  days  of  our  trade  with  Russia, 
and  with  the  Levant,  the  home  of  Islam. 
These,  with  the  ancient  and  profitable 
intercourse  with  Burgundy,  which  pre- 
vented our  breaking  with  Spain  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  were 
our  commercial  successes  ;  but  the  Mus- 
covy trade  did  not  long  flourish  on  the 
paths  found  out  for  it  by  English 
discoverers,  and  the  Turkey  merchants 
owed  their  security,  such  as  it  was,  to 
the  galleys  of  the  Spaniards,  of  the  Pope, 
and  of  the  Knights  of  Malta.  Yet,  mis- 
directed and  uninspiring  as  these  efforts 
seem  by  the  side  of  the  gigantic  work  of 
Portugal  in  opening  out  the  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Indian  Oceans,  of  Spain 
in  Central  and  South  America  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  of  France  in  the  North 
Atlantic,  they  had  one  effect,  unforeseen, 
but  of  incalculable  importance  in  the 
history  of  the  world  :  they  furnished  the 
ships,  the  men,  and  the  stores  which  broke 
down  the  naval  power  of  Spain,  grown, 
through  the  absorption  of  Portugal  and 
the  internal  wars  of  France,  into  the  arbiter 
of  Europe.  The  defeat  of  the  Armada 
and  the  victories  which  followed  form  the 
natural  close  of  Hakluyt's  work. 

In  Purchas,  on  the  other  hand,  we  see 
the  foundation  of  modern  commercial 
geography  already  laid.  The  mirage  of 
the  short  sea  passage  to  China  had  been 
effectually  dispersed  in  his  time,  and  in 
effect  a  new  cosmography  had  to  be 
written.  The  North  American  voyages 
in  Hakluyt,  interesting  as  they  are  from 
a  purely  historical  point  of  view,  brought 
nothing  to  the  country,  and  took  much 
out  of  it.  A  century  later  all  that  can 
be  said  in  their  praise  is,  "  Possibly  many 
ports  and  islands  in  America,  that  are 
bare  and  barren,  and  only  bear  a  name 
for  the  present,  may  prove  rich  places  in 
future  time."  But  Purchas  gives  us  the 
original  documents  for  the  topography  of 
the  whole  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America 
known  to  the  civilized  world  of  his  day. 
We  can  conceive  no  more  inspiring 
textbooks  for  the  student  of  historical 
geography.  True,  they  are  studded  with 
misconceptions,  with  errors  of  fact  and  of 
observation  ;  but  from  the  examination 
of  these  errors  of  observation  we  may 
learn  about  the  observer  and  his  times 
much  that  lists  of  proved  facts  would  not 
have  yielded. 

The  qualities  that  make  a  book  success- 
ful in  its  own  day  are  not  usually  those 
which  appeal  to  readers  in  succeeding  ages. 
Hakluyt  seemed  to  his  contemporaries 
not  so  much  a  historiographer  as  a  geo- 
grapher. The  ignorance  of  the  English 
public  on  these  matters  was  incredible. 
The  1535  edition  of  Bartholomew  '  De 
Proprietatibus  Rerum,'  a  book  written 
about  1250,  founded  on  Pliny  and  other 
writers  even  less  trustworthy,  was  almost 
the  only  authority  on  geographical  matters 
open  to  them.     Even  in  1582,  the  year  of 


Hakluyt's  first  publication,  nearly  half  a 
century  after  the  publication  of  Munster's 
'  Cosmography,'  Simon  Batman,  who  put 
succeeding  generations  of  scholars  under 
an  incalculable  debt  by  forming  Arch- 
bishop Parker's  collection  of  manuscripts, 
issued  a  new  edition  of  Bartholomew  for 
popular  instruction,  brought  up  to  date 
and  modified  by  the  results  of  travel, 
indeed,  but  still  full  of  the  old  fables. 
Moreover  Hakluyt  was  an  editor ;  he 
rarely  published  complete  works,  and  he 
seems  to  have  been  free  from  any  diffi- 
culty of  copyright.  Purchas  fell  a  victim 
to  the  seduction  of  the  folio.  He  does 
not  abridge  or  summarize  to  the  same 
extent  as  Hakluyt ;  his  work  is  rather 
a  collection  than  a  single  '  History.' 
In  the  matter  of  style  there  is  little  to 
choose  between  them ;  neither  of  the  books 
has  the  slightest  claim  to  be  considered 
as  literature.  Hakluyt  himself  wrote 
well,  Purchas  moderately  so,  still  their 
own  contributions  to  the  works  which 
bear  their  names  are  small.  The  value 
of  these  books  does  not  lie  in  their 
style  :  they  are  the  records  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  modern  world.  The  republica- 
tion of  Purchas's  '  Pilgrims  '  is  a  service 
of  the  first  order  to  students,  and  no 
library  of  any  importance  can  afford  to 
miss  his  volumes  from  its  shelves.  So 
far  as  we  have  tested  it,  the  reprint  is 
accurate,  the  reproductions  of  the  maps 
and  sketches  of  the  original  are  well 
done,  and  when  the  index  volume  appears 
and  makes  its  contents  readily  available, 
readers  will  have  before  them  a  compen- 
dium of  the  geography  of  the  world  as  it 
was  known  to  our  ancestors  up  to  the  end 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  when  another 
era  of  discovery  opened.  Messrs.  Mac- 
Lehose  are  indeed  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  successful  issue,  now  arrived  at  its 
sixteenth  volume,  of  this  noble  addition 
to  the  history  of  the  conquest  of  the  earth 
by  modern  commerce.  We  say  addition, 
for  Purchas  is  so  rare  a  volume,  that  the 
work  comes  to  most  of  us  as  new. 


The  Knights  of  England.  By  W.  A. 
Shaw,  Litt.D.  2  vols.  (Sherratt  & 
Hughes.) 

To  those  who  until  now  have  had  to  be 
content  with  referring  to  a  small  library 
of  books  for  information  on  the  subject, 
Dr.  Shaw's  two  imposing  volumes  on  the 
knights  of  England  will  come  as  a  real 
boon ;  the  more  so  as  the  work  is  not  con- 
fined to  England  merely,  but  is  "a  Com- 
plete Record  from  the  Earliest  Time  to 
the  Present  Day  of  the  Knights  of  all 
the  Orders  of  Chivalry  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  and  of  Knights 
Bachelors."  The  work  was  first  projected 
as  a  book  of  Knights  Bachelors  only,  but, 
by  the  advice  of  the  present  Deputy 
Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,  was  sub- 
sequently extended  in  scope  as  the  sub- 
title indicates. 

The  first  volume,  besides  including  a 
short  preface  of  12  pages  and  a  useful 
historical  introduction  of  63  pages,  con- 
tains 480  other  pages,  which  are  devoted  to 


lists  of  the  Knights  of  the  various  Orders 
down  to  1904.  The  second  volume  con- 
tains a  list  of  Knights  Bachelors  extend- 
ing over  415  pages,  and  an  exhaustive 
index  of  253  pages  to  the  whole  work. 

In  compiling  so  vast  an  undertaking 
Dr.  Shaw  has  not  only  availed  himself 
of  all  the  trustworthy  printed  sources, 
but  has  also  had  free  access,  by  the 
courtesy  of  the  officers  in  charge,  to  the 
records  of  the  various  Orders.  His  work 
bears,  therefore,  an  official  stamp  which 
adds  greatly  to  its  value.  Dr.  Shaw  refers 
in  graceful  terms  to  the  help  accorded  him 
by  his  wife,  who 

"  has  turned  over  the  Gazette,  page  by  page, 
from  the  very  earliest  issue  to  the  present 
day,  taking  out  every  knighthood,  and  has 
further  assisted  me  in  the  transcription  and 
indexing  of  the  book,  as  well  as  in  the 
stupefying  work  of  collating  with  the  annual 
publications,  such  as  the  'Imperial  Calendar,' 
Burke,  and  Dod." 

The  collection  of  materials  for  such  a 
work  has  not  been  without  its  difficulties, 
and  in  connexion  with  the  lists  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  Dr. 
Shaw  makes  a  somewhat  startling  state- 
ment : — 

"  My  collation  of  the  register  of  this 
Order  has  destroyed  the  superstitious  rever- 
ence which  I  once  felt  for  the  London 
Gazette.  All  Englishmen  have  been  bred 
in  the  belief  that  questions  of  promotion 
and  of  precedence  are  decided  entirely  by 
the  date  of  gazetting.  It  was  a  rude  shock 
to  this  belief  to  find  that  for  more  than  50 
years  of  the  history  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George  the  dates  of  the 
warrants  of  appointment,  as  contained  in 
the  Register,  never  agree  with  the  dates  of 
gazetting.  In  some  cases  there  is  a  differ- 
ence even  of  months.  There  can  surely  be 
no  doubt  that  if  the  Gazette  does  not  agree 
with  the  warrant  of  appointment,  then  the 
Gazette  is  wrong.  The  warrant  of  appoint- 
ment is  the  decisive  and  final  authority." 

Dr.  Shaw's  further  remarks  on  the  subject 
deserve  consideration  from  the  authori- 
ties who  are  responsible  for  this 
anomalous  state  of  things. 

To  the  difficulties  in  compiling  a  list 
of  Knights  Bachelors  Dr.  Shaw's  preface 
bears  witness,  but  he  has  apparently  over- 
looked one  source  which  would  have  sup- 
plied him  with  a  large  number  of  authentic 
additional  names  for  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  and  even  for  the  earlier 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
authority  in  question  is  the  list  (published 
so  long  ago  as  1861)  in  Haines's  well- 
known  work  on  the  monumental  brasses 
of  the  British  Isles.  So  far  as  we  have 
tested  this,  there  is  hardly  a  page  which 
does  not  yield  the  name  of  a  knight 
who  is  absent  from  Dr.  Shaw's  index. 
Although  there  may  not  be  any  record 
when  knighthood  was  conferred  on  Sir 
John  d'Aubernoun,  or  Sir  Roger  de 
Trumpington,  or  Sir  Hugh  Hastings,  and 
scores  of  other  brave  men  whose  memorials 
in  brass  or  stone  remain,  there  can  surely 
be  no  reason  against  their  inclusion  in  a 
list  which  contains  so  imperfect  a  series 
of  names  as  the  knights  created  by  Ed- 
ward III.  at  the  "  Seige  "  {sic]  of  Calais. 

The  general  contents  of  Dr.  Shaw's 
worl4hardly  fall  within  the  limits  of  criti- 


N°  4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


439 


•eism,  but  we  feel  bound  to  utter  a  protest 
against  his  needless  alteration  of  the 
enumeration  of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter 
as  laid  down  bjr  Beltz,  through  the  omission 
of  King  Edward  III.  from  the  head  of 
-the  list.  Surely  the  equality  of  the 
members  was  one  of  the  first  principles 
of  the  famous  Order,  and  no  one  was  more 
ready  to  admit  this  than  the  founder  and 
'first  of  its  knights. 

Dr.  Shaw  includes  in  his  work  a 
]ist  of  those  upon  whom  His  Majesty 
'King  Edward  VII.  has  conferred  the 
personal  decoration  called  the  Royal 
■Victorian  Chain,  but  he  has  omitted  the 
name  of  one  of  its  first  recipients,  the  late 
Archbishop  Temple,  upon  whom  it  was 
bestowed  at  the  Coronation.  Has  it  not 
also  been  conferred  on  Archbishop  David- 
son ? 

'  The  Knights  of  England  '  is  beautifully 
-printed,  and  the  volumes  are  not  unduly 
heavy.  The  work  is  also  singularly  free 
from  misprints,  "  plusieurs  sultre  "  (ii.  10), 
"  Coubett,"  apparently  for  Corbett  (ii.  15), 
"  Aberdenny,"  for  Abergenny  (ii.  16),  and 
falcons  "  belted  "  instead  of  "  belled  "  (ii. 
28),  being  among  the  few  we  have  noticed. 
"Reference  also  occurs  more  than  once  to 
Garter  "  King-at-arms."  who  is  elsewhere 
irightly  described. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

No  Friend  like  a  Sister.     By  Rosa  Nou- 
chette  Carey.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Miss  Carey  can  always  command  her 
own  public  for  her  mild  but  agreeable 
tales  of  the  uneventful  doings  of  unremark- 
able people.  Her  popularity  is  no  doubt 
deservedly  due  in  great  part  to  the  ex- 
treme wholesomeness  of  her  tone,  which 
makes  her  stories  eminently  suitable  for 
the  young  girl,  and  also  to  a  love  of 
detail  which  appeals  to  a  certain  order 
of  mind  in  old  and  young  alike.  Of  the 
three  sisters  in  her  new  book,  each  of 
whom  goes  her  own  way,  two  are  devoted 
friends,  whilst  the  eldest,  Augusta,  a 
good  type  of  unsatisfied  femininity,  is  of  a 
•difficult  and  imperious  temper.  There 
is  also  a  young  sister-in-law,  who,  until 
her  soul's  awakening,  rebels  against  her 
■wifely  duty,  but  is  on  good  terms  with 
her  husband's  family.  There  is  no  excess 
of  emotion  in  the  story,  the  most  sensa- 
tional incident  being  a  love  affair  between 
&  daughter  of  an  exclusive  county  family 
and  a  yeoman  farmer.  Miss  Carey  is  at 
her  best  in  her  descriptions  of  country 
life,  and  in  this  case  the  fashionable 
and  Bohemian  folk  are  wisely  kept 
subservient  to  the  simpler  specimens  of 
humanity. 

Rachel    the    Outsider.     By    Mrs.    H.    H. 

Penrose.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) 
A  sensitive,  imaginative  child  may 
reasonably  be  expected  to  suffer  when 
she  is  thrust  suddenly  into  a  large  family 
of  uncongenial  cousins.  Rachel's  experi- 
ences, however,  were  particularly  unfor- 
tunate, for  it  is  happily  not  usual  for  the 
elder  members  of   a   family  to  regard    a 


niece  with  disfavour  mainly  because  she 
has    been    left    unprovided    for    by    her 
parents.     But   this   is   a  story   in   which 
the   amiable   and   kindly   people   have   a 
tendency    to    be   trodden   down   by   the 
disagreeable   contingent,    of   which   there 
is  more  than  a  fair  share  in  the  circle  in 
which    Rachel    finds    herself.     Her    rapid 
development    into    a    clever,     handsome 
girl,    and   even    her    amazing    leap    into 
literary     fame,     do     not     conclude     her 
troubles,     since,     owing     to     an     impro- 
bable secret  which  is  kept  from  her  con- 
cerning her  lover's  identity,  she  is  for  a 
time  the  victim  of  a  serious  misunderstand- 
ing.    Mrs.     Penrose    is    a    conscientious 
writer,    but   too    much    care   and   labour 
have  been  bestowed  upon  the  construction 
of    Rachel's    character,    which    seems    to 
lack  spontaneous  charm.     Of  this,    how- 
ever, there  is  full  measure  in  the  person- 
ality of  Aunt  Jane,  who,  in  spite  of  her 
inconsequence     and    eccentricities,    gives 
the  impression  of    being  the   happiest,  if 
not  the  most  sensible  person  in  the  book. 


Hazel  of  Hazeldean.     By  Mrs.  Fred  Rey- 
nolds.    (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Ax  inevitable  flavour  of  romance  attaches 
to  those  few  cases  of  women  who  have 
successfully  masqueraded  through  life  in 
man's  attire.  Mrs.  Reynolds,  however, 
attempts  too  much,  and  puts  an  unwar- 
rantable strain  upon  the  credulity  of  the 
reader,  when  she  tries  to  make  him  believe 
that  a  girl  of  good  intelligence  and  un- 
usual beauty  grows  up  to  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, under  the  care  of  a  female  guardian, 
in  the  unshaken  belief  that  she  is  a  boy. 
Hazel  spends  her  days  in  close  companion- 
ship with  a  delicate  boy  cousin,  and  is 
equipped  by  her  innocent  tutor  with  all 
the  physical  and  mental  accomplishments 
of  a  cultivated  English  gentleman.  The 
secret  of  her  sex  is  finally  broken  to  her 
unsuspecting  mind  by  her  guardian,  the 
sole  person  possessed  of  it,  and  it  is  not 
hard  to  guess  how  the  problem  of  her 
future  existence  is  subsequently  solved. 
Mrs.  Reynolds,  in  spite  of  a  certain  vivid- 
ness in  her  description,  has  not  the  power 
to  make  her  reader  accept  the  impossible, 
and  her  knowledge  of  men  and  women 
is  probably  greater  than  her  knowledge 
of  bovs. 


The     Unde  filed.      By    F.     A.     Mathews. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

A  beautiful  American  girl  with  an 
adorable  smile  and  eyes  celestial  in  the 
sense  of  having  a  slight  tilt,  who  labours 
under  a  chronic  liability  to  be  kidnapped 
by  a  French  duke,  is  bound  to  figure  in 
a  bewildering  succession  of  sensational 
situations,  even  without  a  faithless  hus- 
band and  two  or  three  high -principled 
adorers.  Britons  will  not  regard  her 
relations  with  the  millionaire,  who  is 
timed  to  be  on  the  spot  in  France  or  New 
York  when  she  is  in  danger,  as  conven- 
tional ;  while  her  treatment  of  the  young 
friend  with  whom  she  catches  her  husband 
first  love-making,  and  then  eloping,  is 
exceptional,  if  not  absolutely  original. 
The  upshot  of  much  hustling  through 
incidents  and  coincidences  enough  to  fill 
three  ordinary  novels  is  a  triumph  of 
the  proprieties,  calculated  to  pacify  Mrs. 
Grundy  herself. 


The   Swimmers. 
(Heinemann.) 
This    is    a    long 
story,    feminine    in 
many    parts    clever 


By    Edith    S.    Rorison. 


and    carefully    written 

every  line,    and    in 

The    reader    is   in- 


Sinless.     By  Maud  H.  Yardley.     (Sisley.) 

This  story  of  mistaken  personality 
occurring  between  a  pair  of  husbands 
and  a  pair  of  wives  after  ten  years' 
separation,  although  improbable,  is  not 
impossible.  The  improbability  is  re- 
deemed by  the  very  delicate  way  in 
which  the  consequent  tragedy  is  handled. 
When  once  we  have  got  over  the  initial 
difficulty,  the  working  out  of  the  drama 
proceeds  with  smooth  intensity.  We  con- 
gratulate Messrs.  Sisley  on  their  first 
novel,  and  we  hope  they  may  form  an 
addition  to  the  list  of  firms,  now  unfor- 
tunately not  large,  whose  names  as  the 
publishers  on  the  back  of  a  book  are 
some  criterion  of  the  worth  of  the  inside. 


troduced  in  the  first  place  to  the  life 
of  a  German  boarding-school,  where  girl 
pupils  of  several  European  nationalities 
are  gathered  for  "finishing"  purposes.  He 
is  then  suddenly  switched  off  from  this 
branch  of  the  narrative,  and  called  upon 
to  interest  himself  in  a  bachelor  who  lives 
in  lodgings  near  Earl's  Court,  with  a 
little  sister  aged  nine,  to  whom  he  plays 
nurse,  instructor,  and  guardian,  in  the 
intervals  of  inventing  torpedo  accessories. 
The  story  is  both  too  long  and  sadly 
involved.  Its  mechanism  is  not  good,  and 
it  stands  in  need  of  trenchant  revision. 
These  are  serious  faults,  but  the  author's 
cleverness  and  enthusiasm  go  far  toward 
making  the  reader  forget  them.  There 
is  talent  here,  but  it  lacks  discipline. 
With  sincere,  unhurried  effort,  the  author 
should  presently  produce  something  better. 
In  the  meantime  '  The  Swimmers '  is  a 
readable  novel,  full  of  crisp  dialogue  and 
bright,  descriptive  passages,  drawn,  per- 
haps, from  personal  experience. 


Minvale :     the    Story    of    a    Strike.      By 
Orme  Agnus.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

The  scene  is  an  unlovely  village  in  a 
valley  of  the  Peak  district,  over  the  work- 
people of  which  domineers  the  self-made 
owner  of  its  cotton  factory  and  three- 
fourths  of  its  unsanitary  houses.  The 
hands  have  been  deterred  by  threats  of 
dismissal  from  joining  the  trade  union, 
but  at  length  the  master's  bad  faith  and 
disregard  of  their  rights  drive  the  leading 
spirits  to  organize  a  strike,  soon  after 
the  arrival  of  a  new  vicnr,  who — though 
a  love  affair  makes  it  his  interest  to  sup- 
port the  employer — struggles  manfully 
side  by  side  with  the  Primitive  Methodist 
preacher  to  ward  off  starvation  and 
violence.  The  sufferings  entailed  by  the 
bitter  struggle  are   sympathetically   and 


440 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


dramatically  delineated.  After  several 
thrilling  situations  and  severe  losses  on 
both  sides,  the  men  have  their  rights 
granted  to  them.  The  moral  of  this 
wholesome  book  is  the  platitude  that 
both  employers  and  employed  should 
avoid  strikes  if  possible. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

A  Literary  History  of  the  English  People 
is  the  title  of  M.  Jusserand's  chief  book, 
the  merit  of  which  will  soon  complete  the 
fulfilment  of  the  prophecy  addressed  to 
him  thirty  years  ago  by  another  great 
French  ambassador,  when  not  yet  himself 
a  diplomat  :  "  You  !  you'll  die  in  the  skin 
of  Ambassador  -  Academician."  The  first 
volume  appeared  in  French  in  1894,  and 
bore  as  sub-title  '  Origin  to  Renaissance.' 
It  ended  with  the  followers  of  Chaucer, 
and  v.  as  duly  issued  in  English  by  Mr.  Fisher 
Unwin  as  "  Vol.  I."  of  the  '  History.'  The 
second  volume  was  finished  by  M.  Jusse- 
rand  in  the  autumn  of  1903.  and  published 
late  in  1904.  It  was  eulogistically  reviewed 
by  us  in  the  seven  columns  of  our  first 
article  on  December  31st  of  that  year. 
Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  now  publishes,  with  the 
full  sub-title  of  the  second  French  volume, 
'  From  the  Renaissance  to  the  Civil  War,' 
the  English  version,  not  of  the  whole,  but  of 
half  that  volume.  We  assume  that  the 
small  "  I."'  after  the  sub-title  means  that 
we  are  soon  to  have  the  rest.  We  also 
assume,  from  the  nature  of  some  changes 
and  the  addition  of  many  notes,  that  the 
version  before  us  is  from  the  pen  of  the  author, 
or  of  his  distinguished  wife,  French  Embas- 
sadress  at  Washington.  It  clearly  has  the 
benefit  of  at  least  revision  by  M.  Jusserand. 
Among  differences  between  the  English 
volume  and  the  French  we  note  the  omission 
of  the  index,  and  the  insertion  of  an  excellent 
reproduction  of  the  "  Bale  drawing  "  of  the 
Mores  and  Margaret  Roper.  The  French 
index  was  evidently  a  work  of  love — indeed, 
the  usual  course  in  France  is  to  give  only  a 
full  table  of  contents  and  no  index.  We 
ou»ht  to  have  one — of  the  same  names  and 
titles — in  the  next  English  volume. 

The  part  before  us  ends  with  '  The  Novel,' 
Lyly,  Nash,  Greene,  and  the  '  Arcadia.' 
It  contains,  of  course,  M.  Jusserand's  noble 
pages  on  the  English  and  Scotch  late 
Renaissance,  and  on  the  Reformation.  It 
finishes  before  the  chapter  of  the  original 
on  '  The  Predecessors  of  Shakespeare.' 
It  includes  the  celebrated  demolition  of 
Spenser's  reputation  as  man  and  poet. 
M.  .lusserand  is  so  polite  to  us  in  this,  his 
second  country,  that  he  does  not  admit  the 
destruction  he  has  wrought,  hut  it  is  obvious 
to  the  impartial.  We  prefer  our  own  render- 
ing of  some  passages  of  the  original  to  that 
now  published.  In  our  review  we  "beat 
his  hu a  culpa  on  his  neighbour's  breast"; 
here  we  find  it  "striking."'  We  think  we 
could    better   "the   cause  has   been  heard." 

Enormous  flatteries  "  gives  to  the  adjective 
its  French  shade  of  meaning,  which  may  be 
lost  on  the  English  reader.  In  the  second 
and  third  lines  of  the  volume  the  tnieavx 
of  the  players  become  ''"scaffolds."  sugges- 
tive of  Tower  Hill.  The  Elizabethans  did 
not  fear  to  write  of  the  "  platform  "  and  its 
"planks,"  and  "stage"  is  used  by  Shake- 
spear.-  for  the  strolling  players'  "  trestles." 

Were  we  to  reopen  points  of  criticism 
covered  by  our  previous  survey  of  the  French 

original  we  should  discuss  with  M.  .Jusserand 
his  selection  of  Elizabeth  as  uninterested 
in  her  romantic  and  pastoral  poets,  made  on 
the  ground  that  she  had  a  peculiar  taste  for 


"  broad  jokes  and  coarse  anecdotes."  These 
suited  all  the  intellects  of  the  day,  in  France 
as  well  as  in  England,  and  were  not  then 
incompatible  with  what  we  style  opposite 
tastes.  Witness  the  well-known  case  of 
the  "  Margueritte  des  Marguerittes." 

Mr.  John  Murray  publishes  in  the  second 
year  of  issue,  as  he  did  in  the  first,  The 
British  Trade  Year-Book  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Schooling.  It  is  again  invaluable  to  sup- 
porters of  "  Tariff  Reform  "  and  of  "  Fair 
Trade."  The  accuracy  of  the  facts  labor- 
iously compiled,  and  powerfully  set  forth 
and  supported,  has  not,  we  think,  been 
disputed  since  the  appearance  of  the  former 
volume.  On  the  other  hand,  the  authorities 
of  the  Cobden  Club  may  think  the  author's 
method  to  be  one  specially  chosen  to  lead 
to  a  wished-for  result,  and  his  book  one- 
sided in  not  revealing  all  the  circumstances 
of  the  case.  Neither,  of  course,  can  any 
statistical  examination  prove  that  proposed 
remedies  for  relative  decline  of  trade  would 
not  be  worse  than  the  disease. 

Thk  historian  of  the  twentieth  century, 
when  he  comes  to  grapple  with  his  formidable 
task,  will  do  well  to  acquaint  himself  with 
Mr.  G.  W.  E.  Russell's  Social  Silhouettes 
(Smith  &  Elder).  They  catch  those  fleeting 
aspects  of  things  which,  once  let  slip, 
are  recovered  with  the  utmost  difficulty  : 
and  they  establish  suggestive  standards 
of  comparison  between  the  present  and 
a  comparatively  recent  past.  Mr.  Russell 
knows  Dickens,  Thackeray,  and  Disraeli  by 
heart,  nor  has  he  nealected  that  most  faith- 
ful of  writers  Anthony  Trollope.  Used 
illustratively,  they  supply  interesting  con- 
clusions as  to  the  survival  of  the  buck 
and  the  extinction  of  the  medical  student 
of  the  Bob  Sawyer  type.  Mr.  Russell  lias 
also  drawn  largely  on  his  own  social  expe- 
riences and  those  of  his  friends.  The  his- 
torian of  the  twentieth  century  will  have, 
of  course,  to  take  into  account  the  fact  that 
the  late  Lord  Houghton  and  Mr.  Russell 
did  not  belong  to  precisely  the  same  genera- 
tion, but  he  will  probably  have  an  exhaustive 
table  of  dates  before  him,  setting  forth  when 
Mr.  Russell  was  born,  when  he  "  went  up  " 
to  "  Univ.,"  and  when  he  expanded  into  an 
associate  of  Cabinet  ministers  and.  a  con- 
fidant of  High  Church  divines.  A  pleasing 
feature  in  these  '  Social  Silhouettes  '  is  their 
intimate  acquaintance  with  youth  in  its 
various  stages.  Thus  the  Oxford  under- 
graduate of  to-day  is  duly  presented  to  us 
as,  "  in  a  coloured  shirt  and  Norfolk  jacket 
and  bedroom  slippers,  with  his  head  bare 
and  his  gown  tied  round  his  neck,"  he  goes 
to  lecture  on  a  bicycle.  How  long  this  not 
altogether  satisfactory  phenomenon  will 
endure  who  shall  say  ?  Certain  it  is  that 
the  Oxford  undergraduates  of  the  late 
seventies — if  we  may  cap  recollections  with 
Mr.  Russell — so  far  from  being  emancipated 
slovens,  were  slaves  to  sartorial  convention. 
Torments  of  cold  woidd  be  endured  rather 
than  an  appearance  be  risked  at  the  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  sports  in  an  ulster  in  con- 
junction with  a  tall  hat.  A  black  chester- 
field was  your  only  wear  when  you  were  on 
parade  under  feminine  eyes ;  and  as  for 
smoking  a  pipe  in  the  street — well  do  we 
remember  the  consternation  created  by  the 
late  Mr.  T.  D.  Walker  appearing  at  Lord's 
after  lunch  with  a  briar — yes,  a  briar! — 
between  his  lips.  After  that,  the  under- 
graduate world  would  not  have  been  greatly 
surprised  if  a  guillotine  had  incontinently 
taken  the  place  of  the  scoring-board. 

'  Social  Silhouettes,'  it  is  not  unfair  to 
remark,  are  a  little  lacking  in  balance.  We 
are  told  much  about  Anglicanism — the 
typical  candidate  for  orders,  the  country 
parson,  the  town  parson,   the  bishop,   and 


the  popular  preacher — always  with  insight 
and  sympathy.  Nonconformity,  on  the 
other  hand,  can  hardly  be  said  to  exist  in 
Mr.  Russell's  eyes,  except,  perhaps,  in  its 
connexion  with  philanthropy.  It  remains 
for  another  to  dwell  on  the  change  which 
has  come  over  Dissent  between  the  days, 
for  example,  of  Spurgeon  and  Morley 
Punshon  and  those  of  Dr.  Horton  and 
the  Rev.  R,  J.  Campbell.  Still  Mr. 
Russell  is  well  advised,  on  the  whole,  in 
keeping  to  the  society  he  knows  best.  Its 
range  is  wide,  embracing  Pall  Mall  and 
East-End  clergy  houses,  the  consulting  room 
of  the  fashionable  physician  and  the  mess 
of  the  line  regiment,  the  "  digs  "  of  the 
medical  student  and  the  committee  room 
of  the  Parliamentary  candidate.  He  is  a 
fairly  safe  guide  through  clubland,  though 
it  is  rather  misleading  to  talk  of  the  Junior 
Carlton,  the  Conservative,  the  Constitu- 
tional, and  the  St.  Stephen's  as  if  they  stood 
pretty  much  on  a  par.  Members  of  one  of 
them — we  will  not  say  which — do  not 
think  so,  at  any  rate.  Nor,  to  turn  to  a 
minor  matter,  do  the  hospitals  play  the 
"  Spurs  "  and  the  "  Wolves  "  at  football. 
Richmond  and  Blackheath  woidd  have 
been  more  exact.  Still,  without  attaining 
omniscience,  Mr.  Russell  has  succeeded  in 
hitting  off  the  polite  and  professional 
world  in  nearly  every  instance,  and  his 
stories  are  so  cleverly  handled  that  he 
avoids  wounding  the  feelings  even  of  the 
most  susceptible.  He  may  allude  to  Dr. 
Jowett  in  one  place  ;  he  certainly  alludes 
to  the  late  Mr.  Warton,  M.P.,  of  "blocking  " 
celebrity,  in  another  ;  but  no  harm  is  done. 
In  one  case  only  is  the  figure  out  of  chawing, 
that  of  the  lady  writer.  Mr.  Russell  has 
allowed  his  sense  of  humour  to  run  away 
with  him  into  outrageous  caricature.  The 
biographies  of  Mrs.  Oliphant  and  Mrs. 
Marshall  supply  materials  for  a  much  more 
discriminating  sketch  of  that  industrious, 
unselfish  class  than  we  get  in  his  Mrs.  Temple- 
Trotter,  lately  of  Upper  Tooting. 

An  interesting  little  volume  has  appeared 
in  Paris,  published  by  E.  Comely,  describ- 
ing La  Legislation  du  Travail  dans  la  Bcpuh- 
lique  Argentine.  It  is  from  the  pen  of  Dr. 
Ingegnieros.  Argentina  is  not  as  are  the 
Commonwealth  and  New  Zealand.  The 
capitalists  of  Australia  are  apt  to  complain 
that  her  great  rival  is  free  from  the  hamper- 
ing restrictions  of  Labour  legislation.  There 
is  no  Labour  party,  there  are  no  Labour 
members,  in  the  leading  South  American 
Parliament.  There  is  one  Socialist  deputy. 
In  the  towns  a  few  anarchists  are  to  be  met 
with.  Trade  unions  are  incredibly  weak — 
almost  unknown.  The  country  is  financed 
by  foreign  capital,  chiefly  British,  with  a 
little  French.  The  banks  and  the  commercial 
houses  are  in  the  hands  of  Scotchmen  and' 
Germans.  The  labouring  classes,  almost 
entirely  employed  in  agriculture,  are  Nea- 
politan, Sicilian,  red-Indian,  and  non- 
descript. The  republic  is  advancing  mar- 
vellously in  prosperity,  but  of  a  rigidly 
capitalistic  kind.  We  are  prepared  for  the 
development  of  a  high  state  of  civilization  in 
Argentina,  but  should  naturally  expect  that 
science  would  first  emerge.  It  astounds  us 
to  discover  a  draft  law — published  "  for  con- 
sideration" by  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior 
of  the  republic,  and  recommended  with 
enthusiasm  by  a  statesman  from  whom  it  is 
called  the  "  Loi  Gonzalez  " — more  complete* 
than  any  Labour  code  of  any  country  in  the 
world.  True,  it  has  not  passed—  has,  indeed, 
been  rejected  by  a  combination  of  capital 
and  anarchy.  The  Socialists  also  held 
meetings  to  attack  it  because  it  contained 
certain  restrictions  upon  immigration  and 
certain  powers  of  drastic  dealing  with  "  un- 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


441 


desirable "  inhabitants.  The  book  before 
us  explains  the  nature  of  the  proposed  code, 
and  recommends  it  in  the  fashion  of  Whig 
philosophers  reconciling  advanced  ideas 
with  eternal  principle  and  sound  economics. 
The  discussion  of  some  difficult  topics, 
illustrated  by  many  quotations  from  writers 
of  all  kinds,  including,  for  example,  Mr. 
Edward  Carpenter,  is  of  immediate  value  to 
us  here  as  treating  such  questions  as  mini- 
mum wage,  wages  boards,  and  other  proposed 
remedies  for  the  evils  of  "  home  work." 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwist  publishes  a  beautifully 
illustrated  volume,  Romantic  Cities  of  Pro- 
vence, by  Mrs.  Mona  Caird.  The  excellence 
of  the  book  lies  chiefly  in  the  illustrations  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Pennell  and  Mr.  Edward  Synge. 
The  drawings  by  the  former  of  a  '  Farm  in 
Provence.'  and  of  several  streets  and  build- 
ings in  that  Martigues  of  which  General 
the  Marquis  de  Galliffet  is  Prince,  especially 
delight  us.  In  her  preface  Mrs.  Caird 
explains  that  she  had  not  many  qualifica- 
tions for  her  task  when  it  was  undertaken. 
She  has  undoubtedly  learnt  much  about 
Provence  since  she  began  to  write ;  but, 
although  she  is,  like  thousands  of  other 
persons,  under  its  charm,  the  weakness 
of  her  past  training  for  writing  upon  Pro- 
vence comes  out  in  many  ways.  Her 
defence  as  offered  in  the  preface  goes  too 
far,  and  would  justify  Matthew  Arnold's 
bold  feat  in  writing  about  Brou  without 
having  seen  it.  The  result  in  his  case  was 
hardly  successful,  except  for  those  who  are 
in  a  similar  position.  Mrs.  Caird's  real 
interest  in  Provence  seems,  as  we  gather 
from  many  chapters  in  her  book,  to  have 
been  called  forth  by  the  marvellous  story 
of  the  Courts  of  Love.  But  the  literature 
of  that  subject  is  already  rich,  and  our 
author  has  not  more  than  an  ordinary 
acquaintance  with  its  treasures.  Many 
passages  lead  us  to  doubt  the  soundness  of 
her  French  ;  but  we  are  prepared  to  recog- 
nize the  fact  that  her  Provencal  has  become 
sufficient.  As  a  guide  she  keeps  far  too 
closely  to  the  beaten  track.  She  rightly 
says :  "  The  real  heart  and  centre  of 
Troubadour-land  is  Provence,  the  region  east 
of  the  Rhone,  and  south  of  the  mountains 
of  Dauphiny."  But  the  volume  takes  us 
only  a  little  way  into  Provence  from  the 
Papal  County  and  the  Rhone.  Barjols, 
Frejus,  Trets,  the  Sainte-Baume,  and  St. 
Maximin  are  ignored.  Mr.  Theodore  Cook, 
in  his  book  on  Provence,  rightly  treated  the 
history  and  the  legends  connected  with  the 
heart  of  Provence,  east  of  Aix,  the  capital, 
and  between  the  Verdon  and  the  Argens, 
as  the  true  theme  of  writers  upon  Provence. 
The  Dragon-City,  capital  of  the  most  Pro- 
vencal of  the  Departments  of  France,  one 
of  the  two  which  are  alone  composed  entirely 
of  fragments  of  the  kingdom,  finds  its  name 
mangled  and  unpronounceable  in  Mrs. 
Caird's  text  and  index.  The  glories  of  Aix 
itself  are  sealed  to  Mrs.  Ca.ird,~al  though  she 
"  afterwards  visited  "  the  capital  of  Pro- 
vence. The  only  thing  that  she  seems  to 
have  noticed  in  the  civil  and  religious 
capital  was  not  the  splendid  architecture, 
not  the  tapestry,  not  the  sculpture,  not  the 
pictures — but  '  plane-avenues."  The  plane 
trees  of  the  Provencal  cities  are  a  recent 
introduction,  horrible  to  true  lovers  of 
Provence.  To  plant  them,  the  giant  micoti- 
cnudiers  were  ruthlessly  cut  down— in  Mar- 
seilles not  till  the  coming  of  the  rushing 
waters  of  the  Durance.  Mrs.  Caird,  by  the 
way,  twice  quotes  the  lines  on  "the  three 
scourges  of  Provence  " — once  in  good  French, 
once  in  bad  French,  and  not  at  all,  as  usually 
given,  in  Provencal  In  French  the  rhyme 
is  lost,  but  in  the  "  old  saying  "  the  devastat- 
ing   river    begins    its    name    with    "  Dou," 


echoed  by  the  "  Prou  "  of  the  devastated 
kingdom.  The  stupendous  arches  on  which 
the  Durance  is  now  taken  to  Marseilles 
should  have  prevented  Mrs.  Caird  in  a  trip 
to  the  Pont  du  Gard  from  explaining  the 
Roman  structure  as  built  only  because 
"  this  great  people  did  not  know  that  water 
will  rise  to  its  own  level."  In  her  separate 
visits  to  V7.es  and  to  the  Pont  du  Gard, 
Mrs.  Caird  missed  one  of  the  most  romantic- 
ally situate  of  monastic  buildings.  It  lies 
on  the  direct  mountain  road  from  Nimes, 
past  the  Roman  arches,  to  the  town  which 
gives  a  title  to  the  sprightly  duchess — 
sculptor  and  M.  F.  H.  At  Uzes,  and  at  one 
of  the  many  plains  of  stones  which  are  called 
La  Crau  (why  twice  explain  the  simple 
pronunciation,  according  to  rule,  of  this 
one  word  ?),  Mrs.  Caird  was  happily  for  a 
moment  off  the  regular  tourist  route — but 
not,  alas  !  for  long.  Carcassonne  plays  too 
large  a  part,  as  it  did  even  in  the  more  careful 
work  of  Mr.  Theodore  Cook.  Mrs.  Caird 
gives  us  "  Visigoth  towers,"  "  Masonry 
Merovingian,"  and  the  rest.  We  note, 
once  more,  that  those  who  visited  the  castle 
of  Pierrefonds,  the  walls  of  Avignon,  or  the 
"  ramparts  of  Carcassonne  "  during  "  resto- 
ration "  know  how  little  that  is  historic 
was  suffered  to  remain  in  the  "  historical 
monuments"  of  France.  The  charm  of  the 
walls  of  Trets,  till  recent  days,  lay  in  the 
fact  that  almost  alone  they  had  been  spared. 
We  do  not  complain  of  visits  to  Les  Baux, 
which  also  lie  on  the  beaten  track,  but, 
nevertheless,  wonder  at  the  French  in  which 
praise  by  the  local  hostess  is  conveyed, 
when  she  meets  "  what  we  thoiight  of  Les 
Baux  "  by  the  words,  "  Oui,  e'est  belle." 
Perhaps  she  broke  into  Provencal  for  the 
one  word,  and  swallowed  her  termination. 
In  some  pleasant  pages  on  St.  Remy,  Mrs. 
Caird  quotes,  without  apparent  reason, 
the  oldest  child  song  of  the  whole  French- 
speaking  world,  of  which  there  are  many 
versions — "  C'est  le  chevalier  du  roi,"  or, 
as  here,  "  du  guet  " — but  prints  "  Com- 
pagne,"  by  a  singular  error,  for  Compagnon, 
as  the  first  word  of  the  second  line.  She 
would  have  done  better  to  cite  the  exquisite 
sonnet  about  his  birth  at  this  spot,  and  his 
expected  death,  which  was  recited  at  the 
funeral  of  its  author,  Roumanille  : — 

Sieu  na  d'oun  jardinie  'me  d'ouno  jardiniero 
Din  li  jardin  di  San-Roumie. 

While  Aix  is  virtually  omitted,  Mrs. 
Caird  apologizes  for  leaving  out  Le  Puy  and 
Beziers,  as  though  they  were  "  cities  of 
Provence."  The  whole  of  the  miraculous 
and  ecclesiastical  side  of  Provencal  history 
is  excluded.  If  the  treasures  of  the  Palace 
of  the  Archbishop  did  not  appeal  to  Mrs. 
Caird,  we  should  at  least  have  expected 
that  her  devotion  to  St.  Martha  would  not 
shut  out  the  other  two  of  the  three  greatest 
Provencal  saints — St.  Maxime,  and  that 
Mary  of  Magdala  who  confessed  to  him, 
and,  the  legend  tells  us,  was  buried  by  his 
side.  St.  Louis  was  the  first  King  of  France 
to  act  throughout  life  upon  the  belief  pre- 
valent among  his  people.  He  at  least, 
though  about  to  sail  from  the  delta  which 
Mrs.  Caird  has  favoured  at  the  expense  of 
central  Provence,  first  went  himself  to  the 
Sainte-Baume  cave  and  pillar,  and  then  to 
kiss  the  Magdalene's  supposed  skull  in  the 
lower  church  of  St.  Maximin,  built  in  the 
plain  beneath  the  rocks,  and  thought  by 
the  king,  as  by  countless  pilgrims  since  his 
time,  to  hold  the  tombs  of  the  two  saints. 

We  shall  not  attempt  to  give  a  list  of 
minor  errors,  such  as  that  which  disfigures 
the  first  plate,  but  note  two  little  points 
which  may  have  interest.  The  insect 
described  on  p.  289  is  the  humming-bird 
moth.  It  haunts  every  sheltered  showy 
flower    of    Provence,    even    in    the    hardest 


January  frosts.  In  Southern  England  it  is? 
seen  in  hot  summers,  and  its  general  absence 
in  the  present  year  has  been  strange.  The 
ceremonial  Christmas  creche  is  not  a  "  Pro- 
vencal institution,"  but  flourishes  in  the 
entire  world  of  the  Church  which  is  officially 
styled  "  Catholic,  Apostolic,  Roman."  Mrs. 
Caird  herself  relates  on  another  page  how  a 
stranger,  coming  to  a  Provencal  cure  of 
souls,  found  the  creche  unknown.  It  is  to- 
be  discovered  every  Christmas  in  even  such; 
unromantic  spots  as  Liverpool,  Glasgow,  - 
Cardiff,  and  Brook  Green. 

Messbs.  Seeley  &  Co.  publish  Great' 
Britain  in  Modern  Africa,  by  Mr.  Edgar 
Sanderson,  who  has  already  written  on 
similar  subjects,  the  present  volume  being 
in  part  new,  and  in  part  drawn  from  a  book 
issued  eight  years  ago  under  a  wider  title. 
The  complaint  which  may  be  made  against 
the  author  raises  questions  which  divide  poli- 
ticians and  are  not  suitable  to  our  pages. 
It  may,  however,  be  suggested  that  in  his 
account  of  British  rule  in  Egypt  he  is  shown, 
even  by  Lord  Cromer's  latest  dispatches,  to- 
have  formed  too  optimistic  an  opinion.  If 
we  are  inclined  to  think  that  we  have  brought 
to  Egypt  "  sunlight  and  freedom,"  and 
that  by  our  action  we  have  seen  "  the  lash 
torn  from  the  hand  of  the  taskmaster,  and 
the  Egyptian  people  made  to  rejoice  in  the 
....power  of  aliens,"  it  must  be  admitted 
that  other  countries,  and  large  numbers  of 
thoughtful  Egyptians,  do  not  share  our 
view.  Throughout  the  volume  Mr.  Sander- 
son follows  the  ordinarily  accepted  British' 
opinion  without  much  doubt  or  qualifica- 
tion. His  Rhodes,  for  example,  is  the 
Rhodes  of  present  fancy,  rather  than  the 
historical  Rhodes  as  he  was  in  South  Africa 
— from  time  to  time.  Here  he  appears  as 
the  "  dreamer  of  dreams  "  who  had,  as 
early  as  "  1878,  mapped  out  his  whole 
policy."  The  evidence  of  wobbling,  as  it 
was  called  at  the  time  in  South  Africa  and' 
by  Imperialists  at  home,  or  of  "  some  in- 
consistency of  language,"  as  biographers 
now  admit,  is  too  strong  to  allow  the  sketch- 
by  Mr.  Sanderson  to  pass  unchallenged.  It 
is  the  case,  as  he  states,  that  when  Rhodes 
became  Prime  Minister  of  the  Cape  he  had 
a  policy,  and  that  it  was  the  policy  set  forth, 
in  these  pages.  The  Rhodes  policy  of  1878, 
and  even  of  much  later  times,  had  been 
either  different,  or  else  sing\ilarly  obscure. 
The  public  correspondence  which  on  more- 
than  one  occasion  appeared  upon  the  sub- 
ject has  left  a  misty  impression  of  this 
policy,  which  at  one  time  seemed  far  more- 
Dutch,  and  at  another  pointed  far  more 
in  the  direction  of  South  African  Independ- 
ence, than  is  now  conceded  by  his  admirers. 
It  can  hardly  be  doubted,  in  face  of  the 
accounts  given  by  Mr.  Mackenzie  on  the  one 
side  and  Sir  Charles  Warre7i  on  the  other,, 
that  Rhodes  shared  the  strong  dislike  of 
Cape  politicians,  Dutch  and  British,  to  the 
establishment  of  a  Protectorate  in  Bechuana- 
land.  Rhodes  fanned  for  a  time  the  anti- 
Imperial  feeling,  and  encouraged  the  Stella- 
land  Republic  and  the  desire  of  the  Transvaal 
Boers  to  annex  a  large  slice  of  Northern 
Bechuanaland  to  the  Republic.  Rhodes 
afterwards  contradicted  both  Sir  Charles 
Warren  and  Mr.  Mackenzie  ;  but,  apart 
from  the  accounts  of  interviews,  which  may 
be  disputed,  his  speeches  seem  conclusive. 
It  is  no  blame  to  the  politician  that,  as  cir- 
cumstances varied,  he  varied  his  belief  as 
to  the  wisest  course.  It  is  only  historically 
important  to  show  that  the  wisest  course  in^ 
South  Africa  has  not  always  been  thought, 
and  may  not  always  be  thought  in  the  futiue, 
by  those  deeply  interested  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Cape  and  the  great  territories 
lying  north  of  the  old  colony,  to  be  one  based! 


442 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


on  predominance  of  Briton  over  Boer.  The 
dream  of  increase  of  British  population  to 
a  point  at  which  it  will  swamp  the  Dutch 
Tace  is  less-sound  Imperialism  than  the 
recognition  of  Dutch  racial  predominance 
■under  common  freedom. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 

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Theology. 
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Brierley  (J.),  Religion  and  Experience,  6/ 
Brown  (C.  G.),  The  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  3/ 
Buss  (Rev.  S.),  The  Trial  of  Jesus,  1/6 
Caird  (Principal),  Essays  for  Sunday  Reading,  3/6  net. 
Century  Bible,  :   Chronicles,  edited   by  the  Rev.    W.    R. 

Harvey-Jellie,  2/6  net. 
Christ's  Arraignment   before  the  Church  of  His   Nation, 

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Five  Visions  of  the  Revelation,  6/  net. 
Hibbert  Journal,  October,  2/6  net. 

Marvin  (F.  R.),  Christ  among  the  Cattle,  Fourth  Edition. 
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National  Church,  Revised  Edition,  Sd. 
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■Shepherd  (J.  H.),  Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Church 

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T'ai  Shang  Kan  Ying  Pien,  Treatise  of  the  Exalted  One  on 

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Turner  (C.  H. ),  The  History  and  Use  of  Creeds  and  Anathemas 

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Vianney  (Joseph),  The  Blessed  John  Vianney,  translated  by 

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Walker  (W.),  John  Calvin,  6/ 
Watson  (F.),  Inspiration,  4/ 
Waugh  (B.),  The  Child  of  Nazareth,  5/  net. 
Woods  (J.  H.),  Practice  and  Science  of  Religion,  3/6  net. 

Law. 
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Severn. 
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Philosophy. 
Baillie  (J.  B.),  An  Outline  of  the  Idealistic  Construction  of 

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Nettleship  (R.  L.),  Memoir  of  Thomas  Hill  Green,  4/6  net. 
Parsons  (J.  D.),  The  Nature  and  Purpose  of  the  Universe, 

21/  net. 
Paulsen  (FA  Introduction  to  Philosophy,  15/ net. 
Kibot  ('I'h.),  Essay  on  the  Creative  Imagination,  translated 

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Eliot  (C.  W.),  Great  Riches,  75c.  net. 
Fisher  (I.),  1  he  Nature  of  Capital  and  Income,  12/6  net. 
Nicholson  (J.  S.),  Relations  of  Rents,  Wages,  and  Profits 

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George  (II.  B.),  New  College,  1866-1908,  2/8  net, 
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Jusserand  (.1.  J.),  A  Literary  History  of  the  English  People, 

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McCarthy  (M.  J.  F.),  Church  and  State  in  England  and 

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Potter  (H.  C),  Reminiscences  of  Bishops  and  Archbishops, 

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Russo-Japanese  War,  Official  Reports,  Vol.  I.,  compiled  by 

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Snicler(D.  J.),  American  Ten  Years'  War,  1855-65. 
Stoker  (B.),  Personal  Reminiscences  of  Henry  Irving,  2  vols., 

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Van  Zuylen  van  Nyevelt  (Baroness  G.),  Court  Life  in  the 

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Thorndike  (E.  L.),  The  Principles  of  Teaching  based  on 

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Mclntyre  (J.  T.),  With  John  Paul  Jones,  5/ 
Maclean  (N),  Hills  of  Home,  6/ 
Malone  (P.  B.),  A  Plebe  at  West  Point,  5/ 
Meade  (L.  T.),  The  Colonel  and  the  Boy,  6/ 
Meath  (Earl  and  Countess  of),  Thoughts  on  Imperial  and 

Social  Subjects,  6/ 
Oxenham  (J.),  A  Princess  of  Vascovy,  6/ 
Parrish  (R.),  Bob  Hampton  of  Placer,  6/ 
Pickering  (8.),  The  Basket  of  Fate,  6/ 
Polkinghom  (J.),  Cottage  Talks  on  Important  Subjects,  1/6 
Pratt  (A.),  The  Counterstroke,  6/ 
Rhodes  (K.),  The  Spinner,  6/ 
Rita,  Saba  Macdonald,  6/ 
Rorison  (E.  S.),  The  Swimmers,  6/ 
Shaver's  Calendar,  1/  net. 
Sheppard  (A.  T.),  Running  Horse  Inn,  6/ 
Silberrad  (U.  L.),  The  Second  Book  of  Tobiah,  6/ 
Simpson  (V.  A.),  Occasion's  Forelock,  6/ 
Somerville  (E.  <E.)  and  Ross  (M.),  Some  Irish  Yesterdays,  6/ 
Stevenson  (R.  L.),  A  Christmas  Sermon,  1/  net. 
Story  of  Patient  Griselda,  done  into  Modern  English  by 

W.  W.  Skeat,  3/6  net 
Talks  with  the  Dead,  illustrated  with  Spirit  Photographs, 

edited  by  J.  Lobb,  2/6  net. 
Trask  (K.),  Night  and  Morning,  3/6  net 
Truscott  (L.  PA  The  Marriage  of  Aminta,  6/ 
Turner  (L),  Betty  the  Scribe,  3/6 
Warde  (M.),  Betty  Wales,  Freshman,  5/ 
Wheeler  (E.  R),  Behind  the  Veil,  6/  net 
White  (W.  II.),  The  Earthquake,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Bennewitz  (F.),  Die  Sunde  im  alten  Israel,  5m. 
Chauvin  (G),  Les  Ide'es  de  M.  Loisy  sur  le  quatrieme  Evan- 

gile,  3fr.  50. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Berthelot  (M.),  Arche\)logie  et  Histoire  des  Sciences,  12fr. 
Charles-Ronx  (J.),  Souvenirs  du  Passe  :  Le  Cercle  artistique 

de  Marseille,  lOOfr. 
Deonna  (W.),  Les  Statues  de  Terre-cuite  en  Grece,  2fr.  50. 
Duret  (T.),  Les  Peintres  Impressionnistes,  25fr. 
Gaebler  (II.),  Die  antiken  Miinzen  v.  Makedonia  u.  Paionia, 

Parti.,  19m. 
Lemonnier  (C),  Les  Maris  de  Mile.  Nounouche,  65  Aqua- 
relles de  A.  Vimar,  20fr. 

Poetry  and  Drama 
Davis  (K.)  e   Silvestri  Falconieri  (F.  di),  Due  Poesie   di 

E.  15.  Browning,  1  lira. 
Hugues  (C),  Le  Sanglot  de  Jehanne,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Kostyleff  (N.),  Les  Substitute  de  l'Ame  dans  la  Psychologie 

moderne,  4fr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Benediktsson  (B.),  Sysluniannaa'fir,  Vol.  III.  Part  II. 
Diplomatarium  Islandicum :  Islenzkt  Fornbrcfasafn,  Vol. 

VIII.  Parti.  1261-1612. 
Melated  (It.  TA  Islendinga  Saga :  Vol.  II.  Part  I. 
Mistral  (F.),  Mes  Origines  :  Mcmoires  et  Recits,  3fr.  CO. 
Nation  Beige  (La),  1880-1006, 12fr.  50. 
Sageret(JA  Les  grands  Convertis,  8fr.  50. 
Schefer  (C),  La  France  moderne  et  le  Probleme  colonial, 

7fr.  50. 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


443 


Geography  and  Tra  vel. 
Pavie  (A.),  Geographic  et  Voyages,  Vol.  II.,  lOfr. 

Philology. 
Delisle  (L.),  Notice  sur  les  Manuscrits  du  Liber  Floridus  de 

Lambert,  Chanoine  de  Saint-Omer,  8fr.  60. 
Science. 
Goerens  (P.),  Einfiihrung  in  die  Metallographie,  10m. 
Houze  (E.),  L'Aryen  et  l'Anthropo-sociologie,  6fr. 
Jonsson  (H.),  Bygging  og  Lif  Plantna  Grasafrsedi,  Part  I. 
Launay  (L.  de),*L'Histoire  de  la  Terre,  3fr.  50. 
Petrucci  (R.),  Les  Origines  naturelles  de  la  Proprie'te',  12fr. 
Solvay   (E.),   Notes    sur    de*    Formules    d'Introduction    a 

l'Energetique  physio-  et  psycho-sociologique,  2fr. 
Waxweiler  (E.),  Ksquisse  d'une  Sociologie,  12fr. 
Wodon  (L.),  Sur  quelques  Erreurs  de  Methode  dans  l'Etude 

de  l'Homme  primitif,  2fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Ceard  (H.),  Terrains  \  vendre  an  Bord  de  la  Mer,  3fr.  50. 
Gheusi  (P.  B.),  Le  Puits  des  Ames,  3fr.  50. 
Hoche  (J.),  Le  Faiseur  d'Hommes,  3fr.  50. 
Marbo  (C),  Christine  Rodis,  3fr.  50. 
Medine(F.),  LMternelle  Attente,  3fr.  50. 
Melegari  (D.),  La  petite  Mile.  Christine,  3fr.  50. 
Menil  (F.  de),  Les  Tours  du  Silence,  3fr.  50. 
Prins  (A.),   De    l'Esprit  du  Gouvemement  democratique, 

7fr.  50. 
Rolmer  (L.),  L'Hotel  de  Sainte-Agnes  et  des  Ce'libataires, 

3fr.  50. 
Skirnir,  1906,  Part  II.,  lkr. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  it-ill  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE    PUBLISHERS  AND  '  THE 
TIMES  '    BOOK    CLUB. 

October  11,  1906. 

The  Athenceum  will,  I  believe,  appreciate 
the  insincere  nature  of  the  attack  on  pub- 
lishers by  The  Times  Book  Club,  and  regret 
to  see  that  it  is  supported  this  morning  by  a 
leading  article  in  The  Times  newspaper. 

The  calculations  on  which  the  allegation 
of  "  enormous  profits  "  (previously  estimated 
at  800  per  cent)  is  based  are  of  course  fal- 
lacious. A  computation  which  appears  to 
exclude  the  cost  of  corrections,  the  charges 
for  advertising  (a  strange  oversight  for  The 
Times)  and  trade  expenses,  and  which  makes 
no  allowance  for  gratuitous  or  unsold  copies, 
will  not  mislead  an  expert. 

I  wish,  however,  to  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  for  the  Publishers'  Association  this 
is  not  simply  a  matter  of  pounds,  shillings, 
and  pence.  The  net-book  agreement  was 
drawn  up  for  the  protection  of  the  retail 
trade  from  the  havoc  caused  by  excessive 
competition.  It  was  universally  accepted 
by  the  trade,  and  not  in  the  least  resented 
by  the  public.  The  Times  also  accepted 
the  principle  and  signed  the  agreement, 
when  they  began  business  as  booksellers. 
But  they  almost  immediately  proceeded  to 
evade  it,  by  offering  second-hand  net  books, 
which  they  described  (and  truly)  as  "  prac- 
tically as  good  as  new,"  at  a  reduced  price. 
To  put  a  stop  to  this  we  amended  our  agree- 
ment in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  effect  what 
the  first  agreement  did  effect  till  The  Times 
found  a  flaw  in  it.  We  know  by  experience 
that  the  maintenance  of  the  published  price 
of  a  net  book  is  necessary  for  the  welfare 
and  the  very  existence  of  an  honourable 
and  well-educated  class  of  men,  the  book- 
sellers of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  We 
have  their  cordial  support,  and  do  not 
propose  to  throw  them  over  in  order  to 
help  The  Times  Book  Club  to  absorb  their 
businesses  in  a  vast  monopoly. 

The  Times  case  is  a  weak  one,  and  to 
confuse  the  issue  they  are  making  a  side 
attack  on  the  ground  that  publishers  habi- 
tually charge  too  much  for  their  books.  The 
proper  price  of  a  book  is  a  matter  of  arrange- 
ment between  author  and  publisher.  It 
depends  on  the  relation  of  the  cost  to  the 
probable  sale.  Some  books  only  appeal  to 
a  limited  class  and  must  be  highly  priced. 
In  these  days  of  6d.  and  Is.  books  no  one 
can  say  that  publishers  are  not  alive  to  the 
advantages  of  cheap  literature. 
Edward  Bell, 
President  of  the  Publishers'  Association. 


THE    CANTERBURY    AND    YORK 
SOCIETY. 

The  rolls  contained  in  Part  IV.  of  '  The 
Rolls  of  Hugh  de  Welles,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,' 
are  those  of  institutions  in  the  archdeaconries 
of  Oxford,  Buckingham,  and  Northampton  ; 
and  the  entries  are  for  the  most  part 
formal.  The  day  and  month  are  not  given, 
but  merely  the  year  of  the  bishop.  When 
the  benefice  is  a  vicarage,  its  extent  is 
generally  set  out  in  full  ;  and  occasionally 
further  information  is  supplied,  such  as  that 
the  vicarage  of  Lafford  had  been  newly 
ordained  by  the  bishop,  and  that  a  parson- 
age of  two  shillings  in  the  church  of  Wough- 
ton  was  vacated  by  the  marriage  of  the  in- 
cumbent. Almost  the  only  addition  to 
monastic  history  is  the  succession  of  the 
priors  of  Tickford,  which  has  already  been 
made  use  of  in  the  '  Victoria  History  of 
Buckingham.'  At  the  end  of  the  part 
come  the  index  and  a  long  list  of  corrigenda 
to  vol.  i. 

'  The  Register  of  Thomas  de  Cantilupe, 
Bishop  of  Hereford,'  which  is  being  published 
in  conjunction  with  the  Cantilupe  Society, 
about  half  being  given  in  Part  I.,  just  issued, 
is  of  much  greater  and  more  varied  interest. 
For  monastic  history  we  have  an  early  pro- 
fession of  obedience,  saving  his  order,  by 
the  Cistercian  Abbot  of  Flaxley  ;  and  visita- 
tions of,  and  injunctions  to,  the  priories  of 
Leominster,  Wormsley,  and  Chirbury.  The 
bishop  ordered  that  no  more  canons  were 
to  be  received  at  Wormsley,  on  account  of 
the  impoverishment  of  the  house  ;  whereas 
in  later  visitations  of  English  monasteries 
the  complaint  is  always  that  the  number 
has  sunk  too  low.  Other  matters  dealt  with 
are  the  disputed  election  to  the  deanery  of 
Hereford  ;  the  bishop's  suit  at  Rome  about 
the  prebend  of  Preston,  which  he  had  held 
before  his  consecration  ;  and  proceedings 
against  pluralists  at  Bromyard  and  else- 
where. An  incumbent  of  Burford  was  sent 
to  school  until  he  should  be  competent. 
The  bishop  was  constantly  having  trouble 
about  his  parks,  and  with  three  towns 
which  had  joined  Llewellyn  of  Wales. 
The  register  also  gives  the  final  settlement 
of  the  accounts  of  the  late  bishop,  John  le 
Breton,  in  various  secular  capacities. 

It  is  pleasant  to  record  that  these  latest 
publications  of  the  Society  show  marked 
improvement  in  transcription  and  editing. 
There  is  still  need  for  care,  however,  and 
the  well-known  abbeys  of  La  Couture  at  Le 
Mans  and  Marmoutiers  at  Tours  should  not 
be  made  to  masquerade  as  "  Coutours  " 
and  "Marmontier."  Marmoutiers  needs  our 
special  care,  for  it  is  famous  in  literature  as 
"  Marmoustier,  le  grant  Moustier,"  of  H.  de 
Balzac — the  monastery  of  monasteries.  The 
identification  of  place-names  has  generally 
been  well  done,  as  of  course  it  should  be  when 
the  archdeaconry  and  patron  are  known ; 
but  Woolston  (p.  59)  should  have  been  seen 
to  be  Great,  and  not  Little.  The  year-date 
might  well  be  given  on  each  page  ;  and  it 
is  clear  that  in  most  cases  full  abstracts 
in  English  would  be  more  useful  than  the 
Latin  text  of  the  entries,  and  would  mean 
a  great  saving  of  space  and  labour.  A 
partial  classification  might  bo  adopted  witli 
advantage,  as  has  been  done  in  the  case  of 
the  Exeter  registers,  though  there  carried 
to  excess. 

The  Society  announce  that  they  have  in 
view  the  publication  of  the  registers  of 
Bishop  Halton  of  Carlisle  and  Archbishops 
Peckham  and  Parker  of  Canterbury.  The 
choice  of  so  late  a  register  as  Parker's 
is  a  doubtful  point  of  policy ;  the  choice 
of  Peckham's  amazes  us.  The  Council 
are    presumably    aware    that    it    has    been 


already  published  in  the  Rolls  Series,  the 
important  entries  being  printed  in  full 
and  the  remainder  briefly  calendared.  It 
may  be  well  at  some  future  time  to  print 
it  all  ;  but  while  so  much  fresh  ground 
remains  to  be  broken,  the  selection  of  a 
register  every  entry  in  which  is  known  can. 
only  be  described  as  an  extraordinary 
mistake. 


THE    ORIGIN   OF   LINCOLN'S   INN. 

I  think  it  is  almost  certain  that  par- 
mentarius  is  the  same  as  parchmenter,  some- 
times contracted  to  parmentcr  (M.E.),  a 
maker  of  parchment  ;  if  so,  then  Gilbert  de 
Lincoln,  who  in  1269  held  part  of  "  Lyn- 
colnesynne,"  east  of  Staple  Inn,  was  a  parch- 
ment-maker and  a  skinner,  pelliparius — two 
very  likely  occupations  in  a  legal  centre. 
Mr.  Turner  is  much  to  be  congratulated  on 
his  discovery  of  this  old  Inn. 

So  late  as  the  year  1526  this  Inn  still 
retained  its  hall  and  chapel  and  its  great 
garden  (see  my  book  upon  Staple  Inn, 
p.  26,  and  Augmentation  Office  Particulars 
for  Grants,  36  Henry  VEIL,  No.  105). 

E.  Williams. 


Xtorarg  (Ikssip, 

The  so-called  "  revelations  "  contained 
in  a  diary  published  in  the  memoirs  of 
Prince  Hohenlohe,  by  two  German  reviews, 
tell  us  only  that  which  had  been  the  guess 
of  well-informed  journalists,  partly  con- 
firmed in  1898  by  '  Bismarck  :  Some 
Secret  Pages  of  his  History.'  In  the  third 
of  the  most  interesting  volumes  published 
in  that  year  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co., 
Busch  explains  at  length  what  happened 
on  "March  24,  1890."  The  real  cause 
of  profound  difference  between  the  young 
Kaiser  and  the  Chancellor  was  that  set 
forth  by  the  latter  in  chap.  xxx.  of 
'  Bismarck '  as  translated  for  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  under  the  super- 
vision of  Mr.  A.  J.  Butler,  also  in  1898. 
The  Chancellor's  policy  was  pro-Russian, 
even  to  the  extent  displayed  in  these 
words  :  "I  believe  that  it  would  be 
advantageous  for  Germany  if  the  Russians 
were  to  establish  themselves  at  Con- 
stantinople." 

In  our  review  of  M.  Emile  Ollivier's  last 
volume  we  praised  his  description  of 
Gambetta,  as  the  tribune  was  before 
1870,  coming  although  it  did  from  a  strong 
opponent.  M.  Ollivler  declared  that  Gam- 
betta had  no  knowledge  of  or  love  for  art, 
or  perhaps  that  he  was  destitute  of  real 
cultivation.  We  indicated  the  opinion 
that  in  later  years  Gambetta  had  con- 
quered any  such  defect.  The  Gazette  des 
Beaux- Arts  has  now  published  a  letter 
written  by  Gambetta  at  Bruges  in  1S65, 
which  sho\vs  that  he  had  gone  to  the  Low 
Countries  to  study  pictures,  and  was 
already  filled  with  complete  appreciation 
of  Mending  and  Van  Eyck. 

A  telegram  from  Australia  recently 
reported  the  Prime  Minister  of  the  Com- 
monwealth as  alluding  in  a  naval  debate 
to  "  the  weary  Triton,  now  feeling  the 
weight  of  the  sceptre  of  the  seas."     It  is 


444 


THE    ATHENJ2UM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13, 1906 


^possible    that    Mr.     Deakin    may    have 
:  arranged    Matthew    Arnold     in    fashion 
appropriate  to  the  subject.     In  the  poem 
quoted  by  the  poet  himself  in  '  Friend- 
ship's   Garland'    the   Titan   is    feminine. 
When   he   made   England  the  Titan  she 
was   still  feminine.     In  recent  oratorical 
and  journalistic  applications  of  the  same 
.  allusion  the  Titan  has  become  Atlas  and 
masculine.      Matthew    Arnold    used    his 
phrase     in    a    marine    metaphor.      The 
Australian  telegram  combines  the  mascu- 
line with  the  marine. 

Messes.  Longman  will  publish  on  the 
-,22nd  inst.  the  •  Life  and  Letters  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Durham,'  by  Mr.  Stuart  J.  Reid, 
based  on  the  papers  at  Lambton  Castle. 
It  deals,  among  other  subjects,  with  the 
great  Reform  Bill  and  the  intrigues  in  the 
^Grey  and  Melbourne  Cabinets.  Mr.  Reid 
gives  the  secret  history  of  the  celebrated 
Durham  Report  on  Canada.  The  book 
will  contain  portraits  of  the  Lambtons  by 
'Romney,  Gainsborough,  Hoppner,  and 
Lawrence. 

Miss  Lily  Grant  Duff,  the  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  Mountstuart  E.  Grant  Duff, 
has  written  a  novel  entitled  '  Periwinkle,' 
which  Mr.  Murray  hopes  to  publish  in 
November.  Towards  the  end  of  this 
month  the  same  house  will  issue  Mrs. 
-Gertrude  Atherton's  novel  '  Rezanov.' 

Messrs.  Blackwood  &  Sons  will  soon 
publish  the  fourth  and  concluding 
volume  of  Mr.  Lang's  'History  of  Scotland' ; 
'  Maids  of  Honour,'  by  A.  J.  Green- 
Armytage,    sketches    of    Mary    Kingsley, 

•Christina  Rossetti,  Sister  Dora,  and 
others  ;     '  George   Eliot,'   by  Mr.    Quiller 

•Couch  ;    and  '  In  Malay  Forests,'  by  Mr. 

-George  Maxwell.  They  also  promise  a 
new  novel  by  Sydney  C.  Grier,  '  The 
Heir  '  :  '  Honour's  Glassy  Bubble,'  by 
E.  Gerard  ;  and  '  The  Hearth  of  Hutton,' 
by  Mr.  W.  J.  Eccott, 

A  new  volume  will  shortly  appear  in 
Mr.  Unwin's  "  First  Novel  Library."  The 
title  is  •  At  the  Sign  of  the  Peacock,'  and 
the  author  Mrs.  K.  C.  Ryves.  It  is  a  novel 
chiefly  of  temperament  and  character, 
and  has  a  setting  of  English  country 
society. 

The  title  of  Mr.  E.  Temple  Thurston's 
new  work,  which  was  announced  as  '  The 
Heart  of  the  Queen,'  has  been  altered 
to  '  The  Realist.'  It  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Sisley  during  this  month.        i**$ 

Mr.  Stanley  Weyman's  story  '  Chip- 
pinge,'  which  has  nearly  completed  its 
serial  course  in  The  Cornhill  Mac/mine, 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.  in  book  form  next  Tuesday. 
The  setting  of  the  story,  through  which 
there  runs  a  strong  love  element,  is  pro- 
vided by  the  passions  which  animated 
the  struggle  over  the  first  Reform  Bill, 
and  the  interest  is  centred  in  the  conflict 
between  the  duty  which  Arthur  Vaughan, 
the  young  reformer,  owes  to  the  repre- 
sentative of  aristocratic  Toryism  whose 
heir  he  is,  and  his  own  ardent  ambitions. 

Walt  Whitman's  candid  opinions  of 
the  prominent  writers  of  his  time  should 
be  interesting.     These  have  been  prepared 


for  press  by  his  executor  and  friend  Mr. 
Horace  Traubel,  who  met  the  poet  almost 
daily.  A  large  number  of  unpublished 
letters  will  appear  in  the  volume,  which, 
under  the  title  '  With  Walt  Whitman  in 
Camden,'  will  shortly  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Gay  &  Bird. 

The  forthcoming  number  of  The  Journal 
of  Theological  Studies  will  contain  an 
article  by  Sir  Henry  H.  Howorth  on  '  The 
Origin  and  Authority  of  the  Biblical  Canon 
in  the  Anglican  Church.'  Other  contribu- 
tions include '  St.  Ephraim  and  Encratism,' 
by  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Connolly,  O.S.B.,  « The 
Homilies  of  St.  Macarius  of  Egypt,'  by 
Bishop  Gore ;  '  Emphasis  in  the  New 
Testament,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Wilson; 
and  'The  Confession  of  St.  Patrick,'  by 
the  Rev.  F.  R.  M.  Hitchcock. 

Messrs.  Roittledge  are  bringing  out 
'  Te  Tohunga,'  legends  and  traditions  of 
the  Maoris,  collected  and  illustrated  by 
W.  Dittmer  ;  a  new  series,  to  be  known 
as  "  The  London  Library,"  comprising 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury's  '  Autobio- 
graphy,' edited  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  Hogg's 
'  Life  of  Shelley,'  with  an  introduction  by 
Prof.  Dowden,  and  other  standard  works  ; 
and  new  volumes  in  their  "  Library  of 
Early  Novelists,"  "  Photogravure  and 
Colour  Series,"  "  The  Muses'  Library,"  &e. 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  will  shortly 
publish  a  life  of  Shakspeare  written  in  the 
form  of  a  four-act  play  in  verse.  The 
author  is  Mr.  William  T.  Saward,  and  his 
treatment  of  the  subject  will  be  found  to 
throw  a  new  light  on  the  "  Bacon-Shak- 
speare  "  controversy. 

Amongst  the  articles  in  Chambers's 
Journal  for  November  will  be  '  Sam 
Bough,  R.S.A.,'  by  Mr.  Wybert  Reeve  ; 
'  Reminiscences  of  Dr.  John  Brown,'  the 
author  of  '  Rab  and  his  Friends  '  ;  '  The 
Sovereign  and  the  Foreign  Office,'  by 
Mr.  Henry  Leach  ;  and  '  The  Awakening 
of  Hudson  Bay,'  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Wilson. 

Two  volumes  of  verse  are  announced 
for  publication  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  :  '  The 
Silent  Land,'  a  book  of  South  African 
poems,  by  Mr.  William  Blane  ;  and  '  The 
Triumph  of  Man,'  a  dramatic  poem,  by 
Mr.  Percy  Schofield. 

Under  the  title  of  '  Miscellanies,'  Mr. 
J.  Thomson,  of  Craven  Gardens,  Wimble- 
don, is  issuing  a  limited  edition,  in  six 
volumes,  of  Dickens's  uncollected  writings. 
It  will  include  every  known  scrap  of 
Dickens's  not  comprised  in  the  standard 
editions,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
contents  will  appear  in  book  form  for  the 
first  time.  Mr.  Thomson  believes  that  he 
has  succeeded  in  identifying  several  pieces, 
of  which  particulars  will  be  given  in 
the  forthcoming  edition  of  his  well-known 
'  Bibliography.' 

A  new  work  by  Mr.  Arthur  Lovell, 
entitled  '  How  to  Think,'  is  in  the  press, 
and  will  be  published  this  month  b^v  Messrs. 
Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  write  to 
us  with  regard  to  the  suggestion  that 
Mr.  A.  G.  B.  Russell  in  his  forthcoming 
volume  on  Blake  will  be  able  to  publish 
for  the  first  time  "  the  famous  and  long- 


lost  life "  by  Tatham.  In  announcing 
his  volume  we  stated  that  the  life  had  been 
used  by  the  biographers  and  other  writers 
on  Blake.  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus 
add  that  the  "  life  "  has  never  been  lost 
to  the  initiated,  who  were  aware  of  its 
existence  and  "locale"  alike,  since  Mr. 
Quaritch  sold  it,  bound  up  with  one  of 
Blake's  rarer  works,  some  years  ago. 
Previously  to  this  sale,  the  "life"  had 
been  carefully  studied  and  summarized 
in  "  Ellis  and  Yeats."  It  is,  once  more, 
fully  dealt  with  in  Mr.  E.  J.  Ellis's  '  The 
Real  Blake,'  long  announced,  and  shortly 
to  be  published  by  Messrs.  Chatto  & 
Windus.  It  is,  however,  pointed  out^by 
others  that  certain  writers  had  been 
refused  leave  to  see  the  Tatham  "life," 
and  that  information  as  to  its  where- 
abouts had  also  been  refused  before  its 
purchase  by  the  present  owner. 

Dr.  Maitland  Thomson  is  about  to 
retire  from  the  post  of  Curator  of  the 
Historical  Department  in  His  Majesty's 
General  Register  House,  Edinburgh,  and 
will  be  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  John 
Anderson,  the  Assistant  Curator.  Dr. 
Maitland  Thomson,  however,  has  gener- 
ously resolved  not  to  discontinue,  on  his 
retirement,  his  invaluable  work  among 
the  Scottish  records,  and  it  is  understood 
that  rooms  in  the  Register  House  have 
been  placed  at  his  disposal. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Austin  Davies,  Gladstone 
Professor  of  Greek  in  the  University  of 
Liverpool,  has  been  appointed  to  the 
Chair  of  Greek  at  Glasgow  University. 
In  this  he  succeeds  Prof.  Phillimore,  who 
has  been  transferred  to  the  Chair  of 
Humanity. 

On  the  outside  of  the  church  at  Yarrow, 
which  was  built  in  1640,  has  been  placed 
a  tablet,  with  the  names  of  the  ministers, 
including  that  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  John 
Rutherford,  the  maternal  great-grand- 
father of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  A  memorial 
brass  is  being  placed  inside  to  Scott,  who 
occasionally  worshipped  in  this  church 
when  at  Ashestiel,  and  another  has  been 
erected  to  James  Hogg,  the  Ettrick 
Shepherd. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  D.  Macmillan,  of  Glas- 
gow, is  actively  engaged  in  collecting 
materials  for  what  will  be  the  autho- 
ritative biography  of  the  late  Dr.  George 
Matheson,  of  Edinburgh.  He  will  feel 
greatly  obliged  if  friends  and  correspond- 
ents of  Dr.  Matheson  will  forward  to 
him,  at  5,  London  Terrace,  Glasgow, 
such  letters  and  other  communications  as 
they  may  consider  of  interest  and  import- 
ance. 

The  first  two  volumes  of  Dr.  James 
MacKinnon's  '  History  of  Modern  Liberty,' 
which  were  published  by  Messrs.  Long- 
man in  February  last,  have  been 
accorded  a  favourable  reception  in 
Germany.  The  result  has  been  a  de- 
mand for  a  translation,  which  will  be 
prepared  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Sturm,  who,  after 
finishing  his  studies  at  Leipsic,  spent 
several  years  at  Oxford  as  a  student  under 
Max  Miiller.  Mr.  Sturm  has  already 
nearly  completed  the  translation  of  one 
volume. 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


445 


The  report  of  the  School  of  Irish  Learn- 
ing was  presented  at  the  meeting  held  in 
Dublin  last  week.  The  first  part  of  the 
third  volume  of  Erin,  the  journal  of  the 
School,  will  be  read}-  before  Christmas  ; 
and  the  printing  of  the  '  Primer  of  Irish 
Metrics  '  and  '  Reader  of  Poetry,'  by  the 
Director,  Dr.  Kuno  Mej^er,  is  also  well 
advanced.  Mr.  Joseph  O'Neill  has  under- 
taken to  edit  an  important  Irish  medical 
MS.  in  the  John  Rylands  Xibrary  ;  and 
Dr.  Osborn  Bergin  will  begin  on  Monday 
his  classes  in  the  Irish  language  and  lite- 
rature, both  ancient  and  modern. 

The  festivities  in  honour  of  the  sixtieth 
birthday  of  Holger  Drachmann  com- 
prised the  first  performance  of  his  latest 
romantic  drama,  '  Sir  Olaf  he  Rides,' 
at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Copenhagen,  on 
Tuesday,  and  a  grand  banquet  in  the 
new  Town  Hall  the  following  day.  A 
large  number  of  congratulatory  messages 
from  authors  and  theatres  in  Scandinavia 
were  received  by  Drachmann,  as  well 
as  a  greeting  from  numerous  friends  and 
admirers  in  London. 

The  death,  in  his  fifty-first  year,  is 
announced  from  Munich  of  Karl  Emich, 
Graf  zu  Leiningen-Westerburg,  the  author 
of  several  valuable  historical  and  heraldic 
works,  among  them  '  Die  Leiningschen 
Wappen  und  Siegel,'  '  Historische  Blatter 
aus  dem  alten  Leininger  Land,'  &c.  He 
was  the  owner  of  one  of  the  largest  col- 
lections of  ex-libris,  which,  according  to 
the  Deutsche  Tageszeituvg,  he  has  left  to 
the  Germanische  Museum  of  Nuremberg. 

The  death  is  also  announced  of  M.  Louis 
Auguste  Himly,  the  doyen  honoraire  of 
the  Faculte  des  Lettres  of  Paris,  where 
he  was  for  many  years  professor  "  stagi- 
aire "  of  geography.  He  was  born  at 
Strasburg  in  1823,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Ecole  des  Chartes,  which  he  entered' 
in  1846.  He  was  elected  to  the  Academie 
des  Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques  in 
1884,  in  succession  to  Mignet.  He  was 
deeply  versed  in  the  Carlovingian  period, 
on  which  he  published  a  number  of  studies  ; 
but  his  most  remarkable  book  was  the 
'  Histoire  de  la  Formation  territoriale  des 
Etats  de  l'Europe  Centrale,'  which  ap- 
peared in  1 876. 

Parliamentary  Paters  issued  last 
Saturday  included  the  second  volume  of 
a  Report  from  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
Commission  on  the  American  Manuscripts 
in  the  Royal  Institution  (2<?.  6c/.).  It 
deals  chief! v  with  the  war  in  the  Southern 
States  from  1780  to  1782,  and  largely 
with  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  There 
also  appeared  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
President  of  Queen's  College,  Belfast 
(5\d.). 


SCIENCE 


Ethnographic    Notes    in    Southern    India. 

With  40  Plates.     By  Edgar  Thurston. 

(Madras,  Government  Press.) 
The     learned     Superintendent     of     Eth- 
nography at  Madras,  who  is  also  Super- 
intendent   of   the   Government   Museum, 


is  well  known  for  his  writings  in  the 
Bulletin  of  that  Museum,  upon  some  of 
which  this  handsome  volume  of  nearly 
600  pages  is  founded.  They  have 
been  referred  to  in  The  Athenamm 
(see  Nos.  3794,  3838,  3961).  Those  who 
are  familiar  with  the  original  articles  will 
be  glad  to  have  them  in  a  collected  form, 
expanded  with  new  information,  supple- 
mented by  other  contributions,  and  illus- 
trated by  excellent  photographs  ;  those 
who  have  not  read  the  Bulletins  of  the 
Museum  will  be  charmed  with  this  book, 
which  contains  a  vast  amount  of  informa- 
tion as  to  the  customs  of  the  peoples 
of  Southern  India,  and  is  written  in  an 
attractive  and  pleasant  style. 

The  plan  of  the  work  consists  in  bring- 
ing together  the  scattered  items  bearing 
on  manners  and  customs,  surviving,  mori- 
bund, or  extinct,  which  lie  hidden  in 
official  reports,  manuals,  journals  of 
societies,  and  other  publications ;  and 
supplementing  them  by  correspondence 
with  district  officers  and  private  persons 
and  by  the  observation  of  Mr.  Thurston 
and  his  native  assistants,  one  of  whom, 
Mr.  Rangachari,  is  responsible  for  most 
of  the  illustrations.  Mr.  Thurston  has 
in  his  mind  ultimately  the  preparation 
of  a  book  on  lines  similar  to  those  of 
Risley's  '  Tribes  and  Castes  of  Bengal,' 
and  issues  the  present  volume  as  an  ad 
interim  measure. 

Among  his  own  interesting  con- 
tributions, the  author's  description  of 
funeral  ceremonies  witnessed  by  him 
among  the  Todas  of  the  Nilgiri  plateau 
may  be  mentioned.  The  first  was  a 
"  dry "  funeral  ceremony  of  a  woman. 
Males  and  females  being  grouped  apart, 
the  proceedings  began  by  wailing  on  the 
part  of  the  women,  who,  as  they  worked 
up  their  emotions,  selected  partners  and 
resolved  themselves  into  couplets  of 
mourners.  A  piece  of  the  skull  of  the 
deceased,  having  been  anointed  with 
ght,  was  placed  on  the  ground,  and  the 
men  first,  the  women  afterwards,  knelt 
down  before  it  and  touched  it  with  their 
foreheads.  A  buffalo  was  then  killed. 
A  few  days  after  Mr.  Thurston  was 
invited  to  the  "  green  "  funeral  ceremony 
of  a  young  girl.  Some  small  measures 
of  food,  and  the  girl's  toys,  were  burnt 
with  the  corpse,  amid  the  same  mani- 
festations of  grief  as  at  the  dry  funeral. 
A  form  of  fictitious  marriage  between  the 
deceased  and  a  small  boy  had  been 
previously  gone  through,  and  the  body 
was  watched  throughout  the  night  by 
relatives.  The  green  funeral  of  an 
elderly  woman  gave  Mr.  Thurston  a 
further  opportunity  of  noting  some  inter- 
esting details.  Here,  amid  joking  and 
speech-making,  it  was  decided  that  the 
widow  of  the  deceased's  eldest  son  should 
become  the  wife  of  her  second  son.  Among 
the  Badagas  of  the  Nilgiris,  when  death 
is  drawing  near,  a  gold  coin,  dipped  in 
ghl,  is  given  to  the  dying  man  to  swallow. 
When  life  is  extinct,  a  lofty  funeral  car 
is  built  up  ;  and  a  photograph  of  one  of 
these  forms  the  frontispiece  to  Mr. 
Thurston's  volume. 

Other  personal  observations  and  some 


original  communications  are  contained 
in  %the  article  on  omens,  the  evil  eye, 
charms,  animal  superstitions,  sorcery,  and 
votive  offerings,  and  in  that  on  deformity 
and  mutilation.  In  that  on  torture  in  by- 
gone days  85  different  methods  are  enu- 
merated which  the  malevolent  ingenuity 
of  man  has  devised  for  inflicting  pain  upon 
others,  and  some  evidence  is  given  of  a 
few  stray  survivals  of  such  practice.  This 
is  appropriately  followed  by  a  short 
article  on  corporal  punishment  in  ver- 
nacular schools,  in  which  42  primitive 
methods  are  described  from  notes  of 
native  correspondents,  who  have  experi- 
enced some  of  them  in  their  early  youth. 

The  making  of  fire  by  friction  with 
two  pieces  of  wood  is  still  extensively 
practised  by  the  hill  and  jungle  tribes, 
who  live  remote  from  markets  where 
lucifer  matches  are  sold,  and  their 
methods  are  illustrated  from  observation. 
Fire-walking  is  described  from  original 
communications  as  well  as  from  published 
accounts.- 

The  superintendent  of  police  in  the 
Shimoga  district  of  Mysore  furnishes  a 
description  of  the  couvade  as  practised 
among  the  Koramas.  The  husband  goes 
to  bed  for  three  days  and  eats  as  good 
food  as  he  can  afford,  while  the  wife  is 
restricted  to  boiled  rice  and  a  very  little 
salt.  The  explanation  offered  by  an 
intelligent  native  was  that  the  man's 
life  was  more  valuable  than  that  of  the 
woman,  and  that  the  husband,  being  a 
more  important  factor  in  the  birth  of 
the  child  than  the  wife,  deserved  to  be 
better  looked  after.  Mr.  Thurston  has, 
however,  been  unable  to  obtain  any 
confirmation  of  the  practice  of  the  couvade 
about  Madras,  in  Seringapatam,  and  on 
the  Malabar  coast,  as  recorded  by  Prof. 
Tylor. 

The  dangerous  practice  of  earth-eating, 
by  females  especially,  is  noted  by  several 
correspondents.  Other  articles  relate  to 
some  marriage  customs,  slavery,  hook- 
swinging,  infanticide,  the  meriah  sacrifice, 
dress,  native  names,  the  boomerang, 
steel  yards,  clepsydras,  knuckle-dusters, 
cockfighting,  tallies,  and  drv-cupping. 
The  book,  therefore,  extends  over  a  wide 
range  of  subjects,  and  cannot  fail  to  con- 
tain something  of  interest  for  any  one 
desirous  of  knowing  about  the  customs  of 
the  natives  of  Southern  India. 


The  Study  of  Plant  Life  for  Young  People. 
By  M.  C.  Stopes,  D.Sc,  Ph.D.  (Moring.) 
— This  is,  we  believe,  Miss  Stopes's  first 
book,  but  she  is  already  well  known  as  one 
of  the  most  promising  botanists  of  the  day. 
The  volume  is  intended  to  be  "  a  guide  along 
the  road  for  those  who  desire  to  learn  some- 
thing about  the  plants  around  them."  It 
is  fresh  in  arrangement,  and  evidently  the 
work  of  an  enthusiast.  The  illustrations 
in  the  text  are  drawn  by  the  author  her- 
self, and  are  well  suited  for  their  purpose. 
Beginning  with  some  elementarj-  chemistry, 
the  learner  is  led  on  to  details  of  seeds,  food 
materials  of  plants,  flowers,  the  effect  of 
light,  roots,  stems,  and  leaves.  The  author 
lias  attained  simplicity  of  language — a  moro 
difficult  business  than  writers  of  text-books 


446 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


imagine — and  as  her  book  is  printed  in 
large,  clear  type,  we  can  strongly  recom- 
mend it  to  teachers  in  schools,  who  will  find 
the  course  provided  thoroughly  practical 
and  useful.  How  much  even  adults  can 
learn  from  such  a  book  as  this  in  the  way 
of  observation  would  hardly  be  believed  by 
the  ordinary  unseeing  man,  for  whom  most  of 
nature's  beautiful  arrangements  are  a  sealed 
book. 

The  Romance  of  Plant  Life,  by  G.  F.  Scott 
Elliot  (Seeley  &  Co.),  is  a  compilation  dealing 
with  the  quaint  and  curious,  but  also  not 
devoid  of  scientific  touches.  The  author 
evidently  has  technical  knowledge,  and  has 
worked  skilfully  into  his  book  details  of  the 
facts  and  inferences  which  form  the  ground- 
work of  modern  botany.  Further,  he  has 
in  many  cases  given  references  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page  which  show  that  he  is  following 
good  authorities.  The  illustrations  are 
striking,  and  cover  a  wide  field  of  interest. 
We  are  glad  to  notice  that  the  author  refers 
to  the  work  men  of  letters  have  done  in 
making  scientific  facts  palatable  to  the 
general  public.  He  is  occasionally  rather 
flippant,  but  his  book  is  on  the  whole 
excellently  adapted  to  arouse  the  interest 
of  the  human  boy.  We  do  not  think  that 
"  woodruff  "  should  be  explained  as  mean- 
ing "wood  rowel,"  though  we  are  aware  that 
the  word  is  disputed.  The  whorl  of  green 
round  the  stem  is  surely  more  like  an  Eliza- 
bethan ruff  than  "  an  old-fashioned  spur." 
The  author  mocks  at  the  uses  of  common 
plants  in  the  medicinal  way,  in  which  our 
ancestors  believed,  but  we  should  not  be 
surprised  to  see  a  revival  of  some  of  these 
remedies.  An  example  of  his  lively  style 
is  the  statement  that 

"because  a  few  (only  a  very  few)  plants  found  it 
necessary  to  protect  their  wood  from  burrowing 
beetles  by  a  specially  poisonous  and  elastic  sub- 
stance, therefore  we  can  play  golf  and  enjoy  free- 
wheel bicycles." 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

At  the  second  meeting  of  the  Conference 
of  Corresponding  Societies  of  the  British 
Association  at  York,  over  which  Mr.  Hop- 
kinson  presided,  a  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
W.  Jerome  Harrison  on  the  desirability  of 
promoting  county  photographic  surveys. 
He  urged  the  importance  of  the  collection 
of  records  of  the  life  of  the  nation — trades, 
dress,  occupation,  habits,  and  amusements, 
as  well  as  physical  features,  in  view  of  the 
rapid  changes  that  are  taking  place — and 
submitted  a  code  of  directions  for  practical 
work.  An  animated  discussion  followed, 
and  a  committee  was  nominated  to  consider 
the  subject.  Mr.  W.  Crooke,  on  behalf  of 
the  Anthropological  Section  of  the  Associa- 
tion, which  had  already  formed  a  committee 
to  collect  and  register  photographs  of  anthro- 
pological interest,  asked  for  the  co-operation 
of  local  societies,  particularly  by  the  collec- 
tion of  photographs  of  the  best-defined  types 
of  the  peasantry  in  those  parts  of  the  country 
where  they  have  been  least  affected  by  foreign 
influences.  He  also  asked  for  co-operation 
with  the  Committee  appointed  to  report 
upon  the  best  means  of  registering  mega- 
lithic  monuments  ;  and  Mr.  Rudler  was 
accordingly  nominated  to  serve  on  that 
committee. 

Mr.  Northcote  W.  Thomas  contributes 
largely  to  the  publications  of  the  Folk-lore 
Society.  Tie  has  compiled  for  it  a  '  Biblio- 
graphy of  Foik-Lore  for  1905,'  which  has 
been  issued  separately.  It  is  limited  to 
works  and  periodicals  published  in  the 
British  Empire  during  that  year  ;  but, 
within  that  limit,  it  is  more  comprehensive 


and  more  complete  than  any  such  biblio- 
graphy that  has  hitherto  been  attempted. 
The  main  list  is  arranged  geographically, 
preceded  by  a  short  list  of  general  items. 
A  full  index  of  authors'  names  and  another 
of  subjects  are  added.  Future  annual 
issues  are  contemplated.  To  Folk-lore  Mr 
Thomas  communicates  a  paper  on  the 
scapegoat  in  European  folk-lore,  in  which 
he  reviews  the  various  ceremonies  that 
appear  to  have  their  motive  in  the  trans- 
ference of  evil  from  man  to  an  animal  ;  and 
an  article  on  Dr.  Howitt's  defence  of  group- 
marriage,  in  which  he  joins  issue  with  that 
distinguished  observer,  to  whom  we  owe 
much  of  our  knowledge  of  the  Australian 
tribes,  on  the  question  whether  the  existing 
practices  of  those  tribes  are  evidence  of  a 
previous  system  of  group-marriage  when 
the  terms  of  relationship  now  used  are 
rightly  interpreted.  A  similar  controversial 
element  is  afforded  to  Folk-lore  by  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang's  notes  in  reply  to  Mr.  Howitt 
and  Mr.  Jevons — the  latter  on  the  same 
subject  of  marriage  customs,  the  former  on 
the  question  whether  there  is  any  correlation 
between  the  All-Father  belief  and  the  degree 
of  advance  in  other  directions  shown  by  the 
several  tribes.  Mr.  A.  B.  Cook's  contribu  • 
tion  to  the  history  of  the  Sky-God  of  the 
Celts  relates  mainly  to  superstitions  connected 
with  the  oak  and  other  trees  and  the  mistle- 
toe. A  photograph  of  the  contents  of  a 
Yorkshire  wassail  box,  taken  round  by 
children  with  the  song  "  God  rest  you  merry, 
gentlemen,"  illustrates  an  article  by  Mr. 
Wright.  The  words  are  printed  "  God  rest 
you,  merry  gentlemen,"  but  this  is  probably 
wrong,  as  the  word  "  merry  "  qualifies,  not 
"  gentlemen,"  but  "  rest  "  =  keep.  The 
mischief  that  a  misplaced  comma  may  do 
is  illustrated  in  Mr.  Lang's  paper.  An  inter- 
esting and  original  paper  is  contributed  by- 
Mr.  W.  Innes  Pocock  on  some  English 
string  tricks,  in  which  twenty-seven  forms 
are  illustrated  and  described. 

M.  Thieullen  has  added  to  his  numerous 
contributions  to  prehistoric  study  a  folio 
pamphlet  on  prejudices  and  facts  in  pre- 
historic industry,  in  which  he  discusses  what 
he  terms  the  false  eoliths  of  Mantes  ;  de- 
scribes some  objects  which  he  calls  figured 
stones  intentionally  retouched,  resembling 
respectively  a  small  animal,  an  elephant,  a 
human  profile,  and  a  fish  ;  and  refers  to  the 
discoveries  of  similar  objects  made  by  him 
during  the  last  eighteen  years. 


Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  will  publish  this 
autumn  a  short  treatise-  on  theoretical 
electricity  by  Sir  Oliver  Lodge,  under  the 
title  '  Electrons.'  This  will  be  an  expansion 
of  a  paper  communicated  by  the  author  to 
the  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  in  1902, 
with  additions  bringing  it  fairly  up  to  date. 
Besides  conduction,  radiation,  and  the  like, 
on  which  opinions  have  become  more 
precise  and  definite  since  the  author  pub- 
lished his  '  Modern  Views  of  Electricity ' 
twenty  years  ago,  Sir  Oliver  deals  with 
the  present  position  of  our  knowledge  and 
hypotheses  concerning  the  constitution  of 
matter,  and  discusses  especially  the  evidence 
for  its  electrical  nature. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  serious  book  on 
gardening  attains  its  tenth  revised  edition 
during  its  author's  lifetime,  yet  such  is  the 
case  with  Mr.  William  Robinson's  work 
'  The  English  Flower  Garden,'  the  new 
edition  of  which  Mr.  Murray  hopes  to  issue 
next  month. 


Or.  Forsytti  is  to  be  congratulated,  on 
the  completion  of  his  great  work  on  the 
'  Theory  of  Differential  Equations,'  the  fifth 
and  sixth  volumes  of  which,  forming 
Part  IV.  (Partial  Differential  Equations), 
will  be  published  by  the  Cambridge  University 
Press  during  the  present  month.  Part  I. 
was  published  in  1890,  and  discussed  Pfaff's 
problem  ;  Part  II.  (in  two  volumes)  in 
1900,  and  discussed  ordinary  equations  not 
of  a  linear  type  ;  while  Part  III.  was  issued 
in  1902,  and  dealt  with  ordinary  linear 
equations.  The  concluding  section  of  the 
treatise  is  devoted  to  partial  differential 
equations. 

Prof.  W.  M.  Flinders  PetrteTwuI 
deliver  the  Seventh  Annual  Huxley  Memorial 
Lecture  on  Thursday,  November  lst,^his 
subject  being  '  Migrations.' 

The  Greenwich  meteorological  records  of 
the  weather  for  last  summer  indicate  two 
circumstances  without  precedent  since  they 
began  in  1841.  On  September  2nd  the 
reading  of  the  thermometer  reached  93°*5, 
the  highest  ever  recorded  in  that  month. 
The  readings  on  August  31st,  September  1st, 
2nd,  and  3rd,  were  940,3  (the  highest  for 
the  year),  91°'9,  93°-5,  and  91°-0  respectively. 
On  only  three  previous  occasions  had  the 
record  exceeded  90o-0  on  three  consecutive 
days,  viz.,  in  1868,  July  20th-22nd  ;  1876, 
August  13th-15tb,  and  1893,  August  16th- 
18th  ;  never  on  four  consecutive  days, 
which  was  the  more  remarkable  this  year 
on  account  of  the  lateness  in  the  season  at 
which  it  took  place. 

Dr.  Holetschek,  of  Vienna,  has  dis- 
cussed the  circumstances  of  the  approaching 
return  of  Halley's  comet,  founding  his 
calculations  on  Pontecoul ant's  determina- 
tion of  the  elements  of  the  orbit,  according 
to  which  the  perihelion  passage  will  take 
place  about  the  middle  of  the  month  of 
May,  1910.  He  thinks  it  possible  that  the 
comet  may  be  seen  near  the  opposition  to- 
the  sun  towards  the  end  of  1908,  and  very 
probable  that  it  will  be  observed  in  the  second 
half  of  1909.  In  January,  1910,  the  theo- 
retical brightness  will  be  as  great  as  when 
it  was  first  seen  at  the  last  appearance, 
which  was  on  August  5th,  1835,  102  days 
before  the  perihelion  passage  on  Novem- 
ber 15th.  About  the  middle  of  March,  1910,. 
it  will  probably  become  visible  to  the  naked 

Herr  Ebeel  has  computed  elliptical  ele- 
ments of  Kopff's  comet  (c,  1906),  which 
give  its  period  as  6*6  years.  The  perihelion 
passage  took  place  on  May  3rd,  so  that  the 
next  will  be  due  about  the  end  of  1912.  Its 
apparent  place  is  now  a  little  to  the  north  of 
the  star  37  Pegasi,  moving  slowly  in  a  south- 
easterly direction,  but  it  is  out  of  the  reach 
of  any  but  telescopes  of  very  large  aperture. 

Holmes's  periodical  comet  (/,  1906)  wa& 
photographed  again  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at 
the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on 
the  25th  ult.  It  had  become  brighter  than 
on  the  former  occasion,  but  scarcely  ex- 
ceeded a  star  of  the  thirteenth  magnitude. 
Its  apparent  place  was  in  the  constellation. 
Perseus,  moving  towards  Auriga. 

Another  small  planet  was  photographic- 
ally discovered  by  Mr.  Metcalf  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  on  the  15th  ult.  ;  and  five  at  the 
Konigstuhl  Observatory — four  of  these  by 
Prof.  Max  Wolf  (three  on  the  24th,  and  one 
on  the  26th  ult.),  and  one  by  Herr  Kopff 
on  the  latter  day. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 
Mon.     Royal   Academy.  4.— 'Vehicles   ami    Varnishes,'  Prof.  A.   H. 

Churclv, 
Wsd.     British  Numismatic, 

—      Entomological, 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


447 


Wed.  Microscopical,  8.—' Some  Rotifera  of  the  Sikkim  Himalaya, 
Mr.  J.  Murray;  'Coruuoia  serpiria,  a  Species  of  Mycetozoa 
Dew  to  Britain,'  Mr.  J.  M.  Coon. 
—  Chemical,  S.30.— 'The  Amino-dicarhoxylio  Acid  derived  from 
Pinene,'  Messrs.  W.  A.  Tilden  and  I).  F.  Blyther ;  'The 
Preparation  and  Properties  of  Dihydropinylamine  (Pino- 
camphylamine),'  Messrs.  W.  A.  Tilden  and  F.  Q.  Shepheard  ; 
'  Determination  of  Nitrates,'  Mr.  P.  S.  Sinnatt ;  and  other 
Papers. 

Thcrs.  Royal  Academy.  4.—'  Methods  of  Painting,'  Prof.  A.  H.  Church. 

Fbi.  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  8.— Discussion  on  '  Kail- 
way  Motor-Car  Traffic'  Paper  on  '  Some  Notes  on  the 
Mechanical  Equipment  of  Collieries,'  Mr.  E.  M.  Hann. 


FINE   ARTS 


The  Drawings  of  Jean  Francois  Millet. 
With  Fifty  Facsimile  Reproductions 
and  an  Introductory  Essay  by  Leonce 
Benedite.     (Heinemann.) 

A  book  of  drawings  such  as  this  offers, 
for  reasons  that  may  be  discussed  later, 
a  better  opportunity  of  understanding 
Millet's  genius  than  is  to  be  found  in  the 
study  of  his  paintings,  and  an  oppor- 
tunity, moreover,  still  needed,  for  Millet, 
with  all  his  reputation,  has  not  had 
the  study  he  deserves.  We  sometimes 
lament  the  scarcity  in  our  time  of  the 
great  artist ;  but  can  it  be  denied  that  we 
make  only  the  smallest  use  of  such  a 
phenomenon  when  he  appears  ?  We  re- 
sist in  the  first  instance,  to  the  utmost, 
his  efforts  to  find  a  public  at  all,  and, 
when  at  last  he  emerges  in  our  despite, 
we  hasten  to  isolate  from  any  fruitful 
artistic  companionship  this  dangerous 
particle  of  matter.  We  make  of  it, 
with  hypocritical  reverence,  a  fetish, 
enclosed  in  inviolable  and  mysterious 
perfection,  immune  from  first-hand  con- 
tact with  the  world  because  covered 
always  with  a  smooth  formula  of  praise. 
Thus  is  concealed  the  salutary  and  en- 
couraging fact  that  of  this,  as  of  other 
pearls,  the  central  and  originating  principle 
is  after  all  only  grit. 

Millet,  sent  by  nature  as  a  guide  and 
encouragement  to  other  artists,  has  for 
many  years  been  exalted  by  his  ad- 
mirers into  a  state  of  pontifical  dignity 
that  constitutes  him  almost  a  .public 
danger.  By  depicting  him  always  "  in 
enigmatic  outline,  like  some  isolated 
formation,  some  spontaneous  growth 
of  nature  " — by  emphasizing  always  how 
different  was  his  point  of  view  from  that 
of  other  artists,  instead  of  making  clear 
the  rationale  of  that  point  of  view  in 
order  that  others  might  follow  him — we 
have  been  not  so  much  exalting  Millet  as 
needlessly  discouraging  and  keeping  at  a 
distance  the  student  who  might  have 
benefited  by  the  familiar  study  of  his  work. 
Our  words  may  seem  to  plead  for  a  mere 
school  handbook,  but  we  submit  that  the 
humbly  explanatory  handbook  is  just  now 
more  needed  than  eloquent  biography 
or  superlative  glorification.  To  have 
great  reverence  for  something,  but  no 
clear  idea  of  what  it  is  we  reverence, 
comes,  after  all,  perilously  near  to 
humbug,  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that 
we  feel  less  than  complete  satisfaction 
Avith  M.  Benedite's  introductory  essay  to 
this  volume  of  drawings,  sincere  and 
dignified  as  it  is  in  tone.  It  is  unfair 
to  say  that  no  attempt  is  made  to  define 
in  what  the  draughtsmanship  of  Millet 
differs  from  the  more  literal  draughtsman- 


ship that  the  unsophisticated  student 
has  been  accustomed  to  admire.  Hints 
are  dropped,  and  hints  on  the  whole  in  the 
right  direction ;  but  they  do  not  point  to  a 
path  by  which  the  aspirant  may  himself 
attain  to  a  like  insight.  There  is  always 
the  implication  that  there  is  in  such  insight 
a  supernatural  quality,  unattainable  by  any 
but  an  immortal  genius — unattainable, 
above  all,  by  any  but  the  "  peasant-born." 
"  He  was  a  seer,"  says  M.  Benedite. 

"  He  ennobles  whatever  he  touches,  not 
by  amplification,  but  by  simplification.  He 
looks  only  for  the  essential  ;  he  regards 
things,  as  lie  says  himself,  '  only  in  their 
fundamental  aspects.'  Nay,  his  truth  is  of 
so  lofty  a  kind  that  it  goes  beyond  the  mere 
reproduction  of  the  appearances  and  activities 
of  reality,  that  his  figures  wear  the  guise  of 
symbols,  and  his  smallest  accessories — like 
the  harrow  left  alone  and  forgotten  on  the 
cold  ground  in  the  middle  of  a  bare  field 
under  the  wintry  sky — carry  an  extraordinary 
importance  of  meaning." 

Now  there  is  surely  an  unnecessary  pother 
about  this.  Millet's  accessories  have  an 
enormous  importance  because  there  are 
no  details  in  the  picture  to  dispute  that 
importance.  Artistic  restraint,  though 
a  fine  quality,  is  not  indefinable  or  super- 
natural in  its  action,  nor  was  Millet  its 
inventor.  Above  all,  if  the  student  is  to 
be  encouraged  to  make  his  own  the  spirit 
of  these  drawings,  it  must  be  by  the 
explanation  that,  beautiful  as  they  are, 
their  rationale  is  eminently  simple. 

Had  M.  Benedite  consented  to  mar 
his  periods  by  the  production  of  a  hand- 
book, he  might  perhaps,  starting;  from 
his  conception  of  the  "  vie  d'ensemble," 
as  he  calls  it,  have  dwelt  on  the 
indissoluble  oneness  of  nature,  wherein 
is  no  possible  line  to  be  drawn  between 
the  animate  and  the  inanimate,  between 
causality  and  accident.  A  less  busy  man 
than  the  Director  of  the  Luxembourg  in 
writing  such  a  handbook  might  have 
shown  us  nature  in  such  perpetual 
change  as  to  make  literal  presentation 
impossible,  and  thus  have  inferred  the 
philosophic  necessity  of  a  generalized 
presentment.  Then,  if  he  were  wise, 
lest  to  the  artist  reader  with  his  more 
concrete  mind  these  abstractions  should 
prove  merely  baffling,  he  might  lightly 
offer,  however  crudely,  suggestions  as  to 
the  precise  manner  in  which  such  gene- 
ralized treatment  will  show  itself  in  the 
most  elementary,  even  perhaps  the  most 
mechanical,  of  concrete  instances.  One 
might  point  out,  for  example,  how  in  some 
simple  tool  or  agricultural  implement 
certain  characteristics  are  universal,  having 
their  origin  in  the  prime  purpose  for 
which  the  thing  is  made  ;  others  local, 
resultant  perhaps  from  the  particular 
wood  or  material  that  is  easiest  procured, 
or  from  the  taste  in  form  imposed  on 
the  district  by  its  history  ;  some  even 
personal,  arising  from  still  more  intimate 
causes.  One  might  insist  that,  accord- 
ing as  the  painter  is  treating  of  the 
peasant  in  general,  or  of  an  Essex 
peasant,  or  of  Hodge  from  the  next  farm, 
he  must  supply  him  either  with  the 
wheelbarrow  in  its  simplest  and  most 
universal  form,  or  with  a  typical  Essex 


wheelbarrow,  or,  in  the  last  instance, 
with  Hodge's  own  particular  wheelbarrow 
and  no  other.  In  Millet's  work  we  notice 
not  merely,  as  is  here  claimed,  that  "  he 
never  sets  a  Gruchy  peasant  in  a  Barbizon 
landscape  " — that,  after  all,  might  imply 
only  the  truth  of  local  colour  that  many 
another  painter  has  possessed  as  markedly 
as  he — but  also  that  he  keeps  in  every 
part  of  his  picture  the  balance  between 
the  general  and  the  particular  that  his 
special  theme  prescribes.  This  he  does  not 
of  grim  purpose,  but  in  the  most  natural 
fashion  in  the  world,  because  the  act  of 
drawing  has  come  with  him  to  be  simply 
a  statement  on  paper  of  certain  things 
in  nature  that  he  has  noted  as  being 
related,  and  to  his  observant  rather  than 
photographic  eye  it  is  natural  to  put 
down  everything  that  makes  clear  those 
relationships — unnatural  to  put  dow  n 
anything  else. 

In  the  study  for  '  Almsgiving  '  of  the 
present  series  how  absolutely  characteristic 
of  the  peasant  housewife  is  the  manner 
in  which  the  large  loaf  is  held  under  the 
arm,  so  that  that  arm  serves  as  a  kind  of 
ruler,  aiding  the  woman  to  cut  off  j  ust  the 
right  amount  of  what  is  given,  freely 
perhaps,  but  not  lightly,  as  the  rich  give ! 
There  is  a  similar  shade  of  expression  in 
the  '  Knitting  Lesson,'  where  the  mother 
is  not  wholly  absorbed  in  pleasure  in  her 
child's  interest,  as  a  woman  of  the  wealthier 
classes  might  be,  but  seriously  bent 
on  getting  the  necessary  stockings. 
In  both  these  subjects  the  justice  of 
the  statement  depends  on  the  due  expres- 
sion, by  costume  and  surroundings,  of 
exactly  those  surroundings  of  honourable 
poverty  in  close  touch  with  material 
necessities  which  form  their  proper 
setting.  The  fine  design  of  the  '  Depar- 
ture of  the  Prodigal,'  on  the  other  hand, 
touches  a  more  universal  theme,  and  calls 
accordingly  for  hardly  any  particulariza- 
tion.  A  traveller  with  cloak  and  staff 
turns  to  say  farewell  to  a  group  on  the 
threshold  bringing  something  into  the 
shelter  of  the  house.  Their  attitudes  ex- 
press a  foreboding  consent  to  the  inevit- 
able. The  shadows  lengthen,  and  the 
traveller's  figure  has  a  certain  loneliness 
against  the  empty  western  sky.  In  the 
middle  of  the  picture,  to  emphasize  the  cosi- 
ness of  the  house,  which  is  otherwise  hardly 
indicated,  stands  a  "lean-to"  shed,  already 
filling  with  the  shadows  of  night.  The 
design  tells  its  story  in  the  most  sueeir.it 
and  vivid  manner,  and  shows  a  sense 
of  what  are  relatively  the  most  significant 
forms  for  the  purpose  in  hand.  By  such 
feeling  for  what  one  might  call  the  moral 
values  of  his  subject  Millet  knows  at  once 
what  to  accentuate,  what  to  subordinate, 
what  to  eliminate.  Admirably  suitable 
in  his  :  Seaweed  Gatherers  '  is  the  drawing 
of  the  breakers,  torn  and  peevish,  without 
nobility  of  form,  foul  and  encumbered 
with  storm-wrack.  Admirable  also  is  the 
line  study  of  women  sewing — so  gene- 
ralized that  you  cannot  even  remotely 
guess  what  type  of  head  the  further 
woman  is  supposed  to  have,  yet  packed 
with  expression  of  the  intentness  of  the 
women  at  their  work.     So  intent  are  they 


448 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


that,  when  one  of  them  looks  up  in  con- 
versation, it  is  at  her  companion's  hands 
that  she  looks,  not  at  her  face.  Another 
example  of  the  centralized  character  of 
Millet's  observation  is  the  cow  in  the 
'  Peasant  Woman  pasturing  her  Cow.' 
Its  proportions  and  structure  are  carelessly 
observed,  but  emphatically  it  is  eating: 
the  curious  appearance  whereby  the  pro- 
gress of  the  mouth  along  the  ground 
seems  to  drag  the  brute  after  it  is  ren- 
dered perfectly.  The  tone  study  of  the 
women  sewing  also  has  a  wonderful 
eloquence  to  any  one  who  has  done 
much  nightwork,  the  lamp-weariness  of 
the  group  being  rendered  not  only  in  the 
bent  forms  of  the  women,  but  also  in  the 
curiously  harsh  values.  With  just  this 
dull  insistence  does  the  monotonous 
image  press  into  the  aching  eyeball  in 
those  "  small  hours  "  which  are,  indeed, 
so  short. 

Thus  one  might  pass  through  all  these 
drawings,  of  which  we  have  at  random 
selected  two  or  three  to  touch  on.  In 
almost  all  of  them  we  should  find  some 
large  statement  of  natural  law  finely 
observed,  and  to  that  large  statement 
every  obvious  fact  of  the  momentary 
scene  in  nature  is  subordinated.  With 
Millet  to  draw  was  to  generalize,  not  only 
consciously,  but  also  so  evidently  as  to  force 
upon  us  a  knowledge  of  how  he  proceeded, 
and  to  make  his  work,  if  we  do  not  frighten 
them  off  it  by  misleading  rhapsodies,  a 
vade-mecum  for  students  on  the  road  to 
sound  and  noble  draughtsmanship. 

Misleading  also  is  the  wholesale  praise 
heaped  at  present  upon  this  painter  if  it 
causes  us  to  suppose  that  henceforth  the 
only  business  of  fine  painting  is  in  the 
domain  of  austere  abstraction.  So  far 
is  this  from  being  the  case  that  we  ven- 
ture to  suggest  that  even  with  Millet 
himself  painting  was  rarely  a  comfortable 
medium — that  it  was  too  plastic  for  his 
purpose,  and  left  on  his  hands  too  many 
idle  possibilities  for  which  he  had  no  use. 
In  his  most  characteristic  work  he  was 
doing  something  that  did  not  require  so 
complex  a  material :  wherefore  his  most 
characteristic  pictures  are  not  necessarily 
his  best,  though  they  are,  of  course,  those 
that  have  most  markedly  the  peculiar  ease 
and  confidence  in  generalization  that 
make  him  an  innovator  and  a  teacher. 
In  drawing,  a  medium  of  narrower  possi- 
bilities, his  most  characteristic  work  was 
more  frequently  his  best  than  is  the  case 
with  painting,  which  finds  its  happiest 
development  in  men  of  simpler  outlook, 
who  are  not,  however,  on  that  account 
lesser  artists.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  put  anything  of  Millet's  above  the 
best  work  of  Lenain,  whose  conscious 
efforts  aimed  at  little  beyond  the  mere 
"  literal  "  imitation  of  nature's  appearances 
condemned  by  many.  It  is  scarcely  for 
the  painter,  of  all  artists,  to  be  hasty  in 
weaning  us  from  the  glamour  of  those 
appearances.  For  him,  after  all,  beauty 
may  justify  even  the  superficial. 


The  Catalogue  of  the  Creek  Coins  of  Phrygia, 
by  Barclay  V.  Head,  with  one  Map  and 
63  Plates  (printed  by  Order  of  the  Trustees), 


makes  the  twenty-fifth  of  the  British 
Musuem  catalogues,  a  series  which  has 
earned  the  highest  reputation  amongst 
numismatists.  It  has  an  added  interest 
in  being  the  last  official  contribution  of 
Mr.  B.  V.  Head,  whose  '  Historia  Numo- 
rum  '  has  done  more  than  any  other  one 
book  to  spread  accurate  and  scholarly 
knowledge  of  coins.  Mr.  Head  is  being 
presented  with  a  '  Festschrift '  on  his  retire- 
ment, and  we  desire  to  add  our  respectful 
tribute  to  his  great  services  to  the  science 
of  numismatics.  We  hope  that  he  may 
now  have  leisure  further  to  pursue  his  work, 
to  digest  the  stores  of  new  material  which 
are  accumulating,  and  perhaps  to  give  the 
world  an  exhaustive  work  on  coin  devices. 
For  that  is  the  great  want  now.  It  is  un- 
fortunate, perhaps,  that  Mr.  Head  has 
already  taken  up  a  definite  position,  inclin- 
ing too  much  to  the  symbolic  or  religious 
interpretation  of  types.  But  Mr.  Mac- 
donald's  sane  and  illuminating  study  must 
have  convinced  him  that  there  are  other 
sides  to  the  question,  if  he  has  not  been 
convinced  by  Prof.  Ridgeway  ;  and  if  he 
will  keep  an  open  mind  there  is  no  one 
better  qualified  to  do  the  work.  It  will  be 
necessary,  we  think,  not  to  confine  the 
investigation  to  coins,  since  the  principles 
of  Greek  pictorial  art  are  more  clearly  seen 
in  other  departments — such  as  the  treat- 
ment of  divine  attributes,  and  the  devices 
on  shields  or  treaty-inscriptions. 

We  hope  the  occasion  may  pardon  this 
digression  ;  and  now  we  turn  to  the  Phrygian 
catalogue.  The  Phrygian  coins  of  the  Museum 
form  a  very  fine  collection  of  more  than 
2,000  specimens.  The  Introduction  con- 
tains a  list  of  the  cities  of  Phrygia  arranged 
alphabetically,  55  in  number.  The  position 
of  each,  so  far  as  they  are  identified,  is 
described  ;  the  chief  types  enumerated  ; 
and  a  list  of  magistrates'  names  is  added. 
These  lists  of  names  are  intended  to  be  com- 
plete, gaps  in  the  Museum  collection  being 
filled  from  Imhoof-Blumer's  '  Kleinasia- 
tische  Miinzen,'  Baudon's  '  Inventaire  de 
la  Collection  Waddington,'  and  other  sources. 
Next  the  coins  are  catalogued  in  the  same 
order.  Several  indexes  follow :  Geogra- 
phical, Types,  Emperors,  Symbols,  Counter- 
marks, Kings  and  Rulers,  Magistrates' 
Names  on  Autonomous  Coins,  Magistrates' 
Names  on  Imperial  Coins,  Roman  Magis- 
trates' Names,  and  Remarkable  Inscrip- 
tions. Tables,  a  map,  and  53  plates  complete 
the  work. 

There  is  no  need  to  remind  our  readers 
of  the  importance  of  coin  devices  for  the 
student  of  religion  ;  but  it  is  always  necessary 
to  use  caution  in  drawing  deductions.  Every 
one  knows!  how  much  importance  has  been 
attached  of  late  years  to  the  sign  of  the  two- 
headed  axe,  which  has  been  the  foundation 
of  a  tall  superstructure  of  conjecture  in 
Crete.  Here,  as  has  been  often  pointed  out, 
the  axe  occurs  as  an  attribute  of  Apollo 
(p.  xxi,  Abbaita?,  No.  9,  and  Eumeneia, 
j).  218),  Dionysus  (Eumeneia,  p.  212),  and  a 
rider-god  or  hero  (p.  lxii).  Some  attributes 
or  tokens  are  peculiar :  the  human  ear 
(p.  xxxii),  for  example.  The  poppy,  the 
corn-ear,  and  grapes,  the  bee,  eagle,  ele- 
phant, lion,  owl,  serpent,  and  wolf  also 
occur,  with  various  articles  of  use,  such  as 
the  caduceus,  the  amphora,  and  the  flute. 
Favourite  deities  are  Apollo,  Aphrodite, 
Artemis,  Dionysus,  Cybele,  and  Zeus  :  it 
is  impossible  to  describe  their  many  forms 
and  attitudes  in  this  place.  The  list  of 
i Magistrates'  names  fills  19  pages  ;  no  names 
of  engravers  are  recorded.  Many  coins  give 
information  as  to  official  titles  ;  e.g.,  vios 
7ro/\ews,  dywvoOerijS,  o"ia  f3iov  iinriKOS 
(p.  liii).  Zeus  has  the  epithet  MeXr)i>6<;  in 
Dorylseum.      The  name  Zmertorix  (Eume- 


neia, p.  lxi)  is  doubtless  Celtic.  The  prac- 
tice of  striking  coins  at  festivals  is  amply 
attested  ;  and  the  formula  avkdnKtv  was- 
often  degraded  for  use  in  this  connexion^ 
Sometimes  the  occasion  of  coining  is  marked 
by  aiTi]crafjt.(vov  or  eicrayyeiAavTos  tou  8elva. 
The  name  of  a  proconsul  is  some- 
times given  in  the  dative,  perhaps  this 
may  imply  at  the  demand  of  such  and  such 
a  proconsul  ;  hardly  can  it  be  an  attempt 
to  translate  the  ablative  absolute,  hardly 
can  avidrfKt  be  understood,  for  that  would 
be  much  harsher  than  the  commoner  use 
of  dvedrjKe  with  the  magistrate's  name  in. 
the  nominative.  There  are  a  number  of 
peculiar  inscriptions  besides  these  :  Soy/xan 
o-vyKXr/Tov  no  doubt  echoes  the  Roman 
senatus  consulto.  Many  portraits  are  found, 
and  a  few  architectural  types.  This  volume 
will  be  found  useful  also  to  the  historical! 
student ;  and  if  anything  like  order  is  being 
introduced  into  our  knowledge  of  the  history 
and  geography  of  Asia  Minor,  we  have 
largely  the  numismatists  to  thank  for  it. 


THE    HOLMAN    HUNT    EXHIBITION.. 

f-  The  catalogue  of  this  exhibition  of  the 
collected  works  of  Mr.  Holman  Hunt  is- 
prefaced  by  a  curiously  partisan  '  Note ' 
by  Sir  W.  B.  Richmond,  which  seems  likely 
to  cloud  the  critical  faculties  of  visitors  to 
this  show.  Without  definitely  indicating 
of  whom  he  is  writing,  he  deals  in  vague 
denunciations.  Ho  warns  us  against 
' '  the  fashionable  followers  of  jargon  and  those 
who  flap  on  the  edge  of  the  stream  of  novelty,  who- 
think  it  correct  to. admire  a  picture  that  could  be 
equally  well  hung  upside  down,  who  achieve  by 
paradox  the  conclusion  that  a  picture  has  no 
business  to  represent  anything  in  particular,  and 
above  all  that  it  nmst  have  no  resemblance  to 
nature  or  have  any  hidden  or  other  meaning  "  ; 
and  quotes  as  "  modern  dicta  " — "  as  little 
labour  as  possible,  as  much  indifferent 
drawing  as  possible,  as  little  selection  as 
possible,  as  ugly  as  possible,  as  badly  painted 
as  possible."  By  covertly  suggesting  that 
in  the  attitude  thus  summed  up  we 
have  a  fair  representation  of  the  state  of 
mind  of  that  critic  who  fails  to  admire 
many  of  Mr.  Hunt's  pictures,  Sir  William 
may  indeed  intimidate  the  feeble-minded 
into  a  show  of  admiration,  but  we  venture- 
to  suggest  that  most  people  will  be  inclined 
rather  to  look  askance  at  the  work  of  a 
man  who  finds  so  violent  an  advocate. 

Neither  state  of  mind  is  seemly  for  ap- 
proaching the  collected  work  of  an  artist 
who  has  laboured  zealously  through  a  long 
career,  and  at  intervals  during  that  career 
has  produced  distinguished  work.  Sir 
William  assures  us  there  are  many  great 
pictures  here,  and  we  may  indeed  concede 
that  there  are  three  extraordinarily  fine  ones. 
The  scene  from  '  The  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona,'  The  Hireling  Shepherd,  and  The 
Scapegoat  have  long  been  recognized  as 
masterpieces  of  their  kind,  '  The  Hireling 
Shepherd  '  being  the  most  entirely  satis- 
factory picture,  though  both  the  others 
perhaps  have  more  virile  passages  of  execu- 
tion— most  notably  of  all,  the  figure  of 
Silvia  in  the  earlier  work,  which  is  in  its  way 
unsurpassable.  Never  again  was  the  painter 
to  reach  this  pitch  of  exaltation,  but  in 
'  The  Hireling  Shepherd  '  he  achieved  a- 
work  that  was  a  poem  of  a  robust  order — 
better  knit,  better  relieved  in  its  wise  alter- 
nations of  pools  of  shade  behind  the  most 
highly  realized  passages  of  foreground  detail 
than  was  its  brilliant  but  fragmentary  pre- 
decessor. Nor  is  this  superiority  unnatural 
in  view  of  the  subject,  which  is  packed 
with  the  exuberant  vitality  of  nature,  when, 
every    particle    of    matter    seems    bursting. 


Ne4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


449 


with  the  will  to  live.  To  imitate  lifelessly 
matter  so  highly  charged  with  life  were 
too  patently  no  imitation  at  all.  Even  in 
»dealing  with  the  gleaming  silks  and  metals 
of  the  "  two  gentlemen,"  it  may  be  that  the 
changeful  effect  of  outdoor  illumination 
helped  this  most  literal  of  painters  ;  driving 
him,  under  the  guise  of  imitation,  to  the 
selection  of  what  was  vital  and  expressive. 
Certain  it  is  that  in  tins  heat  of  natural 
inspiration  he  developed  powers  of  subordi- 
nation, of  eloquent  description,  very  different 
from  the  merely  marvellous  realization  of 
•studio  properties  that  we  see  in  most  of 
•the  other  pictures  here.  In  The  Pot  of 
Basil,  for  all  its  inherent  commonplace, 
there  is  a  saving  power,  a  technical  mastery, 
but  in  The  Lady  of  Shaloti  we  have  an  Academy 
picture  of  the  worst  type,  unscrupulously 
tricked  out  with  the  most  garish  attractions 
— a  sad  end  for  the  fine  and  simple  design 
in  Routledge's  '  Tennyson.'  Even  as  sensa- 
tion it  is  ineffective,  the  head  of  the  lady 
being  perfunctory  and  without  definite  in- 
tention, and  the  painter  having  failed  to 
■catch  the  central  dramatic  fact  of  the  broken 
mirror.  For  surely  in  the  breaking  of  a 
mirror  it  is  not  the  lightning  jag  across  it. 
that  is  the  potent  factor.  The  shock  lies  in 
:seeing  what  was  but  now  a  single  vision  of 
reality  broken  in  two,  its  lines  so  startlingly, 
were  it  ever  so  slightly,  failing  to  meet.  By 
ruling  his  lines  evenly  across  the  fracture, 
:and  trusting  to  the  highest  of  high  lights 
on  the  broken  edge,  Mr.  Hunt  points  out 
how,  in  the  most  material  and  apparently 
mechanical  department  of  the  art  of  repre- 
sentation, the  dramatic  differs  from  the 
theatrical. 

To  pretend  that  '  The  Lady  of  Shalott '  is 
"  a  great  picture,"  as  Sir  William  Richmond 
declares,  in  any  sense  that  puts  it  in  the 
same  category  with  the  really  fine  work  of  its 
author,  is  not  fitting,  nor  does  it  make  for 
wider  appreciation  of  Mr.  Holman  Hunt. 
It  is  blaspheming  the  beauty  revealed  to  us 
by  an  artist  who  more  than  most  artists  is 
unequal.  It  is  not  difficult  to  see  why 
many  of  his  religious  pictures — the  Christ 
■among  the  Doctors  and  the  large  Finding  of 
■Christ  in  the  Temple  are  cases  in  point — are 
unsatisfactory,  and  yet  redeemed  by  pas- 
sages of  fine  draughtsmanship  in  the  indi- 
vidual heads.  The  Flight  into  Egypt  is 
more  puzzling,  with  its  crowd  of  children 
coarsely  drawn,  without  feeling  for  the  grace 
or  humour  or  vitality  of  childhood,  yet  at 
the  top  left-hand  corner  containing  the  one 
superb  group  of  three  babies  stamped  with 
an  observation  at  once  fervent  and  scholarly. 
After  all,  to  have  painted  a  single  picture  of 
the  quality  of  Mr.  Hunt's  finest  is  to  have 
one's  fame  assured.  It  is  treating  him  in  less 
than  respectful  fashion  to  pretend  that  all 
his  work  rises  to  that  high  level. 


The  memorial  exhibition  of  the  works  of 
Mr.  Arthur  Tomson  is  the  most  important 
feature  to  be  seen  at  Mr.  Baillie's  gallery. 
Of  the  group  of  English  pastoral  painters, 
Tomson,  Estall,  Hope  McLachlan,  and 
IStott,  there  is  now  but  one  survivor  ;  and 
without  pretending  that  the  movement 
they  represented  was  epoch-making,  it  is 
evident  that  all  were  poets  in  their  way, 
and  their  influence  healthy  until  a  few  years 
back,  since  when  their  example  has  been 
made  the  excuse  for  much  indeterminate 
painting.  The  picture  of  oxen  ploughing 
in  '  By  the  Sea  '  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful, 
the  poetic  intention  supported  by  more 
tcclinical     accomplishment    than     is    usual 


with  this  refined  but  rather  fumbling 
painter. 

Downstairs  is  a  collection  of  work  by  Mr. 
Raymond  Thompson  (who  attempts  ambi- 
tious figure  pictures  with  hardly  a  sufficient 
basis  of  observation  of  nature)  and  two 
landscape  painters.  Mr.  Westley  Manning  is 
the  cleverer  of  them,  but  his  work  offers 
only  a  gentle  compromise  between  several 
intentions. 

At  Messrs.  Dickinson's  gallery  the 
Algerian  landscapes  of  Mr.  Fox  Pitt  are  the 
work  of  a  raw  beginner,  but  have  a  force 
and  a  directness  that  at  least  promise  more 
than  does  most  of  the  work  seen  in  such 
exhibitions. 

At  the  Ryder  Gallery  paintings  and 
sketches  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Pickering,  Mr.  W. 
Llewellyn,  Mr.  Tom  Robertson,  and  other 
artists  are  on  view  ;  and  at  the  Mendoza 
Gallery,  '  Water-Colour  Drawings  of  Land 
and  Sea,'  by  Mr.  D.  Green. 

The  bronze  statue  of  Knox  by  Mr.  Pitten- 
drigh  Macgillivray  has  been  placed  in  position 
in  St.  Giles's  Cathedral,  Edinburgh. 

Mr.  Bvnisteb  Fletcher  began  on  Mon- 
day, at  the  University  Buildings,  Imperial 
Institute  Road,  a  tliree  years'  course  of 
illustrated  lectures  on  the  '  History  of 
Architecture.'  The  lectures  during  the  first 
year  will  deal  with  Egyptian,  Assyrian, 
Greek,  Roman,  and  Byzantine  architecture. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Munich 
of  the  talented  landscape  and  animal  painter 
Prof.  Mali. — Karl  Telepy,  whose  death  in  his 
seventh-ninth  year  is  reported  from  Buda- 
pest, was  one  of  the  foremost  landscape 
painters  of  Hungary. 


MUSIC 


The  Oxford  History  of  Music. — The  Poly- 
phonic Period.  Part  II.  By  H.  E. 
Wooldridge.    (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

Ueber  Heimat  und  Ursprung  der  mehrstim- 
migen  Tonkunst.  Von  Dr.  Victor 
Lederer.     Band  I.     (Leipsic,  Siegel.) 

The  first  volume  of  '  The'Oxford  History 
of  Music,'  entitled  '  The  Polyphonic  Period, 
Part  I.,'  issued  in  1901,  ended  with  a 
chapter  on  '  Discant  or  Measured  Music' 
Prof.  Wooldridge  begins  his  second  volume 
with  the  first  development  of  polyphony, 
and  with  special  mention  of  treatises 
ascribed  to  Philippe  de  Vitry,  one 
bearing  the  title  '  Ars  Nova,'  a  term  of 
common  use  in  the  fourteenth  century 
to  distinguish  the  new  methods  from  those 
of  the  Franconian  period.  The  part  played 
by  English  musicians  in  that  development 
was  important.  In  the  first  volume  our 
author  noted  a  "remarkable  difference" 
from  the  French  manner  in  specimens  of 
the  "  distinctly  English  music "  of  the 
thirteenth  century  which  have  been  pre- 
served. In  the  new  volume  he  refers  to 
the  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Adler  and 
Prof.  Riemann,  viz.,  that  a  "  kind  of 
organizing  in  thirds  and  sixths  "  formed 
the  substance  of  the  extempore  popular 
music  in  England  as  early  as  the  eleventh 
century.  With  this,  however,  the  Oxford 
professor  does  not  agree,  though  one  reason 
for  not  accepting  it  does  not  appear  to  us 
very  cogent.  "  Three  of  the  greatest 
authorities  of  the  thirteenth  century," 
he  tells  us,  make  no  mention  of  such  a 
method  ;    but  as  that  method  was  said 


to  be  popular,  such  silence  does  not 
surprise  us.  He  quotes  some  interesting 
specimens  of  English  music  of  the  thir- 
teenth century  which  are  in  the  British 
Museum  and  Bodleian  libraries,  and 
in  one,  '  Foweles  in  the  Frith,'  there  are 
two  passages  of  consecutive  sixths  which 
seem  rather  to  favour  the  Adler-Riemann 
view. 

The  earliest  rise  of  an  English  school 
of  composition,  properly  so  called,  "  may 
be  traced  probably  to  the  first  quarter 
of  the  fifteenth  century,"  says  our  author 
in  the  second  chapter  of  his  second  volume, 
'  Formation  of  Schools  '  ;  and  he  names 
the  principal  sources  for  music  of  that 
century  :  a  volume  in  the  Selden  collec- 
tion in  the  Bodleian,  the  Old  Hall  choir- 
book,  and  the  so-called  Trent  manuscripts, 
now  at  Vienna,  Modena,  and  Bologna. 
The  songs  in  the  first  display  "  character- 
istic English  qualities  "  ;  while  in  the 
second  are  works  "  exhibiting  the  novelties, 
referred  to  by  writers  of  the  time,  which 
excited  the  admiration  of  foreign  com- 
posers." The  dates  assigned  to  the  Selden 
and  Old  Hall  manuscripts  are  "  probably 
between  1415  and  1455,"  and  "  about 
1430  to  1480  "  ;  we  specially  note  these 
for  reasons  which  will  presently  be  given. 
Faulx  bourdon,  we  read,  was  a  "simple 
two-part  organum  at  the  fifth,  in  which 
an  additional  voice  is  inserted  at  an  equal 
distance  from  each  of  the  first  two — as  a 
third,  that  is  to  say,  to  both."  Hence  was 
formed  a  series  of  triads  ;  the  lowest  part, 
however,  was  sung  an  octave  higher,  and 
thus  the  series  became  one  of  first  inver- 
sions of  the  triads.  This  was  a  decided 
innovation,  which  "  found  great  favour, 
not  only  in  France,  but  also  in  Italy." 
Dr.  Alder  and  Prof.  Riemann  (as  Prof. 
Wooldridge  remarks)  regard  faulx  bourdon, 
i.e.,  organizing  in  thirds  and  sixths,  as  the 
substance  of  extempore  popular  music 
in  England  at  least  as  early  as  the  eleventh 
century.  Prof.  Wooldridge  gives  three 
examples  of  English  composition  during 
the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century  in 
which  there  are  instances  both  of  con- 
secutive sixths  and  thirds  ;  on  the  whole, 
however,  he  does  not  find  sufficient  evi- 
dence in  favour  of  the  Riemann  theory. 
But  he  tells  us  that  examples  of  fourteenth- 
century  composition  in  England  are"  rare." 
Well,  therefore,  may  he  add,  "  supposing 
our  examples  to  be  really  representative." 
The  method  to  which  Prof.  Riemann  refers 
might  have  been  extensively  used  without 
having  been  written  down.  Was  the 
singing  of  hymns  in  chapels  in  olden  times, 
when  some  of  the  women  followed  the 
melody  throughout,  but  a  third  below, 
perchance  a  last  trace  of  the  old  faulx 
bourdon?  It  was  called  singing  a  second, 
i.e.,  a  second  part. 

In  connexion  with  the  English  method 
of  faulx  bourdon  Prof.  Wooldridge  natu- 
rally mentions,  and  at  some  length,  a 
work  by  Guilelmus  Monachus,  who  has 
much  to  "say  on  the  subject,  and  here  we 
perceive  how  cautiously  opinions  must  be 
received.  The  chapter  '  De  Regule  Con- 
trapuncti  Anglicorum'  in  that  work, 
with  its  many  details,  would  seem  to 
be   of    immense   value,    but   the   Oxford 


450 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


professor  tells  us  of  the  manuscript  that 
"  unfortunately  the  uncertainty  which 
exists  at  present  with  respect  to  its  date 
renders  impossible  any  definite  estimate 
of  its  value."  The  Netherland  School 
is  discussed  ;  while  the  volume  ends  with 
a  chapter  on  Lassus  and  on  Palestrina  and 
his  followers. 

Dr.  Lederer  declares  that  Wales  is  the 
home  of  polyphony — that  in  John  of 
Dunstable  the  old  art  of  the  bards  was 
revived,  and  the  foundation  laid  of  modern 
music.  In  this  first  volume  he  deals  with 
the  reformation  of  music  in  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  importance  of  Dunstable 
has  been  generally  recognized  ;  the  oft- 
quoted  sentence  of  Tinctoris  proclaiming 
him  head  of  the  new  school  apud  Anglicos 
shows  in  what  honour  his  name  was  held 
in  the  second  half  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
But  as  Dunstable  spent  at  any  rate  some, 
if  not  most,  of  his  life  abroad,  and  pro- 
bably went,  as  Dr.  Lederer  thinks,  to 
Venice,  he  must  have  been  influenced 
by  foreign  musicians ;  and  this  must 
be  said  also  of  other  English  composers 
who  lived  abroad,  and  who  are  repre- 
sented by  Dr.  Lederer  as  belonging  to  the 
school  of  Dunstable.  Prof.  Wooldridge 
assumes,  and  rightly,  two  branches  of 
the  English  school  of  the  first  half  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  "  one  practising 
abroad,  and  the  other  at  home."  Dr. 
Lederer  notes  the  occurrence  of  chords 
in  the  Trent  codices  as  a  feature  of 
the  English  school,  but  honestly  states 
that  similar  chords  are  to  be  found  in 
French,  Italian,  and  German  manuscripts. 
Again,  with  regard  to  a  special  "  English  " 
cadence,  he  admits  that  it  is  already  to  be 
met  with  in  Francesco  Landini,  the 
Venetian  organist. 

Our  author  discusses  at  some  length 
the  date  of  the  Old  Hall  manuscripts,  and 
this  is  a  matter  of  considerable  importance. 
Prof.  Wooldridge  says  :  "  Only  an  imper- 
fect examination  of  the  Old  Hall  MSS. 
has  as  yet  been  possible."  They  contain 
three  pieces  (a  Gloria,  Sanctus,  and  Bene- 
dictus)  bearing  the  name  "  Roi  Henry." 
The  Oxford  professor,  following  Mr. 
W.  Barclay  Squire,  ascribes  them  to 
Henry  VI.  ;  Dr.  Lederer,  on  the  other 
hand,  to  Henry  V.  The  very  word  "  Roi," 
indeed,  seems  to  point  to  the  earlier  king. 
Again,  the  German  author's  explanations 
concerning  the  St.  George's  hymn, 
';  Sancte  Georgi  deo  care,"  deserve  con- 
sideration. Prof.  Wooldridge,  it  may  be 
added,  assigns  1430-80  as  the  dates 
between  which  the  MSS.  were  written, 
while  Dr.  Lederer  gives  1430  or  1440  as 
the  latest  date.  Such  differences  confirm 
Prof.  Wooldridge's  opinion  that  the  Old 
Hall  volume  requires  further  investigation. 

As  regards  one  of  the  compositions  in 
three  parts  in  this  Old  Hall  collection, 
beginning  "  Carbunculus  ignitus  lilie," 
Dr.  Lederer  notes  the  mention  of  Thomas 
"  Gemma  radians  Cantuarie,"  i.e.,  accord- 
ing to  our  author,  an  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  He  examined  the  roll  of 
archbishops  of  that  see,  and  the  only  one 
he  found  answering  to  the  name  Thomas 
was  Thomas  Arundel,  who  died,  he  adds, 
in  December,  1413.    Hook,  however,  in  his 


'  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,' 
and  the  '  D.N.B.'  give  February  19th,  1414. 
For  the  period  within  which — according 
to  Dr.  Lederer— the  Old  Hall  MSS.  were 
written,  there  was  only  that  one  Thomas. 
But  there  was  another  Thomas,  viz., 
Thomas  Bourchier  (1454-86),  who 
flourished  within  the  dates  assigned  by 
the  Oxford  professor.  Whether  or  not 
the  references  to  the  archbishop  in  the 
poem  would  be  applicable  to  Bourchier 
is  another  question.  Possibly  the  praise 
bestowed  on  the  archbishop — if  the  refer- 
ence be  to  Bourchier — was  on  account 
of  the  part  he  played  in  the  agree- 
ment between  the  Yorkists  and  the  Lan- 
castrians (1458).  Harding,  a  contemporary 
poet,  tells  how  the  "  quene  and  the  arche- 
bishoppe  of  Canterbury  "  and  others 

To  bryng  in  reste  thei  labured  ful  truly  ; 
Rejoise,  Anglond,  in  concord  and  unitl. 

A  long  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  '  Rosa 
Bella  '  three-part  song  specially  connected 
with  Dunstable,  though,  as  the  Oxford  pro- 
fessor reminds  us  in  his  book,  of  the  many 
manuscripts  of  it  there  is  only  one,  the 
Vatican,  which  actually  bears  his  name. 
Many  pages  of  this  chapter  are  occupied 
with  errors  in  the  original  manuscripts, 
and  with  criticisms  of  emendations  in  the 
seventh  volume  of  the  '  Denkmaler  der 
Tonkunst  in  Oesterreich.'  Very  inter- 
esting is  the  account  of  two  six-part  songs, 
i.e.,  the  three  Dunstable  parts  of  the  '  Rosa 
Bella,'  with  three  added  parts.  Dr. 
Lederer  calls  attention  to  a  four-part 
setting  of  the  song  '  L' Homme  arme  '  in 
the  Codex  Casanatensis  ascribed  to  Borton, 
which,  as  he  truly  remarks,  is  evidently 
a  slip  of  the  pen  for  Morton.  Now  Pietro 
Aron  (1539-62)  ascribes  the  melody  to 
Busnois,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  pupil 
of  Robert  Morton,  Morton  being  a  pupil  of 
Dunstable.  So,  says  our  author,  it  may 
after  all  be  Dunstable's.  If  space  per- 
mitted, we  would  call  attention  to  other 
pages  in  which,  by  exaggerated  transla- 
tions from  Latin  and  suppositions  of  various 
kinds,  certain  arguments  appear  stronger 
than  they  actually  are. 

This  first  volume  of  Dr.  Lederer  will 
no  doubt  provoke  discussion,  and  it  will, 
we  think,  be  shown  that  his  glorification  of 
Dunstable  and  the  British  school  is  too 
strong.  Then,  again,  though  secular  in- 
fluence was  undoubtedly  a  factor  of 
marked  importance  in  the  development 
of  the  art,  yet  without  the  Church — 
the  conservative  element — that  develop- 
ment might  have  become  erratic,  or,  at 
any  rate,  too  rapid  to  be  really  fruitful. 
Dr.  Lederer  has  devoted  much  time  and 
thought  to  the  history  of  music  in  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  may  claim  to  be 
the  first  writer  who  has  discussed  the 
matter  in  such  detail.  Moreover,  it  may 
be  noted,  a  second  volume  is  announced. 


THE    WEEK. 

THE  BIRMINGHAM  FESTIVAL. 

Last  week,  owing  to  the  lateness  of  the 
hour,  we  were  unable  to  speak  about  the 
second  novelty  of  the  Wednesday  evening 
programme.     This  was  a  '  Sinfonietta  '  in 


G  minor  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt.  The  title 
was  chosen,  it  is  said,  owing  to  the  work 
consisting  of  three  movements,  instead  of 
the  usual  four.  It  seems  that  the  ordinary 
term  Symphony  would  have  served,  and 
prevented  any  misconception,  for  the 
diminutive  form  can  be  interpreted  in 
various  ways  :  Max  Reger  has  used  it  to 
imply  that  his  music  is  written  for  a  small 
orchestra,  while  here  it  relates  to  a  reduced 
number  of  movements  ;  further,  it  could 
serve  to  denote  a  work  the  movements  of 
which  are  less  fully  developed  than  in  an 
ordinary  symphony.  Mr.  Percy  Pitt  has 
previously  written  in  a  manner  which 
shows  great  skill  and  clever  handling  of 
the  orchestra,  and  these  qualities  are 
certainly  to  be  found  in  his  new  work. 
After  a  brief  introductory  Lento  comes  a 
vigorous  and  at  times  highly  impassioned 
Allegro.  The  thematic  material  is  inter- 
esting, especially  the  quiet  second  subject, 
yet  on  the  whole  the  music  has  the  sem- 
blance of  emotion  rather  than  the  actual 
thing  itself.  In  the  Intermezzo,  the  best 
of  the  three  sections,  charm  and  poetry 
are  not  lacking.  The  Finale,  again, 
contains  themes  giving  promise,  which,, 
however,  is  not  fulfilled.  It  is  only  fair 
to  Mr.  Pitt,  who  conducted,  to  say  that 
his  Sinfonietta  came  on  at  a  late  hour  ; 
to  judge  fairly,  it  should  be  heard  in  much 
more  favourable  circumstances. 

On  the  following  evening  another 
novelty  was  produced,  viz.,  the  first  54 
stanzas  of  Omar  Khayyam's  '  Ruba'iyat,' 
set  to  music  by  Mr.  Granville  Bantock. 
The  composer  has  in  many  vocal  and 
instrumental  works  displayed  both  skill 
and  imagination,  notably  when  engaged 
on  Oriental  subjects.  The  selection,  there- 
fore, of  the  Persian  poem  as  translated  by 
Edward  FitzGerald  seemed  wise.  We 
fear,  however,  that  the  royal  criticism  on 
Mozart's  '  Die  Entfiihrung,'  viz.,  that 
it  contained  too  many  notes,  unjust  as 
regarded  that  composer,  would  apply  to 
Mr.  Bantock's  work.  There  are  many 
fine  moments  and  much  picturesque 
music  in  it,  but  the  constant  repetition 
of  words  and  musical  phrases,  the  loose 
structure,  pages  of  music  without  special 
character,  spoil  what  is  really  good. 
Then,  again,  though  the  performance 
lasted  about  two  hours,  there  was  not  a 
single  break.  There  were  also  now  and 
again  Wagner  reminiscences,  which,  had 
Mr.  Bantock's  music  displayed  strong 
individuality,  would  have  passed  almost 
unnoticed,  or  at  any  rate  would  not 
have  deserved  censure  ;  coming,  however, 
amidst  dull  surroundings,  they  were  un- 
duly prominent.  As  to  the  absence  of 
break  in  the  music,  it  seems  a  foolish 
imitation  of  '  Rheingold  '  ;  and  it  is  even 
open  to  question  whether  it  was  wise  on 
the  part  of  Wagner  himself  to  put  such  a 
strain  on  his  audience.  In  that  work,  as  in 
Mr.  Bantock's,  it  would  be  easy  to  effect 
a  division.  We  learn  from  interesting 
analytical  notes  by  Mr.  Ernest  Newman 
that  the  composer  has  set  the  whole  of  the 
poem,  and  that  there  will  in  all  be  three 
parts.  So  far  as  we  know  Mr.  Bantock's 
art-work,  he,  like  many  composers,  is  at 
his  best  in  compositions  of  comparatively 


N°  4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


451 


short  compass.  It  is  only  fair  to  add  that 
the  Birmingham  performance  showed 
signs  of  hurried  rehearsal,  and  was  there- 
fore unsatisfactory.  A  second  hearing 
will  probably  reveal  excellences  hitherto 
unnoticed,  though  we  doubt  whether,  in 
the  main,  it  can  alter  our  opinion  as  to 
the  weak  points  of  the  work. 

The  last  novelty  of  the  Festival  (if 
such  a  term  be  applicable)  was  a  cantata 
for  alto  solo,  '  0  amantissime  Sponse 
Jesu,'  by  Christian  Ritter,  who  was  born 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  He  is  classed  by  Mattheson 
among  the  fourteen  most  illustrious  Cayell- 
meister — Keiser,  Telemann,  Handel,  and 
others.  The  work  has  been  recently 
published  by  Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel 
under  the  editorship  of  Herr  Richard 
Buchmayer,  a  specialist  in  matters  apper- 
taining to  old  music.  This  old  cantata 
has  breadth  and  fervour,  and  its  re- 
vival was  welcome.  The  solo  part 
was  admirably  rendered  by  Miss  Muriel 
Foster. 

On  Thursday  morning  '  The  Messiah  ' 
was  given,  with  Mesdames  Albani  and 
Ada  Crossley,  Mr.  John  Harrison  (in 
place  of  Mr.  William  Green),  and  Mr. 
Ffrangcon  Davies.  Dr.  Richter  may 
always  be  trusted  to  keep  order,  but  one 
can  soon  feel  when  he  is  not  in  thorough 
sympathy  with  the  music.  The  perform- 
ance of  Beethoven's  '  Missa  Solemnis  '  on 
the  Friday  morning  showed  a  marked 
difference.  Both  works  are  great,  but 
in  various  ways.  The  modern  spirit  of 
the  Mass  appealed  to  the  conductor 
strongly,  and  the  rendering  of  it  was  a 
triumph  for  choir,  orchestra,  and  soloists, 
Misses  Agnes  Nicholls  and  Muriel  Foster, 
Messrs.  J.  Coates  and  R.  Radford.  The 
quiet,  dignified  attitude  of  the  conductor 
contrasted  strangely  with  the  efforts  made 
by  him  the  previous  morning,  apparently 
to  infuse  life  into  the  '  Messiah  '  music. 
Dr.  Richter  has  lived  from  boyhood  in  a 
musical  atmosphere  altogether  foreign  to 
that  of  eighteenth  -  century  oratorio  ;  it 
must  therefore  be  difficult  for  him  to 
discover  the  true  spirit  of  the  '  Messiah  ' 
music  enclosed  within  old  forms,  and 
expressed  in  old  phraseology. 

Last  week  we  ought  to  have  mentioned 
the  fine  singing  of  the  choir  in  Bach's 
motet  '  Sing  ye  to  the  Lord,'  for  which 
the  chorus-master,  Mr.  R.  H.  Wilson, 
deserves  all  praise.  Performances  were 
given  of  Brahms's  First  Symphony, 
Strauss's  '  Don  Juan '  and  '  Tod  und 
Verklarung,'  and  other  familiar  instru- 
mental works  :  with  a  splendid  orchestra, 
and  Dr.  Richter  as  conductor,  success 
was  a  foregone  conclusion.  The  render- 
ings of  the  Beethoven  and  Tscha'ikowsky 
violin  concertos  by  Mischa  Elman  natur- 
ally excited  much  enthusiasm.  He  played 
with  his  customary  skill  and  energy,  but 
in  the  first  movement  of  the  Beethoven 
he  was  not  at  his  best. 

The  Festival  ended  on  the  Friday 
evening  with  Sir  Charles  Stanford's  effec- 
tive choral  ballad  '  The  Revenge,'  and 
Mendelssohn's  still  popular  '  Hymn  of 
Praise.'  It  would  be  unfair  to  close  this 
brief  notice  of  the  week's  music  without 


recognizing  the  able  services  of  Mr.  C.  W. 
Perkins,  who  officiated  at  the  organ. 


Jftusirai  (Gossip. 

'  Madama  Butterfly  '  was  given  on  the 
second  night  of  the  autumn  opera  season. 
Puccini  continues  to  draw  full  houses.  As 
during  last  autumn,  Madame  Giachetti  ap- 
peared in  the  title-rule,  and  sang  Butter- 
fly's phrases,  whether  bright  or  sad,  with 
marked  skill.  She  again  drew  attention  to 
her  uncommon  powers  as  an  actress.  Signor 
Zenatollo  imparted  fervour  to  his  delivery 
of  Pinkerton's  music  ;  and  the  part  of  the 
American  consul  was  safe  in  the  hands  of 
Signor  Sammareo.  Madame  Giaconia,  the 
original  representative  of  Suzuki,  Butterfly's 
faithful  maid,  asserted  herself  as  a  competent 
singer  and  actress. 

On  Tuesday  evening  '  La  Boheme  '  was 
brought  forward.  Madame  Melba  threw 
more  warmth  than  formerly  into  her  render- 
ing of  Mimi's  phrases,  and  sang  with  delight- 
ful ease  and  suavity.  Her  companion  as 
Rodolfo  was  Signor  Zenatello,  who  inter- 
preted his  music  in  fervent,  yet  graceful 
style.  The  charming  duet  in  the  first  act 
was  beautifully  sung  by  these  gifted  artists. 
Signora  Garavaglia  was  an  uncommonly 
sprightly  Musetta  ;  and  MM.  Parvis,  Beren- 
zone,  and  Poggi  sang  and  acted  in  spirited 
fashion  as  the  three  Bohemians.  Signor 
Mugnone  conducted. 

^douard  Lalo  wrote  three  violin  con- 
certos :  one  in  f,  first  performed  here  in 
1874,  and  only  once  or  twice  since ;  the 
brilliant  '  Symphonie  Espagnole,'  in  the 
repertory  of  every  violinist  of  note  ;  and  a 
third,  entitled  '  Concert  Russe.'  The  last 
named  was  extremely  well  performed  by 
Herr  Schweller  at  the  Promenade  Concert 
last  Saturday  evening.  A  short  Prelude 
leads  to  an  Allegro  containing  some  brilliant 
writing  for  the  solo  instrument.  In  a  slow 
section,  entitled  '  Chants  Russes,'  there  are 
some  beautiful  national  themes,  supported 
by  a  most  delicate  orchestral  accompani- 
ment, principally  of  wood-wind.  After  a 
lively  Scherzo  comes  the  Finale,  again  based 
on  Russian  melodies ;  but  the  slow  section 
is  the  gem  of  the  work. 

The  directors  of  the  Queen's  Hall 
Orchestra  will  devote  the  final  evening 
(the  26th  inst.)  of  the  Promenade  Concerts 
to  the  endowment  fund,  inaugurated  last 
year,  for  the  benefit  of  the  members  of  the 
orchestra. 

M.  Lhevtnne,  the  Russian  pianist,  gave 
an  orchestral  concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on 
Wednesday  afternoon.  His  reading  of  Beet- 
hoven's e  flat  Concerto  was  admirable,  so  far 
as  touch  and  technique  were  concerned ;  but 
it  lacked  warmth,  especially  in  the  Adagio. 
He  was  afterwards  heard  in  Schumann's 
Toccata,  wliich  he  took  at  a  very  rapid 
rate,  but  everything  came  out  clearly.  A 
cleverly  written  Nocturne  for  the  left  hand, 
by  Scriabine,  was  played  with  marked  skill 
and  charm.  The  programme  opened  with 
Schumann's  '  Genoveva  '  Overture,  with  the 
London  Symphony  Orchestra  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  Charles  Stanford. 

The  thirty-sixth  season  of  the  Royal 
Choral  Society  begins  at  the  Albert  Hall 
on  November  1st  with  '  Elijah.'  At  the 
fourth  concert  (January  24th,  1907)  Handel's 
'  Alexander's  Feast '  and  Sir  Hubert  Parry's 
'  Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin,'  and  at  the  sixth 
(March  14th)  Sir  Edward  Elgar's  '  The 
Kingdom,'  will  be  performed  for  the  first 
time  by  the  Society.  Sir  Frederick  Bridge 
will,  as  usual,  be  the  conductor. 


Mr.  Thomas  Beech.am  announces  four 
evening  orchestral  concerts  at  Bechstein 
Hall  on  the  following  dates  :  November  2nd 
and  21st,  December  12th,  and  January  23rd. 
The  programmes  are  to  be  mainly  devoted 
to  composers  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
with  an  orchestra  of  from  35  to  10  performers. 
Mozart  (and  properly)  is  largely  represented, 
but  excerpts — apparently  overtures  and 
ballet  music — are  to  be  given  from  old  and 
forgotten  operas.  A  symphony  is  announced 
by  Sarti,  a  composer  now  only  remembered 
for  his  criticism  of  the  introduction  to  Mozart's 
c  major  Quartet,  which  he  declared  to  con- 
tain music  contrary  to  rule  and  offensive 
to  the  ear.  Mr.  Beecham  does  not  ignore 
modern  art  :  he  announces  that  his  pro- 
grammes will  include  works  by  Dvorak, 
Enna,  Sibelius,  Jiirnefelt,  and  Vincent 
d'Indy. 

The  first  Birmingham  Musical  Festival' 
consisting  entirely  of  sacred  music,  was  held 
in  the  church  of  St.  Philip  in  1768,  and  even 
after  the  introduction  of  secular  works  into 
the  scheme,  the  oratorios  and  other  sacred 
works  were  performed  in  that  edifice,  now 
styled  a  cathedral  church.  During  the 
recent  Festival  special  services  were  held 
every  afternoon  as  an  interesting  reminder 
of  the  former  connexion  between  the  church 
and  the  festivals,  wliich  have  taken  place 
in  the  Town  Hall  since  its  erection  in  1834. 
At  the  services  in  question  anthems  by  Tallis, 
Farrant,  and  Orlando  Gibbons  were  rendered, 
while  for  the  fourth  day  was. selected  '  God 
is  a  Spirit,'  from  Bennett's  oratorio  '  The 
Woman  of  Samaria,'  composed  expressly 
for  the  Birmingham  Festival  of  1867.  Mr. 
Edwin  Stephenson  is  organist  and  choir- 
master of  St.  Philip's.  The  services,  we 
are  glad  to  say,  were  well  attended,  and  the 
performances  of  the  anthems  by  the  cathe- 
dral choir  were  good.  A  church  or  cathedral 
is  the  right  place  for  sacred  music,  as  no 
disturbing  applause  is  heard  ;  at  the  present 
day,  indeed,  there  is  a  tendency  in  some 
quarters  to  recognize  that  silence  is  best 
during  the  performance  of  music  of  all  kinds. 
In  olden  days  even  music  in  church  was  not 
safe.  In  1 823  Madame  Catalani  sang  '  'Angels 
ever  bright  and  fair  "  in  St.  Philip's  Church 
at  the  Festival  of  that  year,  and  a  writer 
of  the  time  states  that 

"  she  sung  it  ha/J  a  note  below  the  orchestra,  for 
which  extraordinary  feat  the  President,  high 
seated  among  the  great  dons  and  donnas  in  the 
chancel  gallery,  held  up,  for  I  think  the  third  time 
during  the  performance,  the  silent  hut  expressive 
symbol  of  encore  I " 


Btn 

Mux.-: 
Mok.- 

W«D. 

Turr.s 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.S0,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Conceit,  v.  Queen's  Hall. 
Sat.  Italian  <  riicra,  Cuvent  Garden. 
Sat.  Promenade  Concerts.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  Vernon  D'Arnalle's  Vocal  Recital.  8.15,  JSolian  Hall. 
Mr.  Darliysbirc  Jones's  'Cello  Recital.  s.:m,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Master  Arpad  Kun  I  Violin  Itcoital.  ^.  ISeclistcin  Hall. 
Lady  Halle  and  Mr.  L.  Borwkk  s  Recital,  .:.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Fran  Engelcn  Sewing  s  Song  Rei  ital,  f,  Iiei-hstein  Hall. 
London  Trio.  «.:!»,  .Volian  Hall. 

Mr.  Mark  Hamltourir's  Pianoforte  Recital,  .'!.  Queen's  Hall. 
Herr  Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.16,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Grand  National  Concert,  8,  Albert  Hall 
Fraulein  ttsxg.  Laenen'a  Pianoforte  Recital,  -.  BechBtein  II. ill. 


DRAMA 


RISTORI. 

The  death  in  Rome  of  Signora  Ristori 
deprives  the  stage  of  one  of  the  greatest 
actresses  of  modern  times — an  artist  whose 
career  unites,  and  in  a  sense  overlaps,  those 
of  Rachel  and  Madame  Bernhardt.  Born 
in  1821  at  Cividale,  in  Friuli,  the  daughter 
of  obscure  comedians,  she  is  said  to  have 
been  brought  on  the  stage  when  aged  but 
two  months,  to  have  played  when  four  years 
of  age  infantine  roles,  and  in  her  tliirteenth 


452 


THE    ATHENJ3UM 


N*4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


year  to  have  essayed  those  of  soubrette  and 
'ingenue.  She  belonged  to  various  Italian 
companies,  including  those  of  Sardinia, 
Parma,  and  Leghorn.  After  her  marriage 
in  1847  with  the  young  Marquis  Capranica 
del  Grillo,  she  confined  herself  to  the  society 
stage  until,  in  1849,  she  appeared  in  Rome 
in  the  '  Myrrha '  of  Alfieri,  essaying  thus 
tragedy  in  place  of  comedy,  in  which  she 
had  previously  been  known.  In  1855  she 
played  in  Paris  as  Myrrha,  Francesca  da 
Rimini,  Pia  dci  Tolomei,  and  Maria  Stuarda. 
Her  success  was  conspicuous  :  she  received 
flattering  offers  to  join  the  Comedie  Francaise, 
was  the  recipient  of  a  poetic  address  of 
Lamartine,  and  achieved  a  European  repu- 
tation, playing  in  Spain,  Holland,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Berlin,  and  Constantinople.  In  Paris 
she  appeared  in  the  '  Medea '  and  the 
'  Beatrix  '  of  M.  Legouvc  (the  latter  written 
for  her),  and  also  studied  an  Italian  rendering 
of  '  Phedre.'  On  June  4th,  1856,  she  made 
in  the  '  Medea  '  of  Legouve  her  debut  in 
London,  playing  at  the  Lyceum.  She  also 
acted  in  many  country  theatres.  During 
her  various  reappearances  in  London  she 
played  in  English  the  part  of  Lady  Macbeth, 
having  first  essayed  at  her  own  house,  in 
presence  of  an  audience  specially  invited, 
and  including  the  dramatic  critics,  the  sleep- 
walking scene.  Her  conquest  of  our  lan- 
guage was  complete,  and  a  little  trace  of 
effort  was  all  that,  on  an  occasion  we  still 
easily  recall,  was  perceptible.  Her  per- 
formance of  the  character  was  given  at 
Drury  Lane  on  July  3rd,  1882.  Her 
greatest  successes  in  England  were  made  in 
Giacometti's  '  Elisabetta,  Reina  d'  Inghil- 
terra,'  in  '  Maria  Stuarda,'  and  in  a  play 
on  the  subject  of  Marie  Antoinette.  She 
also  visited  North  and  South  America,  in 
both  of  which  she  had  a  great  reception. 

Her  retirement  from  the  stage  left  her 
little  more  than  a  name  to  the  present 
generation.  On  January  29th,  1902,  her 
eightieth  birthday  was  celebrated  at  the 
Valle  Theatre  in  Rome.  Ristori  was  a 
leader  of  the  realistic  school  of  acting,  but 
had  eminent  interpretative  gifts  and  a 
measure  of  imagination.  Even  in  her  best 
days  she  was  overshadowed  by  Rachel,  but 
by  her  alone  of  contemporary  artists.  Her 
success  in  'La  Locandiera  '  furnished  a 
test  of  her  powers  in  comedy,  which  were 
remarkable. 


Dramatic  (Sossip. 

The  last  performance  of  '  The  Winter's 
Tale  '  at  His  Majesty's  will  be  given  on  the 
27th  inst.  On  the  29th  Mr.  Tree  will  re- 
appear in  Mr.  Michael  Morton's  adaptation 
'  Colonel  Newcome,'  which  will  be  revived 
with  what  is  virtually  the  original  cast. 

The  cast  of  '  The  Amateur  Socialist,' 
given  this  evening  at  the  Criterion,  com- 
prises, in  addition  to  Mr.  Eric  Lewis,  Misses 
Carlotta  Addison,  Margaret  Busse,  Ethel 
Matthews,  and  Lilian  Braithwaite. 

The  production  at  the  Court  Theatre  of 
Mr.  St.  John  Hankin's  comedy  '  The  Charity 
that  began  at  Home  '  is  fixed  for  the  23rd 
inst. 

'  The  Illustrious  O'Hagan,'  a  play  by 
Mr.  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy,  founded  on 
his  new  novel  with  the  same  title,  has  been 
performed  for  copyright  purposes. 

'The  Virgin  Goddess,'  a  play  in  blank 
verse  by  Rudolf  Bessier,  will  be  given  on 
the  evening  of  the  23rd  inst.  at  the  Adelphi. 
In  the  cast  of  this,  in  addition  to  Miss  Lily 
Brayton  and  Mr.  Oscar  Asche,  will  be  in- 
cluded Miss  Genevieve  Ward.  The  piece 
is  built  on  classical  lines,  its  scene  being 
Artis,  an  imaginary  city  of  ancient  Greece. 


The  next  Shakespearean  revival  at  His 
Majesty's  will,  according  to  present  arrange- 
ment, be  '  Antony  and  Cleopatra,'  with  Mr. 
Tree  and  Miss  Constance  Collier  in  the  lead- 
ing parts. 

On  Wednesday  Mr.  Martin  Harvey  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time  as  Fabien  and 
Louis  dei  Franchi  in  '  The  Corsican  Brothers,' 
at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Birmingham.  The 
most  interesting  features  in  the  cast  with 
winch  the  revival  was  given  are  the  Chateau 
Renaud  of  Mr.  Vincent  Sternroyd,  the 
^Imilie  of  Miss  Coleridge,  and  the  Madame 
dei  Franchi  of  Miss  Mary  Rorke. 

'  Caught  in  the  Rain,'  a  piece  by  Mr. 
William  Collier  and  Mr.  Grant  Stewart,  will 
serve  for  Mr.  Collier's  promised  reappearance 
in  London. 

Mr.  James  Welch  will  give  on  his  return 
to  Terry's  Theatre  Charles  Marlowe's  farcical 
comedy  '  When  Knights  were  Bold,'  the  suc- 
cessful production  of  which  at  Nottingham 
we  chronicled  a  fortnight  ago. 

The  English  Drama  Society  will  revive 
Ford  and  Dekker's  masque  'The  Sun's 
Darling '  on  Wednesday  evening,  the 
31st  inst.,  at  the  Queen's  Gate  Hall,  South 
Kensington. 

The  Schiller  Theater,  Berlin,  has  been 
occupied  with  a  revival  of  '  Donna  Diana,' 
a  three-act  adaptation  of  Moreto's  '  El 
Desden  con  el  Desden.'  This  piece,  which 
supplied  Westland  Marston  with  his  '  Donna 
Diana,'  produced  a  generation  ago  by  the 
Hermann  Vezins  at  the  Princess's,  seems  to 
have  been  hailed  almost  as  a  novelty. 


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We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  Ac. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
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appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


T 


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News,'  'Household  Words,'  'All  the  Year 
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and  Edited  with  Biographical  and  Bibliographical 
Notes  by  J.  C.  THOMSON  ("Bibliographer  of 
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This  issue  will  be  the  first  and  the  only  complete  edition 
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A  number  of  hitherto  unidentified  writings  will  be 
included,  and  the  issue  will  contain  every  known  writing  by 
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N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 

A.    &    C.    BLACKS 

SECOND    AUTUMN    LIST. 


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t  November.       t  December. 


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N°4120,  Oct.  13,  1906 


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MRS.    GASKELL'S    WORKS. 

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Yol.  IV.— NORTH  AND  SOUTH,  ready  on  monday. 

Daily  Telegraph. — "The  'Knutsford'  Edition  will  give  the  public  an  opportunity  of 
making  or  renewing  acquaintance  with  a  set  of  novels  that  are  full  of  delights." 

THE    STORY    OF    BAWN. 


By  KATHARINE   TYNAN. 


Crown  8vo,  6s. 


Standard.— "Full  of  sweetness,  romance,  and  pathos A  very  real  and  tender  story 

of  the  mystery  of  a  young  girl's  heart." 

THE  TEACHING  OF  THE  LORD,  contained  in  the  Gospels. 

Brought  together  under  its  Principal  Heads.     By  JOHN  BOYD  KINNEAR,  Author 
of  '  The  Foundations  of  Religion,'  &c.    Crown  8vo.  [In  the  press. 

THE    HOUSE    OF    THE    LUCK.     By  Mrs.  Skrine.     With 

8  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  her  daughter  MARGARET  S.   SERINE.    Pott  4to. 
6s.  net.  [In  the  press. 

THE   BOOK  OF  GILLY :   Four  Months  out  of  a  Life.     By 

the  Hon.  EMILY  LAWLESS,  Litt.D.,  Author  of  '  Hurrish,' '  With  Essex  in  Ireland,' 
&c.    With  4  Illustrations  by  L.  LESLIE  BROOKE.    Pott  4to,  7s.  6d.  net  (probably). 


NEW  IMPRESSION  OF  THE  BROWNING  LOYE  LETTERS. 

With  2  Portraits  and  2  Facsimile  Letters.    2  vols,  crown  8vo,  21s. 

THE  LETTERS  OF  ROBERT  BROWNING  AND  ELIZABETH 

BARRETT  BARRETT.     FIFTH  IMPRESSION. 

WESLEY  AND  HIS  CENTURY:  a  Study  in  Spiritual  Forces. 

By  W.  H.  FITCHETT,  B.A.  LL.D.,  President  of  the  Methodist  Church  of  Australasia, 
Author  of  'Deeds  that  Won  the  Empire.'     With  a  Frontispiece  and  4  Facsimiles, 
small  demy  8vo,  6s.  net. 
Tribune.— ■"  A  picturesque  and  very  readable  sketch  of  the  life,  theology,  and  spiritual 
history  of  one  of  the  greatest  religious  leaders  in  English  history." 

THE   UPTON  LETTERS.     By  Arthur  Christopher  Benson, 

Fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.    With  a  New  Preface.    7s.  6rf.  net. 
EIGHTH  IMPRESSION  (SECOND  EDITION). 
Daily  News.— "A  reperusal  of  the  Letters  strengthens  the  first  impression  that  in  this 
book  we  have  a  real  contribution  to  our  literature." 

BY  TIIE  SAME  AUTHOR. 

FROM  A  COLLEGE  WINDOW.    7s.  6d.  net. 

SIXTH  IMPRESSION  (FOURTH  EDITION). 

Daily  Chronicle.— "Much  as  Mr.  Arthur  Benson  has  written  that  lingers  gratefully  ill 
the  memory,  he  has  written  nothing  to  equal  this  mellow  and  full-flavoured  book." 

NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

SIR     NIGEL..    By    A.    Conan    Doyle, 

Author  of 'The  White  Company,'   'Micah  Clarke,'  &c.    With  8  Full-Page  Illustra- 
tions by  ARTHUR  TWIDLE.  [On  November  10. 


THE  FUTURE  OF  RUSSIA.     Translated  from  the  German    SIR    JOHN     CONSTANTINE.      By    A.    T. 


of  REGIERUNG8RAT    RUDOLF    MARTIN   by  Miss  HULDA    FRIEDERICIIS. 

Large  post  8vo,  7s.  (id.  net  (probably).  [Immediately. 

THE    LETTERS   OF    A    BETROTHED,    1803-1814.      By  the 

Baroness  EDITH  VON  CRAMM.     Translated   by    LEONARD   HUXLEY.     Large 
post  8vo,  (is.  net  (probably).  [Early  in  November. 


QUILLER-COUCII  ("  Q  "),  Author  of  '  Dead  Man's  Rock,'  '  The  Splendid  Spur,'  Ac. 

[On  October  .'.:. 

THE  OLD  COUNTRY:  a  Romance.   By 

HENRY  NEWBOLT,  Author  of  'Taken  from  the  Enemy,' 'The   Year  of  Trafal- 
gar,' &c.  [On  October  .'■>. 


MESSRS.  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  WILL  BE  HAPPY  TO  SEND   A  CATALOGUE   OF  THEIR  PUBLICATIONS   POST  FREE  ON  APPLICATION. 


London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


Editorial  Communications  fhould  beaddraued  to"  Til  K  EDITOR  "—Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS"— at  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer;  Lane,  E.O. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  0.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream's  Buildings  Chancery  Lane,  E.G.,  and  Printed  by  .1.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream'a  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

Agcuts  for  Scotland  Messrs.  BELL  k  BRADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZIES  Ediubuigh.-Saturday,  October  13,  1000. 


THE  ATHEN^TTM 

fmmml  of  (Knglislj  anh  Jotzxqu  Iterators,  %tuna,  tht  Jint  ^rfs,  Jltesir  mb  iht  Drama* 


No.  4121. 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  20,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


Wtttvivtx. 


GRESHAM  COLLEGE  LECTURES.— 
MICHAELMAS  TERM,  1906.-The  LECTURES  in  MUSIC 
for  this  Terra  will  be  delivered  in  the  THEATRE  of  GRESHAM 
COLLEGE  on  TUESDAY.  October  23,  and  in  the  GREAT  HALL  of 
the  CITY  of  LONDON  SCHOOL,  Victoria  Embankment,  E.C.,  on 
OCTOBER  24,  25,  26,  by  Prof.  Sir  FREDERICK  BRIDGE, 
M.V.O.  Mus.D.  M.A.  Subjects :— TUESDAY,  October  23,  'John 
Jenkins.'  fill.)  WEDNESDAY,  October  24,  '  R.  J.  S.  Stevens.' 
THURSDAY,  October  25,  'Francesco  Geminiani.'  FRIDAY, 
October  26,  'Opera  in  France,  from  1687  to  1740.'  The  Lectures  are 
FREE  to  the  Public,  and  commence  at  6  o'clock  p.m. 


T 


HE        MUSICAL        ASSOCIATION 

(Incorporated). 
Sir  C.  HUBERT  H.  PARRY,  Bart,  President. 

Founded  in  1874  for  the  Investigation  and  Discussion  of  Subjects 
connected  with  the  History,  Art,  and  Science  of  Music. — Particulars 
of  the  Secretary.  J.  PERCY  BAKER,  Mus.B.,  12,  Longley  Road, 
Tooting-Graveney,  S.W. 


(Bsljibitions. 


PORTRAITS.— Exhibition  of  Reproductions  of 
Portraits  from  the  Fourteenth  Century  to  the  Present  Day.— 
FREDK.  HOLLYER'S  Studio,  9,  Pembroke  Square,  Kensington. 
Open  daily  10  till  6. 


OLD    PICTURES. 
Messrs.  DOWDESWELL  are  PURCHASERS  of  fine  PICTURES 
of  the  Old  Italian,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and  British  Schools. 
160,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 


(Sfcuraiioital. 


/CHURCH   EDUCATION   CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratis).— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free 
of  charge)  on  receipt  of  requirements  bv  GRIFFITHS,  SMITH, 
POWELL  k  SMITH,  School  Agents  (established  18331,  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  Choice  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
arc  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GAISB1TAS.  THRING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations   Vacant. 

£JOUNTY    BOROUGH   OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 
Principal— J.  F.  HUDSON,  M.A.  B.Sc. 
HEAD  MASTER  required  for  the  SCHOOL  of  ART.    Salary  300! 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  THOS.  THORP,  Secretary. 


K 


ENT      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


DARTFORD  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  DARTFORD. 
WANTED  in  JANUARY  NEXT  at  the  above-named  School  :— 

(1)  An  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teacli  Elementary  and  Advanced 
Mathematics  ;  and 

(2)  An  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  English  Language  and 
Literature. 

History,  French,  Scripture,  Needlework,  desirable  as  subsidiary 
subjects. 

Initial  Salary  1001.  to  110!.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications 
and  experience,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  Scale,  by 
annual  increments  of  7!.  10*.  for  the  first  two  years,  then  by  5!.,  to  a 
maximum  of  150!. 

Application  Forms  will  )>e  supplied  by  the  Secretary,  County 
School  for  Girls.  Dart  ford,  Kent,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  OCTOBER  2.:. 

Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
(By  order  of  the  Committee.) 

„     .      „  „.  FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 

Caxton  House,  Westminster.  S.W. 


CITY     AND     COUNTY     BOROUGH     OF 
BELFAST. 
MUNICIPAL  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE. 
The  LIBRARY  AND  TECHNICAL  INSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE 
invite  applications  for  the  position  of  HE  AD  of  the  DEPARTMENT 
OF  PUKE  AND  APPLIED  CHEMISTRY.     Salary  350!.  per  annum. 
Forms  of  application  and  conditions  of  appointment  may  be  had 
from  the  undersigned. 

Applications  must  be  lodged  on  or  before  MONDAY,  November  5 
at  12  moon). 
Canvassing  is  prohibited  and  will  disqualify. 

ERAS    c.  FORTH  Principal. 
-       ,  Municipal  Technical  Institute,  Belfast 

•October  13,  1906. 


c 


ALCUTTA        UNIVERSITY. 


NOTICE. 


In  JANUARY,  1907,  the  Senate  will  proceed  to  appoint  a  whole- 
time  officer  as  REGISTRAR  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  on  a  salary  of 
Rs.  800  per  mensem,  rising  to  Rs.  1,000  in  five  years  by  four  annual 
increments  of  Rs.  50.  Applications  for  the  [wst  must  reach  the 
undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  17,  1906.  Candidates  are 
required  to  send  printed  Copies  of  their  Testimonials.  Canvassing 
will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

The  Registrar  will  be  appointed  in  the  first  instance  for  five  years 
only,  but  at  the  end  of  every  such  term  he  may  be  re-appointed.     He 
must  be  a  graduate  of  position,  with  experience  of  University  affairs. 
He  may  be  a  member  of  the  Senate,  but  not  of  the  Syndicate. 
The  duties  of  the  Registrar  will  be  as  follows  :— 

(oj  To  be  the  custodian  of  the  Records,  Library,  Common  Seal, 
and  such  other  property  of  the  University  as  the  Syndicate 
will  commit  to  his  charge, 
tfc)  To  act  as  Secretary  to  the  Syndicate,  and  to  attend  all 
meetings  of  the  Senate,  Faculties,  Syndicate,  Boards  of 
Studies,  Board  of  Accounts,  Boards  of  Examiners,  and  any 
Committees  appointed  by  the  Senate,  the  Faculties,  the 
Syndicate,  or  any  of  the  Boards,  and  to  keep  Minutes 
thereof, 
(c)  To  conduct  the  official  correspondence  of  the  Syndicate  and 

the  Senate. 
id)  To   issue   all   notices   convening   meetings   of   the   Senate, 
Faculties,  Syndicate,  Boards  of  Studies,  Board  of  Accounts, 
Boards  of  Examiners,  and  any  Committees  appointed  by 
the  Senate,  the  Faculties,  the  Syndicate,  or  any  of  the 
Boards, 
(e)  To  perform  such  other  work  as  may  be,  from  time  to  time, 
prescribed  by  the  Syndicate,  and  generally  to  render  such 
assistance  as  may  be  desired  by  the  Vice-Chancellor  in  the 
performance  of  his  official  duties. 
It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Registrar,  on  full 
pay,  leave  of  absence  for  one  month  in  a  year,  or  for  an  accumulated 
period  not  exceeding  four  months  in  five  years.    It  is  also  competent 
to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  him.  on  half  pay,  leave  of  absence  which 
may  be  added  to  the  period  of  leave  on  full  pay  for  a  period  not 
exceeding  eight  months  in  five  years. 

It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Registrar  a  gratuity 
or  pension  regulated  as  follows  : — 

(«)  After  a  service  of  less  than  ten  years,  agratuity  not  exceeding 

one  month's  salary  for  each  completed  year  of  service. 
((/}  After  a  service  of  not  less  than  ten  years  up  to  twenty-five 
years,  a  pension  not  exceeding  one-sixtieth  of  the  average 
salary  (i.e.,  the  average  calculated  upon  the  last  three  years 
of  service)  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years  of  completed 
service. 
(c)  The  pension  will  in  no  case  exceed  Rs.  5,000  per  annum. 
In  case  of  .misconduct  or  neglect  of  duty,  the  Registrar  shall  be 
liable  to  suspension  by  the  Syndicate,  and  to  dismissal  by  the  Senate 
on  the  report  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  selected  candidate  will  be  required  to  join  bis  po6t  by  the 
middle  of  FEBRUARY.  1907.  He  will  continue  to  hold  office  not 
later  than  MARCH  31,  1912. 

C.  LITTLE,  Registrar. 
Senate  House,  September  7,  1906. 


c 


ALCUTTA        UNIVERSITY. 


NOTICE. 


In  JANUARY,  1907,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  appoint  a  salaried 
INSPECTOR  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  Colleges  affiliated  to  this 
University.  Applications  for  the  post  are  hereby  invited,  and  they 
must  reach  the  undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  17,  liioii.  Candi- 
dates are  required  to  send  printed  Copies  of  their  Testimonials. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification.  The  appointment 
will  be  made  by  the  Senate  subject  to  the  approval  of  Government. 

The  Inspector  of  Colleges  will  be  appointed  in  the  first  instance  for 
five  years  only,  but  at  the  end  of  every  such  term  he  may  be  re- 
appointed. He  must  be  a  person  of  higli  academic  standing,  and  one 
possessing  some  experience  of  Indian  Colleges.  He  will  be  a  whole- 
time  officer  of  the  University,  and  his  salary  will  be  Rs.  800  per 
mensem,  rising  to  Rs.  l.ooo  in  five  years  by  four  annual  increments  of 
Rs.  50.  He  may  be  a  Fellow  of  the  University,  but  must  not  be  a 
member  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  duties  of  the  Inspector  of  Colleges  will  be  :— 
l«!  To  report  on  Colleges  applying  for  affiliation, 
(61  To  inspect  affiliated  Colleges,  and 

(c)  To  inspect  such  Schools  as  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  indi- 
cated by  the  Syndicate. 
It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Inspector  of  Colleges 
on  full  pay,  leave  of  absence  for  one  month  in  a  year,  or  for  an  accu- 
mulated period  not  exceeding  four  months  In  five  years.  It  is  also 
competent  tn  tin-Syndicate  to  grant  him,  on  half  pay.  leave  of  absence 
which  may  be  added  to  the  period  of  leave  on  full  pay  for  a  period  not 
exceeding  eight  months  in  five  years. 

The  Inspector  of  Colleges  may,  with  the  permission  of  the  Syndicate 
avail  himself  of  the  College  vacations. 

The  Syndicate  may  grant  to  the  Inspector  of  Colleges  a  gratuity  or 
pennon  regulated  as  follows  : — 

(«)  After  a  service  of  less  than  ten  years,  a  gratuity  not  exceeding 

one  month's  salary  for  each  completed  year  of  service. 
(6)  After  a  service  of  not  less  than  ten  years,  up  to  twenty-five 
years,  a  pension  not  exceeding  one-sixtieth  of  the  average 
salary   (i.e.,   the  average    calculated   upon    the   last   three 
years  of  service)   multiplied  by  the   number  of  years  of 
completed  service, 
(c)  The  pension  will,  however,  in  no  case  exceed  Rs.  5,000  per 
annum. 
In  ease  of  misconduct  or  neglect  of  duty,  the  Inspector  of  Colleges 
will  be  liable  to  suspension  by  the  Syndicate  and  to  dismissal  by  the 
Senate  on  tlfe  report  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  selected  candidate  will  be  required  to  join  his  ap)«.intment  by 
the  middle  of  FEBRUARY,  1907.  He  v.  ill  continue  to  hold  office  not 
later  than  the  Annual  .Meeting  of  the  Senate  m  JANUARY,  1912. 

C.  LITTLE,  Registrar. 
Senate  House,  September  7,  1900. 


D 


R.    WILLIAMS'S    SCHOOL,    DOLGELLEY. 


The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
HEAD  mistress.  Salary  to!.,  with  a  capitation  giant  fat  present! 
of  20s.  per  Pupil,  together  with  board,  residence,  fee.  Present  number 
of  Pupils  107  (Boarders  77.  Day  Scholars  30),    Applications,  together 

With  Copies  of  not  more  than  four  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  to 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  NOVEMBERilO  prox.     Candida  ten 

are  requested  to  forward  Twenty  Copies  of  their  applications  and 
Testimonials. 

D.  OSWALD  D  VVIES,  Solicitor. 
October  9,  1906.  Dolgellcy,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


c 


O  U  N  T  Y 


O  F 


LONDON. 


L.C.C.  GRAYSTOKE  PLACE  TRAINING  COLLEGE. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  TEACHER  OF  MATHEMATICS. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for 
appointment  to  the  post  of  TEACHER  of  MATHEMATICS  at  the 
L.C.C.  DAY  TRAINING  COLLEGE  for  WOMEN,  GRAYSTOKE 
PLACE,  E.C.  The  post  is  open  to  Candidates  of  either  sex.  The 
commencing  Salary,  in  the  case  of  a  Man,  will  be  180!.  to  200!.  a  year, 
and.  in  the  case  of  Women,  130?.  to  ISO!,  a  year,  according  to 
qualifications  and  experience. 

Candidates  must  possess  a  University  Degree  and  have  had  a 
successful  experience  in  teaching. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  Official  Form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council,  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  10  a.m.  on  MONDAY,  November  12,  1900,  accompanied  by 
copies  of  three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  form  of  application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  the  successful  one,  who  are  invited  to 
attend  the  Committee,  will  lie  allowed  third-class  return  railway 
fare,  but  no  other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G.  L.  GOMME,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Emlwnkment,  W.C. 


c 


O    U   N  T   Y 


O   F 


LONDON. 


LONDON  DAY  TRAINING  COLLEGE. 
APPOINTMENT   OF    MISTRESS   OF    METHOD. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  appoint- 
ment to  the  post  of  MISTRESS  <»F  METHOD  at  the  LONDON  DAY 
TRAINING  COLLEGE,  which  is  conducted  by  the  Council  in  asso- 
ciation with  the  University  of  London.  Candidates  must  possess  good 
qualifications  in  Pedagogy,  and  should  have  had  experience  in 
Secondary  Schools.  Special  qualifications  in  History  and  Geography 
will  be  a  recommendation. 

The  salary  attaching  to  the  ]xist  will  be  at  the  rate  of  3001.  a  year. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  Official  Form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  CLERK  of  the  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL.  Education 
Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C.  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
not  later  than  10  a.m.  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  7,  1906,  accom- 
panied by  Copies  of  Three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  form  of  application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  considered  a  dis- 
qualification. 

G.  L.  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  C'ounciL 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


E 


SSEX       EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


CHELMSFORD  LOCAL  ADVISORY  SUBCOMMITTEE. 


PRINCIPAL  OF   COUNTY   HIGH   SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS  AT 

CHELMSFORD. 

WITH  PUPIL-TEACHERS   CENTRE  ATTACHED. 

WANTED,  a  fully  qualified  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  New  County 
High  School  for  Girls  at  Chelmsford. 

The  Lady  appointed  must  be  a  Graduate  of  one  of  the  Universities 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  have  passed  an  Examination  equivalent  to 
that  for  any  such  degree. 

Salary  aio).  per  annum,  with  two  annual  increments  of  20!.  each, 
and  a  Capitation  Grant  of  1!.  on  the  first  fifty  paying  Scholars  and  10s. 
for  each  paying  Scholar  after  that  number. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  Forms,  which  will  be  supplied  by  me, 
and  must  be  sent  in  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  3,  190fj,  to  me  the 
undersigned. 

J.  H.  NICHOLAS,  Secretary. 

County  Offices,  Chelmsford,  October  IS,  1906. 

ANLEY  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


H 


MUNICIPAL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL- 
WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  to  teach  CLASSICS.  A 
knowledge  of  Conversational  French  and  German  is  desirable. 
Commencing  Salary  at  least  1501. — Forms  of  Application  may  be 
obtained  from,  ami  should  be  returned  as  early  as  possible  to,  the 
undersigned.  JOHN  HODDER,  Secretary. 


indersigned. 
Town  Hall,  Hanlcy. 


G 


KEAT    MALYKRN     SCHOOL     OF    ART.- 


HEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED,  duties  to  eminence  in 
JANUARY  NEXT.  Commencing  Salary,  120!.  per  annum.  Teaching 
in  schools  permitted.-  Applications,  with  particulars  of  Qualifications 
and  with  scaled  Testimonials,  to  be  sent,  on  or  before'NOVEMDER  13, 
to  Mrs.  JACOB  (Hon.  See.),  St.  Helens,  Great  Malvern,  from  whom  a 
Prospectus  of  the  School  may  be  obtained. 


Situations   IicitantfO. 

GENTLEMAN  (Cantab.)  seeks  LIBRARY 
WORK.  Good  knowledge  English  and  German  Scientific 
Literature.  Smail  Salary  at  stai t ing.- Address,  T.  C,  Box  1175, 
Athenaeum  Press.  13,  Breams  Buildings,  E.C 


\TOUNG  LADY  wishes  MORNING   ENGAGE- 

-I  KENT  for  SECRETARIAL  WORK,  shorthand.  Type-writing. 
Some  literary  ability,  German.— Box  1181,  Athenaeum  Press,  13, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer]  lane,  E.C 

WANTED,  by  a  LADY,  post  as  SECRETARY, 
where  her  aptitude  for  Research  Work  or  Oorrespondenoi  - 
Literary  Scientific  or  Medical— might  be  utilized.  Possesses  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  French,  Gcinian,  latin,  Shorthand,  and 
Type-writing.  Highest  Testimonials.  Good  Salary  required.— Beplj 
to  v.  '/..,  •'.  Heath  Street,  Hampetead,  N.W. 


458 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


JKtsftllatuaus. 


A  PARTNERSHIP  or  INTEREST  in  a  PUB- 
LISHING HOUSE  required  hy  a  LADY  OF  EDUCATION  as 
a  READER  and  REVIEWER.  Has  hail  several  years'  experience  on 
a  Midland  Counties  Newspaper.  Exceptional  references.  Could  invest 
about  1,0001.  Moderate  remuneration.— Address  X.,  care  of  Mr.  Lanier, 
Accountant,  28,  Paternoster  Row,  EC. 

TO  AUTHORS  and  PUBLISHERS.— A  well- 
known  CAMBRIDGE  MAN,  M.A..  is  open  to  ADVISE 
AUTHORS.  Revise  Cow  or  Proofs,  &c.  Highest  references.— Address 
M..  Box  1177,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  10B2,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience. —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


B 


OOK-PLATE 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MORING,  Engraver.  Stationer,  Printer,  &c. 
257.  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


TO  LET,  WAREHOUSES  and  OFFICES,  at  low 
rental,  within  five  minutes  of  Fleet  Street.— Apply  Box  1156, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


f  lip-e-TiErifcrs,  &r. 

AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  »i.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kymberly  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE- WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS.,  Translations,  &c.  Legal  and 
General  Copying.  Circulars,  &c.  Duplicated.  Usual  terms. 
References.  Established  Thirteen  Years.  -SIKES  &  SIKES,  229, 
Hammersmith  Road,  W.  (Private  Address:  13,  Wolverton  Gardens, 
Hammersmith. ) 

TYPE- WRITING.  —  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-AVriting). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 

TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS..  STORIES,  PLAYS.  &c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  :!</.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Worn  ;n  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TTPE  WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.,  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  and 
all  kinds  of  TYPE-WRITING  carefully  and  accurately  done  at 
home  (Remington).  !W.  per  L000;  Duplicating  from  3s,  M.  per  100.— 
M.  L.,  1".  Edgeley  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 


T 


YPE-WRITING.      Authors'    MSS.    Id.    1,000 

words.— F.,  care  of  Bartlett,  115,  lslingward  Road,  Brighton. 


A  UTHORS-     MSS.,     SERMONS,     neatly    and 

j£\.    accurately  Typed.    Sd.  1,000;    nil/,  carbon.     Unsolicited  Testi- 
monials.—Miss  MASSIE,  Strathairly,  Longfield,  Kent. 


TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  anil  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
—Miss  E.  M.  TIGAR,  64,  Maitlaud  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 
Established  1884. 


^utljors'   Agents. 


rpiIE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.—  Established  1879. 
.1.     The  Interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.    Agreements  for 

Publishing  arranged.    MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.  -Terms  and  Testi 
■Boniab  on  application  i»  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  34,  Paternoster  Ron 


MR.       ROBERT      SUTTON, 
PUBLISHER, 

Having  Special  Facilities  for  the  Production  of  Scientific,  Educa- 
ti'.nil.  Theological,  Technical,  Biographical,  and  Art  Works, 

Is  prepared  to  arrange  for  the  issue  of  same,  in  a  tasteful  style,  and 
at  moat  reasonable  cost. 

Books  illustrated  by  the  "Suttonelle"  Glas-Print,  specimen  of 
which  will  be  sent  to  applicants. 

MSS   carefully  read.     Estimates  of  costs  supplied. 

Accounts   w-nfic.t  by  a   Chartered    Accountant's    Certificate, 

13,  THE  EXCHANGE,  SOUTHWARK  STREET,  S.E. 


Jfohispapir  Agents. 


N 


J  ORTHERN     NEWSPAPER 

KENDAL.  ENGLAND, 


SYNDICATE, 


Supplies  Editor!  withall  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 
from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts. 


(Katalogiws. 


BOOKS.  -All   OUT-OF-PRINT   and    RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED,  The  most  export  Bookflnder 
extant.  Please  state  wanta  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  makeaspeolal 

I  cat .f  exchanging  any  Saleable  Hooks  for  others  selected  from  my 

various  Lists.  Special  List  of  2.000  Hooks  I  particularly  want  post,  free. 
—  EDW.  BAKERS  Great  Bookshop,  II  111,  John  Bright  Street,  Bir 
mingham.  Railroadlana,  1,500  Items,  Books,  Maps,  Guides,  Time 
Tables,  &c,  3d.  free. 


JUST  PUBLISHED,    r.6  pp.,  post  free. 

/CATALOGUE      OF      AN      IMPORTANT 

COLLECTION  OF  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS, 

HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS,  &c. 

Including  Byron,  Coleridge,  Cowper,  De  Quincey,  Dickens,  George 
Eliot.  Dr.  Johnson,  Edmund  Kean,  Mrs.  Jordan,  Melanchthon, 
Napoleon,  Nelson,  Mrs.  Piozzi,  Yoltaire,  Sir  Wm.  Temple,  and 
numerous  others. 

WALTER  V.   DANIELL, 

Dealer  in  Books,   Prints,  and  Autographs, 

53,  Mortimer  Street,  London,  W. 


A  NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

-iTA.  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  &  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  &  SON,  Limited,  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 

CATALOGUE  No.  45.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
and  Books,  including  an  extensive  and  fine  Collection  of  the 
Plates  of  Turner's  LIBER  STUDIORUM  and  other  Engravings  after 
Turner  — Hogarth's  Engravings  — Whistler's  Etchings  — Works  hy 
Buskin,  &c.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  %  Church  Terrace, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

EEADERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  write  for  J.  BALDWIN'S  MONTHLY 
CATALOGUE  of  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS,  sent  post  iree  on 
application.  Books  in  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  Bargains 
in  Scarce  Items  ami  First  Editions.  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 
— Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 

HARRY  H.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street, 
Leicester.  CATALOGUE  (post  free)  No.  19  contains  MSS  — 
German,  Swiss,  and  Italian  Incunables— Rare  English  Tracts— Early 
Medical  Books— Early  Cambridge  and  Oxford  Verse,  &c. 


NOW  READY. 

"  npHE  most  interesting  Old  Book  Catalogue  sent 

-L  out  from  the  provinces."  Ready  this  week,  CATALOGUE 
No.  60  32  pp.,  8vo,  RARE,  VALUABLE,  and  USEFUL  BOOKS. 
Specialities  in  this  Catalogue :— Africa,  Alpine,  Angling.  Autographs, 
Baskerville,  Bewick,  Bookplates,  Chess,  Cookery,  Cruikshank,  Dickens, 
Education,  Engravings,  Furniture,  Gardening,  Greece,  Herbals, 
Hymnology,  India,  Ireland,  and  General  Topography.  Catalogues 
sent  to  Collectors  gratis  and  post  free.— MEEHAN,  Bath,  England. 


BERTRAM  DOBELL, 

SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER, 

77,  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C. 

A  large    Stock    of    Old    and    Rare    Books  in  English  Literature, 

including  Poetry  and  the  Drama— Shakespeariana— First  Editions  of 

Famous  Authors— Manuscripts— Illustrated  Books,  &c.  CATALOGUES 

free  on  application. 


LEIGHTON'S 
TLLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE    OF    EARLY 

JL    PRINTED    AND    OTHER    INTERESTING    BOOKS,    MANU- 
SCRIPTS, AND  BINDINGS,  OFFERED  FOR  SALE  BY 
J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  W. 
Thick  8vo,  1,738  pp.,  6,200  Items,  with  upwards  of  1,350  Reproductions 
in  Facsimile. 
Bound  in  art  cloth,  gilt  tops,  268. ;  half-morocco,  gilt  tops,  30s. 
Part  X.  (Supplement!  containing  A,  with  205  Illustrations,  price  2s. 

A  THENJEUM     PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

JLJL    FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athenwum,  KnU.i  am!  Q-tn-iex,  Ac.  it 
prepared  t..  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK,  NEWS, 


...j,..,,.,.   i,.  .  ...„.,.    ,,._..,...  .-i  i  j, .  j  ,.„    .1,1   rtiim.-i  oi    ovMFiY,    ,,r,a.s, 
nd   PERIODICAL     PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildings.    Chancery 


Sales  bg  ^urtiott. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY.  October  24,  and  Two  Following  Days,  VALUABLE 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  including  the  Property  of  a  GENTLE- 
MAN, comprising  Folio  Fine-Art  Books  and  Books  of  Engravings— 
Malton's  Picturesque  Tour  through  London,  old  morocco— King's 
Vale  Rovall  of  England— Thornton's  Antiquities  of  Nottinghamshire 
-Hutch'ins's  Dorset.  4  vols.-and  otheiTopographical  and  Antiquarian 
Works— lilagdon's  History  of  India,  coloured  plates-Eden's  Portraits 
of  the  People  of  India- Prisse  d'A venue's  Oriental  Album,  coloured 
copy,  and  others  similar— A  few  Early  Printed  and  Black-Letter 
Books-Old  Herbals-Tracts  and  Pamphlets  on  Trade  and  Commerce, 
including  an  interesting  Collection  of  alniut  400  Proclamations,  &c, 
printed  in  Edinburgh  KhX-07,  in  2  vols,  folio- Books  relatingto America 
and  the  American  Ciiil  War-First  Editions  of  Dickens,  Ainswortb. 
and  other  Modern  Writers-  Tennvsr.ii-Dore-Elainc.  proofs,  signed  by 
the  Poet-Books  illustrated  by  George  Cruikshank-  Standard  Work's 
in  History  and  Travel— Chetnam  Society's  Publications,  104  vols  — 
Art  Journal  from  1830  to  1800— also  an  Extensive  Collection  of  (11,1 
Plays  IMS.  and  Printed),  Prompters'  Copies,  Music  Scores,  ic.,  removed 
from  the  Haymarket  Theatre. 

To  be  viewed  an(i  Catalogues  had. 


Valuable  Modern  Hooks  from  the  Library  of  a  Gentleman, 
alsn  the  Library  of  a  Clergyman,  removed  from  the  Country 
(bit  tinier  of  the  Executrix). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  on  THURSDAY.  November  1,  ami  Following 
Eav,  at  1  o'clock,  Valuable  MODERN  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARY  of 
a  GENTLEMAN,  and  other  Properties,  Including  a  Coloured  Copy  of 
Nash's  Old  Mansions  ot  England  and  Wales,  in  portfolios— Boydell's 
River  Thames,  2  vols—  Ackermann's  Oxford  Universitv.  2  vols.,  and 
others  similar  Books  of  Prints  and  Engrai  ings  -Sanrloi  ■'»  Heir-hen- 
bar  bia,  the  Two  Scries,  4  \ols.  Publications  of  the  Learned  Societies 
Issues  from  the  Modern  Presses  -  First  Editions  of  Browning. 
Matthew  Arnold,  ami  others  Sets  of  standard  Authors  classical 
and  Theological  Books  Murray's  New  English  Dictionary,  4c. 
Catalogues  arc  preparing. 


Valuable  Law  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
WILLIAM  FOOKS,  Esq.,  LL.B. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  at  ih.ii  Rooms,  lie,  Ohancerj  Lane,  W.c, 
DURING  NOVEMBER,  the  above  library,  comprising  a 
Complete  Set  of  the  Liw  Reports  from  the  Commencement  In  I860  to 
[008. 

Catalogues  arc  preparing. 


The  Library  of  Books  on  Angling,  the  Property  of  the  late 
J.  F.  JONES,  Esq.,  C.M.G.  ;  the  Library' of  the  late 
A   G.  PIRIE,  Esq.  ;  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY',  October  SO,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely.  BOOKS  AND  MANUSCRIPTS,  com- 
prising the  LIBRARY  OF  BOOKS  ON  ANGLING,  the  Property  of 
the  late  J.  F.  JONES,  Esq.,  C.M.G.  (formerly  Joint  Manager  of  the 
British  South  Africa  Company),  including  the  Works  of  liainbridge. 
Best,  Bowdich,  Bowlkcr.  Chatham,  Francis,  Halford,  Holland,  Ronalds, 
Sage,  Stoddart,  Vcnables,  Izaac  Walton,  and  (has.  Cotton,  &c.  ;  the 
Property  of  the  late  A.  G.  PIRIE,  Esq.  (of  26,  Queen's  Gate.  S.W.,  and: 
Leehmelm,  Rosshire) ;  an  interesting  and  extensive  Collection  of 
PLAY-BILLS,  the  Property  of  BURNHAM  W.  HORNER.  Esq.  ;  and 
other  Properties,  comprising  Historical,  Classical,  and  Poetical  Works- 
— Sporting  Books— Archeology— Theology— Illustrated  Books  and  fine 
Modern  Bindings— the  Drama— Topographical  Works  —  French  Pub- 
lications—Tracts anrl  Pamphlets— Chap-books— Works  illustrated  by 
Cruikshank,  Crowquill.  Dole,  anrl  others— Extra-illustrated  Books — 
Works  on  the  Fine  Arts— Bible  Illustrations— a  large  anrl  important 
Collection  of  Portraits  after  Sir  A.  Yandyck— Galleria  Pitti.  4  vols.— 
Costume— Pickering's  Airline  Poets.  53  vols.— Encyclopedia  Britannica, 
35  vols.,  1875-1903  —  Spalding  Club  Publications,  37  vols.— Audsley's- 
Ornamental  Arts  of  Japan,  2  vols.,  Artist's  Proof  Copy,  &c. 

May  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  of  the  late  C.  J.  SPENCE,  Esq.,  of 
North  Shields. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  hy  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  5.  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  Valuable  LIBRARY  of  PRINTED  BOOKS, 
ILLUMINATED  anrl  other  MANUSCRIPTS,  of  the  late  C.  J. 
SPENCE,  Esq..  of  North  Shields,  comprising  Illuminated  Manuscript 
Books  of  Hours  of  the  Fourteenth  anil  Fifteenth  Centuries— Rare 
Bibles  ami  Testaments— Breviaries,  Gospels,  and  Epistles— Common 
anrl  other  Prayer  Books— Early  Printed  and  Rare  Foreign  Books- 
Valuable  Old  anrl  Modern  English  Works— Books  with  extra  illustra- 
tions—Collections of  Topographical  Views,  Portraits,  and  other 
Engravings— Standard  Works  on  Numismatics  (English  and  Foreign),. 
Fine  Art  anil  Archaeological  Literature,  &c. 

To  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  had. 


The  Collection  of  English  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  and  Silver 
Medals  of  W.  W.  WOOTTEN,  Esq.  (deceased). 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  7,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  GOLD  AND  SILVER 
COINS  anil  ENGLISH  SILVER  MEDALS  of  W.  W.  WOOTTEN.Esq. 
(deceased),  The  Bank, Oxford,  including  Edward  III.  anrl  Richard  II., 
Gold— Henry  V„  VI.,  Gold— Sovereigns  of  Henry  VII.,  VIII.,  Ed- 
ward VI..  Mary,  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.— Charles  I.  Shrewsbury 
Pound  and  Half  Pound  Siege  Pieces.  Sovereigns,  ami  Oxford  Three- 
Pound  Pieces— Commonwealth  anil  Cromwell,  Charles  II.  and  later, 
Gobi  and  Silver  —  important  anil  rare  Silver  Medals,  particularly. 
■  elating  to  the  Stuart  Period. 

Slay  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Valuable  Books,  including  a  Selection  from  the  Library  of 
the  late  ARTHUR  BARLOW,  Esq.,  of  Dublin  (by  order  of 
the  Executor). 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  Oct.. her  24.  anil  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  a  long  Series  of 
Standard  and  Library  Editions  of  Ancient  anil  Modern  Authors — 
Works  on  Science,  Travel,  Biography,  anrl  Theology— a  Collection  of 
Old  Pamphlets  anrl  Broadsides  —  Ex-Libris  and  Books  relating 
thereto — Topography  anrl  Folk-Lore — Bibliography— rare  Works  on 
Heraldry— First  Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackerary,  &c,  in  the  Parts — 
Sporting  Books  with  Coloured  Plates— Extra-illustrated  Books — 
Specimens  of  Early  Printing— Works  on  Costume  and  Ornament ;  also- 
Autograph  Letters  anil  Early  Documents. 


M 


Curiosities. 
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EDITORIAL  AND  GENERAL:— 

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The   Homeric    Assemblies    and    Aristotle.      THOMAS 

DAI    SEYMOUR. 
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GATE. 
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Billson's'Aeneid.'    J.  P.  POSTGATE. 
James'  Catalogues  of  MSS.   in  Christ's   and    Queens' 
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Proceedings  of  the  Oxford  Philological  Society — Hilary 
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ARCH. EULOGY  :— 

Who    was    the    Wife    of    Zeus?      (To    be    continued  ) 

ARTHUR  BERNARD  COOK. 
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462 


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N°  4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


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By  PERCY  GARDNER.  M.A    Lift  D..  Prof,  of  Class.  Archreologv  and  Art  in  the  University 
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464 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,1906 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE   COUNT  DE   CARTRIE : 

A  Record  of  the  Extraordinary  Events  in  the  Life  of  a  French  Royalist  During  the  War  in  La  Vendee,  and  of  His  Flight  to  Southampton,  Where  He  Followed 
the  Humble  Occupation  of  Gardener.  With  an  Introduction  by  FREDERIC  MASSON,  Appendices  and  Notes  by  PIERRE  AMEDEE  PICHOT  and  Other 
Hands,  and  numerous  Illustrations,  including  a  Photogravure  Portrait  of  the  Author.     16s.  net. 

%*  The  Count  de  Cartrie's  Memoirs  throw  some  vivid  sidelights  upon  the  war  in  La  Vendie.  The  circumstances  attending  his  escape  through  France, 
after  the  Revolutionary  triumph,  are  little  short  of  miraculous.  At  the  same  time  we  obtain  a  glimpse  of  the  cruel  policy  adopted  by  the  government  of  the  period, 
by  which  many  noJi/e  families  were  reduced  to  a  state  of  abject  poverty.  The  Count  fed  to  Southampton,  ivhere  he  became  a  gardener,  eventually  returning  to 
France  in  1800,  thanks  to  Bonaparte.  These  memoirs  are  printed  from  a  contemporary  manuscript  English  translation  which  only  came  to  light  last  year.  So 
important  is  this  find  considered  by  French  historians  that  a  re-translation  into  French  is  in  preparation,  tvhich  will  be  published  in  Paris  simultaneously 
with  the  English  edition  under  the  »upervision  of  M.  FrCde'ric  Masson. 

NOW  BEADY. 


BRITISH    MALAYA: 


An  Account  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  British  Influence  in  Malaya.     By  Sir  FRANK  ATHELSTANE  SWETTENHAM,  K.C.M.G.,  Author  of  'Malay 
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%*  The  object  of  his  book  is  to  put  on  record  the  exact  circumstances  which  led  to  the  British  protection  of  that  part  of  the  Malay  Peninsula  noiv  known  as 
the  Federated  Malay  States,  and  to  describe  in  detail  the  gradual  evolution  of  a  system  of  administration  as  unique  as  it  is  interesting.  No  connected  account  of 
the  events  which  preceded  this  extension,  of  British  influence,  or  of  the  methods  and  results  of  this  administrative  experiment,  has  yet  been  attempted,  and  the 
present  u-ork  covers  the  whole  ground  up  to  the  date  of  writing.  The  author  traces  the  history  of  European  enterprise  in  Malaya  from  the  earliest  times,  describes 
the  Malays,  their  country,  language,  characteristics,  and  ctusloms,  with  a  knowledge  and  detail  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  publication  in  the  English  language. 
The  work  also  contains  very  complete  and  hitherto  unpublished  details  of  the  occupation  of  Malacca,  Penang,  and  Singapore  from  the  conquest  of  Malacca  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1511  to  the  present  day.  A  new  Map  of  the  Peninsula,  with  all  the  latest  information  in  regard  to  existing  and  projected  railways,  accompanies  the 
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ILLUSTRATED  VOLUMES-FORTHCOMING. 


A  QUEEN  OF  INDISCRETIONS.    The  Tragedy  of  Caroline  of  Brunswick, 

Queen  of  England.  By  G.  P.  CLBKICI.  Translated  from  the  Italian  by  FREDERIC  CHAPMAN.  With  an 
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WOMEN  OF  THE  SECOND  EMPIRE.    By  Frederic  Loliee.    Translated 

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THE    LIFE     OF    WILLIAM     BLAKE     ("  PICTOR    IGNOTUS").     By 


ALEXANDER  GILCHRIST.    Edited,  with  an   Introduction,   by  W.  GRAHAM   ROBERTSON. 
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LETTERS    AND     JOURNALS     OF     SAMUEL     GRIDLEY     HOWE. 

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SALOME :   a  Tragedy  in  One  Act.     Translated  from  the  French  of  Oscar 

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her.  It  is  anticipated  that  there  will  be  a  consider- 
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THE    SECRET    LIFE: 

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JOHN   LANP:,  The  Bodley  Head,  London  and  New  York. 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


465 


MESSRS.   LONGMANS  &   CO.'S   LIST. 


LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  THE 
FIRST    EARL    OF    DURHAM,    1792-1840. 

By  STUART  J.  REID,  Author  of  '  The  Life  of  Sydney  Smith,'  &c. 

With  17  Photogravure  Plates.     2  vols.  8vo,  36*.  net.  [On  Monday  next. 

It  is  believed  that  the  '  Life  and  Letters  of  the  First  Earl  of  Durham  '  will  be  a  book  of 
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at  Lambton  Castle.  The  story  vihich  Mr.  Stuart  Reid  has  to  tell  covers  the  secret  history  of 
the  Reform  Bill,  the  steps  which  led  to  the  creation  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  the  policy  in 
Europe  of  the  Tsar  Nicholas  I.,  the  origin  of  the  famous  Reform  Club,  and  the  intrigues  in 
the  Cabinets  of  Lords  Grey  and  Melbourne. 

But  perhaps  to  many  readers  the  chief  interest  of  these  two  volumes  will  be  found  in  the 
full  and  dramatic  statement  of  the  steps  which  Lord  Durham  took  in  1838  to  bring  peace  and 
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of  the  celebrated  Durham  Report. 

The  book  is  illustrated  with  portraits  of  the  Lambtons  by  Romney,  Gainsborough,  Hoppner, 
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beautiful  child  immortalized  by  the  greatest  picture  which  /Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  ever  painted,, 
which  is  reproduced  in  its  pages. 

PERSONAL  AND  LITERARY  LETTERS  OF 
ROBERT,  FIRST  EARL  OF  LYTTON. 

Edited  by  Lady  BETTY  BALFOUR. 
With  8  Portraits,   &c.      2  vols.    8vo,   21s.   net. 

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the  intrepid  Pro-Consul,  fills  the  eye  and  stirs  the  imagination." — Daily  Mail. 

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THE  POLITICAL  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND. 

Written  by  Various  Authors  under  the  Direction  and  Editorship  of 
The  Rev.  WILLIAM  HUNT,  D.Litt.,  President  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society, 

AND 

REGINALD  LANE  POOLE,  M.A.  Ph.D.,  Editor  of  the  English  Historical  Review. 

In  Twelve  Volumes,  demy  8vo,  7S.  6d.  per  Volume  net  if  sold  separately,  but  Complete  Sets  may  be 
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A     NEW     VOLUME     BY     PROFESSOR     OMAN     IS    ALSO     NOW     READY. 

Vol.  IV.— FROM  THE  CORONATION  OF  RICHARD  II.   TO  THE  DEATH 
OF  RICHARD  III.  (1377-1485).    With  3  Maps. 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  TWO  BKOTHERS, 

Edward  Adolphus,  Eleventh  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  his  Brother,  Lord  Webb 

Seymour,  1800-1819,  and  after. 

Edited  by  Lady  GUENDOLEN  RAMSDEN. 

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acquiring  a  new  insight  into  history As  seen  in  the  light  of  his  own  letters  and  of  the  letters  and  opinions  of  those  most 

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Pall  Mall  Gazette. 


NEW  YOLUME  BY  THE  AUTHORS  OF  '  THE  IRISH  R.M.' 

SOME     IRISH     YESTERDAYS. 

By  E.  (E.  SOMERVILLE  and  MARTIN  ROSS. 

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CROMWELL  S  INSTRUCTIONS  TO  COLONEL 
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And  others. 

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LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO.  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.G. 


466 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


469 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  20,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Archbishop  King  of  Dublin      ..       ..       ...       ..469 

A  New  Criticism  of  Rousseau 470 

The  Last  of  the  Stuarts 471 

Lindsay  on  the  Reformation  in  Germany  ..    471 

Lord  Acton  and  his  Circle      472 

New  Novels  (A  Servant  of  the  Kins ;  Listener's 
Lure  ;  The  Incomplete  Amorist ;  A  Lost  Leader  ; 
In  the  Shadow  of  the  Lord  ;  A  Pixy  in  Petticoats  ; 
The  Black  Patch  ;  Monsieur  et  Madame  Moloch) 

473—474 

Books  in  French       474 

Political  Government       476 

Our  LIBRARY  Table  (Memories  and  Thoughts;  The 
Cruise  of  the  Pazzler ;  Moon  Face  ;  The  Life  of 

the  Empress  Eugenie) 476 — 477 

List  of  New  Books 477 

The  Publishers  and  'The  Times'  Book  Club; 

Notes     from     Dublin  ;     The     Shakespeare 

Society  of  New  York  and  the  New  York 

•    Shakespeare  Society  ;  Australian  Religion  ; 

Robert  Southey   and   Willem   Bilderdi.ik  ; 

Sale 478— 4S0 

Literary  Gossip        4S0 

Science— Prof.   Jastrow  on  the  Subconscious; 

Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week;  Gossip  482— -JS3 
Fine  Arts— English  Seals;  Exposition  d'Art  du 
XVIIL  Sikcle  ;   The  Newest  Light  on  Rem- 
brandt ;  Henri  Bouchot  ;  Gossip  . .      483— 48G 
Music  — Thomas,    Archbishop    of    Canterbury  ; 

Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week      ..      486— 4S7 
Drama  — The    Amateur    Socialist;    The    Good- 

Natured  Man  ;  Gossip  487—488 

Index  to  Advertisers       4S8 


LITERATURE 

The  Autobiography  and  Correspondence,  of 
William  King,  Archbishop  of  Dublin. 
Edited  by  Sir  C.  S.  King,  Bart.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 

Archbishop  King  was  a  great  figure  in 
Irish  history  from  James  II.  to  George  II.  : 
he  was  the  correspondent  of  Swift, 
Berkeley,  Sir  Patrick  Dun,  and  contem- 
porary bishops  of  note ;  he  not  only 
governed  the  dioceses,  first  of  Derry,  then 
of  Dublin,  with  energy  and  probity,  but 
was  also  frequently  a  Lord  Justice  in  con- 
trol of  the  realm.  His  character  lies  be- 
fore us  plainly  enough  in  his  two  well- 
known  books  and  in  his  many  letters.  His 
sermons — of  high  repute  in  their  day — 
have  survived  in  print,  but  are  no  longer 
read.  Nor,  indeed,  can  we  say  that  the 
short  treatise  '  On  the  Origin  of  Evil '  is 
still  read,  though  there  are  living  men 
who  had  to  study  it  for  the  Fellowship 
Examination  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
In  that  college  his  foundation,  "  Arch- 
bishop King's  Lecture  in  Divinity," 
still  gives  the  title  to  the  second  chair  of 
Theology :  thus  he  lives  in  the  memory 
of  men,  though  the  place  of  his  burial  at 
Donnybrook  is  lost. 

The  editor  of  this  interesting  book 
entitles  him  a  great  archbishop,  and  we 
may  perhaps  concede  this  without  ad- 
mitting that  he  was  a  great  man.  He 
set  himself  honestly  and  fearlessly  to  put 
down  the  crying  abuses  of  the  English 
Church  in  Ireland — absenteeism,  plural- 
ism, and  nepotism.  Had  all  the  bishops 
acted  in  like  manner,  and  had  the  reading 
of  the  Bible  in  Irish  (as  he  desired)  become 
the  use  of  Ireland,  there  can  be  little 
doubt  that  the  kingdom  would  have  been 
won  for  the  Anglican,  or  for  some 
Protestant  creed.  But  the  neglect  of 
the  natives,  and  the  frequent  persecution 
of  the  northern  settlers  by  the  bishops, 
made  their  Church  stink  in  the  nostrils 


of  Papists  and  of  Nonconformists.  Ussher 
saw  the  mischief,  but  was  too  weak  in 
action  to  reform  it.  Bedell  did  his  best, 
but  was  thwarted  and  foiled  by  the 
forces  of  dishonesty  and  selfishness.  King, 
with  greater  power,  and  with  a  longer  life, 
reformed  his  two  dioceses,  and  produced 
a  lasting  effect  on  both  ;  but  to  reform 
the  rest  of  the  Church  was  too  vast  a 
task  for  any  man.  At  the  end  of  his  life 
he  was  passed  over  for  the  Primacy  in 
favour  of  Boulter,  whose  correspondence 
shows  him  merely  as  the  king  of  place- 
hunters  for  obscure  friends  and  relatives, 
the  determined  opponent  of  Anglo-Irish 
talent  or  learning,  in  whose  fatal  reign 
of  influence  hardly  a  single  Irishman  was 
promoted,  and  even  Berkeley  succeeded 
in  spite  of  his  determined  opposition. 
Swift  and  King,  though  they  had  many 
private  quarrels,  were  the  great  supporters 
of  Irish  against  English  prelates.  By 
Irish  they  of  course  meant  Anglo-Irish, 
but  centuries  have  shown  that  many  of 
the  greatest  and  most  patriotic  Irishmen 
have  been  of  Danish,  Norman,  or  English 
extraction. 

King  was  born  of  Scotch  Covenanters, 
who  settled  in  Antrim  under  James  I.  ; 
he  was  brought  up  in  the  gaunt  and 
gloomy  principles  of  that  society  ;  their 
prayers  were  unintelligible  to  the  child, 
their  exhortations  to  diligence  consisted 
in  whipping.  After  a  boyhood  rendered 
idle  by  unsympathetic  surroundings, 
he  seems  to  have  met  with  a  bad 
master  at  Dungannon  School,  who  spoilt 
what  he  knew  of  classics.  But  his  re- 
markable memory  enabled  him  to  learn 
by  heart  the  Latin  poets  long  before  he 
understood  them.  In  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  he  got  a  scholarship  early  by 
good  luck,  but  missed  his  fellowship. 
He  had  Henry  Dodwell  for  a  teacher 
(whom  he  liked  better  as  a  friend),  and 
above  all  a  now  forgotten  tutor,  John 
Christian,  who  was  his  real  father  in 
things  spiritual.  From  this  excellent 
man — a  rare  college  tutor — he  learned  to 
understand  his  faith  ;  and  his  first  patron, 
Archbishop  Parker,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  carried  on  the  good  work. 
Curious  is  the  account  he  gives  of  the 
luxurious  life  of  this  prelate,  and  the  con- 
sequences to  himself,  which  seem  to  have 
laid  the  foundations  of  lifelong  gout.  There 
were  sixteen  dishes  daily  for  dinner,  twelve 
for  supper,  with  a  large  variety  of  wines, 
and  profusion  of  other  generous  liquors,  in 
which  he  found  it  impossible  not  to  indulge. 
His  own  table,  when  he  became  a  bishop, 
seems  to  have  been  of  a  similar  kind  ; 
hence  many  of  the  clergy  drank  too  much, 
and  the  whole  society  of  the  time  was  self- 
indulgent.  This,  in  most  cases,  came 
suddenly  on  young  men  who  had  lived  for 
four  or  five  years  on  the  extremely  frugal 
diet  of  Trinity  College.  We  should  gladly 
have  heard  what  the  cost  was  of  an  Irish 
bishop's  table,  but  the  only  account 
printed  in  this  volume  concerns  expenses 
of  four  weeks  at  "  the  Bath,"  where,  of 
course,  prices  were  English — beef  and 
mutton  about  3d.  per  lb.,  a  fowl  or  duck 
about  Is.  id.,  tea  12s.  per  pound.  We 
also  learn  that  King  brought  back  eight 


carriage  horses  with  him  to  Dublin.  But 
he  was  then  an  archbishop,  and  often  a 
Lord  Justice  with  an  A.D.C.,  governing 
the  realm. 

His  first  essay  in  this  dominant  work 
revealed  the  man.  In  1688,  when 
the  invasion  of  William  of  Orange 
was  announced,  Archbishop  Marsh, 
fearing  the  outrages  of  the  Papist  party 
in  Dublin,  fled  to  England,  leaving  as 
his  commissary  King,  then  Chancellor  of 
St.  Patrick's  and  in  charge  of  St.  Wer- 
burgh's  parish.  He  tells  us  that  he  at 
once  assumed  the  duties  of  the  see,  and, 
associating  with  him,  for  form's  sake,  the 
mild  and  gentle  Dopping,  Bishop  of 
Meath,  exercised  the  whole  jurisdiction, 
and  succeeded  in  keeping  all  the  churches 
open  and  served,  though  many  of  the 
Dublin  clergy  had  also  fled.  This 
vigour  earned  him  two  imprisonments  at 
the  hands  of  King  James's  Council,  but 
he  was  liberated  by  the  battle  of  the  Boyne, 
and  took  a  lasting  revenge  upon  his  perse- 
cutors by  his  well-known  book  '  The  State 
of  Protestants  in  Ireland  under  the  late 
King  James's  Reign.'  Here  we  have  all 
the  violences  and  injustices  of  Tirconneli's 
rule  fully  described  by  a  bitter  adversary  ; 
we  have  the  text  of  the  monstrous  Act  of 
Attainder,  passed  secretly  against  about 
2,000  persons  of  the  highest  class  of  society, 
so  that  the  victims  could  make  no  pre- 
paration for  escape. 

The  victory  of  William  made  the  success 
of  such  a  man  certain.  He  was  at  once 
created  Bishop  of  Derry,  and  eleven  years 
later  translated  to  Dublin.  In  his  epis- 
copal rule  he  was  thoroughly  enlightened 
and  conscientious  ;  he  battled  with  abuses, 
and  reduced  his  clergy  to  submission  and 
performance  of  their  duties.  But  in 
manner  he  was  peremptory,  and  often  lost 
his  temper  in  controversy.  He  had  a 
battle  with  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
Christ  Church  Cathedral,  who  allowed  all 
manners  of  scandalous  practices  in  their 
precincts,  and  denied  the  Archbishop's 
right  of  visitation.  He  conquered  them 
in  the  end,  but  the  Dean  (then  Bishop  of 
Kildare,  a  vulgar  Englishman)  says  some- 
where that  "  he  is  like  a  partridge  on  the 
mountains  with  the  persecution  of  his 
Grace  the  Archbishop." 

It  may  easily  be  inferred  that  the  rela- 
tions of  such  a  strenuous  man  with  his 
neighbour  Dean  Swift  were  often  troubled. 
In  the  policy  of  guarding  the  rights 
of  the  Anglo-Irish  against  adventurers 
from  England,  King  and  Swift  were 
cordially  united.  But  King's  notions  of 
a  spiritual  charge  and  of  the  duties  of  a 
dean  were  widely  different  from  Swift's, 
and  the  latter  was  of  such  unhappy  temper 
that  he  was  perpetually  seeing  or  imagining 
personal  slights  from  others. 

There  are  not  a  few  references  to  passing 
events  which  are  of  interest.  To  the 
historian  of  Trinity  College  we  recommend 
the  following  pages,  which  we  enumerate 
because  they  are  not  mentioned  in  the 
bad  Index  with  which  the  book  is 
furnished— pp.  12,  60,  172,  183,  191-2, 
204,  284,  295.  There  are  curious  refer- 
ences to  the  crowd  of  Irish  clergy  congre- 
gated  at   Tunbridge    and   at    Bath — evi- 


470 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NM121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


dently  to  cure  their  gout — and  in  London, 
to  beg  and  intrigue  for  promotion.  Indeed, 
the  whole  picture  of  this  society  is  sordid 
enough,  and  brings  out  in  strong  relief 
the  vigour  and  singleness  of  heart  of  the 
Archbishop.  There  seems  to  have  been 
a  curious  scene  at  the  consecration  (1710) 
of  Peter  Browne,  an  eminent  and  pious 
man,  to  the  diocese  of  Cork  : — 

"  The  Bishop  of  Raphoe  [Pooley]  appeared 
in  his  lawns,  and  desired  the  bishops  not  to 
be  hasty ....  for  he  thought  him  unworthy 
to  be  admitted  to  the  order  ;  he  objected 
[a  private  quarrel,  which  was  thought  most 
impolitic]  also  that  he  had  been  unfaithful 
in  the  government  [as  Provost]  of  the 
College  [Trinity],  that  he  had  misbehaved 
himself  in  Convocation ....  and  that  he  was 
against  the  hereditary  right  of  the  Queen." 

This  comes  from  Stearne,  Dean  of  St. 
Patrick's,  who  was  present.  Browne  was 
always  suspected  of  Jacobinism,  which 
was  also  inferred  from  his  famous  charge 
"  against  the  drinking  of  healths  "  as  a 
pagan  and  irreligious  practice,  whereas 
in  those  days  "  the  glorious,  pious,  and 
immortal  memory  of  William  III."  was 
the  watchword  of  the  Protestants. 

Protestant  without  doubt  is  the  editor. 
The  occasional  theological  notes  are 
blots  upon  his  pages,  and  lead  us 
to  put  little  trust  in  his  discretion. 
The  '"  Oxford  Movement  "  and  the  very 
appearance  of  a  crucifix  are  bugbears  to 
him.  We  will  not  quote  any  of  these 
outbreaks,  lest  we  should  prejudice  the 
reader  against  an  interesting  and  useful 
book. 


Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  :  a  New  Criticism- 
By  Frederika  Macdonald.  2  vols.  (Chap- 
man &  Hall.) 
Mrs.  Macdonald  has  presented  a  very 
good  case  in  a  very  bad  manner.  Her 
book  is  narrow  in  scope,  and  written  in 
an  uncritical  frame  of  mind.  She  tries 
to  vindicate  the  reputation  of  Rousseau  by 
defaming  his  friends  as  well  as  refuting  his 
enemies.  Into  the  tissue  of  suppositions 
which  she  entitles  "  a  new  criticism " 
there  is  woven,  however,  some  fresh 
matter  concerning  the  relations  between 
Rousseau  and  the  Encyclopaedists,  to- 
gether with  some  old  matter  neglected  by 
modern  writers,  and  this  part  of  her  work 
is  undoubtedly  of  value.  It  serves  to 
elucidate  one  of  the  most  obscure  and  un- 
pleasant episodes  in  the  history  of  French 
literature. 

Rousseau  remarked  towards  the  end 
of  his  life  that  he  was  born  to  misfortune 
and  fame,  but  that  if  he  had  never  met 
Grimm  his  career  would  not  have  been 
bo  miserable.  There  is  truth  in  this.  The 
man  was  destined,  by  reason  of  his  febrile, 
vehement,  and  over-sensitive  character, 
to  learn  in  suffering  what  he  taught  with 
enthusiasm,  and  in  his  position  he  was 
peculiarly  exposed  to  misunderstandings 
of  a  distracting  nature.  His  friends 
were  leaders  of  the  school  of  thought 
against  which  he  founded  a  counter- 
movement.  Being  unable  to  measure  or 
approve  the  force  and  direction  of  his 
ideas,  they  made  the  mistake  of  forming 
a  friendly  conspiracy  to  urge  him  by  gentle 


ridicule  to  return  to  the  camp  of  rational- 
ism. The  result  was  that  he  withdrew 
from  their  society  in  a  state  of  exaspera- 
tion and  alarm,  and  settled  on  the  skirts 
of  the  forest  of  Montmorency,  in  the 
cottage  which  Madame  d'Epinay  built 
for  him.  His  choice  of  a  retreat  was 
an  accident  pregnant  with  disaster. 
None  of  his  acquaintances  had  any 
feeling  for  a  life  of  simplicity,  quietness, 
and  lonely  meditation,  and  each  mis- 
interpreted his  action  from  a  different 
point  of  view.  To  D'Holbach,  a  cynical 
student  of  human  nature,  it  was  the 
affected  singularity  of  a  charlatan ;  to 
Diderot,  then  a  sincere  but  meddlesome 
friend,  it  was  a  piece  of  misanthropic 
madness  ;  to  Grimm,  the  lover  of  Madame 
d'Epinay,  it  was — well,  what  Madame 
d'Epinay  herself  was  perhaps  disenchanted 
to  find  that  it  was  not.  The  matter  was 
of  most  importance  to  Grimm,  but  he 
had  a  talent  for  intrigue,  as  Duclos  and 
other  aspirants  to  the  favours  of  Madame 
d'Epinay  had  learnt.  It  is  now  difficult 
to  trace  the  part  that  he  played  in  the 
first  quarrel  between  the  lady  and  the 
philosopher,  but  it  is  clear  that  he  was 
the  genius  of  discord  in  their  final  rupture  ; 
and  thenceforward  he  was  as  active  and 
as  bitter  an  enemy  of  Rousseau  as  Vol- 
taire. Like  Voltaire,  he  was  a  man  of 
influence.  As  editor  of  a  secret  literary 
journal  to  which  all  the  more  enlightened 
rulers  in  Europe  subscribed,  he  was  enabled 
to  spread  calumnies  abroad  in  a  manner 
inexplicable  to  the  object  of  his  hatred  ; 
and  as  a  companion  of  Diderot  and 
D'Holbach  he  had  no  little  power  of 
moulding  opinion  in  the  French  world  of 
letters.  During  the  lifetime  of  Rousseau, 
however,  he  was  not  so  formidable  a  foe 
as  Voltaire. 

Mrs.  Macdonald  says  that  Voltaire  was 
not,  like  Grimm,  a  conspirator.  Had  she 
studied  the  evidence  collected  by  M.  H. 
Tronchin  and  M.  Edouard  Rod,  she  would, 
we  think,  have  taken  a  different  view  of 
the  matter.  In  answer  to  a  letter  written 
in  1765  by  D'Alembert,  in  which  that 
writer  said  : — 

"  Rousseau,  I  know,  has  done  wrong  to 
you.  .  .  .but  I  cannot  believe  that  you  seek 
to  torment  him,  overborne  as  he  already 
is  by  ill-health,  poverty,  and  his  unhappy 
character," — 

Voltaire  protested  that,  far  from  having 
persecuted  his  rival,  he  had  helped  him 
in  his  misfortune.  Some  two  years  before 
this  date,  however,  when  the  Council  of 
Geneva  had  burnt  the  '  Contrat  Social ' 
and  '  Emile,'  issued  a  warrant  of  arrest 
against  the  author,  and  procured  his 
expulsion  from  the  canton  of  Berne,  the 
French  Resident  at  Geneva  informed  the 
French  Government  that  the  affair  was 
generally  supposed  to  have  been  en- 
gineered by  Voltaire's  friends.  Rousseau 
was  aware  of  this,  and  in  the  '  Lettres  de 
la  Montagne,'  written  in  1764,  he  spoke 
of  the  shocking  contrast  between  the 
rigour  with  which  his  countrymen  had 
treated  him,  and  the  deference  they  had 
shown  to  his  infidel  opponent.  His  per- 
secution had  made  him  so  popular  in  his 
native  town  that  the  Council  of  Geneva 


hesitated  to  condemn  his  new  work. 
This  vexed  Voltaire  extremely.  In  order 
to  incite  public  indignation,  the  French 
writer  composed  an  anonymous  pamphlet, 
in  which  Rousseau  was  described  as 
"  un  homme  qui  porte  encore  les  marques 
funestes  de  ses  debauches,  et  qui,  deguise  en 
saltimbanque,  traine  avec  lui  de  village  en 
village,  et  de  montagne  en  montagne,  la 
malheureuse  dont  il  fit  mourir  la  mere,  et 
dont  il  a  expose  les  enfants  a  la  porte  d'un 
hopital." 

This  was  the  attack  upon  his  personal 
character  which,  rankling  in  Rousseau's 
mind,  induced  him  to  write  his  '  Confes- 
sions.' It  did  not,  however,  effect  the 
immediate  purpose  of  its  author  ;  so  he 
adopted  a  more  direct  method  of  instigat- 
ing another  persecution.  "  Let  the  Council 
act  firmly,"  he  wrote  to  Conseiller 
Tronchin, 

"and  all  will  be  well ....  Everybody  is 
waiting  for  the  Council  to  proceed  against 
the  seditious  '  Livre  de  la  Montagne  '  [sic], 
as  one  proceeds  against  a  disturber  of  the 
public  peace.  Such  is  its  writer,  and  such 
should  he  be  declared." 

On  February  4th,  1765,  when  it  was 
reported  that  the  '  Lettres '  had  been 
condemned  in  Holland,  he  again  wrote 
to  Tronchin,  saying  that  unless  the  Council 
acted  as  the  Dutch  legislators  had  done, 
they  would  be  "  prodigiously  hissed." 
Voltaire's  efforts  were  not  wholly  vain. 
The  work  was  not  burnt  by  the  hangman, 
but  the  Genevese  clergy  communicated 
with  the  minister  of  the  village  in  Prussian 
territory  to  which  Rousseau  had  retired, 
and,  in  spite  of  an  order  from  Frederick 
the  Great,  the  peasants  were  provoked 
by  a  sermon  to  stone  Jean  Jacques  and 
drive  him  from  his  place  of  refuge. 

Such  were  the  circumstances  that  led 
up  to  Rousseau's  last  and  most  famous 
quarrel.  In  1766  he  came  to  England 
in  the  company  of  Hume.  Each  was 
doubtful  of  the  other.  Rousseau  was 
inclined  to  suspect  a  man  so  closely  con- 
nected as  Hume  was  with  the  writers  of 
the  French  rationalistic  school.  Hume, 
on  his  part,  had,  as  a  frequenter  of  D'Hol- 
bach's  circle,  an  apprehensive  mind,  and, 
as  the  concoctor  with  Horace  Walpole 
of  a  libel  in  the  shape  of  a  letter  fronn 
Frederick  the  Great  to  Rousseau,  an 
uneasy  conscience.  The  forgery,  which 
sorely  troubled  the  forlorn  and  distracted 
creature  against  whom  it  was  directed, 
was  published  as  a  genuine  document  in 
an  English  journal,  the  owner  of  which 
was  an  acquaintance  of  Hume.  When 
other  libels  appeared  in  the  same  periodical, 
Rousseau's  imagination  was  not  unnatu- 
rally excited.  No  doubt  it  carred  him 
much  too  far,  but,  as  Mrs.  Macdonald 
shows,  some  ground,  however  slight,  can 
be  found  for  the  wildest  charges  that  he 
made  against  the  Scottish  philosopher. 

The  best  piece  of  research  in  Mrs.  Mac- 
donald's  two  volumes  is  her  study  of  the 
'  Memoirs  of  Madame  d'Epinay,'  which  is 
commonly  ranked  with  the  '  Confessions  " 
as  a  prime  source  of  information  in  regard 
to  the  life  and  character  of  Rousseau.  It 
is,  in  fact,  the  very  book  which  he  ex- 
pected would  be  published  after  his  death 
in    order    to    consummate    the    work    of 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


471 


defamation.  Its  authors,  it  must  be 
allowed,  did  not  fail  in  their  project. 
Sainte-Beuve,  Mr.  John  Morley,  and  other 
critics  of  authority  were  misled  by  them. 
When  writers  of  the  ability  of  Grimm, 
Diderot,  and  Madame  d'Epinay  co- 
operated to  misrepresent  their  intimate 
friend  in  that  period  of  his  life  about 
which  they  knew  more  than  any  of 
their  contemporaries,  they  were  assured 
of  achieving  no  little  measure  of  success. 

Mrs.  Macdonald  has  discovered  the 
manuscripts  of  the  "  novel,"  as  the 
memoirs  were  originally  entitled.  The 
first  version,  in  which  Rousseau  is  de- 
scribed in  friendly  fashion,  is  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Madame  d'Epinay 's  secretary  ; 
the  second  version,  in  which  he  is  bitterly 
traduced,  is  written  by  Madame  d'Epinay 
herself  :  between  the  two  versions  are 
"  the  notes  of  the  alterations  to  be  made 
in  the  fable,"  and  these  are  partly  in  the 
handwriting  of  Grimm  and  Diderot.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  examine  the  manu- 
scripts ourselves,  but  to  judge  from  the 
account  given  by  Mrs.  Macdonald,  the 
novel  must  now  be  regarded  as  a  piece 
of  mere  fiction  in  so  far  as  it  pretends  to 
•describe  not  only  Rousseau,  but  also 
Duclos,  Madame  d'Houdetot,  Grimm, 
Diderot,  and  other  figures  of  importance 
in  the  France  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Mrs.  Macdonald,  as  we  have  said, 
presents  a  good  case  in  a  bad  manner. 
•One  of  the  worst  of  her  numerous 
mistakes  is  that  she  takes  Landois, 
an  obscure  contributor  to  the  '  En- 
cyclopaedia,' to  be  the  same  person 
^s  Rousseau,  for  this  leads  her  to  mis- 
represent entirely  the  relations  between 
Rousseau  and  Diderot.  In  her  extra- 
vagance of  supposition  she  also  tries  to 
refute  the  author  of  the  '  Confessions  ' 
himself,  and  to  prove  that  he  had  no 
children  to  consign  to  a  hospital  for 
foundlings.  Evidence  confirmatory  of  his 
statements  was,  however,  discovered  some 
time  ago  in  the  Archives  des  Enfants- 
Trouves. 


The  Last  of  the  Stuarts.     By  Herbert  M 
Vaughan.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  Cardinal  Duke  of  York  (Henry  IX.) 
was  an  uninteresting  and  unimportant 
person,  and  Mr.  Herbert  Vaughan  has 
written  his  biography  at  the  cost  of  no 
deep  research.  As  early  as  p.  3  we  have 
an  anecdote,  and  the  reference  is  to  "  B.  W 
Kelly,  '  Life  of  Cardinal  York.'  "  What 
authority  had  B.  W.  Kelly  for  his  anec- 
dote ?  The  quarrels  between  James  VIII., 
or  the  Chevalier  de  Saint  George,  or  the 
Old  Pretender,  and  his  wife,  have  to  be 
touched  upon,  but  nothing  new  is  done 
in  the  way  of  clearing  them  up.  The 
Ohevalier  Ramsay,  Prince  Charles's 
governor,  was  not  dismissed  to  quiet 
'  Clementina's  perpetual  fears  of  un- 
orthodox teaching."  He  wanted  to  leave 
Rome,  and  as  he  was  thought  to  be  too 
much  attached  to  the  Earl  of  Mar,  he 
was  allowed  to  depart.  The  Earl  Maris- 
chal  about  1735  wrote  a  good  deal  that 
was  interesting  concerning  the  little  Duke, 
a,  charming  child,  with  his  mock  "  Order 


of  Toboso."  Of  the  Earl's  letters  six  lines 
are  given,  and  they  are  quoted  from  '  Life 
of  Cardinal  York.'  The  touching  late 
reconciliation  of  the  Duke's  father  and 
mother  is  unrecorded,  but  we  hear  plenty 
about  the  lady's  funeral,  and  a  proposed 
process  for  her  beatification.  If  there  was 
a  saintly  character  in  the  royal  family,  it 
was  her  husband,  James,  rather  than 
Clementina.  Daddy  Crisp's  description 
of  the  exiled  princes  is  deservedly  quoted  : 
it  is  of  recent  publication.  The  accounts 
by  Gray  and  De  Brosses  are  good,  but 
hackneyed  ;  one  is  not  sure  that  Murray 
of  Broughton's  letter  in  his  so-called 
'  Genuine  Memoirs  '  is  authentic.  Letters 
of  the  Duke  to  Prince  Charles,  after  the 
Prince  left  Rome  for  France  and  Scotland, 
exist  in  the  Stuart  MSS.,  and  have  been 
printed.  Mr.  Vaughan  does  not  refer  to 
them,  though  they  prove  that  the  brothers 
were  then  on  affectionate  terms.  The 
Duke  followed  the  Prince  to  France, 
and  did  his  best  to  procure  that  aid 
from  Louis  XV.  which  might  have  saved 
the  cause.  An  extant  letter  of  his, 
written  when  Charles  was  entering  Eng- 
land, is  hopeful  :  it  is  not  given.  For 
the  Duke  "  to  essay  a  solitary  landing  in 
Charles's  magnificent  manner  upon  the 
English  coast  "  would  have  been  much 
more  mad  than  Charles's  arrival  in  Loch- 
nanuagh.  For  the  Prince's  letter  to  the 
Duke  on  landing  again  in  France,  "  Ewald, 
'  Prince  Charles  Stuart,'  "  is  quoted.  In 
Browne's  '  History  of  the  Highlands,' 
vol.  iii.,  Appendix,  is  a  good  collection  of 
letters  from  James  and  others  on  the  subject 
of  the  Duke  of  York  in  France,  and  about 
Strickland's  efforts  "  pour  brouiller  mes 
enfants  ensemble."  Balhaldy  also  writes 
from  Paris  about  the  Duke  :  these  are 
no  great  matters,  but  Mr.  Vaughan  makes 
no  allusion  to  the  affair  of  Strickland  : 
the  letters  quoted  by  him  are  mainly  from 
Lord  Mahon's  '  History.'  For  D'Argen- 
son,  '  Pickle  the  Spy  '  is  cited,  not  D'Ar- 
genson's  own  memoirs. 

These  methods  give  an  air  of  the  second 
hand  to  several  parts  of  the  book,  which 
has  most  novelty  when  it  deals  with  the 
Duke  of  York  as  a  Roman  ecclesiastic. 
The  authorities  are  Mann's  letters,  the 
"  State  Papers,  Tuscany,"  and  thirty-six 
stout  volumes,  in  MS.,  of  an  official  diary 
of  the  Cardinal's  doings,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  MS.  "  is  largely 
occupied  with  minute  and  verbose  ac- 
counts of  ceremonies  and  official  visits." 
These  have  next  to  no  historical  interest. 
The  Cardinal  was  rich,  liberal,  a  collector 
of  books,  and  the  destroyer  of  an  ancient 
Roman  edifice,  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Latiaris  ;  he  was  good-natured,  pompous, 
obstinate,  and  he  is  credited  with  "  sense- 
less extravagance."  How  he  tried  to 
secure  the  recognition  of  his  brother  by 
the  Pope,  and  failed  ;  how  he  strove  to 
wean  him  from  the  "  nasty  bottle "  ; 
how  he  befriended  Louise  of  Stolberg 
when  she  left  her  husband,  are  familiar 
matters  ;  but  the  efforts  to  obtain  re- 
cognition of  Charles  are  here  given  with 
unusual  fullness.  The  Cardinal  soon 
found  out  the  true  character  of  his  sister- 
n-law,    and    then     became    involved    in 


troubles  about  the  legitimation  of  his 
niece,  "  the  Bonny  Lass  o'  Albanie." 
Mr.  Vaughan,  by  way  of  reference  to 
authority,  cites  "  Historical  MSS.  Com- 
mission Report" — perhaps  as  vague  a 
reference  as  ever  was  given.  For  the 
letters  of  the  Duchess  of  Albany  the  Stuart 
Papers  are  cited,  probably  those  in  the 
Royal  Library  at  Windsor.  The  pages 
on  the  later  friendship  between  the  kind 
Cardinal  and  his  handsome,  good-natured 
niece  are  the  most  pleasing  passages  in  a 
melancholy  book. 

In  1792  the  Cardinal  was  wounded  by 
the  papal  recognition  of  George  III.,  and 
expressed  his  grief  in  a  futile,  pathetic 
manner.  When  the  Pope  was  crushed 
by  the  exactions  of  Bonaparte,  the 
Cardinal  forgave  him,  and  presented 
him  with  the  larger  part  of  his  private 
fortune,  including  the  gold  shield  and 
the  rubies  of  the  Sobieskis.  The  Car- 
dinal was  undeniably  a  gentleman, 
and  inherited  the  generosity  of  Mary 
Stuart.  Later  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to 
Sicily,  and  thence  to  Venice  ;  but  the 
tradition  that  he  was  conveyed  by  Xelson 
is  rejected  :  for  these  sad  adventures  the 
official  diary  is  the  warrant.  The  Car- 
dinal had  lost  almost  everything,  and  was 
burdened  by  annuities  to  the  widow  and 
the  mistress  of  his  brother.  In  1799 
Cardinal  Borgia  laid  a  statement  of  the 
case  before  the  British  Government  ;  Sir 
John  Hippisley  backed  the  appeal,  and 
George  III.  was  compassionate.  He  ac- 
cepted from  Mr.  Coutts,  the  banker,  a 
medal  with  the  Cardinal's  head,  given  by 
him  to  Mr.  Coutts  in  happier  days ;  and 
he  settled  4,000/.  a  year  on  the  Cardinal. 
The  kindness  was  accepted  in  the  right 
spirit,  and  the  Cardinal's  bequests  in  his 
will  show  his  gratitude  to  all  who  helped 
him  in  his  need.  To  be  sure,  Mr.  Vaughan 
argues  that  England  owed  the  Prince 
the  dowry  of  his  grandmother,  Mary  of 
Modena;"but  that  was  a  debt  which 
England  would  never  pay. 

If  Prince  Charles  had  possessed  the 
shadow  of  a  chance  after  Culloden,  the 
Duke  would  have  ruined  it  by  accepting 
the  hat  of  a  cardinal  ;  but  had  the  Duke 
not  done  this,  Charles  would  have  starved 
after  the  death  of  James,  so  perhaps  all 
was  for  the  best.  That  the  Duke  scarcely 
deserved  a  biography  is  our  opinion  ; 
while  the  biography  is  written  without 
much  research,  and  with  rather  in- 
adequate references.  The  Index  is 
good,  and  the  brief  account  of  the 
"  Sobieski  Stuarts "  is  adequate.  The 
genealogical  table  needs  revision.  The 
full  story  of  these  Sobieski  brothers  can 
probably  never  be  narrated.  We  lately 
saw  a  frame  containing  about  a  dozen 
Stuart  miniatures,  several  of  them  excel- 
lent, given  by  one  of  the  brothers  to  an 
acquaintance.  Where  did  the  Sobieski 
Stuarts  obtain  them  ? 


History    of    the    Reformation.     B3-    T.    M. 
Lindsay.  —  Vol.    I.    Germany.      (Edin- 
burgh, T.  &  T.  Clark.) 
This     volume,    together     with     the     last 
of     Creighton's     '  History,'     the     second 


472 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


of  '  The  Cambridge  Modern  History,' 
and  Mr.  Armstrong's  '  Charles  V.,' 
will  probably  remain  for  some  time 
among  the  chief  instructors  of  the 
average  Englishman  for  the  Reforma- 
tion period.  The  standpoint  of  Dr. 
Lindsay  has  been  already  illustrated  in 
his  essay  on  Luther.  It  is  that  of  a 
thoroughgoing  admirer  rather  than  of  a 
critic  of  the  first  and  greatest  of  modern 
journalists.  While  condemning  in  words 
Luther's  attitude  to  the  Peasants'  Revolt, 
the  author  does  not  allow  his  judgment  to 
be  greatly  affected  thereby.  On  the  ever- 
controversial  topic  of  the  bigamy  of  Philip 
of  Hesse,  Dr.  Lindsay  is,  to  our  thinking, 
better  advised.  He  condemns  the  action 
of  Luther,  but  connects  it  with  the  dis- 
pensing power  as  exercised  by  the  Papacy. 
We  think  he  is  right  in  discerning  the  rela- 
tion of  ideas.  What  he  does  not  see  is 
that,  supposing  there  was  anything  to  be 
said  for  Luther,  it  makes  in  favour  of  an 
organized  constitutional  authority  with 
power  both  to  enforce  and  to  dispense  with 
rules.  As  Luther  interpreted  it,  the  moral 
law  would  always  be  at  the  mercy  of  any 
influential  pastors  moved  by  considerations 
of  expediency.  However  extravagant  may 
have  been  the  pretensions  of  the  mediaeval 
Popes,  they  were  due  to  a  desire  to  have 
some  moral  authority  raised  above  the 
selfish  aims  and  lustful  passions  of  secular 
princes.  People  may  condemn  Nicholas  II. 
and  Gregory  VII.,  but  there  is  no  doubt 
this  is  what  they  meant  to  do,  however 
much  the  reality  fell  short  of  the  ideal. 
Now  when  Luther  cut  himself  off  from 
the  Church  as  an  organized  system,  and 
made  his  communities  into  a  body  of 
dependent  departments  of  the  territorial 
princes,  he  destroyed  the  only  possibility 
of  an  earthly  embodiment  of  the  moral 
power  over  conduct  which  might  be  re- 
moved from  secular  solicitations.  The 
principles  of  Luther  in  the  bigamy  case 
set  up,  in  the  first  place,  claims  for 
the  pastorate  as  much  opposed  to  the 
democratic  spirit  in  religion  as  are 
Catholic  claims  properly  understood ; 
secondly,  they  increased  enormously  the 
danger  of  the  Protestant  churches  tamper- 
ing with  religion  and  morality  in  the 
interests  of  power  and  wealth,  a  danger 
almost  inherent  in  national  churches  ;  and 
thirdly,  they  carry  that  anti-legalist 
principle  of  Luther,  which  was  in  many 
ways  a  great  discovery,  into  an  extreme 
which  is  as  much  Machiavellism  as  the 
Socialist  ethics  of  the  Jesuits.  Men  like 
Luther  forget  that,  although  Christ 
preached  principles  rather  than  systems, 
rules  are  yet  needful,  if  the  principles  are 
to  be  carried  out.  The  point  is  that  Luther's 
action  is  really  consonant  with  the  general 
trend  of  his  mind  and  of  Protestant  de- 
velopments, and  is  not  a  mere  isolated 
"  indiscretion."  Dr.  Lindsay,  in  our 
opinion,  pays  too  much  attention  to 
the  personality  of  Luther,  and  too  little 
to  the  nationalism  which  he  embodied. 
He  would  have  done  well  to  consider  some 
of  the  phrases  of  Creighton  about  the  cause 
of  the  Reformation's  comparative  failure 
being  that  Luther  was  neither  a  statesman 
nor  a  theologian ;  and  also  the  stress  that 


historian  (certainly  of  as  high  a  rank  as 
our  author)  laid  on  the  national  as  opposed 
to  the  doctrinal  element  in  the  Reforma- 
tion. A  very  slight  perusal  of  Luther  will 
show  how  greatly  he  was  inspired  by  an 
anti-Italian  spirit.  A  closer  study  of  the 
Conciliar  movement,  of  which  Dr.  Lindsay 
exhibitslittle  knowledge,  would  have  shown 
the  latent  nationalism  in  the  whole  of 
Northern  Europe  :  it  came  out,  too, 
among  the  Spaniards  at  Trent. 

One  other  point  in  criticism  of  a  work  in 
most  respects  excellent  we  would  make. 
In  discussing  the  causes  why  agreement 
between  the  two  parties  was  impossible 
Dr.  Lindsay  omits  the  one  which  in 
Acton's  view  was  decisive  —  Luther's 
belief  that  the  Pope  was  Antichrist.  It 
is  obvious  that  with  a  man  who  held  this 
view  compromise  was  not  possible.  More 
also  should  have  been  said  of  Luther's 
dislike  of  all  forms  of  communism — 
hostility  to  monastic  institutions,  not  so 
much  as  religious  bodies  as  because  they 
preached  forms  of  unity  alien  to  the  State 
autocracy,  and  of  fellowship  different 
from  the  family.  We  think  that  this 
element  is  important,  and  that  the 
author's  preoccupation  with  one  over- 
powering personality  blinds  him  to 
some  of  the  most  noteworthy  aspects  of 
the  subject.  It  is  true  that  Luther 
destroyed  "  the  aristocracy  of  the 
saints,"  though  whether  the  destruction 
has  made  men  more  religious  may  be 
questioned  ;  it  is  also  true  that  he  de- 
stroyed all  schemes  of  life  based  on  the 
ideal  of  poverty  or  communal  religion, 
and  realized,  as  none  before  him,  the 
solitary  grandeur  of  the  individual  soul. 

Dr.  Lindsay  has  given  an  admirable 
account  of  Protestant  principles  in  his 
final  chapter  ;  his  standpoint  is,  of  course, 
that  of  the  eulogist,  and  he  omits  certain 
matters  which  seem  to  us  of  importance. 
But  the  book  as  a  whole  is  moderate  in 
expression,  easily  written,  and  "  ganz 
quellenmassig."  It  is  not  a  great  book, 
and  has  not  the  grip  of  Creighton  nor  the 
ease  of  Mr.  Armstrong,  but  it  is  useful, 
and  will  be  to  many  Englishmen  an  excel- 
lent substitute  for  Kostlin  and  D'Aubigne. 


Lord  Acton  and  his  Circle.  Edited  by 
Abbot  Gasquet,  O.S.B.  (George  Allen  ; 
Burns  &  Oates.) 

The  volume  of  letters  edited  by  Abbot 
Gasquet  forms  a  welcome  addition 
to  that  growing  body  of  literature 
which  is  likely  to  make  Acton  a 
more  intelligible  personality  to  posterity 
than  he  was  to  his  contemporaries. 
With  the  exception  of  a  few  letters 
written  to  Mr.  Wetherell,  all  those  here 
published  were  addressed  to  Richard 
Simpson,  one  of  the  most  brilliant,  though 
least  famous  of  the  Oxford  converts  to 
Rome,  and  they  are  all  concerned  with 
the  conduct  of  The  Rambler,  The  Home 
and  Foreign  Review,  and  the  other 
periodicals  which  occupied  the  energetic 
youth  of  Acton.  It  is,  indeed,  difficult 
enough  to  realize  the  fact  of  which 
Dr.  Gasquet  reminds  us — that  Acton  was 


only  twenty-four  at  a  time  when  both  his^ 
views  and  his  writings  had  almost  every 
mark  of  maturity.  But  does  this  book 
add,  and  if  so,  how  much,  to  our  know- 
ledge ?  What  do  we  learn  from  it  about 
Acton  himself,  about  general  politics,  and 
about  conflicts  in  the  Roman  Church  ? 

In  the  first  place,  the  editor's  intro- 
duction tells  lucidly  and  accurately  the 
story  of  The  Rambler,  and  of  the  general 
attempt  made  by  its  supporters  to 
educate  and  broaden  the  English  members 
of  their  own  communion  on  the  one  hand, 
and  to  impress  the  British  public  on  the 
other  with  the  feeling  that  Roman  Catho- 
lics might  be  abreast  of  all  the  advances 
of  modern  knowledge,  and  lovers  of  truth 
and  liberty,  just  in  proportion  as  they 
understood  their  own  creed.  tThese 
letters  make  it  perfectly  clear  that  this 
was  Acton's  great  aim,  and  the  intro- 
duction tells  us  the  whole  story  in  a  more 
satisfactory  way  than  any  of  the  other 
books  and  lives — such  as  those  of  Ward, 
Manning,  and  Wiseman — which  have  in 
some  measure  touched  upon  it.  It  also 
plainly  shows  an  unprejudiced  reader 
that  the  fault  was  not  all  on  the  side  that 
Englishmen  will  most  readily  condemn  : 
not  only  Newman's,  but  even  Acton's 
letters  make  it  certain  that  Richard 
Simpson  was  by  no  means  so  wise  as  he 
was  clever.  He  was  in  fact  the  enfant 
terrible  of  the  party.  His  attitude  to 
Wiseman  and  the  ecclesiastical  autho- 
rities was  that  of  an  unusually  "cheeky" 
schoolboy,  and  Acton  is  found  constantly 
warning  him  against  the  danger  of  being 
pert  and  provocative  ;  but,  as  Acton  saw, 
there  was  a  real  difference  of  principle 
between  The  Home  and  Foreign  Review 
and  the  Ultramontanes,  and  in  the  long 
run  it  was  inevitable  that  one  party 
should  go  to  the  wall. 

How  does  this  book  add  to  our  know- 
ledge of  Acton  ?  It  deepens,  though  it 
does  not  alter,  the  general  impression  of 
his  directing  ideals  and  political  sym- 
pathies which  was  created  by  the  more 
important  volume  of  letters  to  Miss 
Gladstone.  In  this  respect  perhaps  only 
one  distinct  addition  is  made  —  that 
Acton  believed  his  theory  of  politics 
to  be  fundamentally  Catholic.  Fur- 
ther, a  great  deal  may  be  learnt  as  to 
the  connexion  of  that  theory  with  the 
Middle  Ages.  Even  Gierke  had  no  clearer 
view  of  the  importance  of  corporate 
liberty  within  the  State  if  tyranny  is  to 
be  avoided.  But  it  is  not  on  this  side 
that  the  letters  are  most  remarkable. 
What  they  do  show  is  a  lightness  of  touch 
and  a  rapidity  of  writing  which  Acton 
lost  in  his  later  years.  These  letters  are 
very  unlike  those  to  Miss  Gladstone,  they 
are  so  quick  and  alert  and  variegated. 
They  contain  many  important  expres- 
sions of  opinion,  which  might  be  the 
germ  of  regular  articles  ;  but  generally 
they  are  less  grave  and  more  humorous 
than  those  he  wrote  in  later  years.  Pro- 
bably this  is  because  they  were  the  product 
of  the  hopeful,  active  time  of  his  life 
when  he  was  not  worn  down  by  the 
ceaseless  hostility  of  ecclesiastics.  Later 
he  was  forced  to  own,  in  a  letter  to  D61- 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


473 


linger,  that  the  present  generation  was 
hopeless  ;  he  could  only  work  for  the 
future. 

Secondly,  we  see  in  the  letters  how 
thoroughly  Acton  was  imbued  with  the 
principle  of  growth  in  religious  thought. 
Over  and  over  again  he  declares  that 
theology  is  not  a  stationary,  but  a  de- 
veloping science — that  the  Church  is  a 
living  body,  and  men  have  to  do  some- 
thing more  than  repeat  lessons  learnt  by 
rote. 

Lastly,  we  get  a  series  of  interest- 
ing glances  into  European  and  Papal 
politics  before  either  Bismarck  had  won 
his  laurels  or  the  Pope  had  lost  his  crown. 
Acton,  as  these  letters  show,  was  cos- 
mopolitan, and  in  many  ways  Ger- 
man, but  he  was  always  anti-Prussian, 
and  in  the  early  sixties  seemed  to  have 
no  belief  even  that  Prussia  would  succeed . 
On  the  Italian  question  he  is  also  much 
less  anti-papal  than  is  often  supposed. 
At  least  he  desired  the  guaranteed  free- 
dom of  the  Pope.  He  has  no  belief  in 
nationality  as  a  principle.  He  is  really 
an  austere  legitimist,  only  he  will  bind 
kings,  peoples,  and  Popes  alike  by  the 
laws  that  guarantee  their  rights.  As  he 
said  in  one  place,  ';  The  Powers  have 
clearly  no  right  to  restore  the  Pope  for 
the  sake  of  religion,  unless  they  restore 
freedom  for  the  sake  of  the  People."  He 
was  in  fact  as  profoundly  individual  as  he 
was  idealist,  and  his  views  in  their  entirety 
were  probably  shared  by  nobody. 

The  volume  closes  with  a  few  letters 
designed  to  explain  Acton's  position  in 
regard  to  his  '  Vatican  Decrees.'  When 
he  wrote  his  famous  replies  to  Gladstone 
in  The  Times,  Manning  thought  that  at 
last  he  had  an  opportunity,  and  strove 
to  entrap  Acton  into  statements  which 
might  have  been  made  a  ground  of 
excommunication.  This  he  failed  to  do, 
and  the  letters  exhibit  the  adroit  fencing 
by  which  the  archbishop  was  foiled. 
Acton,  indeed,  felt  that  the  Council 
was  only  the  last  triumph  of  a  bad 
party,  and  there  was  no  more  reason 
for  leaving  the  Church  then  than  there 
had  been  in  the  past.  His  hostility  to 
the  dogma  of  infallibility  was  in  fact 
political  and  ethical,  not  strictly  theo- 
logical, and  he  looked  to  the  future  to 
work  out  an  interpretation  which  might 
deprive  it  of  its  sting. 

Another  characteristic  which  expresses 
itself  in  this  book  is  the  profound  religious 
faith  of  Acton.  The  real  explanation  of 
the  intransigeant  views  he  was  always 
expounding,  in  regard  to  convenient 
criminality  in  politics  or  to  plausible 
fictions  in  ecclesiastical  history,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  fact  that  he  was  full,  not  of 
doubt  or  hesitancy,  but  of  deep  and  un- 
wavering faith.  Several  passages  bear 
witness  to  this  in  the  letters.  For 
instance  :  — 

"  In  politics  as  in  science  the  Church 
deed  not  seek  her  own  ends.  She  will 
obtain  them,  if  she  encourages  the  pursuit 
of  the  (lids  of  science,  which  arc  truth,  and 
of  the  State,  which  are  liberty." 

Although  he  declares  that  what  is  most 
needed  is  a  more  educated  clergy,  and  that 


asceticism  without  knowledge  is  dangerous, 
in  other  places  he  severely  criticizes  one 
who  showed 

"  contempt  for  everything  ascetical,  and 
dislike  for  prayer  under  the  guise  of  weak 
health.  Intellectual  contempt  for  fellow- 
Catholics  has  brought  many  men,  within 
my  knowledge,  to  nearly  the  same  pass." 
It  is  needless  to  go  on  quoting.  The 
reader  will  choose  for  himself  between 
the  number  of  topics  which  awaken 
interest,  and  the  still  larger  number  of 
phrases  which  stimulate  thought. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


A  Servant  of  the  Kivej.     By  E.  Aceituna 
Griffin.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

The  year  1640  is  the  period  of  this  well- 
conceived  and  sympathetically  written 
tale.  The  main  character  in  the  book  is 
the  great  Earl  of  Strafford,  but  it  has  a 
conventional  hero  in  one  Humfray  Gil- 
christ, a  Berkshire  gallant,  who  becomes 
one  of  Wentworth's  secretaries,  is  brought 
into  frequent  contact  with  Lucy,  Lady 
Carlisle,  and  plays  a  picturesque  part  in 
many  of  the  plots  and  counter-plots  of  the 
period.  For  the  purpose  of  romance  this 
young  man  is  given  his  love  affair,  and, 
despite  the  sombre  end  which  fortune  and 
a  king's  weakness  bring  to  his  master  and 
his  secretarial  duties,  we  leave  him  facing 
a  fair  prospect.  The  character-study  of 
the  Earl  of  Strafford,  and  the  picture 
of  the  Court  of  the  troublous  period, 
combine  to  give  a  note  of  quiet  distinction 
to  an  otherwise  ordinary  historical  novel. 
This  part  of  the  book  is  admirable  ; 
sincere,  restrained,  and  convincing ;  such 
thoughtful  characterization  would  make 
almost  any  story  worth  reading.  We 
have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  '  A 
Servant  of  the  King  '  to  those  who  enjoy 
historical  fiction. 


Listener's     Lure.       Bv      E.     V.     Lucas. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
It  is  always  interesting  to  see  what  a 
writer  distinguished  in  another  field  will 
make  of  an  essay  in  fiction.  But  there 
are  many  reasons  why  we  should  be 
interested  in  Mr.  Lucas's  first  novel.  It 
is  a  pity  that  he  has  handicapped 
himself  by  the  epistolary  form.  Mr. 
Swinburne's  novel  and  the  '  Manage  de 
Convenance '  may  be  set  down  to  the 
shadow  of  Richardson.  '  Listener's  Lure' 
would  have  been  easier  to  read  in  direct 
narration.  But  Mr.  Lucas  has  made  it 
oblique,  and  there  is  an  end  of  it.  He  has 
twenty  correspondents,  whom  he  has  to 
keep  going  as  a  juggler  keeps  his  plates  in 
the  air.  But  the  trouble  is  that,  though 
he  manages  them  skilfully,  we  have  some 
difficulty  in  remembering  and  recognizing 
them.  The  young  ladies  write  as  young 
ladies  will,  and  we  can  imagine  our  pleasure 
had  Mr.  Lucas  lured  their  letters  into 
Punch.  Detached,  however,  into  epistolary 
disconnexion,  they  have  not  much  effect  in 
this  book.  Genuine  comedy  is  displayed 
in  some  of  the  self-painted  portraits,  as 
for  example,  in  Miss  Charlotte  Fase,  whose 


provincial  narrow-mindedness  is  amusing, 
if  somewhat  overdrawn.  We  like  also 
the  old  lady  who  is  separated  from  her 
clerical  husband,  and  devoted  to  agnostics. 
The  flaw  in  the  book  is  its  central  concep- 
tion, which  is  as  old  as  the  hills.  We 
have  wearied  of  the  guardian  who  falls 
in  love  with  his  ward,  even  if  he  does 
write  paternal  and  pleasant  letters  from 
abroad.  Mr.  Lucas  seems  to  have  been 
afraid  to  trust  to  his  own  design,  and  to 
have  borrowed  the  sentiment  of  his  book 
from  conventions.  He  is,  however,  full 
of  wit  and  wisdom. 


The.  Incomplete  Amorist.     By   E.   Nesbit. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 
Th.vi  many  girls  in  what  is  known  as  a 
"  sheltered  "  position  are,  by  the  tyranny 
of  parents  and  other  guardians,  driven 
to  practise  deception  as  the  only  means 
whereby  any  measure  of  liberty  can  be 
secured,  is  a  truth  which,  though  unpalat- 
able, is  none  the  worse  for  being  proclaimed. 
Yet  we  are  reluctant  to  believe  that  a 
young  person  in  other  respects  so  life- 
like and  charming  as  Mrs.  Bland's  heroine 
would  have  carried  this  species  of  diplo- 
macy to  the  lengths  which  are  here  indi- 
cated. Her  adventures  as  a  sojourner  in 
the  colony  of  English  and  American  art- 
students  at  Paris  are  lively,  if  not  always 
probable,  and  form  the  most  successful 
portion  of  the  book.  There  are  some 
happy  touches  in  the  portrait  of  the  hero, 
a  gentleman  who,  by  his  assiduous  devo- 
tion to  the  fine  art  of  flirtation,  has  im- 
paired his  chances  of  success  as  a  serious 
lover  ;  but  he  does  not  carry  complete 
conviction.  This  is  a  fortiori  the  case 
with  his  blameless  rival ;  and  their 
brilliant  interchanges  of  wit,  shared  by 
a  society  "'  wicked  lady  "  of  conventional 
type,  strike  us  as  poor  fooling. 


A  Lost  Leader.  Bv  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim. 
T<  '(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 
Hejre  we  have  a  political  variety  of  the 
mystery  species  of  sensational  novel.  The 
''  Leader  "  is  endeavouring  to  live  down 
a"/'  past  "  in  idyllic  retirement,  when  he 
is  lured  back  to  the  arena  by  the  intrigues 
of  a  prominent  member  of  his  party,  the 
villain  of  the  story,  who  wears  a  single  eye- 
glass. As,  however,  the  hero  upsets  the 
villain's  plans  and  his  party  by  going  far 
enough  in  the  direction  of  Tariff  Reform  to 
announce  that  their  policy  of  Free  Trade 
may  perhaps  beunsoundjt  is  idle  to  attempt 
to  identify  any  real  equivalents  for  Mr. 
Oppenheim's  characters.  The  heroine  is 
a  political  duchess,  a  beautiful  young 
widow,  who  seems  to  be  distracted  by 
love  from  the  maintenance  of  Free  Trade 
principles,  but  we  cannot  be  sure  ;  for  as 
soon  as  crime  and  accident  have  settled 
the  affairs  of  the  principal  actors,  politics 
are  dropped,  and  left  presumably  in  chaos. 


In    the    Shadow    of    tht    Lord.     By    Mrs. 

Hugh  Eraser.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 
This  account   of  Mary  Washington's  life 
between  the  third  year  before  her  marriage 

9 


474 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


and  the  date  at  which  her  famous  son 
resigned  his  commission  as  colonel  in  the 
colonial  militia  is  an  acceptable  addition 
to  the  number  of  novels  which  have 
recently  illustrated  the  history  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  The  identity 
of  the  beautiful  young  Virginian  who  is 
beset  by  grave  perils  and  trials  during  a 
long  visit  to  her  brother  at  Cookham  and 
in  London  will  not  be  apparent  to  the 
average  reader  until,  in  the  second 
quarter  of  the  volume,  she  returns  to  the 
colony  as  the  bride  of  Augustine  Washing- 
ton, widower.  From  this  point  stirring 
incidents  are  rare,  but  there  is  plenty  of 
lively  movement  and  change  of  scene  ; 
for  the  author  has  evidently  spared  no 
pains  in  developing  a  thoroughly  congenial 
theme  as  attractively  as  possible.  The 
characterization,  which  is  the  mainstay 
of  such  a  work,  is  excellent  throughout, 
Mary  being  delineated  with  admirable 
delicacy  and  power.  She  is  represented 
by  her  words  and  conduct  as  wise  and 
charming,  firm  and  gentle,  with  healthy 
human  impulses  and  tremors  controlled 
b}r  habits  of  self-discipline  and  a  whole- 
some form  of  religion  which  is  far  less 
obtrusive  in  the  book  than  might  be  in- 
ferred from  the  title. 


A  Pixy  in  Petticoats.     (Alston  Rivers.) 

This  story  of  Dartmoor  has  merits 
enough  to  make  its  defects  conspicuous. 
The  atmosphere  of  the  moor  is  in  the 
book,  but  the  anonymous  author  spoils 
one  of  his  best  descriptive  passages  by 
speaking  of  the  brilliant  mosses  by  the 
edge  of  a  bog  as  "  red  blotches  rather 
suggestive  of  tiny  scraps  of  raw  meat." 
The  characters  are  clearly  and  strongly 
drawn,  but  often  marred  by  a  wilful 
touch  of  harshness.  Beatrice,  the  un- 
conventional young  lady  who  plays  the 
part  of  the  "  pixy  in  petticoats,"  is  freak- 
ishly cruel  rather  than  daintily  frivolous. 
John  Burrough,  into  whose  lonely  life 
on  the  moor  Beatrice  dances  ^in  and 
out,  is  drawn  with  a  sympathetic  touch, 
and  his  tragic  death  gives  an  unfitting 
finish  to  what  in  the  main  is  an  amusing 
book.  Some  of  the  scenes — notably  those 
in  which  Beatrice's  landlady's  son  appears 
— are  rich  in  humour,  but  hardly  humour 
racy  of  the  soil. 


The    Black    Patch.     By    Fergus    Hume. 
(John  Long.) 

We  refer  to  this  novel  only  to  express 
our  disappointment.  That  the  author  of 
'  Lady  Jim  '  should  forsake  excellent  por- 
trayal of  character,  witty  dialogue,  and 
good  plot  to  revert  to  the  crowded  ranks 
of  sensational  fiction  seems  to  us  a  pity. 
Fiction  of  this  sort  is  already  overdone, 
and  Mr.  Hume  might  well  be  spared  to 
that  public — undoubtedly  a  minority — 
who  may  be  said  to  prefer  a  work  of  art 
hanging  on  the  wall  to  a  display  of 
squibs  in  the  back  garden.  We  will  not 
divulge  the  plot,  for  therein  is  contained 
all  thut  can  attract. 


Monsieur  et  Madame  Moloch.     By  Marcel 
Prevost.     (Paris,  A.  Lemerre.) 

Since  the  appearance  of  his  somewhat 
unequal  '  Lettres  de  Femmes  '  we  have 
been  expecting  that  our  author  would 
one  day  give  us  a  romance  of  the  first 
order.  He  preferred  to  find  in  '  Les  Demi- 
Vierges  '  a  success  of  scandal  and  sale. 
On  the  publication  of  some  later  books 
M.  Prevost  suffered  a  loss  of  literary  posi- 
tion. All  is  retrieved  by  his  new  novel, 
and  we  are  delighted  by  the  accomplish- 
ment of  our  prophecy. 

The  best  of  R.  L.  Stevenson's  writings 
— his  favourite — '  Prince  Otto,'  has  now 
a  serious  rival.  It  has  been  said  of 
Anthony  Hope's  '  Sophy  of  Kravonia ' 
that  the  author  has  had  imitators  in  ima- 
ginary geography  and  genealogy  of  Ger- 
man Courts,  now  repeated  by  himself. 
Voltaire's  inventions  of  the  kind  did  not 
stand  alone  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  there  were  such  tales  before  R.  L. 
Stevenson  and  M.  Abel  Hermant — in  tens 
before  '  Prince  Otto  '  and  '  The  Prisoner 
of  Zenda,'  in  hundreds  since  '  Le  Sceptre.' 
It  is  style,  irony,  treatment  at  the  hands 
of  genius,  that  make  some  such  books 
good  reading  and  some  immortal. 

M.  Marcel  Prevost  has  used  the  hint  of 
the  "  fugue  "  as  the  French  call  the  story 
of  the  Frenchman  and  the  German  princess 
which  filled  the  newspapers  a  few  years 
ago,  but  not  as  others  by  the  dozen  have 
employed  it  in  recent  French  and  German 
novels,  nor  even  as  M.  Abel  Hermant 
has  used  his  own  discoveries,  made  during 
his  youthful  life  in  foreign  Courts.  With 
M.  Marcel  Prevost  the  story  of  a  French 
tutor  and  his  sister  at  the  German  Court, 
of  which  he  "  captivates,"  in  diverse 
fashion,  the  boy  heir-apparent  and  the 
lovely  reigning  consort  of  thirty-nine, 
rises  to  the  dignity  of  a  true  con- 
trast between  French  and  Germans.  To 
"  Prussians  "  he  is  not  tender — no  one  is. 
But  "  Prussians "  stands  for  Germans 
that  we  dislike.  The  portraits  of  the  old 
professor,  nicknamed  Moloch,  and  of  his 
dear  old  wife  are  sketched  with  love,  and 
these  characters  are  intensely  German. 
The  atmosphere  of  fantasy  mingles  with 
that  of  reality,  as  in  '  Prince  Otto.'  M. 
Prevost's  two  perfect  portraits — as  excel- 
lent as  Stevenson's  of  Sir  John  Crabtree — 
those  of  "  Madame  Moloch  "  and  of  the 
French  girl  of  fourteen — are  typical  of 
Germany  and  of  France,  and  the  German 
woman  is  the  more  estimable,  inasmuch 
as  the  French  author  makes  her  free  from 
the  vanity  which  alone  mars  the  true 
femininity  of  the  French  girl.  We  con- 
gratulate him. 


BOOKS    TN    FRENCH. 

That  "  family  dedications  "  should  be 
avoided  is  a  sound  general  maxim.  Cceurs 
inutiles,  by  M.  Andre  Germain  (Paris,  I'lon- 
Nourrit),  is  dedicated  to  a  lady  whoso  Chris- 
tian name,  twice  given,  is  that  of  the 
daughter  of  Alphonse  Daudet.  On  the  day 
on  which  this  volume  was  sent  round  to 
the  press  for  notice,  October  10th,  at  noon, 
the  author  married  in  the  church  of  Sainte- 


Clotilde  this  lady  to  whom  he  "  gives  his 
first  book."  The  bride  had  for  her  chief 
"  witness  "  a  poet  member  of  the  Academy, 
and  the  author  for  his  first  "  witness  "  M. 
Vandal,  the  famous  historian,  also  a  member 
of  the  Academy.  Behind  the  literary 
wedding  there  lies  a  story.  The  son  of 
the  greatest  banker  on  the  continent  of 
Europe  declined  to  follow  his  father  in  a 
lucrative  profession,  in  order  to  devote 
himself  to  the  scientific  study  of  history. 
'  Cceurs  Inutiles  '  proves  that  he  has  trained 
himself  to  letters. 

The  task  of  the  critic  is  in  one  sense  easy  : 
it  is  possible  to  accord  unreserved  praise 
to  M.  Andre  Germain's  youthful  effort.  All 
that  he  writes  here  is  well  written,  and 
nearly  all  of  it  of  high  interest.  The  book 
is  to  be  commended  apart  from  its  personal 
or  special  interest  ;  and  from  any  one  it 
would  be  a  remarkable  first  volume.  Several 
of  the  short  stories  which  it  contains  strike 
the  same  note.  The  hero  of  the  first  and 
principal,  which  reads  like  a  chapter  of  auto- 
biography, might  be  described  in  the  words 
applied  to  the  otherwise  different  hero  of 
one  of  the  latest  in  the  book  :  "a  mystic 
and  ascetic  soul  "  in  whom  women  "  dis- 
cerned heart  and  senses  greedy  for  a  love 
from  which  they  were  cut  off :  thought 
directed  towards  passion  by  attraction 
mingled  with  horror."  The  imprint  of 
clerical  education  is  to  be  detected  through- 
out. It  cuts  across  a  singular  gift  for 
description  of  sensuous  beauty  in  art  and 
nature  and  a  playful  wit.  In  the  first  story 
a  youth  and  girl  are  "  illuminated  with 
that  admirable  light  which  in  old  Italian 
pictures  caresses  divinely  men  and  things." 
When  the  lady  flies,  the  boy  "  fears  for  her 
that  she  will  no  longer  find  her  state  coach 
and  state  footmen  once  more  become 
pumpkin  and  mice."  Cinderella  belongs  to 
the  French  by  a  better  title  than  to  us. 
M.  Andre  Germain,  in  spite  of  his  evident 
natural  disposition  and  his  careful  training, 
has  not,  we  must  add,  written  "  pour  les 
jeunes  filles."  Like  Chateaubriand,  he  may 
be  dangerous  to  those  who  are  attracted 
by  his  Conservative  and  Catholic  ideas. 
His  perverse  grace  is  such  that  he  may  one 
day,  though  remaining  clerical  and  fashion- 
able, nevertheless  find  himself  in  the 
Index.  Two  of  the  stories  are  written  with 
a  purpose,  and,  while  one  of  the  two  may  pass, 
in  the  other  the  idea  of  French  persecution 
of  the  Church  is  pushed  to  a  point  at  which 
it  becomes  ludicrous.  The  story  of  the  lay- 
teacher  and  of  the  nun-teacher  of  the  rival 
village  schools  might  have  been  as  good  as 
M.  Germain's  best.  The  silent  affection 
which  grew  up  between  their  equally  religious 
minds  would  form  a  foundation  for  a  lovely 
tale.  The  situation  is  also  capable  of 
humorous  treatment.  In  an  English  rural 
county  a  popular  widow  who  kept  an  inn, 
and  a  lady  known  chiefly  for  her  devotion 
to  the  temperance  cause,  elected  to  a  local 
body  by  the  efforts  of  rival  and  hostile 
parties,  learned  to  esteem  each  other,  and 
used  to  drive  together  to  and  from  the  meet- 
ings. M.  Germain  has  missed  both  modes  of 
treatment  and  has  produced  a  party  pam- 
phlet. The  chief  stories,  however,  are 
admirable,  and  we  offer  our  criticism  in  the 
hope  that  henceforward  the  gifted  author 
will  produce  none  but  his  very  best. 

A  thick  volume,  La  Nation  Beige,  reaches 
us  from  the  promoters  of  the  "  Conferences  " 
held  in  connexion  with  the  Exhibition  at 
Liege  last  year.  It  is  published  by  Desoer 
of  that  city.  The  contents  are  varied  in  » 
remarkable  degree,  and  the  volume  may 
almost  be  described  as  all-embracing.  The 
contributions  are  of  different  degrees  of 
merit,   and   the   authors   are  some   of   them 


N< 


4121,  Oct.  20, 


1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


475 


well  known,  some  of  them  too-well  known, 
and  others,  again,  unknown.  We  can 
heartily  commend  the  critical  essays,  similar 
in  their  teaching  with  regard  to  modern 
Flemish  and  Walloon  literature  and  modern 
Belgian  art  and  music  to  those  which  have 
•appeared  from  time  to  time  in  The  Athe- 
naeum, many  from  the  pen  of  the  same 
"Writers.  The  story  of  the  connexion  of 
Burgundy  with  the  Low  Countries  is  well 
told,  and  there  are  details  of  the  municipal 
life  of  the  Middle  Ages  and  comparisons 
between  Belgian  and  British  city  corpora- 
tions which  are  excellent.  To  most  people 
outside  Belgium  the  book  will  be  marred  by 
the  insistence,  especially  in  the  introduction 
and  conclusion,  on  the  pre-eminence  of  the 
•Congo  episode  among  Belgian  glories.  The 
writer  of  the  first  essay,  who  sums  up  in 
advance  those  which  follow  and  have  been 
communicated  to  him,  exults  over  Froissart 
in  the  Middle  Ages  and  Maeterlinck  in  the 
present  day,  but  assures  us  that  on  the  great 
rivers  of  Europe,  including  the  Thames, 
the  name  "  Belgian  "  has  lately  "  resounded 
like  a  trumpet  blast  "  (by  echo,  it  would 
seem)  from  "  the  banks  of  the  Congo." 
In  the  middle  of  the  volume  are  chapters 
headed  '  Belgian  Colonial  Expansion,'  in 
which  we  are  assured  that 

*'  the  Belgian  nation  supports  a  work  which  forms 
the  most  considerable  successful  effort  of  Belgium 
during  the  seventy-five  years  of  its  independent 
national  existence,  celebrated  by  the  Li£ge  Ex- 
hibition, and  will  inscribe  with  pride  the  name  of 
Leopold  II.  in  the  golden  book  of  the  fatherland." 
It  is  admitted  that  "  the  colonial  expansion 
of  Belgium  is  to  be  found  only  in  the  Congo." 
The  principal  article  on  the  Congo  is  written 
by  Col.  Thys— "  the  Belgian  Rhodes  "— 
sometimes  the  King's  rival,  sometimes  his 
co-director.  He  addresses  his  Socialist 
■"  friends  "  and  the  working  classes  of 
Belgium,  quotes  their  hostile  declarations, 
and  tells  us  that  "  I  refuse  to  believe  that 
the  working  class  can  be  so  sentimental." 
He  then  explains  that  if  democracy  should 
prevail  against  autocracy,  and  the  working 
classes  of  Belgium  become  responsible  for  the 
Congo,  they  would  commit 
"the  same  mistakes,  with  the  same  consequences. 
If  one  daj-  humanity  changes  from  top  to  bottom 

and the  struggle  for  life  disappears  from  the 

earth,  colonial  expansion  may  end.     Men  will  have 
become  angels." 

We  doubt  whether  Col.  Thys,  who  has 
ability,  and  no  illusions,  does  not,  in 
fact,  see  that  "the  game  is  up."  He 
gives  a  history — philosophic  for  a  man 
of  business — of  the  origin  of  the  Congolese 
monarchy.  He  admits  that  the  germ  was 
hatched  bj'  the  warmth  of  negrophil 
speeches  addressed  by  the  King  to  "  the 
philanthropists  of  all  countries."  He  then 
discusses  the  cruestion  whether  the  King's 
early  action  was  taken  in  good  faith  or  was 
deliberate  deceit  for  the  ultimate  advantage 
of  the  Belgian  people,  and,  we  might  add, 
of  King  Leopold  II.  Col.  Thys  is  "  abso- 
lutely convinced  "  that  the  Machiavellian 
view  is  to  be  rejected  "  as  made  up  after 
the  event."  The  wars  of  the  Congo  are 
treated  in  the  same  slightly  ironic  fashion. 
After  telling  us  that  "  the  brilliant  cam- 
paigns could  not  produce  any  bulletins  but 
those  of  victory,"  Col.  Thys,  as  "an  im- 
partial writer,"  explains  that  "  the  opera 
tions  were  carried  on  by  native  troops  " — 
a  fact  known  already  from  the  book  of  Dr. 
Hinde.  A  veil  is  drawn  over  the  cannibal- 
ism of  the  "  allies,"  and  we  reach  at  once 
the  conclusion,  also  expressed  in  language 
not.  altogether  pleasant,  perhaps,  for  the 
King  to  read  : — 

"The  Congo  State  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 
Every  power  in^  it  is  direct  from  the  King.  His 
will  is  law No  one  has  the  right  to  oppose  it. 


The  King  can  say,  much  better  than  Louis  XIV., 
'  L'Etat,  e'est  moi.'  " 

Col.  Thys  goes  on  :  "  Such  a  power,  entirely 
free  from  control,  may  be  dangerous."  If 
the  King  were  that  which,  of  course,  it  is 
assumed  that  he  is  not,  "  it  might  engender 
ills  impossible  to  conceive."  Another  writer 
who  is  charged  with  the  essay  on  King 
Leopold  II.  as  King  of  the  Belgians,  and  not 
as  sovereign  of  the  Congo  State,  has  less 
irony  or  less  confidence  in  his  composition. 
He  says  as  little  as  possible  about  his  sub- 
ject, but  in  almost  his  only  direct  allusion  to 
it  hits  his  countrymen  somewhat  hard  by 
saying  that  "  the  royal  person  expresses  with 
particular  happiness  the  exact  soul  of  this 
country." 

The  Memoires  of  the  Provencal  poet 
Mistral  in  their  French  form,  the  completion 
of  which  in  the  Annates  Politiques  et  Lit- 
ter aires  we  lately  recorded  in  our  '  Literary 
Gossip,'  are  now  published  as  a  volume  by 
Plon-Nourrit  of  Paris.  On  the  title-page 
occur  the  words  "  Traduction  du  Provencal" ; 
but  the  French  is  difficult,  and  is  full  of 
Provencal  agricultural  terms.  Parts  of  the 
book  are  as  beautiful  as  the  '  Georgics  '  ; 
but  the  '  Georgics  '  are  in  easy  Latin,  whereas 
the  prose  of  Mistral  will  be  found,  even  by 
French  readers,  hard  in  the  extreme.  It 
might  form  a  pleasant  diversion  for  a  good 
French  scholar  to  examine  on  a  few  lines 
of  this  volume  some  Frenchmen  who  know 
English  well.  The  three  great  French 
ambassadors  are  all  in  that  position,  and 
M.  Jusserand  and  M.  Barrere,  whose  fami- 
liarity with  our  tongue  is  complete,  or  M. 
Cambon,  who  combines  with  a  perfect  French 
style  a  real  knowledge  of  other  languages, 
might  be  asked  to  construe  and  explain 
some  of  this  memoir's  hidden  charms.  Not 
only  is  the  sentiment  of  Mistral  better 
revealed  here  than  in  his  poetry,  but  his 
book  is  also  full  of  folk-lore  of  an  alluring 
kind.  The  procession  of  the  Yule  Log, 
drawn  thrice  around  the  great  common 
room  of  the  farm,  while  three  candles  burn 
— unlucky,  we  may  add,  on  any  other 
night — and  the  description  of  the  children 
going  out  to  meet  the  Kings  expected  from 
the  East,  combine  true  literature  with  valu- 
able record  of  ancient  custom.  Another 
page  relates  the  service  held  on  the  1st  of 
June  in  a  mountain  chapel,  to  which  the 
men  of  one  village  are  or  were  alone  admitted, 
each  carrying  a  bottle  of  his  wine  : — 

"Le  sexe  n'y  est  pas  admis,  attendu  que  nos 
femmes,  selon  la  tradition  romaine,  jadis  ne 
buvaient  que  de  l'eau  ;  et,  pour  habituer  les  jeunes 
filles  a  ee  regime,  on  leur  disait  toujours — et  me  me 
on  leur  dit  encore — que  '  l'eau  fait  devenir  jolie.'  " 

A  neighbouring  priest,  whose  weakness  for 
the  bottle  is  related  from  the  point  of  view 
of  a  devout  believer,  used  yearly  to  take 
young  Mistral  to 

"la  Procession  des  Bouteilles.  Une  fois  dans  la 
chapelle,  le  cure  de  Boulbon  se  tournait  vers  le 
peuple  et  lui  disait : 

"  Mes  freres,  debouchez  vos  bouteilles,  et  qu' on 
fasse  silence  pour  la  benediction  : 

"  Et  alors,  en  cape  rouge,  il  chantait  solennelle- 
ment  la  formule  voulue  pour  la  benediction  du  vin. 
Puis,  ayant  dit  amen,  nous  faisions  un  signe  de 
croix  et  nous  tirions  une  gorgee.  Le  cur£  et  le 
maire  choquant  le  verre  ensemble  snr  l'esealier  de 
l'autel,  religieusement,  buvaient." 

Mistral  goes  on  to  relate  the  "  usage  de 
tremper  les  corps  saints  dans  l'eau,  pour  les 
forcer  de  faire  pleuvoir."  Provence  is 
devout,  even  when  it  is  Bed  ;  but  it  is  still 
more  pagan,  and — most  of  all  perhaps — 
superstitious.  Mistral  points  out  that  the 
extraordinary  devotion  of  the  ancient  king- 
dom during  many  difficult  years  to  the 
Royalist  cause  was  not  a  political  opinion, 
but      a      popular      protest     against      that 


"Parisian"'  centralization  which  first  the 
Jacobins,  and  then  the  Bonapartists,  had 
made  odious.  Among  delightful  passages 
is  one  relating  how  Mistral,  when  he 
discovered  that  there  were  modern  Pro- 
vencal poets,  wrote  to  Jasmin  and 
received  no  answer — with  the  result  that 
tlrroughout  life,  "  quand  j"ai  recu  des 
lettres  de  tout  pauvre  venant,  me  r ap- 
pelant ma  deconvenue,  je  me  suis  fait  un 
devoir  de  les  bien  accueillir  toujours.'"  To 
his  brother  or  rival  poets  Mistral  is  generous  : 

"  Roumanille,  beau  premier,  clans  le  parler  popu- 
laire  des  Proveneaux  du  jour,  chantait,  lui,  digne- 
ment,  sous   une  forme   simple  et    fraiehe,    toua  les 

sentiments  du  cteur Nous  nous   donnames   la 

main,  tcls  que  des  tils  du  meme  Dieu,  et  nous  liames 
amitie  sous  une  etoile  si  heureuse  que,  pendant  un 
demi-siecle,  nous  avons  marehe  ensemble  pour  la 
meme  <euvre." 

Aubanel  was,  it  appears,  a  Penitent  Blanc, 
and  "  le  grand  felibre  ....fat.  a  sa  mort, 
enseveli  dans  son  froc  de  confrere."  The 
father  of  Aubanel  was  "  imprimeur  officiel 
de  notre  Saint-Pere  le  pape,"  and  lie  had  an 
uncle  a  canon  of  the  Church,  who,  however, 
was  welcome  as  host  or  guest  on  account  of 
his  "  jovial  ite." 

The  Librairie  Plon  also  publishes  a  little 
volume  which  has  clearly  not  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  revision  either  by  the  author  or 
by  a  "  reader."     We  have  never  found  so 
many  errors — mostly,    however,    trivial — so 
tightly  packed  together.     It  is  not  necessary 
to  name  them,  and  it  is  perhaps  sufficient 
to  give,  as  a  specimen  of  the  dates,  the  first 
introduction   of  the   Prince  Regent    to   the 
author  of  '  Corinne  '  on  Madame  de  Stael's 
arrival  in  London  in  "  18-14."     One  of  the 
misprints    is    noticeable    as    presenting    the 
popular  Parisian  purveyor,  intended  by  the 
writer,  in  the  guise  of  an  article  of  furniture. 
The  author  of  George  Brummell  et  George  TV., 
M.  Roger  Boutet  de  Monvel  (not  to  be  con- 
fused with  the  famous  draughtsman  and  writer 
on  Joan  of  Arc),  has  shown  a  real  interest 
in  his  subject,  which  makes  us  regret  the 
form  in  which  his  book  appears.     He  seems 
to  lack  the  knowledge  of  the  usage  of  the 
world  in  which  Brummell  at  one  time  moved, 
necessary  to  avoid  mistakes.     For  example, 
he  follows  English  writers  in  attaclung  undue 
importance,  as  an  evidence  of  the  vanity  of 
George  IV.,  to  his  distribution  of  portraits  of 
himself  in  the  embassies  and  other  official 
and   semi-official    buildings.     So    general    is 
the  practice  that  there  exists  in  Paris  an 
enormous  barn  completely  filled  with   por- 
traits of  Charles  X.,  Louis  Philippe,  and  the 
Emperor  Napoleon  III.,   which  have  been 
brought   together   from   such    places    under 
the   control   of  successive   Governments   of 
France.      Continental     Governments     even 
copy  the  royal  portraits  of  other  countries. 
In  the  Salle  des  Conseils,  or  Cabinet  room, 
at  the  official  residence  of  the  President  of 
the  French  Republic,  a  copy  of  one  of  our 
own   "  State  "   portraits  of  Queen   Victoria 
watches   the   French   Ministry  during   their 
deliberations. 

M.  de  Monvel's  pages  will  find  numerous 
readers  and  amuse  them,  for  he  has  drawn 
from  many  sources  the  details  of  BrummeH's 
life,  which  are  best  suited  to  a  large  public. 
An  excellent  description  of  the  man  is  one 
which  does  duty  for  a  personage  in  a  novel 
by  T.  H.  Lister.  The  account  there  given, 
which  was  published  before  Bernal  Osborne 
was  known,  strikes  the  reader  who  remembers 
"  B.O."  in  the  height  of  his  celebrity  as 
strangely  fitted  to  describe  his  brilliant 
brutality  in  society.  .As  Brummell  and 
"  B.O."  were  not  alike  in  mind  or  body,  it 
follows  that  the  particular  points  selected 
and  common  to  them  embrace  only  a  portion 
of  the  interesting,  though  disagreeable  per- 
sonality    of     Brummell.     Bernal     Osborne 


476 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N-4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


also  strayed  far  outside  the  limits  of  the 
character  in  '  Granby,'  and  had  in  him  the 
making  of  a  statesman — never  made. 


POLITICAL  GOVERNMENT. 

Mb.  J.  A.  Hobson  is  a  writer  of  marked 
ability,  whose  volumes  often  deal  with 
subjects  too  closely  connected  with  party 
politics  to  be  suitable  for  treatment  in  the 
pages  of  The  Athenaeum.  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin 
now  publishes  his  Canada  To-day,  an 
excellent  book  which  treats  in  part  of  ques- 
tions open  to  discussion  in  our  columns. 
The  main  points,  however,  which  Mr. 
Hobson  handles  affect  the  tariff  controversy 
in  the  matter  of  colonial  preference.  Mr. 
Hobson  discusses  Canadian  commerce  and 
manufacture,  with  a  frank  admission  that 
his  Canadian  residence  was  not  sufficiently 
prolonged  to  enable  him  to  learn  much 
about  the  "  social  and  religious  institutions  " 
of  the  Dominion.  On  these  points  the 
French  volume  by  M.  Siegfried  lately 
reviewed  by  us  should  be  consulted,  as  better 
than  anything  to  be  found  in  our  tongue 
upon  the  subject.  Mr.  Hobson  appears  to 
ha\  e  visited  Canada  for  The  Daily  Chronicle, 
with  the  mission  to  write  chiefly  on  subjects 
we  must  avoid  and  on  the  "  hopes  of  Im- 
perial Federation."  Upon  the  latter  point 
his  conclusions  are  similar  to  those  of  M. 
Siegfried.  Mr.  Hobson  takes  the  unhappy 
mow  that  the  Protective  policy  of  Canada 
means  prolonged  government  by  an  oli- 
garchy and  a  dictatorship  of  the  railway 
interest.  While  we  hope  that  he  is  wrong,  we 
agree  with  him  in  the  belief,  which  he  bases 
on  conversation  with  Canadian  public  men  of 
both  parties,  that  none  of  them  "  is  really 
favourable  to  any  strengthening  of  the 
political  bonds  with  Great  Britain."  "  The 
idea  that  a  democratic  country  like  Canada 
would  hand  over  any  real  powers  of  direction 
to  some  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council  is 
preposterous."  Though  he  shows  that  there 
is  little  cohesion  between  "the  two  races," 
who  as  yet  know  "  little  of  one  another,"  Mr. 
Hobson  nevertheless  believes  that  the  ten- 
dency of  Canada  is  "  towards  a  Kingdom 
of  Canada  under  the  British  Crown." 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  publish  Elements 
of  Political  Science,  by  Dr.  Stephen  Leacock, 
a  professor  of  the  McGill  University  of  Mon- 
treal. The  book  is  accurate  and  well- 
informed,  but  the  opinions  conventional,  and 
mostly  inclining  towards  the  "  oligarchic  " 
principles  ridiculed  by  Disraeli  in  his  early 
days.  Dr.  Leacock  is  often  more  old- 
fashioned  and  less  "  Liberal  "  than  Mon- 
tesquieu.  His  references,  however,  are 
thoroughly  modern,  and  the  list  of  books 
recommended  to  his  readers  includes  Socialist 
"  literature."  He  lumps  together  in  his 
examination  of  the  franchise  "  the  case  of 
women,  of  negroes,  &c."  Such  is  the 
heading  of  the  paragraphs  ;  and  in  the  text 
he  describes  "  two  of  the  prominent  ques- 
bions  of  the  time  in  regard  to  the  suffrage, 
the  right  of  women  and  of  negroes  to 
exercise  a  vote."  Here  is  a  text  for  the  ladies 
in  their  agitation.  The  logic  is  correct,  and 
perhaps  Dr.  Leacock  is  net  afraid  of  jour- 
nalists, or  is  unable  to  see  a  joke.  One  of 
tlie  few  blunders  in   the  volume  concerns 

tlii-.   .subject.      The    writer    says:      "Women 

are  granted  the  full  suffrage  in  New  Zealand 
and  in  the  states  of  Australia."  The  States 
have  Upper  Houses  which  in  some  cases 
have  successfully  withstood  the  change. 
True  it  is  that  South  Australia,  when  a 
separate  self-governing  colons',  was  the 
first  <>f  Governments  to  abolish  the  dis- 
abilities of  sex  and  marriage.  New  Zealand 
went  less  far,  for  when  it  gave  the  franchise 


to  all  grown  women  it  refused  the  right  to 
sit  in  Parliament.  The  Commonwealth  of 
Australia  has  followed  the  colony  of  South 
Australia  in  granting  the  full  suffrage  for 
the  elections  to  both  Houses,  and  also  the 
power  to  sit — though  the  latter  has  not  been 
exercised.  When  dealing  with  the  develop- 
ment of  British  colonial  self-government 
Dr.  Leacock  does  not  follow  Prof.  Hugh 
Egerton  in  the  interesting  topic  of  Parlia- 
mentary colonial  institutions  in  the  Tudor 
and  Stuart  times.  He  names  Jamaica  more 
than  once,  but  does  not  show  how  Jamaica 
has  gone  downward  in  the  scale.  Disraeli 
is  quoted  as  an  advocate  in  1872  of  a  view 
now  popular,  and  here  contrasted  with  that 
of  "  the  '  little  Englanders,'  of  the  Man- 
chester school  of  economists."  But  Dis- 
raeli's chief  utterances  on  the  subject  were 
those  earlier  ones  in  which  he  expressed 
the  hated  opinion  here  condemned,  and  then 
led  his  forces  into  the  lobby  in  support  of 
Cobden,  against  the  Whigs.  In  style  Dr. 
Leacock  is  given  to  an  undue  use  of  "  quites," 
as  in  the  phrase  "  quite  unique  "  ;  and 
American  spelling  is  adopted,  though  not 
in  its  most  modern  or  future  form. 

Another  book  on  the  same  subject 
reaches  us  from  Brussels,  in  extremely  bad 
company.  It  appears  to  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Misch  &  Thron,  but  by  its  cover  and 
advertisement  forms  part  of  a  series  of 
volumes  issued  by  an  institute  responsible 
for  some  of  the  wildest  essays  which  have 
ever  perplexed  critics.  The  name  of  the 
author  of  the  present  volume  must  save  it 
from  sharing  the  fate  of  other  publications 
bound  in  the  same  colours.  M.  Adolphe 
Prins  is  a  great  official,  a  considerable  pro- 
fessor and  jurist,  and  has,  in  earlier  years, 
displayed  in  a  different  field  his  literary 
power.  We  regret  that  in  his  present  volume 
we  do  not  find  him  equal  to  himself.  Per- 
haps he  has  been  infected  by  his  colleagues 
of  the  dismal  institute.  Prof.  Prins  in  this 
book,  De  V Esprit  du  Gouvernement  demo- 
cratique,  Essai  de  Science  politique,  discusses 
the  difference  between  two  kinds  of  demo- 
cracy, to  which  he  gives  artificial  names.  The 
distinction,  however,  only  comes  to  this — 
that  the  one  is  the  hazy  democracy  which 
he  dislikes,  and  the  other  the  hazier  demo- 
cracy which  he  approves.  He  attacks 
"  government  by  the  masses,"  and  repeats 
the  commonplaces  of  the  philosophers  as  to 
the  certainty  of  Csesarism  being  the  result. 
New  Zealand  is  not  named.  If  Mr.  Seddon 
were  a  Caesar,  he  wore  an  admirable  dis- 
guise. To  tell  us,  however,  that  "  no 
lasting  State  has  ever  been  modelled  on 
absolute  democracy  "  sounds  to  Britons  a 
little  windy.  Prof.  Prins  appears  to  de- 
nounce even  the  accepted  doctrine  that 
"  every  member  of  Parliament  represents 
the  entire  nation."  The  exact  form  of 
government  that  he  desires  is,  however,  far 
from  clear.  A  large  portion  of  his  volume 
is  taken  up  with  an  attack  on  the  doctrines 
of  Marx,  as  though  they  constituted  the 
"  collectivism "  which  Prof.  Prins  desires 
to  demolish.  Marx  is  out  of  date,  as  Rieardo 
is  out  of  date  upon  the  other  side  of  the 
controversy.  No  economist — and  Marx  was 
an  economist  in  the  wider  sense,  though  he 
did  not  like  to  be  told  it— can  hope  that 
his  maxims  will  last  for  several  generations. 
We  are  perhaps  in  this  country  unduly 
impatient  of  general  argument  upon  either 
side,  and  the  language  of  M.  Prins  is  as 
Unintelligible  to  most  economists  and  students 
of  political  science  in  the  United  Kingdom 
as  are  the  doctrines  of  the  continental 
anarchists.  The  third  part  of  the  volume 
attacks  what  is  styled  in  continental  writings 
"  universal  suffrage."  But  it  is  again 
difficult    to    discover    what    is    the    form    of 


suffrage  which  M.  Prins  would  substitute 
for  it  if  he  had  his  way.  He  praises  "  the 
English  Parliamentary  system."  Does  he 
suppose  that  any  revolution  would  be  made 
in  our  institutions  by  change  from  our  pre- 
sent arbitrary  franchise  —  excluding  as  i 
does  a  large  portion  of  the  rich,  and  includ- 
ing in  the  great  cities  those  in  extreme 
poverty — to  manhood  suffrage  (which  is 
that  which  he  calls  "  universal  "),  or  to  the 
adult  suffrage  of  New  Zealand  or  of  the 
Commonwealth  '(  It  is  useless  to  attack 
"  the  rule  of  numbers  "  and  to  oppose  praise 
of  "  English  and  German  institutions  "  to 
blame  of  French,  without  guiding  the 
reader  towards  the  definite  point  of  differ- 
ence and  of  proposal.  For  the  German 
Parliament  there  is  manhood  suffrage.  For 
that  rule  of  the  "  English  towns  "  which, 
according  to  Prof.  Prins,  is  admirable,  there 
is  occupation  franchise,  which  is  far  wider 
in  some  than  in  others,  but  everywhere 
includes  the  poorest  "  tenements."  In 
France  there  is  manhood  suffrage  with  an 
earlier  limit  of  age  than  in  Germany — the 
same  as  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Is  there 
the  smallest  reason  to  suppose  that  any 
difference  is  caused  by  the  distinction  in  the 
various  wide  forms  of  franchise,  or  that 
Birmingham  would  sjwil  its  municipal 
institutions  if  its  franchise  were  either  that 
of  Paris  or  that  of  the  cities  of  New  Zealand  ? 
A  curious  misprint  destroys  the  name — not 
only  as  regards  spelling,  but  also  as  regards 
pronunciation — of  the  brilliant  French  orator 
now  thought  cf  for  the  French  embassy  at 
Berlin. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Memories  and  Thoughts.  By  Frederic 
Harrison.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — The  friends. 
who  have  persuaded  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison 
to  collect  his  contributions  to  reviews  and 
journals  have  done  good  service  to  literature. 
Unity  of  treatment  cannot  be  expected,  of 
course,  from  essays  written  to  meet  various 
demands.  At  one  time  Mr.  Harrison  goes 
to  the  bottom  of  his  subject,  at  another  he 
merely  touches  its  surface.  He  also  repeats 
himself,  and  the  tlrree  papers  on  Cromwell, 
in  particular,  would  have  been  much  im- 
proved by  condensation  into  one.  Still 
these  'Memories  and  Thoughts,'  if  approached 
with  an  open  mind,  will  be  found  to  reflect 
seriousness  of  purpose  and  insight  into  life. 
They  frequently  provoke  dissent,  they  never 
forfeit  respect.  The  writer's  self  is  con- 
spicuous on  every  page  ;  and  in  his  interest- 
ing chapters  of  autobiography  he  supplies 
the  reason  why,  though  devoted  to  an 
esoteric  doctrine,  he  lias  been  for  many  years 
a  social  power.  "  Personally,"  he  writes, 
"  1  loathe  compromise."  A  world  with 
Frederic  Harrisons  in  the  majority  Mould 
certainly  be  a  hard  one  to  live  in.  As  a 
preacher  of  otherworldliness,  he  has  gone 
some  way  towards  converting  his  contem- 
poraries from  the  gospel  of  Mammon  and  the 
barbarian  code.  "  If  I  thought  as  you  do, 
1  should  go  and  drown  myself,"  growled 
Tennyson.  Yet,  as  Mr.  Harrison  points  out 
in  an  admirable  review  of  Sir  Alfred  Lyall's 
study  of  the  poet,  Tennyson  might  write 
about  "  believing  where  we  cannot  prove," 
but  he  was  oppressed  throughout  his  life 
by  the  enigma  of  the  universe. 

A  genial  Carlyle — Carlyle  as  Mrs.  Oliphant 
knew  him — is  revealed  in  a  paper  on  the 
house  in  Cheyne  Row  : — 

"  He  made  rue  feel  at  home  at  oneo,  and  he 
talked  on  with  a  .simple  and  hearty  openness  i>l 
thought,  full  of  drollery,  epigram,  laughter,  and 
raoy  deliverance  on  men  and  things,  with  warm 
kindliness  towards  his  visitor,  a  manly  forgetful 
ness  of  himself  and  his  position  as  acknowledged 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


477 


master  in  letters,  and  an  utter  absence  of  embar- 
rassment, discontent,  or  spleen.  He  rolled  forth 
Latter-Day  Pamphlets  by  the  hour  together  in  the 
very  words,  with  all  the  nick-names,  expletives, 
and  ebullient  tropes  that  were  so  familiar  to  us  in 
print,  with  the  full  voice,  the  Dumfries  burr,  and 
the  kindling  eye  which  all  his  friends  recall.  It 
seemed  to  me  the  first  time  that  I  sat  at  his  fireside 
and  listened  to  him  that  it  was  an  illusion.  I 
seemed  to  be  already  in  the  Elysian  fields  listening 
to  the  spirit  rather  than  to  the  voice  of  the  mighty 
1  Sartor.'  " 

The  '  Reminiscences  of  George  Eliot  ' 
supply  information  on  the  makings  of  '  Felix 
Holt '  and  '  Daniel  Deronda  '  which  is  absent 
from  her  husband's  biography,  and  portrays 
her  as  "  the  most  courteous  and  considerate 
of  friends,  delighting  in  livehy  conversation 
and  good-natured  gossip  " — an  excellent 
housewife  and  considerate  mistress. 

'  Men,  Books,  Cities,  Art,'  is  Mr.  Harrison's 
sub-title,  and  it  covers  the  contents  of  the 
volume  with  reasonable  accuracy.  The 
memorable  controversy  on  "Briton"  and 
"  Englishman,"  marked  by  exuberance  of 
statement  on  Mr.  Harrison's  part  and 
absence  of  hu/nour  on  the  part  of 
various  Scots,  stands,  however,  by  itself. 
The  essayist  may  strive  as  he  pleases, 
but  the  British  Empire  will  continue  to 
be  the  British  Empire,  and  for  that 
matter  the  British  Museum — no  jingo  insti- 
tution, surely — the  British  Museum.  We 
like  Mr.  Harrison  best,  on  the  whole,  when 
lie  is  sauntering  through  historic  Paris  or 
throwing  a  prophetic  eye  over  the  London 
of  the  future.  The  ideal  city,  it  seems,  is  to 
be  housed  on  a  scientific  system  of  tenements 
occupying  a  third  or  a  quarter  of  the  area 
now  loosely  covered  with  small  houses. 
'  The  Regrets  of  a  Veteran  Traveller  '  are 
dated  1887,  and  it  would  be  interesting  to 
know  what  Mr.  Harrison  makes  of  the  Europe 
of  to-day.  The  chances  are  that  he  would 
describe  the  Frenchman  as  much  more 
accessible  than  he  was  seventeen  years  after 
Sedan.  Mr.  Harrison  reprints  his  vehe- 
ment attacks  on  tobacco  and  battues,  and 
far  be  it  from  us  to  deny  that  smokers  might 
be  segregated  more  than  they  are,  cr  that 
the  shooting  of  tame  pheasants  has  its 
demoralizing  side.     But  is  this  a  true  picture  ? 

' '  Nowadays,  the  dinner  is  hardly  swallowed 
before  the  rooms  are  heavy  with  smoke  ;  the  party 
is  broken  up;  after  a  few  minutes  of  formality  the 
sexes  are  kept  separate." 

The  cigarette,  however  objectionable  it 
may  be  to  non-smokers,  has  curtailed 
the  time  spent  before  rejoining  the  ladies. 
A  distinguished  foreigner,  who  revisited  this 
country  after  some  twenty  years'  absence, 
was  asked  what  social  change  struck  him 
most  forcibly.  He  at  once  replied,  "  The 
habit  of  sitting  over  wine  has  practically 
ceased  to  exist." 

Again,  some  of  Mr.  Harrison's  pronounce- 
ments on  art  will  hardly  win  general  accept- 
ance.    Thus  he  asks  : — 

1  If  a  comic  picture  is  good  art,  why  not  a  comic 
building,  a  droll  town-hall,  a  laughable  palace,  with 
'  surprise  '  windows  and  doors,  and  a  labyrinth  or 
'  maze  '  in  the  >>asement  ?  And,  if  the  queer  and 
•  ntimental  be  the  weakness  of  our  English 
friends,  what  shall  we  say  to  the  French  painter 
who  eternises  on  canvas  some  rhodomontade  fit  for 
an  anarchist  orator,  or  a  double  entendre  that  would 
cause  a  blush  at  a  caft  cJiantcutt  ?  " 

The  true  anaolgy,  surely,  is  not  between 
painting  and  architecture,  the  latter  being 
primarily  intended  to  shelter  the  humble 
citizen  from  the  storm  and  tempest,  and 
to  provide  him  with  resorts  for  prayer, 
public  meetings,  and  purchases,  but  between 
painting  and  music.  Jan  Steen,  Ostade, 
and  Teniers  hold  their  legitimate  places 
— not  the  highest,  no  doubt — as  do 
Offenbach  and   Sullivan.     But,  with  every 


deduction  made,  it  is  refreshing  to  meet 
such  an  honest,  illuminating  dogmatist  as 
Mr.  Frederic  Harrison. 

We  review  together  The  Cruise  of  the 
Dazzler  (Hodder  &  Stoughton)  and  Moon 
Face  (Heinemann).  Mr.  Jack  London 
is  a  young  man  in  a  hurry,  whose  aim 
seems  to  be  to  turn  out  as  many  pages 
of  fiction  each  year  as  he  is  physically 
capable  of  writing.  This  may  or  may  not 
be  good  business  ;  it  certainly  does  not  lead 
to  the  best  literary  workmanship.  There 
are  many  writers  of  whom  it  might  be 
said  that  their  methods  and  rate  of  writing 
are  of  little  importance.  But  Mr.  London's 
first  two  or  three  books  showed  real  promise. 
It  seemed  that  he  had  a  message  from  the 
great  white  land  to  the  north  and  north-west 
of  Canada's  wheat-belt.  He  had  observed 
men  and  things  in  wild,  open  places,  and  he 
told  of  what  he  had  seen  with  vigour  and 
with  graphic  directness.  Some  of  his  stories 
were  genuine  documents,  straight  from  the 
life.  Now  it  would  seem  that  he  has  a  lower 
standard. 

At  one  and  the  same  time  we  are  presented 
with  two  volumes  from  his  pen,  each  of 
some  two  hundred  and  sixty  pages.  '  The 
Cruise  of  the  Dazzler '  is  the  story  of  a 
boy  who  does  not  like  lessons,  and  runs 
away  from  home  to  go  to  sea.  He  gets  a 
berth  aboard  a  smack  which  is  owned  by  a 
San  Francisco  Bay  harbour  thief — a  picker-up 
of  goods  stored  on  wharves,  or  of  anything 
else  he  can  lay  hands  on.  The  boy's 
rough  experience  is  described  by  a  writer 
who  knows  the  shady  side  of  San  Francisco 
life,  and  is  supposed  to  do  much  towards 
forming  and  ripening  the  boy's  character. 
The  story  is  a  '  Captains  Courageous  '  with- 
out Mr.  Kipling,  and  with  some  of  the  flat 
strenuousness  of  a  "  penny  dreadful."  It 
is  probably  meant  for  boys,  and  has  no 
real  study  of  character. 

The  other  volume  contains  eight  short 
stories  from  American  magazines.  They 
are  better  work  than  '  The  Cruise  of  the 
Dazzler,'  but  not  nearly  so  good  as  they 
should  be — as  they  might  be,  if  Mr.  London 
were  in  less  of  a  hurry.  The  story  which 
gives  its  title  to  the  book  (though  it  con- 
cerns only  fourteen  pages  of  the  volume) 
is  unoriginal.  There  is  good  stuff  in 
some  of  the  other  tales,  but  it  is  all 
handled  carelessly,  and  lacks  sincerity  of 
purpose.  In  places  it  is  irritating  and 
bad,  as,  for  example,  where  the  author 
leaves  his  presentation  of  men  and  action 
in  order  to  air  his  knowledge  of  books  and 
theories.  Here  he  tries  the  reader's  patience. 
But  he  has  still  plenty  of  good  material  ; 
and  we  hope  he  will  use  it  studiously,  with 
serious  endeavour,  and  without  undue  haste. 

The  Life  of  the  Empress  Eugenie,  by  Jane 
Stoddart  (Hodder  &  Stoughton),  is  singularly 
good  for  a  book  of  the  kind.  It  is  most 
difficult  to  write  for  the  public  which  needs 
such  volumes  and  not,  at  the  same  time,  to 
exasperate  the  critic.  The  author  displays 
tin-  usual  want  of  general  as  contrasted  with 
particular  equipment  for  her  task.  In 
American  phrase  she  "  gives  herself  away." 
In  the  preface,  for  example,  a  reference  to 
"  the  schemes  of  French  statesmen  in  1870 
to  secure  an  alliance  with  Austria  or  Italy  " 
reveals  complete  want  of  knowledge  of  the  real 
facts  concerning  the  negotiations  with  Austria 
in  1809  and  their  result.  Nevertheless,  one 
of  the  books  which  give  some  information 
on  the  subject  is  quoted  in  a  long  "  List  of 
Authorities."  A  singular  mistake  describes 
"  the  nobility  of  tho  Faubourg  Saiht-Cer- 
main"as  supporting  "the  Princes  of  Orleans." 
On  the  next  page  but  one  we  also  find, 
"  Trochu  was  known  to  support  the  dynastic 


claims  of  the  Princes  of  Orleans."  We- 
shouid  have  thought  that  any  one  who  wrote 
on  the  French  history  of  those  times  must 
know  that  until  a  much  later  date  the  Comte 
de  Chambord — Henri  V. — was  the  candidate 
of  the  Faubourg,  and  alone  had  "  dynastic 
claims."  Trochu  was  thought  to  be  "  an 
Orleanist  "  :  at  that  time — and  even  now, 
when  the  family  have  gained  "  dynastic 
claims  " — a  very  different  thing.  The 
author  follows  several  recent  volumes  in 
the  erroneous  belief  that  the  crowd  of 
September  4th  was  "menacing"  towards- 
the  Empress.  She  also  believes,  with  Dr. 
Evans,  that  the  revolutionary  Government 
installed  that  day  would  have  troubled  the 
Empress :  "  The  huntsmen  were  on  her 
track."  If  it  is  the  case  that  her  immediate 
friends  informed  the  Empress  that  she  was 
in  danger  of  life  or  liberty,  they  were  wrong  ; 
and  certainly  the  crowd  did  not  shriek, 
"  Down  with  the  Spaniard  !  "  but  rather 
forgot  politics  in  the  glory  of  the  sunshine 
and  the  completeness  of  their  triumph. 
While  the  Empress  was  flying  from  the 
Louvre  the  crowd  Mere  watching  soldiers 
dancing,  or  were  peacefully  parading  the 
apartments  of  the  Tuileries.  On  the 
whole,  we  repeat,  the  book  is  excellent, 
and  it  contains  very  few  downright 
blunders,  though  naturally  the  cause  of 
the  Empress  is  espoused.  It  is  mis- 
leading to  state  of  the  Patterson- 
Bonaparte  marriage  that  it  "  was  not 
acknowledged  in  France."  It  was  regarded 
as  "  a  good  match  "  at  the  time  it  was  made, 
and  was  acknowledged  by  every  one  until 
Napoleon  in  his  glory  broke  it  by  an  arbitrary 
act  and  law.  The  volume  is  disfigured  by 
few  mistakes  in  names  :  "  Villa  Delahaute  " 
contains  a  printer's  error  for  Delahante — the 
name  of  the  property  afterwards  purchased 
by  Lord  Rosebery.  The  name  of  Galliffet 
is  generally  misspelt,  in  one  or  other  of  two 
fashions. 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Aglionby  (F.  K.),  The  Better  Choice,  and  other  Sermons, 

2/6  net. 
Archer-Shepherd  (E.  H.),  Burning  Questions  in  the  Light  of 

To-day,  2/6  net. 
Aveling  OF.),  The  God  of  Philosophy,  3/6  net. 
Beet  (J.  A.),  A  Manual  of  Theology,  10  0 
Black  (H.),  Edinburgh  Sermons,  6/ 
Book  by  Book  :  Popular  Studies  on  the  Canon  of  Scripture, 

5/  net. 
Crosse  (G.),  Authority  in  the  Church  of  England,  6/ 
Crothers  (S.  McC),  The  Endless  Life,  1/  net. 
Ecclesiastes  in  the  Metre  of  Omar,  Introductory  Essay  by 

W.  B.  Forbush,  5/  net. 
Gillespie  (W.  H.),  The  Argument,  a  priori,  for  the  Being  and 

the  Attributes  of  the  Lord  God,  1/ 
James  (W.),  Human  Immortality,  sixth  Edition,  1/ net. 
Lofthouse  (W.  F.),  Ethics  and  Atonement,  5/ net. 
Miinsterberg  (1£.),  The  Eternal  Life,  1/  net. 
Newbolt  (\V.  C.  £.),  Handbook  to  the  Gospel  according  tc 

St.  John,  2,0  net. 
Nicholson  (H.  T.),  The  Problems  of  Faith,  2/ 
Osier (W.),  Science  and  Immortality,  1/net. 
Practice  of  the  Presence  of  God,  being  Conversations  and 

Letters  of  Brother  Lawrence,  1/  net. 
Royce  (J.),  The  Conception  of  Immortality,  1/net. 
St.  Catherine  of  Siena  and  her  Times,  7  6  net. 
shame  (A.  B.),  The  Principles  of  Christianity,  3/8  net. 
Shepneard  (H.  B.),  The  shadow  of  Eternity,  2/6  net. 
Song  of  Songs,  Photogravures  after  <;.  James,  3/6  net. 
Stanley's    History  of    the    Jewish   Church,   New   Edition, 

3  vols.,  7/6  net. 
Waller  (G.),  A  Biblical  Concordance  on  the  Soul,  the  Inter- 
mediate state,  and  the  Resurrection,  2/6  net. 
Lair. 
Reports  of  Cases  decided  by  the  Rail  way  and  Canal  Com- 
missioners: Vol.  XII.  Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Cases-, 

32/6  net. 

Fine  Art  a7id  Archaeology. 
American  Journal  of  Archeology,  July-september,  Idol.  50. 
Bayley  (K.  C),  The  Complete  Photographer,  10/6  net. 
Clausen  (G.),  Aims  and  [deals  in  Art,  5/ neb 
Cunyngbame  (II.  H.),  'limes  and  (b>cks,  6/ net. 
Dillon  (K.),  The  Arts  of  Japan,  2  6  net 
Foster  (J.   J.),    French   Ait   from   Watteau    to    Pnid'hon. 

Vol.  II.,  128/  net 
Headlam  (C),  The  Bronze  Founders  of  Nuremberg  :  Peter 

Fischer  and  hi*  Family,  -i  8  net 
Hunt  (W.  Holman),  Story  of  the  Paintings  at  the  Oxford 

Union  Society,  10/8  net 
Modern    Suburban    Houses,    from    Designs    by  C.    H.   E< 

Quennell,  16/  net. 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  October  Statement,  2/6 


478 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


Petrarch,  Triumphs,  translated  by  H.  Boyd,  Introduction 

by  Dr.  G.  Biagi,  168/  net. 
Thomas  (E.),  The  Heart  of  England,  21/  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Book  of  English  sonnets,  12/6  net. 
Catullus,  Selected  Poems,  Text  by  S.  G.  Owen,  6/  net. 
Dante,  La  Vita  Nuova,  Photogravures  after  D.  G.  Rossetti, 

3/6  net. 
Drayton  (M.),  Nymphidia ;  or,  the  Court  of  Faery,  Photo- 
gravures after  T.  May  bank,  3/6  net. 
Fairfax  (J.  G.),  The  Gate's  of  Sleep,  and  other  Poems,  1/  net. 
Hill  (G.),  Guinevere,  a  Tragedy  in  Three  Acts,  2/6  net. 
Keats  (J.),  Odes,  Sonnets,  and'  La  Belle  Dame  sans  Merei, 

3/6  net. 
Lewis  (C.  M.),  The  Principles  of  English  Verse,  5/ net. 
Masefield  (J.),  A  Sailor's  Garland,  3/6  net. 
Spiers  (K.),  Durante  Selvaggia,  and  other  Poems,  2/ 
Walrond  (F.  E.),  The  Lady  Beautiful,  and  other  Poems, 

1/  net. 

Music. 
Evans  (E.),  Tchaikovsky,  3/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Dobell  (B.),  Catalogue  of  Books  printed  for  Private  Circu- 
lation, 4/6  net. 
Duff  (E.  G.),  The  Printers,  Stationers,  and  Bookbinders  of 

Westminster  and  London,  1476-1535,  5/  net. 
Rylands  (John)  Library,  Manchester,  1/ 

Philosophy. 
Fichte   (J.   G.),  The  Vocation  of  Man,  translated  by  W. 

Smith,  1/6 
Herridge  (W.  T),  The  Orbit  of  Life,  2/6  net. 
Home  (H.),  The  Child  Mind,  1/6  net. 
Jones  (YV.  H.  S.),  Greek  Morality  in  relation  to  Institutions, 

5/  net. 
Macleane  (D.),  Reason,  Thought,  and  Language,  15/ net. 
Rickaby  (J.),  Free  Will  and  Four   English  Philosophers, 

3/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Begley  (Rev.  J.),   The  Diocese  of  Limerick,   Ancient  and 

Medieval,  9/  net. 
■Calendar  of  Close  Rolls  :  Edward  I.,  Vol.  IV.,  1296-1302, 15/ 
Davidson  (J.  Tliain),  Reminiscences,  by  his  Daughter,  6/ 
English  Historical  Review,  October,  5/ 
--—Gasquet  (A.),  Parish  Life  in  Mediaeval  England,  7/6  net. 
Gordon  (W.   C),  The  Social  Ideals  of  Alfred  Tennyson, 

6/6  net. 
•  Grammont's  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Charles  the  Second, 

by  Anthony  Hamilton,  12/  net. 
Higginson   (Rear-Admiral  F.   J.),   Naval    Battles    in    the 

Century,  5/  net. 
Lytton  (Robert,  First  Earl),  Personal  and  Literary  Letters, 

edited  by  Lady  Betty  Balfour,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 
Macray  (W.  D.),  A  Register  of  the  Members  of  St.  Mary 

Magdalen  College,  Oxford :  Vol.  V.  Fellows,  1713-1820, 

7/6  net. 
Melville  (L.),  The  First  Gentleman  of    Europe,  2  vols., 

24/  net. 
Moorhouse  (E.  H),  Nelson's  Ladv  Hamilton,  7/6  net. 
Oman  (C),  History  of  England,  1377-1485,  7/6  net. 
Paul  (H.),  A  History  of  Modern  England,  Vol.  V.,  8/6  net. 
Pennell  (E.  R.),  Charles  Godfrey  Leland,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 
Rossetti  (W.  M.),  Some  Reminiscences,  2  vols.,  42/ net. 
Bye  (W.),  History  of  the  Bethel  Hospital  at  Norwich,  7/6 
Savage  Family  in  Ulster,  edited  by  G.  F.  S.-A.,  21/  net.' 
Schofield  (W.   11.),  English  Literature,  from  the   Norman 

Conquest  to  Chaucer,  7/6 
Smith  (Mrs.  A.  M.),    Westminster  Abbey,  its  Story  and 

Associations,  6/ 
Smith  (D.  C),  The  Historians  of  Perth,  7/6  net. 
Stoddart  (A.  M.),  The  Life  of  Isabella  Bird,  18/  net. 
Stoddart  (J.  T),  The  Life  of  the  Empress  Eugenie,  10/6  net. 
Whitehouse  (H.  R.),  A  Revolutionary  Princess,  Christina 

Belgiojoso-Trivulzio,  10/6  net. 
Williams  (J.  E.  H),  The  Life  of  Sir  George  Williams,  6/ 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Belloc  (H.),  Hills  and  the  Sea,  6/ 
Chambers's  Concise  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  edited  by  D. 

Patrick,  Revised  Edition,  6/ net. 
Hardy  (O.    H.),   Red-Letter    Days  in  Greece  and   Egypt, 

Second  Edition,  3/6  net. 
Hilton-Simpson  (M.  \\\),  Algiers  and  Beyond. 
Hobson    (H.   O.),   Helouan,   an   Egyptian   Health   Resort, 

2/6  net. 
Lees  (G.  R.),  Life  and  Adventure  beyond  Jordan,  5/  net. 
Lithgow  (W.),  The  Totall  Discourse  of  Nineteene  Yeares' 

1  ravayles  from  Scotland,  12/6  net. 

Maugham  (K,  ( ',.  v.),  Portuguese  East  Africa,  15/ net. 
■O  Donoghue  (D.  J.),  The  Geographical  Distribution  of  Irish 

Ability,  5/ 
Skeat  (W.   W.)  and  Blagden  (C.  O.),  Pagan  Races  of  the 

Malay  Peninsula,  2  vols.,  42/ net. 
"Wilkinson  (1).),  Whaling  in  Many  Seas  and  Cast  Adrift  in 

Siberia,  6/ 
Young  (!•'.),  Christopher  Columbus  and  the  New  World  of 

his  Discovery,  2  vols.,  25/  net. 

Sport*  and  Pastimes. 
Nugent  (M.),  New  Games  and  Amusements,  6/  net. 

Folk-Lore. 
•O'Connor  (W.  F.),  Folk-Tales  from  Tibet,  6/  net. 

Education. 
Armstrong  College,  Calendar  1906-7,  1/ 

Philology. 
Ad-damiri's  Hayat  al-Hayawan,  translated  by  Lieut-Col. 

A.  S.  G.  Jayakar,  Vol.'  I.,  10/6 
Dickins  (F.  V.),  Primitive  and  Mediaeval  Japanese  Texts, 

2  vols.,  21/ net. 

Du  Bois(E.  H.),  The  Stress  Accent  in  Latin  Poetry,  1  dol.  25. 

Hull  (K.),  A  Text-Book  of  Irish  Literature,  Part  I.,  3/ net. 

Jorba  (J.  P.),  English-Spanish  and  Spanish-English  Vocabu- 
lary, 3/  net. 

Mesquita  (II.  de),  English  -  Portuguese  and  Portuguese- 
English  Vocabulary,  3/  net. 

Moulton  (J.  If.),  A  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek, 
Vol.  I.,  Second  Edition,  8/  net, 

Wassilieff  (A.),  English  -  Russian  and  Russian  -  English 
Vocabularies,  3/  net. 


School-Books. 
Allanach  (W.),  Elementary  Experimental  Magnetism  and 

Electricity,  3/6 
Creighton  (L.).  Heroes  of  European  History,  1/6 
Goldsmith's  The  Traveller  and  The  Deserted  Village,  edited 

by  W.  Murison,  1/6 
Hamilton  (J.  G.)  and  Kettle  (F.),  A  Second  Geometry  Book, 

3/6 
Herbertson  (A.  J.),  The  Preliminary  Geography,  1/6 
Kimpster  (A.)  and  Home  (G.),  Illustrative  History,  Medi- 
aeval Period,  2/6 
Longfellow's  Shorter  Poems,  3d.  net. 
Murche  (V.   T),   Object  Lessons   in   Elementary    Science, 

Stage  VII.,  New  Edition,  2/;   Science  Readers,  Book 

VIE,  1/9 
Parkyn  (W.   A.),    The    Language    of    Commerce,    2  vols., 

1/6  each. 
Reed's  Arithmetic  required  for  Naval  and  Military  Exami- 
nations, by  R.  E.  Collings,  2/6  net. 
Sevigne  (Madame  de),  Lettres  Choisies,  1/6  net. 

Science. 
Cesaresco  (Count    E.   Martinengo),   The    Psychology    and 

Training  of  the  Horse,  10/6  net. 
D'Albe  (E.  E.  F.),  The  Electron  Theory,  5/  net. 
Emerson  (C.  P.),  Clinical  Diagnosis,  21/ net. 
Franklin  (\V.  S.)  and  Esty  (W.),  The  Elements  of  Electrical 

Engineering,  Vol.  I.,  18/6  net. 
Hamilton  (M.),  Incubation  ;  or,  Cure  of  Disease  in  Pagan 

Temples  and  Christian  Churches,  5/  net. 
Hampsou  (W.),  Paradoxes  of  Nature  and  Science,  6/ 
Lodge  (K.  B.),  The  Story  of  Hedgerow  and  Pond,  5/  net. 
Mason   (C.    F.),  A  Complete   Handbook   for  the   Hospital 

Corps  of  the  U.S.  Army  and  Navy,  18/  net. 
Science  Progress  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  October,  5/  net. 
Share- Jones  (J.  T.),  The  Surgical  Anatomy  of  the  Horse, 

Parti.,  15/ net. 
Society    for    Psvchical    Research,   Proceedings,    October, 

10/  net. 
Thomson  (J.  J.),  Conduction  of  Electricity  through  Gases, 

Second  Edition,  16/ 
Woods  (H.),  /Ether,  4/6  net, 

Juvenile  Books. 
Animal  Pets,  3/6 

Browning  (B.),  The  Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin,  2/6 
Bruce  (H.),  Beasts  in  Bayswater,  1/  net. 
Bunyan    (J.),    The    Pilgrim's    Progress,    introduction    by 

H.  C.  G.  Moule,  7/6 
Christmastide  in  Prose  and  Poetry,  2/6 
Cobb  (T.),  The  Boy  Tramp,  2/6 
Cooke  (E.  V.),  Chronicles  of  the  Little  Tot,  5/  net. 
Duncan  (N.),  The  Adventures  of  Billy  Topsail,  5/ 
Everett-Green  (E.),  Dickie  and  Dome,  2/ 
Fine  Fun  for  Every  One,  2/6 
Happv  Pla  vmates.  2/6 
Haycraft  (M.  S),  The  Little  Major,  6rf. 
Hunt(E.),  Chrissie's  Confirmation,  6d. 
In  Story-Land,  3/6 

Longfellow  (II.  W.),  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  3/6 
McKean  (D.  B.),  A  Boy's  Visit  to  Iceland,  1/ 
Metcalfe  (W.  C),  Grit  and  Pluck,  3/6 
Molesworth  (Mrs.),  Jasper,  4/6 
Old  Ballads,  illustrated  bv  J.  Eyre,  2/6 
Roberts  (G.)  and  Greenland  (K),  The  Toy  Village,  3/6 
St.  Nicholas,  Vol.  XXXIIL,  Part  II.,  6/ 
Shakespeare,  Romeo  and  Juliet,  retold  by  A.  S.  Hoffman, 

1/  net. 
Tadema  (L.  A.),  Tales  from  my  Garden,  3/6 
Wallas  (Mrs.  G.),  The  Land  of  Play,  3/6 
Wheldon  (F.  W.),  A  Little  Brother  to  the  Birds,  6/ 
Whishaw  (F.),  The  Competitors,  2/ 
Why-Why  and  Tom  Cat,  by  Brown  Linnet,  2/6 

General  Literature. 
Arnold  (A.  C),  The  Englishman  in  Anecdote  and  Story, 

2/6  net. 
Arnold  (M.),  Essays,  6/  net. 
Baskerville  (B.  C),  The  Polish  Jew,  10/6  net. 
Benson  (E.  F.),  Paul,  6/ 
Book  of  Tea,  by  Okakura-Kakuzo,  5/  net. 
Braddon  (M.  E.),  The  White  House,  6/ 
Brinton  (D.),  Trusia,  a  Princess  of  Kravitch,  6/ 
Brooks  (E.),  The  Story  of  Siegfried.  5/ 
Busch  (\V.),  Max  and  Moritz,  3/  net. 
Century  Magazine,  Vol.  L.,  10/6 
Church  and  Kindness  to  Animals,  2/6  net. 
Clayton  (J.),  The  Bishops  as  Legislators,  2/  net. 
Coleridge  (M.  E.),  The  Lady  on  the  Drawing-room  Floor,  6/ 
Crawford  (F.  M.),  A  Lady  of  Rome, ' 
Cullum  (R.),  The  Night-Riders,  6/ 
Downs  (Mrs.  G.  S.),  Step  by  Step,  6/  net. 
Dublin  Review,  October,  5/6  net. 
Dumas,  The  Black  Tulip  ;  Comtesse  de  Charny,  3  vols., 

2/6  net  each. 
Dum-Dum,  The  Crackling  of  Thorns,  3/6  net. 
Elphinstone  (Lady),  The  Power  of  Character,  and  other 

Studies,  3/6  net. 
Fleming  (C),  A  Mad  Compact,  6/ 
Fletcher  (J.  S.),  A  Maid  and  her  Money,  6/ 
Forman  (J.  M.),  Buchanan's  Wife,  6/ 

Gaskell  (Mrs.),  North  and  South,  Knutsford  Edition,  4/6  net. 
Gate  of  Death  (The),  6/  net. 
Gorky  (M.),  The   Individualists,  translated  by  Dr.   A.   S. 

Rappoport. 
Grier(S.  C),  The  Heir,  6/ 
Harriman  (K.  E.),  The  Girl  and  the  Deal,  6/ 
Holdsworth  (A.  E.),  The  Iron  Gates,  6/ 
Hunt(T.  W.),  Literature,  its  Principles  and  Problems,  5/ 
Innes  (N.),  The  Surge  of  War,  6/ 
Irving  ( \\\),  <  'hristmas  at  Bracebridge  Hall,  5/  net. 
Justyne  (Q.  L.  PA  The  Stronger  Power,  6/ 
Lan'an(Mrs.  de  Courcy),  The  Vicar  of  Dale  End,  6/ 
Lee  (J.),  Uncle  William,  5/ 
Lovell  (L.),  The.  Walcott  Twins,  3/6 
Lucas  (St.  John),  Quicksilver  and  Flame,  6/ 
Manning  (A.),  The  Household  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  5/  net. 
Marriott  (G),  Women  and  the  West,  6/ 
Merry  (Mat),  The  Turf:  its  Humour  in  Anecdote  and  Story, 

2/6  net. 
Nield  (J.),  Slings  of  Fortune,  6/ 
Pemberton  (Max),  The  Lady  Evelyn,  6/ 
Penigini  (Mrs.),  The   Comedy  of   Charles  Dickens,   First 

Series,  6/ 


Phillips    Exeter    Academy,    New    Hampshire,    Bulletin, 

September. 
Reed  (M.),  A  Spinner  in  the  Sun,  6/ 
Rhoscomvl  (O.),  Old  Fireproof,  6/ 
Russell  (H.),  My  Atlantic  Bride,  6/ 
Sabatini  (R.),  The  Trampling  of  the  Lilies,  6/ 
Smiles  (S.),  Self-Help,  New  Edition,  1/  net. 
Stendhal,  Maxims  of  Love,  6/  net. 
Sterling  (S.  H.),  Shakespeare's  Sweetheart,  7/6  net. 
Steuart  (J.  A.),  The  Wages  of  Pleasure,  6/ 
Thorne  (G.),  Helena's  Love  Story,  6/ 
University  Digest,  Chicago,  No.  1,  50c. 
Weyman  (S.  J.),  Chippinge,  6/ 
Wilherforee  (W.)  and  Gilbert  (A.  R.),  Her  Faith  against  the 

World,  3/6 
Yates  (K.  M.),  Through  the  Woods,  2/6  net. 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Drews  (P.),    Studien  zur  Gesebichte   des    Gottesdienstes 

I.  Die  Clementin.  Liturgie  in  Rom,  5fr. 
Favre(J.),  Lacordaire  Orateur,  7fr.  50. 
Granderath  (T),    Geschichte   des    vatikanischen    Konzils, 

Vol.  III.,  12m. 
Smend  (R.),  Die  Weisheit  des  Jesus  Sirach,  5m. 

Fine  Art. 
Auquier(P.),  Pierre  Puget,  50fr. 
Charles  (M.)  et  Pages  (L.),  Dentelles  franchises  et  etrangeres, 

6fr. 
Cim  (A.),  Le  Livre  :  Vol.  III.  Fabrication,  5fr. 
Jahrbuch   der  Koniglich  Preuszischen  Kunstsammlungen, 

Vol.  XXVII.  Part  IV.  and  Supplement. 
Lechat  (H.),  Phidias,  3fr.  50. 

Lefevre  (L.),  Les  Industries  ce'raniiques,  Part  I.,  5fr. 
Martin  (H.),  Les  Miniaturistes  francais,  25fr. 
Wingenroth  (M.),  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  4m. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Deschamps  (G.),  Le  Rythme  de  la  Vie,  3fr.  50. 
Lintilhac  (E.),   La  Com^die  :  Moyen  Age  et    Renaissance, 

3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Ribot  (T),  Essai  sur  les  Passions,  3fr.  75. 
History  and  Biography. 
Denis  (E.),  La  Fondation  de  1'Empire  allemand,  lOfr. 
Engel  (E.),  Geschichte  der  Deutschen  Literatur,  2  vols.  12m. 
Viale  (C.)  og  Thomsen  (A.),  David  Hume,  Religionens  natur- 

lige  Oprindelse  og  Udvikling,  lkr.  85. 
Geograpliy  and  Travel. 
Bordeaux  (H.),  Paysages  Romanesques,  3fr.  50. 
Fage  (R.),  Vers  les  Steppes  et  les  Oasis,  3fr.  50. 

Bibliography. 
Meunie  (F.),  Bibliographie  de  quelques  Almanachs  illustre's, 

lOfr. 
Raveneau  (L.),  Bibliographie  geographique  (1905),  5fr. 

Philology. 
Blaydes  (F.  H.  M.),  Analecta  Tragica  Grafica,  3m. 
Sarrazin  (G.).  Aus  Shakespeares  Meisterwerkstatt,  5m. 

Science. 
Andrimont  (R.),  La  Science  hydrologique,  5fr. 
Picard  (A.),  Le  Bilan  d'un  Siecle :   Vol.  III.   Agriculture, 

lOfr. 

General  Literature. 
Brete  (J.  de  la),  Un  Mirage,  3fr.  50. 
Goy  (L.),  La  Bataille  de  1915,  lfr. 
Gravier(J.),  L'Abbe"  Changine,  3fr.  50. 
Lichtenberger  (A.),  Gorri  le  Forban,  3fr.  50. 
Lorrain  (J.),  Le  Treteau,  3fr.  50. 
Nabucq  (J.),  Pensees  detachees,  7fr.  50. 
Quet  (E.),  En  Correction,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE    PUBLISHERS    AND    '  THE 
TIMES  '    BOOK    CLUB. 

In  the  letter  to  The  Athenceum  which  you 
were  good  enough  to  insert  last  week  I  called 
attention  to  the  real  and  only  subject  of 
dispute  with  The  Times,  viz.,  the  virtual 
infringement  of  the  net-book  agreement. 

This  point  is,  I  hope,  clear  to  your  readers  ; 
but  the  issue  has  been  purposely  confused 
by  the  pretence  that  this  underselling  is 
called  for  by  the  excessive  price  which  pub- 
lishers charge  for  books.  The  fact  that  a 
large  number  of  copyright  novels  can  be 
bought  for  4\d.  is  ignored  ;  and  Mr.  Hall 
Caine,  who  seems  to  support  the  position 
taken  up  by  The  Times,  writes  as  if  he  were 
inaugurating  a  new  era  in  publishing  when 
he  announces  that  he  is  about  to  issue  the 
dramatic  adaptation  of  one  of  his  well- 
known  novels  at  2s.  (cash  price). 

It  is  true  that  his  method  of  publication 
is  new.  The  chief  feature  is  that  the  book 
is  to  be  issued  by  the  proprietors  of  a  popular 
daily  paper.  If  this  is  to  be  an  essential 
feature  in  reformed  publishing,  it  radically 
alters  the  conditions  of  the  trade,  for  a 
daily    paper    with    a    large    circulation   can 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


479 


command  wide  publicity  at  practically  no 
cost,  by  advertising  in  its  own  columns. 

The   following    items    are    given  : — 

Cost  of  production  and  advertising,  Qd. 

Bookseller's  profit     . .  .  .  .  .    6rf. 

Author  , .  . .  . .  . .    Gd. 

Publisher        3d. 

With  regard  to  the  first,  as  no  details  are 
given,  it  is  impossible  to  question  it.  Assum- 
ing that  a  large  edition — say  10,000 — is 
printed  and  that  the  advertising  is  partly 
gratuitous,  it  may  be  approximately  correct. 

The  large  allowance  of  6d.  allotted  to  the 
bookseller  is  calculated  to  cheer  the  retail 
trade  ;  the  author's  is  not  more  than  would 
be  expected  ;  but  how  the  publisher  can 
be  asked  to  bring  out  the  book  for  such  a 
meagre  allowance  as  3d.  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand. For  it  must  be  explained  that  one 
of  the  most  formidable  items  in  carrying  on 
a  publisher's  business  is  what  are  known 
as  "  trade  expenses,"  viz.,  rent  of  office  and 
warehouse,  salaries  of  clerks,  travellers' 
commissions  or  salaries,  and  a  considerable 
miscellaneous  expenditure  on  printing,  sta- 
tionery, postage,  and  packing.  The  only 
way  to  estimate  these  expenses  for  a  single 
book  is  to  compare  the  aggregate  of  them 
with  the  total  returns  of  the  business,  when 
it  will  be  found  that  they  amount  to  from 
10  to  15  per  cent.  Take  it  in  this  case  at 
only  10  per  cent.  :  the  proportion  chargeable 
to  a  book  for  which  the  publisher  gets  Is.  6d. 
wall  be  about  lfrf.  This  leaves  the  pub- 
lisher a  net  profit  of  about  \)d.  on  the  above 
transaction.  Even  if  the  publisher  were 
— as  he  has  lately,  with  polished  sarcasm, 
been  called — "  only  a  third-class  commission 
agent,"  still  a  commission  which  amounts 
at  the  most  to  about  7  per  cent,  on  the 
business  done  is  hardly  enough  to  provide 
for  long  credits,  cash  discounts,  interest  on 
any  capital  he  may  have  to  use,  and  bad 
debts,  and  leave  a  balance  to  live  on. 

This  scheme  of  Mr.  Hall  Caine's  therefore 
makes  novel-publishing  impossible  as  a 
separate  trade,  and  we  have  no  reason  to 
suppose  that  newspaper  proprietors,  how- 
ever philanthropic,  will  care  to  add  it  to 
their  own  business  on  the  above  terms. 
Assuming,  however,  that  by  some  re-adjust- 
ment of  figures  the  scheme  became  practical, 
I  must  point  out  that  the  case  given  is  so 
far  from  typical  that  it  will  prove  nothing. 

In  the  first  place,  the  book  is  said  to 
consist  of  256  pages.  If  this  is  assumed  to 
be  worth  2s.,  a  volume  of  Mr.  Hall  Caine's 
more  usual  size  should  be  priced  at  about  3s. ; 
or  conversely,  if  the  ordinary  novel  is  worth 
only  2s.,  this  should  be  priced  at  Is.  Orf. 

Secondly,  the  value  of  the  result,  whatever 
it  may  be,  is  vitiated  by  exceptional  cir- 
cumstances. If  a  large  sale  ensues,  it  will 
be  said  that  the  book  has  been  so  advertised 
beforehand,  as  a  new  departure,  that  it  is 
no  criterion  ;  if,  on  the  contrary,  the  sale 
is  small,  it  may  be  urged  that  it  was  fore- 
stalled by  the  large  circulation  of  the  original 
novel. 

Let  Mr.  Hall  Caine  try  his  scheme  on  a 
new  novel  of  the  usual  size,  and  he  will 
then  be  able  to  solve  what  I  presume  is  the 
fundamental  question  in  his  experiment, 
viz.,  How  much  will  the  author  benefit  by  it  ? 
Edward  Bell, 
President  of  the  Publishers'  Association. 


NOTES    FROM    DUBLTN. 

THE    ROYAL    COMMISSION. 

The  volume  of  suggestions  and  criticisms 
invited  by  the  Royal  Commission  on  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  is  now  published,  and  is 
being  vigorously  discussed  by  the  Trish  press. 
It  is  melancholy  reading.  Many  of  the 
papers  are  written  by  those  who  have  au 


axe  to  grind,  others  to  show  that  the  present 
state  of  the  College  is  antiquated,  others  to 
recommend  schemes  of  reform  assailed  by 
men  of  equal  experience. 

Amid  the  myriad  details,  and  even  irre- 
levant details,  with  which  the  volume  is 
burdened,  amid  the  not  unfrequent  follies 
and  ambitions  whereby  the  writers  rather 
throw  light  upon  themselves  than  afford  it 
to  others,  it  is  worth  while  to  record  the 
general  impression  left  on  an  impartial 
reader. 

Two  great  questions  occupy  the  Com- 
mission :  ( 1 )  the  external  relations  of  the 
College  and  University,  and  how  they  may  be 
made  more  useful  to  that  part  of  the  Trish 
nation  which  has  not  hitherto  profited  by 
them  ;  (2)  the  internal  condition,  and  how 
far  reforms  or  changes  might  make  the 
College  more  useful  to  such  as  do  now,  or 
who  will  hereafter,  utilize  it. 

The  former  question  resolves  itself  into 
the  possibility  of  making  either  the  College 
or  the  University  more  useful  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  majority  of  Ireland.  The  Roman 
Catholics  who  really  desire  a  university 
education  are  probably  not  more  numerous 
than  the  Protestants  of  the  same  class.  By 
way  of  proof  it  may  be  noted  that  in  the 
Royal  University  of  Ireland,  where  degrees 
are  to  be  had  on  the  cheapest  terms,  and 
with  all  due  consideration  of  Catholic  sensi- 
bilities, the  number  of  Protestant  graduates 
has  always  exceeded  that  of  the  creed  pro- 
fessed by  the  majority  of  the  Irish  people. 
But  waiving  this  consideration,  and  as- 
suming it  may  be  expedient  to  do  some- 
thing more  for  Roman  Catholic  youths  who 
desire  higher  education  in  accordance  with 
their  creed,  one  would  say  that  there  were 
only  three  possible  experiments. 

The  first  is  the  admission  of  a  Catholic 
element  into  the  teaching  and  government 
of  Trinity  College,  so  that  young  men  of 
that  creed,  and  their  clergy,  may  feel  secure 
from  Protestant  influence  or  from  Pro- 
testant intolerance.  Some  people  have  for- 
mulated such  an  offer,  which  has  aroused  the 
fury  of  the  zealots  on  both  sides.  Many  say 
that  this  is  sacrificing  the  real  Trinity  College 
to  please  those  who  will  not  be  attracted, 
while  it  will  alienate  the  Protestant  sup- 
porters of  the  College ;  and  the  Roman 
Catholic  hierarchy  have  formally  declared 
that  not  even  to  them  is  such  a  proposal 
to  be  named  as  acceptable.  They  openly 
announce  their  mistrust  of  Protestants  who 
make  these  offers,  and  reject  any  institu- 
tion of  the  mixed  kind  where  their  influ- 
ence is  not  paramount. 

The  second  proposal  is  to  admit  Roman 
Catholics  to  the  University  of  Dublin  in  a 
separate  College,  side  by  side  with  Trinity. 
There  might  be  a  common  Senate  to  confer 
degrees  andcommon  University  examinations, 
while  the  rest  of  the  work  of  the  Colleges 
would  remain  independent,  and  be  carried 
e>ut  as  the  authorities  of  each  decided. 
Trinity  would  remain  the  home  of 
private  judgment,  while  the  new  College 
would  be  the  refuge  of  those  who 
submit  to  authority  in  matters  of  faith. 
But  now  Trinity  College  men  rise  up  in 
solemn  protest.  And  why  ?  Not  that  the 
scheme  is  not  reasonable  if  honestly  carried 
out  on  both  sides,  but  because  they  are  con- 
vinced that  the  Roman  Catholic  College 
would  not  play  fair. 

We  have  reached  the  nut  of  the  whole 
question.  So  long  as  the  two  parties  arc  ao 
opposed  that  neither  will  give  the  other  credit 
for  common  honesty,  attempts  at  accom- 
modation are  vain.  It  is  only  surprising 
that  the  opponents  of  the  second  scheme 
do  not  perceive  that  their  objections  apply 
with  equal  force  to  the  first,  which  they 
regard  with  some  favour.     If  there  is  to  be 


cheating,  it  will  be  done  in  the  widened 
College  just  as  much  as  in  the  widened 
University.  These  things  being  so,  all 
hopes  of  solving  the  main  problem  before 
the  Commission  seem  frustrated. 

It  is  hardly  worth  mentioning  a  third 
proposal  —  that  of  endowing  a  Roman 
Catholic  College  in  the  Royal  University^ 
For  this  would  leave  Trinity  College  in  its 
pre-eminence,  with  its  great  endowment 
as  narrowly  applied  as  before.  Would 
Parliament  consent  to  vote  an  equal  endow- 
ment to  the  new  College  ?  or  would  they 
take  the  funds  from  Trinity  College  ? 

Internal  reform  may  be  discussed  in  a, 
subsequent  article.  M. 


THE  SHAKESPEARE  SOCIETY  OF  NEW 
YORK  AND  THE  NEW  YORK  SHAKE- 
SPEARE SOCIETY. 

Bodleian  Library,  Oxford. 

I  invite  the  attention  of  all  librarians,, 
booksellers,  and  Shaksperean  collectors — 
and  of  the  States  of  New  York  and  New- 
Jersey — to  the  following  facts. 

In  or  about  April,  1891,  I  received  a- 
circular  headed  "  The  Shakespeare  Society 
of  New  York,"  and  signed  "  L.  L.  Lawrence, 
Clerk  Publication  Com.,  N.Y.S.S.  21  Park 
Row,  New  York  City."  It  invited  me  to 
become  one  of  150  subscribers  to  a  four- 
text  edition  of  '  Hamlet  '  : — 

"The  New  York  Shakespeare  Societj* under- 
takes to  furnish  its  subscribers,  in  or  about  the 
Fall  of  1891,  with  the  Four  Texts:  a  volume  in, 
folio  about  16x10,  printed  on  laid  paper,  de  luxe,, 
in  the  best  style  of  The  Riverside  Press,  about 
200  pp.  and  bound  in  boards,  parchment  back, 
Bankside  or  Roxburge  style.  The  volume  will  be 
sold  only  to  those  responding  to  this  circular,  at 
£2  6s.  per  volume — payable  on  receipt  of  this 
circular,  we  delivering  the  Volume  at  our  cost  by 
registered  mail.  One  Hundered  and  Fifty  Copies 
only  to  be  printed  from  the  types  and  hand 
numbered  under  the  Society's  direction." 

I  am  not  sure  that  in  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century  at  the  Bodleian  I  have  ever 
subscribed  in  advance  for  any  other  book,, 
and  perhaps  "  Roxburge  "  and  "  Hundered  'r 
ought  to  have  made  me  more  cautious  even 
in  this  instance  ;  but  I  took  them  only  for 
printers'  errors,  and  subscribed  for  a  copy 
for  the  Bodleian  on  April  9th,  1891,  by 
cheque  in  favour  of  the  Shakespeare  Society 
of  New'  York.  A  receipt  was  sent  me, 
bearing  in  print  Mr.  Lawrence's  name  and 
official  title,  and  also  purporting  to  be 
signed  by  him,  dated  "  April  28,  1891." 
The  printed  heading  indicates  that  at  some 
time  in  the  eighties  he  had  been  sending 
receipts  from  "P.O.  Box  5,  Newtown. 
Queens  Co.,  New  York." 

After  waiting  between  six  and  seven 
years.  I  wrote  a  letter  of  inquiry  to  my 
illustrious  confrere  Dr.  Billings,  Director  of 
the  New  York  Public  Library,  and  one  of 
his  staff  wrote  on  June  18th,  1898,  to  Mr. 
Lawrence,  asking  if  the  '  Bamlet  '  had  ever 
been  issued,  and,  if  so.  what  was  the  price. 
His  inquiry  was  returned  to  him  with  no 
letter  from  Mr.  Lawrence,  but  with  the 
words  "  Respectfully  returned  refering  to- 
attached  circular  The  Shakespeare  Press." 

The  circular  commences  : — 

"The  Shakespeare  Press  Begs  respectfully  to 
announce  that  it  will  begin  delivery,  in  twelve 
monthly  or  semi-monthly  parte,  of  the  limited 
edition  of  the  Four-Text  'Hamlet,'  as  heretofore 

projected    and    a unced    by    The    Shakespeare 

Society  of  New  Sort  The  work,  when  com- 
pleted, will  be  a  </<  luxt  Folio,  about  14x19  in 
page  si/.e,  in  acoordanoe  with  the  BpeoificationB  of 
the  Society's  circulars  of  1892  and  1893." 
Note  the  total  difference  of  the  measure- 
ments from  those  given  in  the  1S!>1  circular. 
The  price  was  to  be  "  Each  part  two  dollars 


480 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


{or  Eight  Shillings  Sterling)  in  advance  of 
delivery  :  or  the  entire  work  for  $20.00  (4:1.) 
payable  in  advance  on  receipt  of  this 
circular." 

Three  other  volumes  are  offered  in  the 
sarne  circular  to  be  "  sent  postpaid  on  pub- 
lication on  receipt  of  price."  Their  authors 
or  editors  are  not  named,  but  one,  '  Digesta 
Shakespcareana,'  bears  the  title  of  a  work 
attributed  by  the  British  Museum  Catalogue 
and  by  Allibone  to  James  Appleton  Morgan, 
who,  Allibone  says  in  1891,  "founded  in  1885 
the  Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York,  of 
which  he  has  since  been  president."  And 
applications  are  to  be  made  to  "  The  Shake- 
speare Press,  Westfield,  Union  County,  New 
Jersey." 

I  at  once  wrote  insisting  on  the  return  of 
the  Bodleian  subscription,  but  received  no 
money,  no  reply,  and  no  book. 

I  now  receive  a  fresh  circular  from  "  The 
Shakespeare  Press,  (printers  to  the  New 
York  Shakespeare  Society)  Westfield,  New 
Jersey,  U.S.A.,"  headed  "  The  New  York 
Shakespeare  Society  Desires  to  announce 
its  publications  for  the  Fall  and  Winter 
1906-1907,  as  follows."  There  is  no  Four- 
Text  '  Hamlet  '  among  them,  but  there  is 
"The  Ur-Hamlet . .  .  .  of  which  500  copies 
only  will  be  printed,"  at  $7.50,  and  a  new 
edition  of  an  old  work  "  by  Appleton 
Morgan,  President  of  the  New  York  Shake- 
speare Society  1885-1907  "  [sic].  "  Dr. 
Morgan  will,  himself,  supply  an  Introduc- 
tion." Of  other  volumes,  nine  in  number, 
and  to  be  printed  in  250  copies,  it  is  said  : 
"  Each  copy  of  each  volume  to  be  hand- 
numbered  and  the  number  verified  by  the 
written  signature  of  the  President  of  the 
Society  and  delivered  to  the  subscribers  as 
issued."  All  the  volumes  are  to  be  paid  for 
"  strictly  in  advance,"  but  there  is  a  separate 
circular  headed  "  To  Public  libraries," 
giving  terms  for  payment  after  delivery,  and 
saying,  "  We  are  to  begin  deliveries  during 
the  Fall  of  1906." 

Of  course  the  inference  at  first  sight  from 
all  this  would  be  that  the  New  York  Shake- 
speare Society  and  the  Shakespeare  Society 
of  New  York  are  a  single  society,  which 
James  Appleton  Morgan  founded  in  1885, 
over  which  he  has  presided  ever  since,  which 
sells  works  composed  or  edited  by  him,  in 
the  issues  of  whose  publications  he  takes 
a  personal  part,  and  which  has  employed 
Mr.  L.  L.  Lawrence  and  the  Shakespeare 
Press  to  collect  subscriptions  in  advance 
during  the  last  fifteen  years  for  a  work  which 
was  to  have  been  issued  "  in  or  about  the 
Fall  of  1891,"  but  which  has  not  yet  reached 
•subscribers.  Such  an  inference  may  be 
utterly  wrong.  Dr.  Morgan,  and  the  two 
societies,  and  Mr.  Lawrence,  and  the  Shake- 
speare Press  may  all  have  died  long  ago — 
indeed,  some  of  them  may  never  have  existed  ; 
and  in  any  case  the  use  of  any  or  all  of  these 
names  may  be  improper,  and  the  cause  of 
distress  to  honourable  men  whose  names 
have  been  taken  in  vain.  But  obviously 
•there  is  something  wrong  somewhere,  and 
I  suggest  that  exactly  what  and  where 
should  be  investigated  in  the  two  States 
from  which  the  circulars  have  been  dated. 
Some  one  must  have  been  raking  in  a  pretty 
penny  in  subscriptions  of  21.  (is.  and  41.  for 
a  volume  of  which  the  delivery  is  now  fifteen 
years  late.  E.  W.  B.  Nicholson. 

P.S.— I  since  find  that  Nos.  11  and  12  of 
"  Publications  of  The  Shakespeare  Society 
of  New  York,"  published  in  I  si)9,  bear  on 
their  title-pages  the  imprint  "New  York  The 
Shakespeare  Press  Printers  to  the  Shake- 
speare Society  of  New  York,"  and  at  the 
end  a  list  of  "  Publications  and  Papers  of 
The  Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York," 
including    works    composed    or    edited    by 


Appleton  Morgan,  LL.D.  This  last  bears 
the  imprint  "  The  Shakespeare  Press  of 
New  York  City  Printers  to  the  New  York 
Shakespeare  Society  P.O.  Box  555  Westfield, 
Union  County,  New  Jersey." 


AUSTRALIAN    RELIGION. 

A    CORRECTION. 
Metung,  Victoria,  August  27th,  190C. 

I  observe  a  letter  from  Mr.  Andrew  Lang 
in  your  issue  of  the  14th  of  July  in  which 
he  expresses  regret  for  an  "  unconscious 
misrepresentation  of  the  meaning  of  Mr. 
Howitt,  which  occurs  in  my  '  Secret  of  the 
Totem,'  pp.   197-200,  and  in  other  places." 

Mr.  Lang  says  further  :  "I  understand 
Mr.  Howitt  to  mean  ('  Native  Tribes  of 
South-East  Australia,'  p.  500)  that  the  tribes 
with  female  descent  have  no  belief  in  an 
'  All  Father,'  and  I  said  that  here  '  his  state- 
ment seems  in  collision  with  his  own  evi- 
dence as  to  the  facts.'  " 

This  letter  seems  to  have  been  written  to 
meet  the  exception  I  took  to  Mr.  Lang's 
statements,  in  a  communication  to  Folk- 
Lore  in  June  last. 

Mr.  Lang  has  not  referred  in  his  letter  to 
the  real  matter  at  issue.  In  his  '  Secret  o 
the  Totem,'  pp.  197-200,  he  launched  an 
argument  to  prove  that  I  had  apparently 
failed  to  take  into  account  "  the  most 
primitive  of  all  tribes."  In  doing  this  he 
commenced  by  selecting  four  extracts  from 
my  summary  ('  Native  Tribes  of  South-East 
Australia,'  pp.  499-500)  of  the  evidence  upon 
which  I  have  based  a  theory  of  the  belief  in 
a  "  Tribal  All-Father,"  and  he  called  it  a 
"  passage  from  Mr.  Howitt." 

The  summary  runs  to  twenty-seven  lines. 
Mr.  Lang's  quotation  commences  at  the 
thirteenth  line,  omitting  the  beginning  of 
the  sentence  ;  the  second  extract  is  from 
the  nineteenth  line,  but  only  takes  part  of  the 
sentence  ;  the  third  extract  is  from  the  sixth 
line,  leaving  out  an  important  introduction  ; 
the  fourth  quotes  the  remaining  part  of  the 
second,  and  continues  to  the  end  of  the 
summary.  In  this  last  extract  Mr.  Lang 
italicizes  the  words  "  from  descent  in  the 
female  line  to  that  in  the  male  line."  This 
is  the  key-note  of  his  argument. 

If  the  meaning  of  my  summary  were  that 
of  Mr.  Lang's  selected  and  reconstructed 
passage,  he  would  have  been  justified  in  his 
charge  against  me.  Had  Mr.  Lang  quoted 
the  whole  of  my  summary,  even  in  a  con- 
densed form,  instead  of  rearranging  selected 
portions,  he  could  not  have  framed  the  ad- 
verse argument,  which  he  now  seems  to 
regret. 

Will  Mr.  Lang  be  so  good  as  to  say 
whether  his  "  passage  "  still  stands,  or  does 
he  consider  it  an  "  unconscious  misrepre- 
sentation "  ?  A.  W.  Howitt. 


ROBERT      SOUTHEY     AND     WILLEM 
BILDERDIJK. 

Mr.  M.  M.  Kleerkooper,  London  corre- 
spondent of  the  Oprechte  Haarlemsche  Courant 
writes  from  160,  Brixton  Road,  S.W.  : — 

"  Robert  ftouthey  and  the  Dutch  poet  Bilderdijk, 
were  on  friendly  terms,  and  a  lively  correspondence, 
named  in  the  '1).  N.  B. ,'  was  kept  up  by  the  two  men 
(1S24  31).  in  trying  to  write  the  history  of  these 
relations  it  would  be  useful  if  I  could  have  Access 
to  the  unpublished  correspondence  of  some  of 
Southey's  contemporaries.  I  should,  therefore,  be 
much  indebted  to  your  kindness  if,  by  your  assis- 
tance, I  could  reach  the  fortunate  possessors.  While 
I  shall  be  grateful  for  any  helpful  suggestions,  I 
think  it  of  importance  to  find  the  literary  remains 
of  James  Nichols  (translator  of  Arminius) "  (for 
whose  life    the   '  D.  N.  B.' quotes  The  Athenaeum 


as  the  chief  authority),  "and  those  of  John  Rick- 
man,  the  publication  of  which  seems  to  have  heen 
at  one  time  under  consideration." 


SALE. 
Messrs.  Hodgson  opened  their  autumn  season 
last  Tuesday.  The  first  catalogue  comprised  chiefly 
standard  and  miscellaneous  books,  and  the  follow- 
ing are  some  of  the  chief  prices  realized  :  Engrav- 
ings from  the  Works  of  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence, 
proofs,  72/.  ;  Goupil's  Monographs  :  Creightoivs 
Queen  Elizabeth,  12/.  10s.  ;  Skelton's  Mary  Stuart, 
9/.  ;  and  Charles  L,  Oliver  Cromwell.  &c,  7  vols., 
uniformly  bound  in  calf,  14/.  5s.  ;  Folk-lore  Society's 
Publications,  LS7S-1!K>.~),  51  vols.,  22/.  Could's 
Monograph  of  the  Trochilid;e,  5  vols.,  12/.  5s. 
Scott's  Waverley,  hist  edition,  3  vols,  (cut  down), 
14/.  15.-*. 


ftitearn  ffinssip. 

The  collection  of  Bibles  made  by  Dr. 
Copinger  for  the  purpose  of  his  work  '  The 
Bible  and  its  Transmission  '  has  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Mr.  E.  Hartland,  of 
Hardwick  Court,  Chepstow.  This  col- 
lection is  probably  one  of  the  finest  in 
the  world  relating  to  the  text  of  the  Bible 
in  every  language — at  least  in  private 
hands — and  had  been  specially  formed 
to  illustrate  the  progress  and  development 
of  the  text.  It  consists  of  nearly  1,500 
editions  in  about  350  different  languages 
and  dialects.  The  collection  is  not  merely 
bibliographical  or  curious,  but  also  of 
practical  value  to  the  student  of  Biblical 
literature.  Of  the  Greek  Testament  alone 
there  are  over  300  editions.  Mr.  Hartland 
has  already  a  fine  collection  of  Latin  Bibles 
of  the  fifteenth  century  and  an  extensive 
private  library  at  Hardwick  Court. 

Mr.  C.  L.  Graves  and  his  brother  Mr. 
A.  P.  Graves  contemplate  bringing  out  a 
volume  dealing  with  the  Rev.  Robert 
Perceval  Graves,  Sub-Dean  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  Dublin,  and  Dr.  Charles  Graves, 
F.R.S.  and  Bishop  of  Limerick.  Persons 
possessing  letters  of  interest  written  by 
either  are  asked  to  be  kind  enough  to 
forward  them  to  Mr.  C.  L.  Graves  at  50, 
Iverna  Gardens,  Kensington,  with  a  view 
to  their  publication  in  whole  or  in  part  by 
permission  of  their  owners.  The  originals 
will  be  duly  returned. 

Mr.  Murray  is  about  to  publish  '  From 
West  to  East,'  notes  by  the  way  by  Sir 
Hubert  Jerningham  ;  '  The  Human  Ele- 
ment in  the  Gospels,'  by  the  late  Provost 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  '  The  Doctrine 
of  the  Atonement,'  by  Canon  Beeching  ; 
'  The  Outlook  in  Ireland,'  by  the  Earl  'of 
Dunraven  ;  '  The  Manufacture  of  Paupers,' 
with  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  J.  St.  Loe 
Strachey  ;  and  '  The  Story  of  Port  Royal,' 
by  Ethel  Romanes,  besides  new  editions 
of  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson's  '  House  of  Quiet ' 
and  Sir  George  Clarke's  '  Fortification.' 

Mr.  Murray's  novels  will  include 
'  Rezanov,'  by  Mrs.  Gertrude  Atherton  ; 
'  The  Lonely  Lady  of  Grosvenor  Square,' 
by  Mrs.  Henry  de  la  Pasture  ;  '  Abbot's 
Verney,'  by  Miss  R.  Macaulay ;  and 
'  Springtime,'  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Bailey. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  has  arranged  to 
publish  a  play  by  Mr.  H.  H.  A.  Cruso, 
entitled  '  Sir  Walter  Ralegh.'  It  is  a 
blank-verse  drama  in  five  acts. 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


481 


Dr.  Koenigsberger's  life  of  Hermann 
von  Helmholtz,  translated  by  Frances  A. 
Welby,  will  be  issued  within  a  few  days 
from  the  Oxford  University  Press.  This 
English  version  of  a  valuable  and  interest- 
ing biography  contains  a  preface  by  Lord 
Kelvin,  who  points  out  that  "  in  the  his- 
torical record  of  science  the  name  of  Helm- 
holtz stands  unique  in  grandeur,  as  a 
master  and  leader  in  mathematics,  and  in 
biology,  and  in  physics  "  ;  and  that 
Helmholtz  led  the  way  to  Pasteur's  dis- 
coveries, and  was  a  prime  mover  in  the 
series  of  researches  through  which  wire- 
less telegraphy  has  been  achieved. 

A  revised  edition,  in  one  volume,  of 
*  Slang  and  its  Analogues,'  by  Mr.  John 
$.  Farmer  and  W.  E.  Henley,  is  in  pre- 
paration, and  will  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
Ribbings  &  Co.  With  the  exception  of 
a  few  articles  of  an  esoteric  character, 
this  new  issue  will  contain  all  the  original 
matter,  with  the  illustrative  quotations  in 
the  seven- volume  edition,  together  with 
many  additions.  The  book  will  be  issued 
in  two  sizes,  to  range  with  the  'Oxford 
English  Dictionary '  and  '  The  Century 
Dictionary,'  and  will  form  a  suitable 
companion  volume  to  either  of  those 
works.     The  edition  will  be  limited. 

Early  in  November  Messrs.  Swan 
Sonnenschein  &  Co.  will  publish  '  The 
Tourists'  India.'  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Reynolds 
Ball.  The  volume  will  be  illustrated  with 
twenty-six  full-page  illustrations. 

Mr.  Will.  H.  Ogilvie,  when  in  Aus- 
tralia, published  two  volumes  of  verse, 
one  of  which  had  a  large  sale.  He  is 
now  in  this  country,  and  Mr.  Elkin 
Mathews  will  issue  a  fresh  gathering  of  his 
verse  next  month. 

A  cheap  edition  of  Mr.  Augustine 
Birrell's  last  book,  '  In  the  Name  of  the 
Bodleian,'  will  be  published  very  shortly, 
uniform  in  style  with  Mr.  Birrell's  former 
books,  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 

Mr.  I.  H.  Jeayes,  Assistant  Keeper  in 
the  Department  of  Manuscripts  of  the 
British  Museum,  has  in  the  press  a  '  De- 
scriptive Catalogue  of  Derbyshire  Charters 
in  Public  and  Private  Libraries  and 
Muniment  Rooms.'  This  is  likely  to 
prove  a  valuable  addition  to  Derbyshire 
history  in  a  direction  hitherto  but  little 
explored. 

Messrs.  Hills  &  Co.,  of  Sunderland, 
are  republishing  '  The  Bishoprick  Garland,' 
a  collection  of  legends,  songs,  and  ballads 
relating  to  the  county  of  Durham,  originally 
printed  in  1834  by  Sir  Cuthbert  Sharp, 
the  friend  of  Robert  Surtees  and  the 
historian  of  Hartlepool. 

Those  who  have  read  the  chapters 
which  have  appeared  in  the  reviews  will 
be  glad  to  learn  that  the  book  of  M.  Ana- 
tole  France  on  Joan  of  Arc,  on  which  he 
has  been  engaged  for  ten  years,  is  about 
to  be  published  by  Calmann-Levy.  The 
story  has  always  been  a  favourite  study 
of  this  author,  and  many  shelves  in  his 
well-stored  library  are  consecrated  to 
volumes  on  the  subject. 

The  Dean  of  Westminster  has  sanc- 
tioned   the    name    of    Elizabeth    Barrett 


Browning  appearing  in  Poets'  Corner. 
When  Robert  Browning  died,  the  honour 
of  burial  was  offered  to  his  wife's  remains, 
which  rest  at  Florence,  but  the  offer  was 
declined.  Now,  in  the  centenary  of  her 
birth,  her  name  is  to  be  inscribed  at  the 
foot  of  her  husband's  grave  in  the  Abbey. 

To  the  November  Cornhill  Mr.  H.  W. 
Lucy  contributes  an  article  on  '  Bulls  in 
the  (Westminster)  China  Shop,'  and  Canon 
Beeching  the  first  of  two  lectures  delivered 
at  the  Royal  Institution  on  Shakspeare. 
'  The  Truth  about  Tyrtseus  '  is  a  skit  in 
verse  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Godley,  taking  off 
certain  schemes  of  army  reform.  In  '  A 
Stay  in  the  Island  of  Venus  '  Mr.  W.  A.  T. 
Allen  draws  a  picture  of  Cyprus  as  it  is 
to-day.  Miss  Rose  Sidgwick  writes  on 
'  The  Library  of  John  Stuart  Mill,'  now 
at  Somerville  College,  Oxford  ;  Mr.  Lau- 
rence Gomme  contributes  an  historical 
study  of  '  York :  its  Place  in  English 
Institutions  '  ;  and  Mr.  E.  S.  P.  Haynes 
an  essay  on  university  influences  under 
the  title  of  '  Oxford  and  Cambridge  :  a 
Study  in  Types.' 

The  November  number  of  Macmillan's 
Magazine  contains  the  opening  chapters 
of  an  anonymous  novel  by  a  new  writer, 
"  Ralph  Elliot,"  who  deals  with  the  ad- 
ventures of  a  young  Englishman  in  Italy 
during  the  memorable  year  1848.  Mr. 
L.  Smith  describes  the  Manchester  country 
school  for  its  city  children  ;  Mr.  Stephen 
Gwynn  has  a  paper  on  trout-fishing ; 
E.  F.  S.  writes  from  Penang  on  '  My 
Friends  in  Labuan  '  ;  Mr.  Hugh  Clifford 
discusses  '  America's  Problem  in  the 
Philippines '  ;  while  Dr.  H.  Kingsmill 
Moore  writes  on  the  remarkable  archa?o- 
logical  remains  on  the  island  of  Innis- 
murray,  in  Donegal  Bay. 

Mr.  R.  F.  Cholmeley,  who  has  con- 
tributed several  letters  to  the  press  on 
the  '  Times  '  Book  Club  question  will  have 
in  the  November  Independent  Review  an 
article  on  the  subject.  It  will  be  entitled 
'  Letting  in  the  Jungle.' 

The  forthcoming  part  of  The  Book- 
Lover's  Magazine  will  contain  amongst 
other  interesting  matter  an  article 
on  '  The  Mazarin  Library  in  Paris,' 
with  illustrations  of  its  treasures,  and 
an  essay  by  Mr.  Ralph  Straus  on  '  The 
Sport  of  Book-Hunting.'  Mr.  Lewis  Mel- 
ville writes  on  '  Some  Early  Illustrated 
Journals.' 

The  Review  of  Theology  and  Philosophy 
in  its  November  number  will  furnish  an 
account  of  the  work  that  has  been  done 
of  late  in  connexion  with  comparative 
religion.  This  paper  will  be  contributed 
by  the  Rev.  Louis  H.  Jordan,  who  is  now 
on  his  way  to  Rome,  where  he  will  spend 
the  winter.  It  is  expected  that  Mr. 
Jordan's  new  volume  on  '  Comparative 
Religion,'  on  which  he  has  been  busy  during 
the  Long  Vacation  at  Oxford,  and  which 
is  well  advanced,  will  be  published  next 
autumn. 

The  November  number  of  Putnam's 
Monthly  will  contain  an  article  on  '  The 
Early  Victorians  and  Ourselves,'  by  Mr. 


G.  S.  Street,  and  some  unpublished  letters 
of  Benjamin  Franklin.      . 

Ian  Maclaren  and  Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett 
both  contribute  short  stories  to  the  Novem- 
ber Sunday  at  Home,  which  will  also 
contain  a  poem  by  the  Bishop  of  Durham, 
articles  by  Dr.  R.  F.  Horton  and  Chan- 
cellor Lias,  an  illustrated  paper  on 
'  Mountain  Climbing  in  the  Canadian  Alps,' 
and  an  article  on  'Round  about  Jerusalem.' 
A  new  volume  begins  with  this  number. 

La  Revue  de  Paris  of  the  15th  inst. 
announces  a  volume  of  poems  by  Madame 
Alphonse  Daudet,  who  dedicates  it  to 
"  my  daughter  Edmee,"  wedded  to  M. 
Andre  Germain  last  week,  as  stated  in 
our  notice  of  the  bridegroom's  volume 
(p.  474),  also  dedicated  to  her. 

A  Danish  translation  of  '  Napoleon : 
the  Last  Phase,'  by  Lord  Rosebery,  has 
appeared. 

The  issue  of  a  second  edition  of  Dr. 
Heinrich  Brunner's  '  Deutsche  Rechts- 
geschichte,  remodelled  and  increased  in 
size  by  more  than  half  as  much  again, 
is  an  event  which  will  be  welcome  to 
many  students. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Shaw  writes  : — 

"  In  your  last  week's  review  of  my  'Knights 
of  England  '  the  objection  is  brought  against 
the  book  that  it  does  not  containthe  names  of 
such  and  such  knights  who  are  styled  knights 
in  such  and  such  sources.  This  objection 
has  been  raised  in  almost  every  notice  of 
the  book,  but  I  have  hitherto  ignored  it.  I 
have  stated  the  matter  so  clearly  in  the 
preface  and  in  the  introduction  to  knights 
bachelors  that  I  felt  sure  my  readers  would 
not  miss  the  point.  But  when  The  Athenceum 
takes  the  same  objection  I  can  no  longer 
afford  to  ignore  it.  My  answer  is — the  book 
is  a  list  of  knights  the  date  of  whose  knight- 
hood is  known.  It  is  a  book  of  recorded 
dubbings." 

In  our  favourable  notice  we  did  not  pro- 
pose the  wide  extension  of  the  field 
which  has  been  suggested  in  other  reviews 
to  which  Mr.  Shaw  alludes. 

The  name  of  Mr.  P.  M.  Barnard,  a 
former  classical  scholar  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  is  an  interesting  addition  to 
the  list  of  second-hand  booksellers.  He 
is  settled  at  Saffron  Walden,  not  far  from 
Cambridge,  and  pays  special  attention 
to  the  needs  of  the  scholar. 

The  American  book-auctioneers  have 
adopted  a  system  of  publicity  which  is 
in  contrast  to  the  practice  in  England. 
The  collection  of  Tennysoniana — the  best 
of  its  kind  in  America,  and  almost  as  fine 
as  any  in  England — formed  by  Prof.  Albert 
E.  Jack,  of  Lake  Forest  University,  will 
be  sold  by  the  Anderson  Auction  Com- 
pany, of  New  York.  It  contains  virtually 
all  the  rare  privately  printed  poems  in 
perfect  condition.  Not  content  with  these, 
Mr.  Jack  has  obtained  all  the  original 
issues  of  the  various  magazines  and 
periodicals  in  which  poems  of  Tennyson 
first  appeared. 

The  historical  Librairie  Nouvelle  has 
closed  its  doors  after  an  existence  of  over 
half  a  century.  Founded  in  1849  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Michel  Levy, 
the   publisher,   and   the   place   became  a 


482 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


haunt  of  the  literary  men  and  politicians 
of  the  fifties  and  sixties.  Alexandre 
Dumas  pere  was  one  of  the  most  regular 
customers,  "  seulement,  il  n'avait  jamais 
d 'argent,"  and  "  Achille,"  who  was  the  soul 
of  the  Librairie  Nouvelle,  would  himself 
pay  out  of  his  own  pocket  for  the  great 
Alexandre's  purchases.  It  is  said  that 
Dumas  always  repaid  Achille  —  "en 
perdreaux."  Augier,  Jules  Verne,  Flau- 
bert, Berryer,  Gambetta,  Maupassant,  the 
Due  de  Rivoli  and  other  bibliophiles  were 
also  of  the  number  who  exchanged  wit  at 
the  Librairie  Nouvelle.  Achille  Heymann 
left  the  place  after  twenty-eight  years  of 
service,  to  set  up  for  himself,  and  "  le 
petit  brun,"  now  white,  killed  the  older 
shop  by  his  Librairie  Achille. 

The  arrangements  for  the  celebration 
of  the  George  Buchanan  quatercentenary 
were  advanced  at  a  meeting  held  in 
Glasgow  on  Saturday  last.  The  pro- 
ceedings will  begin  on  the  31st  inst., 
when  an  exhibition  of  portraits,  books, 
relics,  and  other  memorials  will  be 
opened  in  the  library  of  the  Uni- 
versity. On  November  1st  an  address 
will  be  delivered  on  Buchanan  by  Principal 
Lindsay,  when  various  public  bodies  will 
be  present  in  their  official  capacity.  A 
feature  of  the  celebrations  will  be  the 
preparation  of  a  memorial  volume, 
edited  by  Dr.  George  Neilson. 

A  volume  of  literary  interest  has 
changed  hands  in  Glasgow,  namely,  a 
copy  of  the  '  Vestiarium  Scoticum,'  with 
autograph  letters  of  Sir  Walter  Scott 
incorporated.  An  edition  of  the  '  Vesti- 
arium,' edited  by  the  Sobieski  Stuarts, 
was  published  in  1842.  In  1829  the 
brothers  had  told  Sir  Thomas  Dick  Lauder 
that  their  father  possessed  a  vellum  MS. 
copy  of  the  '  Vestiarium  '  which  belonged 
to  Bishop  Lesley,  of  Ross,  the  historian. 
Scott  threw  doubts  on  the  authenticity  of 
such  a  MS.,  but  although  no  one  has  seen 
a  vellum  copy,  a  rough  copy  on  paper,  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  actually  exists. 
There  is  an  interesting  reference  to  the 
MS.  in  Mr.  Andrew  Lang's  '  Prince  Charles 
Edward  Stuart.'  The  copy  now  sold,  for 
the  sum  of  5001.,  belonged  to  Canon 
Mitchell-Innes,  rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Glasgow,  in  whose  family  it  had  been  for 
many  years. 

The  Dun  Emer  Press,  which  was  founded 
some  two  or  three  years  ago  with  the 
object  of  reviving  book  printing  as  an 
art  in  Ireland,  has  issued  a  new  volume 
— a  '  Book  of  Saints  and  Wonders,'  by 
Lady  Gregory.  The  stories  and  legends 
in  the  book  have  been  "  put  down,"  as 
the  author  tells  her  readers,  "  according 
to  the  old  writings  and  the  memory  of  the 
people  of  Ireland,"  and  most  of  the  mate- 
rial is  new.  The  first  five  volumes  issued 
by  this  press  are  now  out  of  print.  Amongst 
the  volumes  in  preparation  are  '  By  Still 
Waters  :  Lyrical  Poems  Old  and  New.' 
by  A.  E.  ;  and  a  volume  of  poems  by 
Katharine  Tynan. 

Sir  Richard  Tangye,  whose  death 
took  place  last  Sunday,  was  a  collector 
of  books,  pictures,  manuscripts,  and 
miniatures  relating    to   Oliver  Cromwell, 


about  whom  he  published  a  volume.  He 
also  wrote  '  Reminiscences  of  Travel ' 
(1883),  '  The  Growth  of  a  Great  Industry,' 
'  Two  Protectors,'  and  his  autobiography, 
'  One  and  All.'  He  was  responsible  for 
some  privately  printed  volumes,  such  as 
'  English  Notes  for  American  Circulation.' 

M.  Emile  Pouvillon,  who  has  died 
near  Chambery,  was  a  "  Regionaliste " 
like  Mistral,  and,  also  like  him,  found  his 
inspiration  in  the  place  of  his  birth.  He 
was  born  at  Montauban  in  1840,  and  it 
was  not  until  1868  that  he  gave  public 
proof  in  La  Rue  and  other  journals  of  his 
literary  tastes.  His  first  novel,  '  Cesette,' 
appeared  in  1881,  and  this  was  followed  by 
'  LTnnocent,'  '  Jean  et  Jeanne,'  '  Chante 
Pleure,'  and  others  descriptive  of  the  life 
of  the  humble  classes  among  whom  he 
dwelt.  In  'Bernadette  de  Lourdes  '  he 
had  hoped  to  appeal  to  a  wider  circle,  but 
it  had  the  ill-luck  to  appear  about  the 
same  time  as  Zola's  '  Lourdes,'  which  de- 
stroyed the  "  ceuvre  de  foi  exquise  "  of 
Pouvillon.  A  similar  catastrophe  over- 
took him  a  few  years  later,  when  his  '  Roi 
de  Rome  '  was  produced  at  the  Nouveau- 
Theatre,  but  extinguished  by  M.  Rostand's 
'  Aiglon.' 

Mr.  Charles  Welch,  late  City  Libra- 
rian, has,  in  consequence  of  his  indifferent 
health,  received  a  retiring  pension.  Mr. 
Welch  has  been  connected  with  the 
Guildhall  Library  forty-three  years. 

The  death  in  his  eighty- first  year  is 
announced  from  Wurzburg  of  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Ancient  History,  Georg  Friedrich 
Unger,  the  author  of  numerous  valuable 
works. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week 
are  National  Education,  Ireland,  Report 
of  the  Commissioners,  1905-6  {M.)  ; 
Report  of  the  Inspector  of  Reformatory 
and  Industrial  Schools  of  Great  Britain 
(Part  II.  General  Report,  l\d.)  ;  and 
First  Report  of  the  Commissioners  upon 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  (Id.),  only  submitting 
the  Appendix,  which  gives  Statements 
and  Returns  furnished  to  the  Commission 
in  July  and  August,  1906  (Is.  id.).  We 
publish  a  letter  of  our  Dublin  correspond- 
ent on  the  latter. 

In  our  next  issue  we  hope  to  deal 
with  gift-books  for  children. 


SCIENCE 


The  Subconscious.  By  Joseph  Jastrow, 
Professor  of  Psychology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
Prof.  Jastrow's  object  in  '  The  Sub- 
conscious '  is,  he  tells  us,  to  make  that 
phrase  "  a  homely  term."  At  present 
"  it  has  a  dubious  sound  ;  and  those  to 
whom  it  brings  slight  illumination  associate 
it  with  questionable  phenomena  of  rare 
occurrence  and  unusual  significance." 

This  apparently  means  that  the  general 
public  supposes  "  the  subconscious  "  to  be 
"  short  "  for  "  the  ghost  story" — 

"  the  symbol  of  a  pale  double  of  ourselves 
....  capable,  if  only  its  excursions  could  bo 


followed,  of  overthrowing  the  limitations  of 
sense  and  of  discounting  our  most  accredited 
psychological  currency." 

In  fact,  if  a  number  of  well-attested 
experiences  are  the  work  of  "  the  sub- 
conscious," then  the  subconscious  does 
overthrow  the  accredited  psychological 
applecart ;  does  "  discount  our  most 
accredited  psychological  currency."  But 
the  currency  is  equally  discounted  if  the 
experiences  to  which  we  refer  actually 
happen,  whether  the  subconscious  or  any 
other  agency  is  their  cause.  Do  they 
happen  ?  Prof.  Jastrow  does  not  discuss 
that  question.  He  explicitly  does  not 
present 

"  a  judgment  of  the  validity  of  a  great  range 
of  evidence,  much  of  it  discerningly  collected 
with  due  regard  for  the  ordinary  precautions 
to  be  exercised  in  the  record  of  facts  that  tax 
credibility,  and  more  of  it  plainly  worthless." 

Till  Prof.  Jastrow,  or  some  other  person  of 
his  way  of  thinking,  has  criticized  and 
disproved  the  properly  recorded  evidence 
of  facts  that  "  tax  credibility,"  the 
accredited  psychological  currency  is  not 
in  a  healthy  condition. 

We  cannot  but  regret  the  paucity  of 
the  Professor's  authorities.  Science,  like 
history,  must  produce  its  credentials. 
"  I  have  given  sparing  notice  of  the  many 
sources  examined,"  says  the  Professor, 
"  for  I  commonly  found  little  profit  in 
such  pursuit."  References  are  unpopular, 
but  an  author  who  does  not  give  them 
becomes  an  exponent  of  popular  science. 
However,  we  have  more  references  than 
are  usual  in  popular  books,  if  not  so  many 
as  we  should  like.  We  want  the  authority 
for  this  anecdote  : — 

"  Sir  Walter  Scott,  on  hearing  some  of  his 
works  read  to  him,  exclaimed.  '  How  proud 
I  should  have  been  to  have  written  that!'  " 

The  reviewer  would  gladly  bet  T  Prof. 
Jastrow  a  golf  ball  that  he  cannot  produce 
his  authority  for  his  anecdote. 

The  book  begins  in  the  usual  way,  with 
illustrations  of  forgetfulness  of  familiar 
things,  and  of  "  absence  of  mind."  Many 
of  the  anecdotes  are  amusing.  Prof. 
Jastrow  believes  in  "  subconscious  rumi- 
nation "  ;  we  do  not  :  here  we  are  more 
sceptical  than  our  author.  From  this 
point  he  glides  into  crystal-gazing,  and 
accepts  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society 
for  Psychical  Research  examples  of  the 
recovery  of  forgotten  facts  by  aid  of 
pictures  seen  in  ink,  or  in  a  glass  ball, 
or  what  not.  The  evidence  for  these 
things  is  not  nearly  of  the  same  value  as 
the  evidence  for  supernormal  acquisitions 
of  knowledge  in  crystal-gazing.  If  A  says 
that  he  recovered  a  lost  memory  by 
crystal-gazing,  we  have  only  A's  evidence. 
But  if  A  and  B  both  aver  that  A  has  seen 
in  the  glass  the  person,  C,  who  was  the 
object  of  B's  thought,  and  if  C  avers  that 
he  was  wearing  the  costume,  and  engaged 
in  the  occupation,  described  by  A,  who 
had  never  beheld,  or  even  heard  of,  C, 
we  have  a  triple  strand  of  evidence 
and  corroboration.  That  evidence  (of 
which  there  is  abundance)  "  discounts 
our  most  accredited  psychological  cur- 
rency "  ;  so  nothing  is  said  on  the  subject 
in    this     book.     Nobody    can    call    this 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


483 


satisfactory.  A's  evidence  is  taken  for 
one  set  of  facts,  yet,  when  corroborated 
by  the  evidence  of  B  and  C  for  a  different 
set  of  facts,  A's  testimony  is  left  un- 
criticized,  with  the  observation,  "  This 
'  tumbling  ground  of  whimsies,'  in  Prof. 
•James's  phrase,  there  is  no  obligation  to 
inspect."  As  no  reference  is  given,  we 
cannot  examine  the  context  of  Prof. 
•James's  phrase.  The  "  tumbling  ground  " 
•appears  to  be  Mr.  Myers's  theory  of  the 
*  subliminal  self,"  concerning  which  Prof. 
•James  has  written  appreciatively. 

Prof.  Jastrow's  book  is  interesting  in 
the  light  which  it  throws  on  the  sub- 
jectivity of  belief.  Sir  Arthur  Mitchell 
in  a  recent  work  on  '  Dreams,'  rejected 
all  evidence  for  tasks,  such  as  the  solution 
of  mathematical  problems,  performed  in 
fdeep.  Prof.  Jastrow  accepts  the  evidence 
•(p.  207),  and  also  the  evidence  for  the 
•discovery  of  the  whereabouts  of  lost 
articles  in  dreams.  Even  Prof.  Hil- 
precht's  discovery,  in  a  dramatic  dream, 
of  the  sense  of  a  fragmentary  inscription 
on  a  cylinder  from  Nippur  is  quoted 
{pp.  90,  91).  Scott's  story  of  the  dream 
fo  Walker  of  Bowland  is  apparently 
alluded  to  in  a  note  ;  the  reference  is  to 
Hammond's  '  Sleep  and  its  Derangements,' 
and  it  is  perhaps  a  pity  that  almost  the 
same  tale  is  told  by  St.  Augustine.  But 
if  we  quote  the  story  (May,  1906)  of  a 
dreamer  who  lost  a  piece  of  jewellery,  and 
dreamed,  on  two  successive  nights,  that 
it  was  restored  to  her  by  a  girl  who  said 
that  her  mother  had  found  it  in  a  certain 
place,  the  dream  being  fulfilled  to  a  tittle 
on  the  earliest  possible  opportunity, 
would  Prof.  Jastrow  accept  the  evidence 
or  not  ?  This  dream  did  not  merely 
identify  the  place  (perhaps  subconsciously 
noted)  where  the  brooch  was  dropped,  but 
also  discovered  the  finder  of  the  brooch, 
her  messenger,  and  the  words  which  the 
messenger  spoke  when  restoring  the  jewel 
to  its  owner.  Thus  the  story  rather 
tends  to  "  discount  our  most  accredited 
psychological  currency,"  while  the  witness 
is  a  good  witness  in  all  respects. 

The  book  contains  the  familiar  stories 
of  "Felida  X.,"  "Louis  V.,"  "  Helene 
Smith,"  and  the  Rev.  Ansell  Bourne  (who 
happened  to  have  a  disintegrated  per- 
sonality, and  to  change  his  place  of  abode, 
on  the  day  when  he  drew  558  dollars  from 
his  bank).  We  also  have  the  tedious  case 
of  Miss  Beauchamp,  and  many  hallucina- 
tions which  possess  the  merit  of  not  being 
"  coincidental."  These  matters  are  fami- 
liar to  the  curious,  and  may  now  reach  a 
portion  of  the  public. 

The  style  is  pleasant,  and,  save  in  a  few 
passages  of  philosophizing,  lucid.  The 
Index  is  satisfactory.  What  we  do  not 
find  satisfactory  is  this  :  there  exists  a 
large  body  of  evidence,  confessedly  well 
recorded,  which  cannot  be  paid  for  in  the 
•currency  of  official  psychology,  while  that 
currency  defrays  the  expenses  of  other 
familiar  experiences.  Mr.  Myers's  theory  of 
the  part  of  the  subconscious  in  unfamiliar 
and  supernormal  experiences  may  be 
wrong — we  are  not  defending  it ;  but  its 
possible  errors  do  not  justify  other 
psychologists  in  setting  aside  a  large  and 


daily  increasing  body  of  evidence,  not  to 
be  explained  by  their  theories  Science 
usually  advances  by  the  examination  of 
facts  which  are  not  accounted  for  by  its 
hypotheses. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological.  — Oct.  3.  —  Mr.  F.  Merrifield , 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  A.  Hill  and  Mr.  E.  E. 
Bentall  were  elected  Fellows. — Commander  J.  J- 
Walker  exhibited  (a)  a  specimen  of  Calosoma 
syeophanta  taken  in  Denny  Wood,  New  Forest  ; 
{b)  Lygceus  equestris,  L. ,  found  in  the  Isle  of 
Sheppey  ;  (c)  Sitaris  muralis,  taken  near  Oxford 
by  Mr.  A.  H.  Hamm  ;  (d)  two  varieties  of  Vanessa 
urticoe  from  the  Isle  of  Sheppey;  (e)  a  male  variety 
of  Argynnis  adippe,  caught  at  Tubney,  Berks  ; 
(/)  a  slate-coloured  male  variety  of  Lyccena  icarus, 
taken  near  Chatham  ;  and  (g)  examples  of  a  black 
form  of  Strenia  clathra/a  occurring  at  Streatley, 
Berks — all  taken  this  year. — Mr.  G.  T.  Poiritt 
showed  a  series  of  Abraxas  grossidariata,  var. 
rarleyata,  bred  this  year. — Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett 
brought  for  exhibition  a  gynandromorphic  speci- 
men of  Anytrona  prunaria  and  a  male  specimen 
of  Fidonia  atomaria,  caught  at  Folkestone,  with 
six  wings. — Prof.  C.  Stewart  exhibited  a  remark- 
able exotic  larva  unnamed,  found  in  a  collec- 
tion of  specimens  received  at  the  College  of  Sur- 
geons. It  displayed  a  series  of  iridescent  spots 
about  the  spiracles. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  exhibited 
specimens  of  the  rare  dragonfly  Sympetrum  Jiareo- 
fum,  taken  near  Epping  in  August,  and  read  an 
account  of  their  capture. — Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey  ex- 
hibited specimens  of  Nychitona  medusa,  Cram., 
Pseudopontia  paradoxa,  Feld.,  Terias  senegalrnsis, 
Boisd.,  Leuceronia  pilaris,  Boisd. ,  L.  argia,  Fabr. , 
remarking  that  although  there  does  not  exist  any 
direct  evidence  that  the  members  of  the  genus 
Nychitona  are  distasteful,  their  habits  are  such 
as  to  suggest  this  mode  of  protection ;  and  there  is 
little  doubt  that  the}'  have  served  as  models  for 
other  insects. — Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donisthorpe  exhibited 
examples  of  the  rare  beetle  Dinarda  pygmcea, 
Wasm.,  with  our  other  three  species,  D.  hagensi, 
Wasm.,  D.  dentata,  Gr.,  and  D.  markeli,  Kies. , 
with  their  respective  hosts,  together  with  a  larva 
of  D.  dentata  sent  to  him  by  Father  Wasmann, 
and  a  larva  of  D.  pygmcaa  taken  by  himself  in 
Cornwall. — Dr.  Norman  Joy  showed  the  following 
species  of  Coleoptera  first  recognized  as  British  in 
190(3  :  (a)  Laccobius  sinuatus,  Mots.,  from  Lundy 
Island  and  Cambridgeshire  ;  (b)  Homalota  para- 
doxa, Rey. ,  taken  in  moles'  nests  in  Berks  and 
Devon  ;  (c)  Quedius  vexams,  Epp.,  and  its  larva, 
from  moles'  nests  in  Berks  ;  (d)  Euplectu* 
tomlini,  Joy,  from  a  starling's  nest  at  Bradfield, 
Berks;  (e)  Corticaria  crenicollis,  Mannh. ,  from 
Basildon,  Berks,  and  Epping ;  and  (/)  Cardio- 
phorus  erichxoni,  Buyss,  taken  on  Lundy  Island. 
He  also  exhibited  :  (a)  a  variety  of  Lathrobium 
elongatum,  L.,  from  South  Devon,  with  entirely 
black  elytra,  which  he  proposed  to  call  var.  nigra  : 
(b)  a  curious  dull  aberration  of  Apteropeda  globosa, 
111.  ;  (c)  Heterothop*  nigra,  Kr. ,  taken  in  moles' 
nests  ;  and  (d)  a  species  of  Gnathoncus  differing  in 
certain  characters  from  G.  rotundatus,  Kugel,  and 
occurring  almost  exclusively  in  birds'  nests. — Mr. 
L.  B.  Prout  showed  a  melanic  female  of  Acida&ia 
marginepunctata,  Goeze,  and  a  melanic  male  of 
A.  Ktibxericeata,  Haw.,  both  taken  in  North  Corn- 
wall this  summer,  together  with  the  typical  forms 
for  comparison  ;  also  a  dark  aberration  of  C'eno- 
nyrnpha  pamphilw,  L. ,  taken  in  the  same  district 
in  1903. — The  President  exhibited  a  scries  of 
Selenia  bilunaria,  drawing  attention  to  the  re- 
markable angulation  of  the  wings.  Mr.  Barrett 
lias  described  one  aberration  of  the  kind  in  Ncunia 
typica  as  most  extraordinary. — Mr.  H.  W.  South- 
combe  communicated  a  note  on  the  formation  of  a 
new  nest  by  Lasiue  ntger,  the  oommon  black  ant. 
— Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye  read  '  Some  Notes  on  the 
Dominant  Mullerian  Group  of  Butterfliea  from  the 
Potaro  River  District  of  British  Guiana,1 — Mr. 
G.  J.  Arrow  read  'A  Contribution  to  the  Classifica- 
tion of  the  Coleopterous  Family  PassalidaB.' 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 
Mox.     Sociological,  8.—'  The  Coming  Internationalism, 'Sir  T.  Barclay. 


§§tuntt  (Bossip. 

Mr.  Murray  announces  '  Researches  on 
Breast  Cancer  and  its  Operative  Treatment,' 
by  Mr.  W.  Sampson  Handley  ;  '  The  Garden 
Beautiful  :  Home  Woods,  Home  Landscape,' 
by  Mr.  W.  Robinson  ;  and  '  Tragedy  and 
Comedy  of  War  Hospitals,'  from  experiences 
during  the  Boer  War. 

The  collection  of  shells  of  British  Mollusca, 
comprising  about  5,600  specimens,  belong- 
ing to  the  late  Mr.  Richard  Rimmer,  has  been 
presented  to  the  National  History  Depart- 
ment of  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum, 
Edinburgh. 

The  death  of  Prof.  James  Finlayson,  a 
leading  Glasgow  physician  and  clinical 
teacher,  occurred  at  Glasgow  on  the  10th 
inst.  His  '  Clinical  Manual  '  is  a  well- 
known  text-book,  and  he  was  also  author 
of  '  An  Account  of  the  Life  and  Works  of 
Maister  Peter  Lowe,'  the  Founder  of  the 
Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Glasgow. 

Among  recent  Parliamentary  Papers  is 
(price  ].s.  Id.)  the  Annual  Report  of  Proceed- 
ings under  Acts  relating  to  Sea  Fisheries. 
It  deals  chiefly  with  the  detailed  statistics 
of  the  British  "  catch  "  in  1905,  bvit  contains 
a  chart  showing  the  field  of  operations  of  our 
trawlers,  by  depths.  This  illustrates  the 
further  complications  introduced  by  the 
metric  system  into  international  science. 
Our  nautical  mile  and  square  mile  are 
adopted  abroad,  and  retained  in  this  chart, 
while  the  continental  metre  is  chosen  for 
"  depths."  Thus  we  find  ourselves  further 
from  the  "  scientific  unity  "  for  which  "  Ky- 
noch's  "  sigh  than  we  were  when  depths  were 
still  in  fathoms,  and  need  not  yet  rewrite 
'  The  Tempest '  to  suit  Mr.  A.  Chamberlain. 
The  British  trawler  fishes  from  the  White 
Sea  to  Mogador,  and  visits  the  waters  of 
the  new  Russian  naval  port  in  the  Arctic 
regions  as  he  does  those  of  the  Sahara  coast, 
of  which  the  (perhaps  unwholesome)  fish 
are  attracting  the  attention  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  France. 


FINE   ARTS 


English  Seals.     By  the  Rev.  J.   Harvey 

Bloom.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Few  antiquarian  subjects  have  received 
more  intelligent  attention  in  our'dav  than 
that  of  ancient  English  seals.  At  the 
head  of  the  long  series  naturally  stands 
the  Great  or  Broad  Seal,  the  clavis  rcqni, 
with  its  romantic  and  minutely  chronicled 
story.  Other  important  groups  are  the 
seals  of  high  ecclesiastics,  barons,  knights, 
religious  houses,  ladies,  corporations. 

It  was  not,  however,  until  the  es- 
tablishment of  numerous  antiquarian 
societies,  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  that  these  most  important  and 
delicate  items  of  mediaeval  history  at- 
tracted special  attention,  and  -began  to 
be  properly  illustrated.  Sphragistic 
records  had  certainly  been  touched  upon 
from  time  to  time  in  the  Arc/i(zoIo</>a, 
and  in  county  histories  and  cognate 
works  of  the  old  style  during  the  preced- 
ing half  century  ;  but  the  writers  of  those 
days  were  ill  supported  by  the  en- 
gravers. When  bettor  times  came  fresh 
difficulties  were  encountered  by  students. 
The  isolated  papers  upon  English  seals 
were  buried  in  the  Transactions  of  anti- 
quarian societies,   and   the  disjointed  in- 


484 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


formation  upon  seals  of  many  classes 
increased  to  an  almost  bewildering  extent. 

In  1887  a  new  era  opened  with  the 
appearance  of  the  late  Mr.  A.  B.  Wyon's 
important  work  on  the  Great  Seals  of 
England,  admirably  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs of  plaster  casts.  At  the  same 
time  Mr.  St.  John  Hope,  following  one 
of  the  numerous  lines  of  research  initiated 
by  Mr.  Albert  Way,  turned  his  attention, 
with  his  usual  thoroughness,  to  the  seals 
of  English  bishops  ;  while  Dr.  de  Gray 
Birch  drew  up  with  infinite  labour  the 
official  catalogue  of  the  collection  of  seals 
at  the  British  Museum.  Of  this  work 
the  first  three  volumes  relate  to  England, 
and  deal  with  royal,  ecclesiastical,  mon- 
astic, equestrian,  and  heraldic  groups. 
In  1895  the  late  Mr.  LI.  Jewitt  and  Mr. 
Hope  published  '  Corporation  Plate  and 
Insignia,'  describing  every  seal,  and  illus- 
trating a  large  number  ;  and  in  1902  Mr. 
Gale  Pedric  made  himself  responsible  for 
the  borough  seals  of  the  Gothic  period. 

Thus  the  valuable  matter  had  accumu- 
lated and  been  made  use  of,  and  it  only 
demanded  the  services  of  a  thoroughly 
competent  antiquary — one  to  the  manner 
born — to  produce  a  comprehensive  hand- 
book upon  English  seals  from  such  excel- 
lent materials.  For  properly  dealing 
with  this  subject  many  qualifications  are 
indeed  necessary,  and  not  often  found  in 
the  same  person.  Such  an  antiquary 
should  have  heraldry,  armour,  costume 
(both  ecclesiastical  and  civil),  the  story 
of  mediaeval  sculpture,  and  the  course 
of  the  science  of  Gothic  architecture 
at  his  fingers'  ends,  and,  in  addition,  a 
knowledge  of  Latin  without  reproach. 
For  such  a  man  the  compilation  of  a 
handbook  of  seals  would  be  an  easy  and 
congenial  diversion.  We  ask  ourselves — 
or  rather  the  point  is  forced  upon  us  as 
we  read  through  this  book — if  Mr.  Bloom 
has  all  or  any  of  these  qualifications 
in  a  necessary  degree.  His  knowledge 
of  heraldry  is  not  large ;  with  costume, 
both  ecclesiastical  and  civil,  his  acquaint- 
ance is  superficial  ;  of  armour,  both  for 
man  and  horse,  he  knows  next  to  nothing ; 
and  his  Latin  is  often  faulty.  We  may 
nevertheless  at  once  congratulate  him  on 
having  his  book  illustrated  by  Mrs.  Con- 
stance Canning,  who  has  successfully 
caught  the  spirit  of  the  originals,  and 
generally  set  out  the  legends  with  accuracy 
— no  easy  task. 

'  English  Seals '  is  prefaced  by  the 
'  Story  of  the  Great  Seal '  by  another 
hand  —  a  compendious  version  of  Mr. 
Wyon's  book.  This  is  followed  by  Mr. 
Bloom's  chapter  on  '  Royal  Seals  of 
Dignity.'  The  two  together  should  have 
formed  a  sufficient  account,  but  Mr. 
Bloom  mars  his  work  by  misdescription. 
For  instance,  it  is  now  generally  recog- 
nized that  there  was  no  defensive  armour 
of  rings  sewn  on  leather,  the  conven- 
tion of  early  artists  for  mail  ;  we  greatly 
doubt  the  "  veil  of  mail  "  said  to  be  worn 
by  the  horse  on  the  reverse  of  the 
first  seal  of  Henry  II.,  and  we  ques- 
tion the  "  chin  straps  "  of  the  crown  on 
the  obverse  of  the  Great  Seal  of  William  II.; 
they  are  more  likely  to  be  the  strings  of 


the  coif — amiclus,  worn  after  the  anointing 
for  a  certain  number  of  days.  Henry  III. 's 
"  crown  of  triple  type "  sounds  like  a 
papal  tiara  ;  it  is  merely  the  usual  circlet 
of  the  time  with  fleurs-de-lis  at  intervals. 
"  Leggings  of  mail  "  is  not  part  of  the 
acknowledged  nomenclature  of  armour. 
"  Bardings,"  as  Mr.  Bloom  calls  them, 
are  not  the  textile  adornments  of  a  horse, 
which  in  fact  were  called  trappers ; 
bards  were  the  defensive  armour  worn  by 
the  animal.  As  Freeman  would  have 
said,  "  what  the  man  means  by  '  fleur  de 
lis  vieur  agneis,'  on  the  reverse  of  the 
fourth  seal  of  Edward  III.,  we  cannot  even 
guess."  Later,  Henry  VIII. 's  bases  are 
turned  into  a  "  petticoat-like  tabard  "  ; 
his  arched  crown  is  called  a  "  hooped 
crown  "  ;  and  it  is  difficult  to  recognize 
the  collar  of  the  Garter  in  the  odd  descrip- 
tion of  his  golden  bulla.  We  find  that 
Edward  VI. 's  helmet  has  "  flowered 
housings,"  and  that  the  horses  which 
bear  Mary  I.  and  Philip  exhibit,  not,  of 
course,  in  Mr.  Bloom's  archaeology, 
trappers  or  bards,  but  "  housings  "  also  ! 
Elizabeth  in  her  first  seal  wears  the  his- 
toric kirtle  and  surcoat  of  regality.  These, 
in  Mr.  Bloom's  peculiar  antiquarianism, 
become  "  a  skirt  and  polonaise,"  just  as 
if  she  had  stepped  out  of  a  Westbourne 
Grove  fashion  plate.  In  the  first  seal  of 
Charles  I.  the  back  of  the  horse's  neck  is 
covered  by  the  crinet,  recalling  the  expres- 
sion ';  a  tons  crins  " — with  flowing  mane 
and  tail — not  by  the  poitral,  which  pro- 
tected the  horse's  breast,  as  the  name 
implies. 

As  for  Mr.  Bloom's  Latin,  the  legends 
fare,  badly  under  his  amending  and  de- 
ciphering hand.  Two  examples  will 
suffice.  The  new  version  of  the  inscrip- 
tion on  the  seal  of  Thomas  Beauchamp, 
Earl  of  Warwick,  1343,  appears  as  a 
startling  example  of  classical  and  his- 
torical sagacity  ;  and  "  regnini  "  for 
reg-ivm  on  the  seal  of  absence  of 
Henry  VI.  is  sufficiently  surprising.  It 
is  much  to  be  regretted  that  an  un- 
fortunate illness  prevented  Mr.  Bloom 
from  properly  revising  his  work. 

Such  a  number  of  interesting  points 
arise  in  considering  the  Great  Seals  that 
a  notice  of  a  work  upon  them  might  easily 
be  prolonged  into  an  essay  on  eight 
centuries  of  English  art.  To  mention 
only  one  point,  important  evidence  upon 
ancient  royal  portraiture  is  furnished 
even  by  the  small  effigies  on  the  seals. 
For  instance,  the  seal  engraved  for  Ed- 
ward I.  gives  the  only  probable  likeness  in 
this  country  (except  the  more  or  less  con- 
ventional royal  heads  in  architecture  of 
his  time)  of  the  greatest  of  the  Plantagenets. 
The  seals  of  Edward  I.'s  father,  Henry  III., 
show  the  royal  face  in  its  development 
from  youth,  as  in  the  seal  by  Walter  de 
Ripa  of  1218,  to  that  of  1260  by  Torel, 
which  bears  a  marked  resemblance  to  the 
bronze  effigy  at  Westminster  by  the  same 
artist,  made,  as  the  record  states,  "  ad 
sirnilitudinem  regis  Henrici."  Further, 
as  to  portraiture,  the  fifth  seal  of  Edward 
IV.  is  an  important  item  ;  while  the  third 
of  Henry  VIII.,  the  first  of  the  late 
English  Renaissance,  is  so  characteristic 


and  truthful  that  the  work  may  be  from 
the  hand  of  Holbein  himself.  Such: 
matters  as  these  we  take  to  be  entirely 
outside  Mr.  Bloom's  range. 

The  chapter  on  the  Privy  Seals  of 
sovereigns  and  royal  courts  has  particular 
interest,  and  includes  the  somewhat 
scarce  signets.  This  brings  us  to  the 
important  section  on  the  seals  of  the  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  in  their  well-known 
and  mysterious  vesica  piscis  form.  The 
different  classes  are  set  forth,  and  much 
curious  and  relevant  matter  is  introduced, 
as,  for  instance,  the  words  of  the  service 
for  the  benediction  of  a  new  seal,  the  use 
in  early  times  of  antique  gems  engraved 
with  heathen  divinities  and  classical 
heroes,  and  the  adaptation  of  pagan 
designs  for  Christian  use.  The  employ- 
ment of  such  gems  in  seals  ended  with  the 
twelfth  century.  The  value  of  knowledge 
derived  from  illuminated  MSS.  and  monu- 
mental effigies,  for  realizing  the  changes 
in  form,  and  the  dates,  of  the  mitre  and 
the  ecclesiastical  vestments,  and  arriving 
at  the  dates  of  episcopal  seals,  need  hardly 
be  stated  here.  The  unbroken  series  of 
the  seals  of  the  archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury and  of  York,  the  latter  having  per- 
haps the  greater  interest,  are  certainly 
legacies  from  the  past  to  be  proud  of. 
Mr.  Bloom  wisely  adopts  Mr.  Hope's 
classification  in  types  of  these  records, 
the  seals  of  the  archiepiscopal  courts- 
being  also  treated.  As  with  the  Great 
SeaLs,  the  style  of  the  episcopal  "series 
changes  with  the  English  Renaissance, 
that  of  Wolsey  being  naturally  the  first 
example.  The  seals  of  the  bishops,  like 
those  of  the  archbishops,  have  their  types 
of  lettering  and  design,  all  of  which  are 
similarly  and  sufficiently  commented  on. 

The  seals  of  the  barons  of  the  realm,, 
more  than  those  of  any  class,  illustrate- 
in  extraordinary  number  the  fascinating 
study  of  heraldry,  and  the  attractive- 
characteristics  of  armour  and  costume. 
In  running  through  this  chapter  one  meets 
with  many  an  example  which  has  become 
familiar  to  antiquaries,  recalling  and  illus- 
trating the  picturesque  descriptions  in. 
those  precious  heraldic  textbooks,  the  early 
rolls  of  arms.  Mr.  Bloom  diversifies  the 
chapter  by  the  discovery  that  war 
horses  in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury were  clad  in  "a  flowing  foot-cloth  or 
barding." 

Allied  to  the  military  seals  are  those 
used  by  ladies,  the  former  being 
circular,  and  the  latter  resira-shaped, 
faithfully  exhibiting  the  graceful,  long, 
flowing  robes,  and  the  veiled  and  cauled 
varieties  of  head-dresses,  worn  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  wimple  until  its  final  disuse. 
We  note  that  the  butterfly  head-dress 
was  introduced,  not  in  the  middle  of  the 
thirteenth  centuty,  but  two  centuries 
later.  The  hawk  carried  by  a  lady  was 
not,  as  Mr.  Bloom  implies,  "  the  image 
of  war  without  its  guilt,"  but  the  dis- 
tinctive mark  of  gentility.  Another  poor 
dame  is  spoken  of  as  "  riding  side  saddle." 

The  seals  of  the  clergy  of  lower  rank, 
particularly  those  of  archdeacons,  have 
interest  by  reason  of  their  rarity  ;  and 
the  abundant  series  of  those  of   knights 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


485 


and  squires  have  the  greatest  value  in 
building  up  and  solidifying  pedigrees, 
and  in  ballasting  the  daring  flights 
of  the  Elizabethan  heralds.  Like  the 
seals  of  the  barons  and  ladies,  they  have- 
high  value  from  their  heraldic,  archi- 
tectural, and  other  details.  It  is  melan- 
choly to  reflect  how  little  of  the  same 
trustworthy  evidence  will  be  transmitted 
from  the  present  age  to  futurity.  Mr. 
Bloom  is,  of  course,  wrong  in  saying  that 
<dimidiation  was  not  practised  until  the 
fourteenth  century.  It  was  already 
almost  at  an  end  in  1300  ;  and  as  to  crests, 
■we  must  declare,  in  spite  of  Mr.  Bloom, 
that  they  were  in  use  long  before  1310. 
Apart  from  the  isolated  case  of  Richard  I., 
they  appear,  for  instance,  on  the  seal  of 
Thomas  of  Lancaster,  son  of  Crouchback, 
beheaded  1321  :  on  the  tomb  of  Aymer 
•de  Valence,  1323  ;  while  continental  ex- 
amples of  the  first  quarter  of  the  century 
abound. 

Passing  over  the  seals  of  private  gentle- 
men,  we  come  to  those  of  religious  houses. 
All  convents  used  seals  by  reason  of  the 
sensible  law  of  Edward  I.  and  they  could 
do  no  legal  business  without  employing 
them.  The  seals  of  cathedrals  and  their 
chapters  have  been  grouped  in  five  classes  ; 
they  are  followed  by  those  of  '  Peculiar 
Jurisdictions,'  of  which  a  late  foundation 
is  that  of  Charles  the  Martyr,  1665.  The 
chapter  on  the  seals  of  corporations  natu- 
rally touches  upon  many  points  of  interest, 
military  architecture  and  crenellated  walls 
being  conspicuous  among  them.  Those  of 
universities  and  public  institutions  com- 
plete the  lengthy  array. 

It  is,  perhaps,  a  rash  thing  to  ask,  as 
Mr.  Bloom  does,  for  corrections,  and  we 
have  been  moved,  while  accepting  the 
challenge,  to  call  attention,  out  of 
humanity,  to  only  a  small  proportion  of 
his  errors.  The  request  has,  however, 
made  our  criticism  easier,  and  emboldens 
us  further  to  express  our  regret  that  so 
good  a  subject  as  English  seals  should 
have  been  inadequately  treated. 


EXPOSITION    D'CEUVRES    D'ART    DU 

XVIII.    STECLE. 

In  organizing  this  exhibition  the  autho- 
rities of  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  avow 
they  had  in  view  "  un  but  d'education  et  de 
■curiosite,"  and  this  object  has  been  attained  ; 
works  by  the  finest  British  engravers  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  hang 
side  by  side  with  examples  of  French 
methods — of  aquatint,  of  stipple,  and, 
especially,  of  rare  engravings  printed  in 
colour,  affording  a  contrast  at  once  instructive 
and  attractive.  With  proofs  "  in  the  English 
manner,"  of  a  beauty  which  the  compilers 
of  the  catalogue  appreciatively  term  "  olym- 
pienne  et  majestueuse,"  are  shown  examples 
by  Debucourt,  Janinet,  and  others  which, 
although  some  may  seem  trivial  and  frivolous, 
are  instinct  with  the  spirit  of  the  period  they 
depict  so  vividly.  Exigencies  of  space  in  the 
Rue  Vivienne  precluding  an  exhibition  of  oil 
paintings  showing  sources  of  the  inspiration 
of  the  engravers,  recourse  was  had  to  a 
collection  of  miniatures  and  gouaches  for 
the  same  purpose.  Moreover,  to  these  fine 
English  mezzotints,  these  piquant  French 
•colour-prints,  and  these  eighteenth-century 


miniatures,  were  added  medals  and  "  biscuits 
de  Sevres."  The  magnitude  of  such  a  col- 
lection, numbering  over  a  thousand  examples, 
makes  it  impossible  in  the  space  at  my  dis- 
posal to  deal  with  it  in  detail,  and  I  shall 
confine  my  remarks  to  the  miniatures,  which 
alone  number  more  than  six  hundred,  many 
of  them  of  remarkable  quality. 

With  a  few  notable  exceptions  of  English 
work,  these  miniatures  are  all  French,  and 
the  high  and  even  standard  is  extra- 
ordinary. The  exhibition  comprises  nearly 
fifty  pieces  by  Hall,  more  than  that 
number  by  Isabey,  between  twenty  and 
thirty  by  Dumont,  and  nearly  fifty  by 
Augustin,  to  say  nothing  of  Fragonard, 
Sicardi,  and  some  sixty  others  :  this 
mere  summary  should  give  an  idea  of 
its  interest  and  importance.  Opinions  may 
differ  as  to  the  relative  charm  of  the  French 
and  English  schools  of  miniature  painting, 
and  some  claim  for  English  art  greater  variety 
of  subject  and  freshness  of  treatment.  At 
first  sight  many  of  the  works  exhibited  may 
seem  much  of  one  pattern,  due  doubtless  to 
their  belonging  to  one  half-century,  and  to 
the  artists  being  of  one  nationality  ;  but 
the  minute  and  delicate  finish  of  the  work 
shown  here  must  be  allowed  by  all  ;  it 
amply  vindicates  the  claim  of  France  to 
possess  miniature  painters  of  the  highest 
excellence.  There  are  but  very  few  English 
miniatures  beyond  some  twenty  or  more 
representative  pieces  contributed  by  Mr. 
Pierpont  Morgan,  and  the  five  typical 
Cosways  of  George,  Prince  of  Wales,  his 
brothers  and  sisters,  lent  by  Mr.  E.  M. 
Hodgkins.  It  is  interesting  to  contrast  the 
very  different  handling  revealed  by  these 
with  the  smoothness  of  that  tour  de  force  by 
Isabey,  a  group  of  the  children  of  Joachim 
Mvirat  and  Caroline  of  Naples.  This  truly 
magnificent  piece,  the  we  plus  ultra  of  finish, 
and  of  an  indescribable  brilliancy,  shows  the 
power  of  the  artist,  and  fully  accounts  for 
the  favour  accorded  him  by  the  Bonapartes, 
the  whole  family  of  whom  he  painted.  He 
afterwards  worked  for  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton and  the  allied  sovereigns.  Another 
noteworthy  example,  highly  characteristic 
in  various  ways,  is  Isabey's  portrait  of  the 
King  of  Rome  when  only  ten  days  old. 
The  infant,  who  looks  a  year  old  at  least, 
lies  with  his  head  in  a  casque  ;  his  tiny 
right  hand  grasps  a  sword,  and  over  his  head 
already  there  hang  flags  and  laurel  wreaths. 
This  belongs  to  Madame  Rolle,  who  con- 
tributes over  thirty  other  Isabeys  which 
would  constitute  an  exhibition  in  themselves. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  the  works  by 
that  great  artist  P.  A.  Hall  here  shown.  He, 
though  of  Swedish  birth,  personifies  the 
French  school  of  miniature  painting  of  the 
period,  and  is  unsvirpassed  by  any  artist 
of  his  time  and  method.  Of  his  works  the 
most  remarkable,  perhaps,  is  a  piece  belong- 
ing to  Madame  C.  de  Poles,  inscribed  on  the 
back  in  Swedish  "  Queen  Louisa  of  Prussia  "; 
but  it  is  more  likely  to  be,  some  think,  Mile. 
Dugazon  ;  at  any  rate,  the  lady  is  obviously 
French.  This  miniature  fetched  at  the 
Miilbacher  sale  the  sensational  price  of 
sixty  thousand  francs.  One  does  not  know 
which  to  admire  most — the  dexterity  of  the 
work  on  the  background  and  accessories, 
the  elegance  of  the  figure,  or  the  refinement 
of  the  features  of  this  dainty  lady,  who, 
seated  in  a  park,  with  her  left  hand  on  a 
vase,  turns  her  charming  face  to  the  spectator. 
There  are  many  more  examples  by  this 
master,  less  important  in  scale,  yet  hardly 
less  delightful,  but  I  must  not  dwell  upon 
them.  Nor  can  1  do  more  than  mention 
the  numerous  Augustins  (of  whose  work 
MM.  de  Coincy  contribute  notable  examples, 
many  of  them  direct  from  the  artist,  and 
hardly    known)  ;      Mosnier,    the    Roslin    of 


miniature  painters,  as  the  late  and  much 
regretted  M.  Bouchot  called  him  ;  Dumont, 
with  his  sober  style,  but  exquisite  finish  ; 
and  Perin,  the  pupil  of  Sicardi,  whose 
delicate  flesh-tints  he  rivals. 

I  must  not  omit  a  deeply  interesting 
portrait  of  Constance  Mayer  by  P.  P. 
Prud'hon  ;  also  a  rarity  in  the  shape  of  an 
authenticated  miniature  by  Greuze  ;  and 
delightful  gouaches  by  Nicolas  Lanfrensen  ; 
a  Swedish  artist  like  Hall,  and  better  known 
in  the  city  of  his  adoption  as  Lavreince. 
The  last-named  works  give  us  the  very 
quintessence  of  la  vie  intime  of  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  Among  the  sixty 
and  more  miniaturists  represented  here,  at 
least  a  score  are  hardly  known,  even  by  name, 
yet  their  work  excites  admiration  as  well  as 
curiosity,  and  demonstrates,  once  for  all, 
the  transcendent  ability  of  many  of  the 
French  miniature  painters  of  the  period. 

J.  J.  Foster. 


THE  NEWEST  LIGHT  ON  REMBRANDT. 

University  of  Edinburgh. 

Ael  students  of  Rembrandt  welcomed 
the  publication,  early  in  the  present  year, 
of  documents  concerning  that  artist 
edited  by  Dr.  C.  Hofstede  de  Groot  for 
the  series  "  Quellenstudien  zur  Holland- 
ischen  Kunstgeschichte."  This  publication 
was  soon  after  followed  by  that  of  a  Supple- 
ment, edited  this  time,  not  by  Dr.  de  Groot 
himself,  but  by  M.  C.  Visser.  In  the 
preface  to  the  Supplement  attention  is 
called  to  the  fact  that  the  issue  of  a  body  of 
documents  such  as  the  '  Urkunden  uber 
Rembrandt '  is  generally  the  means  of  bring- 
ing to  light  other  pieces  of  evidence  of  the 
same  kind,  and  that  in  this  case  new  docu- 
ments, which  had  eluded  the  sagacity  of 
previous  searchers,  or  had  just  been  revealed 
by  a  happy  clmnce,  were  now  available. 
These  documents  were,  in  the  absence 
abroad  of  Dr.  Hofstede  de  Groot,  at  once 
published  in  order  to  be  in  time  for  the 
Rembrandt  celebrations  of  July,  1906. 

Gratitude  is  hardly  the  word  that  describes 
the  feelings  with  which  Rembrandt  students 
hailed  the  fresh  light  thus  apparently 
thrown  on  the  master's  career.  There 
are  only  twelve  pieces  in  the  Supplement, 
but  six  of  them  at  first  sight  supply 
convincing  bits  of  evidence,  each  of 
which  clears  up  some  long-standing  diffi- 
culty in  Rembrandt's  life.  There  is  the 
original  dated  receipt  signed  by  Pieter  Last- 
man  for  the  six  months'  schooling  he  gave 
to  the  youthful  Van  Rijn,  thus  fixing  the 
beginning  of  the  latter's  independent  career  ; 
there  is  a  favourable  criticism  passed  by 
Rubens  in  1 627  on  a  picture  by  Rembrandt  ; 
there  is  the  inventory  of  the  contents  of  the 
three  chambers  in  Rembrandt's  house  on  the 
Rozcngracht,  full  of  "  pictures,  drawings, 
rarities,  antiques,  &c,"  that,  as  we  know 
from  a  previously  published  document,  were 
sealed  up  at  the  master's  death — an  inventory 
that  seems  to  tell  us  a  world  of  things  that 
we  wanted  to  know;  there  is  an  English  quo- 
tation from  the  account  of  a  tour  in  Holland 
written  by  William  Montague  at  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  which  almost 
settles  the  vexed  question  whether  or  not 
'  The  Night  Watch  '  has  been  cut  down  ; 
there  is  a  letter  from  the  nrtist  showing  that 
he  was  laid  up  with  a  bad  leg  in  Amsterdam 
at  the  very  time  of  his  supposed  stay  in 
England  ;  and  finally  there  is  given  in  fac- 
simile part  of  a  page  of  Orlers's  '  Descrip- 
tion of  Ley  den,'  with  most  important  MS. 
corrections  in  the  margin  from  the  hand  of 
Hoogeveen,  Secretary  of  Leyden,  to  whom 
the  copy  had  belonged.     This  copy  is  stated 


486 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20.  1906 


to  be  in  the  British  Museum,  "  No.  612, 
m.  8." 

As  I  had  had  occasion  recently  to  refer 
to  the  only  copy  of  this  edition  of  Orlers  in 
the  British  Museum  Catalogue,  and  had 
noticed  therein  no  MS.  corrections,  I  have 
tried  to  obtain  the  annotated  copy  ;  but 
there  is  no  trace  of  it  to  be  fovind  in  any  of 
the  Museum  departments,  the  press-mark 
given  being  that  of  a  different  work. 
On  endeavouring  to  verify  the  quotation 
from  Montague's  '  Delights  of  Holland,' 
I  am  equally  baffled.  The  refei'enoe  given 
in  the  Supplement  is  to  "2d  ed.  1697."'  The 
book  was  published  in  1696,  and  a  search 
for  traces  of  any  second  edition  has  been 
fruitless.  Both  Lowndes  and  Hazlitt 
mention  the  edition  of  1696,  but  give 
no  hint  of  a  second.  There  is  no  trace 
in  the  only  copy  in  the  British  Museum 
of  the  passage  quoted  in  the  Supple- 
ment. Furthermore,  Montague  expressly 
tells  us  that  he  returned  from  Hol- 
land to  England  on  November  19th,  1695, 
after  an  absence  of  three  months  and  five 
days  ;  whereas  the  quotation  makes  him 
say  that  he  saw  Rembrandt's  picture  at 
Amsterdam  on  "April  the  first " — a  date, 
if  not  authentic,  at  any  rate  well  chosen. 
The  quotation  about  Rubens's  praise  of 
Rembrandt  purports  to  be  from  Sandrart's 
'  Autobiography.'  I  can  find  no  trace  of 
such  a  piece  of  writing,  and  we  are  expressly 
told  in  the  biographical  notice  subjoined 
to  '  Die  Teutsche  Academie  '  that  Sandrart 
would  not  write  his  own  life,  lest  he  should 
seem  wanting  in  modesty.  There  is,  how- 
ever, an  autobiographical  passage  in  the 
text  of  his  work  which  describes  how 
Rubens  came  to  visit  Honthorst  at  Utrecht 
when  Sandrart  was  a  stttdent  under  the 
latter,  and  how  Rubens  noticed  a  picture 
of  his  with  approval,  which  led  to  Hon- 
thorst assigning  the  youthful  Sandrart  to 
Rubens  as  his  companion  in  a  short  tour 
among  the  artistic  treasures  of  the  land. 
Nov/  the  passage  in  the  Supplement  purports 
to  be  an  account  by  Sandrart  of  a  visit  paid 
by  Rubens  and  himself  to  Constantin 
Huygens  at  the  Hague,  when  the  former 
noticed  with  approval  a  certain  picture  of 
Balaam  and  his  ass.  and  was  told  by  Huy- 
gens that  it  was  the  work  of  "  a  simple 
miller's  son  at  Leyden."  It  is  curious  that 
whole  sentences  in  this  account  agree  ver- 
batim with  the  genuine  text  of  Sandrart 
in  the  passage  where  Rubens  notices  one  of 
the  writer's  own  works.  In  the  Supplement 
the  visit  to  the  Hague  is  dated  August  9th, 
but  Rubens  is  known  to  have  been  back  in 
Antwerp  on  August  6th. 

In  view  of  the  above  facts  it  would  bo 
well  for  students  of  Rembrandt  to  exercise 
a  little  caution  in  the  use  they  make  of  the 
appetizing  documents  served  up  in  this 
Supplement  to  the  '  Urkunden  fiber  Rem- 
brandt.9 It  is  only  an  '  Erstes  Supple- 
ment,' and  we  may  be  in  danger  of  some 
more  documents  of  the  same  order,  which 
will  settle  in  similar  fashion  some  of 
the  other  outstanding  difficulties  about 
the  master's  life  and  work.  The  Lastman 
receipt  was  "  found  between  some  loose 
papers  "  of  a  certain  notary  in  Leyden  ; 
the  Rembrandt  letter  about  his  bad  leg  is 
printed  from  a  "  recently  found  original  "  ; 
the  highly  interesting  '  Inventory'  is  in  the 
possession  of  a  descendant  of  the  notary 
Jacobus  Wencke."  We  have,  I  venture  to 
think,  a  right  to  ask  whether  thes(    originals 

have  been  properly  scrutinized,  and  whether 
their  history   lias   been   investigated  ;    and 

aviso  to  ask  if    the  editors  of  the  '  Crkunden  ' 

will  kindly  supply  exact   references  to  the 

printed  sources  of  the  quotations,  which  do 
not  see:n  easy  to  verify.  The  subject  is  one 
of  so  much  interest  that  it  is  right  attention 


should  be  directed  to  it,  and  it  may  be  added 
that  the  standard  of  accuracy  in  publica- 
tions like  the  "  Quellenstudien  "  is  now 
such  a  high  one,  that  any  suspicion  cast  on 
any  part  of  such  a  publication  should  be 
at  once  investigated. 

G.  Baldwin    Brown. 


HENRI    BOUCHOT. 

The  sudden  death,  in  Paris,  of  M.  Henri 
Bouchot  removes  one  who  possessed  in  a 
high  degree  the  capacity  for  taking  pains. 
Although  M.  Bouchot  had  long  been  writing 
books  it  was  only  lately  that  he  was 
deservedly  recognized  as  one  of  the  greatest 
authorities  on  early  French  painters  and 
miniaturists. 

M.  Bouchot  was  born  in  1849,  in  Franche- 
Comte,  and  studied  at  the  6cole  des 
Chartes.  He  obtained  an  appointment  in 
the  Print  Department  of  the  Bibliotheque 
Nationale,  of  which  he  eventually  became 
the  Conservateur.  One  of  his  earliest  publi- 
cations was  a  volume  of  '  Contes  Francs- 
Comtois.'  In  1886  he  published  a  brilliantly 
written  and  learned  little  treatise  on  '  Le 
Livre  :  L'Ulustration  :  La  Reliure,'  which 
was  translated  into  English  by  the  late  Mr. 
E.C.  Bigmore  under  the  title  of  '  The  Printed 
Book,'  and  of  this  translation  an  enlarged 
edition,  with  mimerous  illustrations,  was 
issued  by  Mr.  Grevel  in  1890. 

In  1891  the  Paris  publisher  Rouveyre 
projected  a  series  of  monographs  on  bookish 
subjects.  The  whole  of  the  series,  if  I  am 
not  mistaken,  was  written  by  M.  Bouchot 
— '  Des  Livres  Modernes,'  '  Les  Ex-Libris,' 
'  La  Reliure,'  and  two  others  dealing  with 
'  Les  Livres  a  Vignettes  '  from  the  fifteenth 
century  to  the  nineteenth.  In  1892  Bouchot 
began  to  publish  books  on  art  subjects  with 
a  monograph  on  '  Les  Clouet  et  Corneille  de 
Lyon,'  which  appeared  in  "  Les  Artistes 
Celebres,"  and  also  undertook  another 
volume  on  Debucourt  for  the  same  series. 
In  1893  he  published  a  large  book  on  '  Le 
Luxe  Francais  :  La  Restauration,'  and  in 
1895  a  monograph  on  lithography.  His 
guide  to  and  catalogue  of  the  Cabinet  des 
Estampes,  a  substantial  volume  of  400  pages, 
published  in  1896,  is  a  model  of  its  kind. 
His  other  works  include  an  '  Inventaire  des 
Dessins  executes  pour  Roger  de  Gaignieres,' 
in  two  volumes,  1891  ;  monographs  on 
Callot  and  Gutenberg  ;  a  finely  illustrated 
volume  dealing  with  "  L'Epopee  du  Costume 
Militaire  Francais,'  and  '  La  Femme  Anglaise 
et  ses  Peintres,'  1903. 

It  was  not,  however,  until  1904  that  M. 
Bouchot's  profound  knowledge  became  gene- 
rally recognized,  and  it  was  largely  owing 
to  his  wide  learning  and  energy  that  the 
Exposition  des  Primitifs  Francais  at  the 
Louvre  in  April-July  of  that  year  was 
an  unqualified  success.  The  greater  portion 
of  the  exhaustive  catalogue  was  the  work 
of  M.  Bouchot.  He  repudiated  with  success 
the  theory  that  early  French  art  was 
a  mere  offshoot  of  Italian  and  Flemish 
influence.  After  the  exhibition  he  pub- 
lished a  folio  volume  with  100  plates  in 
heliogravure  of  the  more  remarkable  pictures, 
each  being  accompanied  by  a  notice  from 
his  pen. 

The  success  of  the  Exposition  d'CEuvres 
d'Art  du  XVI II.  Sieele,  held  at  the  Biblio- 
theque Nationale,  was  also  largely  due  to 
M.  Bouchot,  and  his  wide  knowledge  is 
evident  throughout  the  catalogue.  There 
was  one  subject,  however,  which  i\l.  Bouchot 
could  not  master,  namely,  English  proper 
names.  M.  Bouchot  was  elected  to  the 
Academie   des    Beaux-Arts   in    1904. 

W.  Roberts. 


Jfitu-^rt  (gossip. 


To-day  is  the  private  view  at  the  New 
Dudley  Gallery  of  an  exhibition  of  oil- 
tempera  and  pastel  pictures  by  Mr.  Edgar 
Wills. 

The  Fine- Art  Society  has  opened  two 
exhibitions  :  one  of  engravings  after  Rem- 
brandt, and  the  second  of  pastels  by  Mr.. 
Frank  Dean  and  Mr.  T.  W.  Hammond. 

Raphael  will  be  the  subject  of  the  Slade 
Professor's  lectures  at  Oxford  this  term,, 
and  the  lectures,  which  begin  next  Wednes- 
day, will  be  illustrated  by  lantern-slides, 
chiefly  from  the  drawings  in  the  University 
Galleries.  The  Oxford  collection  of  draw- 
ings by  Raphael  and  Michelangelo  is  among 
the  finest  in  the  world,  and  in  the  case  of 
Raphael  it  is  specially  rich  in  drawings  of 
the  master's  early  period. 

The  private  view  of  the  collection  of 
works  by  the  late  Archibald  Stuart  Wortley 
took  place  yesterday  at  the  Grafton  Galleries. 

On  the  same  day  we  were  invited  to  the 
autumn  exhibition  of  sketches  and  pictures 
at  the  Modern  Gallery. 

Mr.  Jack  B.  Yeats  has  been  holding  an 
exhibition  of  his  work  in  the  Leinster  Hall,. 
Dublin.  The  sketches  of  life  in  the  West  of' 
Ireland  were  characteristic  both  of  the  place 
and  the  people.  Most  of  Mr.  Yeats's  work 
is  in  line  and  wash  and  water  colour  ;  but 
he  also  showed  some  black-and-white  draw- 
ings which  were  full  of  vitality. 

"An  Officer  of  Arms  "  writes  to  us  in 
respect  of  our  notice  of  '  The  Episcopal 
Arms  of  England  and  Wales'  (Sept.  8th): — 

"The  whole  of  the  arms  in  the  hook  in  question- 
are  recorded  and  officially  recognized,  but — as  is. 
the  ease  with  most  ancient  coats  of  arms — no 
official  'blazon,'  i.e.,  written  description,  of  many 
of  them  occurs,  and  it  is  to  these  descriptions,  and 
not  to  the  arms  themselves,  that  the  words  'official'' 
or  '  unofficial'  apply." 

Mr.  W.  B.  Paterson  has  on  view  at  5, 
Old  Bond  Street,  a  collection  of  pictures  by 
the  late  W.  Evelyn  Osborn. 

An  exhibition  of  drawings,  prints,  &c.,. 
illustrative  of  Old  London  and  Old  London 
life  was  opened  on  Thursday  at  the  Passmore 
Edwards  South  London  Art  Gallery,  Camber- 
well,  by  the  Chairman  of  the  London  County 
Council. 

A  collection  of  paintings  by  Mrs.  Mary 
McEvoy  will  be  opened  at  the  CheniE 
Gallery,  Chelsea,  early  next  month. 


MUSIC 


THOMAS,    ARCHBISHOP    OF 
CANTERBURY. 

British  Museum,  October  15, 1906. 
In  the  notice  in  your  last  week's  issue  of 
the  first  volume  of  Dr.  Lederer's  fanciful 
essay  on  the  origin  of  polyphony,  your 
critic  has  been  at  some  pains  to  show 
that  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  referred 
to  in  the  hymn  beginning  "  Carbunculus 
ignitus  lilie  "  (as  printed  by  me  from 
the  Old  Hall  MS.)  may  have  been  Thomas 
Bourchier,  and  not  Thomas  Arundel,  as 
supposed  by  Dr.  Lederor.  1  must  confess 
that  1  am  filled  with  remorse  at  my  omission 
to  point  out  that  the  hymn  in  question 
has  nothing  to  do  with  either  Arundel  or 
Bourchier,  but  is  clearly  addressed  to  St. 
Thomas  Beeket.  1  had  imagined  that  the 
very    first    line,    with    its    reference    to    the 

"  Regale  <>f   France,"   the  great,  carbuncle 

(Or  diamond)  given  to  the  martyred  arch- 
bishop's shrine  by  Louis  VII.,  made  the 
matter     clear;       but     evidently     I     should 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


487 


have  devoted  a  note  to  explaining  the  allu- 
sions in  the  text.  As  your  critic  rightly 
points  out,  Dr.  Lederer's  Latin  translations 
are  exaggerated,  and  his  work  is  full  of 
suppositions  of  various  kinds.  Both  the 
author  and  his  critic,  however,  apparently 
agree  in  thinking  that  I  was  wrong  in 
ascribing  two  numbers  in  the  Old  Hall  MS. 
headed  "  Roy  Henry  "  to  Henry  VI.,  on  the 
ground  that  the  word  "  roy  "  points  to 
Henry  V.  as  being  the  composer,  and  not 
to  his  son.  This  argument  I  am  entirely 
unable  to  follow,  and  I  should  be  glad  to 
know  why  the  French  word  is  more  applic- 
able to  the  earlier  king  than  to  his  successor. 
May  I  also  point  out  that  the  "  so-called  " 
Trent  manuscripts  derive  their  name  from 
the  fact  that  for  several  hundred  years  they 
were  preserved  in  the  Chapter  Library  at 
Trent,  whence  they  were  removed  a  few 
years  ago  to  Vienna  ?  They  are  not  "  now 
at  Vienna,  Modena,  and  Bologna,"  though 
the  libraries  of  the  two  last-named  towns 
contain  MSS.  of  equal  importance  for  the 
history  of  early  English  music. 

Wm.  Barclay  Squirt:. 


J&usiral  Ginssip. 

At  Covent  Garden  last  Thursday  week 
Signor  Carpi,  from  Milan,  made  a  promising 
debut  as  the  Duke  in  '  Rigoletto.'  His 
voice,  though  not  powerful,  is  of  good 
quality,  and  he  sings  with  much  taste.  He 
is  young  and  promising. 

'  La  Tosca  '  was  performed  on  Saturday 
evening.  Madame  Giachetti  claimed  in- 
dulgence of  the  audience,  but  she  scarcely 
needed  it  ;  she  sang  well,  and  her  acting  in 
the  second  act  was  very  powerful.  Signor 
Zenatello's  impersonation  of  Cavaradossi 
proved  highly  satisfactory. 

Gounod's  '  Faust '  was  given  on  Monday 
evening.  Of  Madame  Melba  as  Margherita 
there  is  no  need  to  speak.  Signor  Zenatello 
as  Faust  was  not  at  his  best  in  his  singing, 
acting,  nor  even  in  his  costume.  Mr.  Percy 
Pitt  conducted  intelligently,  but  at  times 
with  a  certain  hesitation,  as  if  he  were  follow- 
ing rather  than  guiding  the  singers. 

At  the  performance  of  '  Aida  '  on  Wednes- 
day evening  Signora  Scalar  from  the  Hague 
made  a  successful  debut  in  the  title-role : 
her  voice  is  clear  and  powerful,  and  she  is 
an  accomplished  singer.  Another  new- 
comer was  Signor  Franceschini,  a  robust 
tenor,  who  sang  the  music  of  Radames 
with  skill  and  effect. 

Sibelius's  tone-poem  '  Finlandia '  was 
played  in  London  for  the  first  time  at  last 
Saturday's  Promenade  Concert.  The  music 
sounds  as  if  it  were  based  on  national  folk- 
melodies,  but  Mrs.  Rosa  Newmarch  states 
that  all  of  it  is  his  own.  It  is  spontaneous, 
and  of  truly  romantic  character.  The  per- 
formance under  Mr.  H.  J.  Wood  was  excellent. 

Master  Pkpito  Arriola,  nine  years  of 
age,  made  his  first  and  only  appearance  this 
season  last  Sunday  afternoon  at  the  Albert 
Hall,  with  the  London  Symphony  Orchestra 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen.  The 
boy,  of  Spanish  birth,  is  wonderfully  gifted 
— indeed  of  all  the  prodigy  pianists  who  have 
been  heard  in  London  the  most  gifted.  He 
played  Beethoven's  Concerto  in  c  minor,  and 
that  is  a  task  by  no  means  easy.  Arriola's 
technique  is  excellent,  his  touch  beautiful, 
and  he  interpreted  the  music  with  rare  under- 
standing and  genuine  feeling.  We  are  glad 
to  learn  that  he  is  to  continue  quietly  study- 
ing, and  for  some  time  will  only  occasionally 
appear  in  public. 

The  first  recital  given  by  Sefur  Sarasate 
at  Bechstein  Hall  last  Saturday  was  a  great 


success.  The  hall  was  crowded.  The 
violinist  displayed  marked  skill  and  inimit- 
able charm.  Senor  Carlos  Sobrino  was 
excellent  both  as  accompanist  and  as  solo 
pianist. 

The  first  of  the  fifth  series  of  the  Broad- 
wood  Concerts  at  the  ^Eolian  Hall  will  take 
place  next  Thursday  evening.  The  an- 
nouncements, both  as  regards  works  and 
performers,  give  promise  of  a  most  interest- 
ing season. 

A  mural  brass  tablet,  erected  by  the 
London  section  of  the  Incorporated  Society 
of  Musicians,  in  memory  of  John  Worgan, 
Mus.  Doc.  Cantab.,  was  unveiled  on  Saturday 
last  by  the  Bishop  of  Islington  at  the  church 
of  St.  Andrew  Undershaft.  John  Worgan, 
born  in  1724,  was  organist  there  from  1749 
to  1790,  and  was  buried  within  its  precincts 
in  the  latter  year.  He  was  celebrated  as 
performer  both  on  the  crgan  and  on  the 
harpsichord.  He  studied  under  Rosein- 
grave  ;  hence  his  enthusiasm  for  the  music 
of  Domenico  Scarlatti,  of  which  he  was  an 
excellent  interpreter.  On  August  18th, 
1752,  he  received  a  Royal  licence  for  "  the 
sole  printing  and  vending  "  of  his  own  com- 
positions and  some  sonatas  sent  to  him  by 
Scarlatti  from  Madrid.  These  appeared 
under  the  title  '  Libro  di  XII.  Sonatas.' 
The  names  of  both  Worgan  and  his  teacher 
Roseingrave  are  on  the  list  of  subscribers 
to  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Distressed 
Musicians  issued  in  1738,  the  year  of  its 
establishment ;  and  at  the  head  of  that  list 
stands  the  name  of  Handel. 

Jean  Henri  Ravina,  a  composer  and 
pianist  of  some  note  during  the  first  half  of 
last  century,  died  at  the  beginning  of  the 
month  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-nine.  His 
light  pianoforte  music  is  now  forgotten. 
One  work  of  his,  however,  deserves  note  : 
the  arrangement  of  all  the  Beethoven 
symphonies  for  four  hands.  It  is  curious 
that  in  both  the  Fetis  and  Mendel  dic- 
tionaries Ravina  is  said  to  have  died  at  Paris 
in  1S62. 


Wed. 
Tin  ii 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert,  S.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

-Fiu.    Promenade  Concerts,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Mabel  Lander's  Pianoforte  Hecital,  :i,  Bechstein  Hall. 

M.  de  Barincourt's  Violin  Hecital,  H.l.">,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Mrs.  K.  Brooks  Wood's  Vocal  Hecital.  :;,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Messrs.    Crickboom   and    Fairbanks's   Violin   and    Pianoforte 
Recital.  3,  I'.cclistein  Hall. 

Messrs.  Catterall  and  Petrie  s  Violin  and  Pianoforte  Recital, 
N.l.-..  Stcinway  Hall. 

Nora  Clench  Ojiartet,  8.30.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mr.  Spieriiof's  Violin  Recital.  8.30,  .F.olian  Hall. 

Italian  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Mr.  Geoffrey  Besant's  Chamber  Concert,  8.30,  Stcinway  Hall. 

Italian  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 
.  Madame  Fromm's  Concert,  3,  .F.olian  Hall. 

Madame  Alma  Haas's  Pianoforte  Hecital.  :!,  Stcinway  Hall. 

Mr.  Ernest  Sharp's  Sons  Recital.  ::,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Miss  Tilly  Koenen's  Song  Recital.  8.1S,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Broadwood  Concert,  8.30,  .F.olian  Hall. 

Italian  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Mr.  Arthur  Arciewicy/x  Violin  Recital,  a,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert.:!.  Oaxton  Hall. 

ChanpelTs  Ballad  Concert. ::,  Ouecn's  Hall. 

M.  Sarasatc's  Violin  Hecital.  :i.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Concert  IMiss  Marie  Halli.  S.S0,  Crystal  Palace. 

Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Criterion. — The  Amateur  Socialist  :  an 
Eccentric  Comedy  in  Three  Acts.  By 
W.  Kingsley  Tarpey. 
Very  little  change — in  fact,  no  change 
whatever  of  plot — has  been  requisite  to 
convert  into  'The  Amateur  Socialist,'  given 
on  Saturday  last  at  the  Criterion,  '  Wind- 
mills,' a  comedy  by  Mr.  Tarpey  produced 
by  the  Stage  Society  on  June  17th,  1901, 
at  the  Comedy.  The  substitution  of  an 
explanatory  title  for  one  reminiscent  of 
Don  Quixote,  together  with  some  added 
vivacity   of  interpretation,   is  enough  to 


turn  into  an  assured  success  the  rather 
languid  reception  at  first  awarded.  Not 
that  the  piece  has,  except  in  its  central 
character,  any  right  to  rank  as  comedy, 
eccentric  or  other.  Its  incidents  belong  to 
broad  farce.  Some  suggestion  of  satire  may 
be  supposed,  in  days  in  which  peeresses, 
pose  as  advocates  of  popular  rights,  to 
underlie  a  piece  in  which  a  benevolent 
baronet  has  a  demele  with  the  police  in 
consequence  of  inciting  to  violence  a 
Hyde  Park  mob ;  but  the  character  of 
the  bland,  courteous,  affable,  albeit  fiery 
gentleman  is  a  study  in  the  line  of  Don 
Quixote,  and  the  confusion  begot  in  his 
eminently  well-conducted  establishment 
by  his  habit  of  bringing  home  to  dinner, 
and  introducing  to  his  wife's  guests, 
malcontents  casually  encountered  under 
the  Reformer's  tree,  is  quite  in  keeping 
with  any  domestic  difficulty  caused  by 
the  aberrations  of  the  knight  of  the  rueful 
countenance. 

Wildly  extravagant  are  the  incidents 
brought  about  by  the  eccentricities  of  Sir 
Hubert  Pennefeather,  a  Goldsmithian  sug- 
gestion animating  the  whole,  when  among 
the  guests  at  his  table  figure,  in  addition 
to  the  magistrate  before  whom,  as  a  male- 
factor, he  is  next  day  to  appear,  the  police 
functionaries  to  whom  is  entrusted  the 
order  for  his  arrest.  The  piece  is  not 
more  extravagant  than  entertaining,  how- 
ever, and  the  complaints  of  the  worthy 
baronet  at  the  indulgence  extended  to 
him,  and  his  indignation  when  deprived 
of  his  opportunity  of  posing  as  a  martyr 
and  compelled  to  leave  the  court  without 
a  stain  upon  his  character,  are  in  a  spirit 
of  true  comedy.  First  played  by  Mr. 
A.  E.  George,  the  part  of  Sir  Hubert 
Pennefeather  is  now  entrusted  to  Mr.  Eric 
Lewis,  who  makes  of  it  a  character  of 
great  fantasy.  Of  the  original  exponents 
Miss  Lilian  Braithwaite,  as  what  par.ses 
for  the  heroine,  alone  reappears.  Miss 
Carlotta  Addison  as  Lady  Pennefeatlier 
gives  a  capital  study  of  an  elderlyaristocrat. 
Female  parts  previously  taken  by  Miss 
Mabel  Beardsley  and  Miss  Florence  Bowen 
are  now  assigned  Miss  Ethel  Matthews 
and  Miss  Margaret  Busse.  In  a  generally 
excellent  interpretation  the  Inspector 
Bott  of  Mr.  Dagnall  and  the  Spencer 
Pennefeather  of  Mr.  Louis  Goodrich  were 
pleasantly  conspicuous. 


Coroxet. — Afternoon  Representation  :  The, 
Good-Natured  Man.  By  Oliver  Gold- 
smith. Played  in  Three  Acts. 
The  general  impression  of  the  demerits, 
as  an  acting  play,  of  Goldsmith's  '  Good- 
Natured  Man  '  will  scarcely  be  removed 
by  the  afternoon  presentation  given  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  William  Poel  at  the 
Coronet  Theatre.  The  conditions  sur- 
rounding the  performance  were  scarcely 
favourable.  So  amateurish  was  the  whole 
that  the  comparatively  subordinate  part 
of  Sir  William  Honeywood  assumed,  in  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Charles  Allen,  an  importance 
that  can  rarely  have  been  assigned  it. 
Mr.  Poel  himself  played  Croaker,  and  Mr. 
Ben  Field  doubled  the  part  of  Lofty  with 
that   of   the   Footman.     In   one   instance 


488 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


no  fewer  than  three  characters  were 
assigned  to  the  same  actor,  Flannigan 
(the  bailiff's  follower),  Dubardieu,  and 
the  postboy  being  all  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Edwin  H.  Wynne.  Miss  Richland,  the 
heroine,  was  played  by  Miss  Muriel  Currey  ; 
and  Olivia  (in  whom  it  is  possible  to  trace 
a  sort  of  predecessor  of  Constantia  Neville 
in  '  She  Stoops  to  Conquer  ')  was  presented 
gracefully  by  Miss  H.  B.  Potter.  Much 
stress  was  laid  in  Goldsmith's  second  piece 
upon  the  improbability  of  taking  Hard- 
castle's  house  for  an  inn.  An  error  of  the 
kind  is  insignificant  beside  that  of  Croaker, 
who  accepts  into  his  house,  as  his  own 
daughter  Olivia,  a  stranger  palmed  off 
upon  him  as  such  by  his  son  Leontine,  who 
has  brought  her  home  from  Paris  for  the 
purpose  of  marrying  her.  This  piece  may 
have  been  included  in  the  performances  of 
classical  comedy  which  were  under  Buck- 
stone's  management  a  feature  of  the  Hay- 
market.  No  record  of  any  presentation 
during  the  past  half  century  is  traced 
previous  to  the  first  revival  by  Mr.  Poel 
in  Cambridge,  of  which  that  at  the  Coronet 
was  a  repetition. 


Dramatic  Ctestp. 

The  Malone  Society  has  been  founded 
for  the  purpose  of  making  accessible  mate- 
rials for  the  study  of  the  early  English 
drama.  The  publications  of  the  Society, 
which  will  be  issued  to  members  only,  will 
consist  chiefly  of  reprints  of  the  original 
editions  of  old  plays,  mostly  Tudor,  and  of 
documents  illustrative  of  the  history  of  the 
drama  and  the  stage.  The  organization  of 
the  Society  has  been  entrusted  to  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  five  members,  namely, 
Messrs,  F.  S.  Boas,  E.  K.  Chambers,  R.  B. 
McKerrow,  A.  W.  Pollard,  and  W*.  W.  Greg 
(Hon.  Sec),  who  will  report  to  a  meeting  to 
be  held  in  the  course  of  November.  Work 
is  already  in  hand,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
following  plays  will  be  ready  for  issue  early 
in  the  new  year :  '  Wealth  and  Health,' 
'  St.  John  the  Evangelist '  (both  long  sup- 
posed to  have  perished,  but  recently  re- 
covered), Peele's  '  The  Battle  of  Alcazar,' 
1594,  and  Greene's  '  Orlando  Furioso,'  1594. 
The  amount  of  work  to  be  issued  will  largely 
depend  upon  the  number  of  members  (at  a 
subscription  of  one  guinea),  but  it  is  hoped 
that  it  may  be  possible  to  issue  each  year 
one  play  (or  its  equivalent)  for  every  twenty- 
five  members.  Communications  should  be 
addressed  to  Mr.  Greg  at  Park  Lodge, 
Wimbledon,  S.W. 

Nothing  very  definite  in  England  corre- 
sponds to  '  The  Lemonade  Boy,'  the  hero 
of  Miss  Gladys  Unger's  one-act  play,  trans- 
ported from  America  to  this  country,  and 
produced  as  a  lever  de  ridtau  at  the  Criterion. 
Perhaps  the  nearest  approach  will  be  found 
in  the  peripatetic  vendor  of  ice  creams. 
The  piece,  which  has  a  sentimental  interest, 
had  in  the  United  States,  we  are  told,  a 
success  it  is  not  likely  to  repeat  in  this 
country. 

'  Matt  op  Mkrrymount,'  a  four-act 
drama  by  B.  M.  Dix  and  E.  C.  Sutherland, 
produced  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  by  Mr.  Fred  Terry,  is  a  somewhat 
conventional  melodrama,  the  action  of 
which  passes  in  1635,  and  shows  the  love 
of  an  outcast  of  English  origin  for  a  Puritan 
maiden.  The  heroine  seems  designed  for 
Miss  Julia  Neilson,  but  found  another 
exponent. 


The  next  production  at  the  Waldorf  will 
be  '  The  Social  Whirl,'  which  is  to  be  given 
with  an  American  company. 

'  Tommy,'  an  adaptation  by  Mr.  Jerome 
K.  Jerome  of  his  '  Tommy  &  Co.,'  will  be 
produced  by  Miss  Annie  Hughes  in  Man- 
chester on  November  27th. 

Mr.  George  Bernard  Shaw's  much- 
discussed  play  '  Mrs.  Warren's  Profession,' 
the  performance  of  which  in  the  United 
States  caused  some  sensation,  has  been 
successfully  produced  in  Vienna. 

On  Tuesday  evening  next  Mr.  Granville 
Barker  will  read  at  the  Kensington  Town 
Hall  Prof.  Gilbert  Murray's  translation  of 
'  The  Trojan  Women.'  Particulars  can  be 
had  of  Mrs.  Cobden-Sanderson,  River  House, 
Hammersmith,  W. 

Mr.  Edwin  H.  Shear  writes  : — 

"  Can  anything  be  done  to  hurry  along  the 
completion  of  Adams's  '  Dictionary  of  the  Drama'? 
The  first  volume  was  published  in  1904,  and  in  the 
Preface,  dated  June  of  that  year,  it  is  stated  that 
'  the  second  and  concluding  volume  is  passing 
through  the  press,  and  will  be  issued  in  the  early 
autumn.'  Of  course  the  lamented  death  of  Mr. 
Davenport  Adams,  who  spent  so  much  time  on  its 
compilation,  may  have  upset  the  arrangements ; 
but  we  are  now  almost  at  the  end  of  1906,  with 
no  signs  of  the  work  being  completed.  The  delay 
is  certainly  annoying  to  those  who  purchased  the 
first  volume  in  the  full  expectation  that  the 
promise  of  the  Preface  would  be  carried  out.  A 
book  of  reference  extending  only  from  A  to  G  is 
virtually  useless." 

The  Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin,  announces 
the  following  new  plays  during  the  winter 
season  :  '  Deidre,'  in  verse,  by  Mr.  W.  B. 
Yeats  ;  '  The  Playboy,'  in  three  acts,  by 
Mr.  J.  M.  Synge  ;  a  piece  in  three  acts  by 
Lady  Gregory  ;  and  one  in  verse  by  Mr. 
Wilfrid  Scawen  Blunt.  It  also  purposes 
producing  translations  of  Moliere's  '  Le 
Medecinmalgrelui,'  Racine's  '  Les  Plaideurs,' 
and  the  '  Antigone  '  of  Sophocles. 

A  dramatized  version  of  Sir  Conan 
Doyle's  '  Hound  of  the  Baskervilles  '  will 
be  acted  at  a  Berlin  theatre,  together  with 
a  German  version  of  '  Sherlock  Holmes.' 

Gerhart  Hatjptmann  has  just  finished  a 
new  play,  said  to  contain  strong  mystical 
traits.  The  first  performance  will  take 
place  next  year. 


To  Correspondents.— N.  A.— I.  W.— E.  S.— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  Ac. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 
-  ♦    - 

Page 

Arnold 492 

Authors'  Agents       458 

Bell  A  Sons 488 

Blackie  &  Co 460 

Brown,  Langham  A  Co 491 

Cambridge  University  Press 459 

Catalogues       458 

Chambers 490 

C'HArMAN  A  Hall        489 

'Daily  Mail' 467 

Dickinson          490 

Duckworth  A  Co 461 

Educational 457 

Exhibitions      457 

Griffin  &  Co 403 

Hurst  A  Blackett 468 

Insurance  Companies         490 

Lane         464 

Lectures           457 

Longmans  A  Co.         465 

Macmillan  &  Co 408 

Miscellaneous 458 

Murray 466 

Nash         491 

Newspaper  Agents 458 

Nisiiet  &  Co 490 

Nutt         459 

Philip  A  Son 490 

Richards 462 

Sales  hy  auction 458 

situations  Vacant 457 

Situations  Wanted 457 

Typewriters,  Ac 458 

Unwin       408 


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N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


491 


ORDER    AT    ONCE    FROM    YOUR    LIBRARY. 


Some  Reminiscences. 


By    WILLIAM     MICHAEL     ROSSETTI. 

2  vols.  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  £2  2s.  net. 

Published  on  \.7th.]  [Prospectits  on  application. 


This  important  book 
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SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

Eve  and  the  Wood  God. 

By  HELEN  MAXWELL. 

Published  on  19th.] 

A  new  novel  by  the 

author  of  that  success- 
ful book,  '  A  Daughter 
of  Thor.' 

It  Happened  in  Japan. 

By  the  BARONESS  d'ANETHAN. 
Just  out.~\ 

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The  Gaiety  of  Fatma. 

By  KATHLEEN  WATSON. 

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in  the  Press. 

"  Fatma,  radiant  and 

loving,   half  Arab,  half 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4121,  Oct.  20,  1906 


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EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  ujhui  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THllING  k  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  SackvUle  Street,  London,  W. 


c 


Situations   Vacant 

ALCUTTA        UNIVERSITY. 


NOTICE. 
In  JANUARY',  1907.  the  Senate  will  proceed  to  appoint  a  whole- 
time  officer  as  REGISTRAR  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  on  a  salary  of 
Rs.  800  per  mensem,  rising  to  Rs.  1,000  in  five  years  by  four  annual 
increments  of  Rs.  50.  Applications  for  the  post  must  reach  the 
undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  17,  1906.  Candidates  are 
required  to  send  printed  Copies  of  their  Testimonials.  Canvassing 
will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

The  Registrar  will  l>e  appointed  in  the  first  instance  for  five  years 
only,  but  at  the  end  of  every  such  term  he  may  be  re-appointed.     He 
must  be  a  graduate  of  position,  with  experience  of  University  affairs. 
He  may  be  a  member  of  the  Senate,  but  not  of  the  Syndicate. 
The  duties  of  the  Registrar  will  be  as  follows  :— 

(a)  To  be  the  custodian  of  the  Records,  Library,  Common  Seal, 
and  such  other  property  of  the  University  as  the  Syndicate 
will  commit  to  his  charge. 
(W  To  act  as  Secretary  to  the  Syndicate,  and  to  attend  all 
meetings  of  the  Senate,  Faculties,  Syndicate,  Boards  of 
Studies,  Board  of  Accounts,  Boards  of  Examiners,  and  any 
Committees  appointed  by  the  Senate,  the  Faculties,  the 
Syndicate,  or  any  of  the  Boards,  and  to  keep  Minutes 
thereof, 
(c)  To  conduct  the  official  correspondence  of  the  Syndicate  and 

the  Senate, 
(rf)  To   i6sue   all   notices   convening   meetings   of   the   Senate, 
Faculties.  Syndicate,  Boards  of  Studies,  Board  of  Accounts, 
Boards  of  Examiners,  and  any  Committees  apiiointed  by 
the  Senate,  the  Faculties,  the  Syndicate,  or  any  of  the 
Boards. 
(e)  To  perform  such  other  work  as  may  be,  from  time  to  time, 
prescribed  by  the  Syndicate,  and  generally  to  render  such 
assistance  as  may  be  desired  by  the  Vice-chancellor  in  the 
performance  of  his  official  duties. 
It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Registrar,  on  full 
pay,  leave  of  absence  for  one  month  in  a  year,  or  for  an  accumulated 
period  not  exceeding  four  months  in  five  years.    It  is  also  competent 
to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  him.  on  half  pay,  leave  of  absence  which 
may  be  added  to  the  period  of  leave  on  full  pay  for  a  period  not 
exceeding  eight  months  in  five  years. 

It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  to  the  Registrar  a  gratuity 
or  pension  regulated  as  follows  :— 

(a)  After  a  service  of  less  than  ten  years,  a  gratuity  not  exceeding 

one  month's  salary  for  each  completed  year  of  service. 
(i>)  After  a  service  of  not  less  than  ten  years  up  to  twenty-five 
years,  a  pension  not  exceeding  one-sixtieth  of  the  average 
salary  (i.e..  the  average  calculated  uiion  the  last  three  years 
of  service)  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years  of  completed 
service. 
(c)  The  pension  will  in  no  case  exceed  Rs.  5,000  per  annum. 
In  case  of  misconduct  or  neglect  of  duty,  the  Registrar  shall  lie 
liable  to  suspension  by  the  Syndicate,  and  to  dismissal  by  the  Senate 
on  the  report  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  selected  candidate  will  lie  required  to  join  his  post  by  the 
middle  of  FEBRUARY,  1907.  He  will  continue  to  hold  office  not 
later  than  MARCH  31,  1912. 

C.  LITTLE,  Registrar. 
8enate  House,  September  7,  1906. 


c 


ALCUTTA        UNIVERSITY. 


NOTICE. 
In  JANUARY,  1907,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  apiwint  a  salaried 
INSPECTOR  for  the  puriiose  of  inspecting  Colleges  affiliated  to  this 
University.  Applications  for  the  post  are  hereby  invited,  ami  they 
must  reach  the  undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  17,  1906.  Candi- 
dates are  required  to  send  printed  Copies  of  their  Testimonials. 
Canvassing  will  tie  considered  a  disqualification.  The  appointment 
will  be  made  by  the  Senate  subject  to  the  approval  of  Government. 

The  Inspector  of  Colleges  will  be  appointed  in  the  first  instance  for 
five  years  only,  but  at  the  end  of  every  such  term  he  may  l>c  re- 
appointed. He  must  be  a  person  of  higli  academic  standing,  and  one 
tsissessing  some  experience  of  Indian  Colleges.  He  will  be  a  whole- 
time  officer  of  the  University,  and  his  salary  will  be  Rs.  800  per 
mensem,  rising  to  Rs.  l.oon  in  "five  years  by  four  annual  increments  of 
Rs.  50.  He  may  be  a  Fellow  of  the  University,  but  must  not  be  a 
member  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  duties  of  the  In6]>ector  of  Colleges  will  lie  :— 
(a)  To  report  on  Colleges  applying  for  affiliation, 
(6)  To  inspect  affiliated  Colleges,  and 

(c)  To  inspect  such  Schools  as  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  indi- 
cated by  the  Syndicate. 
It  is  competent  to  the  Syndicate  to  giant  to  the  Inspector  of  Colleges 
on  full  pay,  leave  of  absence  for  one  month  in  a  year,  or  for  an  accu- 
mulated period  not  exceeding  four  months  in  five  years.  It  is  also 
cornjieteiit  to  the  Syndicate  to  grant  him,  on  half  pay,  leave  of  abaenofl 
which  may  be  added  to  tin-  period  of  leave  on  full  i>ay  for  a  )ieriod  not 
exceeding  eight  months  in  five  years. 

The  Inspector  of  Colleges  may.  with  the  i<ermission  of  the  Syndicate 
avail  himself  of  the  College  vacations. 

The  Syndicate  may  grant  to  the  Inei>ector  of  Colleges  a  gratuity  or 
pension  regulated  as  follows  : — 

(a)  After  a  service  of  less  than  ten  years,  a  gratuity  not  exceeding 

one  month's  salary  for  each  completed  year  of  service. 
(4)  After  a  service  of  not  less  than  ten  years,  up  to  twenty  five 
years,  a  pension  not  exceeding  om-  sixtieth  of  the  average 
salary  (i.e.,   the  average    calculated  uihwi  the  last  three 
years  of  service!   multiplied  by  the  number  of  years  of 
completed  service. 
(«)  The  liension  will,  however,  in  no  case  exceed  Rs.  5,000  per 
annum. 
In  case  of  misconduct  or  neglect  of  duty,  the  Inspector  of  Colleges 
will  lie  liable  to  suspension  by  the  Syndicate  and  to  dismissal  by  the 
Senate  on  the  rcjiort  of  the  Syndicate. 

The  selected  candidate  will  1m-  required  to  jciin  bis  ap|>ointmcnt  by 
the  middle  of  FEBRUARY.  1907.  He  will  continue  to  bold  office  not 
laterthan  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Senate  in  JANUARY,  1912. 

C.  LITTLE,  Registrar. 
Senate  House  September  7  1906, 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


E 


SSEX       EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


CHELMSFORD  LOCAL  ADVISORY  SUB  COMMITTEE. 

PRINCIPAL  OF  COUNTY  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS  AT 

CHELMSFORD, 

WITH  PUPIL-TEACHERS'  CENTRE  ATTACHED. 

WANTED,  a  fully  qualified  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  New  County 

High  School  for  Girls  at  Chelmsford. 

The  Lady  appointed  must  be  a  Graduate  of  one  of  the  Universities 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  have  passed  an  Examination  equivalent  to 
that  for  any  such  degree. 

Salary  2002.  per  annum,  with  two  annual  increments  of  21)1.  each, 
and  a  Capitation  Grant  of  1/.  on  the  first  fifty  paying  Scholars  and  10s. 
for  each  paying  Scholar  after  that  number. 

Applications  must  he  made  on  Forms,  which  will  lie  supplied  by  me, 
and  must  be  sent  in  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  3,  PtOti,  to  me  the 
undersigned. 

J.  H.  NICHOLAS.  Secretary. 
County  Offices,  Chelmsford,  October  15,  1906. 


T}R.    WILLIAMS'S    SCHOOL,    DOLGELLEY. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
HEAD  MISTRESS.  Salary  70J.,  with  a  capitation  grant  lat  present) 
of  20s.  per  Pupil,  together  with  board,  residence,  &c.  Present  number 
of  Pupils  107  (Boarders  77.  Day  Scholars  30).  Applications,  together 
with  Copies  of  not  more  than  four  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  to 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  ilO  prox.  Candidates 
are  requested  to  forward  Twenty  Copies  of  their  applications  and 
Testimonials. 

D.  OSWALD  DAVIES.  Solicitor. 

October  9,  1906.  Dolgelley,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


PITY     AND     COUNTY     BOROUGH     OF 

\J  BELFAST. 

MUNICIPAL  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE. 

The  LIBRARY  AND  TECHNICAL  INSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE 

invite  applications  for  the  position  of  HEAD  of  the  DEPARTMENT 

OF  PURE  AND  APPLIED  CHEMISTRY.     Salary  :ml.  per  annum. 

Forms  of  application  and  conditions  of  appointment  may  be  hail 

from  the  undersigned. 

Applications  must  be  lodged  on  or  before  MONDAY',  November  5, 
at  12  moon). 
Canvassing  is  prohibited  and  will  disqualify. 

FRAS.  C.  FORTH,  Principal. 
Municipal  Technical  Institute,  Belfast. 
October  13,  1906. 


c 


OUNTY         OF        LONDON. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  ASSISTANT  TEACHERS  TO  SECONDARY 
SCHOOLS. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  ASSISTANT  MISTRESSES,  who  will  lie  required  to 
commence  work  on  JANUARY  IS,  1907,  in  the  undermentioned 
LONDON   COUNTY    COUNCIL   SECONDARY    SCHOOLS-— 

KENTISH  TOWN  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.— Two 
Vacancies.  Applicants  to  be  specially  qualified  in  one  or  more  of  the 
following  subjects  :  Mathematics.  Bo'tanv  and  Nature  Study,  French. 

STOCKWELL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.— Vacancies 
for  THREE  ASSISTANT  MISTRESSES,  required  to  teach 
respectively  li.l  Botany  with  Geography,  (ii.i  Mathematics,  liii.'  French 
(Direct  Method)  and  General  Subjects  i.lunior  Form  Mistress). 

HACKNEY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.— Vacancy  for 
ASSISTANT  MISTRESS,  required  to  teach  Mathematics,  with 
English  as  a  subsidiary  subject.  The  Teacher  should  be  able  to 
organize  School  Games. 

Successful  applicants  may  be  required  to  teach  subjects  other  thau 
those  specified  atiove,  to  assist  the  Head  Mistress  in  Clerical  Work, 
and  to  take  part  in  the  School  Games. 

Applicants,  to  lie  eligible  for  appointment,  must  possess  a 
University  Degree  or  its  equivalent. 

The  Salary,  in  accordance  with  the  scale  of  the  Council,  commences 
at  120/.  a  year,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10/.  (dependent  upon 
the  receipt  of  satisfactory  iei»uts  from  the  Head  Mistress)  to  a 
maximum  annual  Salary  of  220/.  Teachers  who  have  had  satisfactory 
experience  in  Teaching  may  lie  appointed  at  Salaries  above  the 
minimum  of  the  scale. 

Applications  should  be  male  on  the  Official  Form,  to  lie  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council,  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C,  to  whom  they  must  lie  returned  not 
later  than  10  a.m.  on  MONDAY,  Novemlier  19,  1906,  accompanied  by 
copies  of  Three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  i«ist  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  those  who  are  successful.  Invited  to  attend 
the  Committee,  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  lie  considered  ■ 
disqualification. 

G.  L.  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


c 


OUNTY 


OF        LONDON. 


APPOINTMENT   oF   GYMNASTIC   INSTRUCTRESSES  TO 

SECONDARY    SCHOOLS. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY   COUNCIL   Invites   applications  for  the 

appointment  of  two  INSTRUCTRESSES  IN  GYMNASTICS  (Swedish 

System),  who  will  lie  engaged  full  time  in  the  London  County  Coun.il 

Secondary  Schools. 

The  Salary  attaching  to  eac  li  of  tiles. •  post*  is  l::n/.  a  year. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  official  Form  to  be  obtained 
from  the  clerk  of  the  London  County  Council,  Education  offices, 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C-  to  whom  they  must  Ik-  returned  net 
later  than  10  a.m..  Monhav.  November  p.',  190*,  accompanied  by 
epics  of  three  Testimonial!  of  recent  date. 

candidates  applying  through  the  i«*.t  for  the  form  of  application 
should  enclose  s  stamped  and  addressed  envelops. 

Candidate-,  other  than  those  uhti  are  successful,  invited  to  attend 
the  Committee  will  lie  allowed  third'iass  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  exjienses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  Indirectly,  will  l«  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G.  L  GOMMF.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  CounriL 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C, 


494 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


rilVIL     SERVICE     COMMISSION— FORTH- 

\J  COMING  EXAMINATION.  — EXAMINEES  in  the  EX- 
CHEQUER and  AUDIT   DEPARTMENT  (1*=20).— NOVEMBER  1. 

The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications  can  he  received. 
—They  must  he  made  an  Forms  to  he  obtained,  with  particulars, 
from  the  SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission,  Burlington 
Gardens.  London,  W. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
COLEG  PRIFATHROFAOL  DEHEUDIR  CYMRU  A  MYXWY. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post 
of  DEMONSTRATOR  and  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  GEOLOGY. 
Further    particulars    may  he  ohtained    from    the   undersigned,  to 
whom  applications,  with  Testimonials  (which  need  not  he  printed), 
must  he  sent  on  or  hefore  THURSDAY,  Novemher  22.  1W06. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
October  20,  1906. 

ENT   EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 


K 


LOCAL  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE  FOR 

SITTINGBOURNE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

WANTED,  in  JANUARY  NEXT,  at  the  above-named  SCHOOL, 

two  well-qualified    ASSISTANT   MISTRESSES.     Special  Subjects: 

(1)    English  and  Mathematics.      (2)    Drill,   Games.    Needlework,   and 

Voice  Production.    Other  Subject  or  Subjects  desirable. 

Initial  Salary  100?.  to  no?,  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications 
and  experience,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  scale,  by 
annual  increments  of  7/.  10s.  for  the  first  two  years,  then  by  57,  to  a 
maximum  of  140?.  or  130/. 

Application    Forms  will    he    supplied    by   the    Secretary,  County 
School  for  Girls.  Sittinghoume.  Kent. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
Caxton  House,  Westminster,  S.W. 

ITANLEY  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

MUNICIPAL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 

AVANTED.  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  to  teach  CLASSICS.  A 
knowledge  of  Conversational  French  and  German  is  desirable. 
Commencing  Salary  at  least  150?.— Forms  of  Application  may  be 
obtained  from,  and  should  be  returned  as  early  as  possible  to,  the 
undersigned.  JOHN  HODDER,  Secretary. 

Town  Hall,  Hanley. 

GREAT  MALVERN  SCHOOL  OF  ART.— 
HK.AI)  MASTER  REQUIRED,  duties  to  ommence  in 
JANUARY  NEXT.  Commencing  Salary,  120/.  per  annum.  Teaching 
in  schools  permitted.  — Applications,  with  particulars  of  qualifications 
and  with  sealed  Testimonials,  to  tie  sent,  on  or  hefore'NOVEMBER  13, 
to  Mrs.  JACOB  (Hon.  Sec.i,  St.  Helens.  Great  Malvern,  from  whom  a 
Prospectus  of  the  School  may  be  obtained. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

OLDSMITHS"         COLLEGE. 


G 


DEPARTMENT  FOR  THE  TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS. 
There  will  shortly  be  a  VACANCY  for  a  TEACHER  of  DRAWING 
(Womani   in  the   above    Department.— Particulars  may  be  obtained 
from  THE  WARDEN,  Goldsmiths'  College,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

pHESHUNT  URBAN   DISTRICT   COUNCIL. 

PUBLIC  LIBRARY.— LIBRARIAN. 

The  CHESHUNT  URBAN  DISTRICT  COUNCIL,  HERTS,  will  on 
JANUARY  1.  11)07.  require  a  LIBRARIAN,  who  will  be  required  to 
devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  the  office.  Library 
experience  essential.  Salary  so?,  per  annum,  rising  by  increments  of 
:.'  fco  1""'.  Applications,  stating  age  and  with  full  particulars  of  pre- 
vious Library  experience,  to  he  sent,  together  with  copies  only  of  not 
more  than  three  recent  Testimonials,  which  wlil  not  be  returned, 
endorsed  "Librarian.''  and  addressed  to  the  CHAIRMAN,  General 
Purposes  Committee,  Cheshunt  Urban  District  Council,  Manor  House, 
Cheshunt,  Herts,  not  later  than  SATURDAY.  November  10,  1H06. 
<  'amassing  members  of  the  Council  will  disqualify  any  Candidate. 

Dateil  this  24th  dav  of  October,  1906. 

A.  COLLINGW  OOD  LEE.  Clerk  to  the  Council. 

PUBLISHER  will  have  VACANCY  for  a  PUPIL 
after  CHRISTMAS.  Public  School  or  University  preferred,  but 
not  essential.— Apply  X.,  Box  lisfi.  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Build- 
in,'-,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


Situations    OOtanfeD. 

GENTLEMAN  (Cantab.)  seeks  LIBRARY 
WORK.  Good  knowledge  English  and  German  Scientific 
Literature.  Small  Salary  at  starting— Address,  T.  ft,  Box  1175, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

WANTED,  by  a  LADY,  post  as  SECRETARY, 
where  her  aptitude  for   Research  Work  or  Correspondence- 
Literary.   Scientific;,    or    Medical— might    he    utilized.      Possesses    a 


thorough    knowledg 
Type-writing.    Highest  Testimon 
to  fj.  Z.,9,  Heath  Street,  Hampsti 


erman.  Latin,  Shorthand,  and 
Is.  Good  Salary  required.— Reply 
d,  N.W. 


ARTIST,   experienced    (member    of    a    London 
Society  of  Artists)  DESIRES  EMPLOYMENT  (port  time)  by 
London  Illustrated  Journal  to  make  Sketches  and  Drawings  (high- 

cla       figure  and  Landscape,  of  incidents,  Scenes  of  Topical  interest. 
—Box  1184,  Athciurum  Press.  1::,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

V0r\<;    LADY   RKQUIRKS  I'OST  as  NKCKE- 

I        TARY.      Shorthand,     Type-writing,     French    and    German.— 
Address  M.  I...  S3,  Dacre  I'ark.  Itla.kheath,  S.E. 


DAILY         SECRETARY.   -    ENGAGEMENT 
REQUIRED   by  LADY.     Well  educated,  experienced,  quick 

Shorthand  Typist,  accustomed  to  correspondence.  Good  i  etei  cnees. 
Salary  about  70!.— "Rita,"  Box  1182,  Athomcum  Press,)::,  Bream's 
Buildings,  E.C. 

ENGLISH    LADY   (27),    well    educated,    seeks 
SECRETARYSHIP.      Full    French    and    German,    a    little 
Address  0    B.,    No,    28,    Box    1185,    Athenaeum    Press,    13, 
Be earn .,  Buildings,  E.t '. 

PUBLISHER.    DISENGAGED,    able    to    push 
Sales  and  circ  illation.    Long  experience,  excellent  references, 
to.    Moderate  Salary,    Address  6„  180,  Shaftesbury  Avenue,  W.C. 

I  [RRARIAN,  ASSISTANT.  —  SITUATION 
\i    WANTED  as.     Good  knowledge  Modern    Literature.    Willing 

to  make  sacrifices  to  obtain  good  position.— Apply  W.   s.  GIBBS, 

N,  Knowle  Road,  Brixton,  s.w. 


JEiscdlamons. 


HUGUENOT  and  FRENCH-CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES  from  Unpublished  MS.  and  other  Sources. 
Genealogical  Index  to  over  10,000  Families.  Jacobite  and  British 
Families  in  France.— C.  E.  LART,  Channouth,  Dorset,  and  Rod 
House,  Chislehurst. 


T 


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Properties,  many  in  handsome  bindings,  including  a  Coloured  Copy 
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Great  Britain.  Original  Impressions,  4  vols.  —  Loggan's  Oxonia  et 
Cantahrigia  Illustrata  —  Ackernianns  Oxford  University,  2  vols.— 
Baker's  History  of  Northampton,  2  vols.— Orinerod's  Cheshire.  3  vols. 
Large  Paper,  morocco  extra  — Books  relating  to  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire— Boydell  s  River  Thames,  2  vols.— Bury 's  Coloured  Views  on 
the  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  and  Birmingham  Railways,  and  others 
similar— Lodge's  Portraits,  12  vols.  India  Proofs,  morocco  extra— Old 
Coloured  Engravings  of  Chinese  Costume  and  Japanese  Prints- 
Mrs.  Frankau's  J.  R.  Smith  and  W.  and  J.  Ward  -Sanders  Roichcn- 
bachia,  the  Two  Scries,  4  vols.,  and  other  Works  on  Natural  History 
—Issues  from  the  Kelmscott  and  other  Modern  Presses— First 
Editions  of  Browning,  Matthew  Arnold,  and  others— Sets  of  Standard 
Authors— a  Collection  of  Books  on  Bibliography— Classical  and 
Theological  M'orks— Murray's  New  English  Dictionary,  &c. 
To  lie  viewed,  ami  Catalogues  had. 

Bare  Book*  and  MSS. 

MESSRS.    HODOSON   &   CO.    will   SELL   by 
AUCTION,   at    their   Rooms,   115,   Chancery   Lane,   W.C,   on 
THURSDAY.    November  29,    RARE    BOOKS  and   MANUSCRIPTS. 

mostly  comprising  a  Collection  of  Books  in  English  Literature  from 
the  Sixteenth  to  the  Nineteenth  Centuries,  selected  from  an  old 
Country  Library,  and  chiefly  in  tile-  old  sheep  or  calf  bindings. 
including  a  Perfect  Copy  of  the-  exceedingly  rare  Second  Edition  of 
Spenser's  Bhephearde's  Calendar,  1581;  and  a  Fine  Copy  of  the 
First  Edition  of  the  Complaints,  1591  — Several  rare  Shake- 
spcare  Quartos,     viz.  The  Whole    Contention    between   the    Houses. 

of    Lancaster    and    Yorke.    a    Perfect    Copy    of    the    First    Editi 

Kill);  The  Merchant  of  Venice,  the  Third  Edition,  1637 ; 
The  Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  a  Large  Copy  of  the  Edition  of  1887, 
as  well  as  those  of  167(1  and  1703:  and  Pericles,  1838;  also, 
the  Original  Edition  of  Sir  John  OldcastlO,  1800— Shakespeare's 
Poems.  Original  Edition,  Hi40-Qu.irto  Plays  by  Chapman,  Kvd. 
Malinger,  Shirley.  Nnbbes,  Drvden.  Sbadwell.  and  others-First 
or  Early  Editions  of  Chaucer,  'Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Ashmole, 
Milton,  Butler.  Cartwright.  Waller,  Cotton,  Gould.  Swift,  Pope,  and 
Others  a  few  Early  Manuscripts  on  Vellum  Rare  Bosks  relating  to, 
America-  a  remarkable  Copy  of  Tbe  Gownsman,  in  the  original 
hoards  as  issued  :  also  valuable  Folio  Fine  Art  Books  (the  Property. 
of  a  LADY)  and  Old  Mezzotint  Engravings,  to, 
Catalogues  on  application. 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


495 


The  Library  of  Books  on  Angling,  the  Property  of  the  late 
J.  F.  JONES,  Esq.,  C.M.G.;  the  Library' of  the  late 
A  G.  PIRIE,  Esq.  ;  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C..  on  TUESDAY,  October  ::n,  and  Time  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  HOOKS  AM)  MANUSCRIPTS,  com- 
prising the  LIBRARY  OK  BOOKS  ON  ANGLING,  the  Property  of 
the  late  3.  K.  JONES,  Esq.,  C.M.G.  (formerly  Joint  Manager  of  the 
British  South  Africa  Company),  including  the  Works  of  Bainbridge, 
Best,  Bowdich,  Bowlker,  Clietbam.  Francis,  Halford,  Horland,  Ronalds, 
Sage,  Stoddart,  Venables,  Izaac  Walton,  and  ('has.  Cotton,  &c.  ;  the 
Property  of  the  late  A.G.  PIRIE.  Esq.  (of  26,  Queen's  Gate,  S.W.,  and 
Lechniclm,  Kosshiret ;  an  interesting  and  extensive  Collection  of 
PLAYBILLS,  the  Property  of  IURNHAM  W.  HORNER.  Em,.  ;  and 
other  Properties,  comprising  Historical,  Classical,  and  Poetical  Works 
— Sporting  Books— Arch:cology— Theology— Illustrated  Rooks  and  fine 
Modern  Bindings— the  Drama— Toi»igraphical  Works  —  French  Pub- 
lications—Tracts and  Pamphlets— Chap  books— Works  illustrated  by 
Cruikshank,  Crowquill,  Dore,  and  others— Extra-illustrated  Books- 
Works  on  the  Fine  Arts— Bible  Illustrations— a  large  and  important 
Collection  of  Portraits  after  Sir  A.  Yandyck— Galleria  Pitti,  4  vols.— 
Costume— Pickering's  Aldine  Poets,  5:s  vols.— Encyclopedia  Britannica, 
35  vols.,  ]87;V19tt>  — Spalding  Club  Publications,  :17  vols.— Audsley's 
Ornamental  Arts  of  Japan,  2  vols.,  Artist's  Proof  Copy,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  of  the  late  C.  J.  SPENCE,  Esq.,  of 
North  Shields. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  MONDAY'.  November  5,  and  Following  Day. 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  Valuable  LIBRARY  of  PRINTED  BOOKS, 
ILLUMINATED  and  other  MANUSCRIPTS,  of  the  late  C.  J. 
SPENCE,  Esq.,  of  North  Shields,  comprising  Illuminated  Manuscript 
Books  of  Hours  of  the  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Centuries— Rare 
Bibles  and  Testaments—  Breviaries,  Gospels,  and  Epistles— Common 
ami  other  Prayer  Books— Early  Printed  and  Rare  Foreign  Books— 
Valuable  Old  and  Modern  English  Works— Books  with  extra  illustra- 
tions—Collections of  Topographical  Views,  Portraits,  and  other 
Engravings— Standard  Works  on  Numismatics  i English  and  Foreign), 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeological  Literature,  &e. 

To  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Collection  of  English  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  and  Silver 
Medals  of  W.  W.  WOOTTEN,  Esq.  (deceased). 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  7,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  GOLD  AND  SILVER 
COINS  and  ENGLISH  SILYER  MEDALS  of  W.  W.  WOOTTEN,  Esq. 
(deceased!.  The  Bank,  Oxford,  including  Edward  III.  and  Richard  II., 
Gold— Henry  V.,  VI. .  Gold-Sovereigns  of  Henry  VII.,  VIII.,  Ed- 
ward VI..  Mary.  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.— Charles  I.  Shrewsbury 
Pound  and  Half  Pound  Siege  Pieces,  Sovereigns,  and  Oxford  Three- 
Pound  Pieces— Commonwealth  and  Cromwell,  Charles  II.  and  later, 
Gold  and  Silver  —  important  and  rare  Silver  Medals,  particularly 
relating  to  the  Stuart  Period. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Engravings,  Water-colour  Drawings,  Oil  Paintings,  Auto- 
graph Letters,  Looks,  Theatrical  Relics,  <fcc,  the  Property 

'of  the  late  JOHN  LAWRENCE  TOOLE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1:1,  Wellington 
Strict,  Strand.  W.C.,  on  THURSDAY,  November  s,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  ENGRAVINGS,  WATER-COLOUR  DRAWINGS,  OIL 
PAINTINGS,  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS,  BOOKS,  THEATRICAL 
RELICS,  4.c.  the  Property  of  the  late  JOHN  LAWRENCE  TOOLE, 
Esq.,  44,  Maida  Yale,  W.  Isold  by  Order  of  the  Executors). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 


Library  of  the  late  G.  W.  KNIGHT.  Esq.  (of  South.  Kensington 
Museum),  and  other  Private  Properties. 


M 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.   J.  C.   STEVENS   begs  to  announce   that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY",  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King 

Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  -  Telescopes  -  Theodolites - 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  — Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  view  Thursday  2  to  .">  and  morning  of  Sale. 


ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &   SIMPSON  will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C., 
EARLY  in  NOVEMBER,  Valuable  BOOKS  on  ART-First  Editions 
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New  Sketch  Book,  Coloured  Plates— Bocace,  Des  Nobles  Malheureux, 
Paris,  1838 — Illustrations  by  Rowlandson,  Hogarth,  Morland,  4c— 
l^iews  in  Turkey  and  Egypt,  Coloured  Plates — Angas's  South 
Australia —  Standard  Works  on   Travel    and    Biography— Autograph 

S,  4c. 


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KNOW    A    MAIDEN.      By   E.    Maria    Albanesi.   Author  of 

'Susannah  and  One  Other.'    Crown  8vo,  6*. 
"  Pleasing  to  the  reader  from  all  points  of  view."— Tribune. 


500 

"  His  Dominion  shall  be  also 
from  the  one  sea  to  the 
other,  and  from  the  flood 
unto     the     world's     end." 

COLUMBUS 

Mr.  Filson  Young's  remarkable 
study  of  Christopher  Columbus  is 
just  published,  and  here  are  the  first 
seven  reviews  which  appeared  on  the 
morning  of  publication. 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH 

"  Mr.  Filson  Young  tells  his  story 

in  a  free  and  fluent  manner Very 

vigorous,  too,  are  the  passages  dealing 
with  his  voyages,  for  Mr.  Young  has 
drunk  deep  of  the  spirit  of  the  sea,  and 
nowhere  writes  so  well  as  in  his  account 
of  the  seafarer's  business  in  great 
waters The  book  abounds  in  inter- 
ludes of  suggestive  thought  and  clear 
and  vigorous  expression.  The  book 
must  be  commended  for  the  keen, 
eager  spirit  of  its  narrative,  and  the 
abounding  interest  of  its  romances." 

MORNING  POST 
' '  Mr.    Young    has    done    nothing 

better there  is  not  a  dull  page  in 

the  seven  hundred His  narrative 

is  rich  and  marching,  yet  sufficiently 

precise There    is    really   nothing 

about  Columbus  to  compare  with  Mr. 
Young's  fdr  matter  and  style." 

PALL  MALL  GAZETTE 
"In  a  style  pleasant  and  lucid  he 
has   set   before   us   with   vigour   the 
period  and  the  setting  of  those  famous 
voyages." 

DAILY  CHRONICLE 

' '  Not  a  mere  record  of  his  acts,  but 

a  reconstruction  of  the  man  who  died 

four  centuries  ago,  so  that  at  the  end 

of  the  book  we   feel   that  we   have 

known  and  spoken  with  Columbus 

Breathes  interest  from  every  page 

His  wide  humanity  and  deep  insight 
are  very  precious  qualities  in  an  his- 
torian, and  Mr.  Young  proves  him- 
self to  possess  them  in  good  measure." 

DAILY  NEWS 
' '  Mr.  Filson  Young  has  a  conscious 

and   deliberate   style a  narrative 

which  swings  forward  like  a  song 

the  finest  story  in  the  world." 
TRIBUNE 
' '  He  writes  with  charm,  with  colour, 

and  with   humour very  readable 

and  eloquent he  has  many  passages 

which  set  one  longing  for  the  sea." 

MORNING  LEADER 
"  It  is  almost  impossible  to  do  j  ustice 
to  the  splendour  and  romance  of  these 
two  fine  volumes.  'Charity,  truth, 
and  justice,' that isthe meed  Columbus 
has  from  Mr.  Filson  Young,  whose 
book,  austere,  dignified,  stately,  forms 
by  far  the  most  striking  and  vivid 
portrait  of  the  hero  in  our  language." 

1  Christopher  Columbus  and  the  New 
World   of    His  Discovery.'      With 
Maps,       Charts,       Portraits,      a 
Frontispiece  in   Colour  by  Nor- 
man   Wilkinson,    and    a    Note 
on         the        Navigation       of 
Columbus's     First     Voyage 
by     the     Earl      of       Dun- 
raven,      K.P.      2     vols. 
25*.     net. 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


FROM 


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SPAIN  will  be  published  on  MONDAY  (16».  net). 

E.  GRANT  RICHARDS, 

7,  Carlton  Street, 
S.W. 


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Children  of  all  ages. 


TOURAINE    AND  ITS  STORY. 

By  ANNE   MACDONELL. 

With  50  Coloured  and  many  Line  Illustrations  by  AMY  B.  ATKINSON. 
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with  the  people,  their  customs,  the  landscape  of  the  province,  and  especially  its  literary  associations. 

THE    HEART    OF    ENGLAND. 

By  EDWARD  THOMAS. 

With  48  Coloured  Illustrations  from  Drawings  by  H.  LINLEY  RICHARDSON. 

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COUET  LIFE  IN  THE  DUTCH  REPUBLIC, 

1638-1689. 

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SIGISMONDO    MALATESTA. 

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OLD 


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KIPLING. 


A  HISTORY  OF  MODERN  ENGLAND  (1846  to  1895). 

By  HERBERT  PAUL,  M.P. 

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LIST. 

— ♦ — 

NEW  AND  RECENT  BOOKS. 

THE  LIFE  OF  CHARLES  GOD- 
FREY LELAND  ("HANS  BREITMANN"). 
By  ELIZABETH  ROBINS  PENNELL.  Illus- 
trated.    2  vols,  demy  8vo,  2\a.  net. 

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A 'Study  "of  the  Life,  Work,  and  Times  of 
Lodovieo  Ariosto.  By  EDMUND  (I  ARDNER, 
Author  of  '  Dukes  and  Poets  in  Ferrara,'  &c. 
Illustrated  from  Portraits,  Facsimile  Letters, 
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OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  Being  his 
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Translated  by  FLORENCE  WADE-EVANS. 

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LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  THE 
FIRST    EARL    OF    DURHAM,    1792-1840. 

By  STUART  J.  REID,  Author  of  « The  Life  of  Sydney  Smith,'  &c. 
With  17  Photogravure  Plates.     2  vols.  8vo,  36s.  net. 
STANDARD. 
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the  materials  placed  at  his  disposal  with  judgment  and  economy,  and  he  has  the  true  biographical 
instinct— which  is  a  talent  as  distinctive  in  its  way  as  the  talent  of  the  poet  and  the  painter— for 
making  everything  else  subordinate  to  the  clear  delineation  of  his  subject.  He  writes  with  fluency  and 
ease,  and  occasionally  with  eloquence." 

DAILY  CHRONICLE. 

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to  tell  it  with  the  help  of  the  family  documents  in  the  possession  of  the  Lambtons The  history  of 

England  does  not  contain  the  record  of  one  who  was  more  clearly  a  martyr  to  duty  than  the  first  Earl  of 


Durham. ' 


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M. 


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N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


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SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  27,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Letteks  of  the  First  Earl  of  Lytton        ..    505 

Lotus  Land       506 

Court  Beauties  of  Old  Whitehall 507 

The  National  Edition  of  Dickens 508 

New  Novels  (Sophy  of  Kravonia  ;  A  Rogue's  Tragedy ; 
The  Ladder  to  the  Stars  ;  A  Princess  of  Vascovy  ; 
The  White  Plumes  of  Navarre ;  The  Queen  of 
Swords  ;  Running  Horse  Inn  ;  The  Whip  Hand  ; 
The     Miracle  -  Worker  ;     A     Happy    Marriage  ; 

L'Amazone  blessee)  508—510 

Juvenile  Books         510 

Our  Library  Table  (A  Wanderer  in  London  ;  The 
First  Gentleman  of  Europe ;  Chambers's  Concise 
Gazetteer ;  The  Book  of  Tea ;  Folk-Tales  from 
Tibet ;  Men  and  Women  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion ;  Time  and  the  Gods ;  Franciscan  Days  ;  The 
Mirror  of  the  Sea ;  Psyche  and  Soma  ;  A  Foreign 
Guide  to  Second-Hand    Booksellers ;   Cards  and 

Calendars 512—513 

Sjst  of  New  Books 513 

The  Hohenlohe  Memoirs;  Australian  Religion; 

Cain  and  the  Moon 514—515 

Literary  Gossip        515 

^Science— The  Voyage  of  the  Scotia;  Applied 
Electricity  ;  Research  Notes  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ..  ..  516—519 
Fine  Arts— Cunynghame  on  Enamelling;  Primi- 
tive Athens  ;  Yorkshire  Dales  and  Fells  ; 
Minor   Exhibitions  ;    The   Institute  of  Oil 

Painters;  Gossip         520—522 

Music— Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week      522—523 
Drama  —  Robin    Hood  ;    The    Virgin    Goddess  ; 

Gossip         523—524 

Index  to  Advertisers       524 


LITERATURE 


Personal  and  Literary  Letters  of  Robert, 
First  Earl  of  Lytton.  Edited  by  Lady 
Betty  Balfour.  2  vols.  (Longmans  & 
Co.) 

Lady  Betty  Balfour  was  not  born  a 
Lytton  for  nothing.  She  has  a  style, 
and  her  reading  has  been  wide.  Not 
content  with  stringing  her  father's  letters 
together  with  the  usual  matter-of-fact 
-commentary,  she  has  thrown  into  her 
narrative  much  literary  and  personal 
feeling  ;  and  in  several  passages,  notably 
in  a  description  of  a  stay  with  him  in 
Italy,  she  attains  genuine  eloquence.  Her 
judgment  has  gone  astray  in  one  respect, 
however,  namely,  in  persuading  her  to 
-retell  the  whole  story  of  Lytton's 
Indian  administration.  For  those  who 
know  her  history  of  his  Viceroyalty,  the 
two  hundred  and  odd  pages  now  devoted 
to  it  contain  little  that  is  new,  with  the 
•exception  of  an  affecting  letter  to  Mr. 
John  Morley  on  the  strain  placed  upon 
friendship  by  political  differences.  Those 
who  do  not  know  it  will  feel  that  long  dis- 
quisitions on  famine  policy  and  Afghanis- 
tan cannot  be  considered  to  come  within 
the  description  of  letters,  personal  and 
literary.  Lady  Betty  Balfour  makes  an 
effective  point  or  two  against  Mr.  Herbert 
Paul ;  but  she  has  no  satisfactory  answer 
to  the  question  why  the  warning 
parallel  of  the  first  Afghan  war  was 
ignored,  and  Cavagnari  went  on  a  mission 
which  Lord  Lawrence  for  one  observer, 
and  Gladstone  for  another,  perceived  to  be 
impossible. 

The  chapters  on  India,  however,  can 
-easily  be  skipped.  There  remains  the 
revelation  of  a  singularly  engaging  and 
cultivated  personality,  endowed  with  a 
profound  insight  into  books,  cities,  and 
men,    and     gifted    with    a     genius     for 


friendship.  Lytton's  relations  with  his 
affectionate  but  capricious  father  are 
entirely  to  his  honour.  He  was  a  dutiful 
son,  even  when  he  had  to  surrender  his 
heart's  desires  ;  and  though  estrangements 
occurred  from  time  to  time,  they  came  to 
understand  one  another  in  the  end. 
Bulwer,  if  we  may  so  call  him,  gave  advice 
not  always  of  the  wisest  : — 

"  This  is  one  reason  why  I  deplore  the 
paramount  effect  that  poets  who  only  please 
a  few  have  on  your  line  and^'manner.  Praised 
as  they  are  by  critics,  Keats  and  Shelley  are 
very  little  read  by  the  public,  and  absolutely 
unknown  out  of  England.  Tennyson  is  more 
popular,  because  a  little  more  complete  in 
his  way.  Now  take  Charles  Mackay's  poems. 
They  are  'little  praised  by  critics,  no  idols 
of  the  refining  few,  but  they  sell  immensely 
with  the  multitude — it  is  worth  studying 
why.  I  believe  because,  though  they  have 
not  much  elevation  of  subject,  they  have  a 
simplicity  of  style  which  all  understand." 

The  statement  as  to  "Keats  and  Shelley," 
which  now  seems  incredible,  especially 
to  those  who  know  New  England, 
was  true  at  the  time.  But  Charles 
Mackay  as  a  model  !  In  the  main, 
Bulwer  hit  with  discrimination  his 
son's  faults  as  a  poet  :  he  was 
too  imitative,  he  overwrote  himself, 
"  always  taking  white  crops  off  his  glebe," 
and  was  fatally  facile.  Nor  can  the 
injunction  to  avoid  a  purely  literary  career 
and  to  keep  to  diplomacy  be  held  other 
than  sound,  though  it  was  suggested  by 
the  jealous  motive  that  "  the  world  would 
not  allow  two  of  the  same  name  to 
have  both  a  permanent  reputation." 
Lytton  lamented  to  the  end  that  he  had 
not  been  permitted  to  follow  his  natural 
bent ;  and  not  long  before  his  death  he 
deplored,  with  what  Lady  Betty  Balfour 
well  calls  an  exceeding  bitter  cry,  a 
"  neglected  gift  not  properly  cultivated." 
But,  though  a  reperusal  of  '  Fables  in 
Song,'  and  even  '  Glenaveril,'  discloses 
much  curiosa  felicitas,  the  verdict  must 
be  that  the  divine  fire  is  absent. 

The  Brownings  and  John  Forster  domi- 
nate Lady  Betty  Balfour's  first  volume, 
as  with  affectionate  anxiety  they  watch 
Lytton's  intellectual  progress.  Mrs. 
Browning's  criticism  of  '  Lucile  '  is  tho- 
roughly to  the  point  : — 

"  Upon  the  whole,  T  have  talked  too  much 
of  faults  and  too  little  of  the  beauties  which 
are  uppermost.  The  reason  is  perhaps  that 
while  I  have  felt  and  applauded  all  the 
beauty,  I  am  sensible  to  myself  of  a  certain 
disappointment  and  discontent  witli  the 
work  as  a  whole,  or  (to  put  it  more  graciously 
and  quite  as  veraciously)  of  a  feeling  that 
the  writer  ought,  with  his  means,  to  produce 
something  deeper,  more  intense,  with  a 
stronger  hold  on  the  essential  life  of  us,  the 
life  beyond  and  above  life.  Here,  I  do  not 
see  where  the  writer's  convictions  are.  He 
means  well  somehow  ;  but  what  is  the  well 
he  means  ?  " 

Lytton's  own  letters  are  best  described 
as  elaborate  essays,  couched  in  a  flowing 
style,  over-abounding,  perhaps,  in  general- 
izations, but  brimful  of  ideas.  Thus  he 
sends  his  father  a  happy  appreciation  of 
'  Les  Miserables  '  : — 

"  I  don't  know  if  I  wrote  you  my  first 
impression  of  the  book,  but  that  impression 
remains  unchanged,  and  was  to  the  effect — 


that  it  is  like  a  great  cathedral  organ  plaj^ing 
Strauss's  waltzes.  Such  an  instrument  has 
no  business  to  play  such  tunes,  and  though 
the  tune  is  a  poor  one,  the  instrument  is  a 
great  one.  Browning  once  said  to  me  of 
Victor  Hugo,  '  His  fault  is  that  he  some- 
times mistakes  the  pan  forte '  (a  highly- 
spiced  gingerbread  common  in  Italy)  '  for 
the  sacramental  bread.'  " 

Soon  after  his  death,  Madame  Flourens, 
the  wife  of  the  French  Minister  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  described  the  dual  character  of 
Lytton  with  much  appropriateness : 
there  was  in  him  the  man  of  the  world, 
"  exuberant,  brillant,  leger,  original,  un 
peu  C3^nique  et  tres  sceptique  "  ;  and  there 
was  the  thinker  and  the  poet,  "  profonde- 
ment  melancolique."  We  get  both  sides 
of  him  in  these  pages — the  former  in  some 
most  unconventional  communications  to 
royalty,  and  in  witty  sketches  like  this 
this  of  Lamartine,  who  rose  at  four  and 
went  to  bed  at  ten  : — 

'  '  Many  authors,'  said  he,  '  require  the 
excitement  of  the  day — dinner — and  con- 
versation, &c,  before  writing.  Byron  did  : 
but  I,  unfortunately  for  myself,  have  so 
much  excitement  in  myself,  that  what  I 
require  is  only  to  calm  and  moderate  it. 
Sleep  is  the  best  calmant.  This  is  why  I 
write  in  the  morning.'  He  appears  to  have 
vanity,  but  no  affectation.  He  exacts 
homage,  but  receives  it  like  a  great  gentle- 
man. Madame  Kalergi  tells  me  that  when 
she  went  to  see  him,  she  asked  him  what  he 
thought  of  a  young  French  poet  who  had 
just  been  calling  on  him.  '  II  n'est  pas 
sans  talent,'  said  Lamartine,  '  mais  il  ne 
sera  jamais  grand  homme,  car  il  n'a  pas  de 
sympathie.  Imaginez-vous,  Madame,  qu'il 
n'a  pas  ete  trouble  en  me  voyant  !  '  ; 

We  need  not  follow  Lytton  step  by 
step  through  a  diplomatic  career  that 
began  at  Washington  and  had  reached 
Lisbon  when  he  was  sent  out  to  Calcutta 
in  succession  to  Lord  Northbrook.  Let 
us  take  him  up  again  when  India  lay 
behind  him,  and  he  was  making  the  ac- 
quaintance of  his  own  country  in  company 
with  a  private  secretary  whom  Lady 
Betty  Balfour  amusingly  calls  ^Mr. 
"  Thomas  "  Maguire.  That  gentleman  is 
known,  we  believe,  to  his  friends  by  a 
diminutive  of  the  name  ;  none  the  less 
his  godparents  gave  him  those  of  James 
Rochfort.     Here  is  a  ludicrous  scene  : — 

"  It  was  market-day  at  Abingdon  when 
we  got  there  for  luncheon  at  2  p.m.,  lunched 
at  the  farmers'  dinner  at  the  '  Crown  and 
Thistle,'  sat  next  a  most  conceited  bagman 
— such  an  ass  ! — who  considered  himself  a 
superior  person,  and  tried  to  astonish  the 
bucolic  minds  of  the  farmers  by  talking  the 
most  absurd  rubbish  about  the  laws  of  supply 
and  demand,  and  the  opinions  of  thinking 
men.  I  need  hardly  say  that  Gladstone  is 
his  fetish,  and  that  he  was  hopelessly 
ignorant — even  of  his  own  ignorance." 

Lord  Lytton's  sister-in-law  Mrs.  Earle. 
Elwin,  the  editor  of  The  Quarterly,  and  Sir 
James  Stephen  had  now  become  the  princi- 
pal correspondents  outside  the  family 
circle.  A  penetrating  comparison  of 
Shelley  with  Byron  occurs  in  a  letter  to 
the  first  of  them  (vol.  ii.  pp.  253-4)  ;  while 
to  Stephen  he  wrote  of  Balzac  :  — 

"  I  can't  agree  with  Remusat  about 
Balzac,  if,  at  least,  he  means  that  Balzac 
lias  been  overrated.  To  me  he  seems  one 
of     the     greatest     and     most     far-reaching 


506 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


novelists  that  have  ever  lived.  Who  else 
has  produced  such  a  vast  and  vivid  pano- 
rama of  modern  life  and  character — or  at 
any  rate  of  French  life  and  character — in 
its  most  universal  and  permanently  human 
aspect  ?  Compare  him  with  one  of  the 
cleverest  of  our  own  novelists,  Thackeray, 
and  how  poor  and  thin  and  limited  and 
local  Thackeray  is  by  the  side  of  him  ;  or 
with  French  writers  of  the  same  school — 
e.g.  Flaubert.     How  he  dwarfs  them  all  !  " 

With  his  appointment  to  the  Paris 
Embassy  in  1888,  Lytton  took  up 
duties  which,  apart  from  their  routine, 
were  congenial  to  him,  and  lived  in  a 
society  that  captivated  him  while  it  wore 
him  out.  We  are  given  an  excellent  descrip- 
tion of  a  diner  de  garcon  at  which  Sardou 
poured  forth  floods  of  erudition,  and 
Coppee  made  a  brilliant  mot  : — 

"  X.  unconsciously  contributed  to  the 
humour  of  the  evening  (it  was  his  solitary 
contribution)  in  this  wise.  The  talk  turned 
at  one  moment  on  '  Atlantis  '  and  all  the 
legends  and  traditions  about  it,  in  the  midst 
of  which  my  dear  X.  solemnly  turned  to 
Coppee  and  said,  '  I  have  heard  of  the  book, 
but  have  not  yet  read  it.  Is  it  amusing  ?  ' 
Coppee  as  solemnly  replied,  '  The  original 
idea  was  not  a  bad  one,  but  it  has  been 
watered  away  so  !  '  " 

Excellent,  too,  is  the  saying  of  M. 
Constans  on  Sardou's  '  Cleopatra ' :  "  Cela 
me  fait  Ferret  d'A'ida  mis  en  musique  par 
Sardou."  Lytton  was  fully  alive  to  the 
humours  of  Paris,  and  retailed  the  follow- 
ing anecdote  for  the  benefit  of  Sir  James 
Stephen  :— 

"  Apropos  of  farces,  Sarah  Bernhardt — 
intoxicated  with  the  new  idea  of  virginity 
ever  since  she  acted  Jeanne  d'Arc — has  been 
reciting  a  French  passion  play  in  the  biggest 
circus  of  Paris,  with  a  Christ  in  white  tie 
and  tail-coat.  The  audience  got  bored — 
rose  in  revolt,  screaming  out,  '  Tu  nous 
ennuies  :  assez  du  Christ.  De  la  musique  ! 
de  la  musique  !  '  So  that  quite  uninten- 
tionally and  unconsciously  the  chef  d'or- 
chestre  played  in  this  performance  the  part 
of  Barabbas  ('  Not  this  man,  but  the  other  !' ). 
Then  the  author  of  the  play,  white  with  rage 
and  tres  emu,  began  skipping  over  the  benches 
on  to  the  stage,  shaking  his  fist  at  the  audience, 
and,  with  copious  tears,  kissing  first  Sarah 
Bernhardt,  then  his  mother,  then  his  sister, 
and  then  his  mistress.  This  touched  and 
partly  mollified  the  public  !  What  a  funny 
nation  we  are  here  !  and  yet  we  are  capable 
of  great  things,  now  and  then,  and  very 
clever  things  at  all  times." 

All  the  while  the  Ambassador  was 
watching  the  Boulangist  movement  with 
a  steady  eye,  and  calculating  the 
strength  of  its  figurehead,  by  no 
means  amiss.  His  account  of  Bis- 
marck's dismissal  tallies,  except  in  its 
details,  with  that  given  in  the  Hohenlohe 
memoirs,  and  his  speculations  on  the 
future  policy  of  the  German  Emperor 
have  in  many  points  been  fulfilled.  It 
was  a  shrewd  guess  that  the  Kaiser  would 
not  go  in  for  "gunpowder  and  glory," 
but  that  lie  would  establish  "  a  sort  of 
paternal  despotism  with  a  more  or  less 
socialist  home  policy."  To  the  last 
Lytton  was  keenly  interested  in  the  world 
around  him — absorbed  in  the  hypnotic 
experiments  at  the  Sal  pet  Here,  admiring 
Olive  Schreiner's  novels,  and  rejoicing 
in  Bayreuth.     But  then  he  had  only  just 


reached  the  age  of  sixty  when  he  died, 
having  overtaxed  his  strength,  no  doubt, 
by  trying  to  live  the  manifold  life  of  an 
Elizabethan  in  an  age  of  concentrated 
specialism.  He  should  have  been  painted, 
not  by  Millais  and  Watts,  but  by  Zuccaro. 


Lotus  Land  :  being  an  Account  of  the 
Country  and  the  People  of  Southern 
Siam.  By  P.  A.  Thompson.  (Werner 
Laurie.) 

It  is  not  easy  to  hit  the  mean  between 
a  globe-trotter's  transient  impressions 
and  a  resident's  cumbrous  statistics, 
but  Mr.  Thompson  has  achieved  this. 
He  was  for  three  years  one  of  the  officers 
of  the  Royal  Survey  in  Siam,  and  though 
three  years,  or  indeed  three  hundred,  will 
not  let  a  European  into  the  secret  places 
of  Eastern  life  and  thought,  he  was  long 
enough  in  the  country,  and  sufficiently 
in  touch  with  the  natives  to  understand 
them  as  well  as  a  foreigner  can.  His 
work  threw  him  among  the  peasantry, 
and  he  has  nothing  to  tell  of  the  Court, 
and  not  much  of  the  Government.  His 
opinion  is  that  the  sending  of  Siamese 
princes  to  English  schools  and  universities 
has  not  been  followed  by  encouraging 
results,  and  that  the  best  men  in  the 
country  have  all  been  bred  and  educated 
in  Siam.  He  gives  no  flattering  account 
of  the  administration  of  justice,  though 
he  speaks  well  of  the  Minister  of  the 
Interior,  Prince  Damrong,  whose  name 
certainly  suggests  intolerance  of  evil. 
The  Chinese  question  is  prominent  in 
Siam,  as  it  is  in  Burma,  and  in  the 
towns  it  is  chiefly  Chinamen  that  attract 
the  eye.  Except  in  the  early  morning, 
when  the  yellow-robed  monks  throng  the 
streets  in  quest  of  alms,  the  Siamese  are 
strangely  in  a  minority  in  Bangkok.  "  Of 
the  humbler  classes,  three  out  of  every 
four  we  have  met  so  far  have  been  Chinese' ' 
— of  the  men,  of  course,  for  the  China- 
man's wife  is  always  Siamese,  and  a 
splendid  worker  she  is,  a  keen  woman  of 
business,  "  and  the  backbone  of  the 
country."  Here  again  the  story  of 
Burma  repeats  itself.  The  Siamese  woman 
prefers  a  thrifty  Chinese  husband  to  the 
lethargic  man  of  her  own  people,  and  the 
population  is  undergoing  a  profound 
change  by  intermarriage.  "  Perhaps," 
says  Mr.  Thompson, 

"  after  all,  this  would  be  the  happiest 
solution  for  the  country's  future.  The 
children  of  this  mixed  parentage  are  among 
the  brightest  class  in  the  country.  They 
speak  Siamese,  have  no  particular  rever- 
ence for  the  pigtail,  which  they  as  often  as 
not  dispense  with,  and  in  their  sympathies 
and  manners  they  are  entirely  Siamese." 

"  In  Bangkok  and  in  every  large  village 
there  is  a  strong  Chinese  element.  Almost 
the  entire  retail  trade  of  the  country  is  in 
their  hands,  for  they  possess  a  sound  busi- 
ness capacity,  and  a  native  honesty  to  which 
the  lower-class  Siamese  can  lay  no  claim. 
How  often  has  it  been  said  that  a  Chinaman's 
word  is  his  bond  '!  The  Chinese  also  do 
most  of  the  market  gardening,  which 
involves  more  labour  than  rice  planting. 
They  are  the  'rickshaw  pullers,  and,  it  is 
scarcely  an  exaggeration  to  say,  they  j>er- 


form  all  the  drudgery  of  the  country,  while 
the  Siamese  exist  in  a  state  of  blissful  repose. 
If  some  philanthropist  were  to  give  a  Siamese 
coolie  a  'rickshaw  and  tell  him  to  earn  his 
living  by  pulling  it  in  the  streets,  he  would 
not  reply,  '  I  don't  want  to,'  but  '  I  cannot.' 
Yet  somehow  the  coolie  is  never  without  a 
few  coppers,  and  when  next  the  philanthro- 
pist set  eyes  u2^on  his  protege  it  would  be 
to  see  him  riding  in  the  'rickshaw,  with  a 
Chinaman  in  the  shafts."   . 

What  does  the  Siamese  do,  then  ?  He 
smokes  opium,  chews  betel,  gambles,  and 
laughs. 

"  Gambling  is  a  national  instinct,  and  it  is 
in  the  last  degree  exceptional  for  a  coolie 
to  put  by  any  money.  As  soon  as  he  receives 
his  pay,  he  will  go  off  to  the  nearest  gambling- 
house  and  stop  there  till  it  is  finished.  If 
he  is  lucky  it  may  last  him  a  week  ;  if  the 
luck  is  against  him  he  has  to  return  to  work 
the  next  day.  It  is  his  form  of  amusement, 
and  he  never  contemplates  the  possibility 
of  making  money  by  it." 

As  to  the  betel-nut — or  rather  the  areca- 
nut  wrapped  in  the  leaf  of  the  betel  vine 
smeared  with  lime  and  red  turmeric — all 
the  little  girls  chew  it  while  their  small 
brothers  puff  cigarettes,  and  unless  you 
stuff  a  betel  quid  in  your  cheek  you  can 
never  attain  a  pure  Siamese  accent. 
Beyond  these  accomplishments  and  exceed- 
ingly adroit  watermanship,  for  they  are 
an  amphibious  race,  the  Siamese  do  not 
attempt  much.  They  are  chiefly  free- 
holders, a  peasant  proprietary,  in  fact, 
if  not  in  name  ;  the  taxes  are  light, 
and  rice-growing  is  easy  work.  They 
thoroughly  enjoy  life,  and  everybody 
who  knows  them  likes  them.  Mr.  Thomp- 
son was  evidently  captivated  by  their 
charm,  their  merry  ways,  their  universal 
hospitality  and  kindliness,  and  the  happy 
life  of  their  children  and  their  animals,, 
protected  by  the  gentle  teaching  of  the 
Buddhist's  creed.  He  gives  delightful 
pictures  of  the  farmer's  round,  the  rice' 
harvest,  and  the  numerous  family  events , 
such  as  the  cutting  of  the  top-knots  of 
three  little  Siamese  maidens,  evidently 
great  friends  of  his,  and  he  moralizes 
thus  : — 

"  We  must  not  judge  them  by  our  stand- 
ards. They  are  perfectly  happy  ;  why 
should  they  spend  their  days  in  strenuous 
labour  ?  The  hideous  squalor,  the  abject 
misery  of  our  great  cities  aro  things  utterly 
apart  from  their  lives  :  the  cry  of  starving 
children  is  to  them  unknown.  And  their 
wants  are  very  simple.  To  us  the  piling  up 
of  one  coin  upon  another  means  so  much, 
but  the  Siamese  are  content  to  lie  in  the 
shade  of  the  bamboos  and  laugh  and  smoke, 
while  the  rice  grows  up  for  them  to  eat." 

Even  the  necessary  cremation  is  "  an 
innocent  source  of  merriment."  Funerals, 
indeed,  are  often  cheerful  diversions, 
especially  in  Ireland,  where  we  have 
known  a  ';  stiff  un  "  set  up  on  end  with 
a  dudeen  between  his  lips  while  his  friends 
"  disguised  "  themselves  with  the  potheen  ; 
but  in  Siam  they  are  accompanied  by 
games,  fireworks,  and  gorgeous  theatrical 
performances.  The  sense  of  the  ludi- 
brium  rerum  humanarum  must  have  been 
strong  upon  the  author  as  he  looked  on 
at  the  cremation  of  a  little  boy,  a  chila, 
in  a  monastery  far  up  country  : — 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


107 


"  It  was  dark  when  I  arrived,  but  the  sala 
was  brilliantly  illuminated,  and  sitting  round 
mats  on  the  floor  with  packs  of  cards  were 
groups  of  eager  players  and  interested 
spectators.  The  open  -  air  theatre  was 
thronged  with  villagers  who  marked  their 
approval  of  the  clown's  antics  by  loud 
guffaws,  while  the  fireworks  banged  and  the 
rockets  soared  above  the  palms.  And  apart 
from  all  this,  near  the  river,  and  all  un- 
heeded, rested  the  little  coffin,  half-consumed 
and  burning  with  a  wan  fitful  flame." 

Mr.  Thompson's  descriptions  of  Siamese 
scenery,  and  especially  of  the  scenes  on 
the  Hongs,  with  their  teeming  house- 
boats and  busy  sampans,  the  Chinese 
butcher  in  his  canoe  with  pork  displayed 
at  the  bow,  and  the  naked  children 
splashing  and  paddling  in  the  tepid 
water  are  fresh  and  vivid  ;  and  although 
we  have  read  many  books  about  Siam, 
none  of  them  brings  the  country  and 
people  so  intimately  before  us  as  '  Lotus 
Land.'  The  account  of  camping  up- 
country  is  specially  fascinating.  The 
neighbouring  village,  indeed,  could  hardly 
be  called  attractive.  .  gg  ~: 

The  picture  of  country  life  among  the 
people,  the  study  of  their  habits  and 
beliefs — where  the  Buddhist  faith  is  laid 
over  deep-seated  superstitions,  tree- 
worship,  taboo,  ghost-terrors,  charms, 
and  curious  rites  and  precautions — the 
description  of  their  sport,  fishing,  elephant 
driving  :  these,  to  our  mind,  constitute 
the  best  part  of  Mr.  Thompson's  volume. 
But  we  must  not  pass  over  chapters  on 
the  temples  and  the  monks,  on  Siamese 
art,  and  on  the  temple  of  Angkor  Tom,  of 
which  he  ventures  to  say  that, 

"  Egyptian  in  its  massiveness  and  unsur- 
passed in  the  purity  of  its  lines  by  the  finest 
works  of  Greece,  it  stands  to-day,  and  is 
perhaps  destined  to  remain,  the  noblest 
monument  raised  by  the  hands  of  man." 

The  eulogy  seems  to  need  qualification, 
but  we  pause  only  to  note  the  author's 
conviction  that  this  famous  mediseval 
monument  was  the  product  of  "  a  high 
civilization  which  received  a  new  im- 
petus from  the  warlike  and  conquering 
Northerners."  On  this  point  we  could 
wish  that  the  historical  introduction  had 
been  more  detailed  and  conclusive,  though 
we  are  aware  that  the  materials  are  far 
from  complete.  We  will  only  add  that 
the  illustrations,  whether  from  the  author's 
photographs  or  his  sketches,  including 
numerous  drawings  made  from  "  squeezes  " 
of  the  bas-reliefs  at  the  Nakawn  Wat,  are 
worthy  of  this  admirable  account  of  a 
singularly  attractive  people. 


Court    Beauties    of    Old     Whitehall.     By 
W.  R.  H.  Trowbridge.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

After  a  bowing  acquaintance  of  a  good 
many  years'  standing  with  the  women  of 
the  Restoration,  we  cannot  but  feel  that 
any  attempt  to  deal  with  them  after  Mr. 
Trowbridge's  manner  would  be,  to  our- 
selves, a  thankless  task,  and  must,  with 
any  one,  result  in  disappointment.  To 
tear  these  expressions  of  life  from  their 


context,  as  it  were ;  to  take  these 
favourites  of  the  stage  away  from 
the  footlights  and  the  scenery,  from 
their  fellow-actors  in  the  garish  melo- 
drama in  which  they  played,  and  to  place 
them  separately,  with  their  jewels,  their 
rouged  cheeks  and  darkened  eyebrows,  in 
the  cold  light  of  day,  is  inartistic  and 
unfair.  If  they  are  to  interest  the 
spectator,  they  should  appear  in  the  play, 
and  nowhere  else.  We  sometimes  think 
that  even  Hamilton  narrowly  missed 
failure. 

Mr.  Trowbridge  has  taken  a  different 
view,  and  we  proceed  to  deal  briefly  with 
his  monographs.  The  list  is  far  from  com- 
plete, for  which,  in  a  general  way,  we 
are  grateful  ;  though  why  he  should  have 
slighted  Nelly  Gwyn,  who  was  the  most 
original,  the  most  honest,  and  the  most 
attractive  of  the  gay  sisterhood,  we  do 
not  understand.  Perhaps  Mr.  Trowbridge 
was  not  prepared  with  what  he  con- 
sidered a  sufficiently  apt  sub-title.  These 
sub-titles,  we  would  say  at  once,  are  with 
two  exceptions  ingeniously  chosen  ;  but 
to  call  Louise  de  Keroual  the  "  Spy  of  the 
Restoration  "  exhibits  a  marked  want  of 
appreciation  of  her  functions,  for  she  was 
not  that,  or  rather  she  was  much  more 
than  that ;  and  to  brand  Henrietta  of 
Orleans  as  the  "  Evil  Genius  of  the  Resto- 
ration "  is  absurd. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  first  line  of 
Mr.  Trowbridge's  book — the  title  of  his 
first  chapter — should  repeat  a  familiar 
blunder.  Hortense  Mancini  was  not 
— could  not  be — Duchesse  de  Mazarin, 
any  more  than  we  can  speak  of  Earl  of 
Grey  or  Lord  of  Armstrong.  She  tried, 
indeed,  very  hard  to  obtain  recognition 
of  the  de  ;  but,  if  Mr.  Trowbridge 
had  read  M.  Forneron's  delightful 
monograph  upon  Louise  de  Keroual 
with  care,  he  would  have  seen  that 
the  French  Foreign  Minister  invariably 
crossed  it  out  when  he  found  it  in  the 
dispatches  from  England.  Apart  from 
the  constant  recurrence  of  this  slip 
the  extraordinary  story  of  the  "  Adven- 
turess of  the  Restoration  "  is  adequately 
told,  precisely  because  the  really  interest- 
ing episodes  of  her  life  are  individual,  and 
not  connected  with  the  Restoration  at  all. 
It  would,  too,  be  difficult  to  go 
wrong  about  the  Duchess  of  Cleveland, 
the  "  Courtesan  of  the  Restoration " : 
Mr.  Trowbridge  might  have  used  a  stronger 
word — one  which  he  afterwards  applies 
with  singular  inaccuracy  to  the  Duchess  of 
Portsmouth.  He  has  chronicled  Barbara 
Villiers  sufficiently,  and  we  think  that 
enough  has  been  heard  of  her  for  a  very 
long  time.  We  could  wish  that  Mr.  Trow- 
bridge had  omitted  the  unnecessary  passage 
in  which  he  disclaims  any  living  disgust 
for  historic  criminals,  and  decries  "  a 
literary  passion  over  the  iniquities  of 
persons  who  have  been  dead  for  centuries"; 
he  cannot  "  work  himself  up  to  any  heat 
over  a  profligate  woman  who  lived  two 
hundred  years  ago. .  .  .as  if  she  were  still 
living  "  ;  and  "  no  people,"  he  says,  "  are 
more  ridiculous  than  the  literary  police- 
men who  nab  [sic]  historical  offenders  and 
prosecute  them  at  the  bar  of  a  remote 


posterity."  This  attitude  of  detachment 
would  be  irritating  in  a  Gibbon,  a 
Hallam,  or  a  Burke ;  in  Mr.  Trow- 
bridge it  savours  offensively  of  affecta- 
tion. We  are  not  to  blush  that  Oates 
and  Jeffreys  had  their  will  in  England, 
or  to  rejoice  over  the  fate  which  at  length 
befell  them,  merely  because  these  things 
happened  centuries  ago.  We  wonder 
where  Mr.  Trowbridge  places  his  time- 
limit,  so  to  speak,  of  moral  repro- 
bation. The  gentleman  protests  too 
much.  He  has,  however,  been  consistent; 
there  is  more  white  heat  of  contempt,  a 
greater  measure  of  biting  sarcasm,  in  half 
a  dozen  well-known  lines  of  the  cool 
lawyer  Hallam  than  in  the  whole  of  this 
bulky  volume. 

With  his  estimate  of  the  Duchess  of 
Richmond  Mr.  Trowbridge  has,  we  think, 
reached  the  high-water  mark  of  such 
success  as  he  has  obtained.  "  The  Prude 
of  the  Restoration  "  he  calls  her,  and  his 
justification  of  this  epigram  upon  the 
woman  who  managed  to  leave  her 
unchastity  an  open  question  is  inge- 
niously v/orked  out.  Here  again,  however, 
we  would  recommend  him  to  omit 
the  first  page,  with  its  talk  about 
Board  schools.  But  if  we  lay  stress 
upon  what  had  better  be  expunged, 
it  will  be  difficult  to  know  where 
to  stop.  What,  for  example,  are  we  to 
say  to  such  a  sentence  as  the  following, 
about  Catherine  of  Braganza  :  "  But  as 
time  passed  and  the  desire  of  all  kings — 
save  Frederick  the  Great — for  issue  became 
more  and  more  remote,  intrigue  lifted  its 
snaky  head  and  threatened  the  helpless 
Portuguese"?  Little  is  to  be  said 
of  the  historian  who  writes  of  the 
Civil  War  and  ten  years  of  Crom- 
well making  England  democratic ;  of 
Algernon  Sidney  taking  a  bribe  of  500Z. 
at  every  parliamentary  session ;  or 
of  Louis  offering  Charles  four  million 
pounds.  It  is  unnecessary  to  add  that 
Mr.  Trowbridge  repeats  the  ';  unconscion- 
able time  dying  "  story  as  historic.  His 
most  original  and  striking  correction 
of  our  previous  impressions  occurs  on 
p.  294,  where  he  mentions  Flora  Mac- 
donald  as  one  of  the  women  of  the 
Restoration  ! 

Mr.  Trowbridge's  accounts  of  "  La  belle 
Hamilton " — "  a  good  woman  of  the 
Restoration  "  ;  of  Frances  Jennings,  who 
became  the  wife  of  "  lying  Dick  Talbot," 
and  whom  he  calls  *'  a  splendid  failure  of 
the  Restoration  "  ;  and  of  the  Countess 
of  Shrewsbury,  the  '*  Messalina  of  the 
Restoration  " — these  may  pass.  It  was 
unfortunate,  however,  that  his  design 
compelled  him  to  include  Louise  de 
Keroual  and  Henrietta  of  Orleans.  We 
will  only  say  that  he  would  have  been 
well  advised  if  he  had  left  the  one — the 
uncrowned  queen  of  England — to  M.  For- 
neron,  and  the  delicate,  winsome  per- 
sonality of  Charles's  "  deare.  deare  sister" 
to  the  sympatheti  •  pen  of  Mrs.  Adv. 

There  are  a  good  many  illustrations 
in  the  book,  chiefly  inferior.  Why, 
with  other  representations  of  Louise 
de  Keroual  to  choose  from,  Mr.  Trow- 
bridge   should    have    selected    Kneller's 


508 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


outrageous  libel,  we  cannot  imagine. 
Honthorst's  portrait  of  Charles  as  a  boy 
— interesting  in  itself — seems  out  of  place 
in  a  Restoration  book.  The  miniature 
of  Henrietta  by  an  unknown  artist  com- 
mands attention  on  account  of  its  dis- 
similarity from  the  other  portraits  of  her 
with  which  we  are  acquainted.  It  pos- 
sesses neither  the  gentle  beauty  shared  by 
the  Goodwood  Lely  with  the  Knowsley 
and  two  other  Mignards,  nor  the  fascination 
of  Mignard's  other  superb  presentation  of 
her  in  her  pride  of  motherhood  ;  but  it 
is  certainly  a  notable  and  a  probable 
portrait. 


The  Works  of  Charles  Dickens.  "  The 
National  Edition." — Vols.  I  and  II. 
Sketches  by  Boz.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 

Fortunate  are  those  who  are  able  to 
secure  a  set  of  this  handsome  library 
edition  of  Dickens  ;  indeed,  it  is  probable 
that  the  limited  list  of  sets  available  has 
been  already  filled  up  by  eager  subscribers, 
for  no  other  presentation  of  the  varied 
work  of  the  great  novelist  will  equal  this 
in  form  and  completeness.  The  claim 
to  be  final  and  definitive,  which  has  often 
proved  as  un  veracious  as  an  actor's 
"  positively  last  appearance,"  may  fairly 
be  considered  in  this  case  inexpugnable. 
We  are  to  have  not  only  the  author's 
latest  copyright  corrections  of  his  own 
text,  but  also  Forster's  '  Life,'  the  Letters, 
Speeches,  Plays,  and  Poems,  and  numerous 
fugitive  articles  now  identified  for  the 
first  time,  and  identified,  we  understand, 
by  means  more  certain  than  the  fallacious 
evidences  of  style  and  allusion  which 
have  figured  as  indisputable  guides  to  the 
journalism  of  great  authors. 

All  the  accessories  which  go  to  the 
making  of  luxurious  books  have  been  con- 
sidered :  the  page  is  ample,  and  the  paper 
and  type  are  of  the  best  quality,  while 
the  printing  is  worthy  of  Messrs.  Con- 
stable, the  well-known  Edinburgh  printers. 
The  '  Sketches  by  Boz  '  occupy  two  large 
volumes,  of  409  and  455  pages  respectively, 
and  there  are  facsimiles  of  the  original 
covers. 

Wealth  of  pictures  is  a  special  feature 
of  this  edition,  and  here  we  have  the 
work  of  Cruikshank,  the  main  illus- 
trator, who  was  secured  as  a  man  with  a 
reputation  to  assist  the  success  of  the 
publication,  and  also  several  sketches  by 
the  artist  generally  known  as  Phiz,  and 
long  associated  with  Boz.  It  is  cus- 
tomary with  art  critics  to  find  fault  with 
Hablot  K.  Browne,  but  Dickensians  do 
not  generally,  we  think,  sympathize  with 
this  depreciation.  Browne's  '  Vignette 
Title  to  the  Library  Edition'  (1858)  is 
an  excellent  piece  of  work,  as  is  his 
'  Cover  Design  of  Sketches  of  Young 
Gentlemen  '  (1838).  Here  he  holds  in 
restraint  that  excess  of  fantasy  which, 
though  thoroughly  Dickensian,  perhaps 
exaggerated  the  inhuman  quality  of 
Dickens's  greater  figures.  One  of  the 
triumphs  of  this  edition  is  the  delicacy 
with  which  the  plates  mounted  on  special 
paper     are     reproduced.      Thus      Cruik- 


shank's  picture  of  '  The  Last  Cab-Driver  ' 
now  presents  a  detail  of  his  reforming  zeal 
which  may  have  been  obscure  to  many 
readers.  Over  the  words  "  Cigar  Divan  " 
appears  a  board  containing  the  words 
real  blaguard,  which,  if  misspelt,  are 
sufficiently  trenchant.  Dickens  in  his  later 
years  would  hardly,  we  think,  have 
tolerated  such  direct  sermonizing  as  this 
from  his  illustrators. 

The  '  Sketches  by  Boz  '  are,  as  their 
author  remarks  in  a  later  introduction, 
the  work  of  "  a  very  young  man,"  and 
were  "  sent  into  the  world  with  all  their 
imperfections  (a  good  many)  on  their 
heads."  But  already  they  show  Dickens's 
wonderful  powers  of  observation  in  detail, 
and  already  they  possess  that  antiquarian 
interest  for  the  student  of  London  which 
he  prophesied  for  them  seventy  years  ago. 
The  fame  of  Bellamy  as  a  caterer  for 
members  of  Parliament,  and  of  D'Orsay 
as  a  model  of  dressing,  lives  in  these  pages  ; 
Amburgh  and  Astley  are  forgotten  past 
resuscitation  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
once  familiar  "  Jack-in-the-green "  on 
May  Day  might,  if  found,  be  the  subject 
of  an  ample  fee  from  a  delighted  anthro- 
pologist. We  believe  that  the  bricklayer's 
labourer  still  shows  the  same  indifference 
to  active  reform  of  his  habits. 

The  expert  in  Dickens  will  detect  here  the 
first  germs  of  some  characters  destined 
later  for  worldwide  fame.  We  ourselves 
have  found  light  on  the  character  of  the 
"  aquatic  jacket "  worn  by  the  great 
Swiveller.  Sentimentalism  is  particularly 
rampant  in  many  incidents  of  what  would 
now  be  called  submerged  families,  and 
the  stoutness  of  the  dominant  is  only 
equalled  by  the  consumptive  tendencies 
of  the  downtrodden. 

We  were  puzzled  for  a  moment  by 
finding  the  pretended  remonstrances  of 
the  fair  on  receiving  tributes  of  affec- 
tion (i.  134)  described  as  "  Lucretian 
ejaculations."  But  the  adjective  refers 
to  Lucretia,  not  Lucretius — to  modesty, 
not  to  high  science  and  fine  language. 
The  style  is  generally  heavy  and  unin- 
spired, full  of  clumsy  periphrases  and 
useless  Latinisms,  suggestive  of  that 
fluent  oratory  which  Dickens  no  doubt 
was  often  condemnsd  to  hear  and  repro- 
duce. Still  it  is  the  real,  radiant  Dickens, 
a  wonder  of  imagination.  He  has  only 
to  see  a  small  boy's  jacket  to  raise  a 
whole  fabric  of  personality,  like  another 
Sherlock  Holmes.  The  boy  was  a 
town  boy,  at  a  small  day  school  (not 
a  regular  boys'  school).  His  parents 
were  decent  people,  but  not  rich  ;  his 
mother  was  indulgent,  and  he  spent 
plenty  of  halfpence  on  sweets.  Later  his 
father  died,  and  his  mother  got  him  a 
message-lad's  place  in  some  office,  but 
he  took  to  idle  lounging. 

In  representing  the  sharp  interchange 
of  the  idiom  of  the  streets  Dickens  is  at 
his  best  here  as  elsewhere.  He  intro- 
duces frequently  the  v  instead  of  w,  which 
is  no  longer  a  feature  of  Cockney  dialect. 
The  curious  in  slang  will  note  his  phrase, 
"  Put  the  kye-bosk  on  her,  Mary  !  "  which 
led  to  an  interesting  discussion  in  Notes 
and  Queries  a  few  years  ago. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

Sophy  of  Kravonia.     By  Anthony  Hope. 
(Arrowsmith.) 

Admirers  of  Anthony  Hope  (in  his  ro- 
mantic mood  especially)  will  be  pleased 
to  find  he  has  again  assumed  it.     His  new 
novel  is  built  somewhat  on  the  lines  and 
style,  though  not  on  the  plot,  of  '  The 
Prisoner  of  Zenda  '  and  its  sequela? ;   and 
it    is   better   reading   than   some    of    the 
author's  recent  excursions  into  latter-day 
social  life.     The  actors  in  this  are,  how- 
ever,   only   old-world   in   the   proportion 
that  the  Franco-Russian  campaign  is  old, 
and  yet  in  a  way  how  remote  that  is  !' 
Neither  the  matter  of  the  book  nor  the 
illustrations  quite  recall  the  time.     Mapa 
of  the  imaginary  territory  are  of  course- 
appended,  and  there  is  also  a  transparent 
attempt    to    give     some    appearance    of 
historical  validity.     It   is   naturally  into 
an     imaginary    Court    and    kingdom    in 
Eastern  Europe  that  Anthony  Hope  pro- 
jects himself  and  his  company.     '  Prince 
Otto '  was  not  the  first  of  its  kind,  and 
since  Stevenson  discovered  Griinewald  how 
often  have  readers   of  modern  romance- 
breathed   the   rarefied    air    of   the    small 
kingship,  principality,  or  dukedom  !    and 
how  soon  is  its  artificial  and  ephemeral 
existence    forgotten,     with    that    of    the 
young  English  visitor!     As  usual,   there 
is  a  morganatic  marriage,  with  offspring 
to   add  to  the   complications.     Into  this 
"  mess,"    and    by    devious    paths    in    a 
much    disjointed    career,    comes    Sophy, 
the   Essex   kitchen-maid.     Part   of   what 
follows  reads  like  an  echo  of  other  cir- 
cumstances and  situations  of  the  author'* 
former    devisings,    but    it    is    sufficiently 
brisk    and   stirring   to   carry   the   reader 
forward.     Essex  and  Paris  are  but  inter- 
ludes ;     Kravonia  is  the   main   business. 
The  heroine  might  have  proved  as  enter- 
taining on  her  native  goose-green  as  on 
the  throne  or  anywhere  else,  though  her 
creator's    contrivances    for    getting    her 
about  are  careful  and  sometimes  clever. 
Such  a  reflection  is  no  doubt  beside  the 
mark.     The  romantic  spirit— of  this  type 
—finds  no  pasture  on  goose-greens.     How 
should  it  ?     It  is  also  perhaps  beside  the 
mark    to  add   that    the  book  would    be 
re-read  with  difficulty. 


A  Rogue's  Tragedy.     By  Bernard  Capes, 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Capes  is  never  happier  than  in  sketch- 
ing a  romantic  rogue,  and  in  this  vivid 
and  stirring  story — the  scene  of  which  ia 
laid  in  Savoy,  near  the  close  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century— he  gives  us  the  most 
attractive  rogue  he  has  drawn.  Car- 
touche, whose  passionate  love  of  the 
beautiful  and  chaste  Yolande  is  the 
principal  theme  of  the  book,  is,  however, 
only  half  a  rogue.  He  rises  honourably 
to  high  office  in  the  service  of  Victor 
Amadeus  III.  of  Sardinia,  and  his  tragic 
end  is  touched  with  heroism.  There  are 
several  worse  rogues  in  the  book,  and  Di 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


509 


Rocco,  with  "  lips  which  had  shaken 
themselves  pendulous  on  naughtiness  and 
laughter,"  is  perhaps  the  worst  of  all. 
This  Di  Rocco,  drawn  with  a  few  strong 
rapid  strokes,  is  one  of  the  author's  best 
pieces  of  portraiture,  and  Mr.  Capes  is 
not  readily  to  be  forgiven  for  putting  an 
end  to  so  interesting  a  villain  early  in  the 
story.  Almost  the  only  man  in  the  book 
who  is  not  a  rogue  is  Yolande's  husband, 
and  he  is  a  miserably  weak  creature  scorn- 
fully drawn.  The  narrative,  though  not 
wholly  free  from  obscurity,  is  vigorous 
and  picturesque,  full  of  movement,  colour, 
and  passion,  and  marked  by  the  choice- 
ness  of  phrase  that  Mr.  Capes  has  taught 
us  to  expect  in  any  work  bearing  his 
name.  The  style  is  rather  too  elaborate, 
for  the  story  would  be  much  stronger 
if  the  effort  to  make  it  strong  were  less 
obvious. 


The  Ladder  to  the  Stars.     By  Jane  Helen 
Findlater.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Miss  Jane  Findlater  is  a  charming 
writer  and  an  observant  one,  and  her 
picture  of  middle-class  life  in  a  country 
town  is  admirably  incisive  and  humorous, 
and  at  the  same  time  free  from  ill  nature. 
The  character  of  her  heroine  is  less  satis- 
factory. Miriam  Sadler  has  ideas  much 
beyond  her  class,  her  education,  and 
her  surroundings.  Compelled  to  dwell  in 
the  tents  of  Kedar,  she  does  not  attempt 
to  conceal  her  dislike  and  contempt  for 
hfer  fellow-inhabitants,  more  especially 
from  her  self-satisfied  cousins  the  Pillars, 
and  for  the  Wesleyan  minister  who 
wishes  to  conduct  her  upon  his  own  well- 
oiled  road  to  salvation.  Fortunately  for 
her  aspirations,  she  is  helped  and  en- 
couraged by  cultivated  people  who  are 
staying  at  The  Hall,  where  Aunt  Pillar 
is  housekeeper.  So  far,  if  her  personality 
is  not  wholly  agreeable,  it  is  convincing  ; 
but  her  experiences  in  London  as  a  suc- 
cessful writer,  particularly  her  relations 
with  a  brilliant  violinist,  are  much  less 
so.  Miriam's  nature  does  not  really 
expand  with  her  life,  and  by  the  time 
happiness  comes  to  meet  her  in  the  person 
of  Alan  Gore  she  has  developed  little 
beyond  the  uncouth,  clever  girl  to  whom 
he  first  talked  in  the  housekeeper's  room. 
The  book  is  well  worth  reading,  if  only 
for  the  inimitable  portraits  of  Aunt  Pillar ; 
of  the  facetious,  well-meaning  cousin  who  is 
a  commercial  traveller ;  and  of  kind,  foolish 
Emmie,  who  triumphantly  marries  the 
handsome  young  doctor,  and  is  genuinely 
sorry  for  Miriam  because  she  cannot  do 
so  well.  Indeed,  so  long  as  the  action 
is  confined  to  the  little  town  of  Hindcup- 
in-the-Fields,  the  story  has  artistic  excel- 
lence of  high  degree. 


A   Princess  of   Vascovy.     By  John  Oxen- 
ham.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

Mr.  John  Oxenham's  readers  rely  upon 
hi  in  with  confidence  to  present  them  with 
spirited  stories  in  which  movement  and 
action  are  incessant.  He  favours  a  long, 
lean,  muscular  type  of  male  character, 
who  cuts  a  good  figure  in  the  hall  of  a 


smart  hotel  in  Paris  or  New  York,  but  only 
as  a  bird  of  passage,  preferring  to  spend 
most  of  his  time  in  the  Himalayas 
or  upon  unexplored  reaches  of  South 
American  rivers.  The  heroine,  who  is 
most  sympathetically  handled,  approaches 
rather  closely  to  the  male  type,  but 
manages  to  retain  the  most  seductive 
of  the  feminine  graces,  even  when  cap- 
tured by  savages  and  living  the  life 
of  the  wilderness.  In  short,  Mr.  Oxen- 
ham's  characters  are  a  discreet  blend 
of  qualities  well  calculated  to  charm  the 
main  section  of  the  reading  public.  The 
author  is  not  unduly  concerned  with 
questions  of  literary  style,  but  he  tells  a 
good  exciting  story,  with  great  swing  and 
zest. 

The  White  Plumes  of  Navarre.     By  S.  R. 
Crockett.     (Religious  Tract  Society.) 

Mr.  Crockett  has  broken  new  ground  in 
his  latest  romance.  In  his  introductory 
chapter  Coligny  lies  wounded,  and  his 
murdered  corpse,  thrown  forth  by  the 
assassins,  is  followed  by  the  living  body 
of  a  certain  Scotch  lad  of  Calvinist  breed- 
ing from  Geneva,  whose  outraged  spirit, 
in  a  form  distorted  by  the  violence  of  his 
fall,  lives  to  take  vengeance  on  the  Balafre 
of  Guise,  and  many  another  partaker  in 
the  great  massacre  of  Bartholomew.  The 
story  proper  begins  with  the  day  of  the 
Barricades,  where  Francis  Agnew,  an 
agent  entrusted  with  high  matters  by 
the  kings  of  Scotland  and  Navarre,  is 
also  left  for  dead.  His  daughter  is  aided 
in  her  extremity  by  a  certain  professor 
of  the  Sorbonne  and  a  gallant  young 
student,  John  d'Albret,  who  become  the 
main  actors  in  a  love  story  which  runs 
parallel — if  such  a  term  may  be  used  of  a 
tortuous  history — with  the  events  of  the 
Wars  of  Religion  and  the  political  activities 
and  cruelties  of  Spanish  inquisitors  and 
statesmen.  With  certain  deductions  which 
seem  inevitable  in  respect  of  style  (Henry 
Quatre,  though  a  gallant  figure,  drops 
into  a  ruder  vernacular  than  we  can 
entirely  accept  from  him),  Mr.  Crockett 
has  handled  a  theme  of  much  complexity 
with  vivacity  and  skill  ;  and  the  character- 
ization is  in  his  best  form. 


The  Queen  of  Swords.     By  Joseph  Keating. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) 

Had  we  not  known  of  Mr.  Keating's 
former  work,  we  should  have  put  down 
'  The  Queen  of  Swords  '  as  the  first-fruits 
of  his  brain,  both  on  account  of  its  faults 
and  its  merits.  To  deal  first  with  the 
faults  :  it  shows  a  lack  of  craftsmanship 
in  several  details.  For  example,  it  is  a 
mistake  to  suggest  a  definite  period  for  the 
story  by  various  allusions,  and  yet  bring  in 
an  impossible  Prime  Minister.  Again,  Mr. 
Keating  is  too  fond  of  emphasizing  his  moral 
as  if  he  were  afraid  the  reader  would  not 
seize  his  points,  a  frequent  fault  in  youth- 
ful writers.  On  the  other  hand,  he  has 
the  enthusiasm  of  youth  for  the  things 
he  really  loves,  such  as  his  own  country- 
side. He  finds  his  feet  at  once  after 
leaving    the    impossible    London    of    the 


earlier  chapters  and  coming  to  close 
quarters  with  the  hero's  delightful  Welsh 
countrymen.  The  best  episode  in  the 
book  is  the  account  of  the  holiday  jaunt 
on  the  canal  and  of  what  came  of  it.  Mr. 
Keating  should  stick  to  Wales  and  its 
folk,  and  avoid  all  dealings  with  men  of 
quality  and  fashion. 


Punning  Horse  Inn.     By  A.  T.  Sheppard. 

(Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Like  its  predecessor  '  The  Red  Cravat," 
this  novel  deals  with  an  historical  theme, 
and  like  it  achieves  a  respectable,  though 
qualified  success.  This  time  the  scene 
is  laid  in  England  in  the  calamitous  year 
following  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  the 
hero  is  a  soldier  newly  returned  from  the 
Peninsular  War.  His  military  experiences 
show  more  power  than  any  other  por- 
tion of  the  book ;  and  the  abortive  con- 
spiracy of  the  "  Spenceans  "  has  evidently 
been  carefully  studied,  and  is  vigorously 
depicted.  The  author  has  paid  less  atten- 
tion to  the  customs  and  language  of  the 
time.  The  domestic  part  of  the  story — a 
tale  of  jealousy  complicated  by  mistaken 
identity  and  vicarious  sacrifice,  and  ending 
in  a  general  holocaust — calls  for  no  special 
remark. 

The    Whip    Hand.     By    Keble    Howard. 

(Chapman  &  Hall.) 
Mr.  Howard  prefaces  his  book  with  the 
warning  that  it  is  not  intended  as  an  attack 
upon  women  in  general.  His  fear  is 
superfluous,  for  though  it  may  surprise 
him  to  be  told  so,  the  husband,  notwith- 
standing that  he  is  infinitely  cleverer  than 
his  mother-in-law,  is  at  least  as  selfish, 
and  in  addition  behaves  like  a  thorough 
cad  to  his  wife.  Here  it  is  no  case  of 
Ladislaw  and  Rose,  as  would  appear  to 
be  suggested  ;  it  is  merely  one  of  a  self- 
indulgent  journalist,  who  is  momentarily 
thwarted  in  his  desire  to  make  his  wife 
share  the  discomforts  of  Fleet  Street. 
But  treated  as  farce  the  book  is  excellent. 
In  the  scene  where  Philip  Lowe  "scores 
off  "  his  mother-in-law  and  incidentally 
his  wife,  every  point  tells  in  the  most 
satisfactory  manner.  You  forget  the 
personalities,  as  you  do  in  a  similar  scene 
on  the  stage,  and  rub  your  hands  with 
delight  as  each  blow  goes  home. 


The  Miracle-  Worker.     By  Gerald  Maxwell. 

(E.  Grant  Richards.) 
Vivisection  not  confined  to  animals, 
experiments  with  dangerous  anaesthetics, 
involuntary  impersonation,  murder,  and 
hypnotism  are  the  principal  ingredients 
of  this  physiological  and  surgical  extra- 
vaganza, to  which  the  author  has  tried 
to  impart  a  semblance  of  serious  reality 
by  conscientious  elaboration  of  detail. 
The  surgeon  who  works  the  so-called 
miracle  is  assistant  to  the  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  Leipsic,  and  is  also  an 
Afghan  prince.  A  disreputable  and 
criminal  dancer  who  is  hardly  responsible 
for  her  actions,  a  patient  who  is  gene- 
rally delirious  or  unconscious,  and  an 
1  unprofessionally    immoral    nurse    sustain 

9 


510 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


the  leading  female  parts  under  the  domi- 
nating influence  of  the  Oriental's  mys- 
terious personality.  The  story  exhibits 
considerable  constructive  ingenuity,  but 
is  spun  out  too  much,  while  the  motive  of 
several  reprehensible  transactions  seems 
inadequate. 

A  Happy  Marriage.     By  Ada  Cambridge. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

This  novel  contains  scenes  and  characters 
obviously  transplanted  from  real  life. 
"  Self  -  made  "  Melbourne  families  are 
described.  There  is  absence  of  style,  and 
the  book  will  hardly  repay  close  study. 


UAmazone  blessee.     By  Marcel  Boulenger. 
(Paris,  Ollendorff.) 

The  '  Mortality  of  Special  Occupations  ' 
is  now  a  heading  in  tables  of  statistics. 
Sovereign  princes  allude  in  speeches  to 
the  peculiar  risque  proiessionnel  to  which 
the  "  bombs "  of  the  Anarchist  or  the 
fool  expose  them.  The  life  of  the  present 
ruler  of  Monaco  has  suffered  at  the  hands 
of  political  satirists  and  romance-writers 
on  more  than  one  occasion.  Perhaps,  in 
a  review  of  fiction,  the  "  reader  "  officially 
charged  with  the  duty  of  pointing  out  to 
writer  and  editor  such  among  the  "  slips  " 
made  by  contributors  as  the  printer's 
broad  back  refuses  to  bear,  will  allow  this 
paradox  to  pass.  In  the  book  before  us 
M.  Boulenger  kills,  at  the  top  of  p.  3,  the 
unhappy  Prince  who  was  already  slain. 
In  the  latter  case  his  fate  had  perhaps 
been  more  fitly  chosen,  for  he  was  lost 
with  his  yacht  in  the  Atlantic,  a  death 
not  ill  suited  to  a  bold  explorer  of  its 
depths.  M.  Boulenger  kills  him  in  the 
same  ocean,  on  board  his  yacht,  but  by 
sudden  sickness.  In  the  English  satire 
two  simultaneous  princely  deaths  are 
recorded  at  the  opening  of  the  story,  and 
so  it  is  also  in  the  French  novel.  Although 
this  book  begins  with  the  destruction  of 
the  reigning  Prince,  he  nevertheless  seems 
to  survive  once  more  in  its  pages.  In  this 
novel,  as  in  the  English  political  skit  of 
a  generation  back,  the  acts  of  the  new 
Prince  provoke  a  rising  in  the  Principality. 
The  French  words  are  all  but  an  exact 
translation  of  the  English  of  its  predecessor : 
"  a  maddened  crowd,  raging  on  the  Place, 
crying,  '  A  bas  le  Prince.'  "  In  each  case 
the  carbineers  of  Monaco  display  a  gallant 
front.  In  the  insurrection  which  brought 
about  "  The  Fall  of  Prince  Florestan  of 
Monaco,"  La  Condamine  played  a  part, 
accentuated  in  the  French  translation, 
from  the  hand  of  a  distinguished  French 
ambassador  still  living.  In  this  novel  it 
becomes  "  la  Fondamine,"  as  Grimaldi 
becomes  "  Vivaldi."  In  this  book  order 
is  restored  by  French  troops  from  Nice  ; 
in  the  other,  by  sailors  from  the  Prince's 
yacht ;  but  while  the  English  writer  made 
annexation  to  the  French  Republic  follow, 
the  French  novelist,  with  riper  judgment, 
makes  the  Republic  decline  to  charge 
itself  with  the  responsibility  either  of 
carrying  on  or  of  suppressing  the  gambling 
casino  of  Monte  Carlo.  '  L'Amazone 
blessee,  is  not  so  good  as  most  of  the  novels 


which  have  appeared  in  the  same  way  in 
La  Revue  de  Paris. 


JUVENILE    BOOKS. 

MB.    EDWARD    ARNOLD. 

A  Song-Garden  for  Children,  by  Norman 
O'Neil,  is  a  collection  of  forty-three  songs 
drawn  from  the  musical  literature  of  France 
and  Germany.  The  English  translations  have 
been  very  freely  rendered,  but  the  essential 
grace  and  charm  of  many  of  the  lyrics 
remain,  and  the  collection  forms  a  welcome 
addition  to  our  store  of  children's  songs. 

MESSRS.    CASSELL    &    CO. 

In  Survivors'  Tales  of  Great  Events  Mr. 
Walter  Wood  lias  collected  narratives  from 
the  lips  of  survivors,  who  in  every  case 
have  revised  the  manuscripts.  Probably, 
therefore,  we  have  such  approximately  true 
relations  as  eyewitnesses  can  give  of  the 
portion  of  each  action  or  catastrophe  that 
came  within  their  notice.  We  would  mark 
specially  an  excellent  story  of  Gettysburg  ; 
'  The  Wreck  of  the  Sarah  Sands '  ;  and 
the  succinct  and  modest  story  of  Rorke's 
Drift  by  that  dignified  old  hero,  Sergeant 
Henry  Hook,  V.C.,  well  known  to  fre- 
quenters of  the  Reading-Boom  in  the 
British  Museum. 

MESSRS.    W.    &    R.    CHAMBERS. 

Mr.  Manville  Fenn  takes  us  back  to 
Peninsular  days  in  his  lively  story  'Tention  ! 
Therein  a  young  private  of  the  Rifles,  the 
old  60th,  falling  out  to  rescue  a  bugler  who 
is  hit  in  a  rear-guard  skirmish,  is  taken 
prisoner  by  the  French,  makes  a  marvellous 
escape,  falls  into  the  company  of  Spanish 
contrabandistas,  and  has  an  adventure  with 
a  gentleman  supposed  to  be  the  Spanish 
king.  Private  Gray  the  gentleman  ranker 
and  Punch  the  bugler  are  an  excellent  pair 
of  lads,  even  though  their  conversations  are 
a  little  prolix  ;  all  good  boys  will  follow 
their  story  with  interest. — In  The  Empire's 
Children  Mr.  John  Finnemore  sketches  the 
various  conditions  under  which  the  young 
subjects  of  the  British  Empire  grow  up.  The 
plan  of  telling  such  simple  stories  as  those  of 
the  young  red  Indian  ;  the  young  Africanders 
with  their  ostrich  farm  ;  the  Canadian  lads 
and  their  adventures  with  lumber  on  the 
rivers,  is  excellent,  and  should  successfully 
impress  the  very  young  with  an  idea  of 
geography  and  patriotism.  Of  all  the  tales, 
that  of  the  young  mahout,  Chandra,  is 
perhaps  the  most  attractive. — The  same 
author  in  Foray  and  Fight  tells  how  an 
Englishman  and  an  American  fight  furiously 
and  successfully  against  the  Turks  in  Mace- 
donia. The  book  is  frankly  partisan  in 
spirit,  and  one  would  never  gather  from  it 
that  the  Bulgar  and  the  Greek  had  any 
discordant  aims. — The  Boys  of  Brierley 
Grange  is  a  school  story  by  Fred 
Whishaw.  The  house  of  Mr.  Rowe 
is  visited  by  a  succession  of  mysteries, 
described  as  "  bolts  from  the  blue."  They 
arc  found  to  have  their  origin  in  the  periodical 
madness  of  a  senior  boy,  who  combines 
athletics  with  study  too  strenuously.  In 
his  lunatic  moments  he  sets  fire  to  the  house 
and  saves  the  life  of  a  small  boy  in  the  con- 
flagration which  followw,  steals  his  own  watch 
and  buries  it  in  the  garden  of  a  master  of 
horticultural  tastes,  robs  the  treasurer  of 
the  cricket  club  and  throws  the  cash-box 
into  the  sea,  and  finally  plants  young 
Benson,  the  "  junior  "  he  has  saved  from 
burning,  on  a  waste  island  where  he  nearly 
dies.  All  ends  in  complete  explanation,  but 
one  shudders  to  learn  that  Formby  rises 
afterwards  in  the  British  army.  These 
volumes  are  well  illustrated. 


MESSRS.     WELLS    GARDNER    &    CO. 

The  Railway  Children,  by  E.  Nesbit,  is 
the  story  of  three  charming  youngsters 
whose  mother's  bravery  under  a  cruel  cloud 
provides  a  theme  of  pathetic  interest  which, 
blended  as  it  skilfully  is  with  a  humour 
appreciable  by  young  and  old  alike,  makes 
a  fragrant  and  sweet  story.  It  would  be 
indeed  difficult  to  find  one  better  suited 
for  reading  round  the  nursery  fire  or  one 
which  boys  and  girls  alike  would  more 
enjoy. — The  Competitors,  by  Fred  Whishaw, 
is  a  boy's  book,  the  get-up  being  as  unex- 
ceptionable as  the  tale  told.  Mr.  Whishaw 
is  an  old  hand,  and  writes  with  skill  and 
experience. — "Brown  Linnet,"  a  writer  whose 
work  we  have  already  had  occasion  to  com- 
mend, in  Why-Why  and  Tom  Cat  supplies 
some  admirably  informing  letterpress,  to 
which  Gordon  Browne  appends  skilful  illus- 
trations.— We  can  also  praise,  though  not 
so  highly,  A  Boy's  Visit  to  Iceland,  by 
D.  B.  McKean,  which  combines  entertain- 
ment with  a  sufficient,  but  not  exasperating 
amount  of  instruction. 

MESSRS.    HODDER    &    STOUGHTON. 

Mabel  Quiller-Couch,  the  author  of  The 
Carroll  Girls,  may  be  said  to  have  succeeded 
in  the  very  laudable  intention  to  write  a 
story  which  children  themselves  can  enjoy, 
and  which  is  not  merely  a  clever  or  artistic 
picture  of  their  idiosyncrasies,  designed  for 
the  edification  of  their  elders  at  the  children's 
expense.  Probably  all  the  little  girls  into 
whose  hands  this  story  may  come  will  be 
genuinely  interested  in  the  different  indi- 
vidualities and  aspirations  of  the  four 
sisters,  who  find  a  happy  home  in  Cousin 
Charlotte's  Devonshire  cottage  ;  and  it  is 
possible  that  their  imaginations  may  be 
stirred  by  the  examples  in  this  book  towards 
helping  in  an  equally  wholesome  and  sensible 
manner  grown-up  people  who  are  kind  to 
them.  Since  the  young  are  above  all 
things  critical,  it  is  perhaps  a  pity  that  the 
portraits  of  the  sisters,  which  are  so  pretty 
as  illustrations,  do  not  coincide  better  with 
the  descriptions  in  the  letterpress. 

MESSRS.    T.    C.    &    E.    C.    JACK. 

We  notice  with  pleasure  The  Child's 
Life  of  Jesus,  by  C.  M.  Steedman. 
This  is  no  mere  collection  of  stories  of 
our  Lord,  but  "  an  attempt  to  present  the 
life  and  teaching  of  the  children's  Saviour 
in  somewhat  fuller  and  more  generous 
outline  "  than  in  existing  publications  of  a 
similar  type.  The  simple,  ample,  but 
reverent  treatment  of  the  great  theme 
should  win  immediate  recognition  for  what 
must  be  considered  one  of  the  best  gift- 
books  of  the  season.  Parents  and  teachers 
alike  will  find  in  its  pages  the  key  to  many 
problems  of  felicitous  explanation,  and 
indeed  as  regards  the  letterpress  we  have 
nothing  but  praise.  It  is  so  good, 
that  we  could  have  wished,  to  find 
it  in  some  respects  more  compendious. 
Instead  of  the  work  of  a  modern  artist, 
however  clever,  we  should  have  preferred 
reproductions  from  acknowledged  master- 
pieces, while  photographs  of  sites  and  scenes 
in  the  Palestine  of  to-day,  as  well  as  a  good 
map,  would  have  improved  a  book  which 
is  nearly  perfect. 

Happy  the  little  owners  of  a  complete 
set  of  the  "  Told  to  the  Children  "  series. 
We  have  noted  from  time  to  time  the  appear- 
ance of  additions  to  the  books  already  pub- 
lished, and  now  welcome  Stories  of  William 
Tell,  told  by  H.  E.  Marshall,  with  pictures 
by  I.  L.  Gloag,  a  little  book  which  should 
awaken  interest  in  the  history  of  Swiss 
independence. 

"  The  Children's  Heroes,"  a  series  which 
comprises    examples   of   great   deeds   in    all 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


511 


times,  told  in  .spirited  fashion,  is  calculated 
to  lure  the  veriest  dullard  to  keen  enthu- 
siasm, and  rousea  desire  to  emulate  the  heroes 
sketched  in  these  pages.  Edmund  Francis 
Sellar  is  responsible  for  The  Story  of  Lord 
Roberts  (pictures  by  Sidney  Paget  and 
others,  some  of  which  do  not  maintain  the 
usual  level  of  the  series),  while  Mrs.  Oliver 
Elton  writes  The  Story  of  Sir  Francis  Drake 
(coloured  pictures  by  T.  H.  Robinson). 

Lazy  John,  a  humorous  epic  after  Heinrich 
Meise,  by  Charles  and  Amy  Steedman, 
describing  what  happened  to  a  boy  who 
would  not  work,  is  illustrated  in  the  grotesque 
style  and  crude  colouring  which  are  popular 
in  these  days  of  cheap  colour-printing,  and 
in  which,  whether  improving  to  the  artistic 
sense  or  not,  the  babes  of  the  household 
rejoice. 

MESSRS.    LONGMAN    &    CO. 

Ogre,  knight,  and  elf  from  all  quarters 
of  the  globe  nestle  side  by  side  in  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang's  Orange  Fairy  Book.  That 
his  name  as  editor  is  appended  to  the  series 
to  which  this  is  a  recent  addition  is  a 
sufficient  guarantee  of  its  excellence  and 
uncommon  interest.  We  content  ourselves 
with  noting  the  pleasing  appearance  of  the 
volume  and  its  adequate  illustration  bv 
Mr.  H.  J.  Ford. 

MESSRS.    MACMILLAN    &    CO. 

Since  we  have,  unfortunately,  no  purely 
English  equivalent  to  St.  Nicholas,  the  best 
of  magazines  for  boys  and  girls,  we  welcome 
its  half-yearly  volume  with  the  cordiality 
with  which  we  greet  an  honoured  guest.  The 
tone  of  the  paper  is  healthy,  bright,  and 
entertaining,  and  refreshingly  free  from 
puff  and  toadyism.  While  subscribing  our- 
selves its  sincere  admirers  we  deplore  the 
literary  segregation  in  this  country  of  our 
boys  and  girls. 

No  matter  how  slight  the  material  of 
Mrs.  Molesworth's  stories,  her  graceful 
manner  invariably  charms.  Little  folk 
delight  to  read  of  the  snug  nurseries  of  other 
little  folk,  and  even  when  they  do  not 
rejoice  in  their  neighbours'  scrapes,  they 
feel  the  better  for  them.  Jasper  is  one  of 
two  nice  brothers  who,  with  two  selfish 
sisters,  a  sweet  aunt,  and  unfortunate 
parents,  live  in  a  London  suburb,  doing 
nothing  in  particular,  but  becoming  united 
through  adversity  in  a  sympathy  unknown 
in  their  time  of  prosperity.  It  is  a  tale 
with  a  moral  ;  but  children,  unlike  adults, 
love  morals. 

MESSRS.    METHUEN    &    CO. 

Eminently  devotional  in  tone,  A  Little 
Brother  to  the  Birds,  by  F.  W.  Wheldon,  is 
impregnated  with  the  essential  saintliness 
of  the  founder  of  the  great  order  of  Fran- 
ciscans. As  is  natural  in  a  story  in- 
tended for  young  people,  his  home  life  as 
Francis  Bernadone  of  Assisi  is  dwelt  on  at 
some  length.  Eight  of  the  sixteen  illustra- 
tions are  signed  A.  H.  Buckland,  the  rest 
being  reproductions  of  Italian  art.  The 
appearance  of  the  book  is  attractive,  and 
the  style  of  writing  simple  and  generally 
careful. 

MR.    ALEXANDER    MORING. 

The  fantastic  representation  of  each  of 
the  fifty-two  cards  of  an  ordinary  pack 
demands  more  constructive  ingenuity  than 
the  author  of  A  Pack  of  Queer  Cards  has  been 
able  to  command,  though  some  of  the  club 
designs  are  quaint  and  pretty. 

MESSRS.    NELSON    &    SONS. 

Uncle  Remus  has  appeared  in  many 
guises.  We  now  meet  him  sumptuously 
clad  in  twelve  coloured  plates  by  Harry 
Rowntree  and  eighty-four  pen-and-ink  pic- 
tures by  Rene  Bull.  The  entertainment  to 
be  extracted  from  these  legends  of  the  Old 


Plantations  increases  rather  than  decreases 
with  advancing  years  ;  white  heads  are  to  be 
found  amongst  their  greatest  admirers,  and 
no  more  advantageous  circumstances  for  an 
introduction  can  be  imagined  than  are 
afforded  in  this  much-illustrated  production. 

MESSRS.    NISBET    &    CO. 

TJie  Story  of  the  Teasing  Monkey,  by  tho 
author  of  '  Little  Black  Mungo,'  and  Billy 
Mouse,  by  Arthur  Layard,  booklets  inter- 
leaved with  crudely  designed  and  coloured 
illustrations,  may  amuse  those  who  are  not 
yet  old  enough  to  read  for  themselves. 

RELIGIOUS    TRACT    SOCIETY. 

We  have  received  from  the  R.T.S.  a  number 
of   annual    volumes   of   popular   magazines. 
The    Sunday    at    Home,    permeated,    as    its 
traditions    demand,    by    an    atmosphere    of 
Evangelicalism,  is  full  of  instructive   enter- 
tainment.    The    serial    interest    is    supplied 
in  a  romance  by  Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett,  dealing 
with  religious  strife    in   the  days  of  Henry 
of    Navarre. — The    twenty-seventh    volume 
of    The    Girl's     Own    Paper    is     informing 
on    a    variety    of    topics,    mainly    domestic. 
The    considerable    educational    work    done 
by  the  literary  and  musical  clubs  connected 
with    the   magazine   is   commendable. — The 
Boy's  Oicn  Paper,  which  appeals  to  a  much 
lees    grown-up    individual    than    its    sister 
publication,     presents     its     twenty  -  eighth 
annual  volume,  which  is  healthy  in  tone  and 
liberally   sprinkled  with   humorous  illustra- 
tions.    A  permanent  value  attaches  to  its 
numerous  practical  articles   and   interesting 
coloured    plates    of    school    and    yeomanry 
badges. — Our     Little     Dots,     a     Lilliputian 
favourite    of    the     pot-pourri     order,     sets 
itself   mainly    to   attract   through   the   eye, 
and  appears  in  delightfully  large  type. — For 
those  who  have  outgrown  it  a  slightly  more 
advanced   medley  of  pictures,   stories,   and 
verses  is  provided  in  The  Child's  Companion. 
— Specially  appealing  to  its  own  public  by 
means    of    hints    on    poultry    keeping    and 
allotment    cultivation.     The    Cottager     and 
Artisan    contains     also     articles    of    miscel- 
laneous interest. 

In  addition  to  the  annuals  we  have 
received  Unbeaten  Paths  in  Sacred  Story, 
by  Mrs.  O.  F.  Walton,  and  The  Adventures 
of  Babs,  a  pathetic  little  story  by  Muriel 
D.  C.  Lucas,  somewhat  reminiscent  of  '  A 
Peep  behind  the  Scenes.' — Miss  Amy  Le 
Feuvre  is  the  author  of  Miss  Lavender's 
Boy,  and  other  Sketclies,  stories  of  homely 
folk  with  a  leaven  of  humour  to  relieve 
pathos  which  is  almost  too  insistent. 

Lord  Avebury  contributes  the  introduction 
to  a  book  by  Percival  Westell  entitled  Every 
Boy's  Book  of  British  Natural  History.  It 
does  not  claim  to  be  more  than  elementary, 
but  should  certainly  prove  sufficient  to 
arouse  enthusiasm  for  a  delightful  study. 
A  short  but  succinct  account  is  given 
of  those  species  which  any  one  using  eyes 
and  ears  may  observe  when  rambling 
along  the  country-side,  and  the  importance 
to  the  young  student  of  acquiring  some 
knowledge  of  what  is  meant  by  classification 
is  wisely  insisted  upon.  Two  chapters  by 
the  Rev.  S.  N.  Sedgwick,  who  is  also  respon- 
sible for  the  109  photographs  which  add 
largely  to  the  attraction  of  the  book,  are 
devoted  to  natme  photography.  The  photo- 
graphs are  not  always  opposite  the  letter- 
press they  illustrate,  and  in  some  eases  the 
number  of  the  page  to  which  they  refer  has 
been  unfortunately  omitted.  Boy  readers 
are  invited  to  render  their  names  immortal 
by  supplying  unimpeachable  evidence  of 
the  adder  swallowing  its  young  in  time  of 
danger. 

MESSRS.    SEELEV    &    CO. 

Among  the  more  interesting  of  gift-books 
for  the  young  this  season  may  be  reckoned 


several     issued     by      Messrs.      Seeley,     and 
made  of   the    kind   of    material    that    suits 
the    manly    boy.     Three    are    compilations 
from  real    memoirs.      Adventures    on     Great 
Rivers    sets    forth    things    new   and    old    as 
collected    by    Mr.    Richard    Stead.       Here, 
from  the  experiences  of   the  Abbe    Hue    in 
China  and  Tartary  to  Mr.  Secretan's  voyage 
down  the  Yukon  in  1897,  we  have  an  account 
of    the    most    notable    expeditions    of    that 
kind.      We     travel     with     Layard     on     the 
Euphrates,     Livingstone     in     the     Zambezi 
valley,     Speke    on    the    Upper    Nile,     and 
Stanley  on  the    Congo.     Baker    in    Ceylon, 
Galton  in  Damaraland,  and  Mr.   Colvin   on 
the  Abyssinian  tributaries  of  the  Nile  supply 
an  element  of  mighty  sport  among  big  game. 
— Mr.    H.    W.    G.    Hyrst,    who    deals    with 
Adventures     in     the     Great     Deserts,     begins 
naturally   with   James   Bruce,    "  the   father 
of  modern  African  exploration,'*  a  prophet 
once  strangely  without  honour  in  his  own 
country.     As   the   author    observes,   though 
nearly  all    the    twenty-four  explorers   men- 
tioned performed  their  journeys  within  the 
last  hundred  years,  they  "  were  undertaken 
at  a  time  when  scientific  development  had 
not     yet     made     travelling     comparatively 
easy."     Although  the  steppe  and  the  desert 
have  less  variety   of  life  than   that    which 
clings  to  even  the  lesser  rivers,  this  volume 
is  in  stirring  details  in  no  way  inferior  to  its 
companions.     It  is  well  people  should  be  re- 
minded of  minor  heroes  like  Admiral  Allen. 
whose  adventures  are  hardly  so  remarkable 
as  his   scheme   of  communication   between 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean  by  con- 
necting the  rough  chain  of  waterways  from 
Beyrout     to     the     Gulf     of     Akabah. — The 
Romance    of    Missionary    Heroism,    by    Dr. 
John  C.  Lambert,  is  well  put  together,  and 
in   interest    is    equal    to   any    of   the    other 
collections.     The   romantic   aspect    of   such 
careers  as  that   of  Neesima,   the  Japanese 
Christian  teacher  ;  James  Gilmour,  "  Robin- 
son    Crusoe     turned     missionary  "  :      Miss 
Taylor,    the     heroine     of     Tibet  ;     Mackay 
of  Formosa  and  his  clansman  of  Uganda  ; 
and     Capt.     Allen     Gardiner,     the     sailor- 
preacher    of    Tierra  del    Fuego,    is    treated 
without   undue  emphasis   on   the   high   pre- 
vailing   motive.     But    its    existence    is    the 
fact  which  unifies  the  eventful  history,  and 
will  have  its  influence,  as  Selwyn's  mission 
influenced   Frederick   Temple.     Among    the 
most    recent    missionary    exploits,    that    of 
Dr.     Westwater,     whose     influence     saved 
Liao-Yang  from  sack  by  the  Russians  after 
the  Boxer  outbreak,  was  truly  "  a  fine  thing 
done  by  a  white  man  all  alone." 

The  fourth  volume  of  the  series  makes 
a  different  appeal  to  consideration.  The 
Romance  of  Animal  Arts  and  Craft*,  by  H. 
Coupin  and  John  Lea,  a  charming  subject 
well  set  forth  and  (like  the  others)  dramatic- 
ally illustrated,  will  rivet  the  attention  of  all 
young  folks  who  love  birds  and  beasts  and 
natme.  The  weaver-bird,  the  trapdoor 
spider,  the  praying  mantis  (which  adds 
industry  to  devotion,  and  makes  elaborate 
cases  to  contain  its  eggsl.  the  woodpecker. 
the  ant,  and  the  bee,  with  a  hundred  other 
working  and  constructive  creatures,  are 
described  with  fidelity  and  minuteness. 
The  brush-tailed  kangaroo  adorning  the 
frontispiece  is  as  quaint  a  character  as  any. 

SrjNDAV    SCHOOL    UNION'. 

May  we  in  noting  the  arrival  of  the  seventy- 
second  annual  volume  of  The  Child's  Own 
Magazine  register  a  plea  for  larger  type  in 
all  designed  for  childish  eyes  '.'  Added 
facility  in  reading  and  increased  enjoyment. 
no  less  than  relieved  strain,  would  surely 
be  the  beneficial  result. —  Young  England,  a 
veteran  among  boys'  magazines,  presents  in 
its   twenty-seventh   volume   a   useful   series 


512 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


of   "  How  to  Make  "  articles,   besides  con- 
tributions of  general  interest. 

MESSRS.    ANTHONY    TREHERNE    &    CO. 

Two  midget  volumes  of  the  "  Round  about 
London  "  series,  The  Tower  and  The  Zoo, 
both  by  Brenda  Girvin,  would  be  appre- 
ciated only  after  a  preliminary  acquaintance 
with  Alice  in  Wonderland  and  a  visit  to  the 
places  descanted  upon  ;  it  is  doubtful  whether 
the  forced  humour  of  the  new  White  Rabbit 
will  appeal  to  youngsters  at  all,  and  the 
wisdom  or  good  taste  of  treating  our  historic 
buildings  in  a  comic  vein  is  open  to  question. 

MESSES.    WARNE    &    CO. 

Prodigality  of  detail  and  an  exquisite 
humour  characterize  Randolph  Caldecott's 
draughtsmanship.  The  diverting  history 
of  John  Gilpin  and  the  Mad  Dog  ballads, 
which  are  depicted  in  Picture  Book  No.  1 
with  keen  sympathy  for  the  child  mind, 
inspired  one  of  his  most  charming  produc- 
tions ;  but  that  his  brush  could  adorn  the 
simplest  rhyme  is  demonstrated  in  Picture 
Book  No.  2,  which  is.  equally  delightful  in 
execution. —Miss  Beatrice  Potter,  who  is  as 
ashiued  as  Randolph  Caldecott  of  a  warm 
welcome  in  nurserydom,  tells  The  Tale  of 
Mr.  J'  remy  Fisher,  the  escapade  of  a  sporting 
frog,  with  a  gentle  refinement  which  finds 
its  counterpart  in  the  delicacy  of  the  illus- 
trations. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

In  the  concluding  sentences  of  his  new 
book,  A  Wanderer  in  London  (Methuen),  Mr. 
E.  V.  Lucas  quotes  Sam  Weller's  shrewd 
dictum  that  the  art  of  writing  a  letter  is  to 
leave  off  at  such  a  point  as  will  "  make  them 
wish  there  was  more."  That  desire  will  be 
echoed  by  the  readers  of  his  fascinating  and 
well-informed  volume.  More  they  will  want, 
but  it  is  not  hypercritical  to  suggest  that  those 
of  them  who  are  acquainted  with  the  second 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the  first 
of  its  successor  will  discover  some  curious 
omissions  in  the  volume.  Willis's  Rooms 
have  failed  to  recall  Almack's  to  Mr.  Lucas, 
and  the  Devonshire  Club,  Crockford's.  We 
cannot  find  any  mention  of  the  Pantheon 
in  Oxford  Street  or  of  Vauxhall.  Mr.  Lucas, 
in  fact,  has  paid  but  scanty  attention  to 
bygone  places  of  recreation.  He  duly  lays 
Gay's  '  Trivia '  under  contribution,  but 
has  neglected  Henry  Luttrell's  '  Letters  to 
Julia,'  though  they  contain  happy  descrip- 
tions of  the  fashionable  London  of  the 
Regency.  Again,  the  novelists  have  not 
yielded  to  him  anything  like  their  full  store 
of  allusion.  Mayfair  is  not  illustrated  by 
the  opening  chapters  of  '  Tancred,'  admir- 
ably true  to  life  though  they  are.  The 
identification  of  houses  and  places  immor- 
talized by  Dickens  is  perfunctory.  The  book 
on  the  London  of  fiction  yet  remains  to  be 
written.  Did  not  the  great  Mr.  Jorrocks 
live  in  Coram  Street  ?  Has  not  Trollope 
given  us  the  lower  Bohemia  of  Burton  Cres- 
cent in  '  The  Small  House  at  Allington  '  ? 
Have  not  Besant  and  Rice  reproduced  the 
still  more  raffish  surroundings  of  Howland 
Street,  rechristened  by  them  Lowland 
Street,  in  '  With  Harp  and  Crown  '  ? 

But  these  things  are  merely  for  an  ensample. 
It  would  be  unfair  to  quarrel  with  Mr.  Lucas 
because  his  wanderings  appear  to  have  been 
occasionally  accomplished  at  a  good  four 
miles  an  hour.  Taken  as  awholo,  his  volume  is 
a  reasonably  comprehensive  and  delightfully 
peculiar  survey  of  London  from  Cromwell 
Road  or  thereabouts  to  Mile  End  Road  and 
the  Docks,  and  from  Lord's,  or  even  Totten- 
ham  and  Edmonton,  on  the  north  to  West- 
rninster  on  the  south.  Most  of  its  facts  may 
ccessible  in    Mr.    Wheatloy's   improve- 


ment   on   Cunningham's    '  Handbook  '  or  in 
Hare's  '  Walks,'  but  they  are  here  coin-eyed 
with    a    personal    touch  which  those  works 
do  not  offer.     The  book  abounds  in  out-of- 
the-wray  bits  of  information,  as  that  Izaak 
Walton,  of  all  men,  was  the  first  to  scratch 
his  initials  on  a  tomb  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
when  he  cut  them  on  Casaubon's    stone  in 
1658.      The     digressions     are     entertaining, 
notably  when  Mr.  Lucas  follows  John  Gilpin 
in  his  famous  ride  from  his  house  in   Pater- 
noster Row  to  the  Bell  at  Edmonton,  and 
with   mock   solemnity   convicts    Cowper    of 
numerous    topographical    inaccuracies    and 
impossibilities.     He     writes     with     genuine 
feeling  (even  when  it  is  difficult  to  agree  with 
him)  on  architecture  and  art,  though  in  the 
case  of  the  National  Gallery  he  has  attempted 
too  much.     Picture  after  picture  is  treated 
to    a   neat   little   appreciation,    excellent   in 
point  of  sentiment,  and  passably  correct  as 
to  technique,  but  the  result  is  a  blurred  im- 
pression.    Mr.   Lucas  wanders  through  the 
South  Kensington  Museum  with  a  less  hesi- 
tating step,  and  within  the  compass  of  a  few 
pages  conveys  a  clear  idea  of  the  manifold 
possessions  of  that  treasure-house.     He  has, 
however,  made  a  few  slips  in  art.     Generally 
he  is  accurate,  though  Sydney  Smith  should 
have  been  associated  rather  with  8,  Doughty 
Street  than  with  77,  Guildford  Street,  where 
his  residence  was  brief.     Yet  it  is  a  stag- 
gering   statement   that    Pougher,    when   he 
dismissed   the   Australian   team   of   1896   at 
Lord's  for  18  runs,  "had  never  puzzled  any 
batsmen  before,   and  puzzled  none  after." 
The  Surrey  eleven  were  not  of  that  opinion 
when  they  used  to  take  an   almost  yearly 
defeat  from  Leicestershire,  mainly  tlirough 
the  exertions  of  a  professional  who  was  the 
finest  bowler  of  his  day  on  a  difficult  wicket. 
Mr.  Ford's  initials,  too,  are  not  A.  J.  L.,  but 
A.  F.  J.  Finally,  a  dissertation  on  street  catch 
words  and  the  music-halls  cannot  be  called 
exhaustive   which   passes   over   the   phrase- 
making  of  Mr.  Gus  Elen,  a  genuine  actor  and 
humorist    in   his    deliberate,    sardonic    way. 
"  Never   introduce   your   donah   to   a   pal," 
"  'E  dunno  where  'e  are  "  (a  classic  which 
figured  in    a    Times    leading    article),   and 
"If  it   wasn't  for  the  'ouses  in  between" 
are  words   that  the  man   in  the  street  has 
not     let     die.     The    reproductions    of    pic- 
tures   which    adorn    Mr.  Lucas's  pages  are 
pleasantly    eclectic    in    their   selection,    and 
Mr.  Nelson  Dawson's  illustrations  in  colour 
give  us  an  ideally  radiant  London,  though 
he  has  failed  to  convey  the  hill  of  St.  James's 
Street.     The  index  is  unsatisfactory. 

George  IV.  exercises  an  intelligible 
fascination  over  the  compilers  of  easy  bio- 
graphy. Lewis  Melville  is  the  latest  writer 
to  take  him  in  hand,  and  as  the  result  of 
his  conscientious  toil  we  get  two  volumes 
bearing  the  somewhat  irritating  title  of  The 
First  Gentleman  of  Europe  (Hutchinson). 
They  are  readable  enough,  though  one  or 
two  hideous  scandals  connected  with  the 
royal  family  might  have  been  omitted 
altogether,  instead  of  being  merely  rele- 
gated to  foot-notes.  But  the  author  lacks 
critical  insight :  so  long  as  he  has  authority 
for  a  statement,  the  value  of  that  authority 
does  not  appear  to  matter,  and  in  his  un- 
diseriminating  pages  Mr.  Percy  Fitzgerald 
and  Mr.  Fitzgerald  Molloy  stand  on  a  level 
with  Greville  and  Raikes.  From  a  second- 
hand source  wo  are  informed  that  William 
Allen,  a  mamifacturer  of  chemicals,  supplied 
the  funds  that  enabled  the  daughter  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Kent  to  bo  born  on 
English  soil.  Lord  Holland  in  '  Further 
Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party  '  definitely 
assorts,  however,  that  the  loan  camo  from 
Lord  Fit/.william,  and  that  it  was  not 
repaid    until     Queen    Victoria's    accession. 


The  author  is  not  particularly  strong  on 
the  literary  side  of  history  :  thus  we  hear 
nothing  of  "  Perdita  "  Robinson's  connexion 
with  the  Delia  Cruscans,  which  brought 
Gifford  down  upon  her  with  a  brutal  couplet. 
Nor  can  he  be  easily  forgiven  for  repeating 
the  stupid  old  stories  abovit  Lord  Dudley 
muttering  to  himself,  and  neglecting 
altogether  the  cultivated,  thoughtful  man 
who  wrote  letters  to  Mrs.  Dugald  Stewart 
and  Bishop  Copleston.  Still  his  volumes, 
in  their  unpretending  way,  will  interest 
readers  who  care  to  renew  their  acquaint- 
ance with  Lord  Moira  and  Lady  Lader 
with  Bloomtield  and  Lady  Conyngham  ; 
in  fact,  with  the  whole  entourage  of  a 
raffish,  but  not  unamusing  Court,  and  with 
its  disreputable  head. 

In  nineteen  carefully  selected  tests  of  the 
"  Revised  Edition  "  of  Chambers' s  Concise 
Gazetteer  of  the  World,  published  by  Messrs. 
W.  &  R.  Chambers  of  Edinburgh,  we  have 
failed  to  find  a  fault.  Eighteen  yielded 
entries,  in  every  instance  satisfactory.  The 
nineteenth  was  a  case  in  which  we  doubted 
the  wisdom  of  inclusion,  which,  however, 
we  then  discovered  had  not  taken  place. 
We  ended  our  inspection  with  the  twentieth 
reference — one  in  itself  likely  to  be  the  subject 
of  an  article,  though  its  appearance  would 
have  made  the  corresponding  exclusion  in 
the  previous  case  indefensible.  Again 
we  failed  to  find  matter  for  criticism, 
for  the  expected  article  was  not  there.  Wo 
can  only  record  the  triumph  of  an  improved 
version  of  a  reference-book  already  good 
and  useful.  The  editor  of  the  "  Revised 
Edition  "  is  Dr.  David  Patrick. 

The  Book  of  Tea,  by  Okakura  Kakuzo 
(Putnam's  Sons),  deals  with  the  various 
historic  Chinese  schools  of  tea-makers,  and 
with  Japanese  philosophy  of  life  and  art. 
The  author  displays  far  too  close  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  modes  of  thought 
common  to  Shakspeare,  Addison,  Johnson, 
Lamb,  and  Thackeray  to  be  trusted  as 
the  typical  Japanese  gentleman  grumbling 
at  our  not  even  trying  "  to  understand  the 
East."  Shakspeare,  it  seems,  was  a  "  tea- 
philosopher,"  before  tea  reached  London  ; 
"  all  genuine  humorists  "  are  such.  If  the 
philosophy  of  this  pretty  little  book  be 
skipped,  there  remains  enough  to  interest 
and  please  tea-lovers,  and  to  give  many 
hints,  derived  from  Japanese  sources,  as  to 
the  treatment  of  flowers  and  decoration 
of  rooms.  We  expect  to  find  some  imitation 
in  this  country  of  the  artificial  device  for 
making  kettles  "  sing  well  "  by  means  of 
"  pieces  of  iron  so  arranged  in  the  bottom 
as  to  produce  a  melody  in  which  one  may 
hear  "  all  that  one  likes  to  imagine. 

Lovers  of  folk-lore  are  greatly  indebted 
to  Capt.  W.  F.  O'Connor  for  the  fascinating 
and  interesting  volume  of  Folk-Talcs  from 
Tibet,  with  Illustrations  by  a  Tibetan  Artist 
(Hurst  &  Blackett).  The  Captain  accom- 
panied Sir  F.  Younghusband's  mission  to 
Lhasa,  and  spent  two  years  in  Tibet,  where 
he  wandered  widely,  making  friends  amongst 
all  classes  of  the  people,  from  whom  he  col- 
lected as  many  of  their  stories  as  he  could. 
This  was  not  done  without  difficulty,  but,  ;?| 
""as  time  went  on,  I  was  able  to  coax  a  story  from 
many  unlikely  sources.  Milage  headmen,  monks, 
servants,  loeal  government  officials,  peasants, 
traders— these  and  many  others  have  contributed 
to  my  store." 

A  selection  is  now  published,  translated, 
"  as  accurately  as  I  could,  from  the  Tibetan 
idiom  into  OUTS."  The  result  is  eminently 
successful  :  readers  will  learn  how  the  bare 
outwits  the  tiger  and  the  wolf;  how,  by 
organization,  the  mice  confound  an  army 
about  to  invado  a  country  whose  king  had 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


513 


befriended  them  ;  and  many  other  marvels. 
The  pictures  are  apologized  for  as  the  maiden 
effort  j  at  book-illustration  by  a  native  of 
Gyantse,  unassisted  in  any  way  ;  but  we 
think  they  require  no  excuse.  On  the  con- 
trary, they  tell  their  stories  excellently,  are 
full  of  spirit,  and  distinctly  enhance  the 
value  of  the  book,  of  which  the  general 
turn-out  is  excellent.  _  b^ 

Men  and  Women  of  the  French  Revolution, 
by  Mr.  Philip  Gibbs  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  is 
a  readable,  but  rather  sketchy  account  of 
a  number  of  the  leading  personages  of 
that  period.  Mr.  Gibbs  almost  disarms 
criticism  by  stating  frankly  in  his  preface 
that  he  did  not  write  the  book  to  please 
anybody  but  himself  ;  and  with  equal 
geniality  he  admits  that  the  text  "  does  not 
compare  in  interest  with  the  illustrations. 
They  are  the  excuse  and  the  value  [sic]  of 
the  volume."  He,  however,  errs  when  he 
states  that  most  of  the  contemporary  French 
prints  here  reproduced  have  not  appeared 
before  in  this  country  ;  for,  with  few  excep- 
tions, they  have  been  already  published 
here.  There  is  no  originality  in  Mr.  Gibbs's 
descriptions  ;  but  he  does  not  claim  to  be 
original.  He  is  at  his  best  when  describing 
affairs  of  the  Court  before  the  debacle  of 
1789  ;  but  was  ill-advised  when  he  under- 
took to  treat  of  '  The  Philosophers,'  and  to 
include  among  them  that  most  unphilo- 
sophic  of  thinkers,  Rousseau.  He  gossips 
pleasantly  about  his  career,  but  entirely 
fails  to  point  the  contrast  which  should  be 
drawn  between  the  author  of  '  Le  Contrat 
Social  '  and  the  band  of  Encyclopaedists. 
In  the  sketch  of  the  career  of  Robespierre, 
which  closes  the  volume,  Mr.  Gibbs  presents 
to  his  readers  only  that  version  of  his  fall 
which  ascribes  his  death  to  the  gendarme 
Meda.  But  M.  Aulard  has  shown  that  the 
other  version,  which  gives  the  death  as  a 
case  of  suicide,  is  supported  by  equally  strong 
evidence.  We  may  add  that  the  illustra- 
tions are  all  excellent  ;  but  it  is  a  pity 
that  in  some  cases  (e.g.,  in  that  of  '  Marie 
Antoinette  '  opposite  p.  16)  there  is  nothing 
to  show  the  name  of  the  painter,  or  engraver, 
of  the  original.  The  engraving  opposite 
p.  148,  styled  '  Les  Dames  de  la  Halle  partant 
pour  aller  chercher  le  Roi  a  Versailles,'  is 
wrongly  named.  The  details  of  the  engrav- 
ing show  that  the  return  journey  to  Paris 
is  there  depicted. 

Time  and  the  Gods.  By  Lord  Dunsany. 
(Heinemann.) — Time  was  when  Lord  Dun- 
sany might  have  been  hailed  as  a  wild 
and  original  thinker  ;  but  that  time  was 
before  Zarathustra.  In  1906  this  volume  of 
fantasies  may  be  judged  calmly  on  its  artistic 
merits.  It  is  fascinating  ;  but  the  glamour  is 
sometimes  broken  by  sensationalism.  Lord 
Dunsany  has  imagined  a  world  in  which 
women  are  singularly  unnoticeable,  but 
prophets  both  sonorous  and  futile.  The 
gods  of  this  world  are  pieces  in  the  game  of 
Fate  and  Chance  ;  the  sea  is  the  army  of  a 
usurping  god  and  a  violation  of  the  terrene 
idea.  Time  is  a  castellan  whose  hours  are 
destructive  animals.  While  the  long  hand 
of  the  clock  is  moving  from  one  figure  to 
the  next  on  the  dial,  Lord  Dunsany 's  Time, 
more  potential  than  Washington  Irving's, 
can  heap  snows  on  a  young  man's  head. 
Time  is  our  author's  best  character  ;  and 
his  most  thrilling  episode  relates  how 
Althazar  was,  for  his  presumption,  anni- 
hilated both  in  body  and  idea,  so  that  he 
bears  the  curious  title  of  "  The  King  who 
Was  Not."  Mr.  Sime's  illustrr  tions  unpair 
the  dignity  of  the  book. 

Franciscan  Days.  Translated  and  ar- 
ranged by  A.  G.  F.  Howell.  (Methuen.) — 
This  volume  of  selections  for  every  day  in 
the  year  from  ancient  Franciscan  writings 


is  representative  of  their  feeling  and 
modes  of  expression.  We  can  heartily 
commend  it  to  the  seemingly  large  number 
of  persons  who  find  a  pleasure  in  this  class 
of  literature.  The  passages  chosen  are 
sufficiently  long  to  contain  a  complete 
episode,  while  short  enough  to  retain  some- 
thing of  the  epigrammatic  nature  appropriate 
to  the  form  of  the  book.  They  include  a 
certain  number  of  stories  of  a  mystical  ten- 
dency ? — a  side  of  the  early  Franciscans 
often  neglected  in  the  emphasis  laid  on 
their  simplicity. 

The  Mirror  of  the  Sea.  By  Joseph  Conrad. 
(Methuen.) — When  Mr.  Conrad  writes  of  the 
sea  his  work  is  a  pure  delight.  Here  we 
have  a  book  that  is  all  sea  and  ships  and 
sailor-folk  from  cover  to  cover.  These 
'  Memories  and  Impressions  '  are  divided 
under  sixteen  heads,  and  subdivided  into 
forty-six  phases  or  chapters.  There  are 
readers  who  will  enjoy  this  volume  more 
than  any  other  thing  its  writer  has  given  us, 
on  account  of  its  distinction  of  style.  This 
country  has  not  many  authors — no  country 
has — who  produce  work  of  this  stamp. 
Mr.  Conrad  is  in  all  senses  a  modern,  but 
nothing  could  be  more  unlike  the  character- 
istic slap-dash,  "  near  enough  "  methods  (as 
an  Australian  observer  has~  it)  of  our  time 
than  the  perfection  of  finish  which  dis- 
tinguishes his  new  book.  In  the  whole 
forty-six  sketches  there  is  not  one  care- 
less or  inadequate  phrase.  There  surely  was 
never  a  more  seductive  diction  ;  seeming  only 
to  caress  you,  it  actually  compels  you,  so  that 
"  skipping  "  becomes  impossible.  We  hope 
that  sailor-men  will  come  upon  this  book, 
for  though  its  author  has  given  us  some 
more  remarkable  and  brilliant  sea-pieces, 
he  has  written  nothing  that  appeals  more 
intimately  to  the  intelligent  seafarer  than 
this  '  Mirror  of  the  Sea.'  It  is  veritably  a 
mirror.  In  the  chapter  upon  ships  '  Overdue 
and  Missing,'  Mr.  Conrad  says  : — 

"  Does  a  passenger  ever  feel  the  life  of  the  ship 
in  which  he  is  being  carried  like  a  sort  of  honoured 
bale  of  highly  sensitive  goods?  For  a  man  who 
has  never  been  a  passenger  it  is  impossible  to  say. 
But  I  know  that  there  is  no  harder  trial  for  a 
seaman  than  to  feel  a  dead  ship  under  his  feet." 
That  is  it  ;  Mr.  Conrad  "  has  never  been 
a  passenger."  That,  perhaps,  is  the  secret 
of  the  remarkably  intimate  charm,  the  com- 
pelling fascination,  of  this  book.  An  accom- 
plished master  of  words,  Mr.  Conrad  can 
hold  one's  attention  and  respect  whatever 
the  subject  his  imagination  lights  upon. 
But  the  sea  is  the  touchstone  which  gives 
us  the  very  gold  of  the  man,  the  essence 
of  the  artist.  Man  and  boy,  he  has  known 
the  sea  as  only  the  man  articled  to  its  service 
can  ;  and  that  is  why,  in  addition  to  its  rare 
craftsmanship  and  the  fine  imaginative  power 
which  illumines  it,  '  The  Mirror  of  the  Sea  ' 
contains  something  which  not  even  the  most 
brilliant  impressionist  who  ever  wielded  a  pen 
could  give  us  if  he  wrote  of  the  sea.  We 
need  not  select  for  praise  such  fine  studies 
as  Mr.  Conrad's  appreciation  of  the  tidal 
Thames,  or  his  stirring  chapter  upon 
Nelson.  There  is  nothing  here  which  the 
discriminating  reader  can  afford  to  miss. 

Psyche  and  Soma.  By  Wellen  Smith. 
(E.  Grant  Richards.) — The  aim  of  tin's  book, 
as  suggested  in  the  title,  and  explained  at 
undue  length  by  the  author  in  his  preface, 
is  to  "  set  forth  in  dramatic  form  "  the  "  in- 
compatibility of  the  ideals  of  soul-life  with 
the  necessities  of  body-life."  As  a  play, 
however,  it  lacks  interest  through  excess  of 
allegory,  while  as  an  allegory  it  loses  by  its 
"dramatic"  treatment  such  dignity  as  it 
might  otherwise  have  possessed.  The  opening 
of  the  '  Introductory  Act,'  with  its  throng  of 
happy  villagers  assembled  to  welcome  the 


Lord  and  Lady  of  the  Castle,  savours  of" 
comic  opera  or  that  stage  of  a  melodrama 
which  precedes  the  usual  foreclosure  of  ther 
mortgage.  Again,  the  two  gardeners  ii* 
the  first  act,  disputing  with  reference  to 
white  and  red  roses,  are  dimly  reminiscent 
of  those  other  gardeners  —  in  '  Alice  in 
Wonderland  ' — waiting  in  trepidation  for 
the  coming  of  the  Duchess ;  while  the 
style  and  title  of  the  heroine,  "  The  Lady 
Psyche,"  call  up  happy  memories  of  '  The~ 
Princess  Ida.'  The  versification  is  smooth* 
in  the  main,  but  lines  like 

The  concentrated  essence  of  true  life  ! 
or 

My  sainted  mother  fell  like  ripened  fruit 

Into  the  earth's  soft  lap, 

point  to  a  lack  of  humour  and  taste.  Such/ 
lyrics  as  are  introduced  help  to  show  that 
the  poet  has  failed  to  rise  to  the  level  of  his- 
theme. 

Herk  Wilhelm  Junk,  a  well-known  book- 
seller of  Berlin,  has  sent  us  an  Internationales' 
Adressbuch  der  Antiquar-Buchhdndler,  which 
he  has  compiled  and  published.  It  forms- 
an  interesting  guide  to  second-hand  book- 
sellers all  over  the  world,  with  details  of 
their  special  lines.  The  editor  himself 
specializes  in  science,  publishing  the  '  Rara 
Historico-Naturalia,'  which  deals  in  tho- 
rn anner  of  Brunet  with  scarce  scientific 
works.  We  notice  that  Portugal  has  four 
names  of  booksellers,  Roumania  one,  and- 
Russia  sixteen.  The  Dark  Continent  sup- 
plies but  five  (two  at  Cape  Town),  Canada 
thirteen.  Now,  however,  that  a  beginning 
has  been  made,  doubtless  many  additions' 
will  be  supplied  by  those  who  can  strenu~ 
ously  idle  "  en  bouquinant."  Herr  Junlc 
prefaces  his  booklet  with  a  striking  sketch 
of  the  great  Bernard  Quaritch,  who,  he  says, 
left  H.  G.  Bohn,  as  a  young  man  of  twenty- 
eight,  in  1847,  with  the  confident  remark 
that  he  was  going  to  be  the  first  bookseller 
in  Europe — a  prediction  he  fairly  fulfilled! 
by  the  splendid  career  which  ended  in  1899. 

The  first  selection  of  cards,  calendars,, 
and  games  to  reach  us  comes  with  Father 
Tuck's  Annual— now  double  its  former  size- 
and  full  of  pretty  things — from  the  firm  o£ 
Messrs.  Raphael  Tuck  &  Son.  We  note 
with  pleasure  elegance  in  design  and' 
some  improvement  in  selection  of  words. 
Not  quite,  but  almost  a  novelty  are  the 
excellent  half-masks,  which  give  promise  of 
much  fun  at  a  very  moderate  outlay. 


LIST   OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Agnostic  Annual,  1907,  <;<!. 

Blyth  (P.  G.),  Christianity  and  Tradition,  3/  net. 
Driver  (S.  R.),  The  Critical  Study  of  the  Old  Testamentr 

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Durell  (J.  C.  V.),  The  Historic  Church,  6/  net. 
Edwards  (C),  The  Oldest  Laws  in  the  World,  Crf. 
Farrar  (Dean),  The  Life  of  Christ,  Pocket  Edition,  2/6  net- 
Gardner  (A.),  Letters  to  a  Godchild,  2  '6  net. 
Goadby  (B.  and  L.),  Not  Saints  hut  Men,  S/8  net. 
Henson  (H.  H.),  The  Future  of  the  Bihle,  6rf.  net. 
Horton  (J.),  Tekel ;  or,  the  Wonderland  of  the  Bihle,  6/  net. 
Jackson  (H.  L.),  The    Fourth    Gospel   and   some  recent 

German  Criticism,  3/6  net. 
Meyer  (F.  B.),  The  Wldeness  of  God's  Mercy,  1/6  net. 
Powell  (K.  E.),  Spinoza  and  Religion,  6  6  net. 
Pumfrev  (W.),  Israel  in  the  Bihle  and  in  History,  Srf.  net. 
Spence-Jones  (H.  D.  M.),  The  Golden  Age  of  the  Church, 7/6 
Vaughan  (R.),  Corpus  Christi.  and  other  Essays,  4/ net 
Wanl  (F.  W.  ().),  Christ  and  Woman,  Orf.  net. 
Williams  (W.  J.),  Newman,  Pascal,  Loisy,  and  the  Catholic 

Cbnrcb,  6/ net. 
Wilson-Carmichael  (A.),  Overweights  of  Joy,  4/6  net. 
Wilson  (P.  W.),  Liberty  and  Religion,  2/6  net. 

Law. 
Colles  (W.  M.)  and  Hardy  (H.),  Playiight  and  Copyright  in' 

all  Countries,  7/6  net. 

Fiv  Art  and  Archtrnlngy. 
Carter  (H.),  Six  Portraits  of  the  Thothmes  Family,  21/ net. 
Crane  (W.),  Flowers  from  Shakespeare's  Garden,  6/ 
CrnJcksbank  (J.  W.  and  A.  M.),  Christian  Rome,  3/6  net. 
Dawson  (Mrs.  N.),  Enamels,  2/6  net. 
Klder  Duncan  (J.   IL),   Country  Cottages  and   Week-End" 

Homes,  5/  net. 
Johnston  (K.),  Writing  and  Illuminating  and  Lettering,. 

6/6  net. 


514 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


Macdonell  (A.),  Touraine  and  its  Story,  21/  net. 
New   Zealand  International   Exhibition  :   British   Govern- 
ment Exhibit,  Official  Catalogue— Art. 
Nolhac  (P.  de).  Versailles  and  the  Trianons,  illustrated  by 

R.  Binet,  Edition  de  Luxe,  42/  net. 
Pasteur  (V.  M.),  Gods  and  Heroes  of  Old  Japan,  decorated 

by  A.  Galton,  12/  net. 
Photograms  for  the  Year  1906,  2/ 
Wigram  (E.  T.  A.),  Northern  Spain  Painted  and  Described, 

20/  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Anacreon,  translated  by  T.  Stanley,  0/  net. 
Arnold  (M.),  The  Scholar-Gipsy  and  Thvrsis,  illustrations 

by  E.  H.  New,  2/6  net. 
Beaumont  (F.)  and  Fletcher  (J.),  Works,  Vol.  IV.,  4/6  net. 
Bishoprick  Garland  ;   or,  a  Collection  of  Legends,  Songs, 

Ballads,  <fee. 
Buchanan  (G.),  The  Sacred  Dramas,  tr.  by  A.  Brown,  2/6  net. 
Dillon  (A.),  King  Arthur  Pendragon,  4/6  net. 
Fallaw  (L.),  Silverleaf  and  Oak,  3/  net. 

Graham  (II.),  Misrepresentative  Women,  and  other  Verses,  5/ 
Lydgate  (J.),  A  lytell  treatyse  of  the  horse,  the  sheep,  and 

the  ghoos ;  The  Churl  and  the  Bird,  translated  from 

the  French,  10/  net  each. 
Mayne  (C),  The  Olympian  Odes  of  Pindar,  2/6  net. 
Milton's  Comus,  and  other  Poems,  21/  net. 
Moore  (\\\),  The  Holy  Well,  and  other  Poems,  2/6  net. 
Pageant  of  Elizabethan  Poetry,  arranged  by  A.  Symons, 

6/  net. 
Symons  (A.),  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Browning, 

New  Edition,  3/6  net. 
Wreath  of   Christmas   Carols  and  Poems,  edited   by  W. 

Andrews,  3d.  net. 

Mxisic. 
Dry  (W.),  Giacomo  Puccini,  2/6  net. 
Weingartner  (F.),  On  Conducting,  2/ 
Bibliography. 
Book-Prices  Current,  Vol.  XX. ,  27/6  net. 
Cannons  (H.   G.   C),  Descriptive    Handbook   to  Juvenile 

Literature. 
Hazlitt  (\V.),  Index  to  the  Collected  Works,  edited  by  A.  R. 

Waller  and  A.  Glover,  5/  net. 

Philosophy. 
Macleane  (D.),  Reason,  Thought,  and  Language,  15/  net. 
R4man;ithan  (P.),  The  Culture  of  the  Soul  among  Western 

Nations,  5/ 

Political  Economy. 
Oozier  (J.  B.),  The  Wheel  of  Wealth,  12/6  net. 
Gilman  (C.  P.),  Women  and  Economics,  C</.  net. 
Hobson  (J.  A.),  The  Evolution  of  Modern  Capitalism,  New 

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Socialism  :  its  Fallacies  and  Dangers,  edited  by  F.  Millar,  6d. 
Tillyard  (F.),  Banking  and  Negotiable  Instruments,  Second 

Edition,  5/  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Ashton  (J.),  The  Dawn  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  in  Eng 

land,  Fifth  Edition,  2/6  net. 
Ballard  (A.),  The  Domesday  Inquest,  7/6  net. 
Burrage  (H   S.),  Gettysburg  and  Lincoln,  6.s\  net. 
Cambridge  Modern  History:    Vol.  IV.  The  Thirty   Years' 

War,  16/  net. 
Craven  (M.),  Famous  Beauties  of  Two  Reigns,  21/  net. 
Crump  (L.),  Letters  of  G.  Birkbeck  Hill,  12/6  net. 
Deans  (R.  S.),  Notable  Trials,  6/ 
De  Quincev  (T.),  Autobiography  and  Confessions,  edited  by 

T.  Hopkins,  3/6  net. 
Duneklev(H),  Lord  Melbourne,  Second  Edition,  2/6  net. 
Edward  III.  Year-Books,  Year  XIX.,  edited  by  L.  O.  Pike. 
Edwards  (J.  Passmore),  A  Few  Footprints,  Second  Edition, 

6d. 
Green- Armytage  (A.  J.),  Maids  of  Honour,  10/6  net. 
Grey-Edwards  (A.  H.),  A    Great   Heart;   or,  the  Life  of 

Canon  Major  Lester,  5/  net. 
Herriot(E.),  Madame  Recamier,  translated  by  A.  Hallard, 

2  vole,  20/  net. 
Hill  (C),  The  House  in  St.  Martin's  Street,  21s.  net. 
Hitchcock  (F.  R.  ML).  Types  of  Celtic  Life  and  Art,  3/6 
Houghton  (L.  S.),  Hebrew  Life  and  Thought,  6/6  net. 
Hume  (M  A  Queens  of  Old  Spain,  ]">/  net. 
Hutton  (E.),    Sigismondo    Pandolfo    Malatesta,    Lord    of 

Rimini,  12/6  net. 
Jackson  (A.  V.  W.),  Persia  Past  and  Present,  17/  net. 
Joyce  (P.  W.),  A  Smaller  Social  History  of  Ancient  Ireland, 

3/6  net. 
Nevill  (Lady  Dorothy),  Reminiscences,  edited  by  R.  Nevill, 

15/  net. 
Prickard  (A.  O.),  New  College,  Oxford,  2/ net. 
Reid  (S.  J.),  Life  and  Letters  of  the  First  Earl  of  Durham, 

■i  role.,  36/net 
Riedl  ([•'.),  A  History  of  Hungarian  Literature,  6/ 
Saintsbury  (GA  The  Earl  of  Derby,  2/6  net. 
Swettenham  (Sir  FA  British  Malaya,  16/ net. 
Tatham  (F.),   The   Letters  of   William    Blake,   edited    by 

A.  G.  B.  Russell,  7/6  net. 
Thatcher  (O.  J.),  A   General   History  of   Europe:  Part  1, 

350-1500  ;  Part  2,  1500-1000,  5/  net  each. 
Geography  ami  Travel. 
Elkington  (E.  W.),  Adrift  in  New  Zealand,  10/6  net. 
Harmsworth  Atlas  and  Gazetteer,  Part  I.,  7a. 
Loti  (P.),  India,  translated  by  G.  A.  F.  Inman,  10/6 
Maxwell  (D.),  A  Cruise  across  Europe,  10/6  net. 
Skinner  (R.  P.),  Abyssinia  of  To-day,  12/6  net. 
Smith  (H.),  Patrollers  of  Palestine,  10/6 
Wells  (H.  ().),  The  Future  in  America,  10/6 

Philology. 
Sweet  (IL),  A  Primer  of  Phonetics,  Third  Edition,  3/6 
Wiekremasinghe  (M.  de  Zilva),  Tamil  Grammar  Self-taught, 
4/  net. 

School-  Books. 
Andrew  (S.  ().),  Geometry,  2/ 
Contes  Ohoisis  :  Voltaire  et  Diderot,  4tl.  net. 
Harrold  (J.  B.),  Key  to  Practical   Papers  in  Book-Keeping 

and  Accountancy,  2/0  net. 
Mercer  (J.  w.),  Trigonometry  for  Beginners.  4/ 
Tindall  (F.  E.),  Nature  Walks  and  Talks,  2/6  net. 

Science. 
Baikie  (J.),  Through  the  Telescope,  5/  n<  U 
Black  (F.  A.),  Natural  Phenomena. 


Braithwaite  (A.),  Problems  in  Diet. 

Gorst  (Sir  J.  E.),  The  Children  of  the  Nation,  7/6  net. 

Kelway's  Manual  of  Horticulture,  Fifty-fifth  Edition. 

Kidd  (D.),  Savage  Childhood,  18/  net. 

Mummery  (P.  L.),  The  Sigmoidoscope,  3/6  net. 

Osier  (W.),  JEqwanimitas,  and   other   Addresses,    Second 

Edition,  8/ 
Paget  (S.),  Experiments  on  Animals,  Third  Edition,  4/6  net. 
Parsons  (J.   H.),  The    Pathology  of   the  Eye :    Vol.   III. 

General  Pathology,  Part  I.,  15/  net. 
Roberts  (E.),  Enteric  Fever  in  India  and  in  other  Tropical 

and  Sub-Tropical  Regions,  21/  net. 
Sherringham  (C.  S.),  The  Integrative  Action  of  the  Nervous 

Svstem,  16/  net. 
Sinda'll  (R.  W.),  Paper  Technology,  12/6  net. 
Steell  (G.),  Text-Book  on  Diseases  of  the  Heart,  7/6  net. 
Vincent  (R.),   Clinical  Studies  in  the  Treatment   of   the 

Nutritional  Disorders  of  Infancy,  3/6  net. 
Walsham  (H.)and  Orton  (G.  H.),  The  ROntgen  Rays  in  the 

Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  6/  net. 
Wright  (Sir  A.  E.),  Principles  of  Microscopy,  21/  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Almshouses  of  Amer,  by  K.  E.  V.,  1/ 
Baldwin  (M.)  Peg's  Adventures  in  Paris,  5/ 
Bensusan  (S.  L.),  The  Man  in  the  Moon  ;  The  Wonderful 

Adventures  of  Mr.  Rabbit  and  Uncle  Fox,  1/6  each. 
Blackie's  Children's  Annual,  3/6 
Brereton  (Capt.  F.  S.),  Roger  the  Bold,  6/ ;  With  Roberts 

to  Candahar,  5/ 
Browns  (The) :  a  Book  of  Bears,  Verses  by  B.  Parker,  Illus- 
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Astrolabe,  2/6 
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Christie  (G.  F.),  Round  de  Ole  Plantation,  2/6 
Clifford  (M.  L  ),  Yoppy  :  the  Autobiograpy  of  a  Monkey,  5/ 
Collingwood  (II.),  Across  the  Spanish  Main,  5/ 
Copeland  (W.),  The  Book  of  Dolly's  House  ;   The  Book  of 

Dolly-Land  ;  The  Book  of  Dolly's  Doings,  6d.  net  each. 
Copeland  (W.)  and  Robinson  (C),  The  Awful  Airship;  The 

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Cubitt  (Mrs.  N.),  Rather  a  Scapegrace,  2/6 
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Picdn-Febres  (G.),  La  Literatura  Venezolana  en  el  Siglo 
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THE    HOHENI.OHE    MEMOIRS. 

In  The  Outlook  of  last  Saturday  Mr. 
Garvin  suggests  that  The  Athenceutn  "  de- 
clared before  having  read  the  Memoirs  that 
they  contained  nothing  new."  This  is  not  so. 
Our  paragraph  dealt  only  with  "  the  so- 
called  '  revelations,'  "  and  explained  that 
the  Memoirs  merely  added  proof  to  "  that 
which  had  been  the  guess  of  well-informed 
journalists,  partly  confirmed  in  1898  by 
'  Bismarck  :  Some  Secret  Pages  of  his 
History.'  '  We  immediately  went  on  to 
add  that  "  in  the  third  of  the  most  interest- 
ing volumes  "  also  "  published  in  that  year 
.  .  .  . Busch  explains  .  .  .  .what  happened  on 
'March  24,  1890.'"  We  then  dealt  with 
the  differences  in  policy  between  the  Kaiser 
and  Bismarck  in  regard  to  Russia.  It  will 
he  seen  that  our  comment  concernod  the 
history  of  Bismarck's  fall  and  the  matters 
which,  up  to  the  day  on  which  wo  wroto, 
had  filled  the  columns  of  the  newspapers. 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


515 


The  Athenaeum,  is  not,  like  The  Outlook, 
a  political  weekly,  but,  as  Mr.  Garvin  says, 
mainly  an  "  organ  of  criticism."  It  is  as 
history  that  we  treat  the  memoirs — rightly 
treated  as  interesting  gossip  and  scandal 
by  the  papers.  We  do  not,  indeed,  differ 
from  the  judgment  upon  them  of  our  con- 
temporary :  they  "  confirm  more  than  they 
destroy."  "  The  first  volume.  .  .  .does  not, 
perhaps,  compare  in  value  with  the  massive 
substance  of  Bismarck's  "  memoirs.  "  Into 
the  last ....  pages "  of  Hohenlohe  "the 
whole  passion,  drama,  and  sensationalism 
of  the  Memoirs  are  crowded.  .  .  .There  is 
hardly  a  passage  worth  quoting  that  has  not 
already  appeared  in  the  daily  press."  Mr. 
Garvin  adds  that  "  the  publication  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  Memoirs  so  soon  is  an 
unquestionable  breach  of  the  tacit  laws  of 
honour  under  which  a  man  receives  con- 
fidences " — a  sentiment  in  which  The  Athe- 
naeum also  agrees. 

When  our  paragraph  appeared  a  fortnight 
ago,  the  Memoirs  were  not  to  be  purchased 
in  book  form,  and  the  copious  extracts 
which  had  been  published  were  from  two 
German  magazines. 


AUSTRALIAN    RELIGION. 

In  answer  to  Mr.  Howitt's  letter  in  last 
week's  Athenaeum  (p.  480)  I  have  to  say 
this.  In  several  places  I  criticized  a  state- 
ment of  Mr.  Howitt's  on  p.  500  of  his  '  Native 
Tribes  of  South-East  Australia.'  From  a 
paper  of  his  in  Folk-Lore  (June,  pp.  174-90) 
I  learned  that  I  had  entirely  failed  to 
construe  the  meaning  of  Mr.  Howitt  in  the 
passage  which  I  had  criticized.  With  all 
possible  alacrity  and  publicity,  I  withdrew 
my  criticisms,  as  far  as  they  were  vitiated 
by  my  misapprehension  of  Mr.  Howitt's 
meaning  ;  and  I  privately  tendered  my 
regrets  and  apologies  to  him.  Mr.  Howitt 
now  finds  fault  with  the  "  four  extracts  " 
in  which  I  tried  to  summarize  part  of  his 
pp.  499-500  in  his  book  already  cited.  He 
asks  whether  I  consider  this  "  passage  " 
of  my  book  (I  suppose  him  to  mean  my 
attempted  summary  in  '  The  Secret  of  the 
Totem  '  pp.  197,  198)  "  an  unconscious 
misrepresentation  "  ?  I  have  re-read,  many 
times,  Mr.  Howitt's  passage,  and  my  own 
attempt  to  summarize  it.  The  "  misrepre- 
sentation," I  aver,  is  most  emphatically 
"  unconscious."  I  did  not  quote  the  whole 
of  Mr.  Howitt's  observations.  If  I  omitted 
what  was  essential,  I  did  so  in  entire  uncon- 
sciousness. I  had  difficulty  in  understand- 
ing Mr.  Howitt,  but  I  thought  that  I  had 
disengaged  his  meaning.  I  am  sorry  to 
learn  that  I  failed,  and  more  sorry  that  I 
based  criticisms  on  my  failure.  That 
failure  was  "  the  key-note  of  my  argument." 

If  Mr.  Howitt  conceives  that  T  consciously 
misrepresented  him,  I  refer  him  to  my 
book  (pp.  ix,  x)  : — 

"Since  critics  of  my  'Social  Origins*  often 
missed  my  meaning,  I  am  forced  to  suppose  that 
I  may  in  like  manner  have  misconstrued  some  of 
the  opinions  of  others,  which,  as  I  understand 
them,  I  was  obliged  to  contest.  I  have  done  my 
best  to  understand,  and  shall  deeply  regret  any 
failure  of  interpretation  on  my  own  part." 
It  is  ray  opinion  that  conscious  misrepre- 
sentation of  another  man's  argument  is  an 
offence  which  nobody  commits,  whether 
in  literature,  science,  or  politics.  I  am 
sorry  if  Mr.  Howitt  here  disagrees  with  me. 
Andrew  Lang. 


in  the  Luna  tonda.  There  is  a  reference 
here,  as  in  Epist.  viii.  7,  to  Gherardo  Mala- 
spina,  the  bishop  of  "  Luni,  antichamente 
Luna,  citta  marittima  della  Liguria,  oggi 
distrutta  "  (1314-17).  See  '  Paracl.,'  xvi.  73, 
'Inf.,'  xx.  47.  '  Par  ad.,'  ii.  51,  also  refers  to 
Cain  in  the  Moon,  a  Florentine  country-folk 
tale,  according  to  the  Italian  commentators. 
Dante  was  occasionally  a  pince-sans-rire, 
as  Poggio  shows  (Londini,  1798,  pp.  66,  129). 
This  reference  to  Malaspina  is  in  his  manner. 
Cf.  8a.o-vTrovs,  for  Aayws,  in  LXX.  (Levit., 
&c),  to  avoid  offending  Lagid  Ptolemies. 
For  the  noble  way  in  which  he  refers  to  the 
Moon's  light,  see  Dante's  '  De  Monarchia,' 
hi.,  ad  fin.  : 

"  ilia  igitur  reverentia  Caesar  utatur  ad  Pet  rum  qua 
primogenitus  films  debet  ad  pattern ,  ut,  luce 
palerme  gratire  illustratus,  vircuosius  orbem  terra? 
irradiet." 

H.  H.  Johnson. 


CAIN    AND    THE    MOON. 

Accident  has  perhaps  shown  me  a  further 
point  in  "  sotto  Sibilia  Caino  e  le  s/>n<r  " 
(Dante,  'Inf.,'  xx.  126),  as  applied  to  Caino 


fEitoarp  (Sassip. 

The  November  Independent  Review 
will  contain  an  article  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells 
on  '  Modern  Socialism  and  the  Family,' 
and  one  by  Dr.  Alfred  Russel  Wallace 
on  '  The  Native  Problem  in  South  Africa 
and  Elsewhere.'  Among  the  other  articles 
in  the  same  number  will  be  '  A  Defence  of 
the  Trade  Disputes  Bill,'  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Llewelyn  Da  vies  ;  '  Religion  and  Politics 
in  Ireland,'  by  Mr.  T.  M.  Kettle,  M.P.  ; 
'  The  Father  of  French  Rationalism,'  by 
Mr.  Algar  Thorold  ;  and  '  A  Fiscal  Policy 
for  Labour,'  by  Mr.  Brougham  Villiers. 

Lady  Strachey,  wife  of  Sir  Edward 
Strachey,  of  Sutton  Court,  Somerset,  is 
preparing  for  publication,  and  will  edit, 
a  collection  of  the  letters  of  Edward  Lear, 
the  author  of  the  '  Books  of  Nonsense,' 
to  her  aunt  and  uncle,  Frances,  Countess 
Waldegrave,  and  Lord  Carlingford,  of 
Strawberry  Hill  fame.  The  correspond- 
ence covers  a  friendship  of  over  forty 
years.  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  will  be  the 
publisher. 

'  Some  Old  Inns  of  England  '  is  the 
title  of  a  book  by  Mr.  George  T.  Burrows 
which  Mr.  Werner  Laurie  is  publishing 
shortly.  Mr.  S.  J.  Brown  has  made 
forty  sketches  for  the  volume.  Mr. 
Burrows  devotes  two  chapters  to  monas- 
teries, the  forerunners  of  the  inn,  and 
also  includes  an  interesting  chapter  on 
the  history  of  inn  signs. 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  is  about  to  issue 
a  volume  of  rare  literary  interest,  entitled 
'  The  Songs  of  Sidi  Hammo.'  The  trans- 
lation of  the  work  of  this  famous  old 
Berber  poet,  whose  songs  are  recited  daily 
by  the  tribes  of  Southern  Morocco,  has 
been  made  by  Mr.  R.  L.  N.  Johnston,  of 
Mogador,  who  has  lived  and  studied 
among  the  Berbers  for  many  years.  The 
songs,  of  which  a  rendering  in  verse  is 
supplied  by  Mr.  L.  Cranmer-Byng,  have 
been  taken  down  by  word  of  mouth  in 
the  villages  of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  and 
are  presented  for  the  first  time  to  an 
English  audience.  The  book  has  been 
edited  by  Mr.  S.  L.  Bensusan,  who  con- 
tributes an  introduction. 

Messrs.  Parker  publish  this  week  a 
sixth  story  in  '  The  Digit  of   the  Moon  ' 


series,  entitled  '  An  Essence  of  the  Dusk,' 
translated  from  the  original  manuscript 
by  Mr.  F.  W.  Bain.  A  fifth  edition  is  also 
ready  of  '  The  Digit  of  the  Moon,'  and  a 
second  edition  of  '  A  Draught  of  the  Blue  ' 
in  the  same  series. 

In  addition  to  Mr.  A.  H.  Grant's  article 
'  A  Winter  at  the  Court  of  an  Absolute 
Monarch  :  With  the  Dane  Mission  to 
Kabul,'  the  November  Blackwood  will 
contain  contributions  on  '  Dean  Swift  in 
Dublin,'  by  the  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's  ; 
'  New  York,'  by  Mr.  Charles  Whibley,  the 
outcome  of  a  recent  visit ;  '  The  Voyage 
of  the  Scotia,'  by  Admiral  Sir  A.  H. 
Markham  ;  '  A  Peep  at  Corsica,'  by  Dr. 
Andrew  Balfour ;  and  '  The  Scottish 
Churches,'  an  appeal  for  union,  by  Dr, 
Mair,  ex-Moderator  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland.  '  Musings  without  Method ' 
deal  this  month  with  The  Times  and  its 
Book  Club. 

The  '  Story  of  the  Popes  from  a.d.  1414 
to  the  Present  Day,'  by  Mr.  Charles  S. 
Isaacson,  is  announced  by  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock.  The  work  will  be  a  biographical 
and  anecdotal  rather  than  historical 
account  of  the  Popes.  It  will  be  illus- 
trated by  forty  reproductions  of  papal 
medals,  and  a  contemporary  portrait  of 
Innocent  XI. 

The  December  issue  of  Chambers's 
Journal,  to  be  published  towards  the  end 
of  November,  will  have  several  extra 
articles  and  stories,  amongst  the  former 
being  '  The  Life  Beautiful,'  by  M.  E. 
Braddon  ;  '  Prototypes  of  Thackeray's 
Characters,'  by  Lewis  Melville  ;  and 
'  The  New  Legend  of  Waterloo,'  by  Mr. 
E.  Bruce  Low.  '  Early  Railway  Guides  ' 
is  the  title  of  a  chatty  paper  of  remi- 
niscences by  Mr.  John  Leighton,  now  an 
octogenarian. 

Besides  the  English  '  Who's  Who,' 
there  has  been  one  for  the  United  States 
since  1899.  There  is  also  one  for  Aus- 
tralia— John's  '  Notable  Australians,'  pub- 
lished for  the  first  time  this  year.  Messrs. 
Kegan  Paul  are  to  issue  '  Who's  Who  in 
the  Far  East,'  a  biographical  dictionary 
of  the  leading  men  from  Siam  to  Japan, 
including  the  Philippines  and  British 
North  Borneo. 

We  shall  publish  a  special  article  on 
'The  Book  War'  next  week.  Mr.  James 
Douglas  has  written  a  paper  entitled  '  A 
Plea  for  the  Bookseller  '  for  the  November 
number  of  The  World's  Work. 

A  new  novel  entitled  '  The  Ark  of  the 
Curse,'  by  Miss  K.  L.  Montgomery, 
author  of  '  The  Cardinal's  Pawn."  will  be 
published  in  a  few  days  by  Messrs.  Hurst 
&  Blackett.  The  scene  of  the  story,  which 
is  full  of  exciting  incidents,  is  laid  in  the 
immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  Pyrenees, 
the  period  being  that  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

Mr.  E.  H.  BLAKENEY,  head  master  of 
the  King's  School,  Fly.  will  shortly 
publish  a  new  volume  of  poems,  entitled 
'The  Angel  of  the  Hours.'  It  will  be 
issued  through  Mr.  Elkin  Mathews.  There 
will  be  a  frontispiece  by  Mr.  H.  Maurice 
Page,  tail-pieces  by  Mr.  Frank  Unwin. 
and  a  cover  design  by  Miss  Mary  Fry. 


516 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


Mr.  Perceval  Landon  has  written  a 
book   entitled    '  Under   the   Sun.'     These 

.chapters  have  no  reference  to  the  recent 
visit  to  India  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  but 

^are  the  result  of  the  author's  annual  visits 
to  India  since  1900.  The  book  will  be  illus- 
trated by  both  photogravures  and  coloured 
plates,  and  the  concluding  chapter  is  said 

^o  contain  information  as  to  the  later  life 
of  Nana  Sahib  never  before  published. 
Messrs.   Hurst  &  Blackett  will  issue  the 

-volume  almost  immediately. 

The  second  volume  of  Prof.  George 
.Saintsbury's  '  Minor  Poets  of  the  Caroline 
Period '  is  announced  by  the  Oxford 
•University  Press  as  almost  ready  for 
.publication.  Some  of  the  poems  have 
never  been  printed  before,  and  others 
have  not  hitherto  been  reprinted. 

Mr.  Henry  Dawson  Lowry,  whose 
death  is  announced  at  the  early  age  of 
thirty- eight,  was  a  writer  of  considerable 
promise  both  in  prose  and  verse  ;  but 
he  was  unfitted  for  the  trials  of  London 
journalism,  which  he  entered  in  1893. 
He  was  on  the  staff  of  Black  and  White 
.^tnd  The  Morning  Post.  '  The  Hundred 
■Windows '  (1904),  his  book  of  poems, 
contains  some  work  which  is  likely  to 
secure  a  place  in  poetic  anthologies. 

An  interesting  contribution  to  Scottish 
historical  literature  will  be  issued  in  a  few 
days,  namely,  '  A  Sketch  of  Scottish 
Industrial  and  Social  Developments,'  by 
Miss  Amelia  Hutchison  Stirling.  It  brings 
together  information  from  a  wide  field 
"that  has  not  hitherto  been  grouped  in 
.accessible  form.  The  publishers  are  Messrs. 
JBlackie  &  Son. 

Dr.  W.  de  Gra.y  Birch  will  on  Novem- 
ber 7th  deliver  a  lecture  on  the  '  Royal 
Charters  granted  to  the  City  of  Lincoln,' 
-before  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of 
■that  city. 

The  spread  of  the  Irish  language  in 
Ireland  has  led  to  the  foundation  of  the 
Leinster  Training  College  for  Irish,  which 
will  shortly  be  opened  in  Dublin.  This 
•college  is  to  promote  the  study  of  the 
modern  spoken  language,  and  the  training 
of  teachers  for  primary  or  secondary 
schools.  "  The  School  of  Irish  Learning," 
founded  by  Dr.  Kuno  Meyer,  Prof.  Strachan 
.and  others  some  three  or  four  years  ago, 
■is  chiefly  occupied  with  the  study  of  Old 
and  Middle  Irish  texts,  and  with  bringing 
about  a  rapprochement  between  the  older 
and  the  contemporary  forms  of  the 
language. 

A  deputation  from  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  waited  upon  the  Chief  Secretary 
•for  Ireland  on  Wednesday  week  last  to  urge 
'the  need  of  a  complete  printed  catalogue 
of  the  Irish  manuscripts  in  the  library  of 
the  Academy.  Mr.  E.  J.  Gwynn  stated 
that  the  publication  of  such  a  catalogue 
was  a  necessary  preliminary  to  the  proper 
■investigation  of  the  mass  of  Irish  litera- 
ture which  remains  inedited.  Mr.  Bryce 
in  his  reply  fully  acquiesced  in  the  pro- 
posals put  forward  by  the  deputation, 
-and  promised  to  press  them  upon  the 
attention  of  the  Treasury. 


We  learn  with  pleasure  that  the  '  Me- 
moires '  of  Mistral,  noticed  by  us  last 
week,  are  to  be  translated  by  Miss  Constance 
Maud.  The  book  will  be  published  by 
Mr.  Arnold  early  next  year. 

M.  Joseph  Reinach  has  proved  a  true 
prophet,  for  twenty-one  years  ago  he 
anticipated  the  new  Government  of  France. 
In  1885  there  was  published,  by  Char- 
pentier  of  Paris,  a  pamphlet  by  him 
entitled  '  Le  Ministere  Clemenceau  '  (for  in 
those  days  the  author  followed  a  spelling 
of  the  name  which  is  now  admitted  to  be 
wrong).  Since  1885,  when  recent  differ- 
ences separated  from  the  Prime  Minister 
of  France  those  who  had  supported 
Gambetta,  other  questions  have  arisen 
which  have  brought  M.  Reinach  and  M. 
Clemenceau  together.  The  new  Ministry 
is  one  of  the  most  literary  of  modern  times. 
M.  Clemenceau  is  famous  as  a  leader- 
writer,  and  had  as  a  colleague  on  his 
paper  La  Justice  M.  Pichon,  his  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs.  General  Picquart  is  a 
distinguished  military  essayist. 

M.  Paul  Emile  Lengle,  who  died  last 
week  in  Paris,  was  a  native  of  Fresne-sur- 
Escaut  (Nord),  where  he  was  born  on 
December  19th,  1836.  His  father  was  a 
pre  jet  under  the  Empire,  and  he  himself 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Prince  Jerome 
Napoleon  ;  he  was  a  vigorous  defender  of 
the  Imperial  regime,  and  wrote  a  number 
of  political  works,  notably  one  on  '  Le 
Prince  Napoleon  et  la  Republique,'  as  well 
as  a  volume  of  poems,  '  Nos  Peres  '  (1871), 
which  contained  a  drama  played  in  Paris 
in  1891. 

The  German  Freemasons  have  recently 
struck  a  medal  in  commemoration  of  the 
literary  services  rendered  by  Mr.  R.  F. 
Gould  to  Freemasonry  during  the  fifty 
years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  craft. 
The  medal  was  presented  in  the  Quatuor 
Coronati  Lodge  of  London,  the  member- 
ship of  which  is  restricted  to  Masons 
possessing  either  a  literary  or  an  artistic 
qualification.  Medals  have  been  struck 
in  honour  of  Goethe  and  other  German 
Freemasons,  also  in  commemoration  of 
Washington,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Voltaire, 
and  other  non-German  Freemasons  ;  but 
no  English  man  of  letters  has  hitherto 
been  paid  a  similar  compliment. 

The  death  is  reported  on  the  12th  inst. 
of  the  most  popular  writer  of  humorous 
sketches  in  Sweden,  Alfred  Hedenstjerna, 
who  wrote  under  the  signature  of  Sigurd. 

Congolese  news  apparently  does  not 
travel  very  rapidly,  for  it  is  only  now  that 
we  learn  that  there  has  been  in  existence 
since  1901  a  newspaper  in  a  native  dialect. 
An  Italian  barrister,  writing  to  a  home 
journal,  refers  to  this  paper,  which  is 
composed  in  the  Bantu  tongue  and  pub- 
lished at  Kisantu.  The  title  of  the  paper 
is  Our  Star,  and  copies  of  the  early  issues 
are  extremely  rare. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  of  in- 
terest to  our  readers  are  Secondary 
Education,  Scotland,  Report  for  1906 
(id.)  ;  Annual  Report  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  1905-6  (4s.  Id.)  ; 
the  Report  of  the  President  of  Queen's 
College,    Galway,     1905-6    (2\d.);     and 


List  of  Public  Elementary  Schools,  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  on  1st  Jan.,  1906  (3s.  Qd.). 
No  list  had  been  issued  since  that  for 
1903-4.  Owing  to  this  interval  the 
present  list  is  an  exceptional  one.  It 
will  in  future  be  issued  annually,  and 
local  education  authorities  and  managers 
of  schools  are  invited  to  furnish  correc- 
tions of  any  inaccuracies  they  may  dis- 
cover. 


SCIENCE 


The  Voyage  of  the  Scotia.  By  Three  of 
the  Staff.  With  Illustrations  and  Maps. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

This  volume  contains  a  popular  account 
of  the  work  of  the  "  Scottish  National 
Antarctic  Expedition,"  as  it  is  proudly, 
yet  not  inaccurately,  termed  by  the 
authors.  The  venture  owed  its  inception 
to  Mr.  W.  S.  Bruce,  of  Edinburgh,  the 
oceanographer ;  and  his  tireless  efforts 
were  well  supported  by  private  sub- 
scribers— notably  by  the  Messrs.  Coats, 
of  Paisley,  whose  munificence,  like  that 
of  Mr.  Longstaff  to  the  Discovery,  alone 
made  the  enterprise  possible.  When  we 
remember  Drygalski's  vain  application  for 
a  second  year's  work  on  the  German 
expedition,  it  is  significant  to  read  that 
it  was  entirely  through  the  liberality  of 
Mr.  James  Coats,  Jun.,  that  a  second 
season's  campaign  was  carried  out  ;  for 
in  that  season  by  far  the  most  valuable 
work  was  done.  In  1892-3  Mr.  Bruce 
accompanied  the  whaler  Balsena  of  Dundee 
in  her  Antarctic  cruise,  besides  serving 
in  1896-7  under  Mr.  Jackson  in  Franz 
Josef  Land  ;  and  he  was  thus  marked  out 
as  the  leader  by  his  Polar  experience  no 
less  than  by  his  enthusiasm. 

The  Scotia  was  an  old  Norwegian  whaler, 
almost  wholly  reconstructed  for  this  voyage, 
and  was  commanded  by  Capt.  Thomas 
Robertson,  who  had  also  had  both  Arctic 
and  Antarctic  experience.  The  scientific 
staff  consisted  of  six,  besides  the  leader  ; 
and  the  present  volume  has  been  written 
in  nearly  equal  parts  by  three  of  the 
number— Mr.  Mossman,  meteorologist ; 
Mr.  Rudmose  Brown,  botanist  ;  and 
Dr.  Harvey  Pirie,  surgeon  and  geologist. 
Collaboration  in  a  book  of  this  kind  is  not 
always  a  success  ;  but  in  this  case,  as  in 
the  record  of  the  Swedish  expedition,  it 
results  in  a  not  unpleasing  variety.  All 
three  writers  have  the  gift  of  selection 
and  a  lively  style  ;  and  while  one  excels 
in  description  and  another  in  wit,  a  third 
is  deficient  in  neither,  though  his  grammar 
is  occasionally  slipshod.  The  illustrations, 
which  are  mainly  photographic,  are  excel- 
lent ;  and  the  maps — especially  Mr. 
Bruce's  bathymetrical  survey  of  the  South 
Atlantic  and  the  Weddell  Sea — are  beyond 
praise. 

Mr.  Mossman's  opening  chapter  on 
Antarctic  exploration  is  too  brief  to  be 
really  informing ;  it  would  have  been 
better,  in  his  limited  space,  to  confine  the 
survey  to  that  portion  of  the  Antarctic 
for  which  his  own  party  were  bound. 
But  it  is  a  curious  omission  that  he  says 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


517 


nothing  of  the  definite  plans  of  the  expe- 
<Lition  at  the  time  of  its  departure,  or  of 
its  exact  relation  to  the  international 
Antarctic  campaign.  The  Scotia  sailed 
•on  November  2nd,  1902 — more  than  a 
year  after  the  three  principal  expeditions  ; 
■and  she  explored  the  same  "  quadrant," 
or  quarter  of  the  Antarctic  circle,  as  the 
Swedish  vessel.  If,  as  Mr.  Bruce  seems 
to  hint  in  his  preface,  there  are  still  some 
persons  who  on  these  grounds  consider 
that  the  Scottish  expedition  was  "  super- 
fluous and  unnecessary,"  a  mere  glance  at 
Mr.  Bruce's  map  should  convince  them  of 
their  mistake.  The  Swedish  ship  in  1902 
accomplished  a  cruise  in  the  Weddell  Sea  ; 
but  her  course  was  more  to  the  westward, 
and  not  once  after  leaving  the  Falklands 
did  the  Scotia  cross  her  track.  Moreover, 
the  map  shows  that,  in  taking  deep-sea 
soundings  over  a  wide  area  in  the  Southern 
Ocean,  the  latter  ship  did  most  useful 
work. 

Operations  in  the  first  summer  were 
much  hindered  by  heavy  pack-ice  ; 
and  in  March,  1903,  the  Scotia  returned 
northwards  to  the  South  Orkneys,  and 
succeeded  in  finding  a  good  harbour 
for  wintering.  Of  these  islands  two  are 
large  and  the  rest  much  smaller  ; 
they  have  figured  on  our  maps 
for  more  than  eighty  years  ;  but  till 
three  years  ago  they  were  very  imper- 
fectly known.  Weddell,  in  1823,  even 
speaks  of  their  "  terrific  appearance " 
as  compared  with  other  Antarctic  islands. 
Though  six  degrees  north  of  the  circle — 
no  higher  than  the  Shetlands  in  the 
northern  hemisphere  —  they  have  an 
almost  Polar  climate.  In  the  spring  the 
survey  of  Laurie  Island,  where  the  harbour 
was  situated,  was  successfully  completed  ; 
but  the  ice-conditions  were  too  variable 
for  the  exploration  of  the  neighbouring 
islands.  On  a  narrow  isthmus  the  party 
erected  an  observatory  and  a  dwelling- 
house,  which  they  called  Omond  House  ; 
and  here  in  November  they  left  six  men 
to  continue  the  scientific  observations, 
while  the  siiip  went  north  to  Buenos  Aires 
for  supplies.  On  its  return  in  February, 
1904,  Mr.  Mossman  remained  at  Laurie 
Island  with  four  companions,  including 
three  Argentine  men  of  science  ;  and  the 
ship  proceeded  southwards  into  the 
Weddell  Sea. 

This  second  Antarctic  cruise  was  more 
successful  than  the  first.  On  March  3rd, 
in  lat.  72°  18'  S.  and  long.  17°  59'  W.,' 
land  was  reported  ahead  in  the  shape  of  a, 
great  ice-barrier,  with  an  undulating  ice- 
sheet  beyond.  It  was  named  Coats  Land, 
and  the  Scotia  coasted  along  it  for  150 
miles  to  the  south-west,  till  she  reached 
her  furthest  south  in  lat.  74°  1'  S.  and 
long.  22°  W.  A  little  earlier  she  had 
obtained  a  sounding  which  gave  a  depth 
■of  only  159  fathoms.  The  height  and 
extent  of  the  Barrier,  and  the  character 
of  the  boulders  brought  up  by  dredging, 
prove  the  land  to  be  of  a  continental 
character.  The  importance  of  this  dis- 
covery, with  a  view  to  determining  the 
extent  of  the  Antarctic  land-mass,  can 
hardly  be  overrated.  It  was  in  this 
quarter  (in  lat.   74°  15'  S.  and  only   12 


degrees  further  westward)  that  Weddell 
reported  an  open  sea  with  no  appearance 
of  land  ;  but  his  progress  to  the  south 
was  prevented  by  head  winds  and  the 
lateness  of  the  season.  His  report  has  led 
some  to  suppose  that  the  Antarctic  land 
consists  only  of  large  islands.  But  it  now 
seems  certain,  from  the  birds  seen  both  by 
Weddell  and  Bruce  at  their  furthest  south, 
that  if  the  former  had  been  able  to  take 
soundings,  he  would  have  known  that 
he  was  approaching  land.  Hitherto  the 
largest  gap  in  the  circle,  where  there  have 
been  no  trustworthy  reports  of  land,  has 
been  between  Enderby  Land  in  long.  50°  E. 
and  Foyn  Land  in  60°  W.  This  gap  is 
now  partly  bridged  by  the  discovery  of 
Coats  Land  ;  and  the  direction  taken  by 
the  Barrier — from  north-east  to  south- 
west— is  exactly  what  might  have  been 
expected  if  the  land  were  continental. 

The  Scotia  was  now  headed  for  the 
Cape  ;  but  another  most  useful  discovery 
awaited  her.  She  obtained  a  sounding  of 
2,660  fathoms  in  lat.  68°  32'  S.,  long. 
12°  49'  W. — the  very  place  where  Ross, 
with  less  trustworthy  apparatus,  reported 
4,000  fathoms  and  no  bottom.  Thus  the 
"  Ross  Deep,"  upon  which  much  theory 
has  been  spent,  has  finally  disappeared 
from  the  map.  The  details  of  the  deep- 
sea  trawling  carried  out  during  this  cruise 
are  of  considerable  interest.  One  can  only 
regret  that  it  has  not  been  found  possible 
to  enrich  the  volume  with  sketches  made 
under  the  microscope  of  some  of  the  mar- 
vellous organisms  described.  After  visit- 
ing the  little-known  Gough  Island  in 
lat.  41°  S.,  the  Scotia  reached  Scotland 
by  way  of  the  Cape  in  July,  1904. 
>s  In  the  last  two  chapters  Mr.  Mossman 
relates  his  experiences  in  the  winter  of 
1904  at  Laurie  Island,  which  must  have 
seemed  dismal  indeed  compared  with  his 
previous  stay.  He  had  only  four  com- 
panions— three  of  them  foreigners  ;  and 
the  winter  was  far  more  rigorous  and  pro- 
tracted. In  April — when  the  sea  was 
still  open,  but  the  frost  severe — his  stone 
hut  was  very  nearly  destroyed  in  a  south- 
easterly gale.  To  have  continued  his 
hourly  observations,  with  the  exhausting 
demands  made  by  the  repairs  upon  his 
little  band,  was  an  heroic  feat.  In 
January,  1905,  he  was  taken  off  by  the 
Argentine  sloop  Uruguay,  which  brought 
a  relief-party  of  observers  from  the  South 
American  republic. 

There  is  something  delightful  in  the 
irrepressible  spirit  of  nationality  which 
pervades  this  book.  Mr.  Bruce  states 
in  his  preface  that  the  volume  is  for  Scots 
throughout  the  world  ;  the  first  wintering 
party  are  filled  with  regrets  that  they 
cannot  claim  the  Orkneys  as  a  Scottish 
possession ;  while  even  penguins  on  the 
floe  are  treated  to  a  skirl  of  the  bagpipes, 
and  photographed  during  the  infliction. 
Dr.  Pirie,  the  geologist,  in  opening  his 
narrative  of  the  southern  cruise,  carries 
his  patriotism  into  science  : — 

"  We  were  once  more  southward  bound — 
following  the  traditional  policy  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Scotland,  laid  down  at  least  as 
far  back  as  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  days, 
and  faithfully  adhered  to  during  successive 


ajons.  Even  in  those  early  days  of  the 
world's  history,  if  the  record  is  to  be  believed, 
the  fishes  meditated  invasions  of  England, 
for  their  fossil  remains  are  found  all  with 
their  heads  turned  southwards  towards  the 
border." 

If,  however,  peaceful  invasion  is  the 
Scotsman's  aim  in  life,  surely  Britons 
throughout  the  world  may  be  allowed 
some  share  in  a  Scottish  success. 


Applied  Electricity.     By  J.  Paley  Yorke. 
(Arnold.) — This    book    is    intended    to    be 
used  as  a  text-book  by  students  who    are 
just  entering  upon   the  study   of  electrical 
engineering,  with  an  elementary  knowledge 
of  electricity  and  magnetism  such  as  would 
be  acquired  by  a  course  of  one  year's  dura- 
tion.    The   ground  that   is   covered   is   well 
chosen,  but  unfortunately  the  volume  con- 
tains    much  that    is    inaccurate    and    mis- 
leading.    It  begins  with  the  practical  units 
in  which  electrical  quantities  are  measured, 
and    the    technical    methods    of    measuring 
currents,    voltages,    and    resistances.     It    is 
not  satisfactory  to  find  the  ohm  mentioned 
in  the  definition  of  the   volt  before   it   has 
itself  been  defined,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see 
what  advantage  is  gained  by  distinguishing 
throughout   the   book   between    +    and   — 
magnetic  poles  in  face  of  the  almost  universal 
use   of   the   terms    "  north  "    and    "  south  " 
for  this  purpose.     The  student  will  certainly 
have    to    accustom    himself    to    the    usual 
terminology  later,   and  it  can  only  add  to 
his   difficulties   to   teach   him   differently   at 
the  beginning  of   his  course.     In  discussing 
galvanometers  the  very  common  confusion 
is  made  between  the  terms  "  sensitiveness  " 
and  "  accuracy,"  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
statement  that  "  galvanometers  would  pro- 
vide a  greater  degree  of  accuracy  than  is 
required  in  everyday  work."     In  reference 
to  the  Leclanche  ceil  we  are  informed  that 
a  battery  of  those  cells  would  be  unsuitable 
for    commercial    purposes,    such    as    motor 
driving,   owing    to    the  low  efficiency   that 
would  be  reached  on  account  of  the  high 
internal   resistance    of   such   cells,    and   the 
student   is  left   to   imagine   that    otherwise 
their    vise   in   this  manner   would  be   quite 
feasible. 

Among  the  data  concerning  resistance 
many  figures  appear  which  show  a  regret- 
table want  of  appreciation  of  the  percentage 
accuracy  attainable  in  practical  work.  As 
an  example  of  this  we  may  quote  the  value 
of  the  resistance  of  an  inch  cube  of  water  at 
4°  C,  which  is  given  in  a  table  as  3534648 
ohms  ;  the  corresponding  figure  for  ebonite 
is  given  to  an  accuracy  of  1  in  10,000,  and 
in  an  example  showing  how  to  calculate 
resistances  the  value  of  one  sq.  cm.  is  given 
as  0-15499969  sq.  in.,  which  is  inexcusable, 
even  though  the  assurance  follows  that  we 
may  safely  substitute  0"155  for  the  above 
figure.  The  resistances  of  metals  exhibited 
in  the  same  table  are  given  without  any 
specification  of  the  temperature  to  which 
they  refer.  The  logic  is  difficult  to  follow 
in  the  statement  that,  since  the  average 
temperature  coefficient  for  most  pure  metals 
(whatever  this  may  mean)  is  almost  equal 
to  the  coefficient  of  expansion  of  air,  as  a 
consequence  the  resistance  of  these  metals 
at  —273°  C.  will  be  approximately  zero. 
This  result  might  have  been  reached  without 
the  extraordinary  reference  to  the  expan- 
sion of  air.  The  various  methods  of  mea- 
suring resistances  and  a  description  of  the 
uses  of  the  potentiometer  conclude  this 
portion  of  the  book. 

The  following  chapter  on  power  distribu- 
tion   calls    for    some    comment.     It    would 


518 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


have  been  better  not  to  attempt  to  explain 
the  action  of  a  balancer  on  a  three-wire 
system  than  to  state  it  as  follows  : — 

"  When  there  is  an  excess  of  current  on  one 
side,  that  machine  will  run  quicker,  and  the  other 
will  therefore  follow  it  and  raise  the  E.M.F.  to 
preserve  the  balance." 

We  are  surprised  to  read  that  three-wire 
systems  are  never  used  on  alternating- 
current  systems,  and  object  to  the  statement 
that  the  drop  of  voltage  of  2  per  cent, 
permitted  by  the  regulations  of  the  Institute 
of  Electrical  Engineers  allows  a  greater 
current  for  a  given  sectional  area  of  small 
cables  than  the  Board  of  Trade  limit  of 
1,000  amperes  per  square  inch.  A  moment's 
consideration  would  have  shown  the  writer 
that  the  2  per  cent,  limit  cannot  define  the 
current  density  at  all,  unless  a  particular 
length  of  cable  is  in  question. 

The  chapter  on  electromagnetic  induction 
is  headed  by  the  announcement  that  the 
production  of  an  E.M.F.  by  the  expendi- 
ture of  energy  was  discovered  by  Henry  and 
Faraday  :  and  fig.  89,  which  is  intended  to 
exhibit  the  directions  of  the  currents  in- 
duced in  rings  by  moving  magnets,  is  so 
badly  drawn  as  to  be  extremely  difficult  to 
follow.  A  close  investigation,  however, 
shows  several  of  the  directions,  as  given,  to 
be  wrong  and  mutually  contradictory.  The 
same  carelessness  in  the  matter  of  drawings 
is  apparent  in  fig.  109,  which  gives  wrong 
directions  for  the  induced  electromotive 
forces  in  the  armature  conductors  of  a  four- 
pole  generator.  In  the  discussion  of  direct- 
current  machines  considerable  confusion 
arises  through  the  indiscriminate  use,  in 
opposition  to  the  general  practice,  of  E.M.F. 
for  internal  electromotive  force  and  terminal 
voltage,  and  it  would  have  been  desirable 
to  avoid  such  expressions  as  "  watts  trans- 
formed into  mechanical  energy."  Further- 
more, the  statements  that  shunt  machines 
have  not  a  very  great  range  of  usefulness 
and  that  shunt  motors  must  not  be  started 
against  load  require  modification. 

The  advantage  of  using  the  system  of 
series-parallel  control  in  traction  work  is 
stated  to  lie  in  the  fact  that  the  large  rush 
of  current  on  starting  is  prevented  by  the 
series  connexion  of  the  motors  by  dividing 
the  total  applied  voltage  between  the  two.  The 
total  line  voltage  is  not  apj}lied  to  the  motors, 
and  if  a  suitable  starting  resistance  is  used 
to  limit  the  starting  current,  there  will  be 
scarcely  any  difference  in  the  current  taken 
from  the  line,  whether  one  or  two  motors 
are  included  in  the  circuit. 

A  short  chapter  on  alternating  currents 
opens  by  stating  correctly  that  an  alter- 
nating current  of  a  given  average  value 
produces  greater  heating  effects  than  a 
continuous  current  of  that  value,  but  how 
misleading  is  the  deduction  that  "  an  alter- 
nating current  is  capable  of  doing  more  work 
than  an  equal  continuous  current  "  ! 

Further  on  the  equation 

Impressed  E.M.F.  = 


^/active  E.M.F.2+ind«ctive  E.M.F.-' 

is  given  for  an  inductive  circuit  with  the 
incorrect  addition  that  this  is  true  for 
instantaneous  values,  which  is  not  the  case. 
A  number  of  terms  arc  employed  in 
unusual  senses,  as,  for  instance,  "power 
factor"  in  the  curious  sentence,  "The 
quantity  0*406  (0"637s)  represents  the  power 
factor  of  a  continuous  current  of  0'637 
amperes'9  ;  and,  further,  "alternations  per 
second  "  is  used  for  "  frequency  "  instead 
of  a  quantity  of  double  that  value,  according 
to  accepted  convention.  Choking  coils  are 
said  to  choice  down  the  power,  and  we  are 
told  that,  although  they  do  not  waste  all 
the  energy  supplied  to  them,  there  always 


remains    the    virtual    E     X     virtual    C    loss, 
whatever  that  may  mean. 

A  short  mention  of  secondary  cells  and 
energy  meters  which  closes  the  volume  is 
not  free  from  carelessness.  An  appendix 
contains  some  tables  and  a  number  of  ques- 
tions on  the  subject-matter  of  the  book. 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

Mb.  W.  H.  Logeman,  one  of  the  Research 
Scholars  sent  us  by  South  Africa,  gives  in 
the  current  number  of  the  Royal  Society's 
Proceedings  details  of  some  experiments 
lately  made  by  him  with  the  Alpha  rays 
emitted  by  polonium.  They  lead  him  to 
conclude  that  when  an  aluminium  or  copper 
plate  is  bombarded  by  a  stream  of  Alpha 
particles,  a  corresponding  stream  of  nega- 
tively charged  particles  is  emitted  by  it,  and 
can  be  deflected  by  a  magnetic  field.  This 
is  in  addition  to  the  slowly  moving  negative 
particles  emitted  by  the  polonium  itself,  as 
shown  by  Prof.  Giesel  some  time  ago  (see 
these  Notes  in  Athenosum,  No.  4095).  The 
result  of  Mr.  Logeman's  experiments  is  to 
make  the  position  of  polonium  among  the 
decay  products  of  radium  still  more  anoma- 
lous, if  we  agree  with  Prof.  Giesel  that  Prof. 
Rutherford's  identification  of  it  with  what 
he  calls  Radium  F  does  not  hold  good  for 
freshly  prepared  polonium. 

Prof.  Rutherford  has  lately  had,  however, 
other  cares.  In  this  month's  Philosophical 
Magazine  he  gives  the  results  of  a  very 
important  investigation  into  the  nature  of 
the  Alpha  or  positive  particle,  which  he  has 
just  conducted  to  a  successful  end.  The 
gist  of  this  is  that  the  value  of  the  relation 
charge-to-mass  (elm)  of  the  Alpha  particle 
is  unaltered  by  its  passage  through  matter, 
and  that  its  mass,  whether  expelled  from 
uranium,  thorium,  radium,  or  actinium,  is 
in  all  cases  the  same.  It  follows,  therefore, 
that  all  the  so-called  radio-active  elements 
have  a  common  transformation  product  in 
the  Alpha  particle  or  positive  electron. 
This  leads  him  to  consider  further  whether 
the  Alpha  particle  is  not  the  atom  of  the 
extraordinary  gas  helium,  always  found  till 
now  in  association  with  radio-active  minerals; 
and,  although  he  cannot  yet  pronounce 
authoritatively  on  the  point,  all  his  argu- 
ments are  in  favour  of  the  supposition  that 
it  is.  If  this  can  be  proved,  we  shall  have 
made  another  and  a  very  large  step  in  the 
direction  of  the  transmutation  of  one  ele- 
ment into  another,  and  shall  even  be  a  good 
deal  nearer  to  an  answer  to  the  much- 
vexed  question,  What  is  electricity  ?  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  if  Dr.  Halm, 
who  conducted  the  experiments  on  thorium 
jointly  with  Prof.  Rutherford,  and  contri- 
butes to  the  same  number  a  separate  article 
on  the  subject,  written  in  conjunction  with 
the  Canadian  professor,  agrees  with  his 
collaborator  in  his  conclusions. 

Incidentally,  Prof.  Rutherford's  paper 
throws  light  on  two  very  important  points 
lying  somewhat  outside  its  scope.  One  is 
that  the  Alpha  particle  can  make  its  way 
through  a  certain  thickness  of  mica,  thereby 
showing  that,  whether  it  be  true  or  not,  as 
asserted  by  Profs.  H.  A.  Lorentz  and  J.  J. 
Thomson,  that  in  metals  the  positive 
electrons  are  virtually  fixtures,  they  yet 
manage  to  move  with  great  freedom  in 
dielectrics.  The  other  obiter  dictum  is 
that,  if  we  assume  uranium  to  be  the 
parent  of  radium,  and  the  amount  of  helium 
imprisoned  in  it  to  be  constant,  the  first- 
named  metal  must  bo  about  four  hundred 
million  years  old.  This,  if  established, 
might  be  regarded  as  settling  the  dispute 
between  geologists  and  physicists  as  to  the 
age  of  the  earth. 


In  the  same  journal  appears  the  paper 
by  Sir  William  Ramsay  and  Dr.  Spencer  on 
the  chemical  and  electrical  changes  induced 
by  ultra-violet  light,  an  abstract  of  which 
was  read  at  the  York  meeting  of  the  British 
Association.  The  authors  say  that  the- 
object  of  their  experiments  was  to  repeat 
those  lately  republished  by  Dr.  Gustave 
Le  Bon,  and  that  the  quantitative  results 
here  given  will  help  to  determine  the  rate 
at  which  all  the  forms  of  matter  are  disinte- 
grating under  normal  conditions.  They 
further  found  that  the  rate  at  which  strips 
of  metal  discharge  a  charged  electroscope 
under  the  influence  of  ultra-violet  light 
corresponds  generally  with  their  polarity, 
the  most  efficient  metals  in  this  respect  being 
the  normally  electropositive  alkali-bases, 
sodium  and  potassium.  To  this  rule  there  are 
exceptions,  such  as  manganese,  iron,  chro- 
mium, gold,  nickel,  and  cobalt,  a  fact  which, 
so  far  as  three  of  these  bodies  are  concerned, 
seems  to  point  to  some  relation  with  their 
peculiar  place  in  the  Periodic  Scale  of  Men- 
deleeff.  Another  very  curious  point  that 
the  authors  verified  is  the  apparent  tiring 
of  metals  exposed  to  the  ultra-violet  light, 
the  same  metals,  after  discharging  the 
electroscope  freely,  apparently  relapsing 
into  the  passive  state  for  some  days.  They 
do  not  seem  to  attribute  this — at  all  events 
at  present — as  does  Dr.  Le  Bon  in  similar 
circumstances,  to  the  emission  by  all  sub- 
stances of  an  emanation  resembling  that 
produced  by  radium. 

Many  theories  of  the  nature  of  audition, 
or,  in  other  words,  the  working  of  the  sense 
of  hearing,  have  been  proposed,  but  one  of 
the  most  curious  is  that  put  forward  in  the 
September  number  of  the  Journal  de 
Physique  by  M.  Pierre  Bonnier.  According 
to  him,  the  ear  acts  like  a  registering 
barometer  in  preserving  the  traces  left  by 
the  pressure  of  different  sound-waves  upon 
its  membranous  labyrinth.  However  this 
may  be,  the  article  is  useful  from  the 
succinct  account  it  gives  of  earlier  theories 
of  audition. 

Some  noteworthy  facts  as  to  transmissible 
diseases  are  given  by  Dr.  J.  P.  Langlois  in 
his  '  Revue  Annuelle  d'Hygiene,'  just  ap- 
peared. In  such  matters  fashion  has  much 
to  sajr,  and  he  points  out  that  the  Germans 
under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  Koch  have 
almost  succeeded  in  persuading  themselves 
that  the  bad  state  of  the  drinking-water  has 
little  to  do  with  the  spread  of  typhoid  fever, 
and  that  the  disease  is  almost  exclusively 
propagated  by  actual  contact.  Unfortu- 
nately, the  Russo-Japanese  War  hardly 
decides  the  point,  because  the  Japanese, 
whose  losses  by  typhoid  were  almost  negli- 
gible, were  not  only  very  careful  as  to  the 
water  they  drank,  but  aiso  carried  personal 
cleanliness  to  a  degree  never  attempted  by 
any  European  army.  As  to  other  remedies, 
Dr.  Langlois  is  clear  as  to  the  benefit  of 
vaccination,  and  mentions  that  the  Wright 
serum  used  by  us  in  the  Boer  campaign 
reduced  the  mortality  among  typhoid 
patients  by  60  per  cent.  Other  diseases 
of  which  he  treats  are  yellow  fever — with 
regard  to  which  he  notes  a  discord  between 
South  American  doctors  as  to  whether  the 
mosquito  Stegomya  fasciata  is  or  is  not  its 
cause — and  cholera,  where  he  praises  warmly 
the  methods  adopted  by  the  Germans,  who, 
according  to  him,  convey  all  emigrants 
from  suspected  districts  across  the  empire 
in  boxes  securely  closed.  Even  more 
minute  precautions  are  taken  by  Italy 
against  Mediterranean  fever,  now  shown 
to  be  propagated  by  gnats  and  other  insects, 
many  of  the  houses  in  Corsica  bein<*  furnished 
with  coverings  of  wire  gauze  extending  not 
only  over  doors  and  windows,  but  also  across 
the  openings  of  the  chimneys.     Even  here, 


NM122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


519 


however,   there  seem   to   be   still  some  un- 
believers. 

The  variations  in  the  magnetic  compass 
caused  by  the  immense  masses  of  iron  to  be 
found  in  modern  ships  drew  the  attention 
of  Dr.  Werner  Siemens  ten  years  ago 
to  the  problem  of  finding  a  compass  which 
did  not  depend  upon  magnetism.  Par- 
ticulars of  such  an  instrument,  designed  by 
Herr  Martienssen  for  Dr.  Siemens's  firm, 
have  lately  been  published  in  the  Physika- 
lische  Zeitschrift.  As  there  depicted,  it  is 
in  essentials  a  top  kept  spinning  by  two 
small  electromotors,  and  maintaining  a 
horizontal  position  by  the  force  of  gravity. 
Although  the  inventor  claims  that  it  is 
•considerably  more  sensitive  to  changes  of 
direction  than  the  magnetic  compass,  he 
seems  to  admit  that  it  hardly  registers  them 
with  sufficient  speed  for  it  to  be  possible  to 
•steer  by  it  alone.  F.  L. 


SOCIETIES. 


Royal  Numismatic. — Oct.  18. — Sir  John  Evans, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mrs.  Ida  M.  Fox  and 
Mr.  Jethro  A.  Cossins  were  elected  Fellows. — 
The  President  announced  the  death  of  the  Hon. 
Treasurer,  Mr.  W.  C.  Boyd.  A  vote  of  condolence 
with  Mr.  Boyd's  widow  and  family  was  passed. 
The  President  also  informed  the  meeting  that  Mr. 
Percy  W.  Webb  had  been  elected  Hon.  Treasurer 
by  the  Council. — Mr.  6.  H.  Vize  exhibited  a 
bronze  ring  which  had  for  its  bezel  a  model  of 
an  ancient  coin  of  Athens,  viz.,  the  owl  and  the 
olive-branch. — Mr.  T.  Bearman  showed  an  oval 
bronze  plate  inscribed  "  Rt.  Honble  W.  Pitt  Col. 
Cinque  Port  Volunteers,"  which  had  been  attached 
to  the  kit-box  of  Mr.  Pitt  as  colonel  of  the  Cinque 
Port  Volunteers,  a,nd  which  had  been  recently  sold 
with  other  effects  of  the  statesman  from  Walmer 
Castle. — Mr.  H.  Fox  exhibited  a  half-crown  of 
•Charles  I.  with  a  globe  below  the  horse  on  the 
obverse,  and  with  a  helmet  for  mint-mark  on  the 
reverse.  This  coin  is  attributed  to  Salisbur3r.  — Mr. 
W.  Webster  showed  an  unpublished  triens  of  Valen- 
tinian  I.  struck  at  Constantinople,  with  the  reverse 
type  the  emperor  holding  a  Victory  and  trampling 
on  a  foe,  virtvs  avcjvsti. — Mr.  A.  H.  Baldwin 
exhibited  a  pattern  farthing  in  pewter  of  William 
and  Mary,  with  their  heads  on  the  obverse,  and 
on  the  reverse  a  monogram  dividing  the  date 
1689  and  the  legend  farthinoe  pledge  ;  and  Dr. 
Codrington  a  copy  in  brass  of  the  Venetian  sequin 
to  be  used  as  an  ornament,  which  had  been  brought 
from  Seistan.  It  was  stamped  "  Made  in  Austria," 
showing  that  it  had  been  exported  from  England 
to  the  East. — Mr.  Lionel  M.  Hewlett  read  the 
second  portion  of  his  treatise  on  '  Anglo-Gallic 
Coins,'  which  included  the  period  of  the  reigns  of 
Edward  II.  and  III.  Mr.  Hewlett  was  unable  to 
connect  any  coins  of  this  series  with  the  reign  of 
Edward  II.  ;  but  of  Edward  III.  there  were  large 
issues  of  gold  and  silver  coins  bearing  numerous 
types,  many  of  which  were  adopted  from  those  on 
the  contemporary  coinages  of  France  and  the  Low 
Countries.  The  first  Anglo-Gallic  gold  coin  struck 
by  Edward  III.  was  the  florin,  the  type  of  which 
was  copied  from  the  fiorino  d'oro  first  issued  at 
Florence  in  1252.  This  gold  coin  preceded  the 
introduction  of  gold  money  into  England  by 
Edward  III.  by  six  years.  The  other  gold  coins 
were    the    ecu    or    chaise,   the  leopard,  and   the 

Siiennois,  the  last  two  showing  several  varieties. 
f  the  silver  coins  there  were  also  several  denomi- 
nations, the  largest  being  the  gros.  A  most 
important  suggestion  made  by  Mr.  Hewlett  was 
the  attribution  of  certain  pieces  without  ruler's 
name,  and  struck  at  Bordeaux,  Bergerac,  and 
D'Ax,  to  John  of  (Jaunt,  to  whom  Edward  III. 
had  on  several  occasions  granted  permission  to 
strike  coins  at  these  places  and  in  these  districts. 
Mr.  Hewlett  completed  this  portion  of  his  subject 
by  a  description  and  history  of  the  coinage  of 
Henry,  Duke  of  Lancaster. 


British  Numismatic—  Oct.  17.  —  Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  President 
announced  that  the  Queen  of  Spain  had  graciously 
eigni tied  her  consent  to  be  a  Royal  Member ;  Miss 


C.  Gaudet,  Major  R.  F.  Boileau,  and  Mr.  A.  D. 
Passmore  were  elected  Members ;  and  Messrs. 
St.  Barbe  Goldsmith  and  A.  G.  Chifferiel  were 
appointed  auditors. — Mr.  W.  Sharp  Ogden  read  a 
paper  on  the  discovery  of  over  5,000  Roman  coins 
on  the  Little  Orme's  Head,  North  Wales.  They 
comprised  2.  JE.  and  3.  JE.  from  Constantius 
Chlorus  to  Constantinus  Maximus,  and  the  majority 
were  in  remarkably  good  preservation.  At  least 
one-fifth  of  the  find  had  been  issued  from  the 
London  mint  and  presented  many  interesting 
variations.  Referring  to  the  mysterious  letters  on 
the  field  on  the  reverse  of  these  types,  Mr.  Ogden 
put  forward  the  theory  that  they  were  contrac- 
tions  of  well-known  dedicatory  inscriptions,  such 
as  T.  F.  for  "Tempora  felicitas,"  &c. — certainly  a 
simpler  and  more  probable  explanation  than  the 
laboured  dissertations  previously  offered.  He 
exhibited  a  fine  series  of  the  coins  described. — 
Following  his  recent  discovery  of  a  Norman  coin- 
age at  the  mints  of  St.  Davids  and  Pembroke  in 
Wales,  the  President  directed  his  attention  to 
Cornwall,  and  he  communicated  the  result  of  his 
researches  in  a  paper  entitled  '  Cornish  Numis- 
matics.' He  quoted  records  from  the  early  Pipe 
Rolls  of  Henry  II.  to  prove  that  a  mint  then 
existed  at  Launceston,  and  assigned  to  it  a  large 
series  of  coins  which  official  numismatists  have 
usually  allocated  to  Lancaster,  Stepney,  and  other 
improbable  places.  The  old  names  of  Launceston 
were  Lansteventun  (variously  spelt)  and  "  the 
town  of  St.  Stephen,"  and  the  coins  issued  from 
it  comprised  the  reigns  of  iEthelred  II.,  William 
I.  and  II.,  Henry  I.,  Stephen,  and  Henry  II.  At 
first  they  bore  the  name  contracted  to  lanstf,  but 
later  stefani  was  used,  and  finally  lanst.  The 
writer  exhibited  a  selection  of  the  coins,  and  traced 
the  gradual  changes  of  one  form  of  the  name  into 
another. — Mr.  Baldwin  exhibited  a  variety  of  the 
Morton  half-groat  (Canterbury)  of  Henry  VII., 
m.m.  ton;  Monck's  40s.  gold  token  of  1812,  in 
remarkable  preservation  ;  and  a  Transvaal  piece 
of  1898  countermarked  by  the  British  "99."  It 
is  said  that  only  116  of  these  pieces  were  so 
countermarked  at  Pretoria. — Mr.  Wells  produced 
a  selection  of  nine  coins  of  the  Iceni  from  a  find 
near  Wimblington,  Cambs  ;  also  a  sceatta  bearing 
runes  found  near  Icklingham,  Suffolk,  and  other 
interesting  specimens. — Presentations  to  the  library 
were  made  by  the  President,  Major  Creeke,  and 
Mr.  Webster. 


MEETINGS  next  week. 


Wed. 
Tune 


British    Academy.    5.— 'The   Eiihesian    Artemis,'    Dr.   D.   G. 
Hogarth. 
.  Royal,  4.30. 

London  Institution,  6.—' The  Origin  of  the  Elephant,'  Prof. 
E.  R.  Lankester. 

Linnean,  s.— 'The  Structure  of  Bamhoo  Leaves,' Sir  Dietrich 
Brandts;  'On  a  Collection  of  Crustacea  Decapods  and 
Stomatoioda,  chiefly  from  the  Inland  Sea  of  Japan,'  Dr. 
J.  G.  de  Man:  'On  Heclorella  eaapiUua,  Hook,  f.,'  Prof. 
A.  .1.  Ewart. 

Chemical,  s.:so.— 'A  Development  of  the  Atomic  Theory  which 
correlates  Chemical  and  Crystalline  Structure  and  leads  to  a 
Demonstration  of  the  Nature  of  Valency,'  Messrs.  W.  Barlow 
and  W.  .1.  Pope:  'The  Explosive  Combustion  of  Hydro- 
carbons, II.,'  Messrs.  W.  A.  Bone,  J.  Drugman,  and  Q,  W. 
Andrew  ;  and  other  Papers. 


§§£itntt  (Bosstp. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Shenstone,  F.R.S.,  the  senior 
science  master  in  Clifton  College,  has 
revised,  and  in  some  instances  amplified,  the 
essays  he  recently  contributed  t<>  The  Corn- 
hill  Magazine,  and  they  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  on  November  2nd 
under  the  title  '  The  New  Physics  and 
Chemistry  :  a  Series  of  Popular  Essays  on 
Physical  and  Chemical  Subjects.'  Mr.  Shen- 
stone  aims  at  giving  an  account,  free  from 
unnecessary  technicalities,  of  the  new 
conceptions  which  have  revolutionized 
chemical  and  physical  theories. 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  will  shortly 
publish  a  large  hook  on  '  Electric  Railway 
Engineering,'  upon  which  its  authors.  .Messrs. 
H.  F.  Parshall  and  11.  M.  Hobart,  have  for 
some  considerable  time  been  engaged.  The 
work  brings  the  subject  up  to  date,  and 
treats  exhaustively  of  the  various  systems 
in  use,  whilst  the  text  is  accompanied  by  a 
large  number  of  illustrations,  tables,  curves, 
and  diagrams. 


In  our  last  week's  review  of  Prof.  Jastrow's 
book  '  The  Subconscious  '  the  name  of 
"  Walker  of  Bowland  "  was  inadvertently 
given  to  the  hero  of  a  story  of  a  dream. 
The  actual  name  is  Rutherford  of  Bowland  ; 
cf.  '  The  Antiquary,'  note  to  vol.  i.  chap.  ix. 

Sir  David  Gill,  His  Majesty's  Astronomer 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  arrived  in  London 
at  the  end  of  last  week.  Although  his 
actual  resignation  does  not  take  effect  until 
next  February,  the  observatory  will  remain 
until  that  time  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  S.  S. 
Hough,  F.R.S.,  Chief  Assistant.  Sir  David 
was  appointed  Director  in  1879,  and  his 
work,  both  astronomical  and  geodetical,  has 
been  of  the  most  important  character. 

We  have  received  papers  Nos.  117-121 
from  the  University  Observatory,  Oxford, 
together  with  the  Thirty-First  Annual 
Report  of  the  Savilian  Professor  of  Astro- 
nomy to  the  Visitors.  Amongst  the  former 
are  Prof.  Turner's  preliminary  report  of 
his  expedition  to  Aswan  to  observe  the  total 
eclipse  of  the  sun  on  August  30th,  1905  ; 
some  interesting  travelling  notes  on  the 
journey  ;  and  his  Wilde  Lecture  on  '  Total 
Solar  Eclipses,'  delivered  at  Manchester 
on  March  20th,  here  reprinted  from  the 
Memoirs  and  Proceedings  of  the  Manchester 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society.  The 
Annual  Report  states  that  the  energies 
of  the  University  Observatory  are  likely  to 
be  for  some  time  principally  devoted  to  the 
production  of  the  volumes  containing  the 
Oxford  portion  of  the  Astrographic  Cata- 
logue ;  these  are  to  be  eight  in  number,  of 
which  the  first  is  nearly  printed,  a  certain 
amount  of  revision  of  the  plates  being 
necessary.  A  great  event  of  the  year 
covered  by  the  Report  was  the  meeting  of 
the  International  Union  for  Co-operation 
in  Solar  Research,  which  was  held  at  New 
College,  Oxford,  from  September  27th  to 
29th,  1905,  and  was  attended  by  many 
distinguished  astronomers,  both  European 
and  American. 

The  moon  will  be  full  at  4h.  46m.  (Green- 
wich time)  on  the  morning  of  the  1st  prox., 
new  at  8h.  37m.  on  that  of  the  16th,  and  full 
again  at  llh.  7m.  on  the  night  of  the  30th. 
She  will  be  nearest  the  earth  on  the  morning 
of  the  17th.  The  planet  Mercury  will  be 
at  greatest  eastern  elongation  from  the  sun 
on  the  9th,  and  therefore  visible  in  the  even- 
ing during  the  first  half  of  the  month, 
situated  in  the  constellation  Scorpio,  and 
passing  a  little  to  the  north  of  Antares  on 
the  8th  ;  he  will  be  at  inferior  conjunction 
with  the  sun  on  the  30th.  Venus  is  also  in 
Scorpio,  stationary  on  the  9th  prox.  ;  then 
she  will  be  nearly  to  the  east  of  Mercury, 
which  she  will  gradually  approach  until 
they  are  in  conjunction  on  the  evening  of 
the  30th,  after  being  at  inferior  conjunction 
with  the  sun  in  the  morning.  Mars  rises  a 
little  earlier  each  morning,  and  is  passing 
in  an  easterly  direction  through  the  con- 
stellation Virgo.  Jupiter  is  situated  to  the 
north-east  of  y  Geminorum,  and  rises  at 
Greenwich  about  8  o'clock  in  the  evening, 
earlier  each  night.  Saturn  is  nearly  sta- 
tionary in  Aquarius  ;  he  will  be  on  the 
meridian  at  8  o'clock  in  the  evening  on  the 
2nd  prox.,  and  at  7  o'clock  on  the  17th  ;  in 
conjunction  with  the  moon  on  the  23rd. 

Two  new  small  planets  were  photographic- 
ally discovered  by  Herr  Kopf'f  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory  on  the  Nth  hist.,  and  four 
more  on  the  11th.  The  identity  of  one 
announced  on  the  1-th  ult.  with  Kama,  No. 
408  (mentioned  as  probable  in  <>ur  '  Science 

(Jossip  '  on  the  6th  inst.).  in  confirmed. 

A  \i:\v  variable  star  of  the  Algol  type  has 
been  detected  by  .Madame  Ceraski  whilst 
examining    photographic    plates    taken    by 


520 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4122,  Oct.  27, 1906 


M.  Blajko  at  the  Moscow  Observatory.  It 
is  numbered  B.D.  +  47°.692,  where  it  is 
registered  of  8-3  magnitude.  On  the  11th 
of  last  August  this  was  only  9|,  and  on  the 
21st  ult.  about  10.  The  numeration  amongst 
variables  will  be  var.  120,  1906,  Persei. 

A  third  photograph  of  Holmes's  periodical 
comet  (/,  1906)  was  obtained  by  Herr  Kopff 
at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory  on  the  10th 
inst. 


FINE   ARTS 


On  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Art  Enamel- 
ling upon  Metals.  By  H.  H.  Cunyng- 
hame,  C.B.  Second  Edition.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.) 

European  Enamels.  By  the  same.  "  Con- 
noisseur's Library."     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

That  a  second  edition  of  Mr.  Cunynghame's 
work  on  enamel  has  been  called  for  is  a 
proof  of  the  popularity  which  it  has  at- 
tained amongst  those  who  practise  this 
very  charming  and  difficult  art.  So  far, 
however,  it  may  well  be  doubted  whether, 
with  rare  exceptions,  the  workers  to  whom 
the  first  of  these  books  appeals  attempt 
anything  more  serious  than  small  decora- 
tive plaques  or  trivial  pieces  of  personal 
ornament.  It  is  the  age  of  the  amateur  who 
takes  up  everything.  For  him  the  history 
of  art  is  a  thing  to  skim  through  :  rather 
a  bore,  and  certainly  not  of  primary  im- 
portance. The  first  of  the  two  publica- 
tions we  are  considering  is  concerned  with 
the  practical  methods  of  working  in  enamel, 
the  tools  and  accessories,  and  is  inter- 
spersed with  the  ideas  of  the  author  upon 
the  examples  of  the  great  workers  of  the 
craft  which  he  has  come  across  in  the 
course  of  his  experience  or  reading.  The 
second  is  intended  to  be  a  history  of 
the  art,  examined  particularly  from  its 
technical  side,  but  not  excluding  aesthetic 
considerations. 

It  is  evident  that  the  art  of  enamelling, 
as  it  has  been  practised  in  Europe,  divides 
itself  principally  into  three  great  periods  : 
that  of  its  introduction  to  the  West  from 
Byzantium,  and  the  consequent  influence 
of  Byzantine  art  and  technique  ;  that  of 
its  development  by  the  early  workers  in 
Italy  and  Germany,  and  subsequently  of 
Limoges  ;  and  that  of  the  famous  workers 
of  post-Renaissance  times  who  invented 
an  entirely  new  development,  if  not  a  new 
art.  The  absolute  origin  of  enamelling 
in  the  arts  is  difficult  to  determine,  but 
we  may  be  satisfied  that  it  was  through 
verroterie  or  precious-stone  inlay  that 
enamel,  as  we  know  it,  came  to  us.  The 
second  book  treats  of  its  introduction  and 
development  in  Europe.  Mr.  Cunyng- 
hame  says,  referring  to  Kondakov's  well- 
known  work,  that  this  author  "  states  his 
opinion  that  cloisonne  enamel  came  from 
Persia,  but  he  gives  no  proof  of  his  asser- 
tion. I  am  much  inclined  to  think  it 
came  from  Egypt."  For  all  that,  we  need 
have  little  hesitation  in  believing  that 
Kondakov  has  satisfactorily  succeeded  in 
showing  that  cloisonne  enamel  came  to 
Byzantium  from  Persia.  It  may  be  that  the 
origin  of  its  earlier  use  in  the  Byzantine 
Empire  was  influenced  by  the  iconoclastic 


principles  of  the  times  of  Leo  the  Isaurian, 
which  abhorred  the  representation  of  the 
human  figure  in  relief,  as  to  this  day  is  the 
case  in  the  Oriental  Orthodox  Church  ; 
and  it  is  certain  that  it  is  to  the  expulsion 
from  that  empire  of  so  many  sculptors 
and  artist  workers  in  the  precious  metals 
during  the  iconoclastic  persecutions,  and 
their  emigration  to  Italy,  that  we  owe 
the  first  manifestations  of  the  art  in 
Europe.  Rare,  indeed,  are  the  works 
which  remain  to  us  of  this  period. 
But  with  respect  to  those  which  we 
happily  possess  it  is  not  easy  always 
to  be  precise  as  to  their  origin,  exact 
nationality,  or  birthplace.  On  the  one 
hand,  they  may  be  pure  importations  ;  on 
the  other,  they  may  be  of  mixed  origin, 
resulting  from  portions  ordered  by  the 
Western  goldsmith  from  the  workshops  of 
the  East ;  or,  yet  again,  they  may  be 
work  executed  in  Italy  wholly  by  Italian 
artists  or  wholly  by  Greek  aliens. 

From  Italy  we  have  to  consider  the 
passage  of  the  art  into  Germany,  that  is  to 
say,  at  the  end  of  the  tenth  century,  when 
the  Princess  Theophania  went  to  Germany 
to  be  wedded  to  the  son  of  Otho  the  Great, 
taking  with  her  magnificent  works  of  art 
and  a  train  of  skilled  workers.  Work- 
shops were  soon  established,  where,  how- 
ever, for  a  long  time,  during  the  appren- 
ticeship of  the  Germans,  less  gifted  in  the 
arts,  the  Greek  masters  seem  to  have 
worked  almost  alone.  Even  when  the 
Germans  began  to  feel  their  way  and  to 
emancipate  themselves,  their  method  of 
working  was  still  for  a  considerable  period 
different — a  mixture  of  champleve  and 
cloisonne  ;  and,  perhaps,  from  the  scarcity 
of  their  resources,  they  were  the  first  to 
use  bronze  instead  of  the  more  precious 
metal.  Further  departures  are  notice- 
able in  the  chasing  of  the  grounds  and 
faces  of  the  figures,  in  the  first  attempts 
at  relief  of  the  latter,  in  the  enamelling 
of  some  parts  and  reserving  of  others,  in 
the  contrast  at  first  between  the  heavy 
style  of  the  German  work  and  the  delicacy 
and  brilliancy  of  that  of  the  Greeks. 

Thus  we  come  to  the  first  beginnings, 
instructed  from  Germany,  of  Limoges 
enamel ;  and  these  not  earlier  than  mid- 
twelfth  century.  The  points  of  interest 
now  to  be  considered  are  the  similarities 
and  diversities  of  style  and  technique 
between  the  schools  of  the  Rhine  and  those 
of  the  valley  of  the  Vienne  :  the  deca- 
dence of  the  latter  and  their  glorious 
renaissance.  France,  indeed,  can  well 
afford  to  recognize  that  its  earliest  steps 
in  the  art  of  encrusted  enamels  were 
directed  by  Germany.  Doubtless  the 
early  French  workers  generally  followed 
slavishly  the  German  methods,  ignoring 
some,  however,  from  the  first.  Still, 
technically  they  were  almost  ignorant 
copyists,  even  if  their  drawing  was  superior. 
Their  general  inferiority  must  be  admitted, 
nor  could  they  attempt  to  compete  with 
the  fame  of  the  workshops  of  Cologne. 

In  his  introduction  to  '  European 
Enamels '  Mr.  Cunynghame  gives  an 
excellent  technical  account  of  the  various 
processes  and  the  accessories  used  in  the 
preparation  of  enamels.     More  practical 


details  were,  he  says,  included  in  his 
earlier  volume.  We  could  easily  spare 
a  large  part  of  the  succeeding  chapter 
on  Byzantine  art  and  the  author's 
musings  upon  various  questions  relating 
to  art  in  general.  After  a  cursory  glance  at 
enamels  in  Carlovingian  times  he  devotes 
some  twenty  pages  to  a  gallop  through  a 
number  of  towns  and  museums,  chiefly 
in  Germany,  giving  short  descriptions  of 
various  examples.  Here,  as  throughout  the' 
volume,  we  should  have  been  grateful  for 
the  deductions  which  technical  know- 
ledge might  have  afforded  in  adding  to 
our  materials  for  the  history  of  the  art  ; 
and  when  many  of  these  descriptions  are 
but  curt,  it  seems  hardly  worth  while  to 
occupy  an  entire  page  with  extracts  from 
Holy  Scripture.  A  page  is  devoted  to- 
the  Pala  d'Oro,  but  nothing  at  all  is 
said  about  its  technique  or  styles  ;  and 
only  a  short  paragraph  relates  to  the 
equally  famous  and  still  more  interesting 
and  admirable  Palliotto.  The  Soltikoff 
shrine  at  Kensington  is  illustrated  with 
a  full-page  plate,  but  the  sole  description, 
of  it  in  the  text  is  that  it  is  a  reliquary  with 
a  curious  canopy  of  the  twelfth  century. 
Of  the  Pala  d'Oro  Mr.  Cunynghame  says  : 
"  If  we  did  not  know  that  the  Pala  d'Oro- 
had  been  made  at  Constantinople,  we 
might  have  imagined  it  the  work  of 
Venetian  jewellers."  But  it  is  a  matter  of 
common  knowledge  that,  although  a  certain; 
portion  may  have  been  brought  from  the 
Greek  capital  by  order  of  the  Doge,  others 
(and  very  beautiful  ones)  are  later  ampli- 
fications and  additions.  With  regard  to 
the  Palliotto,  Kondakov  considers  it  the 
oldest  existing  example  of  Bzyantine 
enamels.  Is  it  so  ?  or  is  it  not  Italian,, 
however  Byzantine  in  technique  %  The 
inscription  enamelled  on  the  border 
tells  us  that  it  was  the  gift  of  Angil- 
bertus,  by  whom  also  it  was  recon- 
structed, and  the  square  nimbus  on  his 
figure  shows  that  he  was  living  at  the 
time  the  piece  was  made  and  signed 
"  Wolvinus  Magister  Phaber "  :  that 
is,  early  in  the  ninth  century,  probably 
before  835. 

We  cannot  stay  to  notice  the  author's 
brief  references  to  the  Alfred  jewel,  the 
Pepin  reliquary,  and  other  pieces.  The 
Geoffroy  Plantagenet  plaque  at  Le  Mans  is- 
the  most  important  piece  of  champleve 
enamel  which  has  come  down  to  us.  Apart 
from  the  questions  of  its  origin  and  of  the 
personage  represented,  it  would  have  been 
interesting  to  know  Mr.  Cunynghame's 
opinion  regarding  the  technique.  Is  it,  in 
fact,  Limousin  or  Rhineland  work  ?  Mr. 
Cunynghame  calls  it  Limoges  work,  and  we 
are  ready  to  agree  with  him.  If  so,  it  is 
probably  the  earliest  existing  example. 
But  we  should  have  liked  to  read  his 
reasons  for  his  decision,  instead  of 
the  curt  statement  that  it  is  "a  rude 
archaic  figure  of  the  Count,  very  much 
out  of  drawing,  and  with  very  little  grace 
and  feeling  in  it." 

On  questions  relating  to  the  history  of 
enamel  the  author  helps  us  hardly  at  all. 
He  supplies  only  scraps  of  comment 
drawn  from  various  sources.  His  style 
is  discursive,  and  at  times  it  is  impossible 


N°4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


521 


to  take  seriously  his  ideas  on  art  matters 
generally. 

Mr.  Cunynghame's  later  chapters,  deal- 
ing with  basse-taille  or  translucent  enamels 
and  the  art  of  the  Penicauds,  of  the 
Courteys,  of  the  Limosins,  and  the  other 
great  French  painter-enamellers,  are  his 
best  and  he  does  not  hesitate  to  include 
in  them  eleven  pages  of  Ashbee's  trans- 
lation of  Cellini's  treatise.  He  makes  a 
slight  reference  to  a  most  rare  and 
beautiful  Flemish  or  Limoges  example 
of  plite  or  plique  a  jour  in  the  museum  at 
Kensington,  of  which  he  says  :  "  It  is  by 
no  means  certain  that  the  piece  is  genuine." 
The  doubt  is  new  to  us.  Then  follow 
x  Miniature  Enamel  Painting,'  '  Snuff- 
boxes and  Fancy  Ware,'  and  '  Modern 
Enamels.'  The  author  has  a  good  word  to 
say  even  for  the  bondieuseries  of  the  Place 
St.  Sulpice,  which,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  workmanship,  he  describes  as  really 
marvellous  :  "  No  Renaissance  artists 
had  such  extraordinary  command  of 
technique."  English  modern  artists  re- 
ceive especial  notice,  and  the  author  is  a 
great  admirer  of  Mr.  Fisher,  who  has 
undoubtedly  done  some  remarkable  work. 
Mr.  Cunvnghame  is  at  his  best  where  he  is 
most  at  home  :  that  is,  in  his  workshop. 
Here  his  technical  knowledge  is  really 
valuable,  and  we  can  always  be  grateful 
to  him.  He  is  evidently,  more  in  sym- 
pathy with  modern  than  with  ancient  art. 
The  book  is  beautifully  printed  and  illus- 
trated. 


Primitive  Athens,  as  described  by  Thu- 
■cydides.  By  J.  E.  Harrison.  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.) — The  well-known  de- 
scription of  primitive  Athens  in  the  Second 
Book  of  Thucydides  has  for  some  time  been 
the  subject  of  a  controversy  which  Miss 
Harrison,  with  happy  confidence  in  Prof. 
Dor  pf  eld's  theories,  now  regards  as  an 
.anachronism.  The  question  turns  on 
whether  certain  early  shrines  mentioned 
toy  the  historian  were  spread  over  a  consider- 
able area  to  the  south  of  the  Acropolis,  or 
were  grouped  around  its  western  entrance. 
The  older  interpreters  regard  the  former 
alternative  as  the  only  one  consistent  with 
the  words  and  the  meaning  of  the  author, 
and  as  confirmed  by  the  known  position  of 
the  Pythium  and  Olympieum  ;  Prof.  Dorp- 
feld  and  those  who  follow  him  find  no  diffi- 
•culty  in  reconciling  the  passage  with  their 
theory,  and  escape  the  difficulty  of  the 
Pythium  and  Olympieum  by  assuming  the 
•existence  of  other  shrines  with  these  titles 
■close  to  the  Acropolis.  The  controversy 
has  been  carried  on  at  great  length  and  with 
much  ingenuity,  nor  does  there  seem  any 
prospect  of  agreement  between  the  two 
sides.  Miss  Harrison's  book  consists  pri- 
marily of  a  most  eloquent  and  persuasive 
advocacy  of  Prof.  Dorpfeld's  theories  ;  for 
she  is  too  firmly  convinced  of  their  correct- 
ness to  weigh  carefully  the  arguments  on 
the  other  side.  The  volume  is  more 
than  this.  It  supplements  her  earlier  work 
on  the  '  Mythology  and  Monuments  of 
Ancient  Athens  '  by  an  account  of  more 
recent  discoveries  ;  and  it  also  gives  her  an 
opportunity  for  a  more  consecutive  and 
readable  account  of  the  mythological  and 
topographical  questions  involved.  In  this 
way  the  book  has  a  considerable  interest  of 
its  own,  apart  from  the  controversial  question 
that  forms  its  main  theme  ;  and  even  those 
who  are  not  prepared  to  accept  the  author's 


theories  will  welcome  the  presentation,  in 
so  convenient  a  form,  of  the  recent  researches 
both  of  other  archaeologists  and  of  the  author 
herself.  These  are,  after  all,  of  much  more 
interest  to  us  than  the  intricate  topographical 
problems  with  which  they  are  associated, 
and  in  them  lies  the  chief  value  of  the  book. 
The  wealth  of  illustration,  literary,  artistic, 
and  religious,  with  which  Miss  Harrison  can 
surround  these  early  shrines,  is  the  chief 
merit  of  the  work.  Its  main  defect  is  the 
refusal  to  admit  or  consider  any  evidence 
that  tends  to  upset  the  author's  conclusions. 
One  example  will  suffice.  It  is  generally 
supposed  that  there  is  no  evidence  for 
a  Pythium  just  under  the  Acropolis,  and 
even  Dr.  Judeich,  who  accepts  in  the  main 
Prof.  Dorpfeld's  topography,  feels  bound  to 
identify  the  Pythium  mentioned  by  Thu- 
cydides with  the  well-known  temple  near 
the  Ilissus.  But  Miss  Harrison,  after  about 
ten  pages,  in  which  she  shows  the  ut- 
most ingenuity  in  marshalling  evidence  for 
another  earlier  Pythium,  concludes  with 
the  words  :  "  The  Pythion  lies  before  us 
securely  fixed,  primitive,  convincing."  To 
those  who  have  followed  the  whole  con- 
troversy such  extreme  confidence  induces 
a  certain  reaction  towards  scepticism, 
and  a  distrust  of  the  author's  asser- 
tions, even  where  they  are  justified  by 
the  evidence.  It  is  impossible  here  to 
review  the  controversy,  but  enough  has 
been  said  to  show  that  those  who  wish 
for  a  graphic,  consistent,  and  interesting 
account  of  primitive  Athens  will  find  what 
they  want  in  this  book,  though  it  is  to  be 
feared  that  the  scholar  whose  concern,  as 
Miss  Harrison  says,  "  is  not  jurare  in  verba 
magistri,"  who  "  wants  to  know  not  who 
but  wliat  is  right,"  must  still  reserve  the 
right  of  weighing  the  evidence  for  himself, 
after  reading  what  he  must  feel  to  be  the 
advocacy  of  an  eloquent  counsel  rather  than 
the  summing-up  of  a  judge. 

Yorkshire  Dales  and  Fells,  painted  and 
described  by  Gordon  Home  (A.  &  C.  Black), 
is  a  worthy  successor  to  the  same  author's 
'  Yorkshire  Coast  and  Moorland  Scenes ' 
and  the  now  familiar  volume  on  the  English 
Lakes.  The  dale  country,  though  happily 
not  yet  overrun  by  "  tripper  "  hordes,  is 
by  no  means  unknown  to  those  more  dis- 
criminating persons  who  are  content  to 
enjoy  a  quiet  holiday  in  scenery  which  is 
stimulating  without  being  exciting.  The 
book,  of  course,  makes  no  claim  to  be  a 
complete  guide,  but  the  information  given 
is  singularly  accurate.  Many  of  the  pictures 
are  equally  successful  in  conveying  a  faith- 
ful impression — for  example,  the  one  of 
Swaledale  in  early  autumn — in  spite  of  the 
extreme  difficulty  of  catching  and  confining 
in  the  four  corners  of  an  illustration  the 
vague  and  expansive  charm  of  a  moorland 
landscape.  Here  and  there,  however,  an 
overfondness  for  a  particular  colour,  which 
is  inevitably  exaggerated  in  reproduction, 
mars  the  effect.  The  map  at  the  end  is 
virtually  useless.  If  one  is  inserted  at  all, 
it  should  be  drawn  to  an  intelligible  scale, 
and  be  something  more  than  what  Mr. 
Meredith  calls  "  the  genial  advertisement 
of  a  vacancy."  In  the  account  of  "  the 
Shepherd  "  Lord  Clifford  one  would  have 
expected  some  reference  to  Wordsworth's 
famous  '  Song  at  the  Feast  of  Brougham 
Castle.' 


MINOR    EXHIBITIONS. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  the  exhibition  (at 
tlie  Grafton  Gallery)  of  the  works  of  the  lato 
Archibald  Stuart  Wortloy  displays  a  talent 
of  much  artistic  distinction.  There  is  this 
to  be  said,  however,  for  portrait  painting — 


that  its  difficulties  and  the  immediate 
inspiration  of  the  sitter  will  occasionally 
combine  to  whip  into  a  semblance  of  artistry 
even  a  mediocre  painter.  Above  all  is  this 
likely  in  his  early  years,  when  he  is  still 
liable  to  be  shaken  by  the  disconcerting 
actual  presence  of  his  model  out  of  the 
safe  method  by  which  he  ultimately  evades 
those  difficulties.  So  we  see  here  that  Mr. 
Wortley  achieves  in  the  Mrs.  Whitehead 
(No.  6),  and  rather  less  successfully  in  the 
small  Dowager  Countess  of  Wharncliffe  (16),  a 
distinction  which,  if  it  does  not  make  him 
at  all  a  great  painter,  at  least  saves  him 
from  the  lamentable  lapses  we  see  elsewhere 
in  this  collection. 

Much  more  satisfactory  is  the  revelation, 
in  the  exhibition  of  pictures  by  the  late 
W.  Evelyn  Osborn,  of  a  definite,  though 
very  modest  talent.  He  has  some  of  the 
delicacy  of  Whistler,  but  none  of  the  fluency 
of  that  master,  who  might  sometimes  be  a 
flimsy,  but  was  always  a  large  draughtsman. 
Indeed,  the  delicacy  of  Mr.  Osborn's  facture 
looks  as  though  it  might  have  been  suggested 
in  the  first  instance  by  the  fineness  of 
gradation  which  in  a  good  untouched  photo- 
graph puts  to  shame,  from  a  mere  material 
point  of  view,  the  finest  painter's  execution. 
Great  care  in  mixing  his  few  tints,  a  smooth 
and  dainty  manner  of  laying  them  on — 
these  are  the  obvious  characteristics  of  these 
little  pictures,  behind  which  is  a  tempera- 
ment which  just  makes  itself  agreeably  felt, 
but  could,  one  can  easily  see,  never  pierce 
to  the  surface  of  a  mixed  exhibition.  The 
Royal  Avenue,  Chelsea,  the  little  Battersea 
Bridge,  the  Hampstead  Heath  with  its 
admirable  quality  of  green — these  may  be 
taken  as  among  the  most  favourable  speci- 
mens of  an  art  refined  and  intelligent,  if  a 
little  wanting  in  movement  and  elasticity  of 
construction. 

By  the  side  of  this  reserved  and  dis- 
tinguished painting  some  of  the  current 
exhibitions  by  living  painters  seem  a  little 
ordinary.  Mr.  Edgar  Wills  at  the  New 
Dudley  Gallery  offers  a  collection  of  "  fluffy  " 
and  commonplace  landscapes  that  need  not 
detain  us ;  and  Mr.  Frank  Dean  in  his 
pastels  of  Egypt,  exhibited  by  the  Fine-Art 
Society,  has  allowed  his  real  ability  for  the 
making  of  an  "  effective  "  picture  to  de- 
generate into  garishness.  Alongside  of  him 
Mr.  T.  W.  Hammond  shows  some  pastels 
hardly  conceived  in  the  best  traditions  of 
the  medium,  two  of  which,  however — The 
Old  Mill  and  Gayle  Beck,  Ribblehead — display 
undoubted  knowledge  and  feeling  for  natural 
effect. 

Mr.  David  Green,  who  has  an  exhibition 
of  water-colours  at  Mendoza's  Gallery, 
degenerates,  like  Mr.  Dean,  into  garishness 
when  he  ventures  outside  a  narrow  range 
of  colour  ;  but  in  After  the  Storm  (No.  9) 
he  shows  great  ability.  The  subject 
is  suitable  to  handling  in  the  severe 
medium  of  transparent  wash,  presenting  in 
itself  no  distractions  of  local  colour,  but  just 
a  few  tones  of  slightly  varying  grey  and 
tawny,  each  of  easily  apprehended  signifi- 
cance as  rendering  now  foam  and  now  the 
two  main  planes  of  the  surface  of  water. 
These  few  differences  of  colour  combine, 
therefore,  with  the  direction  of  the  brush- 
strokes in  the  task  of  rendering  the  form 
of  the  water.  The  long  monotonous  roll 
of  the  breakers  is  well  expressed,  and  wo 
biggest  that  here  is  the  true  strength  of 
this  painter — that  were  he  to  exclude  from 
his  art  all  variations  of  colour  but  those 
having  an  absolute  hearing  on  the  construc- 
tion and  movement  of  his  sea  and  sky,  his 
work  would  be  the  gainer,  for  he  has  a  good 
feeling  for  rhythm  of  movement,  very  little 
for  the  sensuous  qualities  of  colour.  When, 
over    and    above    the    two    or    three    hues 


522 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


necessary  to  express  structure,  he  proceeds 
to  colour  up  his  drawings  to  the  point  of 
attractiveness,  the  result  is  disaster. 


THE    INSTITUTE    OF    OIL    PAINTERS. 

The  exhibition  here  is  marked  by  as  high  a 
standard  of  ability  as  usual,  but  even  more 
noticeable  than  usual  is  the  lack  of  artistic 
direction  that  makes  modern  picture  shows 
so  puzzling  to  account  for  on  any  reasonable 
grounds.  Mr.  Sargent's  vivid  sketch  of  a 
Venetian  Tavern  justifies  its  existence  more 
than  most  of  this  painter's  subject-pictures 
by  its  terse  eloquence  and  vitality.  The 
languishing  girl  to  the  left  is  realized  in 
consummate  fashion.  Here,  if  we  have  not 
the  perfect  work  of  art  which  implies 
creation,  we  have  at  least  the  raw  material  of 
art  in  vivid  observation  noted  down  with 
matchless  vivacity.  In  Mr.  Cayley  Robin- 
son's Waning  Day  we  have  neither,  but  a 
halting  and  not  very  happy  piecing  together 
of  fragments — of  photographic  facts  with 
abstract  symbols,  a  picture  which  would  be 
extremely  irritating  if  it  were  not  so  sincere 
in  its  muddleheadedness.  It  is  executed  in 
full  and  handsome  paint  of  very  relishable 
quality,  which  clearly  suggests  that  Mr. 
Robinson's  true  line  is  after  all  realism — a 
representation  of  facts,  with  an  eye,  indeed, 
on  their  ultimate  significance,  but  with  the 
appearances  of  nature  subordinated  to  that 
significance — not  eliminated. 

There  are  no  other  figure  pictures  so  im- 
portant as  those  two,  though  Mr.  Sims  in 
The  Kiss  handles  a  dress  with  his  usual 
flimsy  grace,  while  in  Mr.  John  Reid's 
Harvest  of  the  Sea  truth  shows  through  a 
lurid  mannerism.  Mr.  Aumonier's  delicate 
April  Morning,  hung  in  piquant  contrast 
to  Mr.  Sargent's  coarse  vivacity,  is  perhaps 
the  best  of  the  landscape?.  Mr.  Hughes 
Stanton's  Pas  de  Calais  is  in  a  rich,  pleas- 
ant scheme  of  colour,  and  as  good  as  an 
unadventurous  studio-landscape  can  be 
expected  to  be — a  landscape,  that  is,  painted 
from  the  artist's  familiar  knowledge,  and 
the  touch  of  which  necessarily  lacks  the 
stimulating  excitement  we  feel  in  the  work 
of  the  painter  who  is  on  a  voyage  of  discovery 
and  learning  all  the  way. 


Ifittt-Jlrt  (Bosstp. 

Yesterday  the  press  were  invited  to 
view  the  show  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
British  Artists  at  their  galleries  in  Suffolk 
Street. 

To-day  at  the  Baillie  Gallery  the  Cheyne 
Art  Club  opens  its  show  of  pictures  and 
sculpture,  and  the  London  Sketch  Club  is 
"  at  home  "  at  the  Graves  Galleries. 

Messrs.  Shepherd  open  to-day  their 
winter  exhibition  of  landscapes  and  portraits 
by  early  British  masters. 

The  second  autumn  exhibition  of  "  The 
Society  of  25  English  Painters"  will  open 
to  the  public  at  Messrs.  I  )owdeswell's 
Galleries  on  Friday  next. 

On  the  same  day  Messrs.  P.  &  D.  Col- 
naghi  will  open  an  exhibition  of  the  portrait 
of  Viscount  Milner,  and  other  pictures  by 
M.  Theodore  RousseL  who  has  long  been 
settled  in  London,  but  of  whose  work  little 
has  been  seen  in  recent  years. 

The  Artificers'  Guild  are  showing  for  a 
few  days  at  their  gallery,  0,  Maddox  Street, 
some  recent  specimens  of  their  works. 


In  the  Essex  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Romford  Road,  Stratford,  the  Essex  Arts 
Club  are  now  holding  an  autumn  exhibition 
of  oil  and  water-colour  paintings,  statuary, 
&c. 

Owing  to  the  great  demand  for  the 
plates  in  the  "  Medici  Series  of  Repro- 
ductions," Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  were 
unable  to  publish  the  first  three  specimens 
on  the  15th  inst.,  as  advertised,  but  they 
will  be  available  shortly. 

Copies  of  a  new  edition  of  the  full  and 
descriptive  catalogue  of  the  pictures  of  the 
Foreign  Schools  were  on  sale  at  the  National 
Gallery  on  Monday. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  death,  at 
Milly,  of  the  eminent  engraver  Adolphe 
Lalauze,  who  was  born  at  Rive-de-Gier  in 
1838.  He  studied  under  Gautherel,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  band  of 
illustrators  of  the  books  published  by 
Jouast.  He  is  said  to  have  engraved  nearly 
a  thousand  plates,  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant including  '  La  jeune  Fille  au  Chien  '  of 
Seymour,  '  Autour  du  Piano '  of  Beraud, 
'  L'Entree  de  Charles-Quint  a  Anvers  '  of 
Makart,  '  La  Halte  '  of  Meissonier,  '  Madame 
de  Pompadour  '  of  La  Tour,  and  the  charm- 
ing water-colour  drawings  of  Eugene  Lami 
for  Alfred  de  Musset's  works.  His  original 
illustrations  include  those  for  '  Paul  et 
Virginie,'  '  Manon  Lescaut,'  Moliere,  '  Don 
Quixote,'  '  Gil  Bias,'  '  Serge  Panine,'  &c. 
He  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  admin- 
istrative council  of  the  Societe  des  Artistes 
Francais,  and  a  vice-president  of  the  Societe 
des  Amis  de  l'Eau-Forte.  The  well-known 
artist  M.  Alphonse  Lalauze  is  his  son. 

A  committee  has  been  formed  to  purchase 
Mr.  Holman  Hunt's  '  The  Lady  of  Shalott,' 
which  can  be  obtained  for  7,000  guineas. 
The  picture  is  now  on  view  at  the  Leicester 
Galleries,  Leicester  Square,  where  a  sub- 
scription list  is  atao  open.  The  Master  of 
the  Temple  is  the  honorary  treasurer. 
From  our  critical  notice  of  the  exhibition 
it  will  be  gathered  that  wo  do  not  think  so 
well  of  the  picture  as  the  promoters  of  the 
scheme. 

The  inauguration  of  Rodin's  monument 
in  memory  of  Rollinat  took  place  on 
Sunday  last  at  Fresselines,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  M.  Octave  Uzanne,  who  was  sup- 
ported by  a  number  of  distinguished  men. 
The  monument — which,  by  the  way,  was 
refused  by  Rollinat's  family — has  been 
placed  against  the  wa,ll  of  the  church  of  the 
little  village  where  Rollinat  lived  "  apres  sa 
rapide  et  passagere  vogue  dans  les  salons 
parisiens." 

The  Antiquarji  for  November  will  contain 
among  other  articles  the  following  :  '  House- 
hold Remedies  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,' 
by  Mr.  George  Payno  ;  '  Some  West  Berks 
Brasses  '  (illustrated),  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Daniell  ; 
'  Herts  County  Records  '  ;  '  Memories  of 
Ufton  Court,'  by  Mr.  Ernest  W.  Uormer  ; 
the  continuation  of  '  Pilgrimage  to  St. 
David's  Cathedral  '  (illustrated),  by  Dr. 
A.  C.  Fryer  ;  and  the  conclusion  of  '  Folk 
Traditions  of  the  Ash  Tree,'  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
MacMichael. 

'  The  Ruined  Abbeys  of  Great  Britain  ' 
is  the  title  of  a  work  which  Messrs.  Gay  & 
Bird  will  have  ready  in  a  few  days.  The 
author,  Mr.  Ralph  Adams  Cram,  is  an 
enthusiastic:  church  architect,  and  those 
who  are  interested  in  the  subject  will  welcome 
this  volume,  which  is  handy  and  well  illus- 
trated. 


MUSIC 


Jltitsiral  (Bflssip. 

'  Rigoletto  '  was  given  at  Covent 
Garden  on  Saturday  evening  with  Madame 
Suzanne  Adams  in  the  role  of  Gilda. 
She  was  unfortunately  somewhat  out  of 
voice,  and  consequently  her  singing  of 
"  Caro  nome "  made  little  impression. 
Signor  Carpi  delivered  the  music  of  the  Duke 
with  taste  and  fluency  ;  and  Signor  Sam- 
marco  was  again  an  efficient  representative 
of  the  jester. 

The  performance  of  Signor  Cilea's 
'  Adriana  Lecouvreur  '  on  Tuesday  evening, 
under  the  direction  of  Signor  Mugnone,  was 
extremely  good.  Mesdames  Giachetti  and 
De  Cisneros  impersonated  Adriana  and  the 
Princess  with  rare  skill  and  power.  Signor 
Ze'natello  as  Maurizio  sang  and  acted  well, 
but  he  must  be  careful  not  to  overstrain  his 
voice  ;  he  has  already  appeared  no  fewer 
than  nine  times.  MM.  Zucchi  and  Sam- 
marco,  as  the  Abbe  and  Michonnet,  added 
to  the  success  of  the  evening.  Cilea's  clever- 
opera  with  its  spontaneous  music  is  evidently 
gaining  the  ear  of  the  public. 

Lady  Halle  and  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick 
were  associated  in  a  violin  and  pianoforte 
recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  the  afternoon 
of  Friday  of  last  week.  Their  sound  and 
artistic  playing  of  C.  P.  E.  Bach's  Sonata  in 
c  minor,  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  a  major^ 
Schumann's  Sonata  in  a  minor,  and  Schubert's 
Fantasia  in  c  major  was  duly  appreciated. 
Specially  attractive  as  regards  animation 
and  exj^ression  was  the  performance  of 
Schumann's  work.  No  falling  away  in 
Lady  Halle's  powers  is  to  be  noted,  though 
she  began  her  public  career  sixty  years 
ago. 

Signor  Busoni's  recital  last  Saturday 
afternoon  at  Bechstein  Hall  was  of  great 
interest.  He  began  with  his  clever  tran- 
scriptions of  Bach's  Toccata  and  Fugue  in  D,. 
the  Choral  Prelude  on  "  Wachet  auf,"  and  the 
Violin  Chaconne.  The  arrangement  of  the 
Choral  Prelude  is  remarkably  fine,  and  the 
pianist's  rendering  of  it  showed  to  the  full 
his  art  of  singing  on  the  piano.  He  also 
gave  a  masterly  performance  of  Beethoven's 
'  Eroica  '  Variations,  while  his  reading  and 
execution  of  the  same  composer's  last  piano- 
forte sonata  left  scarcely  anything  to  be 
desired. 

On  the  same  afternoon  Mr.  Mark  Hara- 
bourg,  another  great  pianist,  gave  a  recital 
at  Queen's  Hall.  His  programme  opened 
with  the  same  Beethoven  sonata.  His 
reading  of  that  work,  as  we  know  from 
former  occasions,  is  powerful,  though  at. 
times  somewhat  too  impulsive.  The  pro- 
gramme included  a  piece  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt 
which  won  the  second  prize  in  the  "  Ham- 
bourg  "  competition. 

Signor  Busoni's  '  Eine  Lustspiel  Ouver- 
tiire,'  one  of  two  "  Merry  Overtures  "  from 
his  pen,  was  heard,  for  the  first  time  in  Eng- 
land, at  the  Promenade  Concert  last  Satur- 
day evening.  It  is  a  light-hearted  work,, 
exhibiting  agreeable,  if  not  particularly 
striking  themes,  and  orchestration  both 
picturesque  and  effective.  The  perform- 
ance by  Mr.  Henry  Wood's  orchestra  was 
spirited. 

The  London  Trio  (Madame  Annua  Good- 
win, Signor  Simonetti,  and  Prof.  White- 
house)  gave  the  first  of  their  new  series  of 
subscription  concerts  at  the  /Eolian  Hall 
yesterday  week.  The  programme  included 
a  Pianoforte  Trio  in  B  flat,  Op.  29,  by  M. 
Vincent     d'lndv,     the     well-known    French 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


523 


composer.  Skill  certainly  outweighs  emo- 
tion in  the  opening  movement,  but  the  lively 
Divertissement  with  its  strong  Bohemian 
flavour,  proved  most  attractive.  The  digni- 
fied Chant  Elegiaque  and  the  characteristic 
Finale  are,  however,  the  strongest  sections 
of  the  work.     The  rendering  was  excellent. 

The  programme  of  the  first  concert 
of  the  London  Choral  Society  next  Monday 
evening  at  Queen's  Hall  includes  Dr. 
Walford  Davies's  '  Everyman '  and  Mr. 
Holbrooke's  '  The  Bells,'  the  latter  work 
for  the  first  time  in  London. 

The  banquet  to  Mr.  Joseph  Bennett  will 
take  place  on  Tuesday,  November  6th,  at 
the  Trocadero  Restaurant.  Many  pro- 
minent musicians  have  expressed  their 
intention  of  being  present.  Further  infor- 
mation can  be  obtained  from  Mr.  W.  E. 
Renaud,  Secretary  of  the  Concert-Goer's 
Club,  at  4,  Tenter  den  Street,  Hanover 
Square. 

Mr.  Robert  Newman's  annual  concert 
will  take  place  on  Wednesday,  November  7th, 
when  the  programme  will  be  entirely  de- 
voted to  Wagner,  who  is  represented  by 
excerpts  from  nearly  all  his  operas.  The 
popularity  of  his  music  is  as  great  as  ever  ; 
the  Wagner  nights  at  the  Promenade  Con- 
certs just  concluded  invariably  drew  large 
audiences. 

The  autumn  season  of  the  Joachim 
Quartet  Concerts  begins  on  November  21st 
and  ends  December  7th.  Five  of  the  con- 
certs will  be  held  in  Bechstein  Hall,  and 
two  in  Queen's  Nail.  Dr.  Joachim  and  his 
colleagues,  Prof.  Halir,  Wirth,  and  Haus- 
mann,  will  be  assisted  by  Messrs.  F.  Bridge 
and  A.  Gibson  as  extra  violas,  and  Mr. 
Percy  Such  as  extra  'cello;  alsoHerr  Muhlfeld 
(clarinet),  Mr.  A.  Borsdorf  (horn),  and  the 
pianists  Miss  Fanny  Davies  and  Messrs. 
Leonard  Borwick  and  Donald  Tovey.  The 
programmes,  confined  to  Brahms,  will  in- 
clude almost  the  whole  of  his  chamber  music 
for  two  or  more  instruments. 

Dr.  Camille  Saint-Saens  will  make  his 
first  appearance  in  America  at  the  first 
Symphony  Orchestra  Concert,  New  York, 
on  November  3rd. 

Early  in  December  Mr.  David  Bispham 
will  produce  in  London,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Frank  Curzon,  '  The  Vicar  of 
AVakefield,'  a  romantic  opera,  written  for 
him  by  Mr.  Laurence  Housman,  and  com- 
posed by  Madame  Liza  Lehmann.  Miss 
Isabel  Jay  will  play  the  part  of  Olivia,  while 
Mr.  Bispham  will  impersonate  the  Vicar. 
At  his  song  recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on 
November  19th  this  able  artist  will  recite 
Von  Wildenbruch's  ballad  '  The  Witch's 
Song,'  with  incidental  music  by  Max 
Schillings. 

Ix  The  Athencrum  of  September  22nd,  a 
quotation  was  given  from  a  biography  said 
by  M.  A.  Pougin  to  have  been  written  by 
Berlioz,  but  published  under  the  name  of 
J.  d'Ortigue.  M.  Julien  Tiersot  writes  to  us 
stating  that  the  Berlioz  autograph  discovered 
by  M.  Weckerlin  consists  merely  of  notes 
furnished  by  Berlioz  to  D'Ortigue,  of  which 
the  latter  made  use  for  his  article.  As  to 
the  particular  passage  quoted,  M.  Tiersot 
says  positively  that  it  is  not  in  the  manu- 
script, which  he  has  thoroughly  examined. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert,  ■■■:■:».  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert,  7.  Queen's  Hall. 
-Sit.   Italian  opera.  Count  Garden. 
Miss  K.at.'  Badle'a  Concert,  »,  Beebetefal  Hall. 
It  Ddon  Choral  &  a  -  Ball 

Mr.  \  iL.-f. ■  Kihl's  Pianoforte  Recital.  9.18,  Stelnwaj  Tlall. 
Mr  Alexander  Blaeet  -  Uello  Recital.  *.:«'.  licchstcin  Hall. 
Miss  Marie  (i»ynns  V...  .1  Recital   -  W,  Jsolian  Hall 

Mi—  II ia  Traill  -  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  fiolian  Hall. 

Miss  Eva  Mylott  s  Recital,  S  18.  Bechitetn  Hall. 

Messrs.   L.  Tertis  and   York   Bowcns    Viola  and   Pianoforte 

Recital.  B.30,  .Eoliar.  Hill. 
Miss.Dorothy  Walenn'8  Violin  Recital,  9.30,  Steinway  Hall. 


Wkd.     Mr.  Albert  Spalding's  Orchestral  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Tm-BS.  Misses  A.  and   K.  Rind's   Vocal   and    Dramatic   Recital,  3, 
Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Choral  Society  ('Elijah'),  8,  Albert  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Emil  Krall's  Concert.  «.:«),  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Ernest  Newlandsmith's  Concert,  «.::«,  Steinway  Hall. 
Fri.       London  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Salicath's  Song  Recital,  .'!,  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Mr.   Thomas  Beccharu's  Orchestral    Concert,    8.30,   Bechstein 

Hall. 
Sat.       Ballad  ( 'oncert.  :1.  Caxton  Hall. 

—  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn's  Vocal  Recital.  ::,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Popular  Concert  for  Children  and  Young  Students,  3,  Stein- 

way Hall. 

—  Queen's  Hall  Orchestral  Concert,  ::,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  John  Coatesand  Miss  May  Mukle's  Recital,  3.30,  Crystal 

Palace. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Lyric. — Robin  Hood  :  a  Romance  in 
Four  Acts.  By  Henry  Hamilton  and 
William  Devereux. 

The  favour  with  which  the  story  of 
Robert,  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  otherwise 
Robin  Hood,  and  his  fair  Maid  Marian, 
was  regarded  by  the  dramatists  of  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  was 
not  transmitted  to  their  successors,  and 
subsequent  treatment  of  the  theme  has 
been  principally  musical.  Among  those 
who  contributed  in  the  eighteenth  century 
a  musical  environment  were  Dr.  Burney, 
who  is  responsible  for  an  entertainment 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  in  1751,  and 
William  Shield,  who  supplied  music  to 
Leonard  MacNally's  comic  opera  '  Robin 
Hood ;  or,  Sherwood  Forest,'  given  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1784.  Macfarren's 
'  Robin  Hood '  belongs  to  1861,  in  which 
year  it  was  produced  at  Her  Majesty's. 
When,  after  a  long  interval,  the  subject 
is  again  treated  on  the  stage,  it  is  once 
more  provided  with  song  and  chorus,  as 
well  as  overture  and  incidental  and 
entr'acte  music  by  Mr.  Herbert  Bunning. 
It  is,  however,  as  spectacular  romance  it 
makes  its  chief  appeal,  and  its  principal 
aim  is  to  supply  Mr.  Waller  with  an 
heroical  and  sentimental  part.  This  object, 
in  a  fashion,  it  achieves,  and  the  interest 
centres  in  the  deeds  of  prowess  which 
Robin  performs,  in  his  conquest  of  Little 
John  in  a  bout  at  quarterstaff,  his  defiance, 
in  behalf  of  the  returning  Richard,  of  the 
usurping  brother  John,  and  his  ventures, 
in  pursuit  of  Maid  Marian,  otherwise  Lady 
Marian  de  Vaux,  into  Norman  strongholds 
in  which  she  is  immured.  Very  primitive 
is  all  this,  but  in  its  primitiveness  is  found 
the  secret  of  its  popularity.  Mr.  Waller's 
transcendent  bravery  and  disregard  of 
odds  are  in  his  best  style  of  melodrama, 
but  are  accompanied  by  a  tendency  to 
the  didactic.  Miss  Evelyn  Millard  as 
Lady  Marian  is  worthy  of  the  devotion 
she  inspires.  Her  attendant  Adela  is 
prettily  played  by  Miss  Dorothy  Minto. 
The  scenes  in  Sherwood  Forest  are  excel- 
lent. 

Adelpiii. — The   Virgin  Goddess  :    a  Play 

in  Three  Acts.  By  Rudolf  Besier. 
Under  the  present  ambitious  and  en- 
lightened management  the  Adelphi  has 
developed  into  a  home  of  the  higher 
drama.  Even  so,  its  production  of 
an  original  three-act  play,  classical  in 
story  and  in  treatment,  tragic  in  issue, 
and  poetical  in  language,  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  hardy  jmd  hazardous  experi- 


ment. To  judge  by  results,  the  venture 
has  been  not  more  bold  than  wise,  and 
the  reception  by  a  discriminating  public 
of  a  performance  appealing  to  the  imagina- 
tion and  the  intellect  was  as  warm  and 
triumphant  as  could  have  been  that  of 
conventional  melodrama  or  the  lightest 
and  most  popular  form  of  musical  eccen- 
tricity. Whether  lasting  success  will 
attend  a  work  so  severe  in  its  adherence 
to  classical  models  remains  to  be  seen. 
The  favour  with  which  it  was  received  is, 
however,  of  happiest  augury,  and  speaks 
for  the  existence,  among  the  general 
public,  of  a  taste  for  a  class  of  work  far 
higher  than  that  supposed  to  constitute 
its  ordinary  pabulum.  Into  the  literary 
qualities  of  the  play  it  is  too  early  to  enter. 
Access  to  a  printed  copy  will  probably  be 
necessary  to  judge  these  aright.  So  far 
as  can  be  yet  pronounced,  the  whole  is 
more  noticeable  for  passion  and  intensity 
than  for  lyrical  fervour  ;  but  the  general 
execution  is  fine,  and  the  fact  is  abund- 
antly evident  that  a  new  dramatist,  from 
whom  high  (it  may  be  the  highest)  things 
are  to  be  expected,  has  swum  into  our  ken. 
The  Virgin  Goddess  is  of  course  Artemis, 
the  sister  of  Apollo,  whose  rites  are 
observed  with  special  honour  at  Artis,  a 
kingdom  founded,  as  were  so  many,  in 
one  of  the  islands  of  the  Grecian  archi- 
pelago. Under  Cresphontes,  a  weak  and 
peaceful  monarch,  things  are  not  well  with 
the  island.  In  overwhelming  numbers 
the  enemy  is  at  the  gate,  and  offering 
shameful  terms  of  capitulation,  which, 
to  the  humiliation  of  the  soldiery,  the 
craven  monarch  is  prepared  to  accept. 
At  this  moment  returns  Heephestion,  the 
king's  warlike  brother,  whose  absence 
from  Artis  has  been  due  to  an  ill-regulated 
passion  for  Althea,  the  queen,  his  brother's 
wife.  This,  during  his  long  period  of 
exile,  he  has  sought  to  conceal  behind  an 
extreme  devotion  to  Artemis.  While 
Artemis  was  the  supposed  object  of  his 
worship,  however,  Althea' s  was  the  face 
that  broke  on  his  dreams,  and  a  message 
from  her  was  enough  to  lure  him  back  to 
Artis.  No  less  enraged  than  she  is  he  at 
the  cowardly  surrender  to  the  foe  ;  and 
when,  at  the  bidding  of  Althea,  he  kills 
the  pusillanimous  monarch,  it  is  nominally 
for  the  sake  of  his  country  that  the  crime 
is  committed.  When  the  loving  woman  is 
clasped  in  his  arms  the  pretence  is  aban- 
doned. The  jealous  and  offended  goddess  is 
no  more  the  dupe  than  is  the  murderer 
himself.  In  her  divine  indignation  she 
pronounces  through  an  inspired  priestess 
the  solemn  decree :  Haephestion  must, 
with  his  own  hands,  slay  the  queen,  his 
temptress,  or  Artis  shall  fall.  Vainly 
does  the  mortal  strive  with  the  goddess. 
When  he  would  go  out  against  the  enemy, 
his  arm  is  paralyzed  and  the  sword  falls 
from  his  nerveless  grasp.  Tn moved  he 
listens  to  the  appeal  of  the  citizens  and 
the  cries  of  the  women  ;  and  even  the 
adjurations  of  his  blind  mother  fall  on 
deaf  ears.  Better  that  all  the  cities  of 
Greece  should  fall  than  that  Althea  should 
perish.  It  needs  the  supplications  of  the 
penitent  woman,  in  whom  lust  has  at 
length  yielded  to  patriotism,  to  compel  him 


524 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


to   the    expiatory   sacrifice.     Taking   her 

within   the   temple   which   witnessed  the 

murder  of  his  brother,  he  slays  her  and 

removes  the  curse.     Both  murders  take 

place,  in  Greek  fashion,  out  of  sight ;   but 

hardly  Greek  is  the  pollution  of  the  temple. 

Very    fine    are   the   accessories    of    the 

action,  with  which,  however,  we  may  not 

now  concern    ourselves.      The   mounting 

and  acting  of  the  whole  are  admirable. 

Especially  excellent  is  the  scene  before  the 

Temple  of  Artemis,  in  a  marble  courtyard 

situated  in   a   cypress   grove  looking   on 

the  iEgean,  in  which  the  action  passes. 

A  superbly  fateful  figure  is  Miss  Genevieve 

Ward  as  Cleito,  the  king's  mother,  and 

her  acting  has  marvellous  intensity.     Miss 

Lily    Brayton's    Althea    strikes    a    truly 

tragic  note,  and  shows  that  we  have  in 

this  actress  a  conceivable  Lady  Macbeth. 

Mr.   Oscar  Asche  exhibits  much  passion 

(not  quite  Greek  perhaps)  as  Hsephestion. 

Mr.   Brydone  is  the  King  ;    Mr.  Charles 

Rock,    Iphicles,    a    captain ;     and    Miss 

Madge  Mcintosh  a  Virgin  Priestess.     Miss 

Agnes  Brayton  is  the  leader  of  the  female 

chorus,  and  Mr.  Walter  Hampden  that  of 

the  male  chorus.     Somewhat  of  a  novelty 

is  the  presentation  of  a  chorus  of  opposite 

sexes.     Lovers  of  the  intellectual  drama 

have  within  their  reach  an  entertainment 

of  the  highest  promise  that  reflects  credit 

on  the  Adelphi  management. 


Bramatix  CStossip. 

A  four-act  comedy  by  Mr.  St.  John 
Hankin,  produced  at  the  Court  on  Tuesday 
afternoon,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Charity 
that  began  at  Home,'  is  bright  and  in- 
genious, but  hardly  keeps  up  the  traditions 
of  Vedrenne-Barker  management.  It  gives 
forth  a  rather  uncertain  sound,  and  preaches 
no  very  intelligible  lesson.  It  is  well  acted, 
however,  and  may  be  seen  with  the  certainty 
of  amusement. 

The  National  Theatre  Society  gave  their 
first  performance  for  the  season  last  Saturday 
at  the  Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin,  with  '  The 
Gaol  Gate,'  a  tragedy  in  one  act  by  Lady 
Gregory  ;  '  The  Mineral  Workers.'  a  play 
in  tliree  acts,  by  Mr.  William  Boyle  ;  and 
'  Spreading  the  News,'  a  comedy  in  one  act, 
by  Lady  Gregory.  The  first  two  were  new 
productions,  and  both  may  be  pronounced 
successes.  '  The  Gaol  Gate,'  in  which 
Lady  Gregory  has  for  the  first  time  em- 
ployed the  West  of  Ireland  peasant  dialect 
— which  is  less  a  dialect  than  an  interesting, 
if  restricted,  method  of  expression  in  a  local 
and  archaic  form  of  English — as  a  vehicle 
for  tragic  emotion,  is  an  excellent  piece  of 
work.  In  '  The  Mineral  Workers '  Mr. 
Boyle  has  commented  with  skill  on  con- 
temporary industrial  and  agricultural  life  in 
Ireland. 

The  Early  English  Drama  Society  an- 
nounce that  they  have  under  collation  all 
the  plays  that  were  included  in  their  first 
six  volumes  without  such  treatment,  and  that 
future  issues  will  in  all  cases  be  compared 
with  the  original  texts  or  photographic 
copies.  They  will  also  issue  as  an  extra 
volume  to  their  first  series  the  recently 
recovered  plays  '  Wealth  and  Health  '  and 
*  Impatient  Poverty,'  with  other  matter  of 
interest. 

Mr.  Martin  Harvey's  success  in  '  The 
Corsican  Brothers  '  has  emboldened  him 
to  make  a  further  venture  in  the  repertory 


of  his  late  chief  Sir  Henry  Irving.  A  play 
on  the  subject  of  the  Flying  Dutchman,  in 
which  he  will  appear  as  Vanderdecken,  is 
being  prepared  for  him. 

'  Guinevere,'  a  three-act  drama  by  Mr. 
Graham  Hill,  just  published  by  Mr.  Elkin 
Mathews,  has  been  given  for  copyright 
purposes  at  the  Court  Theatre. 

'  The  Electric  Man,'  a  farcical  comedy 
by  Mr.  Charles  Hannan,  given  at  the  Ham- 
mersmith Theatre,  will  shortly  be  produced 
at  the  Royalty,  with  Mr.  Harry  Nicholls 
in  the  title-role. 

'  A  Restless  Night,'  a  farce  by  Frederick 
Hay,  played  on  March  3rd,  1873,  at  the 
Holborn,  was  revived  on  Monday  at  Terry's, 
with  Mr.  Charles  Groves  in  the  principal  part. 

During  next  year's  tour  in  America  Mrs. 
Patrick  Campbell  will  introduce  on  the  stage 
her  daughter  Miss  Stella  Campbell,  whose 
earliest  appearances  will  be  as  Ellean  in 
'  The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray  '  and  Marie 
in  '  Magda.' 

'  Nurse  Marjorie,'  a  four-act  comedy 
by  Mr.  Israel  Zangwill,  has  been  successfully 
produced  by  Miss  Eleanor  Robson  at  the 
Liberty  Theatre,  New  York. 


To  Correspondents.— s.  L.— C.  C.  S.— W.  de  G.  B.— 

Received.  J.  B.  F.— Not  a  reply. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  Ac. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


rpHE  ATHEN^UM, 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


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526 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


527 


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THE   HEIR.     By  Sydney  C.  Grier. 

Illustrated.    6s. 
"The  author  has  won  a  distinguished  place  as  a  novelist 
by  sheer  merit." — Eastbourne  Gazette. 

FISHERMAN'S   GAT:    a   Story   of 

the  Thames.    By  EDWARD  NOBLE,  Author  of  'The 

Edge  of  Circumstance,'  <fec. 
"  Love,  labour,  strife,  disaster,  the  pitiless  stress  and 
peril  of  the  sea,  and  the  complex,  baffling  difficulties  of  a 
modern  shore  life— they  are  all  here,  and  all  set  forth  with 
a  dramatic  force  and  realism  which  is  occasionally  almost 
overpowering A  full,  mature  book,  absorbingly  interest- 
ing, full  of  fire ....  Retains  the  reader's  attention  from  first 
to  last." — Standard. 

THE  SAFETY  OF  THE  HONOURS. 

By  ALLAN  MCAULAY,  Author  of  'Poor  Sons  of  a 
Day.' 
"Mr.  McAulay  writes  with  taste  and  skill,  and  has  given 
those  who  follow  Scotch  annals  an   historical   novel   well 
worth  reading." — Times. 

"The  interest  never  falters,  and  the  realism  is  excellent." 
Manchester  Courier. 

THE    MARRIAGE 

By  L.  PARRY  TRCSCOTT. 

RICHARD     HAWKW00D. 

NEVILLE  MAUGHAM. 

ADMIRAL     QUILLIAM.      By     F. 

NORREYS  COXNELL. 

SKIPPER.    By  Gilbert  Watson. 
THE  HEARTH  OF  HUTTON.    By 

W.  J.  ECCOTT. 

SCOUNDREL    MARK.      By    Frank 

DILNOT. 

A  SERVANT  OF  THE  KING.    By 

E.  ACEITUNA  GRIFFIN. 


NTA. 
By 


NOTE. —  The    Publishers    beg    to    announce    A    NEW 
POPULAR  EDITION  <>f 

GEORGE    ELIOT'S    WORKS, 

for  which  have  been  prepared  specially  attractive  Bindings, 
Photogravure  Frontispieces,  Special  Paper,  &c  In  in  vols. 
at  St.  ad.  net  each  voL  Prospectus  and  specimen  Type, 
Paper,  and  Illustrations  to  be  had  from  all  Bookseller*,  or 
from  the  Publishers.     Write  for  one. 


W.   KLACKWOOI)  k  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  Loudon. 


528 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4122,  Oct.  27,  1906 


THE  RELIGIOUS  TRACT  SOCIETY'S  LIST. 


FIRST  EDITION  EXHAUSTED.     SECOND  EDITION  NOW  ON  SALE. 

"A  FASCINATING  AND  INSPIRING  VOLUME."— Britixh  Weekly. 
Demy  8vo,  560  pages,  cloth  gilt,  7s.  Gd.  net. 

GRIFFITH      JOHN: 

The  Story  of  Fifty  Years  in  China. 
By  the  Rev.  R.  WARDLAW  THOMPSON. 
With  2  Photogravure  Portraits  of  Dr.  Griffith  John  and  16  other  Full-Page  Illustrations. 
The  Daily  News  says  :— "The  book  makes  a  thrilling  chapter  in  the  history  of  missions.    It  is  not  only  a  record  of  the 
Jife  of  Dr.  John.    It  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  progress  of  the  Celestial  Empire  during  the  last  fifty  years." 

The  Christian  World  says : — "  No  one  can  read  this  story  without  being  inwardly  refreshed.  The  mere  adventure  side 
of  it  is  stirring  to  a  degree.  It  reveals  a  Pauline  daring  and  endurance.  It  is  a  volume  of  sustained  and  deepening 
interest  from  end  to  end." 


JUST  READY. 


A  COMPLETE  STANDARD  WORK. 


HANDBOOK    TO    THE    CONTROVERSY 
WITH    ROME. 

By  KARL  VON  HASE. 

Translated  from  the  German  and  Edited,  with  Notes,  by  A.   W.   STREANE,  D.D.,  Fellow  and  sometime  Dean  of 

Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge. 
In  2  vols,  i-lxiv+416  ;  and  i-viii+564  pages,  royal  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  in  a  case,  11.  Is. 
No  English  author  has  produced  a  work  so  completely  demolishing  the  Roman  Catholic  position  as  the  book  now  for 
the  first  time  rendered  into  English.    In  Germany  it  is  a  classic  ;  the  acknowledged  resort  of  all  who  enter  into  the  con- 
troversy with  Rome.    Its  value  lies  in  the  test  of  Roman  Catholic  claims  by  the  light  of  history.    It  is  a  cold, 
.  dispassionate  exposure  of  pretensions  which,  attempting  to  find  their  foundations  in  history,  are  by  history  confuted. 
The  work  has  been  translated  by  the  well-known  Cambridge  scholar,  the  Rev.  A.  W.  Streane,  D.D.,  who  has  carefully 
annotated  it  for  the  greater  advantage  of  the  English  reader. 

MODERN  ROME  IN  MODERN  ENGLAND. 

Being  some  Account  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Revival  in  England  during 
the  Nineteenth  Century. 

By  PHILIP  SIDNEY,  Author  of  '  A  History  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot.' 
Demy  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  5s. 

The  Times  says  :— "  Mr.  Sidney,  the  author  of  '  A  History  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot,'  has  gathered  together  a  good  deal 
of  personal  and  historical  matter  as  to  '  the  Roman  Catholic  Revival  m  England  during  the  nineteenth  century,'  and 
concludes  that  Rome  will  not  progress  further  unless  she  cease  to  be  a  political  institution  and  to  crush  the  spirit  of 
inquiry,  and  unless  she  abandon  '  the  wretched  claim  of  Infallibility.'  He  includes  brief  biographies  of  the  chief  English 
Jesuits  from  the  first  formal  mission  of  the  society  to  England." 

The  Dundee  Courier  says  : — "  Free  from  all  religious  rancour,  and  only  anxious  to  state  the  facts,  the  author  of  this 
excellent  work  has  done  good  service  in  showing  that  there  is  no  cause  for  too  much  alarm  and  uneasiness  over  present- 
day  Romish  propaganda  in  any  of  its  diverse  aggressive  forms." 


JUST 


beady.     THOUGHTS  ON  OLD  AGE: 


Good  Words  from  Many  Minds. 

Selected    and    Arranged    by    HESBA    STRETTON, 
Author  of  '  Jessica's  First  Prayer,'  &c.    Large  post  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  deckled  edges,  2s. 
The  English  Churchman  says: — "Among  the  books  of  quotations  this  occupies  a  particular  niche,  because  of  its 
.  devotion  to  one  idea  and  the  charm  of  its  message." 

The  Westminster  Gazette  says : — *'  It  is  an  interesting  collection,  made  with  care  and  taste." 

The  Manchester  Guardian  says  : — "It  is  a  book  which  will  be  welcome  to  many  of  the  elder  generation  whose  pleasure 
it  has  been  to  put  before  their  children  this  authoress's  unpretentious  and  charming  tales." 

JUST  READY. 

ST.    PAUL'S    FIRST    EPISTLE    TO    THE 
THESSALONIANS. 

A  Devotional  Commentary. 
By    Rev.     A.     R.     B  U  C  K  L  A  N  D,     M.A., 

Morning  Preacher  at  the   Foundling  Hospital.      Crown  8vo,   cloth  gilt,  2s. 
The  Bishop  of  Durham  says  :— "Mr.  Buckland's  commentary  has  uniformly  interested  and  delighted  me  as  I  have 
followed  it  from  one  short  chapter  to  another.    It  strikes  a  happy  mean  between  too  little  exposition  and  too  much,  never 
.  allowing  the  reader  to  lose  great  impressions  amidst  over-wrought  detail,  yet  never,  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  allowing  one 
point  of  spiritual  significance  to  pass  without  notice  and  just  such  development  as  to  set  the  reader  thinking." 

The  Layman  says: — "There  is  nothing  fanciful  or  forced  about  his  exegesis ;  it  is  characterized  by  simplicity  and 
naturalness. " 

The  Scottish  Review  says  :— " To  those  who  wish  a  clear,  terse,  sympathetic  treatment  of  Paul's  first  message,  the 
book  will  prove  most  helpful." 


JUST  READY. 


SECOND  IMPRESSION. 


EVERY    BOY'S   BOOK   OF    BRITISH 
NATURAL   HISTORY. 

A  Reliable  Guide  to  British  Wild  Life  and  Nature-Photography. 

By  W.  PERCIVAL  WESTELL,  F.H.H.S.  M.B.O.U., 

Author  of  '  A  Year  with  Nature,'  '  British  Bird  Life,'  Ac.     With  an  Introduction  by  the  Right  Hon.  LORD  AVKBURY, 

and  04  Plates  reproduced  from  Photographs  taken  with  a  home-made  camera  by  the  Rev.  S.  N.  SEDGWICK.     Large 

crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  3s.  Gd. 

The  Standard  says  :— "It  is  a  most  excellently  written  and  brightly  illustrated  volume." 

'Die  Daily  Telegraph  says:— "Mr.  Percival  Westell  has  done  a  real  service  to  all  lovers  of  the  country.    The  photo- 
graphs iti  this  delightful  volume  are  extraordinarily  attractive." 


S.  R.  CROCKETT. 

THE  WHITE  PLUMES  OP  NAYARRE  : 

a  Romance  of  the  Wars  of  Religion.  A  New  and 
Stirring  Historical  Story  by  S.  R.  CROCKETT,  Author 
of  '  The  Lilac  Sunbonnet,'  '  The  Raiders,'  &c.  THIRD 
IMPRESSION  JUST  READY.  Illustrated.  Large 
crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  6s. 

SILAS  K.  HOCKING. 

THE     AWAKENING     OP     ANTHONY 

WEIR  By  SILAS  K.  HOCKING.  Illustrated  by 
HAROLD  COPPING.  Second  Edition.  Large  crown 
8vo,  cloth  gilt,  3s.  Gd. 

JOSEPH  HOCKING. 

THE    CHARIOTS  OF   THE  LORD.     By 

JOSEPH  HOCKING.  Author  of  '  The  Scarlet  Woman,* 
'  Follow  the  Gleam,'  '  All  Men  are  Liars,'  &c.  With  15 
page  Pictures  by  ADOLF  THIEDE.  Large  crown  8vo, 
cloth  gilt,  3s.  Gd. 

J.  BLOUNDELLE-BURTON. 

THE   INTRIGUERS'  WAY:   The  Story 

of  a  Jacobite  Plot.  By  J.  BLOUNDELLE-BURTON, 
the  popular  writer  of  '  The  Scourge  of  God,'  '  The  Silent 
Shore,'  &c.  With  7  Illustrations  by  ADOLF  THIEDE. 
Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  3s.  Gd. 

O.  F.  WALTON. 

DOCTOR   FORESTER.      By  Mrs.  0.  F. 

WALTON,  Author  of  'A  Peep  Behind  the  Scenes.' 
Illustrated.    Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  6s. 

AMY  LE  FEUVRE. 

THE   MENDER.     By  Amy  Le  FeuYre, 

Author  of  '  Probable  Sons,'  '  Heather's  Mistress,'  &c. 
With  11  Illustrations  by  W.  RAINEY,  R.I.  Large 
crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  6s. 

AMY  LE  FEUVRE. 

MISS    LAVENDERS   BOY,   and    other 

Sketches.  By  AMY  LE  FEUVRE,  Author  of  '  Probable 
Sons,'  "The  Mender,'  &c.  Illustrated.  Large  crown 
8vo,  cloth  gilt,  2s.  [Just  ready. 

E.  EVERETT-GREEN. 

IN   PURSUIT   OF    A    PHANTOM. 

EVELYN      EVERETT-GREEN,      Author     of 


Conscience  of  Roger  Treherne,'  <fcc. 
t  ions.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  2s.  Gd. 


By 

The 

With  7  Illustra- 


HESBA  STRETTON. 

IN    PRISON    AND    OUT.      By    Hesba 

STRETTON,  Author  of  'Alone  in  London,'  &c.  With 
3  Illustrations  by  ADOLF  THIEDE.  New  Edition. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  Is.  Gd. 

GORDON  STABLES. 
WILD   LIFE   IN    SUNNY 

Romance     of     Buttei-fiy     Hunting, 


LANDS:    a 

By  GORDON 
STABLES,  M.D.  R.N."  Illustrated  by  ALFRED 
PEARSE.  Vol.  VII.  of  the  Boys'  Library  of  Adventure 
and  Heroism.    Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  full  gilt,  3s.  Gd. 


NEW    ANNUALS. 

THE  BOY'S  OWN  ANNUAL. 

"  A  Splendid  Gift-Book  for  a  Boy." 
28th  ANNUAL  VOLUME.  Large  demy  4to  (11J  in.  by 
9  in.),  832  pages,  with  12  Coloured  or  Tinted  Plates  and 
upwards  of  500  other  Pictures,  in  three  styles  of  binding  :— 
A,  handsome  cloth  gilt,  8*.  ;  B,  cloth  gilt,  and  with  gilt 
edges,  9s.  Gd. ;  C,  half-morocco,  12s.  Gd. 

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Hundreds  of  other  Pictures,  in  three  styles  of  binding  :— 
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edges,  9s.  Gd.  ;  C,  half-morocco,  12s.  Gd. 

THE 

SUNDAY  AT  HOME  ANNUAL 

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53rd  ANNUAL  VOLUME.  Imperial  8vo  (10}  in.  by 
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LONDON:    4,  BOUVERIE  STREET,  and  65,  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD,  E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "  TIIK  EDITOR  "— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "  THE  PUBLISHERS  "-at  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Atheuxum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  *  BRADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOIIN  MENZIES,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  October  27,  1906. 


THE  ATHENAEUM 


No.  4123. 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  3,  1906. 


THR*E$i%NCE. 

REGISTERED  '.*tt»,A  ^VV^gAPER. 


^RTfCJ 


m 

Yearly  Subscription,  free  by 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.    Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION, 
Whitcomb  House,  Whitcomb  Street,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W. 
TECHNICAL  CLASSES. 
THE  FIFTH  SERIES  of  CLASSES  in  LIBRARY  SCIENCE,  held 
at  the  LONDON  SCHOOL  OF  ECONOMICS  (University  of  London!, 
COMMENCED  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  10,  190fi.  Full  particulars 
can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  SCHOOL, 
Clare  Market.  W.C..  or  to  the  undersigned. 

CORRESPONDENCE  CLASSES  for  PROVINCIAL  STUDENTS 
will  also  be  held  as  near  as  possible  concurrently  with  the  above, 
beginning  on  DECEMBER  1.  Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 
the  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  OF  THE  LIBRARY  ASSOCIA- 
TION, or  from 

ERNEST  A.  BAKER,  Hon.  Sec.  Education  Committee. 


(Bsjjibitions. 


PORTRAITS.— Exhibition  of  Reproductions  of 
Portraits  from  the  Fourteenth  Century  to  the  Present  Day.— 
FREDK.  HOLLYER'S  Studio,  9,  Pembroke  Square,  Kensington. 
Open  daily  10  till  6.-CLOSES  NOVEMBER  5. 

HOLMAN    HUNT'S    COLLECTED    WORKS. 
EXHIBITION  of  the  COLLECTED  WORKS  of  W.  HOLMAN 
HUNT,  O.M.  D.C.L.    NOW  OPEN.  10  till  6.    Admission  18. 
THE  LEICESTER  GALLERIES,  Leicester  Square. 

EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS.— SHEPHERD'S 
WINTER  EXHIBITION  of  Selected  Landscapes  and  Portraits 
by  the  Early  Masters  of  the  British  School  is  NOW  OPEN.— 
SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY',  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 


THE  BAILLIE  GALLERY.— SECOND 
ANNUAL  EXHIBITION  of  the  CHEYNE  ART  CLUB  and 
•A  ROSE  SHOW,'  by  Mrs.  SOPHIA  MILLER,  10  till  5,  54,  Baker 
Street,  W.    Admission  free. 


MESSRS.    P.    &   D.   COLNAGHI   &  CO.  have 
the  honour  to  announce  that  they  are  EXHIBITING  a  small 
Trat     choice     COLLECTION     of     PAINTINGS     by      THEODORE 
ROUSSEL.   including  a  Portrait    of    LORD    MILNER,  weich    has 
been  painted  for  the  Town  Hall  of  Johannesburg. 
Admission,  including  Catalogue,  One  Shilling. 
13  and  14,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W. 


OLD    PICTURES. 
Messrs.  DOWDESWELL  are  PURCHASERS  of  fine  PICTURES 
of  the  Old  Italian,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and  British  Schools. 
160,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 


^roirifont  institutions. 

THE    BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1837. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,000*. 
A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty  five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
Guineas  (or  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  : — 
FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 

SECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice  bv  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  ("Abbots  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire) for  aged  Members,  with  garden  produce,  coal,  and  medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary  Mr.  GEORGE 
LARNER.  28.  Paternoster  Row,  E.C 

(Bbncational. 

IESBADEN    COLLEGE    (GERMANY), 

DOTZHEIMERSTR,  21. 

(Jreat  Commercial  School  for  English  Boys  (Boarders  and  Day  Boysl. 

Preparation  for  Army,  Navy,  Woods  and  Forests.  University.   Diplo- 

matic  Corps,   Indian    Civil    Service.      Separate    Junior  School,      See 

Prosi>cctu8.    Apply  Head  Masters-C.  RANHOF,  Dr.  C.  GRIMM,  mj 


w 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


/CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL  OXFORD. 
„  TZf1.1".1.118  ''ollcge  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.    Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE   I.   DoDD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education   at    the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebcl  Certificate, 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratis!.— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army,  Civil  Service,  and  I'nh  ersitr  Tutors,  sent  (free 
',,  fSiW  2a*HS38X!t  J>1  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  SMITH. 
POWELL*  SMITH,  School  Agents  [established  IMS)  34.  Bedford 
3tie  t.  Mrand.  V  .('. 


"EDUCATION. 

-Li    Parents  or  Guardians  desidng  accurate  Information  relative  to 

the  CHOI (  E  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 

TTToRS  in  England  or  abroad 

are  invited  w  call  upon  at  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 

MESSRS.  OABBITAS,  THRING  4D0 

who  for  more  than  tlnrtv  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 

leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge.  Is  given  by  Mr.  THRINO.  Nephew  of  the 
.ate  Ilea  a  Master  o!  I  ppingham,  30.  Sackville  Street,  London    W 


u 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     NOTTINGHAM. 


RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIP. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  offer  a  SCHOLAR- 
SHIP for  SCIENTIFIC  RESEARCH,  tenable  for  One  Year,  of  the 
value  of  50t,  together  with  free  admission  to  the  College,  open  to  any 
Graduate  of  a  British  University. 

Candidates  will  be  required  to  give  evidence  of  suitable  training  and 
capacity  for  conducting  an  Original  Research.  The  successful  Candi- 
date will  be  required  to  devote  himself  to  some  subject  of  Research  to 
be  approved  of  by  the  Senate. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than  DECEMBER  21,  1906,  on 
Forms  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 


T 


^itnatians   Vacant. 

HE    UNIVERSITY    OF    LIVERPOOL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  will,  during  the  present 
Term,  appoint  a  LADY  AS  LECTURER  IN  EDUCATION  in 
succession  to  Mrs.  Meredith.  The  Department  of  Education  of  the 
University  includes  Students  training  both  for  Secondary  and 
Primary  Teaching. 

The  Stipend  will  be  300!.  per  annum,  together  with  a  share  of  fees. 
Testimonials  will  be  required  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  19.— 
Further  particulars  on  application  to  the  REGISTRAR. 


K 


ING'S       COLLEGE,       LONDON. 

(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
The  COUNCIL   invite  applications   for  the  post  of   ASSISTANT 
LECTURER  IN  MATHEMATICS.    Salary  ISO?.    Applications  should 
be  sent  in  by  DECEMBER  3.— For  conditions  apply— 

WALTER  SMITH,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES, 
BANGOR. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  LADY  ASSISTANT  LEC- 
TURER IN  EDUCATION  and  TUTOR  to  the  WOMEN  STUDENTS 
of  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT.  Secondary  experience  or 
training  desirable.    Salary  180/. 

Applications  are  also  invited  for  the  post  of  TEMPORARY 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY  and  EDUCATION  for 
the  Remainder  of  the  present  Session.     Remuneration,  100J. 

Applications  and  Testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
FRIDAY,  December  7,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  par- 
ticulars may  tie  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  January  7.  ]aM7. 
JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

October  27,  1906. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
COLEG  PRIFATHROFAOL  DEHEUDIR  CY'MRU  A  MYNWY. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  pos' 
of  DEMONSTRATOR  and  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  GEOLOGY. 
Further   particulars   may  be  obtained   from   the  undersigned,  to 
whom  applications,  with  Testimonials  iwhich  need  not  be  printed!, 
must  be  sent  on  or  before  THURSDAY',  November  22,  1906. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
October  20,  1906. 


HEAD  MASTER  WANTED  for  QUEEN 
ELIZABETH'S  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL,  GAINSBOROUGH. 
Candidates  must  not  exceed  4t  years  of  age,  and  be  Graduates  of  some 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Salary  907.  per  annum,  with 
residence,  free  from  rates  and  taxes.  Capitation  Fees  31.  per  Boy  [69 
Boys  at  present!.  Accommodation  for  Boarders.  Laymen  not  ineligible. 
Canvassing  disqualifies.  Final  application  to  be  made  on  or  before 
NOVEMBER  19.— For  further  particulars  apply  to  L.  0.  IVESON, 
Clerk  to  the  Managers,  Solicitor,  Gainsborough. 


G 


OUNTY       OF       LONDON. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  ASSISTANT  TEACHER-L  CO.  CAMBER. 
WELL  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS. 
The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  Invites  applications  for 
appointment  to  the  post  of  third  assistant  teaciiei;  at  the 
CAMBERWELL  8CHOOI  OF  AIM'S  AND  CRAFTS,  PECKHAM 
ROAD,  s.E  The  commencing  Salary  will  be  I2M.  a  year,  rising  by 
annual  increments  of  UK.  to  a  maximum  of  1507.  a  year.  Applicants 
must  have  had  experience  in  Teaching,  and  must  be  well  qualified  in 
Draughtsmanship.    A  knowledge  of  Design  and  an  Art  Craft  will  be 

considered  an  additional  qualification. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  official  Form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  council.  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment.  W.O.,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  10  in.  on  Monday.  November  ]■_».  1906,  accompanied  by 
copies  of  three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  enclose  a  Stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  the  Successful  one,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee,  will  he  allowed  third  'lass  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

i  anvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  lie  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G.  L.  COM  ME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


CITY  OF  HULL. 

EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
The  above  COMMITTEE  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for 
the  following  appointments   at    the    MUNICIPAL    SCHOOL    OF 
ART:-  FIRST  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  at   a   commencing  Salary  of 
l  ."/      Candidates  should   have  special  qualifications  in   Drawing 'and 

Painting  from  Life,    assistant  MASTER,  at  a  commencing  salary 

of  7."7.     Candidates  should   have  special  qualifications   in    M  . 

The  persons  appointed  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole  of  their 

time   to   the   serviie   of   the   Committee.      Applications,   Stating   aire. 

qualifications,    and    experience,    accompanied   by  conies    of    three 
recent  Testimonials,  most  be  sent  to  Che  undersigned  on  or  before 
NOVEMBER      17th,      1906.       Canvassing      will      1„-     consi 
disqualification.  J   T.  RILEY,  Secretary  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Albion  Street,  Hull, 
0(  toberSB,  1908, 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 


LOCAL  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE  FOR 

SITTINGBOURNE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

WANTED,  in  JANUARY  NEXT,  at  the  above-named  SCHOOL, 

two  well-qualified    ASSISTANT    MISTRESSES.      Special   Subjects: 

111    English  and  Mathematics.      (2)    Drill,   Games.   Needlework,   and 

Voice  Production.    Other  Subject  or  Subjects  desirable. 

Initial  Salary  100i.  to  1107.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications 
and  experience,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  6cale,  by 
annual  increments  of  71.  10s.  for  the  first  two  years,  then  by  51.  to  a 
maximum  of  140(.  or  150/. 

Application    Forms  will   lie    supplied    by   the    Secretary,  County 
School  for  Girls,  Sittinglwurne,  Kent. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee, 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
Caxton  House,  Westminster,  S.W. 


G 


REAT    MALVERN    SCHOOL    OF    ART.— 

HEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED,  duties  to  cjmmence  in 
JANUARY  NEXT.  Commencing  Salary,  120!.  per  annum.  Teaching 
in  schools  permitted. — Applications,  with  particulars  of  qualifications 
and  with  sealed  Testimonials,  to  be  sent,  on  or  hefore'NOVEMBERl3, 
to  Mrs.  JACOB  (Hon.  Sec),  St.  Helens,  Great  Malvern,  from  whom  a 
Prospectus  of  the  School  may  be  obtained. 


B 


ELFAST       PUBLIC        LIBRARY. 


CITY  AND  COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  BELFAST. 

BRANCH  LIBRARIAN. 

The  LIBRARY  and  TECHNICAL  INSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE 

invite  applications  for  the  i*>st  of  BRANCH  LIBRARIAN  for  the  new 

BRANCH  LIBRARY.  FALLS  ROAD.    Salary  100?.  per  annum. 

<  'andidates  are  required  to  have  had  previous  experience  in  Public 
Library  Work  and  Organization,  and  to  state  their  experience  in 
Classification  and  Cataloguing. 

Age  not  to  exceed  40.  Applications,  with  copies  of  three  Testimonials, 
to  be  addressed  to  the  CHAIRMAN,   the   Public   Library.   Belfast, 
marked  on  the  envelope  "Branch  Librarian,"  and  delivered  on  or 
before  13th  inst. 
Canvassing  will  disqualify. 

G.  H.  ELLIOTT.  Chief  Librarian. 


T 


WICKENHAM    FREE    LIBRARY. 


A  LIBRARIAN  REQUIRED  for  above.  Open  Access  System. 
Commencing  Salary  120Z.  per  annum. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  previous  experience^  to  be  sent  with 
copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  endorsed  "  Librarian  "and  addressed 
to  the  CHAIRMAN,  Library  Committee,  Town  Hall,  Twickenham, 
not  later  than  noon  on  MONDAY,  November  12. 


Situations   Mtanko. 

YOUNG  LADY,  Classical  Degree,  Cambridge 
Teacher's  Diploma,  four  years'  experience  in  teaching,  desires 
ENGAGEMENT  AFTER  CHRISTMAS  in  a  SCHOOL  in  LIVER- 
POOL.—Box  1187,  Athenamm  Press,  13,  Bream  6  Buildings,  E.C. 

T  IBRARIAN    (LADY)    DISENGAGED     END 

J-J    OF    YEAR       Experience   in   Subscription   Library.— Address 
E.  C.  5,  Rectory  Place,  Chislehurst,  Kent. 


Iftisallatuorts. 


BERLIN      BOOKSELLER,      Printer,      and 
Literary  Agent  wishes  to  represent  good  ENGLISH  FIRM. 
Highest  references.— Address  DUPKE, £9, Geisbergstr., Berlin,  w..  50. 

TO  AUTHORS  and  PUBLISHERS.— A  well- 
known  CAMBRIDGE  MAN.  M.A..  is  open  to  ADVISE 
authors,  Revive  Copy  or  l'roofs,  &c.  Highest  references.— Address, 
ML,  Box  1177,  Athemetim  Press,  y.i.  Bream's  Buildings,  EC 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  li.KKi,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
KJ    LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch-Germ 
Latin.     Seventeen    years'    experience.  —  J.   A.   RANDOLPH,    128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  s  w. 


MOLIERE,  (EUVRES  DE,  8  vols.,  calf,  Paris, 
1806.— HISToIRE  DE  I  \  REPUBLIQUE  ITALIENNK, 
10  Tola.,  calf.  Sismondi,  Paris  1840  tEUVRES  DE  J  J.  ROUSSEAU, 
.  old  calf,  eilt  -  i El  \  RES  DE  BDFFON  ■  .  r 
ouvier.  complete,  29  vol  ,  steel  engravings,  hand-painted,  Paris, 
ittt2.-<El'VRES  DE  LACEPEDE,  U  vols.,  st,el  ei 
hand- painted.  Paris,  1831  —  REPERTOIRE  GENERAL  DU 
THEATRE  FRAHCAIS.  81  vols.,  Paris  1813  CETJVRES  DE  l'.FM" 
MAP'  II A  is.  7  vols.,  Paris,  1809  Whal  offers  f— Box  1189,  At:. 
Bream  -  Buildings,  I  foam  erj  I,  ne,  B.C 


B 


OOK-PLATE 

Itedissral  and  Hoden)  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKttR  free. 

THOMAS  HORING    El  -•■  iver,  81  ittonar,  Printer,  *c. 
287,  High  Holborn,  u  I 


S. 


530 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


Ntf  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFOKD  STKEET,  LONDON, 
Invite  inquiries  from  those  seeking 

PERMANENT 
Photographic  Reproductions 

Of  the  highest  possible  excellence. 


THE  COMPANY'S  PROCESSES— 

Autotype  Solar  (Carbon), 
Autotype  Mechanical  (Collotype), 
Auto-Gravure  (Copperplate  Engraving), 

ARE  EMPLOYED  BY— 

The  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum. 
The  Local  Government  Board. 
Many  Learned  Societies,  Leading  Pub- 
lishers, and  Artists  of  Repute. 


Examples  of  Work  may  be  inspected, 
and  all  information  obtained  at — 

THE  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


A 


RTISTIC       BOOKBINDING.  — Miss 

.  •WINIFRED  STOPE8.  11,  Gayton  Road,  Hampstead,  BINDS, 
HALF-BINDS,  or  REPAIRS  BOOKS.  Pupils  received.  Terras  on 
application.    Bindery  open  to  Visitors  10  to  5,  Saturdays  excepted. 


TYPE-WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MBS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS,  &c,  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons.  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
■Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages'.  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WHITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.,  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  and 
all  kinds  of  TYPE-WRITING  carefully  and  accurately  done  at 
home  (Remington).  'Jit.  per  1,000  ;  Duplicating  from  3a.  6(1.  per  100.— 
M.  L.,  18,  Edgeley  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 

AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kymberly  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE- WRITING.  —  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  IShorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  B.  IS.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 

TYPE-WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS.  Translations,  &c.  Legal  and 
General  Copying.  Circulars,  &c.  Duplicated.  Usual  terms. 
References.  Established  Thirteen  Years.  —  S I K  ES  &  S1KES.  ■>».), 
Hammersmith  Bead,  W.  (Private  Address:  13,  Wolverton  Gardens, 
Hammersmith.) 


TV  I'ivW  KITING.— SERMONS,  AUTHORS' 
USS.,  PLATS,  fee,  accurately  and  promptly  executed, 
Remington  Machine.  Sd,  per  1,000  words  References  Address 
Jl.  M.,  Box  i]'",  Athenasum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

TYI'K- WRITER. —PLAYS  and    MSS.   of  every 
description.     Carbon  ami    other    Duplicate   or   Manifold   Copies. 

—Miss  E.  M  tigar,  i.i.  Maltland  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 
Established  1884. 


JUiljcrs'   ^$mix. 

HE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

■i  l     lateri   I  «  oi  Authors  eanably  represented.    Agreements  to 
mss,  placed  wilh  Publishers.    Terms  and  Testl 
menial  on  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGFiES,  34,  Paternoster  Row 


T 


$Utospajrer  J^nts. 

ATORTHERN    NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 

-Li  KENDAL,  ENGLAND, 

Supplies  Editors  with  all  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 

from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts. 


Caialogxws. 


A  NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

-XS_  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  k  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  &  SON,  Limito),  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


HARRY  H.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street, 
Leicester.  CATALOGUE  Ipost  free)  No.  19  contains  Woodcuts 
—Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  Benares  Edition— Nichols  Thucydides, 
1550— Rare  English  Tracts— Early  Medical  and  Law  Books,  &c. 


EEADERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  write  for  J.  BALDWIN'S  MONTHLY 
CATALOGUE  of  SECOND  HAND  BOOKS,  sent  post  free  on 
application.  Books  in  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  Bargains 
in  Scarce  Items  and  First  Editions.  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 
— Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 


CATALOGUE  NO.  46.  —Drawings,  Engravings, 
Etchings,  and  Books,  including  Engravings  after  Turner  in 
Line  and  Mezzotint— Turner's  Liber  Studioruni— Lucas's  Mezzotints 
after  Constable— Coloured  Prints  by  Stadler— Illustrated  Books- 
Works  by  John  Buskin.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  2, 
Church  Terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


LEIGHTON'S 
TLLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE    OF    EARLY 

_L    PRINTED    AND    OTHER    INTERESTING    BOOKS,    MANU- 
SCRIPTS. AND  BINDINGS,  OFFEBED  FOR  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  W. 

Thick  8vo,  1,738  pp.,  6,200  Items,  with  upwards  of  1,350  Reproductions 

in  Facsimile. 

Bound  in  art  cloth,  gilt  tops,  25s. ;  half-morocco,  gilt  tops,  30s. 

Part  X.  (Supplement)  containing  A,  with  205  Illustrations,  price  2s. 


BOOKS  AT  REDUCED  PRICES. 

GLAISHER'S  NEW  ANNUAL  CATALOGUE 
(124  pp.)  JUST  OUT. 
Librarians,  Bookbuyers  generally,  and  all  interested  in  Literature  are 
invited  to  apply  for  above. 

WILLIAM  GLAISHER, 

Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller,  205,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 

TO  BOOKBUYERS  and  LIBRARIANS.— 
W.  H.  SMITH  &  SONS  NOVEMBER  CATALOGUE,  containing 
some  7,000  Titles,  embracing  all  Branches  of  Literature,  showing 
reductions  of  30  per  cent,  to  80  per  cent.,  is  NOW  READY,  and  will  be 
sent  post  free  to  any  part  of  the  world  on  application  to  W.  H. 
SMITH  &  SON'S  Library,  186,  Strand,  London,  W.C.  The 
largest  combined  Stock  in  the  world  of  Second-hand  and  New 
Remainder  Works. 

BOOKS. —All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookfinder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  1  make  a  special 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists.  Special  List  of  2.000  Books  I  particularly  want  post  free. 
— EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-16,  John  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
mingham. Burton's  Arabian  Nights  unexpurgated,  illustrated, 
17  vols.  151.  15s. 


Equatorial  Telescope,  Spectroscopes,  Lathe,  dc. 
FRIDAY,  November  16,   at  half -past  12  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his  Rooms, 
88,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  EOUATORIAL 
TELESCOPE,  8  in.  Aperture,  by  Cooke  &  Sons,  of  iYork,  lately  the 
Property  of  the  Astronomer  NASMYTH— Spectroscopes  by  Browning 
—valuable  Microscope  by  Beck— Astronomical  Books,  &c— an  expen- 
sive massive  Triple  Lantern,  with  all  possible  Adjustments— a  single 
Multum  in  Parvo  Lantern— a  Newman  &  Guardia  }-plate  Reducing 
Camera  for  Lantern  Slides,  and  a,  very  extensive  and  choice  Collection 
of  Slides  with  Readings,  many  beautifully  Coloured — a  6-inch  Orna- 
mental and  Screw  Cutting  Lathe  by  Plant— Ellipse,  Eccentric,  and 
many  other  Chucks— Dividing  Apparatus,  and  a  quantity  of  useful 
Tools. 

On  view  day  prior  1.30  to  5.30  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  will  take 
place  on  TUESDAY,  November  13,  and  will  include  A  GREAT 
VARIETY  OE  INTERESTING  RELICS,  amongst  others  the  Saddle 
used  by  Napoleon  I.  during  his  Retreat  from  Moscow,  also  several 

other  Napol ]   Relics— a  choice  Collection   of  Carved    Figures,  War 

Shields,  Weapons,  &c,  from  the  Congo— also  Collection  of  Native 
Weapons  from   Anu'nniland  —  New  Zealand  Carved  Wood  and   other 

Curios— also  three  Human  Heads  shrunk  by  the  Natives  of  Equador, 
two  of  which  are  extremely  rare,  and  have  never  been  offered  before — 
Esquimaux  Relics— Curious  Ola  Japanese  Sword  Hilts— Chinese  and 
Japanese  Curios  -Greek,  Roman,  Obi  English  Gold  and  Silver  Coins— 
also  the  usual  Miscellaneous  Assortment. 

Catalogues  and  particulars  on  application  to  Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS 
38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR,  ■].  (!.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  K\ERY  FRIDAY,  at,  bis  Rooms,  88,  King 
si. ret,  Covent  (linden.  London,  W.C.  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES. SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES     Telescopes     Theodolite! 

i,.--.ei      Elect i-ici!  and  Srieniitir  lust. cuts    Cameras, Lenses,  and 

all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus    Optical  Lanterns  with  slides 
and   all  Accessories   in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers— Household 
Furniture— Jewellery  -and  other  Miscellaneous  Property, 
On  view  Thursday  t  to  ..  and  morning  of  Sale. 


The  Valuable  Library  of  the  late  C.  J.  SPENCE,  Esq.,  of 
North  Shields. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY',  November  5,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  Valuable  LIBRARY  of  PRINTED  BOOKS, 
ILLUMINATED  and  other  MANUSCRIPTS,  of  the  late  C.  J. 
SPENCE,  Esq..  of  North  Shields,  comprising  Illuminated  Manuscript 
Books  of  Hours  of  the  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Centuries— Rare 
Bibles  and  Testaments—  Breviaries,  Gospels,  and  Epistles— Common: 
and  other  Prayer  Books— Early  Printed  and  Rare  Foreign  Books — 
Valuable  Old  and  Modern  English  Works— Books  with  extra  illustra- 
tions —  Collections  of  Topographical  Views,  Portraits,  and  other 
Engravings— Standard  Works  on  Numismatics  (English  and  Foreign), - 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeological  Literature,  &c. 

Tod>eviewed.    Catalogues  may  be  bad. 

The  Collection  of  English  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  and  Silver 
Medals  of  W.  W.  WOOTTEN,  Esq.  (deceased). 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  7,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  GOLD  AND  SILVER 
COINS  and  ENGLISH  SILVER  MEDALS  of  W.  W.  WOOTTEN.  Esq. 
(deceased).  The  Bank,  Oxford,  including  Edward  III.  and  Richard  II.,. 
Gold— Henry  V.,  VI.,  Gold— Sovereigns  of  Henry  VIL,  VIII.,  Ed- 
ward VI.,  Mary,  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.  — Charles  I.  Shrewsbury 
Pound  and  Half  Pound  Siege  Pieces,  Sovereigns,  and  Oxford  Three- 
Pound  Pieces— Commonwealth  and  Cromwell,  Charles  II.  and  later. 
Gold  and  Silver  —  important  and  rare  Silver  Medals,  particularly 
relating  to  the  Stuart  Period. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Engravings,  Water-colour  Drawings,  Oil  Paintings,  Auto- 
graph Letters,  Books,  Theatrical  Relics,  die.,  the  Property 
of  the  late  JOHN  LAWRENCE  TOOLE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington* 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY',  November  8,  at  1  o'clock. 
precisely.  ENGRAVINGS,  WATER  COLOUR  DRAWINGS,  OIL 
PAINTINGS,  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS,  BOOKS,  THEATRICAL 
RELICS,  &c.  the  Property  of  the  late  JOHN  LAWRENCE  TOOLE, 
Esq.,  44,  Maida  Vale,  W.  (sold  by  Order  of  the  Executors). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selected  Portion  of  the  valuable  Library  of 
GUY  FELL  DEN,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  SATURDAY,  November  10,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, valuable  EARLY  PRINTED  AND  RARE  Books  and  ILLU- 
MINATED and  other  MANUSCRIPTS,  selected  from  the  LIBRARY 
at  Mollington  Hall,  Chester,  formed  by  the  late  Canon  GEORGK 
BICKER  BLOMFIELD,  the  Property  of  GUY  FEILDEN.  Esq.,  com- 
prising Bibles.  Prayers.  Missals,  Breviaries,  Hoia;,  and  other  Service 
Books,  Printed  and  Manuscript— Works  in  fine  Old  Bindings— Rare 
Tracts— a  few  Modern  English  Works. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  had. 


The  valuable  Collection  of  Crown  Pieces,  the  Property  of 
J.  E.  T.  LOVE  DAY,  Esq.,  and  a  Collection  of  English- 
and  Colonial  Coins,  &c,  the  Property  of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  18,  Wellington- 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  November  15.  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  COINS  and  MEDALS,  including  the 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  CROWN  PIECES,  the  Property  of  J.  E.  T. 
LOVEDAY,  Esq..  Williamscote,  Banbury;  and  a  COLLECTION  of 
ENGLISH  and  COLONIAL  COINS,  PATTERNS  and  PROOFS,  the- 
Propcrty  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

May  be  viewed  tnvo  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


THE  TRENTHAM  HALL  LIBRARY. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  13,'WelIington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  19,  and.  Five  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  PRINTED  BOOKS 
and  Manuscripts,  the  Property  of  His  Grace  the  DUKE  of  SUTHER- 
LAND, K.G.,  &c,  removed  from  Trentham  Hall,  Staffordshire. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Valuable  Law  Books,  including  the  Library  of  W.  C. 
FOOKS,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  deceased  (late  Bencher  of  Gray's  Inn). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancerv  Lane,  W.C.  on 
WEDNESDAY,  November  7,  at  1  o'clock,  VALUABLE  LAW 
BOOKS,  including  the  above  Library  and  other  Properties,  comprising 
a  Complete  Set  of  the  Law  Reports  from  the  commencement  to  1906, 
:VU  vols.,  calf — Law  Journal  Reports,  from  the  commencement  irr 
1S22  to  1897,  204  vols.  ;  and  another  Series  from  18.-J8  to  1896— House  of 
Lords  Cases  by  Bligh,  Maclean.  Robinson,  Chas  Clark,  &c,  30  vols. — 
Reports  in  Chancery  (including  the  Rolls  and  Vice-Chancellors' 
Courts),  King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas  and  Exchequer—  Tliernton's" 
Notes  of  Cases,  7  vols.,  and  others  in  the  Ecclesiastical  and  Maritime 
Courts— Hanson's  Bankruptcy  Cases,  12  vols.— Reports  in  the  Irish 
Courts— Recent  Editions  of  Modern  Text-Books— also  a  large  open 
Mahogany  Bookcase— Three  Smaller  Bookcases,  &c. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Modern  Publications  and  Remainders. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115.  Chancerv  Lane.  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY.  Novembers,  at  1  o'clock,  MODERN' PUBLICATIONS 
and  REMAINDERS  from  several  Publishing  Houses,  including; 
copies  of  Fox-Davics'  Armorial  Familes—  Thrbavne's  Monograms anii 
Ciphers— Robinson's  Rambles  in  the  Isle  of  Purbeck  -Spenser's  Faerie 
Oucenc.  with  Walter  Crane's  Illustrations, '4c. -Editions  of  the  Poets 
in  Leather  Bindings  suitable  for  Presentation  -Popular  Modern- 
Novels  Juvenile  Books.  Stc,  chiefly  New  in  Cloth— and  ;i  Selection 
of  Recent  Publications  from  a  Reviewer's  Library. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Works  in  Oriental 
Literature  from  the  Library  of  Rev.  II'.  //.  MILL,  D.D. 
[formerly  Regius  Professor  of  Hebrew  at  Cambridge), 

MESSRS. '  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
.  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  LIS,  ol,:ineerv  Line.  W.C  .  on  WED- 
NESDAY, November  14.  and  Following  Days,  tin-  above  LIBRARY 
ANDoTHEK'.PKOPERTIKS,  comprising  Vet  list  a  Monument  a,  i;  vols. 
-Stuart  and  Revett's  Antiquities  of  Athens.  I  \ols.,  and  other  Anti- 
quarian Works  — James's  National  MSS,  of  Scotland.  ::  v,  -Is.  -Folio 
Bonks, if  Old  I'lmjravillgH  and  Modern  Etchings  -  Collect  ionsof  Original 
Water-Colour  Drawings  bv  T.  M.  Richardson  and  ol  hers— a  few  Early 
Printed   Books  and  Works  relating  to  America-  Books  illustrated  by 

Cruikshonk    Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  Illustrated  Edition,  19  vols.— 

StorV    of     the     Nations     Series,     (i'J     vols,     half  mm n i     Asscuianus. 

Bibllotheoo    Orientalis,    I   vols.,   and   other   Works    in  Oriental    and 
Hebrew  Literature,  &c. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


531 


Library  of  the  lateG.  W.  KNIGHT.  Esq.  (o/Soxith  Kensington 
Mtisevm),  and  other  Private  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
br  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  -17,  Leicester  Square,  W.C., 
on  THURSDAY.  November  16.  and  Following  l>av.  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS  ON  ART— First  Editions 
of  Modern  Poets— Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  4c,  including  Helyot, 
Ordres  Monasteries,  ?  vols.— Musee  Francais,  4  vols,  morocco  extra, 
-with  Arms— Price's  Tauromacbia.  Coloured  Plates— Kilhourne  and 
Goode's  Game  Fishes  of  America— Aiken's  Moments  of  Fancy  and  New 
•Sketch  Book,  Coloured  Plates— Bocace.  lies  Nobles  Malheureux.  Paris, 
1538— Illustrations  by  Rowlandson,  Hosarth,  Morland,  4c— Mayer's 
Views  in  Turkey  and  Egypt.  Coloured  Plates— Angas's  South  Australia 
— Viollet  le-Duc,  Dictionnaire  de  1  Architecture  et  Dictionnaire  du 
Mobilier,  IS  vols,  half-morocco — Littre,  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue 
Francaise,  5  vols.— Beaumont's  Lcpontine  Alps,  Coloured  Plates— First 
Editions  of  Blackmore.  Pater.  4c— Standard  Works  on  Travel  and 
Biography— Autograph  Letters,  4c. 


B 


jHaaa^nus,    &x. 

L        A        C        K        W        O        O 
For  NOVEMBER  contains  :— 


A     WINTER     AT     THE     COURT    OF     AN 
ABSOLUTE  MONARCH. 
With  the  Dane  Mission  to  Kabul. 

By  A.  H.  GRANT,  I.C.S.,  Political  Assistant 

:SIR  HENRY  IRVING. 

NEWT  YORK. 

By  CHARLES  WHIBLEY. 

OUR  FRIEND  THE  MULE. 

By  J.  K. 
THE  DAFT  DAYS.     Chaps.   13-15. 

By  NEIL  MUNRO. 
A  PEEP  AT  CORSICA. 

By  ANDREW  BALFOUR. 
THE  PATRON. 

By  CHARLES  OLIVER. 

DEAN  SWIFT  IN  DUBLIN. 

By  J.  H.  BERXARD,  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's. 
SOME  ETHICS  AND  AN  ACCIDENT. 
A  Day's  Fishing  in  Wyoming. 

By  JOHN  MARVYN. 
THE  VOYAGE  OF  THE  "SCOTIA." 

By  Admiral  Sir  A.  H.  MARKHAM,  K.C.B. 
MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD. 

'The   Times'   and    the   Publisher — The   Real 
object  of  '  The  Times.' 

THE  SCOTTISH  CHURCHES  :    AN  APPEAL. 
By  the  Very  Rev.  WILLIAM  MAIR,  D.D., 
Ex-Moderator  of  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


c 


ONTEMPORA 

REVIEW,  NOVEMBER    2s.  6d. 


R     Y 


THE  END  OF  THE  BISMARCK   DYNASTY.     By  the  Author  of 
'The  Bismarck  Dynasty.' 

NAVAL  SCARES.    By  Lord  Eversley. 

THE   REFORM   OF   PARLIAMENTARY   PROCEDURE.     By  Sir 
Courtenay  llbert. 

HENRI K  IBSEN.    By  Prof.  Edward  Dowden. 

POOR  RELIEF  IN  BERLIN.    By  Dr.  E.  Munsterberg,  President  of 
the  Berlin  Public  Poor-Law  Board. 

M.  CLEMENCEAU.    By  Laurence  Jerrold. 

THE  RELIGIOUS  MOVEMENT  IN  FRANCE.    By  Paul  Sabatier. 

« '  LETTERS  OF  BUSINESS."    By  Canon  Hensley  Henson. 

FOREIGN  AFFAIRS.    By  Dr.  E.  J.  DLLLON. 

SOME  RECENT  BOOKS.    By  "A  Reader." 

LETTER  To  THE  EDITOR  ON  LOCAL  FINANCE.    By  John  Holt 
kssSchooling. 

London  :  HORACE  MARSHALL  4  SON. 

THE       EDINBURGH       REVIEW. 
No.  418.    OCTOBER,  1906.    8vo,  price  6s. 
1.  SOCIALISM  IN  THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 
•2.  BORDER  BALLADS. 

.  <  IIUISTINA.  QUEEN  OF  SWEDEN. 
4.  THE  ORIGIN  OF  LANDSCAPE. 
8.  SOME  TENDENCIES  IN  MODERN  MUSIC. 
«>.  LITERARY  CRITICISM.  ESTHETIC  AND  PSYCHOLOGICAL. 
7.  GREEK  ART  AND  MODERN  CRAFTSMANSHIP. 
B,  THE  GERMAN  STAGE. 

•    OH  \K.UTERISTICS  OF  MR.  SWINBURNE'S  POETRY, 
i      BBTORMHre  THE  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND. 
1).   IRISH  WANTS  AND  IRISH  WISHES. 

LONGMANS.  GREEN  4  00.  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.C. 


Till-',    BUILDER   (founded    1842),    4,    Catherine 
Street.  London,  W.O.,  November.!,  contains-— 

SF.LBV  ABBEY  FROM  THE  SOUTH-EAST 

The  New  Admiralty  Building  at  the  East  End  of  the  Mall 

lArchiti-i  tural  Detailsi. 
Tb.    Report  of  the  Local  Government  Board. 
Historical  Notes  on  Sclby  Abbey. 
Letter  from  ]':iris. 

Note)  "ii  tfoMic  and  Marble  Inlay  (VTTI 
Ncwca*t!c-on-Tvne. 
The  Rothirhithe  Tunnel  under  the  Thames  (with  Plan 

and  Ejection). 
Roofs  :  Structural!;  Considered  (Student's  Column! 
The  British  S.  hool  at  Allien*. 

Examples  of  Mosaic  and  kfarbls  Inlay,  4c. 
From  Office^  as  above  (4'/.  ;  by  post,   4$d.)  ;  or 
'Jin  mgh  any  Newsagent. 

[Continued  on  p.  562.] 


MESSRS.   CONSTABLE'S  LIST. 

BOOKS    FOR    PUBLICATION    NEXT    WEEK. 

MY    PILGRIMAGE    TO    THE    WISE    MEN 

OF    THE    EAST. 

By  MONCURE  D.    CONWAY.     8vo,  12*.  M,  net. 

The  route  Mr.  Conway  took  in  his  voyage  around  the  world  ran  through  Salt  Lake  City,  San 
Francisco,  the  Chief  Cities  in  Australia,  and  thence  to  Ceylon  and  India.  The  bulk  of  the  book  relates 
to  his  memories  of,  and  conversations  with,  leading  Buddhists,  Brahmins,  Parsees,  Moslems,  and  others 
in  India.     The  book  is  also  profusely  illustrated  with  interesting  portraits  and  facsimile  letters. 


WALT  WHITMAN.    A  Study  of  His  Life  and  Work.    By  Bliss 

PERRY.    Crown  8vo,  Illustrated  with  Portraits,  Facsimiles  of  MSS.,  Ac,  C*.  net. 

THE  FLOCK.    An  Idyll  of  Shepherd  Life.    By  Mary  Austin. 

Illustrated  by  E.  BOYD  SMITH.    Crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 

STUDIES  IN  SEVEN  ARTS.    By  Arthur  Symons.    Demy  8vo, 

8*.  6d.  net. 
Contents : — Rodin— The  Painting  of  the  Nineteenth  Century — Gustave  Moreau— Watts — Whistler — Cathedrals — The 
Decay  of  Craftsmanship  in  England — Beethoven — The  Ideas  of  Richard  Wagner — The  Problem  of  Richard  Strauss — 
Eleonora  Duse — A  New  Art  of  the  Stage — A  Symbolistic  Farce — Pantomime  and  the  Poetic  Drama — The  World  as  Ballet. 

A  TREASURY  OF  ENGLISH   LITERATURE.     Selected  and 

Arranged  by  KATE  M.  WARREN,  Lecturer  in  English  Language  and  Literature  at  Westfield  College  (University 
of  London).    With  an  Introduction  by  the  Rev.  STOPFORD  BROOKE,  M.A.    Demy  8vo,  7s.  Grf.  net. 


FORTHCOMING    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

THE  EIGHT  GUESTS.    By  Percy  White,  Author  of  'Mr.  John 

Strood,'  'Park  Lane,'  &c. 

THE  OPENED  SHUTTERS.    By  Clara  Louise  Burnham,  Author 

of  '  Jewel,'  'The  Right  Princess,'  &c. 

THE  COUNTY  ROAD.    By  Alice  Brown,  Author  of  '  Paradise,' 

'King's  End,'  &c. 

SOME    RECENT    PUBLICATIONS. 

THE    LIFE    OF    CHARLES    GODFREY    LELAND    ("Hans 

BREITMANN  "),  by  ELIZABETH  ROBINS  PENNELL.    Illustrated.    2  vols,  demy  8vo,  21«.  net 

THE    KING    OF    COURT    POETS.      A   Study   of    the   Life 

Work,  and  Times  of  Lodovico  Ariosto.    By  EDMUND  GARDNER,  Author  of  '  Dukes  and  Poets  in  Ferrara,'  <£e. 
With  Illustrations.    Demy  8vo,  1&>.  net. 

VICTORIAN  NOVELISTS.    By  Lewis  Melville,  Author  of  '  The 

Life  of  William  Makepeace  Thackeray.'    Illustrated  with  Portraits.    Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

LETTERS    AND    RECOLLECTIONS    OF    GEORGE 

WASHINGTON.    Being  his  Correspondence  with  Tobias  Lear,  and  the  latter's  Diary.     Illustrated  with  Rare 
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TIME   AND    CLOCKS :    a  Description  of  Ancient  and  Modern 

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THE    CRACKLING    OF   THORNS.    By  Dum  Dum,  Author  of 

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BERNARD    SHAW'S    WORKS. 
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You  Never  Can  Tell. 

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THE  IRRATIONAL  KNOT.    A  Novel.    Crown  8vo,  6s. 

CASHEL   BYRON'S    PROFESSION.      Being  No.  4  of  the  Novels  of  his 

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London:  A.  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  Ltd.  16  James  Street  Haymarket  S.W. 


532 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


LOVELL     REEVE    &     CO.'S 

NEW   AND    STANDARD    WORKS. 


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K.C.M.G.  F.R.S.,  &c,  late  Director  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Kew.  Vol.  I. 
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NOW  READY. 

CATALOGUE   OF    THE    PLANTS    OF   KUMAON    AND    OF 

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N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


533 


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THE    ATHEN^IUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


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the  "flu,"  .shore," 

If  the  present's  looking  yellow,  and  the  future  looking  ,    Have    drawn    for    our    amusement    upon    their    endless 

blue,  store ; 

No  better  sort  of  tonic  Punch  has  ever  come  across  i  And  all  who  love  "ould  Ireland  "  and  her  harum-scarum 

Than  the  novels  or  the  stories  penned  by  Somorville  and  j  ways 

Ross.  Had  better  buy  or  beg  or  steal  '  Some  Irish  Yesterdays.' 


LONGMANS,  GREEN  <fc  00.  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.O. 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


535 


SKEFFINGTONS'   AUTUMN    LIST. 


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536 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


Na4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


NEW  SIX-SHILLING  NOVELS. 


BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  '  THE  MORALS  OF 
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THE  BELOVED  VAGABOND. 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


539 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  3,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


Life  and  LettersTof  the  First  Eari.  of  Durham    539 
Dr.  Frazer's  Studies  in  Oriental  Religion       ..    540 

Reminiscences  of  W.  M.  Rossetti       541 

Western  Tibet  and  the  British  Borderland    ..    542 
NEW   Novels  (Paul ;  The  Illustrious  O'Hagan  ;  The 
Heir  ;  The  Triumph  of  Tinker ;  The  Fruit  of  the 
Tree  ;   The  Tea  Planter  ;  The  Lady  Evelyn  ;   The 
Worsleys  ;  It  Happened  in  Japan)      . .         . .      543 — 544 

Longinus  in  Greek  and  English         544 

Short  Stories  ..         545 

Our  Library  Table  (A  History  of  Modern  England  ; 
Dr.  Brandes's  Recollections  ;  The  New  Far  East ; 
A  Cruise  across  Europe ;  Comus,  and  other  Cam- 
bridge Reprints  ;  Ledgers  and  Literature  ;  Ideals 
and  Applications ;  Reconnoitres  in  Reason  ;  The 
Phonology  of  Old  Provencal  ;  The  Royal  Library  ; 
The  Barset>-hire  Novels  ;  The  Comedy  of  Dickens  ; 
Mrs.  Gaskell's  Works ;  An  Elizabethan  Antho- 
logy ;  Audrey  and  Sir  Mortimer)         . .         . .      545 — 547 

List  of  New  Books 547 

'The  Times'  and  the  Publishers;  France  and 
Austria  in  1870  ;  'Rousseau:  a  New  Criticism' 

548—549 

Literary  Gossip         550 

Science— The  Todas  ;  Civil  Engineering  ;  Anthro- 
pological   Notes  ;    Gossip  ;    Meetings   Next 

Week 551 — 554 

Fine  Arts— The  Art  of  Garden  Design  in  Italy; 
English  Coloured  Books  ;  The  Guilds  of 
Florence  ;  The  Cathedrals  of  England  and 
Wales  ;  The  Royal  Society  of  British 
Artists  ;  The  Cheyne  Art  Club  ;  The  Newest 
Light  on  Rembrandt  ;  Gossip        . .  554—557 

Music  —  Promenade  Concerts  ;  Three  Piano- 
forte    Recitals  ;     Gossip  ;     Performances 

Next  Week  558—559 

Drama— The  Anonymous  Play  of  'Nero';  Gossip 

559—560 
Index  to  Advertisers       560 


LITERATURE 


Life  and  Letters  of  the  First  Earl  of  Durham. 
By  Stuart  J.  Reid.  2  vols.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
An  authoritative  biography  of  Lord 
Durham  has  long  been  wanted.  After 
the  death  of  Canning  he  was  by  far 
the  most  picturesque  figure  in  English 
politics  until  Disraeli  arrived ;  his 
mission  to  Canada  laid  the  foundation  of 
those  colonial  liberties  which  have  pre- 
served the  British  Empire  from  disin- 
tegration ;  his  death  at  the  age  of  forty- 
eight  removed  him  when,  given  health, 
all  things  seemed  possible  to  him  as  the 
leader  of  the  Radical  party.  Had  he 
lived,  the  Whig  hierarchy  would  have 
experienced  ruder  shocks  than  Cobden 
or  Bright  ever  inflicted  on  it,  and  popular 
education,  for  one  thing,  would  have 
received  considerable  impetus.  Mr. 
Stuart  Reid  has  acquitted  himself  with 
credit  as  the  recorder  of  a  brief  and 
brilliant  career.  He  has  studied  his 
authorities  carefully,  and,  though  a  good 
deal  of  an  enthusiast,  he  is  fairly  alive 
to  his  hero's  shortcomings.  Wordiness 
and  prolixity  unfortunately  disfigure  his 
otherwise  acceptable  volumes.  It  was 
unnecessary  to  rewrite  the  history  of 
Queen  Caroline's  trial,  of  the  Reform 
Bill,  and  all  the  rest  of  it,  since  those 
sufficiently  interested  in  Lord  Durham 
to  read  his  biography  might  have  been 
credited  with,  at  all  events,  a  superficial 
knowledge  of  his  times.  Mr.  Reid,  too, 
is  occasionally  platitudinous,  and  not 
unfrequently  journalistic.  "  If  ever  the 
old  saying  that  brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit 
seems  applicable  "  is  the  opening  sentence 
of  his  preface.  That  dreadful  phrase 
"  the  gilded  chamber  "  occurs  more  than 
once  as  a  synonym  for  the  House  of 
Lords. 


The  Lambtons  were  not  a  long-lived 
race,  and  consumption  carried  off  Lord 
Durham's  father  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
three,  after  he  had  made  some  mark  as  a 
follower  of  Fox  and  a  founder  of  the 
"  Friends  of  the  People."  The  delicate 
boy  was  placed  under  the  charge  of  the 
well-known  Dr.  Beddoes,  of  Clifton,  who 
wrote  with  much  good  sense  to  his 
guardian  on  the  care  with  which  his 
passionate,  impressionable  character  ought 
to  be  handled.  Eton,  a  Gretna  Green 
marriage  with  a  natural  daughter  of  Lord 
Cholmondeley,  and  a  brief  career  in  the 
army  brought  John  George  Lambton  up 
to  his  majority,  when  a  vacancy  in  the 
representation  of  the  county  of  Durham 
resulted  in  his  return  for  a  constituency 
over  which  his  family  exercised  a  tra- 
ditional influence.  His  first  wife  died 
after  three  years  of  happy  marriage,  and 
her  children  followed  her  to  the  grave. 
By  his  second  marriage  with  Lady 
Louisa,  a  daughter  of  Earl  Grey,  he 
became  closely  connected  with  the  Whig 
aristocracy.  Lambton,  however,  struck 
out  a  line  of  his  own,  and  the  North  of 
England  knew  him  as  "  Radical  Jack." 
He  was  unmistakably  sincere,  and,  un- 
like eccentrics  such  as  "  Citizen  "  Stan- 
hope or  Burdett,  he  was  a  practical  poli- 
tician. Concentrating  himself  on  Parlia- 
mentary reform,  he  treated  the  remon- 
strances of  his  father-in-law  and  the  other 
Whig  magnificos  with  hot-tempered  dis- 
dain. He  was,  it  seems,  regarded  with 
displeasure  by  Holland  House,  and  wrote 
thereupon  to  Lord  Grey  : — 

"  Certainly  there  is  no  one  who  more 
keenly  feels  a  slight  than  myself,  and,  if  I 
feel  it,  I  cannot  assume  a  sense  of  content 
or  cordiality.  I  acknowledge  the  defect, 
and  feel  that,  while  I  would  strain  every 
nerve  and  make  every  sacrifice  for  those 
who  are  kind  to  me,  I  cannot  conceal  my 
want  of  esteem  and  cordiality  towards  those 
who,  as  in  the  above  instance,  endeavour 
to  run  me  down  for  the  particular  purpose 
of  their  own,  or  to  advance  the  interest  of 
their  particular  friends." 

Lambton,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  was 
a  man  of  most  difficult  temper,  however 
upright  his  public  life  may  have  been. 
No  new  light  is  thrown  by  Mr.  Reid  on  his 
acceptance  of  a  peerage  from  Canning. 
It  was  probably  a  declaration  of  independ- 
ence against  the  aristocratic  Whigs,  who, 
as  Grey's  correspondence  with  Madame 
de  Lieven  shows,  hated  Canning,  while 
they  merely  regarded  Wellington  as  a 
necessary  evil.  Still  they  had  to  take 
Durham  on  board,  and  in  the  Reform 
Cabinet  he  became  Lord  Privy  Seal,  and 
a  member  of  the  committee  of  four  that 
prepared  the  Bill.  Mr.  Reid  rather  under- 
states the  difficulties  created  by  Durham's 
violent  outbreaks  against  his  father-in-law  ; 
he  may  have  been  right  in  his  aims,  but 
he  was  wrong  in  his  methods.  The  best 
excuse  for  him  must  be  that  his  own  health 
was  wretched,  and  that  death  was  busy 
with  his  children.  On  June  12th,  1832, 
he  wrote  to  Lord  Grey  : — 

"  I  am  in  despair.  In  eight  months  I 
have  lost  son,  mother,  and  daughter.  When 
and  where  is  it  to  end  ?  I  live  little  in  the 
world.     I  have  few  or  no  friends  out  of  my  ' 


family.  My  children  are  taken  from  me 
one  after  the  other.  I  shudder  to  think 
which  is  to  be  the  next  victim.  I  have 
borne  up  as  long  as  I  could,  and,  with  exer- 
tions hardly  to  be  described  have  gone 
through  all  the  turmoil  and  agitation  of 
public  life.  I  have  lost  one — and  such  a 
child — and  with  the  certain  fate  of  another 
hanging  over  me,  I  can  struggle  no  longer." 

In  the  public  altercations  between 
Durham  and  Brougham,  which  gave 
William  IV.  a  convenient  pretext  for  dis- 
missing the  first  Melbourne  Ministry, 
the  latter  was  undoubtedly  the  principal 
offender.  A  brain  heated  to  the  verge 
of  insanity  and  personal  animosity  made 
him  cut  a  deplorable  figure.  But  Durham 
cannot  be  acquitted  of  playing  to  the 
gallery,  and  of  perpetrating  revelations 
of  Cabinet  affairs  in  his  Gateshead  speech 
which  were  irreconcilable  with  the  doctrine 
of  ministerial  responsibility.  As  is  well 
known,  Lord  Melbourne  banished  the 
pair  from  official  life  in  England,  and 
Earl  Grey  acquiesced  in  the  exclusion  of 
his  son-in-law  from  office,  though  on  the 
score  of  his  advocacy  of  the  ballot  and 
other  heresies. 

Durham  was  certainly  ambitious,  and 
he  made  profitable  use  of  his  oppor- 
tunities. He  cultivated  good  relations, 
on  the  one  hand,  with  the  Duchess  of 
Kent  and  the  King  of  the  Belgians  ;  on 
the  other,  he  was  on  excellent  terms  with 
Joseph  Parkes,  the  Schnadhorst  of  the 
day  ;  he  was  an  active  promoter  of  the 
Reform  Club,  and  he  kept  an  eye  on  rising 
young  men,  like  Benjamin  Disraeli  and 
Cobden,  who  might  be  of  service  to 
Radicalism.  Then  why  did  he  permit 
himself  to  be  "  side-tracked,"  as  the  Ame- 
ricans call  it,  into  the  St.  Petersburg 
Embassy  ?  His  motives  were  that  he 
could  not  be  employed  at  home  and  did 
not  like  to  be  idle.  The  mission  was  a 
great  success,  partly  through  Durham's 
outspoken  firmness,  partly  owing  to  the 
tact  with  which  Palmerston  kept  him  in 
line  with  William  IV.,  who  regarded 
Russia  with  the  animosity  of  the  quarter- 
deck. 

On  his  return  to  England  Durham 
gave  evidence  of  unabated  Radicalism, 
and  when  the  new  reign  began  he  was 
forty-five — an  age  at  which,  as  Mr.  Reid 
remarks,  all  things  are  possible  in  political 
life.  Once  more  he  undertook  a  difficult 
task,  namely,  the  pacification  of  the 
Canadas  ;  and  Melbourne,  who  thought 
that  "  the  final  separation  of  those 
colonies  might  possibly  not  be  of  material 
detriment  to  the  interests  of  the  Mother 
Country,"  all  but  went  down  on  his 
knees  to  induce  Durham  to  go  out.  Mr. 
Reid's  account  of  the  mission  is  essentially 
fair  :  he  admits  that  Durham  made  a 
mistake  in  taking  witli  him  men  of 
damaged  character,  though  to  talk,  as 
he  does,  of  Gibbon  Wakefield's  abduction 
of  Miss  Turner  as  a  "  social  indiscretion  " 
is,  we  think,  to  be  needlessly  prudish.  He 
also  allows  that  the  Governor-General 
ought  to  have  kept  the  Cabinet  more  fully 
informed  than  he  did  as  to  his  proceedings. 
At  the  same  time  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  Durham  was  unworthily  sacrificed 
to  the  exigencies  of  party,  and  delivered 


540 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N'4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


up  as  a  victim  to  Brougham's  vindictive- 
ness.  The  colonists  were  with  him  ;  he 
asked  for  nothing  more  than  steady 
backing  in  Parliament  : — 

"  They  believe  in  my  good  intentions 
towards  all,  and  in  my  having  support  from 
home.  See  you  to  that  ;  I  will  provide  for 
the  remainder.  The  colonies  are  saved  to 
England  as  far  as  I  am  concerned,  but  you 
must  be  firm.  Don't  interfere  with  me 
whilst  I  am  at  work.  After  it  is  done, 
impeach  me  if  you  will.  I  court  the  fullest 
responsibility,  but  leave  me  the  unfettered 
exercise  of  my  own  judgment  in  the  mean- 
time." 

Thus  Durham  wrote  to  Melbourne.  Within 
a  few  weeks  a  technical  irregularitj^ — for 
the  banishment  of  the  rebels  to  Bermuda 
was  no  more  than  that — was  punished 
by  the  disallowance  of  his  Ordinance. 
Mr.  Reid  gives  us  illustrative  documents 
— notably  an  unpublished  account  of  the 
mission  by  Charles  Buller — which  fully 
explain,  for  the  first  time,  the  motives 
at  the  back  of  Durham's  subsequent 
conduct.  Even  the  passage  in  the  famous 
Proclamation,  pointing  out  that  the  rebels 
were  free  to  return  to  Canada  if  they 
pleased,  had  its  practical  intent,  though 
it  was  regarded  at  the  moment  as  a 
petulant  outburst.  Durham  set  him- 
self, in  short,  to  calm  fear  in  Canada, 
even  if,  in  so  doing,  he  mystified 
the  public  at  home.  On  his  return, 
scorning  self-exculpation  in  Parliament, 
he  busied  himself  with  his  Report.  Mr. 
Reid  conclusively  disposes  of  Brougham's 
malignant  slander  that  the  matter  of  the 
document  came  from  a  felon  (Wakefield), 
and  the  style  from  a  coxcomb  (Buller). 
The  latter  in  his  account  of  the  mission 
frequently  alludes  to  the  Report,  but  not 
a  single  phrase  hints  that  he  was  its  author. 
Canada  and  the  Melbourne  Ministry 
between  them  virtually  killed  Lord  Dur- 
ham.    As  Bulwer  Lytton  wrote  : — 

Ah  !  happy  hadst  thou  fallen  foe  to  foe, 

That  bright  race  run — the  laurel  o'er  thy  grave  ! 

But  hands  perfidious  sprung  the  ambushed  bow, 
And  the  friends'  shaft  the  rankling  torture  gave. 

The  last  proud  wish  in  agony  to  hide, 

The  stricken  deer  to  covert  crept— and  died. 

But  time  was  left  him  for  holding  out  the 
hand  of  reconciliation  to  Brougham,  who, 
we  are  told,  slipped  uneasily  out  of  Lady 
Tankerville's  drawing-room,  and  for  recon- 
stituting the  New  Zealand  Association, 
and  thus  in  the  nick  of  time  saving  the 
islands  from  occupation  by  France. 


Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris  :  Studies  in  Oriental 
Religion.  By  J.  G.  Frazer.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

These  fascinating  studies,  which  are 
presented  to  us  as  a  foretaste  of  the  third 
edition  of  Dr.  Frazer's  famous  '  Golden 
Bough,'  have  all  the  qualities  of  that 
work,  and  require,  therefore,  no  further 
recommendation  from  the  reviewer.  But 
there  are  also  perpetual  phrases  like 
"  may  probably  be,"  "  seem  to  indicate," 
&c,  which  produce  in  the  reader  a  feeling 
of  vagueness  and  uncertainty.  No  doubt 
many  of  the  inferences  and  interpretations 
are   fanciful   and   unwarranted ;     we   are 


wandering  all  the  time  over  doubtful  and 
shaky  ground,  where  a  firm  foothold  is 
hardly  to  be  found  ;  our  faith  in  the  general 
conclusions  of  the  author  must  rest  on 
the  consideration  that  a  number  of 
independent  probabilities,  leading  to  the 
same  conclusion,  gradually  strengthen  it, 
whereas  doubtful  arguments,  if  depending 
one  upon  the  other,  only  weaken  the  chain 
by  their  number.  There  are  not  a  few 
instances  of  the  latter  kind  in  the  book 
before  us  ;  but  the  effect  of  the  whole 
comparative  study  of  various  independent 
cults  is  good  evidence  of  the  soundness 
of  the  author's  religious  philosophy.  Not 
that  this  philosophy  is  at  all  orthodox  ; 
no  personal  feeling  comes  out  more 
strongly  in  his  pages  than  hatred  and 
contempt  for  the  worship  of  celibacy  in 
the  Roman  Church.  Here  is  a  character- 
istic utterance  : — 

"  It  would  be  unfair  to  the  generality  of 
mankind  to  ascribe  wholly  to  their  intellectual 
and  moral  weakness  the  gradual  divergence 
of  Buddhism  and  Christianity  from  their 
primitive  patterns.  For  it  should  never  be 
forgotten  that  by  their  glorification  of 
poverty  and  celibacy  both  these  religions 
struck  straight  at  the  root  not  merely  of 
civil  society,  but  of  human  existence.  The 
blow  was  parried  by  the  wisdom  or  the  folly 
of  the  vast  majority  of  mankind,  who  refused 
to  purchase  a  chance  of  their  souls'  salva- 
tion for  the  certainty  of  extinguishing  their 
species." 

This  might  seem  to  the  reader  at  first 
sight  unjust  to  these  creeds  in  particular, 
since  the  cult  of  Attis  required  as  its 
first  act  of  devotion  the  emasculation 
of  the  devotee.  But  to  this  act  Dr. 
Frazer  assigns  a  wholly  different  intention. 
It  was  not  from  contempt  or  dislike  of 
this  side  of  animal  nature,  but  rather 
from  its  exaggerated  importance,  that 
the  fanatic  cut  off  the  most  precious  part 
of  his  body  as  a  sacrifice  to  increase  the 
fertility,  and  hence  the  beneficence  of  the 
Deity.  For  to  help  in  some  way,  by 
magic,  by  sacrifice,  by  dramatic  imitation, 
the  generative  forces  of  nature  was,  in 
Dr.  Frazer's  opinion,  the  Grundidee  of  all 
the  Oriental  cults  he  surveys.  There  is 
something  truly  Hegelian  in  the  contra- 
dictory methods  adopted  by  various 
societies  to  attain  the  same  end.  In  the 
same  Asia  Minor  where  this  worship  of 
Cybele  with  trains  of  eunuch  priests  was 
at  home,  we  hear  from  Herodotus  that 
the  Lydians,  and  also  the  Babylonians, 
made  all  their  daughters  practise  prostitu- 
tion before  marriage,  as  an  act  pleasing 
to  their  goddess  Astarte,  or  whatever  her 
title  might  be.  This  practice  is  shown 
by  Dr.  Frazer  to  have  been  spread  over 
all  the  country  down  to  Syria,  and  possibly 
to  have  been  a  remnant  of  Hittite  influ- 
ence. But  far  from  regarding  it  as  a 
pandering  to  human  passion,  he  explains 
it  as  the  devotion  of  that  day  and  of  these 
people  endeavouring  to  aid  their  goddess 
in  producing  fertility  in  the  fruits  of  the 
earth.  We  hear  that  young  women 
earned  dowries  in  this  way,  but  Dr. 
Frazer  persists  that  the  true  motive  was 
"  devotion  rather  than  economy."  This 
is  confirmed  by  a  Greek  inscription  of 
Tralles    as   late   as    our   second   century. 


It  also  reminds  us  of  the  fact  that  the 
dignified  Pindar  did  not  disdain  to  write 
an  ode  for  women  of  the  sort  attached 
to  the  temple  of  Aphrodite  at  Corinth  : — 
"  Their  vocation,  far  from  being  infamous, 
was  probably  long  regarded  by  the  laity 
as  an  exercise  of  more  than  common  virtue, 
and  rewarded  by  a  tribute  of  mixed  wonder, 
reverence,  and  pity,  not  unlike  that  which 
in  some  parts  of  the  world  is  still  paid  to 
women  who  seek  to  honour  their  Creator 
in  a  different  way  by  renouncing  the  natural 
functions  of  thoir  sex,  and  the  tenderest 
relations  of  humanity.  It  is  thus  that  the 
folly  of  mankind  finds  vent  in  opposite 
extremes  alike  harmful  and  deplorable." 

We  presume  that  Dr.  Frazer  desires  his 
book  to  be  placed  upon  the  Index.  Still 
more  anti-Catholic  are  the  frequent  infer- 
ences that  in  holy  rites,  ceremonies,  and 
sacrifices  the  Christian  Church  has  built 
herself  upon  pagan  foundations.  Any 
one  who  has  seen  (as  the  present  writer 
has)  the  Good  Friday  lamentations  for 
the  death  of  Christ  in  Calabria,  where  a 
wax  image  of  the  Saviour  with  all  His 
wounds  was  laid  before  the  altar  sur- 
rounded by  a  guard  of  honour  in  full 
uniform  and  fixed  bayonets,  with  a  con- 
gregation sobbing  and  moaning  in  uncon- 
trollable grief,  cannot  but  be  reminded  of 
"  Thammuz  yearly  wounded  "  and  those 
many  other  celebrations  which  certainly 
arose  from  a  sympathy  with  dying  nature 
and  a  superstitious  effort  to  aid  in  its 
resurrection.  Among  these  widely  diverse 
efforts  no  idea  seems  more  primitive  and 
more  universal  than  that  the  imitation 
of  a  divine  act  or  process  promotes  that 
act.  The  king  that  personifies  the  god, 
and  among  some  nations  was  sacrificed 
as  such  ;  the  priest  that  performs  the 
sacrifice,  and  aids  the  worshipper  by  a 
symbolic  murder  ;  the  purifying  by 
another's  blood  or  by  fire — all  these 
come  under  that  strange  class  of  ideas 
which  seem  developed  among  the  most 
widely  severed  peoples  who  live  in  similar 
circumstances.  The  wealth  of  Dr. 
Frazer's  lore  brings  curious  illustrations 
from  the  four  winds  of  heaven.  In  dis- 
cussing the  curious  belief  that  a  man  might 
be  the  father  of  a  god,  he  might,  besides 
the  predominance  of  the  mother  in  those 
primitive  theories,  have  cited  the  curious 
fact  that  in  the  Egyptian  court  theology 
every  true  Pharaoh  was  the  son  of  the 
god  Ra,  while  at  the  same  time  he  was 
the  son  of  his  earthly  father.  The  two 
conceptions  were  not  thought  in  the  least 
contradictory.  So  little  logic  is  there  in 
primitive  human  sentiment,  even  when 
elaborated  by  a  school  of  learned  theo- 
logians ! 

The  author's  well  -  known  predilec- 
tion for  tree  gods  makes  him  see  even 
in  Osiris  an  original  tree  god.  There 
are  no  doubt  several  myths  in  which  he  is 
represented  as  encased  in  a  hollow  stem, 
which  may  be  regarded  as  proving  the 
point.  But  these  isolated  stories  seem 
so  foreign  to  the  general  account  of 
Osiris's  life  and  passion  that  we  should 
rather  regard  them  as  imported  features, 
coming  from  some  neighbouring  people 
or  some  kindred  cult.  Indeed,  the  like- 
ness of  Osiris  to  the  Syrian  deities  treated 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


Al 


in  this  book  seems  to  us  unmistakable,  but 
only  general,  and  merely  the  independent 
expression  of  like  ideas  in  a  more  highly 
speculative  society.  But  on  this  point 
Dr.  Frazer  may  convert  us  by  further 
•evidence. 

There  is  but  one  speculation  in  the 
book  wherein  both  he  and  his  learned 
friend  who  criticized  him  seem  to  have 
missed  the  main  point.  Contrasting  the 
ideal  of  Greek  and  Roman  society,  their 
conception  of  the  subordination  of  the 
•citizen  to  the  State,  of  the  safety  of  the 
commonwealth  as  above  that  of  the 
individual — a  great  unselfish  ideal — with 
that  brought  in  by  Oriental  religions, 
"  which  inculcated  the  commune  [sic]  of 
the  soul  with  God  and  its  eternal  salvation 
as  the  only  objects  worth  living  for  " — 
contrasting  these  attitudes,  he  charges 
Oriental  religions  with  having  caused  the 
•destruction  of  the  splendid  civilization  of 
classical  days.  His  learned  friend  tells 
him  he  should  have  added  bad  govern- 
ment and  a  ruinous  fiscal  system  as  con- 
tributing causes.  But  even  so  the  main 
cause  seems  to  us  passed  over.  Indeed, 
the  Oriental  creeds,  if  they  generally 
ignored  political  considerations,  did  not 
as  a  rule  preach  the  supreme  value  of  the 
individual,  but  were  quite  as  ready  to 
sacrifice  him  to  their  deities  as  the  Greeks 
were  to  sacrifice  him  for  the  public  weal. 
The  real  origin  of  individualism,  as  op- 
posed to  the  collectivism  of  the  ancient 
State,  was  in  the  teaching  of  Socrates  and 
his  disciples,  who  put  the  commands  of 
duty,  as  ascertained  and  felt  by  the 
individual,  above  all  other  obligations. 
This  Greek  practical  philosophy  culminated 
in  the  Stoic  and  Epicurean  systems,  both 
of  which  placed  the  summum  bonum 
within  the  reach  of  the  individual,  apart 
from  the  State.  It  was  the  education  of 
all  the  higher  classes  in  this  philosophy — 
absolutely  human,  but  strongly  indi- 
vidualist— which  did  more  to  sap  the  old 
civic  patriotism  than  any  Oriental  influ- 
ences. Dr.  Frazer  might  have  added  to 
the  latter  what  Otto  Seeck  has  shown  in 
a  remarkable  chapter — that  the  influx 
of  Syrian  blood  into  the  Italy  of  the 
Empire  infected  all  classes,  and  produced 
a  common  type,  visible  in  Italy  at  the 
present  day,  which  is  not  in  the  least  Italic. 
These  people  naturally  inclined  to  super- 
stition rather  than  reason,  and  by  their 
prolific  breeding  debauched  old  Grseco- 
Roman  society.  To  discuss  this  question, 
however,  would  require  not  a  column,  but 
a  volume.  We  only  touch  it  because 
Dr.  Frazer  asks  for  suggestions  to  use  in 
his  forthcoming  new  edition.  We  hope 
he  may  accomplish  his  great  and  laud- 
able design,  and  give  us  in  its  maturest 
form  a  book  which  is  an  honour  to  the 
English  philology  of  modern  times. 


Some  Reminiscences  of  William  Michael 
Rossetti.  2  vols.  (Brown,  Lanfdiam  & 
Co.) 

So  far  as  these  reminiscences  constitute 
an  autobiography,  which  in  a  sense  they 
do,  they  may  rank  in  candour  with  the 


'  Confessions '  of  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau 
or  those,  even  less  edifying,  to  which 
Schiller  assigned  the  preference,  of 
Nicholas  Edme  Restif  de  la  Bretonne. 
Outspokenness  is  the  quality  in  which 
alone  any  resemblance  can  be  detected. 
From  the  display  of  passion  and  the  ugly 
details  with  which  '  Monsieur  Nicholas,  ou 
le  Cceur  humain  devoile,'  overflows,  Mr. 
Rossetti's  work  is  as  free  as  it  is  from  the 
sordid  revelations  of  the  '  Confessions.' 
The  portraiture  is  none  the  less  as  un- 
compromisingly faithful,  as  minute  in 
detail,  and  as  exact  in  reproduction.  So 
far  as  regards  his  dealing  with  others 
the  advice  of  Othello, 

Nothing  extenuate, 
Nor  set  down  aught  in  malice, 

is  scrupulously  followed.     The  judgment 
pronounced   is    calm,    serene,    passionless 
— that  of  one  unmoved  by  human  con- 
siderations, who  sees  with  equal  eye 
A  hero  perish  or  a  sparrow  fall, 

and  mentions  in  a  like  spirit  of  aloofness 
concerning  his  sister  Maria  Francesca  that 

"  her  Christian  faith,  conviction,  and  per- 
sonal confidence  were  of  the  most  absolute 
kind  ;  she  viewed  with  solemn  gladness  her 
inevitably  approaching  death,  longing  to 
be  with  Christ  "  ; 

and  of  his  offspring  that 

"  the  love  of  freedom,  which  in  my  father 
took  its  course  towards  constitutional 
monarchy  and  in  myself  towards  theoretic 
republicanism,  launched  my  children  upon 
the  tumultuous  waters  of  anarchism." 

Under  the  pseudonym  of  Isabel  Mere- 
dith, and  in  conjunction  with  her  sister 
Helen  Maria,  Olivia  Frances  Madox 
Rossetti  (Signora  Agresti)  wrote  '  A  Girl 
among  the  Anarchists.'  On  leaving  Lon- 
don for  Genoa  by  way  of  Turin,  where  an 
exhibition  was  to  be  opened  by  King 
Humbert,  she  was  the  recipient  of  some 
attentions  on  the  part  of  the  Italian 
police  in  London,  and  on  reaching  Turin 
was  detained  and  carried  off  to  the  police 
station.  A  careful  investigation  of  her 
luggage  having  revealed  nothing  com- 
promising, she  was  allowed  to  proceed 
on  her  journey,  though  in  Genoa,  as  her 
father  testifies,  she  was  "  shadowed  "  by 
the  police.  The  supervision  exercised 
over  the  grandchild  of  the  poet  and 
refugee  Gabriele  Rossetti  naturally  excited 
some  comment  in  the  Italian  press. 

Much  as  has  been  written  on  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Brotherhood  by  various  pens, 
including  that  of  Mr.  Rossetti,  further 
light  is  yet  cast  upon  the  members.  A 
short  semi-biographical  sketch  of  most 
of  them  is  provided,  and  particulars  not 
elsewhere  accessible  are  supplied.  The 
revelations  concerning  them  have  the 
openness  by  which,  as  we  have  said,  the 
entire  work  is  characterized,  and  some 
of  them  may  in  perusal  prove  but  mode- 
rately gratifying  to  the  few  survivors.  Of 
Mrs.  Millais,  the  mother  of  the  painter, 
it  is  said  : — 

"  Before  marrying  Mr.  Millais  she  had 
been  (as  I  hoard)  the  widow  of  a  tailor,  Mr. 
Hodgkinson,  having  two  sons  of  her  first 
issue.  Mrs.  Millais  when  I  knew  her  had 
the  remains  of  good  features,  without  much 


amenity  ;  she  was  decisive  in  manner,  and 
very  brisk  and  rather  jerky  in  gesture. 
She  always  wore  a  cap  ;  it  was  not  always 
a  smart  one." 

Of  the  Pre-Raphaelites  generally,  among 
whom  the  pre-eminence  is  assigned  to 
Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  it  is  said  that  they 

"  belonged  to  the  middle  or  lower  middle 
class  of  society.  Not  one  (if  I  except  my 
brother  and  myself)  had  had  the  sort  of 
liberal  education  which  comprises  Latin 
and  Greek,  nor  did  any  of  them — not  even 
Millais,  though  associated  with  Jersey — 
read  or  speak  French.  Faults  of  speech 
and  of  spelling  occurred  among  them  passim. 
Of  any  access  to  '  the  upper  classes  '  tlirough 
family  ties  there  was  not  a  trace." 

In  the  feuds  begotten  among  the  members 
of  the  Brotherhood  —  the  effects  of 
which,  it  is  regrettable  to  say,  still 
exist — our  author  did  not  participate, 
and  he  is  probably  alone  among  them 
in  being  able  to  say  that  he  has  remained 
on  very  good  terms  with  every  P.-R.  B. 
For  that  limitation  might  almost  be 
substituted  all  men  with  whom  he  has  been 
thrown  into  association.  Thanks  to  Mr. 
Rossetti's  good  sense,  absence  of  jealousy, 
and  equable  temperament,  there  is  but 
one  person  of  the  hundreds  mentioned 
from  whom  indulgence  is  withheld,  and 
in  this  case  provocation,  though  less  than 
is  surmised,  was  extreme. 

Something  like  disparagement  is  in- 
volved in  the  mention  of  the  Hannay  set, 
with  whom  in  1849  and  the  following 
years  the  Rossettis  were  tolerably  con- 
versant, and  in  the  comparison  drawn 
between  them  and  the  P.-R.  B.  "  The 
P.-R.  B.s  were  all  high-thinking  young 
men,"  fostering  a  high  ideal  in  art,  and 
marked  by  habits  abstemious  rather  than 
otherwise. 

"  The  Hannay  set  were  equally  impecun- 
ious, but  not  equally  abstemious.  They 
also  may  have  laid  out  little  money,  having 
laid  in  still  less  ;  but  they  breathed  the 
atmosphere  of  '  devil-may-care,'  and  were 
minded  to  jollify  as  best  they  could." 

James  Hannay  is  credited  with  a  strong 
taste  for  Ciceronian  and  Horatian  Latin. 
His  familiarity  with  Horace,  whom  he 
repeatedly  mentioned  as  "  the  Venusian," 
was  acquired  comparatively  late  in  life, 
and  not  through  the  ordinary  channels. 

With  Tennyson  Mr.  Rossetti  had  a 
temporary  acquaintance,  and  he  narrates 
concerning  him  two  anecdotes  which,  he 
believes,  are  new  to  print.  One,  given  on 
the  authority  of  Woolner,  in  whose 
accuracy  he  confides,  tells  how,  in  the 
course  of  a  trip  with  friends  to  Italy, 
tobacco  such  as  Tennyson  could  smoke 
gave  out  at  some  particular  city  (Florence?) 
whereupon  the  poet  packed  up  his  port- 
manteau and  returned  home,  breaking 
up  the  party.  For  the  truth  of  this  trivial 
relation — story  it  is  not — the  present 
reviewer  can  vouch,  having  heard  it  not 
only  from  Woolner,  but  also  from  Tenny- 
son's brother  Septimus. 

According  to  the  preface,  the  present 
work  is  the  eighteenth  more  or  less  con- 
nected with  his  family  for  which  Mr. 
Rossetti  is  responsible.  Some  recurrence 
to  the  same  matter  is  in  the  circumstances 
inevitable,  though  repetition  of  identical 


542 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


details  has  been  avoided.  He  is  aware 
that  .  the  compilations  concerning  his 
family  for  which  he  is  responsible  have 
been  regarded  as  excessive.  From  the 
implied  rebuke  he  defends  himself 
on  the  plea  that  though  thousands 
and  tens  of  thousands  do  not  care 
to  know  about  Dante  or  Christina 
Rossetti  and  Madox  Brown,  there  are 
tens  and  hundreds  who  do  care.  In 
offering  to  this  limited  public  authentic 
compilations,  the  materials  for  which 
are  at  his  sole  disposal,  he  has  been,  he 
holds,  'L  more  serviceable  than  impor- 
tunate." This  is  putting  the  matter  with 
characteristic  moderation.  In  publishing 
details  such  as  constitute  this  work  no 
pressure  is  put  upon  the  public  to  read 
them.  The  world  of  Rossettis,  Polidoris, 
and  the  rest  is  deeply  attractive  to  men 
of  cultivation,  and  those  who  pass  before 
us  in  the  pages  of  this  book  embrace  much 
that  is  most  distinguished  in  nineteenth- 
century  literature  and  art.  Though  sup- 
posing ourselves  pretty  well  au  fait  with 
the  principal  members  of  the  Rossetti 
circle,  we  learn  matters  of  much  interest. 
Of  the  relations  between  Christina  Ros- 
setti and  James  Collinson — on  the  whole, 
the  least  significant  member  of  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Brotherhood — and  the  religious 
questions  which,  in  the  lady's  opinion, 
constituted  an  insurmountable  obstacle 
to  a  union,  we  were  aware.  We  hear, 
however,  for  the  first  time  of  a  subsequent 
and  no  more  prosperous  attachment.  In 
1864  Christina  Rossetti  received  a  pro- 
posal of  marriage  from  Charles  Bagot 
Cayley,  an  acquaintance  of  her  family  since 
1847.  The  offer,  from  religious  scruples, 
she  felt  herself  compelled  to  decline.  This 
case  was  more  interesting  as  well  as  more 
serious  than  the  other.  Cayley,  a  man 
of  scholarly  tastes  and  attainments,  was 
responsible  for  a  translation  of  Dante  in 
terza  rima  which,  though  often,  through 
similarity  of  name,  confounded  with  the 
rendering  of  Cary,  is  superior  to  that 
popular  work,  and  is,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
present  reviewer,  perhaps  the  best  render- 
ing into  English  of  the  entire  '  Divine 
Comedy.'  For  Cayley  Miss  Rossetti  had 
a  warm  regard,  suffused  with  as  near  an 
approach  to  passion  as  her  nature  could 
know.  To  him  she  dedicated  sonnets 
and  poems  included  in  her  published 
works,  and  on  her  death-bed  she  spoke 
of  her  love  for  him. 

Next  to  the  outspokenness  with  which 
we  have  dealt,  some  of  the  manifestations 
of  which  seem  naive — as  "  Her  hair  was 
dark — it  was  not  veritably  hers  " — the 
most  striking  attribute  of  the  confessions 
is  common  sense.  A  journalist  of  ex- 
perience, Mr.  Rossetti  derides  the  fre- 
quent assumption  of  knowledge,  on  the 
part  of  outsiders,  of  the  secrets  of  unsigned 
journalism.  When  in  The  Alhenceum 
*  Gabriel  Denver '  was  reviewed  "  with 
some  degree  of  asperity,"  Mr.  Jeaffreson 
— who  as  the  time  damnee  of  Hep  worth 
Dixon  was  familiar  with  similar  asper- 
sions— was  held  to  be  the  culprit,  and 
for  some  years  passed  with  the  Madox 
Browns  as  an  enemy.  "  And  yet,"  as 
Mr.  Rossetti  justly  says,  "  the  assumption 


was  totally  mistaken.  Jeaffreson  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  review." 
Notwithstanding  this  enlightened  utter- 
ance, Mr.  Rossetti  in  the  case  of  his  own 
work  shows  himself  as  rash  and  as  mis- 
informed as  the  Madox  Browns.  Having 
in  1869-70  published  an  edition  of  Shelley, 
he  found  that  while  some  of  the  reviews 
were  decidedly  laudator}',  others  were 
adverse  in  a  high  degree.  "  This,"  he 
says,  "  was  particularly  the  case  with 
The  Alhenceum,  where  (as  I  was  informed, 
and  indeed  I  have  reason  to  be  pretty  sure 
of  it)  [these  italics  are  our  own]  the 
reviewer  was  Mr.  Robert  Buchanan,  who 
less  than  two  years  afterwards,  made  a 
pseudonymous  attack  on  my  brother's 
reputation."  We  can  only  repeat  con- 
cerning Buchanan  what  Mr.  Rossetti  said 
about  Jeaffreson  :  "  And  yet  the  assump- 
tion is  totally  mistaken.  Buchanan 
had  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the 
review."  The  writer  of  the  review  was 
a  distinguished  scholar  still  happily 
amongst  us. 

Among  many  persons  concerning  whom 
good  stories  are  told  are  Whistler  and 
Trelawny,  the  author  of  '  The  Adven- 
tures of  a  Younger  Son.'  By  the  side  of 
his  portrait  of  the  latter,  introduced  into 
'  The  North  Sea  Passage  '  Millais  placed 
a  glass  of  grog.  That  Trelawny,  who  was 
a  denouncer  of  indulgence  in  drink,  was 
annoyed  at  this  is  known.  Mr.  Rossetti 
gathers  that  Trelawny  entertained  some 
idea  of  challenging  the  artist  to  a  duel, 
as  having  in  effect  traduced  him  behind 
his  back. 

The  many  interesting  illustrations  in- 
clude portraits  of  the  writer,  Ford  Madox 
Brown,  Elizabeth  E.  Siddal  (Mrs. 
Rossetti),  Mr.  Swinburne,  Mrs.  William 
Morris,  Mrs.  Browning,  Lucy  Brown  (Mrs. 
William  Rossetti),  Maria  Francesca  Ros- 
setti, and  Frances  and  Christina  Rossetti 
by  Dante  Rossetti  from  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery. 


Western  Tibet  and  the  British  Borderland. 
By  Charles  A.  Sherring.  With  Illus- 
trations and  Maps.     (Arnold.) 

In  his  modestly  worded  preface  Mr. 
Charles  Sherring  refers  to  the  great  ad- 
vance in  our  knowledge  of  Tibet  during 
the  last  few  j^ears,  and  to  his  own  diffi- 
dence in  placing  another  book  on  the 
subject  before  the  reading  public.  The 
reasons  which  he  gives  for  publishing  an 
account  of  his  tour  through  a  great  part 
of  the  province  of  Nari,  or  Western  Tibet, 
will  satisfy  the  most  captious  critic  ;  and 
his  volume  will  be  found  to  supplement, 
rather  than  clash  with,  the  numerous  books 
recently  published  to  which  he  refers  as 
"  the  classics  of  Tibetan  research."  As 
Deputy  Commissioner  of  Almora,  part 
of  the  Kumaon  Division  which  absolutely 
touches  Tibetan  territory,  he  regarded 
the  question  of  friendly  intercourse  with 
the  people  of  the  division  of  Tibet  in 
which  is  situated  the  treaty -mart  of 
Gartok  as  officially  important,  and  that 
consideration,  although  he  does  not  ex- 
pressly  say   so,   probably   accounted   for 


his  journey.  But  Western  Tibet  has  a 
still  stronger  element  of  interest  in  the 
fact  that  it  is  the  most  sacred  region  of 
both  Buddhist  and  Hindu,  and  that  it  is 
for  them  the  romantic  centre  of  legend 
and  myth.  It  is  on  these  grounds  mainly 
that  Mr.  Sherring  asks  the  reader  to  give 
him  a  patient  hearing  for  his  excellent 
book. 

Before  he  reaches  Tibetan  territory 
Mr.  Sherring  has  a  great  deal  to  tell  us. 
He  passed  first  of  all  through  the  districts 
inhabited  by  the  wild  but  royal  race  of 
the  Rajis  of  Askot  and  also  through  the 
region  held  by  that  extremely  curious  and 
attractive  half-breed  people  the  Bhotias. 
This  part  of  his  narrative  is  full  of  interest 
and  variety.  We  have  disquisitions  on 
the  status  of  women,  on  the  custom, 
which  enables  the  savage  and  poverty- 
stricken  Raji  to  sit  down  side  by  side 
with  the  ruler  of  Askot  clothed  in  full 
authority,  and  then  we  have  a  most 
exciting  and  vivid  description  of  the  kill- 
ing of  a  tiger — a  veritable  man-eater — by 
unarmed  villagers.  It  is  suggested  that 
the  co-operation  and  goodwill  of  the 
Bhotias  are  absolutely  essential  to  the 
success  of  our  trading  operations  with 
Western  Tibet.  Alone  among  the  hill. 
people  the  Bhotias  are  full  of  life  and 
animal  spirits.     Mr.  Sherring  says  that 

"  Bhotia  women  are  remarkable  for  their 
gaiety  of  spirits,  instances  of  girls  becoming 
nuns  for  religious  motives  are  almost  un- 
heard of,  and  there  is  certainly  no  reason, 
to  believe  that  the  population  is  decreasing." 

Having  traversed  Askot,  Mr.  Sherring 
entered  the  Tibetan  region,  "  where  the- 
awful  solitude  overwhelms  the  mind." 
His  views  on  the  possibilities  of  Tibetan 
trade  through  Kumaon,  which  is  our  most 
promising  route  to  its  western  division,, 
are  given  in  the  following  passage  : — 

"  We  saw  a  great  deal  of  traffic  during 
our  march  towards  the  Lipu  Lekh  Pass,  as 
we  were  travelling  at  just  that  time  of  the 
year  which  is  the  best  for  trade.  This  pass- 
accounts  for  over  26,0007.  worth  of  trade 
annually,  and  considering  what  the  road  is- 
it  is  simply  marvellous  that  the  ordinary 
trader  is  willing  to  risk  even  five  shillings, 
to  say  nothing  of  thousands  of  pounds. 
The  Untadhura  Pass  is  responsible  for  over 
23.000L  annually,  and  the  whole  of  Kumaon, 
including  all  the  passes,  for  67,000£.  annually. 
The  figures  are  not  large,  but  let  us  remember 
that  sixty  years  ago  2,300Z.  represented  the 
entire  trade  over  our  easiest  pass,  viz.  the 
Lipu  Lekh,  and  that  the  increase  since  then 
has  been  more  than  elevenfold.  There  is 
every  reason  to  hope  that  there  is  plenty 
of  scope  for  the  future  extension  of  trade, 
as  Tibet  is  rich  in  gold  (which  has  hitherto 
been  very  little  worked),  wool  from  innu- 
merable goats  and  sheep,  borax  and  salt, 
whereas  we  can  supply  tea,  grain,  manu- 
factured goods,  sugar,  and  solid  cash,  the 
last  of  which  is  much  appreciated.  So  easy 
is  the  Lipu  Lekh  Pass  that  it  will  be  ideal 
for  pilgrims.  I  oven  photographed  a  blind 
man  last  year  who  had  made  so  little  of  the 
pass  that  ho  had  been  carried  over  on  a 
coolie's  shoulders  from  his  village  to  Tak- 
lakot,  a  distance  of  20  miles,  and  who  had 
paid  the  munificent  sum  of  half-a-crown 
for  the  treat." 

The  most  remarkable  and  gratify- 
ing  feature   in    the    tour    was    the     ex- 


N°4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^IUM 


543 


ftreme  goodwill  shown  by  the  Tibetan 
^authorities  and  people  towards  Mr.  Sher- 
ring  and  his  companions,  English  and 
native.  Not  a  single  unpleasant  incident 
•of  any  kind  occurred.  The  authorities 
gave  all  the  assistance  possible,  and  the 
people  themselves  could  not  have  been 
more  responsive  or  friendly.  The  only 
request  made  by  the  local  authorities 
was  that  the  travellers  should  not  dis- 
charge their  guns  in  proximity  to  cultivated 
ground  for  fear  of  causing  rain  or  hail. 
At  Taklakot  in  particular,  which  was  the 
most  important  Tibetan  town  they  visited, 
their  reception  by  the  officials  was  par- 
ticularly cordial,  and  after  a  little  hesita- 
tion the  lamas  of  the  adjacent  monastery 
vied  with  the  representatives  of  the  secular 
power  in  the  kindness  and  openness  of 
their  reception.  The  following  descrip- 
tion will  give  the  reader  a  good  idea  of  the 
attitude  of  the  Tibetans  in  this  part  of 
the  country  towards  Englishmen  : — 

"  The  Jongpen  met  us  at  the  gate  of  the 
fort,  and  conducted  us  up  almost  perpen- 
dicular stairs  and  along  the  darkest  of 
passages,  while  prayer-barrels  and  prayer- 
wheels  were  turned  zealously  on  all  sides. 
The  presents  to  the  Jongpen  included  a 
handsome  rug,  black  on  one  side  and  a 
design  of  leopards  on  the  other,  a  leather 
.hand-bag,  a  strong  steel  trunk,  a  light-blue 
sunshade,  and  above  all  tho  coveted  glass 
carafe  and  liqueur  glasses.  .  .  .We  all  drank 
with  the  Jongpen,  and  there  was  the  greatest 
good  humour,  which  was  enormously  in- 
creased when  some  toys  were  presented  by 
us.  Musical  boxes  and  penny  trumpets 
■were  in  great  demand,  but  nothing  equalled 
the  hen  that  ran  along  and  flapped  its 
•wings.  She  was  treated  with  loud  guffaws 
of  delight,  and  so  great  was  the  general  good 
feeling  that  the  lady  of  the  house,  the  wife 
©f  the  three  brothers  called  by  the  familiar 
English  name  '  chum,'  sent  word  to  say  that 
she  wished  to  see  the  Pombo  and  the  Amji, 
referring  to  myself  and  Longstaff.  The 
former  word  means  a  high  official,  and  the 
latter  doctor,  but  the  ordinary  word  for 
Europeans  is  Peling  or  Piling.  This  was 
indeed  a  surprise,  for  she  had  previously 
declared  that  nothing  on  earth  would  make 
her  see  us,  as  she  knew  that  our  evil  eye  would 
blast  her  for  ever ....  After  a  very  long  wait 
she  came  dressed  in  the  most  splendid  state, 
with  her  face  washed  white  (she  generally 
has  it  smeared  as  a  protection  from  the 
wind,  and  wears  a  black  patch  on  the  nose), 
her  hair  brushed  over  the  shoulders,  a  tiara 
of  red  balls  of  coral  and  turquoise  on  her 
head,  and  a  silk  sash  over  her  gorgeous 
costume." 

Besides  his  account  of  the  country  he 
traversed  and  of  the  people  themselves, 
Mr.  Sherring  has  a  great  deal  to  say  that 
is  of  interest  about  the  Holy  Lakes  of 
Mansarowar  and  Rakas,  which  the  early 
Buddhists  considered  to  be  the  home  of 
the  gods.  South  of  these  lakes  is  the 
great  mountain  of  Gurla  Mandhata,  the 
highest  peak  in  Tibet— 25,350  ft.  A  sepa- 
rate chapter,  written  by  Dr.  Longstaff, 
gives  a  graphic  description  of  his  attempt 
to  reach  the  summit.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  two  Swiss  guides,  and  after 
incredible  difficulties,  including  a  most 
exciting  and  perilous  descent  of  2,000  ft. 
in  an  avalanche,  they  reached  a  point 
from  which  they  felt  confident  of  attain- 
ing the  summit  if  their  remaining  stock 


of  supplies  and  strength  had  allowed  of 
their  making  the  attempt. 

In  one  or  two  places  the  author  rouses 
our  curiosity  because  on  the  threshold  of 
an  interesting  discovery  he  seems  to  have 
drawn  back.  The  following  is  a  case  in 
point  : — 

"  Opposite  Garbyang,  on  the  Nepalese 
side,  there  is  a  cave  near  the  village  of 
Chhangru  which  is  of  quite  remarkable 
interest.  It  is  about  1,200  ft.  above  the 
village,  the  climb  being  very  steep  and  diffi- 
cult, as  there  is  no  semblance  of  a  path,  and 
we  had  to  go  through  thorns  and  bushes 
when  we  ascended  to  it  last  year.  In  old 
days  it  used  undoubtedly  to  go  back  for  a 
long  distance  into  the  mountain,  but  as  one 
of  the  sides  has  fallen  in  the  cave  has  become 
considerably  shortened.  We  found  it  full 
of  dead  bodies  of  men,  women,  and  children 
the  hair  and  flesh  in  some  instances  being 
wonderfully  preserved,  owing  to  the  extra- 
ordinary dryness  of  the  interior.  It  appears 
that  this  cave  was  unfortunately  ransacked 
by  thieves  some  years  ago,  and  much  valu- 
able clothing  and  jewellery  removed  ;  other- 
wise it  is  one  of  those  places  which  would 
repay  examination  by  an  expert.  Accord- 
ing to  current  rumour  it  used  to  be  one  of 
the  abodes  of  the  aborigines  ;  certainly  its 
position  would  make  it  an  ideal  stronghold. 
It  was  used  as  a  retreat  by  the  natives  during 
the  fighting  that  took  place  in  the  Gurkha 
period  of  a  century  ago,  but  at  present  it  is 
only  visited  by  Hindu  devotees,  and  then 
very  rarely,  while  the  ordinary  Bhotia 
regards  it  as  a  place  full  of  demons  and 
goblins,  to  be  avoided  at  all  costs.  Many 
who  had  never  previously  entered  it  were 
very  glad  to  take  the  opportunity  of  our 
going  to  accompany  us,  as  they  considered 
that  spirits  could  do  no  harm  in  our 
presence." 

The  idea  that  we  should  have  to 
encounter  implacable  official  opposition 
in  our  trade  with  Tibet  is  somewhat 
refuted  by  the  account  given  of  the  inter- 
view with  the  Barkha  Tarjum,  who, 
while  regretting  his  conjectural  losses  on 
the  stock  of  brick  tea  which  he  had  in 
hand  through  the  increase  in  the  import 
of  Indian  tea,  displayed  no  diminution  of 
cordiality  on  that  account. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Paul.     By  E.  F.  Benson.     (Heinemann.) 

We  are  disposed  to  rank  this  novel  as 
Mr.  Benson's  best  work  accomplished 
since  the  public  ear  was  captured  by  the 
specious  cleverness  of  '  Dodo.'  As  in  the 
case  of  Miss  Cholmondeley's  latest  book, 
the  story  consists  very  largely  of  the 
study  of  remorse  working  in  a  tempera- 
ment. The  tale  is,  like  '  Prisoners,' 
divided  between  Italy  and  England. 
But  Mr.  Benson's  is  the  more  intellectual. 
Not  that  there  is  not  sufficient  emotion  in 
'  Paul '  to  stock  half  a  dozen  ordinary 
novels.  It  brims  over  with  feeling,  and 
the  feeling  is  not  always  warrantable. 
Mr.  Benson  produces  a  nice  medley  of 
sentiments  which  he  has  but  imperfectly 
realized,  and  we  cannot  acquit  Paul  of 
some  suggestion  of  maudlin  penitence  for 
a  crime  which  he  did  not  really  commit. 
The  chief  character  is  a  puny  man  with 
a  nature   so   crippled   as   to   render  him 


inhuman.  No  devil  could  have  been 
more  fiendish  than  Theodore  Beckwith, 
who  throws  his  wife  and  the  man  she 
loves  together  of  set  purpose,  who  delights 
to  torture  and  to  see  his  victims  writhe 
in  anguish,  and  whose  diabolic  cruelty 
extends  beyond  the  grave.  When  Paul 
rode  him  down  he  really  did  a  good  turn 
to  the  world,  and  he  has  all  our  sympathies. 
But  he  will  hug  remorse  to  himself, 
although  the  affair  was  in  fact  an  accident, 
until  he  is  able  to  make  a  vicarious  atone- 
ment. 

The  Illustrious  O'Hagan.     By  J.  Huntly 
McCarthy.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Mr.  McCarthy's  new  tale  seems  even 
more  readily  designed  for  the  stage  than 
its  predecessor,  and  we  are  not  surprised 
to  learn  that  it  has  been  copyrighted  by  a 
performance.  Its  scenes  are  laid  in  tho 
principality  of  Schlafingen  some  two 
hundred  years  since,  and  the  heroine  is 
the  unhappy  wife  of  Max,  the  son  of  the 
Electoral  Prince.  Max  is  the  proper 
villain  of  a  melodramatic  comedy,  with 
his  uncouthness  and  his  mistresses,  while 
Swanhild  von  Eltze  and  Mr.  Banbury 
furnish  a  decent  light  relief.  The  hero 
is  O'Hagan,  and  here  is  a  chance  for 
an  ambitious  actor,  for  there  are  two 
O'Hagans,  as  like  each  other  as  peas  or 
the  Dromios  of  Shakspeare.  Philip  it  is 
who  is  the  genuine  hero,  for  John  is  a 
wild  blade,  though  very  useful  and  faith- 
ful to  his  brother.  Mr.  McCarthy  has 
subordinated  his  characters  to  his  action, 
which  is  very  lively  and  spirited  ;  but  he 
suggests  a  delicate  embroidery  of  sexuality 
in  the  women,  and  his  Electoral  Prince  is 
not  without  dignity.  The  story  is  a 
pleasant  piece  of  work. 


The  Heir.  By  Sydney  C.  Grier.  (Black- 
wood &  Sons.) 
The  author  of  '  The  Warden  of  the 
Marches  '  retains  her  faculty  of  describing 
men  of  action  and  strong-hearted  women, 
though  in  this  case  their  theatre  for  the 
display  of  staunch  qualities  is  "  the 
Nearer  East."  A  descendant  of  the 
Byzantine  emperors  is  induced  to  take  a 
journey  to  the  Balkans  for  the  examina- 
tion of  that  troubled  region  before  the 
possible  assertion  of  his  claims  to  its 
sovereignty.  His  party  of  four  has  a 
series  of  adventures,  of  which  capture 
by  Bulgarian  bandits,  imprisonment  in  a 
Greek  monastery,  and  exposure  to  the 
murderous  machinations  of  "  Scythian  " 
agents  are  among  the  items.  The  cha- 
racterization of  the  actors  and  the  view 
of  the  political  confusions  are  luminous 
and  decided,  and  the  whole  is  brightly 
written.  

The     Triumph     of     Tinker.     By     Edgar 

Jepson.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 
Tinker  is  an  amusing  urchin  well  known 
by  this  time  to  Mr.  Jepson's  readers.  If 
one  can  get  over  the  irritation  caused  by 
a  small  boy  who  is  allowed  to  go  any- 
where and  do  anything — indeed,  en- 
couraged by  adults  to  act  as  a  man — the 


544 


THE     ATHENHUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


series  of  adventures  here  presented  will 
be  found  entertaining.  In  arranging  for 
a  fugitive  to  change  clothes  in  a  railway 
carriage  Tinker  copies  Kim  somewhat 
closely.  Mr.  Jepson  has  an  effective 
style  and  the  gift  of  observation. 


The  Fruit  of  the  Tree.  By  Florence  Teign- 
mouth  Shore  and  W.  Teignmouth  Shore. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

A  lord  who  is  forty  and  has  a  past  here 
marries  a  country-bred  girl  without  ex- 
plaining that  he  is  not  new  to  love.  In 
doing  this  he  has,  somewhat  strangely, 
the  support  of  the  girl's  father,  a  clergy- 
man. Trouble,  of  course,  follows,  but 
all  is  well  at  the  end.  The  authors  have 
produced  a  bright  and  pleasant  piece  of 
work.  They  are  best  at  depicting  nice 
people,  the  worldly  and  epigrammatic 
characters  being  hardly  convincing. 


The    Tea    Planter.     By    F.     E.     Penny. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) 

Mrs.  Penny  here  proves  herself  a  delight- 
ful guide  to  the  island  of  Ceylon,  and  in- 
troduces us  to  a  tea  planting  community 
whose  existence,  if  not  so  roseate  as  it 
is  represented  in  modern  comic  opera,  is 
sufficiently  agreeable,  varied  as  it  is  by  the 
fascinations  of  speculative  "  gemming." 
We  learn  much  that  is  interesting  about 
the  growth  and  "  firing  "  of  the  tea-plant, 
native  habits,  and  devil  -  worship.  The 
construction  of  such  plot  as  there  is,  is 
weak,  the  whole  attraction  of  the  book 
lying  in  its  reproduction  of  the  atmo- 
sphere of  the  East. 


The  Lady  Evelyn.     By  Max  Pemberton. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

The  Lady  Evelyn  has  "  a  dual  personality" 
such  as  Stevenson  imagined.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  an  earl  by  his  marriage 
with  a  Roumanian  gipsy,  and  her  inclina- 
tions alternate  between  family  feeling  and 
a  Bohemian  desire  for  the  stage.  Her 
father  has  also  an  adventurous  strain 
in  his  nature.  He  is  entangled  in  a 
Roumanian  blood-feud,  and  the  son  of 
his  old  enemy,  coming  to  England  to 
wreak  his  vengeance  or  obtain  the  release 
of  his  father  from  the  imprisonment  which 
he  attributes  to  the  Earl,  surprises  Lady 
Evelyn  in  the  character  of  Etta  Romney, 
an  actress,  a  calling  which  she  has  adopted 
in  her  father's  absence  abroad.  How 
nearly  Count  Odin  succeeds  in  his  schemes, 
and  how  the  lady  eventually  finds  peace 
for  herself  and  father  in  the  love  of  an 
honest  man,  is  well  told  by  Mr.  Pemberton. 
The  scene  is  partly  laid  in  Roumania, 
where  Gavin  Ord,  the  lover,  has  some 
dire  experiences. 


The     Worsleys. 
(Sisley.) 


By     Armiger     Barclay. 


A  sprightly  half-French  girl  who  owns 
a  brand  of  champagne  is  almost  the  only 
character  in  this  novel  who  is  not  in  some 
way  interested  in  beer.  The  G.  Worsley, 
M.l\,  who  engages  a  refined  young  lady, 


first  as  parlourmaid  and  then  as  wife, 
represents  beer  and,  incidentally,  some 
constituency.  The  peer  of  ancient  lineage 
who  is  the  parlourmaid's  grandfather  owes 
his  wealth,  though  not  his  title,  to  the 
Worsleys'  beer ;  and  the  union  of  the 
humble  and  aristocratic  families  is  appro- 
priately toasted  in  a  glass  of  the  beer.  The 
parlourmaid  was  obviously  highborn,  but 
why  she  was  impecunious  after  her 
mother's  death  is  left  unexplained.  Her 
relations  with  the  vulgar  members  of  her 
husband's  family  are  cleverly  and  humor- 
ously depicted. 

It  Happened  in  Japan.  By  Baroness 
Albert  d'Anethan.  (Brown,  Langham 
&  Co.) 

This  is  a  "psychologic  study"  in  the  pic- 
turesque setting  of  the  Land  of  the  Rising 
Sun.  Pearl  Nugent,  the  central  figure 
of  what  becomes  a  tragedy,  is  one  of 
those  superlatively  conscientious  folk  who 
allow  their  scruples  to  devastate  their 
own  and  other  people's  lives,  and  reserve 
to  themselves  the  martyr's  halo.  A 
feature  of  the  development  of  the  story 
is  the  straining  to  breaking  -  point  of  a 
strong  man's  reason  after  the  renunciation 
of  a  lifelong  desire — a  theme  comparatively 
unhackneyed  in  fiction.  No  doubt  a 
great  deal  of  the  charm  of  this  story  lies 
in  its  local  colouring,  but  it  owes  at  least 
as  much  to  skilful  treatment  and  clear 
characterization. 


LONGINUS  IN  GREEK  AND  ENGLISH. 

Scriptorum  Classicorum  Bibliotheca  Oxo- 
niensis. — Libellus  de  Sublimilate  Dionysio 
Longino  fere  adscriptus  :  accedunt  excerpta 
quaedam  e  Cassii  Longini  operibus.  Eecognovit 
brevique  adnotatione  critica  instruxit  A.  0.« 
Prickard.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.)  — 
Longinus  on  the  Sublime.  Translated  by 
A.  O.  Prickard,  with  Introduction,  Appendix, 
and  Index.  (Same  publishers.) — We  are 
reminded  by  the  "  Dionysio  Longino  fere 
adscriptus,"  which  admits  this  famous 
treatise  to  its  proper  place  in  the  new  Oxford 
series  of  classical  texts,  that  for  three  cen- 
turies or  so  after  the  first  printed  edition 
the  authorship  of  the  irepl  vxfovs  was  not 
seriously  questioned  by  the  numerous 
scholars  who  studied  and  translated  it. 
Nineteenth-century  criticism,  however,  has 
in  the  main  decided  for  an  author  of  paulo- 
post-Augustan  date,  and  in  this,  in  spite  of 
some  vigorous  advocacy  of  the  claims  of  the 
third-century  Longinus,  we  believe  it  to  be 
correct.  The  question  is  a  pretty  subject 
for  academic  speculation  :  not  a  few  scholars 
have  tried  their  wits  upon  it  at  some  time 
or  other,  lapsing  at  length  into  the  hope 
tbat  the  discovery  of  a  new  MS.  would  put 
the  matter  beyond  a  doubt. 

Mr.  Prickard  has  trodden  well-worked 
ground,  and  has  not  striven  after  originality 
of  emendation.  Ho  has  himself  examined 
(as  he  tells  us  in  an  Introduction  as  adequate 
as  it  is  modest)  the  Parisian,  Ambrosian, 
and  Laurcntian  MSS.,  and  by  deputy  the 
Marcian  MS.  at  Venice  ;  his  general  tone  is 
firmly  conservative,  and  ho  has  a  nico  sense 
of  selection  which  inspires  confidence. 

The  volume  includes  the  Te^vr]  fnjTopiKij 
of  Longinus,  the  pamphlet  dvtovvpov  irepl 
prjTopiKrjs  (otherwise  known  as  '  Epitome 
Art  is     Rhetoricie     Longini '),     and    certain 


aphorisms  of  Longinus — all  useful  for  pur- 
poses of  comparison,  and  appropriate  in  an 
Oxford  edition,  as  its  own  graceful  acknow- 
ledgment suggests  : — 

' '  Illud  potius  officii  esse  rati,  ut  f ragmen ta 
[i.e.,  Longini]  quse  inter  Apsinis  rhetoricon  latentia 
odoratus  est  D.  Ruhnken,  insecutus  W.  Bake,  qui 
et  prelo  Academico  Oxoniensi  typis  edenda  curavit, 
auspiciis  Thomae  Gaisford,  iam  subiciamus,  monu- 
mentum  qualeeumque  hinc  acuminis  et  medestiae, 
illinc  pietatis  et  officii." 

Mr.  Prickard's  Introduction  to  his  trans- 
lation is  a  neat  and  effective  piece  of  work, 
explaining  briefly  and  unaffectedly  the  main, 
points  of  interest  in  the  external  and  internal 
evidence  upon  the  date  and  authorship,  and 
touching  lightly  upon  some  of  the  principal 
characteristics  of  the  work  itself.  What 
is  written  seems  to  be  well  suited  to  the 
purpose  in  view,  which  is,  presumably,  to 
prepare  a  mind  innocent  of  Greek,  but  able 
and  likely  to  be  interested,  for  the  perusal 
of  a  critical  essay  which  is  full  of  permanent 
literary  value,  but  apt  to  deter  a  casual 
explorer  by  strong  fences  of  technicality. 
What  really  matters  to  the  modern  student 
is  the  point  of  view  of  this  ancient  master, 
and  this  is  made  clear  in  a  manner  which  cer- 
tainly invites  the  stranger  to  go  on  and  learn 
more  for  himself.  This  may  well  be  the 
proper  service  of  a  classical  scholar  to  a  public- 
which  is  magnanimous  enough  to  accept  the 
mature  fruits  of  ancient  criticism,  but  re- 
luctant to  push  its  painful  way  up  the  "  Hill 
Difficulty  "  of  ancient  idiom. 

We  have  tested  the  translation  carefully,, 
by  itself  and  side  by  side  with  others,  and 
it  certainly  holds  its  own  for  ease  and  accu- 
racy. There  is  perhaps  a  little  too  much 
"  colonization  "  ;  but  as  a  rule  the  sentences 
are  clean  and  crisp.  Experts  know  how 
difficult  it  is  to  translate  this  treatise — 
difficult  to  see  the  meaning  in  all  its  techni- 
cality, difficult  to  find  English  equivalents 
at  once  reasonable  and  readable.  We  give  as 
a  specimen  the  beginning  of  chap,  xxxvi. : — 

"  Hence,  when  we  speak  of  men  of  great  genius- 
{fxtya.Aocpvwi')  in  literature,  where  the  greatness 
{p.eyt9os)  does  not  necessarily  fall  outside  the  needs 
and  service  of  man,  we  must  at  once  arrive  at  the 
conclusion,  that  men  of  this  stature,  though  far 
removed  from  flawless  perfection  {rvv  avafxapi-riTov), 
yet  all  rise  above  the  mortal :  other  qualities  prove 
those  who  possess  them  to  be  men,  sublimity 
raises  them  almost  to  the  intellectual  greatness- 
(y^ya\o(ppoTvvqs)  of  God.  No  failure,  no  blame 
(rb  fx.\v  inTTaicrroi'  ou  \ptyerai)  ;  but  greatness  (rb 
fieya)  has  our  very  wonder.  What  need  still  to 
add,  that  each  of  these  great  men  is  often  seen  to- 
redeem  all  his  failures  by  a  single  sublimity,  a 
single  success  (e»J  i£aji>tiTai  iroKXaKis  v\pei  nal 
KaTopd<i>fxaTi)  ;  and  further,  which  is  most  con- 
vincing, that  if  we  were  to  pick  out  all  the  failures 
of  Homer,  Demosthenes,  Plato,  and  the  other 
greatest  writers,  and  to  mass  them  together,  the 
result  would  be  a  small,  an  insignificant  fraction 
(e'Aax"TT0''  &"  T1>  /*a\Aov  8'  ov8e  TroKKonr^ixopiov  tlv 
(vpeOdrj)  of  the  successes  which  men  of  that  heroic 
build  (eVetVoir  to7s  Vipaxn)  everywhere  exhibit  ? " 

The  notes  contain  just  sufficient  information 
to  make  the  references  and  allusions  clear. 
It  is  commendably  wise  to  give  English 
readers  an  opportunity  of  seeing  for  them- 
selves the  class  of  critical  works  with  which 
the  treatise  '  On  the  Sublime  '  is  associated. 
To  this  end  the  first  Appendix  contains  one 
passage  translated  from  each  of  the  following 
authors — Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,  Plu- 
tarch, Dion  Chrysostom,  Lucian,  Cassius 
Longinus.  The  last  named  is  represented 
by  a  portion  of  the  t^yi?/  prtTopiKr)  (which, 
as  we  have  said,  accompanies  Mr.  Prickard's 
text  of  the  irepi  i'lpovi)  ;  and  here  any 
observer  may  perceive  at  once  the  difference 
between  the  purely  technical  thought  and 
style  of  the  third-century  rhetorician  and 
the  ampler  humanity  of  the  '  Sublime  ' 
critic.     In  the  ono  case  the  technical  con- 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


545 


ditioris  of  success  are  inculcated  with  an 
insistence  that  seems  to  see  and  need  nothing 
but  language  ;  in  the  other,  language  itself 
is  properly  subordinated  to  the  grandeur  of 
ideas.  Longinus  may  be  interesting  to  the 
specialist  :  but  "  Dionysius  Longinus  " — 
6'cms  ttot  eo-Tiv — is  interesting  to  all  edu- 
cated men. 

Equally  useful  is  the  second  Appendix, 
which  shows  briefly  the  relationship  between 
the  irepl  vipovs  and  the  Latin  critics,  and 
hints  at  the  possibility  of  Latin  influence 
upon  the  unknown  author.  We  are  tempted 
to  wonder  whether  "  Dionysius  Longinus  " 
— the  Grseco-Latinity  of  the  name  finds  some- 
thing of  a  parallel  in  "  Desiderius  Erasmus  " 
— may  be,  as  it  were,  a  posthumous  pseu- 
donym for  some  Roman  professor  who,  at 
Rome  or  Athens,  lectured  young  Romans 
on  a  literary  subject  in  an  academic  language, 
just  as  Bishop  Robert  Lowth  (Professor  of 
Poetry  at  Oxford  from  1741  to  1750)  lectured 
in  Latin  on  Hebrew  poetry.  Lowth's  lectures 
read  well  enough  in  English,  if  we  may  judge 
by  the  passage  which  is  here  translated  as 
the  third  Appendix  ;  and  Bishop  Zachary 
Pearce  has  shown  how  well  the  irepl  vxpovs 
goes  into  Latin. 

The  present  translation  is  printed  in  an 
attractive  form,  with  a  width  of  margin  that 
will  be  welcomed  by  all  readers  who  care  for 
comeliness  as  well  as  convenience. 


SHORT    STORIES. 


The  Woman's  Victory,  and  other  Stories, 
by  Maarten  Maartens  (Constable),  is  a 
collection  of  emotional  episodes  which 
palpitate5  with  the  sweetness  and  the 
pain  of  life  to  the  ceaseless  hum  of  an 
unembittered  disillusionment.  The  diffi- 
culties of  an  unpopular  form  of  literary 
expression  are  for  Maarten  Maartens  non- 
existent. A  scrap  of  dialogue  to  convey  a 
life-history,  an  incident  to  illuminate  a 
character — these  suffice  him  ;  while  his 
rapid  visualization  of  dramatic  situations 
lures  the  reader  on.  The  book  exhibits  to 
advantage  the  author's  creative  power  and 
artistry. 

The  scene  of  one  of  the  stories  is  laid 
among  the  sand  dunes  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  ; 
but  Dutch  environment  is  not  emphasized, 
and  the  sketches  are  mainly  drawn  from  the 
wider  field  of  humanity.  The  '  Marseillaise  ' 
forms  the  motive  of  one — romance  in  the 
servants'  hall  of  another.  '  Diamonds  '  is 
a  sketch  of  the  marriage  market-place  ;  and 
there  are  tales  of  the  artist,  the  man  of 
letters,  the  Jew,  the  politician,  and  through 
all  and  in  all  run  the  story  of  the  woman 
and  the  moan  of  the  pessimist,  "  Bonheur 
qui  passe  !  amour  qui  lasse  !  rien  ne  nous 
reste  que  notre  douleur." 

Some  Irish  Yesterdays.  By  E.  (E.  Somer- 
ville  and  Martin  Ross.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — 
The  humour  of  this  pleasant  volume  strikes 
ns  as  a  little  less  spontaneous  than  was  the 
Case  with  its  predecessors,  and  suggests,  if 
the  truth  must  be  told,  a  certain  inclination 
to  take  advantage  of  the  credulous  and  too- 
confiding  Saxon.  Irish  readers,  at  least, 
while  recognizing  the  verisimilitude  of  many 
individual  traits,  will  find  some  difficulty 
in  believing  that  a  household  so  gloriously 
disorganized  as  that  round  which  several 
of  these  essays  centre  could,  even  in  Ireland, 
have  held  together  at  all.  The  sketches 
of  holiday  travelling  in  wild  country  are 
more  convincing,  though  whether  they  will 
have  the  effect  of  attracting  the  desired 
English  tourist  is  another  question.  The 
chapter  on  English  misunderstandings  of 
the   Irish   brogue,   with   its  remarks  on   the 


"  stage  Irisliman  who  convulses  an  English 
audience";  on  the  "average  Englishman 
who  knows  an  Irish  story  or  two,  and  is 
genially  certain  of  his  ability  to  tell  it  "  ; 
and  on  the  sins  of  which  Mr.  Kipling  and 
Thackeray  are  guilty  in  this  respect,  is 
excellent  in  its  courageous  incisiveness. 

The  Motormaniacs.  By  Lloyd  Osbourne. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) — It  is  a  far  cry  from 
'  The  Wrecker  '  and  '  The  Ebb  Tide  '  to 
'  The  Motormaniacs,'  but  the  last-named 
production  is  good  fun.  Mr.  Lloyd 
Osbourne  has  made  two  serious  bids  for 
literary  consideration  since  the  death  of 
the  master  of  Vailima,  but  this  is  a  frank 
bid  for  popularity.  The  book  contains  four 
short  stories  which  are  more  or  less  inti- 
mately connected  with  motoring.  The 
dialogue  is  comic,  and  the  narrative  runs 
with  a  swing  and  zest  which  are  valuable 
aids  to  easy  reading.  The  book  is  ardently 
American,  and  when  the  author  has  to 
mention  an  Englishman,  he  ransacks  his 
stock  of  contemptuous  adjectives. 

The  Surge  of  War.  By  Norman  Innes. 
(Eveleigh  Nash.) — These  "  memories  of  an 
aide-de-camp  to  Frederick  the  Great  "  are 
written  with  much  realism,  and  though  some 
of  the  bypaths  of  war  lead  to  horrible  situa- 
tions, the  king's  personality  (and  he  appears 
in  a  number  of  strange  scenes)  is  on  the 
whole  favourably  represented.  The  grasp 
he  had  on  the  affections  of  the  men  he  led 
so  sternly  is  historical,  and  this  truth  is 
inculcated  chiefly  by  the  writer.  The  epi- 
sodes range  from  such  grotesque  things  as 
the  story  of  the  "  Archduke,"  the  black  cat 
which  brings  Fritz  into  as  false  a  position  as 
he  ever  experienced,  to  tragedies  like  the 
vengeance  taken  on  the  barbarous  Cossacks 
by  the  old  Prussian  woman  in  the  story  of 
'  Avenged  '  ;  and  many  a  plot  disconcerted 
and  act  of  gallantry  performed  furnish  the 
themes  of  engrossing  and  stirring  narratives. 
Not  a  few  have  heroines  in  the  leading  part. 
Mr.  Innes  may  be  congratulated  on  his  treat- 
ment of  a  novel  field  of  interest. 

The  Wood  Fire  in  No.  3.  By  F.  Hopkin- 
son  Smith.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — This 
is  a  collection  of  nine  tales,  all  told  in  one 
room,  by  and  to  the  same  people,  a  group 
of  artists  and  Bohemians  in  New  York. 
The  sentiment  and  atmosphere  are  at  least 
as  old  as  Murger,  but  here  we  have  them 
surrounded  by  sky-scrapers  and  the  noisy 
whirr  of  modern  New  York.  And  there 
is  nothing  surprising  in  that,  for  the  tradition 
of  the  '  Vie  de  Boheme  '  is  probably  more 
virile  to-day  in  the  United  States  than  it 
has  been  for  half  a  century  in  Europe.  It 
is  artistic  young  America's  protest  against 
the  puissance  of  the  almighty  dollar  : — 

"  Sandy  MacWhirter  would  have  an  open  fire. 
He  had  been  brought  up  on  blazing  logs  and  warm 
hearths,  and  could  not  be  happy  without  them. 
In  his  own  boyhood's  home  the  fireplace  was  the 
shrine,  and  half  the  orchard  and  two  big  elms  had 
been  offered  up  on  its  altar." 
Accordingly,  with  a  friend's  assistance,  he 
obtained  his  open  fire,  in  defiance  of  New  York 
methods,  and  that  was  why  No.  3  room 
became  the  resort  of  all  the  other  artists 
in  the  old  building  during  their  leisure  hours. 
Now  an  open  fireplace  with  a  blazing  log 
in  it  leads  naturally  to  story-telling,  and 
the  half-dozen  of  painters  and  sculptors  who 
gathered  about  MacWhirter's  hearth  had 
had  their  allowance  of  ups  and  downs.  What- 
ever their  share  of  working  ability  in  art, 
they  certainly  had  that  portion  of  the 
artistic  temperament  which  makes  for 
loquacity  and  copious  self-expression. 
Hence  the  stories  which  have  gone  to  the 
making  of  this  agreeable  volume.  It  is  an 
entertaining  collection,  and  has  been  put 
together  in  a  creditable  manner. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  fifth  and  last  volume  of  A  History  of 
Modern  England  (Macmillan),  by  Mr.  Herbert 
Paul,  brings  an  agreeable  piece  of  literary 
work  to  an  appropriate  conclusion  with  the 
fall    of    Lord    Rosebery's  Administration  in 
1895.     Two    supplementary    chapters    deal 
with  the  new  trade-unionism  and  with  the 
triumph  of    Ritualism,     a    topic     which    is 
calculated     to     make    Mr.     Paul's    readers 
exclaim  with  King  Lear,  "  No  more  of  that !  '* 
Finally,    he    draws    the    comfortable   moral 
that  the  working  classes  have  refrained  from 
revolutionary    violence    because    they    have 
known  that  they  could  get  their  own  way 
without     it.     This     generalization     is     true 
enough  of  the  period  under  his  survey,  the 
half-century    beginning    in    1846.     But    Mr. 
Paul  appears  to  stretch  it  too  far  when  he 
drags  it  backwards  to   1688.     The  working 
classes  came  within  a  little  of  rebellion  in 
1797,    the   year    justly    described   by    Lord 
Rosebery  as  "  the  darkest  and  most  desperate 
that  any  British  minister  has  ever  had  to 
face  "  ;    they  were  rather  near  it  during  the 
crisis  of  the  Reform  Bill  ;    they  were  still 
nearer  it  during  the  awful  winter  of  1842-3, 
that  time  of  trial  wdiich,  rather  than   the 
Irish  famine,  drove  Peel  and  Graham  over 
to  Free  Trade.     How  far  they  were  impelled 
by  democratic  motives  and  how  far  by  want 
is   a   question   easier   asked  than  answered. 
Certain   it   is   that   the  first   impulse  would 
have  availed  little  without  the  second,  and 
that   in   novels   like   Mrs.    Gaskell's    '  Mary 
Barton  '  we  seem  to  get  much  closer  to  the 
real  thing  than  in  the  disquisitions  of  the 
mainly    political    historian.     Another    point 
in  Mr.  Paul's  reflections  to  which  exception 
must   be   taken   is   the   statement   that   the 
people  at  large  preferred  "  a  haughty  aris- 
tocrat like  Lord  Derby,  who  never  flattered 
them,  but  always  respected  them,  because 
he  respected  himself,"  to  Disraeli,  and  that 
the  supposed  popularity  of  the  latter  with 
the  labouring  classes  wras  a  fiction.     In  the 
first    place,     Lord    Derby,    whom    Greville 
caught  joking  with  bookmakers  and  black- 
legs  at  Newanarket,   was  the  reverse  of  a 
haughty  aristocrat.     He  had  all  Palmerston's 
joviality  ;    he  shared  his  taste  for  the  turf  ; 
and  to  these  qualities,  with  his  honourable 
exertions     during     the     Lancashire     cotton 
famine,  his  influence  was  mainly  due.     But 
it  may  be  doubted  if  he  ever  counted  for 
more  than  a  handsome  figurehead,  whereas 
Disraeli    touched    the    imagination    of    the 
masses,    and   that   not   wholly   through   the 
evangelistic  efforts  of  the  "  great  "  Macder- 
mott.     Even   to-day  his  portrait   decorates 
many  a  humble  village  inn,   and   the  Tur- 
nerelli  tribute,  grotesque  offering  though  it 
was,  meant  a  good  deal  to  the  contributors. 
Mr.   Paul's  fifth  volume,  beginning  as  it 
does  with  the  installation  of  the  "  Govern- 
ment of  the  Caretakers  "  in  1885,  deals  with 
such  recent  and  such  controversial  politics 
that  criticism  of  it  in  a  non-political  journal 
is  a  matter  of  some  difficulty.     But.  though 
Mr.  Paul  writes  as  a  strong  Liberal,  he  de- 
serves full  credit,  at  any  rate,  for  the  justice 
he  pays  to  the  opposite  side.     Thus  he  calls 
the  Local  Government  Bill  of   1889   "  one 
of  the  best  and  soundest  ever  submitted  to 
Parliament  " — a  compliment,  it  is  true,  that 
some     Conservatives     may     not     altogether 
relish.      He  acknowledges,  again,  that   (dad- 
stone,  after  the  defeat  of  his  first   Some  Pule 
Bill,  lost   Ins  sense  of  proportion  when  he 
became    the    advocate    of    small    personal 
grievances  against  the  [rish  Executive.     Mr. 
Paid  should  have  alluded  to  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill's  letter  of  remonstrance  to  W.  II. 
Smith    when  the    Parnell   Commission    was 
appointed,  since  it  summarized,  with  much 


546 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


sagacity,  the  objections  to  that  unwise  pro- 
ceeding. We  doubt  the  justice  of  some 
of  Mr.  Paul's  inferences  concerning  the 
tangled  period  which  centred  in  the  general 
election  of  1885.  It  is  a  mistake  to  say,  for 
instance,  that  Mr.  Chamberlain  was  "  with- 
out the  key  to  the  riddle "  of  Parnell's 
conduct — his  communications  with  Lord 
Carnarvon.  Mr.  Chamberlain  had  been 
informed,  Gladstone  had  not.  Again,  we 
are  told  (p.  17)  that  Gladstone  kept  his  own 
counsel  before  the  elections,  whereas  on 
p.  27  we  learn  that  a  considerable  number 
of  influential  persons  had  been  taken  into 
his  confidence.  As  a  fact,  his  leanings 
towards  Home  Rule  were  no  secret  as  early 
as  the  first  week  in  September.  Further 
Mr.  Jesse  Collings's  fateful  amendment  to 
the  Address  is  apparently  regarded  by  Mr. 
Paul  as  a  fortuitous  matter,  whereas  it 
had  been  settled  at  a  meeting  of  members 
of  the  late  Cabinet  held  at  Lord  Granville's 
house.  Turning  to  colonial  affairs,  we 
notice  that  mention  is  made  of  the  detention 
of  the  Willoughby  expedition  on  the  Pungwe 
by  the  Portuguese,  whereas  their  various 
scuffles  with  the  British  South  Africa 
Company's  police  in  Manicaland  are  ignored, 
serious  affairs  though  they  were.  Still,  it 
is  not  easy  to  compress  the  events  of  ten 
full  years  within  the  compass  of  some  300 
pages  ;  and,  on  the  whole,  Mr.  Paul  deserves 
warm  congratulation  on  the  last  volume 
of  his  attractive  history. 

Recollections  of  my  Childhood  and 
Youth.  By  George  Brandes.  (Heinemann. ) — 
Dr.  Brandes,  who  is  eminent  as  philosopher, 
critic,  and  literary  artist,  shows  himself  in 
this  attractive  volume  mainly  in  the  last  of 
these  capacities.  An  artist's  hand  is  appa- 
rent in  the  skill  with  which  these  remini- 
scences have  been  selected  and  arranged 
no  less  than  in  the  vividness  with  which  they 
are  presented,  and  several  of  the  episodes 
and  character-sketches  are,  from  the  purely 
literary  point  of  view,  of  excellent  work. 
Nothing,  for  example,  could  be  more 
charming  than  the  portrait  of  the  Italian  girl 
Filomena,  and  many  of  the  little  anecdotes 
of  childish  or  student  days  are  related  with 
delightful  grace  and  wit.  Perhaps  the  most 
notable  characteristic  of  the  book  is  the 
address  with  which  the  writer  manages  to 
convey  the  impression  of  his  own  personality 
and  at  the  same  time  to  suggest  the  influ- 
ences of  his  early  environment.  He  speaks 
frankly  of  himself,  and  one  feels  that  his 
self-portraiture  is  thoroughly  honest  and 
trustworthy.  It  is  an  exceedingly  interest- 
ing character  that  he  displays  in  these 
pages,  though  one  that  will  not  attract 
everybody  ;  for  in  combination  with  an 
astonishing  power  of  understanding  and 
entering  into  the  feelings  of  others,  Dr. 
Brandes  manifests  at  times  a  certain  hardness 
and  aggressiveness.  Even  in  his  childhood 
and  youth  he  appears  as  one  determined  to 
"  devote  his  life  to  knowledge  and  perfect 
his  nature,"  and  the  Denmark  of  the  third 
quarter  of  last  century  was  not  altogether 
favourable  to  the  accomplishment  of  his 
desire.  Ih-  had  to  struggle  against  many 
difficulties,  and  ho  did  so  strenuously  :  we 
see  him  perpetually  choosing  the  arduous 
path  in  preference  to  the  easy,  and  as  soon 
as  he  has  thoroughly  mastered  one  subject 
he  turns  to  another  with  extraordinary 
vigour  and  intensity.  He  makes  a  most 
characteristic  confession  with  reference  to 
his  emigration  to  Berlin  in  1877  : — 

"When  tin:  time  in  my  life  arrived  that  I  felt 
compelled  to  settle  outside  of  Denmark,  I  chose  for 
my  place  of  residence  Berlin,  the  city  with  which 
I  had  fewest  points  in  common,  and  where  I  could 
consequently  learn  most  and  develop  myself  with- 
out one-sidedness." 


The  book,  of  course,  is  not  an  autobio- 
graphy even  of  the  author's  earlier  years, 
and  it  comes  to  an  end  while  he  is  still  under 
thirty.  The  first  half  deals  mainly  with  his 
life  in  Denmark,  indicates  most  instruct- 
ively the  intellectual  conditions  of  the  time, 
and  throws  many  interesting  side-lights  on 
Danish  scholars  and  men  of  letters.  The 
second  half  tells  of  his  sojourn  in 
France  and  Italy  and  his  brief  visit  to  Eng- 
land ;  we  get  several  pleasant  glimpses  of 
notabilities  such  as  Taine,  Kenan,  Philarete 
Chasles,  and  John  Stuart  Mill.  By  the  first 
and  last  of  these  Brandes,  as  is  well  known, 
was  deeply  influenced  ;  indeed,  he  has 
written  of  Taine  as  the  man  whom  he  most 
admired  and  to  whom  he  felt  most  deeply 
indebted,  and  his  affection  and  admiration 
were  evidently  reciprocated.  The  remi- 
niscences terminate  with  the  last  days  of  the 
writer's  residence  in  Rome,  just  before  he 
returned  to  Denmark  and  began  those 
lectures  on  the  '  Main  Currents  in  Nineteenth- 
Century  Literature '  which  roused  such  a 
storm  of  criticism  and  hostility,  inaugurated 
the  "  revolt  in  thought  "  desired  by  Ibsen, 
and  finally  gave  their  author  his  position 
as  a  leading  critic  of  the  last  quarter  of 
the  past  century. 

The  New  Far  East.  By  Thomas  F. 
Millard.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.)  —  The 
material  for  this  book  "  was  gathered,"  we 
are  told  in  the  preface,  "  in  the  course  of 
several  sojourns  in  the  Far  East,  made 
during  the  last  six  years  "  ;  and  the  object 
of  the  writer  is  to  "  aid  in  restoring,  in 
America  and  elsewhere,  a  critical  instinct 
in  respect  to  matters  of  great  moment  to 
the  whole  world."  Tn  other  words,  the 
desire  is  to  present  the  reverse  of  "  things 
Japanese  "  in  the  Far  East,  and  supply  a 
corrective  to  the  eulogies  passed  upon  the 
Japanese  side  of  the  history  of  latter  years. 
With  regard  to  the  operations  at  Chemulpo, 
there  is  something  to  be  said  for  the  view 
taken  by  the  author.  The  general  spirit  of 
the  book,  however,  may  be  sufficiently 
gathered  from  the  following  extracts,  espe- 
cially when  read  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Millard's  praise  of  American  policy  in  the 
Far  East : — 

"  If the  average  person  in  America  and  Eng- 
land now  finds  himself  imbued  with  an  impression 
that  Japan  is  a  miracle  among  the  nations ;    that  her 

national  purposes, point  straight  along  the  path 

of  universal  altruism that  the  Japanese  people 

are  the  most  patriotic,  the  most  agreeable ever 

known  ;  that  the  Japanese  soldier  and  sailor  are 
the  bravest  the  world  has  ever  seen,  and  their 
standard  of  excellence  unattainable  by  Westerners 
it  is  not  at  all  surprising." 

But  the  author  regards  such  sentiments  as 
rubbish  which  must  be  cleared  away  before 
any  intelligent  grasp  of  the  Far  Eastern 
question  can  be  obtained.  Our  manipula- 
tion of  news  during  the  Boer  war  supplies, 
he  thinks,  the  only  parallel  "  to  the  manner 
in  which  the  press  of  America  "—it  is 
assumed  that  "  a  majority  of  the  British 
press  was  complaisant  "  —  "  has  been 
'  worked  '  by  the  Japanese  Government  in 
regard  to  the  late  war  and  its  issues." 
Lastly  : — 

"The  resident  Japan  correspondent  for  a  pro- 
minent London  newspaper,  whose  special  service  is 
widely  used  and  opinion  much  quoted  in  America, 
is  the  publisher  of  a  paper  subsidized  by  the 
Japanese  Government." 

In  this  volume,  in  fine,  both  Japanese  and 
British  readers  may  learn  how  they  and 
their  policies  and  actions  in  the  Far  East 
are  viewed  by  those  Americans  who  are 
content  to  be  represented  by  Mr.  Thomas 
F.  Millard. 


A  Cruise  across  Europe  (John  Lane)  is  a 
racy  description  of  a  voyage  from  Holland 
to  the  Black  Sea  by  way  of  Ludwig's  Canal, 
which  unites  the  basins  of  the  Rhine  and 
the  Danube.  Its  author,  Mr.  Donald  Max- 
well, will  probably  remind  not  a  few  middle- 
aged  readers  of  "  Rob  Roy  "  MacGregor. 
He  writes  brightly  and  naturally,  and 
makes  little  attempt  to  be  laboriously 
funny — no  small  merit  nowadays.  Mr. 
Maxwell  and  his  companion,  Mr.  Cottington 
Taylor,  met,  however,  with  enough  adven- 
tures during  their  navigation  of  inland  waters 
to  justify  the  readable  narrative  of  their 
experiences  in  the  Walrus.  They  were 
twice  placed  under  arrest,  and  on  one  occa- 
sion pious  Hungarian  villagers  thrust  gifts 
upon  them  under  the  impression  that  they 
were  pilgrims  to  the  Holy  Land.  Mr.  Max- 
well's illustrations  show  a  nice  feeling  for 
skies  and  buildings  ;  the  sketches  of  the 
willow  forests  on  the  Danube,  too,  are  appro- 
priately dreamy.  Figures  fall  mainly  to 
Mr.  Taylor,  and  on  the  whole  he  succeeds 
with  them,  though  his  notions  of  proportion 
are  sometimes  eccentric. 

Milton's  Comus,  and  other  Poems,  and 
Bacon's  Essays  are  two  recent  volumes  in 
the  Cambridge  University  Press  "  New  Type 
Series."  The  Milton  is  mainly  reprinted 
from  the  1645  edition,  a  few  of  the  minor 
poems  being  taken  from  that  of  1673,  and 
from  the  autograph.  In  no  book  is  absolute 
correctness  of  spelling  more  essential  than 
in  an  edition  of  Milton,  who  had  ideas  of  his 
own  as  to  phonetics.  We  are  pleased 
to  say  that  the  volume  before  us  has 
answered  every  test  we  applied.  Of  course, 
opinions  will  always  differ  as  to  the  advis- 
ability of  printing  '  Comus  '  and  '  Lycidas  ' 
in  then*  earliest  forms,  but  some  of  the  altera- 
tions are  clearly  misprints.  We  hardly 
think  Milton  deliberately  altered  "  so  perfect 
in  their  misery  "  to  "is  their  misery."  The 
inserted  line  in  '  Lycidas,'  "  In  the  blest 
kingdoms  meek  of  joy  and  love,"  should  not 
have  been  made  to  follow  the  1638  title-page. 
It  is  a  double  pleasure  to  read  perfect  verso 
in  such  a  comely  form  as  that  in  which  it  is 
here  presented.  Bacon's  '  Essays  '  has  been 
printed  from  the  second  issue  of  the  1625 
edition,  the  last  supervised  by  the  author. 
The  type  makes  the  book  very  legible, 
and  the  weakness  of  the  press  —  the 
very  careless  composition  shown  by  the 
"  rivers  of  white "  down  the  page  and 
the  incorrect  proportion  of  the  margins — 
is  not  one  that  inconveniences  the  ordinary 
reader.  The  text  has  been  carefully  checked 
and  is  accurate,  and  we  commend  both  the 
works  to  the  book-buyer  in  search  of  a 
worthy  edition  of  two  masterly  books. 
Only  225  copies  are  printed  for  sale,  so 
that  the  additional  temptation  of  rarity  at 
no  distant  date  is  held  out  to  purchasers.    g£ 

A  h/tell  treatise  of  the  horse,  the  sheep,  and 
the  g'hoos,  by  John  Lydgate  (Cambridge 
University  Press),  is  a  facsimile  of  a  remark- 
able tract  which  was  printed  by  Wynkyn 
de  Worde.  The  woodcut  on  p.  1  is  con- 
veyed from  an  edition  of  '  Reynard  the  Fox ' 
now  lost,  if  it  ever  was  issued.  At  the  end 
of  the  apologue  the  well-known  verses, 
"  And  thou  desyre  thy  selfo  to  avaunco," 
are  printed  without  any  break,  and  also  a  list 
of  technical  terms  in  use,  from  which  the 
buyors  of  the  book  learned  that  a  knight  is 
harboured,  a  squire  lodged,  and  a  yeoman 
bedded,  with  other  such-like  useful  informa- 
tion.— The  Churl  and  the  Bird,  another  poem 
by  Lydgate,  was  issued  by  Chaucer  about  1478, 
and  no  other  copy  of  the  edition  is  known. 
It  was  reprinted  by  Ashmole  in  his  '  Theatrum 
Chemioum'  as  embodying  much  Hermetic 
wisdom,  but  its  moral   is  simple — "a  bird 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


■>±t 


in  the  hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush."  It 
seems  needless  to  add  anything  to  the  hearty 
commendation  we  have  already  bestowed 
on  this  important  series  of  facsimiles  of  our 
rarest  incunabula. 

Ledgers  and  Literature.  By  George  Knollys. 
(John  Lane.) — Mr.  Knollys  is  a  genuine 
humorist,  whose  fun  is  controlled  by  the 
poetic  spirit,  of  which  he  has  just  enough 
for  prose.  He  parodies  the  academic 
manner,  and  bestows  a  dab  of  Greek  on  a 
page  which  mentions  Bill  Bailey.  His 
subjects  range  from  the  books  of  debit  and 
credit  which  he  once  kept  to  Greek  vases 
and  toy  boats.  He  even  takes  us  into  a 
lunatic  asylum,  the  attractions  of  which  have 
induced  an  unskilful  pianist  to  claim  a 
Phoenician  origin  for  Aphrodite  too  loudly 
for  a  decorous  world.  The  pianist's  sister 
rejoices  that  the  inmates  of  the  asylum  will 
know  the  charm  of  his  touch.  The  humour 
here  is  on  thin  ice,  but  does  not  break  it. 
Elsewhere  Mr.  Knollys,  possibly  under  the 
influence  of  a  lunch-cake  which  he  despises, 
allows  the  prose-poet  in  him  to  diminish 
into  the  poeticule  of  prose.  None  would 
regret  this  more  than  his  "  brother  of  the 
twilight,"  an  ideal  double  of  himself  who 
inspires  a  thoughtful  chapter  in  a  promising 
book. 

Ideals  and  Applications,  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Henry  Van  Dyke  (Hodder  &  Stoughton), 
is  a  bundle  of  papers  by  a  "  sane  idealist  " 
upon  various  matters  affecting  the  spiritual 
welfare  of  the  United  States.  He  is  "  con- 
fused and  troubled  "  when  he  thinks  of 
"  the  third  factor  of  real  betterment " — 
self-restraint  and  altruism — with  regard  to 
his  country  ;  but  a  Christian  minister  con- 
fronted with  60,000  broken  wedding-rings 
in  one  year  must  be  excused  if  liberty  shocks 
him.  He  is  aware  that  "  ancestral  ideals  " 
must  be  imperilled  by  colonization,  but 
trusts  in  American  manhood  to  save  them. 
His  aphorism  "  Legislation  hostile  to  wealth 
is  political  brigandage  "  shines  in  the  light 
of  the  fact  that  New  York  is  computed  to 
give  fifty  million  dollars  a  year  to  charity. 
It  is  hard  to  say  whether  we  should  condole 
with  the  United  States  because  fewer  than  a 
hundred  Americans  make  a  good  living  by 
their  books.  Dr.  Van  Dyke  should  have 
named  one  of  the  best  who  do  not.    ■ 

Reconnoitres  in  Reason  and  the  Table  Book. 
By  Norman  Alliston.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
— The  '  Reconnoitres  in  Reason  '  are  a  series 
of  some  eight  essays  on  philosophical  sub- 
jects, such  as  '  Contraries,'  '  The  Limits  of 
Determinism,'  '  Force,' and  'Motion.'  These 
are  certainly  careful  and  original,  but  in 
some,  notably  in  that  on  '  The  Limits  of 
Determinism,'  Mr.  Alliston's  thinking  is  not 
sufficiently  keen  and  thorough.  His  argu- 
ment is  that,  since  causes  alone  give  us  tho 
right  to  predicate  necessity  of  the  material 
world,  in  so  far  as  none  is  present  there 
must  be  liberty.  A  stone,  if  sufficient 
cause  arises,  must  move  to  one  side.  Yes, 
says  Mr.  Alliston,  but  this  necessity  is  con- 
ditional, as  the  cause  may  never  arise,  and 
until  the  cause  does  arise  the  stone  is  free. 
Hence,  in  place  of  the  maxim  "Everything 
that  happens  happens  necessarily  "  we  should 
put  this  :  "  Everything  that  happens  happens 
nece&sarily,  but  it  has  got  to  happen  first." 
**  I  contend  then,"  Mr.  Alliston  proceeds, 
applying  his  principle,  "  that  when  the  will 
decides  it  is  forced  to  decide  ;  but  before 
it  comes  to  a  decision  it  is  free."  Such 
reasoning  is  of  no  use  to  tho  Libertarian  in 
defending  himself  against  the  charge  of 
having,  as  Spencer  put  it,  "  an  inadequate 
conception  of  causation  "  :  it  would  only 
show  that  he  has  an  inadequate  conception 
of  freedom  as  well. 

Why  '  The  Table  Book  '  is  appended  to 


these  essays  we  have  not  discovered.  Tt  is 
a  collection  of  remarks,  sometimes  senten- 
tious, sometimes  epigrammatic,  upon  all 
kinds  of  topics,  with  a  special  set  devoted 
to  literature  ;  but  they  are  no  great  improve- 
ment upon  the  most  casual  conversational 
items  with  which  life  supplies  all  men  in 
abundance. 

An  Outline  of  the  Phonology  and  Mor- 
phology of  the  Old  Provencal  (Boston,  U.S., 
Heath),  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Grandgent,  is  a 
useful  introduction  to  the  study  of  old  Pro- 
vencal, dealing  with  its  phonetics  fully,  and 
with  its  morphology  in  a  more  summary 
manner.  Students  of  the  development  of 
the  Romance  languages  will  be  glad  to  have 
this  volume,  which  comprises  what  is  known 
of  its  subject  admirably  and  clearly  put. 

Me.  A.  L.  Humphreys  has  sent  us  three 
additions  to  his  "  Royal  Library."  Essays, 
by  Matthew  Arnold,  a  volume  including 
'  The  Function  of  Criticism,'  '  The  Literary 
Influence  of  Academies,'  'Maurice  de  Guerin,' 
and  '  Eugenie  de  Guerin  '  ;  and  Maxims  of 
Love  from  Stendhal,  in  French  and  English, 
belong  to  the  "  Belles  Lettres "  section ; 
while  Grammont's  Memoirs,  issued  in  larger 
form,  is  now  available  in  the  "  Historical 
Series."  The  Library  maintains  a  standard 
worthy  of  its  form,  and  by  this  time  has,  we 
fancy,  secured  the  approval  of  the  general 
public  as  well  as  of  the  book-lover.  Even 
"  the  world's  coarse  thumb  "  will  handle 
these  choice  books  with  care. 

Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  send  us  the  first 
two  of  Trollope's  Barsetshire  novels,  The 
Warden  and  Barchester  Towers,  in  the  neat 
form  of  "  The  York  Library,"  and  also  in 
an  excellent  "  Library  Edition,"  which  is  all 
that  could  be  desired  in  the  way  of  print  and 
paper.  These  editions  are  destined  for  wide 
popularity.  Both  have  an  introduction  by 
Mr.  Frederic  Harrison,  who,  as  one  of  Trol- 
lope's early  admirers,  is  well  fitted  to  dwell 
on  his  merits.  It  is  unnecessary,  however, 
to  heighten  Trollope's  virtues  by  scolding 
wicked  modern  novelists.  We  do  not 
regard  "  mysteries  of  psychology "  and 
"  moral  or  immoral  conundrums "  as  in 
themselves  deleterious  themes  for  fiction. 
There  is  something  mid-Victorian  in  Mr. 
Harrison's  limitations.  He  regards  Trol- 
lope's excursions  into  "  low  life  "  as  "  com- 
monplace and  tiresome."  Yet  the  diver- 
sions of  these  despised  ranks  of  society  are, 
in  fact  and  fiction,  at  least  as  exhilarating 
as  the  evolutions  of  superior  persons.  Of 
the  main  figures  of  Trollope's  famous  set  of 
ecclesiastics  Mr.  Harrison  writes  with  dis- 
creet admiration. 

The  Comedy  of  Charles  Dickens  (Chapman 
&  Hall)  bears  also  on  the  title-page  the  words 
"  a  book  of  chapters  and  extracts  taken  from 
the  writer's  novels  by  his  daughter  Kate 
(Mrs.  Perugini)."  The  selections,  with  brief 
introductions  making  their  context  clear, 
are  excellently  chosen,  and  should  please 
not  only  those  new  to  Dickens,  but  also  the 
experts,  who,  however  good  their  memory, 
are  sure  to  come  on  some  forgotten  felicity. 
In  the  delightful  "  Knutsford  Edition" 
(Smith  &  Elder)  of  Mrs.  Gaskell's  works 
three  new  volumes  are  now  out — Ruth,  cbc, 
North  and  South,  and  My  Lady  Ludlow,  &c. 
All  are  judiciously  edited  by  the  Master  of 
Petcrhouse. 

Lovers  of  poetry  should  rejoice  in  A 
Pageant  of  Elizabethan  Poetry  (Blackie), 
edited  by  Mr.  Arthur  Symons.  The  book  is 
charmingly  printed  and  bound,  and  should 
be  one  of  the  favourites  of  the  season.  Mr. 
Symons  has  ample  knowledge  of  all  that 
modern  criticism  and  investigation  have 
done  for  us  in  the  way  of  Elizabethan  dis- 
covery ;    he  has,   too,  a  singularly  delicate 


taste  of  his  own  which  singles  him  out  from 
the  tribe  of  anthologists. 

Miss  Mary  Johnston's  Audrey  and  Sir 
Mortimer  have  appeared  in  a  "  Pocket 
Edition"  (Constable)  which  offers  both 
good  type  and  excellent  reading. 


LIST  OF  NEW   BOOKS. 

B  X  G  L  I  S  H. 

Theology. 
Banks  (L.  A.),  Tim  Great  Promises  of  tin-  Bible. 
Caird  (Principal  J.),  Aspects  of  Life,  New  Edition.  3  6 
Churchmanship  and  Labour,  compiled  by  K.  \V.  H.  Hunt,  5/ 
Crothers  (8.  M.),  The  Making  of  Religion,  1/  net 
Drawbridge   (C.    L.),  Religious    Education    and    Ho*    to 

Improve  It,  3/G  net. 
Friend  (If.),  The  Mosaic  of  Life.  :;  fl 
Garvie  (A.  E.),  A  Guide  to  Preachers,  5/ 
Illustrative  Lesson  Notes  for  1!H>7,  edited  by  T.  Mc-Farland, 

5/ 
Montetiore  (C  O.),  Truth  in  Religion,  and  other  Sermons, 

3/0  net. 
Motile (H.  C.  G.),  The  sacred  Seasons,  selected  by  I'.  M.  Y., 

6/  net. 
Nicoll  (\V.  R.),  The  Lamp  of  Sacrifice,  0/ 
Odgers(J.  E.),  The  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  1,  net. 
Ragg  (L.),  Christ  and  our  Ideals,  3/  net. 
Roman  Documents  and   Decrees,  edited  by  tin    Rev.    11. 

Dunford,  1/  net. 
Smith  (D.),  The  Pilgrim's  Hospice,  3/6 
Theological  Studies,  October,  3/6  net. 
Watts  (S.),  God's  Jewels,  6rf. 
Wilkinson  (Bishop),   Twenty   Years  of   Continent    i    Work 

and  Travel,  10/6  net. 

Lair. 
Hendrick  (F.),  The  Power  to  Regulate  Corporations  and 

Commerce,  15/  net. 
May  .(Sir  T.  E.),   Treatise   on   the   Law  and   Privileges  of 

Parliament,  edited  by  T.  L.  Wehster  and  W.  E.  Grey, 

Eleventh  Edition. 
Young  (G.),    Corps    de    Droit    Ottoman,    Vols.    IY.-YIL, 

57/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Calthrop  (D.  C),   English  Costume  :   Vol.  III.  Tudor  ami 

Stuart,  7/0  net. 
Cartoons  from  '  Punch,'  4  vols.,  40/  net. 
Claremont  (L.),  The  Gem-Cutter's  Craft,  1"/  net. 
Clayden   (A.    W.),  The    History   of    Devonshire    ^-enery, 

10/6  net. 
Cram  (R.  A.),  The  Ruined  Abbeys  of  Great  Bii:   in,  10  6 net 
Dietrichson  (L.),  Monumenta  Orcadica,  the  Norsemen  in 

the   Orkneys    and    the    Monuments    thev  have    left, 

60/  net. 
Jackson  (F.  H.),  The  Shores  of  the  Adriatic:    The  Italian 

Side,  21/  net. 
Old  English  Country  Cottages,  edited  by  C.  Holme,  5   net* 
Rhead  (G.  W.),  Chats  on  Costume,  5/  net. 
Ronaldson  (T.  M.),  Drawings  of  New  College,  Oxford,  6/  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Blake  (W.),  Poetical  Works,  edited  by  E.  J.  Ellis.  2  vols., 

12/  net. 
Bond  of  Music,  edited  by  D.  and  A.  MacDongall,  2  G  net. 
Caine  (Hall),  The  Bondman  Play,  2  0 
Christmas  Anthology,  2/6  net. 
Cowley  (A.),  Essays,  Plays,  and  Sundry  Verses,  edited  by 

A.  R.  Waller,  4/6  net. 
Goethe,  Faust,  illustrated  by  G.  James,  3/6  net. 
Heywood  (J.),  The  Pardoner  and  the  Friar  ;  The  Four  P.P., 

edited  by  J.  S.  Fanner,  2/  net. 
Mackail  (J.  W.),  Select  Epigrams  from  the  Greek  Anthology, 

New  Edition,  14/  net. 
Minor  Poets  of  the  Caroline  Period,  Vol.  II.,  edited  by  G. 

Saintsbury,  10/6  net. 
Pilgrim's  Way,  chosen  by  A.  T.  Quiller-Couch,  3  '6  net. 
Radford  (E.),  Poems,  2/0  net. 
Robin  Hood,  his  Deeds  and  Adventures,  selected  by  L.  F. 

Perkins,  4/  net. 
Rowsell  (M.  C.)  and  Dilley  (J.  J.),  Richard's  Play,  a  Come- 
dietta, 6rf. 
Rowsell  (M.  C.)  and  Howell  (E.  G.),  My  Lady-  Favour,  fl 

One-Act  Comedy,  o</. 
Williams  (A.  R.),  Three  New  Plays,  5/ 
Woodbury  (J.  C),  The  Greatest  City  in  the  World. 
Wyndham  ((!.),  Ronsard  and  La  Pleiade,  5/  net. 

Music 
Barnett  (J.  F.),  Musical  Reminiscences  and  Impressions, 
10/0  net. 

Bibliography. 
Reference  Catalogue  of  Current  Literature,  1906,  -  vola 

U'/Onet. 
Thomas  (N.  W.),  Bibliography  of  Folk-lore,  1006,  1/  net. 

Philosophy. 
East  wick  (E.),  The  Art  of  Thinking,  1/  net. 
Fell  (G.),  The  Immortality  of  the  Human  Soul  Philosophic- 
ally Explained,  5/ net. 
Hobhouse  (L.  T.),  Morals  in  Evolution,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 
Lovell  (A.),  How  to  Think,  1/  net. 

political  Ea  nomy. 
Kropotkin  (P.),  The  Conquest  of  Lied,  10  6  net. 
l.av.  son  (\\   11  )  American  finance    Farfe  lire*/— Domestic, 

6/  net. 
Macgregor(D.  II.),  Industrial  Combination,  7 .0  net. 

History  and 
Adams  (I.  W.),  Shihusawa  ;  or,  the  Passing  of  I  I 
Evelyn  (J.),  Diary,    Introduction  and   Notes   by  Austin 

Dobson,  8  vols.,  Bl/8  net. 
Prance  Monarchique,  avec  Introduction  el  Notes        I  .  EL 

Powell  et  o.  B.  Powell.  6/ 
Gilchrist  (A.),  The  Life  of  William  Blab  W.  <;. 

Robertson,  10/6  net. 
Harper  (C.  G.),  The  Old  Inns  of  Old  England,  i 
Henderson  (T.  I-'.),  The  Auld  Ayrshire  Burns, 

n. a. 


548 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


Homes  and  Haunts  of  Famous  Authors,  3/  net. 

Hulbert  (A.  B.),  The  Ohio  River :  a  Course  of  Empire,  15/  net. 

Inscriptions  in  the  Old  British  Cemetery  of  Leghorn,  tran- 
scribed by  G.  Milner  -  Gibson  •  Cullum  and  F.  C. 
Macauley,  2/ 

McCabe  (J.),  Talleyrand,  16/  net. 

Napoleon's  Last  Voyages,  Second  Edition,  10/G  net. 

O'Connor  (G.  B.),  Elizabethan  Ireland,  Native  and  English, 

3  0 

Royal  Historical  Society  Transactions,  New  Series,  Vol.  XX. 

Tait  (W.),  A  History  of  Haslar  Hospital,  2/6  net. 

Victoria    Historv :"  Cornwall,    Vol.    I.;    Devon,    Vol.   I.; 

Somerset,  Vol.  I.,  31/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Battle's  Patent  Nautical  Indicator  to  the  Rule  of  the  Road 

at  Sea,  designed  by  Capt.  Noakes,  3/6  net. 
Cook's   Handbook  for  Egypt  and  the  Sudan,  by  E.  A.  W. 

Budge,  10/  net. 
Gwvnn  (s.),  The  Fair  Hills  of  Ireland,  6/ 
Hale  (E.  E.),  Tarry  at  Home  Travels,  10/6  net. 
Hewlett  pi-).  The  Road  in  Tuscany,  8/6  net. 
Hilton-Simpson  (M.  W.),  Algiers  and  Beyond,  12/  net. 
Lloyd's  Guide  to  Australasia,  edited  by  A.  G.  Plate,  6/ 
Where  to  Live  round  London  (Northern  side),  2/6  net. 

Sports  and  Past  ones. 
Hornaday  (W.  T.),  Camp-Fires  in  the  Canadian  Rockies, 

16/ net. 
Spalding's  Football  Guide,  6d.  net. 
Education. 
University  College  of  North  Wales,  Calendar  1906-7. 

Philology. 
Wood  (F.  11.),  Notes  on  Names  in  the  Holy  Land,  3/6  net. 

School-Books. 
British  Empire,  edited  by  F.  D.  Herbertson,  2/6 
Fearenside  (C.  s.),  Outline  of  the  Historv  of  Great  Britain, 

4  f, 

Latin  Unseens,  selected  by  E.  C.  Marchant,  1/ 
Newth  (G.  8.),  Smaller  Chemical  Analysis,  2/ 
Pictorial  Italian  Course,  edited  by  G.  A.  del  Medico,  2/ 

Science. 
Boulger  (G.  S.),  Familiar  Trees,  New  Edition,  6/ 
Braithwaite  (A.),  Problems  in  Diet,  2/6  net. 
Cooper  (R.  II.),  Ihe  Uses  of  X  Rays  in  General  Practice, 

2/6  net. 
Crook  (II.  E.).  High  Frequency  Currents,  7/6  net. 
Cross  (A.  VV.  S.),  Public  Baths  and  Wash-houses,  21/  net. 
Dewar  (G.  A.  B.),  The  Faery  Vear,  7/6 
Dowson  (J.  E.),  Producer  Gas,  10/6  net. 
Examples  in  the  Mathematical  Theory  of  Electricity  and 

Magnetism,  edited  by  J.  G.  Leathern,  1/6 
Henderson  (M.  F.),  The  Aristocracy  of  Health,  6/ 
Higgins  (H),  Humaniculture,  5/ net. 
Horner  (J.  G.),  Practical  Metal  Turning,  9/  net. 
I  Go  ft-Walking  :  Through  the  Woods  and  o'er  the  Moor, 

2/6  net. 
Macpherson   (H.),    A    Century's   Progress   in   Astronomy, 

6/  net. 
Marine  Biological  Association  Journal,  October,  1/ 
Marshall  (C.  F.),  Syphilology  and  Venereal  Disease,  10/6 net. 
Meyer  (E.  von),  A  History  of  Chemistry,  translated  by  G. 

McGowan,  17/  net. 
Rentoul  (R.  R.),  Race  Culture  :  or,  Race  Suicide,  7/6  net. 
Report  on  the  Physical  Condition  of  Fourteen  Hundred 

Sri i oi>1  Children  in  the  City  of  Edinburgh,  5/  net. 
Rutherford  (E.),  Radio-active  Transformations,  16/ net. 
Tinney  (W.  H.),  Gold-Mining  Machinery,  12/6  net. 
Transactions  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, Session  1905-6,  8/6 
Ward  (L.  FA  Applied  Sociology,  10/6  net. 
Watson  (W.),  A  Text-Book  of  Practical  Physics,  9/ 
Williams  (L.),  Minor  Maladies  and  their  Treatment,  5/  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  selected  by  G.  Davidson, 

3/6 
Austin  (C.)i  Hugh  Herbert's  Inheritance,  New  Edition,  2/ 
Benson  (J.   K.),  The  Book  of   Sports   and  Pastimes   for 

Young  People,  5/ 
Billinghurst  (P.  J.),  Beasts  shown  to  the  Children,  2/6  net. 
Blackwood  (I.  C),  The  Flower  Fairy  Tale  Book,  5/ 
Chums  for  1906,  8/ 

Church  (A.  J.),  Lords  of  the  World,  New  Edition,  3/6 
Corkran  (A.),  Down  the  Snow  Stairs,  New  Edition,  2/6 
Cowham  (II.),  Peter  Pickle  and  his  Dog  Fido,  2/6 
Debenham  (M.  H  ),  Lavender,  2/6 

Enchanted  Land,  Tales  told  again  by  L.  Chisholm,  7/6  net. 
Fenn  (G.  -M.),  Bunyip  Land,  New  Edition,  3/ 
From  Santa  Claus,  Pictures  by  E.  Welby,  Verses  by  C. 

Bingham,  3/0 
Games  Book  for  Boys  and  Girls,  0/ 
Golden    Staircase,   chosen    by  L.    Chisholm,  Pictures   by 

M.  i>.  Spooner,  7/6  net. 
Gould,  (1'.  .7.),  Life  and  Manners,  2/6  net. 
Grant  (Mrs.  G.  !•'.),  The  Beresford  Boys,  3/6 
Grimm's  and  Hans  Andersen's  Fairy  Tales,  edited  for  Little 

Folk,  5/ 
Meddle  (B.  F.),  An  Original  Girl,  New  Edition,  3/6 
lb-Hi  \  (i  ■.  A.),  Condemned  as  a  Nihilist ;  Under  Wellington's 

Command,  New  Editions,  8/6  each 
Leighton  (R.),  Monitor  at  Megson's,  3/6 ;  Olaf  the  Glorious, 

New  Edit  ion,  8/ 
Macmillan  (M.),  The  List  of  the  Peshwas,  2/6 
Meade  (L.  T.),  Turquoise  and  Ruby,  6/ 

Morgan  (O.)and  Koiuitree  (II.),  Mr.  Punch's  Book  of  Birth- 
days, ■  6 
Powell  (1  .),  The  w,,if-.\ien,  3/6 
Prize,  1906. 

Reed  (T.  B.),  Follow  my  Leader,  New  Edition,  3/6 
Sharp  '  I'..),  Tin-  Child's  Christmas,  Pictured  byC.  Robinson, 

6  net. 
Stables  (G.),  Tn  Greenland  and  I  he  Pole,  New   Edition,  3/ 
Thompson  (L.  BA  Who's  Who  at  the  Zoo,  2/6  net. 
Thorn  (L),  A  Golden  Age,  New  Edition,  2/ 
Tynan  (K.)and  Robinson  (C),  A  Little  Book  of  Courtesies, 

net. 
Whishaw  (!•'.),  King  by  Combat,  8/6 
Wi  bin-  (S.),  Young  Pickli 

Qeru  ral  IAU  rat/we. 
Adcock  (A,  si.  .i.),  Love  in  London,  6/ 
Albanesi (Madame),  a  Little  Brown  Mouse,  5/ 


Anderson  (J.  W.),  Shipmasters'  Business  Companion,  3/6  net. 

Bain  (F.  W.),  An  Essence  of  the  Dusk,  5/  net. 

Bell  (R.  S.  W.),  Cox's  Cough  Drops,  3/6 

Bennett  (A.),  Whom  God  hath  Joined,  6/ 

Bernhardi  (F.  von),  Cavalry  in  Future  Wars,  translated  by 

C.  S.  Goldman,  10/6  net. 
Bindloss  (H.),  A  Damaged  Reputation,  6/ 
Blyth  (J.),  Lawful  Issue,  6/ 
Brady  (C.  T.),  The  Patriots  of  the  South,  6/ 
Campden  (J.),  The  Hundredth  Acre,  3/6 
Clark  (A.),  A  Bodleian  Guide  for  Visitors,  1/6  net. 
Clark  (F.  B.),The  Treasure  of  Reifenstein,  3/0 
Cleeve  (L.),  Counsels  of  the  Night,  6/ 
Closed  Doors,  3/6 
Commerce  and  Property  in  Naval  Warfare,  edited  by  F.  W. 

Hirst,  1/ 
Corkran  (H),  Round  our  Square,  6/ 
Dawson  (F.),  The  Heir  of  Dene  Royal,  6/ 
DeLa  Pasture  (Mrs.  H.),  The  Little  Squire,  New  Edition, 

3/6 
Denny  (J.  K.  II.),  The  Clever  Miss  Follett,  New  Edition,  3/6 
Dix  (B.  M.),  Merrylips,  6/ 

Douglas-Hamilton  (Mrs.  A.),  Leone  :  aTaleof  the  Jesuits, 6/ 
Emanuel  (W.),  The  Dogs  of  War,  5/ 
Gallon  (Tom),  Fortunes  a-Begging,  6/ 
Gaskell  (Mrs.),  My  Lady  Ludlow,  and  other  Tales,  Knuts- 

ford  Edition,  4/6  net. 
Graham  (W.),  A  Miracle  of  the  Turf,  0/ 
Griffith  (G.),  A  Conquest  of  Fortune,  6/ 
Hardy  (I.  D.),  A  Trap  of  Fate,  6/ 
Iota,  Smoke  in  the  Flame,  6/ 
Johnston  (M.),  Sir  Mortimer  ;    Audrey,  Pocket  Edition, 

2/6  H6t  Gjich 
Keith  (M.),  The' Silver  Maple,  6/ 
Lesueur  (D),  The  Power  of  the  Past,  6/ 
Life's  Calendar,  1907, 10/6  net. 
Macleod  (M.),  A  Book  of  Ballad  Stories,  6/ 
Mansfield  (G),  The  Girls  and  the  Gods,  6/ 
Middlemass  (J.),  A  Felon's  Daughter,  6/ 
Moberly  (L.  G.),  Hope  my  Wife,  6/ 
Phelps  (E.  S.),  The  Man  in  the  Case,  6/ 
Phillpotts  (E.)  and  Bennett  (A.),  The  Sinews  of  War,  6/ 
Quiller-Couch  (A.  T.),  Sir  John  Constantine,  6/ 
Randal  (J.),  The  Manager's  Box,  6/ 
Ranger-Gull  (C),  The  Soul  Stealer,  6/ 

Sheringham  (H.  T.)  and  Meakin  (N.),  The  Enemy's  Camp,  6/ 
Shipley  (M.  E.),  Barbara  Pelham,  2/6 
Smith  (A.  P.),  Montlivet,  6/ 
Smith  (F.  B.),  In  London  Town,  6/ 
Stevenson  (R.  L.),  The  Works  of,  Notes  by  E.  Gosse,  Vols. 

I.— IV.,  Pentland  Edition.     (Sets  only,  220*.  net.) 
Straus  (R.),  The  Man  Apart,  6/ 
Turner  (G.  F.),  Frost  and  Friendship,  6/ 
Tytler  (S.),  The  Girls  of  Inverbarns,  6/ 
Warden  (F.),  The  Financier's   Wife  ;   Robert   the  Devil, 

6/  each. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 

Dorner  (A.),  Die  Entstehung  der  christlichen  Glaubens- 

lehren,  6m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Michel  (A.),  Histoire  de  l'Art,  Vol.  II.,  15fr. 
Schlaf  (J.),  Kritik  der  Taineschen  Kunsttheorie,  lm.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Ackermann  (R.),  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley:    der  Mann,    der 

Dichter,  und  seine  \Verke,  5m. 
Douais  (Mgr.),  LTnquisition :  ses  Origines,  sa  Procedure, 

7fr.  50. 
Esmein  (A.),  Gouverneur  Morris,  3fr.  50. 
Laborie  (L.  de  Lauzac  de),  Paris  sous  Napoleon  :  La  Cour 

et  la  Ville,  5fr. 
Lesage  (C),  LTnvasion  anglaise  en  FCgypte :  L' Achat  des 

Actions  de  Suez,  3fr.  50. 
Me'zieres  (A.),  Silhouettes  de  Soldats,  3fr.  50. 
Mikhai'lowitch  (Grand  -  due  N.),  Relations  diplomatiques 

de  la  Russie  et  de  la  France,  1808-12,  4  vols. ,  40fr. 
Stenger  (G.),  La   Socie^te'  franchise  pendant  le  Consulat, 

Series  V.,  5fr. 
Stieglitz  (Baron  A.  de),  LTtalie  et  la  Triple-Alliance,  5fr. 
Thomas  (T.),  La  Maladie  et  la  Mort  de  Maupassant,  2fr.  50. 
Vacandard     (E.),     LTnquisition :     Etude     historique     et 

critique,  3fr.  50. 
Waldeck-Rousseau,  Plaidoyers,  Series  II.,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Bednara  (E.),  De  Sermone  Dactylicorum  Latinorum  Qiues- 

tiones  :  Catullus  et  Ovidius,  5m. 
Science. 
Berthelot  (M.).  Arehe'ologie  et  Histoire  des  Sciences,  12fr. 

General  Literature. 
Flat  (P.),  Le  Roman  de  la  Comedienne,  3fr.  50. 
Floran  (M.),  L'Esclavage,  8fr.  50. 
Noblemaire  (G.),  La  Republique  liberate,  3fr.  50. 
Regismanset  (C),  L'Ascete,  3fr.  50. 
Tlu'venin  (L.),  Les  Dieux  d'Argile,  3fr.  50. 
Vandt:rem  (P.),  La  Victime,  3fr.  50. 

%*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  he  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Pitblishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  to/ten 
sending  Books. 


'  THE  TIMES  '  AND  THE  PUBLISHERS. 

On  July  14th  wo  expressed  a  hope  that 
the  publishers  would  bo  firm  in  maintain  im.!; 
the  resolutions  just  passed  by  thoir  Associa- 
tion concerning  the  period  at  which  books 
could  be  fairly  sold  as  "  secondhand."  We 
had  not  intended  to  enter  further  on  a  field 
already  amply  occupied  by  the  press,  but 
iln-  Later  developments  of  the  controversy 
constitute  a  menace  to  the  free  circulation 
of  literature  which  cannot  be  passed  over  in 


silence.  At  the  head  of  certain  reviews  in 
its  '  Literary  Supplement '  The  Times  has 
inserted  these  words  :  "  See  Notice  under 
Contents."  And  in.  the  "Notice"  it  has 
invited  subscribers  to  the  Book  Club  to 
"  refrain  from  asking  "  for  the  books  so 
black-listed. 

The  attack  upon  the  bookseller  is  venial 
compared  wTith  this  development,  which 
calls  for  the  severest  condemnation.  If 
these  are  the  methods  adopted  by  The 
Times  at  this  early  stage  of  its  attempt 
to  secure  a  monopoly  of  book  distribution, 
what  may  we  expect  when  it  has  estab- 
lished that  monopoly  ?  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's 
confidence  in  its  "  generosity  "  and  "  mag- 
nanimity "  appears  to  be  singularly  illogical. 
Reaction  leaning  upon  Reform  —  a  dear 
newspaper  resting  on  cheap  books— is  suf- 
ficiently comic  ;  but  Individualism  leaning 
upon  Socialism — the  advocate  of  Private 
Enterprise  sustained  by  the  advocate  of 
Collectivism — surely  that  is  farce. 

As  we  have  entered  on  the  subject,  we 
feel  it  a  duty  to  our  readers  to  make  the 
points  at  issue  between  the  parties  as  clear 
as  possible  by  bringing  together  certain  facts 
and  statements  of  importance  which  have, 
perhaps,  been  obscured  in  the  cloud  of 
controversy. 

The  forces  engaged  in  the  present  contro- 
versy are  the  booksellers  and  their  allies,  the 
Authors'  Society  and  the  publishers,  on  the- 
one  side,  and  The  Times,  with  its  allies, 
Messrs.  Hooper  &  Jackson,  on  the  other. 
The  precise  relations  between  The  Times  and 
this  American  firm  are  obscure.  It  is  known, 
however,  that  Mr.  Hooper  organized  the 
sale  of  the  ninth  edition  of  '  The  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,'  and  that  his  success  in 
that  enterprise  led  to  the  establishment  of 
The  Times  Book  Club.  It  is  certain  that 
Mr.  Hooper  is  not  a  mere  servant  of  The 
Times.  He  is  too  big  for  a  subsidiary  role. 
In  an  interview  with  the  New  York  corre- 
spondent of  The  Morning  Leader,  which 
appeared  in  that  paper  on  October  21st,  he 
thus  explained  the  origin  and  aim  of  the 
Book  Club  :— 

"Some  little  time  ago  The  Times  was  anxious 
to  increase  its  circulation.  We  could  have  done  it 
by  reducing  the  price  to  a  penny  or  even  two- 
pence ;  but  the  qualitj'  of  the  newspaper  would 
have  suffered.  In  order  to  raise  the  circulation  we 
decided  that  it  was  the  duty  of  The  Times — which 
possesses  more  literary  lights  of  London,  directly 
or  indirectly,  on  its  staff  than  any  other  journal — 
to  embark  on  a  scheme  for  supplying  subscribers 
with  standard  works  at  no  cost  to  themselves.  So- 
The  Times  Book  Club  offered  to  sell  at  one-third 
off.  At  first  the  publishers  welcomed  the  scheme, 
but  after  it  had  worked  for  eleven  months  their 
association  tried  to  force  us  to  keep  the  books 
six  months  before  selling  them.  They  thought 
they  could  prevent  our  obtaining  our  supplies. 
But  we  can  get  all  we  want.  They  imagined  that 
they  could  whip  The  Times,  hut  they  never  made  a 
greater  mistake." 

It  is  important  to  note  that  this  inter- 
view was  submitted  to  Mr.  Hooper  in  manu- 
script and  revised  by  him.  Its  accuracy 
has  not  been  disputed.  It  is  a  candid 
statement  of  a  fact  now  established,  namely, 
that  the  Book  Club  is  a  speculative  enter- 
prise, having  for  its  primary  object  the 
increase  of  the  circulation  and  advertising 
revenue  of  The  Times.  Moreover,  The 
Times  itself  in  its  preliminary  advertisement* 
said  : — 

"We  wish  to  double  the  circulation  of  The 
Times  :  and  if  the  circulating  library  service  costs 
us  100,000/.,  we  are  quite  prepared  to  expend  that 
sum  in  order  to  double  our  circulation.  Increased 
circulation  Mill  inevitably  result  in  such  an  ad- 
dition to  our  revenue  from  advertisements  as  will 
fully  cover  the  cost  of  organizing,  advertising,  and 

maintaining  the  Book  Club The  deliberate  object 

of  the  scheme  is  spending  money  instead  of  making 
money." 


N°4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


549 


It  was  thus  clear  from  the  outset  that  the 
Book  Club  was  neither  an  ordinary  library 
nor  an  ordinary  bookselling  business.  Its 
main  object  was  to  increase  the  sale  of  The 
Times,  and  the  methods  adopted  have  led  to 
the  undercutting  of  both  the  libraries  and 
the  booksellers. 

Mr.  Moberly  Bell,  the  manager  of  The 
Times,  on  June  28th,  1905,  wrote  to  Mr. 
John  Murray  : — 

1 '  We  do  not  wish  to  undercut  either  in  buying 
or  selling.  We  want  to  be  honest  broker  between 
readers  and  publishers,  with  as  little  opportunity 
for  bargaining  as  possible." 

The  Times  has  not  attempted  to  explain  its 
departure  from  the  policy  thus  stated.  The 
Book  Club  has  undercut  both  in  buying  and 
selling.  It  has  not  only  demanded  "  most 
favoured  nation  "  treatment,  and  more,  but  it 
has  in  addition  demanded  from  publishers  an 
undertaking  to  return  15  per  cent,  (and  in 
some  cases  a  larger  percentage)  of  its  pur- 
chases in  the  form  of  advertising  in  The 
Times.  This  15  per  cent,  was,  of  course, 
really  an  additional  discount,  over  and 
above  that  granted  to  other  libraries  and 
other  booksellers. 

The  Book  Club  undercut  in  selling  as  well 
as  in  buying.  In  advertisements  it  offered  to 
the  public  "  books  of  all  kinds  at  bargain 
prices."  It  assured  them  that  they  were  but 
"nominally"  or  "  technically  second-hand," 
describing  them  as  "  clean,"  "  undefaced," 
"  uninjured,"  "  unstained,"  "  fresh,"  and 
"  virtually  as  good  as  new."  It  offered 
discounts  ranging  from  35  to  70  per  cent., 
describing  its  plan  as  "a  glorified  form 
of  bargain  -  hunting."  We  may  add  that 
although  Mr.  Moberly  Bell  assured  the 
publishers  that  the  Club  "would  not 
sell  a  book  as  second  -  hand  if  we  were 
still  able  to  circulate  it,"  the  Club 
assured  its  subscribers  that  they  could  buy 
books  "  while  they  are  in  course  of  circula- 
tion, seizing  as  they  pass  through  your  hands 
those  that  you  want." 

The  Club  was  thus  undercutting  in  both 
buying  and  selling.  It  was,  in  short,  under- 
mining the  net-book  system  at  both  ends. 
But  the  net  system  was  the  very  life-blood 
of  the  bookseller.  It  came  into  operation 
on  January    1st,    1900,   its  object  being  to 

f>revent  undercutting.  Before  it  was  estab- 
ished  the  smaller  booksellers  were  on  the 
verge  of  ruin.  They  had  been  for  years 
trying  to  eke  out  a  precarious  living  by  selling 
toys  and  fancy  goods.  Under  the  net 
system  their  position  had  been  slowly  im- 
proving. The  Book  Club  dealt  them  a 
mortal  blow.  They  realized  that  they 
could  not  hope  to  compete  against  a  rival 
which  was  undercutting  them  both  in  buying 
and  selling.  They  compelled  the  Pub- 
lishers' Association  to  come  to  their  aid, 
and  to  defend  the  net  system  against 
the  attacks  of  The  Times.  The  Pub- 
lishers' Association,  after  consulting  with 
the  Authors'  Society  and  the  Booksellers' 
Association,  finally  arrived  at  a  definition  of 
second-hand  bookswhich would  meet  the  case. 
They  fixed  a  period  of  six  months  as  the 
life  of  a  new  book,  during  which  it  should 
not  be  sold  at  a  reduced  price.  This  defini- 
tion was  rejected  by  The  Times  alone,  which 
now  openly  claimed  the  right  to  sell  when 
it  pleased,  and  at  what  price  it  pleased, 
books  which  it  chose  to  define  as  second- 
hand.    Thus  the  Book  War  began. 

The  Times  has  posed  both  as  the  champion 
of  the  booksellers  and  of  the  reading  public. 
The  first  pretence  was  too  hollow  to  gain 
even  a  momentary  acceptance.  The  Becond 
has  been  more  successful.  The  cry  for 
cheap  books  appealed  to  the  pocket  of  the 
Club's  subscribers,  whose  appetite  had  been 


stimulated  by  the  promise  of  something  for 
nothing. 

It  is  now  evident  that  The  Times  and  its 
American  allies  are  trying  to  obtain  control 
of  the  machinery  of  book  distribution.  It  is 
said  that  there  have  been  negotiations  with 
provincial  newspapers,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  extend  the  operations  of  the  Book 
Club  beyond  the  subscribers  of  The  Times. 
That  the  financial  resources  of  the  organizers 
of  the  scheme  are  large  is  obvious. 

Even  before  the  present  reprisals  and  coun- 
ter-reprisals, there  were  signs  that  The  Times 
was  prepared  to  "  push  "  the  books  of  pub- 
lishers who  complied  with  its  demands,  and 
to  "  pull  "  the  books  of  publishers  who 
declined  to  do  so.  On  November  25th, 
1905,  Mr.  Moberly  Bell  wrote  :— 

"  The  Times  Book  Club  conducts  its  business 
with  publishing  firms  who  have  entered  into  an 
agreement  with  them  [sic] ;  and,  unless  specially 
asked  to  do  so  by  subscribers,  do  [sic]  not  buy 
books  from  publishers  with  whom  they  have  no 
agreement." 

This  fact  is  significant,  in  view  of  the 
boycott  declared  by  The  Times  against  the 
books  of  six  publishing  firms  in  the  circular 
letter  of  October  20th,  1906,  signed  by 
"  A.  F.  Walter,  Chief  Proprietor  and 
Manager."     Mr.  Walter  wrote  : — 

"You  can  greatly  assist  us  in  defending  our 
interests  if  you  will,  for  the  present,  neither  put 
upon  your  library  lists  nor  buy  the  following  : — 

"The  publications  of  Macmillan  &  Co.,  Ltd., 
Alston  Rivers,  Ltd.,  Geo.  Bell  &  Sons,  A.  Con- 
stable &  Co.,  Edward  Arnold;  the  'net'  books 
issued  by  Smith,  Elder  &  Co." 

One  result  was  that  a  proud  head  master 
announced  in  The  Times  his  intention  of 
doing  without  educational  books  which  all 
experts  regard  as  indispensable. 

For  our  part,  we  must  decline  to  treat 
Literature  like  soap.  We  share  Mr.  Rud- 
yard  Kipling's  indignation  at  the  spectacle 
of  Literature  being  prostituted  in  order  to 
increase  a  circulation  and  expand  an  adver- 
tising revenue,  and  we  are  glad  to  notice 
that  authors  (seldom  good  men  of  business) 
are  at  last  beginning  to  realize  the  perils 
of  this  new  philanthropy.  If  The  Times 
scheme  rules  the  book  market,  it  will  be 
impossible  for  authors  like  Keats,  Shelley, 
Matthew  Arnold,  Browning,  and  Ros- 
setti  to  get  their  books  published,  for 
such  books  rarely  do  more  during  the 
greater  part  of  their  authors'  lives  than 
cover  expenses,  and  would  not  justify  com- 
mercial "  booming."  We  dislike  the  ideal  of 
the  lightning  "  turn-over,"  the  "  scrapped  " 
output,  and  the  sale  of  books  at  "  waste-paper 
prices."  We  fear  the  venalization  of  Lite- 
rature and  a  monopoly  of  its  distribution. 
We  do  not  believe  that  these  Transatlantic 
methods  will  foster  scholarship  or  merit. 
"  Vipers  yield  no  treacle."  We  are  convinced 
that  it  is  the  duty  of  men  of  letters  to 
offer  resolute  resistance  to  a  spirit 
which  will,  unless  it  is  extirpated,  destroy 
the  dignity  of  an  honourable  profession,  if 
it  does  not  make  it  impossible. 


FRANCE    AND    AUSTRIA    IN    1870. 

It  is  not  the  practice  of  The  Athcncrum 
to  reply  to  criticisms  of  its  own  reviews. 
An  article  on  our  favourable  notice  of  a 
new  '  Life  of  tho  Empress  Eugenie  '  questions 
throe  out  of  several  exceptions  to  our 
approval.  Only  one  of  these  is  of  sufficien, 
importance  to  deserve  a  further  noto  by  us. 
but  that  one  possesses  historical  interest. 
The  author  can  quote  in  favour  of  the  sug- 
gestion of  her  Preface  that  allianco  with 
Austria  was  still  open  to  negotiation  in  1870 
any  number  of  authorities  in  addition  to 
the  one  which  has  been  mentioned  by  her. 


The  fact  remains  that  the  author  of  '  The 
Empress  Eugenie  '  does  not  appear  to  be 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  negotia- 
tions of  1869.  The  very  words  of  the 
Emperor  of  Austria,  in  taking  on  himself 
the  explanation  of  his  policy,  have  been  one 
of  the  chief  sources  from  which  the  true  origin 
of  the  war  of  1870  has  gradually  become 
revealed.  Austria  insisted  that  war  should 
begin  sufficiently  early  in  a  year  to  allow  of 
the  completion  of  the  slow  Austrian  mobi- 
lization. This  fact  had  virtually  fixed  the 
military  arrangements  between  France  and 
Austria  for  a  war,  known  to  be  inevitable, 
which  would  have  begun  in  May,  1871. 
The  third  Hohenzollern  candidature  was 
started  after  Prince  Bismarck  had  become 
aware  of  the  nature  of  "  nos  engagements," 
to  which,  even  as  it  was,  Austria  declared 
her  intention  of  being  faithful.  The  engage- 
ments were  those  of  1869,  and  the  negotiations 
in  1870  were  of  a  different  nature,  and  con- 
cerned Italy. 


'ROUSSEAU:    A   NEW  CRITICISM/ 

144  bis,  Boulevard  du  Montparnasse,  Paris. 

I  feel  sure  you  do  not  wish  that  The 
Athenceum  should  circulate  a  statement 
opposed  to  historical  facts.  Here  is  the 
sentence  in  the  review  of  October  20th 
where  the  misstatement  occurs  : — 

"In  her  extravagance  of  supposition  she  also 
tries  to  refute  the  author  of  the  '  Confessions '  him- 
self, and  to  prove  that  he  had  no  children  to  con- 
sign to  a  hospital  for  foundlings.  Evidence  con- 
firmatory of  his  statements  was,  however,  dis- 
covered some  time  ago  in  the  Archives  des  Enfants- 
Trouves." 

The  assertion  that  evidence  confirmatory 
of  the  deposition  of  Rousseau's  children 
has  been  discovered  in  the  Archives  des 
Enfants  Trouves  concerns  a  question  of 
fact  where  I  have  the  authority  directly  to 
contradict  the  reviewer.  I  am,  myself,  the- 
discoverer  of  the  only  evidence  upon  this 
subject  that  has  ever  been  obtained  by  the 
examination  of  the  registers  of  the  Enfants 
Trouves — for  the  very  simple  reason  that 
I  am  the  only  person  who  has  taken  the 
trouble  to  examine  them.  In  the  course 
of  the  last  sixteen  years  I  have,  on  several 
occasions,  examined  these  registers,  now 
preserved  in  the  greniers  of  the  Hospice  des 
Enfants  Assistes,  Rue  Denfert  Rochereau, 
Paris.  The  director  of  this  institution,  who 
has  held  his  post  for  twenty  years,  assured 
me  last  February  that,  during  his  whole 
reign,  no  one  but  myself  and  the  late 
Madame  Gabrielle  Delzant,  who  very  kindly 
once  verified  an  extract  for  me,  had  ever 
examined  these  eighteenth-century  registers. 
The  entry  in  those  registers  that  has  been 
made  the  excuse  for  the  "  extravagance  of 
supposition  "  that  your  reviewer,  in  his  turn,, 
allows  himself,  was  discovered  by  me  last 
February,  and  is  accounted  for  in  my  Appen- 
dix, vol.  i.  Note  E.  When  I  found  this 
entry  I  committed  the  imprudence  of  inform- 
ing two  men  of  letters  of  its  existence  in  the 
rogisters,  explaining  to  them  that  I  did  not 
wish  the  fact  mentioned  until  my  book 
appeared.  I  can  only  suppose  that  these 
gentlemen  did  not  feel  pledged  to  respect 
my  wishes  ;  for  in  June  there  appeared  in 
L'ftclair  an  affirmation  equivalent  to  the 
one  made  by  your  reviewer,  viz.,  that  a 
document  had  "  recently  "  been  found  in 
the  registers  of  tho  Enfantfl  Trouves  proving 
the  deposition  of  a  child  of  Rousseau's  in 
1746.  I  have  only  to  refer  your  readers  to 
my  own  account  of  my  own  discovery  as 
probably  the  one  where  they  will  obtain  the 
most  accurate  statement  of  the  facts  of  the 
case.  Let  me  quote  the  testimony  <>f  M. 
Jean  Finot  in  La  Revue,  August,  1906  : — 


550 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


"  Dans  les  archives  de  l'hospice  des  Enfants 
Trouves  de  Paris,  le  seul  endroit  qui  eut  pu  fournir 
des  indications  precises  sur  la  legende  des  enfants 
abandonnes,  on  n'a  re9U  que  trois  visites  pendant 
seize  ans.  La  premiere  fut  celle  de  Mme.  Mac- 
donald en  1890,  la  seconde  fut  egalement  celle  de 
Mme.  Macdonald  en  1898,  et  la  troisieme  eut  lieu 
en  fevrier  1906.  II  est  inutile  d'ajouter  que  celle-ci 
fut  faite,  de  meme  que  les  deux  premieres,  par  la 
meme  Mme.  Macdonald.  Dans  l'intervalle,  on  a 
beaucoup  ecrit  sur  l'hospice  et  ses  archives,  et  per- 
sonne  n'a  cru  utile  d'aller,  sur  place,  consul ter  les 
documents  qui  pouvaient  eclaircir  cette  phase,  la 
plus  cruelle  de  la  vie  de  Jean- Jacques." 

Fkederika  Macdonald. 


literary  dtfssijj. 

Sir  A.  Conan  Doyle's  historical  novel 
'"*  Sir  Nigel,'  which  is  appearing  serially  in 
Thz  Strand  Magazine,  will  be  published 
in  book  form  by  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  on 
the  15th  of  this  month,  with  eight  full- 
page  illustrations  by  Mr.  Arthur  Twidle. 
'  Sir  Nigel'  is  written  on  broad,  national 
lines,  in  the  style  of  'The  White  Com- 
pany.' It  pictures  the  lives  of  the 
people,  the  clergy,  and  the  Court.  It 
follows  the  English  armies  to  France, 
.and  includes  such  well-known  historical 
episodes  as  the  surprise  of  Calais  Castle 
and  the  battle  of  Poictiers.  It  is  the 
most  ambitious  work  which  its  author 
has  attempted. 

Messrs.  Longman  will  publish  on 
Monday  '  A  Much-Ahused  Letter,'  by  the 
Rev.  George  Tyrrell.  The  letter  was 
written  to  a  Professor  of  Anthropology 
in  a  continental  university  who  found  it 
difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  square  his 
science  with  his  faith  as  a  Catholic.  Mr. 
Tyrrell,  who  has  been  dismissed  from  the 
Order  of  Jesuits,  gives  in  an  Introduction 
to  the  letter  an  account  of  the  whole 
matter,  and  vindicates  the  position  which 
he  took  up  in  dealing  with  the  doubts  and 
fears  of  his  correspondent. 

The  inner  history  of  the  last  revision 
of  the  New  Testament  is  to  be  narrated 
in  a  volume  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Hemphill, 
rector  of  Birr,  entitled  '  A  History  of  the 
Revised  Version  of  the  New  Testament.' 
It  will  include  the  personal  views  and 
•expressed  opinions  of  many  of  the  revisers. 
The  volume  will  be  published  shortly  by 
Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 

Those  who  were  entertained  by  '  By- 
ways in  the  Classics  '  will  be  interested  to 
hear  that  Mr.  Hugh  E.  P.  Piatt  will 
publish  shortly  another  volume,  '  A  Last 
Ramble  in  the  Classics.'  Besides  further 
proverbial  phrases,  mottoes,  and  modern 
applications,  it  contains  papers  contrast- 
ing ancient  and  modern  manners,  and 
on  questions  of  language  and  literature. 
Mr.  Blackwell,  of  Oxford,  will,  as  before, 
be  the  publisher. 

'  The  Poetical  Works  of  Keats  '  are 
to  be  added  at  once  to  the  Oxford  library 
editions  of  the  poets.  The  volume  has 
been  edited,  with  an  introduction  and 
textual  notes,  by  Mr.  Buxton  Forman. 
It  provides  in  a  handy  shape  an  autho- 
ritative text,  including  some  lines  not 
printed  in   any   other  edition  ;    and  the 


foot-notes    contain    a    large  selection    of 
various  readings. 

Mr.  W.  Garrett  Horder  is  about  to 
publish  through  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons 
a  new  anthology  entitled  '  England's 
Parnassus  :  an  Anthology  of  Anthologies.' 
It  is  a  collection  gathered  out  of  the 
finest  existing  books,  to  which  no  poem 
has  been  admitted  which  has  not  secured 
at  least  five  votes  out  of  seven.  The  book 
is  not  to  include  any  living  writers. 

Mr.  John  Lane  will  publish  next 
Wednesday  '  A  Voya,ge  of  Discovery,'  by 
Mr.  Guy  Fleming — the  account  of  the 
voyage  to  Singapore  of  a  Scotch  professor 
with  a  love  story  interwoven  into  the 
narrative.  '  Songs  to  Desideria  and  other 
Lyrics,'  by  the  Hon.  Stephen  Coleridge, 
and  'Heraldic  Badges,'  by  Mr.  A.  C. 
Fox-Davies,  will  be  issued  on  the  same 
day. 

Yet  another  version  of  the  '  Rubaiyat ' 
is  soon  to  appear  simultaneously  in  England 
and  America.  It  has  been  prepared  by 
Mr.  George  Roe,  and  is  to  be  issued  by 
Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 

This  year,  as  last,  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan 
has  lent  a  selection  of  his  priceless  collec- 
tion of  rare  books  and  manuscripts  for 
public  exhibition  in  the  Columbia  Uni- 
versity Library.  The  display  is  regarded 
as  the  greatest  of  its  kind  ever  seen  in  the 
United  States.  One  of  the  treasures  is 
the  beautiful  Breviary  which  is  regarded 
as  the  "  sister  "  manuscript  to  the  world- 
renowned  Grimani  Breviary  in  St.  Mark's 
Library  at  Venice.  Several  of  the  Ash- 
burnham-Barrois  manuscripts  are  included 
in  the  exhibit,  notably  the  '  Chronique 
Generale  '  of  Jehan  de  Courcy,  circa  1430, 
in  two  folio  volumes.  There  is  also  a 
generous  selection  of  the  fine  manuscripts 
which  passed  from  the  late  William 
Morris's  library  into  that  of  Mr.  Bennet 
and  thence  into  that  of  Mr.  Morgan. 

The  National  Literary  Society  of  Ire- 
land announce  the  following  lectures  for 
their  winter  session  :  '  An  Irish  Barber- 
Surgeon  to  Louis  XIV.,'  inaugural  address 
by  Dr.  George  Sigerson,  President ;  '  The 
Norsemen  of  Iceland  and  Norway  in  their 
Relations  to  Early  Ireland  from  the  Eighth 
to  the  Twelfth  Century,'  by  Dr.  James 
Bryce  ;  '  Trim,  its  Churches  and  Castle,' 
by  Mr.  P.  J.  O'Reilly ;  '  Seventeenth- 
Century  Irish  Tracts,'  by  Miss  Mary 
Hayden  ;  '  Town  Life  in  Mediaeval  Ire- 
land,' by  Mr.  H.  Egan  Kenny ;  '  The 
Reafforesting  of  Ireland,'  by  Mr.  Charles 
Dawson  and  Lord  Castletown  of  Upper 
Ossory ;  '  Our  National  Drama,'  by  Mr. 
Padraic  Colm  ;  and  '  Pygmy  Races  and 
Fairy  Tales,'  by  Dr.  Bertram  C.  Windle. 

At  Liverpool  yesterday  week  was  opened 
the  Hornby  Library,  which  is  due  to  the 
generosity  of  the  late  Hugh  Frederick 
Hornby,  well  known  in  the  city  as  a  book- 
collector.  His  generous  and  retiring 
nature  is  the  subject  of  an  interesting 
article  by  Mr.  Allan  H.  Bright  in  The 
Liverpool  Daily  Post  and  Mercury  of 
October  26th.  The  library  is  rich  in 
French  illustrated  books  of  the  eighteenth 
century,   and  specimens  of  the  work  of 


Bewick,  Cruikshank,  and  Stothard.  It 
includes  a  complete  collection  of  Kelms- 
cott  books,  and  many  fine  bindings. 

On  the  same  day  Lord  Rosebery,  as 
Chancellor  of  London  University,  made 
an  excellent  speech  on  the  occasion  of 
receiving  as  a  gift  from  the  Goldsmiths' 
Company  Prof.  Foxwell's  wonderful  library 
of  economic  literature. 

A  fortnight  ago  we  referred,  by  an 
accident,  to  Mr.  Jeayes's  '  Catalogue  of 
Derbyshire  Charters  '  as  being  "  in  the 
press."  This  is  an  error  which  we  regret, 
as  the  volume  was  published  by  Messrs. 
Bemrose  on  September  24th. 

Last  Thursday  week  the  following 
Graces  concerning  the  Mathematical  Tripos 
passed  the  Senate  at  Cambridge  :  "  that 
a  student  may  be  a  candidate  for  Part  I. 
at  a  date  not  earlier  than  his  second  term, 
and  not  later  than  his  seventh  term," 
and  "  that  the  list  of  successful  candidates 
in  Part  I.  shall  be  arranged  in  three  classes, 
the  names  in  each  case  to  be  arranged 
alphabetically."  The  Senior  Wrangler 
thus  disappears,  in  accordance  with  the 
wishes  of  a  very  large  majority  of  the 
mathematical  teachers  in  the  University. 
The  sentimental  attractions  of  the  title, 
exaggerated  by  the  general  public,  are 
not  seriously  regarded  by  the  expert. 
The  main  fact  (a  subject  for  congratulation) 
is  that  a  body  so  generally  opposed  to 
change  as  the  Senate  has  yielded  to  the 
force  of  the  opinion  of  resident  experts 
in  mathematics  and  allied  subjects. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Hulme,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
has  found  in  Worcester  Cathedral  Library 
a  valuable  MS.  in  Middle  English  of  the 
late  fifteenth  century  which  has  not  yet 
attracted  the  attention  of  students  of 
English  literature  and  history.  Among 
the  contents  of  the  MS.  are  a  version  of 
Peter  Alfons's  collection  of  Oriental  tales 
called  '  Disciplina  Clericalis,'  known  in 
old  French  poetry  as  '  Le  chastoiement 
d'un  pere  a  son  fils '  (this  Worcester 
version  is  the  only  one  yet  discovered  in 
Middle  English  literature)  ;  a  unique 
English  version  of  the  Statutes  of  Roger 
Niger,  Bishop  of  London,  concerning 
the  Episcopal  government  of  London, 
1229-41,  herein  called  "  The  statutes  of 
the  blissed  Lord  and  Bisshop  blac  Rogier"; 
a  deed  by  William  de  Courtney,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  addressed  to  Dr. 
Thos.  Bekaton,  Archdeacon  of  London 
and  Dean  of  Bow  Church,  dated  xi.  kal. 
Dec,  1337  ;  and  the  '  Provincial  Con- 
stitutions '  of  Robert  de  Winchelsea, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1447.  The 
other  contents  of  the  volume  are  also  of 
considerable  linguistic  importance. 

That  brilliant  writer  M.  Gaston  Boissier 
is  giving  up  his  chair  at  the  College  de 
France  after  lecturing  on  Latin  Letters  for 
more  than  forty  years.  He  intends  to 
devote  his  time  to  a  study  of  the 
Hellenization  of  Rome.  Wc  hope  that  he 
may  long  enjoy  his  leisure,  for  he  com- 
bines with  learning  a  vividness  and 
brightness  which  are  rare  in  accomplished 
scholars. 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


551 


The  Daily  Mail  of  Wednesday  last, 
noticing  the  "  brilliant  scene "  of  the 
previous  day,  when  the  House  of  Lords 
was  discussing  the  Education  Bill,  dis- 
covered among  the  peers  "  men  of  letters, 
who  had  received  high  honour  from  the 
State  for  their  influence  on  the  present 
era."  This  puzzled  us  completely.  At 
first  we  thought  that  Lord  Tennyson  might 
have  been  mistaken  for  his  father,  but  at 
length  we  hit  on  the  proposition  that 
journalism  is  literature. 

Lord  Acton  wrote  to  The  Times  last 
Tuesday,  stating  that  it  was  intended 
after  the  lapse  of  a  definite  period  to 
publish  his  father's  letters  to  Dollinger, 
which  "  would  more  clearly  explain  his 
position  than  the  correspondence  which 
has  so  far  appeared.  " 

The  Catholic  Press  of  Scotland,  of  20, 
High  Street,  Perth,  has  been  established 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  Catholic 
Gaels  of  Scotland  with  suitable  publica- 
tions. The  first  book  it  is  publishing  is 
'  The  Spiritual  Combat,'  by  Lorentzo 
Scupoli.  It  was  translated  into  excellent 
Gaelic  by  the  late  Father  Mac  Eachen, 
but  has  long  been  out  of  print.  It  is 
intended  to  publish  other  Catholic  works 
from  time  to  time. 

The  Eragny  Press  have  ready  for  issue 
'  Verses  by  Christina  Rossetti,'  edited  by 
Mr.  J.  D.  Symon.  It  is  a  reprint  of  Dr. 
G.  Polidori's  privately  printed  edition  of 
1847,  and  contains  some  dozen  pieces 
which  have  never  been  included  in  any 
published  edition  of  her  works. 

At  the  pleniere  meeting  of  the  five 
French  Academies  on  Thursday  week, 
under  the  presidency  of  M.  Gebhart,  the 
prize  for  1906  founded  by  M.  de  Volney 
was  awarded  to  M.  Jespersen,  professor 
at  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  for  his 
work  on  '  The  Growth  and  Structure  of 
the  English  Language.'  The  prize  con- 
sists of  a  gold  medal. 

M.  Discailles,  one  of  the  most  careful 
of  Belgian  historical  writers,  whose  life  of 
Charles  Rogier  is  authoritative,  has  almost 
completed  another  work  that  is  certain  to 
attract  attention.  This  is  a  sketch  of  the 
diplomatic  career  of  Firmin  Rogier — elder 
brother  of  Charles  Rogier — at  Paris,  where 
he  was  Belgian  Minister  for  more  than 
thirty  years.  The  title  of  the  work  will 
be  '  Un  Diplomate  beige  a  Paris  de  1830 
a  1864.' 

A  book  about  Ibsen  by  a  Norwegian 
author,  John  Paulsen,  will  be  published 
shortly  at  Copenhagen.  Besides  giving 
reminiscences  of  Ibsen's  life  in  Italy  and 
some  unpublished  poems,  it  will  contain 
recollections  of  his  life  in  Bergen  as  thea- 
trical manager  in  the  fifties  by  an  old 
friend. 

The  well-known  French  Protestant 
writer  M.  Albert  Reville  died  a  few  days 
ago,  in  his  eightieth  year.  He  was  a 
native  of  Dieppe,  and  held  various  pastoral 
appointments,  including  one  for  many 
years  at  Rotterdam.  On  the  institution 
of  the  Chair  of  the  History  of  Religions 
in  1880  at  the  College  de  France  he  was 


appointed  to  the  post.  The  list  of  his 
published  books  is  very  long.  They  deal 
chiefly  with  theological  subjects,  and 
range  from  a  '  Histoire  du  Diable  '  (1870) 
to  an  exhaustive  'Histoire  des  Religions' 
in  four  substantial  volumes  (1883-8). 
Several  of  his  works  have  appeared  in  an 
English  form. 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  follow- 
ing Parliamentary  Papers  likely  to  be  of 
interest  to  our  readers  :  Prospectus  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Art  (3c?.)  ;  Return 
of  the  Schools  in  Surrey  recognized  on 
1st  Jan.,  1906,  as  Non-Provided  Public 
Elementary  Schools,  showing  Tenure  of 
the  Premises,  the  Character  of  the  Trusts, 
&c.  (Qd.)  ;  and  the  same  for  the  counties 
of  Bedford,  Cambridge,  and  Huntingdon 
(6d.)  ;  A  Short  List  of  Books,  Pamphlets, 
and  Papers  dealing  with  the  Subject  of 
Religious  Instruction  in  Schools  (4c/.)  ; 
Statement  showing  Number  of  Voluntary 
Schools  in  England  and  Wales  in  Urban 
Areas  with  a  Population  of  5,000  and 
over,  Number  in  Urban  Areas  with  a 
Population  less  than  5,000,  Number  in 
Rural  Areas,  &c.  (Id.)  ;  Regulations 
relating  to  the  Royal  College  of  Science, 
the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  the  Royal 
College  of  Art,  and  to  Museums  (6cZ.)  ;  and 
the  Annual  Report  on  the  Indian  Section 
of  the  Imperial  Institute  (2\d.). 


SCIENCE 


The  Todas.     By  W.  H.  R.  Rivers.     (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

As  Dr.  Rivers  observes,  "  a  very  large 
literature  has  accumulated "  about  the 
Todas  of  the  Nilgiri  Hills  and  their  cus- 
toms. He  enumerates  forty-two  works, 
and  says  that  when  he  determined  to 
visit  the  Todas  he  was  reproached  by 
more  than  one  anthropologist  for  going 
to  people  about  whom  we  already  knew 
so  much.  One  cause  of  this  popularity 
is  no  doubt  their  custom  of  polyandry, 
which  led  Elie  Reclus  to  include  them 
among  his  "  Primitifs."  We  have  recently 
(Athen.  No.  4120)  had  occasion  to  refer 
to  Mr.  Thurston's  observations  on  these 
people. 

Dr.  Rivers  has,  however,  thoroughly 
justified  his  position  that  there  was  room 
for  further  investigation.  Indeed,  he 
found  that  there  was  so  much  to  be  done 
that  he  gave  up  the  intention  of  working 
with  several  different  tribes,  and  devoted 
the  whole  of  his  time  to  the  Todas.  In 
this  work  he  has  not  attempted  to  give  a 
complete  account  of  all  that  is  known 
about  them,  but  has  dealt  almost  exclu- 
sively with  their  religion  and  sociology. 
Even  this  has  resulted  in  a  treatise  of 
775  closely  printed  pages,  and  an  appendix 
of  72  pedigrees.  There  are  also  a  good 
map  and  76  photographic  illustrations. 
The  circumstances  in  which  some  of  these 
had  to  be  taken  render  them  rather  in- 
distinct, but  many  of  them  are  excellent. 
Dr.  Rivers  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
completion  of  a  work  as  laborious  as  it  is 
original.  He  has  amply  rewarded  the  Royal 


Society  and  the  British  Association  for  the 
encouragement  they  have  given  to  his 
researches. 

The  author  justly  says  that  his  book  is 
not  merely  a  record  of  the  customs  and 
beliefs  of  a  people  who  amount  to  fewer 
than  a  thousand  individuals  all  told,  but 
is  also  a  demonstration  of  anthropo- 
logical method.  A  work  of  such  evident 
sincerity,  where  everything  is  told  that 
will  enable  the  student  to  appreciate 
fully  the  value  of  the  evidence  of  each 
fact,  and  in  which  the  author  has  been 
careful  to  point  out  the  different  degrees 
of  trustworthiness  of  different  portions 
of  his  story,  is  rarely  to  be  found.  A 
series  of  untoward  events  tested  the 
moral  courage  of  Dr.  Rivers.  After  he 
had  been  working  among  the  Todas  for 
about  four  months,  a  man  who  had 
pointed  out  to  him  certain  sacred  places 
fell  ill  and  made  up  his  mind  that  he  was 
going  to  die  ;  another  man  lost  his  wife 
a  few  days  after  he  had  shown  the  method 
of  performing  one  of  the  most  sacred  of 
Toda  ceremonies  ;  a  third  man,  who  had 
revealed  the  details  of  the  ceremonial  of 
the  most  sacred  Toda  dairy,  suffered  the 
loss  of  his  own  village  dairy  by  fire.  It  is 
not  surprising  that  the  diviners  held  that 
these  were  tokens  of  the  anger  of  the  gods 
at  the  betrayal  of  their  secrets,  and  that 
Dr.  Rivers's  sources  of  information  accord- 
ingly ran  dry. 

Perhaps  the  finest  example  which  this 
book  contains  of  the  new  methods  in 
anthropology  is  the  splendid  series  of 
pedigrees.  With  marvellous  patience  and 
insight,  Dr.  Rivers  traced  the  family 
history  of  virtually  every  person 
among  the  whole  tribe.  Some  of  the 
younger  children  and  some  of  the  women 
are  the  only  omissions.  Upon  this 
thorough  and  sj'stematic  foundation  he 
builds  his  inferences  as  to  the  practical 
working-out  of  their  special  customs. 
The  difficulty  of  his  task  was  increased 
by  the  taboo  which  prevents  a  Toda  from 
mentioning  the  name  of  a  deceased  rela- 
tive. The  genealogical  information  had 
therefore  to  be  sought  from  those  who 
did  not  belong  to  the  family  concerned. 
There  was,  in  fact,  a  prejudice  against 
his  making  the  record  at  ail,  and  it  had 
to  be  done  with  a  certain  degree  of  secrecy. 
The  people  at  first  professed  not  to  know 
the  names  of  their  own  fathers  and  mothers  ; 
and  it  would  have  been  easy  for  him  to 
come  away  and  report  them  as  a  people 
who  did  not  preserve  their  genealogies, 
the  fact  being  that  they  commit  them  to 
memory  with  scrupulous  care.  It  has 
been  said,  indeed,  that  they  preserve 
with  equal  care  the  pedigrees  of  their 
buffaloes  in  the  female  line,  and  Dr. 
Rivers  was  able  occasionally  to  obtain 
from  them  the  names  of  buffalo-mothers 
for  four  generations. 

The  place  that  these  animals  hold  in 
the  religion  of  the  Todas  is  its  most  striking 
feature.  The  dairies  are  their  temples  ; 
milking  and  churning  form  the  basis  of 
the  greater  part  of  their  ritual  ;  and  the 
care  of  the  sacred  animals  is  entrusted 
to  their  priests.  Even  for  the  common 
dairyman    a    ceremony    of    ordination    is 


552 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


required  ;  for  the  higher  grades  of  the 
priesthood  the  ceremonies  occupy  more 
than  a  week.  These  rites  are  fully 
described  by  Dr.  Rivers.  Their  leading 
idea  appears  to  be  that  of  purification. 
The  vessel  used  for  the  purpose  is  after- 
wards buried  in  the  buffalo  pen  and 
periodically  inspected.  If  it  is  found  to  be 
injured,  a  special  ceremony  has  to  be 
performed.  Every  important  event  in 
the  lives  of  the  sacred  buffaloes  is  thus 
marked  :  the  birth  of  the  calf,  the  move- 
ments of  the  herd  from  one  place  to  another, 
the  giving  of  salt  to  the  buffaloes — all 
are  attended  by  an  appropriate  and 
•elaborate  ritual.  The  explanation  of  this 
is  that  the  sacred  dairies  and  the  sacred 
buffaloes  are  regarded  as  in  some  measure 
the  property  of  the  gods,  and  the  dairy- 
men as  their  priests.  Before  the  Todas 
•were  created,  the  gods  lived  alone  on  the 
Nilgiri  Hills  ;  then  followed  a  period 
when  gods  and  men  lived  together,  and 
the  gods  instructed  the  men  in  the  customs 
and  rules  of  life  which  they  were  to  follow, 
ultimately  leaving  them  to  do  so.  Dr. 
Rivers  states  that  the  study  of  the  belief 
about  the  gods  gave  him  great  difficulty. 
Two,  a  male  and  a  female  deity,  are  pre- 
eminent, but  he  could  not  ascertain  what 
was  their  relation  to  each  other.  He  is 
inclined  to  think  that  the  Todas  have 
now  only  vague  ideas  about  the  history 
of  their  more  ancient  gods.  A  Portuguese 
Jesuit  father,  who  visited  the  hills  in  1602, 
says  :  "  On  being  questioned  concerning 
their  god,  they  spoke  of  a  bird,  a  father, 
and  a  son,  from  which  it  may  be  presumed 
that  they  had  some  notion  of  the  Blessed 
Trinity."  On,  son  of  Pithi,  is  ruler  of 
the  world  of  the  dead  ;  he  brought  1,600 
buffaloes  out  of  the  earth,  and  his  wife 
brought  1,800.  Holding  the  tail  of  the 
last  of  On's  buffaloes  was  a  man — the 
first  Toda.  On  took  one  of  the  man's 
ribs  from  the  right  side  of  his  body  and 
made  a  woman — the  first  Toda  woman. 
They  increased  so  rapidly  that  at  the  end 
of  a  week  there  were  100  Todas.  Other 
traditions  relate  to  supernatural  births. 
(See  those  relating  to  Korateu,  pp.  190- 
192.)  Dr.  Rivers  thinks  that  the  Todas 
have  arrived  at  a  stage  of  religious  belief 
in  which  gods  once  believed  to  be  real 
have  become  shadowy  and  less  real ;  that 
ritual  has  persisted  while  the  beliefs  at 
the  bottom  of  it  have  largely  disappeared  ; 
and  that  these  people  are  showing  in 
little  the  general  traits  characteristic  of 
the  degeneration  of  religion.  They  have 
the  dual  arrangement  in  respect  of 
marriage,  being  grouped  into  Tartharol 
and  Teivaliol,  who  do  not  inter- 
marry, but  are  separate  endogamous 
divisions.  These  are  again  subdivided 
into  clans,  which  are  exogamous.  There 
is  no  clear  trace  of  totemism. 

One  proof  of  the  high  conscientiousness 
that  marks  Dr.  Rivers's  work  is  that  he 
throughout  uses  the  actual  Toda  word 
in  his  descriptions  of  men  and  things, 
without  attempting  to  give  an  English 
equivalent.  This  makes  his  book  here 
and  there  hard  reading,  but  an  ample 
glossary  is  furnished.  The  volume  will 
add  to  his  deservedly  high  reputation. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Civil  Engineering.  By  T.  Claxton  Fidler. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) — This  is  an  excellent 
example  of  the  useful  and  interesting 
series  of  "  Books  on  Business."  It  is  but 
suitable  that  the  volume  should  be  pub- 
lished here,  for,  as  the  author  remarks, 
"  among  cities  that  are  distinguished  as  the 
favourite  resort  of  different  arts  or  industries, 
London  is  said  to  be  the  city  which  contains  the 
largest  number  of  Civil  Engineers  in  proportion 
to  its  population." 

In  these  days,  when  our  traffic  is  gradually 
returning  to  the  public  highway,  it  may  be 
interesting  to  remember  that  it  was  in  con- 
nexion with  the  making  of  Roman  roads 
and  bridges  that  the  engineer  first  came  into 
being.  But  as  the  traffic  increased  the  con- 
dition of  the  roads  of  tins  country  gradually 
became  more  and  more  unsatisfactory. 
Thus  Prof.  Fidler  says  : — 

"Down  to  1740,  or  later,  the  roads  were  nearly 
as  bad  in  the  great  towns  as  they  were  in  the 
country.  Lord  Hervey,  who  was  then  living  in 
Kensington,  writes  that  between  that  village  and 
London  '  the  roads  are  so  bad  that  we  live  here  in 
the  same  solitude  as  if  cast  on  a  rock  in  the  middle 
of  the  ocean,  and  the  Londoners  tell  us  that  there 
is  between  them  and  us  an  impassable  gulf  of 
mud.' " 

The  author  further  narrates  how  that 
' '  when  Prince  George  of  Denmark  paid  a  visit  to 
Petworth,  in  wet  weather,  he  was  six  hours  in 
driving  over  nine  miles,  and  a  number  of  men  had 
to  walk  on  each  side  of  his  coach  to  keep  it 
upright. " 

Whilst  we  are  dealing  with  the  same  period, 
it  may  be  remarked  incidentally  that,  in  the 
streets  of  London  itself,  the  ruts  were  said 
to  have  made  it  unsafe  to  travel  in  wheeled 
vehicles,  and  thus  they,  to  a  great  extent, 
fell  out  of  use.  Facts  like  these,  which 
are  recorded  in  Macaulay's  '  History  of 
England,'  are  enough  to  show  how  every 
kind  of  industry  was  fettered  by  the  diffi- 
culties of  transport.  The  railway  changed 
all  this.  The  author  does  well  in  pointing 
out  that  the  evolution  of  the  steam-engine 
— like  all  great  inventions — was  the  result 
of  much  thought  and  work  from  many 
quarters.     As  he  says, 

' '  the  creative  process  did  not  begin  in  these  men 
by  watching  the  steam  from  the  spout  of  a  kettle 
(as  is  commonly  suggested),  and  it  was  not  carried 
on  by  the  fortuitous  advent  of  any  aimless  ideas." 
The  engine,  however,  formed  only  one  part 
of  the  problem.  The  larger  part  remained 
for  solution,  and  Prof.  Fidler  shows  how  the 
railway  must  be  adapted  to  the  locomotive 
— to  its  weight,  its  work,  and  its  intended 
speed — with  easy  gradients  and  curves, 
over  hill,  valley,  and  river.  This,  again, 
was  the  work  of  many  minds.  Now  we 
have,  within  the  limits  of  the  United  King- 
dom, over  22,000  miles  of  railway,  costing 
about  99O,O00,O00Z.  At  the  end  of  last 
century  our  annual  railway  traffic  had  reached 
425,000,000  tons  of  goods  and  1,100,000,000 
passengers. 

The  same  gradual  evolution  may  be  ob- 
served in  the  case  of  locomotion  on  the  high 
seas,  and  the  volume  before  us  recounts  this 
with  eqtial  accuracy.  Here,  of  course,  the 
marine  engineer  shares  with  the  naval 
architect  the  credit  that  is  due.  In  a  modern 
steamship  the  work  obtained  from  a  ton  of 
coal  is  more  than  twice  as  great  as  it  was 
in  1860.  Tho  largest  Cunarder  in  1859  was, 
says  the  author,  the  iron  paddle-steamer 
Persia,  with  a  displacement  of  0,000  tons 
and  engines  of  4,000  horse-power.  Her 
place  has  been  taken  to-day  by  such  vessels 
as  the  Lucania,  Campania,  and  Oceanic, 
with  displacements  of  some  32,000  tons  and 
lengths  up  to  700  feet.  But,  as  Prof. 
Fidler  notes,  "  it  is  remarkable  that  all  those 


modern  vessels  have  only  now  attained  to 
the  dimensions  of  Brunei's  great  steamer 
the  Great  Eastern,  launched  in  1859."  The 
design  of  that  great  vessel  has  continued  to 
command  the  respect  of  naval  architects  ; 
but  her  career  was  a  series  of  misfortunes, 
and  probably  her  greatest  fault  was  that,  like 
Brunei's  broad-gauge  railway  for  meeting 
the  requirements  of  high  speed  combined 
with  comfort,  she  was  too  far  in  advance 
of  the  requirements  of  her  time.  The 
volume  before  us  mentions  a  fact  that  is 
not  perhaps  generally  borne  in  mind,  i.e., 
that  her  dimensions  were  adopted  with  a 
view  to  carrying  enough  coal  to  reach 
India  or  Australia  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  the  Suez  Canal  not  being  then  in 
existence. 

Passing  from  navigation  to  that  other 
method  of  communication,  the  electric 
telegraph,  the  author  briefly  traces  the  work 
of  the  engineer  in  land  and  submarine  tele- 
graphy. In  the  British  Isles  alone  we  have 
now  a  network  of  nearly  a  million  miles  of 
telegraph  wire — enough  to  go  forty  times 
round  the  world — and  the  submarine  cables 
of  the  world  have  reached  a  mileage  of  over 
200,000  miles.  Developments  of  the  tele- 
phone are  now  proceeding  at  such  a 
pace  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  name 
with  any  accuracy  the  figures  in  this  branch 
of  electro-telegraphy.  Prof.  Fidler  gives, 
however,  a  succinct  account  of  the  civil 
engineer's  point  of  contact  with  the  electric 
transmission  of  power,  and  lighting  by 
electricity.  In  these  days,  when  we  are 
liable  to  assume  that  our  country  is  behind- 
hand in  taking  up  new  inventions,  he  does 
well  in  calling  attention  to  the  reason  wThy 
the  United  States,  and  even  Switzerland, 
were  long  before  us  in  adopting  electricity 
for  the  purposes  of  lighting.  The  explana- 
tion is  that  we  are  provided  with  gas  from 
our  ready  supply  of  coal ;  whereas  in  the 
countries  named  coal  is  comparatively 
dear,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  they  are 
blessed  with  great  natural  sources  of  water- 
power  ready  at  hand  for  the  generation  of 
electricity.  Then,  again,  the  interested 
but  unversed  British  public  sometimes  over- 
estimates the  value  of  the  Niagara  Falls  as  a 
source  of  power,  and  under-estimates  the 
enormous  boon  which  Nature  has  conferred 
on  us  in  our  coal-fields.  The  following  com- 
parison may  be  useful : — 

"  If  it  were  required  to  lift  a  load  of  a  hundred 
tons  to  the  top  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  the  work 
could  be  done  by  burning  less  than  sixpennyworth 
of  coal.  Moreover,  a  single  pound  of  coal,  in  the 
furnace  of  a  steam  engine,  will  do  as  much  work 
as  ten  thousand  pounds  of  water  falling  over 
Niagara. " 

The  evolution  and  science  of  bridge- 
making  form  the  next  subject  dealt  with, 
this  being  one  of  the  original  spheres  of  the 
civil  engineer.  After  briefly  describing  the 
various  forms  of  bridges  to  meet  various 
conditions — from  those  of  the  Romans  to 
the  Tower  and  Forth  Bridges  of  to-day—- 
the  author  goes  on  to  say  : — 

"  With  such  materials  the  engineer  has  been 
able  to  carry  his  lines  of  railway  over  rivers  and 
estuaries  which  could  never  be  crossed  by  the  old 
builders  in  stone  or  in  timber,  but  he  has  not 
achieved  this  end  by  the  mere  substitution  of  one 
material  for  another :  it  has  been  accomplished 
only  by  the  development  of  new  forms  of  con- 
struction, adapted  to  the  capacities  of  the  new 
materials,  and  adapted  also  to  the  various  internal 
stresses,  which  have  been  investigated  by  close 
analytical  study." 

Indeed,  in  so  exact  a  science  as  engineering, 
nothing  is  done  haphazard  or  by  guesswork. 
The  problem  in  bridge-making  is  often  more 
concerned  with  wind-pressuro  than  tho 
actual  weight  to  be  carried  ;    thus  the  diffi- 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


553 


culty  is  mainly  to  make  a  bridge  strong 
enough  to  bear  itself.  With  the  Forth 
Bridge,  for  example,  the  heaviest  train 
that  crosses  is  an  insignificant  matter  com- 
pared with  the  weight  of  the  structure. 
Thus  there  is  no  chance  of  collapse  from 
the  weight  of  a  train.  A  big  gale  is  the 
formidable  enemy,  but  the  margin  of  safety 
is  very  large. 

We  next  come  to  the  supply  of  water  by 
engineering.  Engineers  have  now  provided 
systems  of  water  supply  for  many  of  the 
large  towns  throvighout  the  kingdom.  These 
supplies  have  been  obtained  from  various 
sources  ;   but,  as  Prof.  Fidler  says, 

' '  the  engineer  has  found  reason  to  abandon  the 
valleys  and  all  populous  districts — going  far  away 
up  the  hill  sides  in  search  of  water  of  unimpeach- 
able quality — and  has  found  it  in  the  mountain 
streams  and  in  great  collecting  grounds  upon  the 
moorlands,  the  super-abundance  of  the  winter  rains 
being  stored  up  in  great  reservoirs  to  tide  over  the 
summer  drought." 

From  such  elevated  districts  the  engineer 
secures  the  water  tlrrough  long  lines  of 
aqueducts  by  gravitation,  making  use  of  the 
natural  water-power  to  convey  the  supply 
to  its  far-off  destination.  Thus  Liverpool 
has  been  supplied  from  Vyrnwy  (Wales), 
Manchester  from  Thirlmere  (Lake  District), 
and  Birmingham  from  the  Elan  Valley 
(Wales). 

Harbour  works  form  the  next  subject  of 
the  book.  In  this  matter  Nature  has 
given  us  facilities  which  many  nations  do 
not  possess.     As  the  author  remarks, 

■"  the  Thames  gives  us  a  most  valuable  natural 
harbour  such  as  cannot  be  found  in  the  estuaries  of 
the  far  greater  rivers  which  debouch  in  tideless 
seas — such  as  the  Danube,  the  Nile,  or  the  Mis- 
sissippi." 

In  connexion  with  rivers,  Prof.  Fidler  brings 
to  our  mind  a  point  of  some  interest  when 
he  says  : — 

"  The  water  of  our  rivers,  as  it  descends  to  sea- 
level  under  the  action  of  gravity,  is  only  restoring 
the  work  that  was  done  upon  it  by  the  sun's  rays 
when  it  was  lifted  to  the  mountain-tops  against 
the  same  force  of  gravity,  and  deposited  in  the 
form  of  rain  or  snow." 

Thus  we  may  trace  the  power  of  the  turbine 
or  any  other  water-wheel  to  the  same 
ultimate  source.  To  revert  to  harbours, 
perhaps  the  most  characteristic  feature  in 
regard  to  tliis  branch  of  engineering  is  the 
great  length  of  time  occupied  in  their  con- 
struction. The  following  quotation  serves 
to  illustrate  the  point  : — 

' '  A  hundred  miles  of  railway  may,  perhaps,  be 
built  in  two  or  three  years,  while  five  or  six  years 
may  possibly  be  required  for  the  completion  of  a 
great  system  of  waterworks  ;  but  the  construction 
of  a  harbour  will  often  go  on  from  decade  to  decade, 
and  the  execution  of  a  great  national  breakwater 
may  sometimes  extend  over  half  a  century." 

Civil  engineering  has  of  late  years  been 
pursued  on  more  scientific — and  therefore 
-exact — lines  ;  hence  we  hear  of  very  few 
mistakes  nowadays.  After  a  suitable  survey 
has  been  effected,  a  scheme  is  first  worked 
out  in  the  drawing  office,  where  matured 
designs  in  the  form  of  detailed  "  working 
drawings"  are  prepared,  for  drawing  is  the 
universal  language  of  the  engineer. 

Besides  a  clear  insight  into  the  life  of  a 
civil  engineer  and  the  real  nature  of  his 
profession,  the  author  gives  much  useful 
information  regarding  the  form  that  an 
engineer's  education  and  training  should 
take,  with  an  official  statement  of  the  exa- 
minations to  be  passed  for  securing  admis- 
sion to  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 
He  recommends  for  preparation  a  combina- 
tion of  classroom,  laboratory,  and  workshop 
•training,  taken  as  much  as  possible  coin- 
cidently. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Mr.  David  Boyle's  Archa3ological  Report 
to  the  Minister  of  Education  of  Ontario 
for  1905  records  only  132  additions  to  the 
Ethnographical  Museum  at  Toronto,  a  fact 
which  he  attributes  mainly  to  the  pressure 
of  office  work  preventing  him  from  doing 
much  in  the  field.  He  has  made  progress 
with  the  rearrangement  of  the  collection, 
which  now  numbers  27,155  specimens. 
Among  the  new  objects  are  several  fine  flint 
implements  ;  some  highly  decorated  and 
well-formed  clay  pipes  ;  stone  pipes  ;  a  well- 
shaped  clay  pot ;  a  large  curved  copper  tool  ; 
a  bone  implement  in  which  a  hole  has  been 
drilled,  called  by  some  an  arrow-straightener ; 
a  naturally  weathered  stone,  9  in.  by  4£  in., 
which  has  for  many  years  been  looked  upon 
as  an  Indian  tool  ;  and  two  buffalo-hide 
pictographs.  Many  of  the  ethnographic 
papers  appended  to  the  Report  were  drawn 
up  in  view  of  the  International  Congress  of 
Americanists  held  at  Quebec  in  September, 
and  are  descriptions  of  the  Eskimo,  the 
interior  Salish  tribes,  and  the  North  Pacific 
tribes,  by  Dr.  Franz  Boas  ;  the  Beothuks, 
the  Indians  of  the  Eastern  provinces,  and 
the  Kootenay  Indians,  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Chamber- 
lain ;  the  Central  Algonkin,  by  Mr.  W.  Jones  ; 
the  Iroquois,  by  Mr.  Boyle  himself ;  the 
Blackfoot,  by  Mr.  C.  Wissler  ;  the  Canadian 
Denes,  by  the  Rev.  A.  G.  Morrice ;  and 
the  coast  Salish,  by  Mr.  C.  Hill-Tout ;  with 
a  paper  on  Indian  music  by  Mr.  A.  T. 
Cringan.  This  collection  of  papers,  occupy- 
ing only  143  pages,  gives  in  a  concise  form 
such  an  account  of  the  native  tribes  of 
Canada  as  has  not  hitherto  been  available. 
Mr.  W.  J.  Wintemberg  adds  an  excellent 
memoir,  illustrated  from  specimens  in  the 
Museum,  on  the  bone  and  horn  harpoon- 
heads  of  the  Ontario  Indians.  Mr.  Boyle 
briefly  describes  the  ceremony  of  making 
a  Cayuga  chief,  at  which  he  was  present  ; 
and  the  question  of  the  effect  of  contact 
between  Europeans  and  Indians  in  pro- 
ducing disease  among  the  latter  gives  rise 
to  a  lively  controversy  between  Mr.  Boyle 
and  the  Rev.  A.  G.  Morrice. 

The  School  of  Anthropology  of  Paris  will 
begin  its  winter  courses  next  Monday.  The 
professors  in  most  cases  will  continue  the 
teaching  of  the  subjects  which  were  under- 
taken last  year.  M.  Adrien  de  Mortillet, 
Professor  of  Ethnographic  Technology,  an- 
nounces a  comparative  study  of  primitive, 
ancient,  and  modern  industries  ;  and  M. 
Schrader,  Professor  of  Antliropological  Geo- 
graphy, will  treat  of  the  impulse  of  cosmic 
surroundings  and  the  evolution  of  cosmo- 
logical  thought.  M.  Manouvrior,  Professor 
of  Physiological  Antliropology,  will  continue 
his  course  on  psychological  physiology  ;  and 
Dr.  Anthony  will  deliver  five  lectures  on  the 
morphology  of  the  brain  in  man  and  ape, 
M.  Dussand  five  on  Mycenaean  civilization 
at  Rhodes  and  at  Cyprus,  and  Dr.  Marie 
five  on  comparative  "  psychopathology." 


^citnu  (Dflssip. 

The  London  County  Council  have  decided 
that  the  residence  of  John  Huntor,  the 
celebrated  surgeon,  at  No.  31,  Golden  Square, 
W.C.,  shall  bo  commemorated. 

The  death,  in  his  sixty-sixth  year,  is 
announced  from  Athens  of  the  distinguished 
Professor  of  Chemistry  A.  K.  Cliristomanos. 
He  was  born  at  Vienna  of  Macedonian  pares  t  s, 
and  carried  on  his  studies  in  Vienna  and  else- 
where. Since  L863  he  has  boen  connected 
with  the  University  of  Athens,  first  as 
lecturer,  then  as  professor  ;    and  in  1889  he 


became  director  of  the  chemical  laboratory, 
which  virtually  owed  its  existence  to  him, 
and  which  by  his  efforts  attained  a  high 
standard  of  perfection.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  number  of  works  dealing  with  his  special 
subjects,  and  also  did  good  work  in  geology 
and  mineralogy. 

At  the  anniversary  meeting  of  the  British 
Astronomical  Association,  held  at  Sion  Col- 
lege on  Wednesday,  Mr.  Levander,  F.R.A.S,, 
was  elected  President  for  the  ensuing  year, 
and  Messrs.  Hardcastle  and  Petrie,  Hon. 
Secretaries.  The  outgoing  President,  Mr. 
Crommelin,  gave  an  interesting  address  on 
the  principal  astronomical  events  of  the  past 
year,  dwelling  particularly  upon  Mr.  Lewis's 
great  work  on  double  stars,  which  forms  the 
fifty- sixth  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society.  It  is  now 
satisfactorily  established  that  S  Equulei  is 
the  binary  of  shortest  known  period,  and 
that  this  does  not  much  exceed  5£  years. 

Dr.  Lagrula,  of  the  University  and 
Observatory  of  Lyons,  has  been  nominated, 
by  the  Government  of  Ecuador,  Director  of 
of  the  Observatory  at  Quito. 

The  Report  of  His  Majesty's  Astronomer 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (Sir  David  Gill) 
for  the  year  1905  has  been  received.  The 
new  transit-circle  has  been  in  regular  use, 
and  various  improvements  in  the  methods 
of  adjustment  are  described  ;  the  new 
sidereal  clock  is  also  in  working  order,  with 
a  new  arrangement  for  securing  uniform 
temperature  in  a  nearly  air-tight  enclosure 
surrounding  it.  Measurement  of  the  plates 
for  the  astrographic  chart  and  catalogue 
has  boen  energetically  proceeded  with. 
The  Victoria  telescope  has  been  devoted 
to  the  photography  of  star-clusters,  nebula?, 
and  the  satellites  of  Uranus  and  Saturn. 
The  records  of  the  seismograph  have  been 
forwarded  regularly  to  Prof.  Milne  during 
the  year.  The  reduction  of  the  heliometer 
planetary  observations  has  now  been  com- 
pleted from  1897  to  the  end  of  1904.  A 
portion  of  the  scheme  for  the  geodetic 
survey  of  South  Africa  has  been  interrupted 
for  want  of  funds  ;  but  the  fieldwork  for  the 
survey  of  the  Transvaal  and  Orange  River 
Colony  has  been  completed,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  reductions  will  be  finished  before 
the  end  of  the  present  year  ;  whilst  the 
results  of  the  survey  of  Southern  Rhodesia 
from  Bulawayo  to  Gwelo,  and  northwards 
to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Zambesi,  are 
printed,  and  will  shortly  be  distributed. 
The  longitude  operations  include  deter- 
minations of  those  of  Accra  and  of  St. 
Helena,  "  The  Briars,"  which  is  the  Eastern 
Telegraph  Company's  station  in  that  island, 
being  found  to  be  0h  22m  50'- 55  west  of 
Greenwich. 

The  meteorological  observations  made  at 
Adelaide  and  other  places  in  South  Australia 
and  the  northern  territory  during  the  year 
1904,  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Charles 
Todd,  Government  Astronomer,  have  recently 
been  published. 

We  have  received  the  ninth  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  della  Societd 
degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani.  which  contains 
the  conclusion  of  Prof.  Riccd's  account 
(with  photographs)  of  his  observations  of 
the  total  solar  eclipse  of  last  August :  meteor- 
ological observations  made  during  the 
same  eclipse  by  Si^nor  Christoni.  and  con- 
tinuations of  the  Bpectrosoopical  images  of 
the  solar  limb  observed  at  Catania,  Ivalocsa, 
Odessa,  Rome,  and  Zurich  from  September 
to  November,  1904,  and  of  the  older  ones 
obtained  by  the  late  Prof.  Tacchini  at 
Palermo  in  the  summer  of  1879. 


554 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


Ho 


'  Earthquakes  and  Volcanoes,'  Prof- 


Lonilon  Institution, 
SirR.  S.  Ball. 

—  Royal  Institution.  5.— General  Monthly  Meeting. 

—  Society  of  Engineers.  7.30.— 'Recent  Storage-Battery  Improve- 

ments,' Mr.  Sheranl  Cowper-Coles. 

—  Aristotelian,  8.— 'Nicholas  lie  Ultricuria  :  a  Medieval  Hume,' 

Rev.  Hastings  Rashdall. 

—  Sociological,    8.—'  I'svchological  Factors  in  Social    Transmis- 

sion,' Dr.  J.  \\\  Slaughter. 
Ties.    Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.— Inaugural  Address  by  Sir 

A.  B.  W.  Kennedy. 
Win.      Entomological.  8.—'  A  Permanent  Record  of  British  Moths  in 

their  Attitude  of  Rest,'  Mr.  A.'H.  Hamm. 

—  Geological,  8.— 'On  the  Upper  Carboniferous  Rocks  of  West 

Devon  and  North  Cornwall,' Mr.  E.  A.  Newell  Arber  ;  'The 
Titaniferous  Basalts  of  the  Western   Mediterranean,'  Mr. 
H.  S.  Washington. 
Tin  as.  Royal,  4.30. 

—  London  Institution,  6.— 'The  Ballads  of  Carl  Loewe,'  Mr.  C. 

Armbruster. 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— Inaugural  Address  by 

Dr.  R.  T.  Glazebrook. 
Fm.       Astronomical,  5. 

—  Physical,    8.—'  Exhibition   and   Description   of   Experiments 

suitable  for  Students  in  a  Physics  Laboratory,'  Mr.  G.  F.  C. 
Searle. 


FINE   ARTS 

The  Art  of  Garden  Design  in  Italy.     By 
H.  Inigo  Triggs.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  splendid  volume  which  equals, 
if  it  does  not  surpass  in  interest,  the 
author's  former  work  on  the  gardens  of 
England  and  Scotland.  It  is  well  printed 
on  good  paper,  and  illustrated  by  over 
100  plates,  mostly  reproductions  in  colla- 
type  of  photographs  by  Mrs.  Aubrey  Le 
Blond,  in  addition  to  numerous  sketches 
in  the  text  and  geometrical  plans  and 
sections  drawn  to  scale. 

Italy  is  the  classic  home  of  the  archi- 
tectural garden,  and  it  is  natural  that  the 
popularitj7  achieved  by  the  earlier  work 
should  have  led  the  author  to  undertake 
the  present  one.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
his  interest  is  not  yet  exhausted  and  that 
other  volumes  may  be  in  store,  dealing 
with  the  gardens  of  France,  Holland,  and 
other  countries  ;  and  it  would  be  worth 
while  to  devote  a  few  of  the  plates  in  future 
volumes  to  the  illustration  of  the  charm- 
ing arrangement  of  some  of  the  "  places  " 
of  the  smaller  country  towns,  such  as, 
for  instance,  that  at  Guingamp,  in 
Brittany.  Of  garden  potpourri,  both 
literary  and  pictorial,  there  has  been  a 
surfeit,  but  it  has  helped  very  little  to 
a  true  appreciation  of  the  subject ;  and 
while  a  geometrical  drawing  may  be 
a  poor  medium  in  which  to  record  the 
enthralling  beauty  of  a  garden,  yet  with- 
out plans  and  sections  it  is  possible 
neither  to  appreciate  the  conditions  which 
governed  the  design  nor  to  comprehend 
the  design  itself.  No  work  in  any  way 
comparable  to  this  has  been  previously 
published  in  English  ;  and  of  the  several 
fine  French  and  Italian  works,  now  very 
difficult  to  obtain,  not  one  covers  anything 
like  the  whole  ground. 

The  historical  introduction,  without 
claiming  to  be  in  any  sense  exhaustive, 
conveys  an  excellent  idea  of  the  progress 
of  garden  design  from  the  time  when 
Lucullus,  returned  from  his  conquests 
of  Mithridates  and  Tigranes,  deserted  by 
his  men  and  superseded  by  Pompey, 
retired  to  his  sumptuous  houses  and 
carried  out  the  immense  garden  works 
described  by  Plutarch,  thus  setting  an 
example  to  be  quickly  followed  by  other 
Roman  nobles,  down  to  the  time  when, 
towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
the  "  giardino  inglese  "  after  "  Capability" 
Brown  became  the  fashion,  and  in  Italy, 


as  in  England  and  France,  terraces 
were  smoothed  away,  parterres  destroyed, 
and  many  an  old  garden  was  ruthlessly 
spoilt. 

A  good  deal  of  space  is  devoted  to  a 
description  of  the  gardens  of  Varro,  Pliny, 
Hadrian,  and  other  enthusiasts  of 
Imperial  Rome ;  and  a  plan  is  given 
in  the  text  of  Bouchet's  restoration  of  the 
younger  Pliny's  villa  at  Laurentum, 
and  also  photographs  of  several  Pompeian 
gardens  and  views  taken  from  frescoes 
at  Pompeii.  These  are  merely  intro- 
ductory, however ;  and  it  is  the  work 
of  the  Renaissance  with  which  the  author 
is  chiefly  concerned.  With  the  fall  of 
the  empire  the  large  gardens  were  aban- 
doned, if  not  wholly  destroyed,  and  the 
knowledge  of  horticulture  was  only  par- 
tially preserved — mainly  by  the  efforts 
of  the  monks,  who  naturally  devoted 
most  attention  to  such  plants  as  were 
useful  for  food  or  medicine.  It  was  not 
till  the  Quattrocento  that,  under  the 
patronage  principally  of  Lorenzo  and 
other  members  of  the  Medici  family,  the  art 
of  horticultural  design  awoke  with  renewed 
energy  and  knowledge.  From  this  time 
onwards  during  several  centuries  the 
greatest  artists  were  employed  in  design- 
ing magnificent  gardens  throughout  the 
length  and  breadth  of  Italy.  They 
were  treated  as  an  integral  part  of 
the  general  scheme  of  the  house,  worth}' 
of  the  greatest  architectural  skill  in 
the  disposition  and  the  design  of  their 
parts. 

Each  garden,  or,  in  a  few  instances,  a 
group  of  gardens,  is  treated  separately, 
with  a  short  but  well-written  historical 
notice  and  explanatory  description.  In 
several  cases — particularly  that  of  the 
Villa  Collodi  at  Pescia — it  would  have 
been  an  advantage  had  a  geometrical 
section  been  added  to  the  plan.  Several 
of  the  plates,  too,  are  incomplete,  owing 
to  the  omission  of  the  points  of  the 
compass  or  the  scale.  All  the  plans  have 
been  specially  drawn — some  from  the 
author's  own  measurements,  and  to  these 
he  has  put  his  name  ;  some  from  surveys 
of  the  estates  in  the  possession  of  the 
owners  ;  and  some  from  earlier  authors. 
Mr.  Triggs  acknowledges  his  indebtedness 
on  some  of  the  plans,  and  in  other  cases 
in  the  text ;  but  often  this  information  is 
withheld,  and  it  would  have  been  better 
to  put  a  note  at  the  bottom  of  each  plate 
stating  exactly  from  what  source  the 
information  was  obtained.  There  are 
several  misprints  in  the  text,  but  they 
are  unimportant ;  and  once  or  twice 
small  details,  such  as  the  plan  of  stair- 
cases, are  not  correctly  drawn  ;  but  this 
is  all  that  can  be  urged  against  the  work, 
and  detracts  hardly  at  all  from  its  general 
excellence.  Its  value  is  enhanced  by  the 
presence  of  a  number  of  plans  of  the 
gardens  as  they  existed  at  an  earlier 
period,  before  the  craze  for  the  landscape 
garden  deprived  them  of  much  of  their 
interest.  This  causes  a  certain  dis- 
crepancy between  them  and  the  photo- 
graphs, but  not  such  as  will  give  trouble 
to  a  careful  reader. 

The  Renaissance  was  a  time  of  gaiety  I 


and  playfulness,  of  light-hearted  enjoy- 
ment, even  of  practical  jokes  which  would 
seem  rather  childish  to-day,  and  naturally 
full  vent  was  given  to  such  fancies  in  the 
gardens  of  the  period.  The  story  of  the 
Duke  of  Beam  who  was  kept  in  good 
humour  between  the  courses  at  dinner  by 
"  machines  a  surprises,"  one  of  which 
was  a  mountain  filled  with  children  dressed 
as  savages,  wrho  issued  forth  to  dance  an 
elaborate  ballet,  can  be  matched  by 
many  a  story  of  the  Italian  gardens. 
Such  things  as  hydraulic  organs,  singing 
birds,  roaring  monsters,  and  realistic 
representations  of  storms  with  rain,  wind, 
and  thunder — all  worked  by  water  power 
— were  the  delight  of  gardeners  for  many 
generations ;  while  other  instances  of 
this  playfulness  were  trees  cut  to  the- 
shape  of  birds,  grottoes  of  the  most 
elaborate  description  decorated  with  shells 
or  coloured  pebbles,  and  the  representation 
of  animals  of  all  sorts,  carved  in  coloured 
marbles  to  match  as  nearly  as  possible 
the  animal  portrayed,  and  finished  with  real 
tusks,  horns,  &c.  But  the  most  popular 
of  all  the  "  surprises "  was  the  secret 
fountain,  sometimes  of  so  fine  a  spray  as  to 
wet  through  the  unwary  stranger  before 
he  could  discover  whence  it  came,  or  the 
chair  so  contrived  as  to  soak  any  one 
rash  enough  to  seat  himself  upon  it. 
Perhaps  the  most  elaborate  is  that  quoted 
by  the  author  from  '  Archivio  Storico 
Lombardo,'  and  invented  by  the  architect 
Traballesi. 

Many  of  the  gardens  here  illustrated 
are  of  the  rococo  period,  and  while  a 
somewhat  free  architectural  treatment  is 
appropriate  to  garden  work,  yet  that 
restrained  design  and  refined  detail  are 
as  valuable  there  as  elsewhere  may  be 
seen  by  comparing  the  views  showing  the 
garden  of  the  Villa  Medici  at  Rome  with 
that  of  Isola  Bella,  Lake  Maggiore.^  It 
is  nevertheless  noticeable  that,  however 
late  the  date,  there  is  no  falling-off  in  the 
general  conception  of  the  garden.  We  find 
the  same  fine  sense  of  relation  between 
the  garden  and  the  buildings  it  sur- 
rounds, the  same  broad  terraces,  noble 
alleys,  and  beautiful  vistas.  It  is  true 
that  the  simple  forms  of  the  flower-beds 
in  the  parterre  were  replaced  by  box 
scroll  work  of  the  most  restless  forms,  but 
this  was  a  detail  which  did  not  seriously 
affect  the  main  lines  of  the  design.  Un- 
fortunately, very  few  of  these  gardens  are 
kept  up  in  a  way  either  to  do  justice  to 
the  design  or  to  convey  a  correct  impression 
of  the  Renaissance  garden,  such  as  that 
described  by  Boccaccio.  This  should  be 
remembered  in  looking  at  the  photographs, 
which  often  present  an  overgrown,  almost 
wild  appearance,  with  a  striking  lack  of 
flowers.  There  are  notable  exceptions, 
such  as  the  Villa  Gamberaia  near  Florence, 
which  shows  what  an  Italian  garden  may 
be  when  brightened  by  a  profusion  of 
flowers.  Nevertheless  it  is  probable  that 
in  Italy,  unlike  England,  flowers  were 
at  all  times  less  relied  upon  than  the  free 
use  of  architecture  and  sculpture,  com- 
bined with  the  astonishing  water  effects 
and  the  contrast  in  tones  of  the  ilex,  box, 
and  cypress. 


N°4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


555 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

English  Coloured  Book.".  By  Martin  Hardie. 
*'  The  Connoisseur's  Library."  (Methuen.) 
— The  taste  for  English  coloured  books  has 
now  become  so  widespread  that  a  manual 
for  the  use  of  collectors  and  students  is 
urgently  required,  and  it  could  not  come 
from  a  better  source  than  from  a  librarian 
in  the  Art  Library  at  South  Kensington, 
Tior  appear  under  better  auspices  than 
those  of  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport,  the  general 
editor  of  the  series,  many  of  whoso  books 
are  fine  examples  of  the  art.  "  The 
Connoisseur'- .Library  "  has  already  estab- 
lished a  reputation  which  this  work  will 
sustain.  Up  to  the  present,  though  there 
have  been  some  admirable  series  of  papers 
on  the  history  of  colour  printing  in  the 
technical  printing  journals,  and  some  valu- 
able and  costly  works  on  special  branches 
of  it  have  appeared,  no  book  treating  the 
subject  as  a  whole  in  any  adequate  manner 
has  been  published. 

In  considering  a  subject  of  this  kind 
alternative  schemes  of  writing  the  book 
present  themselves — that  of  dealing  with 
the  processes  in  an  approximately  chrono- 
logical order,  or  of  dividing  them  into  classes, 
and  finishing  the  description  of  one  before 
entering  on  the  consideration  of  another. 
Each  of  these  methods  presents  difficulties, 
and  the  latter,  which  Mr.  Hardie  adopts, 
has  that  of  severing  abruptly  the  ties 
which  link  one  process  to  another.  A 
certain  confusion  is  thus  produced  in 
the  mind  of  a  reader  unfamiliar  with 
the  subject,  as,  for  example,  when  he 
finds  a  chapter  devoted  to  George  Baxter 
and  his  work  in  the  fifties  immediately 
followed  by  one  on  Le  Blon,  who  dates 
from  1719.  4.  similar  confusion  in  chap.  i. 
on  the  oldest  method  of  colour  printing — 
the  use  of  coloured  woodblocks — is  only 
obviated  by  the  omission  of  any  mention 
of  Mr.  Pissarro's  work  to-day.  It  is  cha- 
racteristic of  English  ways  that  an  official 
in  the  national  Art  Library  should  be 
ignorant  of  the  existence  of  a  press  which 
we  will  not  say  here  is  among  the  most 
original  artistic  efforts  of  our  time,  but  which 
has,  at  any  rate,  produced  one  of  its  rarest 
and  most  eagerly  sought-after  colour  books — 
'The  Queen  of  "the  Fishes.'  The  statement 
that  there  is  no  colour  printing  for  nearly 
300  years  after  '  The  Book  of  St.  Albans'' 
would  be  better  for  some  modification,  for 
certainly  the  process  of  printing  music  in 
red  and  black  was  of  precisely  the  same 
order  as  printing  a  two- colour  illustration, 
and  needed  as  accurate  a  register.  In 
chap.  ii.  Salmon's  '  Polygraphicse  '  (1675) 
should  have  been  referred  to.  Thus  far 
the  preliminary  chapters.  In  the  third  we 
come  to  the  historjr  of  the  first  attempt  to 
produce  a  pictorial  effect  by  the  art  of  engrav- 
ing.     As  Mr.  Hardie  observes  : — 

"Once  the  possibility  of  printing  in  two  colours 
is  grasped,  you  have  the  root  idea  that  passes 
through  the  stages  of  chiaroscuro  printing  to 
devclope  into  the  finished  product  of  coloured 
mezzotint,  aquatint,  and  lithograph,  and  that  finds 
its  expression  alike  in  the  modest  delicacy  of  a 
stipple-engraving  by  Ryland,  and  in  the  flaunting 
glare  of  some  modern  posters." 
The  oldest  prints  in  the  chiaroscuro  method, 
where  the  tones  are  produced  by  the 
successive  impression  of  different  wood- 
blocks, date  from  the  early  years  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  though  doubts  are 
entertained  as  to  the  authenticity  of  the 
Cranach  cuts  mentioned  by  Mr.  Hardie  ; 
but  the  first  book  with  coloured  illustrations 
in  chiaroscuro  printed  in  England  dates 
only  from  1754.  The  artist,  J.  B.  Jackson, 
was  one  of  the  first  to  open  a  manufactory 
of  paper  hangings,  and  his  book  was  intended 


inter  alia  to  advertise  this  enterprise.  In 
1823  the  art,  which  had  been  neglected 
in  favour  of  a,quatint,  &c,  was  revived  and 
improved  by  a  first-rate  engraver  on  wood, 
William  Savage.  Some  of  his  illustrations 
are  made  by  no  fewer  than  29  successive 
blocks,  all  printed  by  a  hand  press.  Another 
process  of  the  same  nature  was  that  of  George 
Baxter,  whose  Baxtertypes  have  obtained 
a  considerable,  but  probably  fictitious  im- 
portance. We  note  that  the  Booth  process 
(1784-94)  is  not  mentioned  by  Mr.  Hardie, 
perhaps  because  no  books  seem  to  have 
been  issued  by  the  "  Polygraphic  Society  " 
which  exploited  it.  Mr.  Hardie  allows  him- 
self a  great  deal  of  liberty  in  quoting  the 
titles  of  some  of  the  early  works,  such  as 
Savage  '  On  the  Preparation  of  Printing 
Ink,  both  Black  and  Coloured,'  which 
becomes  '  Preparations  in  Printing  Ink  in 
Various  Colours,'  a  liberty  which  some- 
times suggests,  though  we  do  not  predicate 
it  here,  a  habit  of  second-hand  quotation. 

Printing  in  colours  from  metal  plates  first 
appears  in  an  English  book  in  Le  Blon's 
'  Colorito  '  (1722),  and  Mr.  Hardie  gives  an 
excellent,  reproduction  of  one  of  its  plates. 
Le  Blon's  process  was  little  used  in  England, 
though  more  successful  in  the  hands  of  his 
French  pupils  and  successors,  Gautier  d'Agoty 
and  others.  In  this  country  the  coloured 
mezzotint  and  stipple  engravings  speedily 
caught  the  public  taste,  at  prices  which 
make  a  present-day  collector's  mouth  water. 
They  were  not  generally  used  for  book  illus- 
tration, however,  owing  to  their  expense, 
though  many  magnificent  collections  of 
stipple  plates  exist.  To  the  names  of  the 
books  illustrated  in  this  way  mentioned  by 
Mr.  Hardie  we  may  add  an  edition  of  Gram- 
mont's  memoirs.  The  chapter  on  Blake 
is  full  and  well  illustrated,  but  considera- 
tions of  space  prevent  our  dwelling  on  it. 
Aquatint  is  treated  at  length,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  one  of  Rowlandson's  inimitable 
illustrations  is  described.  Two  or  three 
coloured  inks  of  neutral  tints  were  employed 
in  the  printing  of  the  plate,  and  the  prints 
were  afterwards  finished  by  hand.  Turner 
and  Girtin  both  passed  their  apprenticeship 
in  tinting  prints.  Let  us  add  to  the  note 
on  p.  99  respecting  Ackermann's  early  interest 
in  lithography  that  he  published,  Septem- 
ber 1st,  1817,  a  coloured  lithograph  of 
Strixner's  reproductions  of  the  Diirer 
drawings  in  the  Emperor  Maximilian  I.'s 
prayer  book.  T.  H.  Green's  '  Complete 
Aquatinter  '  and  the  French  process  of 
aquarelle,  where  the  grain  is  produced  by  a 
roulette  instead  of  by  resin,  should  have  been 
mentioned  in  the  chapter.  In  the  famous 
dispute  as  to  the  authorship  of  the  nature- 
printing  process  Mr.  Hardie  espouses  the 
cause  of  Alois  Auer  against  Mr.  Bradbury. 
The  chapters  on  cliromolithography  are 
full  and  accurate,  though  a  slip  is  made 
in  assuming  that  Hajrhe  was  a  partner  of 
Day  :  his  name  appears  in  the  title  of  the 
firm,  but  he  wus  to  the  last  only  a  salaried 
artist.  It  is  to  be  noted,  too,  that  many 
of  the  plates  for  Owen  Jones's  '  Alhambra  ' 
were  printed  from  zinc.  We  think  that  the 
work  of  Benjamin  Fawcett  deserved  a 
special  word  of  praise. 

To  return  for  a  moment  to  Mr.  Pissarro's 
work,  it  should  bo  said  that,  unlike  most 
colour  printing,  it  is  not  an  attempt  to  pro- 
duce in  one  medium  an  effect  comparable 
to  that  originally  obtained  in  another,  as 
an  engraving  represents  a  picture.  Still 
less  does  it  attempt  to  reproduce  the 
texture  of  another  medium — printer's  ink 
has  naturally  a  different  texture  from  water 
colour  or  oil  paint.  He  conceives  his  print, 
so  to  say,  in  terms  of  the  woodblock  ;  he  is 
a  painter-engraver,  not  a  painter  or  an 
engraver.     He  mixes  his  inks,  engraves  his 


blocks,  and  prints  them  himself  on  a 
paper  which  will  endure  after  many  colour 
books  of  our  day  have  dropped  to  pieces. 
These  are  facts  to  be  taken  account  of  in 
estimating  the  artistic  value  of  his  work, 
nor  should  it  be  forgotten  that  the  printing 
of  colour  blocks  on  wet  hand-made  paper 
is  so  very  difficult  that  it  cannot  be  done  on 
a  machine  nor  in  a  large  edition  even  on  a 
hand  press. 

Excellent  and  full  as  Mr.  Hardie's  work  is, 
we  must  remark  on  the  special  care  that  has 
been  spent  on  the  illustrations  :  they  are, 
as  nearly  as  possible,  exact  reproductions 
of  pictures  produced  by  many  different 
processes.  Four  appendixes  have  been  added 
and  will  be  found  of  use  bjr  collectors  :  lists 
of  Baxter  books,  of  Ackermann's  coloured 
books  (not  lithographs),  of  books  with  Row- 
landson  plates,  and  of  books  with  Aiken 
plates.     There  is  a  good  Index. 

The  Guilds  of  Florence.  By  Edgcumbe 
Staley.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — We  are  glad  to 
welcome  this  book  as  another  evidence  of 
the  service  Messrs.  Methuen  are  render- 
ing to  students  of  art  by  the  issue  of 
works  such  as  hardly  appeal  to  the  general 
public.  It  is  with  sincere  regret  that  we 
sometimes  see  their  enterprise  disappointed, 
as  in  this  case,  by  the  unsatisfactory  cha- 
racter of  the  book.  Fortunately  such  occa- 
sions are  rare.  On  a  first  glance  Mr.  Staley's 
book  has  much  to  recommend  it.  It  is  well 
and  clearly  printed  ;  it  is  abundantly  illus- 
trated by  facsimiles  from  mediaeval  manu- 
scripts, by  early  Florentine  wroodcuts,  and 
by  photographs  from  maps  and  existing 
buildings  ;  wdiile  from  the  titles  of  the  illus- 
trations it  would  seem  that  the  author,  or 
his  art-adviser,  had  been  exceptionally  for- 
tunate in  finding  a  complete  set  of  pictures 
to  illustrate  early  Florentine  life.  As  one 
turns  the  pages  one  finds  them  loaded  with 
Italian  names,  whose  unfamiliar  spelling  is 
explained,  of  course,  by  the  fact  that  they 
are  reproduced  from  manuscript  sources. 
Altogether,  without  further  examination, 
one  might  pronounce  it  such  a  book  as  any 
one  interested  in  mediaeval  life  would  be  glad 
to  have. 

But  this  impression  is  speedily  disturbed. 
The  first  page  of  the  preface  shows  that  it 
contains  no  original  work,  even  at  second 
hand  :  "  When  I  sought  for  some  student 
to  undertake,  even  a  superficial  survey,  I  was 
met  with  the  crushing  but  practical  reply — 
'  the  game  is  not  Avorth  the  candle.'  "  And 
when  one  notes  the  style  in  which  the  book 
itself  opens,  one  has  small  hope  for  the  rest 
of  the  600  pages  :  "  The  classic  Vale  of  Arno 
was,  in  latest  of  the  Dark  Ages,  the  whole- 
some nursery,  where  fair  Florence — gentle 
nurse — fostered  three  young  sisters  : — Art, 
Science,  and  Literature,"  who  gaily  danced 
along,  "  tossing  with  shapely  feet  the  flowing 
draperies  of  golden  tissue,  which  softly 
veiled  the  perfect  contours  of  their  beauteous 
forms,"  and  so  on  for  three  pages. 

We  have  spoken  of  the  good  fortune  the 
author  or  art-editor  has  had  in  finding 
Florentine  illuminations.  A  little  examina- 
tion shows  that  the  only  part  Florence  claims 
in  most  of  them  is  the  name.  The  frontis- 
piece, for  example — a  marvel  of  bad  taste 
in  its  composition  from  nn  Italian  border,  a 
French  miniature,  and  an  eighteenth-century 
woodcut — is  labelled  '  A  Florentine  Merchant 
enjoying  the  Fruits  of  his  Enterprise.'  But 
the  miniature  is  taken  from  one  of  the  finest 
and  most  purely  French  manuscripts  of  its 
period  in  the  British  Museum,  a  typical 
representative  of  the  school  of  Tours.  It 
may  stand  for  a  French  merchant,  or  for  a 
successful  merchant  anywhere,  but  it  cannot 
be  a  Florentine  merchant  in  particular. 
A    number    of    examples    taken   from    this 


556 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


manuscript  are  labelled  '  Women  Litigants 
before  the  Podesta,'  '  Money-changers — a 
Dispute  before  the  Podesta  '  (this  represents 
a  sale  of  land),  &c,  for  no  reason  whatever 
except  a  superfluity  of  naughtiness.  It 
would  have  been  enough  to  say  '  Women 
before  a  Mediaeval  Judge,'  which  would 
have  been  correct.  The  Countess  Matilda 
(1115)  is  represented  by  a  late  French  minia- 
ture of  a  lady  encouraging  workmen  in  the 
defence  of  a  castle  ;  "  Florentine  "  work- 
men are  drawn  from  North  French  manu- 
scripts ;  '  An  Audience  with  the  Podesta  ' 
and  '  Doctors  of  Law  in  Consultation  '  (two 
students  in  a  library)  come  from  a  Flemish 
MS.  illuminated  for  Henry  VJI.  Another  set 
of  "  Florentine  "  pictures  is  drawn  from  a 
copy  of  Corbichon's  translation  of  Bartholo- 
mew Anglicus,  written  and  illuminated  at 
Bruges.  '  A  Religious  teaching  a  Woman 
Silk  Weaver,'  from  a  late  fifteenth-century 
Flemish  MS.  of  the  '  Metamorphoses,'  is  in 
reality  the  very  opposite.  '  Skinners  in 
Camp  '  is  a  drawing  of  a  besieged  castle,  with 
one  of  the  soldiers  acting  as  a  butcher.  '  A 
Typical  Beggar  at  the  Shrine  of  Or  San 
Michele  '  is  the  "  fool  "  of  the  Tarot  pack. 
We  must  remark,  too,  on  the  extreme  care- 
lessness of  the  descriptions.  There  is  no 
need  to  state  in  this  connexion  who  trans- 
lated the  books — the  illuminator  is  the  only 
person  of  interest  ;  but  if  names  are  given, 
they  might  be  copied  correctly  from  the 
printed  label.  Simon  de  Hesdin  and  Nicholas 
de  Gonesse  become  Hesledin  and  Coiresse. 
The  woodcuts,  too,  are  usually  misdescribed. 
The  most  striking  example  of  this  is  Jost 
Amman's  type  founder,  which  appears  here 
as  '  Experimenting  with  Dyes.'  His  Mechlin 
cloth-finisher  becomes  a  Florentine.  '  Surgeons 
Operating  '  is  an  anatomy  lesson  ;  '  The 
Kitchen  of  an  Inn  '  is  not  an  inn  at  all  ;  and 
many  others  are  ludicrously  misnamed. 

If  we  turn  to  the  text,  for  which  Mr.  Staley 
is  undoubtedly  responsible,  we  find  errors. 
He  writes  of  "  Apuleius,  the  wise  old  monk 
of  the  fifth  century,"  meaning  presumably 
Apuleius  Barbarus  of  the  fourth  ;  and  in 
his  hands  Ampelius,  the  prototype  of 
St.  Dunstan  in  his  encounter  with  the  demon 
in  the  Thebaid,  becomes  "  Ampelius,  the 
monkish  historian,  in  his  '  Legends  of  the 
Saints,'  [who]  speaks  of  a  Corporation  of 
Locksmiths,  and  instances  the  intricacies 
of  their  craft."  He  states  that  "  tooling 
leather  covers  for  books.  ..  .undoubtedly 
originated  in  Florence,"  and  thinks  that  the 
decoration  of  cuir  bouilli  was  called  "  block 
stamping."  The  wheel  and  spit  of  a  kitchen 
are  described  as  "  a  great  wooden  and  iron 
wheel  revolving  over  a  steady  fire.  Upon 
its  spokes  and  tyre  hissed  fowls  and  ducks, 
pheasants  and  partridges,  thrushes  and  larks, 
wild  ducks  and  pigeons,  and  many  another 
feathered  favourite."  Similar  imaginative 
power  is  shown  in  the  description  of  a  medi- 
aeval Florentine  market,  with  its  "  piles  of 
scarlet  tomatoes."  The  punishment  of  a 
Florentine  bankrupt  in  having  to  sit  three 
days  on  a  stone  of  shame  in  the  market-place 
was  bad  enough,  but  Mr.  Staley  elaborates 
it,  describing  the  stone  pillar  to  which  he 
was  "  tied  and  publicly  beaten  three  times 
with  every  mark  of  personal  indignity." 
The  doubly  impossible  "  metallic  music  " 
of  a  type-foundry  in  1470  is  described — 
impossible  because  a  type-foundry  was 
almost  noiseless,  and  because  there  were  no 
type-foundries  in  1470  ;  and  a  hint  is  given 
that  Bernardo  Cennini's  printing  machines 
"  revolutionized  the  world."  Does  Mr. 
Staley  think  that  Cennini  invented  the  art  ? 
Mr.  Staley's  use  of  Italian  is  as  careless  as 
his  use  of  English.  "  Popular  ditties  are 
known  by  the  name  of  Cantastorie,"  he  says  ; 
but  the  word  means  a  street-singer.  The 
Florentines  never  called  any  one  a  Beatitude, 


though  Mr.  Staley  does  so.  His  English 
historical  studies  lead  him  to  the  discovery 
of  Henry  VII.  's  wife  Eleanor  ;  and  elsewhere 
he  writes  of  "  worms  hatching  worms  in  their 
bosom  " — the  English  book  from  which  he 
copies  having  "women."  These  statements  are 
culled  as  we  casually  read  through  the  book, 
but  a  closer  examination  of  one  page  taken  at 
random  yields  the  following.  The  old  story 
is  repeated  that  Aldus  designed  his  italic 
from  the  handwriting  of  Petrarch  (who  wrote 
a  Gothic  script).  Bettini's  '  Monte  Sancto 
di  Dio  '  appears  twice  on  it,  the  second  time 
anonymously  as  '  Monte  Sacro  di  Dio  ' 
Savonarola's  '  Libro  della  Vita  Viduale  ' 
becomes  '  Vita  viduata.'  Florentine  wood- 
cuts from  1516  to  1546  are,  we  are  told, 
many  of  them  signed  Giovanni  Benvenuto. 
Lippi  did  "  fifteen  plates  of  the  '  Life  of  the 
Madonna'  published  in  1482." 

What  is,  then,  the  real  value  of  this  book  ? 
It  is  the  commonplace  book  of  an  industrious 
worker.  We  cannot  praise  the  author's 
style.  Vulgarisms  abound,  e.g.  "spot  values," 
"  vitreous  glories,"  &c;  and  clauses  such  as 
"  the  Bishop's  Pawn,  as  we  call  the  dignitary 
on  the  King's  right  in  the  game  of  chess," 
are  not  ornamental.  Throughout  it  we  de- 
tect no  suggestion  that  the  author  brought 
to  its  composition  any  special  acquaintance 
with  the  ordered  regularity  of  mediaeval 
life,  the  inner  life  of  guilds  in  any 
country  in  Europe,  their  relation  to 
the  government  of  the  towns  or  to 
the  life  of  their  members.  He  has  no 
system  in  writing,  and  seems  to  have  no 
conception  of  the  problems  it  was  his  duty 
to  solve.  The  history  of  the  Florentine 
guilds  has  yet  to  be  written.  The  history 
of  each  of  the  arts  will  require  a  volume  at 
least — nay,  many  of  their  subordinate  guilds 
would  take  a  lifetime  to  study.  The  relation 
of  the  trade  guilds  to  the  arts  —  say,  for 
example,  that  of  the  Painters  or  Printers 
to  the  Doctors — must  be  elucidated. 

The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales. 
Third  Series.  By  T.  F.  Bumpus.  (Werner 
Laurie.) — Mr.  Bum  pus  has  only  one  real 
fault  in  writing  about  our  cathedrals.  He 
is  convinced  that  all  the  restorations  of 
English  cathedrals  since,  say,  1^40  have 
been  justified  and  are  improvements,  and, 
as  a  corollary,  that  the  "  Anti-scrape," 
as  it  is  familiarly  called,  is  a  collection  of 
more  or  less  ignorant  fanatics.  We  can 
pardon  him  this  and  much  more,  if  need 
be,  for  his  many  good  qualities,  and  we  are 
convinced  that  we  could  not  have  a  more 
interesting  guide  round  our  cathedrals. 
The  buildings  here  described  are  Lichfield, 
Gloucester.  Rochester,  Carlisle,  Oxford, 
Llandaff,  Bangor,  St.  Asaph,  St.  David's. 
St.  Alban's,  and  nine  more  modern.  Now, 
St.  Alban's  is  a  conspicuous  example 
of  the  horrors  of  "  restoration."  Mr. 
Bumpus  appears  to  be  satisfied  with  the 
restoration  of  the  statuary  on  the  west 
front  of  Lichfield.  De  gust /bus  non  est  dis- 
putandtim,  but  he  has  surely  seen  enough 
fine  work  at  Rheims  to  have  a  standard  of 
judgment.  Chartrcs  is  a  bad  model  for 
modern  sculptors  to  improvise  on,  as  did 
the  Lichfield  "restorers."  The  volume 
is  well  illustrated,  and  the  series  is  a  desir- 
able possession,  even  for  those  already 
owning  architectural  books. 


THE    ROYAL    SOCIETY    OF    BRITISH 

ARTISTS. 

The  smaller  of  Mr.  Alfred  East's  contribu- 
tions to  this  show  has  a  good  doal  of  charm 
in  its  deft  handling  of  a  few  well-chosen 
tones  of  blue.  Yet  while  it  marks  him  as  an 
acquisition,    we    hesitate    to    say    whether, 


even  with  the  best  of  intentions,  he  is  the 
man  destined  to  lead  the  Society  out  of  the 
slough  into  which  it  has  unfortunately 
fallen.  When  art  becomes  stale,  the  remedy 
is  a  return  to  nature,  and  what  is  needed  by 
the  Society  is  a  little  individual  research. 
While  Mr.  East  is  very  much  better  than  the 
painters  who  have  hitherto  been  called  in  to 
regenerate  the  R.B.A.,  he  is  a  little  of  the 
same  type  on  a  superior  scale,  and  belief 
in  the  regenerating  power  of  the  younger 
and  more  capable  members  of  this  Society 
is  not  based  on  the  supposition  that  the  fault 
of  the  art  here  shown  lies  in  its  being  old- 
fashioned,  and  that  the  presence  of  a  number 
of  fluent  and  plausible  rechauffes  of  the 
newest  thing  in  painting  would  cure  the  disease. 
The  malady  is  staleness,  and  the  majority 
of  these  painters,  saying  in  as  imposing  a 
manner  as  possible  things  in  which  they 
have  no  real  belief,  are  stale  from  the  first. 

For  this  reason  it  is  that  we  find  less 
refreshment  in  Mr.  Robertson's  large  and 
obviously  alluring  Opal  City  than  in  the  un- 
pretentious little  Old  Quay,  by  Mr.  H.  K. 
Rooke,  alongside  it,  even  while  we  admit 
that  the  latter  painter  shows  himself,  in 
another  part  of  the  exhibition,  lamentably 
incapable  of  conceiving  a  picture  suitable 
for  the  larger  scale.  This  milieu,  in  which 
anything  like  sincere  inquiry  is  rare,  offers 
a  curiously  favourable  setting  for  certain 
picture?,  and  even  a  talent  like  that  of  Mr. 
Foottet,  though  lacking  in  substance  and 
variety  of  accomplishment,  takes  on  by 
virtue  of  its  sincerity  an  unexpected  import- 
ance, his  Rose  and  Gold  appearing  a  dis- 
tinguished and  poetic  achievement  com- 
pared with  the  self-satisfied  coarseness  of 
Mr.  Wynford  Dewhurst.  A  far  more  mascu- 
line, but  as  narrow  a  talent  is  that  of  Mr. 
J.  W.  Fergusson,  whose  Carnations  and 
Narcissus  shows-  at  the  distance — and  it  is  a 
considerable  distance  that  his  technique 
exacts — an  immediate  and  forcible  rhythm, 
a  simultaneous  expressiveness  of  colour  and 
form  as  elements  in  the  same  design,  that 
make  an  exceedingly  fine  rendering  of  a  rela- 
tively simple  problem.  There  is  no  painting 
elsewhere  in  the  gallery  that  can  really 
compare  with  this,  though  Mr.  Kneen's 
Retrospection  is  a  solid  and  serious  study 
that  commands:  respect  and  deserves  a  better 
place. 

THE    CHEYNE    ART    CLUB    AT    THE 
BAILLIE    GALLERY. 

More  than  the  Suffolk  Street  show  this 
exhibition  gives  the  impression  of  at  least 
sincerity  on  the  part  of  the  artists.  With 
no  very  personal  outlook,  Mr.  James  Wallace 
emerges  by  virtue  of  the  natural  happiness 
of  brushwork  that  belongs  to  the  man  to 
whom  painting  from  nature  is  a  daily  and  a 
pleasurable  exercise,  his  In  Yorkshire  showing 
that  natural  adroitness  in  selecting  accents 
to  lead  the  eye  easily  across  a  flat  stretch  of 
country  which  Mr.  David  Murray  has  long 
exploited.  We  see  this  familiar,  but  still 
admirable  virtue  not  quite  so  markedly  in 
the  work  of  Mr.  Septimus  Scott  and  Mr. 
Blaylock,  both  of  whom,  however,  show 
occasionally  a  rather  more  interesting  out- 
look than  Mr.  Wallace,  if  a  less  level  accom- 
plishment. Mr.  Lobley  is  the  most  individual 
painter  of  the  group,  but  the  least  trust- 
worthy executant,  making  charming  little 
studies  such  as  Thames  Barges  and  Early 
Morn,  Westminster,  but  wanting,  apparently, 
much  active  experience  in  larger  work. 

Of  the  sculpture,  an  uncataloguod  statu- 
otte  by  Mr.  Charles  Palmer  shows  consider- 
able academic  ability  in  its  suave  finish  of 
modelling.  Wore  it  an  ancient  work  of 
disputable  authorship,  wo  should  obstinately 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


557 


-declare  that  the  head  and  the  upraised  arms 
were  palpably  added  by  a  very  inferior 
restorer. 


THE  NEWEST  LIGHT  ON  REMBRANDT- 

With  regard  to  the  article  you  published 
on  October  20th  I  may  say  that  Prof. 
Baldwin  Brown  has  not  unwillingly  suffered, 
if  he  may  be  said  to  have  suffered  at  all,  at 
the  hands  of  Dr.  Martin  and  Mr.  Wouter 
Nijhoff,  the  gentlemen  who  were  mainly 
responsible  for  this  wonderful  new  light  on 
the  great  Dutch  master.  Apparently,  how- 
ever, he  is  not  "  in  the  know,"  as  he  seems 
to  have  written  his  article  in  rather  a  serious 
mood.  Materiam  superabat  opus.  At  any 
rate,  he  has  his  doubts,  but  he  is  somewhat 
•cautious  in  expressing  them.  Let  me  try 
to  state  the  plain  facts.  At  the  time  they 
were  widely  circulated  in  the  Dutch  press, 
first  of  all  in  the  Nieuwe  Rotterdamsche 
Courant. 

When,  a  few  months  ago,  the  tide  of 
Rembrandt  literature  was  merrily  flowing 
•on,  Dr.  W.  Martin,  the  young  art  historian, 
and  Mr.  Nijhoff,  the  well-known  publisher 
of  the  Hague,  conspired  to  provide  some 
humour  in  the  dullness  of  the  hour.  They 
agreed  to  produce  a  book  which  was  to 
contain  what  we  should  above  all  things 
like  to  know  about  Rembrandt,  but  which 
an  untoward  fate  has  forbidden  us  to  find  out. 

Dr.  Hofstede  de  Groot  was  let  into  the 
secret.  Mr.  Morren,  employed  in  the  State 
Archives  at  The  Hague,  undertook  to 
provide  for  the  old  writing.  The  various 
much-discussed  controversies  were  to  be 
settled  by  the  book  :  "  the  vexed  question  " 
of  '  The  Night  Watch '  being  cut  down ; 
the  birthdate  (altered  of  course  !)  ;  and  the 
time  Rembrandt  was  apprenticed  to  Last- 
man.  Finally  it  was  resolved  to  concoct 
a  beautiful  letter  for  this  auspicious  occasion. 

The  letter  was  fabricated  by  Dr.  Martin 
in  imitation  of  epistles  written  by  several 
painters  to  Huygens  (vide  the  Amsterdam 
Teview  Oud-Holland,  ix.  187  seqq.).  The 
writing  was  procured  by  cutting  out  fac- 
similes of  Rembrandt's  autographs  and 
sticking  the  separate  letters  together.  After 
this  manipulation  (the  work  of  Messrs. 
Nijhoff  and  Morren)  the  new  manuscript 
thus  obtained  was  photographed  and,  as 
the  Dutch  has  it,  "  sauced."  Lastman's 
receipt  was  suggested  by  that  from  the  hand 
of  Dou  (see  Oud-Holland,  xx.  64).  The 
inventory  was  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Hofstede 
de  Groot  ;  the  passage  from  Sandrart  was 
an  invention  of  Messrs.  Nijhoff  and  Martin, 
the  English  text  the  work  of  Dr.  Hofstede 
de  Groot,  who  edited  the  '  Supplement,' 
and  wrote  the  preface  and  notes.  A  young 
lady,  who  thought  the  undertaking  a  delight- 
ful little  joke,  was  the  mysterious  "  anti- 
quary "  whose  name  appeared  on  the  title. 

A  series  of  documents,  left  out  in  the 
*'  first  "  volume  were  subjoined.  The  latter 
are  all  genuine.  The  following  documents 
were  forged  : — 

1.  The  visit  of  Rubens  to  Huygens. — 
The  date,  August  9th,  was  deliberately 
chosen,  because  Rubens  had  then  been  back 
in  Antwerp  for  three  days  (Rooses.ii.  418  seq.). 
In  every  forged  piece  of  evidence  an  obvious 
mistake  was  made,  to  show  that  the  whole 
thing  was  meant  as  a  joke,  which  everybody 
who  took  the  trouble  to  verify  the  referenco 
■could  discover. 

2.  Lastman's  receipt.  —  The  text  was 
written  in  one  of  the  Dutch  Record  Offices, 
the  signature  facsimiled  from  Oud-Holland, 
iv.  8,  and  the  notary's  name  purposely 
altered  :  it  was  not  "  Henric  Ewoutsz 
Craen,"  but  Ewout  Henries  Craen. 

3.  The  page  from  Orlers  (the  handwriting 


is  nothing  like  Hoogeveen's). — The  book  in 
the  British  Museum  referred  to  is  an  entirely 
different  work  (as  Prof.  Baldwin  Brown 
stated). 

4.  The  inventory  of  Rembrandt's  belong- 
ings.— The  protocols  of  the  notary  Wencke 
were  burnt,  the  sealed  rooms  being  opened 
under  different  circumstances. 

5.  The  letter  dated  12  Feb.,  1662. 

6.  The  second  edition  of  Montague's 
'  Delights.' — Prof.  Brown  learnt  so  much 
from  Lowndes  and  Hazlitt.  The  only 
edition  of  1696  has  240  pages.  In  the 
'  Urkunden '  the  reader  was  referred  to 
p.  242. 

In  consequence  of  this  Rembrandt  hoax 
Dr.  Hofstede  de  Groot  and  the  publisher 
were  pitied,  in  the  height  of  the  Rembrandt 
craze,  for  having  been  taken  in  by  a  certain 
Visser.  Some  over-credulous  reviewers  were 
caught  in  the  trap.  Nor  were  those  lacking 
who  maintained  that  this  well-meant  fraud 
was  beneath  the  dignity  of  a  publishing 
firm  of  high  standing  or  generally  respected 
scientific  men.  Some  allowance  must,  of 
course,  be  made  for  the  excitement  prevailing 
in  Holland  at  the  time  of  the  Rembrandt 
celebrations.  Yet  the  clever  trick  was  con- 
ceived in  the  true  spirit  of  the  old  Dutch 
worthies  :  they  would  have  hailed  it  as  a 
capital  joke.  M.  M.  Kleebkoopeb. 


At  14,  Grafton  Street,  last  Thursday 
there  was  a  private  view  of  works  by  Prof. 
Legros,  Mr.  William  Strang,  A.R.A.,  and 
Dorothea  Landau. 

To-day  Messrs.  H.  Graves  &  Co.  hold  a 
private  view  of  '  Paintings  of  Flowers  in 
Oil  '  by  Miss  Louise  E.  Perman,  of  Glasgow. 

Next  Wednesday  we  are  invited  to  view 
at  the  New  Gallery  the  work  of  the  Society 
of  Portrait  Painters.  On  the  same  day 
Messrs.  T.  Agnew  &  Sons  hold  the  private 
view  of  their  annual  exhibition  on  behalf 
of  the  Artists'  General  Benevolent  Institution. 

We  notice  with  great  regret  the  death, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-three,  on  Sunday  last 
of  Mr.  John  Thomas  Micklethwaite,  one 
of  the  soundest  architects  and  antiquaries 
of  the  day.  He  had  been  in  failing  health 
for  some  years,  but  was  in  earlier  days 
one  of  our  most  valued  reviewers  in 
architecture  and  antiquities.  We  intend 
to  have  a  special  article  on  his  work  next 
week. 

The  death  is  reported,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-six,  of  Paul  Cezanne,  the  distinguished 
French  artist,  who  has  sometimes  been 
described  as  "  the  Father  of  the  Impres- 
sionist School,"  a  title  which  he  always 
vigorously  repudiated,  claiming  that  he 
belonged  to  no  school.  He  nevertheless 
influenced  a  generation  of  painters  ;  his  land- 
scapes were  more  akin  to  the  earlier  works 
of  Corot  than  to  those  of  any  other  artist. 
In  spite  of  his  denials,  he  will  be  ranked  by 
posterity,  however,  as  one  of  the  leading 
Impressionists  of  the  latter  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  Cezanne  was  born  in  Aix- 
en-Provence,  where  he  found  most  of  his 
inspiration.  Ten  of  his  more  important 
works  (chiefly  fruit  and  flower  subjects)  are 
now  on  view  at  the  Salon  d'Automne. 

Febdinand  Chaigneau,  whose  death  is 
also  announced,  was  one  of  the  last  sur- 
vivors of  the  Barbizon  School.  He  died  at 
Barbizon,  where  ho  had  lived  in  retirement 
for  many  years.  Owing  to  long  illnes3,  he 
had  hardly  done  any  work  for  some  ten 
years,  and  had  long  ceased  to  be  a  force 
in  modern  painting. 


M.  Gabbiel  Febbieb  has  been  elected  to 
the  vacancy  at  the  French  Academie  des 
Beaux-Arts  caused  by  the  death  of  Jules 
Breton,  but  only  after  an  exciting  struggle, 
and  not  until  the  eighteenth  tour  de  scrutin, 
when  he  obtained  20  votes,  against  13  for 
M.  Raphael  Collin,  and  4  for  M.  Tony  Robert 
Fleury.  There  were  ten  candidates  in  all. 
The  new  member  is  a  portrait  painter,  and 
a  regular  exhibitor  at  the  Salon,  where  he 
ranks  "  Hors  Concours."  He  is  a  pupil  of 
Pils  and  of  Hebert,  and  has  painted  many 
celebrities,  from  M.  Ribot  to  Pope  Leo  XIII. 

The  ranks  of  French  artists  are  still 
further  lessened  by  the  deaths  of  two  other 
well-known  men.  Louis  Jacottet,  the  land- 
scape painter,  who  studied  under  Gleyre 
and  Diaz,  was  much  in  evidence  at  the  Salon 
from  1861  to  1872.  He  was  born  at  Paris 
on  October  29th,  1843,  of  Swiss  descent,  and 
died  last  week,  having  lived  in  retire- 
ment for  some  years.  Jean  Benner, 
who  was  born  at  Mulhouse  on  March  28th, 
1836,  was  one  of  the  many  who  declined  to 
become  German  subjects  after  the  war.  Both 
he  and  his  twin  brother  Emmanuel  Benner 
studied  in  the  studio  of  Pils.  Jean  Benner 
paid  frequent  visits  to  Italy,  particularly  to 
the  isle  of  Capri,  and  was  a  regular  exhibitor 
at  the  Salon. 

Messes.  Methtten  write  : — 

"  We  believe  that  some  confusion  exists  with 
regard  to  Mr.  Clausen's  new  book  '  Aims  and 
Ideals  in  Art,'  for  one  or  two  papers  are  evidently 
under  the  impression  that  it  is  a  reprint  of  a  book 
formerly  published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  under  the 
title  of  'Six  Lectures  on  Painting.'  '  Aims  and 
Ideals  in  Art '  is  an  entirely  new  volume  of 
addresses.  We  have  just  brought  out  a  revised  and 
cheaper  edition  of  '  Six  Lectures  on  Painting.' 

The  new  number  of  The  Burlington  Maga- 
zine opens  with  an  editorial  article  on  '  The 
Future  Housing  of  our  National  Collections,' 
and  another  on  'English  Provincial  Museums,' 
suggesting  that  every  museum  of  the  sort 
should  make  a  point  of  collecting  the  work 
of  artists  born  in  its  neighbourhood.  Mr. 
Laurence  Binyon  contributes  an  interesting 
article  on  '  Portrait  Drawings  of  English 
Women,'  in  which  six  portraits  are  repro- 
duced in  addition  to  the  photogravure 
frontispiece.  Mr.  Lawrence  Weaver  writes 
on  '  London  Leaded  Steeples,'  and  Mr.  M.  L. 
Solon  finishes  his  paper  on  '  Saint-Cloud 
Porcelain.'  Mr.  A.  Van  de  Put  contributes 
an  important  notice  of  '  The  Early  Catalan 
School  of  Painting  '  ;  Mr.  Herbert  Cook 
some  illustrated  notes  on  '  The  Study  of 
Titian  '  ;  Mr.  S.  M.  Peartree  an  account  of  the 
Historical  Exhibition  at  Nuremberg  ;  Mr. 
Sidney  Churchill  an  article  on  Giovanni 
Bartolo,  the  fourteenth-century  goldsmith 
and  enameller,  with  special  reference  to  the 
extraordinary  bust  of  St.  Agatha  in  the 
cathedral  of  Catania  ;  Sir  Walter  Armstrong 
a  note  on  Alessandro  Oliverio,  a  little-known 
Venetian  portrait  painter  :  and  Mr.  S.  C. 
Cockerell  one  on  '  Andre  Beauneveu  and  the 
Portrait  of  Richard  II.  in  Westminster.' 
There  is  also  a  short  note  on  a  portrait  of 
Nell  Gwyn,  and  another  on  a  portrait  of  a 
man  by  Murillo  reproduced  in  collotype. 

The  death  of  Raja  Ravi  Varma,  India's 
best-known  artist,  deserves  brief  notice. 
The  event  occurred  at  Atfcungal,  in  Travan- 
core,  on  October  2nd.  The  deceased  gentle- 
man was  the  grandfather  of  both  the  senior 
and  junior  Ranis  of  Travancore,  but  he  was 
a  native  of  Mysore,  where  he  enjoyed  in  his 
professional  work  the  patronage  of  both 
the  late  and  the  present  Maharajahs.  In  a 
sense  his  work  was  of  a  national  character, 
for  lie  devoted  his  principal  efforts  to  repre- 
senting the  scenes  and  subjects  of  Hindu 
mythology.  Not  content  with  painting 
several  hundred  pictures,   he  established  a 


558 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


factory  at  Karli  where  he  turned  out  olo- 
graphic reproductions  of  his  own  work  by 
the  thousand,  which  had  a  large  sale  through- 
out India.  He  was  also  a  good  portrait 
painter,  and  in  this  capacity  visited  the 
principal  Hindu  states.  Some  of  his  pictures 
were  exhibited  here  at  the  Indo-Colonial 
Exhibition  in  1885,  and  on  the  Continent 
at  several  exhibitions  in  other  years. 

Mr.  Unwin  has  in  the  press  a  volume  on 
Siena  by  Major-General  Seymour,  author  of 
'  Saunterings  in  Spain.'  It  will  be  entitled 
'  Siena  and  its  Artists,'  and  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  one  describing  the  architecture 
and  historical  monuments  of  the  city,  and 
the  other  dealing  exhaustively  with  the 
Sienese  school  of  painting. 

In  his  book,  to  be  published  shortly  by 
Messrs.  Cassell,  '  The  Old  Engravers  of 
England  in  their  Relation  to  Contemporary 
Life  and  Art,'  Mr.  Malcolm  C.  Salaman  deals 
with  copperplate,  mezzotint,  line-engrav- 
ing, stipple-engraving,  and  colour-printing. 
He  aims  at  presenting  in  biographical  form, 
and  without  technicalities,  a  concise  survey 
of  the  leading  methods  of  copperplate 
engraving  in  England  during  the  seven- 
teenth and  eighteenth  centuries. 

Messes.  Glendining  sold  yesterday  week 
a  collection  of  silver  and  bronze  medals 
relating  to  Napoleon  for  103L  and  a  gold 
medal  for  the  battle  of  Nive,  1812,  for  601. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall. — Promenade  Concerts. 

A  symphony  entitled  '  Les  Hommages,' 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Holbrooke,  was  produced 
at  the  Promenade  Concert  last  Thursday 
•week.  The  composer  has  displayed  his 
talents  in  instrumental  and  vocal  works 
of  various  kinds,  and  we  learn  that  he  is 
about  to  try  his  hand  at  opera,  a  libretto 
having  been  written  for  him  by  Mr.  B.  W. 
Findon.  It  is  said  that  practice  makes 
perfect,  and  Mr.  Holbrooke's  pen  seems 
never  idle.  The  symphony  in  question 
is  clever  and  interesting,  though  not 
entirely  convincing.  Some  of  the  music 
in  the  first  two  sections  seems  rather 
vague,  but  the  Elegie  has  both  pathos 
and  poetry,  while  the  final  section,  its 
fugal  style  notwithstanding,  is  light  and 
animated.  But  the  headings  to  each 
section — Hommage  a  Wagner,  a  Mozart, 
a  Dvorak,  and  a  Tschaikowsky — are  dis- 
tracting. Here  and  there  are  faint  traces 
of  these  composers,  but  it  is  only  in  the 
Elegie  that  the  spirit  of  the  composer, 
i.e.  Dvorak,  can  be  truly  felt.  Except 
that  Mr.  Holbrooke  has  used  only  strings, 
wood-wind,  horns,  and  harp,  there  is 
nothing  specially  Mozartian  in  the  second 
section.  The  work  is  difficult,  and  for  a 
first  performance  was  exceedingly  well 
played  under  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood's 
direction.  The  composer  at  the  close 
was  warmly  applauded. 

The  Promenade  Concerts  came  to  a 
close  yesterday  week.  They  have  been 
well  attended — on  certain  nights,  indeed, 
crowded — Wagner,  of  course,  still  remain- 
ing the  special  favourite.  Mr.  Wood  has 
spared  neither  time  nor  patience  in  1  rain- 
ing his  orchestra,  and  with  satisfactory 
results. 


THREE   PIANOFORTE   RECITALS. 

M.  Rafael  Navas,  a  Spaniard,  gave  a 
pianoforte  recital  at  Steinway  Hall  yester- 
day week,  but  not  with  the  ordinary 
recital  programme  ;  to  the  majority  of 
the  audience  probably  every  number  was 
new.  There  are  many  interesting  pieces  by 
classical  composers  which  are  never  heard, 
and  it  is  a  great  pity  that  they  should  be 
neglected  by  pianists.  M.  Navas,  how- 
ever, devoted  his  attention  entirely  to 
living  composers,  Russian,  French,  and 
Spanish.  The  Russians  were  Liapounow 
(represented  by  his  curious,  but  clever 
'  Carillon '  etude)  and  Balakirew  (two 
light  pieces).  Among  the  French  were 
prominent  MM.  Vincent  d'lndy,  Debussy, 
and  Pierne ;  while  some  graceful  and 
characteristic  pieces  by  Albeniz  and 
Granados  stood  for  the  Spanish  school. 
M.  Navas  proved  himself  an  able  exponent 
of  all  the  music,  some  of  which  was  far 
from  easy. 

Two  other  pianists  deserve  mention. 
One  is  Madame  Marie  Fromm,  who  for- 
merly studied  with  Madame  Schumann. 
The  lady  has  good  technique,  and  inter- 
prets with  real  taste  and  feeling,  though 
in  the  Andantino  of  Schumann's  Sonata 
in  G  minor,  which  she  played  at  her  concert 
yesterday  week  at  the  iEolian  Hall,  the 
sentiment  was  somewhat  overdrawn.  The 
programme  included  Borodin's  interesting 
Quartet  in  d,  exceedingly  well  rendered 
by  Mr.  Max  Mossel  and  his  associates. 

Mr.  Viggo  Kihl,  who  gave  a  recital  at 
Steinway  Hall  on  Tuesday  evening,  is  a 
promising  pianist.  His  touch  is  most 
delicate,  and  his  technique  remarkably 
neat.  He  was  nervous,  and  therefore  not 
at  his  best ;  but  there  were  very  good 
points  in  his  renderings  of  Bach's 
'  Italian  '  Concerto  and  Mozart's  D  minor 
Fantasia  ;  the  Allegretto  major  section 
in  the  latter  was,  however,  unduly  hurried. 


Jfhtsiral  (Sosstp. 

The  programme  of  the  first  Broad- 
wood  Concert  last  Thursday  week  con- 
tained no  novelties,  and  the  performers 
were  the  well-known  artists  Mr.  Kruse 
and  his  associates,  Messrs.  H."  In- 
wards, Lionel  Tcrtis,  and  Herbert  Withers, 
and  as  pianist  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick.  The 
audience  was  large  and  appreciative.  The 
remaining  concerts  will  take  place  as  follows  : 
November  8th  and  22nd,  December  6th  and 
13th,  January  10th,  24th,  and  31st,  Febru- 
ary 14th  and  28th,  and  March  14th  and  21st. 
During  the  season  the  Rose,  Capet,  Cathie 
and  Brussels  Quartets  will  appear.  Two 
concerts  devoted  to  choral  music,  on  Fimilar 
lines  to  those  given  last  year,  will  be  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  H.  Walford  Davies.  The 
only  novelty  as  yet  announced  is  a  sonata 
for  pianoforte  and  'cello  by  M.  Chevillard, 
to  be  performed  by  the  composor  and  M. 
Hugo  Becktr. 

Some  new  songs  were  introduced  at  the 
first  Chappell  Ballad  Concert  of  the  season, 
held  at  Queen's  Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon. 
Miss  May  Dawson  contributed  neat  and 
tasteful  settings  of  Derrick's  poems  'To 
Carnations  '  and  '  Ceremonies  for  Christmas,' 
these  bcinji  admirably  rendered  by  Mr. 
Dalton  Baker.  Mr.  Kennerley  Rumford 
Bang  '  To  I'hyllida,'  a  song  with  dainty  and 
fluent    music    by    Miss    Terosa    del    Ricgo  ; 


while  Mr.  Bernard  Rolfs  bright  ditty 
'  Katinka  '  was  sung  in  animated  fashion  by 
Miss  Esta  D' Argo.  Madame  Suzanne  Adams,. 
Madame  Kirkby  Lunn,  Miss  Carmen  Hill, 
Miss  Maria  Yelland,  the  Misses  Sassard, 
Mr.  Gregory  Hast,  M.  Maurice  Farkoa, 
Mr.  York  Bowen,  and  Mr.  Fritz  Kreisler 
also  took  part  in  the  concert. 

Mb.  Albert  Spalding,  a  violinist  who 
studied  in  Italy,  and  under  Juan  Buitrago 
in  New  York,  gave  the  first  of  four  concerts 
at  Queen's  Hall  on  Wednesday  afternoon. 
His  rendering  of  the  Beethoven  Concerto- 
was  that  of  an  able  and  promising  student. 
Mr.  Spalding  introduced  a  Symphonic 
Interlude  by  Mr.  Herbert  Bedford ;  and  he 
intends  to  include  a  novelty  by  a  British 
composer  at  each  of  his  remaining  concerts. 
The  scheme  is  praiseworthy,  but  to  place 
the  novelty  at  the  end  of  a  long  programme,, 
as  was  done  on  Wednesday,  is  a  mistake. 

Mb.  Holbrooke's  'The  Bells,'  produced 
at  the  recent  Birmingham  Festival,  was: 
performed  for  the  first  time  in  London  at 
the  London  Choral  Society's  concert  at 
Queen's  Hall  on  Monday  evening  under 
Mr.  Fagge's  direction.  The  rendering  of 
this  clever  work  was  only  moderate,  but  the 
music  both  for  choir  and  orchestra  is  far  from 
easy. 

The  dress  rehearsal  of  Massenet's  new- 
opera,  '  Ariane,'  took  place  on  Monday,  and' 
a  successful  production  of  the  work  on  Wed- 
nesday evening.  The  subject  of  Ariadne  and 
Theseus  has  been  a  favourite  with  com- 
posers. Monteverde's  '  Arianna  '  was  one? 
of  the  earliest  operas.  Handel  wrote  one' 
with  the  same  title,  the  Minuet  of  which 
became  in  his  day  a  great  favourite.  Benda's 
duodrama  '  Ariadne  auf  Naxos,'  produced  at 
Gotha  about  1774,  attracted  special  notice  : 
it  was  greatly  admired  by  Mozart,  who 
actually  began  a  work,  '  Semiramis,'  on  the 
same  novel  plan. 

Miss  Muriel  Fosteb  made  her  last  public 
appearance  at  Miss  Kate  Eadie's  morning, 
concert  at  Bechstein  Hall  last  Monday.  It. 
is  only  ten  years  since  her  debut  at  Bradford 
in  Sir  Hubert  Parry's  '  King  Saul,'  and  in. 
that  short  time  she  has  achieved  many 
signal  successes.  Her  fine  voice  shows  no* 
signs  of  decline,  but  she  has  decided  to  with- 
draw from  public  life  after  her  marriage  this- 
month. 

Masteb  Lionel  Ovenden  appeared  at, 
the  first  (October  13th)  of  the  Saturday 
Crystal  Palace  Concerts,  and  Miss  Marie 
Hall  at  the  second  (October  27th). 

The  first  performance  at  Covent  Garden 
of  Umberto  Giordano's  '  Fedora '  is  fixed 
for  next  Monday.  The  work  was  produced 
at  Milan  eight  years  ago.  The  composer's- 
latest  opera  '  Siberia,'  performed  with 
marked  success  by  the  Sonzogno  company 
at  Paris  last  year,  will  in  time,  no  doubt,  also- 
find  its  way  here. 

The  new  session  of  the  Musical  Associa- 
tion begins  on  the  20th  inst.  The  meetings 
will  be  hold  at  Messrs.  Broadwood's  in  the 
King's  Room.  Papers  will  beread  by  the  Revs.. 
W.  Galpin  and  H.  Cart,  Miss  E.  Daymond, 
Drs.  Yorke  Trotter,  C.  W.  Pearce,  and  H.  A. 
Harding,  and  Messrs.  J.  E.  Borland  and  J.  E. 
Matthew. 

When  Berlioz's  '  Beatrice  et  Benedict,' 
produced  at  Baden-Baden  in  1862,  was 
performed  at  Paris  in  1890,  no  copy  could 
be  found  of  the  unpublished  libretto,  and 
oiio  was  specially  written  for  the  occasion 
by  Charles  Bannelier.  The  autograph  has,, 
however,  been  discovered  and  published. 
In  it  is  a  personage,  a  conductor  named 
Somarone,  created  by  Berlioz,  who  declares 
to  his  orchestra  that  he  will  not  say  much 
about  his  music,  but  adds  :    "  Lo  morceau 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


559 


-que  vous  allez  avoir  l'honneur  d'executer  est 
un  chef-d'oeuvre  !  Commencons."  Now  in 
a  letter  to  Princess  Wittgenstein,  Berlioz 
quotes  the  "  mot  superbe  "  of  Spontini  to 
his  orchestra  at  Berlin  before  beginning  the 
overture  of  his  '  L'Olympie,'  viz.,  "  Messieurs 
'  Olympie  '  est  un  chef-d'oeuvre.  Com- 
rnencons  !  "  This  and  other  details  respect- 
ing the  libretto  are  related  by  M.  J.  Tiersot 
in  his  'Berlioziana'  in  last  Sunday's  Menestrel. 

Felix  Draeseke,  the  composer,  now  in 
his  seventy-second  year,  recently  published 
an  article  in  the  Stuttgart  Neue  Zeitung 
headed  '  Konfusion  in  der  Musik.'  Fifty 
years  ago,  he  says,  there  was  bitter  party 
spirit,  but  musicians  fought  for  a  principle, 
whereas  present-day  musicians  scarcely, 
know  what  they  are  fighting  about.  Drae- 
seke, it  may  be  added,  was  then  among 
the  few  but  zealous  champions  of  the  new 
school  of  music  of  Warner  and  Liszt. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sunday  Society  Concert.  .",..10,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert.  T.  Queen's  Hall. 
-Sat.  iFriday  excepted!,  Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

M.  Godowskys  Pianoforte  Recital,  :!,  Dechstein  Hall. 

London  Symphony  Orchestra]  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Lilie  Seidell's  Mandoline  Concert,  K,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Messrs.    Orickboom    and    Kairbauk's    Violin    and    Pianoforte 
Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

M.  Michel  de  Sicard's  Violin  Recital,  3,  .-Eolian  Hall. 

Miss  Russell-Graham's  Violin  Recital,  8.30.  Queen's  Hall. 

Barns-Phillips  First  Chamber  Concert,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Miss  Mania  Seguel's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.30,  Erard  Rooms. 

Mr.  Robert  Ne  raian's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Isabella  Judge's  Vocal  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
.  Madame  Marie  Fronnu's  Pianoforte  Recital,  :;,  -Eolian  Hall. 

Mr.  Arthur  Argiewicz's  Violin  Recital.  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Broadwood's  Concert.  8.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mr.  Archy  Rosenthal's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert,  3.  Caxton  Hall. 

Miss  Vera  Margolics's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  JEolian  Ball. 

Senor  Sarasates  Recital.  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Lady  Halle  and  Mr.  L.  Borwick's  Recital,  3.30,  Crystal  Palace. 


DRAMA 


THE  ANONYMOUS  PLAY  OF   'NERO.' 

The  following  notes  on  '  The  Tragedy  of 
Nero  Newly  Written,'  1624 — reprinted  by 
Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen  in  vol.  i.  of  "  A  Collection 
of  Old  English  Plays,"  1882— are  the  result  of 
a  recent  examination  of  the  text.  This  play, 
one  of  the  many  triumphs  of  the  triumphant 
Anon.,  the  printers  have  preserved  to  us  in 
a,  form  almost  heinously  faulty.  A  reader 
has  to  edit  it  as  he  goes  along.  Why  is  it 
that  so  much  sound  English  and  Scottish 
literature  should  be  in  a  condition  more 
incorrect  by  far  than,  to  judge  by  papyri, 
was  ordinarily  the  case  with  Greek  and  Latin 
authors  of  a  like  sort  ?  The  text  of  the 
'  Nero  '  is  by  no  means  the  worst  in  Mr. 
Bullen's  first  volume.  The  verse,  for 
example,  is  for  the  most  part  verse  as  it 
stands,  and  has  not  to  be  put  back  into 
verse  by  the  reader's  ear  out  of  the 
perversely  ordered  print.  Nevertheless,  even 
in  the  '  Nero '  there  is  an  enormous 
number  of  mistakes,  some  of  the  most 
interesting  being  caused  by  the  mis- 
management of  punctuation.  Here  are 
a,  very  few  in  the  multitude  of  errors  which 
T  have  noticed.  The  symbols  used  are  (1) 
brackets  [  ]  to  indicate  something  super- 
fluous, (2)  parentheses  (  )  to  indicate  some 
letter  or  word  wanting,  and  (3)  a  bold 
colon  :  to  indicate  a  change  of  speaker. 

P.  14,  T.  i.  35  (Petronius  loq.)  :— 

Why,  true, 

Another  of  thy  blindnesses  thou  seest. 

.Such  one  to  love  thou  dar'st  not  speake  unto. 

Head  : — 

Why,  true  '. 

Another  of  thy  blindnesses  !     Thou  see  ! 

Such  one  to  love  thou  dar'st  not  speake  unto  ! 

"This  accords  with  the  attitude  of  Petronius 
to   Antonius   tliroughout   the   scene,   which 


Mr.  Bullen  so  far  misunderstands  as  (1)  to 
suggest  an  alteration  in  1.  44,  where  nothing 
is  needed  but  a  dash — 

Will  one  man  serve  Poppea?    Nay,  thou  shalt 
Make  her  as  soon  contented  with  an — eye  ! 

and  (2)  to  leave  1.  53  as  it  stands,  instead  of 
replacing  the  comma  after  "  Antonius  "  by 
a  full  stop  : — 

Aye,  and  her  too,  Antonius.    Knowest  thou  him? 

Petronius  thinks  his  friend  blind  to  the  real 
character  of  Poppaea.  She  requires  some- 
thing more  than  eye-service  to  content  her. 

P.  16,  I.  i.  65  :— 

The  cause  is  one  of  theirs  and  this  man's  pride. 
Read  : — 

The  cause  is  one — of  their  and  this  man's  pride. 

P.  25,  I.  iv.  89  :— 

The  German  might 
Enjoy  his  woods  and  his  own  Allis  drinke, 
Yet  we  walke  safely  in  the  streets  of  Rome  ; 
Bouduca  hinders  not  but  we  might  live, 
Whom  we  doe  hurt.     Them  we  call  enemies, 
And  those  our  Lords  that  spoyle  and  murder  us. 

Read  "  Albis."     Also  : — 

but  we  might  live  : 
Whom  we  doe  hurt,  them  we  call  enemies. 

P.  32,  II.  ii.  32  : — "  shoulder  packt  Pelops." 
The  k  has  replaced  an  h — "  shoulder  pacht  " 
=  "  shoulder  patched."  So  "snatched"  is 
spelt  as  "  snacht  "  on  p.  183  of  this  volume. 
The  reading  "  shoulder  eac't  "  (i.e.  shoulder- 
eked)  given  by  a  copy  of  the  1633  quarto 
is  one  attempt  to  emend  "  packt,"  as  the 
"  shoulder  peac't  "  (i.e.  shoulder-pieced)  of 
the  Egerton  MS.  is  another. 

P.  53,  III.  hi.  73  :— 

The  winds  aloft,  the  conquering  flame  turnes  all 
Into  itselfe.    Nor  doe  the  gods  escape  ; 
Pleides  burnes  ;  Jupiter,  Saturne  burnes ; 

Read  : — "  The  wind's  aloft  "  (i.e.  "  the  wind 
is  up  "),  and  for  "  Pleides  "  read  "  Fides." 
Cp.  the  error  "  Phiades  "  for  "  Pleiades," 
TV.  v.  fin.  Anon,  is  too  good  a  classic  not 
to  put  a  Roman  temple  here,  and  a  temple, 
too,  from  the  right  quarter  of  Rome.  The 
printer  is  constantly  puzzled  by  proper 
names,  e.g.  I.  iii.  38,  "  Aieceleaus  "  for 
"  Agesilaus  "  ;  IV.  vii.  6,  "  Anaiceon  "  for 
"  Anacreon."  I  have  already  noted  "  Allis  " 
for  "  Albis,"  and  more  instances  will  occur. 
P.  55,  III.  iii.  103  :— 

O  should  the  Parthyan  heare  these  miseries 
He  would  (his  low  and  native  hate  apart) 
Sit  downe  with  us  and  lend  an  enemies  teare 
To  grace  the  funerall  fires  of  ending  Rome. 

Read  : — 

He  would  him  bow  and,  native  hate  apart, 

Sit  downe,  Ac. 

P.  56,  III.  iv.  34  (Nero  loq.)  :— 

Play  on,  play  on,  and  fill  the  golden  skies 

With  cryea  and  pitie,  with  your  blood  ;  Men's  eyes— 

Punctuate  : — 

Play  on  !  play  on  !  and  fill  the  golden  skies 
With  cryes  and  pitie,  with  your  blood  men's  eyes. 

Nero  has  said  already  : — 

Aye,  now  begins  the  sceane  that  I  would  have  ; 

and  here  he  bids  the  sufferers  from  the  fire 
act  their  parts  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the 
lurid  scene  and  of  its  spectators. 
P.  64,  IV.  i.  54  :— 

Nero.    Th'  art  a  tedious  fellow.     Speake  ;  by  whom  ? 

Mdi.     By  my  master. 

Nero.     Who 's  thy  master  ? 

MM.     Scevinus. 

Poppea.     Scevinus?     Why  should  he  conspire? — 
T'nlesse  he  thinke  that  likenesse  in  conditions 
M.iy  make  him,  too,  worthy  oth'  empire  thought. 

aero.     Who  are  else  in  it  ' 

MM.    I  thinke  Natalia,  SnbriuB,  Flavus, 
Lucan,  Seneca,  and  Lucius  Piso, 
Asper  and  Quintilianus. 

Sero.  Ha  done. 

Thou  'ilt  reckon  all  Rome  anone  ;  and  so  thou  maist 

Read  and  distribute — 


:  Th(ou)  art  a  tedious  fellow  !    Speake  !    By  whom  >. 

:  By  my  master.     :  Who's  thy  master?    :  Scevinus. 

;  Scevinus!  Why  should  he  conspire? — Unlesse 
He  thinke  that  likenesse  in  conditions 
May  make  him,  too,  worthy  oth'  Empire  thought. 

:  Who  are  else  in  it? 

;  I  thinke  Natalis,  Subrius  Flavus, 
Lucan,  Seneca,  and  Lucius  Piso, 
Asper  and  Quinti[li]anus  (and) — :  Ha'  done  ! 

The  conspirator's  name  was  Afranius  Quin- 
tianus.     L.    59    is    completed    by    a    pause, 
Milichus  collecting  himself  to  answer.     There 
is  a  finer  example  in  Nero's  soliloquy. 
P.  66,  IV.  i.  103  :— 

Have  watches  set 
In  every  passage  and  in  every  way. — 
But  who 

Shall  watch  these  watches  ?    What  if  they  begin 
And  play  the  traitors  first?    O  where  shall  I 
Seeke  faith  or  them  that  I  may  wisely  trust '? 

This  effect  the  printers  obliterate  by  giving  : — 

But  who  shall  watch  these  watches?    What  if  they 
Begin  and  play  the  traitors  first?    O  where  shall  I,  <fee. 

P.  66,  IV.  i.  123.     Read- 
Mother  '.  thou  di(')dst  deservedly  in  this. 

Cp.  p.  68,  "di'd  "  =  died. 
P.  68,  IV.  ii.  55.     Read  :— 

Why  should  we  move  desperate  and  hopelesse  armes 
And  vainely  spill  that  noble  bloud  that  should 
Christall  Euleiis  and  the  Median  fields, 
Not  Tiber  colour? 

Here  the  printer  has  surpassed  himself, 
giving  "  Christall  Rubes  "  as  the  name  of 
the  river  bearing  the  same  relation  to  Susa 
as  the  Tiber  bears  to  Rome.  Susa  stood  in 
ground  enclosed  by  the  bifurcation  of  one 
river,  one  arm  being  called  the  Choaspes, 
the  other  the  Eulaeus.  The  water  of  both 
rivers  was  so  clear  or  crystal  that  the  Persian 
kings  carried  it  wherever  they  went.  This 
"  royal  water  "  some  authors  say  was  drawn 
from  the  Choaspes,  others  from  the  Eulteus. 
So  some  authors  describe  Susa  as  standing 
on  the  Choaspes,  others  on  the  Eulaeus. 
P.  71,  IV.  iv.  18.     Read:— 

That  glorious  wor[l]d  that  even  beguiles  the  wise, 

namely,  the  word  "  state." 
P.  73,  IV.  iv.  69.     Read  :— 

Our  thoughts  were  fore'd  out  of  us  and  punisht ; 

And  had  it  bin  in  you  to  have  taken  away 

Our  understanding  as  you  did  our  speech, 

You  would  have  made  us  thought  [th](d)is  honest  too, 

i.e.,  If  you  could  have  denied  honest  citizens 
the  exercise  of  their  understanding  as  you 
have  denied  them  the  right  of  free  speech, 
you  would  have  made  them  think  us  dis- 
honest. 

P.  84,  IV.  vii.  121  (Petronius  loq.)  :  — 

Where  is  my  death's  Phlsitian  ? 

Phisit.  Here,  my  Lord. 

Petron.    Art  ready? 

Phisit.  I,  my  Lord. 

Petron.  And  I  for  thee  ; 

Nero,  my  end  shall  mocke  thy  tyranny. 

It  is  the  case  that  Nero,  according  to  Sue- 
tonius (37),  "  medicos  admovebat  qui  cunc- 
tantes  eurarent,"  but  Petronius  here  is  no 
"  cunctator."  He  enters  accompanied  by  a 
centurion,  to  whom  he  says  (IV.  vii.  12)  :- — 

Leave  me  a  while,  Centurion,  to  my  friends  ; 
Let  me  my  farewell  take,  and  thou  shalt  see 
Neroes  commandement  quickly  ohaid  in  me. 

It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  Petronius  means 
the  centurion  by  "  my  death's  phisitian," 
and  that  Phisi.  is  in  both  places  a  mistake 
for  Centur. 

P.  91,  V.  ii.  37.     Read  :— 

It  boots  not  to  relie 
On  Xeroes  s[t)inking  fortunes  ;  and  to  sit 
Securely  looking  on,  <tc. 

A  passage  from  the  same  page  will  serve 
to  show  the  singular  way  in  which  the  verse 
is  sometimes  mangled.  V.  ii.  24  (Nim- 
phidius  loq.)  : — 

while  Galba  is  unseased  of  the  Empire 
Which  Nero  hath  forsooke. 
Anton.    Hath  Nero  then  resign'd  the  Empire 


560 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


Nimph.    In  effect  he  hath,  for  he  *s  fled  to  Egypt. 
Anton.    My  Lord,  you  tell  strange  newes  to  me. 
Nimph.    But  nothing  strange  to  mee. 

Distribute  : — 

Which  Nero  hath  forsooke.     :  Hath  Nero  then 
Resign'd  the  Empire?    :  In  effect  he  hath, 
For  he  is  fled  to  Egypt.     :  My  Lord,  you  tell 
Strange  newes  to  me.     :  But  nothing  strange  to  mee. 

In  conclusion,  I  should  call  attention  to 
Anon.'s  use  of  the  word  "  bailes  "  in  III.  vi. 
54:— 

What  an 't  be  heart  for  heart !    Death  is  the  worst ! 
The  Gods  sure  keep  it,  hide  from  us  that  live 
How  sweet  Death  is,  because  we  should  goe  on 
And  be  their  bailes. 

It  is  doubtful  if  one  should  read  "  The  Gods 
sure  keep  it  hid,"  but  it  is  not  doubtful  that 
"  bailes  "  means  "  peers,"  "  equals."  The 
word  is  inadequately  treated  in  the  'New 
English  Dictionary ';  but  in  the  sense  of 
"  pair  "  the  word  "  baile,"  "  bail,"  or  "  bale  " 
is  common  enough. 

W.  G.  Rutherford. 


Dramatic  dossip. 

On  Monday  Mr.  Tree,  returning  from  the 
country,  reappeared  at  His  Majesty's  as 
Col.  Newcome  in  Mr.  Michael  Morton's 
adaptation  of  Thackeray's  '  Newcomes.' 
Accident  has  been  responsible  for  more 
than  one  change  in  the  cast.  As  Ethel 
Newcome  Miss  Lilian  Braithwaite  is  re- 
placed by  Miss  Constance  Collier.  Mrs. 
Tree  resigns  to  Miss  Schletter  her  part  of 
the  Campaigner  ;  and  Miss  Marion  Terry, 
who  is  elsewhere  engaged,  surrenders  to 
Mrs.  Percival  that  of  Madame  de  Florae. 
On  the  26th  inst.  the  revival  will  give  place 
to  that  of  '  Richard  II.'  On  the  afternoons 
of  the  7th  and  the  14th  '  The  Winter's  Tale  ' 
will  be  revived  with  the  original  cast,  in- 
cluding Miss  Ellen  Terry  as  Hermione. 

In  the  production  on  December  27th  at 
His  Majesty's  of  '  Antony  and  Cleopatra,' 
in  addition  to  Mr.  Tree  as  Antony  and  Miss 
Constance  Collier  as  Cleopatra,  Mr.  Julian 
L'Estrange  will  be  Pompey  ;  Mr.  Basil  Gill, 
Octavius  Ceesar  ;  Mr.  Norman  Forbes, 
yEmilius  Lepidus  ;  and  Mr.  Lyn  Harding, 
Domitius  Enobarbus. 

On  Wednesday  at  the  Haymarket  '  The 
Man  from  Blankley's,'  produced  as  a  stop- 
gap, was  given  for  the  two  hundredth  time. 

'  Man  and  Superman  '  was  revived  at  the 
Court  Theatre  on  Monday  evening. 

At  Wyndham's  the  performance  of  '  Peter's 
Mother  '  is  prefaced  by  that  of  a  one-act 
piece  entitled  '  Turtledoves,'  which  is  pre- 
sented by  Miss  Madge  Mcintosh,  Miss 
Minnie  Griffon,  and  Mr.  Montague  Elphin- 
stone. 

Miss  Ellen  Terry  will  appear  in  Ame- 
rica on  January  28th  next,  under  Mr- 
Charles  Frohman's  management,  in  '  Capt- 
Brassbound's  Conversion,'  by  Mr.   Bernard 

Shaw. 

The  late  Mr.  John  Evans,  a  contributor 
to  the  Manchester  press,  left  behind  him 
materials  for  a  history  of  the  Manchester 
stagf.  from  the  establishment  of  theatrical 
entertainments  to  the  late  sixties.  These* 
there  is  some  question  of  publishing.  Only 
during  recent  years  has  the  practice  of 
producing  novelties  prevailed,  but  the 
general  record  of  performances  in  Man- 
chester would  have  more  than  local  interest. 
A  supplement  dealing  with  the  Liverpool 
stage  would,  though   treading    to  a  certain 


extent  over  the  same  ground,  be  an  accept- 
able feature. 

The  Apollo  Theatre  has,  it  is  said,  been 
chosen  for  the  forthcoming  revival  of  '  Alice 
in  Wonderland,'  which  may  be  expected 
about  December  18th. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Ashcroft,  who  has  died  at  the 
age  of  thirty-seven,  was  in  1901  a  member  of 
Sir  Henry  Irving' s  company  at  the  Lyceum, 
playing  Tullus  Aufidius  in  the  revival  of 
'  Coriolanus '  and  other  parts.  At  an 
earlier  date  he  was  in  the  company  of  Mr. 
F.  R.  Benson. 

Intelligence  reaches  us  from  America 
of  the  death  of  George  Clarke  (real  name 
O'Neill),  a  well-known  member  of  Daly's 
company  who  supported  Miss  Ada  Rehan 
in  many  of  the  plays  in  which  she  was  seen 
in  this  country.  The  deceased  was  born  in 
1840. 


To  Correspondents.— S.  G.— H.  L.— J.  W.  S.— E.  G.  R. 
— W.  M. — Received. 

V.  B.— We  cannot  undertake  to  answer  such  questions. 

W.  S. — Not  suitable  for  us. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


T 


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READY  TO-DAY. 

The  Sinews  of  War. 

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BY 

EDEN    PHILLPOTTS 

AND 

ARNOLD  BENNETT. 
6S. 

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Nothing  will  he  allow  to  interrupt  him.  HE  SIMPLY 
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the  very  end,  that  secret  is  won,  a  cannon  could  not  distract  ■ 
his  attention. 

THE  FINANCIER'S  WIFE. 

By  FLORENCE  WARDEN. 
6s. 

Miss  Warden  takes  the  City  for  her  theme,  and  her  story 
is  reminiscent  of  a  recent  financial  crash  which  paralyzed 
Lombard  Street  for  some  time. 

The  character  of  the  great  financial  magnate  is  wonder- 
fully drawn,  and  the  description  of  his  downfall  is  most 
graphically  told. 

FIRST  REVIEW.— "This  is  quite  the  most  en- 
tertaining book  of  Social  Satire  I  have  read  for 
several  years." 

Hamilton  Fyfe  in  the  Evening  News. 


THE  WORKADAY  WOMAN. 

By  VIOLET  HUNT,  Author  of  '  Sooner  or  Later."' 
Crown  8vo,  6s. 

CAMP  FIRES  IN  THE 
CANADIAN    ROCKIES. 

By  WILLIAM  T.  HORNADAY. 

With  70  Illustrations  from  Photographs  taken  by 

JOHN  M.  PHILLIPS,  and  2  Maps. 

Demy  8yo,  net  16  s. 

WERNER  LAURIE,  Clifford's  Inn,  London. 

DAVID     NUTT, 

57-59,  LONG  ACRE. 


PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 

MR.     ARNOLD     BENNETT'S 

NEW  NOVEL. 

WHOM  GOD  HATH 
JOINED 

(A  Story  of  Man,  Woman,  and  the 
Law  of  Divorce). 

Crown    8vo,    cloth,    6s. 


GEORGE  ROUTLEDGE  &  SONS,  Ltd.,  Broadway  House,  Ludgate  Hill,  E.C. 


THE  FIRST  EDITORS  OF  SHAKE- 

SPEARE  :  Theobald  and  Pope.  The  Story  ol 
the  First  Shakespearian  Controversy  and  of 
the  Earliest  Attempt  at  establishing  a  Critical 
Text  of  Shakespeare.  By  T.  R.  LOUNS- 
BITRY,  Professor  of  English  in  Yale  Univer- 
sity.    Demy  Svo,  xxii-5/9  pp.  cloth,  top  gilt. 

108.    •)'/.    net. 

Contents: — The  Dramatic  Situation  in  Shake- 
speare's Time — Attitude  towards  Plays  of  the 
Playwrights— Differences  of  the  Early  Texts — The 
Earliest  Editions  of  Shakespeare — Pope's  Treat- 
ment of  the  Texl — The  Early  Career  of  Theobald 
— His  Dramatic  Ventures — 'Shakespeare  Restored' 

— Theobald's  Attitude    towards    Pope  —  Pope'-   1',,.. 

liminary  Attack — The  Original  Dunoiad — The 
Dunciad  of  1729  Errors  about  the  Dunoiad— The 
( iontroversy  of  17-)S>  -Warburton'a  Attack  on  Pope 
— The  Allies  of  Pope  The  Grub  Street  Journal — 
The  Attack  on  verbal  Critici  m  -Theobald'-, 
Edition  and  its  Reception — The  Spread  oi  Pope's 
Influence— Difficulties  in  Theobald's  Way — Defects 
of  his  Edition — His  Later  Reputation. 


564 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4123,  Nov.  3,  1906 


MR.  EDWAR^A^jOLD^SJ^W  BOOKS. 

SECOND  LARGE  IMPRESSION  NEARLY  EXHAUSTED,   AND  A   THIRD  LARGE 

IMPRESSION  IN  THE  PRESS. 

THE    REMINISCENCES    OF    LADY   DOROTHY    NEVILL. 

Edited  by  her  Son,  RALPH  NEVILL.     With  Portrait,  15s.  net. 

It  would  take  up  too  much  space  to  print  here  even  a  representative  selection  of  the  enthusiastic  press 
notices  of  this  work,  but  the  tenor  of  them  is  best  expressed  in  the  words  of  Truth  : — u  l  The  Reminiscences 
of  Lady  Dorothy  Nevill '  will  be  read  with  especial  interest,  for  they  link  together  the  best  worlds  of  the 
nineteenth  and  twentieth  centuries  as  no  one  living  but  Lady  Dorothy  could." 

THE    REMINISCENCES    OF    LADY   DOROTHY    NEVILL. 

THE  EDITOR  OF  'BOSWELL'S  JOHNSON.' 

LETTERS  OF  GEORGE  BIRKBECK  HILL,  D.C.L.  LL.D.     Arranged  by  his  Daughter,  Lucy 

CRUMP.     With  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6cZ.  net. 


NEW    BOOKS    OF    TRAVEL. 
WESTERN   TIBET  AND  THE  BRITISH  BORDER- 

LAND.      By  CHARLES   A.    SHEKRING,  M.A.   F.R.G.S.,    Indian    Civil    Service, 
Deputy    Commissioner    of    Almora.      Royal   8vo,    with    Illustrations,    Maps,    and 
Sketches,  21s.  net. 
Daily  Mail. — "  The  photograph  has  never  been  turned  to  such  superb  use  as  it  has  in 
Mr.  Sherring's  story  of  his  special  mission  to  Western  Tibet.     Mr.  Sherring's  pleasant  nar- 
rative of  his  wanderings  is  full  of  delightful  and  easily  imparted  erudition." 

Sheffield  Telegraph. — "  Mr.  Sherring's  vivid  descriptions,  together  with  his  175  pictures, 
enable  the  reader  to  understand  it  almost  as  if  he  had  been  there." 

PATROLLERS  OF  PALESTINE.    By  the  Rev.  Haskett 

SMITH,  M.A.,  Editor  of  '  Murray's  Handbook  to  Syria  and  Palestine,'  1902.    With 

Illustrations,  large  crown  8vo,  10s.  6d. 
Daily    Telegraph. — "A  book  of    abounding  interest    and    bright    inspiriting  vitality. 
'  Patrollers  of  Palestine '  is,  indeed,  one  of  the  most  amusing  and  entertaining  travel-books 
■we  have  ever  met,  and  its  attraction  is  largely  due  to  the  originality  and  freshness  of  its 
scheme." 

ABYSSINIA   OF   TO-DAY.     An  Account  of  the  First 

Mission  sent  by  the  American  Government  to  the  King  of  Kings.  By  ROBERT 
P.  SKINNER,  American  Consul-General,  Commissioner  to  Abyssinia,  1903-1904. 
With  numerous  Illustrations  and  Map.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 


TRANSLATIONS  INTO  LATIN  AND  GREEK  VERSE. 

By  H.  A.J.  MUNRO,  sometime  Fellow  of  Trinity  College  and  Professor  of  Latin  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge.     With  a  Prefatory  Note  by  J.  D.  DUFF,  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.     With  Portrait.    Medium  8vo,  6s.  net. 
Spectator. — "Mr.  Duff  has  done  well  in  giving  this  admirable  collection  of  verse  to  the 
public." 

Northern  Whig. — "  Books  of  translations  into  Latin  and  Greek  have  been  not  infrequent 
of  late,  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  volume  before  us  is  in  many  respects  the  most 
interesting  of  them  all." 

A  SONG-GARDEN  FOR  CHILDREN.   By  Harry  Graham 

and  ROSA  NEWMARCH.  The  Music  Edited  and  Arranged  by  NORMAN  O'NEILL. 
Imperial  8vo,  2s.  %d.  net. 
Athen&um. — "'A  Song-Garden  for  Children,'  by  Norman  O'Neill,  is  a  collection  of 
forty-three  songs  drawn  from  the  musical  literature  of  France  and  Germany.  The  English 
translations  have  been  very  freely  rendered,  but  the  essential  grace  and  charm  of  many  of 
the  lyrics  remain,  and  the  collection  forms  a  welcome  addition  to  our  store  of  children's 
Bongs." 

LETTERS  TO  A  GODCHILD  ON  THE  CATECHISM 

AND  CONFIRMATION.   By  ALICE  GARDNER,  Associate  and  Lecturer  of  Newnham 
College,  Cambridge.     Fcap.  8vo,  2s.  6d.  net. 


NEW    MEDICAL    WORKS. 
THE    DIAGNOSIS    OF   NERVOUS    DISEASES.     By 

PURVES  STEWART,  M.A.  M.D.  F.R.C.P.,  Physician  to  Out-Patients  at  the 
Westminster  Hospital,  and  Joint  Lecturer  on  Medicine  in  the  Medical  School. 
With  many  Original  Illustrations  and  Coloured  Plates.     Demy  8vo,  l.r>s.  net. 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  NOSE  AND 

THROAT  AND  THEIR  TREATMENT.  By  CHARLES  ARTHUR  PARKER, 
F.R.C.S.Edin.    With  254  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  18s.  net. 

MIDWIFERY     FOR     NURSES.      By    Henry    Russell 

ANDREWS,  M.D.  B.S.Lond.  M.R.C.P.Lond.,  Assistant  Obstetric  Physician  and 
Lecturer  to  Pupil  Midwivcs  at,  the  London  Hospital,  Examiner  to  the  Central 
Midwives  Board.     With  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo,  it.  (id.  net. 


NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

THE  LADY  ON  THE   DRAWING-ROOM 
FLOOR. 

By     M.     E.     COLERIDGE, 

Author  of  '  The  King  with  Two  Faces,'  '  The  Fiery  Dawn,'  &c. 

Tribune. — "  The  lady  on  the  drawing-room  floor  is  a  charming  creation." 
Times. — "  There  is  such  comedy  or  tragedy  or  fantasy  on  every  page  that  the  reader 
soon  feels  that  to  skip  even  a  single  sentence  is  to  run  the  risk  of  missing  something  essen- 
tial to  the  general  effect,  and  at  once  to  defraud  himself  and  to  do  injustice  to  the  writer." 

QUICKSILVER  AND   FLAME.     By  St.  John  Lucas, 

Author  of  '  The  Absurd  Repentance.' 

Academy. — "  Mr.  Lucas's  book  contains  beauty  of  a  high  order,  both  in  its  writing  (he 
can  write  good  prose)  and  in  its  thought.     Moreover,  it  is  full  of  wit  and  epigram." 

Sheffield  Daily  Independent.  — "  Whether  considered  from  the  point  of  constructive 
merit,  the  interest  the  reader  feels  in  the  personages  of  the  story,  the  entertaining  move- 
ment of  the  narrative,  or  the  literary  polish  of  the  author's  style,  '  Quicksilver  and  Flame ' 
is  decidedly  above  the  average  novel  of  the  season." 

OCCASION'S     FORELOCK.      By  Violet    A.    Simpson, 

Author  of  '  The  Bonnet  Conspirators.' 
Daily  News.—"  '  Occasion's  Forelock '  shows  such  an  insight  into  male  character  as  is  rarely 
found  in  a  woman's  book.  The  book's  merit  lies  in  the  penetrating  knowledge  of  character 
it  discloses,  and  the  painstaking  way  in  which  that  knowledge  is  used.  The  feminine 
counterparts  of  some  type  of  Oxford  undergraduates  whom  we  have  met  in  fiction  and  in 
life  are  very  interesting." 

THE  MILLMASTER.    By  C.  Holmes  Cautley. 

Tribune. — "  A  clever  and  sincere  study." 

THE  BASKET  OF  FATE.    By  Sidney  Pickering,  Author 

of  '  Verity,'  &c. 

NEW    BOOK   BY    THE    AUTHOR    OF    '  RUTHLESS    RHYMES    FOR 
HEARTLESS    HOMES.' 

MISREPRESENTATIVE  WOMEN.    By  Harry  Graham. 

Illustrated  by  D.  S.  GROESBECK.     Fcap.  8vo,  5s. 

Daily  Mail. — "  This  is  a  delightful  volume,  and  we  have  punctuated  our  perusal  of  it 
with  much  laughter." 

Tribune.—'-  So  seductive  is  his  lyre  that  while  realizing  the  wickedness  of  his 
imagination  we  have  read  his  verses  twice  over,  till  his  rhymes  como  jingling  to  our  ears 
with  delightful  and  diabolical  merriment." 


NEW    EDITIONS. 
MY  MEMOIRS.    By  Henri  Stephan  de  Blowitz.    With 

Portrait.     Crown  8vo,  6s. 

THE  QUEEN'S  POOR.    Life  as  they  find  it  in  Town  and 

Country.    By  M.  LOANE.    Crown  8vo,  3s.  6</. 

IN  A  GLOUCESTERSHIRE  GARDEN.    By  Rev.  H.N. 

ELLACOMBE,  Vicar  of   Bit  ton  and  Hon.  Canon  of  Bristol.     Photogravure  Frontis- 
piece, 3s.  tid. 

NEW  F.  C.  G.  BOOK. 

POLITICAL   CARICATURES,  1906.    By  Sir  F. 

CARRUTIIERS  GOULD.     104  Cartoons  from  the  Westmintter  Gazette.     Super-royal 
4to,  (Is.  net.  [November  23. 


London:  EDWARD  ARNOLD,  41  and  43,  Maddox  Street,  Bond  Street,  W. 


Editorial  OoramnnldfttlODI  should  b«  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS"— at  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Ohanoery  Lane,  E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  0,  FRANCIS  and  .»   EDWAKD  FRAM'is  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Ohanoery  Lane,  E.O.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athcnoeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G. 

Agents  for  Scotland  Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZIES,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  November.'!,  1906. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


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Jrmrnal  d  CEttgltsIx  ani  Jfomjjtt  %ittxatxtxt,  §$amtt,  t\jt  $ixtz  %xl%t  JJtesk  *&%  -IriifHU  | 

*v* —  i*r 

No.  4124.  SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  10,  1906 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTKKKD  As  A  NEWSPAPER. 


ROYAL     ALBERT     HALL     THEATRE. 
(Manager-Mr.  HILTON  CARTER.) 
.MISS    DAVIES   WEBSTER'S    AND   MISS  ROSE   CAZALET S 
ENTERTAINMENT  COMPANY. 
WEDNESDAY  EVENING,  November  14,  at  7.50  P.M. 
MATINEE,  NOVEMBER  IS.  at  2.50  p.m. 
TENNYSON'S  'THE    FALCON.'    acted  by  Messrs,  .1.    Macfarlane 
and  H.  P.  Owen,  and  the  Misses  Webster  and  Cazalet ;  and  'JEANNE 
D  ARC  Dramatic  Study  by  Augusta  Webstor,  attempted  for  the  first 
time  by  Miss  Webster,  will  be  amongst  lighter  dramatic  items.   Songs, 
Instrumental  Music,  &c. 

Stage  Minager— Mr.  A.  E.  DRINKWATER. 
Acting  Manager-Mr.   FEWLASS   LLEWKLLYN. 
Tickets,  numbered  and  reserved.  5s.  ani.i).,  at  MITCHELL'S,  or  at 
the  Albert  HalL 


Jlocttties. 


ROYAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 
An  ORDINARY  MEETING  of  the  SOCIETY  will  be  held  on 
THURSDAY.  November  15,  at  5  p.m.  at  7.  SOUTH  SQUARE, 
GRAYS  INN",  W.C..  when  a  Paper  will  be  read  by  Dr.  JAMES 
GAIRDNER  on  THE  BURNING  OF  BRIGHTON  BY  THE 
FRENCH  IN  THE  REIGN  OF  HENRY  VIII.' 

H.  E.  MALDEN,  Hon.  Sec. 


%tdnxt5. 


u 


NIVERSITY 


OF 


LONDON. 


INAUGURAL  LECTURE  BY  THE  PROFESSOR  OF 
PROTOZOOLOGY. 
Mr.  E.  A.  MINCHIN,  M.A.,  the  recently  appointed  Professor  of 
Protozoology,  will  deliver  his  INAUGURAL  LECTURE  on  'THE 
SCOPE  AND  PROBLEMS  t>F  PROTo/.ooLoGY  on  NOVEMBER  15, 
1906.  at  5  p.m.  at  the  UNIVERSITY,  SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  S.W. 
The  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  OF  ELGIN.  KG.,  Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Colonies,  will  take  the  Chair.  The  Public  will  be  admitted  to  the 
Lecture  by  Tickets,  obtainable  on  application  to  the  undersigned. 

P.  J.  HARTOG.  Academic  Registrar. 


GBiljilritiona. 


EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS.— SHEPHERD'S 
WINTER  EXHIBITION  of  Selected  Landscapes  and  Portraits 
by  the  Early  Masters  of  the  British  School  is  NOW  OPEN.— 
SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

THE  BAILLIE  GALLERY.— SECOND 
ANNUAL  EXHIBITION  of  the  CHEYNE  ART  CLUB  and 
'A  ROSE  SHOW,'  by  Mrs.  SOPHIA  MILLER,  10  till  5,  54,  Baker 
Street,  W.    Admission  free. 


MESSRS.    P.    &   D.   COLNAGHI  &  CO.  have 
the  honour  to  announce  that  thev  are  EXHIBITING  a  small 
but      choice     COLLECTION     of     PAINTINGS      by      THEODORE 
I.,   including  a  Portrait    of    LORD    MILNER,  which   has 
been  painted  for  the  Town  Hall  of  Johannesburg. 
Admission,  including  Catalogue,  One  Shilling. 
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ORIGINAL  ETCHINGS  BY 

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Also  by  REMBRANDT.  OSTADE,  and  VAN  DYCK. 

EXHIBITION    NOW   OPEN   at   Mr.  R.  GUTEKUNSTS, 

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Q 


LAST  WEEK  OF  THE  EXHIBITION  OF 

HOLMAN    HUNT'S    COLLECTED    WORKS. 
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to  MEMBERS  of  the  SOCIETY'  OP  TWELVE. 

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of  the  Old  Italian.  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and  British  Schools. 
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$robi&ntt  institutions. 

THE    BOOKSELLERS'    PROVIDENT 
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mished  house  in  the  same  ltctre.it  at  Abbots  Lamdey 
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lil',",1',""'1','"'"™'1'""  apply  to  the  Secretary    Ma.   GEORGE 
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President : 
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The  "  Francis  Fund  "  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  251.,  and  One 
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each  ease.  W.  W1LKIE  JONES,  Secretary. 


^Durational. 


KING'S  COLLEGE. 

(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
HATJSA  LANGUAGE.-W.  H.  BROOKS,  M.A.,  and  L.  H.  NOTT, 
Lecturers. 

For  all  information  and  Prospectus  apply  to  the  SECRETARY, 
King's  College,  Strand. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  MA.  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College.  Lond  'ii ;  The  Master  ol  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 


w 


IESBADEN    COLLEGE    (GERMANY), 

DOTZHEIMERSTR,  21. 
Great  Commercial  School  for  English  buys  i  Hoarders  and  Day  Boys). 
Preparation  for  Army,  Navy.  Woods  and  Forests,  University,   Diplo- 
matic Corps,    Indian    Civil    Service.      Separate    Junior  School.      See 
Prospectus.    Apply  Head  Masters— C.  RANIIOF,  Dr.  0.  GRIMM. 

pHURCH       EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHER  WELL  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Tea.  hers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate 

Full  particulars  on  applies,)  ion. 

JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

Under  the  Management  i  I  «  appointed 

Guild,    College    of    Preceptors,    Sead     Misti  o  iation, 

Association    of    Assistant   Mistresses,   and    Welsh    Cum, 

Associ  ' 

Address— 74,  Cower  Street,  London.  W.C. 

Registrar— Miss    ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN, 
nours  for  Interviews— 10.30   vm.  to  1   P.M.,   2  to  :>  r.M.     Saturdays 
until :;  P.M. 


EDUCATION    (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 
Gratis).— Prospectuses  of  English  an  ols,  and 

-ml  Arm}  .  Oil  il  Sec.  ice,  and  Qnii  i  . 

ts   by   GRIFFITHS,    SMITH. 
POWELL  ft  SMITH,  £  ■     Bedford 

Street,  strand.  W.C. 


EDUCATION. 
Parent-  oi   G  Iring  accurate  information  relative  to 

the  CHOKE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  (.IRLS  or 
Tl  TORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  w  n.i  I  illy  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS    QABBITAS,  Til:   i     G 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  hare  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  i:  I 

Advice,  fn ■„  by  Mr   THRING,  Ne  hew  of  the 

late  Head  Mastci  ol  I  ppingham,  30,  Sackville  Street.  Loudon,  W. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


Situations   tlarant. 

DULWICH. 

ALLEYNS     COLLEGE     OF     GOD'S     GIFT. 

The  COLLEGE  GOVERNORS  of  this  FOUNDATION,  being  about 
to  appoint  a  CLERK  to  act  under  their  direction,  are  prepared  to 
receive  applications  for  the  vacant  post.  He  will  be  required  t-> 
undertake  also  the  work  of  Clerk  to  the  .lames  Aliens  Girls'  Scho  il. 
The  Salary  attached  to  the  combined  offices  lia<  been  fixed  to  com- 
mence at  3501.  Printed  Forms  of  Application  raiv  lie  had  from  the 
ACTING  CLERK  TO  THE  COLLEGE  GOVERNORS.  Dulwich 
College,  London,  S.E..  to  whom  inquiries  regarding  the  duties  of  the 
Clerkships  may  be  addressed. 

NIVERSITY      COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 

ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 

AGRICULTURE  at  the  above  College. 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  copies  of  Testimonials, 
must  reach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  WEDNESDAY.  December  S,  1906. 

J.  H.  DAVIES,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


U 


T 


HE    UNIVERSITY     OF    LIVERPOOL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  will,  during  the  present 
Term,  appoint  a  LADY  AS  LECTURER  IN  EDUCATION  in 
succession  to  Mrs.  Meredith.  The  Department  of  Education  of  the 
University  includes  Students  training  both  for  Secondary  and 
Primary  Teaching. 

The  Stipend  will  be  300Z.  per  annum,  together  with  a  share  of  fees. 
Testimonials  will  be  required  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  19.— 
Further  particulars  on  application  to  the  REGISTRAR. 


UNIVERSITY       OF       LIVERPOOL. 


rpHE 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
IN  LATIN.    Salary  150*. 

Applications  should  be  received  not  later  than  MONDAY. 
November  26,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may 
be  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  JANUARY  10,  1907. 

P.  HEBBLETHWAITE,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


K 


ING'S       COLLEGE,       LONDON. 

(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
The  COUNCIL    invite  applications    for  the  post  of    ASSISTANT 
LECTURER  IN  MATHEMATICS.    Salary  1502.    Applications  should 

be  sent  in  by  DECEMBER  3.— For  conditions  apply— 

WALTER  SMITH.  Secretary- 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES, 

U  BANGOR. 

iA  Constituent  College  of  the  University  ot  v. 
Applications  arc  invited  for  the  post  of  LAD'S   ASSISTANT  LEC- 
TURER  IX  EDUCATION  and  TUTOR  to  the  WOMEN  STUDENTS 
of  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT.     Secondary  experience  or 
.-i.-aMe      Salary  isof. 
Applications    arc    also    invited    for    the     post     of     TEMPORARY 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY  and   EDUCATION  for 
the  Remain. ler  ol  the  present  Session.     Remuneration,  100!. 
Applications  and  Testimonial*  mould   b    •   ■    ived  not  later  than 

FRIDAY,  I ember  7.  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  t  mi  her  par- 

ticiilaism  I.    Duties  will  commence  on  January?,  1907. 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  MA.,  s. .  retary  and  Be 
October  27,  1906. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
COLEG  PRIFATHROFAOL  DEHEUDIR  CYMRU  A  MYNWY. 
lUNCIL  "i"  the  <  OLLEGE  Invil 
of  DEMONSTRATOR  and  Assistant  LECTUREB  in  GEOLOGY. 

dart    may  I btained   from   the  undersigned,  t  ■  > 

whom  applications,  with  T'e-i i m. ,ni.<K    which  need  not  be  printed), 
l  or  before  THUR8DAY,  November  22,  1906. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B  A„  Registrar. 
October  20, 1908. 


C 


0   U    N   T   Y        OF        L  0   N   1>   O   N. 


L.C.C.  FULHAJJ  SECONDARY  S(  HOOL. 

APPOINTMENT    OP    AS8ISTANT    TEACHER. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  CO!  v  II.   d  tions  for  appoint- 

the    pest    of    TEACHER     OF    HISTORY    at    tl 

[i  i  i:  \  \i  SECOND  J.R1   8(  BOOL,  Finlaj  B  S.fl 

i  in  History.     \ 

an  additional 

iat  i.-n 

pendent  on  the 
oaxiraum 

annual  s  "b"  ba\e  had 

be  appointed  its  the  minimun 

I 

to  whom  Ihci  ■ 
lAY.  ip.mied 

Form  of  Ap] 

I  to  attend  the 
Coi, i mill-  !  '"    no 

other e\ • 

ae»d   a 

'""''"'''""' 'I,    LGOMMEJ  I    '.  Ion  County  CounciL 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  \\  .C. 


566 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N*  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


C 


OUNTY        OF         LONDON. 


LC.C.  KINGSLAND  SECONDARY  SCHOOL-APPOINTMENT 
OF  ASSISTANT  TEACHER. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  specially  qualified  in 
Mathematics  at  the  L.C.C.  Kingsland  Secondary  School.  Colvestone 
Crescent,  N.E.  Applicants  must  possess  a  University  Degree  or  its 
equivalent.  Ability  to  take  part  in  the  school  games  and  to  teach 
needlework  will  he  considered  additional  qualifications. 

The  Salary,  in  accordance  with  the  scale  of  the  Council,  commences 
at  120/.  a  year,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10/.  (dejiendent  on  the 
receipt  of  satisfactory  re]x>rts  from  the  Head  Mistress)  to  a  maximum 
Salary  of  220/.  a  year.  Teachers  who  have  had  satisfactory  experience 
in  teaching  may  be  appointed  at  salaries  above  the  minimum  rate  of 
the  scale. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  official  form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council,  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment.  W.C,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  10  a.m.  on  SATURDAY,  November  24th,  1906,  accompanied 
by  copies  of  three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G.  L.  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 

n  OUNTY     BOROUGH     OF     TYNEMOUTH. 

EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

•WANTED,  for  JANUARY  8  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER 
qualified  to  take  Latin  and  Junior  English  in  the  MUNICIPAL 
SECONDARY  SCHOOL.  COACH  LANE,  NORTH  SHIELDS. 

Candidates  should  be  Graduates  in  Classical  Honours  at  Oxford  or 
Cambridge,  and  have  had  at  least  two  years'  experience  in  Teaching. 
Salary  150/.  per  annum,  rising  by  10/.  annually  to  200/. 

Applications  to  be  forwarded,  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  21,  1900, 
to  E.  B.  SHARPLEY,  Esq.,  Secretary,  Education  Offices,  Town  Hall, 
North  Shields. 

November  2,  1906. 

CITY  OF  HULL. 

EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

The  above  COMMITTEE  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for 
the  following  appointments  at  the  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF 
ART:— FIRST  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  at  a  commencing  Salary  of 
150/.  Candidates  .should  have  special  qualifications  in  Drawing  and 
Painting  from  Life.  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  at  a  commencing  Salary 
of  75/.  Candidates  should  have  special  qualifications  in  Modelling. 
The  persons  appointed  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole  of  their 
time  to  the  service  of  the  Committee.  Applications,  by  letter, 
stating  age,  qualifications,  and  experience,  accompanied  by  copies  of 
three  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  on  or 
before  NOVEMBER  17th,  1900.  Canvassing  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification.  J.  T.  RILEY,  Secretary  of  Education. 

Education  offices,  Albion  Street,  Hull, 
October  26, 1906 

EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE 
COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  BRIGHTON. 
MUNICIPAL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  YORK  PLACE,  BRIGHTON. 
FORM  MASTERS  WANTED  after  Christmas  Holidays.  Appli- 
cants should  be  Graduates  who  have  had  experience  in  Teaching  of 
Latin,  French,  or  the  English  Subjects  in  Secondary  (Schools.  Com- 
mencing Salary  120/.  per  annum. 

Form  of  Application  and  Scale  of  Salary  may  be  obtained  from  the 
undersigned  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  addrt^srd  foolscap  envelope. 

E.  HACKFORTH,  Clerk  to  the  Education  Committee. 
54,  Old  Steine.  Brighton, 
November  7,  1906. 

T/-ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 

LOCAL  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE  FOR 

SITTINGBOURNE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

WANTED,  in  JANUARY  NEXT,  at  the  above-named  SCHOOL, 

two  well-qualified    ASSISTANT    MISTRESSES.      Special    Subjects: 

(II    English  anil  Mathematics.      (2)   Drill,   Games,   Needlework,   and 

Voice  Production.    Other  Subject  or  Subjects  desirable. 

Initial  Salary  100/.  to  110/.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications 
and  experience,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  scale,  by 
annual  Increments  of  7/.  io«.  for  the  first  two  years,  then  by  5/.  to  a 
maximum  of  140/.  or  150/. 

Application    Forms  will   be    supplied   by   the    Secretary,  County 
School  for  Girls.  Sittingbourne,  Kent. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

ERAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
Caxton  House,  Westminster,  S.W. 

EDGE  HILL  TRAINING  COLLEGE, 
LIVERPOOL-WANTED,  JANUARY,  TWO  LADY  GRA- 
DUATES, Resident,  one  having  Honours  in  English,  the  other  in 
Mathematics,  to  take  Advanced  Work  in  these  Subjects  and  assist  in 
Genera]  Work  of  Training.  Salary  707.,  unless  very  experienced. — 
Apply  immediately  t<.  PRINCIPAL,  sending  Testimonials. 

JAMAICA.— REQUIRED    for  an    ENDOWED 

•J  GIRLS'  SCHOOL  in  the  Hills,  a  RESIDENT  MISTRESS.  To 
sail  on  January  12,  1907.  Subjects:  Scripture  (essential)  and  either 
Latin  or  Mathematics  or  Science.  Swedish  Drill  desirable.  Salary 
7»/..  rising  to  ml.,  with  Laundry  and  Medical  Attendance,  anil  first- 
class  passage  paid.  Beautiful  health;  climate.— Apply,  by  letter, 
giving  lull  particulars  (qualifications,  age,  &c.)  to  Miss  GRUNER, 
9,  Blandford  Street.  Portman  Square,  W. 

REQUIRED,  for  a  first  -  class  GIRLS' 
GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  in  YORKSHIRE,  an  experienced 
MATHEMATICAL  MISTRESS  for  JANUARY.  Salary  no/  initial 
f,,r  good  qualifications.— Apply,  by  letter,  to  Miss  GRUNER,  Sec 
a  lociation  at  University  women  Teachers,  B,  Blandford  Street, 
Portman  square.  W. 

fNREAT    MALVERN    SCHOOL    OF    ART.— 

VJ~  BEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED,  duties  to  commence  in 
JANUARY  NEXT,  Commencing  Salary,  1201.  per  annum.  Teaching 
in  schools  permitted.— Applications,  with  particulars  of  qualifications 

,,.     ..Mil,  sealed  Testimonials,  to  be  sent,  on  01  bcfoi  e  NO  V  E  M  B  E  I!  13, 

to  Hi     JACOB  (Hon  Sec.),  St.  Helens,  Great  Malrern,  from  whom  a 

Prospectus  of  the  School  may  be  obtained. 


S 


CHOOL  OF  ART,  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE, 

SOUTHEND-ON  SEA. 

WANTED  AT  ONCE,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  who  baH  had 
some  experience  in  Teaching.  Facility  given  for,  ami  assistance  in. 
Advanced  Work. 

Commencing  Salary.  7"/. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  A.  J.  CONNABEER,  Head  Master. 


Situations   WL&nttb. 

YOUNG  LADY,  Classical  Degree,  Cambridge 
Teacher's  Diploma,  four  years'  experience  in  teaching,  desires 
ENGAGEMENT  AFTER  CHRISTMAS  in  a  SCHOOL  in  LIVER- 
POOL.—Box  1190,  Athenamin  Press,  IS,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


SECRETARY.  —  YOUNG  LADY  desires 
SECRETARYSHIP.  Shorthand,  Typewriting,  Bookbinding. 
Travelled  Continent*,  especially  Italy.  Willing,  accept  moderate 
Salary  till  experience  gained.— H.  R.,  Box  1193,  Athenaeum  Press, 
IS,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


T  IBRARIAN,       ASSISTANT,       SITUATION 

±J  WANTED  as.  by  YOUNG  GENTLEMAN.  Good  knowledge 
of  Classics  and  Modern  Literature,  French  and  Spanish  (conversation- 
ally!. Type-writing.  Willing  to  be  useful  in  any  way,— Box  1194, 
Athenaeum  Press,  IS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


JH.isttllattt0tts. 


PUBLISHER  requires  AUTHORS  with  a  vivid 
and  lively  style  to  PREPARE  COMPILATIONS  of  distinction 
for  YOUNG  PEOPLE.     Write,  giving  experience  and  indicating,  if 

Sossible,   existing  work,   to  R.   N.,   Box   1195,   Athenasum  Press,   13, 
ream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

SHORT  STORIES  WANTED— Good  STORIES 
dealing  with  Railway  Themes.  From  3,000  to  8  000  words.  Must 
have  plenty  of  action.  Good  price  for  such  Stories.— Address, 
F.  CROWNINSHIELD,  3,  Queen  Street.  Mayfair,  London. 

OHORT   STORIES    WANTED— Good   TALES 

Kj  of  the  Ocean  from  3.000  to  8,000  words.  Must  have  a  good 
deal  of  action  anil  he  distinctly  Sea  Tales.  Good  price  for  such 
Stories.— Address,  F.  CROWNINSHIELD,  3,  Queen  Street,  Mayfair, 
London. 

A  UTHORESS  desires  to  REVIEW  NOVELS, 

--la,  &c,  for  Monthly  Magazine  or  Journal,  or  once  a  month  for 
Weekly  Journal.  No  remuneration  required.— LITERARY,  Box  1191, 
Athenceum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

ADVERTISER  desires  ORIGINAL  WATER- 
COLOUR  WORK  or  COPYING.  Sketches  Coloured.  Thirty 
years'  experience  in  Art  Department  of  Graphic— H.  R.  D.,  13,  Point 
Hill,  Greenwich. 


HUGUENOT  and  FRENCH-CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES  from  Unpublished  MS.  and  other  Sources. 
Genealogical  Index  to  over  10,000  Families.  Jacobite  and  British 
Families  in  France.— C.  E.  LART,  Charmouth,  Dorset,  and  Red 
House,  Chislohurst. 

DRAINING  FOR   PRIVATE   SECRETARIAL 
X  WORK  AND  INDEXING. 

Secretarial  Bureau :  52a,  CONDUIT  ST.,  BOND  ST.,  LONDON,  W. 


Founded  1895. 


Telephone:  2426  Gerrabd. 


MISS  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos). 

Employed  nv  the  India  Office  as— Indexer  of  the  East  India 
Company's  Records  ;  Dutch  and  Portuguese  Translator. 

The  Drapers'  Company's  Records  Catalogued  and  Arranged. 

Indexer  of — The  Records  of  the  County  Borough  of  Cardiff;  The 
Warrington  Town  Records  ;  The  Blue  Books  of  the  Royal  Commissions 
on :  London  Traffic,  The  Supply  of  Food  in  Time  of  War,  Motor  Cars, 
Canals  and  Waterways  ;  The  Minutes  of  the  Education  Committee  of 
the  Somerset  County  Council. 

MISS  PETHERBRIDGE  trains  from  Three  to  Six  Pupils  every 
year  for  Private,  Secretarial,  and  Special  Indexing  Work.  The 
training  is  one  of  Apprenticeship,  Pupils  starting  as  Junior  Members 
of  the  Staff  and  working  up  through  all  the  Branches.  It  is  practical, 
on  actual  work,  each  Pupil  being  individually  coached.  The  training 
consists  of  Indexing— which  includes  Research  Work  and  Precis 
Writing — Shorthand,  Type-Writing,  and  Business  Training. 

THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING.  By  Mary  Petherbridoe. 
8.  3d.  post  free. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 

kj  LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 

T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at    the 

XJ  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

WANTED,    MILITARY    MEMOIRS    and 
MAXIMS    of  TURENNK.      By  A.   WILLIAMSON.     1740.- 
T.  LONGUEVILLE,  Llanforda,  Oswestry. 


B 


OOK-PLATE 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MORING,  Engraver,  Stationer,  Printer,  &c. 
257.  High  Uolborn,  W.C. 


TO  LET,  WAREHOUSES  and  OFFICES,  at  low 
rental,  within  five  minutes  of  Fleet  Street.— Apply  Box  1150, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  higher  Local;  Modem 
Languages).  Research,  Revision.  Translation.  nictation  Room  — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adclphi,  W.C. 

TYPE-WRITING.  —  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  [Shorthand  or  TypeWritingl. 
Usual  terms.  — Misst*  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  39, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 

TYPE-WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS.,  Translation  4c.  Legal  and 
General  Copying.  Circulars,  &c.  Duplicated.  Usual  torms. 
References.  Estublished  Thirteen  Years.  —  HIKES  k  HIKES.  229, 
Hammersmith  Road,  W.  IPrivute  Address:  13,  Wolvertou  Gardens, 
Hammersmith.) 


A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

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HARRY  H.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street, 
Leicester.  CATALOGUE  Ipost  free!  No.  19  contains  Woodcuts 
—Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  Benares  Edition— Nichols  Thncydides, 
1550— Rare  English  Tracts— Early  Medical  and  Law  Books,  &c. 


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— Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 


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Works  by  John  Ruskin.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  % 
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TLLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  OF  EARLY 

X    PRINTED    AND    OTHER    INTERESTING    BOOKS,    MANU- 
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Thick  8vo,  1,738  pp.  6,200  Items,  with  upwards  of  1,350  Reproductions. 

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Part  X.  (Supplement),  containing  A,  with  205  Illustrations,  2s. 


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extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOG  U  J5.  I  make  a  special 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Hooks  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists.  Special  List  of 'J. nun  Books  I  particularly  want  post  free. 
— EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-16.  John  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
mingham. Burton's  Arabian  Nights  unexpurgated,  illustrated,. 
17  vols.  15(.  158. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
Including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  <i.  and  R.  Cruikshank.  Phiz.  Rowlnndson,  Leech.  &c.  The 
Largest  and  choices!  Collection  offered  for  sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
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A 


NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS.— Collectors- 

and  AntiauariBM  arc  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  &  SON. 
Limited  for  Specimen  Copy  igrntisinf  tli.il  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR.   The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 

Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.  SPINK  ft  SON,  LntlTXD,  Experts.  Valuers. 
and  Cataloguers.  111.  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


NEW  LIST  of  Historical,  Literary,  and  Out-of- 
the-way  [terns  relating  to  the  Drama,  Poetry,  Shakespearis-" 
Earlv  Science,  Old  English  and  Political  Events  free,  of  A.  READI 
Paiton  Street.  Red  Lion  Square,  W.C. 


KAUER.' 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


567 


^aUs  bp  JVurtton. 

Library  of  the  lateG.  W.  KNIGHT.  Esq.  (of  South  Kensington 
Museum),  and  other  Private  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C.. 
on  THURSDAY,  November  22.  and  Following  I>ay,  at  ten  minutes 
pasrl  o'clock  precisely.  VALUABLE  BOOKS  ON  ART— First  Editions 
of  Modern  Poets— Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  &c,  including  Uelyot. 
Ordres  Monastiques,  8  vols.— Musee  Fiancais,  4  vols,  morocco  extra, 
with  Arms— Price's  Tauromachia.  Coloured  Plates— Kilhourne  and 
Goode's  Game  Fishes  of  America— Aiken's  Moments  of  Fancy  and  New 
Sk.-tch  Book.  Coloured  Plates— Bocace.  Ues  N'ohles  Malheureux,  Paris. 
is:ii— Illustrations  by  Rowlandson.  Hogarth,  Morland,  &c— Mayer's 
Views  in  Turkey  and  Egrpt,  Coloured  Plates— Angas's  South  Australia 
— Viollet  lc-Duc.  Dictionnaire  de  1' Architecture  et  Dictionnaire  du 
Hobilier,  16  vols,  half-morocco— Littre.  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue 
Francaise,  »  vols.— Beaumont's  Lepontine  Alps,  Coloured  Plates- 
Mather's  History  of  Modern  Painting.  3  vols  — Hayleys  Life  of 
Romaey— Italian  Scenery,  Coloured  Plates— White's  Natural  History 
of  Selborne.  First  Edition— First  Editions  of  Blackmore.  Pater,  Ac- 
Standard  Works  on  Travel  and  Biography— Autograph  Letters  and 
early  French  MSS.,  &c. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Works  in  Oriental 
Literature  from  the  Library  of  Rev.  W.  II.  MILL,  D.D. 
(formerly  Regius  Professor  of  Hebrew  at  Cambridge). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C..  on 
WEDNES KAY.  November  14,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock, 
the  alwve  LIBRARY  AND  OTHER  PROPERTIES,  comprising 
Vetusta  Monumenta,  6  vols.  —  Stuart  and  Rcvett's  Antiquities  of 
Athens,  4  vols,  and  other  Antiquarian  and  Topographical  Works- 
James's  National  MSS.  of  Scotland,  3  vols.— a  Collection  of  Books 
Telating  to  Ireland,  including  Wares  Antiquities— Folio  Hooks  of  Old 
Engravings  and  Modern  Etchings— Handsome  Fine  Art  and  Illus- 
trated Books— Original  Water-Colour  Drawings  by  T.  M.  Richardson 
and  others— Sabellicus,  Res  Venatje.  1487,  and  other  Early  Printed 
Book6,  some  with  woodcuts— Bloiue's  Description  of  Jamaica,  1672— a 
few  Books  and  Atlases  relating  to  America— Assemanus.  ISibliotheca 
Orientalis,  4  vols.,  and  other  Works  in  Oriental  and  Hebrew  Literature 
—Books  illustrated  by  Cruikshank— Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  Illus- 
trated Edition,  12  vols.— Dickens's  Works.  Library  Edition.  30  vols., 
and  other  Sets  of  Victorian  Novelists— Story  of  the  Nations  Series, 
62  vols,  half-morocco  —  Standard  Works  in  History,  Travel,  and 
Biography— Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  Tenth  Edition,  36  vols.,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Books  in  Old  English  Literature  removed  from  a 
Mansion  in  Yorkshire,  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C..  on 
THURSDAY.  November  22,  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o'clock,  VALU- 
ABLE BOOKS  as  above,  comprising  Black-Letter  and  other  Curious 
Books— Specimens  of  Early  Stamped  and  other  Bindings— tiuicciardini 
Historia  d'ltalia.  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  Autograph  on  title— Holland's 
Horologia  and  other  Books  o'  Portraits  and  Engravings— Ferdinand  de 
Quir's  Terra  Australis  Incognita,  1617— a  few  Books  and  MSS.  relating 
to  America  —  Drake  s  Eboracum  and  other  Topographical  Works 
Telating  to  the  County. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 

Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  will  take 
place  on  TUESDAY'  and  WEDNESDAY  next.  November  13 
and  14,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  each  day.  and  will  include  a  choice 
Collection  of  Carved  Figures.  War  Shields,  Weapons,  &c,  from 
^the  Congo— also  Collection  of  Native  Weal  ions  from  Angoniland— 
New  Zealand  Carved  Wood  and  other  Curios— also  three  Human 
Heads  shrunk  by  the  Natives  of  Equador,  two  of  which  are  extremely 
rare,  and  have  never  been  offered  before— Esquimaux  Relics— Curious 
Old  Japanese  Sword  Hilts— Chinese  and  Japanese  Curios— Greek, 
Ttoman,  Old  English  Gold  and  Silver  Coins— also  the  usual  Miscel- 
laneous Assortment. 

Catalogues  and  particulars  on  application  to  Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS, 
-38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 

Equatorial  Telescope,  Spectroscopes,  Lathe,  dc. 
FRIDAY,   November  10,  at  half-past  13  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his  Rooms, 
38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.  EQUATORIAL 
TELESCOPE.  8  in.  Aperture,  by  Cooke  &  Sons,  of  iYork,  lately  the 
Property  of  the  Astronomer  NASMYTH— Spectroscopes  by  Browning 
— valuable  Microscope  by  Beck— Astronomical  Books,  &c— an  expen- 
sive massive  Triple  Lantern,  with  all  possible  Adjustments— a  single 
Multum  in  Parvo  Lantern— a  Newman  &  (Juardia  J  plate  Reducing 
Camera  for  Lantern  Slides,  and  a  very  extensive  and  choice  Collection 
of  Slides  with  Readings,  many  beautifully  Coloured— a  6-inch  Orna- 
mental and  Screw  Cutting  Lathe  by  Plant— Ellipse,  Eccentric,  and 
many  other  Chucks— Dividing  Apparatus,  and  a  quantity  of  useful 
Tools. 

On  view  day  prior  1.30  to  5.30  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
B  U.l.S  arc  held  EVERY  FRIDAY',  at  his  Rooms,  :is.  King 
Street.  Covent  Garden.  London.  W.C.  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  — Telescopes— Theodolites  — 

L'-ve'i- — Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments — Cameras.  Lenses,  and 

all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and    all   Accessories    in   great   variety  by   Best  Makers  — Household 
Furniture — Jewellery — and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale 


M 


ESSRS.   CHRISTIE,   MANSON   &   WOODS 

_  rcsjiectfullv  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  THURSDAY,  November  15,  and  FRIDAY, 

■November  16.  the  COLLECTION  of  OLD  ENGLISH  POTTERY  and 
POB  II. A I  N  .f  W.  F.  A.  WILSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  deceased. 

On     SATURDAY,    November     17,    MODERN 

PICTURES,   DRAWINGS,  and   ENGRAVINGS  of   the  late  A.  G. 
PIRIE,  Esq. 


SALE    AT    AUCTION 

OF  AN  IMPORTANT 

•COLLECTION     OF     GREEK     COINS, 

CHIEFLY  SICILIAN, 

ON  DECEMBER  10  AND  11. 

Catalogue,  with  12  Plates  and  Illustrations.  4«.  ;  without  the  Plates, 
gratis  ;  from  the  holders  of  the  Auction. 

T>RUDER  EGGER,   Vienna,    I.    Opernring    7. 


Works  of  Art  and  An'iquities. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY',  November  13.  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  WORKS  OF  ART  AND  ANTIQUITIES,  com- 
prising Oriental  and  Continental  Porcelain  and  Old  English 
Porcelain  and  Pottery — Japan  Lac,  Needlework,  Pictures,  <fcc, 
including  the  COLLECTION  of  C.  F.  GUBBINS.  Esq.,  of  38,  Hyde 
Park  Gate.  S.W. ;  and  the  COLLECTION  of  ROMAN  and  other 
ANTIQUITIES,  Early  English.  Delft,  and  other  Pottery,  found  in 
the  City  of  London— Peruvian  Antiquities,  4c,  the  Property  of  the 
late  J.  CLARK,  Esq.,  of  5,  Grosveuor  Gardens,  Muswell  Hill,  N.  Isold 
by  Order  of  the  Executors). 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  valuable  Collection  of  Crown  Pieces,  the  Property  of 
J.  E.  T.  LOVE  DAY,  Esq.,  and  a  Collection  of  English 
and  Colonial  Coins,  <{•<:.,  the  Property  of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.  on  THURSDAY,  November  15,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely.  COINS  and  MEDALS,  including  the 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  CROWN  PIECES,  the  Property  of  J.  E.  T. 
LOVEDAY,  Esq.,  Williamscote.  Banbury;  and  a  COLLECTION  of 
ENGLISH  and  COLONIAL  COINS,  PATTERNS  and  PROOFS,  the 
Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  TRENTHAM  HALL  LIBRARY. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  November  19.  ami  Five  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY'  of  PRINTED  BOOKS 
and  Manuscripts,  the  Property  of  His  Grace  the  DUKE  of  SUTHER- 
LAND, K.G.,  4c,  removed  from  Trentham  Hall,  Staffordshire. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues,  price  18.  each,  may  be  had. 


|ita0a$ittts,    &t. 


OCTOBER  NUMBER  NOW  READY. 

THE  JEWISH  QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 
Edited  by  I.  ABRAHAMS  and  C  G.  MONTEFIORE. 
Price  3s.  6d.  Annual  Subscription,  post  free,  lis. 
Content*  .-BIBLICAL  CRITICISM  IN  RELIGIOUS  INSTRUC- 
TION. By  Felix  Coblenz.  —  MAIMONIDES  ON  THE  JEWISH 
CREED.  Bv  J.  Abelson.  —  THE  KARAITE  LITERARY  OP- 
PONENTS OF  SAADIAH  GAON  IX  THE  ELEVENTH  CENTURY'. 
By  Dr.  S.  Poznanski.-A  MUHAMMEDAN  BOOK  ON  AUGURY  IN 
HEBREW  CHARACTERS.  Bv  I.  Fricdlaender.  —  BODLEIAN 
GENIZA  FRAGMENTS.  II.,  III.  By  A.  Cowley.  —  BABYLON 
IX  JEWISH  LAW.  By  Lewis  N.  Dembitz.  —  POETRY :  '  AL 
SHECHITAH.'  Translated  bv  Helena  Frank.  —  THE  ARABIC 
PORTION  OF  THE  CAIRO  GEXIZAH  AT  CAMBRIDGE.  (Four- 
teenth Article.)  Bv  Dr.  H.  Hirschfeld— AN  AUTOGRAPH  LETTER 
OF  A  PSEUDO-MESSIAH.  Bv  David  S.  Sassoon.— NOTES  ON  OLD 
TESTAMENT  HISTORY.  VI.  The  Calebire  Tradition.  Bv  Stanley 
A.  Cook.— CRITICAL  NOTICE:  DAS  Jl'DISCHE  IN  COHEN'S 
ETHIK.  Bv  Dr.  Felix  Pedes— BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  HEBRAICA 
AND  JUDAIC  A,  July-September,  1906.    By  I.  A. 

MACMILLAN  4  CO.  I/ro.,  London. 

THE    BUILDER    (founded    1842),    4,    Catherine 
Street,  London,  W.C,  November  10th,  contains: — 

MONUMENT  TO  CHOPIN  IN  THE  PARC  MONCEAU 

PARIS. 
The  Electricity  Scheme  of  the  London  County  Council. 
Water  Supply. 

Notes  on  Mosaic  and  Marble  Inlay  (concluded). 
Institute  of  Architects— President's  Address. 
The  Corinthian  Capital  i  Architectural  Association). 
Load  anil  Impact  Tests  on  a  Kleine  Floor. 
Roofs :  Structurally  Considered  (Student's  Column). 
Illustrations  of— 

New  Chinch.  Bournemouth. 

Clifton  Maubank. 

Beachamwell  Hall. 

Bangour  Village  Lunatic  Asylum ;  4c 

From  Office  as  above  (id.  ;    by  post,  4$d. ) ;   or 
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JUST  PUBLISHED.     ELEVENTH  EDITION. 
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MAY'S  PARLIAMENTARY  PRACTICE.  A 
Treatise  on  the  Law,  Privileges.  Proceedings,  and  Usage  of 
Parliament.  By  Sir  THOMAS  ERSKIXK  MAY.  ICC  B.  D.C.L., 
Clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple. 
Eleventh  Edition  (Revised  from  the  Tenth  Edition  of  1898,  Edited 
by  Sir  REGINALD  F.  D.  PALGRAVE,  K.C.B..  and  ALFRED 
BONHAM  CARTER.  Era.,  C.B.I  Books  I.  and  II.,  Edited  by 
T.  LONSDALE  WEBSTER,  Esq..  Second  Clerk  Assistant  of  the 
House  of  Commons;  Book  III..  Edited  by  WILLIAM  EDWARD 
GREY',  Esq..  of  the  Committee  office.  House  of  Commons. 

This,  the  Eleventh,  Edition  (although  based  on  the  last,  or  Tentli 
Edition  of  1893),  brings  this  work  throughout  up  t"  the  present  date 
of  publication,  and  includes  the  changes  that  were  made  by  the  Bouse 
of  Commons  in  its  procedure  up  to  toe  adjournment  in  August  last. 
The  additions  and  alterations  that  have  been  necessary  In  order  to 
bring  the  work  completely  up  to  date  in  this  Revised  Edition  arc 
indicated  in  the  Preface. 

London:  WM.  CLOWES  4  SONS.  Limited, 

Law  Publishers,  7,  Fleet  Street,  adjoining  Middle  Temple  Lane. 


w 


HO'S       WHO       IN       FICTION? 

A  DICTIONARY  OF  NOTED  NAMES  IN  NOVELS,  TALES, 

ROMANCES.  POETRY,  AND  DRAMA. 

By  H.  SWAN. 

320  pp.,  containing  upwards  of  soon  entries,  each  of  several  lines. 

Nineteenth  Century  and   later    Literature    being  fully  represented. 

Forming  a  Volume  of 

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THE     ROMANCE     OF    MISSIONARY 

HEROISM.     By  the  Rev.  .1.  C.  LAMBERT,  D.D. 

THE  ROMANCE  OF  ANIMAL  ARTS  AND 

CRAFTS.  By  H.COl'I'IN.D.Sc, and  JOHN  LEA.B.A. 

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568 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


GAY   &  BIRDS 

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month  of  publication,  and  received  much  literary  apprecia- 
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Have  much  pleasure  in  announcing: 
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OUR  HERITAGE  THE  SEA 

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Senior  Science  Master  in  Clifton  College,  Author  of  '  The  Life  and  Work  of  Justus  von  Liebig,'  &c. 

SOCIAL     SILHOUETTES. 

By    GEORGE     W.     E.     RUSSELL.      Large  post  8vo,  7,.  6*  net. 

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VOLUME  VI— SYLVIA'S  LOVERS,  &c— hkady on  monday. 

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acquaintance  with  a  set  of  novels  that  are  full  of  delights." 

THE   FOLLOWING  SIX-SHILLING  NOVELS  ARE  IN  GREAT  DEMAND. 

SIR     JOHN     CONSTANTINE. 

By  A.  T.  QUILLER-COUCH  ("  Q.»).     SE(KIS01' 

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THE    OLD     COUNTRY:    a  Romance. 


By  HENRY  NEWBOLT. 


TIMES. — "It  is  hard  to  know  where,  in  this  beautiful  romance,  we  should  begin.     The  words  '  begin '  and  '  end  'lose- 
all  their  significance  ;  ordinary  rules  are  set  at  defiance  ;  ordinary  conventions  do  not  apply." 


SECOND 
IMPRESSION. 


THE    STORY    OF    BAWN. 

By  KATHARINE  TYNAN. 

DAILY  NEWS.—"  Mrs.  Tynan's  romance  is  like  her  poetry.     She  has  created  for  us  an  ideal  world— not  a  real  world' 
but  a  world  which  we  would  give  our  hearts  to  have  here  on  earth." 

C  H  I  P  P  I  N  G  E. 


By  STANLEY  J.  WEYMAN. 


SECOND 
IMPRESSION. 


MORNING  POST: — "The  historical  setting  is  altogether  admirable.  Indeed,  wo  are  almost 
inclined  to  put  '  Chippinge '  into  the  vacant  space  on  the  bookshelf  next  door  to  'Esmond.' 
Certainly   Mr.   Weyman  lias  done  nothing  better." 

London:    SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.   15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


N°4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


569 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


IMPORTANT    ANNOUNCEMENT. 

MB.  HEINE  MANN  begs  to  announce  that  he  has  in  the  press  and  will  publish  in  the  course  of  this  month  the 

MEMOIRS  OF  PRINCE   HOHENLOHE. 

Authorized  by  PRINCE  ALEXANDER  OF  HOHENLOHE -SCHILLINGSFURST  and  Edited  by  FRIEDRICH  CURTIUS. 
In  2  vols. ,  with  5  Portraits  and  a  Facsimile  Letter,  price  243.  net. 


Contents  of  Volume  I. 
YOUTH,  1819-1867— REVOLUTION— IMPERIAL   MISSION  TO  ATHENS,  ROME, 
AND  FLORENCE,  1848-1850— THE  YEARS   1850-1866— THE  BAVARIAN   MINISTRY. 

1867-1870. 


Contents  of  Volume  II. 
THE   REICHSTAG,    1870-1874  — AMBASSADOR    AT    PARIS,    1S74-1885  —  STATT- 
HALTER    AT    STRASSBURG,    1885-1894  — IMPERIAL    CHANCELLOR,    THE    END, 

1894-1901. 


***  Last  month  the  Hohenlohe  Memoirs  came  upon  Germany  like  a  bolt  from  the  blue,  and  to-day  every  capital  in  the  civilized  world  is  ringing  with  the 
sensation  their  publication  has  caused. 

The  son  of  one  of  the  oldest  and  proudest  houses  in  Germany,  Prince  Hohenlohe  was  at  the  outset  of  his  career  in  close  touch  with  almost  every  Court  in 
Europe.  Throughout  his  long  life  he  stood  beside  the  looms  on  which  history,  destined  to  remodel  the  patchwork  map  of  Europe,  was  in  the  weaving.  Behind  the 
informal  action  of  statescraft  he  was  always  in  a  position  to  see  the  personal  factor  laborious  and  at  work.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  table  of  contents,  he  filled 
many  offices,  and  all  with  credit.  His  term  of  office  as  Ambassador  in  Paris  from  1874  to  1885  brought  him  into  close  personal  contact  with  the  statesmen  who 
were  raising  France  from  her  knees,  while  Bismarck  was  gnashing  his  teeth  in  Berlin  for  a  pretext  to  strike  the  coup  de  grdce.  He  watched  the  old  Emperor 
clinging  desperately  to  peace  while  his  Chancellor  was  champing  for  war  ;  he  watched  the  preparations  for  a  re-shuffling  of  the  pack  of  diplomatic  cards  in  the 
Booster  hands  ;  he  watched  the  grim  tragedy  of  the  heroic  reign  of  ninety-nine  days ;  he  saw  the  accession  of  the  young  Emperor,  watched  the  breathless 
struggle  for  power  between  the  old  Chancellor  and  his  young  master,  and  was  among  those  at  the  head  of  the  gangway  when  the  old  pilot  was  dropped.  Few 
incidents  in  contemporary  history  have  been  more  dramatic  than  the  story  of  Bismarck's  fall.  Here  for  the  first  time  we  have  the  true  story  of  the  struggle  and 
of  the  tremendous  issues  it  involved  related  at  first  hand  by  the  chief  actors  on  either  side.  A  few  years  later  Hohenlohe,  pliant,  supple,  and  observant  still,  as 
third  Chancellor  of  the  German  Empire,  stepped  into  the  shoes  of  the  fallen  Colossus.  For  six  years  the  Kaiser's  right-hand  man,  he  had  unequalled 
opportunities  for  studying  the  mind  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  personalities  in  contemporary  Europe. 

The  story  is  told  in  the  racy,  unaffected  stvle,  with  a  vein  of  rather  caustic  but  not  unkindly  humour,  of  a  man  who  records  his  thoughts  and  impressions 
of  the  moment  in  the  secrecy  of  his  chamber.  The  wires  and  pulleys  by  means  of  wh  ich  statecraft  stage-manages  the  scene-shifting  of  international  policy  are 
laid  bare,  and  behind  the  history  of  the  last  five-and-twenty  years  we  can  watch  the  clash  of  human  personalities  and  the  play  of  elemental  human  passions. 

Early  application  for  this  work  is  advised,  as  it  is  certain  to  be  in  great  demand  on  the  day  of  publication,  the  advance 
orders  being  already  very  large.  The  price,  24s.  net,  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  German  Edition— a  refutation  of  the  argument 
that  high-class  boohs  can  be  bought  more  cheaply  on  the  Continent  than  in  England.     A  Prospectus  on  application. 

HENRY  IRVING.    Personal  Reminiscences.    By  Bram  Stoker. 

With  Portraits  and  Illustrations.     2  vols.  25s.  net.  [Prospectus  on  application. 

"A  very  valuable  contribution  to  the  records  of  the  dramatic  art.  Mr.  Bram  Stoker  has  produced  a  couple  of  volumes  which  will  have  a  wide  popularity,  not  only  amongst  those 
who  knew  Irving,  but  amongst  those  who  are,  in  however  small  a  degree,  interested  in  the  history  of  the  theatre." — Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney,  in  the  Daily  Telegraph. 

THE    WORKS    OF    HENRIK    IBSEN. 

Entirely  Revised  and  Edited  by  WILLIAM  ARCHER. 
***  Mr.  Heinemann  has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  that  he  has  been  able  to  make  arrangements  to   bring  together  the  excellent  translations  by  Mr.  William  Archer  and 
others,  previously  issued  through  different  publishing  houses,  to  form  the  first  complete  edition  of  the  works  of  a  writer  who  has  more  powerfully  influenced  modern  thought  than 
perhaps  any  one  else. 

AS  THE  LATER  PLAYS  ARE  ALL  MR.  HEINEMANN'S  COPYRIGHT,  THIS  IS  THE  ONLY  COMPLETE  COPYRIGHT  EDITION  WHICH  CAN  BE  PUBLISHED. 
The  Works  will  be  Complete  in  Eleven  Volumes,  crown  Svo,  4s.  each,  and  will  appear  at  Monthly  Intervals,  commencing  with  Vols.  II.  and  III.  on  NOVEMBER  15th :— 


Vol.  II.  THE  VIKINGS  AT  HELGELAND :  THE  PRETENDERS.    Vol.  III. 


BRAND. 

[Prospectus  on  application. 


VERSAILLES    AND    THE    TRIAN0NS. 

By  PIERRE  DE  NOLHAC,  Director  of  the  Versailles  Museum. 

1  vol..  with  56  Coloured  Pictures  by  REXE  BINET,  16s.  net 

EDITION  DE  LUXE,  limited  to  100 copies,  on  Van  Gelder  Paper,  with  the 

Plates  mounted,  21.  2s.  net.        [Prospectus  on  application. 
Rene"   Binet's    highly  original    interpretation  of    the  beauties  of  Versailles  and   the 
Trianon*  is  sure  to  appeal  to  all  lovers  of  art,  and  M.  Pierre  de  Nolhac's  historical  and 
Esthetic  description  will  surely  fascinate  those  who  turn  over  the  leaves  of  this  volume, 
redolent  as  it  is  of  the  glamour  of  le  grand  siecle. 

THE  FLIGHT  OF  MARIE  ANTOINETTE.    From  the 

French  of  G.  LEXOTRE.     1  vol.  demy  8vo,  fully  illustrated,  10s.  net. 

[Prospectus  on  application. 

"  Never  was  the  story  better  told  than  in  this  book An  admirable  example  of  that 

kind  of  special  historical  monograph  in  which  French  writers  excel." 

Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney. 


MADAME    RECAMIER. 

From  the  French  of  EDOUARD  HERRIOT.     Demy  Svo,  with  Portraits,  2  vols.  SO*,  net. 

[Prospectus  on  applicatu  n. 

The  only  complete  and  most  impartial  account  that  has  yet  been  published  of  this 
remarkable  woman.  The  author  has  consulted  over  300  published  works  on  the  period  he 
studies,  besides  an  endless  amount  of  private  correspondence,  and  he  gives  all  possible 
details  concerning  Madame  Recamier  herself  until  her  death  in  1849. 

NAPOLEON,  KING  OF  ELBA. 

From  the  French  of  PAUL  GRUYER. 

1  vol.  demy  Svo,   fully  illustrated,   10«.   net. 

[Prospectus  on  application. 
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Standard. 


THE   PASSING   OF   KOREA.     By  H.  B.  Hulbert,  F.R.G.S. 

Royal  Svo,  with  62  Illustrations,  from  Actual  Photographs,  10«.  net. 
Throws    a   new  and  startling   light  on    the  whole    Eastern   problem. 


SIX-SHILLING       NOVELS. 

E.  F.  BENSON'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

PAUL.     By  E.  F.  Benson. 


BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'THE  JUNGLE.' 

KING  MIDAS.    By  Upton  Sinclair. 

V  The  Iirst  \olume  of  the  Revised  and  Uniform  Edition  of  Mr.  Sinclair's  Novels. 

THE    LUDDINGTONS. 

By  FLORENCE  COLLINS. 


[  Th  inl  Impression. 

LOVE'S       TRILOGY. 

By  PETER  NANSEN. 
II.  H.  BASHFORD'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

THE    TRAIL    TOGETHER. 


London :  WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford  Street. 


570 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  CO.  S 
LIST. 


LIFE    AND    LETTERS    OF    THE 

FIRST  EARL  OF  DURHAM,  1792-1840.  By  STUART 
J.  REID,  Author  of  the  'Life  of  Sydney  Smith,'  &c. 
With  17  Photogravure  Plates.  2  vols.  8vo,  36s.  net. 
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N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


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573 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  10,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Cavalry  in  Future  Wars 573 

The  Reminiscences  of  Lady  Dorothy  Nevill    ..    574 

Benares  and  Hindu  Religion 575 

A  New  Study  of  Columbus        57C 

Early  Japanese  Texts       576 

New  Novels  (A  Lady  of  Rome  ;  The  Story  of  Bawn  ; 
The  Poacher's  Wife ;  The  Wages  of  Pleasure ; 
Quicksilver  and  Flame;  The  Avenging  Hour; 
1  he  Tides  of  Barnegat ;  The  Wilderness  ;  I  Will 

Repay)  577—579 

Sport  and  Travel 579 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE  (Twenty  Years  of  Continental 
Work  and  Travel  ;  Red  Rubber ;  The  Young 
People ;  The  Silver  Age  of  the  Greek  World ; 
Index  to  HazHtt's  Works;  A  Morning  Remem- 
brance ;  A  Caxton  Facsimile ;  Catalogue  of 
Privately  Printed  Books  ;  Signs  of  the  Times ; 
1  he  Library;  The  Hellenic  Herald)..        ..      580—582 

List  of  New  Books 582 

'The  Times'  and  the  Publishers;  'Rousseau:  a 
New  Criticism';  Cain  and  the  Moon;  Anglo- 
Indian  Portraits  ;  Sale        583—584 

Liter  art  Gossip        584 

science— The  Electron  Theory;  Wireless  Tele- 
graphy ;   societies  ;    Meetings  Next   Week  ; 

Gossip  585—588 

Fine  Arts— The  Society  of  Twenty-Five  ;  Paint- 
ings by  Mrs.  McEvot;  John  Thomas  Mickle- 
tiiwaite;  The  Newest  Light  on  Rembrandt; 

Gossip  589—590 

Music— Fedora  ;  Mr.  Beecham's  Orchestral  Con- 
cert;   M.    Godowsky's   Pianoforte   Recital; 
Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week      ..      590—591 
Drama— 'The  Dictionary  of  the  Drama';    The 

anonymous  Play  of  'Nero';  Gossip     ..      591—592 
Index  to  Advertisers       592 


LITERATURE 


Cavalry  in  Future  Wars.  By  Lieut. - 
General  von  Bernhardi.  Translated  by 
C.  S.  Goldman.  With  an  Introduction 
by  Lieut. -General  Sir  John  Trench. 
(John  Murray.) 

This  book  will  be  read  by  soldiers,  but  is 
needed  by  a  wider  public.  The  elector, 
who  is  afraid  to  save  much  upon  the  fleet, 
and  who  rightly  thinks  our  expenditure 
upon  land  forces  large,  and  has,  for  several 
years,  been  promised  "  substantial  reduc- 
tion," believes  that  "  the  day  of  cavalry 
is  over."  True  cavalry  is  a  costly 
article.  It  follows  that  cavalry  will  be 
"  cut  down,"  as  unable  any  longer  to 
cut  down,  in  a  different  sense,  its  infantry 
opponents.  The  alternative  offered  to 
our  cavalry  is — to  justify  its  existence,  or 
to  perish. 

Lord  Roberts  attacks  "  the  lance  "  in 
language,  and  indeed  on  grounds,  which 
are  utilized  by  opponents  of  true  cavalry, 
though  not  so  intended  by  him.  The 
German  Emperor,  trying  to  defend  cavalry, 
executes  mimic  charges  declared  by  our 
whole  press  to  be  "  impossible,"  "  thea- 
trical," or  "  absurd,"  and  thus— not  for 
the  first  time — does  harm  rather  than 
good  to  the  cause  he  has  espoused.  In 
India  we  possess  the  last  of  the  admirable 
cavalries  of  the  past,  and  can  hardly 
support  with  conviction  the  employment 
of  Dragoon  Guards  from  Canterbury  or 
Colchester.  For  "  home  defence"  the 
smart  cyclist  is  superior  to  the  trooper 
of  •  The  Blues."  Yet,  difficult  as  is  his 
case,  the  sabreur  is  right,  and  the  value 
of  true  cavalry  has  risen  and  will  rise. 
The  production  of  inferior  "Mounted 
Infantry  "  ;  the  tendency  to  employ  as 
infantry    hordes    of    ill-officered    militia ;  I 


battles  which  last  for  weeks,  and  need 
vastly  increased  stores  of  ammunition  ; 
"  night  attacks,"  dawn  after  dawn — 
these  all  make  of  "  the  battlefield "  a 
province  swarming  with  famished  wretches 
of  shaken  nerve.  The  day  of  true 
cavalry  has  begun. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  we  agree  with 
the  translator  in  his  Preface  that  the 
task  of  cavalry  has  become  more  difficult, 
but  that  its  part  can  be  played  with 
success  more  signal  "  than  any  hitherto 
attained."  We  have  to  create  Murats 
(much  improved)  out  of  the  singularly 
unpromising  material  which  presents 
itself  in  the  cavalry  captains  of  the 
crack  regiments  of  London  and  Berlin 
society.  The  French  have  in  some  degree 
solved  the  problem.  The  military  riding 
of  their  short-service  peasants  is  for  war 
purposes  now  better  than  that  of  their 
predecessors  of  the  days  of  "  the  Guides, 
and  Galliffet,  and  the  Contre-guerilla." 
General  de  Galliffet  himself  became  one 
of  the  leaders  in  the  reformation.  The 
French  officers,  though  in  some  regiments 
still  "  smart,"  have  learnt  to  work. 
Moreover,  they  are,  in  a  professional 
sense,  modest.  The  best  German  officers 
will  tell  the  favoured  listener  that  "  in 
1870  the  French  cavalry  were  wretched, 
except,  of  course,  in  mere  personal  courage. 
Now  they  are  admirable — better  than  we 
are."  The  French  cavalry  colonel  says 
of  mobilization  :  "  We  start  for  the 
frontier  four  hours  after  the  receipt  of  the 
telegram — pour  nous  jaire  ecraser  "  ;  but 
in  his  heart  he  knows  that  the  French 
cavalry  will  take  a  good  deal  of  crushing. 
We  have  heard  it  whispered  that  an 
attempt  may  be  made  next  year  to  invite 
the  "  Ecole  de  Saumur "  to  visit  us  in 
this  country.  The  German  "  tradition  " 
is  still  so  strong  that  such  a  visit  would 
be  timely. 

Sir  John  French  is  reserved  in  his  Intro- 
duction, and  the  cavalry  advocate  will 
find  more  encouragement  to  believe  the 
teaching  of  Bernhardi  in  a  recently  pub- 
lished debate  at  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution  than  he  will  in  the  seven 
pages  of  the  general  at  Aldershot.  Sir 
John  French  extracts  the  right  moral 
from  the  total  failure  of  the  Russian 
cavalry  in  Manchuria.  He  puts  in  a  word 
for  the  true  weapon  of  true  cavalry — the 
lance.  He  draws  upon  his  great  experi- 
ence for  the  essential  lesson  : — 

"  Another  most  important  point  must  be 
noticed.  I  allude  to  the  increasing  tendency 
of  umpires  and  superior  officers  to  insist 
on  Cavalry  at  manoeuvres.  .  .  .being  ultra- 
cautious.  They  try  to  inculcate  such  a 
respect  for  Infantry  fire  that ....  the  moment 
Infantry  come  within  sight,  squadrons  are 
made  either  to  retire  altogether,  or  dismount 
and  shoot,  regardless  of  what  the  '  Cavalry 
value  '  of  the  ground  happens  to  be.  I  have 
iKi  hesitation  in  saying  that  immense  harm 
is  done  to  the  war  efficiency  of  Cavalry  by 
decisions  of  this  kind,  which  disregard 
altogether  the  human  factor  in  the  problem. 
We  ought  the  more  to  be  on  our  guard 
against  false  teaching  of  this  nature,  seeing 
that  there  are  many  grave  warnings  to  be 
found  in  history  of  the  inevitable  conse- 
quences of  thus  placing  the  weapon  above 
the  men.     After  the  war  of  18GG.  .  .  .  Moltke 


made  the  following  report  to  the  King  of 
Prussia  : — 

"  '  Our  Cavalry  failed,  perhaps  not  so 
much  in  actual  capacity  as  in  self-confidence. 
All  its  initiative  had  been  destroyed  at 
manoeuvres,  where  criticism  and  blame  had 
become  almost  synonymous,  and  it  there- 
fore shirked  independent  bold  action,  and 
kept  far  in  rear,  and  as  much  as  possible 
out  of  sight.'  " 

The  chapters  in  the  translated  volume 
to  which  we  call  special  attention  are 
the  first,  the  last  or  sixth  of  Part  II., 
and  '  Conclusion.'  The  German  author 
first  sums  up  the  changes  detrimental 
to  cavalry  which  form  the  base  of 
the  vulgar  opinion.  He  then  dwells 
on  the  considerations  already  named 
in  this  article  which  tell  the  other 
way  ;  such  as  that  "  the  lines  of  com- 
munication are  acquiring  increased  im- 
portance, and  simultaneously  great  vul- 
nerability." In  the  next  place  he  shows 
how  it  is  possible  to  swell  the  infantry, 
and  even  the  artillery,  from  a  partially 
trained  nation,  though  cavalry  "  can 
scarcely  count  on  having  the  wastage  of 
War  made  good  by  equally  well-trained 
men  and  horses  ;  still  less  is  its  complete 
replacement  in  case  of  disaster  to  be 
hoped  for  "  ;  while  "  it  has  ceased  to  be 
possible  to  ride  straight  at  the  front  of  an 
unshaken  enemy."  Moreover,  in  the 
event  of  success,  so  numerous  has  infantry 
become,  "  the  fraction  of  the  enemy's 
force  ridden  down  represents  a  smaller 
proportion  of  his  whole  Army."  But 
there  are 

"new  chances  of  success.  ..  .The  greater 
the  pitch  of  nervous  tension  to  which  men 
are  wrought  up  in  battle,  the  greater  the 
pitch  of  excitement  reached,  the  more 
decisive  will  be  the  reaction." 

The  duties  of  cavalry  "  have  gained 
enormously  in  importance."  These  are 
treated  one  by  one,  and  the  result  reached 
that  "  the  cavalry  sees  itself  confronted 
by  a  task  in  the  solution  of  which  it  can 
achieve  results  of  decisive  importance. " 

"Reserve  formations.  ..  .which  under 
favourable  conditions  might  render  excel- 
lent service.  .  .  .without  officers,  weary  and 
hungry,  lose  all  cohesion,  when,  with  bag- 
gage, wounded,  and  stragglers,  they  are 
driven  back  over  crowded  roads  ;  and  then, 
no  matter  how  well  they  are  armed,  they 
are  an  easy  prey." 

For  those  who  accept  the  great  body 
of  authority  that  supports  the  doctrines 
of  this  volume,  training  of  officers,  next 
to  education  of  the  electorate,  is  the  main 
need.  The  chapter  on  '  Higher  Education 
of  our  Officers  '  is  enough  to  make  ordinary 
men  despair,  but  should  arouse  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  exceptional  officer  who 
looks  to  the  future.  In  the  Prussian 
army,  as  in  others, 

"  it  is  all  the  more  deplorable  that  the 
higher  intellectual  training  of  our  Cavalry 
Officers  practically  ceases  after  the  War 
School,  because  the  practical  day-to-day 
duties  of  their  profession  furnishes  [sic] 
them  with  nothing  which  can  replace  the 
need  for  a  higher  thooretical  training. 
Generally,  their  attention  is  absorbed  by 
the  smallest  of  details." 

The  future   of   the   empire   may   depend 


574 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,1906 


upon  the  captain  of  cavalry  as  much  as 
upon  the  naval  lieutenant  ;  but  it  seems 
easier  to  create  the  latter  than  the  former 
officer.  We  can  imagine  the  shudder  of 
the  rich  youth  who  is  seeking  for  the  best 
polo  club  when  he  finds  the  Prussian 
general,  in  his  last  words  on  cavalry 
education,  dealing  in  such  phrases  as 
"  the  higher  the  intellectual  pinnacle  on 
which  he  is  placed,  the  wider  becomes  his 
horizon." 

As  to  the  maxims  in  which  the  conclu- 
sion is  set  forth  there  will  be  no  difference 
of  opinion  among  the  well-informed  : — 

"  The  value  of  Cavalry  in  relation  to  the 
other  Arms  has  risen  materially  as  a  con- 
sequence of  the  whole  range  of  changes 
introduced  into  the  conduct  of  modern  War. 
....  The  difficulties  of  leadership ....  have 
increased  very  materially." 

The  experience  of  our  Boer  War  has  been 
used  against  cavalry.  In  this  volume  it 
is — rightly,  as  we  think — used  on  its 
behalf.  The  translator  in  his  Preface 
somewhat  underrates  the  possibility  of 
proving  the  cavalry  case  from  the  Boer 
War  alone.  He  deals  too  much  with  the 
absence  of  true  cavalry  on  the  Boer  side. 
The  account  of  Lord  Methuen's  operations 
in  the  latest  stages  of  the  war  is  enough 
to  show  that,  under  the  stress  of  fighting, 
the  Boers  learnt  to  come  as  near  as  was 
possible  for  them  to  cavalry  principles. 


The  Reminiscences  of  Lady  Dorothy  Nevill. 
Edited  by  her  Son,  Ralph  Nevill. 
(Arnold.) 

Lady  Dorothy  Nevill's  recollections 
resemble  nothing  so  much  as  drawing- 
room  conversation  in  its  happier  moments. 
They  are  bright,  charitable,  rather  in- 
consequential ;  and  if  they  sometimes 
descend  to  trivialities,  a  pointed  anecdote 
soon  brings  gaiety  back  again.  Her 
living  friends  ought  to  be  much  flattered 
by  the  pretty  compliments  Lady  Dorothy 
pays  them.  Sir  Charles  Wyndham,  for 
example,  is  informed  that  Heaven  seems 
to  have  dowered  him  with  perennial 
youth  ;  Lady  Wolseley  that  the  charm  of 
her  home  has  been  greatly  enhanced  by 
the  exercise  of  a  cultured  instinct  for  every- 
thing which  is  curious  and  beautiful ;  Mr. 
Winston  Churchill  that  Lady  Dorothy  can 
only  hope  that  his  exceptionally  brilliant 
intelligence  will  not  allow  itself  to  be 
overtaxed.  Amen  to  that.  These  amia- 
bilities may  not  carry  Lady  Dorothy's 
readers  very  far.  Still,  her  '  Reminis- 
cences '  contain  much  that  is  of  peculiar 
interest,  particularly  when  she  leaves  the 
present  for  the  past ;  and  we  get  some- 
how from  them  a  clearer  conception  of 
Bernal  Osborne,  George  Payne,  and  many 
others  than  is  to  be  obtained  from  more 
ambitious  attempts  at  social  portraiture. 

Lord  Orford,  Lady  Dorothy's  father, 
might  have  sat  for  the  turf-loving  Lord 
Ascot  of  Henry  Kingsley's  '  Ravenshoe.' 
"  His  lordship  beat  by  half  a  neck  "  was 
the  stud  groom's  way  of  announcing  that 
his  horse  had  just  missed  the  Derby  of 


1835.  To  the  last  he  drove  up  to  London, 
and  travelled  on  the  Continent  in  a 
cavalcade  consisting  of  two  fourgons  con- 
taining the  batterie  de  cuisine  and  six 
beds,  the  family  coach,  a  barouche,  and 
six  saddle-horses.  As  a  girl  Lady  Dorothy 
played  a  game  with  the  King  of  Bavaria, 
consisting  of  efforts  to  draw  a  ring  with 
the  teeth  out  of  a  mound  of  flour.  At 
Munich,  too,  she  heard  that  coxcomb, 
Sir  George  Hayter,  say,  "  My  laurels, 
fortunately,  are  such  as  the  wind  cannot 
affect."  Recollections  of  Venice  include 
an  anecdote  of  how  Lord  Alvanley,  the 
dandy  and  wit,  rescued  two  old  ladies, 
the  last  of  the  Foscari,  from  the  clutches 
of  a  Jew,  and  settled  an  annuity  on  them 
by  means  of  which  they  ended  their  days 
in  comfort — an  incident  pleasingly  out  of 
keeping  with  that  exquisite's  general 
reputation  as  a  selfish  Epicurean.  Lady 
Dorothy  also  gives  a  sympathetic  descrip- 
tion of  her  brother,  an  able  man,  the  friend 
of  Disraeli,  Bulwer  Lytton,  and  Lord 
Hertford,  who  was  content  to  be  a  spec- 
tator of  life,  and  ended  his  days  as  a 
recluse.  Society  as  she  knew  it  in  the 
forties  suggests  the  following  parallel  : — 

"  Since  that  time  not  a  few  of  that  mob 
have  themselves  obtained  titles,  and  now 
quite  honestly  believe  they  are  the  old 
aristocracy  of  England.  No  one  deplores 
the  inroads  of  democracy  more  than  they, 
and  their  laments  for  the  old  days,  when  in 
reality  their  progenitors  were  engaged  in 
prosaic  but  profitable  occupations,  are 
somewhat  amusing  to  hear.  Some,  it  is 
true,  are  quite  tolerable  imitations  of  the 
great  nobles  of  the  past  ;  but  could  the  real 
thing  be  placed  side  by  side  with  its  copy 
the  difference  would  easily  appear.  How- 
ever, it  must  be  said  that,  all  things  con- 
sidered, this  new  plutocratic  class  has  not 
been  undeserving  of  praise.  Public-spirited 
and  often  generous,  they  temper  such  aris- 
tocratic vices  as  they  practise  with  the  sterner 
and  more  solid  qualities  inherited  from  the 
excellent  tradesmen  to  whose  industry  and 
enterprise  they  owe  their  present  position." 

This  onslaught  is  enough  to  shake  to 
their  foundations  ancestral  turrets  built 
up  from  the  substantial  foundation  of 
beer,  and  to  dissolve  in  hideous  ruin 
Louis  Quinze  upholstery  that  did,  or 
might  have,  come  from  the  paternal 
warehouse.  But  is  it  historically  correct  ? 
Alas  !  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  House  of 
Lords  has  never,  since  the  Wars  of  the 
Roses,  been  replenished  solely  from  the 
pure  well  of  aristocracy  undefiled.  The 
new  nobility  of  the  Tudors,  an  old  nobility 
now,  was  composed  of  able  and  pliant 
adventurers.  Charles  Fox,  who  for  many 
years  was  only  kept  out  of  the  Upper 
House  by  the  frail  life  of  a  boy,  his 
nephew  Lord  Holland,  was  the  grandson 
of  a  valet ;  Lord  Melbourne  of  a  country 
attorney.  As  for  Pitt's  peers,  if  Lady 
Dorothy  Nevill  turns  to  '  Sybil,'  the  work 
of  her  old  friend  Mr.  Disraeli,  she  will 
find  in  it  a  sardonic  account  of  the  rise 
of  the  great  Earl  de  Mowbray,  whose 
father  Warren — first  a  waiter  in  a  cele- 
brated club  in  St.  James's  Street,  and  then 
a  nabob — had  taken  his  seat  as  Lord  Fitz- 
Warene,  "  his  Norman  origin  and  descent 
from  the  old  barons  of  this  name  having 


been  discovered  at  Heralds'  College." 
The  fact  is  that  Eton  and  Christ  Church 
or  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
put  on  the  conventional  polish  in  a  genera- 
tion or  two.  But  though  Lady  Dorothy 
Nevill  appears  to  over-estimate  the  com- 
pactness of  the  old  order,  she  writes  much 
to  the  point  about  the  decline  in  the  art 
of  conversation,  and  the  decadence  of  a 
world,  the  passport  to  which  is  not  wit, 
but  wealth. 

Of  Lady  Dorothy's  individual  friends, 
the  second  Duke  of  Wellington  is  revealed 
to  us  as  a  man  of  whimsical  humour,  and 
the  writer  of  tolerably  good  light  verse. 
Lord  Ellenborough  —  the  Lord  Ellen- 
borough  of  the  gates  of  Somnauth — 
indulges  in  the  characteristic  reflection  : — 

"  As  for  public  matters,  of  course  I  have 
been  following  every  movement  in  America 
with  the  deepest  interest,  for  the  thing  I 
love  most  is  war.  I  have  done  so  all  my 
life.  I  had  rather  read  a  good  account  of  a 
battle  than  a  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott." 

Bernal  Osborne  is  represented  in  an 
amiable  light,  on  the  whole,  though  Lady 
Dorothy  admits  that  his  sarcasms  could 
wound.  Hayward,  on  the  contrary,  was 
aggressively  noisy,  in  her  opinion,  espe- 
cially after  a  copious  dinner.  But  why  is 
Bernal  Osborne  described  as  a  "  wild  Irish- 
man "  ?  He  wedded  an  Irishwoman  and 
sat  for  Waterford,  but  his  mother  was  a 
Londoner,  and  his  father  a  Spanish  Jew  by 
descent.  Lady  Dorothy's  sketch  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield,  whom  she  knew  intimately 
and  long,  is  unstudied,  but  full  of  inter- 
esting touches.  One  is  the  statement 
that  until  close  on  the  end  of  his  life  he 
could  not  rid  himself  of  the  idea  that  the 
great  mass  of  the  people  of  England  were 
prejudiced  against  him  ;  another,  that 
he  took  pains  to  find  out  appro- 
priate titles  for  his  peers.  He  wished  the 
Marquis  of  Abergavenny  to  be  Marquis 
of  Nevill — hardly  a  happy  suggestion. 
But  we  need  not  follow  Lady  Dorothy 
through  her  many  friendships,  which 
included  Cobden  and  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill,  Lady  Waldegrave  and  Kate 
Greenaway,  Dickens  and  Harrison  Weir. 
One  of  her  best  stories  concerns  George 
Payne : — 

"  In  some  respects,  perhaps,  not  altogether 
a  very  shining  light,  he  was  always  unruffled 
and  pleasant  in  conversation,  with  great 
aptitude  of  speech  for  extrication  from  any 
awkward  situation.  '  Are  you  not  coming 
to  church,  Mr.  Payne  ?  '  was  on  one  occasion 
the  stern  interrogation  of  his  hostess,  a  very 
great  lady,  who  descended  upon  him  in  all 
the  severity  of  her  Sabbath  panoply.  '  No, 
Duchess  ;  I  am  not,'  he  replied,  making 
swiftly  for  the  door,  but  pausing,  as  by  a 
polite  afterthought,  previous  to  his  exit, 
he  exclaimed  with  magnificent  emphasis, 
'  Not  that  I  see  any  harm  in  it.'  '' 

It  remains  to  add  that  society  by  no 
means  exhausts  the  contents  of  this 
pleasant  volume,  since  the  book  also 
contains  the  true  history  of  the  haunted 
house  in  Berkeley  Square,  and  disserta- 
tions on  silkworm  culture,  gardening, 
bargaining  in  furniture,  and  other 
occupations  of  a  busy  and  evidently 
happy  life. 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENJSUM 


575 


Benares,  the  Sacred  City :  Sketches  of 
Hindu  Life  and  Religion.  By  E.  B. 
Havell.     (Blackie  &  Son.) 

Mb.Havell's  account  of  Benares  is  worth 
more  than  a  passing  glance,  for  he  is  not 
to  be  confounded  with  the  crowd  of 
superficial  observers  who  every  winter 
visit  India  and  find  their  way  to  the 
sacred  city.  We  have  grown  weary  of 
sketches  made  by  enthusiastic  and 
ignorant  excursionists.  Mr.  Havell's 
opinions  are  founded  on  the  experience 
acquired  during  many  years'  residence 
in  India;  he  is  an  artist  who  presides 
over  the  Government  School  of  Art  at 
Calcutta,  and  he  has  striven  to  under- 
stand the  inner  life  of  the  people  among 
whom  he  dwells.     He  tells  us  : — 

"  These  sketches  are  not  offered  as  a  con- 
tribution to  Oriental  scholarship,  or  to 
religious  controversy,  but  as  an  attempt  to 
give  an  intelligible  outline  of  Hindu  ideas 
and  religious  practices,  and  especially  as  a 
presentation  of  the  imaginative  and  artistic 
side  of  Indian  religions,  which  can  be 
observed  at  few  places  so  well  as  in  the 
sacred  city  and  its  neighbourhood  —  the 
birthplace  of  Buddhism  and  of  one  of 
the  principal  sects  of  Hinduism." 

In  his  first  chapter  Mr.  Havell  discusses 
the  Vedic  gods,  and  speaks  of  the  Vedic 
hymns  in  the  following  enthusiastic  terms  : 

•"uThe  earl>"  Vedic  hymns  are  redolent 
with  the  fragrance  of  a  bright  and  genial 
springtime,  reflecting  the  joy  of  a  simple 
pastoral  life  in  the  golden  age  when  the 
children  of  men  played  with  Mother  Nature 
m  her  kindest  moods,  and  the  earth  and 
stars  sang  together.  The  gloom  and  terrors 
of  tropical  forests,  the  fury  of  the  cyclone, 
the  scorching  heat,  and  the  mighty  forces 
of  the  monsoon  floods  had  not  yet  infected 
Aryan  life  and  thought." 

The  foregoing  is  more  poetic  than 
accurate.  It  merely  repeats  the  views  of 
the  earlier  European  writers  that  the 
Vedic  poets  are  fountains  of  primitive 
thought,  and  reflect  the  joy  of  un- 
sophisticated herdsmen  in  whose  religion 
is  to  be  seen  a  childlike  belief  in  natural 
phenomena  as  divine  forces.  Another 
band  of  scholars,  however,  have  arisen, 
who  maintain  that  the  poets  of  the  '  Rig 
Veda  '  (the  oldest  literary  monument  of 
India)  are  not  childlike  and  naive,  and 
that  they  represent  a  comparatively  late 
period  of  culture.  Mr.  Hopkins  in  his 
1  Religions  of  India  '  —  a  book  which  de- 
serves close  study  by  all  who  take  an 
interest  in  a  complex,  but  fascinating 
subject — states  : — 

"  The  '  Rig  Veda  '  is  not  of  one  period  or 
of  one  sort.  It  is  a  '  Collection,'  as  says 
its  name.  It  is  essentially  impossible  that 
any  sweeping  statement  'in  regard  to  its 
character  should  be  true,  if  that  character 
be  regarded  as  uniform.  To  say  that  the 
*Kig  Veda  '  represents  an  age  of  childlike 
thought,  a  period  before  the  priestly  ritual 
began  its  spiritual  blight,  is  incorrect.  But 
no  less  incorrect  is  it  to  assert  that  the 
1  Rig  Veda  '  represents  a  period  when  hymns 
are  mado  only  for  rubrication  by  priests 
that  sing  only  for  backsheesh." 

He  also  expresses  a  hope  that  in  the 
battle  of  scholars,  which,  like  the  strife 
of    theologians,  is  eternal,    the    literary 


quality  of  the  hymns  may  not  be  for- 
gotten. Prof.  A.  A.  Macdonell  in  his 
paper  on  '  Vedic  Mythology  ' — a  splendid 
example  of  patient  research  and  clear 
exposition  —  points  out  that  the  '  Rig 
Veda '  presents  an  earlier  stage  in  the 
evolution  of  beliefs  based  on  the  per- 
sonification and  worship  of  natural 
phenomena  than  any  other  literary  monu- 
ment of  the  world.  Though  the  true 
gods  of  the  Vedas  are,  he  writes,  "almost 
without  exception  the  deified  representa- 
tions of  the  phenomena  or  agencies  of 
nature,"  they  are  also  "  glorified  human 
beings,  inspired  with  human  motives  and 
passions,  born  like  men,  but  immortal." 

Two  gods  in  Vedic  mythology  tower 
above  the  rest,  as  leading  deities  about 
equal  in  power :  Indra,  the  mighty 
warrior,  and  Varuna,  the  supreme  moral 
ruler : — 

"  The  older  form  of  Varuna  became,  owing 
to  the  predominance  of  his  ethical  qualities, 
the  supreme  god  of  Zoroastrianism  as  Ahura 
Mazda,  while  in  India  Indra  developed  into 
the  warrior  god  of  the  conquering  Aryans." 

Varuna  is  omniscient : — 

"  He'knows  the  flight  of  birds  in  the  sky, 
the  path  of  ships  in  the  ocean,  the  courses 
of  the  far-travelling  wind,  and  beholds  all 
the  secret  things  that  have  been  or  shall 
be  done." 

Varuna  is  above  all  the  moral  controller 
of  the  universe.  His  wrath  is  roused  by 
sin,  but  he  is  also  gracious  to  the  peni- 
tent. 

He  is  the  philosopher's  god ;  Indra 
is  the  warrior  who  aided  the  Aryans  in 
their  conquest  of  the  aboriginal  inhabi- 
tants of  India.  In  a  dry  and  thirsty  land 
he  is  held  high  in  honour  because  he  slew 
Vitra,  the  demon  of  drought,  and  it  is 
Indra  who  lets  the  rain  come  down. 
Next  to  Indra,  Agni  is  the  most  prominent 
of  the  Vedic  gods.  It  is  hardly  sufficient 
to  describe  him,  as  Mr.  Havell  does,  as 
"  the  Fire  god,  slayer  of  demons,  who 
protected  them  day  and  night  from  evil." 
Agni  is  the  personification  of  the  altar 
fire :  he  dwells  in  every  abode,  and  is 
the  lord  of  the  house.  "  The  gods  left 
Agni  as  a  dear  friend  amongst  the 
human  races."  Agni  sits  in  the  sacri- 
ficial chamber,  diffusing  happiness,  like  a 
benevolent  man  amongst  mankind.  Agni 
resembles  in  purity  "  an  irreproachable 
and  beloved  wife,"  and  "  ornaments  the 
chamber  of  sacrifice,  as  a  woman  adorns 
a  dwelling."  Agni  is  the  high  priest  who 
knows  all  rites.  He  is  also  regarded  as 
having  a  triple  character  :  "Asa  sun  he 
lights  earth,  and  gives  life,  sustenance, 
children,  and  wealth ;  as  lightning  he 
destroys ;  as  fire  he  befriends."  Closely 
connected  with  Agni  is  Usas,  the  dawn 
that  opens  the  gates  of  darkness. 

Mr.  Havell  passes  from  the  Vedic  hymns 
to  the  Brahmanas,  "  which  embody  the 
priestly  traditions  of  sacrifice,"  and  the 
Upanishads,  "  or  philosophical  discus- 
sions." But  to  attempt  to  discuss  ade- 
quately the  Brahmanas  and  Upanishads 
in  a  few  lines  is  to  undertake  an  im- 
possible task.  The  former,  Mr.  Havell 
states. 


"  are  an  extraordinary  compilation  of  ritual 
practice  and  explanation,  evolved  by  the 
imaginations  of  the  priestly  families,  who 
piled  form  upon  form  and  rite  upon  rite, 
until  the  simple  piety  of  the  early  Aryan 
was  buried  in  a  mass  of  superstitious  ob- 
servances." 

A  vague  statement  of  this  nature  is 
not  only  of  little  value,  but  is  also  apt  to 
mislead.  The  subject-matter  of  the  Brah- 
manas is  no  doubt  the  cult,  yet  in  them  are 
found  moral  teachings  and  other  matter 
of  value.  In  these  books,  as  Mr.  Hop- 
kins puts  it,  religion  is  not  dead,  but 
sleeping,  to  wake  again  in  the  Upanishads 
with  a  fuller  spiritual  life  than  is  found 
in  any  other  pre-Christian  system. 

To  the  epic  we  must  turn  for  the 
growth  of  the  modern  religion,  and  Mr. 
Havell  devotes  some  space  to  a  review 
of  the  '  Maha-bharata  '  and  the  '  Rama- 
yana,'  the  two  ancient  epics  which  two 
hundred  millions  of  Hindus  of  the  present 
day  cherish  in  their  hearts.  It  is  true, 
as  we  are  now  so  often  told,  that  there 
is  no  single  nation  in  India,  but  let  us 
not  forget  the  strong  bonds  which  bind 
together  two  hundred  millions  of  Hindus 
of  the  present  day.  A  blow  given  to 
the  social  and  religious  fabric  of  Hindu 
society  in  Bengal  is  felt  in  Gujarat.  Mr. 
Havell  informs  us  that  there  are  no  fewer 
than  five  millions  of  mendicant  religious 
devotees  in  India,  and  it  is  well  to  re- 
member that  they  wander  throughout 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  continent, 
and  are  the  deadly  enemies  of  our  rule. 
Benares  is  their  chief  meeting  ground,  for 
Benares  has  been  and  is  the  centre  of 
Hindu  religious  life.  It  is  not  in  its 
architectural  features,  as  Mr.  Havell  re- 
minds us,  that  the  chief  attraction  of 
Benares  lies  :  "It  is  as  a  microcosm  of 
Indian  life,  customs,  and  popular  beliefs 
that  it  furnishes  a  never-ending  fasci- 
nation." But  with  the  sensuous  charm 
there  is  mingled  a  feeling  of  disgust  and 
loathing.  The  air  teems  with  pollution. 
At  Benares  the  foul  worship  of  Siva  or 
the  generator  prevails.  The  temple  which 
attracts  the  most  worshippers  and  re- 
ceives the  highest  meed  of  honour  is 
dedicated  to  him,  and  the  image  is  a 
plain  lingam.  It  is  hard  to  find  in  rites 
so  puerile  and  tawdry  anything  that 
expresses  a  religious  idea.  By  the  village 
stream  and  the  village  shrine  lingers  the 
fascination  of  ancient  heathenism,  but 
Benares  reveals  its  foulness.  Mr.  Havell 
says : — 

"  It  is  waste  of  energy  for  Christians  to 
inveigh  merely  against  Hindu  superstition, 
idolatry,  and  caste.  It  is  rather  by  sym- 
pathetic study  of  Hinduism  in  all  its  aspects 
that  we  shall  learn  to  reach  the  hearts  of 
the  people,  as  our  great  Teacher  did  on  the 
shores  of  Galilee." 

But  while  we  sympathize  with  the 
Brahmanism  which  produced  the  Upani- 
shads we  must  brand  the  outworn  shibbo- 
leths of  a  corrupt  and  sensuous  paganism. 
The  native  does  not  want  idle  sympathy 
for  his  creed,  but  he  respects  the  man  who 
recommends  his  own  faith  by  word  and 
action.  The  men  who  made  our  Indian 
Empire  were  men  like   Henry  Lawrence, 


576 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4124,  Nov.  10.  1906 


Thomason,  and  Reynell  Taylor,  who 
shone  forth  in  justice  and  truth,  and  by 
the  ascendancy  of  their  character  and 
faith  led  and  civilized  alien  races. 

Mr.  Havell  gives  us  an  account  of  the 
whole  series  of  Ghats,  from  that  of 
Dasa-Samedh,  or  the  Ten-horse  Sacrifice, 
to  the  one  at  Barna  Sangam,  where  the 
Benares  river  joins  the  Ganges  ;  and  he 
conveys  a  good  deal  of  information  in 
a  very  c  ear  style.  Now  and  then  he 
indulges  in  a  little  fine  writing : — 

"  There  is  a  coppery  glow  on  the  Eastern 
horizon ;  the  Ashvins.  twin  heralds  of  the 
dawn,  are  rising.  Curling  wreaths  of  evapo- 
ration rise  from  the  placid  river,  and  a 
blanket  of  white  mist  lies  over  the  great 
sandy  waste,  laid  bare  by  the  shrinking  of 
the  monsoon  flood.  King  Soma,  the  Moon, 
is  sinking  slowly  behind  the  ghats,  and  in 
the  dim  light  of  his  silvery  rays  the  massive 
monasteries  and  palaces,  built  by  devout 
Hindu  princes,  loom  mysteriously  out  of 
the  mist,  and  seem  to  rise  like  a  gigantic 
fortress  wall,  sheer  from  the  water's  edge. 
A  few  boats  are  crossing  the  river,  bringing 
passengers  to  the  holy  city,  from  the  un- 
hallowed ground  on  the  opposite  shore, 
where  no  Hindu  will  care  to  die,  for  fear  of 
being  re-incarnated  as  an  ass." 

Allowance  must  be  made  for  a  writer 
who  has  floated  down  the  river  at  Benares 
on  a  December  morning.  The  illustra- 
tions have  evidently  been  chosen  by  an 
artist,  and  they  are  excellently  repro- 
duced. 


Christopher  Columbus  and  the  New  World 
of  his  Discovery.  A  Narrative  by  Filson 
Young.  Maps  and  Illustrations.  2  vols. 
(E.  Grant  Richards.) 

The  author  of  '  Christopher  Columbus  ' 
is  certainly  a  modest  man.  He  makes 
"  no  claim  to  have  added  one  iota  of  infor- 
mation or  one  fragment  of  original 
research  to  the  expert  knowledge  regard- 
ing the  life  of  Columbus."  His  work,  he 
tells  us,  is  "  entirely  based  on  the  labours 
of  other  people."  At  the  same  time, 
where  trustworthy  evidence  fails  him,  he 
allows  full  play  to  his  beliefs,  to  his 
imagination,  and  to  conjecture.  Thus 
when  dealing  with  the  relations  between 
the  families  of  Domenico  and  Antonio 
Columbus,  "  he  has  a  belief,  supported  by 
no  historical  fact  or  document,  that  there 
was  a  mild  cousinly  feud."  He  accepts 
the  statement  of  Colombus  that  he  was 
fourteen  years  old  when  he  first  went  to  sea 
as  "  one  of  the  few  of  his  autobiographical 
utterances  that  we  need  not  doubt  "  ;  but 
when  he  takes  the  young  sailor  to  the 
various  Mediterranean  and  Black  Sea  ports 
frequented  by  the  Genoese,  or  to  the  map- 
room  of  Benincasa,  he  frankly  admits  that 
"  this  is  all  conjecture,  but  very  reasonable 
conjecture."  Again,  in  order  to  depict  the 
early  days  spent  by  Columbus  at  Lisbon, 
there  being  absolutely  no  records  avail- 
able, he  thinks  he  "  may  look  once  more 
into  the  glass  of  imagination  and  try  to 
find  a  picture  there." 

Serious  students  may  be  shocked  by 
such  methods  ;  they  may  miss  the  nume- 
rous foot-notes  and  references  to  autho- 
rities usual  in  works  of  this  class  ;   but  the 


author  did  not  write  for  them.  He  wrote 
for  "  the  general  reading  public,"  among 
which,  he  seems  to  think,  there  are  many 
people,  otherwise  well  informed,  "  whose 
knowledge  of  Columbus  is  comprised 
within  two  beliefs,  one  of  them  erroneous 
and  the  other  doubtful,  that  he  discovered 
America,  and  performed  a  trick  with  an 

egg-" 

As  a  popular  narrative  of  one  of  the 
greatest  events  in  the  world's  history  the 
work  before  us  is  deserving  of  high  praise, 
and  upon  the  whole  it  is  trustworthy,  not- 
withstanding the  conjectural  details  which 
are  introduced  in  order  to  impart  life  and 
colour  to  the  little  that  is  known  of  the 
early  years  of  Columbus.  His  claims  to 
noble  ancestors,  to  a  university  training, 
and  to  a  distinguished  career  in  the  service 
of  King  Rene  are  wisely  dismissed  in  a 
few  words  ;  but  the  great  life-work  of  the 
admiral,  from  its  inception  to  its  trium- 
phant realization,  is  dealt  with  fully,  and 
in  a  manner  both  instructive  and  interest- 
ing. A  little  more  sympathy  might  have 
been  shown  by  the  author  in  dealing  with 
the  subsequent  history  of  the  discoverer  of 
America,  when  his  life  "  set  in  clouds  and 
darkness."  The  estimate  of  the  "  Man  " 
Columbus  seems  to  us  altogether  too 
harsh.     The  author  says  : — 

"  We  have  seen,  dimly,  what  his  youth 
was  :  that  he  came  of  poor  people  who  were 
of  no  importance  to  the  world  at  large  ;  that 
he  earned  his  living  as  a  working  man  ;  that 
he  became  possessed  of  an  Idea  ;  that  he 
fought  manfully  and  diligently  until  lie  had 
realized  it  ;  and  that  then  he  found  himself 
in  a  position  beyond  his  powers  to  deal  with, 
not  being  a  strong  enough  swimmer  to  hold 
his  own  in  the  rapid  tide  of  events  which 
he  had  set  flowing  ;  and  we  have  seen  him 
sinking  at  last  in  that  tide,  weighed  down 
by  the  very  things  for  which  he  had  bar- 
gained and  stipulated  !...  .He  continually 
told  lies  about  himself,  and  misrepresented 
facts  when  the  truth  proved  inconvenient 
to  him  ;  he  was  vain  and  boastful  to  a 
degree  that  can  only  excite  our  compassion. 
He  was  naturally  and  sincerely  pious,  and 
drew  from  his  religion  much  strength  and 
spiritual  nourishment  ;  but  he  was  also 
capable  of  hypocrisy,  and  of  using  the  self- 
same religion  as  a  cloak  for  his  greed  and 
cruelty." 

We  detect,  of  course,  some  truth  in  all 
this,  but  also  a  great  deal  of  exaggeration. 
The  good  points  in  the  character  of 
Columbus,  which  the  author  himself  sees, 
are  not  sufficiently  dwelt  upon  ;  whilst  in 
other  respects,  such  as  the  question  of 
slavery,  he  is  judged  by  a  code  of  morality 
which  was  not  generally  recognized  in  the 
fifteenth  century. 

It  is  almost  unavoidable  in  the  case 
of  a  work  dealing  with  such  a  multitude 
of  facts,  many  of  them  controverted,  that 
the  author  and  his  critic  should  occasion- 
ally differ.  The  author  may  be  forgiven 
for  accepting  the  story  of  the  mysterious 
pilot  of  Huelva,  for  he  is  countenanced  in 
this  by  highly  respectable  authorities  ; 
but  before  he  told  his  readers  that  he  saw 
the  island  Antilia  on  the  Catalan  chart  in 
longitude  25°  35'  W.  (of  Greenwich,  we 
suppose),  he  ought  to  have  consulted  that 
chart,  when  he  would  have  searched  in 
vain  for  the  island  named  or  for  meridians 


enabling  him  to  state  its  longitude.  The 
Earl  of  Dunraven,  who  is  the  author  of 
a  most  instructive  '  Note  on  the  Naviga- 
tion of  Columbus's  First  Voyage,'  printed 
as  an  appendix,  would  have  been  able  to 
inform  him  on  this  matter,  and  also  to  point 
out  his  mistake  when  he  describes  the 
astrolabe  as  "  improved  "  by  Regiomon- 
tanus  as  the  astrolabe  commonly  used 
by  seamen.  The  author  tells  us  that 
Columbus,  in  all  his  voluminous  writings, 
never  once  mentions  his  wife  ;  but  he  did 
so  in  a  letter  written  in  1500,  and  pub- 
lished by  Naverrete,  where  he  says  that 
when  he  left  Portugal  for  Spain  he  "  left 
behind  him  wife  and  children,  whom  he 
never  saw  again."  The  author  is  equally 
mistaken  when  he  asserts  that  Columbus 
commanded  one  of  the  vessels  in  Diogo 
d'Azambuja's  fleet  in  1481,  and  when  he 
identifies  the  Bartolomeo  Diaz  who  boarded 
the  Nina  when  she  anchored  in  the  Tagus, 
in  1493,  with  the  famous  navigator  of 
that  name. 

On  another  question  of  some  interest, 
namely  the  authenticity  of  the  letters 
generally  believed  to  have  been  written 
by  Toscanelli,  the  author  frankly  accepts 
the  views  of  Mr.  Henry  Vignaud.  He 
"  guesses  "  that  these  letters  are  the  joint 
production  of  the  brothers  Christopher 
and  Bartholomew,  who  intended  eventu- 
ally to  produce  them  as  a  proof  that  their 
scheme  of  Western  exploration  had  the 
support  of  a  man  whose  high  scientific 
attainments  were  universally  recognized. 
Toscanelli  merely  made  the  dogmatic 
assertion  that  the  meridian  difference 
between  Lisbon  and  Cipangu  (Japan) 
amounted  to  110°,  while  Columbus  col- 
lected evidence  which  proved,  at  all 
events,  that  there  existed  undiscovered 
islands  to  the  west.  He  was  able,  no 
doubt,  to  produce  globes  in  support  of  an 
opinion,  then  generally  held,  that  the 
distance  between  Europe  and  Eastern  Asia 
was  much  shorter  than  it  ultimately 
turned  out  to  be.  Of  the  existence  of  a 
continent  like  America  neither  he  nor 
Toscanelli  had  the  slightest  idea. 

The  illustrations  are  few  in  number, 
but  excellent  of  their  kind.  Most  of  the 
maps  are  reprints  from  Sir  Clements  R. 
Markham's  '  Life  of  Christopher  Columbus' 
published  in  1892. 


Primitive  and  Mediaeval  Japanese  Texts. 
By  F.  V.  Dickins.  2  vols.  (Oxford, 
Ciarendon  Press.) 

Soon  after  Japan  was  opened  to  foreign 
trade  in  1859,  a  small  group  of  British 
and  American  scholars  took  up  the  study 
of  the  difficult  language  of  that  country 
with  extraordinary  zeal  and  industry. 
It  was  an  arduous  enterprise,  for  they 
had  no  grammars,  dictionaries,  or  other 
textbooks  deserving  the  name,  and  their 
native  teachers  knew  little  or  no  English. 
Mr.  Dickins  was  one  of  the  earliest  of 
these  pioneers  of  learning.  So  long  ago 
as  1865,  he  brought  out  a  translation  of 
an  anthology  of  short  poems,  which  was 
followed  by  a  series  of  similar  publications, 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


577 


culminating  in  the  two  handsome  volumes 
now  before  us. 

In  one  of  these  volumes  we  find  the 
Romanized  text  of  a  selection  from  the 
oldest  monuments  of  Japanese  literature, 
while  the  other  contains  a  translation, 
"with  introductions  and  notes.  The  greater 
part  of  the  work  is  very  judiciously 
-devoted  to  the  '  Manyoshiu,'  which  Mr. 
Dickins  describes  as 

"  a  pracious,  and  indeod  unparalleled, 
anthology  of  verse,  wholly  Japanese  in 
diction  and  phrasing,  and  predominantly 
so  in  the  themes  it  deals  with  and  in  the 
treatment  of  these — themes  taken  mainly 
form  the  life  of  the  time  and  its  natural 
-environment,  and  altogether  exhibiting 
almost  the  oldest,  perhaps  the  truest, 
■certainly  the  most  pleasing,  portraiture 
extant  of  the  Japanese  world  in  its  archaic 
stage." 

A  native  critic  calls  it  "  the  ancestor  and 
model  of  all  subsequent  Japanese  verse, 
to  be  admired  and  revered  as  the  moon 
in  high  heaven."  It  must  not  be  imagined, 
however,  that  the  '  Manyoshiu,'  or  indeed 
any  of  these  old  writings,  is  to  be  classed 
along  with  the  masterpieces  of  Europe. 
Only  critics  of  the  type  which  finds  Titians 
and  Michael  Angelos  among  the  painters 
of  Japan  will  do  so.  Mr.  Dickins 
is  under  no  such  illusion.  "  The  lays," 
he  points  out,  "  cannot  be  said  to  form 
an  addition  to  the  world's  poetry.  But 
they  are  a  contribution,  and  a  most  inter- 
esting one,  to  its  verse."  Most  of  these 
poems  have  not  previously  been  translated. 

The  word  "  lay,"  which  Mr.  Dickins 
applies  to  the  poetry  of  the  '  Manyoshiu,' 
is  suggestive  of  narrative  verse,  like  '  The 
Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel '  or  the  '  Lays 
of  Ancient  Rome.'  As  a  fact,  lyrical 
pieces  predominate — the  loyal  effusions 
of  the  Court  poet,  songs  of  the  affections, 
and  praise  of  Nature  in  her  varied  aspects. 
Curiously  enough,  there  is  hardly  a  trace 
of  warlike  or  religious  enthusiasm.  There 
are  a  few  of  the  '  Manyoshiu '  poems, 
however,  to  which  the  term  "  lay "  is 
more  applicable.  One  of  these,  a  ballad 
well  rendered  by  Mr.  Dickins,  tells  the 
story  of  a  fisher-boy  named  Urashima 
who  married  a  sea-god's  daughter,  and 
went  to  live  with  her  in  happiness  and 
luxury  in  a  gorgeous  palace  at  the  bottom 
of  the  sea.  He  had  spent  only  a  short 
time,  as  he  thought,  in  her  society,  but 
on  revisiting  his  home,  he  found  that  all 
trace  of  the  parental  dwelling  and  its 
inmates  had  long  since  disappeared.  With 
the  idea  that  he  might  bring  them  back 
again,  he  raised  the  lid  of  a  casket  which 
had  been  entrusted  to  him  by  his  wife 
with  injunctions  not  to  open  it.  It  con- 
tained his  own  life,  which  streamed  away 
like  a  cloud  to  the  Immortal  Land,  leav- 
ing him  a  corpse  upon  the  shore.  The 
whole  story  is  full  of  Chinese  traits,  and 
suggests  a  strong  suspicion  that  Japan 
owes  more  of  its  poetical  inspiration  to 
China  than  has  yet  been  realized. 

Mr.  Dickins's  translations  are  cha- 
racterized by  a  quaintness  of  diction  which 
will  doubtless  give  pleasure  to  many 
readers  and  be  distasteful  to  others.  It 
may    be    plausibly    contended    that    an 


archaic  English  rendering  is  appropriate 
to  the  archaism  of  the  original.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  are  plain- minded  people 
who  will  not  be  convinced  that  anything 
is  gained  by  the  use  of  such  expressions 
as  "  all  -  where,"  "  etern,"  "  maugre," 
"  gest,"  "  woesome,"  "  unholpen,"  &c. 

The  other  texts  contained  in  these 
volumes  are  the  March  en  of  '  The  Bamboo- 
Worker,'  a  curious  tale  of  old  Japan,  pene- 
trated with  Chinese  and  Buddhist  ideas  ; 
the  '  Introduction  to  the  Kokinshiu  An- 
thology,' which  is  surely  the  oldest  literary 
criticism  in  any  Turanian  language  ;  and 
a  '  No,'  or  mediaeval  mystery-play.  The 
introductions  form  a  solid  and  instructive 
mass  of  erudition  which  testifies  to  long 
and  patient  "  poring  over  many  a  volume 
of  forgotten  lore." 

It  would  be  a  thankless  office  to  dwell 
on  some  minor  blemishes  of  translation, 
inevitable  when  a  work  of  Japanese 
scholarship  is  produced  in  this  country. 
We  may,  however,  note  one  divergence 
from  the  original  which  has  something 
more  than  a  merely  philological  interest. 
In  Lay  37,  an  ode  to  Mount  Fuji,  the 
translator  makes  the  god  dwell  on  the 
mountain.  But,  just  as  Horace's  "  fons 
Bandusise,"  to  which  he  promises  the 
offering  of  a  kid,  is  not  a  nymph  of  the 
fountain,  but  the  crystal  water  itself 
("  splendidior  vitro  "),  so  to  the  Japanese 
poet  there  is  here  no  separate  anthropo- 
morphic divinity.  It  is  the  actual  visible 
mountain  which  is  regarded  as  a  god. 
To  the  student  of  literature  this  distinc- 
tion matters  little.  Jebb,  whom  nobody 
will  accuse  of  slovenly  workmanship, 
modifies  his  original  in  the  very  same  way 
by  inserting  "  God  of  "  before  the  name 
of  a  nature-deity  in  his  translation  of 
Sophocles.  But  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  scientific  student  of  religion,  it  is 
important  to  observe  that  both  translators 
have  substituted  for  the  primary  con- 
ception of  deity  a  secondary  one  less 
remote  from  modern  ideas.  Comte 
rendered  an  important  service  by  point- 
ing out  this  line  of  development,  viz., 
from  the  worship  of  the  natural  object 
to  that  of  an  anthropomorphic  deity, 
dwelling  in  or  controlling  it,  though  his 
terminology — "  fetishism  "  for  the  first 
phase,  and.  "  theological  stage  "  for  the 
second — is  open  to  objection. 

In  spite  of  the  well-meant  efforts  of  an 
influential  society  formed  with  the  object 
of  bringing  about  a  general  use  of  the 
Roman  character  in  writing  Japanese,  the 
the  difficulty  of  reading  the  modern 
semi-Chinese  texts  when  so  written 
has  hitherto  proved  an  insuperable 
obstacle  to  its  adoption.  But  in  the 
case  of  the  old  literature,  composed 
before  the  intrusion  of  the  Chinese  element, 
the  Roman  script  has  many  advantages. 
Even  the  most  devoted  admirers  of  the 
Chinese  character  will  find  Mr.  Dickins's 
transliteration  more  convenient  for  use 
than  the  original.  The  spacing  between 
the  words  is  a  distinct  gain.  Japanese 
scribes  and  printers  have  a  vile  habit  of 
running  on  their  sentences  without  the 
least  sign  to  indicate  where  one  word 
ends  and  another  begins.     With  a  Chinese 


or  semi-Chinese  text  this  does  not  so  much 
matter,  as  the  ideographs  serve  to  mark 
the  distinction  tolerably  well  ;  but  in 
poetry,  from  which  Chinese  words  are 
excluded,  and  in  other  phonetically  written 
texts,  it  creates  a  grave  inconvenience,  and 
would  never  be  tolerated  in  European 
typography. 

The  old  question  of  the  relative  priority 
of  poetry  and  prose  crops  up  again  in 
connexion  with  the  early  Japanese  lite- 
rature. Mr.  Dickins  truly  observes  that 
the  oldest  extant  specimens  are  in  verse. 
It  is,  however,  probable  that  the  prose 
norito,  or  Shinto  rituals,  are  in  substance 
of  equal  or  even  greater  antiquity, 
although  the  recension  we  now  possess 
dates  only  from  the  tenth  century. 
Perhaps  the  true  inference  to  be  drawn 
from  the  Japanese  facts  is  that  in  lite- 
rature prose  and  poetry  are  at  first  hardly 
distinguished  from  each  other.  The 
earliest  Japanese  poems  are  rude  in  form, 
irregular  in  metre,  and  but  feebly  ima- 
ginative ;  while  the  prose,  on  the  other 
hand,  contains  passages  which  are  not 
devoid  of  rhythmical  and  ornate  qualities. 

The  value  of  this  work  is  enhanced  by 
a  glossary  of  all  the  words  which  occur  in 
the  texts  and  by  a  list  of  makura-kotoba 
with  their  explanations.  The  makura- 
kotoba,  or  pillow- words,  are  stock  epithets 
reminding  us  of  Homer's  "  windy  Troy  " 
or  "  many-fount ained  Ida."  Their  inter- 
pretation often  subjects  to  a  severe  strain 
the  acumen  and  resources  of  the  most 
able  scholars,  Japanese  or  European. 
When  we  add  that  the  Introduction  con- 
tains a  sufficient  sketch  of  the  older 
grammar,  it  will  be  seen  that  these 
two  volumes,  apart  from  their  interest 
to  the  general  reader,  comprise  in  them- 
selves all  that  is  necessary  for  very  con- 
siderable progress  in  the  direct  know- 
ledge of  the  older  Japanese  literature. 
They  take  high  rank  among  scholarly 
works  on  Japan,  and  will  be  the  indis- 
pensable companion  of  the  serious  student. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


A  Lady  of  Rome.     By  F.  Marion   Craw- 
ford.    (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Crawford's  new  Roman  story  is 
almost  without  incident,  being  rather  a 
long-drawn-out  psychological  study  of  a 
woman's  expiation.  When  Maria  Mont- 
alto's  husband  first  leaves  her  upon  her 
confession  that  her  son  is  not  his,  her 
quiet  life  with  her  boy,  undisturbed  by 
the  presence  of  either  her  husband  or 
her  lover,  is  not  difficult.  The  struggle 
only  begins  when,  five  years  later,  Bal- 
dassare  del  Castiguone  returns  to  Rome, 
and,  conscious  that  they  are  as  much  in 
love  with  one  another  as  ever,  these  two 
try  to  build  up  an  impossible  edifice  of 
spiritual  relationship  upon  the  doubtful 
foundations  of  unforgotten  sin.  Mont- 
alto's  reappearance  interrupts  this 
visionary  situation,  and  Maria's  expia- 
tion as  a  much  loved  and  forgiven 
wife  restored  to  honour  in  the  ancestral 
palace   is   as   complete   as  it    is    painful. 


578 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


Happily  Baldassare  and  Maria  meet 
with  due  reward  for  their  fidelity  to  a 
vow  of  separation.  Maria  is  an  intrin- 
sically good  woman,  but  she  fails  to  be 
as  convincing  as  some  of  the  slighter 
characters  who  are  depicted  with  more 
of  Mr.  Crawford's  usual  vitality  ;  notably 
the  sweet  wholesome-minded  Giuliana 
Parenzo,  and  the  old  Capuchin  monk 
who  had  lost  an  arm  fighting  under 
Garibaldi. 

The  Story  of  Bavm.     By  Katharine  Tynan. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

'  The  Story  of  Bawn  '  is  in  Mrs.  Hink- 
son's^familiar  Irish  vein,  pleasant,  easy, 
flowing  over  the  surface  of  life.  There 
is  the  "  nice  "  girl,  who  on  this  occasion 
is  her  own  chronicler,  and  records  the  love- 
makings  that  seem  so  easily  to  beset 
these  heroines.  The  trusty  hound  and 
the  faithful  Irish  servants  are  also  por- 
trayed with  the  usual  touches  of  kindness 
and  knowledge.  We  notice  that  the  use 
of  "  shall  "  and  "  will  "  is  still  a  difficulty, 
if  not  with  the  author,  at  least  with  her 
characters.  But  this  on  Irish  soil  is  to 
be  expected.  Troubles,  some  rather  of  a 
trifling  sort,  crop  up  in  the  course  of  the 
tale,  but  only  to  be  swept  away.  The 
story  closes  with  three  weddings  and  a 
comfortable  progress  down  the  hill  of  life 
for  the  much  tried  and  attached  old  pair, 
the  grandparents  of  "  Bawn  "  herself. 


The    Poacher's     Wife.     By    Eden    Phill- 
potts.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Phillpotts  has  at  the  back  of  his 
temperament  a  slight  weakness  for  melo- 
drama, which  he  rectifies  in  his  more  con- 
siderable books.  Now  and  again,  however, 
he  gives  way  to  it  ;  he  indulges  himself. 
In  this  book  he  undoubtedly  does  so. 
Its  opening  is  characteristic  and  promis- 
ing, for  it  is  a  conversation  in  an  inn 
between  several  countrymen  concerning 
the  waywardness  of  the  gamekeeper's 
son.  We  are  on  tiptoe  just  here,  and 
anxious  to  see  over  the  hedges.  Un- 
fortunately the  accustomed  eye  presently 
singles  out  the  villain,  and  after  that  we 
are  in  no  doubt  as  to  what  must  happen  ; 
for  the  villain  is  a  rejected  lover  of  the 
hero's  affianced  wife,  and  the  hero  is  a 
poacher.  From  these  premises  we  expect 
a  development  in  violence,  and  murder, 
and  wrongful  arrest,  and  we  get  all  in  due 
course.  Mr.  Phillpotts  is,  however,  not 
content  with  his  melodrama  as  it  stands  : 
he  drafts  away  his  hero  to  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  has  exciting  experiences 
in  rescuing  his  young  master  from  the 
wicked  plots  of  Obi  men  ;  and  he  returns 
with  a  black  face  as  that  master's  negro 
servant,  and  so  lives  in  the  Devon  house- 
hold unrecognized  by  his  former  acquaint- 
ances. This  smacks  of  the  old  Adelphi 
stage.  We  can  heartily  commend,  as 
usual,  the  portraits  of  the  Devon  people, 
and  of  those  moormen  whom  Mr.  Phill- 
potts loves,  and  whom  he  has  made 
familiar  to  us. 


The  Wages  of  Pleasure.     By  J.  A.  Steuart. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

During  its  previous  existence  as  a  news- 
paper serial  this  story  was  placed  in  a 
more  suitable  environment  than  in  its 
present  form,  since  it  possesses  both  live- 
liness and  alertness.  Some  stirring  issues, 
such  as  card-sharping,  forgery,  and  suicide, 
are  introduced  ;  but  they  are  not  deve- 
loped with  either  lucidity  or  impressiveness. 
The  "  Eupatrid  "  club  of  female  gamblers, 
the  title-hunting  Americans,  the  spend- 
thrift young  lord  their  quarry,  and  his 
haughty  patrician  father  do  not  move  us 
to  more  than  a  languid  interest.  We 
have  almost  forgotten  the  angelic  daughter 
of  a  noble  but  ruined  house  who  plays 
the  part  of  heroine. 


Quicksilver    and    Flame.     By    St.    John 
Lucas.     (Arnold.) 

We  cannot  comprehend  the  conduct  of 
Mr.  Lucas's  heroine.  In  the  beginning 
she  was  no  doubt  wise  in  refusing  to  run 
away  with  her  Englishman,  however 
charming  he  might  have  been  ;  but  her 
subsequent  behaviour  leaves  much  for 
wonderment.  She  was  an  actress,  and 
such  an  actress  as  we  are  accustomed  to 
only  in  fiction  and  the  daily  papers  ;  and 
in  the  end  she  deliberately  murdered  her 
art  and  her  reputation  for  the  sake  of  her 
love.  Why  she  did  so  Mr.  Lucas  does  not 
adequately  explain.  But  we  must  not 
demand  too  much  of  him.  He  is  bright, 
gay,  and  irresponsible ;  and  he  loves 
to  handle  delicate  sexual  situations. 
A  more  robust  talent  would  have  ren- 
dered this  book  more  sensible,  and  have 
spoilt  it.  It  is  not  sensible  at  all,  but 
thoroughly  readable.  The  Englishman, 
who  is  a  lord,  is  very  dull  and  very 
earnest,  but  the  actress  is  charming. 
The  subsidiary  characters  are  on  the  whole 
more  convincing  than  the  principal  figures. 
Mr.  Lucas  does  not  advance  so  fast  as 
we  had  hoped.  His  grip  on  life  is  slight, 
and,  we  fear,  will  never  be  strong.  But 
he  may  yet  make  a  popular  success,  like 
Henry  Harland,  whose  work  his  recalls. 


The  Avenging  Hour.     By  H.  F.  Prevost 
Battersby.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

One  can  clearly  perceive  that  Mr.  Bat- 
tersby delights  in  the  delicate  interplay 
of  sex,  and  he  handles  with  tact  and 
address  a  situation  which  ordinarily 
would  be  full  of  risk.  His  lovers 
met  in  a  railway  train  and  had  never 
seen  each  other  before.  Yet  the 
episode  is  so  treated  that  nothing  very 
strange  or  impossible  offends  one.  It  is 
only  when  one  is  asked  to  believe  later 
that  the  woman  is  twenty-three,  has 
married  an  octogenarian,  and  lives  buried 
in  the  country  that  one  demurs.  So 
accomplished  a  fencer,  and  so  deft  a 
woman  of  the  world,  could  hardly  bo  pro- 
duced by  such  circumstances.  She  breaks 
her  way  into  the  hero's  heart,  and  opens 
the  tragi-comedy  of  the  tale.  We  are 
not    thoroughly    satisfied    with    this.     It 


will  appear  to  some  readers  to  be  un- 
pleasant, and  it  is  certainly  unnecessary. 
From  that  time  onward  we  can  thoroughly 
understand  and  sympathize  with  the- 
woman's  actions,  but  not  at  all  the  man's. 
He  steps  out  of  reasonable  conjecture. 
Still  the  situation  is  interesting  and  novel. 
We  do  not  recall  any  other  case  in  which 
a  man's  son  robs  him  of  the  peerage  he 
should  have  had.  Mr.  Battersby  settles 
the  trouble  his  own  way,  which  we  do  not 
quite  like.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  meet  style- 
so  clear  and  fastidious. 


The  Tides  of  Barnegat.     By  F.  Hopkinson 

Smith.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 
Mrs.  Hopkinson  Smith's  story  is  a 
painstaking  study  of  feminine  character 
framed  in  the  setting  of  an  American 
country  home  by  the  sea.  Jane  Cobden,. 
the  heroine,  is  a  good  quixotic  woman, 
unselfish  and  self-sacrificing,  true  alike 
to  friends  and  traditions  ;  and  her  cha- 
racter is  thrown  into  strong  relief  by  her 
sister  Lucy,  the  despoiler  of  her  life,  "  a 
woman  rich,  brilliant,  and  beautiful, 
always,  year  in  and  year  out,  warmed 
by  somebody's  admiration,  whose  she- 
didn't  much  mind  or  care,  so  that  it 
gratified  her  pride  and  relieved  her  of 
ennui."  Round  the  personality  of  Lucy 
are  centred  the  more  stirring  incidents 
which  take  the  place  of  a  plot,  but  readers 
will  be  grateful  that  Jane's  devoted  lover 
Dr.  John  remains  devoted  to  the  end, 
and  is  unshaken  either  by  Lucy's  charms 
or  by  Jane's  blind  self-immolation  to  her 
father's  memory  and  her  sister's  fair  fame. 


The  Wilderness.     By  T.  B.  Clegg. 
Lane.) 


(John 


An  appreciation  of  a  telling  point,  a  power 
of  describing  both  nature  and  the  business 
of  men,  and  a  contagious  love  of  his  home- 
land, often  more  articulate  in  colonists 
than  in  those  of  the  mother-country,  are 
all  qualities  that  give  some  distinction  to 
this  book.  Its  fault  is  that  it  is  too  rich 
in  themes,  with  the  result  that  no  one 
of  them  is  adequately  worked  out.  The 
main  theme,  for  example,  the  change 
in  Hugh  Merton's  personality,  suggests 
a  number  of  fascinating  problems  such 
as  would  have  offered  glorious  chances 
to  a  Hawthorne,  and  a  crowd  of  deli- 
cate subtleties  to  Mr.  Henry  James  :  Mr. 
Cleeg,  however,  skims  lightly  over  the 
fact,  and  seems  to  have  no  time  for  ela- 
boration. Again,  the  doctor,  Rockleigh, 
would  be  a  study  in  himself,  but  he  also  is 
only  adumbrated  to  vanish  ;  the  colonel, 
the  old  sergeant,  in  fact  all  the  characters, 
are  keenly  realized  for  a  moment,  but  as 
the  book  goes  on  they  are  soon  forgotten, 
as  they  seem  to  have  no  place  in  the  chang- 
ing aspect  of  the  story.  If  Mr.  Clegg  is 
young,  as  may  be  presumed  from  the  fact 
that  this  seems  to  be  only  his  second 
book,  the  fault  is  but  venial.  It  would 
naturally  be  found  in  a  man  with  plenty 
of  ideas,  who  has  not  yet  learnt  by  experi- 
ence to  reject  half  of  what  occurs  to  him 
to  say.     No  doubt   Mr.   Clegg  will  gain 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


579 


this  experience,  for  his  good  qualities 
make  the  attempt  worth  his  while.  The 
fifty  pages  which  describe  the  paddy 
fields  and  dreary  pestilence  of  the  Kanaka 
settlement  alone  give  Mr.  Clegg  a  claim 
to  the  gift  of  powerful  and  truthful 
writing. 

I     Will     Repay.     By     Baroness     Orczy. 

(Greening  &  Co.) 

There  are  not  so  many  characters  to 
stage  in  this  book  as  in  a  former  success 
of  the  same  author's,  dealing,  like  this, 
with  revolutionary  Paris,  and  we  find 
less  variety  of  scene,  less  incident ;  but 
the  same  dramatic  power  is  abund- 
antly demonstrated.  The  hero,  a  par- 
venu, in  a  duel  forced  upon  him  by  a 
braggart  youth,  has  killed  the  only  son 
of  the  Due  de  Marny  :  the  old  man,  dying, 
extracts  from  his  young  daughter  an  oath 
that  she  will  avenge  her  brother's  death 
in  such  way  as  God  may  direct.  Ten 
years  later,  when  they  are  mutually 
loving  and  beloved,  the  opportunity  of 
denouncing  him  to  the  revolutionary 
party  as  one  conspiring  to  liberate  the 
imprisoned  Marie  Antoinette  occurs,  and 
two  noble  hearts  are  nearly  broken  in 
the  ensuing  imbroglio.  To  the  rescue, 
just  when  all  seems  hopeless  tragedy, 
comes  "  The  Scarlet  Pimpernel."  The 
unexpected  happens,  and  no  dull  moments 
intervene  before  the  romance  ends,  in 
true  romance  fashion,  with  a  happy  union. 


SPORT    AND    TRAVEL. 

Usdee  the  rather  misleading  title  of 
Portuguese  East  Africa  (John  Murray),  Mr. 
R.  C.  F.  Maugham,  who  is  British  Consul 
at  Beira,  gives  a  lively  account  of  sporting 
and  other  experiences  thereabout?,  which 
should  be  interesting  to  naturalists  at  home 
as  well  as  to  travellers  in  search  of  game. 
It  is  for  the  guidance  or  entertainment  of 
these  latter  that  the  volume  is  avowedly 
written.  Mr.  Maugham's  stories  about  lions, 
leopards,  elephants,  buffaloes,  and  other 
animals  he  has  shot  are  well  told  ;  and  his 
descriptions  of  the  scenery,  flora,  and  other 
characteristics  of  the  country  lie  has  hunted 
over  are  worth  reading.  He  also  throws 
some  light  on  anthropological  ques  tions,  and 
two  picturesque  chapters  are  devoted  to  the 
habits,  customs,  and  languages  of  the  natives-, 
whom  he  likes  best  in  their  original  savagery, 
if  not  in  the  bondage  to  white  masters  which, 
he  thinks,  suits  them  best.  "  The  negro," 
we  are  informod,  "  was  sent  into  the  world 
for  one  end,  and  for  one  end  only — namely, 
manual  labour  "  :  and  the  Portuguese 
are  highly  commended  for  their  wisdom, 
"throughout  the  centuries  of  their  occupa- 
tion of  East  Africa,  in  having  never  viewed 
him  in  any  but  a  proper  and  practical 
light."  In  our  own  colonies,  Mr.  Maugham 
complains, 

"we  have  educated  the  native,  and  petted  him, 
.and  done  everything  we  could  think  of  to  impair 
his  value  as  a  worker  hy  endeavouring  to  fit  him 
for  a  position  for  which  he  was  never  intended  by 
nature." 

This  is  disquieting  doctrine  to  be  put  forward 
by  a  British  consul,  but  loss  surprising  than 
the  author's  assertion  that  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  Portuguese  East  Africa  "success 
at   once   distinguished   and   complete "   has 


been  attained  by  officials,  each  of  whom 
combines  the  functions  of 

"judge,  magistrate,  conveyancing  barrister,  chief 
of  public  works,  receiver  of  taxes,  supervisor  and 
collector  of  revenues,  chief  of  police,  postmaster, 
and  keeper  of  Government  stores," 

besides  being 

"  the  adviser  of  all,  the  friend  of  the  native,  the 
father  of  his  district,  a  person  of  unvarying  tact, 
of  boundless  energy,  of  unfailing  courage." 

Mr.  Maugham's  report  as  to  the  superhuman 
virtues  of  the  agents  of  the  Mozambique 
Company  among  whom  lie  labours  as  consul, 
when  he  is  not  occupied  in  hunting  wild 
game,  is  all  the  more  remarkable  since, 
according  to  his  testimony,  few  of  the 
Portuguese  officials 

"possess  even  a  rudimentary  acquaintance  with 
the  languages  of  the  large  numbers  of  natives 
whose  interests  they  are  believed  to  study  and 
whose  disputes  they  are  appointed  to  settle." 

Camp-Fires  in  the  Canadian  Rockies.  By 
W.  T.  Hornaday.  (Werner  Laurie.) — The 
superb  stretch  of  wild  mountain  land  which 
is  known  as  the  Canadian  Rockies  is  not 
nearly  so  familiar  to  English  sportsmen  and 
lovers  of  mountaineering  as  it  might  be — 
a  state  of  things  which  books  like  the  present 
volume  should  help  to  set  right.  In  this 
case  our  teaching  comes  from  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Hornaday  is  the  Director 
of  the  Zoological  Park  of  New  York,  and 
the  author  of  '  The  American  Natural  His- 
tory.' But  those  facts  need  not  alarm 
readers  who  object  to  a  learned  book,  for 
learning  in  no  way  obtrudes  itself  in  these 
pages.  On  the  contrary,  they  consist  of  a 
direct  and  frequently  colloquial  narrative 
of  an  enjoyable  vacation  spent  with  friends 
in  climbing  and  camping  among  the  Rockies, 
with  a  special  view  to  the  pursuit  of  the 
mountain  goat  or  wild  sheep.  One  of  the 
author's  companions  was  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Game  Commissioner,  Mr.  J.  M. 
Phillips,  and  a  really  remarkable  collection 
of  photographs  taken  by  that  gentleman 
during  the  trip  forms  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting features  of  the  book.  They  were 
secured  at  the  risk  of  life  and  limb,  some- 
times on  the  naked  sides  of  precipices  where 
the  foot-hold  was  of  the  slightest,  and  the 
subject  of  the  picture,  taken  only  eight 
yards  off,  was  one  of  the  wildest  creatures 
in  the  world. 

The  author  and  his  friends  (who  have 
had  special  facilities  for  becoming  familiar 
with  the  beauties  of  the  flora  and  fauna  of 
the  United  States)  are  not  singular  in  endors- 
ing the  conviction  that  their  own  country 
has  nothing  quite  so  fine  and  unspoilt,  in 
the  shape  of  happy  limiting-grounds  and 
camping  resorts,  as  the  great  virgin  forests 
of  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada,  the 
valleys  and  dales  of  Nova  Scotia,  rich  alike 
in  flowers  and  streams,  and,  above  all,  the 
glorious  mountains  of  British  Columbia. 
The  differences  between  the  American 
Rockies  and  the  Canadian  Rockies  are 
marked,  and  almost  entirely  in  favour  of  the 
latter.  Mr.  Hornaday  and  his  companion 
Mr.  Phillips,  who  may  be  regarded  as  autho- 
rities in  these  matters,  are  of  opinion  that 
the  British  Columbia  game  laws  are  too 
liberal  to  the  hunter.  When  citizens  of 
another  country  take  this  view  and  publish 
it,  we  may  be  sure  that  they  have  fairly 
good  grounds  for  it.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  authorities  in  British  Columbia  and 
other  parts  of  the  Dominion  will  not  be 
tempted,  by  the  money  that  hunters 
bring  into  the  country,  into  permitting 
anything  like  the  extinction  of  such  interest- 
ing speeies  as  the  grizzly  boar,  the  mountain 
goat,  or  the  elk. 

Wo  gather  that  Mr.  Hornaday  started  his 
trip,  suffering  from  the  strain  of  overwork 


and  some  kind  of  nervous  breakdown.  The 
Canadian  Rockies  had  a  magical  effect  upon 
him,  and,  having  enjoyed  every  hour  of  his 
camping  experiences,  he  sat  down  in  the 
highest  of  spirits  to  write  this  book  for  the 
benefit  of  others,  whom  he  advises  to  go  and 
do  likewise.  He  has  written  in  a  careless, 
happy,  holiday  vein,  which  makes  inspiriting 
reading. 

Algiers  and  Beyond.  By  M.  W.  Hilton- 
Simpson.  (Hutchinson.) — The  author  of 
this  bright  and  pleasant  volume  has  written 
upon  the  somewhat  mistaken  assumption 
that  few  books  have  been  published  which 
deal  with  the  interior  of  Algeria,  and  that 
the  travelling  public  know  little  about  that 
country.  As  a  fact,  a  large  number  of 
books  have  been  written  about  every 
aspect  of  Algerian  life.  It  is  true  that  a 
certain  number  of  tourists  take  up  their 
quarters  in  hotels  in  Algiers  and  never  go 
far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  city.  But 
these  are  the  people  who  do  not  in  any 
country  stray  far  from  pavements  and  rail- 
ways ;  and  no  amount  of  descriptive  writing 
is  likely  to  alter  their  habits  in  this  respect. 
But  the  idea  that  in  describing  his  excur- 
sions in  Algeria  he  was  dealing  with  a  place 
almost  unknown  to  other  globe-trotters 
and  tourists  has  not  exercised  a  particularly 
bad  effect  upon  Mr.  Hilton-Simpson's  work. 
Indeed,  it  is  probably  the  more  interesting 
for  that  reason,  in  the  same  way  that  the 
more  serious  work  of  a  man  who  has  really 
mastered  a  foreign  subject  is  apt  to  suffer 
from  the  fact  that  he  assumes  too  much 
knowledge  in  his  readers.  If  a  writer  who 
really  knew  the  East  could  write  about  it 
as  though  he  thought  no  other  Occidental 
had  ever  seen  it,  his  book  would  probably 
be  extremely  interesting.  Now  Mr.  Hilton- 
Simpson  has  by  no  means  mastered  Algeria, 
but  he  has  made  tours  in  that  country  in  an 
intelligent  and  observant  manner,  and  the 
result  is  a  book  which  can  be  recom- 
mended to  readers  who  have  never  visited 
or  think  of  visiting  the  country. 

Most  of  the  author's  information  regarding 
what  he  saw  of  native  customs  in  Algeria 
was  obtained  from  guides.  Readers  who 
have  had  any  experience  of  guides  in 
Oriental  countries  will  not  be  surprised  to 
learn,  therefore,  that  some  of  the  impres- 
sions received  and  recorded  in  all  good 
faith  by  Mr.  Hilton-Simpson  make  quaint 
reading.  But  if  these  are  not  truly  in- 
structive, they  are  rather  more  amusing 
than  mere  statements  of  the  facts  would 
have  been  ;  and  where  he  allowed  his  own 
mother-wit  to  guide  him,  the  author's 
versions  of  what  he  saw  are  admirably 
shrewd  and  generally  accurate.  He  writes 
as  a  sportsman,  and  his  information  under 
this  head  is  of  a  useful  and  practical  sort. 
There  is  a  good  appendix  with  lists  of 
requirements  for  camping  parties  in  Algeria. 

Arctic  Exploration.  By  J.  Douglas  Hoare. 
With  Illustrations  and  Maps.  (Methuen  & 
Co.) — This  work  is  not  in  any  sense  complete, 
nor  is  it  based  upon  a  scientific  study  of  the 
constantly  increasing  collection  of  Arctic 
literature  :  and  we  think  that  the  author, 
who  dispenses  with  a  preface,  should  have, 
forestalled  criticism  by  frankly  acknowledg- 
ing bis  limitations.  As  a  popular  account 
of  the  varied  incidents  of  Arctic  travel  it 
may  fill  a  momentary  gap,  but  even  in  this 
respect  it  is  likely  to  be  superseded  ;  for  in 
Dr.  Scott  Keltie's  "Story  of  Exploration" 
scries  we  may  soon  expect  a  volume  by  Dr. 
Nansen  on  '  The  Siege  of  the  North  Pole,' 
and  we  shall  be  surprised  if  his  method  is  not 
very  different  from  Mr.  Hoare' a,  A  book 
of  this  kind,  if  it  is  to  be  really  informing, 
should  not  follow  too  rigidly  the  order  of 
time.     The  immense  area  within  the  Arctic 


580 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


Circle  should  be  divided  into  four  or  five 
sections  ;  and  the  work  of  exploration  in 
each  of  these  might  then  be  treated  his- 
torically. Mr.  Hoare's  method — with  a  few 
inevitable  excej^tions — is  nothing  if  not 
chronological  ;  and  yet  he  has  chosen  the 
very  awkward  arrangement  of  placing 
Jackson's  expedition  before  Nansen's. 
He  has  almost  nothing  to  say  of  the 
long  and  thrilling  story  of  the  exploration 
of  the  Siberian  coast  ;  the  work  of  Von 
Wrangel  is  not  even  mentioned  ;  and  the 
remarkable  voyage  of  the  Vega  is  dismissed 
in  less  than  two  pages.  Mr.  Hoare  writes 
lucidly,  and  as  a  rule  chooses  his  incidents 
with  judgment  ;  and  it  is  perhaps  no  fault 
that  in  recounting  the  work  of  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,  which  is  comparatively 
fresh  in  the  public  mind,  he  is  briefer  than 
in  dealing  with  less  important  expeditions 
of  an  earlier  time.  But  the  proper  aim  of 
such  a  book  should  be  to  induce  people  to 
read  the  original  narratives  for  themselves  ; 
yet  we  find  no  list  of  authorities,  no 
bibliographical  appendix,  and  even  no 
references.  In  the  case  of  a  voyage  like  that 
of  the  Investigator,  where  there  are  two 
authorities,  only  those  who  have  read  both 
of  these  can  be  aware  that  Mr.  Hoare  is 
echoing  the  views  of  a  most  bitter  and 
opinionated  critic  of  the  commander.  To 
be  of  any  permanent  value  a  compilation 
like  this  should  be  free  from  avoidable 
mistakes  ;  but  unfortunately  misprints,  both 
in  names  and  dates,  are  frequent,  and  the 
nomenclature  of  new  lands  is  often  confused. 
It  was  not  Sir  George  Back,  but  Sir  James 
Ross,  who  named  the  island  now  called 
King  William's  Land  ;  Back  applied  it,  in 
ignorance  of  Ross's  map,  to  part  of  the 
mainland.  The  stores  upon  which  the 
castaways  of  the  Prince  Albert  subsisted 
in  1S51  were  those  deposited  for  Franklin  by 
Sir  James  Ross  at  Port  Leopold  in  1849, 
and  not,  as  stated  here,  the  Fury  provisions 
left  at  Somerset  House  by  Sir  John  Ross 
in  1832.  Such  statements  as  that  the 
Norsemen  discovered  America  "  in  100  a.d.," 
and  that  "  Capt.  Cagni  and  his  party  " 
perished  on  the  Italian  expedition,  are,  we 
presume,  due  to  pure  carelessness  ;  but  this  is 
no  adequate  excuse.  The  illustrations  are 
excellent  ;  and  the  Polar  chart  is  good, 
though  not  in  all  respects  up  to  date.  It  is 
time  that  Payer's  "  King  Oscar  Land  "  should 
disappear  from  the  map,  for  its  existence 
lias  now  been  conclusively  disproved. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Messrs.  Longman  publish  Twenty  Years 
of  Continental  Work  and  Travel,  by  Bishop 
Wilkinson,  a  pleasantly  written  volume 
which  will  find  many  readers,  though  there 
arc  conspicuous  drawbacks  to  its  excel- 
lence. A  series  of  passages  scattered  about 
Bishop  Wilkinson's  many  pages  deal  with 
the  Old  Catholics?.  The  Church  or  Churches 
so  called  by  us  in  the  case  of  Austria  are  now 
thought  to  be  declining  in  numbers  and 
influence.  An  interesting  subject  of  inquiry 
suggested  by  the  book  before  us,  but  not 
pursued  by  its  author,  concerns  the  similar 
Churches  in  Holland  and  in  Switzerland. 
In  the  canton  of  Geneva,  for  example,  the 
statistics  printed  in  hooks  of  reference  by 
way  of  -L  Religious  Census"  are  misleading, 
for  they  lump  together  as  "Catholics'1  nil 
who  call  themselves  by  that  title.  The  con- 
fusion produced  by  adding  together  the 
Catholics  belonging  to  that  which  I  Totestante 
style  the  "Church  of  Rome,"  or  Church 
"  Holy,  Catholic,  Apostolic,  Roman,"  and 
the  Old  Catholics,  who  use,  as  do  many 
English   Churchmen,   the   first  three  words 


without  the  fourth,  reeds  to  be  cleared  up. 
In  Geneva,  we  believe,  salaries  are  paid  by 
the  State  to  the  Old  Catholic  Church,  and 
not  to  its  elsewhere  more  powerful  rival. 
But  in  the  canton  of  Geneva  the  Old  Catho- 
lics are  a  flourishing  community,  not,  so 
far  as  wre  know,  on  the  decline.  It  has  even 
been  asserted  recently  that  the  strongest 
church  in  the  city  of  Calvin  is  now  "  Catho- 
lic," though  regarded  as  heretical  by  Rome. 
In  the  Netherlands  the  growth  of  Catholic- 
ism as  compared  with  that  of  Protestant- 
ism is  said  to  have  been  great  in  recent 
years  ;  but  here  again  the  tables  of 
'"  Religions  "  in  the  books  of  reference 
should  be  examined  with  a  view  to  more 
accurate  subdivision.  Those  who  are  called 
Jansenists  by  members  of  other  Churches 
do  not,  we  think,  adopt  the  separatist  title 
for  themselves.  The  Dutch  Old  Catholic  arch- 
bishop and  his  bishops  doubtless  style  them- 
selves simply  "  Catholic,"  and  we  believe 
that  it  will  be  found  upon  investigation  that 
the  figures  of  "Catholics"  include  many  who 
belong  to  two  hostile  Churches,  both  power- 
ful in  Holland.  It  would,  however,  be  of 
th9  deepest  interost  if  Bishop  Wilkinson 
and  others  who  may  know  the  facts  would 
tell  us  the  true  figures  relating  to  the  Old 
Catholic  Church  in  the  Netherlands  for 
several  recent  years.  The  alloged  decline 
of  the  Old  Catholic  Church  in  Austria  may 
or  may  not,  for  anything  that  is  clearly 
ascertained,  be  shared  by  its  fellow  in 
Holland. 

Bishop  Wilkinson  has  great  power  of 
observation  and  much  skill  in  expressing  that 
observation  in  words.  His  description,  for 
example,  of  the  late  Procurator  of  the  Holy 
Synod  of  Russia  as  an  "unrelenting.... 
fossil  "  strikes  us  as  perfect.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Bishop  is  not  acquainted  with 
the  literature  of  several  of  the  subjects  on 
which  he  writes,  and  gives  as  new  numerous 
repetitions  of  stories  which  are  to  be  found 
in  a  better  form  in  many  places  accessible 
to  the  public.  For  example,  the  account 
of  the  flight  of  the  Empress  from  Paris  is 
given  as  a  result  of  conversations  with  Dr. 
Evans  and  his  friends,  but  has  been  printed 
over  and  over  again — by  Dr.  Evans  in  his 
lifetime,  and  since  his  death  by  those  who 
have  edited  his  papers,  in  Paris,  in  London, 
and  in  America.  Tho  same  errors  are  to  be 
found  in  the  present  story  as  in  others,  and 
all  freshness  is  worn  off  it.  Neither  can 
Bishop  Wilkinson  b9  completely  trusted 
where  his  opinions  are  given  play  :  "  The 
Russians  have  no  images  to  kiss,  abhorring 
images  even  more  than  we  do."  WThat  is 
meant  is,  perhaps,  that  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land and  the  Orthodox  Church  of  Russia 
equally  dislike  the  veneration  of  objects 
styled  "  images  "  by  a  somewhat  technical 
use  of  that  term — images  in  relief,  we  think, 
are  meant.  Russians  in  speaking  French 
commonly  describe  flat  "  eikons  "as  images, 
and  these  are  often  kissed.  The  custom  of 
crossing  oneself  before  the  icon  previous  to 
sitting  down  to  play  cards  is  what  would  com- 
monly be  termed  in  this  country  a  super- 
stitious treatment  of  images.  Tho  balance 
is  not  kept  level  among  the  international 
sympathies  of  the  Bishop.  He  will  hardly 
carry  his  readers  with  him  in  tho  confident 
assertion  that  the  German  Emperor  can 
properly  be  described  as  "  our  ever  faithful 
and  valueel  friend,"  or  "  ever  our  good 
staunch  friend."  These  passages,  nior;  over, 
concern  the  period  of  the  Boer  War,  and  take 
no  account  either  of  the  telegram  to  Presi- 
dent Kruger,  or  of  the  overtures  to  France 
and  Russia  which  are  now  public  property. 
At  Nantes  tho  Bishop  gof;S  out  of  his  way 
to  write  of  Col.  Villobois  Mareuil  that  "  he 
was  a  Nantois,  and  a  very  obscure  one .... 
Blue  Beard  was  a  Nantois."     The  ground 


for  this  observation  is  the  erection  of  a 
statue  to  this  distinguished  townsman. 
The  Bishop  seems  not  to  have  heard  of  Lord 
Methuen's  graceful  act  in  erecting  at  his 
own  charge  a  monument  to  our  gallant  foe  t 
an  act  approved  by  public  opinion  in  this 
country,  which  will,  we  fear,  condemn  the 
passage  which  we  have  cited.  On  the  n*xt 
page  there  is  a  sad  mistake  in  the  name  of  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  military  heroes 
of  modern  France,  which  in  itself  displays 
singular  want  of  accuracy  and  also  absence 
of  acquaintance  with  the  history  of  the 
Catholic  movement  among  French  military 
men.  The  whole  ftory  of  France  at  Rome 
seems  to  be  unknown  to  Bishop  Wilkinson. 

Some  of  the  Bishop'p  anecdotes  are  worthy 
of  quotation.  A  Queen's  Messenger — him- 
self an  author,  we  may  add — says  of  his 
work,  that  it  "  is  purely  mechanical  :  a 
trained  retriever  could  do  it."  There  is 
nothing,  perhaps,  new  in  the  Bishop's 
description  of  Russian  travel,  in  which,  as 
he  says,  "  there  is  but  one  landscape."  But 
admirable  are  his  little  touches  describing 
the  mending  of  the  ice  road  across  a  frozen 
lake  with  ice  macadam,  and  the  fashion  in 
which  the  Russian  sledge-driver  takes  the 
holes  between  the  land  and  the  bridge  at  a 
gallop,  as  the  only  means  of  getting  across 
at  all,  but  with  results  frequently  disastrous 
to  the  travellers.  There  is,  however,  in 
the  volume  a  good  d^al  of  paelding  which 
should  have  been  omitted.  Sir  Condie 
Stephen  is  an  able  public  servant,  but  h±« 
remedies  for  unemployment  were  hardly 
worth  setting  out  at  length. 

Defects  may  be  found  in  many  por- 
tions of  the  volume.  Picture  galleries  are- 
described  in  a  great  number  of  instances, 
but  the  most  important  art  objocts  contained 
in  them  are  almost  invariably  omitted 
from  the  catalogue.  At  Lille,  for  example,, 
to  which  every  art  student  reports  in 
order  to  see  the  unrivalled  collection  of 
drawings  and  the  famous  '  Tete,'  a  number 
of  less-important  objects  are  named,  without 
a  reference  to  those  which  make  of  Lille  a 
place  of  pilgrimage  Mistakes  in  the  spell- 
ing of  familiar  names  occur  throughout  the 
book.  We  should  have  thought  that  an 
ambassador  who  long  represented  Russia  at 
our  Court,  and  afterwards  had  a  tenure  of 
office  as  Russian  ambassador  in  Paris  which 
was  unrivalled  in  modern  times  and  attended 
by  important  political  results,  might  have- 
been  treated  with  mor9  respect  than  is 
shown  in  repeated  misspelling  of  his  name. 
To  prevent  possible  misconception  we  may 
add  that  in  one  sense-  there  is  "  no  spelling  " 
of  Russian  names — that  is,  no  fixe  el  system 
of  transliteration  ;  but  in  the  case  of  this 
ambassador  an  essential  syllable  is  in- 
variably omitted.  "  Monsieur  Sully  "  is  a 
form  which  may  excite  surprise.  No  doubt 
in  French  it  is  accurate  to  describe  a  duke 
in  this  fashion,  but  it  is  hardly  allowable  in 
English  in  the  case  of  one  who  is  properly 
termed  "  Sully,"  and  who,  having  been 
Maremi?  de  Rosny  through  tho  greater  part 
of  his  career,  ha?  left  memoirs  that  have 
made  his  later  title  immortal. 

Mr.  Morel's  Red  Rubber,  published  by 
Mr.  Fisher  Unwin,  contains  a  history  in 
fresh  form  of  the  misdeeds  of  the  Congo 
State  brought  up  to  the  present  moment, 
and  ends  with  chapters  on  the  possible  or 
probable  action  of  this  country.  The 
volume  is  remarkable  for  a  most  interesting 
Preface  by  Sir  Harry  Johnston,  which  might 
well  he  'supplemented  from  the  extracts 
lately  given  by  us  in  our  notice  of  an  essay 
by  Col.  Thys,  nominally  written  on  the 
other  side.  Tho  absolute  responsibility  of 
King  Leopold  for  all  that  has  happened  and 
is    happening    was    demonstrated    by    the 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


581 


Belgian  writer,  and  the  means  of  reaching 
him  suggested  by  Sir  Harry  Johnston  and 
Mr.  Morel  follow  from  the  demonstration. 
Sir  Harry  Johnston  shows  that  the  action 
of  King  Leopold  in  making  the  cruelties  of 
the  administration  subservient  to  his  "  pri- 
vate profit  "  will  lead  to  a  "  ferment  of 
hatred ....  against  the  white  race  in  general." 
Unless  a  "  stop  can  be  put  to  the  mis- 
government  of  the  Congo,"  Sir  Harry  John- 
ston warns  us  of  union  of  "  the  negroes 
against  the  white  race." 

A  foot-note  by  Mr.  Morel  rightly  points 
out  the  distinction  between  his  work  and 
the  similar  and  long-continued  efforts  of 
Mr.  Fox  Bourne.  The  latter  has  been 
drawn  to  the  subject  by  the  desire  to  protect 
the  natives  against  atrocious  deeds,  while 
Mr.  Morel  came  to  the  same  conclusion  after 
starting  from  the  trade  side.  As  he  writes, 
"  given  certain  premises,"  of  which  the  chief 
is  "  the  repudiation  of  native  rights  in  land 
and  in  the  produce  of  the  soil,"  trade  is 
destroyed,  future  development  wrecked,  and 
the  deeds  which  horrify  us  "  must  of  neces- 
sity take  place." 

We  heartily  commend  Mr.  Morel's  book 
as  the  volume  on  the  Congo  State  and  its 
relations  with  this  country  which  now  forms 
the  best,  because  the  latent,  authority  on 
the  present  aspect  of  a  pressing  question. 

The  Young  People,  by  One  of  the  Old 
People  (John  Murray),  is  a.  series  of  essays 
which  portray,  in  a  circuitous,  but  very 
pleasant  way,  a  family  whom  we  should 
like  to  know.  The  essayist  asserts  that  he 
is  a  paying  guest  and  a  poet  whose  wares 
are  in  a  sixpenny  edition.  He  has  remark- 
able felicity  and  persuasiveness  of  style. 
He  quote.?  with  loving  precision  the  flashes 
of  dialogue  by  which  young  people  and  their 
patient  or  worried  elders  are  instantly 
recognized.  He  evokes  the  pathor — so  deli- 
cate that  b  seems  hovering  over  p  to  dis- 
figure the  word — which  belongs  to  people 
who  yearn  for  Venice  and  only  arrive  at 
Hastings.  He  is  an  old-fashioned  devotee 
of  Shakspeare,  and  yet  writes  one  passage 
about  him  which  kindle;-  the  imagination, 
and  another  as  humorous  as  Mr.  Shaw.  We 
behold  him  as  the  cicerone  of  children  to 
whom  he  reveals  the  London  of  Hare's 
'Walks.'  He  is  a  capital  friend  to  them, 
and  it  is  a  pity  that  he  allows  himself  to 
speculate  upon  the  effect  of  his  mildly 
hedonistic  method  upon  their  offspring. 
"  A  page  of  Beethoven  can  find  its  way  into 
the  very  vitals  of  a  coon-song,"  he  says  of 
the  music  piled  on  their  piano,  and  we 
may  well  believe  that  they  and  theirs  will 
regard  the  round  world  as  one  vast  plum- 
pudding.  Irony  smiles  at  his  undenomi- 
nationali.-m  :  he  is  a  poor  prophet  and  a 
middling  philosopher  ;  but  his  literary 
grace  is  undeniable. 

The  Silver  Age  of  the  Greek  World.  By 
J.  P.  Mahaffy.  (Fisher  Unwin.)  —  Dr. 
Mahaffy  is  one  of  our  most  enthusiastic 
students  of  the  post-classical  period  of  Greek 
history,  and  by  various  works  has  done 
much  to  popularize  the  study  of  a  once 
woefully  neglected  subject.  Of  these  works 
his  '  Greek  World  uncler  Roman  Sway  '  is 
one  of  the  most  highly  appreciated.  It  is 
now  out  of  print,  and  he  has  replaced  it  by 
the  present  book,  which  is  considerably 
longer  than  its  predecessor.  An  Introduc- 
tion is  followed  by  chapters  on  Hellenism 
in  Inner  Asia.  Upper  Egypt,  and  Syria  and 
Lower  Egypt,  respectively-.  There  are  also 
chapters  on  its  influence  on  Roman  society 
in  the  time  of  the  Republic.  The  Hellenism 
erf  the  Imperial  period  occupies  the  second 
half  of  the  book,  in  the  course  of  which  two 
chapters  on  Plutarch  appear— certainly  no 
more   than   he  deserves.     Some  interesting 


documents  are  added  in  the  appendixes, 
such  as  Augustus's  letter  to  the  Cnidians 
and  various  epigrams  from  the  '  Anthology  '  ; 
and  the  work  is  concluded  by  a  comprehen- 
sive index.  The  author's  learning  may  be 
judged  from  tho  foot-notes,  but  it  does  not 
prevent  him  from  writing  interestingly  and 
well  on  his  fascinating  theme.  This  book 
deserves  all  the  success  of  its  predecessor, 
and  we  cannot  imagine  a  better  gift  for  a 
student  of  ancient  life  and  literature. 

I .  We  hail  with  satisfaction  the  crowning  of 
a  laborious  and  useful  work  by  the  appear- 
ance, in  a  separate  volume.,  of  the  Index  to 
the  Collected  Works  of  William  Hazlitt  (Dent 
&  Co.).  In  the  original  scheme  this  was 
placed  at  the  end  of  vol.  xii.  ;  and  accord- 
ingly an  index  of  quotations,  and  of  places, 
persons,  characters,  books,  plays,  pictures, 
&c,  mentioned  by  Hazlitt,  was  prepared 
and  placed  in  the  publisher's  hands.  The 
discovery  during  the  progress  of  the  edition, 
however,  of  some  five  hundred  pages  of 
fresh  material — two-thirds  of  it  previously 
unidentified — and  the  consequent  expan- 
sion of  the  last  two  volumes,  defeated  this 
forecast,  and  vol.  xii.  eventually  appeared 
with  a  brief  index  of  titles  only.  The 
present  volume  is  issued,  through  the  colla- 
boration with  the  publishers  of  Mrs.  Arnold 
Glover  and  the  surviving  editor,  Mr.  A.  R. 
Waller,  at  a  price  considerably  below  cost, 
"  in  order  " — so  runs  the  Preface — "  to  place 
it  within  reach  of  all  lovers  of  Hazlitt  ;  and 
in  memory  of  one  who  spared  no  pains  in  his 
self-chosen  task  of  making  the  writings  of 
Hazlitt  better  known,"  Mr.  Waller's  lamented 
colleague,  Arnold  Glover.  The  thorough- 
ness of  the  work  may  be  inferred  from  the 
fact  that,  while  almost  all  phrases  from 
Shakspeare  and  Milton  are  excluded,  the 
index  of  quotations  alone  covers  sixty  of  the 
two  hundred  and  forty  pages  in  the  book. 
The  labour  of  verifying  every  item  in  the 
proofs  with  Hazlitt's  text  has  been  executed 
by  Mrs.  Arnold  Glover. 

A  Mornynge  Remembraunce.  By  John 
Fysher,  Bishop  of  Rochester.  (Essex  House 
Press.) — To  the  Lady  Margaret  our  uni- 
versities owe  much,  and  it  is  somewhat 
strange  that  this  '  Mourning  Remembrance,' 
or  "  month's  mind  "  sermon,  by  Fisher,  has 
not  been  more  often  reprinted  since  its  issue 
in  1509  (1708,  1840,  and  by  the  Early  English 
Text  Society),  if  only  in  pious  commemora- 
tion of  her  memory.  But  this  sermon 
deserves  perpetuation  on  other  grounds. 
Fisher's  simple  and  rhythmic  English  often 
attains  heights  of  real  eloquence  as  in  his 
description  of  the  Lady's  death-bed  : 

"Then  wept  they  marvellously,  wept  her  ladies 
and  kinswomen  to  whom  she  was  full  kind,  wept 
her  poor  gentlewomen  whom  she  had  loved  so 
tenderly  before,  wept  her  chaniberers  to  whom  she 
was  full  dear,  wept  her  chaplains  and  priests, 
wept  her  other  true  and  faithful  servants.  And 
who  would  not  have  wept  that  there  had  been 
present  ?  All  England  for  her  death  had  cause  of 
weeping.  The  poor  creatures  that  were  w"ont  to 
reooive  her  alms,  to  whom  she  was  always  piteous 
and  merciful,  the  students  of  both  the  Universities 
to  whom  she  was  as  a  mother,  all  the  learned  men 
of  England  to  whom  she  was  a  veray  patroness,  all 
the  vertuous  and  devout  persons  to  whom  she  was 

as    a    loving   sister and    generally    the    whole 

realm   hath  cause  to  complain  and   to  mourn  her 

death." 

Its  interest,  as  a  graphic  account  of  the  place 

she  occupied  in  English  public  life,   is   not 

small. 

The  work  is  well  known  to  liturgical 
students  from  the  description  of  a  day's 
devotion  in  a  great  lady's  life.  Rising  at 
five,  she  began  "certain  devotions,"  follow- 
ing them  by  the  Matins  of  Our  Lady  with 
her  gentlewomen,  then  coming  into  her 
closet  she  said  the  Matins  of  the  day  with 


the  chaplains  (probably  Lauds).  She  next 
heard  four  or  five  Masses  on  her  knees  before 
the  hour  of  dinner  ;  which  was  ten  a.m.  (on- 
fast  days  eleven).  After  dinner  she  went 
her  Stations  to  three  altars  daily,  sang  her 
Dirges  and  Commendations,  ancl  Evensong 
both  of  the  day  and  of  the  Virgin  before 
supper,  besides  many  other  prayers  and 
psalms.  She  recited  daily  the  Crown  of  Our' 
Lady — the  Rosary—  of  63  aves,  with  a 
genuflection  at  each.  She  went  to  confession 
every  third  day  ;  and  we  incidentally  learn 
she  was  houselled,  i.e.  communicated,  fulls 
nigh  a  dozen  times  every  year. 

Mr.  Ashbee  has  issued  his  reprint  in  a  very 
convenient  and  interesting  form.  The  type 
is  not  ungraceful,  with  the  exception  of  the 
e,  which  looks  like  a  Q  which  has  strayed 
from  another  fount  of  type,  and  is  specially 
distressing  when  it  follows  letters  like  h. 
The  fount  will  require  special  care  in  com- 
position, as  it  has  a  tendency  to  form 
diagonal  lines  of  black  down  the  page  if  letters 
like  b  or  h  are  set  in  echelon  above  each  other. 
The  composition  of  this  work  is  good,  but 
not  so  good  as  it  might  have  been,  if,  as  we 
suspect,  the  spelling  was  altered  to  justify 
the  lines.  Mr.  Ashbee  contributes  a  pleasant 
frontispiece  woodcut  of  the  Lady  Margaret, 
full  of  architectural  feeling.  It  is  a  pity 
that  he  employed  Hymer's  text  instead  of 
using  that  of  the  E.E.T.S.  If  we  are  to  have 
old  spelling  retained,  it  must  be  genuine 
spelling,  and  not  such  monstrosities  as  "hyrr  " 
for  "  her."  The  number  of  variations  from 
the  text  is  too  great  :  on  p.  6  there  are 
15  ;  p.  7,  21  ;  p.  8,  23  ;  p.  9,  12  ;  p.  10,  11  ; 
p.  11,  7  ;  p.  12,  15  ;  p.  13,  7  ;  p.  14,  11  ; 
p.  15,  12  ;  p.  16,  23  ;  p.  17,  17  ;  p.  18,  11  ; 
p.  19,  11  ;  p.  20,  17  ;  p.  21,  10  ;  at  the  end, 
p.  80,  8  ;  p.  81,  4  ;  p.  82,  8  ;  p.  83,  9  ; 
p.  84,  6.  We  do  not  understand  the  editor's 
retention  of  brackets  on  pp.  10,  11,  22, 
and  63.  They  usually  denote  that  some 
essential  passage  omitted  in  the  text  has 
been  supplied  by  the  editor ;  but  these  clauses 
are  invariably  in  Wynkyn  de  Worde's  text, 
which  the  editor  professes  to  reprint. 
Hymer's  assertion  that  the  text  of  the 
sermons  is  an  exact  reprint  does  not  cover 
Mr.  Ashbee's  responsibility.  It  is  time  that 
some  agreement  was  made  on  this  question 
of  old  spelling.  Mr.  Morris  in  his  Kelmscott 
Press  reprints  reproduced  it  as  exactly 
as  he  could,  with  the  exception  of  final  e, 
which  he  added  or  subtracted  to  justify 
the  lines,  i.e.,  to  avoid  ugly  spaces  of  white 
between  words,  and  keep  the  page  solid. 
In  our  opinion  any  change  of  spelling  beyond 
the  substitution  of  j  and  v  for  consonant 
i  and  u  should  be  indicated  in  some  way  to 
the  reader  of  the  book.  We  do  not  suppose, 
however,  that  these  variations  in  spelling 
will  materially  affect  the  pleasure  of  many 
of  Mr.  Ashbee's  readers,  especially  if  they 
happen  to  have  been  pensioners  on  Lady 
Margaret's  bounty — a  class,  we  suspect,  for 
whom  this  book  was  in  the  first  instance 
planned. 

Parvus  Cato,  Magnus  Cafo.  Translated 
by  l'>onet  Burgh.  (Cambridge.  University 
Press.)— Tn  this  recent  addition  to  the 
series  of  "  Facsimiles  of  Rare  Fifteenth 
Century  Printed  Books,"  Mr.  .Jenkinson 
has  not  only  produced  a  facsimile  of  a 
unique  Caxton,  but  has  also  made  available 
for  Early  English  scholars  a  pcem  of  some 
importance  in  the  study  of  an  obscure 
period  in  the  language.  Tradition  has 
always  assigned  to  Benet  Burgh  the  com- 
pletion of  the  metrical  version  of  the 
'  Secreta  Secretorum,'  begun  by  Lydgate, 
and  hit  unfinished  at  his  death  in  1452.  We 
first  hear   of  Benet  Burgh  authentically  on 

July   6th,    1  140,   when   lie  is   presented   to  the 
rectory    of    Sandon    by    Lord     Scales.      In 


582 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


•July,  1443,  his  letters  testimonial  of  M.A. 
Oxon.  are  sealed.  In  September,  1444,  he 
rresigns  the  living  of  Sandon,  holding  no 
preferment  till  October  19th,  1450,  when 
he  is  presented  to  the  Bourchier  living  of 
Hedingham  Sibele.  On  February  10th, 
1405,  he  is  appointed  Archdeacon  of  Col- 
chester, and  on  February  23rd,  1472,  Pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's.  In  February,  1476, 
he  becomes  Canon  of  St.  Stephen's  at  West- 
minster, resigning  his  living  and  prebend, 
and  dies  July  13th.  1483.  From  Caxton's 
preface  to  his  own  translation  it  seems  that 
he  published  Burgh's  poem  after  making  his 
acquaintance  at  Westminster.  The  date 
of  the  version  is  doubtful,  and  depends 
on  that  of  the  birth  of  William  Bourchier, 
who  was  killed  at  Barnet  in  1471.  We 
may  place  it  approximately  as  circa  1450. 
If  the  usual  tests  are  applied  to  the 
poem,  it  appears  not  only  more  archaic, 
more  in  the  genuine  Lydgate  style,  than 
the  continuation  of  the  '  Seorees  '  but 
also  more  like  Lydgate  than  the  genuine 
Lydgate  himself  of  that  poem,  if  one  may 
be  pardoned  the  expression.  The  natural 
inference  is  that  Burgh  could  not,  using 
the  same  verse-form,  have  written  in  such 
opposite  styles  within  a  very  few  years. 
Two  other  editions  of  the  poem  are  in  the 
British  Museum — one  printed  by  Caxton 
c.  1481,  the  other  by  Copland  in  155S. 
The  Cambridge  text  is  very  mu^h  better 
than  either.  A  third — the  second  issue  of 
the  translation  —  is  in  the  Chatsworth 
Library,  The  existence  of  these  three 
editions  of  a  work  printed  under  the  author's 
supervision  ought  to  throw  some  light  on 
the  methods  of  Caxton  as  an  editor.  We 
need  hardly  point  out  to  librarians  who 
interest  themselves  in  the  teaching  of  our 
language  the  duty  of  securing  for  their 
shelves  a  series  of  such  importance. 

Mr.  Bertram  Dobell's  Catalogue  of 
Books  printed  for  Private  Circulation,  which 
we  announced  in  our  '  Literary  Gossip  '  of 
October  6th,  is — what  few  books  of  refer- 
ence can  claim  to  be — very  entertaining.  It 
is  full  of  quaint  information  about  books 
which  are  necessarily  rare,  and  in  many  cases, 
perhaps,  not  much  sought  after.  The  series 
of  works  privately  printed  by  Charles 
Clark  at  Great  Totham  is  probably  the  most 
extensive  ever  got  together  by  one  man  ; 
the  author  of  the  first  on  the  list,  a  '  History 
of  Great  Totham,'  1831,  Mr.  George  W, 
Johnson,  was,  we  believe,  the  founder  of 
The  Cottage  Gardener,  afterwards  The  Journal 
of  Horticulture,  and  compiler  of  a  number  of 
books  on  botany  and  gardening.  Many 
of  Mr.  Dobell's  annotations  are  literary 
essays,  and  all  the  entries  show  a  wide  range 
of  reading. 

In  Signs  of  the  Times  (Alston  Rivers)  the 
clever  authors  of  '  Wisdom  while  You  Wait ' 
have  made  capital  fun  of  the  Book  War,  the 
persons  whose  business  or  pleasure  it  has 
been  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  it,  and  other 
figures  well  known  to  journalists.  The 
booklet  takes  the  form  of  an  almanac. 
Doubtless  the  authors  know  their  business, 
but  we  should  have  thought  that  a  varied 
form  of  presentment,  as  in  their  earlier 
collections  of  fun,  would  be  more  palatable 
than  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  jests  of 
about  the  same  length. 

The  Library  (Moring)  for  October  opens 
with  an  article  on  '  Writers  and  the  Publish- 
ing Trade  at  the  End  of  the  Sixteenth 
Century,'  by  Ph.  Sheavyn,  which,  without 
bringing  forward  any  facts  new  to  profossod 
Students  of  the  period,  treats  in  an  interest- 
ing way  the  idea  of  an  Elizabethan  writer 
anxious  to  dispose  of  a  manuscript.  Mr. 
Esdaile  contributes  a  note  on  the  libraries  of 
our  public  schools,  in  which  he  takes  objec- 


tion to  small  house  libraries  of  fiction  existing 
by  the  side  of  the  school  library.  There 
should  be  one  large  library  only,  and  the 
librarian  should  grapple  with  the  taste  of 
Caliban  junior  of  the  lower  third  form  for 
sensational  or  merely  stupid  books  :  "  Even 
in  the  nursery,  and  much  more  at  a  public 
school,  good  grown-up  books  are  preferable." 
The  library  should  contain  the  best  texts 
and  commentaries,  and  good  French,  Ger- 
man, and  Italian  poets  and  classics.  Mr. 
Gordon  Duff  gives  the  detail  of  his  discovery 
of  the  printer  of  the  three  quarto  English 
New  Testaments  of  1536  at  Antwerp.  The 
paper  is  intrinsically  interesting  in  its 
results,  and  is  a  model  of  method.  Dr. 
Crumden,  dealing  with  the  public  library  as 
a  factor  in  industrial  progress,  shows  how 
close  watch  is  kept  on  the  issue  of  books  in 
America,  so  that  those  in  frequent  use  may 
be  duplicated.  Three  or  even  four  copies  of 
specially  useful  books  are  obtained.  Miss  C. 
Williams  writes  on  Peacock,  and  Mr.  Double- 
day  on  the  Library  Association  Conference. 
Mr.  Pollard  supplies  a  contemporary  account 
of  the  unsuccessful  siege  of  Rhodes  by  the 
Turks  in  1480,  as  described  by  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem.  The  story  is  illustrated  by 
reproductions  of  some  fine  German  woodcuts 
of  1496,  giving  views  of  incidents  in  the  siege. 
This  number  completes  the  seventh  volume 
of  the  new  series. 

We  have  received  Vol.  I.  No.  1  of  The 
Hellenic  Herald  (Craven  House,  Kingsway), 
which  is  a  monthly  political  periodical  with 
a  remarkable  price,  viz.,  ten  shillings.  It 
has  sixteen  pages,  one  of  which  deals  with 
modern  Greek  literature. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Adams  (Rev.  J.),  Sermons  in  Accents ;  or,  Studies  in  the 

Hebrew  Text,  4/6  net. 
Blyth  (H.),  Dust  of  Gold,  1/6  net. 
Brastow  (O.),  The  Modern  Pulpit,  6/6  not. 
Brent  (C.  H.),  Liberty,  and  other  Sermons,  3/6  net. 
Brett  (J.),  The  Holy  Mount,  1/6  net. 
Buxton  (R.),  The  Servant  of  the  Lord,  Introduction  by 

H.  Scott  Holland,  2/6 
Cairns  (D.  S.),  Christianity  in  the  Modern  World,  6/ 
Caws  (L.  W.),  The  Unfolding  Dawn,  3/6 
Clifford  (J.),  The  Ultimate  Problems  of  Christianity,  6/ 
From  Rome  to  Christ,  translated  by  C.  S.  Isaacson,  1/  net. 
Garratt  (S.),  The  Purposes  of  God,  1/6  net. 
Gordon  (G.  A.),  Through  Man  to  God,  6/ net. 
Hebert  (S.),  Rays  from  the  Realms  of  Glory,  2/6  net. 
Knight  (G.  H).  Divine  Upliftings,  3/6 

Life  and  Miracles  of  Takla  Haymanot :  The  Book  of  the 
Riches  of  Kings,   2  vols.   (Privately  printed   by  Lady 
Meux.) 
Life  Beautiful  (The),  from  Faber,  1/6  net. 
Little  Flowers  of  the  Glorious  Messer  St.  Francis  and  of 

his  Friars,  translated  by  W.  Heywood,  5/  net. 
Maclagan  (P.  J.),  The  Gospel  View  of  Things,  and  other 

Sermons,  5/ 
Meyer  (F.  B.),  The  Creed  of  Creeds,  3/6 
Montmorency  (J.  E.  G.  de),  Thomas  a  Kempis,  his  Age  and 

Book,  7/6  net. 
Moore  (H.  K.),  The  Way  to  search  the  Bible,  2/ 
Neale  (J.  M.),  Sermons  for  the  Minor  Festivals,  New  Edi- 
tion, 1/6  net. 
Nourse  (S.  M.),   Fourteen  Indications  on  the  Communion 

Service,  1/ 
Peloubet(F.  N.)  and  Wells  (A.  R.),  Select  Notes  on  the 

International  Lessons  for  1907,  4/0  net. 
Pusey  (E.  B.),  The  Minor  Prophets:  Vol.   I.,  Hosea,  Pre- 
face by  W.  Lock,  2/6  net. 
Roberts  (R.),  The  Meaning  of  Christ,  2/6 
St.  Luke's  Gospel,  edited  by  J.  W.  Bright,  2/6  net. 
Spiritual  Conferences,  translated  under  the  Supervision  of 

Abbot  Gasquet  and  the  late  Canon  Mackey,  6s. 
Sunday  Evenings  in  Methodism,  edited  by  J.  Telford,  2/6 
Telford  (J.),    A.    Short    History    of    Wesleyan    Methodist 

Foreign  Missions,  2/6 
Tyrrell  (G.),  A  Much-Abused  Letter,  2/0  net. 
Watkins(0.  S.),  Soldiers  and  Preachers  Too,  3/6 
Witherby  (<'.),  O  Sapientia,  2/6 
Woods  (.J.  II.),  Practice  and  Science  of  Religion,  3/6  net. 

Laiv. 
Legislation  in  regard  to  Children,  1/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Arcluvology. 
Baker  (C.  C),  Sir  E.  A.  Waterlow,  R.A.  :  Life  and   Work, 

2/6  net. 
Carpenter  (M.  B.),  The  Child  in  Art,  6/ 
Corolla   Numismatica :  Essays  in  honour  of  B.   V.  Head, 

30/  net. 
Coxhead  (A.  C),  Thomas  Stothard,  R.A.,  16/  net. 
Cress  well  (J.  J.),  Sketches  and  Sonnets  illustrative  of  the 

Spire  of  st.  James'  Church.  Louth,  3/6  net. 
Gebhart  (E.),  Sandro  Botticelli  et  son  Epoque,  400/  net. 


Glasgow    Archaeological    Societv,    Transactions,    VoL    V. 

Part  II.,  6/ net. 
Hayden  (A.),  Chats  on  Old  Prints,  5/  net. 
Masterpieces  of  Ancient  Sculpture,  Rome,  1/6 
Moore  (N.  H.),  The  Old   China  Book  ;  The  Old  Furniture 

Book  ;  Old  Pewter,  Brass,  Copper,  and  Sheffield  Plate, 

8/6  net  each. 
Nolhac  (P.  de),  Versailcs  and  the  Trianons,  10/  net. 
Reliquary  and  Illustrated  Archaeologist,  Vol.  XII.,  12/ net. 
Salanian  (M.  C),  The  Old  Engravers  of  England,  5/  net. 
Studio,  Vol.  XXXVIIL,  6/ net. 
Theobald  (H.  S.),  Crome's  Etchings,  10/6  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Blane  (W.),  The  Silent  Land,  and  other  Poems,  5/  net. 
Bonchord  (W.),  Poems  composed  in  Prison,  Second  Edition, 

1/  net. 
Buckton  (A.  M.),  Kings  in  Babylon,  1/  net- 
Chaucer  (G.),   The  Story   of  Patient  Griselda,   done  into 

Modern  English  by  W.  W.  Skeat,  3/6  net. 
Christmas  Anthology,  5/  net. 
Clarke  (J.),  A  Window  in  Whitechapel,  and  other  Verses, 

1/  net. 
Crawford  (C),  Collectanea,  First  Series,  3/6  net. 
Esdaile  (A.),  Poems  and  Translations,  1/  net. 
Fenton  (K.),  A  Farewell  to  Eton,  and  other  Poems,  1/ 
Firdausi,    The    Shahnamu,    translated   by  A.   G.  and  E. 

Warner,  Vol.  II.,  10/0  net. 
Folliott  (T.),  The  Poetic  Spirit :  Studies,  3/  net. 
Hacon  (H.),  John  Packharness,  2/6 
Hanbury  (R),  Songs  of  the  Holy  Eucharist,  1/  net. 
Katopodes  (P.  S.),  Eusebeis  Stichoi.  2/8 
Lewis  (A.),  The  Pursuit  of  Beauty,  1/6  net. 
Milton  (J.),  Paradise  Lost,  illustrated  by  W.  Blake,  12/6  net. 
Muses'  Library  :  Thomson's  Seasons ;  The  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence, and  other  Poems,  both  edited  by  H.  D.  Roberts ; 

Poems  of  T.  L.  Peacock,  edited  by  Brimley  Johnson ; 

Book  of  Praise,  selected  by  Roundell  Palmer,  1/net  each. 
Old  Scotch  Gems,  and  other  Favourite  Songs,  5/ 
Peace  and  Goodwill,  by  A.  R.  G.,  1/ 
Peter  (T.  C),  The  Old  Cornish  Drama,  2/6  net. 
Poems  of  Nature,  edited  by  G.  K.  A.  Bell,  1/  net. 
Shakespeare,  Complete  Works,  edited  by  C.  Porter  and 

H.  A.  Clarke,  13  vols.,  42/  net. 
Shepherds'  Offering  (The),  a  Chester  Miracle  Play,  edited 

by  H.  H.  Barne,  1/  net. 
Spensley  (C),  A  Sheaf  of  Songs,  1/  net. 
Tietkins  (E.  A.),  Star  Rays,  2/6  net. 

Music. 
Eylau  (W.  and  C),  The  Profession  of  Teaching  Music. 
Folk  -  Songs     from     Somerset,    edited,    with    Pianoforte 

Accompaniment,  by  C.   J.    Sharp  and  C.   L.  Marson, 

Third  Series,  5/  net. 

Bibliography. 
English  Catalogue  of  Books:  Vol.  VII.,  January,  1901,  to 

December,  1905,  73/6  net. 
Library  (The),  October,  3/  net. 

Philosophy. 
Barker  (E.),  The  Political  Thought  of  Plato  and  Aristotle, 

10/6  net. 
Illingworth  (J.  B.),  Reason  and  Revelation,  New  Edition,  6/ 
Nordau  (M.),  Conventional  Lies  of  our  Civilization  ;  Para- 
doxes, translated  by  J.  R.  Mcllraith,  6/  each. 
Ormond  (A.  T.),  Concepts  of  Philosophy,  8/6  net. 
Ribot  (T.),  Essay  on  the  Creative  Imagination,  translated 

by  A.  H.  N.  Baron,  7/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
American  Historical  Review,  October. 
Berens  (L.  H),  The  Digger  Movement  in  the  Days  of  the 

Commonwealth,  7/6  net. 
Bewley  (Sir  E.  T.),  The  Family  Poe  or  Poe. 
D' Alton  (E.   A.),  History  of  Ireland:    Vol.  II.,  1547-1782, 

12/  net. 
Jeppe  (C),  The  Kaleidoscopic  Transvaal,  7/6  net. 
Lawrence's  (Sir  Thomas)  Letter- Bag,  edited  by  G.  S.  Layard, 

15/  net. 
Lea  (H.  C),  A  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  Spain,  Vol.  II., 

10/6  net. 
Little  Lives  of  the  Great :  Dante  ;  Napoleon  ;  Louis  XV.  ; 

Michael  Angelo,  by  J.  Lord,  2/  net  each. 
McCroben  (M.),  A  Dictionary  of  English  Literature,  1/  net. 
Maieland  (F.  W.),  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Leslie  Stephen, 

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Pais  (E.),  Ancient  Legends  of  Roman  History,  translated 

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Robinson  (C.  W.),  Wellington's  Campaigns  :  Part  III.  1813-       — 

1815,  Nivelle  to  Waterloo,  3/6  net. 
Simon  (A.  L.),  The  History  of  the  Wine  Trade  in  England, 

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Sismondi  (J.  C.  L.),  History  of  the  Italian  Republics,  edited 

by  W.  Boulting,  5/  net. 
Studies  in  the  History  and  Art  of  the  Eastern  Provinces  of 

the  Roman  Kmpire,  edited  by  W.  M.  Ramsay.  20/  net. 
Synge  (M.  B.),  A  Short  History  of  Social  Life  in  England, 

6/ 
Traubel  (H.),  With  Walt  Whitman  in  Camden,  12/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel.. 

Cairo  (Map  of),  2/ 

Guervillc  (A.  B.  de),  New  Egypt,  Revised  Edition,  10/  net. 

Handley  (C),  Britain,  Boer,  and  Black,  10/6  net 

Hissey  (J.  J.),  Untsravelled  England,  10/ 

Holdich  (Sir  T.),  Tibet,  the  Mysterious,  7/6  net. 

Kelly's  Directory  of  the  Counties  of  Somerset  and  Glou- 
cester, 36/ 

Landon  (P.),  Under  the  Sun  :  Impressions  of  Indian  Cities, 
12/6  net. 

Sharp  (W.),  Literary  Geography,  5/ net. 

South  Africa  (Guide  to),  edited  by  A.  S.  and  G.  G.  Brown. 
Fourteenth  Edition,  2/6 

Speight  (H),  Upper  Niddcrdale  with  the  Forest  of  Knares- 
OorougH,  5/  net. 

Wayfarer  (The),  edited  by  C.  E.  Benson,  2/C  net. 
Sports  and  Pastimes. 

May  (J.),  Cricket  in  North  Hants,  7/6  net. 

Sharp  (II.),  Modem  Sporting  Gunnery,  7/c  net. 
Philology, 

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Bamacharaha  (Y.),  A  Series  of  Lessons  in  Raja  Yoga,  5/ net. 

Trench  (R.  C),  A  Select  Glossary,  edited  by  A.   Smythe 
Paliner,  2/0 


N»  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


583 


School  Books. 
Addison  (J.),  Selections  from,  edited  by  E.  B.  Reed,  3/6 
Douglas  (G.  H.),  Modern  Commercial  Arithmetic,  Part  I., 

Finnemore  (J.),  Literary  Readers,  Book  L,  lOd. 

Junior  General  Information    Examination  Papers :   Key, 

3/6  net. 
Mercer  (J.  W.),  Trigonometry  for  Beginners,  4/ 
Rouse  (W.  H.  D.),  A  First  Greek  Course,  2/6  net. 
Shack  ford  (M.  H.),  A  First  Book  of  Poetics,  60c. 
Shakespeare,  The  Tempest,  edited  by  C.  W.  Crook,  2/ 
Stainer(W.  J.),  Junior  Practical  Mathematics,  3/ 
Transactions  of  the  International  Union  for  Co-operation 

in  Solar  Research,  Vol.  I.,  7/6  net. 
Science. 
Archives  of  the  Middlesex  Hospital :  Fifth  Report  from  the 

Cancer  Research  Laboratories,  8/6  net. 
Ash  (E.)v  Hypnotism  and  Suggestion,  4/  net. 
Boume  (E.  G.),  Columbus,  Ramon  Pane,  and  the  Beginnings 

_  of  American  Anthropology. 
British   Association   in   South   Africa :    Discussion   on   the 

Teaching  of  Elementary  Mechanics,  edited  by  J.  Perry, 

2/  net. 
British  Museum,  Natural  History :  History  of  the  Collec- 
tions :  Vol.  IL  Zoology,  30/ 
Claudel  (J.),  Handbook  of  Mathematics  for  Engineers,  &c, 

translated  by  O.  A.  Kenyon,  15/  net. 
Duncan  (R  K.),  The  New  Knowledge  :  a  Popular  Account 

of  the  New  Physics  and  the  New  Chemistry,  6/  net. 
Ellis  (G.),  Modern  Practical  Carpentry,  12/6  net. 
Finot  (J.),  Race  Prejudice,  translated  by  F.  Wade-Evans, 

10/6  net. 
Folsom  (.1.  W.),  Entomology,  with  Special  Reference  to  its 

Biological  and  Economic  Aspects.  14/  net. 
Forel  (A.).  Hvpnotism,  translated  by  H.  W.  Armit,  7/6  net. 
Forsyth  (A.   R),  Theory  of  Differential  Equations,  VoL  V. 

Part  IV.,  Vol.  VI.  Part  IV.,  25/ net. 
Handley  (W.  S.),  Cancer  of  the  Breast,  12/6  net. 
Harvie-Brown  (J.   A.),  A  Fauna    of   the  Tay  Basin  and 

Strath  more,  30/ 
Heyland  (A.),  A  Graphical  Treatment  of  the  Induction 

Motor,  translated  by  G.  H.  Rowe,  4/6  net. 
Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  1906,  16/ 
Love  (A.  E.  H),  Theoretical  Mechanics.  Second  Edition,  12/ 
Medico-Chirurgical  Transactions,  Vol.  LXXXIX.,  23/ net. 
Michalke  (C),   Stray    Currents    from    Electric    Railways, 

translated  by  O.  A.  Kenyon.  6/6  net. 
O'Malley  (A.)  and  Walsh  (J.  J.),  Essays  in  Pastoral  Medi- 
cine, 10/6  net. 
Rhodesia  Chamber  of  Mines,  Eleventh  Annual  Report. 
Shenstone  (W.  A.),  The  New  Physics  and  Chemistry,  7/6  net. 
Smith  (A.),  Introduction  to  General  Inorganic  Chemistry, 

7/6  net. 
Sullivan  (\V.  C),  Alcoholism,  3/6  net. 
Swiney  (F.),  The    Cosmic  Procession ;    or,   the    Feminine 

Principle  in  Evolution,  3/6  net. 
Transactions  of  the  Clinical  Society  of  London,  October, 

Vol.  XXXIX.,  12/6  net. 
Transactions     of     the     Edinburgh     Obstetrical     Societv, 

Vol.  XXXI.,  10/6  net. 
Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy, 

Vol.  XV.,  21/ net. 
White  (G.),  Shortened  and  Simplified  Method  on  finding 

Latitude  and  Longitude,  2/6  net. 

Juvenile  Boeks. 

Brazil  (A.),  The  Fortunes  of  Philippa,  2/ 

Collingwood  (H.),  Dick  Leslie's  Luck,  3/6 

Dearmer  (M.),  A  Child's  Life  of  Christ,  6/ 

Dodge  (M.  M.),  HansBrinker,  1/6 

Father  Tuck's  Annual,  3/6 

Fenn  (G.  M.),  Dead  Man's  Land :  Hunting  the  Skipper, 
5/  each. 

Gow(G.),  A  Little  Adventurer,  New  Edition,  1/ 

Grimm's  Household  Stories,  illustrated  by  D.  Furniss,  1/ 

Hall  (E.  K.),  The  Story  of  the  Scarecrow,  1/6 

Henty  (G.  A.),  John  Hawke's  Fortune,  New  Edition,  9d. 

Japanese  Fairy  Book,  Compiled  by  YeiT.  Ozaki,  3/6  net. 

Just  a  Moment,  by  the  Author  of  '  Rosie  and  Hugh,'  id.  net. 

Knox  (K),  The  Organist's  Babv,  New  Edition,  1/6 

Langton  (C).  Jock  and  his  Friend,  New  Edition,  1/ 

Lovell  (L.),  The  Walcott  Twins,  3/6 

Lowndes  (C.  S.),  Linda  and  the  Boys,  New  Edition,  1/6 

Marshall  (H.  E.),  Scotland's  Storv,  7/6  net. 

Marx  (W.  J.).  The  Gold  Hunters, '2/6 

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Richardson  (G.  L.).  Children  in  Church,  1/6  net. 

Rooper(W.  L.),  Cubie's  Adventure,  1/ 

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Whistler  (C.  W).  A  Thane  of  Wessex  ;  King  Olaf's  Kins- 
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Wonder  Book  for  1907,  edited  by  H.  Golding,  3/6 

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Brown  (A.),  The  County  Road,  6/ 
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Cooper  (J.   F.),  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  illustrated  by 

J.  Jellicoe,  2/  J 

Dickens  (C),   A   Christmas  Carol,   Introduction    by   Hall 

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Introduction  by  Hall  Came,  (kl.  net  each. 
Duff  a..  <:.),  Periwinkle,  6/ 
Egyptian  Trade  Journal,  No.  I.,  6d. 
Ewes  (B.),  Empire,  6/ 

Fleming  (G.),  A  Voyage  of  Discovery,  and  other  Stories,  6/ 
Fox-Da  vies  (A.  C),  The  Dangerville  Inheritance,  6/ 
Gordd  (Nat),  The  Pet  of  the  Public,  1/ 


Henoch  (E.  I.),  When  Cupid  Mocks,  6/ 

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Martin  (R.),  The  Officer's  Vade  Mecum,  2/6  net. 

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Mukerji  (Damodar),  Ma-o-meye ;  or,  the  Mother  and 
Daughter,  translated  by  R.  P.  De. 

Nicholson  (M.),  The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles,  6/ 

Onions  (O.),  Back  o'  the  Moon,  6/ net. 

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Ransom  (D.  M.),  The  Chairman's  and  Debater's  Handbook, 
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Signs  of  the  Times,  1907,  1/  net. 

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Trollope  (A.),  Doctor  Thome  ;  Framley  Parsonage,  Library 
Edition,  3/6  net  each. 

Twin  Souls,  by  the  Author  of  '  Fallen  Angels,'  6/ 

Watson  (G.),  Skipper,  6/ 

White  (P.),  the  Eight  Guests,  6/ 

Wilson  (R.),  An  Exile  from  Fairyland,  with  other  Writings, 
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World's  Classics  :  Campbell's  Sophocles  in  English  Verse, 
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Lives  of  the  Poets,  2  vols.,  Introduction  by  A.  Waugh  ; 
Montaigne's  Essayes,  translated  by  Florio,  Vol.  III.  ; 
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Yates  (L.  H.),  Modern  Housecraft,  2/6  net. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Frey  (J.),  Die  Probleme  der  Leidensgeschichte  Jesu,  Part  L, 

3m.  50. 
Gabrielsson   (J.),  Uber   die    Quellen   des   Clemens  Alex- 
andrinus,  Part  L,  6m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Lechat  (H.),  Phidias  et  la  Sculpture  grecque  au  Cinquieme 

Siecle,  Sfr.  50. 
Sybel  (L.  v.),  Einfiihrung  in  die  altchristl.  Kunst,  Vol.  I., 

7m. 
Szanto  (E.),  Ausgewahlte  Abhandlungen,  9m. 

Poetry. 
Anthologie  des   Poetes  francais  contemporains :    Notices 
biographiques,  &c,  par  G.  Walch,  1866-1906,  Vol.  I., 
3fr.  50. 
Daudet  (Madame  A.),  Au  Bord  des  Terrasses,  3fr. 
Ga-rneau  (A.),  Poesies. 

Philosophy. 
Dantec  (F.  Le),  L'Atheisme,  3fr.  50. 
Simmel  (G.),  Schopenhauer  und  Nietzsche,  4m.  20. 

History  and  Biography. 
Renan  (E.),  Cahiers  de  Jeunesse,  1845-6,  7fr.  50. 
Valois  (N.),  Histoire  de  la  Pragmatique  Sanction,  lOfr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Chevrillon  (A.),  Un  Crcpuscule  d'lslam  :  Maroc,  Sir.  50. 
Diguet   (Col.    E.),    Les    Annamites :     Societe,    Coutumes, 

Religions,  7fr.  50. 
Lautrey  (L.),  Montaigne  :  Journal  de  Voyage,  6fr. 
Tressan  (Lieut,  de  la  V.  de),  La  Penetration  franchise  en 
Afrique,  7fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Michel  (M.),   La  Chanson    de    Roland    et    la    Litterature 
chevaleresque,  3fr.  50. 

Science. 
KiJrner(0.),  Lehrbuch  der  Ohrenheilkunde  u.  ihrer  Grenz- 

gebiete,  8m. 
Schmidt  (J.).  Kutzes  Lehrbuch  der  organischen  Chemie, 
ISm. 

General  Literature. 
Beauclercq  (A.),  Omnipotence  brise'e,  3fr.  50. 
Bonnamour  ((;.),  L'Heure  de  Dieu,  3fr.  50. 
Lacour(P.),  L'insidieuse  Volupte,  3fr.  50. 
Morisseaux  (F.  C),  La  Blessure  et  l'Aniour,  3fr.  50. 

*»*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
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'  THE  TIMES  '  AND  THE  PUBLISHERS. 

November  3rd,  1906. 
I  most  cordially  agree  with  your  article 
on  this  subject  in  to-day's  Athenaeum.  But 
as  I  have  no  doubt  you  would  wish  to  do 
full  justice  to  the  opposite  side,  perhaps  yen 
will  be  able  to  find  room  for  a  letter  that  I 
have  lately  received  from  a  very  modest 
defender  of  The  Times,  who  will  perhaps 
not  think  it  advisable  to  write  to  vou  him- 


self, but  evidently  wishes  his  arguments ; 
laid  before  the  public.  That  he  should  have 
written  on  such  a  subject  to  me,  who  am 
neither  a  publisher  nor  a  bookseller,  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  I  was  so  astounded  with 
the  move  of  The  Times  in  putting  the  names 
of  certain  publishers  in  a  black  list,  and 
urging  its  subscribers  not  to  purchase  or 
read  their  publication?1,  that  I  felt  impelled 
to  write  to  the  Messrs.  Macmillan,  one  of  the 
firms  in  the  list,  a  letter  which  they  asked 
leave  to  print.  After  its  appearance  I 
received  the  following  communication,  de- 
signed, of  course,  to  open  my  eyes  and  those 
of  the  public  generally  : — 

14,  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  October  26, 1906. 

Dear  Sir, — I  have  just  read  with  interest  your 
letter  to  Messrs.  Macmillan  as  published  by  their 
request  in  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette.  You  do  not 
appear  to  know  why  your  publishers  have  been 
"put  on  a  black  list"  or  "boycotted"  by  The  Times. 
It  is  because  those  publishers  had  previously 
declined  to  supply  your  books,  or  any  books  pub- 
lished by  them,  to  The  Times  Book  Club  at  the 
usual  trade  price  or  that  charged  to  other  libraries, 
or  at  anything  less  than  the  full  price  charged  to 
the  public.  Unless,  therefore,  you  consider  your 
own  works  and  the  other  publications  of  Messrs. 
Macmillan  to  be  of  such  extraordinary  value  that 
The  Times  Book  Club  ought  to  pay  full  price  for 
them  for  the  express  purpose  of  immediately 
depreciating  their  market  value  by  exposing  them 
to  the  wear  and  tear  consequent  on  circulation  in  a 
library,  it  would  seem  that  your  complaint  should 
be  addressed  to  your  publishers  for  blacklisting,  or 
boycotting,  The  Times  and  its  Book  Club.  You 
might  ask  them,  at  the  same  time,  to  explain  to 
you  how  they  advance  your  interests  or  those  of 
the  public,  as  distinct  from  their  own,  or  rather 
the  problematical  ones  of  some  undisclosed  and 
unascertainable  retail  bookseller,  by  debarring 
your  books  from  the  benefits  of  an  advertisement 
in  a  Literary  Supplement  which  is  read  by  nearly 
all  the  literary  world,  and  from  circulation  in  a 
library  with  80,000  subscribers  ;  and  you  might 
publish  their  explanation. 

Yours  faithfully, 

H.  Z.  Wilson. 

Dr.  Gairdner,  West  View,  Pinner. 

The  publication  of  this  letter,  I  think, 
ought  fully  to  meet  the  wishes  of  the  writer. 
Of  the  weight  of  its  arguments  your  readers, 
of  course,  will  judge  for  themselves.  But 
there  are  some  things  connected  with  tho 
matter  which  strike  me  as  deserving  of  notice 
apart  from  the  merits  of  the  question  itself. 
First  of  all,  I  am  informed  that  my  letter 
to  which  it  was  an  answer  was  sent  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  to  The  Times,  as  to  other  papers, 
but  was  refused  insertion  there.  This,  of 
course,  was  a  matter  within  editorial  com- 
petence, and  is  not  a  subject  of  complaint. 
But  it  is  curious  that  after  its  publication 
elsewhere  this  answer  should  have  been  made 
to  it  on  behalf  of  The  Times  by  a  certain 
Mr.  H.  Z.  Wilson,  apparently  of  14,  New 
Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  who  seems  to  have 
the  cause  of  the  newspaper  very  much  at 
heart.  I  thought  it  only  respectful  to  write 
an  answer  to  Mr.  H.  Z.  Wilson  by  return  of 
post.  But,  curiously  enough,  I  had  my 
letter  returned  to  me  by  the  Post  Office  a 
few  days  later,  with  an  intimation  that  no 
such  i person  was  known  at  14.  New  Square, 
Lincoln's  Inn  !  So  who  Mr.  H.  Z.  Wilson  is, 
and  why  he  gave  an  address  which  is  not 
his  own,  are  curious  subjects  for  inquiry. 
It  ia  a  pity,  certainly,  thnt  so  zealous  a 
champion  of  The  Times  should  bo  so  difficult 
to  discover.  My  answer  to  him,  whiehrwas 
returned  to  me,  was  as  follows  : — 

West  View,  Pinner,  Middlesex,  October  27,  1906. 
My  dear  Sir, — In  reply  t>>  your  letter  received 
this  morning  I  have  only  to  say  that  in  what  I 
wrote  to  Messrs.  Macmillan  I  had  not  very  much 
in  view  my  own  interests  as  an  author.  If  I  had, 
I  still  do  ii"t  Bee  how  those  interests  are  benefited 
by  The  Times  urging  its  subscribers  not  to  buy  or 
read  a  book  of  mine  which  happens  to  be  published 


584 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4124,  Nov. 


10,  1906 


by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  On  the  merits  of  the  trade 
dispute  I  was  purposely  silent.  The  present 
system  of  publishing  may  or  may  not  be  the  best 
conceivable.  Very  likely,  it  is  not.  But  that 
•  does  not  justify  The  Times  in  putting  the  names  of 
certain  publishing  firms  in  an  Index  Expurgatorius, 
which  I  think  Englishmen  will  treat  with  about 
the  same  indifference  as  the  Index  Expurgatorius 
of  Rome,  except  that  they  may  feel  some  resent- 
ment at  dictation  also.  Yours,  &c. 

Of  course,  giving  the  go-by,  as  I  did 
in  this  letter,  to  the  merits  of  the  trade  dis- 
pute, I  ignored  the  justification  put  forward 
for  The  Times' 's  move.  But  I  think  I  was 
justified  in  doing  so,  as  I  am  informed  by 
Messrs.  Macmillan  (and  I  presume  it  is  not 
contested)  that  in  refusing  to  treat  The 
Times  Book  Club  as  an  ordinary  circulating 
library  they  acted  no  otherwise  than  the 
•other  seventy  members  of  the  Publishers' 
Association.  James  Gaibdner. 


'ROUSSEAU:    A    NEW    CRITICISM.' 

Mrs.  Macdonaed's  letter  in  last  xveek's 
Athenaeum  is  written  in  the  same  vein  of 
-extravagant  supposition  as  the  chapter  in 
her  book  on  Rousseau  in  which  she  tries 
to  refute  the  author  of  the  '  Confessions  ' 
and  prove  that  he  had  no  children  to  con- 
sign  to  a  hospital  for  foundlings.  The  fact 
that  evidence  confirmatory  of  Jean  Jacques's 
statement  was  recently  found  in  the  Archives 
-des  Enfants  Trouves  was  communicated  to 
me  by  neither  of  the  two  men  of  letters  to 
whom  Mrs.  Macdonald  refers.  My  remark 
was  based  on  the  following  passage  in 
'  L' Affaire  J.-J.  Rousseau,'  by  M.  Edouard 
Rod  (pp.  275-6)  :— 

"Comme  ses  [Mrs.  Macdonald's]  patientes  re- 
cherches  dans  les  Archives  des  Enfants-Trouves 
sont  restees  infructueuses,  elle  a  conclu  que  les 
enfants  n'ont  jamais  existe  et  que  Rousseau  fut 
victime,  dans  eette  affaire,  d'une  odieuse  comtklie. 
Ces  suppositions,  inspirees  le  plus  souvent  a  des 
admirateurs  eblouis  par  le  desir  de  tirer  l'auteur 
d'  '  Emile '  de  la  terrible  contradiction  de  ses  actes  et 
de  ses  ecrits,  et  de  '  rehabiliter '  sa  memoire — ces 
suppositions  avaient  deja  contre  elles  leur  com- 
plication,   leur    invraisemblance,    et  beaucoup  de 

petits  faits  presque  decisifs Elles  viennent  d'etre 

renversees  par  une  decouverte  faite  recemment  dans 
les  Archives  des  Enfants-Trouves  :  celle  d'un  acte 
notarie,  passe  deux  ans  apres  la  mort  de  Jean 
Jacques,  par  lequel  Therese  Levasseur  cede  a  un 
sieur  Benoist,  controleur  des  Eaux  et  Forets,  ses 
droits  de  propriete  sur  les  manuscrits  musicaux  de 
Rousseau,  a  charge  pour  lui  de  publier,  sous  le 
titre  de  'Consolations  des  Miseres  de  ma  Vie,' 
indique  par  l'auteur,  les  airs  inedits  qu'il  pourrait 
retrouver  et  reunir,  et  d'abandonner  les  profits 
eventuels  de  1'entreprise  a  l'Hospice  des  Enfants 
Trouves  ;  et  celle  des  comptes  de  1'entreprise.  Un 
fait  pareil,  surtout  quand  on  pense  a  la  situation 
et  au  caraetere  de  Therese,  vaudrait  une  preuve — 
si  Ion  croyait  qu'il  fut  ndcessaire  d'en  chercher 
encore  apres  les  aveux  des  '  Confessions '  et  de  la 
'  Correspondance ' !" 

The  Reviewer. 


CAIN    AND    THE    MOON. 

Fiveways,  Burnham,  Bucks. 
In  The  Athenaeum  of  a  fortnight  ago  Mr. 
H.  H.  Johnson  asserts  (he  has  no  doubt 
about  the  matter)  that  "  there  is  a  reference 
in  '  Inf.,'  xx.  126,  as  in  Epht.  via.  7,  to 
Gheraxdo  Malaspina,  the  bishop  of  L«ni." 
He  arrives  at  this  remarkable  conclusion 
by  the  following  train  of  reasoning  :  Dante 
mentions  '  Caino  o  le  spine  "  as  a  periphrasis 
for  "  lima  "  in  'Inf.,'  xx.  126;  there  in  a 
place  called  Luni,  soveral  times  named  by 
Danto  ;  and  there  was  a  bishop  of  Luni, 
mentioned  by  Dante  in  Epiflt.   viii.   7,   who 


belonged  to  the  Malaspina  family  ;  ergo, 
Dante  in  '  Inf.,'  xx.  126,  is  referring  to  the 
Malaspina  bishop  of  Luni.  Nothing  could 
be  clearer  !  But  we  are  not  told  what  is  the 
point  of  this  allusion  to  the  bishop  of  Luni 
in  this  particular  passage  of  the  '  Inferno,' 
nor  why  Virgil,  who  is  the  speaker,  should 
suddenly  drag  in,  d  propos  de  bottes,  a  cryptic 
reference  to  a  member  of  the  Malaspina 
family,  of  which  no  mention,  direct  or  in- 
direct, has  hitherto  been  made  in  the  poem. 

Mr.  Johnson  informs  us  that  this  refer- 
ence is  in  Dante's  manner.  But  instead  of 
giving  us  other  instances  of  this  manner  of 
Dante's  he  refers  us  to  the  Septuagint  for 
a  parallel  ;  and  he  finally  concludes  with  a 
misquotation  from  the  '  De  Monarchia.' 

Has  Mr.  Johnson  ever  heard  of  certain 
"  comparisons  between  Macedon  and  Mon- 
mouth "  ?  Paget  Toynbee. 


ANGLO-TNDIAN    PORTRAITS. 

November  4th,  1906. 

The  Punjab  Government  are  reprinting 
some  of  their  old  records,  and  contemplate 
illustrating  them  with  portraits  of  prominent 
persons  connected  with  tha  early  history 
of  that  province.  My  aid  in  obtaining  like- 
nesses has  been  sought,  and  in  some  cases 
I  have  succeeded,  but  in  others  have  so  far 
failed  ;  hence  I  beg  you,  of  your  courtesy, 
to  publish  the  following  names  of  persons 
whose  portraits  are  wanted,  on  the  chance 
that  some  information  may  be  supplied 
to  me  at  103,  Gloucester  Terrace,  Hyde 
Park,  W.:— 

Mr.  William  Fraser. 

Sir  George  Russell  Clerk,  G.C.S.T.,  K.C.B. 

Major  Murray. 

Sir  Claude  Wade. 

Capt.  Ross. 

Capt.  Kennedy. 

These  officers  were  employed  between 
1800  and  1845. 

W.  Broadfoot,  Major  R.E.  (retired). 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold  on 
the  5th  and  6th  inst.  the  following  printed  books 
and  MSS.  from  the  library  of  Mr.  C.  J.  Spence, 
of  North  Shields :  Biblia  Latina  Vulgata,  MS. 
on  vellum,  Srec.  XIV.,  401.  Collection  of  158 
Original  Sketches  by  Birket  Foster,  72/.  Brevi- 
arium  Romanum,  illuminated  MS.  on  vellum, 
Ssec.  XV.-XVL,  52/.  Civil  War  Tracts  (645), 
81Z.  T.  F.  Dibdin's  Works,  21  vols.,  38/.  Diirer 
Society's  Publications,  eight  series,  1898  - 1905, 
15/.  10s.  Edwards's  Anecdotes  of  Painters,  extra 
illustrations,  3  vols.,  44/.  15s.  Evangelistarium, 
illuminated  MS.  on  vellum.  Swc.  XV.,  141/. 
Chapman's  Seven  Books  of  Homer's  Iliad  (with 
The  Achilles'  Shield),  first  edition,  '214/. 
Hora?  ad  Usum  Sarum,  illuminated  English  MS. 
on  vellum,  Sa;c.  XIV.,  140/.;  another  MS.  of 
English  use,  S?ec.  XV.,  84/.  Hone  Romanes, 
illuminated  MS.  (Franco-Flemish),  S»0.  XV.,  70/. 
Hone  on  vellum,  fine  late  fifteenth-century  French 
decorations,  500/.  ;  another,  with  seven  fine 
grisaille  miniatures  and  many  illuminated,  French, 
Sific.  XV.,  645/.  ;  another  illuminated  Hours, 
Franco  -  Italian,  Saec.  XV.,  162/.  Orarium, 
Antwerp,  1495,  30/.  Hone  on  vellum,  by  Har- 
douin,  Paris,  c.  1507,53/.;  another,  c.  1528,  38/. 
Lysons's  Reliquiae  Britannico-Romame,  &c,  extra 
illustrations,  17/.  Pilkington's  Dictionary  of 
Painters,  numerous  extra  illustrations,  6  vols., 
7(1/.  Strutt's  Dictionary  of  Engravers,  extra  illus- 
trations, 2  vols. ,  1785-6,35/.  K's.  Transactions  df 
the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian 
Sooiety,  1874  -  L904,  17/.  10fl.  Virgil,  Didot's 
edition,  with  extra  illustrations,  1798,  16/. 
Walton  and  Cotton's  Angler,  Pickering's  edition, 
1836,  extra  illustrations,  28/.  10s.  Year-book  of 
Edward  III.,  printed  by  R.  Pynson,  13/. 


Mr.  Frank  T.  Bullen  in  his  new  book 
'Our  Heritage  the  Sea,' which  Messrs.  Smith 
&  Elder  will  publish  next  week,  endeavours 
to  give  a  comprehensive  view  of  what 
the  sea  means  as  the  universal  highway, 
the  reservoir  of  health,  the  greatest 
battle-field,  and  a  source  of  food  supply. 
He  tells  of  winds  and  waves  and  ocean 
currents,  their  genesis  and  their  effects, 
as  one  who  has  struggled  with  them  in 
many  parts  of  the  world.  The  volume 
has  a  frontispiece  by  Mr.  Arthur  Twidle. 

Dr.  Houston  has  selected  '  Daniel 
O'Connell  :  his  Early  Life  and  Journal, 
1795-1802,'  as  the  title  for  his  edition 
of  the  hitherto  unpublished  journal  which 
the  Liberator  kept  in  his  early  student 
days.  Dr.  Houston  supplies  copious  notes 
and  an  Introduction,  so  that  the  work 
forms  a  biography  of  O'Connell  during 
his  early  life,  from  his  birth  in  1775  to 
his  marriage  in  1802.  Sir  Isaac  Pitman 
&  Sons  will  be  the  publishers. 

Early  in  1902  Mr.  T.  Fisher  Unwin 
started  his  "  First  Novel  Library,"  in 
which  thirteen  volumes  have  now  ap- 
peared, the  last  issued  being  '  At  the  Sign 
of  the  Peacock,'  by  Mrs.  K.  C.  Ryves. 
The  first  volume- — which,  in  fact,  by  its 
distinctive  qualities,  suggested  the  idea 
of  a  series  of  novels  by  new  and  promising 
authors — was  '  Wistons,'  by  Miles  Amber. 
It  has  for  some  time  been  an  open  secret 
that  Miles  Amber  is  Mrs.  Cobden  Sickert, 
a  daughter  of  Richard  Cobden.  Mrs. 
Sickert  is  now  engaged  on  a  second  novel, 
which,  it  is  hoped,  will  appear  before  long. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  will  shortly  pub- 
lish '  Panama  :  the  Isthmus  and  Canal,' 
by  Mr.  Forbes  Lindsay.  Mr.  Lindsay 
has  been  afforded  all  the  facilities  at  the 
command  of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Com- 
mission, and  the  book  contains  a  full  and 
definite  survey  of  the  Canal  as  it  will 
actually  be  constructed.  Two  maps  and 
a  number  of  illustrations  will  be  added. 

An  addition  to  the  Semitic  series  of 
'  Anecdota  Oxoniensia '  will  be  ready 
next  week.  This  is  the  Ethiopic  version 
of  the  Book  of  Enoch,  edited  from  twenty- 
three  MSS.,  together  with  the  fragmentary 
Greek  and  Latin  versions,  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  R.  H.  Charles.  This  new  text  has 
been  the  labour  of  many  years,  and  is 
virtually  exhaustive.  Dr.  Charles  has 
abandoned  the  view  that  Enoch  was 
originally  written  in  Hebrew,  and  has 
come  to  the  conclusion  that,  like  Daniel, 
it  was  written  partly  in  that  language 
and  partly  in  Aramaic.  The  Ethiopic 
version  of  the  Hebrew  Book  of  Jubilees, 
edited  by  Dr.  Charles,  was  published  in 
this  series. 

Next  year  The  Classical  Review  will  be 
divided  into  two  periodicals.  The  Classical 
Quarterly  and  The  Classical  Review  will 
between  them  cover  the  whole  ground 
occupied  by  the  existing  Review.  The- 
former  will  be  for  advanced  scholars,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  the  latter  may  include  a 


N°4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


fuller  representation  of  the  literary  and 
■educational  sides  of  the  classics.  With 
this  idea  an  Advisory  Committee  has  been 
formed,  which  includes  the  names  of  Prof. 
Mackail,  Prof.  R.  M.  Burrows,  Dr.  S.  H. 
Butcher,  M.P.,  Mr.  T.  E.  Page,  Mr. 
Vernon  Rendall,  and  Miss  E.  Penrose. 
This  development  is  important,  for  one 
of  the  striking  features  of  to-day  is  the 
general  interest  in  classical  translations, 
for  which  there  must  be  a  considerable 
demand,  as  they  are  published  at  cheap 
prices. 

Henry  Fielding  was  born  at  Sharp- 
ham  Park,  near  Glastonbury,  on  April 
22nd,  1707,  and  the  Society  of  Somerset 
Men  in  London  will  celebrate  his  bi- 
centenary b}'  a  public  dinner  on  Monday, 
April  22nd,  next  year.  Sir  Arthur  Conan 
Doyle  will  preside,  and  all  particulars  can 
be  had  from  Mr.  J.  Harris  Stone,  4, 
Temple,  E.G.,  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee. 

Near  the  end  of  her  '  Reminiscences  ' 
Lady  Dorothy  Nevill  states  that  Sir 
Henry  Drummond  Wolff  at  one  time 
thought  of  writing  a  volume  about  Mrs. 
Oldfield.  An  announcement  which  was 
made  a  long  time  ago  had  reference  to 
the  same  suggested  book,  but  left  the 
impression  that  the  project  was  somewhat 
wider.  As  Lady  Dorothy  says,  "  Mrs. 
Oldfield's  son  by  Brigadier  -  General 
•Churchill ....  became  the  husband  of  Sir 
Robert  Walpole's  natural  daughter,  Lady 
Mary  Walpole."  Lady  Dorothy  also 
points  out  that  Sophia  Churchill,  the 
•daughter  of  General  Churchill's  son 
Charles  Churchill  (of  the  family  of  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Sir  Robert 
Walpole),  by  her  marriage  with 
the  Earl  of  Orford,  Lady  Dorothy's 
grandfather,  brought  these  two  great 
names  with  her  to  innumerable  distin- 
guished descendants.  The  previous  hint 
of  Sir  Henry  Wolff's  interesting  project 
seemed  to  concern  the  larger  subject  to 
which  we  have  alluded,  rather  than  Mrs. 
Oldfield  only. 

By  the  issue  of  the  '  Vita  Nuova  and 
Canzoniere '  Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co. 
have  made  the  "  Temple  Classics  Dante  " 
the  only  complete  edition  of  Dante's 
works  in  English. 

Miss  Ella  Oswald  is  about  to  publish 
through  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  '  L'Entente 
Cordiale  Autograph  Book.'  It  will  con- 
tain extracts  from  eminent  classical  and 
modern  authors  in  French  and  English, 
arranged  for  daily  reading  throughout 
the  year.  In  all  cases  the  extracts  will 
relate  to  human  life  and  character,  the 
same  thought  being  frequently  expressed 
in  both  languages. 

The  Kirke  White  centenary  is  to  be 
commemorated  by  a  public  banquet  in 
the  Council  Chamber,  Nottingham  ;  and 
a  movement  is  on  foot  to  establish  a 
Kirke  White  Scholarship  for  English 
Poetry,  tenable  at  the  University  College 
of  the  poet's  birthplace.  The  honorary 
secretaries  of  the  movement  are  Mr. 
Potter  Briscoe,  City  Librarian  of  Notting- 
ham, and  Mr.  Linton  Eccles,  of  London. 


Mr.  H.  A.  Hinkson  has  finished  a  new 
story  of  adventure,  which  will  be  pub- 
lished next  spring  by  Messrs.  Jack.  It  is 
entitled  '  The  Castaways  of  Hope  Island.' 

The  cheap  edition  of  Farrar's  '  Life 
of  Christ '  having  proved  so  successful 
(100,000  copies  have  already  been  sold). 
Messrs.  Cassell  have  decided  to  bring  out 
next  Tuesday  '  The  Child's  Life  of  Christ,' 
at  the  popular  price  of  sixpence. 

The  Hon.  Auberon  Herbert  died 
last  Monday  in  his  sixty-eighth  year,  at 
his  New  Forest  residence.  He  was  the 
unconventional  advocate  of  many  political 
and  social  ideas,  taking  a  leading  part  in 
the  protest  against  the  pernicious  action 
of  examinations  some  years  ago.  His 
publications  include  '  A  Politician  in 
Trouble  about  his  Soul '  and  '  Bad  Air 
and  Bad  Health,'  which  expressed  his 
strong  views  as  to  open  windows  and  out- 
door life. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  will  publish  next 
year  a  story  for  children  entitled  '  The 
Adventures  of  a  Dodo,'  by  Mr.  G.  E.  Farrow, 
author  of  '  The  Wallypug  of  Why.' 

An  amusing  book-hunting  story  is  told 
by  the  Paris  Eclair.  Last  winter  a 
bouquinisle  of  the  rive  gauche  purchased 
at  an  auction  a  little  volume  of  230  pages 
for  one  franc.  He  catalogued  it  at  5  francs 
— "  il  est  tou jours  permis  de  faire  des 
petits  benefices" — but  no  one  bought 
it ;  he  then  priced  it  at  4  francs,  next  at 
3  francs,  and  at  last  at  2  francs  50  cen- 
times it  was  consigned  to  the  limbo 
of  the  boxes  on  the  quais.  The  book 
was  a  copy  of  the  '  OEuvres  Completes  ' 
of  Jean  Devaines,  an  Academician  of  the 
year  XL  Just  at  this  time,  by  a  curious 
coincidence,  M.  Frederic  Mass  on  read  a 
paper  at  the  Institute  on  this  Devaines, 
revealing  the  fact  that  of  the  '  (Euvres 
Completes  '  only  fourteen  examples  were 
printed,  of  which  only  four  have  been 
traced.  The  purchase,  so  far  from  going 
begging  at  2fr.  50c,  found  a  ready  buyer 
at  250  francs  ! 

A  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  Poe's 
'  Prose  Romances,'  published  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1843  at  12^  cents,  has  just  been 
purchased  by  Mr.  Frank  Maier,  of  New 
York,  for  the  extraordinary  sum  of 
2,000  dollars,  the  highest  price  ever  paid 
for  this,  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  author's 
publications.  This  copy — there  are  appa- 
rently only  three  known — was  discovered 
in  the  summer  among  a  lot  of  old  books 
in  a  farmer's  house  in  Duchess  County, 
New  York,  where  a  book  collector  hap- 
pened to  be  spending  his  holidays.  Only 
one  copy  has  come  into  the  auction 
rooms  in  recent  years,  and  this  was  in 
the  French  sale  in  April,  1901,  when  it 
brought  1,000  dollars.  '  Prose  Romances  ' 
is  nothing  more  than  a  pamphlet  of  48 
pages,  in  paper  wrappers. 

The  interest  and  rarity  of  the  copy  of 
Chapman's  '  Seaven  Bookes  of  the  Diades 
of  Homere,  Prince  of  Poets,'  1598,  bought 
at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  on  Monday  last  for 
214/.,  might  have  escaped  general  notice 
but  for  the  very  high  price  paid  for  it. 


It  is  the  first  edition  of  Chapman's  version, 
and  when  the  work  was  revised  for  the 
folio  edition  published  in  1610,  Books  I. 
and  IT.  were  rewritten.  The  sum  paid 
on  Monday  was  the  third  in  point  of 
amount,  but  "  a  few  leaves  were  slightly 
defective,  and  some  stained."  Two  copies 
were  sold  in  1904  :  one  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's 
for  291/.  ;  and  the  other  at  Messrs. 
Hodgson's  for  230/.  Another  example 
was  in  the  McKee  sale,  New  York,  in 
December,  1901,  and  brought  860  dollars. 
These  are  the  only  three  copies  sold  at 
auction  for  many  years.  Ben  Jonsoa's 
example  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

On  Monday  last  the  dinner  of  the 
Newsvendors'  Benevolent  and  Provident 
Institution  at  De  Keyser's  Royal  Hotel 
was  a  decided  success.  The  Hon.  Harry 
Lawson  proved  a  most  efficient  chairman. 
The  subscriptions,  which  amounted  to 
1,854?.,  included  the  Chairman,  262Z.  10s.  ; 
Mr.  Joseph  H.  Lyons,  172/.  10s.  ;  Sir 
Horace  Marshall,  105/.  ;  Lord  North- 
cliff  e,  105/.  ;  Messrs.  Smith  &  Son.  100/.  ; 
the  Hon.  W.  F.  D.  Smith,  50/.  ;  and  Mr. 
Horace  Cox,  50/.  The  Lord  Mayor,  Sir 
W.  P.  Treloar,  will  preside  at  the  next 
festival. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Madrid 
of  the  Spanish  general  N.  de  la  Pezuela, 
Conde  de  Cheste,  son  of  the  last  Viceroy 
of  Peru,  where  he  was  born  in  1814.  He 
played  an  active  part  in  the  stirring  events 
of  Spain  during  the  fifties  and  sixties  of 
the  last  century,  but  of  late  years  had 
confined  himself  entirely  to  literary  pur- 
suits. He  was  a  poet  of  talent,  and 
translated  Dante.  He  was  President  of 
the  Spanish  Academy,  and  a  grand  officier 
of  the  French  Legion  d  Honneur. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Berlin 
of  Gustav  Taube,  the  author  of  a  number 
of  valuable  works  on  social  political  sub- 
jects, and  a  journalist  of  considerable 
repute.  He  suffered  several  terms  of 
imprisonment  for  his  political  principles. 


SCIENCE 


The  Electron  Theory  :  a  Popular  Intro- 
duction to  the  New  Theory  of  Electricity 
and  Magnetism.  By  E.  E.  Fournier 
d'Albe.  (Longmans  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Fournier  d'Albe,  who  has  been  long 
and  favourably  known  as  the  compiler 
of  a  weekly  chronique  on  electrical  matters, 
may  be  congratulated  upon  being  first 
in  the  field  with  a  complete  statement  in 
English  of  the  electronic  tin  civ.  He  by 
no  means  exaggerates  its  importance  when 
he  says,  as  he  does  by  implication,  that 
it  is  capable  of  explaining,  by  itself  and 
without  adventitious  aid,  all  the  pheno- 
mena of  heat,  light,  electricity^  magnetism, 
radio-activity,  and  even  gravitation,  and 
that  it  has  made  it  possible  "  to  look 
forward  to  the  eventual  formulation  of  a 
theory  embracing  all  phenomena  accessible. 
to  our  senses."  His  own  contribution  to 
it,  other  than  a  very  clear  and  masterly 
statement  of  the  whole  matter,  is  a  plea 
for  the  recognition  of  electricity  as  a  funda- 


586 


THE    ATHEN.3EUM 


Ne  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


mental  natural  quantity,  and  the  addition 
of  its  unit,  the  electron,  to  the  three  funda- 
mental units  of  length,  mass,  and  time, 
of  which  all  dimensional  formulas  are 
composed.  This  proposal  gathers  addi- 
tional weight  from  the  support  of  Dr. 
Johnstone  Stoney,  the  inventor  of  the 
term  "  electron,"  who  contributes  an 
appreciative  preface  to  the  book.  Should 
it  be  accepted  in  the  form  put  forward 
by  the  author,  the  electron  would  hence- 
forth take  its  place  as  a  fundamental 
natural  unit  alongside  of  the  centimetre, 
gramme,  and  second,  to  the  great  simpli- 
fication of  all  physical  calculations. 

The  electronic  theory  itself  has  been  too 
lately  discussed  at  length  in  these  columns 
(see  especially  The  Athenaeum  of  June  23rd 
and  30th)  to  need  any  full  restatement 
here.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  Mr. 
Fournier  d'Albe  accepts  the  wide-reaching 
hypotheses  of  the  most  uncompromising 
experts,  of  whom  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  is 
perhaps  the  protagonist.  Hence  he  thinks 
that  it  is  the  negative  electrons  alone — 
the  very  phrase  is  to  him  tautological,  as 
he  does  not  apparently  recognize  the  exis- 
tence of  positive  electrons — which  form 
the  "  electric  current  "  in  metals,  and  that 
it  is  they  alone  which  produce  magnetic 
force.  He  pictures  them,  indeed,  as 
always  moving  between  positive  atoms  at 
rest,  the  difference  between  a  conductor 
and  an  insulator  of  electricity  being 
that  in  the  former  they  move  freely, 
while  in  the  latter  they  are  incapable  of 
stirring  "  outside  the  range  of  the  atoms 
to  which  they  are  attached,"  "  the  modern 
view "  being,  according  to  him,  "  that 
the  mass  of  the  atom  contains  a  large 
number  of  electrons,  bound  together  by 
some  hitherto  mysterious  body  of  positive 
electricity."  Yet  this  mystery  he  in  part 
removes  by  stating  that  "  electricity  is 
a  fluid,  and  indeed  a  gas,"  and  not  "  really 
incompressible."  and  also  —  although 
neither  Prof.  Rutherford  nor  Prof.  Soddy 
has  yet  said  so  without  reserve — that  the 
Alpha  or  positive  particle  is  an  atom  of 
helium.  In  his  explanation  of  magnetism 
he  fully  accepts  the  theory  of  M.  Langevin 
(already  summarized  in  The  Athenceum  of 
December  2nd,  1905)  ;  and  as  to  gravita- 
tion he  apparently  regards  as  sufficient 
the  theory  of  Mr.  Sutherland  that  the 
attraction  of  opposite  charges  is  slightly 
greater  than  the  repulsion  of  similar  ones. 
He  also  defines  radiation  with  much 
felicity  as  "  a  process  in  which  a  disturb- 
ance is  propagated  through  space  without 
the  intervention  of  ponderable  matter  "  ; 
while  he  postulates  the  existence  of  an 
ether  which  is  ever  at  rest  and  is  a  perfect 
insulator  of  electricity. 

Old-fashioned  people  may  perhaps  look 
in  a  professedly  "  popular  "  book  for  some 
experimental  proof  of  a  theory  which 
thus  aims  at  drawing  to  itself  all  the 
phenomena  of  the  visible  universe  ;  but 
for  that  they  will  here  look  in  vain.  Ex- 
cept for  a  representation  of  the  apparatus 
whereby  M.  Perrin  proved  the  negative 
charge  of  the  cathode  stream,  and  another 
showing  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson's  deviation 
of  the  same  stream  by  a  magnet,  there  is 
hardly  an  experiment  described  pictorially 


or  at  length  in  the  book.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  work  is  crammed  with  calcula- 
tions and  formulas  having  for  their  object 
the  quantitative  demonstration  of  the 
validity  of  the  dogmas  here  laid  down. 
These  are  not  nearly  so  formidable  as 
they  look,  and  go  far  to  bear  out  the 
author's  hope  that  his  statements  will 
enable  "  those  readers  whose  mathematical 
attainments  have  not  transcended  the 
elementary  rules  of  algebra  to  master  the 
essential  principles  of  the  science,  so  as  to 
apply  them  to  practical  problems."  The 
remark  is  perhaps  open  to  the  objection 
that  if  any  engineer  or  other  practical 
electrician  does  so  apply  them  for  any 
length  of  time,  he  will  find  himself  mentally 
incapable  of  denying  the  validity  of  the 
theory  on  which  they  are  based.  Yet  in 
fairness  it  should  be  noted  that  Mr. 
Fournier  d'Albe  lays  down  that  no 
scientific  theory  is  or  can  be  final,  and  even 
appears  to  contemplate  with  equanimity 
the  possibility  of  the  electron  theory 
being  one  day  superseded. 

Readers  may  ask  how  far  the  author 
answers  the  objections  which  have 
already  been  raised  to  the  theory 
which  he  thus  lucidly  states  ;  and  here, 
we  confess,  we  find  his  book  disap- 
pointing. As  has  been  said  in  the  articles 
in  our  columns  before  referred  to,  Prof. 
Lorentz  himself  has  admitted  that,  in 
the  Hall  experiment,  the  deflection  by  a 
magnetic  field  of  the  current  to  one  side 
or  the  other  of  the  strip  according  to  the 
metal  employed,  is  only  explicable  at 
present  by  the  supposition  that  a  move- 
ment of  positive  electrons  takes  place  in 
certain  metals.  It  is  true  that  he  rejects 
this  explanation,  as  producing  more 
difficulties  than  it  explains  (see  Athenceum 
No.  4105)  and  prefers  instead  to  adjourn 
the  discussion  with  the  remark  that  the 
phenomenon  must  be  considered  inex- 
plicable for  the  moment.  Mr.  Fournier 
d'Albe,  on  the  contrary,  thinks  it  sufficient 
to  suggest  that  the  awkward  pheno- 
menon in  question,  when  observed  in 
such  metals  as  antimony  and  tellurium, 
indicates  "a  structure  which  allies 
those  metals  to  the  non-metallic  ele- 
ments," and  that  "  the  negative  electron 
here  gathers  round  it  so  many  neutral 
atoms  that  it  may  be  inferior  in  mobility 
to  the  positive  ion."  He  admits  that  this 
explanation  does  not  suffice  in  the  case 
of  iron,  and  suggests  that  in  this  metal 
"  most  of  the  [negative]  electrons  are  bound 
up  with  atoms,  while  a  large  number  of 
positive  atoms  are  roaming  free,  and 
although  they  have  not  the  great  mobility 
of  the  electrons,  they  make  up  for  that 
by  their  superior  numbers."  He  lets  it 
be  seen,  indeed,  that  this  explanation  is 
in  some  sort  forced  upon  him  by  his  un- 
willingness to  have  "  recourse  to  the 
assumption  of  free  positive  electrons, 
which  are  not  indicated  by  any  other 
phenomena."  We  may  venture  to  add 
to  this,  as  has  been  already  suggested 
here,  that  if  it  be  impossible  to  avoid  the 
assumption  of  which  he  shows  such 
dread,  the  whole  theory  of  the  extremists 
will  require  modification  and  restatement 
from  start  to  finish. 


Now  this  is  a  point  which  seems  to- 
us  capable  of  decision  by  experiment,, 
and  by  experiment  only.  Without  men- 
tioning other  experiments  that  have  now 
been  before  the  public  for  some  years,  it 
may  be  noticed  that  Prof.  Rutherford,  in. 
his  latest  investigation  into  the  mass  and 
velocity  of  the  Alpha  particles  from 
radium  detailed  in  the  Philosophical 
Magazine,  begins  by  passing  the  rays 
through  "  a  thin  mica  plate."  It  is 
evident,  therefore,  that,  in  Prof.  Ruther- 
ford's opinion,  the  Alpha  or  positive 
particle  moves  freely  enough  in  dielectrics. 
But  if  in  dielectrics,  why  not  in  metals,, 
where,  teste  Mr.  Fournier  d'Albe,  the  nega- 
tive electrons  at  any  rate  are  free  to  roam 
as  they  will  ?  Moreover,  it  is  well  known; 
that  if  a  metal  conductor  be  raised  to  a  suffi- 
ciently high  potential  by  a  positive  charge, 
luminous  aigrettes  or  plumes  will  burst  from 
it  in  all  directions,  which  are  capable  of 
imparting  their  positive  charge  to  any 
conductor  they  may  come  across,  and  will 
retain  that  power  even  after  traversing  a 
considerable  thickness  of  either  dielectric 
or  conductor.  It  is  difficult  to  account 
for  this  except  by  supposing  that  the- 
positive  electron  will,  as  Riecke  and 
Drude  asserted,  move  within  a  metal  with 
at  any  rate  some  of  the  freedom  of  its- 
negative  brother ;  and  Mr.  Fournier 
d'Albe  has  ample  reason  for  saying  that 
frictional  electricity  is,  up  to  the  present 
day,  the  least  explained  of  all  electric 
phenomena.  But  until  this  question  be 
disposed  of,  it  is  probable  that  the  elec- 
tronic theory  as  here  propounded  will  lack 
universal  acceptance. 

There  is  one  other  point  on  which  the- 
book  before  us  rather  challenges  criticism, 
and  this  is  as  to  the  inventor  of  the  theory 
from  which  it  takes  its  name.  It  is  said 
at  the  outset  that  "  no  one  man  can  claim 
the  authorship  "  of  the  new  theory,  yet 
one  need  not  travel  beyond  these  pages 
to  see  that  its  first  propounder  was  un- 
doubtedly Prof.  H.  A.  Lorentz,  of 
Ley  den.  "  Sixteen  years  before  the  dis- 
covery of  Zeeman,"  we  are  told — as  a, 
matter  of  fact  it  was  in  1878 — Prof. 
Lorentz  "  reduced  the  action  of  matter 
on  light  to  the  presence  of  minute  charged 
corpuscles  revolving  round  the  atoms." 
In  1S97  "nobody  expected,"  theauthorsays 
again,  "  to  find  the  cathode  particles  to  be 
identical  with  the  electrons  postulated  by 
Lorentz  to  explain  the  Zeeman  effect. ' ' ' '  The 
theory  of  dispersion  was  the  breeding- 
ground  of  the  electron  theory,"  and  "  a 
theory  involving  the  displacements  and 
vibrations  of  elementary  charges,"  he 
says  later,  had  been  applied  to  dispersion 
by  Prof.  Lorentz  "  several  years  "  before 
the  discovery  of  Zeeman.  We  certainly 
have  no  wish  to  minimize  the  value  of  the 
careful  measurements  and  other  improve- 
ments that  have  been  introduced  into  it 
at  Cambridge  and  elsewhere  ;  but,  con- 
sidering that  Prof.  Lorentz  has  never 
ceased  to  elaborate  and  defend  his  theory, 
and  that  two  years  ago  he  gave  to  the 
world  the  first  coherent  and  complete 
statement  of  it,  we  think  he  is  as  much 
entitled  to  whatever  credit  attaches  to 
the  inventor  of  such  a  doctrine  as  Charles- 


Nc4124,  Nov.  10.  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


587 


Darwin    was    in    the    case    of     what   is 
generally  called  "  Darwinism." 

We  have  noticed  a  few  slips,  including 
the  use  of  phrases  like  "  galvanoplastic  " 
(as  a  noun),  "  that  whole  vast  science," 
and  "  visualize  happenings,"  which  show 
some  carelessness  of  diction  ;  but  on 
the  whole  the  book  may  be  heartily 
commended  as  a  well-executed  attempt 
to  grapple  with  a  new  and  difficult  subject. 


Wireless  Telegraphy.  By  Gustav  Eich- 
horn.  (Griffin  &  Co.) — This  book  is  one 
of  reference  for  those  connected  -with  the 
practice  of  wireless  telegraphy,  and  for  those 
with  a  substantial  electrical  and  mathe- 
matical knowledge,  rather  than  an  element- 
ary textbook  for  the  ordinary  student.  Tt 
•strikes  one  as  the  reproduction  of  notes 
■emanating  from  a  man  who  has  been^prac- 
tically  engaged  in  this  subject,  ;  and  that 
is  very  likely  the  history  of  the  book,  for 
Dr.  Eichhorn,  the  author,  describes  himself 
on  the  title-page,  somewhat  laboriously,  as 
"  formerly  Manager  of  the  large  Baltic 
Experimental  Stations  for  Prof.  Braun, 
Siemens  and  Halske."  ft  is,  perhaps,  for 
this  reason  that  the  arrangement  of  t he- 
book  does  not  appear  to  be  good  ;  but 
the  actual  matter — mostly  original  both  as 
Tegards  text  and  illustrations  —  is  more 
trustworthy  than  is  the  case  with  many 
other  volumes  dealing  with  the  subject.  The 
author  begins  his  preface  by  remarking  : — 

' '  Any  reader  expecting  this  book  to  consist  of  a 
•compilation  of  the  so-called  '  systems '  of  wireless 
telegraphy  will  be  deceived." 

He  goes  on  to  say  : — 

' '  I  fail  to  see  that  such  a  compilation  would  be 
•of  use  to  any  one,  believing  rather  that  a  simple 
and  comprehensive  unfolding  of  the  fundamental 
principles  and  working  methods  of  modern  tele- 
graphy by  means  of  electric  waves  is  the  more 
-appropriate." 

He    then  adds  :     "  On  these  grounds  I  may 
•claim  the  right  to  term  my  work  objective." 


SOCIETIES. 


British  Academy.  —  Oct.  31.— Dr.  D.  G.  Hogarth 
<{Fellow  of  the  Academy)  read  a  paper  on  '  Artemis 
Ephesia.'  The  site  of  the  great  Temple  of  Artemis 
At  Ephesus  was  re-examined  at  the  cost  of  the 
British  Museum  during  1904  and  1905.  The  exca- 
vation resulted  in  the  first  place  in  the  recovery 
not  only  of  a  complete  ground-plan  of  the  temple 
of  the  sixth  century  B.C.,  discovered  below  the 
Hellenistic  stratum  by  Wood  in  1870,  and  of  much 
fresh  evidence  of  its  architectural  character,  but 
also  of  many  small  objects  dedicated  in  that 
temple,  including  several  cult-figurines  of  the 
goddess.  In  the  second  place,  the  excavation 
revealed  remains  of  three  distinct  temples  of  the 
period  before  Cnesus,  which  had  not  been  found 
by  Wood.  These  were  all  of  much  smaller  area 
than  the  sixth-century  and  Hellenistic  temples, 
and  the  most  primitive  appeared  to  be  a  naos  just 
large  enough  to  contain  a  statue  -with  an  altar 
facing  it,  the  whole  enclosed  in  an  open  lemenos. 
The  foundation  for  this  shrine  lies  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  axes  of  all  the  successive  temples 
alike,  and  it  is  evident  that  at  all  periods  it  was 
the  central  Holy  of  Holies,  where  stood  the  cultus- 
statue.  When  this  central  structure  came  to  he 
examined,  it  was  found  to  be  a  platform  made 
solid  with  a  filling  of  flat  slabs,  between  and 
among  which  had  been  packed  a  quantity  of  small 
objects  in  gold,  eleetrum,  silver,  bronze,  ivory, 
amber,  and  other  materials,  including  certain  very 
early  eleetrum  coins.  The  whole  Dumber  of  objects 
was  nearly  one  thousand,  and  from  their  position 
and  the  fact  that  they  are  almost  all  objeol  i  i 
personal  adornment  and  evidently  selected,  they 
can  only  be  supposed  to  have  been  placed  inten- 
tionally where  found,  for  the  use  of  the  goddess, 


whose  statue  stood  above,  and  at  the  epoch  of  the 
first  foundation  of  her  small  shrine.  They  appear 
to  belong  to  the  latter  part  of  the  eighth  and  to 
the  earlier  part  of  the  seventh  centuries  B.C. 
Outside  this  naos  foundation,  and  in  the  lowest 
stratum  all  over  the  area  of  the  earlier  lemenos, 
other  objects  of  similar  period  were  also  found  to 
the  number  of  about  two  thousand.  These  include 
fine  statuettes  and  other  objects  in  ivory,  crystal, 
metals,  &c. ,  and  many  more  coins  ;  but  little  or  no 
personal  jewellery.  This  unique  treasure  includes 
many  representations  of  the  goddess  and  her 
attributes,  and  many  objects  used  in  her  cult. 
Attention  was  directed  especially  to  the  first 
category,  which  were  considered  in  connexion  also 
with  the  cult-figurines  found  in  the  "Crcesus" 
temple.  These  representations,  nearly  fifty  in  all, 
show  how  the  goddess  was  locally  personified  over 
a  period  ranging  from  the  eighth  to  the  fourth 
century  b.c.  There  are  several  varieties  of  type, 
but  it  is  noteworthy  that  in  no  case  is  there  any 
approximation  to  the  "  multimammia "  figure 
rendered  familiar  by  statuettes  of  the  Roman 
period,  and  supposed  to  be  preserved  also  by  a 
well-known  type  of  cultus- image  portrayed  on 
Ephesian  and  other  Asiatic  city  coins  from  the 
second  century  B.C.  to  the  third  century  a.d.  This 
latter  type,  however,  is  probably  not  "  multi- 
mammia "  at  all,  and  there  is  some  reason  to  doubt 
if  it  really  represents  any  Ephesian  statue.  It 
seems  possible  that  it  is  a  traditional  cultus-type — 
not  local,  but  probably  of  Phrygian  or  Cappadocian 
origin  —  introduced  into  Ephesus,  and  showing 
degraded  survivals  of  features  of  the  winged 
goddess  type,  the  so-called  Tiorvia  dnpwv.  The 
local  Ionian  personification,  so  far  as  the  available 
evidence  goes,  seems  to  have  been  originally  of 
genuine  Hellenic  character,  a  natural  matronly 
figure.  The  confusion  of  Artemis  Ephesia  with 
the  great  West  Asian  goddess  of  the  non-Hellenic 
peoples  is  argued  to  have  happened  late  in  time, 
and  to  have  been  symptomatic  of  a  change  in  the 
character  of  Ephesian  civilization,  which  gradually 
became  more  Asiatic,  and  adopted  a  conception  of 
the  goddess-cult  reflected  in  the  early  history  of 
Ephesian  Christianity,  and  still  to  be  discerned 
locally  at  the  present  day. 


Linnean. — Nov.  1.  — Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  H.  R.  Knipe  was 
admitted  a  Fellow.— Mr.  M.  T.  Dawe,  Dr.  A.  T. 
Masterman,  and  Mr.  J.  A.  Weale  were  elected 
Fellows. — The  President  exhibited  spirit  specimens 
of  young  plaice  hatched  and  reared  in  captivity  at 
Port  Erin,  Isle  of  Man,  and  pointed  out  the 
different  rate  of  growth  occasioned  by  different 
surroundings  at  the  station. — Mr.  G.  Talbot  ex- 
hibited abnormalspecimens  oiEquiaetum  maximum, 
Lam.  (syn.  E.  telmateia,  Ehrh. ),  from  Broxbourne, 
Herts,  where  they  grew  on  dry  ground  and  in  a 
narrow  area. — Mr.  L.  Boodle,  Prof.  J.  W.  H. 
Trail,  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Worsdell  took  part  in  the 
discussion.  — The  General  Secretary  exhibited  a 
collotype  print,  42  cm.  by  33  cm.,  of  Carl  von 
Linne,  which  had  been  presented  by  Herr  J. 
Cederquist,  of  Stockholm.  It  had  been  prepared 
for  the  forthcoming  two-hundredth  anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  Carl  von  Linne. — The  first  paper  was 
by  Sir  Dietrich  Brandis,  who  spoke  on  the  struc- 
ture of  bamboo  leaves. — Dr.  Stapf,  Dr.  Rendle, 
Mr.  L.  Boodle,  Mr.  W.  G.  Freeman,  and  Dr.  D.  H. 
Scott  joined  in  the  discussion  which  followed. — 
Dr.  W.  T.  Caiman  communicated  a  paper  by  Dr. 
J.  G.  De  Man  on  Crustacea  from  the  Inland  Sea  of 
Japan,  in  which  39  species  were  fully  described, 
and  ambiguities  in  previous  authors  cleared  up. — 
The  Rev.  T.  K.  R.  Stebbing  contributed  some 
remarks.  —  The  last  paper  was  a  brief  one  by 
Prof.  A.  J.  Ewart,  on  the  systematic  position  of 
Hectorella  c<e*pitosa,  Hook.  f. ,  which  had  pre- 
viously been  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  Portu- 
Lacese,  but  which  the  author  suggested  might  be 
transferred  to  the  Caryophyllaceee. — Dr.  1).  H. 
Scott  and  the  (ieneral  Secretary  spoke  briefly  on 
certain  points  raised  in  the  paper. 


Entomological. — Oct.    17. — Mr.  F.    Merrifield, 

President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donis- 
thorpe  showed  living  specimens  of  the  beetle 
Mononychii8 pseudacori found  iavlanteoflriafretidie- 
sima  at  Niton,  Isle  of  Wight,  where  the  species 
was  common. — Mr.  A.  H.  Jones  exhibited  a  collec- 
tion of  butterflies  from  Arosa,  Switzerland,  taken 


at  6,000  ft.  ;  and  varieties  of  Melanargia  galatea 
and  Argynnis  niobe,  taken  on  the  Splngen  Pass  in 
July ;  also  specimens  from  other  localities  for 
comparison. — Mr.  W.  J.  Kajre  exhibited  a  fine 
example  of  the  remarkable  moth  Dracenta  rusina, 
Druce,  from  Trinidad.  The  species  bears  a 
wonderful  resemblance  to  a  decayed  dead  leaf,  the 
patches  on  the  wings  suggesting  the  work  of  some 
leaf-mining  insect. — Mr.  E.  M.  Dadd  showed  a 
number  of  Noctuids  common  to  the  British  Isles 
and  Germany,  and  drew  attention  to  the  differences 
between  the  prevalent  forms  occurring  in  England 
and  the  prevailing  forms  of  the  same  species  on 
the  Continent. — Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey  exhibited  speci- 
mens of  Ixias  baliensis,  Friihst,  and  Huphvia 
nerissa,  Fabr.,  remarking  that  the  association 
between  the  two  species  must  necessarily  be 
Miillerian  and  not  Batesian,  if  the  relation  of 
mimic  to  model  were  as  he  suggested.  —  Mr. 
S.  A.  Neave  exhibited  a  number  of  Lepidoptera 
from  the  collection  made  by  him  in  N.E.  Rhodesia 
in  1904—5,  comprising  the  following  rare  species  : 
Melanitis  libya,  Distant ;  Liptena  homeyeri, 
Dewitz ;  Pentila  peucetia,  Hew.  ;  Catochrysops 
gigantea,  Trim.  ;  Crenis  pechueli,  Dewitz,  and 
G.  rosa,  Hew. ,  which  are  evidently  two  distinct 
species;  Crenidomimas  concordia,  Hopff. ,  the 
mimic  of  the  last  two  species  ;  and  two  remarkable 
species  of  the  genus  Aphnseus  —  including  the 
female,  so  rarely  taken  in  this  genus — Acroza, 
natalica,  Boisd. ,  and  A.  anemosa,  Hew.,  with  two 
remarkable  moths  showing  a  close  mimetic 
resemblance  to  them.  The  exhibitor  stated  that 
his  collection  should  prove  exceedingly  interesting 
as  regards  seasonal  forms,  especially  in  the 
Acraeinre  and  Pierina?,  of  which  he  also  showed 
additional  examples. 


Microscopical. — Oct.  17. — Mr.  A.  N.  Disney, 
V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — An  old  portable  microscope 
made  by  Dollond,  and  presented  to  the  Society  by 
Major  F.  R.  Winn  Sampson,  was  exhibited,  and 
described  by  the  Secretary.  This  microscope,  like 
similar  ones  made  by  other  makers  about  the  same 
period,  was  a  modification  of  Cuff's  "newly  con- 
structed double  microscope."  It  was  hinged  to  a 
bracket  fixed  inside  to  the  bottom  of  the  case, 
instead  of  being  secured  on  a  box  foot.  The  case 
thus  formed  the  base  of  the  instrument,  which, 
being  hinged,  presented  the  advantage  that  it 
could  be  set  at  any  angle  between  the  horizontal 
and  upright  positions.  One  end  of  the  case  is 
hinged  so  as  to  let  down  and  allow  the  mirror  to 
project  when  the  microscope  is  in  a  raised  position, 
the  instrument  lying  flat  when  the  case  is  closed. 
In  Cuff's  instrument  the  pillar  is  divided  vertically 
for  the  purpose  of  applj'ing  a  fine  adjustment  which 
acted  on  the  body,  the  coarse  adjustment  being 
effected  by  hand  ;  in  the  Dollond  instrument  the 
pillar  is  in  one  piece,  and  fitted  with  rack-and- 
pinion  coarse  adjustment  for  focussing  the  stage. 
The  eye  lens  of  the  ocular  is  compound,  and  con- 
sists of  two  lenses,  the  one  next  the  eye  being 
plano-convex,  the  other  biconvex.  The  instrument 
is  the  only  example  of  this  type  in  the  Society's 
collection.  It  resembles  one  of  larger  proportions 
which  had  belonged  to  Sir  David  Brewster,  is  now 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  was  also  probably  made 
by  Dollond. — A  curious  little  arrangement — a  sort 
of  pocket  microscope — presented  by  an  anonymous 
donor,  was  exhibited.  It  is  a  brass  box  about 
It  in.  high,  and  greatest  diameter  about  1*  in.  It 
contains  a  simple  microscope  for  viewing  small 
insects  impaled  on  a  steel  point  and  two  other  mag- 
nifiers, one  being  packed  within  the  mount  of  the 
other.  The  inner  is  fitted  at  one  end,  in  t  lie  focus 
of  the  lens,  with  a  diminutive  live  box.  This 
mult  urn  in  parvo  may  have  been  the  precursor  of 
the  modern  pocket  lens.  It  belonged  thirty  or 
forty  years  ago  to  a  solicitor  named  Granger,  and 
the  bit  torn  cover  of  the  box  is  engraved  with  the 
name  of  "B.  Granger,  Tcttenhall,  1790."  These 
magnifiers  were  n<  >t  uncommon,  and  were  frequently 
made  of  ivory. — Mr.  J.  II.  Agar  Baugh  exhibited 
an  immersion  spot  lens  made  by  Reichert,  suitable 
for  use  with  high  powers  and  for  showing  ultra  - 
mioroBOopica]  particles. — Mr.  F.  W.  Watson  Baker 
exhibited  tor  Messrs.  Watson  A  Sons  a  metallurgical 
microscope  for  students  ;  alsoa  Cathcart  microtome 
with  an  ingenious  automatic  feed  action,  and  a 
hand  section-cut t>T  designed  by  Mr.  Darlaston. — A 
paper  by  Mr.  •lames  Murray  on  'Some  Rotifers 
from  the  Sikkim  Himalaya.'  was  read  by  Mr. 
Rousselet.     The  paper  was  illustrated  by  drawings 


588 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


to  a  large  scale  and  mounted  specimens  of  some  of 
the  species  under  microscopes. — Mr.  J.  M.  Coon 
read  a  paper  on  '  Comuvia  serpula,  a  Species  of 
Mycetozoa  new  to  Britain," giving  for  the  first  time 
a  complete  description  of  all  the  stages  of  this 
organism.  The  paper  was  illustrated  by  lantern- 
slides  and  by  specimens  under  the  microscope. — 
Mr.  A.  B.  Conrady  gave  a  summary  of  his  paper 
on  an  early  criticism  of  the  Abbe  theory  made  by 
Dr.  Altmann  in  1880.  Dr.  Altmann  endeavoured 
to  extend  the  Helmholtz  theory  by  maintaining 
that  the  image  should  be  considered  as  built  up  of 
diffusion  disks  such  as  Helmholtz  had  dealt  with  in 
his  paper  of  1873.  This  paper  brought  a  vigorous 
reply  from  Prof.  Abbe,  in  which  he  added  consider- 
ably to  the  previously  published  account  of  his 
theory,  and  laid  stress  on  the  difference  between  a 
self-luminous  object  and  one  illuminated  artificially. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  —  Nov.  6. — 
Sir  Alexander  Kennedy,  President,  delivered  an 
address  on  the  relation  of  the  engineer  and 
engineering  to  the  world  at  large.  He  subse- 
quently presented  the  medals  and  premiums 
awarded  by  the  Council  for  papers  dealt  with  at 
the  Institution  in  the  course  of  the  vast  session. 


Society  or  Biblical  Archaeology. — Nor.  7. — ■ 
Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr. 
F.  Legge  read  a  paper,  illustrated  by  lantern- 
slides,  on  'The  Tablets  of  the  First  Egyptian 
Dynasty.'  He  claimed  that  the  small  ivory  and 
wooden  tablets  lately  discovered  at  Negadah  and 
Alydos  were  the  earliest  written  records  in  exist- 
ence, and  sought  to  interpret  the  scenes  and 
inscriptions  depicted  on  them.  According  to  him, 
they  recorded  different  ceremonies  taking  place  in 
the  funerary  chapels  in  which  they  were  dis- 
covered, including  the  foundation  of  the  chapel 
or  temple  itself  and  the  gifts  of  the  king  or  high 
officials  to  it,— Mr.  H.  R.  Hall,  Dr.  Piatt,  and  the 
Chairman  continued  the  discussion.  The  Chair- 
man also  announced  a  great  discovery  of  cuneiform 
tablets  at  Boghaz  Keui,  which  he  thought  would 
materially  help  in  dissipating  the  n^stery  still 
attaching  to  the  Hittite  script  and  language. 


Society  of  Engineers.—  Nov.  5. — Mr.  Maurice 
Wilson,  President,  in  the  chair.  — A  paper  was 
read  on  '  Recent  Storage-Battery  Improvements,' 
by  Mr.  Sherard  Cowper-Coles. 


Physical.  —  Oct.  26.— Prof.  J.  Perry,  President, 
in  the  chair. — A  paper  on  'The  Strength  and 
Behaviour  of  Ductile  Materials  under  Combined 
Stress '  was  read  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Seoble. — A  paper 
by  .Mr.  J.  M.  Baldwin  on  'The  Behaviour  of  Iron 
under  Weak  Periodic  Magnetizing  Forces '  was 
read  by  Prof.  F.  T.  Trouton. — A  paper  by  Prof. 
R.  W.  Wood  on  'Fluorescence  and  Magnetic 
Rotation  Spectra  of  Sodium  Vapour  and  their 
Analysis '  was  taken  as  read. 


Challenger.  —  Oct.  31. — Annual  Meeting. — 
Prof.  d'A.  Thompson  in  the  chair. — The  following 
gentlemen  were  elected  to  serve  on  the  Committee : 
Dr.  W.  T.  Caiman,  Mr.  E.  W.  L.  Holt,  Prof. 
d'A.  Thompson,  and  Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler  (Hon. 
Secretary). — At  the  subsequent  scientific  meeting 
1  i.  Fowler  read  a  preliminary  note  on  a  method 
of  detecting  successive  moults  of  the  same  species 
am.  :ig  Crustacea.  The  uncertainty  of  connecting 
in  series  the  successive  stages  of  larva-  captured  in 
t<>M  -nel  hauls  is  great,  especially  if  the  general 
form  and  appendages  differ  at  different  moults. 
Broi  ks  noticed  twenty  years  ago  a  curious 
numerical  relation  between  the  lengths  of  four 
Bpecimene  of  Stomatopod  larvse,  which  appears  to 
be  capable  of  expansion  info  a  regular  law  ;  and  if 
tin-  larvae  captured  be  arranged  at  first  by  general 
mi  rphological  similarity,  and  by  constant  associa- 
tion in  tin-  same  hauls,  it  seems  probable  that  this 
law  will  give  the  key  to  their  relationship.  The 
author  had  measured  and  ascertained  the  sex 
of  more  than  400  specimens  of  Oonchcecia  unbar- 
aiata,  Claus.  The  males  and  females  each  fell 
into  three  groups  when  arranged  by  lengths; 
when  tin-  frequency  of  the  lengths  occurring  in 
each  group  was  plotted,  each  formed  a  small 
"curve  of  frequency,"  and  the  Mean  length  of 
each   group,  when   multiplied   by  a  certain  factor 


(determined  experimentally),  yielded  the  Mean  of 
the  next  highest  group  ;  the  extremes,  similarly 
multiplied,  yielded  approximately  the  extremes  of 
the  next  highest  curve.  The  factor  is  different  for 
males  and  for  females,  and  seems  to  be  an  expres- 
sion of  the  percentage  of  the  total  length  by  which 
the  animal  increases  between  two  moults  ;  this  is 
apparently  constant  for  every  moult.  The  law  is 
also  very  clearly  observable  when  applied  to  the 
measurements  of  lobster  larvse  recorded  by 
Herrick. — Prof.  d'A.  Thompson  illustrated  and 
explained  three  graphic  methods  of  recording 
temperature  observations,  in  use  in  the  section  of 
the  International  Investigations  of  the  North  Sea 
conducted  by  the  Scottish  Fishery  Board.  One 
recorded  the  surface  temperatures  at  any  date  and 
position  along  a  given  line  ;  another,  the  tempera- 
tures at  any  date  and  depth  at  a  given  position  ; 
and  the  third  showed  the  daily  sequence  of 
temperatures  for  the  year  at  a  given  position  in 
the  form  of  sine  curves. 


meetings  next  week. 


Mon.     London    Institution,  5.— 'On  the    Relation  of  Literature  to 
Politics.'  Mr.  Alfred  Austin. 

—  Surveyors'  Institution,  S.— President's  Address. 

—  Geographical,    8.30.— 'North-Eastern    Rhodesia,'    Mr.    L.   A. 

Wallace. 
Tues.    Asiatic,  4.— 'The  Pathan  Sultans  of  Penpal,'  Sir  J.  Eourdillon. 

—  Colonial  Institute,  8.— 'Notes  on  Imperial  Organization,' Mr. 

R.  J  ebb. 

—  Faraday,  8.—'  Some  Investigations  relative  to  the  Depreciation 

of  Eiectrolvticallv-Produeed  Solutions  of  Sodium  Hypo- 
chlorite,' Mr.  W.  Pollard  Dighy ;  'The  Hermite  Electro- 
lytic Process  at  Poplar,"  Mr.  C.  V.  Biggs;  'On  the  Electro- 
chemistry of  Lead,'  Dr.  A.  0.  C.  Cumming. 

—  Institution    of    Civil    Engineers,    8.— 'Single-Phase    Electric 

Traction,'  Mr.  C.  F.  Jenkin. 

—  Zoological,   8.30.— 'On  the  Embryo    of    the    Okapi,'  Prof.    R. 

Burckhardt ;  'Zoological  Results  of  the  Third  Tanganyika 
Expedition,  1904-5  :  Report  on  the  Turbellaria,'  Mr.  F.  F. 
Laidlaw;  'List  of  Further  Collections  of  Mammals  from 
Western  Australia,'  Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas;  'The  Mollusca 
of  the  Persian  Gulf,  Gulf  of  Oman,  and  Arabian  Sea: 
Part  II.  Pelecypoda,'  Messrs.  J.  Cosmo  Melvill  and  R. 
Standen. 
Thuhs.  Royal,  4.30. 

—  London     Institution,    6.—'  On   Artistic    Possibilities   of   the 

Machine.'  Prof.  H.  von  Herkomer. 

—  Linnean,    8.— 'Recent    Researches    in    Norway,'    Mr.    H.    W. 

Monckton. 

—  Chemical,    8.30.— 'On    the   Determination   of    the    Rate    of 

Chemical  Change  by  Measurement  of  Gases  Evolved,'  Mr. 
F.   E.  E.   Lamplough  ;   'Xanthoxalanil  and  its  Analogues,' 
Mr.  S.  Ruhemann. 
Fri.       Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  8.— 'Steam  as  a  Motive 
Power  for  Public-Service  Vehicles,'  Mr.  T.  Clarkson. 


Hrwnw  (Bassip. 

Our  special  series  of  scientific  articles 
will  be  continued  next  week  by  a  paper  on 
the  origin  of  radio-activity  and  the  old 
age  of  matter.  It  will  be  by  Dr.  Gustave 
le  Bon,  member  of  the  Academie  Royale  de 
Belgique,  whose  novel  theories  on  the  dis- 
integration of  matter  have  been  often 
favourably  alluded  to  in  The  Athenceum. 
After  having  passed  through  the  usual 
period  of  obloquy,  they  have  been  lately 
examined  and  discussed  with  approval  by 
many  of  the  leading  physicists  of  Europe. 

Db.  Johannes  Dzierzon,  whose  death  is 
announced  from  Lowkowitz,  in  Silesia,  was 
one  of  the  foremost  German  authorities  on 
bees.  It  was  he  who  introduced  the  use 
of  hives  with  combs  that  could  be  removed, 
and  his  methods  facilitated  his  opportunities 
of  observation  and  discovery  in  the  subject. 
He  also  introduced  the  Italian  bee  into 
Germany.  Dzierzon.  who  was  born  in  1811, 
was  a  clergyman,  but  he  retired  from  active 
work  in  1869,  devoted  himself  to  bees,  and 
edited  a  paper  dealing  with  bee  culture. 
He  wrote  several  valuable  books,  among 
them  '  Theorie  und  Praxis  des  neuen 
Bienenfreundes,'  '  Kationelle  Bienenzucht,' 
&c. 

The  particulars  of  the  visit  to  Western 
Tibet  of  Mr.  H.  Calvert,  of  the  India  Civil 
Service,  given  in  The  Civil  and  Military 
Gazette  of  Lahore,  supplement  the  informa- 
tion contained  in  Mr.  Sherring's  book, 
reviewed  in  last  week's  Athenanm.  Mr. 
Sherring's  visit  was  to  the  south-east  dis- 
tricts  (if  the  province;  that  of  Mr.  Calvert 
was  to  the  north-west,  and  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  region  visited  by  Mr.  Sherring 
he  seems  to  havo  explored  tho  wholo  of  Nari 
Khorsum.     Mr.    Calvert   proceeded   by    tho 


summer  route  towards  Gartok.  This  15- 
north  of  that  along  the  Sutlej  valley  (the 
route  by  which  the  Ryder-Rawling  mission 
returned  to  India  at  the  beginning  of  1905), 
and  had  not  previously  been  travelled  over 
by  any  Europeans,  not  even  by  survey 
parties.  Mr.  Calvert  was  entirely  depender  t 
on  his  Tibetan  guides.  The  party  reached 
Gartok  on  August  4th.  By  this  route- 
Gartok,  which  has  often  been  described,  is 
122  miles  from  Shipki,  and  344  from  Simla. 
Mr.  Calvert  penetrated  to  Chukang  on  the 
Indus  by  an  unknown  route.  He  found 
the  Indus  here  to  be  "  a  small  stream 
easily  fordable,  flowing  in  a  narrow  steep 
valley  barely  half  a  mile  wide."  Rudok, 
which  for  some  inscrutable  reason  the 
Tibetans  have  most  jealously  guarded, 
turning  back,  for  instance,  Capt.  Rawling 
on  his  first  tour  when  he  was  close  to  it, 
is  described  as 

"  a  picturesque  village  on  a  rocky  eminence  in  a 
wide  grassy  plain.  The  eminence  is  crowned  by  a 
fine  dzone,  and  there  are  ruined  battlements  and 
bastions  below.  The  village  is  largely  in  ruins, 
the  population  having  decreased  considerably  of 
late." 

Mr.  Calvert  sums  up  the  results  of  his  journey 
in  the  following  words  : — 

"  The  entire  journey  extended  over  1,080 
miles,  of  which  620  were  in  Tibet  proper.  The 
highest  camp  was  pitched  at  17,050  ft.,  and  for 
weeks  we  never  got  below  15,000  ft.  The  Tibetans 
were  generally  friendly  or  indifferent,  and  little 
difficulty  was  experienced  in  obtaining  yaks  for 
transport.  In  the  course  of  the  tour  every  district 
in  Western  Tibet  was  visited  except  those  in  the 
south-east  corner  visited  by  Mr.  Sherring  last  year. 
Several  previously  unknown  and  unmapped  routes- 
were  followed,  and  though  no  important  geo- 
graphical discoveries  were  made,  much  useful  and 
interesting  information  was  obtained.  The 
weather  conditions  were  at  times  very  trying, 
much  rain,  hail,  and  snow  being  encountered." 

A  new  variable  star  of  the  Algol  type  hat? 
been  detected  by  Madame  Ceraski  in  the 
constellation  Draco,  whilst  she  was  examin- 
ing photographic  plates  taken  by  M.  Blajko 
at  the  Moscow  Observatory.  The  normal 
magnitude  is  9'3,  the  minimum  9'S  ;  a:> 
this  change  amounts  to  only  half  a  magni- 
tude, it  was  thought  best  not  to  announce  it 
until  the  variation  had  been  confirmed  by 
visual  observations.  This  was  done  by  M. 
Blajko.  who  found  the  star  at  a  minimum 
of  brightness  on  the  18th  ult.  It  will  be 
reckoned  as  var.  121,  1906,  Draconis,  and 
its  place  is  a  little  to  tli3  north-east  of  the 
star  numbered  49  (of  the  sixth  magnitude) 
in  Flamsteed's  catalogue. 

Eleven  new  small  planets  are  announced 
from  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Haidel- 
berg.  Two  of  these  were  detected  by  Prof. 
Max  Wolf,  on  the  21st  and  22nd  ult.  respect- 
ively ;  six  by  Herr  Kopff  on  tho  17th,  and 
one  on  the  22nd,  and  one  by  Herr  Lohnort 
on  the  8th,  and  another  on  the  17th. 

Prof.  Bauschinger  publishes  in  No. 
4128  of  the  Astronomische  Nachrichlen  the 
results  of  an  elaborate  discussion  of  the  small 
planets  recently  announced.  Many  of  fche?e 
were  insufficiently  observed  for  determina- 
tion of  their  orbits  ;  and  twelve  were  found 
to  be  identical  with  previous  discoveries. 
But  permanent  numbers  are  assigned  to 
thirty-two  of  which  the  orbits  havo  been 
calculated,  the  la!<t  of  thorn  being  No.  60 1T 
which  was  discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf 
on  the  21st  of  June  last.  Names  also  are 
now  given  by  Prof.  Wolf  to  a  large  number 
of  earlier  discoveries  at  Konigstuhl,  which 
havo  hitherto  remained  anonymous.  Nos. 
459  and  461,  discovered  on  October  22nd, 
1900,  are  designated  Signe  and  Saskia  ; 
Noj.  464,  465,  466,  467,  468,  471,  473,  and 
474,  all  detectod  in  1901,  are  to  be  called 
Mogaira,    Alekto,    Tisiphone,    Laura,    Linar 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


589 


Papagena,  Nolli,  and  Prudentia  respectively; 
Nk>s.  490,  492,  and  495,  discovered  in  1902, 
are  named  Veritas,  Gismonda,  and  Eulalia  ; 
Nos.  500,  501,  502,  513,  514,  and  515, 
•detected  in  1903,  are  Selinur,  Urhixidur, 
Sigune,  Centesima,  Armida,  and  Athalia  ; 
Nos.  524,  525,  527,  528,  529,  530,  531,  539, 
540,  541,  549,  550,  551,  552,  and  553,  all 
discovered  in  1904,  are  Fidelio,  Adelaide, 
Euryanthe,  Rezia,  Preciosa,  Turandot,  Zer- 
lina,  Pamina,  Rosamunde,  Deborah,  Jes- 
sonda,  Senta,  Ortrud,  Sigelinde,  and  Kundry 
respectively  ;  and  Nos.  555,  557,  558,  559, 
560,  5G1,  and  562,  detected  in  1905,  have 
received  the  designations  Norma,  Violetta, 
■Carmen,  Nanon,  Delila,  Ingwelde,  and 
Salome  respectively.  Tn  addition  to  these 
names,  Mr.  G.  H.  Peters,  of  the  Naval 
Observatory,  Washington,  who  discovered 
No.  536  on  May  11th,  1904,  has  now  given 
it  the  designation  Merapi. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Liverpool 
Astronomical  Society  has  been  received,  and 
records  much  good  work.  As  frontispiece 
there  is  a  portrait  of  the  Rev.  R.  Killip, 
F.R.A.S.,  the  resuscitator  of  the  Society, 
and  hon.  secretary  from  1901  to  1906.  The 
President  (Mr.  W.  E.  Plummer,  F.R.A.S.) 
•gave  a  very  interesting  inaugural  address 
on  '  Binary  and  Variable  Stars  '  ;  and  the 
Report  also  contains  a  resume  of  a  lecture  by 
Father  Sidgreaves,  of  Stonyhurst  College, 
on  '  The  Spectroscope  in  use  upon  the  Stars,' 
and  '  Some  Notes  on  a  Photographic  Reflect- 
ing Telescope  of  Very  Short  Relative  Focus,' 
by  Mr.  Longbottom,  of  Chester. 


FINE   ARTS 


THE    SOCIETY    OF    TWENTY-FIVE. 

This  exhibition  at  Messrs-.  Dowdeswell's 
'Galleries  contains  no  example  of  first-rate 
merit,  but  the  work  on  the  whole  attains  a 
fair  level  of  ability.  With  one  or  two  excep- 
tions all  the  artists  are  mannered  and  seem 
to  set  an  exaggerated  value  on  the  kind 
of  individuality  that  make?  any  work  of  a 
painter  instantly  recognizable  as  his.  The 
.amateur,  therefore,  who  asks  that  the  painter 
shall  give  himself  up  without  reserve  to  the 
rendering  of  nature  by  any  means  in  his 
power,  beginning  in  some  ?ort  his  education 
afresh  with  each  enterprise,  will  find  the 
members  of  this  Society  very  unsatisfying. 
Mr.  George  Houston  ir-  to  some  extent  an 
exception  to  this  rule.  While  the  other 
members  of  the  Society  use  their  brain? 
when  they  are  in  front  of  Nature  for  the 
purpose  of  reducing  her  appearancos  to  a 
convention  that  can  be  rendered  in  loose, 
if  not  coarse  and  clumsy,  brushwork,  Mr. 
Houston  retains  a  more  literal  point  of  -view, 
and  spends  his  efforts  in  the  deft  and  delicate 

if  the  brush.  In  such  pictures  as  Spring 
and  Spring  in  Ayrshire  he  reaches  a  con- 
siderable lovel  of  technical  accomplishment 
of  a  clean  and  natty  kind.  Mr.  Oliver 
Hall   falls,  not  without  grace,  between  two 

..   uncertain   whf  ther  to  approach   hie 

Erom  the  Bid  ■  of  nature  or  the  side  of 
paint,  and  in  the  end  compromising  between 
t  !'<•  two. 

The  others  are,  as  we  have  said,  manner- 

iis,  but  there  is  a  great  difference  between 

them.      Mr.    Bertram    Priestman    has,    for 

exampl  !,    a    manner    of    considerable    elas- 

.   yielding    not    a    little    to    the    &ug- 

ons  of  nature,  both  he  and  the 
lurid     Mr.     Livens     having,     if     a     more 

itonous,      perhaps      a  distin- 

'     than    that    of   Mr.    Houston. 

Mr.    Alfred    Withert/s    convention,    on    the 

other    hand,    has    frozen    harder,    and    yields 

but  little  to  impression?  from  nature  ;   while 


we  are  not  sure  that  Mr.  Lee  Hankey's 
recipe  has  any  basis  in  first-hand  observation 
at  all. 

Of  the  figtire  painters,  Mr.  Anning  Bell's 
work  is  distinctly  inferior  to  that  he  shows 
at  the  R.W.S.,  and  its  consideration  may 
conveniently  be  relegated  to  a  future  occa- 
sion. Mr.  Cecil  Rae  has  one  picture  of 
Water  Nymphs  that  shows  some  power  of 
construction  and  has  a  good  passage  of 
colour  in  the  centre  of  the  canvas.  One  has 
the  sense  that  its  author  has  not  studied 
natural  effects  out  of  doors  for  a  very  long 
time,  and  that  the  relative  reflecting  power 
of  different  surfaces  is  in  it  determined 
arbitrarily,  without  any  close  reference  to 
facts.  Yet  the  landscape  is  approached  in 
so  naturalistic  a  fashion  as  necessarily  to 
bring  the  demand  for  a  certain  objective 
truthfulness,  just  as  the  presence  of  a  pool 
with  a  water-line,  were  it  only  round  the 
figure  that  stands  in  it,  makes  a  small  de- 
mand for  exact  perspective  that  Mr.  Rae 
is  unable  to  meet. 

Miss  Constance  Halford's  canvases  con- 
tain some  of  the  best  painting  in  the  room, 
but  cannot  be  regarded  as  satisfactory,  and 
the  reason,  if  we  may  divine  it,  for  the  im- 
perfect success  of  an  artist  in  many  ways 
capable  enough  is  twofold.  In  the  first 
place,  a  slight  technical  muddle -headedness 
leads  her  to  ask  from  the  simple  forthright 
handling  for  which  she  has  a  fancy  qualities 
of  mystery,  of  complex  variety  of  parts,  that 
do  not  naturally  arise  from  its  use,  or  st 
least  from  her  use  of  it.  She  tries  by 
repeated  efforts  on  the  same  canvas  to 
wring  variety  from  a  technique  which  is 
not  in  itself  very  varied,  and  further  neces- 
sarily becomes  less  varied  in  its  possi- 
bilities with  each  repainting.  In  tli9  second 
place,  her  subject-matter  is  ostensibly  that 
of,  shall  we  say  ?  Mr.  Conder — the  mannered 
grace  of  ladies  in  fine  dresses  ;  while,  in 
spite  of  herself,  all  the  artist's  instinctive 
feeling  and  preference  is  for  a  rustic  clumsi- 
ness, a  frumpish  honesty,  ill  according  with 
the  supposed  motive  of  the  picture.  All 
her  ladies  look  in  consequence  as  if  they 
were  dressed  in  some  one  else's  old  clothes. 
The  contradiction  is  not  without  a  quaint 
flavour  of  its  own,  but  it  adds  to  the  confu- 
sion of  purpose  of  an  art  already  confused 
enough.  

PAINTINGS    BY    MRS.    McEVOY. 

For  those  to  whom  breadth  is  synony- 
mous with  the  exclusive  uso  of  large  brushes 
Mrs.  McEvoy's  work  at  the  Chenil  Gallery 
will  not  possess  that  quality  in  so  high 
a  degree  as  that  of  Miss  Halford.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  reverse  is  the  case  ;  but 
above  all  Mrs.  McEvoy  is  fortunate  in  that 
her  artistic  admirations  accord  with  her 
natural  bent.  In  this  collection  we  see  no 
impulsive  rushing  this  way  and  that,  but  a 
clearly  directed  continuous  stream  of  effort. 
We  see  her — and  it  is  a  rare  thing  among 
modern  painters — building  up  a  method  of 
painting  that  permits  itself  to  be  divided 
into  separate  days  of  painting,  each  of  which 
enforces  and  does  not  efface  its  predecesi  or. 
Her  technique  has  consequently  a  delicacy 
and  beauty  which  are  better  E -It  in  iliis 
collection  than  they  would  be  in  tli<> 
vulgar  strife  of  a  mixed  exhibition.  Tt  U 
true  thai  a  wonderful  copy  of  a  Van  Byck, 
and  another,  slightly  less  successful,  after 
Vermeer,  are  here  to  remind  us  that  the  art 
of  another  day  was  even  moro  perfect  ; 
yet  the  impression  of  the  show  as  a  whole 
is  very  pleasing,  suggesting  delicacy  of 
mind  and  hand,  and  a  great  pow  r  of  con- 
tinuous and  organized  study.  Rarely  has 
London  scon  anything  better  in  its  modest 
way. 


JOHN    THOMAS    MICKLETHWAITE. 

Mr.  Micklethwaite,  architect  to  West- 
minster Abbey,  whose  death  on  October  28th 
was  referred  to  in  a  short  note  in  the  last 
number  of  The  Athenaeum,  was  buried  in  the 
cloisters  of  the  Abbey  on  Wednesday,  the 
31st  ult. 

He  was  a  son  of  Yorkshire,  born,  I  believe, 
in  Wakefield,  a  town  with  which  he  always 
maintained  associations.  He  completed  his 
education  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
thence  passeel  into  the  office  of  the  late  Sir 
G.  G.  Scott,  to  whom  he  was  articled  in  1862. 
Seven  yoars  later  he  began  his  own  work 
as  an  architect — work  which  quickly  deve- 
loped into  considerable  volume.  He  had 
already  interested  himself  in  antiquarian 
and  ecclesiological  learning,  and  about  the 
same  time  he  contributed  his  first  paper 
(on  the  Chapel  of  St.  Erasmus.  ^Yestminster 
Abbey)  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  of 
which  he  was,  directly  afterwards,  in  1870, 
elected  a  Fellow. 

Tn  1874  he  published  '  Modern  Parish 
Churches  :  then  Plan,  Design,  and  Furni- 
ture,' a  volume  which,  being  based  on  sound 
historical  knowledge,  elid  much  to  consoli- 
date the  modern  practico  of  church-building. 
This  was  his  only  book,  but  he  was  a  con- 
stant and  valued  contributor  to  many 
Journals  and  societies.  He  wrote  for  The 
Sacristy,  and  for  a  number  of  years  he  re- 
viewed, as  has  been  said,  architectural  a.nd 
antiquarian  books  for  The  Athenceum.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  St.  Paul's 
Ecclesiological  Society,  of  the  Alcuin  Club, 
and  of  the  Henry  Bradshaw  Society.  He 
was  also  a  member,  and  for  some  time  the 
Master,  of  the  Art  Workers'  Guild.  His 
most  valuable  archaeological  papers  are  two 
on  Saxon  churches,  and  two  others  on  the 
Abbey  buiklings  and  church  of  Westminster, 
published  in  The  Archaeological  Journal  ;  one 
on  the  Cistercian  plan,  in  The  Yorlcsh  i re 
Archaeological  Journal  ;  and  another  on  the 
sculptures  of  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel,  West- 
minster, in  Archozologia.  For  the  Alcuin 
Club  he  provided  its  first  publication,  an 
authoritative  tract  on  '  The  Ornaments  of 
the  Rubric,'  now  in  its  third  edition. 

All  these  are  of  first-rate  importance.  In 
the  first  spoken  of  he  laid  down  the  prirw  iple 
that  early  church  plans  followed  a  process 
of  development,  and  that  any  given  example 
may  therefore  be  referred  to  its  proper  place 
in  the  sequence.  Tn  the  inquiry  as  to  the 
Abbey  buildings  at  Westminster  he  reached 
the  conclusion  that  so  much  remained, 
although  overlaid  by  late  buildings,  that  the 
plan  might  be  as  fully  recovere  I  as  that  of 
ah  no -it  any  other  example  known — Fountains, 
for  instance.  In  his  paper  on  the  church  he 
followed  the  series  of  transformations  by 
which  the  earliest  Saxon  building  became 
the  fabric  we  now  know.  He  set  forth  a 
conjectural  plan  of  the  Confessor's  church, 
and  showed  that  the  bays  of  the  quire 
belonged  to  a  second  work  of  Henry  III. 
instead  of  being,  as  had  been  thought,  th> 
work    of    Edward    I .      He  id    a 

similar  method  of  inquiry  to  the  reading  of 
the  history  of  the  parish  church 
field,  establishing  a  primil  i\  e  Saxon  !  ructur9 
of  which  no  fragment  n  mail  above  ground, 
and  following  the  series  of  chances  which 
made  it  into  the  complex  church  of  to-day. 

From    his  sound   echo!  n  '    know- 

ledge   of   sources,    together    with    a    strong 
grasp  on  principles,  tr  on 

mediaeval    archaeology    an  equip- 

.    and    he   may,    as  .    be 

thought  of  as  the  successor  of  Prof.  Willis. 

\ i   a   pracl ical   architect    h  •    had    si 
success,  chiefly  8  -  a  church  builder,  although 
he  was  also  engaged  on  some  dom  sstic  works, 
the   most    important    of   whi<  h    was   a   largo 


590 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


addition  to  Stappleford  Park.  Most  of  his 
work  was  done  in  close  association  with 
Mr.  Somers  Clarke  until  the  retirement  of 
the  latter.  St.  Hilda's  Church,  Leeds,  was 
one  of  Mr.  Micklethwaite's  earliest  important 
churches.  That  which  he  would  have  best 
liked  to  be  represented  by,  as  in  every  way 
the  completest,  is  the  church  at  Stretton, 
near  Burton-on-Trent,  built  from  1895  to 
1898.  This  is  a  large  stone  church,  with  a 
central  tower,  simple,  although  costly.  A 
still  larger  church,  begun  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  at  Gainsborough, 
is  still  only  a  fragment.  In  the  London 
district  he  built  part  of  the  church  of  the 
Ascension,  Lavender  Hill,  just  completed  ; 
also  St.  Paul's,  Wimbledon  Park  (1889-90), 
and  All  Saints',  South  Wimbledon,  begun 
in  1891.  Amongst  his  most  recent  works 
are  the  large  chancels  of  St.  Peter's  Church, 
Brighton  (with  Mr.  Somers  Clarke),  and 
St.  John's,  Wakefield. 

His  work  stands  high  amongst  that  of 
the  best  of  the  modern  church  architects 
who  have  ceased  to  build.  With  Mickle- 
thwaite  a  strain  of  bald  common  sense 
well  made  up  for  the  lack  of  more  exquisite 
aesthetic  gifts. 

In  1898  he  was  appointed  Surveyor  to 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster,  a 
position  for  which  his  long  6tudy  of  the 
Abbey  church  and  buildings  pre-eminently 
fitted  him.  In  the  words  of  the  Dean  : 
"  He  studied  the  Abbey  during  the  main 
part  of  his  life,  and  gave  his  whole  heart  to 
it."  Although  some  large  works  of  renewal 
were  done  on  the  west  front  and  the  south 
transept  during  the  time  in  which  he  had 
the  care  of  the  church,  he  was  not  concerned 
with  them.  Indeed,  he  did  that  best  and 
most  difficult  thing  for  an  architect  who  has 
charge  of  a  noble  historical  monument — 
very  little.  One  of  his  fresh  departures 
was  a  series  of  experiments  as  to  the  pre- 
servative effect  of  limewash  on  the  decaying 
surface  of  stonework.  The  good  rjsults  of 
this  may  be  seen  on  the  vaults  of  the  passages 
going  east  out  of  Dean's  Yard. 

A  ready  speaker,  of  powerful  presence,  and 
an  able  controversialist,  Micklethwaite  was 
generous  of  his  learning  and  helpful  to 
inquirers.  He  was  an  honest  and  devoted 
Churchman,  an  honourable  member  of  his 
profession,  a  great  reader,  laborious,  dogged, 
convinced,  a  man  at  once  strong  in  the 
present  and  reverent  of  the  past. 

W.  R.  Lethaby. 


THE  NEWEST  LIGHT  ON  REMBRANDT. 

I  am  glad  that  my  inquiry  has  brought 
out  so  clear  and  edifying  an  account  of  the 
new  Rembrandt  documents  as  that  which 
you  print  from  "  M.  M.  Kleerkooper  " — 
I  assume  the  signature  to  be  another  of  the 
"  little  jokes  "  which  are  "  merrily  flowing 
on."  One  remembers  what  George  Eliot  says 
about  a  difference  of  taste  in  jokes,  and  I  am 
informed  that  this  difference  has  made  itself 
felt  even  among  the  countrymen  of  the  "  old 
Dutch  worthies."  As  your  correspondent 
is  so  well  informed,  will  he  kindly  tell  us 
if  the  "  Quolk»nstudien  zur  HollKndischen 
Kunstgeschichto  "  is  to  be  continued  as  a 
humorous  publication  ?  I  knew,  of  course, 
when  I  wrote  that  the  documents  were 
forgeries,  but  not  unnaturally  assumed  that 
the  "  publishing  firm  of  high  standing  "  and 
the  "  generally  respected  scientific  men  " 
had  been  in  some  unaccountable  way  de- 
ceived ;  hence  my  reticence,  which  I  see 
was  quite  unnecessary.  When  I  purchased 
the  volume  of  the  '  Urkunden  '  last  summer, 
the  publishers  sent  to  mo  also  the  '  Supple- 
ment,' which  is  in  every  respect,  save  its 
latent  humour,   pimilar   to   the  main  work, 


and  no  one  who  is  accustomed  to  use  with 
some  confidence  serious  semi-official  pub- 
lications of  the  kind  would  see  in  it  anything 
to  rouse  his  suspicions.  It  is  clear  that  a 
jest  which  may  pass  as  such  among  readers 
in  a  comparatively  small  country,  who  are 
in  touch  with  each  other  and  to  whom  the 
word  is  quickly  passed  round,  may  have  its 
serious  side  when  launched  at  the  unwitting 
foreigner,  who  does  not  see  the  Dutch 
journals,  and  to  whom  the  change  of  Ewout 
Henries  Craen  to  Henric  Ewoutsz  Craen 
does  not  appear  an  "  obvious  mistake." 
G.  Baldwin  Brown. 


3fttu-3lrt  Ctasip. 

Last  Tuesday  and  Wednesday  Messrs* 
Conn  ell  &  Sons  opened  to  the  press  an 
exhibition  of  pastols  of  Scottish  and  Venetian 
gard'-ns,  by  Miss  Mary  G.  W.  Wilson,  at 
43,  Old  Bond  Street. 

Yesterday  the  pre^t-  was  invited  to  view 
an  exhibition  of  the  works  of  the  late  H.  B. 
Brabazon  at  the  Goupil  Gallery. 

At  the  New  Dudley  Gallery  to-day  there 
is  a  private  view  of  '  Tinsel  Pictures,'  by 
Miss  Birkenruth,  and  water-colour  land- 
scapes in  England  and  Wales  by  Mr.  C.  A.  C. 
Jeffcoek. 

Messrs.  Dickinson  are  showing  at  114, 
New  Bond  Street,  water-colour  sketches  of 
Kashmir  and  Norfolk  by  Mrs.  Walter  Clutter- 
buck. 

Mr.  Gutekunst  has  on  view  till  Decem- 
ber 3xd  a  election  of  etchings  by  Rembrandt, 
Ostade,  and  Van  Dyck. 

Miss  Mary  L.  Breakele  is  now  showing 
at  the  Grafton  Galleries  vi  wg  of  Hyde  Park, 
Kensington  Gardens,  and  other  pictures. 

The  press  view  of  the  exhibition  of  the 
New  English  Art  Club,  at  67a,  New  Bond 
Street,  takes  place  next  Friday. 

There  is  now  open  at  the  Whitechapel 
Art  Gallery  till  December  16th  an  exhibition 
of  Jewish  art  and  antiquities. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Mr. 
Thomas  H.  Longfield,  F.S.A.,  Keeper  of 
the  Art  and  Industrial  Department  of  the 
Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  Dublin.  Mr. 
Longfield  had  been  for  many  years  con- 
nected with  the  Dublin  Museum,  and  the 
art  collection  owes  much  of  its  interest  to 
his  sound  connoisseurship  and  constant 
supervision. 

Messrs.  Duckworth  &  Co.  are  publishing 
'  Antonio  Pollaiuolo,'  by  Miss  Maud  Crutt- 
well,  in  their  well-known  "  Red  Series." 
This  is  the  first  book  devoted  to  Pollaiuolo 
that  hap  been  written  in  any  language. 

We  referred  some  months  since  to  the 
proposal  of  the  French  Minister  of  Finances 
to  impose  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  20  j^er  cent, 
on  collections  of  works  of  art  sold  in  Paris. 
It  was  anticipated  that  this  duty  would 
produce  about  1,500,000  francs,  but  the 
proposition  was  vigorously  opposed  by  the 
French  art  dealers  generally,  and  the  scheme 
has  been  abandoned. 

The  distinguished  painter  Josef  Fliiggen, 
whose  death  in  his  sixty-fifth  year  is  reported 
from  Munich,  was  the  son  of  the  genre 
painter  Gisbert  Fliiggen,  and  studied  under 
Piloty.  Among  his  pictures  that  of  '  Milton 
dictating  "  Paradise  Lost  "  to  his  Daughters  ' 
is  well  known.  Ho  pair  ted  the  fairy-tale 
scenes  in  the  Drachenburg,  near  Konit^s- 
winter.  He  was  considered  a  great  autho- 
rity on  historic  costume,  and  superintended 
the  dresses  at  the  Oberammergau  Passion 
Play. 


The  death  in  his  fifty-fourth  year  is  an- 
nounced from  Vienna  of  the  well-known 
illustrator  and  caricaturist  Theodor  Zajacz- 
kowski.  His  pictures  in  Fliegende  Blatterr 
with  which  he  was  connected  during  twenty- 
five  years,  were  very  popular. 

Mr.  Batsford  has  ready  an  important 
and  elaborate  book  of  '  Decorative  Plant 
and  Flower  Studies,'  by  Miss  J.  Foord. 
The  coloured  plates  represent  very  careful 
work,  and  the  natural  growth  of  the  plant 
has  in  each  case  been  studied  and  reproduced^ 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Algernon 
Graves  proposes  to  do  for  the  Society  oft 
Artists  of  Great  Britain,  1760-91,  and  the 
Free  Society  of  Artists,  1761-83,  the  same 
admirable  work  which  he  is  doing  in  con- 
nexion with  the  Royal  Academy.  A.  dic- 
tionary of  the  artists  and  exhibits  is  a  natural 
corollary  of  the  more  extensive  undertaking, 
and  it  will  be  even  more  valuable  as  a  work 
of  reference,  for  the  catalogues  of  both 
societies  are  rare  :  apparently  there  is  nc* 
complete  printed  set  of  them  to  be  found,, 
at  all  events  in  any  public  institution  ira 
London. 

In  addition  to  this  '  Dictionary '  Mr. 
Graves  has  decided  to  publish  a  companion 
volume,  an  alphabetical  dictionary  of  the 
exhibitors  at  the  British  Institution,  1806-67, 
provided  he  can  obtain  at  least  200  sub- 
scribers. There  should  be  no  difficulty 
in  procuring  this  small  number.  Mr. 
Graves's  work  will  be  in  effect  an  elaboration 
of  a  list  of  exhibits  which  he  contributed  to* 
The  Athenceum  of  July  19th,  1879.  It  is  to- 
contain  about  600  pages,  whilst  the  entries 
will  number  28,000. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Co  vent  Garden. — Fedora.     By  Umberto 

Giordano. 
The  production  of  Umberto  Giordano'* 
opera  '  Fedora '  at  Covent  Garden  on. 
Monday  was  an  event  of  no  small  interest. 
The  composer's  '  Andrea  Chenier,'  which 
was  performed  for  the  first  time  in  London 
at  the  Camden  Town  Theatre  in  1903r 
and  noticed  at  the  time  in  these  columns, 
was  a  work  of  promise  ;  and  then  in  the 
matter  of  opera  the  new  Italian  school 
has  shown  such  marked  activity  that  any 
new  work  by  an  Italian  composer  naturally 
excites  curiosity.  Puccini,  who  at  the 
present  time  stands  at  the  head  of  that 
school,  has  not  inappropriately  been  styled 
the  successor  of  Verdi ;  what  younger 
composers  such  as  Cilea  or  Giordano  may 
become  is  still  a  matter  for  speculation. 
These  two  have  followed  Puccini  in  setting 
to  music  libretti  based  on  famous  plays. 
To  those  familiar  with  the  plays  this  may 
prove  an  advantage,  but  such  libretti 
have  two  drawbacks  :  the  story  and  the 
dialogues  in  which  the  characters  of  the 
different  personages  are  developed  have 
to  be  so  cut  down,  and  also  modified  for 
operatic  purposes,  that  the  interest  in 
the  personages  is  considerably  weakened  ; 
while  even  after  compression,  to  make 
the  story  connected,  certain  scenes  remain 
which  do  not  lend  themselves  well  to 
musical  treatment  ;  the  second  act  of 
'  La  Tosca  '  is  a  notable  case  in  point.  In 
the  old  days  of  Italian  opera  the  libretto 
was   made   for  the   music,   but  now  tin 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


591 


reverse  is  the  case  ;  moreover,  the  ten- 
■dency  is  to  select  a  drama  of  sensational 
■character.  In  Puccini  this  tendency  is 
manifest,  but  when  a  great  emotional 
moment  comes,  he  knows  how  to  take 
iull  advantage  of  it  :  the  strength  and 
charm  of  the  music  then  make  us  forget 
•the  moments  in  which  he  had  no  oppor- 
tunities for  revealing  his  power.  Some 
moments  must  of  course  be  more  intense 
"than  others,  but  there  ought  not  to  be 
whole  scenes  in  which  the  music  becomes 
unimportant,  or  in  some  instances  dis- 
turbing. Now  in  '  Fedora  '  the  first  act 
-consists  mainly  of  a  police  inquiry  :  Count 
"Vladimir  has  been  murdered,  and  his 
servants  are  called  upon  to  say  what  they 
know  of  the  matter.  Then  in  the  second 
act,  when  Fedora  by  her  wiles  is  trying 
to  extort  from  Ipanow  a  confession  of  his 
guilt,  the  surroundings  and  the  music 
connected  therewith  are  disturbing.  The 
impassioned  utterances  of  the  lovers  in 
the  interview  between  Fedora  and  Ipanow 
in  the  final  scene  of  the  second  act,  and 
the  tragic  death  scene  in  the  third  act, 
are  intensified  by  the  music,  which,  if  not 
of  great  originality,  makes  a  strong,  direct 
appeal. 

The  performance  was  excellent.  Signora 
Giachetti  was  an  admirable  Fedora,  and 
"Signor  Zenatello  excellent  as  Ipanow. 
:Signora  Caravaglia  and  Signor  Scandiani 
as  Olga  and  De  Siriex  deserve  praise. 
Signor  Mugnone  conducted  with  marked 
•skill.  The  piece  was  admirably  staged, 
and  received  with  enthusiasm.  The  com- 
poser was  present,  and  at  the  close, 
together  with  the  artists,  was  summoned 
many  times  before  the  curtain. 


Bechstein  Hall. — Mr.  Beecham' s  Orches- 
tral Concert. 
Mr.  Thomas  Beecham  gave  the  first  of 
four  orchestral  concerts  devoted  to  works 
of  eighteenth-century  masters  at  Bechstein 
Hall  on  Friday  evening  last  week.  Mehul, 
principally  known  as  the  composer  of 
*  Joseph  ' — an  opera  which  Wagner,  at 
any  rate  in  his  younger  days,  rehearsed 
at  Riga  "  with  much  enthusiasm  and 
affection  " — was  represented  by  two  over- 
tures and  an  Entr'acte  from  operas  long 
since  forgotten,  and  Paisiello  by  the  bright 
Overture  to  his  '  Barbieri,'  which  Rossini, 
contrary  to  general  expectation,  soon 
threw  into  the  shade.  Then  there  were 
songs  and  arias  by  Cimarosa,  Dalayrac, 
and  G retry.  Mozart  was  represented  by 
his  delightful  Symphony  in  d  (the  one 
immediately  preceding  the  last  three  in 
E  flat,  G  minor,  and  c)  and  an  Adagio 
from  the  second  Divertimento.  One 
number  of  the  programme  was  modern  :  a 
short  dainty  Prelude  by  the  Finnish  com- 
poser A.  Jiirnefelt.  It  is  clearly  impossible 
to  enter  into  detail  concerning  most  of 
the  above-named.  All  we  can  say  is 
that  the  music  selected  had  freshness, 
charm,  and  more  or  less  of  originality. 
Mr.  Beecham,  who  dispensed  with  score 
and  also  with  baton,  showed  marked  ability 
as  a  conductor,  and  his  excellent  orchestra 
of   thirty-four   performers    was   just    the 


right  size  for  eighteenth-century  music. 
The  programme  of  his  second  concert  on 
the  21st  inst.,  equally  interesting,  includes 
as  its  one  modern  work  a  Prelude  by  Dr. 
Charles  Wood,  entitled  '  Iphigenia  in 
Tauris.' 


Bechstein  Hall. — M.  Godowsky's  Piano- 
forte Recital. 
M.  Godowsky  gave  the  first  of  three 
pianoforte  recitals  at  Bechstein  Hall  on 
Monday  afternoon.  He  is  perfect  master 
of  the  key-board,  and  his  production  of 
tone  is  for  the  most  part  admirable.  At 
one  time  there  were  certain  pianists 
who  did  not  hesitate  to  add  what  they 
no  doubt  considered  embellishments,  or, 
for  the  sake  of  brilliancy,  octaves  to  the 
texts  of  great  composers,  but  they  made 
no  announcement  to  that  effect.  M.  God- 
owsky, however,  is  thoroughly  honest. 
He  gave  four  pieces  by  Rameau  with 
"  free  elaboration,"  and  Schubert's  '  Wan- 
derer '  Fantasia  in  a  "  new  edition,"  both 
by  himself  ;  while  in  the  familiar  "  Si 
oiseau  j'etais "  his  name  was  joined 
with  that  of  the  composer.  Some  of  the 
Rameau  numbers,  even  in  their  new  dress, 
were  effective,  but  in  the  Fantasia  the 
additions  were  not  in  keeping  with  the 
music,  and  at  times  were  in  very  doubtful 
taste.  M.  Godowsky  gave  a  fine  rendering 
of  Chopin's  Sonata  in  B  minor  ;  also  of 
some  difficult  Etudes  (two  for  the  left 
hand  alone)  by  A.  Scriabine. 


Jftusical  (Bflssip. 

Madame  Kirkby  Ltjnn  gave  her  first 
vocal  recital  in  England  at  Bechstein  Hall 
last  Saturday  afternoon.  In  her  treatment 
of  songs  from  Italian,  French,  English, 
and  German  sources  she  exhibited  unfail- 
ing resource  and  accomplishment,  while  the 
beauty  and  richness  of  her  tones  charmed 
all  ears.  Specially  to  be  commended  were 
her  renderings  of  Scarlatti's  "  Come  raggio 
di  sol,"  Carissimi's  '  Vittoria,'  Schubert's 
'  Am  Meer,'  Franz's  '  Im  Herbst,'  and 
Faure's  '  En  Priere  '  ;  but  there  was  hardly 
a  song  in  which  Madame  Lunn  did  not 
completely  realize  expectation. 

The  first  concert  of  the  London  ^ym- 
phony  Orchestra  took  place  on  Monday 
evening,  and  brilliant  performances  of 
familiar  works  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
Richter  were  highly  appreciated.  Miss 
Fanny  Davies  played  an  Allegro  de  Concert 
by  Sir  Edward  Elgar,  but  this  short  piece, 
though  unfamiliar,  was  not  an  actual  novelty. 
Queen's  Hall  was  crowded. 

Mr.  Ernest  Sharpe  gave  the  first  of 
three  "  Composers'  Recitals  "  at  Bechstein 
Hall  on  Friday,  the  2nd  inst.,  when  the 
whole  programme  was  devoted  to  the  songs 
of  the  talented  composer  Max  Reger.  In- 
tellect plays  a  large  part  in  his  music,  so 
that  until  the  latter  becomes  familiar  it 
hides  whatever  of  emotion  may  be  contained 
therein.  We  shall  take  another  opportunity 
of  discussing  Reger  as  a  song-writer.  For 
the  moment  we  commend  Mr.  Sharpe's 
programme  scheme.  The  second  concert 
next  Monday  will  be  devoted  to  American 
composers. 

A  good  performance  of  '  Elijah  '  was  given 
by  the  Royal  Choral  Society  at  the  opening 
concert  of  the  season  last  Thursday  week. 
Miss    Phyllis    Lett,    a   new    contralto,    was 


fairly  successful.  Mr.  Herbert  Brown,  who 
sang  the  music  of  the  prophet  with  marked 
success,  has  a  voice  of  sympathetic  quality, 
and  possesses  temperament.  Sir  Frederick 
Bridge  conducted. 

At  the  dinner  given  to  Mr.  Joseph  Bennett 
by  his  colleagues  on  the  musical  press,  he 
made  an  interesting  speech  giving  a  few 
reminiscences  of  his  early  days  as  musical 
critic.  At  the  banquet  last  Tuesday,  to 
which  reference  has  been  made  in  these 
columns,  the  veteran  speaker  declared  that 
musical  critics  are  now  more  serious  than 
they  were  in  the  past.  The  reason  is 
evident :  they  have  not  only  more  work,  but 
also  work  of  a  much  harder  kind  ;  formerly 
they  had  no  Wagner  with  his  theories,  no 
Strauss  with  his  symbolism,  to  discuss. 
Listening  to  music  was  then  little  more 
than  a  pleasant  pastime,  not  a  study  in 
philosophy  or  a  complicated  puzzle. 

Amilcare  Ponchieixi's  '  Gioconda,'  with 
Madame  Nordica  in  tho  principal  role,  is 
announced  for  performance  at  Covent  Garden 
next  Tuesday  evening.  The  opera  was 
produced  there  in  1883,  and  revived  at  tho 
Kennington  Theatre,  in  English,  by  the 
Moody-Manners  Company  in  1903. 

A  series  of  four  concerts,  the  programmes 
of  which  are  to  be  devoted  to  the  music  of 
C&ar  Franck,  began  yesterday  at  the  Schola 
Cantorum,  Paris.  The  dates  of  the  oth^r 
three  will  be  November  16th  and  23rd  and 
December  let. 

Mr.  W.  Rodrigo,  a  member  of  a  Cingalese 
family  well  known  for  its  musical  talent. ,  is 
er gaged  on  an  operatic  work  that  aims  at 
popularizing  the  heroic  legends  of  his  country. 
At  present  he  i&  only  known  by  the  '  Caff- 
rinha  Lancers,'  which  attracted  som3  atten- 
tion when  given  at  the  Crystal  Palace  last 
summer  by  the  Godfrey  Band,  and  by  his 
arrangement  of  some  old  Hindu  temple 
dance?,  which  were  performed  under  his 
direction  at  the  Aldwych  Theatre  in  July, 
and  more  recently  in  Paris  at  the  Marigny 
theatre. 

Miss  Ethel  Smyth's  new  opera  '  Les 
Naufrageurs  '  is  announced  for  production 
at  the  Leipsic  Stadttheater  to-morrow 
evening. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  S.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  T,  Queen's  Hall. 
-Sat.  Italian  Opera^  Covent  Garden. 

Miss  Marie  Dabois's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mr.  Ernest  Sharpe's  Song  Recital, 3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Miss  M.  Wiesen-Reuter  s  Pianoforte   Recital.   8.16,   Steinway 
Hall. 

Madame  Ada  Crossley's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  nail. 

Mr.  Howard  Jones's  Pianoforte  Recital,  s.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Miss  Maude  Valerie  White's  Concert,  3.15,  Portman  Rooms. 

Miss  Bluebell  Klean's  Vocal  Recital.  8.15,  Bechstein  HaU. 

Herr  R.  Buhlig's  Pianoforte  Recital.  s\30.  .Kolian  Hall. 

Mr.  Alhert  Spalding's  Orchestral  Concert.  8  30.  Queen's  Hall. 

Madame  Rorowskis  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  Steinway  Hall. 

Messrs.  Khv.-s  and  P.  Grainger's  Song  and  Pianoforte  Recital. 
3,  .Eolian  Hall. 

M.  Jean  Gcrardv's  'Cello  Recital.  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

Mi's  Susan  Strong's  Vocal  Recital.  3  30.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Siimor  Parisotti's  Vocal  Recital.  s.30.  Bechstein  Hall. 
I.  Chamber  Music  Concert.  12—1.80,  -Eolian  Hall. 

Mr    Harold  Bauer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Kreuz's  Orchestral  Concert.  3,  Portman  Rooms. 

M    Kdouard  Risler's  Pianoforte  Recital,  9,  .Indian  nail. 

Mr.  Sigmand  Heel's  Violin  Recital,  8.1.'.,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert,  8.  Oazton  Hall. 

Queen's  Hall  Orchestra  [Symphony  Concert),  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

M.  Pachmann's Pianoforte  Recital.  :i  18,  Bechstein  Hall. 

M.  Jean  Gerardv  and  Mr.  H.  Bauer's    Cello  and  Pianoforte 
Recital.  3  30.  Crystal  Palace. 

Mr.  \V.  Ludwig  s  Concert,  9,  Bechstein  Hall 


DRAMA 


'  THE  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  DRAMA.' 

I  should  be  glad  through  the  medium 
of  your  columns  to  assure  those  who  possess 
the  first  volume  of  my  brother's  work,  '  Tho 
Dictionary  of  the  Drama,'  that  the  second 
is  being  completed  carefully,  and  as  quickly 
as  the  many  difficulties  in  the  way  will  allow. 
Tho  arrangement  and  compilation  of  a  good 
deal  of  the  enormous  amount  of  matter 
brought  together  by  my  brother,   and  left 


592 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10, 


1906 


by  him  in  an  unprepared  state,  were  found 
to  necessitate  much  more  extended  labour 
than  was  at  first  supposed  obligatory.  It 
is  believed  that  those  to  whom  the  book 
will  be  especially  useful  would  rather  wait 
for  its  production  in  a  satisfactory  condition 
than  have  a  second  volume  not  really  com- 
plementary to  the  first. 

Ellinor  Davenport  Adams. 


THE  ANONYMOUS  PLAY  OF   'NERO.' 

Helensburgh,  Nov.  5th,  1906. 

Tn  18S8  this  play  was  published  in  "  The 
Mermaid  Series,"  and  in  his  Introduction 
the  editor,  Mr.  H.  P.  Home,  says  he  has 
generally  preferred  the  reading  of  the 
E^erton  MS.,  which  was  not  known  to  Mr. 
Bullen  until  his  text  had  passed  the  press. 
Several  of  the  emendations  proposed  by 
Dr.  Rutherford  find  place  in  the  "  Mermaid  " 
edition  :  III.  hi.  73  ;  III.  iv.  34  ;  and 
V.  ii.  37.  In  I.  i.  53  Mr.  Home  has  put,  a 
full  stop  after  "  too  "  instead  of  after 
"  Antonius  "  ;  in  I.  iv.  90  he  reads  "  ales  " 
for  "  Allis,"  and  punctuates  92  and  93  as 
proposed  by  Dr.  Rutherford.  In  II.  ii.  32 
the  reading  "  shoulder-pieced  Pelops  "  of  the 
MS.  is  adopted. 

III.  hi.  75  stands  in  the  "  Mermaid  "  text  : 
Alcides  bums,  Jupiter  Stator  burns. 

III.  hi.  104  stands  thus  : — 

He  would,  his  bow  and  native  hate  apart, 
which  seems  highly  probable. 

In  IV.  ii.  57  Mr.  Home  has  deserted  both 
quartos  and  MS.,  reading  : — 

Crystal  Euphrates  and  the  Median  fields. 

Dr.  Rutherford's  proposed  emendation 
"  diedst  "  for  "  didst  "  in  IV.  i.  123,  may 
ba  right,  but  "  didst  "  makes  good  sense — 
Nero  has  been  punished  by  his  mother 
beforehand. 

In  I.  i.  36  the  emendation  "  Thou  see  !  " 
is  very  plausible,  but  it  is  difficult  to  find 
in  the  previous  speech  of  Antonius  any  word 
or  phrase  to  which  the  exclamation  may 
serve  as  damnatory  echo. 

In  IV.  iv.  72  the  corruption  seems  deep. 
Dr.  Rutherford  would  read  "  dishonest " 
for  "  this  honest,"  but  his  explanation 
introduces  a  distinction  between  the  general 
body  of  citizens  and  the  few,  and  gives  a 
p?,-sive  si  mi  nation  where  an  active  one 
would  seem  more  appropriate. 

G.    SOTJTAR. 


Dramatic  (Ewssip. 

'  The  Co"Li. ab orators  '  is  the  title  of  a 
on  --act  piece  adapted  by  Mr.  W.  Kingsley 
Tp.rpey  from  a  story  by  his  wife,  and  pro- 
duced  at  th  •  Criterion  Theatre  on  Monday 
as  a  lever  de  rideau.  A  simple  exhibition  is 
it  of  feminine  changeableness  and  muta- 
bility. Having  developed  a  capacity  for 
s  aart  dialogue,  Ethel  Berners  ha?  been 
pro  noted  to  the  position  of  collaborator 
vit'i  a  successful  dramatist.  These  rela- 
fcioi  a  sir  dreams  of  merging  in  others?  closer 
and  moro  intimate,  as  a  preparation  for 
which  she  gives  his  congi  to  a  young  painter 
whose  attentions  she  has  hitherto  accepted. 
Anything  rather  than  successful  is  her 
scheme.  But  a  poor  lov^r  is  the  future 
collaborator,  for  Ethel,  changing  her  front, 
whittles  back  the  discouraged  painter. 
This  indetermined  heroine  is  prettily  played 
by  Mis-'  Lilian  Braithwaite. 

Miss  Winifred  Emery  haT  appeared 
during  the  week  at  tho  Coronet  Theatre  as 
Olivia  in  Mr.  Wills's  adaptation  so  named 
of  '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,'  Mr.  Brandon 
Thomas  playing  the  Vicar. 

'  Her  Son,'  a  four-act  play  by  Mr.  Horace 
Annesley  Vacholl,  will  bo  produced  in  Glas- 


gow by  Miss  Emery,  with  a  view  to  its 
ultimate  transference  to  London. 

'  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  '  will  be 
revived  at  the  Adelphi  at  Christmas.  At 
th )  close  of  this  performance  and  that  of 
'  The  Virgin  Goddess '  the  connexion  of 
Mr.  Oscar  Asche  and  Miss  Lily  Brayton 
with  the  theatre  will  terminate. 

We  mentioned  last  week  that  the  late 
Mr.  John  Evans  had  left  behind  him  material 
for  a  history  of  the  Manchester  stage,  and 
added  that  some  account  of  the  Liverpool 
stage  would  be  serviceable.  Mr.  R.  J. 
Broadbent  informs  us  that  he  has  for  some 
time  been  engaged  on  a  history  of  the  Liver- 
pool stage,  and  hopes  to  publish  it  ha  the 
early  part  of  the  coming  year. 

A  series  of  classical  and  modern  perform- 
ances will  be  given  in  April  next,  most 
probably  at  the  Adelphi,  by  the  members 
of  the  Court  Theatre  of  the  Duke  of  Mein- 
ingen. 

The  proposed  production  at  the  Waldorf 
Theatre  of  '  The  Social  Whirl  '  is  abandoned, 
and  in  its  place  will  be  given,  by  an  Ame- 
rican company  which  includes  the  author, 
'  Julie  Bon-Bon,'  a  four-act  play  by  Miss 
Clara  Lipman,  which  has  had  a  success  in 
the  United  States. 

On  the  9th  and  10th  of  December  the 
Stage  Society  will  give  at  the  Scala  Theatre 
'  The  Weavers,'  by  Gerhart  Hauptmann, 
translated  by  Mary  Morison.  '  Don  Juan 
in  Hell,'  a  dream  ordinarily  omitted  from 
representation  in  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's  '  Man 
and  Superman  '  and  '  Our  Little  Fancies,' 
an  original  play  by  Miss  M.  M.  Mack,  will 
be  presented  by  the  Society  at  the  same 
house. 

Two  reasons  of  Fronch  plays  are  promised 
under  the  management  of  M.  Gaston  Mayer 
at  the  Royalty.  These,  which  jointly  cover 
half  the  year,  are  to  extend  from  January 
to  March,  and  from  October  to  Chridtmas. 

M.  Antoine's  eagerly  anticipated  manage- 
ment of  the  Odeon  began  with  '  La  Preferee,' 
a  three-act  comedy  of  M.  L.  Descaves,  which, 
in  spite  of  a  good  second  act,  was  rather  a 
disappointment.  The  plot  of  this  shows 
the  discovery  by  a  government  official  that 
he  is  not  the  father  of  his  younger  daughter, 
who  is  the  joy  of  his  life,  and  the  struggles 
which  he  experiences  before  passing  an  act 
of  amnesty. 

Erratum.— No.  4123,  p.  546,  col.  3,  1.  5  from  bottom,  for 
"  Chaucer"  read  Caxton. 

TO  CORRESPONDENTS.— H.  A.  H.— J.   H.  I.— D.  O.  H.  B- 

— G.  L. — Received. 

A.  J.  B.— Many  thanks.     R.  S.—  Writing. 

INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Page 

Authors'  Agents       566 

Bagster  &  Sons         504 

Bell  &  Sons 592 

Bemrose  &  Sons        570 

Black       595 

Blackwood  <fe  Sons 594 

Business  for  Disposal      ..        ..566 

Catalogues        566 

Chapman  &  Hall       596 

Constable  &  Co 570 

Educational «.  565 

Exhibitions      565 

Gay  &  Bird      568 

Harrap  &  Co 505 

Heine.MANN  669,505 

Hirst  &  BLACKETT 572 

Kegan  Paul  (ft  Co. 598 

Lectures 565 

Longmans  &  Co.  570 

Macmillan  &  Co 572 

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594 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


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THE    ATHENiEUM 


595 


SILANUS 
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able  and  stimulating  book  that,  while  it  does  not 
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A  NEW  EDITION  OF  THE 
COMPLETE  WORKS  OF 
WILLIAM      SHAKESPEARE 

Reprinted  from  the  First  Folio 

Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Glossary  to  each  Play,  and  with  Variant  Readings,  &c. ,  by 

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With  General  Introduction  by 

JOHN   CHURTON   COLLINS,  M.A.  D.Litt. 

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596 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4124,  Nov.  10,  1906 


CHAPMAN    &    HALL'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


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With  60  Illustrations  bv  ROBERT   SEYMOUR,  PHIZ,  JOHN  LEECH, 
R.  W.  BUSS,  and  C.  R.  LESLIE,  R.A.     2  vols. 

It  is  generally  agreed  that  this  is 

THE  FINEST  EDITION  EVER  PUBLISHED, 

and  no  doubt  will  immediately  become  one  of  those 

RARE     EDITIONS 

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IT  WILL  INCLUDE  : 

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before  collected  in  any  Edition  of  the  Author's 
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90  of  these  are  identified  for  the  first  time,  the  know- 
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The  Edition  will  also  contain  for  the  first  time : — 

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published  have  been  fully  realized  in  the  first  two  volumes.  Indeed,  they  surpass  all 
anticipations.  So  far  as  printer,  paper-maker,  and  binder  are  concerned,  there  is  absolutely 
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in  value There  is  no  edition  of  any  writer  to  compare  with  It." 

.   World.—"  Eeally  colossal  undertaking In  point  of  completeness  and  thoroughness  it, 

may  justly  be  called  'National.' It  would  be  difficult  to  exaggerate  the  praise  which  this 

enterprise   deserves  No  other  linn    could    have   undertaken   this    work    with    the    same 

assurance  of  success." 

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(Biijiiutions. 

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School:  Beautiful  Grounds.  Forty-five  Acres;  570  ft.  above 
sea  level,  among  the  pine  trees  of  Surrey  :  cultured  and  refined  home, 
with  Education  on  modern  lines. 


w 


IESBADEN    COLLEGE    (GERMANY), 

DOTZHEIMERSTR.  21. 
Great  Commercial  School  for  English  Boys  (Boarders  and  Day  Boys). 
Preparation  for  Army,  Navy,  Woods  and  Forests,  University,   Diplo- 
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EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


/CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
Catherine  I.  DiiDD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  or  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  th.-  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
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Full  particulars  on  applical 

EDUCATION    (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 
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EDUCATION. 
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MESSRS.  (JABBITAS.  TflRINO  4  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
Ute  Head  Master  of  I  ppingham.  36,  Sackville  Street.  London,  W. 


^tturtttons    tfneant. 

TTNIVERSrrYCX)LLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES. 

\J  BANGOR. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  LADY  ASSISTANT  LEC- 
TURER IN  EDUCATION  and  TUTOR  to  the  Women  STUDENTS 
of  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT.  Secondary  experience  or 
training  desirable.    Salary  1*0;. 

Applications  are  also  Invited  for  the  post  of  TEMPORARY' 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY  and  EDUCATION  for 
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Applications  and  Testimonials  should  be  received  not  Inter  than 
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ticulars mav  )•<■  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  January  '.  I!""". 
i     <•     -JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M  A,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

October  27.  1906. 


u 


N  I  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y        OF       GLASGOW. 


The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
will  shortlv  proceed  to  appoint  the  following  ADDITIONAL 
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<al  EXAMINERS  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS,  viz,  FIVE  EX 
AMINERS-il)  in  CLASSICS.  (2)  in  MORAL  PHILOSOPHY  and 
LOGIC.  (8)  in  ENGLISH.  (4)  in  HISTORY,  a)), 1  (5)  in  EDUCATION. 
The  Appointment  in  each  ease  will  be  for  Three  Yeirs  from  .1  AN U- 
ARY  1.  1907,  at  the  following  Annual  Salaries,  viz.:  Classics,  .so/.; 
Moral  Philosophv  and  Logic.  f>0/  ;  English.  40/.  ;  History.  402.  ;  and 
Education.  'Jlf  ,  with  Hotel  and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

(hi  EXAMINER  in  POLITICAL  ECONOMY  for  DEGREES  in 
ARTS.  SCIENCE,  and  LAW.  The  Appointment  will  be  for  Three 
years  from  JANUARY  1,  1907,  at  an  Annual  Salary  of  21/.,  with  Hotel 
an,!  Travelling  Expense's  in  addition. 

Icl  EXAMINERS  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS  and  for  the  PRE- 
LIMINARY and  BURSARY  EXAMINATIONS,  viz.,  TWO  EX- 
AMINERS— (H  in  FRENCH  and  (2)  in  GERMAN.  The  Appointment 
in  each  case  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  FEBRUARY  1,  1907.  at  the 
following  Annual  Salaries,  viz.,  French,  40/.,  and  German,  30/.,  with 
Hotel  and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

all  EXAMINERS  for  the  PRELIMINARY  and  BURSARY 
EXAMINATION'S,  viz.,  TWO  EXAM  IN'ERS-il  i  in  CLASSICS,  and 
c!i  in  MATHEMATICS  and  DYNAMICS.  The  Appointment  in  each 
cue  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  FEBRUARY  1,  1907,  and  the 
remuneration  will  be  on  the  scale  of  Is.  0'/.  per  Paper  examined  for  all 
Higher  Preliminary  Papers,  and  18.  per  Paper  examined  for  all  Lower 
and  Medical  Preliminary  Papers,  with  Hotel  and  Travelling  Expenses 
in  addition. 

(el  EXAMINER  in  ZOOLOGY  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS.  SCIENCE, 
and  MEDICINE.  The  Appointment  will  be  for  Three  Years  from 
JANUARY'  1,  1907,  at  an  Annual  Salary  of  50/.,  with  Hotel  and 
Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

(f)  EXAMINER  in  PHYSIOLOGY  for  DEGREES  in  MEDICINE 
and  SCIENCE.  The  Appointment  in  the  first  instance  will  be  for  a 
perioil  of  Two  Years  from  JANUARY  1.  1997;  but  the  Examiner 
appointed  will  be  eligible  for  reappointment  for  a  further  period  of 
Two  Years.  The  Annual  Salary  attached  to  the  post  is  50/.,  with  Hotel 
and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

Candidates  should  lodge  Twenty  Copies  of  their  Application  and 
Testimonials  with  the  undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  22,  1900. 
ALAN  E.  CLAPPERTON,  Secretary  University  Court. 

University  of  Glasgow. 

NIVERSITY       COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 

ABERYSTWYTH. 

lA  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 

AGRICULTURE  at  the  above  College. 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  copies  of  Testimonials, 
must  leach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  WEDNESDAY.  December  5,  1906. 

J.  H.  DAVIES,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


u 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
COLEG  PRIFATHROFAOL  DEHEUDIR  CYMRU  A  MYNWY. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post 
of  DEMONSTRATOR  and  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  GEOLOGY. 
Further    particulars    may  be  obtained    from    the   undersigned,  to 
whom  applications,  with  Testimonials  i which  need  net  be  printed), 
must  be  sent  on  or  before  THURSDAY.  November  22.  1906. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
October  20,  1906. 


T 


HE       UNIVERSITY       OF       LIVERPOOL. 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
IN  LATIN.     Salary  ijjoj. 

Applications  should  be  received  not  later  than  MONDAY, 
November  26,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may 
be  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  JANUARY  10,  1907. 

P.  HEBBLETHWAITE,  M.A..  Registrar. 


WELLINGBOROUGH  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 
The    Head    Master   of  this   School,  who  has  held   the  Office  for 
Turiin  eight  Years,   is   Resigning  at  the  End  of  Term  L,  1907,  and 
the  Governors  invite  applications  for  the  post. 

The  Scheme  provides  that  the  Mead  Masti  rmust  be  a  Graduate  of  a 
University  In  the  United  Kingdom  or  the  British  Possessions.  He 
need  not  be  in  Holy  ( Irders. 

The  School  at  present  numbers  331  Boys,  of  whom  178  are  Boarders, 
and  153  Day  Boys. 

Applications,  with  Copies  of  not  more  than  five  Testimonials,  must 
be -em  in  on  or  before  the  lsl  DECEMBER  NEXT. 

Forme  of  Application  can  be  obtained  from,  and  a  Copy  of  the 
Scheme  seen  at,  the  Office  of  the  undersigned, 

H.  W.  MILLER.  Solicitor, 

clerk  to  the  Governors. 

High  Street,  Wcllingl ugh. 

November  9,  1906 


s 


E  TILE      SECONDARY      S  C  H  0  0  L. 


The  GOVERNORS  of  the  at>ove  School  require  the  services  of  a 
HEAD  MISTRESS  EARLY  IN  JANUARY,  at  a  commencing  salary 

of  175/    per  annum 

Candidates  must  hold  a  Degree  or  its  equivalent,  and  mail   be 

trained  or  have  had  suitable  teaching  experience 
Application  to  be  made  to  the  Education  Department  .s. 

Branch!,    County     Ball,    Wakefield,    not    later    than    TUESDAY, 
27,  1906. 
Oopii  -  of  not  more  than  three  recent  Testimonials  may  be  sent  with 

the  application. 
I  Ing  will  be  a  disqualification. 


WEST  SUFFOLK  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
SCHOOL  OF  ART. 
WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  ART  MASTER  for  the  BURY  ST. 
EDMUNDS  SCHOOL  OP  ART.  The  successful  (audi. late  will  I*- 
required  to  devote  about  16  hour-  pei  weeli  to  teaching,  principally 
elementary  subjects,  and  the  reel  "f  his  time  to  private  study. 
Travelling  llocomotionj  expenses,  and  an  allowance  when  ouj,  on 
County  business  foi  the  night,  will  be  allowed.  Balary  so/.  p,.r  annum. 
Applications,  together  with  copies  ol  three  recent  Testimonials.  t<>  !«• 
sen]  on  or  before  FRIDAY.  November  30  next,  to  the  undersigned. 
from  whom  further  particulars  ma,i  be  obtained. 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES,  Secretary. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

/BOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  TYNEMOUTH. 

EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

WANTED,  for  JANUARY  B  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER 
qualified  to  take  Latin  and  .Junior  English  in  the  MUNICIPAL 
SECONDARY  SCHOOL  COACH  LANE,  NORTH  SHIELDS. 

Candidates  should  be  Graduates  in  Classical  Honours  at  Oxford  or 
Cambridge,  and  have  had  «t  least  two  years'  experience  in  Teaching. 
.Salary  150).  per  annum,  rising  by  10'.  annually  to  2001. 

Applications  to  be  forwarded,  not  later  than  NOVEMBER  21,  1906, 
to  B.  If  SHARPLEY.  Esq.,  Secretary,  Education  offices.  Town  Hall, 
North  Shields, 

November  2,  1906. 

T  ONDON      HIGH      SCHOOL.  —  Required     a 

JLi  MATHEMATICAL  MISTRESS  for  JANUARY.  Salary  1301. 
Initial.— Apply  by  letter,  giving  full  particulars  as  to  degree,  expe- 
rience, &c,  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Association  of  Uniiersity  Women 
Teachers,  9,  Blandford  Street,  Portman  Square,  W. 


iltisaUatuons. 


LADY  JEBB  will  be  much  obliged  if  those  who 
have  LETTERS  from  the  late  Sir  RICHARD  .IEBB  will  send 
them  to  her  at  Springfield,  Cambridge. 
All  letters  so  sent,  when  copied,  will  be  returned  to  the  senders. 

A  PROMINENT  CONTRIBUTOR  to  the  leading 

A  Monthly  Reviews  would  like  to  UNDERTAKE  the  work  of 
a  SUB-EDITOR.— Box  11!W,  Athoiucum  Pre--.  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
E.C. 


MATHEMATICAL       COACH        REQUIRES 
PARTNER    with    high    Classical    Degree  -Apply  to    H.    H., 
Box  11<>7,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Breams  Buildings.  E.C. 


ESSAYISTS  who  wish  to  improve  their  Com- 
position and  Style  should  join  the  AMATEUR  LITERARY 
SOCIETY.  Organ:  'The  Critic  Lyceum.'— HARE  &  TAYLOR, 
Literary  Experts.  Pudsey,  Yorks, 


ADVERTISER  desires  ORIGINAL  WATER- 
COLOUR  WORK  or  COPYING.  Sketches  Coloured.  Thirty 
years'  experience  in  Art  Department  of  (jra/iluc—H.  R.  D.,  13,  Point 
Hill.  Greenwich. 


T  ITERARY   RESEARCH   UNDERTAKEN  at 

JLi  the  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  Moderate  Terms.  Also 
Translations  from  or  into  Danish  and  Swedish,  and  Literary 
Inquiries  about  Scandinavia.— Address  W.  P..  Box  1198,  Athenaeum 
Press,  It,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

OEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 

kj  LIBRARIES  in  English,  French.  Flemish.  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at    the 

J— i  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1082,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

BOOKSELLERS    and    others.  —  WANTED, 
FIRST  VOLUME     THE  SPECTATOR,'  published  17..:!.     State 
price.— McCULLOCH,  The  Limes,  Percy  Road,  Leytonstonc,  Essex. 

QAMUEL   COUSINS,  after   Reynolds,    superbly 

►  J  fine  First  Proofs  in  unique  states  — Original  DUrer,  Leyden, 
SchOngauer  Etchings  Original  Drawings  by  late  S.  Solomon,  Aiken, 
fee ,  for  SALE.— Apply  K.  N.  I, .  54,  euromarket,  Oxford. 


B 


OOK-PLATE 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Stylet  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THoMAS  MORING.  Engraver,  Stationer,  Printer.  4c. 
267,  High  Hi.llKirn,  W  C 


s. 


©jipt-Mlriten;,  &c. 

TYPE-WRITING.  — MSS.,   SCIENTIFIC   and 
of    all    descriptions,    COPIED.       S]« a  ial     attention     to    work 

requiring  care  Dotation  Rooms  [Shorthand  or  Tyi«  Writing). 
Usual  terms -Misses  K  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street.  Strand,  London. 

TY  IMv  WRITING. —The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  mss.  Translations,  fee.  Legal  and 
General  Copying  Circulars,  Ac.  Duplicated.  Usual  terms 
References  Established  Thirteen  fears  —  8LKE8  A  sikes.  2BB, 
Hammersmith  B  Idrees:  13,  Wolverton  Gardens, 

Hammersmith.) 


A  UTHORS" MSS. . X< iVKI.s. 8TORIES,  I'l.A S 8, 

i\  B88ATB  type  written  with  complete  accuracy,  '•/.  |.r 
l.oon  word",  clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers  — m.  kino.  Elm-ide,  Marlborough  Hill.  Wealdstone, 
Harrow. 


AUTHORS'  MSS..  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  and 
all  kin. is  of  TYPE  -WRITING  carefully  and  locurately  done  at 
home  Remington).  14  i-cr  LOOO :  In  " 
M.  L  ,  Is.  Edgelej  Road,  clapham,  S.' 


598 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


TYPE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  rLAYS,  &c.  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  3d.  i*r  1.000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
fan<niaee«i  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and   MSS.   of  every 
description.    Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
—Miss  E  M.  TIGAR,  04,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 

Established  1884. 


Jviitijars'   ^gimts. 


fPHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

I  Thn  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publi-biii'.'  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  publishers.— Terms  and  Testi 
oionials  c,n  ;.|. plication  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BUR.GHES.  34.  Paternoster  Row 


dTaialoguca. 


READERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  write  for  J.  BALDWIN'S  MONTHLY 
CATALOGUE  of  SECOND-HANI)  BOOKS,  sent  post  free  on 
application.  Books  in  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  Bargains 
in  Scarce  Items  anil  First  Editions.  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 
—Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 


CATALOGUE  No.  46.—  Drawings,  Engravings, 
Etchings,  and  Books,  including  Engravings  after  Turner  in 
Line  and  Mezzotint— Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— Lucas's  Mezzotints 
after  Constable  —  Coloured  Prints  bv  Stadler  —  Illustrated  Books- 
Works  by  John  Ruskin.  Post  free.  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  2, 
Church  Terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 

TLLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  OF  EARLY 

X    PRINTED    AND    OTHER    INTERESTING    BOOKS,    MANU- 
SCRIPTS, AND  BINDINGS,  OFFERED  FOR  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  \V. 

Thick  8vo,  1,7:38  pp.  6,200  Items,  with  upwards  of  1,350  Reproductions. 

Bound  in  art  cloth,  gilt  tops,  25s. ;  half-morocco,  gilt  tops,  30s. 

Put  X.  (Supplement),  containing  A,  with  205  Illustrations,  2s. 

Part  XI.  'Supplement!,  containing  B— BOE,  with  164  Hlustrations, 

2s.  now  ready. 

BOOKS  AT  REDUCED  PRICES. 

GLAISHER'S  NEW  ANNUAL  CATALOGUE 
(124  pp.)  JUST  OUT. 
Librarians,  Bookbuyers  generally,  and  all  interested  in  Literature  are 
invited  to  apply  for  above. 

WILLIAM  GLAISHER, 

Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller,  265,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


rnwo 


IMPORTANT      CATALOGUES. 


JUST  PUBLISHED,  PART  I. 

BIBLIOTHECA    CHEMICO  -  MATHEMATICA. 

Being  No.  666  of 
SOTHEEAN'S  PRICE  CURRENT  OF  LITERATURE. 
Consisting  of  an  unusually  Large  Collection  of  Works  on  MATHE- 
J1ATKS  ASTRONOMY.  PHYSICS.  CHEMISTRY,  ENGINEER- 
ING MINING.  NAVIGATION  AND  NAVAL  ARCHITECTURE, 
PHOTOGRAPHY',  &c,  and  including  many  Works  of  great  Rarity 
and  Interest. 

CATALOGUE  OF  THE  IMPORTANT  LIBRARY 

OF  THE   LATE 

HENRY  REEVE,  Esq.,  C.B.  D.C.L., 

Editor  of  the  'Greville  Memoirs,'  &c. 
All  the  licks  containing  Mr.  Reeve's  Bookplate,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  with  Mrs.  Reeve's. 

A  copy  of  either  Catalogue  post  free  on  application  to 

HENRY    SOTHERAN    &    CO., 

140,  Strand,  W.C,  or  37,  Piccadilly,  W. 
Telegraphic  Address  :  Bookmkn,  London.     Telephone  :  Central  1515.' 

BERTRAM  DOBELL, 

B0E(  OND -HAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER, 
77,  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C. 
A  large    Stock    of    old    and    Rare    Books  in   English  Literature, 
including  Poetry  and  the  Drama— Shakespeariana— First  Editions  of 
Famous  Authors— Manuscripts— Illustrated  Books,  4c.  CATALOGUES 
bee  on  application. 

BOOKS. —All    OUT-OF-PRINT    and    RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookflnder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  1  make  a  special 

!,.,!    tfl    Hi   e       li :  ■  r  I  ■_-  i  i  ■  - '  ::n'.    Sub-able   l'„  „,ks  tor  "the]  s   selected  from   my 

various  l,i -t  s.].c>:,!  I.i-t  <.l  -J. nun  I{< «,);>.  I  particularly  want  post  free 
— KDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-16,  John  Bright  Street,  liir- 
mingham.      Burton's  Arabian    Nights    unexpurgated,    illustrated. 


ANCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

Jl\_  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  &  SON, 
Limited,  foi  Bpecimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCTJ 
LAR.  Tie-  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices  SPINK  tc  SON,  Limitko,  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17,  and  IH,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


HARRY  H.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street, 
Leicester,  CATALOGUE  No.  21  contains  Books  Printed 
before  1M0  from  Augsburg,  Basel,  Koln,  Florence,  Mainz,  Hodena, 
Milan.  Parma,  l';n  la,  Rome.  Stratsburg,  Treviso,  Vincenza,  Ac 


The  valuable  Collection  of  English  Coins,  the  Property  of 
a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  November  29.  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH    | 
COINS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  including  GOLD:  Early    J 
British— Nobles,    Half    and    Quarter    Nobles  of    Edward    III.,    IV.,    I 
Henry    V.,    VI.;    Angels,    Henry    VI.,    VII..    VIII.,    Edward    IV.,    ! 
Richard  III.,  Marv  ;   Half  Angels,  Edward  IV.,  Henry  VII.,  VIII., 
Mary,  Elizabeth.    Anglo-Gallic— Edward  III.,  HeDry  VI. .  Richard  II.; 
Sovereigns  and  Half  Sovereigns.  Henry  VIII.  to  Charles  II-  Fifteen    I 
Shilling  Piece,  James  I.;  Milled  Coins  from  Charles  II.  to  Victoria,    j 
including  Proofs  and  Patterns.     SILVER  :  Crowns  and  Half  Crowns, 
&c,  from  Edward  VI.  to  Victoria.    Oxford  and  Shrewsbury  Pounds    j 
and  Half  Pounds;   Siege  Pieces  of  Colchester,  Newark,  Pontefract,    i 
Cork,  Inchiquin,  Ormond. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


Autograph  Letters. 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C,  on  SATURDAY-.  December  1,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  AND  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS, 
including  Specimens  of  John  Gay,  Dr.  Johnson,  D.  Garrick,  John 
Locke.  Racine,  Voltaire,  and  others  — rare  Letters  of  the  Actress 
Mrs.  (.'live — Sign  Manuals  of  Sovereigns— a  fine  Series  of  Letters  and 
Poems  by  T.  Hood— interesting  Documents  relating  to  the  Civil  Wars 
— an  important  Series  of  French  State  Papers. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  of  L.  W.  HODSON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  Galleries,  18,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  ::,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  ANCIENT 
MANUSCRIPTS  and  Valuable  and  Rare  PRINTED  BOOKS,  the 
Property  of  L.  W.  HODSON,  Esq.  (of  Compton  Hall,  Wolverhampton). 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  Dr.  RICHARD  GARNETT,  C.B. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  THURSDAY.  December  6,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Dr.  RICHARD  GARNETT,  C.B. 
(late  Keeper  of  the  Printed  Books  in  the  British  Museum  and  Trustee 
of  the  Natienal  Portrait  Gallery),  comprising  a  large  Collection  of 
Modern  Poetry  —  Books  and  Pamphlets  relating  to  the  British 
Museum— Bibliography— Astrological  Books,  and  Works  on  Palmistry 
and  Astrology — Appledore  and  other  Private  Presses — Biographical 
and  Historical  "Works— Scientific  Treatises— Shakespeariana — Trans- 
actions and  Proceedings  of  various  Societies,  &c— Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,  complete,  67  vols.,  1KS5-1904— Grote's  History  of 
Greece,  10  vols.  (Presentation  Cony),  1872— Lady  Meux's  Publications- 
Universal  Anthology,  33  vols.,  Edition  de  Luxe,  1S99.  &c— Works  by  I 
Percy  B.  Shelley,  several  First  Editions,  and  three  Notebooks  contain- 
ing Autograph  Manuscript  Matter  bv  him  of  the  utmost  interest,  a 
considerable  portion  being  Unpublished— Works  by  Dr.  Richard 
Garnett— a  valuable  Collection  of  Pamphlets— Presentation  Books  j 
with  Autograph  Inscriptions. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


i>aUs   by   Unction. 

THE  TRENT  HAM  HALL  LIBRARY. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  auction  at  their  House,  No.  IS.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  w.c,  on  Monday.  November  19.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  at  i  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  printed  hooks 
and  Manuscripts,  the  Property  of  His  Qraae  the  DUKE  of  SUTHER- 
LAND, K.G.,  lie.,  removed  from  Trentham  Hall,  Staffordshire. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues,  price  1».  each,  may  be  bad. 


PRIVATE  VIEW  SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  17. 

PUBLIC  VIEW  MONDAY. 

No.     la,    HOLLAND    PARK,     W. 

Interesting    and     Valuable    Appointments. 

Carved   Oak   Cabinet.    Divans,    Occasional   and   other   Tables. 

Collection  of  Antique  Oriental  Rugs  and  Carpets. 

Quaint    Brasses,    rare    Embroideries,    Empire    Bronze    Candelabra, 

Unique  Oriental  and  Greek  Curios. 

Old    English    Bureaux,    Venetian    Glass,    Ornamental    Items. 

Antique  Terra-Cotta  Figures,  Overlaid  Japanese  Panels. 

Grand   Piano   by   Broadwood,    Cottage   Piano   by   Rud.    Ibach. 

Oil    Paintings.    Original    Sketches    and    Etchings,    by    Burne-Jones, 

Rossetti,  G.  F.  Watts,  Le  Gros,  Saint  Jean,  anil  others. 

Small  Library  of  good  Books,  Wine,  and  numerous  Items  of  value 

and  interest. 

HAMPTON  &  SONS  have  been  favoured  with 
instructions  from  the  Executors  to  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  on  TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY  NEXT,  November  20 
and  21,  at  1  o'clock. 

Catalogues  of  Messrs.  FREY'BERG,  Surveyors,  24.  Cromwell  Place. 
Kensington.  S.W.,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  HAMPTON  &  SONS, 
2  and  S,  Cockspur  Street,  S.W. 

N.B.— The  FREEHOLD  RESIDENCE,  with  nearly  three-quarters 
of  an  acre  of  beautiful  Grounds,  will  be  offered  by  AUCTION,  at  the 
MART,  E.C,  on  THURSDAY,  December  13. 


Rare  and  valuable  Books,  including  a  Library  of  Old  English 
Books  removed  from  Whitley  Beaumont,  Yorks,  the  property 
of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  23,  at  1  o'clock,  the  above  LIBRARY  and 
other  PROPERTIES,  including  a  remarkable  Specimen  of  Caxton's 
Press,  being  three  distinct  (though  imperfect)  Works,  viz.,  The  Royal 
Book  (14S8),  The  Book  of  Good  Manners  (1487),  ami  The  Doctrinal  of 
Sapience  I14S9).  bound  in  one  volume  in  the  original  Oak  Boards — 
a  beautiful  Fifteenth  -  Century  Illuminated  MS.  on  Vellum, 
with  25  Miniatures,  and  a  Book  of  Hours  Printed  on  Vellum 
by  Verard  11498),  with  the  Woodcuts  Illuminated— curious  Black- 
Letter  Books— and  Books  with  Woodcuts— a  few  Specimens  of  Early 
Stamped  and  other  Bindings— a  Copy  of  Guicciardini's  Historia 
d'ltalia,  with  the  Autograph  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  on  Title— Ferdinand 
de  Qnir's  New  Southeine  Discovery,  1617,  being  the  first  book  in 
English  on  Australia  —  Books  relating  to  America  —  Holland's 
Herologia  Anglicana  (1622)  —  Houbraken's  Heads  of  Illustrious 
Personages,  Large  Paper— Parkinson's  Paradisi  in  Sole.  1656,  and  other 
rare  Books  in  Folio — Loggan's  Oxonia  and  Cantabrigia  Illustrata — 
Manning  and  Bray's  History  of  Surrey,  3  vols.— Drake's  Eboracum— 
Whitaker's  Parish  of  Wballey.  and  others  relating  to  the  County  of 
York,  many  with  MS.  Notes  and  additional  Pedigrees— Books  on 
Heraldry  and  Genealogy,  &c,  the  whole  in  Contemporary  and  Old 
Tree  Calf  Bindings,  or  in  the  original  Boards,  uncut. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Rare  Books  and  MSS. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane.  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY,  November  29,  at  1  o'clock,  RARE  BOOKS  and  MANU- 
SCRIPTS, mostly  comprising  a  Collection  of  Looks  in  English  Litera- 
ture from  the  Sixteenth  to  the  Nineteenth  Centuries,  selected  from  an 
Old  Country  Library,  and  chiefly  in  the  old  Sheep  or  Calf  Bindings, 
including  a  Perfect  Copy  of  the  exceedingly  rare  Second  Edition  of 
Spenser's  Shephearde's  Calendar,  1581,  and  a  Fine  Copy  of  the  First 
Edition  of  the  Complaints,  1591— several  rare  Shakespeare  Quartos, 
viz.,  The  Whole  Contention  between  the  Houses  of  Lancaster  and 
Yorke,  a  Perfect  Copy  of  the  First  Edition,  1619,  The  Merchant  of 
Venice,  the  Third  Edition,  1637,  The  Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  a  Large 
Copy  of  the  Edition  of  1637,  as  well  as  those  of  1676  and  1703;  and 
Pericles,  1635  ;  also  the  Original  Edition  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  1600— 
Shakespeare's  Poems,  Original  Edition,  1640— Taylor's  Heads  of  all 
Fashions,  uncut,  1642— Quarto  Plays  by  Chapman,  Kyd.  Massinger, 
Shirley,  Nabbes,  Diyden,  Shadwell,  and  others— a  few  Early  Manu- 
scripts on  Vellum— Rare  Bocks  relating  to  America— a  remarkable 
Copy  of  The  Gownsman,  in  the  original  boards  as  issued— Lamb's 
Rosamund  Gray,  the  scarce  First  Edition,  uncut.  The  King  anil  Queen 
of  Hearts,  and  Beauty  and  the  Beast,  &c.—  Racing  Calendars,  1731-1854, 
in  119  vols.— Sporting  Magazine,  21  vols,  uncut,  1792-1803  ;  also  valuable 
Folio  Fine-Art  Books  (the  Property  of  a  LADY')  and  Old  Mezzotint 
Engravings,  &c. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Valuable  Modern  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  30,  at  1  o'clock.  VALUABLE  MODERN  BOOKS, 
including  The  Kelmscott  Chaucer— The  Work  of  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones 
(issued  at  one  hundred  guineas) — The  Burlington  Fine-Alts  Club 
Catalogue  of  Bookbindings.  &c,  4  vols.  —  Williamson's  Portrait 
Miniatures,  2  vols — Gower's  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  Large  Paper,  and 
many  other  sumptuous  Editions  of  Modern  Fine-Art  Books— Jenkins' 
Martial  Achievements— The  Naval  Chronicle,  a  Complete  Set,  40  vols. 
— Rawstorne's  Gamonia  and  other  rare  Books  with  Coloured  Plates— 
The  Doves  Press  Bible,  5  vols.— A  set  of  the  Tudor  Translations, 
40  vols.— Best  Library  Editions  of  Swift.  Defoe,  Lord  Lytton.  (».  P.  R. 
James  and  others— The  Writings  of  J.  H.  Jesse,  Froude  (an  illustrated 
Copy  of  his  History),  Carlyle,  Matthew  Arnold.  Fitzgerald.  Ainsworth, 
Whyte- Melville,  Surtees,  &c.,  mostly  in  handsome  calf  and  levant 
morocco  bindings. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  bv  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street.  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On     MONDAY,      November     19,      MODERN 

PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late  Mrs.  C  W.  0.  SPINDLER 

and  others. 

On     TUESDAY,     November    20,     CHELSEA 

PORCELAIN  of  the  EARL  OF  ENNISKILLEN,  and  PORCELAIN 
from  various  sources. 

On    FRIDAY,    November    23,    DECORATIVE 

FURNITURE  and  PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  W.  CLARENCE 
WATSON,  Esq.,  deceased,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE  from, 
various  sources. 

On     SATURDAY,    November    24,    MODERN 

PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late  Mrs.  H.  K.  HALLAM  audi 

others. 


NOW    READY. 


DRAWINGS 


ILLUSTRATIVE  OF 


'JOHN  inglesant: 

BY 

LADY  JANE  LINDSAY. 

A  PORTFOLIO  OF  TWENTY-SIX  FINE  PHOTOGRAVURE  PLATES  ILLUSTRATING 
MR.  SHORTHOUSE'S  FASCINATING  ROMANCE. 

50  Copies  only  of  an  EDITION  DE  LUXE  on  vellum  at  5  Guineas  net, 

AND 

250  Copies  only  of  an  AUTHOR'S  EDITION  at  2\  Guineas  net. 


Prospectuses,  &c,  of  DICKINSON'S,  114,  New  Bond  Street,  W.  ;  and  all  Booksellers. 


N°  41fJ5,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


599 


JAbrary  of  the  late  G.  W.  KNIGHT.  Esq.  (of  South  Kensington 
Museum),  and  other  Private  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
bv  AUCTION,  at  thsir  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C., 
■-on  THURSDAY,  November  29,  and  Following  Day.  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS  ON  ART— First  Editions 
•of  Modern  Poets— Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  *c,  including  Helyot, 
Ordre6  Monastiques,  8  vols.— Musee  Francais.  4  vols,  morocco  extra, 
.with  Arms— Price's  Tauromachia.  Coloured  Plates— Kilhourne  and 
Goode's  Game  Fishes  of  America— Aiken's  Moments  of  Fancy  and  New 
•Sketch  Book,  Coloured  Plates— Bocace.  Des  Nobles  Malheureux,  Paris, 
153S— IUustratioHS  by  Rowlaodson,  Hogarth.  Morland,  &c— Mayer's 
Views  in  Turkey  and  Egypt.  Coloured  Plates— Angas's  South  Australia 
— Viollet  le-Duc.  Dictionnaire  de  l'Architecture  et  Dictionnaire  du 
Mobilier,  16  vols,  half-morocco— Littre.  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue 
Francaise,  5  vols.— Beaumont's  Lepontine  Alps,  Coloured  Plates— 
Muther's  History  of  Modern  Painting,  3  vols— Hayley's  Life  of 
Bomney— Italian  Scenery,  Coloured  Plates— White's  Natural  History 
•  of  Selborne,  First  Edition— Apperlev's  Life  of  a  Sportsman— Analysis 
■of  the  Hunting  Field— First  Editions,  fine  Copies— Standard  Works 
-on  Travel,  Bioirraphv,  anil  Bibliography  —  Autograph  Letters  and 
Early  French  MSS.— Bryan's  Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers, 
5  vols.,  190f-1906— Bibliotheque  de  Campagne,  12  vols.— Horsfield's  Anti- 
quities  of  Sussex— Repton's  Brighton  Pavilion,  Coloured  Plates,  &c. 

British  Lepidoptera. 
TUESDAY^  November  SO,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Rooms,  :is,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  Loudon,  W.C., 
rihe  COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA  formed  by  Pay- 
master-in-Chief  GERVASE  F.  MATHEW,  Royal  Navy,  F.L.S.  F.R.S., 
&c,  containing  many  rare  Species  and  Varieties  in  fine  condition. 

On  view  the  day  prior  from  1.30  till  5.30  and  morning  of  sale.    Cata- 
logues on  application. 

Saies  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  3S,  King 
Street  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES. SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES —  Telescopes —  Theodolites — 
levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
.and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale 


-IMPORTANT  SALE  of  the  "MORRIS"  COLLECTION  of  PAINT- 
INGS and  DRAWINGS  by  JOHN  SYER,  including  over  Twenty 
Examples,  and  comprising  some  very  fine  Works,  executed  during 
the  best  period  of  this  noted  Artist.  The  Collection  also  includes 
a  Masterpiece  by  Henry  Park,  and  other  choice  examples  by 
Heywood  Hardy,  J.  Hardy,  jun.,  W.  H.  Hopkins,  C.  P.  Knight, 
W.  West,  George  Wolfe,  G.  Shalders,  and  others— the  whole  being 
removed  from  Cotham  Park,  Bristol,  for  convenience  of  Sale. 

MESSRS.  ALEXANDER,  DANIEL  &  CO. 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  (by  instructions  from  FRANK 
MORRIS,  Esq.),  at  the  HANK  AUCTION  MART.  CORN  STREET. 
BRISTOL,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  21,  190";,  punctually  at 
12  o'clock,  the  above  noted  COLLECTION. 

Catalogues  may  be  obtained  of  the  AUCTIONEERS.    Can  be  viewed 
■two  day6  prior  to  Sale  from  10  to  4. 


Ittagasjitua,    &r. 


THE        CLASSICAL         REVIEW. 
Vol.  XX.    NOVEMBER,  1906.    No.  8.    ls.net. 
Contents. 
EDITORIAL  AND  GENERAL. 
•ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS:— 

A  Peculiarity  of  Choric  Responsjon.    C.  J.  BRENNAN. 

Notes     on     Demetrius      W«P'        epftnvdag.         HERBERT 

RICHARDS. 
Ad  Musonium  Rufuni.    A.  J.  KRONENBERG. 
Notes  on  the  Mostellaria  of  Plautus.    CHARLES  KNAPP. 
On  the  Singing  of  Tigellius  (Horace,  Sat.  I.  iii.  7,  8).    CLEMENT 
L.  SMITH. 

^IFVIEWS  • 

Wilamowitz  and  others  on  the  Greek  and  Roman  World.    PERCY 

URE. 
Taccone's  '  The  Iambic  Trimeter  in  Greek.'    A.  W.  VERRAL. 
Convbeares    and    Stock's    '  Selections    from    the    LXX.'      E.    H. 

BLAKENEV. 
Browns 'Case  Constructions.'    HAVEN  DARLING  BRACKETT. 
Profumo  on  the  Fire  of  Nero.    THOMAS  ASIIIiY,  Jin. 
Hardy's  ■  Studies  in  Roman  History.'    Git  ANT  SHOWERMAN. 
Schulze  on  Latin  Proper  Names.    R.  S.  CONWAY'. 
■VERSION  :- 

Browning's  "Soliloquy  of   the  Spanish   Cloister.'     JOHN  SAR- 
GEAUNT. 
ARCHAEOLOGY  :— 

Who  was  the  Wife  of  Zeus?    ARTHUR  BERNARD  COOK. 
Lechat's  'Attic  Sculpture  before  Phidias.'    JOHN  ff.  BAKER- 

PENOYRE. 
Roberts'   and   Gardner's  'Greek    Epigraphy.'      EDWARD   LEE 

HICKS. 
Frazer's  'Early  TTistoryof  the  Kingship.'    JANE  E.  HARRISON. 
Ducharme's  'Greek  Criticism  of  Traditional  Religion.'    W.  H.  I). 

ROUSE 
Monthly  Record.    F.  H.  MARSHALL. 
.SUMMARIES  OF  PERIODICALS. 
BOOKS  RECEIVED. 


w 


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of  social  welfare  which  modern  students  of  Sociology,  working  by  the  inductive 


method,  have,  as  they  believe,  discovered. 


A   METHOD    OF    TEACHING    CHEMISTRY    IN   SCHOOLS. 

By  A.  M.  Hughes,  B.Sc,  Science  Mistress  of  the  L.C.C.  Secondary  School,  Eltham,  and 
R.  Stern,  B.Sc,  Science  Mistress  of  the  North  London  Collegiate  School. 

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BOOKS       BY      SIR       FRANK      SWETTENHAM 

BRITISH    MALAYA 

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net. 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


601 


GEORGE    ALLEN'S    LIST, 


THE    LIFE,    LETTEKS,    AND    WORK    OF 
FREDERIC    LEIGHTON. 

By    MRS.    RUSSELL    BARRINGTON. 

Illustrated  with  154=  Reproductions  from  Drawings  and  Paintings  by  LORD  LEIGHTON, 
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of  whom  have  also  contributed  their  Reminiscences  of  the  great  Artist  specially  for 

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Edited  by  GEORGE  SOMES  LAYARD. 

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602 


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MMa.--W^St1  MOBBl^nd  t0  n°ne  am°"gSt  a"  the  marVe'S  °f  archItec*ural  "cailty  Prodl'c^  >'y  the  Middle  Ages.     Like  all  such  buildings,  its  beauty  is  convincing,  and  sets  criticism 

LIFE  AND  EVOLUTION.    By  F.  W.  HeadleyT    100  Illustrations.    Demy  8vo,  8s.  net. 

Presenting  fresh  material,  the  result  of  close  observation  and  careful  reasoning.    With  a  specially  interesting  series  of  illustrations. 

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A   TElSSEl°wfh  i^„,,s!£NGLJncluding  Morphology,  Physiology,  Classification.    BvGeorge 
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A  study  of  a  branch  of  folk-lore,  giving  new  interest  and  value  to  familiar  things.  [Beady  November  22. 


THE  NOTE-BOOKS  OF  LEONARDO  DA   VINCI.     By   Edward    McCurdy,   MA.     13    Illus- 

trations.     Demy  8vo,  8s.  net. 
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C0RREGGI0.    By  T.  Sturge  Moore.    55  Illustrations.    Pott  4to,  7s.  6d.  net. 

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THE  POPULAR  LIBRARY  OF  ART. -New  Volume. 

WATTEAU.    By  Camille  Mauclair.    50  Illustrations.    Cloth,  2s.  net ;  leather,  2s.  6d.  net. 

fascina\lo,?„0fWa^^  attemptS  in  the  Sphere  of  cri,icism-    With  a  su,,tlety  of  v******  worth,  of  a  Baudelaire,  he  discovers  the  key  to  the  mysterious 

THE  PLACID  PUG,  and  other  Khymes.    By  The  Belgian  Hare  (Lord  Alfred  Douglas),  Author 

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•'  nr  II   fii?itpij(.  Vf  "',"''   ,r  a"n  ""ol'triisi\el\  accomplish  the  necessary  tusk.     A  company  leader  whose  spirit,   penetrated  to  every   man   in  his  command      The  itnrv  r>f 

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__„     __  NEW  NOVEL  BY  CHARLES  G.  D.  ROBERTS. 

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DON-A-D REAMS.    By  Harvey  O'Higgins.    6s. 

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HIS  PEOPLE.    By  R.  B.  Cunninghame-Graham.    6s.  ,mber22. 

THE    EPIC    OF    EARLY    BRITAIN. 

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THEfoHEN  .IN,  BRITAIN.    By  Charles  M.  Doughty,  Author  of  'Travels  in  Arabia  Deserta.' 

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London  :  DUCKWORTH  &  CO.  3,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


606 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


MR.  MURRAY'S 

NEW    BOOKS. 


LORD  MILNER'S  WORK  IM 
SOUTH  AFRICA. 

From  its  Commencement  in  1897,  to  the  Peace  of 
Vereeniging  in  1902.  Containing  hitherto  Un- 
published Information.  By  W.  BASIL  WORS- 
FOLD.  With  Portraits  and  a  Map.  Demy  8vo, 
15s.  net.  [Ready  immediately. 


SIDNEY  HERBERT. 

LORD  HERBERT  OF  LEA.  A  Memoir.  By  LORD 
STANMORE.  2  vols.  With  Portraits  and  other 
Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  2is.  net.        [Just  out. 

No  life   of   Sidney  Herbert  has   hitherto  been 
published. 

NEW  EDITION  WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  QUIET. 

By  ARTHUR  CHRISTOPHER  BENSON,  Fellow 
of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge  ;  Author  of  '  The 
Thread  of  Gold. '     Square  demy  8vo,  8s.  net. 


A  NEW  NATURE  BOOK. 

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THE  TRAGEDY  AND  COMEDY 
OF  WAR  HOSPITALS. 

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S.  Peter  Martyr  at  Milan — The  Tabernacolo  at 
Florence — S.  Donato  at  Arezzo,  by  W.  G. 
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tions, medium  8vo,  12s.  net. 

[Beady  next  week. 


MESSRS.    CONSTABLES    LIST. 

NEXT   WEEK'S    BOOKS. 
COMEDY   QUEENS    OF   THE    GEORGIAN    ERA. 

By  JOHN  FYVIE,  Author  of  '  Some  Famous  Women  of  Wit  and  Beauty.' 
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Biographical  and  Critical  Studies  of  Lavinia  Fenton— Charlotte  Clark— Catherine  Clive— Margaret 
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Robinson— Mary  Sumbel— Dora  Jordan— and  Harriot  Mellon. 

GOLDEN  DAYS  OF  THE  RENAISSANCE  IN  ROME. 

By  RODOLFO  LANCIANI,  Author  of  '  New  Tales  of  Old  Rome.' 
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The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  describe  the  moral  and  material  evolution  of  the  Eternal  City  from 
medieval  conditions,  and  to  draw  a  picture  of  it  as  it  was  in  the  very  summit  of  its  renaissance.  In 
developing  the  subject  one  principal  aim  has  been  kept  in  view  :  to  illustrate  the  few  monuments  of  that 
period  left  standing  in  Rome  and  mostly  concealed  under  modern  superstructures.  But  from  a  scholarly 
and  an  artistic  point  of  view  the  book  will  prove  a  rare  acquisition  to  the  literature  ot  Rome. 

EDINBURGH  UNDER  SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 

By  W.  T.  FYFE.     With  an  Introduction  by  R.  B.  RAIT. 

Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

The  purport  of  this  book  is  to  give  a  picture  of  the  remarkable  society  which  rendered  the  city  of 

Edinburgh  illustrious  in  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth.     Ut 

this  society  the  natural  centre  was  Sir  Walter  Scott,  whose  personality  dominated  Edinburgn  during 

a  large  portion  of  the  period. 

THE  NATIVE  RACES  OF  THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE. 

A   Series   of   Illustrated   Ethnographical   Handbooks   intended  to   convey   accurate  information 

in  a  popular  and  readable  form. 

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Vol.  I.  NATIVES  OF  AUSTRALIA.     By  NORTHCOTE  W.  THOMAS. 

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THE    ENGLISH    PATENTS   OF   MONOPOLY. 

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Record  Office.     It  presents  material  on  this  important  phase  of  economic  history  not  hitherto  available. 


HISTORY  OF  VENICE. 

Its  Individual  Growth  from  the  Earliest  Begin- 
nings to  the  Fall  of  the  Republic,  by  POMPEO 
MOLMENTI,  translated  by  HORATIO  F. 
BROWN,  Author  of  'Life  on  the  Lagoons,'  &c. 
3  vols.  (2  parts  each).  Demy  8vo,  21s.  net  each 
vol. 

Vol.  I.    VENICE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 

[Just  out. 


AT  ALL  LIBRARIES  AND  BOOKSELLERS: 

MY  PILGRIMAGE  TO   THE  WISE   MEN  OF   THE  EAST. 

By  MONCURE  D.  CONWAY.     8vo,  fully  Illustrated,  12s.  Qd.  net. 

In  his  recent  Autobiography  Mr.  Conway  barely  alluded  to  his  experiences  in  Hindoostan  They 
were  so  far  afield  from  his  life  in  America  and  England,  that  he  decided  to  make  a  separate  volume  ot 
them  The  bulk  of  the  present  book  relates  to  his  memories  of  and  conversations  with  leading 
Buddhists,  Brahmins,  Parsees,  Moslems,  and  others  in  India,  his  impressions  and  observations  ot  the 
country,  and  his  saunterings  amid  ancient  shrines. 

The  religious  side  of  Mr.  Conway's  life  has  so  predominated  over  the  rest  of  his  experiences  that  his 
relations  with  the  leaders  of  religious  thought  in  the  country,  which  may  almost  be  said  to  be  the  cradle 
of  all  religions,  are  of  great  interest  and  importance. 

STUDIES  IN  SEVEN  ARTS. 

By    ARTHUR    SYMONS.       Demy  8vo,    8s.    6d.    net. 
CWeH^.-Rodin-The  Painting  of  the  Nineteenth  Century-Gustave  Moreau-Watts-Whistler- 
Cathedrals-The  Decay  of  Craftsmanship  in  England-Beethoven- 1  no  Ideas  of   Richard  V  agner-lhe 
Problem  of  Richard  Strauss-Eleonora  Duse-A  New  Art  of  the  Stage-A  Symbolist  larce-Pantomime 
and  the  Poetic  Drama— The  World  as  Ballet. 


JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle  Street,  W. 


POPULAR    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


THE    TREASURE    OF    HEAVEN. 

A  Romance  of  Riches. 

Bv  MARIE  CORELLI.     With  Portrait  of  the  Author. 

[Third  Edition. 

GROWTH. 

By  GRAHAM  TRAVERS,  Author  of  '  Mona  Maclean.' 

HOLYLAND. 

By  GUSTAV  FRENSSEN,  Author  of  '  Jiim  Uhl.' 

THE  INCOMPLETE  AMORIST. 

By  E.  NESBIT,  Author  of  'The  Red  House,'  &c. 


THE   EIGHT  GUESTS. 

By  PERCY  WHITE, 
Author  of  '.John  Strood,'  'Park  Lane,'  &c. 

THE  OPENED  SHUTTERS. 

By  CLAUA  LOUISE  BURNHAM,  Author  of  '  Jewel,'  &e. 
With  a  Coloured  Frontispiece. 

THE  COUNTRY  ROAD. 

By  ALICE  BROWN, 

Author  of  'Paradise,'  'King's  End,'  &c. 

THE  MAN  IN  THE  CASE. 

By  ELIZABETH  STUART  PHELPS,  Author  of  .Trixy. 
Illustrated  by  H.  J.  PECK. 


London  :  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.,  Ltd. 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


607 


FROM    MIDSHIPMAN    TO    FIELD-MARSHAL. 

By  Field-Marshal  Sir  EVELYN  WOOD,  V.G,  G.C.B. 

FOURTH  EDITION.     With  3  Portraits,  7  Illustrations,  and  13  Maps.     2  vols,  demy  8vo,  25*.  net, 
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"  His  work  is  fit  to  take  its  place  beside  the  autobiographies  of  Lord  Roberts  and  Lord  Wolseley."— Speaker. 

KINDLY   WHITE  TO   MESSBS.   METHTJEN   FOB  THEIR    NEW    ILLUSTBATED    CATALOGUE. 


GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

WILLIAM  BLAKE.     By  Laurence  Binyon.    In  2  vols,  royal  4to, 

11.  Is.  net.     Vol.  I.  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  BOOK  OF  JOB. 
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devoted  many  years  to  the  study  of  Blake's  career  and  influence,  and  he  approaches  his 
subject  with  the  fullest  sympathy. 

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100  Plates.     Wide  royal  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 
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GARRICK    AND   HIS   CIRCLE.        By  Mrs.  Clement  Parsons, 

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THE  POLITICAL  THOUGHT  OF  PLATO  AND  ARISTOTLE. 

By  E.  BARKER,  M.  A.,  late  Fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford.   Demy  8vo,  10*.  M.  net. 
The  history  of  political  thought  in  Greece  to  its  culmination  in  Aristotle. 

THE  COMPLETE  PHOTOGRAPHER.      By  R.  Child  Baylet. 

With  over  100  Illustrations.     Demv  8vo,  10s.  6rf.  net. 
"One  of  the  most  useful  and  learned  works  on  photography  which  have  appeared."— 
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THE  CHILDREN  OF  THE  NATION.     By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 

JOHN  GORST.     Demy  8vo,  7*.  6d.  net. 
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CHARLES  DICKENS.     By  G.  K.  Chesterton.    With  2  Portraits. 

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THE  LETTERS  OF  WILLIAM  BLAKE.     Together  with  a  Life 

by  FREDERICK  TATHAM.     Edited,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  A.  G.  B. 
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_      This  highly  important  collection  con  tains  nearly  all  the  extant  letters  of  William  Blake, 
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THE   HYGIENE   OF   MIND.    By  T.  S.  Clouston,  M.D.    lllus- 

trated.    7*.  6d.  net. 
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THE  LIFE  OF  ROBERT   LOUIS   STEVENSON.     By  Graham 

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N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


609 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  17,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Universities  of  Germany C09 

The  "Pentland"  Stevenson       610 

A  Twice  Crowned  Queen 610 

Blake's  Life  and  Work 611 

The  Eastern  Provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire  ..    612 

New   Novels  (Chippinge  ;  The  Beloved  Vagabond  ; 

Higheroft  Farm  ;   A  Maid  and  her  Money  ;    The 

Priest ;    Old    Fireproof ;     Helena's    Love    Story ; 

Meriel    of     the     Moors ;     Gray    Mist ;     Nedra ; 

L'Esclavage)  613—614 

American  Ideals       614 

Our  Library  Table  (Local  and  Central  Govern- 
ment ;  The  Kaleidoscopic  Transvaal ;  Borough 
Customs  ;  Paradise  Row  ;  Foundations  of  Political 
Economy  ;  Carthage  and  Tunis  ;  Napoleon,  King 
of  Elba  ;  From  Valmy  to  Waterloo  ;  The  Forests 
and  Deer  Parks  of  Somerset ;  Un  Crespusrule 
dTslam  ;  The  Pillow  Book  ;  An  Epoch  in  Irish 
History;  Emerson;  Henry  Reeve's  Library)       615—618 

List  of  New  Books 618 

Shakspeare's  Birthplace;  Remarkable  Find  of 

a  Caxton 619 

Literary  Gossip        619 

Science— Gardening  Books  ;  Les  Origines  de  la 
Radio-activitk  et  la  Vieillesse  de  la 
Matieke  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ; 

Gossip  621—624 

Fine  Arts— Corueggio  ;  Verrocchio  ;  The  Royal 
Water-Colour  Society  ;  The  Brabazon  Exhi- 
bition ;  Miss  Wilson's  Pastels  ;  Gossip  624—626 
Music  —  Broadwood  Concert  ;  Mr.  Sharpe's 
American  Recital  ;  Mr.  Spalding's  Orches- 
tral Concert  ;  Miss  Klean's  Vocal  Recital  ; 
Miss  Strong's  Vocal  Recital;  Gossip;  Per- 
formances Next  Week         626-628 

Drama— Gossip 628 

Index  to  Advertisers       628 


LITEBATURE 


THE  UNIVERSITIES  OF  GERMANY. 

The  German  Universities  and  University 
Study.  By  Friedrich  Paulsen,  Professor 
of  Philosophy  in  the  University  of 
Berlin.  Translated  by  F.  Thilly  and 
W.  W.  Elwang.  With  a  Preface  spe- 
cially written  for  the  English  Edition 
by  M.  E.  Sadler.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

The  opportuneness  of  this  translation  of 
Prof.  Paulsen's  standard  work  on  the 
German  universities  will  not  be  disputed. 
For  some  years  past  we  in  this  country 
have  been  seriously  perturbed  about  our 
national  system  of  education,  and  have 
been  trying  to  discover  in  what  way  we 
may  best  put  our  house  in  order.  To 
this  end  we  have  looked  especially  to- 
wards Germany,  both  because  in  that 
country  the  science  of  the  adaptation  of 
needs  to  ends,  without  undue  loss  of  power 
or  waste  of  effort,  has  been  most  success- 
fully studied,  and  because,  as  every 
scholar  and  specialist  knows,  the  output 
of  scientific  work  of  a  high  standard  from 
the  universities  of  Germany  greatly  ex- 
ceeds that  of  any  other  country.  Never- 
theless many  of  the  current  references  to 
the  German  university  system  have  been 
references  without  knowledge  ;  and  those 
who  wish  really  to  understand  it  may  be 
advised  (always  without  forgetting  Prof. 
Sadler's  work  in  the  special  reports  of  our 
own  Board  of  Education)  to  study  Prof. 
Paulsen's  book,  which  is  now  placed 
within  the  reach  of  those  who  do  not 
read  German  with  ease. 

The  book  is  divided  into  five  sections. 
The  first  sketches  the  historical  develop- 
ment of  the  German  universities,  and  is 
of  use  chiefly  because  an  explanation  of 


the  genesis  of  an  institution  is  often  also 
the  best  explanation  of  its  nature.  The 
second  describes  the  place  of  the  uni- 
versities in  public  fife — their  relations 
to  the  State,  to  society,  and  to  the  Church. 
The  third  and  fourth  deal  respectively 
with  the  university  teachers  and  the 
students.  The  fifth  discusses  the  four 
faculties  of  the  university  (theology,  law, 
medicine,  and  philosophy,  the  last  in- 
cluding all  literary,  historical,  scientific, 
and  mathematical  studies),  describing 
their  character  and  criticizing  certain 
features  in  their  present  stage  of  develop- 
ment. 

What  stands  out  conspicuously  in  all 
this  description  is  that  the  German  ideal 
of  a  university  is  an  institution  for  the 
production  of  scientific  knowledge.  "  Aca- 
demic circles,"  says  Prof.  Paulsen, 

"  are  at  present  governed  in  their  estimate 
of  a  man  primarily  by  his  scientific  pro- 
ductivity ;  his  ability  to  teach  is  a  secondary 
consideration,  or  rather,  it  is  looked  upon 
as  an  accident  of  the  former  quality.  The 
university  has  a  tendency  to  regard  itself 
primarily  as  a  scientific  institution  ;  the 
function  of  teaching  is  not  apt  to  be  empha- 
sised." 

The  other  characteristic  feature  of  the 
system  is  the  freedom  claimed  by  both 
teacher  and  student  (Lehrfreiheit  and 
Lernfreikeit).  The  professor  claims  the 
fullest  liberty  of  thought  and  of  expres- 
sion (though  it  will  occur  to  some  that  in 
the  sphere  of  political  thought  he  does 
not  always  get  it).  The  student,  on  the 
other  hand,  after  having  been  under 
strict  discipline  so  long  as  he  is  at  school, 
where  the  curriculum  ensures  him  a 
broad  basis  of  liberal  education,  is  free 
from  the  moment  he  enters  the  university 
to  follow  any  branch  of  study  he  likes 
and  with  whatever  amount  of  zeal  he 
likes.  He  can  flit  from  professor  to  pro- 
fessor, and  from  university  to  university, 
in  pursuit  of  the  special  course  of  study 
he  has  marked  out  for  himself. 

A  third  element,  on  which  Prof.  Paulsen 
does  not  dwell,  since  it  is  not  his  business 
to  draw  invidious  comparisons  between 
his  own  and  other  countries,  is  the  general 
respect  in  which  knowledge  is  held  in 
Germany.  This  is  no  part  of  the  uni- 
versity system  as  such,  but  it  is  the  driving 
power  of  the  whole  mechanism.  Without 
this,  the  German  system  would  merely 
produce  a  small  minority  of  learned 
specialists  on  the  one  hand,  and  a  crowd 
of  uneducated  idlers  on  the  other  ;  with 
it,  it  is  the  means  of  producing  an  un- 
rivalled output  of  learning  in  all  depart- 
ments, of  which  full  use  is  made  by  the 
State,  the  merchants  and  manufacturers 
of  Germany,  and  the  scholars  of  all 
civilized  countries. 

The  success  of  the  German  system,  on 
the  lines  which  it  has  laid  down  for  itself, 
need  not  be  questioned.  Certain  features 
may  seem  undesirable,  such  as  the  com- 
petition for  minor  official  decorations 
which  is  one  of  the  results  of  making  the 
professoriate  a  department  of  the  Civil 
Service  ;  and  Prof.  Paulsen  expresses 
dissatisfaction    with    the    rising    scale    of 


wealth,  and  therewith  of  social  aspirations, 
which  marks  the  modern  professor  as 
compared  with  his  predecessors.  These, 
however,  are  matters  of  domestic  import 
alone,  and  do  not  concern  us.  The  high 
value  of  the  German  universities  as  scien- 
tific institutions  is  undeniable;  and  readers 
of  Prof.  Paulsen's  book  will  find  in  it 
much  food  for  thought.  But  before  they 
advocate  the  adoption  of  a  similar  system 
in  this  country,  it  will  be  as  well  to  be 
clear  in  their  own  minds  as  to  their  ideal 
of  university  education.  So  far  as  the 
object  of  a  university  is  the  advancement 
of  learning  or  the  training  of  specialists, 
the  German  system  (given  the  above- 
mentioned  driving  power  of  a  zeal  for 
knowledge)  achieves  the  end  of  its  exist- 
ence ;  but  so  far  as  it  aims  at  training 
the  average  man,  especially  the  average 
man  of  the  governing  classes — in  short, 
at  forming  character — its  merits  are  less 
conspicuous.  When  we  criticize  our  own 
universities,  and  compare  their  output 
of  learned  production  with  that  of  their 
German  rivals,  we  ought  to  remember 
that  they  have  been  organized  on  different 
lines.  They  have  aimed  at  producing  not 
the  specialist,  but  the  capable  man  ;  and 
when  Prof.  Paulsen  (whose  occasional 
references  to  English  universities  do  not 
show  much  knowledge  of  the  subject)  asks 
us  to  think 

"  what  the  single  University  of  Halle.  .  .  .has 
done  for  science  and  for  the  culture  of  the 
German  people,  compared  with  Oxford, 
spending  its  inherited  millions  f!  I  in  here- 
ditary indolence," 

it  is  fair  to  ask  in  return  how  many  states- 
men, how  many  governors  of  provinces, 
how  many  judges  and  administrators 
of  Church  and  State,  the  University  of 
Halle  has  produced,  and,  in  particular, 
whether  any  two  German  universities 
could  have  provided  for  the  government  of 
the  Indian  Empire,  as  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge have  virtually  done  for  the  last 
fifty  years.  It  is,  in  fact,  admitted  in 
Prof.  Paulsen's  concluding  chapters  that 
the  German  university  system  is  tending 
to  confine  itself  more  and  more  to  the 
production  of  specialists,  to  the  exclusion 
of  general  education.  It  is  not  an  en- 
couraging symptom  to  find  that  the 
students  in  philology  (which,  be  it  re- 
membered, includes  nearly  all  that  we 
mean  by  a  classical  education)  and 
mathematics 

"are  now  almost  entirely  candidates  for 
the  facultas  docendi,  either  in  the  universities 
or  in  the  gymnasia." 

"  The  philologists  and  historians,  mathe- 
maticians and  natural  scientists,  conduct 
their  department  lectures  and  exercises  as 
if  to  continue  scientific  investigations  was 
the  future  destiny  of  all  their  students." 

Even  the  teaching  profession  itself  is 
despised,  except  so  far  as  it  is  a  career 
of  scientific  investigation.  Its  import- 
ance in  training  character  appears  to  be 
wholly  disregarded.  It  is  evident  from 
this  thai  we  cannot  adopt  German  methods 
blindfold  and  without  consideration.  We 
have  very  much  to  learn  from  our  neigh- 
bours as  to  the  organization  and  training 


610 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


of  scientific  research,  and  as  to  the  im- 
portance of  respecting  and  encouraging 
knowledge,  both  for  itself  and  in  relation 
to  the  daily  life  of  the  community  ;  but 
we  believe  that  they  have  also  much  to 
learn  from  us  in  other  branches  of 
education  which  are  not  less  important. 
Nor  is  there  any  reason  why  we  should 
v  not  adopt  that  which  is  good  in  the  German 
system  without  abandoning  that  which 
is  good  in  our  own.  It  would  not,  we 
think,  pass  the  wit  of  man  to  devise  a 
modification  of  the  course  of  studies  in 
our  older  universities  which  would  com- 
press the  most  valuable  parts  of  their 
general  training  into,  say,  three  years, 
and  leave  the  fourth  year  for  a  grounding 
in  the  methods  of  scientific  research,  to 
be  taken  by  those  who  were  going  to  be 
scholars,  archaeologists,  historians,  theo- 
logians, men  of  science,  or  schoolmasters  of 
the  highest  grades.  This  is  not  the  place 
for  elaborating  the  details  of  such  a  scheme ; 
but  to  those  who  are  concerned  in  such 
matters  we  commend  the  study  of  Prof. 
Paulsen's  book.  The  translation  of  it 
(by  two  American  scholars)  is  sound  and 
readable  ;  and  Prof.  Sadler's  Preface  is 
both  interesting  and  suggestive. 


The  Works  of  R.  L.  Stevenson.     Pentland 
Edition.     Vols.  I.-IV.     (Cassell  &  Co.) 

The  issue  of  a  second  limited  Edition  de 
luxe  of  Stevenson's  works,  after  a  lapse 
of  only  thirteen  years  since  the  publica- 
tion of  the  "  Edinburgh  Edition,"  is  a 
significant  testimony  to  the  author's  high 
literary  reputation  among  his  contem- 
poraries. The  earlier  issue  was  eagerly 
taken  up,  and  it  remains  to  be  seen  how 
far  the  "  Pentland  Edition  "  will  repeat 
the  success.  The  case  of  Stevenson  calls 
for  some  consideration  in  this  connexion. 
Uniform  editions  on  this  scale  of  authors 
such  as  Mr.  Meredith  have  not  been 
favourably  received  ;  yet  Stevenson  has 
a  sufficient  following  to  justify  two  such 
ventures.  We  think  the  explanation  lies 
in  the  fortunate  double  appeal  which  the 
writer  made.  He  has  always  been  some- 
thing of  a  writers'  writer  ;  and  he  has  had 
at  the  same  time  qualifications  for  ordi- 
nary popularity.  When  Stevenson  first 
became  known  in  the  literary  world  it  was 
by  introduction  to  a  select  circle  of  readers 
who  cultivated  the  failing  art  of  belles- 
lettres.  Stevenson  did  two  services  to 
the  letters  of  his  day  :  he  rescued  his- 
torical romance  from  the  slough  into 
which  it  had  drifted,  and  he  restored  the 
vitality  of  style.  Greater  novelists  than 
he  have  lived,  as  have  heroes  before  Aga- 
memnon ;  but  it  is  interesting  and  in- 
structive to  compare  the  slacker  pages  of 
Dickens  and  Thackeray  and  Scott  with 
the  invariably  conscientious  and  dainty 
outfit  of  Stevenson.  He  made  style  a 
cult  once  more,  and  himself  retained  to 
the  end  the  self-consciousness  of  an 
apostle.  It  may  be  said  (and  said  with 
some  truth)  that  he  had  neither  so  large 
a  view  of  life,  nor  so  sympathetic  a  com- 
prehension, as  others  who  preceded  him  ; 


but  at  all  events  he  cultivated  his  own 
garden  to  its  utmost.  There  were  no 
untidy  borders  in  his  demesne  ;  and  no 
rubbish  heaps  marred  his  plot.  He 
burnt  his  "  couch  "  elsewhere  than  in 
his  works.  Since  his  death  the  declension 
of  style  has  gone  continuously  forward 
under  the  drums  and  tramplings  of  those 
who  think  that  nothing  matters  but 
matter.  Yet  there  are  a  number  of  lite- 
rary men  to-day  who  own  his  influence, 
and  proclaim  the  necessary  inter-relation 
of  manner  and  matter.  In  brief,  if 
Stevenson  had  done  nothing  but  emphasize 
the  value  of  language,  he  would  not  have 
lived  in  vain. 

His  service  in  the  restoration  of  romance 
is  equally  important.  Stevenson  was 
not  in  essence  a  romancer,  but  a  novelist 
who  withheld  himself  deliberately  from 
the  modern  novel.  He  delighted  in 
romantic  settings,  but  his  figures  moved 
to  no  strings  ;  they  were  human  ;  full  of 
blood  and  reality.  Mere  romance  does 
not  live  on  like  his,  and  secure  two 
luxurious  editions.  Stevenson's  triumph 
is  the  triumph  of  an  individuality 
with  a  gracious  style.  On  one  side  he 
interested  a  large  public  who  like  a  story  ; 
on  the  other  he  enjoyed  the  admiration 
of  those  who  appreciate  literature.  And 
happily  occupying  two  stools,  he  did  not 
fail  between  them,  but  widened  his  appeal. 
His  genius  was  varied,  and  had  not  reached 
its  highest  development  when  he  died. 
History,  biography,  fiction,  essay,  verse 
— he  had  accomplished  much  in  all  these 
spheres,  and  yet  had  probably  others  to 
conquer,  as  the  titanic  fragment  '  Weir  of 
Hermiston  '  suggests. 

Mr.  Gosse  succeeds  Mr.  Colvin  as  editor 
of  a  collected  edition,  and  Mr.  Gosse' s 
right  to  the  honour  is  at  least  equal  to  his 
predecessor's.  He  was  Stevenson's  friend 
for  thirty  years,  and  it  was  the  wish  of 
Mrs.  Stevenson  and  her  son  that  he 
should  undertake  the  Avork.  The  new 
edition  differs  from  the  old  in  some  im- 
portant ways.  For  one  thing,  its  arrange- 
ment is  chronological,  which  we  consider 
a  decided  improvement.  There  are  to 
be  twenty  volumes,  which  will  include 
certain  items  omitted  from  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Edition  "  ;  but  we  do  not  suppose 
that  the  "  Pentland  Edition  "  will  con- 
tain the  supplementary  volume  which 
(if  we  remember  rightly)  was  expressly 
confined  to  the  earlier  edition,  and  in- 
cluded the  moral  emblems.  The  annota- 
tion is  wholly  bibliographical  or  bio- 
graphical, and  never  critical — an  excellent 
decision  ;  and  there  are  to  be  a  number 
of  photogravure  frontispieces.  This  in- 
stalment of  four  volumes  comprises  '  An 
Inland  Voyage,'  '  Travels  with  a  Donkey,' 
the  picturesque  notes  on  Edinburgh,  '  An 
Amateur  Emigrant,'  and  its  sequels  (in- 
cluding '  The  Silverado  Squatters  '),  '  Vir- 
ginibus  Puerisque,'  '  Familiar  Studies  of 
Men  and  Books,'  '  The  Bodysnatcher,' 
'  The  New  Arabian  Nights,'  and  '  The 
Story  of  a  Lie.' 

We  find  the  editor's  prefatory  notes  of 
great  interest,  always  discreet,  yet  always 
informing.     Thus  admirers  of  Modestine 


will  learn  with  amusement  that  the  tramp- 
in  the  Cevennes  was  dictated  by  a  desire 
to  travel  in  the  "  hardest  and  most 
beggarly  part  of  France,"  and  that  the- 
traveller  was  the  most  "  handless  "  man. 
Of  the  important  article  on  '  Some- 
portraits  by  Raeburn  '  we  read  that  it 
was  rejected  by  three  leading  magazines. 
The  book  in  which  it  is  contained,  '  Vir- 
ginibus  Puerisque,'  did  not  sell,  and  "  one 
of  the  booksellers  attributed  this  to  its 
having  '  so  indelicate  a  title.'  '  But 
what  Mr.  Gosse  has  to  say  of  '  The  New 
Arabian  Nights  '  interests  us  most.  It  is 
an  open  secret  now  that  the  idea  of  the 
Suicide  Club  was  suggested  by  the  late- 
R.  A.  M.  Stevenson,  to  whom  the  book  is 
dedicated.  "  The  character,"  says  Mr. 
Gosse,  "  of  the  Young  Man  with  the  Cream 
Tarts  was  carefully  studied  from  that 
of  R.  A.  M.  Stevenson  "  ;   and  he  adds  : — 

"  To  those  who  recollect  that  exquisite- 
troll  of  genius,  and  who  love  to  feel  that  his 
memories  must  for  ever  remain  spell-bound 
by  his  agile  and  protean  charm,  the  Young 
Man  will  continue  to  seem  a  life-like  portrait 
of  one  of  the  rarest  of  human  kind." 

To  our  thinking,  R.  A.  M.  Stevenson  was 
perhaps  more  faithfully  represented  in 
the  character  of  the  young  man  of  the 
superfluous  mansion  in  '  The  Dynamiters.' 
Public  opinion  was  against  '  The  New 
Arabian  Nights,'  as  a  farrago  of  nonsense, 
and  an  eminent  publisher  refused  to  bring 
it  out  on  that  ground. 

The  remainder  of  the  volumes  of  this- 
edition  will  be  issued  at  intervals  of  three 
months  in  batches  of  four.  The  issue  has  ' 
been  accomplished  by  the  co-operation 
of  Stevenson's  several  publishers,  who- 
include  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus,  Mr. 
Heinemann,  and  Messrs.  Longman  in 
addition  to  Messrs.  Cassell.  The  paper 
is  fine,  the  type  is  clear  and  large,  and  the 
general  get-up  is  admirable.  Perhaps 
the  austerity  of  the  original  buckram 
might  have  been  amended  with  advantage. 


A  Twice  Crowned  Queen  :  Anne  of  Brit- 
tany. By  Constance,  Countess  De  La 
Warr.     (Eveleigh  Nash.) 

The  personality  of  Anne  of  Brittany  is 
not  so  well  known  as  that  of  other  queens 
of  France  of  perhaps  no  greater  force  of 
character.  She  lived  at  a  period  when  the 
mediaeval  world  was  on  the  point  of 
expiring  ;  and  the  historian  thinks  of  her 
less  as  a  queen  of  France  than  as  the  last 
independent  ruler  of  the  ancient  province 
of  Brittaivy.  She  was  more  remarkable 
for  will-power  and  piety  than  for  personal 
charm.  The  biographer  of  such  a  person- 
age had  before  her  a  difficult  task  ;  and 
although  Lady  De  La  Warr  has  made 
diligent  use  of  the  best  available  material, 
the  result  of  her  efforts  is  a  somewhat 
pale  presentment. 

Before  all  things  Anne  was  a  Breton  ; 
she  never  won  the  hearts  of  the  French 
people,  though  she  captured  those  of 
two  of  their  kings.  When  Louis  XII. 
was  thought  to  be  dying  she  had  made 
every  preparation  to  retire  to  her  beloved 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


611 


province  ;  and  had  she  survived  him  she 
would  doubtless  have  done  so.  The 
author  of  the  present  work  cites  Dom 
Morice  to  prove  that,  whether  or  not  there 
had  been  a  secret  article  in  Anne's  marriage 
contract  with  Charles  VIII.  reserving  to 
the  Duchess  the  administration  of  Breton 
affairs,  she  did  not,  in  fact,  exercise  any 
recognized  control  over  them  during  his 
lifetime ;  but  Lady  De  La  Warr  also 
points  out  how  the  different  circumstances 
in  which  the  second  marriage  took  place, 
permitted  an  open  stipulation  that  the 
government  of  the  duchy  and  the  use  of 
its  revenues  should  be  reserved  to  the 
descendant  of  its  native  rulers.  Louis 
always  called  his  second  wife  "  Ma  B  re- 
tonne." 

Lady  De  La  Warr  has  not  brought  out 
clearly  the  predominant  part  taken  by 
Charles's  sister,  Anne  de  Beaujeu,  in 
his  marriage  with  her  Breton  name- 
sake ;  the  passage  in  which  the  two  are 
named  together  reads  confusedly.  Both 
■Charles  VIII.  and  the  Marechal  de  Rieux 
are  spoken  of  as  Anne  de  Bretagne's 
"guardian."  Though  doubtless  a  satisfac- 
tory solution  of  the  long  struggle  between 
France  and  Brittany,  the  marriage  in- 
volved a  double  breach  of  faith,  remark- 
able even  in  that  age ;  and  the  statement 
that  "the  whole  of  Europe,  was  taken 
a,back  "  by  it  is  probably  not  exaggerated. 
The  sudden  deaths  of  the  Queen's  sister 
and  of  Dunois,  Charles's  adviser,  seemed 
to  the  superstitious  a  token  of  the  dis- 
pleasure of  Heaven  ;  and  no  doubt  the 
fact  that  none  of  Anne's  children  by  her 
first  husband  survived  early  childhood 
would  be  ascribed  by  not  a  few  con- 
temporaries rather  to  such  a  cause  than 
to  her  own  tender  youth  and  the  mis- 
management of  her  doctors.  She  was 
barely  fifteen  when  the  first  was  born  ; 
three  others  followed  during  her  seven 
years'  union  with  Charles.  She  was  a 
widow  at  twenty. 

Anne  seems  to  have  felt  deeply  the 
death  of  her  first  husband,  with  whom 
she  had  not  been  on  the  whole  unhappy. 
But  she  was  really  in  love  with  his 
cousin  and  successor,  who  was  much 
more  worthy  of  her  than  the  reckless 
■debauchee  known  as  Charles  VIII.  In 
■order  to  marry  her,  Louis  XII.  had  to 
divorce  the  wife  whom  Charles's  father 
had  forced  upon  him.  The  unhappy 
Jeanne  de  France  was  not  unkindly 
treated  by  them.  If  Louis  scarcely  de- 
serves the  author's  eulogistic  description 
— "  the  most  virtuous  prince  that  France, 
perhaps  even  Europe,  ever  saw  " — he 
was  undoubtedly  amiable,  well-meaning, 
And  careful  of  his  subjects'  interests  in 
home  affairs  ;  and  he  was  irreproachable 
as  a  husband.  His  sohd  qualities  con- 
trast well  with  the  unstable  brilliance  of 
his  Valois  successor. 

Apparently  Anne  did  not  exercise, 
•except  in  the  affairs  of  Brittany,  much 
more  direct  influence  under  Louis  XII. 
than  she  had  exerted  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  VIII.  One  notable  exception  to 
this  statement  must,  however,  be  made. 
For  four  years  she  struggled  with  the 
obstinacy  of  her  race  against  the  King's 


anti-papal  policy,  and  in  the  end  she 
succeeded  in  reconciling  the  Most  Chris- 
tian King  and  the  Holy  Father. 

On  one  point  only  had  she  any  serious 
personal  difference  with  Louis  ;  and  in 
that  she  had  to  give  way.  Anne  wished 
her  daughter  Claude  to  marry  into  the 
house  of  Hapsburg  ;  but  Louis  saw  the 
obvious  advantages  of  giving  her  to  his 
heir  apparent,  Francis  of  Angouleme  and 
Valois,  much  as  he  personally  distrusted 
"  ce  gros  gars."  One  of  the  chroniclers 
notes  Monseigneur  d'Angouleme's  visible 
gladness  at  the  Queen's  death.  There 
had  been  a  lifelong  struggle  between  Anne 
and  his  mother.  Anne  knew  that  her 
daughter  would  not  be  happy  with 
Francis  ;  but  her  husband,  imputing  to 
another  his  own  qualities,  tried  to  per- 
suade her  that,  though  Claude  was  not 
beautiful,  her  virtue  would  touch  the 
Count,  "  et  il  ne  pourra  s'empecher  de 
lui  rendre  justice." 

An  unattractive  side  of  the  Queen 
Duchess's  character  is  shown  in  her  treat- 
ment of  the  Marechal  de  Gie,  a  scion  of 
the  Breton  house  of  De  Rohan,  but  a 
partisan  of  Louise  de  Savoie,  Anne's 
antagonist.  During  Louis's  illness  in  1503 
the  Marshal  had  opposed  her  wishes,  and 
she  could  never  forgive  his  desertion  of 
Brittany  for  France.  Anne  had  him 
arrested  and  charged  with  peculation :  she 
only  spared  his  life,  according  to  Brantome, 
because,  "  being  dead,  he  would  be  too 
happy."  What  right  De  Gie's  enemy,  Alain 
d'Albret,  had  to  sit  in  judgment  upon  him 
is  not  explained  by  the  author,  who  gives 
from  Jean  d' Anton  a  description  of  the 
curious  travesty  of  justice  which  was 
enacted  in  the  castle  of  Dreux. 

Significant  of  Anne's  situation  in  France 
was  the  audacious  reference  made  to 
the  disgrace  of  the  Marshal  by  the 
students  of  the  Basoche  in  the  dramatic 
performance  which  they  gave  during  the 
coronation  ceremonies.  The  King  had 
especially  desired  that  they  should  except 
his  wife  from  the  freedom  with  which  he 
wished  them  to  handle  the  other  person- 
ages of  the  Court,  and  was  therefore 
astounded  when  one  of  the  players  came 
out  with  the  apologue  : — 

"  II  y  avait  un  Marechal  qui  avait  voulu 
ferrer  une  ane,  mais  elle  lui  avait  donne 
un  si  grand  coup  de  pied,  qu'elle  l'avait 
jete  hors  de  la  cour  par-dessus  les  murailles 
jusques  dans  le  Verger." 
The  pun  has  reference  to  the  exile  of  De 
Gie  on  his  Angevin  estate,  the  name  of 
which  meant  "  the  Orchard." 

Even  more  illustrative  of  the  Queen- 
Duchess's  position  were  the  terms  in 
which  certain  aspersions  on  her  memory 
were  resented  by  an  old  Breton  :  "  Re- 
member that  since  the  foundation  of  your 
kingdom  you  never  had  a  queen  who  was 
so  great  a  lady,  nor  one  who  enriched  you 
more.  Show  me  an  acre  of  land  your 
other  queens  have  brought  you/'  he  said 
reproachfully  to  the  French  ;  whilst  his 
co-provincials  were  reminded  that  through 
the  deceased  they  had  lost  the  enemies 
who  used  to  hold  them  in  the  heart  of  the 
duchy.  By  the  way,  the  form  in  which 
Lady    De    La   Warr    renders   the    latter 


part  of  the  speech  obscures  its  meaning. 
The  author  has  a  tendency  in  her  Eng- 
lish to  loose  constructions  ;  whilst  such 
vague  references  as  "  MS.  British  Museum" 
and  "  Ms.  '  Blancs  Manteaux,'  Paris," 
are  scarcely  helpful.  The  only  misprint 
which  we  have  noticed  is  the  misdating 
of  the  last-named  document,  1460  appear- 
ing at  the  head,  whilst  1490  (the  correct 
year)  is  given  at  the  foot.  There  are 
some  interesting  illustrations,  but  an 
index  is  wanted. 


The  Letters  of  William  Blake,  together  with 
a  Life  by  Frederick  Tatham.  Edited 
from  the  Original  Manuscripts,  witJh 
an  Introduction  and  Notes,  bv  Archi- 
bald G.  B.  Russell.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  Poetical  Works  of  William  Blake. 
Edited  and  annotated  by  Edwin  J. 
Ellis.     2  vols.     (Chatto  &  Windus.) 

Two  contributions  to  the  study  of  Blake, 
of  very  different  value,  have  appeared 
almost  simultaneously  :  a  complete  edition 
of  the  poems,  including  the  Prophetic 
Books,  edited  and  annotated  by  Mr. 
Edwin  J.  Ellis,  and  a  collection,  now  first 
edited  and  annotated  by  Mr.  A.  G.  B. 
Russell,  of  Blake's  letters,  together  with 
the  first  edition  of  the  fife  of  Blake  written 
by  ^Tatham.  For  the  latter  book  we  have 
nothing  but  praise.  Mr.  Russell  has 
already  shown  himself,  in  his  edition  of 
'  Jerusalem,'  a  scrupulous  and  scholarly 
editor,  and  the  life  and  letters  are  not  less 
carefully  edited.  One  of  the  notes  con- 
tains a  very  happy  conjectural  emenda- 
tion of  a  fine  in  one  of  the  poems  ;  others 
summarize  briefly  and  sufficiently  what- 
ever most  needs  to  be  known  by  the 
general  reader  ;  and  the  facsimile  letter, 
the  full-face  reproduction  of  the  life- 
mask,  and  the  other  illustrations,  are  care- 
fully chosen.  The  letters  have  until  now 
been  scattered  through  various  books  and 
magazines,  some  printed  inaccurately, 
some  incompletely ;  some,  indeed,  are 
now  printed  for  the  first  time.  Without 
reading  them,  few  as  they  are  in  number, 
and  almost  confined  to  the  period 
between  1795  and  1808,  one  cannot 
understand  what  kind  of  man  Blake  really 
was.  They  are  full  of  splendid  out- 
bursts. No  more  simple  and  straight- 
forward letters  were  ever  written,  nor  any 
in  which  an  intimate  ecstasy  has  found 
such  immediate  expression. 

The  other  part  of  Mr.  Russell's  book, 
the  life  by  Frederick  Tatham,  is  of  no 
literary  value,  but  is  invaluable  as  a  docu- 
ment. It  was  written,  apparently  in  the 
year  1831,  by  a  young  sculptor  who  was 
known  as  a  disciple  of  Blake,  and  it  is 
filled  with  anecdotes  evidently  derived 
at  first  hand  from  Blake  or  Mrs.  Blake. 
Tatham  is  a  dubious  and  puzzling  person, 
whose  exact  position  and  attitude  are  not 
yet  thoroughly  clear.  Mr.  Russell,  in  his 
useful  and  comprehensive  Introduction, 
says  : — 

"  Aftor  the  death  of  the  widow,  the  whole 
stork  of  drawings,  engravings,  &c,  which 
still  remained  unsold,  as  well  as  a  good  many 
copper  plates,  passed  into  Tathain's  hands 


612 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


He  also  came  in  for  a  considerable  quantity 
of  MS.  material,  the  greater  part  of  which 
he  unhappily  destroyed  on  conscientious 
grounds,  having  been  told  by  certain 
members  of  the  Catholic  Apostolic  Church, 
to  which  he  belonged,  that  many  dangerous 
and  pernicious  doctrines  were  contained 
in  them." 

Did  Tatham  really  destroy  these  manu- 
scripts for  religious  reasons  ?  or  did  he 
keep  them  and  surreptitiously  sell  them, 
for  reasons  of  quite  another  kind  ?  In 
the  'Rossetti  Papers'  there  is  a  letter  from 
Tatham  to  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti,  dated 
November  6th,  1862,  in  which  he  says  : 
"  I  have  sold  Mr.  Blake's  works  for  thirty 
years  "  ;  and  a  foot-note  to  Dr.  Garnett's 
monograph  on  Blake  in  The  Portfolio  of 
1895  relates  a  visit  from  Tatham  which 
occurred  about  1860.  Dr.  Garnett  told 
the  present  writer  that  Tatham  had  said, 
without  giving  any  explanation,  that  he 
had  destroyed  some  of  Blake's  manuscripts 
and  kept  others  by  him,  which  he  had 
sold  from  time  to  time.  Is  there  not, 
therefore,  a  possibility  that  some  of  these 
lost  manuscripts  may  still  exist  ? — whether 
or  not  they  may  turn  out  to  be,  as  Blake 
assured  Crabb  Robinson,  "  six  or  seven 
epic  poems  as  long  as  Homer  and  twenty 
tragedies  as  long  as  '  Macbeth.'  " 

In  the  preface  to  his  edition  of  Blake's 
poems  Mr.  Sampson,  referring  to  what  was 
known  of  this  life  of  Blake,  which  he  had 
not  seen,  says  : — 

"  Tatham's  misstatement  of  the  date  of 
Blake's  birth ....  does  not  suggest  habits  of 
accuracy  ;  and  Richard  Garnett,  who  met 
him  later  in  life,  refers  to  him  as  a  man  on 
whose  word  no  reliance  could  be  placed." 

We  have  Dr.  Garnett's  authority  for  say- 
ing that  he  did  not  remember  having 
used  such  a  phrase,  and  that  in  any  case 
it  would  not  have  given  his  impression  of 
the  man.  That  Tatham  was  a  fanatic 
is  evident  from  every  line  of  his  manu- 
script, which  is  full  of  hysteria  and  extra- 
vagant adulation  ;  and  it  was  doubtless 
the  quality  that  first  brought  him  under 
the  influence  of  Blake  that  brought  him 
afterwards  under  the  influence  of  the 
Irvingite  "  angels."  But  there  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  sincerity  of  his  admira- 
tion, or  to  question  the  probable  trust- 
worthiness of  his  narrative. 

Mr.  Edwin  Ellis's  edition  of  the  whole 
of  Blake's  poetry  represents  a  labour  so 
considerable,  and  in  itself  so  praiseworthy, 
that  it  seems  almost  ungrateful  to  com- 
plain that  it  has  been  done  badly.  In 
the  first  place,  the  whole  text  of  Blake's 
poetry,  apart  from  the  Prophetic  Books, 
was  settled  by  Mr.  Sampson  in  his 
edition  of  1905.  Though  that  edition 
was  brought  out  as  long  ago  as  last 
December,  Mr.  Ellis  has  not  consulted  it, 
The  consequence  is  that  he  has  printed 
over  again  most  of  the  blunders  and  re- 
writings  which  Mr.  Sampson  has  patiently 
cleared  out  of  the  text.  At  times  he 
conjectures  what  may  be  contained  in 
some  text  which  he  has  not  seen,  but  which 
is  to  be  found  in  Mr.  Sampson's  edition. 
Thus  Mr.  Ellis  tells  us  that  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Pickering  MS.  has  dis- 
appeared, and  he  gives  the  "  amended  " 


texts  of  Rossetti  and  Shepherd,  instead 
of  the  correct  text,  taken  direct  from  the 
MS.,  in  Mr.  Sampson's  edition.  In  this 
case  he  does  it  with  reluctance,  but  he  is 
not  always  reluctant  to  rewrite  Blake  for 
himself.  Generally  he  admits  and  de- 
fends it,  professing  to  give  what  Blake 
"  thought  he  had  written  "  ;  but  by  no 
means  always.  Thus  he  tells  us  that 
"  there  is  not  the  alteration  of  a  single 
word  in  the  text  "  of  the  '  Songs  of  Inno- 
cence and  Experience,'  and  that  even  the 
obvious  "  slips  "  of  Blake  are  reproduced 
exactly.  We  turn  to  a  single  poem, 
'  Night,'  on  p.  71,  and  find  four  altera- 
tions—three of  them  in  one  stanza. 
These  alterations  are  corrections  of  gram- 
matical "  slips,"  such  as  "  have  ta'en  " 
for  "  have  took  "  ;  but  the  slips  are  of 
the  kind  which  Blake  would  have  made 
deliberately,  and  to  alter  these,  while 
retaining  "  blowd  "  for  "  blown,"  is  at 
least  illogical.  When  Mr.  Ellis  does  not 
alter  he  is  apt  to  arrange,  and  that,  in 
the  case  of  Blake,  must  always  be  a  very 
uncertain  matter.  A  great  deal  of  Blake's 
verse  is  written  confusedly  in  and  out  of 
a  copy-book.  To  set  together  scraps 
more  or  less  similar  in  subject  from 
different  parts  of  the  book  is  to  cause 
still  greater  confusion,  for  it  leaves  us 
without  even  knowing  how  Blake  actually 
wrote  them.  One  of  the  poorest  of  these 
scraps  is  given  twice  over — on  p.  174  and 
on  p.  187  of  the  first  volume.  Another  is 
completely  rewritten  in  two  of  the  lines, 
with  no  indication  of  the  fact. 

Mr.  Ellis's  separate  work  begins  with 
the  printing  of  the  Prophetic  Books,  and 
here,  if  his  text  could  be  relied  on,  he 
would  have  done  students  of  Blake  a 
great  service.  His  interest  has  always 
been  largely  in  the  obscurer  part  of  Blake's 
writing,  on  which  he  has  already  written 
much,  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  Yeats. 
In  the  preliminary  pages  to  his  new 
edition  Mr.  Ellis  has  summed  up  his 
conclusions  with  a  clarified  brevity,  and 
in  the  section  called  '  Blake's  Philo- 
sophy '  has  really  done  something  to 
make  even  the  Four  Zoas  intelligible. 
The  complete  texts,  which  he  gives  for 
the  first  time,  though  they  are  fairly 
accurate  on  the  whole,  are  not  so  scrupu- 
lously accurate  as  to  be  trustworthy 
throughout,  and  in  the  case  of  unfamiliar 
and  difficult  texts  like  that  of  Blake,  it  is 
the  "  minute  particulars "  that  matter. 
The  constant  misprints  that  occur  through- 
out the  whole  book,  in  matters  so  simple 
as  the  initials  of  Mr.  Yeats  or  the  surname 
of  Dr.  Garnett,  are  of  a  nature  to  disquiet 
the  attentive  reader,  and  he  will  not  be 
reassured  by  finding,  in  a  text  of  '  Jeru- 
salem '  which  is  far  from  being  generally 
inaccurate,  the  retention  of  broken  or 
smudged  letters  in  the  engraved  plates, 
like  "  Brerecon "  for  Brereton,  and  the 
misreading  of  "  Year  "  for  Tear  in  a  line 
so  famous  as  "  For  a  Tear  is  an  intellectual 
thing,"  or  of  "  Loam  "  for  Loom  in  "  the 
Female  is  a  golden  Loom."  Mistakes  of 
this  sort  are  serious  but  they  are  not, 
after  all,  so  serious  as  the  deliberate  re- 
writing of  a  text.  Mr.  Ellis  alters  in 
many  places   the  text   of  Blake's  earlier 


poems,  but  that  of  the  poem  which  he- 
calls  '  Vala,'  and  which  fills  200  pages  of 
his  second  volume,  he  has  almost  rewritten 
throughout.  A  manuscript,  to  which  the 
name  of  the  '  Four  Zoas '  seems  to  have 
been  finally  given,  was  left  by  Blake 
in  an  unfinished  state,  written  on 
unnumbered  sheets  of  paper.  These 
sheets  have  been  conjecturally  arranged 
by  Mr.  Ellis,  and  he  has  added  or 
subtracted  or  changed  the  position  of 
words  wherever  it  seemed  to  him  that 
the  metre  required  it,  regardless  of  the 
fact  that  at  the  time  when  the  manuscript 
was  written  Blake  had  long  since  given  up 
what  he  was  afterwards  to  call  "  a  mono- 
tonous cadence."  "  The  restoration,"  says 
Mr.  Ellis, 

"  of  the  halting  or  stumbling  lines  to  a 
condition  in  which  they  could  equal  the 
metrical  quality  and  cadence  of  their  neigh- 
bours was  an  exceedingly  irksome  task,  but 
not,  in  most  cases,  particularly  difficult. " 

In  making  this  text  Mr.  Ellis  has  omitted 
lines  when  he  does  not  like  them,  and 
words  when  they  go  beyond  the  measure  in 
which  he  thinks  that  Blake  was  writing. 
He  has  added  copious  and  not  very 
enlightening  notes,  condensed  from  those 
in  the  Quaritch  edition  of  1893  ;  but  he 
has  forgotten  to  bring  these  notes  into 
agreement  with  his  text,  so  that  some  of 
the  numberings  agree  with  the  earlier 
issue,  and  some  with  neither  one  nor  the 
other.  As  this  text  is  the  only  one  in 
existence  of  a  manuscript  of  great  interest, 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  its  possessor  may 
some  day  put  it  into  the  hands  of  an 
editor  who  will  merely  make  a  faithful 
copy  and  publish  it  as  it  stands. 


Studies  in  the  History  and  Art^of'the 
Eastern  Provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
Edited  by  W.  M.  Ramsay.  (Aberdeen, 
University  Press.) 

This  fine  volume  is  the  noblest  record 
of  the  Quatercentenary  celebration  ;  at 
Aberdeen — the  noblest,  even  in  compari- 
son with  the  temple  of  modern  science 
which  the  King  opened  in  pomp  the  other 
day.  For  we  hold  with  Cicero  non  domo 
dominus  scd  domino  domus  honestanda  est. 
It  is  customary  in  France  and  Germany 
to  dedicate  a  memorial  volume  of  essays 
to  a  professor  who  has  attained  his  jubilee 
with  distinction.  But  such  volumes  are 
a  congeries  of  diverse  learning  from  divers 
pens,  whereas  that  before  us  speaks  the 
zeal  and  the  genius  of  one  man,  who  has 
founded  a  school,  who  has  obtained  for  it 
endowment,  and  who  now  inspires  a  band 
of  able  and  devoted  students  to  follow 
in  his  foosteps.  Prof.  Ramsay's  studies 
have  long  since  put  him  into  a  position 
of  authority  on  the  geography  and  epi- 
graphy of  Asia  Minor.  The  Wilson  en- 
dowment has  come  to  his  aid,  and  his 
pupils  are  extending  the  work. 

The  present  volume  contains  the  most 
recent  harvest  of  their  researches.  If 
indeed,  as  they  tell  us,  it  has  been  hurriedly 
printed  and  requires  a  fuller  index  than 
that  which  concludes  the  volume,  there 
is  no  hurry  or  want  of  care  in  the  researches- 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


61:3 


themselves.  If  any  fault  can  be  found 
with  them,  it  is  that  they  are  too 
minute  to  be  generally  interesting,  and 
that  the  contributors  do  not  show 
those  literary  qualities  which  distinguish 
an  historian  from  a  searcher.  Modern 
history  in  Britain  and  in  America  dis- 
plays a  tendency  to  abandon  its  claim 
to  be  an  art,  for  the  sake  of  posing  as  an 
exact  science.  In  the  present  case  mate- 
rials for  a  history  of  Asia  Minor,  or  rather 
of  Southern  Asia  Minor,  have  been  col- 
lected and  sifted,  and  for  this  we  must  be 
truly  thankful.  The  art  and  the  language 
of  the  third  century  a.d.,  when  the  con- 
flict between  Christianity  and  paganism 
was  at  its  height,  are  brought  out  here  in 
dozens  of  tomb  reliefs  and  inscriptions. 

No  essay  in  the  book  is  more  interesting 
than  Prof.  Ramsay's  own  on  the  Tck/jo/ocioi, 
apparently  an  association  intended  to 
stay  the  progress  of  Christianity.  In  the 
outlying  country  the  latter  was  safer 
and  less  persecuted  while  the  central 
authority  was  still  pagan.  The  writers  of 
this  book  seem  not  to  have  felt  that  so 
soon  as  the  cities  were  won  to  the  new 
faith  the  pagans  would  find  the  country 
parts  safer.  It  is  interesting,  at  any 
rate,  to  learn  that  there  was  in  those 
days  a  constant  move  from  town  to 
country.  It  was  shown  in  Prof.  Mahaffy's 
'  Greek  World  under  Roman  Sway  '  years 
ago  that  the  drift  of  Hellenistic  civiliza- 
tion was  from  the  country  into  the  many 
brilliant,  well-kept,  well-lighted  towns 
which  the  successors  of  Alexander  loved 
to  found.  Even  Augustus,  the  last  and 
greatest  of  the  Biadochi,  swept  in  a  whole 
country-side  to  people  his  Nicopolis  in 
the  Gulf  of  Actium.  Three  centuries 
later  it  appears  that  the  tide  was  setting 
the  other  way,  and  this  may  well  have 
contributed  to  the  decay  of  that  classical 
civilization  which  understood  no  culture 
save  that  of  towns. 

The  most  astonishing  feature  in  all  these 
researches,  and  in  many  of  the  others  made 
through  inner  Asia   Minor,  is    the  almost 
total    disappearance     of    inscriptions    of 
the   good  Greek  period.     In  the   present 
volume     there    is     not     a     single     early 
Greek  text  cited,  though   there  are  early 
Hittite  hieroglyphics,  and  Phrygian  texts 
which   would  have    given    the   volume  a 
supreme   interest,    had    the    actual   texts 
not     been     relegated     to     an     Austrian 
periodical,    barely    accessible    to    British 
readers.     The   Hittite   stones   are   photo- 
graphed,    but     a     larger      and      clearer 
reproduction    of    the   script   would   have 
been    most    useful.     But    what   shall   we 
say  of  the  total  absence  of  earlier  Greek 
texts  ?     We   do  not  know  whether  this 
question    has    been    discussed    elsewhere 
by  Prof.    Ramsay,   but  surely,  if  not,   it 
requires  some  answer.     We  know,  indeed, 
that   the  great   earthquakes   of  the   first 
century  are  responsible  for  the  disappear- 
ance   of    endless    buildings,    and    hence 
inscriptions.     The   country   round  Phila- 
delphia,    for    example,    was   wrecked  in 
this    way.      As    a    parallel    case  of    the 
effect  of  earthquakes  we  have  the  almost 
total      disappearance      of      the      Roman 
roads  through    Calabria,    whereas     some 


still  exist  unharmed  in  England  and  other 
Northern  lands.  Of  Christian  Greek  there 
is  an  endless  store,  and  it  is  fully  utilized 
in  the  essays  of  this  volume  ;  but  we  can 
hardly  call  it  interesting  beyond  theological 
circles. 

The  social  inferences  from  these  texts 
have  been  carefully  tabulated  in  the  too 
brief,  but  well-conceived  Index.  The 
student  of  late  Greek  may  well  hesitate, 
in  the  face  of  the  funeral  inscriptions  so 
largely  preserved,  to  decide  whether  the 
language  represents  an  idiom  debased 
from  purer  forms  by  the  decay  of  culture, 
or  the  imperfect  acquisition  of  people 
recently  brought  under  Hellenistic  influ- 
ences. To  this  interesting  question  we 
have  found  no  answer  in  the  volume,  and 
perhaps  the  evidence  is  not  yet  sufficient 
to  afford  it.  On  the  other  hand,  as 
regards  pronunciation,  it  is  perfectly  clear 
that  what  we  call  the  modern  Greek  con- 
fusion of  vowel-sounds  had  already  pre- 
vailed in  the  spoken  language  of  these 
Asianic  villages. 

We  have  said  enough  to  show  that  this 
volume  is  full  not  only  of  learning,  but  also 
of  suggestion. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Chippinge.      By     Stanley     J.     Wevman. 

(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Weyman's  latest  romance  has  for  its 
background  the  passing  of  the  Reform 
Bill  of  1832.  No  novelist  is  more  con- 
scientious in  his  treatment  of  historical 
events,  and  the  picture  he  presents  of  the 
fierce  struggle  between  the  old  governing 
class  and  the  advocates  of  the  "  People's 
Bill "  is  singularly  faithful  and  vivid. 
Some  of  the  notable  combatants,  includ- 
ing Brougham  and  Sir  Charles  Wetherell, 
are  introduced,  and  their  cleverly  drawn 
portraits  are  untouched  by  political  bias. 
Mr.  Weyman  shows,  indeed,  an  im- 
partiality worthy  of  an  historian.  Into 
this  political  struggle  he  has  successfully 
woven  a  romantic  story.  Eiction  and 
fact  are  cunningly  combined,  and  the  nar- 
rative, in  which  the  sound  of  the  coach 
horn  is  often  heard,  moves  swiftly  along 
to  the  Bristol  riots,  in  which  it  finds  a 
dramatic  close.  '  Chippinge '  is  to  be 
numbered  among  the  best  of  Mr.  Wey- 
man's books. 


The  Beloved    Vagabond.     By   William   J. 

Locke.  (John  Lane.) 
Mr.  Locke's  new  novel  is  less  a  novel 
than  a  study  in  temperament.  The 
Bohemian  has  often  been  unveiled  for  us, 
here  and  abroad,  but  Mr.  Locke  essays  to 
interpret  him  in  both  places.  Eor  Para- 
got,  son  of  a  Gascon  father  and  an  Irish 
mother,  is  equally  divided  between  the 
Continent  and  England,  though  we  cannot 
but  believe  his  real  heart  is  in  a  dingy 
tavern  in  the  Quartier  Latin.  Paragot 
is  pronouncedly,  determinedly,  almost 
wantonly  a  vagabond  ;  and  we  do  not 
believe  that  he  was  ever  in  a  reputable 
position.     We    are    to    understand    that 


because  the  father  of  his  lady-love  com- 
mitted a  criminal  act,  Paragot  gave  up 
his  destined  wife  to  a  man  who  was  able 
to  rescue  the  father.  Also  he  lay  under 
the  suspicion  of  having  sold  his  sweet- 
heart for  10,000?.  No,  we  will  not  credit 
such  an  origin.  Paragot  did  not  know  the 
halls  of  the  respectable,  and  he  did  not 
break  his  furniture  to  pieces  on  hearing 
of  the  girl's  marriage  to  the  blackmailer. 
He  was  simply  born  a  Bohemian,  and 
lived  one.  We  have  no  doubt  he  died 
one,  though  we  leave  him  in  a  healthy 
farm  with  a  buxom  peasant  wife.  The 
tale  is  picaresque  in  character,  and  is 
maintained  with  great  spirit  and  gusto. 
The  rollicking  scenes  of  Paragot's  vaga- 
bondage are  by  far  the  best.  We  have 
little  belief  in  the  sentimental  episodes, 
nor  can  we  take  Joanna's  passion  seriously. 
Yet  we  have  known  that  vagabond.  He 
is  a  bowdlerized  Villon,  and  Stevenson 
would  have  loved  him.  He  has  even  a 
suggestion  of  the  Stevenson  we  know, 
though  he  really  haunts  the  purlieus  of 
Fleet  Street  and  the  Strand.  He  was 
worth  studying,  but  we  do  not  believe 
in  his  reform. 

Highcroft     Farm.     By     J.     S.     Fletcher. 

(Cassell  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Fletcher  has  reverted  in  this 
novel  to  an  older  style  and  type,  which 
is  almost  expressed  by  his  title.  High- 
croft Farm  is  a  homestead  in  Yorkshire, 
from  which  the  family  of  Harrington 
derives,  and  it  is  the  various  members  of 
this  family  whose  fortunes  we  are  asked 
to  follow.  They  are  not  of  engrossing 
interest,  but  there  is  something  pleasant 
about  the  air  of  the  sixties,  which  is  the 
period  of  this  tale.  Uncle  Benjamin 
stands  for  what  villain  there  is,  and  Uncle 
Dick  is  that  misunderstood  and  self- 
sacrificing  artist  whom  we  may  remember 
even  further  back  than  the  sixties.  And  is 
not  the  wilful  daughter  of  an  earl  who 
weds  in  due  time  with  the  yeoman's  son 
a  creature  of  that  bygone  generation  ? 
The  very  headings  of  the  chapters  ac- 
quaint us  that  we  are  committed  to  an 
old-fashioned  and  somewhat  dull  story. 
However,  there  is  a  public  even  for  these 
ghosts  of  the  past. 


A  Maid  and  her  Money.     By  the  same. 

(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
This  second  book  is  altogether  below  Mr. 
Fletcher's  form.  It  is  written  in  a  per- 
functory way,  and  has  not  even  the 
advantage  of  a  well-knit  plot.  The 
villain  is  only  half  a  villain,  and  the  hero 
only  half  a  hero.  The  heroine  comes  in 
Eor  a  million  of  money  on  the  eve  of  the 
hero's  proposal,  which,  of  course,  causes 
a  deviation  of  the  plot. 


The  Priest.     By  Harold  Begbie.     (Hodder 

&  Stoughton.) 
The    odium    theologicum    is    an    emotion 
which  never  lacks  vitality,  and  nowhere 
is   it   more  fierce  than   when   it   finds  an 
outlet  in  modern  fiction.     Mr.  Begbie,  in 


614 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


a  novel  of  unquestionable  cleverness,  and 
for  that  reason  the  more  startling  in  its 
denunciations,  professes  to  expose  certain 
secret  societies  in  the  Church  of  England, 
which  aim  at  undermining,  and  ultimately 
at  destroying,  the  work  of  the  Reformation. 
The  drama  centres  round  the  figure  of  an 
eminent  bishop.  In  his  early  manhood 
he  had  been  in  conviction  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  had  joined  the  sacred  Society 
of  Nicodemus,  which,  when  he  has 
attained  a  dignified  old  age  and  a  reputa- 
tion as  a  notable  fighter  in  the  ranks  of 
the  English  Church,  refuses  to  release  him 
from  his  vows.  Mr.  Begbie  gives  a  very 
shocking  picture  of  the  characters  and 
habits  of  the  members  of  this  society, 
many  of  whom  masquerade  as  Evan- 
gelical clergy  of  London  parishes.  Let  us 
hope  that  the  repulsive  portrait  of  Father 
Severn  is  an  intentional  caricature.  The 
worldly  element  in  the  book  is  represented 
by  a  lady  of  doubtful  reputation,  who, 
for  the  sake  of  a  young  daughter,  comes, 
armed  with  a  stolen  knowledge  of  the 
Bishop's  secret,  to  reinstate  herself  socially 
in  his  diocese,  or  ruin  him  with  disclosure. 
From  the  human  point  of  view,  the  saving 
grace  of  the  story  is  to  be  found  in  the 
personality  of  Miss  Jane  Medlycote,  the 
Bishop's  loyal  friend,  and  a  charming  and 
original  lady. 

Old    Fireproof.     By     Owen     Rhoscomyl. 
(Duckworth  &  Co,) 

This  novel  is  remarkable  for  its  intensity  ; 
it  glows  with  love  of  heroism,  and  attacks 
red  tape  and  inefficiency.  The  hero 
is  a  Welsh  soldier  of  genius,  and  the 
theatre  of  his  exploits  is  South  Africa  in 
1899-1900.  He  can  soothe  the  coward's 
shame  and  enlighten  a  chaplain's  soul. 
The  heroine  who,  after  deeds  of  martial 
patriotism,  marries  her  country's  foe 
deserved  to  be  made  intelligible  as  well 
as  charming.  The  book  lives  by  virtue 
of  its  mystical  enthusiasm  for  war,  though 
it  is  too  rhetorical. 


Helena's   Love   Story.     By    Guy    Thorne. 
(Cassell  &  Co.) 

It  would  seem  a  little  doubtful  whether 
the  author  of  this  heterogeneous  story 
has  designed  it  more  after  the  pattern 
of  the  penny  novelette  or  that  of  the 
Tractarian  novel.  In  either  case  the 
result  is  curiously  incongruous,  and  the 
effect  produced  some  way  off  life. 
The  people  are,  one  and  all,  the  folk 
of  the  hectic  paper-covered  jeuilleton. 
Helena,  of  course,  is  a  beautiful  girl,  and 
has  but  a  beggarly  five  hundred  a  year 
or  so  with  her  long  pedigree.  She  is 
volcanically  adored  by  an  enormously 
rich  guardsman,  a  "  tall  dark  man " 
whose  thoughts  when  thwarted  were 
"  dark,  sinister,  and  bad."  He  enters 
upon  a  path  of  crime  to  ruin  the  blameless 
young  man  she  prefers,  and  thus  gain 
her  for  himself.  However,  his  bold  bad 
plans  are  frustrated,  and  he  makes  a 
delectable  end,  blessing  the  happy  pair 
with  his  last  breath,  and  bequeathing  his 


vast  possessions   to  them   in   order  that 
their  future  shall  be  free  from  any  money 


Meriel  of  the  Moors.     By  R.  E.  Vernede. 
(Alston  Rivers.) 

Mr.  Vernede  showed  in  '  The  Pursuit  of 
Mr.  Faviel '  that  he  possessed  humour, 
ingenuity,  and  ease  of  style.  These 
qualities  are  equally  well  displayed  in  his 
second  novel.  A  melodramatic  story  is 
narrated  by  an  enthusiastic  ornithologist, 
and  an  exciting  and  entertaining  story  it 
is.  The  plot  turns  on  Squire  Trethewy's 
fear  of  exposure  of  a  dishonourable  incident 
in  his  past  life  and  on  the  villainous  plans 
of  a  blackmailer.  The  mystery  deepens, 
but  the  atmosphere  is  never  gloomy  ;  the 
end  is  tragic,  but  the  narrative  never 
loses  its  lightness  of  touch.  Meriel,  the 
daughter  of  the  conscience-stricken  squire, 
dances  through  the  book  like  a  true  child 
of  nature,  and  all  the  principal  figures  in 
the  drama  are  clearly  and  vivaciously 
drawn.  But  the  most  attractive  feature 
of  the  story  is  the  character  of  the  narrator. 
Mr.  Redd,  as  peaceful  and  timorous  a 
being  as  ever  made  the  collection  of  birds' 
eggs  his  life's  work,  suddenly  finds  him- 
self in  the  midst  of  adventures  calling  for 
boldness  and  swiftness  of  action,  and 
here  lies  the  real  humour  of  the  book. 


Gray  Mist.  By  the  Author  of  'The 
Martyrdom  of  an  Empress.'  (Harper 
&  Brothers.) 

Local  colouring  is  in  '  Gray  Mist '  not  an 
adjunct  to  a  story,  but  predominant. 
Some  readers  may  be  irritated  by  the 
intensely  Breton  character  of  every  page. 
The  previous  book  of  this  author  (the 
story  of  the  late  Empress  of  Austria)  was 
of  so  different  a  kind  that  some  readers 
may  be  attracted  by  the  authorship,  and 
others  repelled,  with  results  in  each  case 
unfortunate.  Those  who  liked  the  former 
work  may  be  bored  by  the  present,  and 
many  who  may  shun  this  book,  on  account 
of  dislike  for  a  certain  atmosphere  of 
gossip,  popular  with  a  large  but  omni- 
vorous public,  might  have  read  the  volume 
with  pleasure  or  even  enthusiasm.  All 
admirers  of  the  Breton  people,  and  we 
think  of  the  Western  Irish,  will  find 
charm  in  the  many  reminders  of  so-called 
"  Celtic  "  customs  and  superstitions,  on 
which  this  novel  may  almost  be  said  to 
be  built.  It  cannot  be  called  satisfactory 
as  a  whole,  and  the  conclusion  is  too 
annoying  to  be  tragic. 

The  volume  has  foot-notes,  which  in 
some  cases  are  of  a  nature  unusual  in  a 
novel.  The  "  Castor  and  Pollux  phe- 
nomenon "  is  so  well  authenticated  that 
it  need  not  have  been  vouched  for  in 
words  applicable  to  the  sea  -  serpent. 
The  boasting  of  the  Bretons  as  to  the 
superiority  of  the  French  over  the  British 
fleet  in  certain  points  would  stand  better 
without  the  foot  -  note  referring  to 
"  Brassey's  Annual  "  on  a  point  concern- 
ing which  naval  opinion  would  not  admit 
that  it  confirmed  the  text. 


Nedra.     By    George    Barr    McCutcheon. 

(E.  Grant  Richards.) 
The  reader  of  '  Nedra '  is  annoyed  to 
see  tragedy  intruding  on  the  comic  spirit. 
The  widowing  of  the  hero  is  a  valueless 
shadow  upon  a  vigorously  improbable  and 
appetizing  story.  Two  rich  lovers  elope 
to  escape  the  noisy  and  delaying  conven- 
tions of  the  best  Chicago  society.  They 
travel  as  brother  and  sister,  and  the  man 
endures  the  confidence  of  a  man  of  Indiana 
who  falls  in  love  with  the  lady.  Ship- 
wreck separates  the  eloping  pair,  and  the 
hero,  after  saving  the  wrong  woman, 
spends  months  with  her  on  an  island 
inhabited  by  savages.  They  are  mistaken 
for  divinities,  and  finally  idolize  each 
other.  The  pattern  of  the  plot  is  com- 
pleted by  a  sea- change  effected  by  her 
rescuer  in  the  heart  of  the  lady  who 
eloped.  A  feeble  caricature  of  a  British 
diplomatist  is  unpardonably  serious. 


UEsclavage.     By   Mary   Floran.      (Paris, 

Calmann-Le  vy . ) 
As  a  journal  of  literary  criticism  we  wish 
the  French  law  of  Separation  at  the 
bottom  of  the  sea.  Here  is  the  author 
of  a  series  of  admirable  books  for  girls 
producing  as  a  novel  a  party  pamphlet ! 
That  is  not  all.  The  hero  and  heroine 
have  already  five  children  at  the  opening 
of  the  story — a  fact  "  gratifying  "  to  the 
modern  French,  but  unusual  in  the 
world  of  romance.  Neither  is  the  account 
of  the  advances  of  the  wicked  official 
against  the  adamantine  virtue  of  the 
mother  of  the  five  wholly  suitable  for 
young  ladies.  We  know  that  "  The 
Persecution"  is  all  the  fashion  in  the 
literary  France  of  the  day,  but  this  does 
not  benefit  the  world  of  letters.  The 
teaching  of  the  book  before  us  is  that  it 
is  a  crime  to  send  a  boy  or  girl  to  a  high 
school  in  France.  That  the  overwhelming 
majority  of  French  people  think  other- 
wise only  damns  them  in  Mary  Floran's 
eyes.  We  hope  that  this  author,  who 
cannot  be  spared,  will  return  to  sanity 
and  her  usual  style. 


AMERICAN   IDEALS. 

The  Future  in  America.  By  H.  G.  Wells. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) — Mr.  Wells  ir  forms  us 
in  his  introductory  chapter  that  he  went  to 
America  in  the  capacity  of  prophet,  in  order 
to  collect  materials  upon  which  to  base  a 
scientific  prophecy  as  to  the  future  of  the 
United  States.  He  visited  New  York, 
Boston,  Chiacgo,  and  Washington  :  four 
cities  which,  for  the  purposes  of  his  quest 
were  undoubtedly  the  most  important 
places  that  he  could  have  selected.  He 
studied  the  great  2">roblems  which  the  Ame- 
rican people  will  sooner  or  later  have  to 
solve — the  problems  relating  to  immigration, 
the  negro,  the  growth  of  plutocracy,  the 
corruption  of  political  life.  His  book  proves 
that  he  is  an  exceptionally  keen  and  accom- 
plished observer.  He  knew  what  to  see, 
how  to  see  it,  and  how  to  present  the  results 
of  his  investigations  in  an  attractive  way. 
He  is,  of  ocurse,  somewhat  biassed  by  his 
intonso  dislike  of  "  Individualism  "  ;  but 
that  does  not  seriously  affect  the  value  of 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


615 


his  work.  Neither,  on  the  other  hand,  does 
his  admiration  for  what  is  admirable  in 
the  people  of  the  United  States  blind  him 
to  their  faults.  He  has  produced  an  ex- 
cellent book  of  travel,  achieving  the  difficult 
feat  of  making  so  hackneyed  a  subject  as 
a  trip  to  the  United  States  extremely  inter- 
esting. Indeed,  he  is  never  dull,  not  even 
when  he  is  describing  Niagara  ;  and  he  can 
be  dispassionate  and  just  even  to  Mr. 
Rockefeller. 

But,  as  Mr.  Wells  confesses,  his  journey 
was  a  failure  so  far  as  prophecy  is  concerned. 
He  cannot  foresee  the  future  of  the  United 
States  with  any  approach  to  certainty. 
Whether  this  great  country  will  become  the 
leader  of  the  world's  forces  of  progress  and 
civilization,  or  whether  she  will  utterly 
disappoint  the  hopes  of  her  warmest  ad- 
mirers, Mr.  Wells  cannot  tell.  The  more 
he  saw  of  the  American  people  and  their 
problems  the  dimmer  his  prophetic  vision 
became.  But  this  we  need  not  regret. 
Many  of  us  prefer  Mr.  Wells  the  writer  of 
delightful  stories  to  Mr.  Wells  the  prophet. 
His  lucid  and  discriminating  description  of 
the  present  in  America  is  probably  worth 
more  than  his  intended  prophecy  of  the 
future  of  America  would  have  been,  had  he 
ventured  to  write  it. 

Great  Riches.  By  Charles  W.  Eliot. 
(New  York,  Crowell  &  Co.) — A  very  pretty, 
elegantly  printed  volume  of  38  pages  is 
scarcely  one  in  which  the  ordinary  reader 
would,  in  a  general  way,  look  for  hard 
common  sense  and  sound  judgment  on  a 
difficult  social  question.  The  value  is  far 
greater  than  its  appearance  would  suggest. 
Dr.  Eliot,  the  President  of  Harvard  University, 
has  accomplished  his  task  with  unusual 
success.  His  book — which  begins  with  a 
curious  abruptness,  without  preface,  without 
introduction — discusses  at  once  the  rise  of 
a  new  kind  of  rich  man,  who  has,  within  the 
last  few  years,  come  into  existence  in  the 
United  States  : — 

' '  He  is  very  much  richer  than  anybody  ever 
was  before,  and  his  riches  are,  in  the  main,  of  a 
new  kind.  They  are  not  great  areas  of  land,  or 
numerous  palaces,  or  flocks  and  herds,  or  thousands 
of  slaves,  or  masses  of  chattels.  They  are  in  part 
city  rents,  but  chiefly  stocks  and  bonds  of  corpora- 
tions, and  bonds  of  states,  counties,  cities,  and 
towns.  These  riches  carry  with  them  of  necessity 
no  risible  or  tangible  responsibility,  and  bring 
upon  their  possessor  no  public  or  semi-public 
functions.'' 

These  rich  men  are  not  as  a  rule  soldiers  or 
sailors,  magistrates,  legislators,  or  Church 
dignitaries.  They  have  no  public  functions 
of  an  importance  on  a  level  with  their  riches. 
We  have  to  go  back  a  long  way  to  find 
lives  more  entirely  self  -  controlled  and 
selfish  than  theirs.  They  are  envied,  ad- 
mired, dreaded,  criticized,  by  their  fellow- 
citizens.  It  is  felt  that  they  are  sometimes 
useful  ;  it  is  feared  that  they  are  sometirnes 
dangerous.  President  Eliot  discusses  briefly 
the  advantages  and  disadvantages  which 
their  unusual  wealth  is  to  themselves  and  to 
others. 

The  development  of  wealth  of  this  kind 
is  one  of  the  marvellous  results  of  modern 
social  systems.  The  owners  of  this  money 
are  under  no  visible  responsibility  to  others. 
They  are  not  called  on,  as  were  the  wealthy 
nobles  of  the  feudal  system,  to  serve  their 
liege  lord  in  the  field,  nor  even,  as  wealthy 
men  at  later  periods  have  been,  to  attend  to 
the  administration  of  a  business  or  a  landed 
estate. 

In  explanation  Dr.  Eliot  traces  in  a 
few  brief  chapters  the  comforts,  pleasures, 
luxuries,  which  these  rich  men  possess  and 
indulge  in.  He  points  out  the  opportunities 
which  great  wealth  t  ives  to  those  who  possess 


it.  He  concludes  with  the  confident  state- 
ment that  there  is  no  likelihood  of  a  permanent 
class  of  very  rich  people  being  formed  in  the 
United  States,  and  that  there  is  no  need  to 
fear  any  danger  to  republican  institutions 
from  their  existence.  Few  are  the  occa- 
sions, he  sadly  notes,  when  a  very  rich  man 
uses  his  riches  in  the  pursuit  of  intellectual 
satisfaction  for  himself.  More  frequent 
have  been  his  services  to  the  public  in  the 
way  of  providing  universities,  libraries, 
hospitals,  and  other  institutions  of  great 
advantage  to  others.  Dr.  Eliot  is  justified 
in  claiming  that 

"great  riches  are  constantly  used  in  our  country 
in  all  these  ways  to  an  extent  which  has  never 
before  been  equalled,  and  which  entitles  the 
American  very  rich  man  to  be  recognized  as  a 
type  by  himself.'' 

Perhaps  the  ablest  chapter  is  the  one  which 
deals  with  the  lot  of  the  children  of  the  very 
rich,  and  the  heavy  handicap  which  the 
absence  of  the  necessity  of  exertion  for  them- 
selves and  others  inflicts  on  them.  They 
are  under  no  obligation  to  do  anything  but 
indulge  their  own  fancies,  and  most  un- 
fortunate often  is  the  result. 

Can  the  President  of  Harvard  in  these 
pages  be  chronicling  what  he  has  witnessed 
among  the  students  of  his  own  University  V 
We  may  compare  him  with  the  late  Master 
of  Balliol,  whose  experience  in  many  ways 
must  have  been  similar,  and  whose  careful, 
unostentatious,  thoughtful  guidance  was  a 
help  to  many,  some  of  them  similarly  situ- 
ated. It  is  not  from  these  extraordinarily 
wealthy  families  that  the  best  class  of  citizens 
is  generally  recruited  : — 

Non  his  juventus  orta  parentibus 
Infecit  sequor  sanguine  Punico. 

This  lamentation  of  the  poet  applies  with  equal 
force  under  democratic  and  under  Imperial 
institutions.  Some  brilliant  examples  there 
are  to  the  contrary.  These  have  principally 
been  self-taught,  sadly  instructed  by  their 
own  sorrows,  by  some  trial,  some  adversity, 
against  which  wealth  was  no  safeguard.  It 
is  seldom  that  those  whom  Dr.  Eliot  de- 
scribes take  account  of  the  feelings  of  others 
unless  disciplined  by  ill-health  or  other  mis- 
fortune, and  without  such  discipline,  destruc- 
tion of  high  moral  character  is  almost  certain. 

The  experience  of  the  United  States  shows 
that  it  is  rare  for  these  great  possessions  to 
be  kept  together  through  three  generations. 
Perhaps  this  is  as  well  both  for  the  owners 
and  for  the  rest  of  the  world.  That  a 
democratic  society  will  not  be  injured  by  the 
existence  of  such  a  class  is  the  firm  belief  of 
Dr.  Eliot.  Few  men,  comparatively,  will  be 
found  similarly  placed  in  the  United  King- 
dom, but  we  may  fervently  hope  that  they 
will  be  at  least  as  useful  to  their  fellow- 
countrymen  as  the  owners  of  irresponsible 
wealth  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

We  sincerely  thank  Dr.  Eliot  for  his 
brilliant  essay,  and  shall  be  greatly  pleased 
to  meet  him  again,  carrying  on  his  earnest 
endeavour  to  maintain  the  standard  of  plain 
living  and  high  thinking. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mr.  John  Murray  publishes  Local  and 
Central  Government,  by  Mr.  Percy  Ashley, 
in  which  England,  without  Scotland  and 
Ireland,  is  compared  with  France  and 
Prussia.  There  is  also  a  chapter  on  city 
government  in  the  United  States.  The 
author  is  accurate  and  impartial  :  his  work 
seems  to  have  been  slow,  and  some  parts  of 
the  book  are  out  of  date.  The  Education 
Act  of  1902  is  called  "  the  New  Act,"  and 
we  are  told  of  the  results  it  "  will  "  produce 
in  regard  to  matters  of  which  we  have  now 


several  years'  experience.  Few  other  faults 
could  be  found  in  Mr.  Ashley's  studies. 
His  account  of  the  reforms  accomplished 
in  Prussia  by  Bismarck  and  Dr.  von  Miquel 
is  as  perfect  as  is  his  examination  of  the 
history  of  French  centralization.  Some 
will  be  inclined  to  protest  against  the 
incidental  remark  that  in  "  the  war  of  1870 
the  South  of  France  cared  little  about  the 
fate  of  the  North  "  ;  but  its  exaggeration 
does  not  affect  the  story  to  which  it  forms 
a  foot-note.  So,  too,  the  neglect  of  two  or 
three  Under-Secretaries  of  State  with  seats 
in  the  "  Conseil  des  Ministres "  (Cabinet) 
does  not  mar  the  contrast  between  the 
"  11  "  (really  about  14)  Parliamentary 
administrative  offices  of  France  and  the 
"  nearly  fifty  "  of  this  country.  Not  only 
can  "  a  French  Minister  speak  in  explanation 
and  defence  of  his  policy  in  both  the  Senate 
and  Chamber  of  Dej^uties,  even  when. he  is 
a  member  of  neither  body,"  but  also  he  can 
designate  the  permanent  head  of  his  depart- 
ment to  do  so  in  his  place  as  "  Commissioner 
of  the  Government." 

It  may  perhaps  be  suggested  that  the 
account  of  "  the  equitable  jurisdiction  "  of 
the  Local  Government  Board  (which  is  far 
older  than  the  "  L.  A.  Expenses  Act,  1887  ") 
at  p.  354  might  be  improved.  The  French, 
German,  and  other  quotations  are  careful, 
and  the  slip  in  a  gender  on  p.  93  is  clearly 
a  mere  accident.  The  volume  is  of  high 
merit,  and  should  be  bought  and  kept  for 
reference.     The  index  is  good. 

The  Kaleidoscopic  Transvaal,  by  Mr.  Carl 
Jeppe  (Chapman  &  Hall),  is  an  excellent 
book.  Mr.  Jeppe  is  an  old  inhabitant 
who,  we  believe,  accepted  British  rule  under 
Lord  Carnarvon,  and  then  reverted  to  his 
progressive  republicanism  in  opposition  to 
President  Kruger.  In  the  last  war,  like  most 
of  his  fellows,  he  opposed  us.  Representing 
as  he  does  a  moderate  or  middle  view,  he 
is  eminently  sane  and  reasonable.  We  note 
his  argument  on  the  deduction  which  might 
be  drawn  from  his  own  admissions  as  to 
Kruger's  obstinacy  : — ■ 

"Independence carried     to     extremes is 

a  trait which  the  Dutch   share  with    the 

English.     Both  races  are  not  easily  governed it 

is  dangerous  to  misgovern  them." 

The  proposition  "  that  the  Boers  are  amen- 
able to  just  and  judicious  control  "  is  proved 
by  an  admirable  reference  to  President 
Brand  of  the  Orange  Free  State.  As  an 
old  citizen  of  the  Transvaal  who  had  accepted 
Sir  T.  Shepstone's  rule,  the  author  declares 
that  after  1880-1 

"The  Boers  treated  us  with  a  magnanimity,  a 

generosity  unparalleled  in  history There  was  no 

boycotting Many  of  the  old  officials  who  had 

served  the  English  Government  were  reinstalled 

four  of  those   who   had   borne   arms   against 

the    Republic had    become    Members    of    the 

Volksraad Is  it  to  be  wondered  that twenty 

years    later those  who   had   so   been   forgiven 

threw  in   their   lot almost  to  a  man   with  the 

Republic?     The  result should  read  a  lesson  to 

statesmen  of  to-day  who  hesitate  whether  they 
shall  trust." 

In  the  corruption  of  the  Kruger  system 
before  the  war  Mr.  Jeppe  does  not  much 
believe  : — 

"Government  has  offered  appointments  to  many 

if   not  most  of  the  old  chief  oflieials Almost  all 

of  them remained  poor  nun." 

The  author  brings  weighty  evidence  and 
argument  in  disproof  of  the  British  conten- 
tion that  the  Kruger  policy,  <>t  which  he 
was  an  opponent,  was  aggressive  and  based 
on  the  hope  of  a  South  Africa  without  the 
British  flag.  .Mr.  .Jeppe  is  clear  in  his 
belief  that  the  Boers  regard  the  arrange- 
ment of  Vereeniging  as  binding  in  "  honour  ; 
....  and  would  look  upon  a  breach   of  its 


616 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


terms  as  a  sin  which  would  carry  with  it 
certain  punishment  from  Above." 

We  cannot  agree  with  our  author  in  the 
words  "  the  decision  of  this  issue  is  now 
vested  in  the  Transvaal  legislature,"  applied 
by  him  to  the  permanence  of  Chinese  labour, 
apart  from  settlement.  The  exportation  of 
coolies  was  prevented  in  the  case  of  Cuba 
after  inquiry  by  a  Chinese  commission,  and, 
were  the  Imperial  Parliament  or  the  Foreign 
Office  dissatisfied  with  the  terms  of  engage- 
ment, the  Transvaal  would  have  no  power 
of  procuring  from  China  hard-working- 
coolies  of  the  kind  required  for  the  mines. 
It  is  now,  however,  admitted  that  the  future 
lies  with  the  Kafir. 

The  second  volume  of  Borough  Customs, 
edited  by  Miss  Bateson  for  the  Selden  Society, 
is  marked  by  the  same  admirable  scholarship 
and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subject  as 
its  predecessor,  which  was  fully  reviewed  in 
our  columns.  Insistence  is  again  laid  on 
the  retention  of  early  law  in  the  custumals 
of  our  ancient  boroughs,  which  differen- 
tiated them  from  the  common  law,  and 
imparted  to  them  a  peculiar  interest.  But 
to  this  folk-law,  it  is  argued,  was  added  a 
vigorous  royal  process  of  execution  derived, 
apparently,  from  the  king's  "  ban,"  extended 
in  some  way  to  the  borough.  The  long  and 
valuable  introduction  will  raise  yet  further 
Miss  Bateson's  reputation,  and  the  biblio- 
graphy shows  her  to  be  well  acquainted 
with  the  important  works  of  foreign  scholars 
bearing  on  her  theme.  Both  the  introduc- 
tion and  the  body  of  the  work  are  arranged, 
not  under  boroughs,  but  under  such  headings 
as  '  The  Borough  Court,'  '  Inheritance  of 
Land."  '  Wardship,'  '  Wills  and  Intestacy,' 
which  greatly  facilitate  scientific  and  syste- 
matic treatment. 

Mb.  Reginald  Blent  publishes  through 
Messrs.  Msx-millan  &  Co.  Paradise  Row,  an 
account  of  the  famous  people  who  have  lived 
in  an  old  Chelsea  street,  between  the  Royal 
Hospital  and  Cheyne  Walk,  just  now  pulled 
down.  No  place  in  the  world,  unless  it  be 
Rome,  has  suffered  so  rapid  a  loss  of  the 
picturesque  within  the  time  of  living  people 
as  has  old  Chelsea.  The  destruction  of 
Lombard  Street,  west  of  the  old  church,  the 
transformation  of  Cheyne  Walk  and  loss  of 
most  of  its  interesting  houses,  and  the  gradual 
destruction  of  the  Paradise  Row  and  Para- 
dise Walk  district,  are  the  most  conspicuous 
of  the  losses,  which  are  infinitely  more 
numerous  than  is  revealed  by  this  list  of 
ours.  Many  of  the  predecessors  of  Mr. 
Reginald  Blunt  have  gossipped  pleasantly  of 
Paradise  Row,  especially  Mr.  L'Estrange  in 
liis  ;  Chronicles  of  Chelsea.'  The  visits  of 
Charles  II.  to  two,  if  not  three,  of  the  well- 
known  ladies  who  inhabited  Paradise  Row 
during  some  years  of  his  reign,  are  in  them- 
selves sufficient  to  attract  attention  to  the 
total  disappearance  of  the  last  of  its  fine 
houses.  We  have  complained  on  previous 
occasions  of  Mr.  Blunt  for  a  certain  tendency 
to  slips,  caused  rather  by  carelessness  as  to 
proofs  than  by  absence  of  research  and  know- 
ledge. The  name  of  Saint-Evremond  ap- 
peared with  some  eccentric  spellings  in  his 
former  volume  '  An  Illustrated  Handbook 
to  the  Parish  of  Chelsea.'  The  present  book 
is  not  entirely  free  from  similar  small 
mistakes  ;  but  there  is  conspicuous  im- 
provement, in  spite  of  some  grumbling  at 
ciitics.  By  way  of  hypercriticism  on  a 
point  of  literary  interest,  we  may  note  that 
in  quoting  the  Grammont  memoirs,  which 
he  does  both  in  English  and  French, 
Mi.  Blunt  uses  Hamilton's  epithet  for 
Lord  Robartes,  in  Hamilton's  spelling 
sacripa/nte,  in  modern  French  sacripant  ; 
but  he  is  not  consistent,  inasmuch  as  he  has 
modernized  the  remainder  of  the  sentence, 


and,  indeed,  added  one  superfluous  accent. 
The  English  sentence  which  follows  is  wide 
of  the  original  ;  but  there  are  a  good  many 
later  versions  in  both  tongues,  and  it  is 
probable  that  Mr.  Blunt's  free  rendering  is 
not  his  own.  Our  author's  style  does  not 
always  please  us,  and  is  sometimes  com- 
plicated :  it  seems  a  pity  to  describe  as 
"  the  rivulet  "  "  The  Bourne,"  which, 
having  been  through  the  ages,  until  the 
recent  operations  of  Sir  Hugh  Owen,  the 
western  boundary  of  Westminster,  gives 
its  name  to  the  Westbourne  Terraces  and 
Streets  north  of  the  Serpentine,  and  once 
conferred  similar  designations  on  streets 
between  Eton  Square  and  Bloody  Bridge 
(Sloane  Square).  We  note  that  in  the  well- 
known  coloured  print  of  which  the  black- 
and-white  version  is  reproduced  opposite 
p.  6,  tradition,  not  named  by  Mr.  Blunt, 
has  found  the  poet  Pope  in  the  short, 
slightly  hunchbacked  figure  accosting  a 
gentleman  and  lady  in  the  foreground.  It 
is  possible  that  it  is  but  a  beggar  asking  for 
alms,  though  some  of  the  versions  make  this 
latter  view  improbable. 

Foundations    of    Political    Economy.     By 
William     Bell     Robertson.     (Walter     Scott 
Publishing  Company.) — This  is  a  work  upon 
which  a  great  deal  of  acuteness  has  been 
expended.     It  is  a  startling  example  of  the 
vitality  of  the  abstract  deductive  method  in 
economic  studies,  and  of  the  extent  to  which 
a  few  simple  assumptions  may  be  made  to 
expand     when     developed     without     much 
regard    to    inductive   verification    from    the 
facts    of    commerce.     Half    a    century    ago, 
when  the  ideas  of  Senior  as  to  the  nature 
and  method  of  economic   study  were  still 
insufficiently  corrected,  and  were  reappoar- 
ing  with  modifications  in  the  work  of  Mill, 
Mr.     Robertson    would    have    commanded 
much   more  attention  than  is  likely   to   be 
accorded   to  him  to-day,   even  although   a 
large  share   of  his  theories  seems  to  have 
come  to  him  more   directly   from   Ricardo 
than  he  appears  to  know.     The  most  inter- 
esting  chapters   of  the  book   are   those  on 
'  Differentiation    of     Value,'    '  Quantity    of 
Labour,'     and     '  Abridgments    of    Labour.' 
Labour,      we     are     told,     is     the     common 
ground   upon    which   exchanges    are    made. 
In    ordinary    circumstances    it    decides    the 
quantity  of    coal   that   shall    be    given   for 
a  ton  of  iron,  or   for  a  suit   of  clothes,  or 
for  a  load   of  wheat,    or    for    an    ounce    of 
gold.     This,    of    course,    is    a    well-known 
opinion  of  Adam  Smith.     What  Mr.  Robert- 
son makes  of  this  is  that  improvements  in 
production  do  not  lessen  the  labour  of  the 
producer,  but  lessen  that  of  the  consumer 
only,  making  it  necessary  for  him  to  devote 
less  of  his  labour  to  the  procuring  of  such 
supply  of  the  particular  article  as  he  may 
need.    Wages   and   value   are  independent  : 
price  does  not  determine  wages,  nor  wages 
price.    The  only  class  that  would  benefit  from 
an  eight-hour  day  in  the  mines  would  be  the 
owners  of  mining  rents.     The  effect  of  im- 
provements in  production,  under  our  present 
social  system  is  to  diminish,  not  to  increase, 
tho     power     of     consumption.     This     last- 
mentioned   doctrine   is   specially   character- 
istic of  Mr.  Robertson's  methods  of  reasoning 
a  priori,  and  tho  reader  may  see  this  worked 
out  with  examples  in  X  and  Y  in  the  most 
mathematical  manner.     No  doubt  in  a  work 
entitled  '  Foundations  of  Political  Economy  ' 
much  time  is  rightly  spent  upon  bare  theory 
of    an     airy     type.      We     think,     however, 
that  if  Mr.  Robertson  had  applied  himself 
more  seriously  to  the  inductive  verification 
of  his  arguments,   he  would  have  modified 
many  of  them  profoundly. 

Mr.  Douglas  Si.\den's  latest  compilation , 
Carthage  and  Tunis,   2  vols.    (Hutchinson ). 


calls    for    no     detailed    notice.       There  is, 
indeed,    plenty   of   print,  but   not  so  much 
matter.      The  first  volume  is  eked  out  with 
extracts — unencumbered  with  "  clumsy  foot- 
notes," but  generally  by  obscure  translators 
— from  Appian,  Diodorus,   Hanno's    '  Peri- 
plus,'  and  "  the   great  Arabian  geographer 
El-Edrisi,"  who  would  probably  be  surprised 
at    his    own    eminence.     There    are     nearly 
seventy    pages    of     the    '  yEneid '    in    prose 
from    an   anonymous   translation    of    1816 : 
"  its     grammar,"     says     Mr.      Sladen,     "  is 
not    very    sound,    or    its    scholarship    pro- 
found."      But    Virgil     is    not  very    highly 
regarded  by    our    author,   and    poor   Flau- 
bert    comes     off     even     worse     when     Mr. 
Sladen   undertakes    an    authoritative  criti- 
cism   of   '  Salammbo  '    from    tho    point    of 
view  of  the  historian  and  archaeologist.     Of 
the  archaeological  completeness  of  the  present 
work  we  may  judge  from  its  possessing  a 
special  section  headed  '  Archeology.'     This 
contains  a  graceful,  but  wholly  amateurish 
account  of  the  Lavigerie  Museum  by  Miss 
E.  M.  Stevens,  a  version  of  the  '  Periplus  '  of 
Hanno,  and  the  examination  of  '  Salammbo.' 
The    '  Confessions  '    of    St.    Augustine    and 
Alban  Butler's   '  Lives  of  the  Saints,'  with 
extracts  from  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica"' 
and  a  Cambridge  prize  essay,  help  to  fill  up 
vol.  i.  ;  but  vol.  ii.  is  filled  with  Mr.  Sladen's 
work.      Carthage    and    Tunis,   he    tells   usr 
"  are  the  Gates  of  the  Orient,  old  and  new." 
Of  course  they  are  not  ;    but  in  any  case- 
we  distrust  people  when  they  write  about 
"  the  Orient."     Mr.  Sladen  never  allows  us 
to  forget  its  "  glamour."     He  is  constantly 
"  reminded  "   of   '  The   Arabian   Nights,'    of 
Granada,  of  the  mediaeval  Moors,  of  Haroun 
Alraschid,   and  of  d'oyleys  made  in  Orient 
harims    for    the    Earl's    Court    Exhibition. 
Need    we    add    that   he    is    also    frequently 
reminded  of  Japan,  or  that  when  he  "  stood 
in    Carthage  "    his    "  first    thought  was    of 
Hannibal  "  ?     Such   originality   deserved   a 
record.     Mr.  Sladen  assures  us  that  he  does 
not  propose  to  write  a  history  of  Carthage 
"  inch  by  inch,"  and  he  adds,  reassuringly, 
"  I     am     not     writing     a     history    of     the 
Vandals."       But     why     should     he      rush 
in     where       scholars       and      archaeologists 
tread  diffidently,  and    "  write  "  about  Car- 
thage,   or    even  retail    his    recollections    of 
such   banalities   as   bargaining   in   Tunisian 
suks  ?     For  whose  benefit  does  he  (with  the 
Odeon)  ';  recall  Pompeii  and  the  gay  youth 
of  St.  Augustine  "  ?     Will  the  tourist  groan- 
ing under  the  load  of   "  his  inconveniently 
brief   Baedeker   and   Joanne  "    increase   his 
freight  by  this  bulky  book  ?  There  are  some 
photographs  —  ordinary  enough  —  and  also 
colour    reproductions    of    sketches  by   Mr. 
Benson  Fletcher. 

In  The  Athenceum  of  March  17th  we 
noticed  M.  Paul  Gruyer's  '  Napoleon,  Roi 
de  l'Ue  d'Elbe.'  Mr.  Heinemann  has  now 
issued,  under  the  title  Napoleon,  King  of 
Elba,  an  English  translation  of  this  work 
with  the  photogravures  and  photographs 
which  embellished  the  French  original. 
The  result  is  a  pleasing  volume,  which 
will  introduce  British  readers  to  an  island 
with  which  few  persons  are  acquainted, 
and  to  one  of  the  less  known  episodes  of 
the  Emperor's  career.  The  rendering  is 
at  times  faulty.  For  instanco,  at  the 
end  of  the  Introduction,  in  speaking  of 
the  escape  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  M. 
Gruyer  used  the  expression  "  le  coup  de 
foudre  du  retour,"  which  is  here  rendered 
"  the  thunder-cloud  of  the  return."  It  is 
also  to  bo  regretted  that  the  translator  did 
not  supply  references  to  the  diary  of  Capt. 
Ussher  (not  "  Usher,"  as  here  misprinted) 
relating  to  tho  voyage  to  Elba,  of  which  M. 
Gruyer  did  not  avail  himself. 


N°4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


617 


From  Valmy  to  Waterloo  (Everett  &  Co.), 
translated  and  edited  by  Mr.  Robert  B. 
Douglas,  is  a  work  consisting  partly  of  a 
translation,  and  partly  of  a  condensation,  of 
the  diary  of  Capt.  Charles  Francois.  The 
narrative  does  not  impress  us  favourably. 
Tt  possesses  the  inaccuracy  of  French  mili- 
tary diaries  or  memoirs,  without  the  charm 
which  generally  pervades  them.  Mr. Douglas 
has  done  well  to  omit  large  portions  of 
the  diary,  and  condense  others  ;  but 
it  is  not  always  easy  to  see  whether  the 
narrative  is  that  of  Francois  or  of  the  editor. 
An  example  of  the  confusion  resulting  from 
the  omission  of  inverted  commas  is  to  be 
found  in  the  account  of  the  battle  of  Aboukir 
in  chap.  vii.  Here  and  there  the  editor 
calls  attention  in  foot-notes  to  the  inaccu- 
racies in  the  original  narrative  ;  but  many 
more  corrections  are  needed — e.g.,  in  the 
account  of  Aboukir  just  mentioned  ;  in  that 
of  the  risings  of  the  men  of  Madrid,  and  of 
the  Spaniards  generally,  in  the  year  1808  ; 
,and  in  the  one-sided  and  unsatisfactory 
description  of  the  battle  of  Baylen.  Occa- 
sionally the  editor's  narrative  is  disfigured 
by  slangy  expressions  ;  e.g.,  on  p.  136,  by 
the  words  "  the  lot  "  in  the  sense  of  "  the 
total  amount."  We  agree  with  M.  Jules 
Claretie,  who  contributes  a  Preface  to  the 
present  volume,  that  Francois's  account  of 
the  Russian  campaign  (that  of  1812)  is  one 
of  the  best  descriptions  in  the  book.  The 
title  of  the  book  is  hardly  correct,  inasmuch 
as  Francois  was  not  at  Waterloo,  but  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Wavre,  fought  by 
Grouchy  against  Thielmann  on  the  same  day. 

The  Forests  and  Deer  Parks  of  Somerset. 
By  the  Rov.  W.  Greswell.  (Taunton, 
Barnicott  &  Pearce.) — Mr.  Greswell  in  his 
scholarly  book  '  The  Land  of  Quant ock  ' 
showed  a  few  years  ago  that  he  not  only 
truly  appreciated  the  scenery  of  Somerset, 
but  had  also  taken  much  pains  to  master  its 
history.  The  theme  of  his  later  work  is  one 
of  more  widespread  interest,  as  it  is  con- 
cerned with  the  forest  annals  of  the  county. 
The  royal  forests  of  Somerset  were  consider- 
able in  extent,  and  five  in  number,  viz., 
Selwood  Forest,  on  the  eastern  border  ; 
Mendip  Forest,  to  tho  north  of  Wells  ; 
Petherton  Forest,  between  Bridgewater, 
Taunton,  and  Athelney  ;  Neroche  Forest, 
in  the  centre  of  the  southern  border  ;  and 
Exmoor  Forest,  on  the  western  confines. 

Mr.  Greswell  shows  rare  diligence  in  fol- 
lowing up  in  records  the  story  of  each  of  these 
great  divisions,  particularly  that  of  Exmoor. 
He  evidently  knows  something  at  first  hand 
of  all  the  tracts  that  were  under  forest  law, 
but  seems  to  be  best  accjuainted  with  the 
fascinating  country  just  mentioned.  One  of 
the  many  valuable  features  of  this  volume, 
for  the  historical  student  as  well  as  for  the 
local  topographer,  is  the  map  that  is  given 
(with  full  explanatory  letterpress)  of  this 
district  ;  upon  it  are  marked  the  two 
perambulation  boundaries  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  L,  the  extent  of  tho  enlarged  forest 
area,  and  the  result  of  the  perambulation 
of  Charles  I.  It  is  obvious  that  much 
labour  must  have  been  spent  on  records, 
and  many  a  journey  undertaken  over  this 
beautiful  and  varied  tract  of  country,  before 
such  a  result  could  have  been  produced. 

We  are  glad  to  note  that  Mr.  Greswell 
on  this  map  gives  the  right  spelling  to  Hurt- 
stone  (or  Hurstone)  Point,  which  is  the 
rocky  promontory  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Porlock  Bay.  A  modern  guide-book 
corruption,  which  has  unfortunately  found 
its  way  into  the  last  edition  of  the  Ordnance 
Survey,  spells  it  Hurlstone.  Another  curious 
misnomer  on  Exmoor  which  has  obtained 
recent  sanction,  not  only  on  the  Ordnance 
maps,  but    also  on  Mr.  Greswell'a  plan,  is 


"  Robin  How,"  as  the  name  of  an  offshoot 
of  Dunkery  Beacon  on  the  Luccombe  side. 
This  name  ought  to  be  struck  out,  and  the 
genuine  one  of  Luccombe  Barrows  substi- 
tuted. Robin  How  is  merely  a  modern 
half- jocular  term  invented  by  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Fisher,  a  rector  of  Luccombe  in  the 
forties  and  early  fifties  of  last  century, 
because  the  contour  of  the  hill  reminded 
him  of  one  with  which  he  was  well  acquainted 
in  the  north  of  England. 

The  opening  chapters  on  Somerset  hunting 
in  the  Saxon  days  and  during  the  Norman 
period,  on  a  Domesday  Forest  Barony,  and 
on  King  John  in  Somerset  are  excellent, 
whilst  the  attention  given  to  the  various 
perambulations  of  North  Petherton  Forest 
is  almost  as  careful  as  the  similar  work  for 
Exmoor. 

Tf  any  fault  is  to  be  found  with  this  inter- 
esting and  well-written  volume,  it  is  in 
connexion  with  the  large  amount  of  space 
devoted  to  matters  that  are  not  in  any  way 
peculiar  to  the  county.  Particularly  is  this 
the  case  with  the  long  chapter  entitled  '  The 
Master  of  Game.'  This  is  the  title  of  the 
translation  of  the  celebrated  French  hunting 
book  written  by  Count  Gascon  de  Foix  in 
1387,  which  was  made  by  Edward  Plan- 
tagenet,  second  Duke  of  York,  between 
1406  and  1413.  Mr.  Greswell  is  inaccurate 
in  apparently  ascribing  the  authorship  to 
the  Duke  of  York.  Of  the  thirty-six 
chapters  of  the  English  MS.  termed  '  The 
Master  of  Game,'  only  the  last  three  and  a 
brief  paragraph  of  the  prologue  are  original  ; 
the  remainder  is  an  exact  translation  from 
the  French.  Much  of  thif-  manuscript,  of 
which  a  long  analysis  is  given,  had  no  appli- 
cation to  ordinary  English  hunting  or 
forestry.  Mr.  Greswell  is  incorrect  in  styling 
this  MS.  "  the  oldest  book  on  hunting  in 
England,"  not  only  because  it  mainly  applies 
to  France,  but  also  because  there  is.  a  much 
older  and  more  valuable,  though  brief 
treatise  written  on  genuine  English  hunting 
and  English  dogs,  namely,  '  Le  Art  de 
Venerie,'  written  in  Norman-French,  about 
1325,  by  William  Twici,  who  was  hunstman 
to  Edward  II. 

We  note  that  only  a  limited  edition  of 
Mr.  Greswell'a  entertaining  volume  has  been 
issued.  In  the  event  of  another  being 
demanded,  we  hope  that  the  author  will  see 
his  way  to  discarding  some  of  the  general 
matter  in  favour  of  the  more  technical  forest 
records,  of  which  we  feel  confident  that  he 
has  a  yet  unused  store. 

M.  Andr£  Chevrillon,  whose  study  of 
our  Coronation  attracted  great  and  deserved 
attention  in  this  country,  in  his  Un  Cre- 
puscule  a" Islam  (Paris,  Hachette)  improves 
upon  his  '  Terres  Mortes,'  or  volume  on  the 
Holy  Land.  This  time  it  is  a  visit  to  Fez 
with  which  the  word-pictures  are  concerned. 
The  style  of  the  earlier  descriptions  here 
reminds  us  of  Fromentin's  two  volumes 
upon  Algeria  ;  and  the  chosen  band  of 
readers  know  this  to  be  the  highest  praise. 
In  Fromentin  perfection  of  style  is  attained 
in  passages  which  contain  but  little  thought  ; 
and  thought,  as  contrasted  with  poetry,  is 
somewhat  wanting  in  Fromentin's  African 
books.  M.  Chevrillon  showed  in  his  English 
studies  the  "highest  powers  as  a  critic  and 
historian  ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  combine 
his  best  work  as  regards  substance  with  his 
best  in  form.  When,  therefore,  he  reaches 
Fez  and  speculates  upon  the  stagnation  of 
Islam,  there  are  passages  in  which  style 
degenerates  into  mannerism,  while  the 
thought  is  at  a  high  level.  The  detachment 
from  the  world  of  the  really  religious 
Mohammedan,  as  he  is  found  among  the 
Moors  of  illustrious  lineage,  has  been 
described    by    many    writers — never    better 


than  by  M.  Chevrillon.  The  contrast 
presented  within  two  or  three  miles 
of  the  most-venerated  mosques  by  the 
equally  separate,  though  extraordinarily 
different  Jewish  world  is  put  before  the 
reader  by  M.  Chevrillon  with  the  vividness 
of  Mr.  Kipling,  but  with  French  adherence 
to  literary  tradition.  In  his  account  of  his 
reception  by  the  Jews  who  are  compelled 
to  live  in  their  separate,  walled  quarter  "  in 
the  shade  of  Fez,"  M.  Chevrillon  reaches 
the  highest  point  that  he  has  yet  attained 
in  philosophic  travel,  just  as  in  the  earliest 
pages  of  this  volume  he  reaches  his  high- 
water  mark  of  style.  Our  author  is  well 
acquainted  with  the  result  of  the  recent 
investigation  into  the  ethnography  of  the 
Jews.  He  knows  that  they  are  but  partly 
descended  from  the  sacred  tribes — that  they 
have  incorporated,  in  the  course  of  their 
strange  history,  Teutons,  Slavs,  Ugrians, 
and  people  of  many  other  races.  The 
traditions  of  the  chosen  people,  and  the 
circvunstances  in  which  they  have  been 
compelled  to  live,  have  imprinted  upon  all 
common  characteristics  which  are  power- 
fully illustrated  in  this  chapter.  The 
Mohammedan  world  and  the  Jewish  world 
have  both  the  advantage  over  us  of  rejecting 
the  colour  test  and  the  colour  bar  :  one  of 
the  superiorities  which  account  for  the  con- 
tinued progress  of  the  Mohammedan  religion 
in  Africa  and  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
and  for  the  vitality  of  the  Jews. 

To  such  as  fancy  a  supper  of  broken 
meats  The  Pilloio  Book  (Methuen),  compiled 
by  N.  G.  Royde,  may  be  honestly  commended. 
The  fare,  if  mixed  and  scrappj%  is  plenteous  : 
there  is  choice  of  old  and  new,  plain  and 
highly  seasoned,  irregular  solids  in  prose 
and  shapely  kickshaws  in  verse.  Bits  of 
Mr.  Kipling  and  Mr.  Belloc  are  sandwiched 
between  slices  of  Job  and  the  Son  of  Sirach  ; 
Epictetus  faces  Shelley,  St.  Augustine 
jostles  George  Eliot,  Dr.  Croly  relieves 
Montaigne,  in  this  banquet  of  omnigenous 
titbits.  One  might,  indeed,  be  disposed  to 
cavil  at  the  bewildering  variety  of  the  pro- 
vender, did  not  the  modest  advertisement 
of  the  purveyor  disarm  criticism.  There 
are  a  few  faults  in  the  service  :  a  morsel  of 
Hartley  Coleridge,  of  no  extraordinary 
substance  or  flavour,  is  set  before  us  twice  ; 
a  sliver  from  the  ample  carcase  of  Sam 
Johnson  appears  disguised  as  a  slice  of 
Boswell.  Now  and  then,  too,  the  change 
of  fare  is  so  radical  and  sudden  as  to  dis- 
concert us — as  where  Drayton's  "  Since 
there  's  no  help,  come  let  us  kiss  and  part," 
follows  hard  upon  Wesley's  "  Come,  O 
Thou  Traveller  unknown."  Yet,  after  all, 
the  guest  is  under  no  compulsion  to  taste 
of  everything. 

Not  to  every  college  history  does  it  fall 
to  reach  a  second  edition  in  four  years  ;  but 
Dr.  Mahaffy  is  no  plodding  annalist — he  is 
a  philosophical  historian  with  a  gift  for 
pictorial  narrative,  and  his  book,  An  Epoch 
in  Irish  History  (Fisher  Uhwin),  noticed  in 
these  columns  on  its  first  appearance,  is 
vastly  more  than  a  mere  sheaf  of  musty 
archives,  dim  legends,  and  barren  lists  of 
office-holders.  Through  the  kindness  of 
the  Marquess  of  Salisbury,  Dr.  Mahaffy  has 
procured  a  copy  of  the  original  plan  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  prepared  for  Burgh- 
ley,  a  photograph  of  which  forms  the  frontis- 
piece of  this  edition.  In  a  prefatory  note 
he  deals  with  sundry  points  on  which  his 
text  requires  correction  or  further  illustra- 
tion ;  thus  lie  speculates  on  the  causes  why 
the  Jesuits,  who  towards  the  close  of  tho 
sixteenth  century  organized  a  crusade  both 
in  Ireland  and  Wales,  failed  in  the  Princi- 
pality while  they  succeeded  in  Ireland. 
Dr.   Mahaffy  selects  and  marshals  his  facts 


618 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


with  a  skill  that  lends  life  and  actuality  to 
his  narrative.  In  the  copy  before  us  the 
binders  have,  by  an  unlucky  blunder, 
omitted  the  important  Introduction  to  the 
-text,  in  which  the  author  enumerates  his: 
sources,  and  criticizes  the  work  of  two 
earlier  historians  of  the  College,  Hely 
Hutchinson  and  Dr.  Stubbs. 

Emerson.  Complete  Edition,  Prose  and 
Poetry.  "  Edina  Poets."  (Edinburgh, 
Nimmo,  Hay  &  Mitchell.) — This  is  a  ser- 
viceable edition,  and  marvellous  for  the 
amount  it  contains.  It  comes  as  near  as 
possible  to  being  complete,  although  the 
recent  "  Centenary  Edition "  in  twelve 
volumes  includes  some  theological  and  other 
pieces  which  the  publishers  of  this  single 
volume  have  very  properly  excluded.  The 
type,  though  not  large,  is  excellently  clear, 
and  the  volume  may  be  safely  recommended 
to  students  and  the  general  reader  alike. 

Messrs.  Sotheran  &  Co.  send  us  a  special 
catalogue  of  the  library  of  the  late  Henry 
Reeve,  which  contains  many  important 
books  in  modern  politics  and  history. 


LIST  OF   NEW   BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Barradale  (V.  A.),  Pearls  of  the  Pacific,  2/6 
Burkitt  (F.  C),  The  Gospel  History  and  its  Transmission, 

6/  net. 
Dollinger  (J.  J.  I.),  The  First  Age  of  Christianitv  and  the 

Church,  translated  by  H.  N.  Oxenham,  Fourth  Edition 

6/  net. 
Driver  (8.  R.),  The  Book  of  the  Prophet  Jeremiah,  6/ 
Gamble  (J.  and  A.  E.),  ABC  Guide  to  the  Bible,  5/  net. 
Hemphill  (S.).  A  History  of  the  Revised  Version  of  the  New 

Testament,  3/6 
Jackson   (EL   L.),  The   Fourth   Gospel  and  some  Recent 

German  Criticism,  3/8  net. 
Johnson  (S. ),  Prayers  and  Meditations,  New  Edition,  2/6  net, 
Le"picier  (A.  M.),  Indulgences,  their  Origin,  Nature,  and 

Development,  New  Edition,  6/  net. 
McFadyen  (J.  E.),  The  Prayers  of  the  Bible,  6/  net. 
Maclaren  (A.),  Leaves  from  the  Tree  of  Life,  5/ 
Meschler(M.),  The  Garden  of  Roses  of  Our  Lady,  2/6 
Notes  on  the  Scripture  Lessons  for  1907,  2/6  net. 
Peabody  (F.  G.),  Mornings  in  the  College  Chapel;  After- 
noons in  the  College  Chapel,  5/  net  each. 
Pfleiderer   (O.),   Christian    Origins,   translated    bv    D.   A. 

Huebsch,  5/  net ;  Primitive  Christianity,  Vol.  L,  trans- 
lated by  \V.  Montgomery,  10/6  net. 
Pusey  (E.  B.),  The  Minor  Prophets:  Vol.  II.,  Amos,  New 

Edition,  2/3  net. 
Ramsay  (W.   M.),   Pauline    and    other    Studies    in   Early 

Christian  History,  12/ 
St.  John  Chrysostom,  De  Sacerdotio,  edited  by  J.  A.  Nairn, 

6/  net. 
Social  Mission  of  the  Church,  edited  by  C.   E.  Walters 

3/6  net. 
Vaughan  (Father  B.),  The  Sins  of  Society,  5/ 
Waggett  (P.  N),  The  Holy  Eucharist,  with  other  Papers, 

3/6  net.  * 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Benham  (W.),  The  Tower  of  London,  5/  net. 
•  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales,  2  vols.,  21/ net. 
Essex  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions,  Vol.  X.  Parti.  6/ 
Fox-navies  (A.  G),  Heraldic  Badges,  5/ net. 
Marillier(H.  C),  Rossetti,  1/net. 
Rudy  (C),  The  Cathedrals  of  Northern  Spain,  6/  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Bradshaw  (Mrs.  A.  S.),  The  Star  Reciter,  1/ 
Coleridge,  Poems,  Selected  by  E.  Dowden,  2/6  net. 
Cowpcr  (\V.),  Diverting  History  of  John  Gilpin,  Woodcuts 

by  R.  Seaver,  1/  net. 
Davenport  (D.),  The  Re-union  of  Adam  and  Eve,  and  other 

Poems,  1/  net. 
England's  Parnassus,  edited  by  W.  G.  Horder,  2/0  net. 
Herford  (().),  A  Bold  Bad  Butterfly,  and  other  Fables  and 

Verses,  3/6  net. 
Hill  (G.),  Guinevere  :  a  Tragedy  in  Three  Acts,  2/6  net. 
Johnstone  (A.  S.),  Erniana,  and  other  Poems. 
Kelston  (B.),  The  Garden  of  my  Heart,  2/6  net. 
Lee  (S.),  Shakespeare  and  the  Modern  Stage,  9/  net. 
Lounsbury  (T.  R.),  The  First  Editors  of  Shakespeare  :  Pope 

and  Theobald,  10/0  net. 
Moore  (W.),  The  Holy  Well,  and  other  Poems,  5/  net. 
Pfungst(A.),  Poems,  translated  by  E.  F.  L.  Gauss,  5/ net. 
Rappoport(A.  S.),  The  English  Drama,  1/net. 
Rhoades  (.1.),  Out  of  the  Silence,  1/  net. 
Saward  (W.  T.),  William  Shakespeare  :  a  Play  in  Four  Acts, 

2/0  net. 
Scott  (Sir  W.),  Poems,  selected  by  O.  Smeaton,  2/6  net. 
Shakespeare's  Comedies  ;  Tragedies  ;  Histories  and  Poems, 

3  vols.,  1/  net  each  ;  Sonnets,  6/  net. 
Songs  of  Sidi  Hammo,  rendered  into  English  by  R.  L.  N. 

Johnston,  2/6  net. 
Stevens  (W.),  The  Truce  of  God,  and  other  Poems,  New 

Edition,  2/6  net. 
Tabb  (J.  B.),  Verses,  selected  by  A.  Meynell,  2/6  net. 

Muxic. 
Lightfoot  (J.),  The  Theory  Of  Music,  2/  net. 
Musical  Association  Proceedings,  1005-fi,  21/ net. 
"Weingartner(K),  The  Symphony  Writers  since  Beethoven, 
6/ 


Bibliography. 
Boston,  U.S.,  Public  Library,  Fifty-Fourth  Annual  Report. 
St.   Helen's  Twenty- Eighth    Annual  Report  of    the  Free 

Public  Libraries. 
Sinclair  (W.   M.),  Supplement  to    the  Catalogue   of   the 

Library  of  the  Law  Society,  1891-1906,  4/  net. 

Philosophy. 
Eucken's  (Rudolf)  Philosophy  o  f  Life,  by  W.  R.  B.  Gibson, 

2/6  net. 
Keynes  (J.  N),  Studies  and   Exercises  in  Formal  Logic, 

Fourth  Edition,  10/  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Kirk    (W.),  National    Labor  Federations   in    the  United 

States. 

History  and  Biography. 
Beard  (C.  A.),  An  Introduction  to  the  English  Historians, 

7/  net. 
Birch  (W.  de  G.),  The  Royal  Charters  and  Grants  to  the 

City  of  Lincoln. 
Blunt  (R.),  Paradise  Row,  10/6  net. 
Brown  (A.  L.),  Selwyn  College,  Cambridge,  5/ 
Bunbury  (Sir  C.  J.  F.),  The  Life  of,  edited  by  Mrs.  H.  Lyell, 

2  vols.,  30/ net. 
Falkiner  (Sir  F.  R.),  The  Foundation  of  the  Hospital  and 

Free  School  of  King  Charles  II. ,  Oxmantown,  Dublin, 

7/6 
Flanders '(W.  H.),  A  Thousand  Years  of  Empire,  Vol.1., 

6/  net 
Fletcher  (J.  M.  J.),  Mrs.  Wightman  of  Shrewsbury,  3/6  net. 
Houston  (A.),  Daniel  O'Connell,  his  Early  Life  and  Journal, 

12/6  net. 
Hulbert  (H.  B.),  The  Passing  of  Korea,  16/  net. 
Jerrold  (M.  F.),  Vittoria  Colonna,  10/6  net. 
Lang  (E.  M.),  Literary  London,  6/  net. 
Luke  (W.  B.),  Memorials  of  F.  W.  Bourne,  2/6 
Mackaye  (P.),  Jeanne  d'Arc,  5/  net. 
Molmenti  (P.),  Venice :  the  Middle  Ages,  translated  by 

H.  F.  Brown,  2  parts,  21/  net 
Perry  (B.),  Walt  Whitman  :  his  Life  and  Work,  6/ net. 
Reid  (W.  M.),  The  Story  of  Old  Fort  Johnson,  12/6  net 
Towle  (E.  A.),  John  Mason  Neale,  10/6  net 
Walker  (T.  A.),  Peterhouse,  5/ 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Burton  (Sir  R.  F.),  Pilgrimage  to  Al-Madinah  and  Meccah, 
edited  by  Lady  Burton,  2  vols.,  New   Edition,  2/  net 
each. 
Kelly's  Directory  of  Durham,    Northumberland,   Cumber- 
land, and  Westmoreland,  36/ 
Kennedy  (Bart),  Wander  Pictures,  6/ 
Stratilesco  (T.),  From  Carpathian  to  Pindus,  15/ net 
Vincent  (J.  E.),  Highways  and  Byways  in  Berkshire,  6/ 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Arkwright  (W).,  The  Pointer  and  his  Predecessors,  Popular 

Edition,  7/6  net. 
Macfadden  (B.),  Muscular  Power  and  Beauty,  4/6  net. 
Smith  (A  C),  British  Dogs  at  Work,  7/6  net. 
Uyenishi  (S.  K),  The  Text-Book  of  Ju-Jutsu  as  practised  in 

Japan,  2/6  net. 
Watts  (Mrs.  R.),  The  Fine  Art  of  Jujutsu,  6/  net. 

Philology. 

Edmonds  (J.  M.),  An  Introduction  to  Comparative  Philo- 
logy, 4/  net 

Madan  (A.  C),  Wisa  Handbook,  3/  net. 

Simplified  Spelling  :  President  Roosevelt's  Letter,  with  List 
of  Spellings,  <fcc,  Second  Edition. 

Tacitus,  Annals,  edited  by  C.  D.  Fisher,  5/ 

Wheeler  (Dr.  B.  I.),  Simplified  Spelling:  a  Caveat,  Qd. 

Educational-Books. 

Wyld  (H.  G),  The  Place  of  the  Mother  Tongue  in  National 
Education,  1/ 

School-Books. 

Ashworth  (J.  R.),  Heat,  Light,  and  Sound,  2/  net. 

Freytag  (G.),  Die  Ahnen :  Part  I.  Ingo,  edited  by  O. 
Siepmann,  3/6 

Graham  (J.)  and  Oliver  (G.  A.  S.),  Spanish  Commercial 
Practice  connected  with  the  Export  and  Import  Trade, 
Part  II.,  4/6 

Harcourt  (L.),  German  for  Beginners,  Part  I.,  Third 
Revised  Edition,  1/6  net. 

Inglis  (A.  J.)  and  Prettyman  (V.),  First  Book  in  Latin,  3/6 

Juvenal,  Satires,  Notes  by  A.  F.  Cole,  2/6  net. 

Sophocles'  Antigone,  translated  by  R.  Whitelaw,  1/  net. 

Swannell  (C.  M.),  Rafia  Work,  2/  net. 

Thomson  (C.  Linklater),  A  First  Book  in  English  Litera- 
ture, Part  III.,  Lyndsay  to  Bacon,  2/6 
Science. 

Black  (J.  J.),  Eating  to  Live,  6/  net. 

Brandis  (D.),  Indian  Trees,  16/  net. 

Gill  (F.  P.),  The  Sulphur  Treatment  of  Consumption, 
2/6  net. 

Groser  (H.  G.),  The  Book  of  Animals,  5/  net. 

Headley  (F.  W.),  Life  and  Evolution,  8/  net. 

Herring-Shaw  (A.),  Elementary  Science  applied  to  Sanita- 
tion and  Plumber's  Work,  2/9  net. 

Hughes  (A.  M.)  and  Stern  (R),  A  Method  of  teaching 
Chemistry  in  Schools,  3/  net. 

Joseph  (L.),  What  are  We?  15/  net. 

Koenigsberger  (L.),  Hermann  von  Helmholtz,  translated  by 
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Maeterlinck  (M.),  Old-Fashioned  Flowers,  and  other  Open- 
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Popplewell  (F.),  Some  Modern  Conditions  in  Iron  and  Steel 
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Robinson  (W.),  The  Garden  Beautiful,  10/6  net. 

Transactions  of  the  International  Union  for  Co-operation  in 
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Juvenile  Books. 

Book  of  Romance,  5/ 

Booth  (M.  B.),  Twilight  Fairy  Tales,  6/ 

Ellis  (E.  S.),  Deerfoot  in  the  Mountains,  2/6 

Everett-Green  (E.),  The  Defence  of  the  Rock,  5/ ;  Our  Great 
Undertaking,  5/ ;  Percy  Vere,  2/0 

Hamer(S.  II.),  The  Little  Folks'  Story  Book  in  Colour,  3/6 

Leighton  (R.),  The  Boys  of  Wavency,  0/ 

Read  It  Again  Nursery  Book,  1/ 

Richards  (L  E.),  Five-Minute  Stories,  5/ 

Tales  for  Tiny  Tots. 


Tuite  (H.),  Bob  and  the  Dream-Birds,  2/6  net. 
Whyte  (C.  G.),  The  Adventures  of  Merrywink  ;  The  Story- 
Book  Girls,  6/  each. 

General  Literature. 
Adams  (W.  A.),  Two  Hundred  and  Fifty  Thoughts,  2/6  net 
Ashley  (P.),  Local  and  Central  Government,  10/6  net 
Barnes-Grundy  (M.),  Marguerite's  Wonderful  Year,  6/ 
Brown  (V.),  Venus  and  the  Woodman,  6/ 
Classic  Tales,  with  an  Introduction  by  C.  S.  Fearenside, 

2/  net. 
Clifford  (Mrs.  W.  K.),  The  Modern  Way,  6/ 
Companies'  Diary  and  Agenda  Book,  1907,  2/6 
Dickens's   Pickwick   Papers,    2    vols.,    National  Edition, 

10/6  net  each. 
Dilnot(F),  Scoundrel  Mark,  6/ 
Doyle  (Sir  A.  C),  Sir  Nigel,  6/ 
Dumas  :  The  She-Wolves  of  Machecoul,  2  vols.  ;  The  Queen's 

Necklace,  2  vols. ,  2/6  net  each. 
Eliot   (G.),   Scenes  of  Clerical  Life,    frontispiece   by  W. 

Hatherell,  3/6  net. 
Emerson's  Essay  on  Compensation,  with  Introduction  bv 

L.  N.  Chase. 
Engel  (G.),  The  Philosopher  and  the  Foundling,  translated 

by  E.  Lee,  6/ 
Fogazzaro  (A.),  The  Patriot,  6/ 
Gaskell  (Airs.),  Sylvia's  Lovers,  <fcc,  Knutsford  Edition, 

4/6  net 
Gerard  (\L),  Check  to  the  King,  6/ 
Gray  (M),  The  Silence  of  Dean  Maitland,  illustrated  by  H. 

Piffard,  0/ 
Hardv  (The  Pocket),  compiled  by  A.  H.  Hyatt,  2/  net. 
Harris-Burland  (J.  B.),  The  Broken  Law,  6/ 
House  (The),  the  Garden,  and  the  Steeple  :  Collection  of 

Old  Mottoes,  3/6  net. 
Humour  of  Bulls  and  Blunders,  edited  by  Marshall  Brown, 

5/ 
Keene  (C.)and  others,  Mr.  Punch's  Scottish  Humour,  1/net. 
Leech  (J.)  and  others,  Mr.  Punch  in  the  Hunting  Field, 

1/  net. 
Le  Queux  (W.),  The  Mysterious  Mr.  Miller,  6/ 
Letts's  Diaries  for  1907 :  No.  8,  6/6  ;  No.  18,  2/6  ;  No.  Ill,  2/ ; 

No.  31,  1/6  ;  Nos.  26,  34,  30,  and  37,  1/  each. 
Long  (W.  J.),  Brier- Patch  Philosophy,  6/  net. 
Lotus  Library  :  E.  de  Goncourt's  La  Faustin,  translated  by 

G.  F.  Monkshood  and  E.  Tristan  ;  Guy  Thome's,  When 

it  was  Dark,  1/6  net  each. 
Machen   (A.),   Dr.    Stiggins :    his   Views    and    Principles, 

2/6  net 
Mai  very  (O.  C),  The  Soul  Market,  6/ 
Marx  (W.  J.),  For  the  Admiral,  6/ 

Maurier  (G.  du)  and  others,  Mr.  Punch  in  Society,  1/  net. 
Montaigne's  Essays,  Florio's  Translation,  6  vols.,  Museum 

Edition,  9/  net. 
Montgomery  (K.  L.),  The  Ark  of  the  Curse,  6/ 
Neera,  The  Soul  of  an  Artist,  translated  by  E.  L.  Murison. 
O'Higgins  (H.  J.),  Don-a-Dreams,  6/ 
Prichard  (K.  and  II.),  The  New  Chronicles  of  Q,  6/ 
Roberts  (C.  G.  D.),  The  Heart  that  Knows,  6/ 
Robinson  (A.  C),  The  Poet's  Parables,  1/  net. 
Rudall  (A.  R.),  Party  Walls,  7/6  net. 
Sinclair  (U.),  King  Midas,  Reissue,  6/ 
Symons  (A.),  Studies  in  Seven  Arts,  8/6  net. 
Synge  (I.  H.),  The  Builders  :  an  Allegory,  3/6  net. 
Tragedy  and  Comedy  of  War  Hospitals,  by  Sister  X., 6/  net. 
Treasury  of  English  Literature,  selected  by  K.  M.  Warren, 

7/6  net. 
Tregarthen  (E.),  North  Cornwall  Fairies  and  Legends,  3/net 
Whiting  (L.),  From  Dream  to  Vision  of  Life,  4/6  net. 
Whiting  (M.  B.),  The  Plough  of  Shame,  6/ 
Williamson  (C.  N.  and  A.  M.),  Rosemary  in  Search  of  a 

Father,  5/ 

FOREIGN. 
Theology. 
Bertz  (E.),  Der  Yankee-Heiland,  6m. 
Hagen  (M.),  Lexicon  Bihlieum,  Vol.  II.,  9m.  60. 
Kalkoff  (P.),  Ablass  u.  Reliquienverehrung  an  der  Schloss 

Kirche  zu  Wittenberg  unter  Friedrich  dem  Weissen, 

2m.  60. 
Lang  (A.),  Der  Heidelberger  Katechismus  u.  vier  verwandte 

Katechismen,  hrsg.,6m. 
Morin  (J.  Le),  Veritas  d'hier?  3fr.  50. 

Fine  Art  and  A  rchaeology. 
Helleu,  Nos  Bebte,  7fr.  50. 
Schmid  (M.),  Kunstgechichte  des  XIX.  Jahrh.,  Vol.  II., 

9m.  50. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Mendes  (C),  Sainte  ThCrese,  3fr.  50. 
Sehefer(G.),  Louis  XIII. ,  4fr. 

Philosophy. 
Deussen  (P.)  u.  Strauss  (O.),  Vier  philosophische  Text*  des 

Mahabharatam,  22m. 
Roscher  (W.  II.),  Die  Hebdomadenlehre  der  griechischen 

Philosophen  u.  Aerzte.  10m. 
Weinstein    (B.),     Die     philosophischen    Grundlagen    der 

Wissenschaften,  9m. 
Wyneken    (E.    F.),    Das    Naturgesetz    der   Seele   u.    die 

menschliche  Freiheit,  11m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bludau    (A.),    Juden    u.    Judenverfolgungen    im    alten 

Alexandria,  2m.  80. 
Bolkestein  (IL),  De  Colonatu  Romano  ejusque  Origine,  4m. 
Casella  (G.)  et  Gaubert  (E.),  La  Nouvelle  Litterature,  1895- 

1905,  Mr. 
Faguet(E-),  Amours  d'Hoinmes  de  Lettres,  Sfr.  50. 
Florentz  (K.),  Geschichte  der  japanischen  Litteratur,  Part 

II.,  8m.  75. 
Ilaendcke  (B.).  Deutseho  Kultur  im  Zeitalter  des30jiihrigen 

Krieges,  6m.  50. 
Kont  (J.),  u.  Alexici  (G.),  Geschichte  der  ungarischen  unci 

der  rumanisehen  Litteratur,  7in.  50. 
Lamprecht    (K.),    Deutsche    Geschichte:    Neueste    Zeit, 

Zeitalter  des  subjektivenSeelenlebens,  Vol.  I.,  2  parts, 

12m. 
Lanson  (G.),  Voltaire,  2fr. 
Michael  (W.),  Cromwell,  2  vols.,  6m. 
Paris    (Gaston),    Esquisse    historique    de    la    Litterature 

franchise  an  Moyen  Age,  3fr.  50. 
Reiset  (V'comte  de),  Marie  Caroline,  Duchesse  de  Berry, 

1816-30,  7fr.  50. 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


619 


Sorel  (G.).  Le  Systeme  historique  de  Renan,  Part  IV.,  3fr. 
Sydow  (A.  v.),  W.  v.  Humboldt  u.  Caroline  v.  Humboldt  in 

ihren  Briefen,  hrsg. ,  6m.  50. 
Vulliaud  (P.),  La  Pensee  esottrique  de  Leonard  de  Vinci, 

2fr.  75. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Gonnard  (R.),  L'Emigration  europeenne  au  XIX.  Siecle, 

3fr.  50. 
Klein  (F.),  La  Decouverte  du  Vieux  Monde,  3fr.  50. 

Science. 
Lapponi  (Dr.),  L'Hvpnotisme  et  le  Spiritisme,  3fr.  50. 
Picard  (A.)  Le  Bilan  d'un  .Siecle,  1801-1900,  Vol.  IV.  lOfr. 

General  Literature. 
Binet-Valmer,  Les  M^teques,  3fr.  50. 
Cahu  (T.),  Les  ElFondres,  3fr.  50. 
Daguerches  (H.),  Consolata,  Fille  du  Soleil,  3fr.  50. 
Fischer  (M.  et  A. ),  La  Dame  tres  blonde,  3fr.  50. 
Gillouin  (R.),  Ars  et  Vita,  3fr.  50. 
Karmor  (I.),  Presqu'Amant,  3fr.  50. 
Lemonnier  (C),  L'Hallali,  3fr.  50. 
Rameau  (J.),  La  petite  Mienne,  3fr.  50. 
Rivet  (F.),  La  Servitude,  3fr.  50. 
Sainte-Suzanne,  Confession,  3fr.  50. 
Tissot  (E.),  Le  Guepier,  3fr.  50. 
Van  Dyke  (H.),  La  Gardienne  de  la  Lumiere,  adaptee  par 

E.  Sainte-Marie  Perrin,  3fr.  50. 
Willy,  Le  Roman  dun  Jeune  Homme  Beau,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publisliers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


SHAKSPEARE'S    BIRTHPLACE. 

The  Trustees  of  Shakspeare's  Birthplace 
have  just  acquired  for  their  library  perfect 
copies,  in  exceptionally  fine  condition,  of 
very  early  quarto  editions  of  two  of  Shak- 
speare's most  celebrated  plays.  One  of 
these  is  the  edition  of  '  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  '  issued  in  1600  with  the  title-page 
bearing  the  imprint  of  the  printer  James 
Roberts  ;  the  other  is  the  edition  of  '  King 
Lear'  issued  in  1608  with  the  title-page 
bearing  the  words  "  Printed  for  Nathaniel 
Butter."  The  two  volumes  were  purchased 
unbound  from  Mr.  Bernard  Quaritch.  They 
have  now  been  bound  by  Messrs.  Riviere, 
and  have  been  placed  this  week  on  exhibi- 
tion in  the  Shakspeare  Birthplace  Library. 
A  bibliographical  account  of  the  books  is  in 
preparation. 

Although  the  Act  of  Parliament  which 
governs  the  Shakspeare  Birthplace  Trust 
provides  for  the  purchase  of  rare  editions 
of  Shakspeare's  work,  the  Trustees  have  not 
hitherto  been  able  to  secure  a  perfect  copy 
of  any  of  those  editions  of  Shakspeare's 
plays  which  were  published  in  his  lifetime. 

The  quartos  now  acquired,  although  very 
rare  in  their  fresh  conditions,  are  not,  from 
all  points  of  view,  the  rarest  of  the  expensive 
series  ;  at  least  a  dozen  other  exemplars 
of  each,  albeit  in  more  or  less  inferior  state, 
are  known  to  survive.  None  the  less  a  copy 
of  the  Trustees'  edition  of  '  King  Lear  ' 
fetched  900Z.  at  auction  on  July  29th,  1905. 
The  Trustees  may  therefore  congratulate 
themselves  on  having  acquired  the  two 
volumes  for  the  comparatively  moderate 
outlay  of  a  little  more  than  one  thousand 
pounds. 

The  past  summer  has  brought  to  Shaks- 
speare's  Birthplace  a  larger  number  of  visitors 
than  ever.  Admission  fees  have  been 
received  from,  some  37,000  persons.  But 
the  fees  of  visitors,  which  are  the  Trustees' 
sole  source  of  income,  cannot  be  relied  on 
to  do  much  more  than  maintain  efficientlv 
the  various  buildings  and  gardens  which 
belong  to  the  Trust.  Although  the  Trustees 
have  paid  no  exorbitant  price,  the  purchase 
of  these  two  quartos  has  considerably 
strained  their  immediate  resources.  Cer- 
tainly the  income  of  the  Trust  is  insufficient 
to  enable  the  Trustees  to  complete,  as  oppor- 
tunity arises,  the  long  and  costly  series  of 
early  quarto  editions  of  Shakspeare's  plays  ; 
yet  it  is  needful  to  make  that  endeavour 
if  the  Shp.kspeare";  Birthplace  Library  is  to 
become  altogether  worthy  of  its  national 
character. 

The  Trustees  must  seek  outside  assistance 
if  all  the  statutory  purposes  of  the  Trust 


which  specifically  include  the  collection  of 
earliest  editions  of  the  plays,  are  to  be  ade- 
quately fulfilled.  The  Act  of  Parliament 
authorizes  the  Trustees  to  receive  donations 
and  annual  subscriptions  from  the  general 
public.  New  regulations  are  now  in  force 
with  regard  to  annual  subscribers,  which 
will,  it  is  hoped,  extend  their  ranks  and  put 
the  Trust  in  a  position  to  perfect  its  collec- 
tions. Annual  subscribers  now  receive  a 
voucher  giving  each  of  them  with  one  friend 
free  access  to  all  the  buildings  of  the  Trust 
as  well  as  to  the  Birthplace  Garden  and  the 
Trustees'  Room,  which  are  not  open  to  the 
general  public.  Several  distinguished  authors 
and  actors  have  recently  become  subscribers 
of  various  sums  from  a  guinea  upwards, 
and  the  Trustees  highly  value  the  assistance 
that  has  been  accorded  them.  But  the 
number  of  subscribers  needs  augmenting. 
Intending  donors  or  subscribers  are  re- 
quested to  communicate  with  myself  or 
with  Mr.  Richard  Savage,  Secretary  and 
Librarian  of  the  Trustees,  at  Shakspeare's 
Birthplace,  Stratford-on-Avon. 
Sidney  Lee, 
Chairman,  Executive  Committee,  Shak- 
speare's Birthplace  Trustees. 


REMARKABLE  FIND  OF  A  CAXTON. 

An  extremely  interesting  discovery  has 
just  been  made  by  Messrs.  Hodgson  amongst 
a  private  collection  of  old  books  sent  up  to 
them  for  sale  from  Whitley  Beaumont, 
Yorkshire.  It  consists  of  a  folio  volume 
comprising  within  the  contemporary  stamped 
leather  boards  three  works  printed  by  Wil- 
liam Caxton,  but  it  must  unfortunately  be 
added  that  the  volume  has  been  cruelly 
mutilated.  The  three  books  (all  of  which 
are  more  or  less  damaged,  either  by  the 
cutting  away  of  blank  margins  or  by  the 
abstraction  of  entire  pages)  are  as  follows  : 
'  The  Royal  Book  or  Book  for  a  King,'  the 
colophon  of  which  bears  the  date  1484  ; 
'  The  Book  of  Good  Manners,'  1487  ;  and 
'  The  Doctrinal  of  Sapience,'  1489.  The 
first  mentioned  is  the  most  seriously  im- 
perfect— indeed,  is  hardly  more  than  a 
fragment,  containing  about  100  leaves  out 
of  160,  and  leaving  only  three  of  the  six  wood- 
cuts which  are  found  in  a  complete  copy  of 
the  book.  The  second  work  (of  which  there 
are  only  two  perfect  copies  in  England, 
viz.,  at  Cambridge  and  Lambeth)  has 
suffered  less,  probably  on  account  of  its 
place  in  the  middle  of  the  volume,  and 
contains  60  leaves  out  of  66.  In  '  The 
Doctrinal  of  Sapience '  many  leaves  have 
been  wholly  cut  o,way,  leaving  only  about 
50  out  of  92.  Not  the  least  remarkable 
feature  of  the  volume  is  the  stamped  leather 
binding.  It  is  in  an  excellent  state  of  pre- 
servation, virtually  the  only  defect  being 
that  the  two  clasps  are  missing.  If  not 
actually  the  work  of  Caxton,  the  binding  is 
at  least  contemporary  with  the  publication, 
the  three  bool<s  having  been  evidently 
complete  when  originally  bound.  In  this 
connexion  it  may  be  observed  that  Blades 
gives  the  date  of  '  The  Royal  Book  ' — a 
perfect  copy  of  which  was  sold  in  1903  for 
1,550/. — as  1488,  a  date  between  those  of 
the  other  books  in  the  volume. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  undamaged 
leaves  have  very  ample  margins,  measuring 
11 1  in.  by  8  in.,  and  some  of  the  edges  are 
apparently  uncut.  There  are  several  other 
points  in  connexion  with  this  precious 
specimen  of  early  English  typography  which 
cannot  be  referred  to  here,  but  the  sale  of  the 
volume  is  certain  to  arouse  the  keenest 
interest. 


lEitoarjr  (Bnssip, 

Early  in  his  life  Sir  Clements  R.  Mark- 
ham  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  period 
which  witnessed  the  change  of  dynasties 
from  Plantagenet  to  Tudor  has  been 
misrepresented.  He  has  studied  the  sub- 
ject at  intervals  for  many  years,  and  the 
outcome  of  his  researches  is  '  Richard  III.  : 
his  Life  and  Character  reviewed  in  the 
Light  of  Recent  Research,'  which  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder  will  publish  on  the  27th, 
with  a  portrait  of  the  king  in  photogravure 
and  a  map.  The  author's  conclusion  is 
that  Richard  III.  must  be  acquitted  on 
all  the  charges  brought  against  him  in 
the  Tudor  stories.  The  work  is  as  com- 
plete as  frequent  revision  can  make  it. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  shortly 
for  Mr.  J.  Ellis  Barker,  the  author  of 
'  Modern  Germany,'  a  work  on  '  The 
Rise  and  Decline  of  the  Netherlands.' 
It  is  a  political  and  economic  history, 
analyzing  the  elements  of  success 
and  failure.  Mr.  Barker  institutes 
a  comparison  between  the  Netherlands 
and  England,  and  shows  that  the  causes 
which  led  to  the  decadence  of  the  one 
country  are  threatening  the  other. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  have 
arranged  to  publish  a  translation  of  '  La 
Donna  Fiorentina  del  Buon  Tempo 
Antico,'  by  Prof.  Isidoro  del  Lungo — 
a  volume  commended  by  Dr.  Biagi 
in  our  recent  summary  of  Italian 
literature  (October  6th).  Dr.  Biagi  will 
contribute  an  introduction  to  the  trans- 
lation. 

Prof.  Elton's  two  volumes  on  '  Fre- 
derick York  Powell,'  which  are  to  be  pub- 
lished by  the  Clarendon  Press  on  Friday 
next,  are  eagerly  expected  by  the  many 
who  came  under  the  sway  of  the  Pro- 
fessor's joyous  and  far-reaching  versatility. 
The  first  volume  will  contain  a  memoir 
and  letters ;  the  second,  occasional  writings. 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  before  long  a 
new  novel  entitled  '  The  Sacrifice,'  by 
Mr.  Alphonse  Courlander,  author  of  '  The 
Taskmaster.'  It  is  a  psychological  study 
of  the  elemental  passions.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  a  Wiltshire  village,  and  the  author's 
aim  has  been  to  set  down  things  as  they 
are  without  idealizing. 

Two  new  novels  are  announced  for 
immediate  publication  by  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock — '  My  Neighbours  :  a  Tale  of  our 
own  Times,'  by  E.  G.  Stevenson,  a  love 
story  of  a  London  doctor  of  eminence  ; 
and  '  Holrnwood  Pride  :  or,  Who  had  the 
best  of  It?'  by  Eda  Heath,  a  tale  of 
strenuous  life  in  adverse  social  surround- 
ings. 

Messrs.  Bemrose  will  issue  very  shortly 
two  new  volumes  in  their  "  Memorials  of 
the  Counties  of  England  Series  " — '  Memo- 
rials of  Old  Kent '  and  '  Memorials  of 
Old  Shropshire.'  Both  volumes  will  con- 
tain a  number  of  interesting  articles. 
'  Dickens  and  Kent '  will  be  treated  by 
Canon  Benham,  and  '  St.  Augustine's 
Abbey,  Canterbury,'  by  Mr.  Sebastian 
Evans.     The  Shropshire  volume  is  edited 


620 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


NM125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


by  the  Rev.  T.  Auden,  who  writes  on 
'  Illustrious  Salopians,'  while  the  Rev. 
J.  E.  Auden  has  also  two  historical  articles. 

Mr.  F.  Victor  Dickins  writes  : — 
"  In  last  week's  review  of  my  '  Primitive, 
&c,  Japanese  Texts  '  its  archaic  diction  is 
noticed  as  likely  to  be  distasteful  to  '  plain- 
minded  '  people.  I  find  in  the  first  hundred 
lays — some  15,000  words — I  have  used,  for 
special  objects,  a  dozen  archaisms,  if  leal, 
featly,  joyance,  devising,  are  to  be  so  counted, 
a  few  of  them  once  or  twice  repeated.  That 
is  all  ;  but  the  phrasing,  for  purposes  stated 
in  the  Preface,  is  occasionally  modified  to 
reproduce,  as  far  as  may  be,  a  telling  old 
Japanese  peculiarity." 

Recent  allusions  to  Bulwer  arising  out 
of  the  appearance  of  the  life  of  his  son, 
the  late  Lord  Lytton,  caused  us  to  look 
back  to  The  Athenceum  correspondence 
with  the  novelist.  A  curious  fact  con- 
cerning it  is  the  contraction  employed  by 
E.  L.  Bulwer  in  his  letters  about  1837, 
in  which  "  xperience  "  and  "  xpress  " 
appear  as  usual,  but  not  invariable  forms, 
suggesting  a  precursor  of  President  Roose- 
velt in  "  spelling  reform." 
Mr.  John  H.  Ingram  writes  : — 
"  The  rare  No.  1,  all  published,  of  '  The 
Prose  Romances  of  Edgar  A.  Poe,'  a  copy 
of  which  was  referred  to  in  The  Athenceum 
last  week  as  having  been  sold  in  New  York 
for  two  thousand  dollars,  only  contained  a 
reprint  of  the  tales  '  The  Man  that  was 
Used  Up  '  and  '  The  Murders  in  the  Rue 
Morgue.'  It  was  published  by  G.  B.  Zieber 
&  Co.,  Philadelphia." 

Mr.  Albert  Bigelow  Paine  is  engaged 
upon  an  official  life  of  Mark  Twain.  For 
the  purposes  of  his  work  he  has  been 
in  almost  daily  contact  with  Mr.  Clemens, 
and  will,  it  is  stated,  not  only  visit  the 
chief  scenes  of  his  life  in  America  but  also 
follow  his  footsteps  in  Europe. 

Mr.  S.  E.  Winbolt,  whose  two  books 
on  Latin  hexameter  verse  we  have  noticed, 
lectured  on  November  7  th  at  Eton,  at  the 
Head  Master's  invitation,  to  some  hundred 
boys  of  the  higher  forms,  by  way  of 
stimulating  interest  in  this  species  of 
composition.  Some  piquancy  was  added 
to  the  situation  by  the  fact  that  the 
lecturer  recited  his  many  quotations  from 
Virgil  according  to  the  reformed  pronun- 
ciation. 

Mr.  Alfred  Austin,  in  an  address  on 
'  The  Relation  of  Literature  to  Politics  ' 
at  the  London  Institution  on  Monday 
last,  spoke  of  "  the  Horatian  sentiment, 
'  Emollit  mores,  nee  sinit  esse  feros.'  " 
The  sentiment  is  Ovid's,  not  Horace's, 
and  we  are  sorry  to  see  that  the 
Laureate  is  as  careless  about  his 
classics  as  the  average  journalist.  The 
quotation  was  a  favourite  one  with 
Thackeray,  but  Johnson's  dictum  that 
"  classical  quotation  is  the  parole  of 
literary  men  all  over  the  world  "  has  long 
ceased  to  be  true,  though  one  might 
reasonably  expect  such  graces  to  linger 
in  our  Laureates. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Farrow  writes  : — 
"  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin's  eagerness  to  an- 
nounce, in  your  columns,  that  lie  will  next 
year  publish  a  book  for  children  from  my 
pen,  entitled  '  The  Adventures  of  a  Dodo,' 
is    flattering,    but    premature.     Mr.    Unwin 


has  completed  no  arrangements  with  me 
for  the  publication  of  this,  nor  any  other 
book.  I  rely  upon  your  courtesy  to  give 
to  this  statement  the  same  prominence  which 
was  accorded  to  your  paragraph  last  week." 

'  Scoundrel  Mark,'  to  be  published 
immediately  by  Messrs.  Blackwood,  is  the 
second  novel  of  Mr.  Frank  Dilnot,  and  is 
a  story  of  lower  London,  depicting  the 
adventures  of  a  gallant  young  wastrel 
of  the  streets,  dishonest,  brutal,  a  rare 
fighter,  but  with  a  sense  of  humour. 

Lord  Rosebery  is  expected  to  take 
the  chair  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Scottish  History  Society  held  to-day 
in  Edinburgh.  A  volume  which  will  be 
issued  at  an  early  date  to  members  is  a 
rendering  of  the  '  Statuta  Ecclesise  Scoti- 
canse,  1225-1559,'  translated,  with  intro- 
duction and  notes,  by  Dr.  David  Patrick. 

The  death  of  Miss  Dorothea  Beale  on 
Friday  last  week  removes  one  of  the  fore- 
most of  female  teachers.  An  admirable 
organizer  and  disciplinarian,  Miss  Beale, 
who  was  seventy-five  years  of  age,  had 
been  Principal  of  Cheltenham  Ladies' 
College  since  1858,  and  brought  that 
institution  to  the  front  both  in  numbers 
and  reputation.  She  was  LL.D.  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  recognized  as  an  educational 
authority,  though  she  did  not  publish 
much. 

Lady  Jebb  would  be  grateful  for  the 
loan  of  any  letters  written  by  the  late 
Sir  Richard  Jebb,  and  will  undertake  to 
return  them  as  soon  as  they  can  be  copied. 
The  letters  are  required  for  the  '  Life  of 
Sir  Richard  Jebb  '  which  she  hopes  to 
publish  before  the  end  of  next  year.  Her 
address  is  Springfield,  Cambridge. 

In  his  new  work  '  The  Great  Days  of 
Versailles  :  Studies  from  Court  Life  in 
the  Later  Years  of  Louis  XIV.,'  Mr. 
G.  F.  Bradby,  the  author  of  '  Dick  :  a 
Story  without  a  Plot,'  tells  the  story  of 
the  Court,  and  gives  character-studies 
of  the  leading  figures.  His  hope  is  that 
the  volume  may  be  of  use  to  those  who 
intend  to  read  French  eighteenth-century 
memoirs,  and  also  the  large  class  who 
have  not  timejfor  detailed  study.  There 
are  three  portrait-illustrations  in  the 
volume  which  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder. 

Messrs.  Longman  have  in  the  press  '  De 
Robinsone  Crusoeo,'  which  is  Goffeaux's 
adaptation  in  Latin  of  '  Robinson  Crusoe.' 
It  has  been  amended  and  rearranged  by 
Mr.  P.  A.  Barnett,  who  offers  it  to  young 
English  readers,  suppressing  half  of  the 
Frenchman's  moral  sentiments. 

In  December  The  World's  Work  proposes 
to  celebrate  its  fifth  birthday,  and  the 
beginning  of  a  new  volume,  with 
novel  features  and  a  general  broaden- 
ing of  its  scheme.  The  pressure 
of  public  and  other  work  has 
caused  Mr.  Henry  Norman,  M.P.,  to 
relinquish  the  editorship,  and  witli  his 
departure  the  magazine  will  abandon  all 
partisan  politics. 

We  take  this  opportunity  of  congratu- 
lating Mr.  Norman,  an  accomplished 
journalist,  on  the  knighthood  which  is  to 


be  conferred  on  him.  His  name  and  that 
of  Prof.  W.  M.  Ramsay — a  brilliant  and 
original  scholar  who  is  similarly  honoured 
— form  an  agreeable  exception  in  a  list 
of  dull  commercial  and  political  dis- 
tinctions. 

Under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  W. 
Benson  Thome,  District  Librarian  of 
Bromley,  the  ninth  annual  dinner  of  the 
Library  Assistants'  Association  was  held 
at  Anderton's  Hotel,  Fleet  Street,  on  the 
7th  inst.  Seventy  members  and  friends 
sat  down,  and  in  addition  to  the  usual 
menu  a  vegetarian  dinner  was  available. 
The  arrangements,  which  were  well 
carried  out,  were  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
W.  G.  Chambers,  Librarian  of  Plumstead, 
who  is  also  the  hon.  treasurer  of  the 
Association  for  the  tenth  successive  year. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  death  on 
Saturday  last  of  Mr.  Thomas  Leighton. 
Born  in  1858,  he  was  educated  at  Stuttgart 
University,  and  entered  the  firm  of  Leigh- 
ton,  Son  &  Hodge,  the  well-known  pub- 
lishers' bookbinders,  in  1874,  under  his 
father  Robert  Leighton.  In  1889  he 
became  a  partner  with  his  broth  er  Robert 
Leighton,  who  had  taken  the  same  position 
two  years  earlier,  and  died  in  June,  1900. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  Bookbinding 
Trade  Section  of  the  London  Chamber 
of  Commerce.  He  leaves  two  sons,  Robert 
and  Douglas,  who  have  worked  under  him 
for  some  years,  and  will  assist  in  the  future 
conduct  of  the  business,  which  has,  it  is 
interesting  to  note,  been  in  existence  since 
1767.  Thomas  Leighton's  grandfather, 
Archibald  Leighton,  was  a  pioneer  in  his 
way,  being  the  first  to  bind  books  in  cloth 
cases. 

The  firm  wish  to  express  their  most 
grateful  acknowledgment  for  the  many 
kind  letters  of  sympathy  and  condolence, 
the  number  of  which  has  been  too  great 
to  allow  of  personal  thanks  in  each  case. 

The  library  of  Mr.  L.  W.  Hodson,  of 
Compton  Hall,  Wolverhampton,  which 
Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
will  sell  on  December  3rd  and  two  follow- 
ing days,  is  choice,  apart  from  the  many 
illuminated  and  other  manuscripts.  It 
includes  two  Caxton  fragments,  viz., 
65  leaves  and  35  leaves  of  Chaucer's 
'  Canterbury  Tales,'  circa  1475.  There 
are  also  three  manuscripts  of  '  The  Canter- 
bury Tales  ' — one  of  the  fourteenth  or 
fifteenth  century,  from  the  Ashburnham 
library,  and  two  others  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  We  note  further  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  autograph  manuscripts  of  William 
Morris's  published  works,  twenty-four  in 
all  ;  also  twenty-five  of  the  Kelmscott 
Press  books  printed  on  vellum. 

A  distinguished  journalist  has  passed 
away  in  Hugo  Jacobi,  whose  death  in 
his  sixty-fifth  year  is  announced  from 
Berlin.  He  was  editor  of  the  Munch- 
ner  Allgemeine  Zeitunq,  the  Norddeutsche 
Zeitung,  and  the  Berliner  Neusten  Nach- 
richten.  His  experience  and  great  fund 
of  knowledge  made  him  an  invaluable 
assistant  to  prominent  statesmen,  notably 
Bismarck,  whose  ardent  supporter  he 
was.  He  was  the  author  of  a  number 
of  political  essays  and  articles. 


N°4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


621 


Prof.  Edmund  Harburger,  whose 
death  in  his  sixty-second  year  is  announced 
from  Munich,  was  best  known,  perhaps, 
'by  his  pictures  in  Fliegende  Blatter. 
His  scenes  of  Bavarian  peasant  life  were 
original,  and  showed  keen  powers  of  obser- 
vation. Harburger,  who  was  a  pupil  of 
Lindenschmitt,  also  distinguished  himself 
as  a  painter,  and  the  Munich  Pinakothek 
owns  many  of  his  paintings. 

Heinrich  Seidel,  whose  death  in  his 
sixty-fifth  year  is  reported  from  Gross- 
lichterfelde,  Berlin,  was  a  writer  of 
singular  charm,  whose  fame  has  spread 
beyond  the  borders  of  his  own  country. 
He  was  born  in  Mecklenburg,  and  originally 
an  engineer,  but  the  success  of  his  first 
books  induced  him  to  take  up  literature 
as  a  profession.  He  rendered  the  life  of  the 
middle  classes  with  a  quiet  humour  that 
was  all  his  own,  and  many  of  his  characters 
have  become  famous  in  Germany.  His 
best-known  books  are  probably  '  Lebe- 
recht  Hiihnchen,'  '  Neues  von  Leberecht 
Hiihnchen  und  andern  Sonderlingen,'  and 
■*  Leberecht  Hiihnchen  als  Grossvater.' 
He  also  wrote  '  Aus  der  Heimat,'  '  Winter- 
marchen,'  '  Rosenkonig,'  &c,  and  pub- 
lished several  volumes  of  poetry,  '  Glock- 
enspiel,' '  Kinderlieder,'  &c. 

M.  Leon  Vanderkindere,  the  well- 
known  Belgian  historian  and  politician, 
died  in  Brussels  last  week  at  the  age  of 
sixty-four.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  still  burgomaster  of  Uccle,  but  he 
had  retired  from  his  work  as  professor  at 
the  Brussels  Free  University.  His  great 
book  '  The  Age  of  the  Arteveldes  '  was 
published  in  1879  ;  and  in  1890  he  brought 
out  a  remarkable  introduction  to  '  Belgian 
History  in  the  Middle  Ages.'  A  third 
publication,  which  gained  the  quin- 
quennial prize  given  by  the  Belgian 
Government  for  works  dealing  with  the 
history  of  the  country,  was  entitled  '  The 
Territorial  Formation  of  the  Belgian 
Principality  in  the  Middle  Ages.' 

The  London  County  Council,  which  is 
indefatigable  in  the  work  of  preserving 
the  historic  landmarks  under  its  juris- 
diction, has  decided  to  commemorate 
by  a  tablet  the  residence  of  Frederick 
Denison  Maurice  at  21,  Queen  Square, 
Bloomsbury. 

We  publish  to-day  in  Science  an  article 
in  French  which  will,  we  think,  be  found 
by  admirers  of  style  as  excellent  in  form 
as  it  is,  we  believe,  important. 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  juvenile  literature. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
the  Annual  Report  of  the  Deputy  Keeper 
*  of  Public  Records  in  Ireland  (5ld.)  which 
is  on  this  occasion  of  slight  interest ; 
Statutes  made  by  the  Governing  Bodies 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Morton 
College,  Oxford,  and  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  and  Statute  made  by  the  Chan- 
cellor, Masters,  and  Scholars  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  (Id.  each)  ;  and 
Education,  Non-Provided  Schools,  Dorset, 
Durham,  and  Derbyshire  (5\d.  each). 


SCIENCE 


GARDENING     BOOKS. 

A  Book  of  English  Gardens.  By  M.  R. 
Gloag.  (Methuen.) — Innumerable  are  the 
gardens  of  England,  where  every  modest 
country  house  has  its  own  individuality  and 
aspirations.  English  gardens,  in  fact,  have 
worked  out  their  own  salvation  by  sheer 
force  of  character.  They  are  a  natural 
product  of  the  national  disposition,  and 
there  is  nothing  comparable  with  them 
abroad.  Here  are  sixteen  chapters  which 
are  mainly  devoted  to  the  description  of 
typical  gardens,  with  coloured  illustrations  by 
Miss  Montagu  Wyatt.  Among  those  included 
are  Knole,  Brownsea  Island,  Ashridge 
(belonging  to  Lord  Brownlow),  Ampthill 
Park,  Holland  Park,  Sutton  Place,  Surrey, 
Albury  (belonging  to  the  Duke  of  North- 
umberland), Hatfield  (belonging  to  Lord 
Salisbury),  and  Abbotsbury  in  Dorsetshire. 
The  introductory  chapter  is  a  bird's-eye  view 
of  the  history  of  gardening,  well  calculated  to 
whet  the  amateur's  appetite  for  more. 
There  is  a  chapter  on  cottage  gardens  which 
reads  very  pleasantly  ;  and  the  author  has 
interwoven  with  her  various  descriptions  and 
appreciations  historical  and  genealogical 
facts  agreeable  to  a  gossiping  palate.  The 
writing  is  easy  and  unpretentious  ;  and  the 
illustrations  are  effective.  The  book  should 
be  in  request  as  a  gift-book  this  season,  if 
for  no  more  substantial  reason. 

My  Garden.  By  Eden  Phillpotts?.  (Newnes.) 
— Every  enthusiast,  as  Mr.  Phillpotts  rightly 
says,  writes  a  book  about  his  or  her  garden 
nowadays,  and  so  to  escape  notoriety  he  has 
joined  the  throng.  His  garden  is,  it 
appears,  in  Torquay,  and  is  only  an  acre 
in  extent.  Mr.  Robinson  has  warned 
us  that  a  garden  over-rich  in  flowers 
may  be  inartistic,  and  Mr.  Phillpotts 
defiantly  cries  that  he  has  only  a  thousand 
genera  in  his  acre.  One  sees,  therefore,  the 
spirit  of  pride  which  has  eaten  him  up.  He 
measures  a  real  gardener  by  two  points : 
the  fascination  of  catalogues  and  the 
abhorrence  of  butterflies — fair  tests. 
Mr.  Phillpotts  seems  to  have  a  catholic 
taste  in  horticulture,  coupled  with  a  bias 
towards  exotic?.  He  is  contemptuous 
towards  such  "  trash  "  as  aucubas  and  lam-els, 
which  he  replaces  by  Buddleia  globosa, 
Liriodendron,  and  the  like.  But  we  must 
allow  for  his  vehemence,  even  his  ferocity, 
for  it  is  the  expression  of  an  individuality 
striving  in  a  good  cause.  He  has  no 
hesitation  in  assailing  his  own  house,  against 
whose  native  ugliness  he  is  tin-owing  bat- 
talions of  creeping  plants.  One  must  con- 
ceive Mr.  Phillpotts  as  stalking  his  garden 
with  some  arrogance.  His  plants  came 
from  all  parts  of  the  world — from  Bokhara, 
from  the  Zambesi,  from  Mexico — passim. 
He  observes  in  a  reflective  mood,  "  I  must 
try  Watsonia  iridiflora  O 'Brieni."  Has  his 
pleasing  sense  of  humour  deserted  him  '.' 
And  why  does  he  so  parade  his  rarities  ! 
Out  of  the  thousand  genera  we  hear  little  of 
such  common  things  as  roses  and  the  flora 
of  the  average  flower-border.  The  poor 
gardener  with  few  exotics  may  hang  his 
head  and  go  with  timid  tread.  Mr.  Phillpotts 
abashes  him.  H<-  lias  four  chapters  out  of 
fourteen  devoted  to  'The  White  Rockery,' 
in  which,  to  be  sure,  sweet  things  do  grow. 
But  one  may  learn  much  from  his  three 
chapters  on  the  iris.  On  the  whole,  if  Mr. 
1'hillpotts  is  in  some  ways  a  pedant  and  a 
scholar  and  a  fanatic,  he  has  abundance  of 
taste  along  with  his  collector's  enthusiasm. 
He  knows  how  to  make  a  garden,  and  he 
knows  how  to  write  about  it.      Most  people 


will  envy  him  his  acre,  though  some  might 
reduce  the  variety  of  his  choice. 


LES  ORIGINES  DE  LA  RADIO-ACTIVITE 

ET  LA  VIEILLESSE  DE  LA 

MATlERE.* 

i. 

Les  lecteurs  de  cette  revue  connaissent 
la  longue  polemique  engagee  recemment  en 
Angleterre  entre  plusieurs  savants  eminents 
a  propos  de  la  radio-activite.  Les  experi- 
ences que  je  poursuis  depuis  dix  ans  sur  ce 
sujet  me  permettront  peut-etre  d'apporter 
quelque  contribution  a  la  question  contro- 
versee.  La  plupart  de  mes  resultats  ne 
semblent  pas  avoir  franchi  souvent  le  detroit. 

Mes  recherches  ont  eu  surtout  pour  but 
de  montrer  experimentalement  que  la  radio- 
activite,  consideree  comme  etant  l'attribut 
exclusif'd'un  tres  petit  nombre  de  substances 

le    radium,    le    thorium,    et    1' uranium — 

appartient  en  realite  a  tous  les  corps  de  la 
nature,  et  se  manifeste  soit  spontanement, 
soit  sous  1' influence  de  faibles  excitants : 
lumiere,  chaleur,  reactions  chimiques,  &c. 

Ce  ne  sont  pas  la  assurement  des  idees 
universellement  admises,  puisqu'il  n'y  a  pas 
ete  fait  allusion  une  seulo  fois  dans  la  pole- 
mique dont  il  a  ete  parle  plus  haut.  Son 
point  de  depart  a  ete,  comme  on  le  sait,  une 
discussion  commencee  a  la  British  Associa- 
tion sur  la  possibility  d'attribuer  la  chaleur 
interieure  de  la  terre  a  Taction  du  radium. 

Comme  on  trouve  aujourd'hui  de  la  radio- 
activite  a  peu  pres  partout  et  qu'on  est 
parti  de  cette  idee — d'ailleurs  totalement 
fausse — qu'elle  ne  peut  etre  due  qu'a  la 
presence  du  radium  ou  d'une  substance 
voisine,  il  fallait  necessairement  supposer 
qu'il  y  a  du  radium  partout.  Apres  avoir 
ete  le  corps  le  plus  rare  de  la  nature,  le 
radium  est  done  devenu  le  plus  commun. 

Les  personnes  qui  n'ont  pas  fait  une 
etude  approfondie  de  ce  corps  peuvent 
croire  qu'il  constitue  une  substance  bien 
definie  comme  le  sodium  ou  Tor,  et  dont  il 
est  par  consequent  facile  de  reconnaitre 
la  presence  par  certains  reactifs.  Or  il 
n'en  est  rien.  Laissons  de  cote  quelques 
raies  spectrales  d' interpretation  assez  con- 
testables  qu'on  n' observe  que  dans  des 
solutions  assez  concentrees  de  sels  de  radium, 
et  demandons-nous  sur  quoi  on  se  base  pour 
affirmer  que  le  radium  existe  partout. 

On  se  base  simplement  sur  ce  caractere 
fondamental  do  remission  de  particules 
portant  une  charge  eloctrique  definie  et 
capables  de  decharger  un  electroscope. 
Pratiquement  on  n' utilise  pas  d'autres 
moyens  d'investigation,  et  ce  fut  en^  le 
prenant  exclusivement  pour  guide  qu'on 
est  arrive  a  isoler  le  radium  des  substances 
diverses  auxquelles  il  etait  melange.  Ce 
caractere  serait  d'ailleurs  excellent  si  le 
radium  ou  les  corps  de  la  meine  famille 
etaient  seuls  a  le  presenter  ;  mais  comme 
tous  les  corps  de  la  nature  le  possedent, 
comme  jel'ai  montre,  soit  spontanement,  soit 
sous  l'mfluence  de  causes  tres  varices — 
lumiere,    chaleur,    reactions    chimiques,    &c. 

il  s'en  suit  qu'on  attribue  au  radium  defl 
proprieties  pouvanl  appartenir  a  des  corps 
forts  differents.  Si  on  tient  a  admettre 
que  la  radio-activite  est  la  cause  de  la 
temperature  interieure  du  globe,  il  n'est  nul 
besoin  d'invoquer  la  presence  supposes  du 

*  The  earlier  articles  in  this  Series  appeared  as  follows: 
M.  Poincare  on  'La  Fin  de  la  Mature.'  February  17th; 
sir  William  Ramsay  on  'Helium  and  the  Tranamul  ition 
of  Elements,'  March  10th;  Dr.  A  BL  Bucherer  on  'The 
Shape  ol  Electrons  and  the  Maxwellian  Theory,'  March 
24th;  Dr.  .1.  Norman  Collie  on  '  Stereoisomerism,'  April 
28th:  and  M.  ('.  B.  Guye  on  'La  Precision  des  Lois 
Physiques,1  .mly  28th,  and"  on  "La  Oomparaison  des  Lois 
Physiques  avee  les  Lois  Biologiques,'  August  4th. 


622 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


radium.  Tous  les  corps  incandescents,* 
eomme  semblent  l'etre  ceux  existant  dans 
l'interieur  du  globe,  degagent  des  torrents 
de  ])articules  electriques  qui  suffiraient  a 
produire  l'effet  suppose.  II  serait  fort 
possible  qu'elles  jouent  un  role,  sinon  dans 
le  maintien  de  la  chaleur  du  globe,  au 
moins  dans  la  production  des  tremblements 
de  terre. 

ii. 

En  quoi  consiste  le  radium  ?  Est-ee  une 
substance  composee  ou  un  corps  simple  ? 
Les  produits  obtenus  jusqu'ici  sous  ce  nom 
ne  sont,  comme  on  le  sait,  que  des  sels  de 
ce  metal  suppose  (chlorure  ou  bromure). 
Personne  n'ayant  reussi  a  isoler  le  radium, 
on  est  peu  fonde  a  le  considerer  comme  un 
corps  simple. 

II  y  a  deja  six  ans  que  j'ai  predit  qu'on 
n'isolerait  pas  le  radium,  et  que  le  metal 
qu'on  obtiendrait  en  decomposant  ses  sels 
ne  jouirait  d'aucune  propriete  radio-active. 

Lord  Kelvin  croit  que  le  radium  est 
une  combinaison  d'un  metal  avec  de 
1'helium,  ce  qui  expliquerait  la  transmuta- 
tion supposee  du  radium  en  helium. 
Cette  opinion  est  tres  defendable.  Si  d'un 
oxyde  metallique  pris  pour  un  metal  pur 
on  retirait  de  l'oxygene,  on  dirait  aussi— en 
raisonnant  exactement  comme  on  le  fait 
pour  le  radium — que  ce  metal  s'est  trans- 
forme  en  oxygene.  Done,  je  le  repete,  tant 
que  Ton  n'aura  pas  isole  le  radium,  on  ne 
pourra  pas  etre  autorise  a  amrmer  qu'il 
s'est  transforme  en  helium. 

Mais  alors,  meme  que  le  radium  serait 
un  compose  d'helium  et  d'un  metal,  cela 
expliquerait  bien  pourquoi  il  degage  de 
1'helium  en  se  decomposant,  mais  ne  nous 
donnerait  aucune  explication  des  proprietes 
qu'il  possede  a  un  degre  que  ne  presente 
aucun  corps.  A  quoi  les  doit-il  ?  Ici  je 
suis  oblige  necessairement  d'entrer  dans  la 
voie  des  hypotheses.  Elles  auront  des 
experiences  tres  precises  pour  soutien. 

II  existe,  comme  on  le  sait,  des  composes 
chimiques  qui  doivent  des  proprietes  tres 
speciales  a  la  presence  d'autres  corps  en 
quantite  infinitesimale.  Tels  sont,  par  ex- 
emple,  les  sulfures  phosphorescents.  Un 
sulfure  pur  n'est  jamais  phosphorescent. 
II  ne  peut  le  devenir  que  lorsqu'il  contient 
des  traces  de  corps  divers — manganese, 
bismuth,  &c.  ;  ce  n'est  qu'alors  qu'il  peut 
acquerir  la  merveilleuse  et  tres  inexpliquee 
propriete  de  devenir  phosphorescent. 

L'ancienne  chimie  ne  pouvait  pas  citer 
beaucoup  d'exemples  du  meme  ordre.  Dans 
la  chimie  que  nous  voyons  naitre  ils  de- 
viennent  innombrables  au  point  de  con- 
stituer  non  plus  l'exception,  mais  la  regie. 

Personne  n' ignore — car  e'est  une  des 
plus  importantes  decouvertes  de  la  biologie 
— que  les  corps  exercant  une  influence  pre- 
ponderante  dans  Les  phenomenes  de  la  vie: 
protoplasrna,  oxydases,  antitoxines,  alox- 
ines,  diastases,  substances  colloi'dales,  &c, 
n'aKiHsent  que  par  leur  presence,  et 
n'enlrent  pas  par  consequent  dans  les 
produits  des  reactions  qu'ils  provoquent. 
Bien  que  leur  constitution  soit  generalement 
inconnue,  on  sait  que  la  plupart  de  ces  corps 
perdent  toutes  leurs  proprietes  si  on  les 
depouille  des  traces  presque  impond6rables 
des  substances  minerales  qu'ils  contiennent. 
Ici  on  voit  nettement  apparaitro  l'influenco 
pn'ponderante,  sur  les  proprietes  des  corps, 
de  ce  que  Ton  qualifiait  d'impuretes  a  l'epoquo 


*  L'incandeBcence  n'est  d'ailleurs  nnllement  necessafre; 
il  suffit,  comme  je  I'ai  montre,  d'entourer  la  boule  d'un 
Electroscope  charge1  d'un  cylindre  de  metal  hermetique- 
ment  clos  et  le  chauffer  legerement,  .soit  an  soleil,  soit 
en  approcfaailt  un  corps  cliaud,  non  incandescent,  pour 
obtemr  une  decbarge  d'une  centaiue  de  volts.  Mais  au 
boat  ill-  quelque  tempi  le  me*tal,  ayant  Epuise  sa  provision 
de  radio-activite1,  n'ajnt  plus  et  ne  reprend  sa  propridt^ 
qn'apres  an  temps  assez  long.  11  y  a  dejk  plusieurs  aim  ces 
que  j'ai  fait  connaitre  cette  experience. 


ou  il  etait  admis  que  les  corps  ne  pouvaient 
se  combiner  qu'en  proportions  definies. 

Mais  avant  de  supposer  que  le  radium 
lui  aussi  ne  serait  qu'un  metal  connu  associe  a 
des  parcelles  de  quelque  chose  qui  lui  donne 
ses  proprietes,  il  fallait  d'abord  rechercher  si, 
par  des  combinaisons  du  meme  ordre,  on 
pourrait  donner  de  la  radio-activite  a  des 
corps  qui  n'en  possedaient  pas.  Or  e'est 
preeisement  cette  possibilite  que  j'ai  mise  en 
evidence  par  mes  experiences. 

Parmi  les  divers  exemples  de  cette 
radio  -  activite  artificielle  je  me  bornerai 
a  en  citer  deux.  Le  premier  est  celui 
de  la  ra.dio-  activite  et  de  la  phosphor- 
escence qu'acquiere  le  sulfate  de  quinine 
auquel  on  ajoute  des  traces  de  vapeur  d'eau. 
Mes  experiences  sur  ce  point  ont  ete  verifiees 
de  divers  cotes,  notamment  par  le  professeur 
Kalahne  a  Heidelberg  et  Miss  Gates  en 
Amerique.  Ces  deux  auteurs  ont  developpe 
leurs  experiences  de  verification  dans  d'im- 
portants  memoires. 

Le  second  exemple  que  je  citerai  est  choisi 
parce  qu'il  est  d'une  repetition  extremement 
facile,  si  on  veut  bien  suivre  les  indications 
que  j'ai  donnees  ailleurs.  Le  mercure  n'est 
pas  radio-actif  sous  l'influence  de  la  lumiere  ; 
or  il  suffit  de  lui  aj outer  quelques  milliemes 
de  son  poids  d'etain  pour  qu'il  devienne  a 
surface  egale  quarante  fois  plus  radio-actif 
que  1' uranium. 

Done  jusqu'au  jour — fort  lointain,  je 
crois — ou  on  aura  isole  le  radium,  nous 
serons  autorise  a  dire  que  ce  metal  suppose 
n'est  qu'une combinaison,  de  nature  d'ailleurs 
inconnue,  due  a  la  presence  en  quantite 
tres  minime  d'une  autre  substance.  Cette 
derniere  agit  sans  doute  en  engendrant  des 
equilibres  qui  rendent  instables  les  atomes 
de  corps  arrives  deja  tres  pres  d'une  periode 
d'instabilite  qu'on  pourrait  qualifier  de 
vieillesse.  Les  observations  astronomiques, 
celles  de  Norman  Lockyer  notamment,  ont 
montre  depuis  longtemps  que  les  atomes  de 
tous  les  corps  ne  se  sont  pas  formes  en  meme 
temps,  mais  bien  a  des  epoquesfortdifferentes. 
Ils  ont  done  des  ages  tres  divers,  et  leur 
desagregation  spontanee  ou  sous  l'influence 
de  causes  legeres  n'est  peut  -  etre  qu'une 
consequence  de  leur  vieillesse. 

La  transmutation  du  radium  en  helium  ou 
en  un  tout  autre  corps  n'a  d'ailleurs  en  elle- 
meme  rien  d'impossible,  puisque  de  telles 
transformations  s'observent  dans  ces  etoiles 
temporaires  qui  apparaissent  brusquement 
dans  le  ciel.  Leur  spectre,  analogue  d'abord 
a  celui  du  soleil,  se  transforme  tres  rapide- 
ment,  et  devient  celui  des  nebuleuses,  ce 
qui  implique  la  transformation  des  atomes 
qui  entrent  dans  leur  structure.  La  trans- 
formation d'un  corps  en  un  autre,  du  radium 
en  h61ium  par  exemple,  est  done  admis- 
sible, mais  rien  jusqu'ici  ne  d6montre  encore 
qu'ello  ait  ete  realisee  dans  nos  laboratoiros. 
Les  negations  tres  nettes  de  Lord  Kelvin 
semblent  par  consequent  tout  a  fait  justifiees. 

in. 

Parmi  les  assertions  qui  ont  et6  formulees 
dans  la  discussion  sur  le  radium  auquel  il  a 
ete  fait  allusion  se  trouve  la  suivante  enoncee 
par  M.  Soddy  :  "  L'emission  de  l'6nergio 
du  radium  reste  un  mystere." 

Ce  mystere  est  evident  avec  les  idees 
anciennos,  mais  si  on  admet  la  theorio  do 
l'energie  intra-atomique  que  je  defends 
depuis  si  longtemps,  l'explication  du  mystere 
est  en  verite  tres  simple.  Tous  les  corps, 
le  radium  commo  les  autros,  ropresentont 
un  immense  reservoir  d'6nergie  concentree 
sous  un  faible  volume  a  l'epoquo  de  lour 
formation.  Seule  cette  6nergio  peut  ex- 
pliquer  la  vitesse  d'6mission  des  particules 
radio-actives. 

Et  si  on  demande  comment  une  quantite 
tres  grando  d'6norgie  peut  etre   condens6e 


sous  un  si  faible  volume,  on  repondra 
que  l'explication  est  tres  simple  encore. 
II  suffit  d'admettre  que  les  elements  des 
atomes  sont  animes  d'un  inouvement  de- 
rotation  ayant  la  rapidite  de  remission  des 
rayons  cathodiques,  e'est  a  dire,  une  vitesse 
moyenne  egale  au  tiers  de  celle  de  la  lumiere. 
J'ai  montre  ailleurs  qu'on  pourrait  imaginer 
une  petite  machine  pouvant  etre  enfermee 
dans  le  chaton  d'une  ba^ue,  et  composee 
uniquement  d'une  sphere  de  la  grosseur 
d'une  tete  d'epingle  tournant  sur  elle-meme 
dans  le  vide  avec  la  vitesse  indiquee 
plus  haut.  Par  le  seul  fait  de  sa  rotation 
son  energie  cinetique  serait  de  203,873 
millions  de  kilogrammetres,  soit  le  travail 
que  fourniraient  en  une  heure  1510  loco- 
motives d'une  puissance  moyenne  de  500- 
chevaux. 

Ce  sont  ces  considerations  qui  m'ont  con- 
duit a  admettre  que  l'entretien  de  la  chaleur 
solaire  et  l'mcandescence  des  a,stres  etaient 
dus,  non  certes  a  la  tres  probiematique  et 
tres  inutile  presence  du  radium,  mais  a  la 
simple  desintegration  des  elements  des 
atomes  qui  composent  ces  astres.  Ils  de- 
pensent  maintenant  l'energie  intra-atomique- 
condensee  dans  leur  sein  a  l'epoque  de 
leiu  formation. 

J'ai  ete  conduit  aussi  a  la  suite  d'experi- 
ences,  que  je  ne  puis  reproduire  ici,  a 
prouver  que  l'electricite  n'etait  qu'une  des 
formes  de  l'energie  intra-atomique.  La 
plupart  des  forces  de  l'univers  ne  seraient 
done  dues  en  realite  qu'a  la  liberation 
d'energie  intra-atomique  qui  accompagne- 
la  dematerialisation  de  la  matiere. 

Toutes  ces  experiences  m'ont  conduit  a 
formuler  et  developper  les  principes  suivants^ 
que  je  me  bornerai  a  reproduire. 

1.  La  matiere,  supposee  jadis  indes- 
tructible, s'ovanouit  lentement  par  la  dis- 
sociation continuelle  des  atomes  qui  la 
composent. 

2.  Les  produits  de  la  dematerialisation  de 
la  matiere  constituent  des  substances  inter- 
mediaires  par  leurs  proprietes  entre  les  corps 
ponderables  et  Tether  imponderable,  e'est  a 
dire,  entre  deux  mondes  que  la  science  avait 
profondement  separes  jusqu'ici. 

3.  La  matiere,  jadis  envisagee  comme- 
inerte  et  ne  pouvant  restituer  que  l'energie 
qu'on  lui  a  d'abord  fournie,  est  au  contraire 
un  colossal  reservoir  d'energie — l'energie 
intra-atomique — qu'elle  peut  depenser  sans 
rien  emprunter  au  dehors. 

4.  C'est  de  l'energie  intra-atomique  qui 
se  manifeste  pendant  la  dissociation  de  la 
matiere  que  resultent  la  plupart  des  forces 
do  l'univers,  l'eloctricite  et  la  chaleur  solaire 
notamment. 

5.  La  force  et  la  matiere  sont  deux  formes 
diverses  d'une  meme  chose.  La  matiere 
re]  'resente  une  forme  stable  de  l'energie 
intra-atomique.  La  chaleur,  la  lumiere, 
l'electricite,  &c,  representent  des  formes 
instables  de  la  meme  energie. 

f>.  En  dissociant  les  atomes,  c'est  a  dire 
en  den  later  ialisant  la  matiere,  on  ne  fait  que 
transformer  la  forme  stable  de  l'energie 
nommee  matiere  en  cos  formes  instables 
connues  sous  les  noms  d'electricite,  de 
lumiere,  de  chaleur,  &c.  La  matiere  se 
transformo  done  continuolloment  en  energie. 

7.  La  loi  d'cvolution  applicable  aux  etres 
vivants  l'est  6galomont  aux  corps  simples  'T 
los  ospeces  chimiques  pas  plus  que  les  ospeces 
vivantes  ne  sont  invariables. 

Gtjstave  le  Bon. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological.  — Nor.  7. — Mr.  F.  Mcrrifieldr 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  G.  H.  Gurney,  Mr. 
H.  A.  Fry,  Mr.  F.  A.  Mitchell-Hedges,  Mr.  G. 
Merriman,  Mr.  P.  A.  H.  Muschamp,  and  Mr.  0.  S. 


N*  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


623 


Wickar,  were  elected  Fellows. — Mr.  H.  J.  Lucas 
•exhibited  a  photograph  of  Pernor  pa  germanica, 
virtually  immaculate,  taken  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Cockayne  in  Sutherlandshire,  and  a  typical  form 
ior  comparison,  corresponding  apparently  to  the 
•oorealis  of  Stephens.  He  also  showed  a  series  of 
P.  germanica  and  other  members  of  the  genus  to 
illustrate  the  range  of  spotting  on  the  wings  of 
both  sexes. — Mr.  G.  C.  Champion  showed  a  long 
series  of  a  Henicopus  (probably  H.  spiniger,  Duval) 
from  El  Barco,  (ialicia,  Spain,  to  demonstrate  the 
dimorphism  of  the  females,  one  form  having  wholly 
black  hairs,  and  the  other  wholly  white  (some- 
times with  a  few  black  ones  intermixed),  the  males 
showing  no  variation  in  this  respect.  — Mr.  H. 
St.  J.  Donisthorpe  exhibited  seven  speoimens  of 
Prionocyphon  serricornis,  Miill. ,  bred  from  larvte 
taken  in  the  New  Forest  in  July,  live  larvae,  and  a 
larva  and  pupa  figured,  of  the  same,  and  read  a 
note  on  the  species. — Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  brought 
for  exhibition  a  collection  of  butterflies,  made  in 
ijalicia  last  July,  including  Lycwna  Idas,  hitherto 
reported  only  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  the 
•extreme  south-east  of  Spain,  with  L.  astrarche  from 
the  same  ground  for  comparison,  and  L.  argus 
(aigon)  from  the  same  district.  The  last,  while 
very  close  to  the  vars.  hypochiona  and  bejarensis, 
differed,  however,  in  a  certain  proportion  of  the 
specimens  presenting  the  red  of  the  marginal 
"  peacock  eyes  "  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  hind 
wings  of  the  males. — The  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild 
exhibited  branches  of  Viburnum  lantana  showing 
the  mines  of  Sesia  {JEgeria)  aiidreniformis,  now 
discovered  by  him  for  the  first  time  as  the  food- 
plant  of  the  species  in  Britain. — Mr.  E.  D.  Jones 
exhibited  two  species  of  the  genus  Molipa  bred 
from  Brazilian  larvae  identical  in  form.  He  also 
showed  photographs  of  the  larvte  in  situ.  — •  Dr. 
F.  A.  Dixey  exhibited  a  case  of  female  Pierine 
butterflies  to  illustrate  the  various  conditions  under 
which  white  pigment  might  be  replaced  by  black, 
and  explained  that  in  his  opinion  they  supported  the 
theory  that  melanism,  though  it  may  occur  as  a 
variation,  owed  its  establishment  to  the  principle 
of  selective  adaptation. — The  President  mentioned 
a  bug  which  Mr.  Cecil  Floertheim  had  found  very 
destructive  to  the  eggs  of  Papilio  machaon  and 
P.  asterius  in  his  open-air  butterfly  house.  It 
pierces  the  ovum  and  feeds  on  the  contents,  leaving 
only  the  iridescent  shell. 


Philological. — Nov.  2. — Mr.  H.  A.  Nesbitt  in 
the  chair. — Mr.  W.  A  Craigie  read  a  paper  on  the 
N  words  he  is  editing  for  the  Society's  '  Oxford 
English  Dictionary.'  He  has  his  articles  in  type 
as  far  as  Nit,  and  the  printers  have  copy  to  the 
end  of  iVt.  Dr.  H.  Bradley  has  M  in  type  to  Mis- 
see,  and  in  copy  to  the  end  of  Mia.  Dr.  Murray 
has  P  in  type  to  Probation.  Mr.  Craigie  dealt 
with  nick,  a  cut  or  notch,  which  occurs  first  in  the 
'  Catholicon  '  of  1483  ;  but  its  etymology  is  not 
known.  Its  senses  include  a  reckoning,  a  gap 
in  a  range  of  hills,  a  pun,  a  mark,  "  the  correct 
thing"  ("  Everything  that  is  fashionable  is  now 
•called  the  Nick,"  1788),  a  critical  moment  ("this 
nick  of  time,"  1642),  a  lucky  cross-breed  in  dogs, 
and  a  fraudulent  bottom  in  a  beer-can  ("  Cannes  of 
beere  fil'd  with  nick  and  froth,"  c.  1605).  Old 
Nick  is  first  found  about  1640  in  '  Merry  Drollery,' 
•and  is  supposed  to  be  a  shortening  of  Nicholas  ; 
but  why  it  is  applied  to  the  Devil  no  one  knows. 
Nickel,  the  mineral,  was  so  named  b}'  its  finder 
Von  Cronstedt  in  1754,  from  the  German  Kupfer- 
nickel,  because  it  yielded  no  copper,  though  it 
looked  as  if  it  ought  to.  The  name  appeared  in 
The  Gentleman' $  Magazine  of  1755.  As  a  coin,  nicki  I 
at  first  was  in  America  a  one-cent  piece,  but  is  now 
a  five-cent  one.  Nicker,  a  water-kelpie,  is  in 
'  Beowulf '  and  other  books  till  1340 ;  it  then 
appears  only  in  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  century 
dictionaries,  was  revived  in  1834  hy  Fraser's  Maga- 
zine, and  was  later  used  by  Kingsley,  Stopford 
Brooke,  &c.  As  a  devil,  Nicker  was  used  by 
Caxton  in  1481.  Nickname  has  the  n  before 
^'eke-name-'  in  the  '  Promptorium  Parvulorum  ' 
\c.  1440),  "  Ncke  name  or  eke  name,  agnomen." 
"lie  nicke  him  with  a  name"  is  in  a  Martin 
Marprelate  tract  of  1589.  Nicotian,  the  tobacco- 
plant,  was  named  after  Jacques  Nicot,  French 
ambassador  at  Lisbon,  who  introduced  tobacco 
into  France  in  1560.  It  was  used  as  a  remedy  for 
wounds,  with  "  balme  and  cooling  violets,"  1597. 
The  word  is  first  found  in  Frampton's  'Joyful 
Hews,'  1577.  Niddering,  a  base  wretch,  arose  from 


Sir  Hy.  Savile  misreading  the  <5  of  A.-S.  niSing  as 
d  with  the  curl  of  contraction  for  er.  This  was  in 
1596.  In  1661  Spelman  put  an  I  into  ths  word, 
and  produced  "niderling";  but  Scott  in  'Ivan- 
hoe,'  1819,  went  back  t)  "  nidering,"  though  his 
followers,  Bulwer  Lytton,  King.sle}',  &c. ,  spalt 
it  "niddering."  Camden  in  1603  spelt  nifiing  as 
"  niding,"  which  afterwards  became  "nidding." 
Niece  was  used  for  a  granddaughter  down  to  ItiJJ  ; 
also  for  an  ecclesiastic's  bastard  daughter,  and 
generally  for  a  female  relative.  In  the  sixteenth 
century  it  was  applied  to  a  nephew,  and  earlier 
to  an  aunt  and  to  a  stranger.  Niere,  neif,  a  fist, 
from  Old  Norse  hnefi,  nefi,  is  not  found  in  the 
other  Teutonic  dialects.  Shakspeare  has  it  as 
"  neafe "  and  "  neaffe,"  and  Ben  JonsDn  as 
"  neuf."  Niggard  and  nigon  are  perhaps  not  from 
"  nig,"  a  miser.  "  Nigon  "  is  the  earlier  form,  in 
1303;  "niggard"  is  in  Chaucer  (c.  1374),  'Piers 
Plowman,'  and  Wyclif.  To  niggle  does  not 
appear  till  about  1615  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
It  corresponds  in  form  and  meaning  with  the 
Scandinavian  nigla,  trifle,  of  the  tenth  century. 
The  old  positive  nigh  has  been  replaced  by  its 
comparative  near,  but  is  given  four  c  'lurnns  in  the 
Dictionary.  Night  and  its  many  compounds  take 
over  twenty-three  columns.  Nightcrow  dates  from 
1340,  nightcap  from  1336  ;  nightgown  from  1400  ; 
night  clothe*  from  1602  ;  nighthawk  from  the  1611 
Bible.  Night-raven  is  the  earliest  compound,  in 
725  ;  nightshade,  nightwake,  and  night ivatch  follow 
in  1000  ;  nightmare  occurs  in  1290 ;  nighturxlker 
in  1497.  A  woman's  nightshi/t  is  found  in  1710 ; 
but  the  miners'  nightshi/t  does  not  turn  up 
till  1839.  The  obsolete  nightgale,  nightingale, 
runs  from  725  to  1483.  Nightingale  comes  in  about 
1250  with  the  well-known  poem  of  the  '  Owl  and 
Nightingale,'  in  which  the  two  birds  dispute 
about  their  respective  merits  and  defects.  ' '  Dutch 
nightingale  "  is  a  humorous  name  for  the  frog  in 
Pennant,  1769,  and  later  writers.  Nigger,  an 
alteration  of  "  Neger,"  seems  to  have  hsan  first 
used  by  Burns  in  1786,  and  is  also  applied  to  the 
black  caterpillar  of  the  turnip  sawfly,  the  ladybird 
larvae  in  hopgrounds,  a  form  of  steam-engine  and 
steam-capstan,  a  flatfish  (the  "  nigger-fish  "),  &c. 
"Nihilism  (and  a  total  disregard  of  all  moral 
obligation) "  appears  about  1815,  and  for  the 
doctrines  of  the  Russian  Nihilists  in  1868.  For 
Nihilist  in  philosophy  or  religion  the  earliestquota- 
tion  is  1336-7,  and  in  Russian  politics  in  1871. 
JVil,  nothing,  does  not  occur  before  1833  ;  as  a  kind 
of  bindweed  with  blue  flowers  it  is  known  in  1597, 
and  as  the  indigo  plant  in  1598.  Ni/l  or  nil,  the 
white  oxide  of  zinc,  was  used  in  1545  for  the  herb 
"pompholyx,"  for  the  sparkles  or  ashes  of  brass 
tried  in  a  furnace,  for  the  scales  of  hot  iron,  and 
the  stars  of  rockets.  The  old  English  nim,  take, 
steal,  was  superseded  by  the  Scandinavian  take 
after  1600.  From  its  stem  cams  nimble,  about 
1300,  applied  to  persons,  actions,  qualities,  ships, 
sums  of  money,  with  many  compounds,  "How 
now,  Mrs.  Nimblechaps,"  1673  ;  "Nimble  Dick,"  a 
kind  of  horse-fly,  &c.  Mmrod  meant  a  tyrant 
(1550)  before  it  was  applied  to  a  great  hunter  in 
1599.  Nincompoop  does  not  appear  till  1706  ;  the 
earlier  form  was  nicompoop  or  nickumpoop.  The 
coin  ninepence  was  the  Irish  harp  shilling,  which 
was  declared  of  that  value  by  proclamation  in 
1606  ;  and  in  the  United  States  it  is  a  name  for 
the  Spanish  "real."  Mr.  Craigie  dealt  also  with 
ninny,  1.593;  ninepins,  1580;  nip,  vb. ,  1393; 
nipperkin,  Dutch,  1694;  nipper,  thief,  1585;  boy, 
18")1  :  young  boy,  1872;  nisi  prius,  1347;  nit, 
egg  of  a  louse,  825. — The  Chairman,  wh  >  formerly 
subedited  part  of  N  for  the  Dictionary,  made  some 
remarks  on  nitty  ah  applied  to  sparklingchampagnc. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — Nor.  13. — 
Sir  Alexander  Kennedy,  President,  in  the  chair. 
The  paper  read  was  '  Single-Phase  Electric  Trac- 
tion,' by  Mr.  C.  F.  Jenkin. 


Mathematical. — Nov.  8. — Annual  Meeting. — 
Prof.  A.  K.  Forsyth,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr. 
W.  F.  S.  Churchill  and  Dr.  T.  Stuart  were  admitted 
into  the  Society. — The  Council  and  officers  for  the 
ensuing  session  were  elected  :  President,  Prof.  \V. 
Burnside  ;  Vice-Presidents,  Sir  Win.  Niven  and 
Prof.  A.  R.  Forsyth  ;  Treasurer,  Prof.  J.  Larmor  ; 
Secretaries,  Prof.  A.  E.  H.  Love  and  Mr.  J.  H. 
Orace  ;  Oilier  Members  of  the  Council,  Dr.  H.  V. 
Baker,  Mr.  A.  Berry,  Mr.  A.  L.  Dixon,  Prof.  E.  B. 


Elliott,  Dr.  J.  W.  L.  Glaisher,  Mr.  G.  H.  Hardy, 
Dr.  E.  W.  Hobson,  Prof.  H.  M.  Macdonald,  Mr. 
A.  E.  Western,  and  Mr.  A.  Young. — The  retiring 
President,  Prof.  A.  R.  Forsyth,  read  his  valedic- 
tory address,  entitled  '  Partial  Differential  Equa- 
tions :  some  Criticisms  and  some  Suggestions.' — 
The  following  papers  were  communicated  :  '  Har- 
monic Expansions  of  Functions  of  Two  Variables,' 
by  Prof.  A.  C.  Dixon, — 'The  General  Solution  of 
Laplace's  Equation  in  n  Dimensions,'  by  Mr.  G.  N. 
Wats  m, — '  On  Subgroups  of  a  Finite  Abelian 
Group,' by  Mr.  H.  Hilt  >n, — '  On  Backlund's  Trans- 
formation, and  on  a  Certain  Type  of  Partial  Dif- 
ferential Equations  of  the  Second  Order,'  by  Mr. 
J.  E.  Campbell, — '  On  the  Inversion  of  a  Definite 
Integral,'  by  Mr.  H.  Bateman, — and  '  On  Partial 
Differential  Coefficients,  and  on  Repeated  Limits  in 
General,'  by  Dr.  E.  W.  Hobson. 

Aristotelian.  — Nov.  8.  — Dr.  Hastings  Rash- 
dall,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  President 
delivered  the  inaugural  address  on  '  Nicholas  de 
Ultricuria  :  a  Mediaeval  Hume."  He  began  by 
suggesting  that  current  impressions  of  medheval 
philosophy  did  scant  justice  to  the  originality  and 
independence  of  the  speculation  which  prevailed 
in  the  mediaeval  schools,  parti}'  because  the  most 
famous  mediaeval  doctors  were  the  accepted  theo- 
logians of  the  regular  orders.  These  had  ex- 
ceptional facilities  for  getting  their  works  diffused, 
read,  and  taught  throughout  Europe,  and  event- 
ually printed  in  massive  folios,  while  the  secular 
teachers  were  forgotten.  In  the  case  of  the  more 
unorthodox,  successful  persecution  had  so  com- 
pletely doomed  their  ideas  to  oblivion  that  their 
very  names  are  hardly  mentioned  by  historians  of 
philosophy.  A  remarkable  instance  of  this  process 
is  supplied  by  the  fate  of  Nicholas  de  Ultricuria 
(of  Autricourt,  now  Avricourt),  of  whose  works 
nothing  remains  but  two  letters  and  the  proposi- 
tions which  in  1346  he  was  compelled  to  retract. 
Yet  the  leading  opinions  of  Berkeley  and  Hume 
were  all  anticipated  by  this  fourteenth-century 
schoolman.  Among  the  condemned  theses  (now 
published  in  Denifle  and  Chatelain's  magnificent 
'  Chartularium  Universitatis  Parisiensis ')  the 
following  were  some  of  the  most  notable:  "Of 
the  existence  of  material  substance  other  than  our 
own  soul  we  have  no  evident  certainty";  "We 
do  not  know  for  certain  that  things  other  than 
God  can  be  the  cause  of  any  effect "  ;  "  We  do  not 
know  evidently  that  any  cause  but  God  can 
exercise  efficient  causality."  He  doubted,  in  short, 
the  existence  of  matter,  the  existence  of  the  self 
except  as  an  effect  of  Divine  causality,  the  exist- 
ence of  any  self-evident  or  a  priori  truth,  the 
necessity  of  the  causal  nexus  and  the  validity  of 
any  inferences  based  thereupon.  In  some  ways 
his  scepticism  went  beyond  that  of  Hume  himself  : 
it  reached  its  climax  in  the  assertion  that  the  only 
thing  we  can  be  certain  of  is  "If  something  is, 
something  is."  Nicholas  represented,  Dr.  Rash- 
dall  thought,  an  extreme  development  of  the 
Empiricism  of  Occam,  though  his  Determinism  was 
no  doubt  due  to  the  influence  of  Bradwardine.  In 
spite  of  all  his  scepticism,  there  was  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  lie  was  quite  sincere  in  his  Theism  and 
his  Christianity.  What  his  speculation  probably 
meant  was  that  faith  must  be  substituted  for 
knowledge  as  the  basis  of  religious  belief  :  yet  he 
was  not  a  mere  spinner  of  ingenious  metaphysical 
cobwebs,  but  a  real  thinker  who  hid  fairly  entered 
upon  the  line  of  speculation  ending  in  the 
doubts  which,  in  the  form  given  to  them  by 
Berkeley  and  Hume,  all  modern  philosophy  has 
been  engaged  either  in  meeting  or  confirming. 

MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

Hon.     London    Institution.   5.— 'Secrets    in    Sands,    with    Special 
Reference  to  Uusical  Sands,  Mr.  C  riV,-.-\: 

—  Surveyors'  Institution,  7.— Junior  Meeting. 

—  I ii-.t i t lit.-  .it   British    Lrchitects,  -  -'The  Crasus  Temple  of 

Artemis  al  Bphesus,'  Mr  a   i:   Henderson 

—  Society   of   arts,  8     'Artificial  Fertilise!       I  I.,  Mr. 

A    D.  Sal]  i  lantor  Lecture). 

—  Sociological. a— 'Japanese Character.' Mr  A  P.Shand. 

—  Geojrraphieal,  s  :«i  -'TheSevehelle  Islands.'  Mr  J.S.Gardiner. 

—  Jewish  Historical,  a  30.— Presidential  A 
Tubs.    Statistical,  5.— President's  Address. 

—  Institution  of  civil  F.ngineers,  8—  Discussion  on  '  Sin  i;k'.  Phase 

Electric  Traction.' 
Wed.     Meteorological,  7.J0.— 'The  Internationa]  Congress  on  Max 
Exploration  at   Brussels,  September,  1908,'  Mr.  H.  H.  Mill; 
'The  Alinui'initl  Weather  of  the  Past  Summer  and  some  of 
its  Effects,    Mr.  W.  Marriott 

—  Entomological,   *  -'studies  of  the    Blattidse    II  .'  Mr.  1{. 

Shelford  ;  '  Not.-  on  the  Life-History  of  IrocfciiiMm  attdn  no- 
forme,  Leap..  Hon   N.  0   Rothschild. 

—  Folk- lore.  8.— 'The  Evolution  of  the  Idea  of  Hades  in  Celtic 

Literature,1  Miss  r.  Hull 

—  Geological,   8.—'  on  the   skull   and    Greater  Portion   of   the 

Skeleton  of  OonioaSoUt  crassiden*  from  the  Wealden  Shales 
of  Atherfield.  Isle  of  Wirht.1  Mr  II  W.  Hooley;  'The 
Kimeridge  clay  and  OoralUan  Bocks  of  the  Neichljourhood 
of  Brill,  Buckinghamshire,'  Mr.  A.  M.  Davics. 


624 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


Wed.     Microscopical,   8.—'  The  Use   of   a  Top    Stop    for    developing 
Latent  Powers  of  the  Microscope,'  Mr.  J.  W  Gordon. 

—  Socioty  of  Arts,  8.— Address  by  Sir  S.  Calvin  Bnylov. 
Thv«s.  Royal.  4..10. 

—  London  Institution,  6.— 'The   Ober-Ammergau  Passion  Play,' 

Mr.  T.  C.  Worafold. 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  8.— 'Selection  and  Testing 

of  Materials  for  Construction  of  Electric  Machinery,'  Prof. 
J.  Epstein. 
Fri.  Physical,  5— 'The  Electrical  Radiation  from  Bent  Antennae,' 
Prof.  J.  A.  Fleming;  'Auroral  and  Sunspot  Frequencies 
Contrasted,'  Dr.  C.  Chree  ;  "The  Electrical  Resistance  of 
Alloys,'  Dr.  R.  S.  Willows. 


%titntt  (Gossip. 

A  vaxuable  Parliamentary  Paper  appears 
in  Colonial  Reports,  being  the  Annual  Report 
for  the  first  year  of  issue,  ending  August  last, 
of  the  Surveys  and  Explorations  of  British 
Africa  (2s.  Id.).  There  are  maps  of  the 
survey  of  each  colony,  and  one  of  the  whole 
of  Africa. 

Mr.  Gbover,  of  the  late  Sir  Cuthbert 
Peek's  Observatory,  Rousdon,  Lyme  Regis, 
obtained  visual  observations  of  Holmes's 
periodical  comet  (/,  1906)  on  the  13th,  14th, 
and  16th  ult.  ;  he  describes  it  as  having  "  a 
dull,  ruddy,  ill-defined  nucleus,  involved  in 
a  very  hazy  cloud  of  small  dimensions." 

Prof.  Rajna,  of  Bologna,  is  making  an 
appeal  for  funds  to  rebuild  the  observatory 
there  on  a  new  site,  and  provide  it  with 
instruments  suited  to  modern  requirements. 

A  new  comet  (g,  1906)  was  discovered  by 
Prof.  Thiele  at  Copenhagen  on  the  morning 
of  the  11th  inst.,  near  the  western  boundarv 
of  the  constellation  Leo  (and  therefore  not 
far  from  the  radiant  point  of  the  Leonid 
meteors),  moving  in  a  north-easterly  direc- 
tion. 

Another  variable  star  has  been  detected 
m  the  constellation  Cetus  by  Herr  E.  R 
von  Oppolzer.  It  is  numbered  +  0°.249  in 
the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung,'  and  will  be 
reckoned  as  var.  122,  1906,  Ceti.  The 
magnitude  when  at  a  maximum  is  about 
9-0,  and  at  a  minimum  8"3,  so  that  the  range 
of  variability  is  little  more  than  half  a  magni- 
tude ;  the  observations  are  not  sufficient  in 
number  to  establish  the  type  of  change. 

A  new  small  planet  was  photographed  by 
M.  Liapin  at  Pulkowa  on  the  26th  ult.  After 
this  had  been  announced  to  Prof.  Max  Wolf 
at  Heidelberg,  it  was  found  registered  on  a 
plate  taken  by  Herr  Lohnert  on  the  13th. 
Dr.  Camera  has  given  to  Nos.  469  and  479 
discovered  by  him  on  February  20th  and 
November  12th,  1901,  the  names  Argentina 
and  Caprera  respectively. 

The  American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical 
Almanac  has  recently  been  issued  for  the 
year  1909.  The  data  and  contents  are  the 
same  generally  as  in  preceding  years,  and 
there  is  full  information  concerning  the 
special  phenomena.  The  solar  eclipse  on 
June  17th,  annular  along  the  central  line 
(which  passes  over  the  North  Pole),  will  be 
just  total  for  a  very  short  time  over  a  small 
area.  It  will  be  visible  as  a  partial  eclipse 
over  nearly  the  whole  of  North  America 
and  North- Eastern  Asia. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 
Correggio.  By  T.  Sturgo  Moore.  (Duck- 
worth &  Co.) — The  young  art  student  who 
finds  himself  nowadays  in  that  unformed, 
receptive  state  through  which  all  must  puss, 
and  which  by  no  means  indicates  want  of 
character  or  initiative,  must,  we  fancy, 
experience  a  groat  lack  of  contemporary 
critical  guidance.  "  Art  publications  "  there 
are  in  plenty,  so  profusely  illustrated  that 
the  entire  history  of  art  is  unrolled  before  his 


eyes  in  more  or  less  misleading,  but  still 
suggestive,  if  puzzling  process-blocks  ;  but, 
if  he  turn  to  the  accompanying  letterpress 
for  a  clue  to  the  meaning  of  the  varied  show, 
he  usually  finds  a  pedantic  and  barren  dis- 
cussion of  names  and  dates,  or,  as  an  alter- 
native, a  welter  of  laudatory  adjectives 
which  offers  no  real  criticism  of  the  artist's 
process  of  thought,  his  intentions,  or  his 
probable  technical  processes. 

It  is,  then,  very  important  to  distinguish 
clearly  the  rare  work  that  may  inspire  and 
enlighten  the  artist  from  the  ninety  and 
nine  worthy  compilations  that  offer  him 
facts,  perhaps,  but  never  refreshment  or 
practical  suggestion.  Mr.  Moore's  book 
has  the  great  merit  of  having  something  to 
say  to  the  active  student  of  art  ;  and  the 
active  student  of  art,  we  submit,  is,  with  all 
his  faults,  better  worth  cultivating  than 
either  the  general  public,  which  demands 
picturesque  anecdote,  or  the  learned  but 
nowadays  so  ill-named  "  dilettante,"  who 
care?  only  for  subtle  attributions  and  defi- 
nite dates. 

But,  while  welcoming  Mr.  Moore's  book 
as  a  mine  of  illuminating  suggestion  for  such 
students,  we  are  by  no  means  sure  that 
any  but  the  most  determined  will  take 
advantage  to  the  full  of  the  opportunity 
here  offered,  for  the  manner  in  which 
our  author  says  what  he  has  to  say  is  open 
to  serious  objection.  Rarely  have  we  read 
a  book  more  bewildering  in  general  plan, 
and  this  in  spite  of  not  a  little  classification 
into  divisions  and  subdivisions.  It  is, 
moreover,  written  in  a  style  of  liquid  and 
wandering  reverie  that  breeds  in  the  reader 
a  soft  acquioscence  no  wise  fitting  him  to 
disentangle  a  mass  of  principles  and  facts, 
of  suggestions  and  surmises,  which  aims, 
indeed,  at  depicting  Correggio  in  his  essential 
character  in  relation  with  the  universe,  but 
which  lacks  continuity  in  a  larger  s^nse, 
though  in  detail  it  has  all  tho  close-linked 
yet  arbitrary  sequence  of  an  improviser's 
"  thinking- aloud."  Any  one  who  has  traced 
back  his  own  mental  processes  in  a  mood 
of  passive  reverie  must  have  been  struck 
by  the  naturalness  of  each  step  in  the  pro- 
gression, and  by  the  incoherence  of  the 
whole  ;  and  it  is  difficult  not  to  see  in  the 
want  of  determined  direction  here  a  tribute 
of  unconscious  imitation  of  the  painter. 
In  that  painter's  work  is  no  want  of 
confident  gesture,  but  the  multitude  of 
gestures  show  a  want  of  coherence,  and 
always  a  somewhat  flaccid  line.  Similarly 
we  find  in  Mr.  Moore's  volume  passages 
nebulous,  yet  woolly,  like  the  clouds  that 
abound  in  the  works  of  Correggio,  a  painter 
so  tolerant  at  once  of  the  vague  and  the 
obvious.  Perhaps,  indeed,  our  author  anti- 
cipates such  a  criticism  when  he  claims  that 

"to  maintain  an  atmosphere  of  liquid  suggestion 
around  the  many  unrelated  facts  which  we  cannot 
help  observing,  is  a  likely  way  to  prepare  for  their 
due  relation  by  others  more  fortunate  than  our- 
selves." 

Never,  in  fact,  was  a  writer  less  dogmatic, 
or  more  anxious  to  rodress  the  balance  by 
becoming  an  advocate  of  the  unpopular 
point  of  view,  and  his  vindication,  for  in- 
stance, of  Correggio  as  in  a  sense  a  religious 
painter  is  illuminating.  He  points  out  how 
largely  courtesy,  amenity,  the  refinements  of 
social  intercourse,  are  Christian  virtues, 
s,nd  recognizes  Correggio  a.3  an  exponent  of 
the  Jesuit  doctrine  of  "  sufficient  grace  "  : — 

"  He  is  a  real  disciple  of  Jesus,  and  brings 
religion  back  to  the  world  as  the  polite  abbes  did. 
He  does  not  talk  about  judgment  or  about  Hell. 
Jesus  and  Mary  and  the  saints  are  for  him  people 
whose  function  and  pleasure  it  is  to  make  us  nappy 
now  in  this  world,  to  give  us  the  grace  both  to 
forget  and  forgive  our  own  sins,  and  even  those  of 
other  people.     He  had   a  great  spirit  because  he 


distinguished  what  was  sound  from  what  was- 
corrupt ;  he  judged  more  wisely  than  many 
reformers." 

This  is  insinuatingly  put,  and  not  unfairly, 
even  though  to  an  Englishman  face  to  face 
with  the  pictures  it  is  not  wholly  convincing. 
Unconvinced  also  are  we  of  the  entirely 
healthy  and  classic  nature  of  Correggio's 
rendering  of  passion  or  of  his  visions  of 
youthful  beauty.  Not  to  put  too  fine  a 
point  on  it,  Correggio  invented  a  gaiety 
that  was  mawkish,  and  herein  was,  as  Mr. 
Borenson  proudly  claims,  "centuries  ahead  of 
his  contemporaries,"  who  had  as  yet  exploited 
only  the  mawkishness  that  may  be  in  grief. 
He  was  a  strange  mixture  of  corrupt  sophis- 
tication and  essential  innocence.  Mr.  Moore 
credits  him  rightly  enough  with  having 
been  the  innovator  who  inspired  Reynolds 
and  Prud'hon,  Millet  and  Baudry.  He 
might  have  traced  also  the  same  spirit  in 
the  cameo-like  treatment  of  some  of  Pri- 
maticcio's  work,  or  in  the  prolix,  yet  always 
pertinent  use  of  contour  of  the  great  Jean, 
Goujon.  Too  much,  perhaps,  Mr.  Moore 
insists  on  the  debt  of  such  men  as  these  to 
Correggio  the  innovator,  while  he  hardly 
recognizes  with  sufficient  frankness  that 
Boucher  also  can  trace  the  germ  of  his 
feeble  elegance  from  this  very  '  Io  '  that 
we  are  bidden  to  revere  as  a  heaven-sent 
masterpiece. 

Yet  these  are  minor  foibles  in  what  is, 
on  the  whole,  a  singularly  well-balanced 
piece  of  criticism.  It  is  full  of  suggestion^ 
and  we  regret  that  it  is  encumbered  by  the 
insertion  of  many  unrelated  facts  and  fancies. 
In  discussing  Millet's  work  recently  we  pointed 
out  how  with  him  the  act  of  drawing  was  an 
act  of  recording  relations,  and  how,  auto- 
matically and  without  effort,  he  rejected 
detail  that  served  not  to  enforce  thoso 
relations.  A  similar  habit  of  terse  and  vivid 
statement  is  necessary  to  the  critic  if  he 
is  to  be  an  intelligible  leader  in  art  criticism 
to-day. 

For  the  condition  of  art  at  present  is  such 
as  to  show  that  the  state  of  suspended 
judgment,  of  liquid  suggestion,  advocated 
by  Mr.  Moore,  is  eminently  undesirable — 
that  it  approximates,  in  fact,  to  a  chaos- 
which  is  paralyzing  to  young  effort.  Academic 
as  the  attempt  may  seem,  it  is  incumbent  on; 
those  who  see  the  evil  to  get  together  some 
body  of  artistic  doctrine  which  may  win 
sufficient  acceptance  to  give  to  the  efforts 
of  the  next  generation  of  artists  a  kind  of 
provisional  stability,  a  perch  to  rest  on  till, 
their  wings  have  grown. 

Les  MnUres  de  VArt. — Verrocchio.  Par 
Marcel  Reymond.  (Paris,  Librairie  de  l'Art 
ancien  et  moderne.) — A  series  of  textbooks- 
published  under  the  patronage  of  the  French 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction  and  Fine 
Arts  is  not  only  entitled  to  recognition  in 
the  press,  but  also  claims  the  serious  atten- 
tion of  the  critic  and  tho  art  student.  In 
the  volume  before  us  M.  Reymond  points  out 
that  Verrocchio  has  been  comparatively 
little  studied  in  France,  and  we  may  add 
that  his  work  has  been  but  inadequately 
considered  in  this  country.  In  his  intro- 
ductory remarks  M.  Reymond  is  inclined 
to  belittle  the  importance  of  tho  work  of 
VcrrDcchio,  and  asserts  that  many  critics 
consider  him  "  tin  artiste  second  aire  "  ; 
but  we  are  glad  to  find  him  later  referring 
unequivocally  to  Verrocchio  as  the  link 
which  connects  the  art  of  Donatello  with 
that  of  Leonardo. 

M.  Reymond,  like  Verrocchio  himself,  is 
seen  at  his  best  in  his  handling  of  the 
'  Colleoni,'  although  ho  does  not  enlighten 
us  as  to  whether,  in  his  opinion,  the  sculptor 
copied  the  features  of  the  famous  condot- 
liere  from  the   medal   by   Marco   Ciudizani. 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


625 


Nothing  is  said  about  the  admirable  way  in 
which  horse  and  rider  s'accordent  ;  nor  are 
we  reminded  that  the  State  evaded  the 
conditions  of  the  will  of  this  captain  of  the 
Venetian  forces  by  relegating  the  statue 
to  the  little-frequented  Piazza  di  San  Gio- 
vanni e  Paolo.  Attention  might  have 
been  drawn  to  the  ambling  action  and  the 
build  of  the  cavallo,  undoubtedly  imitated 
from  the  brcnze  horses  of  San  Marco,  and 
to  that  sense  of  finality  which  is  necessary 
to  monumental  sculpture,  and  is  in  the 
'  Colleoni  '  excellently  rendered.  It  is 
regrettable  that  M.  Reymond  makes  no 
rreference  to  the  bronze  head  of  a  horse 
which  Miss  Cruttwell  mentioned  in  her  book 
on  this  artist,  especially  as  he  seems  to 
have  had  continually  before  him  the  con- 
clusions at  which  she  arrived. 

In  one  place  (p.  56)  our  author  is  bold 
•enough  to  assert  that  no  other  artist  has 
known  so  well  as  Verrocchio  the  innermost 
rfeelings  of  a  mother's  heart.  Surely  he 
would  except  Raphael.  Or  is  he  here 
specially  concerned  with  the  artist  as  a 
■sculptor  ?  In  any  case  the  statement  is  too 
general.  Nor  is  his  connoisseurship  always 
•convincing.  For  instance,  he  is  generous 
enough  in  Berlin  to  credit  the  sculptor  with 
no  fewer  than  ten  statuettes  and  terra- 
cottas, which  he  presumably  regards  as 
authentic,  on  no  surer  ground  than  that 
they  are  so  given  in  the  official  catalogue  ! 
Of  these  only  '  The  Sleeping  Youth  '  and 
'  The  Entombment  '  are  above  suspicion. 
In  dealing  with  South  Kensington 
Museum  he  seems  only  too  anxious  to  class 
many  of  the  undoubted  works  of  Verrocchio's 
period  as  forgeries.  There  can  hardly  be 
any  doubt  that  the  stucco  panel  of  '  The 
•Genius  of  Discord  '  belongs  to  the  late 
•fifteenth  century  and  is  an  admirable  work, 
or  possibly  replica,  of  the  Verrocchio-Pol- 
laiuolo-Leonardo  school.  To  use  a  musical 
•expression,  it  has  fine  moments  in  it,  yet 
M.  Reymond  here  sees  only  "  l'exuberance 
d'un  improvisateur,  la  rapide  vision  d'un 
habile  metteur-en-scene." 

Again,  the  clay  sketch  at  South  Kensing- 
•ton  for  the  monument  of  Cardinal  Forte- 
guerri  is  apparently  from  the  atelier  of  Ver- 
rocchio, even  though  it  may  possibly  have 
been  made  after  a  drawing  bjr  a  pupil  :  yet 
M.  Reymond  dismisses  it  unceremoniously 
as  the  work  of  a  clever  forger  !  The 
exhibits  of  the  North  Court  at  Kensington  are 
worthy  of  much  more  attention  than  our 
author  is  disposed  to  grant. 

Passing  to  the  Thiers  Collection  in  the 
Louvre,  he  refers  to  the  two  terra-cottas  as 
being  to  all  intents  and  purposes  the  only 
works  of  Verrocchio  to  be  found  in  a  museum 
-out  of  Florence.  He  evidently  forgets  that 
in  his  list  at  the  end  of  the  book  he  lias 
accepted,  without  reservation,  the  exhibits 
of  the  museum  at  Berlin.  The  statement 
that  the  "  veritable  auteur  "  of  '  The  Four 
Virtues  '  in  the  collection  of  Madame  Andre 
"  ne  peut  etre  que  Verrocchio  "  is  dis- 
tinctly rash.  Indeed,  in  certain  parts  of  the 
book  the  author  might  with  advantage  have 
•shown  more  hesitancy. 

In  discussing  Verrocchio  as  a  painter  he 
states  that  the  '  Madonna  '  at  Pistoia  was 
generally  credited  to  Lorenzo  di  Credi  until 
-documentary  evidence  was  discovered  show- 
ing that  Verrocchio  himself,  and  not  his 
pupil,  had  been  commissioned  to  paint  it. 
The  painting  was  long  ago  recognized  by 
Morelli  as  a  work  by  the  master  himself,  but 
the  best  authorities  rank  it  as  only  a  pro- 
duction of  the  bottega.  We  are  told  that  the 
tapis  seen  in  this  picture  is  "  le  plus  eton- 
nant  tapis"  painted  by  an  Italian  artist. 
It  would  have  been  safer  to  limit  this 
statement  to  the  artists  of  the  Florentine 
School. 


In  our  view  there  are  many  small  signs 
that  M.  Reymond  has  not  studied  pro- 
foundly the  museums  of  the  metropolis  ; 
for  example,  why  should  he,  in  describing 
'  The  Virgin  adoring  the  Infant  Christ  '  in 
the  National  Gallery  (No.  296),  state  that 
the  Christ  places  His  hand  to  His  mouth 
"  pour  envoy er  un  baiser  a  sa  mere  "  ? 
In  reality,  He  is  putting  to  His  mouth  some 
seed  of  a  raspberry.  It  seems  probable 
that  our  author  has  written  his  critical  notes 
from  a  photograph. 

M.  Reymond  propounds  no  original 
theories,  publishes  no  new  documents,  and 
rarely  passes  from  the  world  of  fact  to  the 
realms  of  fancy.  But  it  is  scarcely  wise 
of  him  to  gather  into  his  net  some  thirty- 
seven  possible  attributions,  when  many  of 
them — in  the  case  of  Verrocchio  more  than 
almost  any  other  artist — -are  likely  to  prove 
terribly  misleading  to  the  art  student  for 
whom  this  book  is  primarily  written. 

But  few  misprints  are  noticeable.  Quincy 
Shaw  is  misspelt  on  pp.  57  and  63  ;  Miss 
Cruttwell's  name  and  the  date  of  her  book 
are  wrongly  given  on  p.  75  ;  and  Pollaiuolo 
is  misspelt  on  p.  130.  The  reference 
on  p.  60  to  p.  49  should  be  to  p.  41.  The 
index  reference  to  Careggi  as  on  p.  41  is 
incorrect.  Cardinal  Forteguerri's  name  is 
throughout  the  book  spelt  with  a  final  "  a." 
The  four  lines  quoted  from  Ugolino  Verini's 
'  De  Illustratione  Urbis  Florentise  '  (which 
was  published  in  1583,  and  not  "  au  debut 
du  XVI.  siecle  ")  are  inaccurately  quoted. 
The  illustrations,  which  are  adequate, 
hardly  ever  face  the  references  in  the 
text,  being  often  separated  by  a  dozen 
pages  or  more.  We  could  wish  that  the 
illustration  of  the  '  Colleoni  '  showed  its 
natural  setting  with  the  church  of  San 
Giovanni  e  Paolo  in  the  background.  We 
prefer  "  Museo  dell'  Opera  de'  Duomo  "  to 
the  gallicized  version  "Musee  de  l'ceuvre  du 
Dome."  Again,  the  "  Musee  national  "  is 
never  called  anything  but  the  Bargello. 


THE    ROYAL    WATER-COLOUR 
SOCIETY. 

Whilst  at  the  present  time  water  colour 
is  of  all  forms  of  art  the  best  liked  and  the 
most  encouraged,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  to-day  very  much  less  fine  work  is 
done  in  this  medium  than  in  that  of  oil. 
Not  a  little  of  this  disastrous  failure  to 
turn  to  artistic  purpose  the  evident  demand 
for  water-colours  is  due  to  the  nature  of  that 
demand — buyers  of  water-colours  having 
a  genius  for  the  second-rate,  a  distaste  for 
genuine  merit  in  whatever  direction.  When 
the  public  it  serves  is  remembered,  the 
wonder  is  rather  that  the  Royal  Water- 
colour  Society  should  keep  such  a  respect- 
able level  of  ability  as  it  does — that  it  should 
have  been  to  some  extent  instrumental 
in  bringing  forward  at  any  rate  one  talent 
of  first-rate  quality,  so  that  Mr.  Lionel 
Smythe  has  found  some  sort  of  recognition 
from  amateurs. 

In  the  present  exhibition  Mr.  Smythe  is 
represented  by  <>nr  of  those  maimed  master- 
pieces over  which  one  can  only  safely  ^ax- 
enthusiastic  when  their  authors  are  dead, 
and  we  are  forced  to  admit  that  we  regard 
the  figure  of  the  woman  in  A  Summer 
Memory  as  highly  unsatisfactory.  The  head 
is  surely  out  of  drawing,  making  it  impossible 
to  realize  its  other  side  ;  and  the  whole 
silhouette  is  thin  and  poor,  though  not 
without  a  certain  starved  refinement.  The 
figure  of  the  child  in  the  foreground,  how- 
ever, is  so  noble  a  fragment  that  hardly 
any  praise  can  be  too  high  for  it.  In  its 
slight,  unconscious  fashion  it  is  one  of  the 


most  perfect  things  in  modern  art.  So, 
could  we  suppose  them  thus  advanced  in 
the  science  of  illumination,  we  might  fancy 
the  Greeks  of  the  best  period  to  have  painted 
their  frescoes— with  the  same  blond  clarity  of 
colour  so  brilliant  and  mild,  with  the  same 
puritjr  of  feeling,  without  technical  pretension 
or  sense  of  effort.  Here,  for  the  nonce,  beauty 
and  truth  are  found  to  be  one  in  the  most 
natural  fashion  in  the  world  ;  and  starting 
from  the  standpoint  of  literal  realism,  the 
artist  achieves  a  design  of  learned  simplicity, 
a  summing-up  of  essentials  purged  of  all 
extraneous  detail. 

In  comparison  with  such  work  Mr  Anning 
Bell's  The  Pool  seems  to  offer  us  the  husk 
or  aspect  of  a  picture  with  no  inside  to  it. 
There  is  the  decorative  instinct,  the  broad 
presentment  ;  but  wherever  a  little  observa- 
tion or  invention  are  called  for.  the  want 
goes  unsupplied.  Mr.  Bell  presents  the 
spectacle  of  a  painter  of  some  accomplish- 
ment who  has  never  found  subject-matter 
to  interest  him — a  state  of  things  very 
common  among  artists  to-day,  who  have 
not  all  of  them  Mr.  Bell's  elegance.  Ad- 
mirers of  this  work  may  claim  that  the  artist 
(like  Mr.  Cameron,  who  may  be  taken  as 
the  representative  of  the  more  advanced 
among  the  landscape  painters)  is  justified 
in  his  more  philosophic  manner  of  proceed- 
ing "  from  the  general  to  the  particular," 
instead  of  "  from  the  particular  to  the 
general,"  as  Mr.  Smythe  does.  We  do 
not  propose  for  a  moment  to  deny  that 
the  former  is  not  only  the  more  philosophic 
course,  but  also  the  one  most  in  harmony 
with  the  spirit  of  water  colour,  which  lias 
it  in  its  power  to  leave  visihle  to  the  beholder 
the  very  train  of  thought  by  which  the 
painter  has  approached  his  subject  from 
the  first  general  idea  vaguely  adumbrated 
on  the  paper.  But  while  granting  the 
superiority  in  some  points  of  the  modern 
method,  we  should  not  allow  any  theories 
of  painting  to  blind  us  to  the  fact  that  none 
of  its  exponents  approaches  Mr.  Smythe 
in  stature,  even  in  such  a  partial  failure  as 
the  present  work.  Still  more  important 
is  it  to  point  out  the  special  danger  that 
besets  this  larger  manner  of  approach — the 
danger  that  the  first  object  of  inquiry  should 
be  not  into  the  true  character  and  signifi- 
cance of  one's  subject-matter,  but  into  the 
ways  in  which  it  can  be  exploited  for  picture- 
making  on  familiar  lines — the  danger, 
further,  that  study  of  nature  should  be 
dropped  as  soon  as  it  seems  to  imperil  the 
lightly  accepted  convention  adopted  from 
some  one  else  and  oblige  the  artist  to  think 
for  himself. 

Something  of  this  too  cautious  slightness 
of  presentment  has  haunted  the  recent 
water-colours  of  Mr.  D.  Y.  Cameron,  and 
his  principal  work  this  year  is  a  little  tainted 
by  it.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  record  that  his 
smaller  ones  seem  to  mark  a  disposition  to 
return  to  livelier  examination  of  nature. 
Mr.  Callow's  masculine  drawings  point  out 
from  how  fine  a  tradition  of  artistic  delinea- 
tion we  have  declined,  and  he  alone  is  a  true 
representative  of  the  old  school  of  British 
water  colour.  Its  other  alleged  exponents 
are  all  more  or  less  influenced  by  the  de- 
sire for  a  "pretty  picture"  resulting  from 
long  working  for  patrons  who  have  retired 
from  business,  arid  regard  art  as  a  kind  of 
padding  to  protect  them  for  the  rest  of  their 
lives  from  the  shock  of  reality. 

In  the  midst  of  this  sleepy  atmosphere 
it  is  always  refreshing  to  come  on  the  cool 
and  clever  work  of  Mr.  Arthur  Rackham. 
Of  his  five  drawings  the  slightest.  Fishing, 
is  the  most  satisfactory  as  an  ensemble,  the 
Fairies  flying  from  England  having  its  force 
slightly  weakened  by  the  light  left  in  one  of 
the  large  figures,  and  thus  fighting  with  the 


626 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


luminosity  of  the  fairy  host,  which  should 
be  the  motive  of  the  picture.  Mr.  Sullivan, 
a  draughtsman  of  perhaps  more  masculine 
character  than  Mr.  Rackham,  has  never, 
to  the  same  extent,  found  his  genre  as  a 
painter.  His  pictures  are  as  able  as  any 
figure  painting  here,  but,  we  submit,  still 
unworthy  of  the  genius  of  the  Mr.  Sullivan 
we  know  as  a  forceful  inventor,  a  dreamer  of 
dreams,  a  born  critic  of  life,  with  other 
tilings  to  say  about  it  than  dainty  com- 
pliments addressed  to  its  feminine  half. 


THE    BRABAZON    EXHIBITION. 

The  memorial  exhibition  of  H.  B.  Bra- 
bacon's  works  at  the  Goupil  Gallery  is  so 
largely  made  up  of  the  unsold  works  of  a 
painter  much  appreciated  in  his  latter  years 
as  hardly  to  represent  him  at  his  best.  Yet 
it  is  not  an  unworthy  monument  to  the  great 
amateur — amateur  not  in  the  sense  of  being- 
less  than  a  master,  but  only  slightly  in  the 
luxurious  way  in  which  he  sucked  the  sweets 
from  the  toil  of  others. 

He  was  not  incapable  of  hard  work,  or 
he  would  never  have  attained  his  splendid 
knowledge  of  colour  :  but  he  was  never 
more  himself  than  when,  arriving  on  the 
scene  after  a  more  strenuous  painter  had 
spent  himself  on  an  arduous  task,  he  lightly 
reaped  the  harvest  in  an  exquisite  resume 
of  the  daintier  aspect  of  the  work.  Such  a 
picture  as  No.  121,  After  Turner,  thus  repre- 
sents him  at  his  very  best.  Even  more 
characteristic,  perhaps,  is  No.  145,  a  study 
from  Decamps  or  Marilhat  which  has  some- 
thing of  impudence  in  its  lightsome  suffi- 
ciency. The  exhibition,  especially  in  its 
later  part,  is  a  bouquet  of  delights. 


MISS    WILSON'S    PASTELS. 

Miss  Mary  Wilson's  exhibition  (at  43, 
Old  Bond  Street)  has  some  cleverness  and 
knowledge  of  natural  effect.  Nos.  8  and  9 
are  perhaps  the  best.  Elsewhere  her  studies 
have  a  little  the  appearance  of  being  over 
trimmed,  the  constructive  forms  a  little 
lost  in  fringes  of  detail,  the  broad  contrast 
of  colour  a  little  submerged  in  bright 
"  accidentals,"  till  in  No.  18  we  have  some- 
thing very  like  a  theatrical  scene  in  which 
Mr.  George  Edwardes  has  had  it  all  his  own 
way.  


Jfxtu-Jlrt  (5osstp. 

Yesterday  at  the  Ryder  Gallery  original 
drawings  in  black  and  white  of  Oxford, 
Paris,  Brussels,  Spain,  &c,  by  Katharine 
Kimball,  were  on  private  view. 

At  the  Fine-Art  Society's  rooms  three 
exhibitions  are  open  to  private  view  to-da,y  : 
water-colours  of  landscape  in  Cornwall  and 
Devon  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Lamorna  Birch,  and  of 
the  cities  of  Spain  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Brewer  ; 
and  portrait  miniatures  by  Miss  Eulabee 
Dix. 

The  Holman  Hunt  Exhibition,  which  has 
been  crowding  the  Leicester  Galleries, 
Leicester  Square,  with  visitors  for  the  past 
few  weeks,  closes  to-day.  It  is  impossible 
to  prolong  it,  owing  to  a  previous  arrange- 
ment by  which  Mr.  Arthur  Rackham  will 
exhibit  on  the  24th  inst.  a  series  of  water- 
colour  drawings  illustrating  Mr.  Barrie's 
story  of  '  Peter  Pan  in  Kensington  Gardens.' 

To-day  Mr.  W.  B.  Paterson  opens  at  5, 
Old  Bond  Street,  an  exhibition  of  a  collec- 
tion of  pictures  by  Mr.  William  Nicholson. 


The  collection  of  a  hundred  and  odd 
portrait  drawings  by  the  late  Rudolf  Leh- 
mann,  recently  acquired  by  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum,  has  been  temporarily 
placed  on  exhibition  on  screens  in  the  King's 
Library.  The  drawings  range  in  date  from 
1842  to  1899,  and  among  the  sitters  repre- 
sented are  nearly  all  the  notabilities  of  that 
period,  whether  continental,  English,  or 
American,  in  music,  art,  and  letters. 

Mr.  Percy  French,  who  is  rapidly  coming 
to  the  front  as  a  water-colourist,  will  hold 
an  exhibition  of  his  work  at  the  Modern 
Gallery,  New  Bond  Street,  beginning  on 
December  6th.  The  sketches  will  consist 
chiefly  of  impressions  of  that  Irish  west- 
coast  scenery  which  Mr.  French  knows 
intimately,  but  some  views  in  Belgium  and 
on  the  Lower  Seine  will  also  be  included 
in  the  exhibition. 

The  Dublin  Sketching  Club,  which  has 
just  opened  its  annual  winter  exhibition  in 
Dublin,  contains  examples  of  the  work  of 
Mr.  Alfred  Grey,  R.H.A.,  Mr.  Percy  French, 
Mr.  J.  Poole  Addey,  Mr.  Alexander  Williams, 
R.H.A.,  Miss  Josephine  Carson,  Miss  Lily 
Williams,  and  other  well-known  local  artists. 
The  number  of  pictures  exhibited  is  hardly 
so  large  as  in  other  years,  but  the  general 
level  of  the  work  shown  is  above  the  average. 

An  exhibition  of  a  choice  collection  of  the 
works  of  Chardin  and  Fragonard  is  to  be 
organized  at  the  Georges  Petit  galleries  in 
Paris  during  the  spring  of  next  year. 

By  the  death  of  Fritz  Thaulow,  aged 
fifty-nine,  Norway  loses  her  most  celebrated 
artist.  Indeed,  few  other  Scandinavian 
painters  have  gained  such  European  fame 
and  exhibited  their  art  with  so  much  success 
as  Thaulow,  whether  in  Paris,  London, 
New  York,  or  Berlin.  Having  seen  and 
studied  modern  French  art  under  Manet  and 
Monet,  he  returned  in  1881  to  Norway,  and 
caused  a  definite  break  with  the  current 
traditions  there.  Norwegian  artists  left 
Munich  and  Diisseldorf  to  study  in  Paris 
instead,  inspired  by  the  pioneer  work  of 
their  countryman.  Thaulow,  a  man  of 
striking  and  genial  personality,  settled  in 
hi3  later  years  in  Paris,  where  he  developed 
into  an  artist  of  wide  renown.  His  winter 
landscapes  from  Norway,  his  moonlight  and 
harvest  pictures  from  Normandy  and 
Brittany,  and  his  sketches  of  the  rapid 
Norwegian  rivers — all  subjects  he  excelled 
in  and  painted  frequently — are  familiar  to 
visitors  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the  New 
Gallery,  especially  at  the  annual  interna- 
tional exhibitions. 

Mr.  Samuel  J.  Kitson,  the  sculptor,  died 
in  New  York  on  Friday  last  week  in  the 
fifty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  Mr.  Kitson  was 
born  in  England  in  1848,  a,nd  studied  for 
some  years  in  Rome,  whence  he  sent  exhibits 
to  the  Royal  Academy  in  1877  and  two 
following  years.  He  was  the  principal 
sculptor  in  arranging  the  interior  of  Mr. 
William  K.  Vanderbilt's  house  in  New  York. 
His  public  works  include  the  Sheridan  monu- 
ment at  Arlington,  Virginia. 

An  unusually  fine  collection  of  old  masters, 
made  by  Baron  Konigswarter,  of  Vienna, 
will  be  sold  at  the  Gallery  of  Eduard 
Schulte,  75,  Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin,  on 
Tuesday  next.  The  sale  includes  examples 
of  Reynolds,  Romney,  Hoppner,  Sheo,  and 
others  ;  and  some  fine  portraits  and  other 
pictures  by  artists  of  tho  Dutch  and  Flemish 
schools — Rembrandt,  Rubens,  Ruysdael. 
The  two  by  Reynolds  are  a  portrait  of  the 
artist,  from  the  Madame  Brook  sale  in  Paris 
in  1877  (when  it  realized  17,325  francs),  and 
one  of  Sir  Abraham  Hume.     The  Romney 


is  a  portrait — apparently  an  early  one — of 
'  Mrs.  Richard  Thompson  of  Gloucester.' 

We  have  already  announced  that  the 
magnificent  chateau  of  the  Renaissance- 
period,  Azay-le-Rideau,  near  Tours,  which 
was  dismantled  of  its  ancient  art  treasures; 
in  1901,  has  been  acquired  by  the  French 
Government,  and  that  it  will  be  transformed 
into  a  public  museum.  It  has  now  been 
decided  to  make  it  a  museum  of  the  Renais- 
sance period.  It  is  proposed  to  furnish  it 
in  part  witli  a  number  of  objects,  such  as. 
tapestries,  furniture,  and  so  forth,  selected 
from  the  Musee  de  Cluny,  the  Louvre,  and 
the  Gardo  Meuble. 

Lady  Eleanor  Leighton  Warren  asks. 
us  to  correct  a  blunder  which  has  passed 
current  for  over  twenty  years.  Chaloner- 
Smith  in  his  '  British  Mezzotinto  Portraits,' 
1884,  spoke  of  Hoppner's  picture  (now  at 
Petworth)  of  '  The  Sleeping  Nymph  '  thus  : 
"  This  is  said  to  be  a  portrait  of  Lady  de- 
Tabley."  This  statement  has  no  authority, 
but  has  been  copied  by  Mrs.  Frankau  in  her- 
'  James  and  William  Ward,'  and  consider- 
ably amplified  by  Mr.  Skipton  in  his  little- 
book  on  Hoppner.  '  The  Sleeping  Nymph  ' 
was    exhibited    at    the    Royal    Academy    of 

1806,  when  the  future  Lady  de  Tabley  was 
a  girl  of  fourteen.  The  person  who  sat  as  a 
model  to  Hoppner  for  this  picture  was  a 
Miss  St.  Clare,  of  whom  a  portrait  by 
Hoppner  was  exhibited  in  the  Academy  of 

1807.  Miss  St.  Clare  also  sat  to  Northcotc 
for  his  '  Alpine  Traveller,'  and  to  William 
Owen  for  '  Almeria  '  and  '  Expectation.' 

The  death  is  announced  of  Hugo  d'Alesi, 
the  artist,  who  was  born  in  Transylvania,  in 
1849,  and  settled  in  Paris  in  1876.  His 
earlier  works  were  impressionist  landscapes 
and  transcripts  from  nature,  in  which  he- 
achieved  a  good  deal  of  success  ;  but  his. 
later  fame  rests  on  the  "  posters "  which 
he  executed  for  various  railway  companies. 

Mr.  Francis  Harvey  has  just  opened  new 
showrooms  for  the  sale  of  engravings,  MSS.,. 
&c,  at  5,  Pickering  Place,  St.  James's  (a 
Georgian  house  built  in  1730  by  William 
Pickering),  and  sends  us  an  interesting 
booklet  of  London  history,  with  a  repro- 
duction of  part  of  Locker-Lampson's  neat 
lyric  '  St.  James's  Street,'  with  his  correc- 
tions in  "  proof  "  state. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  is  about  to  publish 
a  volume  of  '  Essays  on  Glass,  China,  and 
Silver,'  by  Herr  Frans  Coenen,  Conservator 
of  the  Willet-Holthuysen  Museum  at  Amster- 
dam. The  book  is  illustrated  with  many 
fine  plates. 


USIC 


THE    WEEK. 

iEoLiAN  Hall. — Broadwood  Concert. 

The  programme  of  the  second  Broad- 
wood  Concert  on  Thursday  last  week 
included  concertos  by  Bach  and  Mozart 
which,  for  evident  reasons,  are  seldom 
performed.  The  three  works  may  not 
represent  the  composers  named  at  their 
strongest,  but  they  are  all  undoubtedly 
interesting.  Two  were  by  J.  S.  Bach  : 
one  in  c  major  for  three,  the  other  in 
a  minor  for  four,  pianofortes,  or,  to  be 
quite  correct,  harpsichords,  with  chamber 
orchestra  accompaniment.  At  the  pre- 
sent day  many  no  doubt  prefer  to  hear 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


627 


the  music  played  on  instruments  of  the 
former  class ;  in  that  case,  however, 
it  certainly  loses  much  of  its  colour 
and  quaintness.  The  music  of  these 
two  concertos,  probably  written  by 
Bach  for  himself  and  his  sons  or  other 
pupils,  is  strong  and  genial.  A  modern 
composer  with  three  or  four  instru- 
ments would  doubtless  produce  some 
striking  effects.  Bach  however,  did 
not  write  either  for  the  glorification  of 
the  executants  or  to  arouse  the  astonish- 
ment of  listeners  ;  such  things  were  evi- 
dently far  from  his  thoughts.  The  Mozart 
Concerto  was  the  one  in  F  for  three  piano- 
fortes and  chamber  orchestra,  the  Adagio 
of  which  is  particularly  fine.  The  four 
pianists  were  Messrs.  P.  de  Waardt, 
T.  H.  H.  Verhey,  G.  J.  Bezemer,  and 
A.  C.  J.  Kaltwasser,  who  all  played  with 
intelligence,  if  not  always  with  strong 
poetical  feeling.  Mr.  A.  J.  Kwast  con- 
ducted the  small  orchestra,  of  which  Miss 
Vera  Warwick-Evans  was  leader.  Mr. 
Charles  W.  Clark  was  the  singer,  and 
his  rendering  of  songs  of  varied  character 
was,  as  usual,  a  thoroughly  well-deserved 
success. 


Bechstein    Hall. — Mr.    Sharpe' s    Ame- 
rican Recital. 

Mr.  Ernest  Sharpe  devoted  the  pro- 
gramme of  his  second  recital  at  Bechstein 
Hall  on  Monday  afternoon  to  American 
composers,  or,  to  quote  the  heading  of 
his  programme,  to  "  Songs  from  the  New 
World."  America  is  fond  of  German  cul- 
ture, and  most  of  its  composers  have 
studied  at  one  or  other  of  the  important 
music  schools  of  Germany,  and  their 
songs — at  any  rate,  those  sung  at  the 
concert  in  question — reflect  more  or  less 
the  spirit  of  Schumann  and  Brahms. 
The  programme  included  no  fewer  than 
twenty  numbers,  and  the  names  of  the 
•composers,  with  the  exception  of  those  of 
E.  MacDowell  and  G.  W.  Chadwick,  were 
unfamiliar.  To  sum  up  the  merits  of  the 
other  composers  represented  after  hearing 
just  one  or  two  songs,  and  in  one  case 
three,  would  be  unwise.  So  far,  however, 
as  we  could  judge,  we  noted  skill,  also 
appropriate  atmosphere,  but  a  lack  of 
anything  like  strong  inspiration.  The 
pianoforte  accompaniments  in  some  cases 
seemed  like  promising  sketches  in  chords 
waiting  for  development.  The  most  spon- 
taneous numbers  were  '  The  Blue  Hills,' 
by  C.  F.  Manney,  and  '  Unverstanden,' 
by  C.  Johns.  Mr.  Sharpe  gave  artistic 
readings  of  all  the  songs. 


Queen's    Hall. — Mr.  Spalding's   Orches- 
tral Concert. 

Mr.  Albert  Spalding  gave  his  second 
concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on  Tuesday  even- 
ing, and  again  proved  himself  an  able 
and  intelligent  player  ;  but  there  was  a 
certain  reserve  in  his  rendering  of  Saint- 
Saens's  Violin  Concerto  in  b  minor  and 
Beethoven's  Romance  in  f.  Is  he  too 
young,  or  is  he  nervous,  or  does  he  lack 
temperament  ?     Mr.  Cyril  Scott's  '  Christ- 


mas Overture,'  written  six  years  ago,  was 
performed  for  the  first  time.  The  word 
"  jolly  "  suggests  itself  as  the  best  word 
wherewith  to  qualify  the  work.  It  is 
not  great,  but  bright  music  in  which  an 
old  carol  and  chimes  play  prominent 
parts  ;  the  close  of  the  overture  is,  by  the 
way,  a  kind  of  echo  of  '  1812.' 


Bechstein   Hall. — Miss   Khan's    Vocal 
Recital. 

On  the  same  evening  Miss  Bluebell  Klean, 
who  for  three  years  has  studied  composi- 
tion with  Mr.  Coleridge  Taylor,  gave  a 
concert  at  Bechstein  Hall.  We  heard 
three  of  her  songs,  and  two  movements 
of  a  quintet  performed  by  herself  and  the 
Wessely  Quartet.  Her  instrumental  music 
is  unequal  :  at  times  weak,  at  others 
fairly  good.  Experience  will,  however, 
enable  her  to  make  stronger  use  of  her 
talent. 

Bechstein   Hall. — Miss  Strong's    Vocal 
Recital. 

On  Wednesday  afternoon  Miss  Susan 
Strong,  assisted  by  Mr.  F.  Korbay,  gave 
her  sixth  vocal  recital.  Her  excellent 
programme  began  with  some  Bach  arias, 
two  with  oboe  ohbligato  (Mr.  G.  A.  Fore- 
man), and  the  exquisite  '  Todessehnsucht ' 
with  violin  and  'cello  obbligati  (MM. 
Rohan  Clensy  and  R.  V.  Tabb).  Her 
second  group  of  songs,  by  Schumann, 
Mikorey,  Strauss,  Paladilhe,  Borodine, 
and  Cui,  was  highly  attractive.  Miss 
Strong,  who  was  in  good  voice,  sang  with 
skill,  charm,  and  marked  intelligence. 


Jftustral  Gossip. 

We  hear  from  Leipsic  of  the  remark- 
able success  of  Miss  E.  M.  Smyth's  three-act 
opera  '  Strandrecht '  on  Sunday  last.  In 
spite  of  many  untoward  circumstances  (the 
opera  was  accepted  for  production  by  Herr 
Nikisch  shortly  before  his  recent  resignation 
of  the  post  of  conductor),  the  presentation  of 
the  work  was  most  conscientious  ;  and 
although  the  standard  of  individual  singers 
was  not  very  high,  yet  the  ensemble,  the 
chorus,  and  the  orchestra  were  all  first-rate, 
and  the  piece  was  adequately  mounted. 
The  libretto,  by  H.  B.  Leforestier,  has  been 
translated  into  German  from  the  original 
French.  The  story  deals  with  the  wreckers 
of  Cornwall  in  the  eighteenth  century,  in  a 
village  where  even  the  Methodist  preacher 
sees  no  harm  in  the  cruel  trade.  The  music 
has  wonderful  power,  unity,  effect,  and 
mastery  of  resource  ;  the  style  is  original, 
and  the  composer's  treatment  of  number 
after  number  shows  a  great  advance  upon 
her  earlier  work,  '  Der  Wald.'  As  the 
forest  in  that  opera  dominated  the  action 
throughout,  so  here  the  audience  are  never 
allowed  to  forget  the  sea,  which  is  kept 
before  them  in  the  clever  scoring,  and  par- 
ticularly in  a  fine  prelude  to  the  second  act. 
The  duet  between  the  lovers  roused  to  real 
enthusiasm  an  audience  not  at  first  pre- 
judiced in  the  composer's  favour,  and  Miss 
Smyth  was  called  many  times  at  the  close, 
much  credit  being  due  to  Herr  Hagel,  the 
new  conductor,   for  the  care  taken  in  the 


production.  Among  the  soloists  Fraulein 
Fladnitzer  as  a  kind  of  Cornish  Santuzza, 
and  Herr  Soomer  as  the  minister,  were  the 
best ;  the  parts  of  the  lovers  were  a  little 
too  much  for  Frau  Doenges  and  Herr  Urlus,  as 
they  would  be  for  any  but  singers  and  actors 
of  high  accomplishment.  The  work  is 
shortly  to  be  given  at  Prague. 

The  programme  of  the  Cardiff  Musical 
Festival  on  September  25th-28th,  1907, 
includes  six  new  works.  Four  are  choral  : 
the  second  part  of  Mr.  Granville  Bantock's 
'  Omar  Khayyam,'  and  "  He  giveth  His 
beloved  sleep,"  for  solo  contralto  and  chorus 
by  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen,  conductor  of  the  festival; 
the  other  two,  which  will  be  by  Sir  Hubert 
Parry  and  Mr.  David  Evans,  are  not  yet 
named.  The  two  orchestral  novelties  will 
be  by  Mr.  A.  Hervey  and  Dr.  Vaughan 
Williams.  The  scheme  also  includes  Sir 
Edward  Elgar's  '  The  Kingdom  '  and  Cesar 
Franck's  setting  of  the  150th  Psalm. 

Pundit  Vishnu  Digambar,  the  founder 
and  Principal  of  the  Indian  Musical  College 
of  Lahore,  claims  to  have  discovered  a  new 
system  of  notation,  by  which  he  can  record 
even  the  most  intricate  and  complicated  of 
Hindu  songs.  During  the  last  five  years 
about  400  students  have  been  instructed  in 
this  system  at  the  College  alone.  The  Pundit 
is  now  endeavouring  to  establish  a  branch 
of  his  College  in  Calcutta. 

The  Builder  of  November  10th  gives  an 
illustration,  from  a  photograph  specially 
taken,  of  the  monument  to  Chopin  recently 
erected  in  the  Pare  Monceau,  Paris.  The 
group,  in  relief,  represents  Chopin  seated 
with  one  hand  on  the  keyboard  of  a  piano, 
a  winged  figure,  representing  the  genius  of 
music,  hovering  over  him  ;  at  his  feet  is  a 
figure  symbolical  of  grief.  M.  Froment 
Meurice  is  the  sculptor. 

A  copy  of  the  score  of  Mendelssohn's 
'  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  '  Overture  has 
been  found  by  Mr.  Frederick  Corder  in  the 
library  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
At  the  foot  of  the  title-page  is  the  following 
inscription  in  the  composer's  handwriting  : 

Presented  to  Sir  George  Smart 
by  the  author 
F.  Mendelssohn  Bartholdy. 
London,  Nov.  23rd,  1829. 

After  the  performance  of  the  overture  in 
London  on  June  24th,  1829,  the  score  was 
left  by  Attwood  in  a  hackney  coach  and  lost. 
Mendelssohn,  however,  made  another  copy. 
So  runs  the  story  in  Grove's  '  Dictionary  of 
Music  and  Musicians.'  It  is  impossible  to 
know  whether  the  newly  discovered  score 
is  the  one  supposed  to  be  irrecoverably  lost, 
or  a  new  copy  made  from  the  band  parts 
for  a  concert  in  July  at  which  Mendels- 
sohn again  conducted  the  overture.  It  is, 
however,  strange  that  the  presentation  to 
Sir  George  Smart  was  delayed  until  Novem- 
ber 23rd,  a  week  before  the  composer's 
departure  from  London.  The  Royal  Aca- 
demy authorities  do  not  know  how  the  score 
came  into  their  possession. 

In  1683  a  body  of  musicians  entitled  the 
Musical  Society  attended  service  at  St. 
Bride's  Church  on  November  22nd,  the 
festival  day  of  St.  Cecilia,  when  a  special 
choral  service  was  held.  They  afterwards 
repaired  to  some  hall  where  Purcell's  ode 
was  performed,  and  this  practice  was  con- 
tinued for  many  years.  This  year  the 
religious  observance  of  St.  Cecilia's  Day  is 
to  be  revived.  The  Master.  Wardens,  and 
Livery  of  the  "Worshipful  Company  of 
Musicians  will  on  that  day  (Thursday  next) 
attend  evensong  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  ; 
while  after  a  banquet  at  Stationers'    Hall 


628 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,1906 


the  day  will  be  further  celebrated  by  per- 
formances of  ancient  music,  vocal  and 
instrumental. 

Among  the  operas  to  be  performed  at 
La  Scala,  Milan,  during  the  forthcom- 
ing season  are  Ponchiello's  '  Gioconda  '  ; 
'  Gloria  '  and  '  Vally,'  new  operas  by  Fran- 
cesco Cilea  and  A.  Catalani  respectively  ; 
Massenet's  '  Jongleur  de  Notre-Dame  '  ; 
and     Strauss's     '  Salome.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Toes. 
Wed. 


Fri. 
Sat. 


Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
-Sat.  (Friday  excepted  I,  Italian  Opera,  Coveut  Garden. 

Mr.  Dariil  Bispham's  Song  Recital,  :<,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mr.  E.  Risler's  Pianoforte  Recital,  ;1,  vEolian  Hall. 

London  Symphony  Orchestra,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Uneta  Truscott's  Vocal  Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Miss  Greta  "Williams's  Concert.  8,  Kensington  Town  Hall. 

Mr.  R.  Buhlig/s  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Miss  Maria  W'iesen-Reuter's  Recital,  3.15,  Steinway  Hall. 

Miss  Elyda  Russell's  Vocal  Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Joachim  Quartet,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Mania  Sequel's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  Salle  Erard. 

Miss  Ruth  Vincent  and  Mr.  Cleather's  Concert,  3,  Bechstein 
Hall. 

Mr.   Thomas   Beecham's    Orchestral   Concert,   8.30,   Bechstein 
Hall. 
.  Mr.  Harold  Bauer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  :!,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mr.  E.  Risler's  Beethoven  Recital,  3,  iEolian  Hall. 

Miss    Helen    Blain    and    Mr.    Fellowes's    Vocal    and    Violin 
Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Broadwood  Concert,  8.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Stanford's  'Shamus  O'Brien,"  2.30,  Scala  Theatre. 

Joachim  Quartet,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert.  3,  Caxton  Hall. 

Chappell's  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


Dramatic  dnssip. 

A  comic  idea  underlies  '  The  Electric 
Man  '  of  Mr.  Charles  Hannan,  a  piece  which, 
given  at  the  King's  Theatre,  Hammersmith, 
in  April,  1904,  was  on  Saturday  last  trans- 
ferred to  the  Royalty.  It  proves,  however, 
not  very  tractable  in  treatment.  Electricity 
being  substituted  for  galvanism,  the  notion 
on  which  the  whole  rests  is  the  same  as  in 
'  Frankenstein  ' — that  of  a  being  of  artificial 
manufacture  capable  of  imitation  of  human 
actions,  and  even,  in  a  modified  form,  of 
human  motives,  but  soulless  and  irrespon- 
sible. No  psychological  problem  is,  how- 
ever, in  the  later  instance  attempted.  Wholly 
farcical,  and  not  too  comprehensible,  is  the 
environment,  and  the  mirth  is  extracted 
from  the  casual  but  close  resemblance  borne 
by  the  automaton  to  the  son  of  the  fabricator, 
in  whose  image  it  has  been  shapen,  and  for 
whose  twin  brother  it  might  and  does  pass. 
As  the  electric  man  is  in  the  habit  of  playing 
practical  jokes,  the  responsibility  for  which 
falls  upon  his  human  double,  it  is  judged 
expedient  to  suppress  him.  In  the  efforts 
at  his  capture  and  destruction  some  con- 
fusion between  the  pair  is  caused,  and  the 
real  man  undergoes  some  disagreeable  risks 
of  being  himself  executed  in  place  of  his 
compromising  double.  This  is  not  very 
brilliantly  conceived,  and  some  alteration  of 
treatment,  including  a  quickening  of  the 
action,  scorns  expedient.  Mr.  Harry  Nicholls 
rendered  with  less  than  his  customary  sure- 
ness  of  touch  the  dual  character. 

'  The  Setting  of  the  Sun,'  a  one-act 
play  by  Mr.  Hannan,  revived  at  the  Royalty 
and  played  before  '  The  Electric  Man,'  is  a 
pleasant  story  of  a  sister's  sacrifice. 

'  The  Spell,  announced  as  a  "  tragedy 
of  truth  in  two  panels,"  by  Rosamund 
Langbridge,  with  music  by  Norman  O'Neill, 
has  been  produced  by  Mr.  Martin  Harvey 
at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Manchester.  Its 
scene  is  Galway,  and  its  action,  which  is 
grim,  is  based  upon  Irish  superstitions, 
including  the  curse  of  red  hair.  Mr.  Harvey 
played  the  hero,  Michael  Hennessy. 


Miss  Olga  Nethersole  has  appeared  at 
the  Theatre  Royal,  Bradford,  as  Adrienne 
Lecouvreur  in  a  new  five-act  adaptation  of 
the  well-known  play  of  Scribe  and  Legouve. 
Mr.  Frank  Mills  was  the  Maurice  de  Saxe.r" 

'  Miquette  et  sa  Mere  '  is  the  title  of  a 
three-act  comedy  by  MM.  Robert  de  Flers 
and  G.  de  Caillavet,  produced  at  the  Varietes. 
The  novelty,  which  is  of  a  goody-goody 
order,  is  brightly  played  by  Mesdames  Marie 
Magnier  and  Lavalliere  and  M.  Brasseur. 

'  Biribi,'  a  three-act  play  of  MM.  Georges 
Darien  and  Marcel  Lauras,  produced  at  the 
Theatre  Antoine,  now  called  the  Theatre 
Gamier,  is  extracted  from  a  book  by  the 
former  author,  descriptive  of  life  in  the 
French  disciplinary  battalions  in  Africa. 
The  pictures  of  the  tortures  inflicted  upon 
Jean,  a  private  soldier  guilty  of  a  breach 
of  discipline,  moved  strangely  the  audience. 
The  piece  was  succeeded  by  '  Chez  les 
Zoacques,'  an  amusing  sketch  by  M.  Guitry, 
a  son  of  the  well-known  actor. 

Mark  Alexander  Kinghorne,  who  has 
died  in  London  of  paralysis  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
five,  though  he  had  only  of  late  been  trusted 
with  important  parts,  had  been  pretty  long 
before  the  London  public.  In  '  The  Chili 
Widow '  at  the  Royalty  he  played  Mac- 
pherson  ;  he  was  Michael  Kinsman  in  '  Har- 
mony,' by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones,  and 
Snecky  Hobart  in  '  The  Little  Minister  '  at 
the  Haymarket.  His  last  appearance  on 
the  stage  was  at  the  Criterion  in  Mrs.  Patrick 
Campbell's  ill-starred  production  of  '  The 
Macleans  of  Bairness.' 

Browning's  '  Pippa  Passes '  is  to  be 
acted  this  month  at  the  Princess  Theatre, 
New  York,  with  Mrs.  Le  Moyne  in  the  title- 
role.  Unlike  previous  performances  of  '  In 
a  Balcony  '  and  '  The  Blot  in  the  'Scutcheon,' 
the  production  is  to  be  put  into  the  regular 
bill. 

The  celebrated  Danish  actress  Fru  Betty 
Hennings  will  pay  a  visit  to  London  in  the 
middle  of  next  month,  having  been  invited 
to  an  entertainment  by  the  Danish  Society 
in  London. 


Correspondents. 
W. — Received. 


-H.    G.— J.    C.    C— H.    H,    J.- 


To 
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Authors'  Agents       .598 

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NAPOLEONIC    LITERATURE. 
LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON   I.    By    J. 

HOLLAND  ROSE,  Litt.D.,  late  Scholar  of  Christ's- 
College,  Cambridge.  Largely  Compiled  from  New 
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half  told The  book  is  likely  to  become  the  authority  for 

English  readers  on  the  greatest  name  in  modern  history." 

Atherueum. 


NAPOLEONIC    STUDIES.      By   J. 

HOLLAND   ROSE,    LittD.      New   Edition.      Crown 
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NAPOLEON     AND     ENGLAND, 

1803-1813.  A  Study  from  Unprinted  Documents.  By 
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A  tlie)ueum. — "  '  A  Song-Garden  for  Children,'  by  Norman 
O'Neill,  is  a  collection  of  forty-three  songs  drawn  from  the 
musical  literature  of  France  and  Germany.  The  English 
translations  have  been  very  freely  rendered,  but  the  essential 
grace  and  charm  of  many  of  the  lyrics  remain,  and  the  collec- 
tion forms  a  welcome  addition  to  our  store  of  children's 
songs." 

LETTERS    TO   A  GODCHILD    ON 

THE  CATECHISM  AND  CONFIRMATION.  By 
ALICE  GARDNER,  Associate  and  Lecturer  of  Newn- 
ham  College,  Cambridge.     Fcap.  8vo,  2s.  67i.  net. 


NEW  SIX-SHILLING  NOVELS. 
THE  LADY  ON  THE  DRAWING- 

ROOM  FLOOR.  By  M.  E.  COLERIDGE,  Author  of 
'The  King  with  Two  Faces,'  'The  Fiery  Dawn,'  &c. 
Manchester  Guardian. — "The  work  of  Miss  M.  E. 
Coleridge  has  always  been  distinguished  by  literary 
excellence,  but  she  has  not  hitherto  written  anything  so 
purely  charming  as  '  The  Lady  on  the  Drawing-Room 
Floor.'" 

Times. — "There  is  such  comedy  or  tragedy  or  phantasy 
on  every  page  that  the  reader  soon  feels  that  to  skip  even 
a  single  sentence  is  to  run  the  risk  of  missing  something 
essential  to  the  general  effect,  and  at  once  to  defraud  him- 
self and  to  do  injustice  to  the  writer." 

THE     MILLMASTER.       By    C. 

HOLMES  CAUTLEY. 

Yorkshire  Post. — "  Enter  the  romance  of  industry  !  Mr. 
C.  Holmes  Cautley,  a  member  of  an  old  Yorkshire  family, 
has  embodied  in  '  The  Millmaster '  a  sketch  of  the  strenuous- 
ness  of  modern  commerce  such  as  it  is  rarely  one's  privilege 
to  read.  A  novel  of  universal  appeal,  but  one  that  will 
appeal  with  special  force  to  Yorkshire  readers." 

OCCASION'S   FORELOCK.     By 

VIOLET  A.  SIMPSON,  Author  of  'The  Bonnet  Con- 
spirators.' 
Daily  News. — '"Occasion's  Forelock'  shows  such  an 
insight  into  male  character  as  is  rarely  found  in  a 
woman's  book.  The  book's  merit  lies  in  the  penetrating- 
knowledge  of  character  it  discloses,  and  the  painstaking 
way  in  which  that  knowledge  is  used.  The  feminine 
counterparts  of  some  type  of  Oxford  undergraduates  whom 
we  have  met  in  fiction  and  in  life  are  very  interesting." 

QUICKSILVER  AND  FLAME.    By 

ST.  JOHN  LUCAS,  Author  of  'The  Absurd  Repent- 
ance. ' 
Academy. — "Mr.  Lucas's  book  contains  beauty  of  a  high 
order,  both  in  its  writing  (he  can  write  good  prose)  and  in 
its  thought.     Moreover,  it  is  full  of  wit  and  epigram." 
World'. — "A  very  clever  novel,  of  an  unusual  kind." 

THE  BASKET  OF  FATE.  By  Sidney 

PICKERING,  Author  of  '  Verity,'  <vc. 
Totlcr. — "  An  engaging  story  of  real  English  life." 
Glasgow  Herald. — "  Well  and  vivaciously  written." 


NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'RUTHLESS 
RHYMES  FOR  HEARTLESS  HOMES.' 

MISRE  PRESENT ATIVE  WOMEN. 

By  HARRY  GRAHAM.     Illustrated  by  D.  S.  GROES- 
BECK.     Fcap.  8vo,  5s. 
Daily  Mail. — "This  is  a  delightful  volume,  and  we  have 
punctuated  our  perusal  of  it  with  much  laughter." 

Tribune,.— "Ho  seductive  is  his  lyre  that  while  realizing 
i  the  wickedness  of  his  imagination  we  have  read  his  verses 
twice  over,  till  his  rhymes  come  jingling  to  our  ears  with 
delightful  and  diabolical  merriment." 

THE   LAND    OF   PLAY.    By   Mrs. 

GRAHAM     WALLAS.       Illustrated     by     GILBERT 
JAMES.     Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 


London:    EDWARD  ARNOLD,  41  and  43,  Maddox  Street,  Bond  Street,  W. 


N°  4125,  Nov.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


631 


ME.     WM.     HEINEMANN'S    NEW    BOOKS. 

IMPORTANT    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

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Entirely  Revised  and  Edited  by  WILLIAM  ARCHER. 

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This  Edition  will  l>e  completed  in  11  volumes,  price  4s.  each,  <  r  21.  4s.  the  set. 

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JAPANESE  SELF-DEFENCE. 

THE  FINE  ART  OF  JUJUTSU. 

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SIX-SHILLING   NOVELS. 

PAUL.    By  E.  F.  Benson,  Author  of  *  The  Angel  of  Pain.' 

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LOVES   TRILOGY.    By   Peter   Nansen. 
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M00NFACE.    By  Jack  London,  Author  of '  The  Call  of  the  Wild ' 

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PETER.  "' 

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of  a  Lecture)  is  to  present  a  popular  view  of  the  old  plays 

of  Cornwall,  and  to  compare  them  with  those  of   England 

and  elsewhere.    He  avoids  philological  and  other  learned 

discussion,  and  endeavours  merely  to  draw  attention  to  the 

old  plays  as  full  of  human  interest,  and  throwing  light  on 

the  habits  of  thought  and  belief  of  the   Cornell  in  the 

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MANX    NAMES;   or,    the   Sur- 

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MOORE,  C.V.O.  M.A  ,  Speaker  of  the  House  6f  Keys! 
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A   FIT   OF  HAPPINESS,  and 

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ELLIOT  STOCK, 
62,  Paternoster  Row,  Loudon,   E.C. 


632 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4125,  Nov. 


17, 1906 


SMITH,     ELDER^JO^^ 

IVEAFEKING    RE-VISITED. 

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LETTERS  TO  YOUNG  AND  OLD. 

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OUR  HERITAGE  THE  SEA. 

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London:  SMITH,    ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addrMBed  to  "THE  EDITOR "—  Advertisements,  and  Business  letters  to  "THE  Pl'ISMKU  BBS"— :it  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  K.C. 

Published  Weekly  by  John  c.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FHAMis  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer;  Lane,  B.O.,  and  Printed  by  J.  Edward  FRANCIS,  Athenssum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  EC. 

Agents  for  Scotland.  Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFUTB  and  Mr.  JOHN  MEN/.IES,  Ediiilmrgli.-Satiirday.  November  17, 1900. 


THE  ATHENAEUM 

fmmtal  0f  dttglislj  anft  JForrfgn  %'tttxaitxxt,  Sbamtt,  tlx^e  Jmt  $4te,  ^txtstr  anir  tlj*  Brama. 


No.  4126. 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  24,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  As  A  NEWSPAPER 


Itaitres. 


E 


A  CHRISTMAS  COURSE  OF  LECTURES. 

OYAL      INSTITUTION      OF      GREAT 

BRITAIN,  Albemarle  Street,  Piccadilly,  W. 

W.  DUDDELL,  Esq.  M.Inst.  E.E.,  will  deliver  a  COURSE  of  SIX 
LECTURES  (adapted  to  a  Juvenile  Auditorv)  on  'SIGNALLING  to 
a  DISTANCE;  from  PRIMITIVE  MAN  to  RADIOTELEGRAPH!'. ' 
commencing  on  THURSDAY,  December  'S7.  1908,  at  3  o'clock ;  to  be 
continued  on  December  29 ;  and  January  1,  :i,  5,  8,  1907. 

Subscription  Ifor  Non-Meiubersl  to  this  Course,  One  Guinea 
[Children  under  Sixteen,  Half-a-Guiueal ;  to  all  the  Courses  in  the 
Season,  Two  Guineas.  Tickets  may  now  be  obtained  at  the 
Institution. 


(SsIjiMiions. 


Q 


ORIGINAL  ETCHINGS  BY 

UEEN  VICTORIA  and  PRINCE  ALBERT. 

Also  by  REMBRANDT,  OSTADE,  and  VAN  DYCK. 

EXHIBITION   NOW  OPEN   at   Mr.  R.  GUTEKUNSTS, 

16,  King  Street,  St.  James's,  S.W.    Admission  Is.,  10-0. 

EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS.— SHEPHERD'S 
WINTER  EXHIBITION  of  Selected  Landscapes  and  Portraits 
by  the  Earlv  Masters  of  the  British  School  is  NOW  OPEN.— 
-.SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

NAVAL  EXHIBITION. -FRANCIS  HARVEY, 
4,  St.  James's  Street,  S.W.,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has  on 
EXHIBITION  at  his  new  Showrooms  a  COLLECTION  of  OLD 
NAVAL  PORTRAITS,  MSS.,  and  BOOKS.— Admission  by  card  only. 


0 


BACH    &    CO. 

EXHIBITION  of  ORIGINAL  PRINTS  and  DRAWINGS 

by  MEMBERS  of  the  SOCIETY  OF  TWELVE. 

NOW  OPEN,  168,  NEW  BOND  STREET,  W. 


^rctuboii  Institutions. 

THE    BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  lsriv. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,000?. 
A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty-five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
Guinea.-,  tor  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  : — 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 

|ND.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 
THIRD.  Medical  Advice  bv  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  (Abbots  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire! for  aged   Members,   with  garden  produce,   coal,   and    medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  house  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Langley 

for  the  use  of    Members  and  their  families  for    holidays  or    during 

convalescence. 

SIXTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  or  widows  and  young  children. 

EIGHTH    The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  benefits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

For  further  information  apply  to   the   Secretary    Mr.    GEORGE 
LARNER.  2S,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C 


(Educational. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     NOTTINGHAM. 


U 

RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIP. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  I  'oLLEGE,  offer  a  SCHOLAR- 
SHIP f.ir  SCIENTIFIC  RESEARCH,  tenable  for  one  Year,  of  the 
value  of  so?,  together  with  free  admission  to  the  College,  open  to  any 
■  Graduate  of  a  British  University. 

Candidates  will  be  required  t"  give  evidence  of  suitable  training  and 
capacity  for  conducting  an  original  Research.  The  successful  Candi- 
date will  be  required  to  devote  hioiself  to  some  subject  of  Research  to 
be  ap proved  of  by  the  Senate. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than  DECEMBER  21,  1906,  on 
Forms  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 


ST.      PAUL'S      GIRLS'      SCHOOL, 
BROOK  GREEN,  W. 
An  EXAMINATION   for  TWO  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS 
open  i"  lib  is  under  sixteen  rears  of  age  will  be  held  at  the  BCH00L 
,,ii    DECEMBER   12,   13,   and   u.     These  Scholarships  exempt  tin- 
holders  from  payment  at  Tuition  Fees.— Further  particulars  may  lie 
d  from  the  HEAD  MISTRESS  of  the  SCHOOL. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress  Mi--  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  [late Second  Mis- 
tress st.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London  :  The  Master  oi  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 


GARRATTS    HALL,     BAN8TEAD.      Ladies' 
School;    Beautiful  Grounds,   Forty  five   Aires;    570   ft.    above 
I    among  the  pine  trees  of  Surrey;  cultured  and  refined  home. 
with  Education  on  modern  lines. 


w 


IESBADEX    COLLEGE    (GERMANY), 

DOT/.HEIMERSTR.  31. 
Great  Commercial  School  for  English  Boys  i  Boarders  and  Day  Boys). 
Preparation  for  Army,  Navy,  Woods  and  Forests,  University!  Diplo- 
i-natic  Corps,    Indian    Civil    Servire.      Separate    Junior   School       Bee 
.Prosjicctus.    Apply  Head  Masters-C.  RANUOF,  Dr.  C.  GRIMM. 


pHURCH       EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

(Under  the  Management  of  a  Committee  appointed  by  the  Teachers' 
Guild,  College  of  Preceptors,  Head  Mistresses'  Association, 
Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses,  and  Welsh  County  Schools 
Association.) 

Address— 74,  Gower  Street,  London,  W.C. 

Registrar-Miss    ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 

Hours  for  Interviews— 10.30  a.m.  to  1  p.m.,  2  to  5  p.m.    Saturdays 
until  3  p.m. 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratis). — Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free 
of  chargcl  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS.  SMITH, 
POWELL*  SMITH,  School  Agents  (established  1833),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THRING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  yeare  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  SO,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations   ITarant. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES, 
BANGOR. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  LADY  ASSISTANT  LEC- 
TURER  IN  EDCCVIION  and  TUTOR  to  the  WOMEN  STUDENTS 
of  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT.  Secondary  experience  or 
training  desirable.    Salary  iso?. 

Applications  are  also  invited  for  the  post  of  TEMPORARY 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY  and  EDUCATION  for 
the  Remainder  of  the  present  Session.     Remuneration,  100?. 

Applications  and  Testimonials  should  be  received  not  later   than 
FRIDAY.  December  7,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  par- 
ticulars mav  be  obtained.     Duties  will  commence  on  .January  7,  Pin". 
JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD.  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

October  27,  1906. 


TTNIVERSITY      COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 

U  ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 
AGRICULTURE  at  the  above  College. 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  conies  of  Testimonials, 
must  reach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  WEDNESDAY',  December  5,  1906. 

J.  H.  DAV1ES,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


K 


ENT  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


The  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  IN- 
SPECTOR of  BIBLICAL  INSTRUCTION  in  COUNCIL  SCHOOLS 
[ELEMENTARY). 

The  Balaxy  offered  is  250?.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments 
of  101.  to  SOW. 

In  addition  to  the  work  of  inspecting  Biblical  Instruction,  the 
Gentleman  appointed  will  be  required  to  perform  such  other  duties 
of  a  responsible  character  as  the  Committee  may  from  time  to  time 
impose  upon  him. 

Candidates  must  be  not  less  than  30  years  of  age  and  must  be 
laymen. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  a  prescribed  f,,rm  obtainable  from 
the  Secretary,  and  should  be  scot  in  so  as  t"  reach  him  nol  later  than 
noon  on  Monday,  December3,  1908.  All  communications  upon  the 
subject  sic. old  be  marked  outside  "  ln-i 

( lopiee  of  Testimonials  may  be  submitted. 

Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  order  of  thi  I 

ERAS    w.  crook,  Seen  - 

Caxton  House.  Westminster,  London,  S.W. 

Novelidn     ; 


c 


0  U  N  T  Y 


O  F 


LONDON. 


The  London  COUNTS  council  invites  applications  for 
appointment  ,,i  a  TEACHER  of  UENERM,  SUB.IECTS  at  the 
Lie  AVERY  HILL  TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOB  WOMEN, 
AVERY'   HILL,   ELTHAM.    Candidates  must  possess  a  University 

Dejrri t  an  equivalent. 

The  Salary  attaching  to  the  post  is  1601.  per  annum  (non-resident). 
The  Candidate  who  is  appointed  will  be  requirad  to  take  up  her  duties 
oo  or  about  January  14th,  1907. 
Applications  should  be  made  on  the  Official  Form,  to  be  obtained 

t the  Clerk  "t*  the  London  County  Council,   Education  Offices. 

Embankment,  W.O.,  to  whom  thev  must  be  returned  do! 

later  than  io  \  u,  on  MONDAY,  Decembei  Srd,  1906,  ■ mpanied  by 

Test Lmonials  of  recent  date. 
Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 

should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  Candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee,  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  tare,  but  no 
other  ei  pi 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  considered  a  Hi 
qualificat  Ion. 

O.  L.  QOMMB,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  CouneU. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  w.c. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


FRANCE.-The  ATHENEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEATJLIEU-SURMER,  BIARRITZ,  BOB- 
DEAUX.  BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE.  HYERES,  JUAX-LES-PIN8. 
LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  lEst,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  k  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the) 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  dc  Rivoli. 


TTNIVERSITY      OF      BIRMINGHAM. 

DAY  TRAINING  COLLEGE  (WOMEN). 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS. 
The  Subjects  will  include  Physical  Exercises  and  Elementary 
Mathematics.  Candidates  must  be  Graduates,  and  should  be 
qualified  to  ?ive  help  in  the  Criticizing  of  Students'  Lessons. 

Salary,  120?.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  not  later  than  DECEMBER  17,  te> 
Miss  JOYCE,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

QT.   PANCRAS   BOROUGH   COUNCIL. 


LIBRARY  ASSISTANT. 
WANTED  AT  ONCE  a  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT  for  TEMPORARY 
WORK  at  the  PUBLIC  LIBRARY,  (HESTER  ROAD.  N.  Wages 
1?.  per  week.  Candidates  with  experience  in  a  Public  Library  or 
Bookseller's  (or  with  a  knowledge  of  Shorthand  and  Type-writing) 
preferred.— Apply  by  letter  to  the  BOROUGH  LIBRARIAN,  116. 
Great  College  Street,  Camden  Town,  N.YV. 

0.  II.  F.  BARRETT,  Town  Clerk. 
The  Town  Hall,  Pancras  Roa.l,  N.W. 
November  21,  1906. 

WEST        SUFFOLK        EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 

SCHOOL  OF  ART. 
WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  ART  MASTER  for  the  BURY  ST. 
EDMUNDS  SCHOOL  OF  ART.  The  successful  Candidate  will  be 
required  to  devote  about  16  hours  per  week  to  teaching,  principally 
elementary  subjects,  and  the  rest  of  his  time  to  private  study. 
Travelling  (locomotion)  expenses,  and  an  allowance  when  out  on 
County  business  for  the  night,  will  be  allowed.  Salary  80?.  per  annum. 
Applications,  together  with  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be 
sent  on  or  before  FRIDAY'.  November  30  next,  to  the  undersigned 
from  whom  further  particulars  mav  be  obtained. 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES,  Secretary. 

A  GENTLEMAN,  age  under  .30,  REQUIRED 
as  SALESMAN  in  FINE-ART  BUSINESS  in  LONDON. 
Must  be  well  educated,  of  good  address,  energetic,  and  have  tirst-rattl 
Testimonials.  Good  Salary  to  a  suitable  Man.— Address  by  letter, 
with  full  particulars,  M.  A.,  Farmer  &  Sons,  165,  High  Street. 
Kensington. 


Situations    TfOXantfO. 

TO  PUBLISHERS.  —A  GENTLEMAN  now 
with  a  Firm  of  Publishers,  di  ires  in  utoINTMENT  where 
integrity,  experience,  and  knowledge  of  Publishing  would  be  Of  value. 
Highest  references.— Box  1199,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E  0. 


JKiscdlanf-ous. 


THE    EDITOR  of  the  TALKING    MACHINE 
NEWS   requires    STORIES    (1,800   to   2.600)   with   a    Talking 

Hachb otif.     Technical   accuracy   essential.     Suitable 

would  also  be  entertained.    Specimen  Copy  on  application.— 1,  Mitre 
Court,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

A  PROMINENT  CONTRIBUTOR  to  the  leading 
Monthly  Reviews  would    Like  to  UNDERTAKE  th.-  work  o? 
:.   81   !'•  EDITOR.-  Box  1198,  Ath.  ice  ini    IV  -- 
E  0. 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 

IO  LIBRARIES  in  English,  Prenoh,  Fl<  mish,  Dntch.  Qerman,  an. I 
Latin.  Seventeen  years  experience.  —  J,  \  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  B.W. 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
lib  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  mi  lerate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.  \  B  ,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  is.  Bream's  Ban  Lings, 
i  line  1 1 1  Dane,  E  I ' 

TRANSLATIONS,  LITERARY  RESEARCH  at 
the  British  Museum,  kc.    Dutch,  German,  French  I 
Spanish,    Danish       Well  recommended.— M.   M.   KLEERKOOPKB, 
m  Road,  B  w  . 


HUGUENOT  and    FB  K\< 'IT-CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES   from   OnpubUahed    US.   and   other  Bom-oaf. 
Genealogical    Index  to  over  lO.ooo   Families.      Jacobite  and    British 
in    France.  —  C.    E.    LART,   Cbarmouth,    Dorset,  and    Red 
Hou.e.  Chislehum. 


634 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


B 


OOK-PLATE 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MORING,  Engraver.  Stationer.  Printer,  4c. 
257.  High  Holborn.  W.C. 


TO  LET,  WAREHOUSES  and  OFFICES,  at  low 
rental,  within  five  minutes  of  Fleet  Street.— Apply  Box  1156, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G. 


TYPE- WRITING.  —  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
of  all  descriptiens,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  PARRAN,  Donington  House,  38, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand.  London. 

TYPE- WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS.,  Translations,  4c  Legal  and 
General  Copying.  Circulars,  4c,  Duplicated.  Usual  terms 
References.  Established  Thirteen  Years.  —  SIKES  4  SLKE3,  229, 
Hammersmith  Road,  W.  (Private  Address :  13,  Wolvereon  Gardens, 
Hammersmith. ) 


AUTHORS'  MSS.,  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  and 
all  kinds  of  TYPEWRITING  carefully  and  accurately  done  at 
home  (Remington).  9d.  per  1.000 ;  Duplicating  from  3s.  6d.  per  100.-- 
M.  L.,  18,  Eugeley  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 

TYPE- WRITING,  9c?.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS.  4c.  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  Elmside,  Marl- 
borough Hill,  Wealdstone,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


Jlutljors'   ^nta. 

rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

J-  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi 
monials  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  34,  Paternoster  Row 


MR  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing.  Newspaper 
Printing,  and  Stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.  All  Business 
carried  out  under  Mr.  Larner's  personal  supervision.— 23,  29,  and  30, 
Pateraaster  Row,  E.C,  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution. 


$t*fospap*r  Agents. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

Mitchell  House,  1  and  2,  Snow  Hill,  Holborn  Viaduct.  E.G. 


A  THENiEUM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

XY.  FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Jdhenvum,  Notts  and  Queries,  4c.,. ii 
prepared  to  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK,  NEWS, 
and  PERIODICAL  PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane.    E  C 


^ataloama. 


CATALOGUE  No.  46.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
Etchings,  and  Books,  including  Engravings  after  Turner  in 
Line  and  Mezzotint— Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— Lucas's  Mezzotints 
after  Constable  —  Coloured  Prints  by  Stadler  —  Illustrated  Books- 
Works  by  John  Ruskin.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  2, 
Church  Terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


"WOODCUTS,     EARLY    BOOKS,    MSS.,    &c. 
LEIGHTON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE, 

Containing  1,350  Facsimiles. 

Thick  8vo.  art  cloth.  25s. ;  half-morocco,  30s. 

Pt.  XL  (2nd  Supp.),  B-Boe,  with  164  Facsimiles,  2s.    Now  Ready. 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON, 

40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square.  London,  W. 


BOOKS  AT  REDUCED  PRICES. 

GLAISHER'S  NEW  ANNUAL  CATALOGUE 
(124  pp.)  JUST  OUT. 
Librarians,  Bookbuyers  generally,  and  all  interested  in  Literature  are 
invited  to  apply  for  above. 

WILLIAM  GLAISHER, 

Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller.  205,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


■XTOW    READY,    CATALOGUE   No.    7,    N.S., 

X 1  comprising  Americana,  Topography,  Voyages  and  Travels,  a  few 
Portrait* and  Prints,  4c,  purchased  from  various  sources— Lowcston 
House,  Dorset  (the  seat  of  the  Digbj  Family)  A  Selection  from  the 
Library  at  the  late  Lady  Carrie  (Violet  Fane),  4o.  Post  free  on 
receipt  Ol  address.— WM.  SMITH  4  SON,  109-11,  London  Street, 
Reading. 

I)EADERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
\j  their  advantage  to  write  for  J.  BALDWIN'S  MONTHLY 
CATALOGUE  of  SECONDHAND  BOOKS,  sent  post  free  on 
application.  Books  In  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  Bargains 
in  scarce  [term  and  First  Editions.  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 
—Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Ley  ton,  Essex. 

HARRY  H.  PEACH,  37,  Bel  voir  Street, 
Leicester,  CATALOGUE  No.  21  contains  Books  Printed 
lwfore  1600  from  Augsburg,  Basel.  Koln.  Florence,  Mainz.  Modena, 
Milan,  Parma,  Pavia,  Home,  Strassburg,  Treviso,  Vinuenza,  4c. 


A 


NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  4  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Bale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  4  SON,  Limitkd,  Experts,  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17,  and  18,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


BOOKS. —All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookfinder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  am)  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  1  make  a  special 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  nry 
various  Lists.  8i>eoial  List  of  2.000  Books  I  particularly  want  i>ost  free. 
— EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop.  14-16.  John  Bright  Street,  Bir- 
mingham. Farmer  4  Henley's  Complete  Slang  Dictionary  (12?.  net) 
for  37.  10s. 


FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens.  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  4c  The 
largest,  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
LOGUES issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  Bought.— 
WALTER  T.  SPENCER,  27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 


CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS,  at  greatly 

\J  reduced  prices.  I.  PHILOSOPHY.  II.  RELIGION.  III.  HIS- 
TORY. IV.  POETRY.  DRAMA,  MUSIC.  V.  BEAUX-ARTS.  VI. 
GEOGRAPHY.  VII.  MILITARY.  VIII.  FICTION.  IX.  GENERAL 
LITERATURE. 

DULAU  &  CO.  37,  Soho  Square,  London,  W. 


Engravings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  26.  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS  (Framed  and  in  the 
Portfolio),  including  Plates  from  ,1.  M.  W.  Turner's  Liber  Studiorum, 
some  fine  Impressions  in  the  First  State— Etchings  by  Rembrandt 
and  A.  Dilrer,  4c.  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ;  Portraits  by 
Samuel  Cousins,  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence— Fancy  Subjects  of  the  English 
School,  after  G.  Norland,  W.  R.  Bigg.  J.  Ward,  F.  Wheatley,  and 
others— Portraits  in  Mezzotint  and  Stipple,  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds, 
G.  Romney.  Sir  G.  Kneller,  Sir  A.  Vandyck.  and  others,  4c— and  a 
few  Oil  Paintings  and  Drawings  in  Water  Colours,  including  a  Land- 
scape bv  P.  Nasmyth— and  a  Collection  of  Views  anil  Engravings, 
principally  relating  to  Brighton,  the  Property  of  SAMUEL  S.  FISHER, 
Esq.,  late  of  Marine  Parade,  Brighton. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


A  valuable  Collection  of  English  Coins,  the  Property  of 
a  Gentleman. 


M 


ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  November  20,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH 
COINS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  including  GOLD:  Early 
British-Nobles,  Half  and  Quarter  Nobles  of  Edward  III.,  IV., 
Henrv  V.,  VI.;  Angels,  Henry  VI.,  VII.,  VIII.,  Edward  IV., 
Richard  III.,  Marv  ;  Half  Angels,  Edward  IV.,  Henry  VII.,  VIII., 
Mary,  Elizabeth.  Anglo-Gallic— Edward  III.,  Henry  VI.,  Richard  II.; 
Sovereigns  and  Half  Sovereigns,  Henry  VIII.  to  Charles  II.;  Fifteen 
Shilling  Piece.  James  I;  Milled  Coins  from  Charles  II.  to  Victoria, 
including  Proofs  and  Patterns.  SILVER:  Crowns  and  Half  Crowns, 
&c,  from  Edward  VI.  to  Victoria.  Oxford  atid  Shrewsbury  Pounds 
and  Half  Pounds ;  Siege  Pieces  of  Colchester,  Newark,  Pontefract, 
Cork,  Inchiquin,  Ormond. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


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Autograph  Letters. 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.  on  SATURDAY.  December  1,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  AND  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS, 
including  Specimens  of  John  Gay,  Dr.  Johnson.  D.  Garrick,  John 
Locke,  Racine,  Voltaire,  and  others  — rare  Letters  of  the  Actress 
Mrs.  Olive— Sign  Manuals  of  Sovereigns— a  fine  Series  of  Letters  and 
Poems  by  T.  Hood— interesting  Documents  relating  to  the  Civil  Wars 
—an  important  Series  of  French  State  Papers. 

May  lie  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  of  L.   W.  HODSON,  Esq.,  Compton 
Hall,  Wolverhampton. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  Galleries,  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  3.  and  Two  Following 
Davs,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  ANCIENT 
MANUSCRIPTS  and  Rare  PRINTED  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  L.  W. 
HODSON,  Esq.  (of  Compton  Hall,  Wolverhampton). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  Dr.  RICHARD  GARNETT,  C.B. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  December  0.  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Dr.  RICHARD  GARNETT,  C.B. 
(late  Keeper  of  the  Printed  Books  in  the  Britisli  Museum  and  Trustee 
of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery),  comprising  a  large  Collection  of 
Modern  Poetry  —  Books  and  Pamphlets  relating  to  the  British 
Museum—  Bibliography— Astrological  Books,  and  Works  on  Palmistry 
and  Astrology— Appledore  and  other  Private  Presses— Biographical 
and  Historical  Works— Scientific  Treatises  —  Transactions  and  Pro- 
ceedings of  various  Societies.  4c  — Works  by  Percy  B.  Shelley,  and 
three  Notebooks  containing  Autograph  Manuscript  Matter  by  him  of 
the  utmost  interest— Works  by  Dr.  Richard  Garnett— a  valuable 
Collection  of  Pamphlets  —  Presentation  Books  with  Autograph 
Inscriptions. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Collection  of  English  and  Irish  Silver  and  Copper  Coins 
of  the  late  RICHARD  A.  UOBLYN,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON*  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  December  7,  and  Following  Dav, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  and  IRISH 
SILVER  and  COPPER  COINS  of  the  late  RICHARD  A.  HOBLYN, 
Esq..  F.S.A. ,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Numismatic  Society,  Member  of  the 
British  Numismatic  Society.  4c.  Including  fine  and  rare  Pieces  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  Philip  and  Marv,  and  Elizabeth,  in 
Silver— a  fine  Series  of  English  and  Irish  Copper  Coins,  and  Patterns 
and  Proofs  of  same— the  rare  Powter  Money  of  Charles  II.,  James  n., 

and  William  anil  Mary,  in  remarkably  fine  state— an  almost  complete 
Collection  of  the  Harrington  Farthing  Tokens  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.  Among  the  Irish  will  be  found  some  fine  Coins  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  Richard  III.,  Henry  VII.,  VIII. ,  and  Elizabeth,  in  Silver 
— unusual  Specimens  of  the  Kilkenny  Halfpenny,  in  Copper— the 
Mixed  Metal  Groat  and  the  Pewter  Crown  of  James  II.— and  a  large 
and  interesting  Collection  of  Gun-Money,  Coin  Cabinets,  and  Numis- 
matic Rooks. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogue*  may  be  had, 


Sale  of  General  Natural  History  Specimens. 
TUESDAY,  November  27,  at  half-past  IS  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
Rooms,  33,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  LEPIDOPTERA,  in  Boxes  and  Papers- 
Heads  and  Horns  of  Big  Game— Shells— Birds'  Eggs— Polished  Agates 
—Minerals— Birds  set  up  in  Glass  Cases— British  and  Foreign  Land 
and  Freshwater  Shells— Cabinets,  4c. 

On  view  Monday  prior  10  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  ou 

application. 

Importation  from  Japan. 

Works  of  Art,  very  suitable  for  Christmas  Presents. 

WEDNESDAY  NEXT,  at  half -past  U  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  a  very  choice 
Assortment  of  CLOISONNE  WARE,  comprising  Bowls,  Vases,  4c— 
Magnificent     Hangings  —  Embroideries  —  Kimonos  —  Kakemonos  — 
Screens,  4c— Ivory  Carvings— Bronzes— Lacquer,  Satsuina  Ware,   jimm 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  of  CURIOS 
will  take  place  on  TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY,  Decem- 
ber 4  and  5,  and  will  include  a  choice  Assortment  of  MANDARINS' 
FUR-LINED  ROBES— Silk  Hangings  — Carved  Ivories-Cloisonne 
\ases— Satsuma  and  other  Ware— also  a  <  OLLECTION  of  INDIAN 
WEAPONS  and  CURIOS,  including  TWO  very  rare  SHRUNK 
HEADS-Carved  Paddles— Spears,  4c— Gold  and  Silver  Coins  and 
Medals— Baxter  Coloured  Prints— Pictures— Old  Lace,  4c— also  the- 
Original  Saddle  used  by  Napoleon  I.  on  his  Retreat  from  Moscow. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Napoleon  Relics. 
TUESDAY,  December/,. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his  SALE 
on  TUESDAY,  December  4,  the  ORIGINAL  SADDLE  used 
by  NAPOLEON  I.  during  his  Retreat  from  Moscow.  This  Saddle  was 
bought  by  the  present  owner's  grandfather  at  a  Sale  of  Napoleon, 
Relics,  and  has  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  family  since  that 
date.  It  was  exhibited  at  the  1862  Exhibition,  and.  according  to  the 
present  owner,  there  is  no  doubt  about  its  authenticity,  ^arm  _ 

Chinese  Fur-lined  Embroidered  Coats. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his 
SALE  on  TUESDAY'.  December  4,  TWELVE  EXPENSIVE 
FUR-LINED  MANDARINS'  ROBES,  which  are  now  becoming 
fashionable  for  Ladies'  Opera  Cloaks. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Choice  Wines  from  a  Private  Cellar  and  other  Sources. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 


M 


it  his  Rooms,  :;s.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C, 
on  THURSDAY,  December  8,  BURGUNDIES,  PORTS,  SHERRIES 
HOCKS,  CHAMPAGNE.  MOSELLES  also  about  100  Cases  of 
various  Wines,  the  Property  of  the  late  H.  L.  MATTHEWS,  Esq.  ■ 
Brandy  and  Whiskey  of  different  brands— Choice  Cigars,  Cigarettes' 
4c. 

Catalogues  in  course  of  preparation. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR,  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announces  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King 
Street.  Covent  Garden.  London,  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO 
SCOPES,  SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  -  Telescopes -Theodolites - 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides, 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  — Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


Rare  Books  and  MSS. 

MESSRS.    HODGSON   &   CO.    will    SELL   by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,   115,   Chancery    Lane    W  C     on 

THURSDAY,  November  20,  at  1  o'clock,  RARE  BOOKS  and  MANU- 
SCRIPTS, mostly  comprising  a  Collection  of  Books  in  English  Litera- 
ture from  the  Sixteenth  to  the  Nineteenth  Centuries,  selected  from  an 
Old  Country  Library,  including  the  exceedingly  rare  Second  Edition 
of  Spenser's  Shepheanle's  Calendar,  1581,  and  the  First  Edition  of 
the  Complaints,  1591— several  rare  Shakespeare  Quartos,  viz.,  The 
Whole  Contention  between  the  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  Y'orke 
First  Edition,  1019,  The  Merchant  of  Venice.  1037.  The  Tragedy  of 
Hamlet,  1637.  and  Pericles,  1635 ;  also  the  Original  Edition  of  Sir  John 
Oldeastle,  1600  — Shakespeare's  Poems,  Original  Edition,  with  the 
Portrait,  1640— Quarto  Plays  by  Chapman,  Kyd,  Massinger,  Shirley 
Nabbes.  Dryden.  Shadwell,  and  others  — a  few  Early  Manuscripts 
on  Vellum  —  Books  relating  to  America  —  a  remarkable  Copy  of 
The  Gownsman,  original  hoards  as  issued— Lamb's  Rosamund  Gray 
the  scarce  First  Edition,  uncut,  The  King  and  Queen  of  Hearts,  arid 
Beauty  and  the  Beast,  &c— Tennyson's  Poems,  1830— Racing  Calendars 
1731-1854,  in  119  vols.— Sporting  Magazine  21  vols,  uncut,  1792-1803 '• 
also  valuable  Folio  Fine-Art  Books  (the  Property  of  a  LADY')— The 
Stafford  Gallery,  Coloured  Copy,  4  vols.— Pyne's  Roval  Residences, 
Coloured  Plates,  3  vols.,  and  others  similar— Old  Mezzotint  Engravings. 
—Etchings  by  Callot.  4c 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Modern  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms  115,  Chancery  Line,  WC  on 
FRIDAY,  November 30,  at  1  o'clock.  VALUABLE  MODERN  BOOKS. 
including  The  Kehnscott  Chaucer— The  Work  of  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones 
(issued  at  one  hundred  guineas)— The  Burlington  Fine-Arts  Club 
Catalogue  of  Bookbindings.  &c,  4  vols.— 'Williamson's  Portrait  Minia- 
tures, 2  vols.,  and  many  other  Sumptuous  Editions  of  Modern  Fine- 
Art  Books— the  Doves  Press  Bible,  5  vols. — Jenkins's  Martial  Achieve- 
ments—Rawstorne's  Gamonia.  and  other  Rare  Books  with  Coloured 
Plates— Bow, litch's  Coloured  Dra wines  of  Britisli  Freshwater  Fishes— 
the  Naval  Chronicle,  40  vols.— a  Set  of  the  Tudor  Translations,  40  vols.— 
Best  Library  Editions  of  Swift,  Defoe,  Lord  Lytton,  G.  P.  R.  James, 
and  others— the  Writings  of  J.  H.  Jesse,  Fronde  Ian  Illustrated  Copy 
of  his  History),  Carlyle,  Matthew  Arnold.  FitzGerald,  Ainsworth, 
Whyte-Melville,  Surtees,  4c,  mostly  in  handsome  calf  and  levant 
morocco  bindings. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Valuable  Miscellaneous  Bonks,  including  the  Property  of  the 
late  Mrs.  W.  GREY  (removed  from  Stanhope  Gardens),  by 
order  of  the  Executor. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115.  Chancery  Line,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY.  December  5,  and  Two  Following 'Days,  at  1  o'clock 
valuable  miscellaneous  ROOKS,  including  the  above  Property, 
and  comprising  Folio  Rooks  of  Prints  and  Engravings— Topographical 
and  Antiquarian  Books— Chaucer's  Works,  Black  Letter.  IMS— Dodoen's 
Herbal.  1572- Hakliiyt's  Voyages,  a  Fine  Copy  of  the  Edition  of 
1589— Standard  Works  in  History  and  Travel,  gome  relating  to  India- 
Books  in  Irish,  Danish,  and  Swedisli  Literature— First  Editions- 
Rooks  illustrated  by  Cruikshank  and  others— Engravings  relating  to. 
America,  4c. 

Catalogues  on  application, 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


635 


Library  ofthelateG.  W.  KNIGHT.  Esq.tqf South  Kensington 
Museum),  and  other  Prioate  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries.  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C.. 
•on  THURSDAY.  December  6,  ami  Following  Day  at  ten  minutes 
£"st  loclock  precisely.  VALUABLE  BOOKS  ON  ART  F,r*t  rMitiuns 
■of  Modem  Poets- Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  *c.  including  Helyot, 
Ordres  Monastiques,  S  vols.-Musee  Francais,  4  vols,  morocco  extra 
Trith  Arms-Prices  Tauromachia.  Coloured  Plates-Kilbourne  and 
■GoodcsGame  Fishes  of  America- Aiken  s  Moments  of  Fancy  and  New 
Sketch  Book,  Coloured  Plates-Bocace  Des  Nobles  Malheureux  Par  s 
1538-Illustratio»s  by  Kowlandson.  Hogarth,  Morland.  to-Mwr" 
Views  in  Turkey  and  Egypt.  Coloured  Plates— Angas  s  houth  Australia 
— Viollet-le-Duc.  Dictionnaire  de  1' Architecture  et  Dictionnaire  du 
Mobilier,  16  vols.  half-morocco-Littre,  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue 
Francaise,  5  yols.-Beaumonts  Lepontine  Alps,  Coloured  Plates- 
Mather's  History  of  Modern  Painting.  3  vols.-Hayley  s  Life  of 
Romney-Italian"  Scenery,  Coloured  Plates-White  s  Natural  History 
of  Selborne.  First  Edition-Apperley's  Life  of  a  Sportsman-Analysis 
of  the  Hunting  Field-First  Editions,  fine  Copies— Standard  Works 
on  Travel  Biography,  and  Bibliography  —  Autograph  Letters  and 
Early  French  SISS.-Ilrvans  Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers, 
5  vols.,  190S-1906-Iiibliothoque  de  Campagne,  P2  vols.-HotsnM.l_ s  Anti- 
quities of  Sussex  —  Repton's  Brighton  Pavilion,  Coloured  Plates- 
Works  on  Angling— Sporting  Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  Ac. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
:SALES  by  AUCTION  at  ther  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  Jamess 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,   November  26,  ANCIENT  and 

"MODERN  PICTURES  of  the  late  EDWARD  ROBINSON.  Esq. 

On    TUESDAY,     November    27,    ORIENTAL 

OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the  late  EDWARD  ROBINSON,  Esq. 

On  THURSDAY,  November  29,  OLD  ENGLISH 

SILVER    PLATE  of    Miss  0.    M.    L.    DALZELL,   deceased,    EMIL 
•HEINEMANN.   Esq.,  deceased,  and  others. 

On  FRIDAY,  November  30,  FRENCH  DECO- 

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London :  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster  Row. 


640 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

COOK'S  HANDBOOK 

FOR 

EGYPT   AND    THE 
SUDAN. 

BY 

E.  A.  WALLIS  BUDGE, 

M.A.  Litt.D.  D.Litt.  D.Lit. 

Keeper  of  the  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Antiquities, 

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C  H  I  P  P  I  N  G  E. 


By  STANLEY  J.  WEYMAN. 


SECOND 
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JUST  PUBLISHED,  WITH  A  FRONTISPIECE,  crown  8vo,  6s. 

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London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.   15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


643 


THE    BOYS'    BOOK    OF    THE    YEAR. 


HERBERT     STRANG'S 

SAMBA :  a  story  of  the  rubber  slaves  of  tee  conoo. 

Illustrated  by  W.  RAINEY,  R.I.     Cloth  elegant,  5s.        [Just  published. 

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healthy  and  inspiring,  and,  as  the  BISHOP  of  LIVERPOOL  says,  has  an  appeal  for 
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Mr.  HERBERT  STRANG,  by  general  consent  the  "  best  living  writer  for  boys  " 
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ONE   OF   OLIVE'S  HEROES.    A  Story  of  the  Fight  for  India.    6s. 

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(is. 


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FOR    CHILDREN. 
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Miss  Whyte,  who  wan  the  prize  for  the  best  girls'  story,  wrote  the  best 
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TWO    GREAT    BOOKS    OF    REAL 
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THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE 

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HODDER  &  STOUGHTOV,  Warwick  Square.  London,  E.G. 


644 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


List  of  Recent  Purchases  on  Sale  by 

P.    M.    BARNARD, 

(Formerly  Classical  Scholar  of  Christ's  College, Cambridge), 
SECOND-HAND     BOOKSELLER, 

i,  Mount  Pleasant  Road,  Saffron  Walden. 

AMKS  J.).— Typographical  Antiquities.    Augmented  by  W.Herbert. 

Plates,  3  vols.,  17S5-90,  old  calf,  joints  cracked,  20s. 
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4to,  privately  printed,  1S77,  haif-morocco,  t.e.g.,  uncut,  41. 
BOISSIER  (Gastonl.— Rome    and     Pompeii.      Trans.   D.   H.   Fisher. 

Maps  and  Plans,  Svo,  189G,  cloth,  4<. 
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Plants,  3  vols,  in  1,  folio,  1532-36,  halfcalf,  engraved  title  backed, 

some  parts  rather  wormed  and  damp-stained,   but  sound    and 

complete  copy  of  this  rare  book,  4?. 
BURTON  (J.  H.).— The  Bcokhunter.    New  Edition,  with  a  Memoir  of 

the  Author.  Illustrations,  Svo.  1882,  cloth,  large  piiper,  Ss.  6d. 
CLARENDON  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY'S  REPRINTS.     The  Three 

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of  John.    Small  folio,  165S,  binding  broken,  15s. 
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fair  copy  only,  ]  0s.  Bd. 
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FONTAINES  i  Louisi.— A  Relation  of  the  Country  of  Jansenia.  Trans 

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GREG  (R.  P. I. -Comparative  Philology  of  the  Old  and  New  Worlds  in 

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GROTE  .G.i. —A  History  of  Greece.    12  vols,  small  Svo,  1869.  30s. 
GUIGARI)   iJo.innisi.— Armorial  du  Bibliophile    avec   Illustrations 

dans  le  Texte.    2  vols  in  1,  4to,  1870-73.  half-calf,  lis. 
HORNE  (T.   H.I.— An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of   Bibliography. 

Illustrations,  2  vols.  Svo,  1814,  boards,  uncut  (backs  torn),  15s. 
JOHNSON  (J.).— Typographia ;  or.  the  Printers'  Instructor.     2  vols. 

small  Svo,  1824,  boards,  uncut.  Large  Paper,  10s.  Bd. 
JOHNSON    (Samuel).— The   Vanity   of   Human   Wishes.     4to,    1749 

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Bewick).    2  vols.  Svo,  1801,  calf  (defective),  12s.  6d. 
LANDSEER    IT.).— Characteristic   Sketches   of   Animals.      7   Parts 

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LEE    (J.    E.).— Isca  Silurum ;  or,  an  Illustrated  Catalogue   of   the 

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Numerous  Plates,  4to.  1862-68,  cloth  (Supplement,  sewed',  Presenta- 
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LELAND  (T.).— History  of  Ireland.    3  vols.  4to,  1773,  calf,  12s. 
LEPSIUS   (C.  R.).— Denkmaeler  aus  Aegypten    und  Aethiopien.    12 

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on.e,  missing.       Elephant    folio,   no  date  (1849-591,    half-morocco, 

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LIL£Y,  ' W' '•rchribt';«n    Astrology   modestly   treated   of   in    Three 

Books.    Fine  Portrait  by  Marshall.    Small  thick  4to,  1047,  boards, 

worn,  sign,  Nn  missing,  also  last  4  leaves  of  Index,  21s. 
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by  J.  H.  (John  Hall).    Small  Svo,  1652,  old  morocco,  7s.  6d. 
LOSKIEL    (G.    H.).— Moravian    Mission    to    the 'Indians    in    North 

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stuck  in  at  end,  21 «. 
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MARGARET    yUEEN   OF   NAVARRE.-Heptameron.      Trans,   by 

prinXted!lsircTothF2f^enberg'S    PIat66'    5   YOlS-   8V°'    Plivately 
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H.R.H.  AUGUSTA,  DUCHESS  OF  CAM- 
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LIFE  AND  LETTERS   OF 

THE  FIRST  EARL  OF  DURHAM,  1792-1840. 

By  STUART  J.  REID. 

With  17  Photogravure  Plates,  2  vols.  8vo,  36s.  net. 

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and  to  place  in  its  true  perspective   an   interesting  personality.      The  task  could  hardly  have   been 

better  d:me He  uses  the  materials  placed  at  his  disposal  with  judgment  and  economy,  and  he  has 

the  true  biographical  instinct." 

DAILY  CHRONICLE. — "The  full  story  has  hitherto  been  known  only  to  those  who  have 
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of  the  Lambtons The  history  of  England  does  not  contain  the  records  of  one  who  was  more  clearly  a 

martyr  to  duty  than  the  first  Earl  of  Durham." 

PERSONAL    AND     LITERARY     LETTERS 
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Edited  by  Lady  BETTY  BALFOUR. 

With  8  Portraits,  &c.     2  vols.  8vo,  21s.  net. 

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generation  is  English  literature  augmented  by  a  book  like  it." 

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in  several  passages,  notably  in  a  description  of  a  stay  with  him  in  Italy,  she  attains  genuine  eloquence." 

MANCHESTER  G  UA  RDIA  N.  — "One  of  the  most  delightful  books  that  have  appeared  for  some  time. ' ' 


HOMER     AND     HIS     AGE.      By 

ANDREW  LANG.    With  8  Illustrations,  8vo,  12s.  6d. 
net. 
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probably  abrief  age,  in  its  political,  legal,  social,  and  j 
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NEW  EDITION,  REVISED  THROUGHOUT. 

SELECTED      EPIGRAMS      FROM 

THE  GREEK  ANTHOLOGY.  Edited,  with  Revised 
Text,  Translation,  Introduction,  and  Notes,  by  J.  W. 
MACKAIL,  M.A.  LL.D.,  sometime  Fellow  "f  Balliol 
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LUCKNOW  VETERAN,  1845-1876.  By  Major-General 
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JOHN   MASON   NEALE,  D.D.     A 

Memoir.      By  ELEANOR  A.  TOWLE.     With   Photo- 
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net. 
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THE  OLD  R00F-TREE :  Letters  of 

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NTo  4126,  Nov.  24?  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


647 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER 


1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

•Chronicles  of  the  Burney  Family 64 

yiR.  Lee's  Shakspearean  Essays  648 

ronsard  and  the  pleiad 648 

sir  Thomas  Lawrence's  Letter-Bag 649 

New  Novels  (The  Iron  Gates  ;  A  Damaged  Reputation  ; 
The  Heart  that  Knows  ;  At  the  Sign  of  the  Peacock  ; 
The  Trail  Together ;  Burnt  Spices ;  The  Locum 
Tenens ;  Frost  and  Friendship  ;  The  Broken  Law) 

650—651 

Juvenile  Literature         651 

•Oi'K  Library  Table  (Memoirs  of  T.  H.  Green  ;  Adrift 
in  Xew  Zealand  ;  A  Short  History  of  the  Oxford 
Movement ;  Stubbs's  Letters ;  Letters  to  a  Daughter ; 
A  Guide  to  the  Bodleian  ;  Advanced  History  of 
Great  Britain  ;  L'Achat  des  Actions  de  Suez ; 
Nainte  Marie  Madeleine ;  Reprints  and  New 
Editions  ;  Diaries,  Christinas  Cards,  &c.)     ..      653— <>55 

.List  of  New  Books 655 

The  Buchanan  Quatercentenary  at  Glasgow  ; 
The  Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York  and 
the  New  York  Shakespeare  Society    ..      656—657 

-Literary  Gossip         ..       ..       _       657 

Science— Research  Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings 
Next  Week;  Gossip .      659—661 

Fine  Arts— Art  Crafts  for  Beginners  ;  The  Arts 
of  Japan  ;  The  Values  of  Old  English  Silver 
and  Sheffield  Plate  ;  The  Society  of  Twelve  ; 
Newest  Light  on  Rembrandt  ;  Gossip    ..     602—663 

.Music— Mlle.  Gay  as  Carmen  ;  Joachim  Concerts"; 
M.  Risler's  Beethoven  Recitals  ;  Iff.  Pach- 
mann's  Recital;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week 6G4— 665 

Drama— Richard    II. ;     The   Doctor's   Dilemma  ; 

Literary  Drama  in  Dublin;  Gossip        ..      6C5-CCC 
Index  to  Advertisers        666 


LITERATURE 


The  House  in  St.  Martin'' ■ s  Street  :  being 
Chronicles  of  the  Burney  Family.  By 
Constance  Hill.  With  Illustrations  by 
Ellen  G.  Hill.     (John  Lane.) 

The  subject  of  Miss  Hill's  book  is  the  life 
of  the  Burney  family  in  the  last  of  their 
London  homes,  that  is,  from  the  autumn 
of  1774  to  the  spring  of  1783.  The  house 
in  St.  Martin's  Street  still  stands,  though 
its  surroundings  are,  of  course,  much 
altered.  The  author  has  been  fortunate 
enough  to  obtain  new  material  in  the 
shape  of  unpublished  letters  from  the 
Burney  MSS.  ;  and  she  has  also  had 
the  use  of  a  copy  of  Madame  D'Arblay's 
*  Diary  and  Letters '  annotated  by  a 
granddaughter  of  its  first  editor.  By 
interweaving  with  the  new  matter  passages 
from  the  '  Early  Diary,'  the  '  Memoirs  of 
Dr.  Burney,'  and  other  printed  sources 
dealing  with  the  Burney  and  Thrale 
circle,  she  has  produced  a  most  agreeable 
volume  of  handsome  appearance,  the 
value  of  which  is  enhanced  by  excellent 
sketches. 

Among  the  earliest  pieces  of  unprinted 
material  are  a  portion  of  a  letter  of  Dr. 
Burney  alluding  to  Garrick  ("  our  great 
Roscius  ")  playing  Punch  to  children,  and 
a,  whole  epistle  from  his  daughter  Fanny 
to  Crisp,  relating  to  the  unwelcome 
addresses  (at  first  supported  by  him  as 
well  as  her  father)  of  a  Mr.  Barlow.  What 
is  probably  the  first  draft  of  the  letter 
(published  last  year  in  The  Cornhill)  to 
Lowndes,  the  bookseller,  asking  him  to 
read  the  manuscript  of  the  anonymous 
'  Evelina,'  appears  in  facsimile  a  little 
later,  and  is  followed  by  his  replies  to  the 
several  communications    he   received    re- 


lating to  the  matter.  A  hitherto  inedited 
portion  of  the  author's  diary  relates  her 
father's  first  congratulations  upon  her 
anonymous  work,  about  the  gratifying 
reception  of  which  we  naturally  get  a  good 
deal  in  the  book.  Sir  Joshua  left  the 
novel  "  neither  for  sleep  nor  food,"  and 
Dr.  Johnson  was  never  tired  of  quoting 
from  it. 

One  of  Miss  Hill's  most  interesting 
chapters  is  that  upon  '  The  Witlings,'  the 
comedy  which  Fanny  Burney  wrote  on  the 
suggestion,  amongst  others,  of  Sheridan, 
but  suppressed  in  deference  to  the  judg- 
ment of  her  father  and  "  Daddy  "  Crisp. 
The  specimen  printed  from  Act  IV.  has 
a  liveliness  which  is  not  ineffective,  but 
is  perhaps  a  little  reminiscent  of  recent 
models.  Crisp's  attitude  was  influenced, 
one  majr  suppose,  by  recollections  of  the 
reception  of  his  own  '  Virginia.'  The 
Doctor,  whose  reading  of  the  play  to  the 
Chesington  household  is  described  by 
Susan  Burney,  probably  Mashed  Fanny 
to  rest  upon  her  literary  laurels. 

Among  some  new  letters  of  Mrs.  Thrale 
(now  "  Evelina's  "  fast  friend)  is  one  to 
Dr.  Burney,  whom  she  tells  how  she  had 
"  hastily  swallowed  a  chicken-bone," 
which  would  "  infallibly  have  finished  " 
her  had  not  a  surgeon  forced  it  down  with 
"  the  whalebone  and  sponge  "  ;  and  how 
Mr.  Thrale  had  made  her  burn  her  wig 
and  wear  her  own  hair,  which  caused  her 
to  ;'  gain  seven  j^ears  in  youthful  looks." 
She  also  mentions  the  recent  arrival  of 
';  a  fine  Forte  Piano  "  (then  a  new  instru- 
ment)— an  article  which,  to  judge  by  a 
scene  in  St.  Martin's  Street  recorded  in 
a  letter  of  Fanny  Burney,  she  was  in- 
capable of  appreciating.  The  first  "  harp- 
sichord with  hammers  "  seems  to  have 
been  brought  from  Italy  for  Samuel  Crisp, 
a  more  wrorthy  recipient.  In  a  later 
letter  Mrs.  Thrale  recalls  the  fact  that 
she  had  seen  "  the  very  first  Montgolfier  " 
go  up  from  the  Luxembourg  Gardens,  on 
which  occasion,  in  response  to  her  ex- 
pressed anxiety  as  to  the  fate  of  the 
pioneers,  a  grave  Frenchman  made  reply  : 
"  Je  crois,  madame,  qu'ils  sont  alles,  cea 
messieurs-la,  pour  voir  le  lieu  ou  les  vents 
se  forment." 

Susan  Burney's  unpublished  journals 
(sent  to  Fanny  when  absent  from  London) 
are  largely  drawn  upon  by  Miss  Hill. 
From  them  are  taken  a  graphic  description 
of  a  grand  night  at  the  Italian  opera, 
where  Pacchierotti  sang  in  Sacchini's 
'  Rinaldo,'  in  March,  1780,  and  a  divert- 
ing account  of  that  amiable  singer's 
grievances  against  the  "  conductor  of  the 
Opera-House,"  Mr.  Sheridan.  One  day 
Pacchierotti  (a  constant  visitor  at  St. 
Martin's  Street)  took  from  his  pocket  a 
bit  of  paper  and  wrote  on  it  :  — 

"  Pacchierotti  sends  his  comp**  to  Mr. 
Sheridan,  and  is  very  displeased  to  be  obliged 
to  call  him  a  Rascal — but  his  conduct  is 
everything  so  irregular  he  can  give  no  better 
title  to  so  great  Breaker  of  his  Word.  I )  n 
him  and  his  way  of  thinking,  which  1  wish 
it  may  bring  him  to  the  Gallows." 

A  gallows  was  drawn  underneath,  with 
a   man  hanging,   and   the   writer   pulling 


down  his  legs.  Howrever,  Susan  assures 
her  sister  that  this  was  "  more  in  sport 
than  malice  "  ;  and,  in  fact,  a  few  weeks 
later,  Sheridan  is  reported  as  having 
assured  the  singer  that  he  would  "  in 
future  be  more  attentive  to  matters  of 
business  "  ;  to  which  the  good-natured 
Italian  responded,  '*  Pray  do,  sir,  for  you 
have  all  that  belongs  to  a  man  of  genius 
and  of  honour — except  punctuality." 

From  the  same  source  comes  a  vivid 
record  of  the  Gordon  Riots.  From  the 
windows  of  the  house  in  St.  Martin's 
Street  the  writer  and  her  family  had  seen 
the  destruction  of  Justice  Hyde's  house, 
and  she  had  noted,  as  a  sign  that  the 
operations  of  the  rioters  were  organized, 
how  they  ordered  the  engine  to  play  on 
the  neighbouring  houses  to  prevent  their 
catching  fire.  After  they  had  finished 
with  Hyde's  house  the  incendiaries,  she 
writes,  "  ran  past  our  windows  to  the 
bottom  of  Leicester  Fields  with  lighted 
firebrands  in  their  hands  like  so  many 
Furies,  [where]  they  made  one  great  bon- 
fire." Thirty  Foot  Guards  with  an  ensign 
marched  into  the  street  during  the 
evening,  but,  after  an  ineffectual  speech 
by  their  commander,  soon  retired.  The 
Burneys  themselves  were  for  a  time  in 
danger : — 

"  While  Mr.  Burney,  my  sister,  and  I 
stood  at  the  window,  the  crowd  being  then 
greatly  diminished,  as  numbers  had  flown 
to  attack  other  places,  I  saw  about  ten  men 
and  women  in  a  group,  looking  up  at  our 
windows.  '  No  Popery,'  cried  they,  and 
repeated  this  two  or  three  times ....  We  had 
no  idea  that  we  were  ourselves  addressed 
till  one  of  the  men  said  to  the  rest,  pointing 
to  us,  '  They  are  all  three  papists  !  '  '  For 
God's  sake,'  cried  poor  Hetty,  '  Mr.  Burney, 
call  out  No  Popery  or  anything  !  '  Mr. 
Burney  [Susan's  brother-in-law  and  cousin] 
accordingly  got  his  hat  and  huzza'd  from  the 
window.  .  .  .'  God  bless  your  Honour.'  they 
then  cried,  and  went  away  verv  well  satis- 
fied." 

A  little  later  Susan  Burney  mentions  that 
Mr.  Burke  had  been  beset  by  a  number 
of  wretches  in  St.  Martin's  Street,  and 
had  been  obliged  to  draw  his  sword  before 
he  could  get  rid  of  them.  From  Newton's 
old  observatory  (part  of  the  Burneys' 
house)  Susan  saw  that  night  the  flames 
ascending  from  Newgate,  and  fires  rising 
from  the  burning  of  Justice  Fielding's 
house  in  Covent  Garden  and  Lord  .Mans- 
field's in  Bloomsbury  Square,  whilst  "  our 
own  square  was  rendered  as  light  as  day 
by  the  bonfire  made  from  [the  contents] 
of  Justice  Hyde's  house."  On  the  next 
night  (Wednesday,  June  7th),  the  Burney 
family  did  not  go  to  bed,  and  began  to 
send  away  dot  lies  and  valuables.  On 
Thursday  Dr.  Burney  went  and  drew 
some  money  from  his  banker,  saying, 
"  If  we  must  be  ruined,  at  least  I  will 
have  the  satisfaction  of  not  owing  a 
guinea  in  the  world."'  On  Friday  at  last 
the  troops  arrived  ;  and  that  night  the 
family  in  St.  Martin's  Street  had  the  first 
tolerable  rest  since  the  Monday  when  the 
riots  had  begun. 

From  the  journal  for  1781  of  Charlotte, 
a  younger  sister,  is  extracted  her  descrip- 


648 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


tion  of  a  first  meeting  with  "  the  famous 
Mr.  Bos  well  "  at  the  house  of  her  new 
friends  the  Hooles.  Bozzy's  manners 
suited  the  young  lady's  taste  for  "  con- 
vivial hilarity,"  and  she  lauds  him  as 

"  a  fine,  lively,  sensible,  unaffected,  honest, 
manly,  good  -  humoured  character.  He 
idolizes  Dr.  Johnson,  and  struts  about  and 
puts  himself  into  such  ridiculous  positions 
that  he  is  as  good  as  a  comedy.  He  seems 
between  40  and  30  ;  a  good-looking  man 
enough." 

Moreover,  he  made  a  bon  mot  upon  her 
name  that  "  procured  him  great  applause  " 
during  dinner. 

We  would  fain  linger  further  over  this 
delightful  book,  the  fresh  interest  of  which 
has  been  by  no  means  exhausted  here  ; 
but  we  must  leave  the  reader  to  follow 
Fanny  to  Bath  and  Brighton,  and  refrain 
from  commenting  upon  such  matters  as 
the  flattering  reception  of  her  new  novel 
'  Cecilia,'  which,  we  fear,  is  little  known 
to  readers  at  the  present  day. 


Shakespeare  and  the  Modern  Stage,  with 
other  Essays.  By  Sidney  Lee.  (John 
Murray.) 

This  book  consists  of  eleven  papers 
written  between  1899  and  1905.  They 
have  been  rigorously  revised,  but  they 
still  involve  some  tedious  repetitions. 
They  constitute,  however,  a  volume  well 
worth  the  attention  of  the  public.  Mr. 
Lee  writes  here  rather  as  a  "  popularizer  " 
than  an  expert,  but  his  work  has  none 
of  the  slipshod  rhetoric  of  the  increasing 
crowd  who  demand  the  public  favour. 
Wide  knowledge  is  combined  with  careful, 
lucid  writing.  Alike  on  the  literary  and 
the  practical  side  (which  includes  the 
question  of  the  best  way  to  act  Shakspeare 
and  erect  a  monument  to  him)  Mr.  Lee 
is  a  sound  guide,  producing  an  impression 
of  sober,  well-reasoned  judgment. 

We  are  particularly  pleased  to  see  that 
he  assigns  due  weight  to  oral  traditions 
of  Shakspeare  which  have  been  dismissed 
by  the  pedantic  expert  of  the  book- world 
as  valueless.  The  chapter  on  this  subject 
is,  perhaps,  the  most  interesting  of  all, 
with  its  conclusion  that  the  wonder  is 
that  we  know  so  much  of  the  poet  as  we  do. 

The  main  paper,  which  gives  the  title 
to  the  book,  has  already  been  the  subject 
of  discussion  in  the  daily  press.  At  the 
head  of  it  might  have  been  placed  some 
lines  addressed  by  George  Dyer  more  than 
a  hundred  years  ago  to  the  Muse  of  Shak- 
speare : — 

.Sick  of  misjudging,  that  no  sense  can  hit, 
Scar'd  by  the  jargon  of  unmeaning  wit, 
The  senseless  splendour  of  the  tawdry  stage, 
The  loud  long  plaudits  of  a  trifling  age, 
Where  dost  thou  wander  1 

Mr.  Lee  contrasts  the  present  over- 
elaboration  of  scenic  appliances  in  London 
with  the  Shakspearean  performances  on 
the  Continent  to  -  day  and  by  Phelps 
from  1844  onwards — performances  dis- 
tinguished by  artistic  sobriety.  Phelps 
is  again  mentioned  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Benson's  services  to  Shak- 
speare,      which       only      receive       their 


due  in  another  article.  Long  as  was 
Phelps's  list  of  Shakspeare's  plays  per- 
formed, Mr.  Benson's  is  only  one  behind 
it,  and  he  has  been  a  great  teacher  : — 

"  Nearly  all  the  best  performers  of 
secondary  roles  and  a  few  of  the  best  per- 
formers of  primary  roles  in  the  leading 
London  theatres  are  Mr.  Benson's  pupils." 

Long  runs  of  plays,  which  are  confined 
to  England  and  America,  are  fatal  to 
good  art,  as  Mr.  Lee  explains  more  than 
once,  nor  do  we  object  to  seeing  a  truth 
emphasized  which  is  plain  to  the  expert 
on  the  drama,  but  hardly  ever  expressed 
by  him  when  he  writes  his  word  of  lauda- 
tion concerning  the  hundredth  or  two 
hundredth  night  of  a  play.  Commercial- 
ism and  human  vanity  are  too  commonly 
fostered  by  our  press  in  connexion  with 
actors  and  acting.  We  are  glad  to  note 
throughout  this  book  some  salutary  plain- 
speaking  as  to  the  effect  of  the  actor- 
manager  on  our  present  drama. 

Further  papers  concern  '  Pepys  and 
Shakespeare,'  '  Aspects  of  Shakespeare's 
Philosophy,'  a  reference  to  '  Hamlet ' 
forged  by  Steevens  in  1763  and  still 
current  as  veracious,  and  '  Shakespeare 
in  France.'  The  last  article,  on  'The  Com- 
memoration of  Shakespeare  in  London,' 
is  of  interest  as  a  record  and  criticism,  not 
only  of  the  subject,  but  also  of  the  admir- 
able work  of  preservation  and  organiza- 
tion at  Stratford,  in  which  Mr.  Lee  has 
taken  a  leading  part.  The  latest  London 
scheme  has  been  much  criticized,  and  we 
particularly  commend  to  a  public  which  has 
the  shortest  of  memories  Mr.  Lee's  dis- 
cussion of  the  objections  to  it.  In  a  note 
(of  October,  1906)  he  adds  that  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Committee  formed  two 
years  ago  have  been  subject  to  delay, 
which  is 

"  assigned  to  the  circumstance  that  the 
London  County  Council,  which  is  supporting 
the  proposal,  is  desirous  of  associating  it 
with  the  great  Council  Hall  which  it  is  pre- 
paring to  erect  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Thames,  and  that  it  has  not  yet  been  found 
practicable  to  invite  designs  for  that  work." 

The  impression  made  by  the  statues 
already  set  up  in  London  is  not,  as  Mr. 
Lee  states,  encouraging.  He  remarks 
that  the  Scott  Monument  at  Edinburgh, 
"  which  cost  no  more  than  16,000^., 
satisfies  a  nation's  commemorative  aspira- 
tion." Its  situation  is,  no  doubt,  good — 
better  than  any  we  have  now  left  in  Lon- 
don ;  but  it  does  not  please  everybody. 
Dickens,  for  instance,  who  represents  the 
view  of  art  taken  by  an  outsider  of  genius, 
wrote  : — 

"  I  am  sorry  to  report  the  Scott  Monument 
a  failure.  It  is  like  the  spire  of  a  Gothic 
church  taken  off  and  stuck  in  the  ground." 

In  the  case  of  Shakspeare  there  is  little 
doubt  that  the  average  man  finds  all  the 
various  records  of  his  face  a  disappoint- 
ment. Mr.  Lee  thinks  that  there  are 
possibly  three  native  sculptors  who  might 
be  equal  to  the  occasion,  but  also  suggests 
that  the  competition  for  the  monument 
should  be  thrown  open  to  sculptors  of 
every  country.  Even  then  the  deciding 
jury  would   be   difficult   to   choose.      We 


have  no  Minister  of  the  Fine  Arts,  while 
one  at  least  of  the  obvious  authorities 
has  distinguished  itself  by  refusing  the 
nearest  approach  to  inspired  statuary 
of  recent  days. 


Ronsard  and  La  Pleiade,  with  Selections^ 
from  their  Poetry  and  Translations  in  the 
Original  Metres.  By  George  Wyndham. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

During  the  past  year  or  so  Ronsard  and 
his,  fellows  have  been  the  theme  of  several 
important  studies  :  Mr.  Tilley's  '  Lite- 
rature of  the  French  Renaissance '  is 
indispensable  to  any  one  working  at  the 
period  by  reason  of  its  completeness  and 
accuracy  of  detail ;  M.  Brunetiere  has 
written  of  Ronsard  with  an  equal  though 
well-hidden  learning  and  a  deeper  feeling 
for  the  literary  and  historical  value  of  the- 
work  of  the  Pleiad  ;  Mr.  Belloc  in  '  Avril  r 
dwelt  on  its  poetic  side  with  an  almost 
passionate  appreciation  in  an  attempt  to> 
force  on  us  a  measure  of  understanding 
of  what  its  harmonies  are  to  a  French  ear- 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  we  expected 
an  equally  important  contribution  to  the 
discussion  from  Mr.  Wyndham. 

To  write  worthily  of  Ronsard  and  his 
companions  for  English  readers  is  a  task 
which  demands  some  special  qualifications: 
a  deep  and  full  knowledge  of  the  history 
of  his  time  in  France  and  in  England,  a 
sense  of  the  special  virtues  of  the  French 
tongue,  and  a  complete  mastery  of  the- 
resources  of  our  own.  Mr.  Wyndham  is 
well  fitted  for  the  task.  He  has  caught 
the  spirit  of  Elizabethan  England,, 
and  written  admirably  and  with  in- 
sight of  its  greatest  poetry  ;  while  on 
the  other  hand  his  sympathy  with  the 
artistic  side  of  the  French  spirit  is  in 
constant  evidence,  and  this  book  is  not 
the  least  of  its  proofs.  Yet  in  the  narrow 
limits  of  some  sixty  pages  Mr.  Wyndham 
has  set  himself  to  write  a  life  of  Ronsard 
and  his  companions,  an  account  of  their 
sources  of  inspiration  and  their  aim,  and 
an  estimate  of  their  achievement  and 
influence,  particularly  on  Elizabethan 
literature.  It  was  hardly  likely  that  in 
these  narrow^  limits  he  could  add  much 
of  importance  to  our  knowledge  or  of 
weight  to  our  criticism,  and,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  we  find  nothing  here  said  of 
Ronsard  that  has  not  been  said  before,, 
though  it  may  be  hoped  that  Mr. 
Wyndham's  introduction  Avill  obtain  for 
him  a  new  circle  of  English  readers. 

The  necessary  compression  of  treatment 
leaves  us  in  some  hesitation  as  to  whether 
the  author  has  not  assumed  a  great  many 
things  on  very  questionable  authority. 
One  of  these  is  that  Ronsard  knew,  or 
knew  of,  the  great  French  poetry  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  There  is  no  evidence 
to  show  it,  and  we  doubt  very  much 
whether  Ronsard  knew  anything  more  of 
Alexander  (of  the  romances),  Charle- 
magne, or  Arthur  than  their  names  and 
the  fragments  of  their  adventures  current 
among  the  common  people  (their  histories 
had  got  down  to  the  chapbooks),  while  it 


tf°  4120,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


m 


is  extremely  unlikely  that  he  ever  saw, 
much  less  read,  a  verse  romance  dealing 
with  any  one  of  them.  He  adopted  the 
alexandrine  from  Sibilet,  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  issue  of  the  '  Defence  ' 
(though  he  might  have  found  the  measure 
in  Marot),  not  from  the  chansons  de  geste. 
Of  course,  when  Mr.  Wyndham  says  that 
Ronsard  "  settled "  the  alternation  of 
masculine  and  feminine  rhymes  in  French 
verse,  he  does  not  forget  that  modern 
French  poets — such,  for  example,  as  M. 
Jean  Moreas,  not  to  speak  of  the  occasional 
practice  of  Verlaine — refuse  to  fall  into 
this  systematic  alternation,  and  allow 
themselves  the  use  of  the  hiatus,  any  more 
than  when  he  says  that  the  reproduction 
of  sonnets  "  on  the  exact  model  of 
Petrarch  "  was  a  feat  unaccomplished  in 
England  till  Rossetti  wrote  '  The  House 
of  Life '  he  undervalues  Milton  or  the 
Elizabethan  sonneteers.  But  he  seems 
to  forget  that  there  is  an  insurmountable 
obstacle  to  any  modern  English  poet 
following  the  example  of  Chaucer  and 
adopting  a  French  model.  Chaucer's 
English  allowed  him  to  reproduce  the 
harmonies  of  the  French  line  he  translated 
and  copied — modern  English  does  not. 
Take,  for  example,  the  exquisite  poem 
Mr.  Wyndham  has  translated  : — 

Mignonne,  allons  voir  si  la  rose 
<v>ui  ce  matin  avoit  deselosc 
Sa  robe  de  pourpre  au  soleil 
A  point  perdu  ceste  vespree 
Les  plis  de  sa  robe  pourpree 
Et  son  teint  au  vostre  pared. 

The  female  rhymes  of  rose,  vespree,  have 
an  effect  almost  beyond  reproduction  in 
English  ;  the  lines  suggest  their  tune. 
Mr.  Wyndham's  version, — 

Darling,  conic  with  me  and  behold 
Whether  tin-  rose  I  saw  unfold 

For  the  new  sun  her  crimson  gown, 
Has  not  this  evening  to  lament 
The  loss  of  all  her  red  raiment, 

And  colour  lovely  as  your  own, — 

is  a  syllable  short  in  the  first,  second, 
fourth,  and  fifth  lines.  The  rhyme  lament 
— raiment  may  puzzle  phonologists  a 
century  hence  if  they  come  on  it,  but 
apart  from  that,  the  lines  lack  music. 
Compare,  again,  the  opening  line  of 
Ronsard's  beautiful  sonnet 
Mignonne,  levez-vous,  vous  cstcs  paresseuse, 

with  Mr.  Wyndham's, 

Awake,  awake,  Marie,  how  lazy  you  are  grown  ! 

Our  tongue  is  capable  of  the  sweetest 
music,  but  the  rhythm  of  French  lyric  verse 
is  hardly  realizable  in  it.  Perhaps  the 
nearest  approach  to  success  in  the  volume, 
from  this  point  of  view,  is  the  translation 
of  the  lovely  sonnet,  first  introduced  to 
some  of  us  by  Mr.  Lang  many  years  ago  : — 

Je  vous  envoye  un  bouquet  que  ma  main 
Vient  de  trier  de  068  fleurs  epauies  : 
Qui  Mr  les  'Mi  t  ;i  ir  respre  oueilliea, 

(  IheuteS  .i  tern-  dies  fusscnt  dcill.lill. 

We  would  like  to  say  a  special  word  of 
praise  for  the  Dedication — to  an  unnamed 
lady  :  it  is  good  verse  and  graceful 
fantasy. 

Ronsard  wrote  too  much,  says  our 
author.  True,  hut  most  poets  write  too 
much  ;    it   seems   to   he   a   necessity  for 


them  to  write  and  publish  a  certain 
number  of  thousands  of  lines  before  they 
can  be  sure  of  themselves.  Spenser, 
Wordsworth,  and  William  Morris  wrote 
too  much.  But  the  public  has  a  short 
remedy  for  this  excessive  stuff— it  does 
not  read  it.  Some  people  must  read  all 
Ronsard,  even  the  '  Franciade,'  to  satisfy 
themselves  that  he  knew  nothing  of  early 
French  poetry  ;  the  '  Pindaric  Odes,'  to 
see  that  his  ears  were  deaf  to  the  specific 
music  of  Pindar — that  he  and  his  fellows, 
in  their  blind  worship  of  classicism,  took 
the  chance  arrangement  of  lines  of  a 
copyist,  writing  verse  as  prose,  for  a 
classic  metre  ;  but  the  rest  of  the  world 
will  depend  on  anthologies,  such  as  the 
one  before  us.  Great  poets  appeal  to 
posterity  by  their  highest  work,  while 
their  influence  on  their  contemporaries 
and  immediate  successors  depends  on 
their  average  achievement  ;  witness  the 
fact  that  Mr.  Wyndham  does  not  quote 
a  single  line  from  the  poems  most  admired 
by  Ronsard's  contemporaries.  And  if 
Ronsard  was  speedily  forgotten,  it  is 
because  he  was  beaten  on  his  own  ground 
by  successors  who  improved  on  his 
theories,  took  his  fancies  for  their  common- 
places, and  his  commonplaces  for  their 
maxims,  and  buried  romance  in  France 
for  two  and  a  half  centuries. 


Sir  Thomas  Lawrence's  Letter-Bag.  Edited 
by  George  Somes  Layard.  With  Recol- 
lections of  the  Artist  by  Miss  Elizabeth 
Croft.     (George  Allen.) 

In  a  disputatious  preface  Mr.  Layard 
asserts  that  this  selection  from  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence's  correspondence  is  published  to 
refute  the  impression  produced  by  Mr. 
Knapp's  volume,  '  An  Artist's  Love  Story,' 
dealing  with  the  painter's  philanderings 
with  the  two  daughters  of  Mrs.  Siddons. 
"  Its  separation  from  the  context  of  his 
life,"  we  are  informed,  "  did  some  in- 
justice to  his  memory  "  ;  and  in  a  vehe- 
ment outburst  Mr.  Layard  exclaims  : — 

"  Let  the  mental  hermaphrodite,  who  is 
so  much  in  love  with  himself  that  he  cannot 
forgive  another  for  the  folly  of  loving  a 
woman  to  his  own  hurt,  hug  his  righteous 
soul  and  thank  God  that  he  is  not  as  other 
men  are.  For  us  it  is  enough  that  Law- 
rence suffered,  and  that,  stricken  to  the 
heart  as  he  was,  he  yet  had  the  courage  to 
live  Ids  life  and  hring  to  fruition  the  great 
talents  with  which  he  had  been  so  lavishly 
endowed." 

The  male  readers  of  '  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence's  Letter- Bag '  need  not  con- 
sider themselves  unsexed  if  they  decline 
to  subscribe  to  this  view  of  the  case.  The 
point  of  the  Siddons  letters,  which  Mr. 
Knapp  judiciously  left  for  the  most  part 
to  speak  for  themselves,  was  that  the 
painter  shilly-shallied  between  two  sisters  ; 
and  that  if  the  process  entailed  suffering 
on  him,  it  inflicted  much  more  grief  on 
the  objects  of  his  passion.  Let  us  pursue 
the  context  of  his  life,  and,  lo  and  behold  ! 
on  ]).    150  of  this  volume  he  is  to  be  dis- 

covered  writing  from  Rome  : — 


"  My  Bed  Boom  Window  is  so  small  that 
only  one  Person  can  conveniently  look  out 
of  it,  hut  it  looks  over  the  Pope's  garden 
and  St.  Peters,  Monte  Mario,  &c,  and  as 
sweet  Even'g  closes  I  often  squeeze  you 
into  it  tho'  it  does  hurt  you  a  little  by  holding 
your  arm  so  closely  within  mine.  ..." 

Lawrence  was  fifty  when  he  addressed 
these  ultramontane  tendernesses  to  the 
receptive  Mrs.  Wolff.  The  friendship, 
Mr.  Layard  solemnly  assures  us,  was  a 
pure  one.  No  doubt,  in  one  sense,  but 
it  was  more  than  a  trifle  mawkish.  Law- 
rence, in  fact,  continued  to  be  an  incurable 
sentimentalist  to  the  end  of  his  days  ;  and 
if  he  remained  a  bachelor,  it  was  not 
because,  as  Mr.  Layard  thinks,  he  was 
"  true  to  his  love,"  but  because  a  succes- 
sion of  "  t'other  dear  charmers  "  headed 
him  away  from  the  altar. 

This  volume  does  not  make  material 
additions  to  the  known  circumstances  of 
Lawrence's  life  as  set  forth  in  Williams's 
ponderous  biography,  but  is  is  undeniably 
interesting.  His  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments receive  copious  illustration,  and 
the  patience  with  which  the  austere  Mr. 
Coutts  and  the  faithful  Farington  strove 
to  extricate  him  stands  to  their  infinite 
credit.  But  it  was  the  old  story  of  want 
of  thrift ;  Lawrence  was  continually 
evading  the  arrangement  whereby  his 
professional  earnings  should  have  gone 
to  the  extinction  of  his  debts.  Thus,  as 
he  glibly  explained  to  Coutts  : — 

"  The  sums  I  have  received  for  frames 
(none  of  them  adding  to  my  frame  maker's 
debt)  tho'  properly  speaking  a  part  of  General 
Income,  is  not  of  that  Income  derived  from 
Professional  labour,  which  I  have  considered 
myself  bound  to  deliver  to  my  Friend.  Their 
receipt  and  the  occasions  to  which  I  applied 
them  were  casualties  on  which  I  had  not 
built.  I  applied  them  to  the  payment  of 
unlooked-for  but  fair  demands." 

Mr.  Layard  invokes  sympathy  for  the 
man  of  genius  compelled  to  meet  his 
obligations,  and  the  plea  commands  assent, 
but  only  up  to  a  certain  point.  Lawrence 
toiled  unceasingly,  often  to  the  detriment 
of  his  health.  He  was,  however,  hope- 
lessly devoid  of  method,  and  complaints 
poured  in  upon  him  from  sitters  who  had 
to  wait  year  after  year  for  their  portraits. 
Mr.  Layard  prints  numerous  specimens  of 
these  communications,  and  very  amusing 
they  are.  Threats  and  cajoleries  seem 
to  have  been  equally  inefficacious,  and 
his  servant  slyly  explained  how  the  worried 
painter  wheedled  his  patrons  into  a  good 
humour  : — 

"  '  Some  of  them.  Miss,'  said  lie,  '  do  come 
in  a  huff,  but  they  always  go  away  pleased. 
for  my  master  brings  out  the  picture,  and 
says  it  need  only  he  altered  in  the  dress,  and 
then  they  think  they  arc  handsomer  than 
ever,  and  so  all 's  right.  One  old  lady  came 
the  other  day  and  asked  to  see  a  picture  of 
her  begun  twenty  years  ago,  and  when  she. 
saw  it,  said,  "  Do  finish  it.  Sir  Thomas,  it  is 
such  an  excellent  likeness  !  " 

Weak  though  he  was,  Lawrence  took 
criticism  in  good  part,  and  remained 
serene  under  the  atrabilious  diatribes  of 
.John  Williams,  otherwise  "  Antony  Pas- 
quin."  I'tit.  even  in  those  distant  days, 
the  inducements  of  "  chicken  and  chain- 


650 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


tt°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1908 


pagne  " — or  shall  we  say  of  punch  and 
broiled  bones  ? — were  not  neglected  when 
journalists  had  to  be  considered  : — 

"  At  the  Academy  Hfoppne]r  was  dis- 
claiming all  knowledge  or  connection  with 
them  whatever.  '  Blackguards  from  the 
highest  to  the  lowest.'  Two  days  before 
Hamilton  had  din'd  with  him  at  Perry's  !  " 

Lawrence,  too,  may  be  held  to  have 
been  reasonably  exempt  from  artistic 
jealousy.  His  quarrel  with  Hoppner 
appears  to  have  been  none  of  his  seeking, 
and  he  paid  unstinted  compliments  to 
the  talents  of  Cosway.  By  no  means  a 
bad  judge  of  character,  he  sent  Farington 
a  diverting  description  of  John  Ireland, 
the  biographer  of  Hogarth  : — 

"  A  Dr.  Ireland  is  here.  A  Friend  of 
Giffords.  A  man  who  has  written  !  !  !  A 
dear  Character,  for  a  laugh  at  whom  I  want 
you  excessively.  I  like  him  the  better  for 
his  being  the  sort  of  Man  I  conceived  him 
to  be  from  his  Writings — precise,  accurate, 
minute,  pompous,  and  Johnsonian  in  every 
thing  but  Thought.  Very  amusing  (to  your 
Ears  and  mine)  when  he  is  very  serious,  and 
most  dull  when  he  is  lively.  Very  ponder- 
ous, black  brows,  very  full  close-set  sagacious 
under-Lip.  Thick  head  of  hair,  and  (tho' 
a  little  thinner)  the  Figure  of  Dr.  Slop. 
This  is  Dr.  Ireland  !  " 

The  Miss  Croft  whose  "  Recollections  " 
of  Lawrence  Mr.  Layard  publishes  was  a 
sister  of  the  unfortunate  accoucheur  who 
attended  Princess  Charlotte.  Rambling 
and  unsophisticated,  they  supply  some 
characteristic  stories,  one  of  them,  setting 
forth  the  painter's  successful  efforts  to 
procure  the  commutation  of  the  death 
sentence  on  an  unfortunate  youth  who 
had  been  mixed  up  with  a  gang  of  coiners. 
Lawrence's  subsequent  kindness  to  the 
poor  fellow  and  his  family  was  very 
much  to  his  honour.  Criminals  of  a 
deeper  dye  fascinated  Lawrence,  and  he 
obtained  permission  to  make  a  drawing 
of  a  murderer  in  Cold  Bath  Fields  Prison. 
Miss  Croft's  brightest  anecdote — too  long, 
unfortunately,  for  quotation — describes 
how  she  kept  Bliicher  awake  when  he 
sat  to  Lawrence  "  half-seas-over."  She 
indulges,  however,  in  some  trivial  anec- 
dotage  about  royalty  ;  and  the  jokes  of 
Jekyll  retailed  by  her  are  not  new. 
Another  wit,  "  Mr.  Hare,"  is  identified 
by  Mr.  Layard  with  Francis  Hare-Naylor, 
grandson  of  Francis  Hare,  Bishop  of 
Chichester.  He  is  more  likely  to  have 
been  the  better-known  James  Hare  ("Wait 
till  you  hear  Hare  "),  the  intimate  friend 
of  Charles  James  Fox. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

The  Iron  Gales.     By  Annie  Holdsworth. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

The  chief  material  of  this  book  is  afforded 
by  "  slum-life  "  and  attempts  to  improve 
its  conditions  by  some  West-End  workers 
of  varied  types.  Touches  in  the  picture 
seem  now  and  again  like  terribly  real 
revelations.  At  other  times  a  peculiar 
sense  of  unreality  prevails.  Some  of  the 
people  hear  upon  them  the  stamp  of 
truth  to  nature,  while  others  seem  hardly 


possible.      A  kind  of   lurid  comic    relief 
is  afforded  by  the  sayings  and  doings  of 
a  pair  of  imp-like  twins  who  flit  through 
the  pages.     The  condition   of  the   East- 
End  people,    and  the  hope,   with   some, 
perhaps,   the  excitement,  of  "  regenerat- 
ing "  them,   compel  a  knot  of  men  and 
women  to   Hoxham.     They  feel  the  sad- 
ness   of    the    place    according    to    their 
various  temperaments.     Soap  and  water, 
and  plenty  of  both,  is  the  recipe  of  the 
flighty,    good-humoured,    pleasure-loving 
Lady  Dartmoor.     She  goes  about  laugh- 
ing  and   washing   everything   and   every 
one  on  whom  she  can  lay  hands,   then 
retreats    to    luxurious    town    or    country 
quarters,     thanking     God    for    ice     and 
champagne    and    other    comforts    of   the 
moment,  especially  for  a  keen  sense  for 
"  contrasts."     Her  daughter,  on  the  con- 
trary, takes  the  "  burden  laid  on  others  " 
with    the    mournfulness    of   early   youth. 
The  band  of  regenerators  are  dominated 
by  the  memory  of  a  dead  woman  who  gave 
a  broken  life  and  heart  to  the  same  cause, 
and    becomes    a   "  cult "    in    the    neigh- 
bourhood.    She   was    the   victim   of    her 
husband,    a   monster   of   selfishness,    and 
not   the   least   interesting   feature   of   an 
original,  curious,  and  also  amusing  book. 
His  history,  seen  in  flashes,  is  the  story 
of  a  soul— a  mean  self- deceiver  as  well  as 
a  deceiver  of  others.     His  spiritual  future 
is,  when  we  leave  him,  still  a  problem, 
yet   there   are   indications   of   a   possible 
redemption. 

A  Damaged  Reputation.     By  Harold  Bind- 
loss.     (F.  V.  White  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Bindloss  is  one  of  the  novelists  one 
can  rely  upon.  His  standard  is  not  the 
highest,  but  it  is  respectable,  and  he 
sticks  to  it.  The  present  book  is  an 
excellent  specimen  of  the  stirring  tale  of 
colonial  life,  in  the  best  sense  realistic, 
and  full  of  movement  and  colour.  The 
author's  favourite  type  of  hero  is  the 
well-bred  young  Englishman  who  has  in 
some  way  come  to  grief  at  liome,  but  who 
works  out  his  salvation  in  the  rough-and- 
tumble  of  colonial  fife.  In  his  plots 
Mr.  Bindloss  is  inclined  rather  to  repeat 
himself  ;  but  he  makes  up  for  this  by 
his  movement  and  incident.  The 
present  story  is  full  of  successful 
fighting  against  odds,  not  upon  battle- 
fields, but  in  mining  and  prospecting,  and 
general  pioneer  work  in  British  Columbia  ; 
and,  though  the  author  makes  one  feel 
strongly  the  fascination  of  the  rough  life 
led  by  his  hero — a  life  which  makes  Eng- 
land too  humdrum  for  him,  even  when 
he  returns  to  it  with  well-lined  pockets — 
he  does  not  lose  sight  of  the  stern  and  the 
ugly  features  of  colonial  effort. 


wick,  and  the  music  of  the  tides  that  race 
across  the  Bay  of  Fundy  runs  through 
the  whole  narrative.  It  is  a  bold,  com- 
pelling piece  of  work,  intimately  realistic, 
except  where  the  author  has  occasion  to 
transport  two  of  the  leading  characters 
to  Eastern  seas.  We  refer  particularly 
to  the  seafaring  part,  the  "  East  India- 
man,"  with  her  Maxim  guns,  quarter- 
masters, and  other  incongruities. 


At  the  Sign  of  the  Peacock.     By  K.   C. 
Ryves.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

This  addition  to  Mr.  Unwin's  "  Fust 
Novel  Library  "  is  virtually  a  study  in 
heredity,  handled  with  a  skill  and 
delicacy  which  augur  well  for  the  author's 
future.  Perhaps  more  practice  will  enable 
her  to  invest  her  characters  with  a  closer 
relation  to  flesh  and  blood.  It  is  certainly 
a  gallant  attempt,  the  endeavour  to 
rationalize,  and  win  sympathy  for,  a 
green-eyed  siren  who,  although  she  is 
nubile,  is  conventionally  of  the  Ouida 
type,  a  real  Belle  Dame  sans  Merci.  Of 
course  she  breaks  every  heart  in  the  book. 
Indeed,  she  is  so  irresistible  that  her 
triumphs  become  monotonous,  and  the 
other  characters  —  especially  the  good 
quiet  girl  whom  she  persistently  robs  of 
every  admirer — may  well  heave  a  sigh 
of  relief  when  she  is  wooed  and  married. 
It  is  the  author's  failure  to  realize  that 
the  nature  she  consistently  portrays  could 
not  possibly  have  thought  the  world  well 
lost  for  love,  however  imperious  the  lover, 
that  constitutes  the  main  weakness  of 
the  book.  However,  it  is  rare  to  find  a 
first  novel  so  well  and  picturesquely 
written. 


The   Heart   that    Knows.     By    C.    G.    D. 
Roberts.     (Duckworth  &  Co.) 

Tins  story  is  a  melodrama,,  and  well 
executed.  In  its  general  plan  it  suggests 
certain  works  of  Charles  Reade  more  than 
recent  fiction.  The  characters  are  all 
drawn  from  a  coast  village  of  New  Bruns- 


The  Trail  Together.     By  H.  H.  Bashford. 
(Heinemann.) 

The  setting  of  this  story  is  the  wheat- 
growing  prairie  of  Western  Canada.  It 
begins  with  a  statement  that  its  author  is 
no  literary  man,  and  has  had  no  literary 
advice.  There  are  literary  phrases  upon 
the  first  page,  and  upon  most  of  those 
that  succeed  it.  But  this  is  not  said  by 
way  of  rebuke,  for  the  story  is  good, 
and  well  told.  The  author  has  accom- 
plished a  difficult  task  which  many  writers 
attempt  and  few  manage  successfully. 
His  novel  is  mainly  a  study  of  character, 
the  movement  and  incident  in  which  are 
lively,  realistic,  and  of  sustained  interest ; 
but  as  a  picture  of  life  upon  a  Manitoba 
farm  it  is  also  worth  reading.  The  central 
figure  is  a  typical  English  "  remittance 
man."  He  reaches  the  lowest  level  in 
his  life  within  a  few  pages  of  his 
introduction  to  us.  He  steals,  and 
from  a  dying  man  ;  then  he  confesses 
his  theft  to  the  daughter  of  the  man 
he  robbed,  and  marries  her.  The  book 
shows  his  gradual  rehabilitation. 


Burnt  Spiers.     By  L.  S.  Gibson.  (Chatto 

.V,  Wind  us.) 

Tins    is    the   story    of   a    woman  and    her 

revenge.     To  give  the  situation  and  the 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


651 


ultra    "  passionate    nature  "    probability, 
the  author  makes  the  heroine  of  Italian 
extraction.     In   other   ways   she   is   tho- 
roughly modern — has  an  immense  fortune, 
and  lives  a  wild  existence  in  the  latest 
"  movements."     The    object    of    her    un- 
bridled affections  is  an  ordinary  person 
(though   he   does,   unluckily  for   himself, 
save  her  life  by  stopping  her  horses),  and 
not  to  blame  for  the  state  of  her  feelings. 
When   he   marries   she   arranges   an   ela- 
borate little  plot  to  ruin  the  first  day  of 
the  honeymoon.     Eventually  she  dies  by 
her  own  hand,  by  means  of  one  of  those 
sinister    small    bottles    not    unknown    to 
novel- readers.     But  this  is   not  the  end 
of  the  affair.     After  death  she  manages 
to  establish  hypnotic  relations  with  him 
by  means  of  a  panther  skin  with  gleaming 
yellow  eyes.   In  this  way,  and  through  con- 
stant nocturnal  disturbances,  life  becomes 
a  good  deal  of  a  burden  to  him.     He  is 
alienated  from  his  young  wife  and  almost 
from  his  own  reason.     Ultimately  psychic 
science  steps  in  in  the  person  of  a  good 
German  gentleman   and   an  English  col- 
league.    Between     them     they     manage, 
with  great  gravity,  to  exorcise  the  Pre- 
sence.    The  book  is  not  exactly  pleasant 
reading    or    powerful    writing.     The    dis- 
agreeable element   is      increased  by  the 
introduction  of  a  mysterious  Ladies'  Club 
and  some  characters  who  have  little  to 
do  with  the  real  story. 


The  Locum  Tenens.     By  Victor  L.  White- 
church.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

There  is  undeniable  originality  in  Mr- 
Whitechurch's  plot  of  the  tramp  who 
steals  a  clergyman's  clothes  and  papers, 
with  a  few  other  trifles,  and  becomes  for 
a  time  the  locum  tenens  of  a  fashionable 
watering-place.  The  idea  is  made  less 
fantastic,  if  scarcely  less  improbable,  by 
the  fact  that  the  tramp  has  been  in  his 
remote  past  a  distinguished  scholar. 
There  is  some  good  characterization  in  the 
story,  notably  that  of  a  remarkably 
clever  and  natural  girl,  who  proves  to  be 
the  tramp's  daughter,  and  the  daughter 
of  the  unpleasant  and  impossible  lady 
whom  she  comes  to  nurse.  The  Rev.  F, 
Hallett,  so  unscrupulously  personated,  is 
a  Ritualistic  curate  who  is  chiefly  useful 
as  a  foil  to  Helen's  lover,  a  healthy- 
minded  young  doctor.  There  is  humour 
of  a  kind  in  the  story,  which  might  have 
been  allowed  freer  play,  and  which  in  the 
closing  scenes  is  swamped  with  an 
unnecessary  amount  of  sentiment. 


Frost  and  Friendship.  By  George  Fre- 
deric Turner.  (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 
Yet  another  novel  of  '  The  Prisoner  of 
Zenda  '  type  comes  dangerously  near  the 
superfluous.  In  Mr.  Turner's  story  most 
of  the  familiar  figures  reappear,  including 
the  easygoing  ruler,  the  grim  conspiring 
relative,  and  the  cool  young  Englishman 
who  quashes  the  plot.  This  time  the 
imaginary  kingdom  is  called  Grimland, 
and  it  is  described  as  lying  in  a  triangle 
between  Germany,  Austria,  and   Russia  ; 


but  the  trend  of  its  politics  runs  upon 
well-established  lines.  Mr.  Turner  tells 
his  story  with  such  unflagging  spirits, 
however,  and  such  happy  touches  of 
burlesque,  that  he  wins  ample  forgiveness. 
Curling  and  tobogganing  play  important 
parts  in  the  development  of  events,  and 
both  pursuits  are  treated  with  the  pen  of 
an  enthusiast.  In  his  next  novel  Mr. 
Turner  will  do  well  to  strike  out  a  path 
of  his  own. 

The    Broken    Law.      By    J.    B.    Harris- 
Burland.    (E.  Grant  Richards.) 

This  is  a  good  specimen  of  the  sen- 
sational novel,  for  it  contains  plenty  of 
excitement,  while  the  plot  has  the  wel- 
come merit  of  originality.  For  the  most 
part  we  are  concerned  with  the  fortunes 
of  a  street  preacher  and  a  millionaire  who 
combine  to  move  the  world. 


JUVENILE    LITERATURE. 

MR.    GEORGE    ALLEN. 

Of  two  booklets  of  "  The  Lilliput  Library," 
botli  marred  by  crudity  of  illustration,  the 
child  of  six  or  thereabouts  will  probably 
prefer  The  Wonderful  Adventures  of  Mr. 
Rabbit  and  Uncle  Fox,  by  S.  L.  Bensusan — 
stories  wherein  the  weaker  animal  is  endowed 
with  a  greater  intelligence  and  deeper  guile 
than  his  supposed  more  wily  foe.  The  Man 
in  the  Moon,  a  fairy  tale  by  the  same 
author,  is  a  Japanese  variant  of  the  Tann- 
hauser  legend  :  in  this  case  Light  of  Love 
lures  in  vain. 

MR.    EDWARD    ARNOLD. 

Full  of  fascination  for  little  folk,  and 
less  explored  than  fairyland,  is  The  Land  of 
Play,  a  book  by  Mrs.  Graham  Wallas,  which 
gives  an  interesting,  but  by  no  means  ex- 
haustive presentation  of  the  possibilities 
of  "  make  believe." 

MESSRS.    BLACKIE    &    SON. 

By  the  process  of  reproduction  employed, 
scant  justice  is  done  to  the  excellent  illus- 
trations by  Helen  Stratton  which  adorn  the 
stories  from  The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments, retold  virginibus  puerisque  by  Gladys 
Davidson  ;  but  the  qualities  which  serve 
so  well  in  the  Oriental  tales  are  not  equally 
successful  in  illustrating  Grimm's  and  Ander- 
sen's Fairy  Tales.  Round  the  Ole  Planta- 
tion, a  collection  of  negro  ditties  humorously 
depicted  by  G.  F.  Christie ;  Blackie's 
Children's  Annual,  to  the  success  of  which 
Herbert  Strang,  John  Hassall,  and  many 
other  clever  people  contribute  ;  Road,  Rail, 
and  Sea,  the  combined  product  of  Charles 
Robinson  and  Clare  Jerrold  ;  and  The 
Child's  Christmas,  by  Charles  Robinson  and 
Evelyn  Sharp,  the  sumptuous  anthology 
of  an  ideal  Christinas,  including  even  the 
mince-pie  and  the  harlequin,  are  all  suitable 
gift-books  for  the  elders  of  the  nursery.  A 
book  for  rather  older  children.  The  Escape 
of  the  Mullingong,  by  G.  E.  Farrow,  is  aptly 
described  as  a  zoological  nightmare.  Its 
heroine  is  one  of  a  number  who  owe  their 
existence  to  a  certain  Alice  of  undying 
memory. 

Charles  Kobimon  and  Walter  Copeland 
are  responsible  for  three  grotesque  extra- 
vaganzas, The  Awful  Avrahvp,  The  Silly 
Submarine,  and  The  Mad  Motor,  in  Blackie's 
l"  .Miniature  Picture-Books."  Other  variants 
in  the  same  scries.  Dollg  Land  and  Dolly's 
Doings,  being  really  miniature,  we  recom- 
mend us  substitutes  for  the  less  interesting 
Christmas  card. 


The  Last  of  the  Peshwas,  by  Michael  Mac- 
millan,  is  well  written,  with  an  absence  of 
slipshod  stuff.  It  is  a  tale  of  old  times,  and 
the  style  suits  it,  notably,  the  occasional 
classical  phrases.  Naturally  Indian  officers 
indulge  in  plenty  of  fighting  on  the 
Bombay  side  in  the  days  of  the  Mahrattas, 
and  there  is  a  most  exciting  search  by  one 
of  them  for  his  vanished  friend,  which  leads 
him  through  most  perilous  adventurts. 
The  Boy  Hero  of  Erin,  by  Charles  Squire, 
commemorates  Cuchullin  ;  and  many  a 
tale  from  the  '  Leabhar  na  h'  Uidre  '  is  well 
and  literally  set  forth.  The  behaviour  of 
Connachar,  King  of  Ulster,  to  the  ill-fated 
Deirdre  and  the  sons  of  Uisnach,  with  its  con- 
sequences in  rending  the  kingdom  asunder 
when  the  long  war  with  Connaught 
required  a  united  front,  and  the  death  of 
Connachar,  are  among  these  incidents  of 
old  Irish  story.  They  will  certainly  sound 
strange  to  English  children,  but  should 
move  some  who  are  able  to  appreciate 
romance. 

Alec  Dennisson,  of  the  9th  Lancers,  was 
the    son    of     one    who    disappeared    when 
Cavagnari  was  murdered.     But  Alec  cannot 
rest  without  a  certainty  of  his  father's  fate, 
and,  obtaining  a  clue  from  Afghan  sources, 
pushes  his  researches  at  Cabul,  Ghuzni,   and 
elsewhere    at   infinite    risk.      This    personal 
quest  runs  parallel  with   the   course   of   the 
Third  Afghan  War.      Capt.   Brereton's  story 
is  marked  by  the  author's  well-known  merit, 
but  the   title,    With    Roberts    to    Candahar, 
is  rather    a    misnomer,    as   the  advance   to 
Candahar    is    only    mentioned     in    the    last 
chapter.        In    Roger    the    Bold    the    same 
author  describes  with  rare  force  and  detail 
the  actions  of  a  young   Englishman  of   the 
days  of  King  Henry  VIII.,  who  is  attracted 
by  the  plan,  on  a  golden  disk  or   plaque,   of 
the  city  of  Mexico  and  its  treasures.     With 
the     assistance    of    the    Earl    of    Essex    an 
expedition    is  fitted  out,  but  falls  into  the 
hands    of    the    Spaniards.      Roger    has    the 
fortune  to  be  taken  by  Aztecs  and  to  lead 
them  in  the  final  defence  of  Mexico.     The 
tale  forms  lively  reading,  the  fighting  being 
especially   good.     Across  the  Spanish  Main, 
by   Harry    Collingwood,    is  an    Elizabethan 
story,   of  which  the  hero  is  another  Roger, 
and    the  villain    one    Alvarez,    as    in    Capt. 
Brereton's     book.     Cavendish,    the     leader, 
performs  great  feats  against  the  Spaniards  ; 
but   Roger   and  his    friend   Harry    get    lost 
at     the    taking    of     La     Guayra,     and     fall 
into   the   hands   of  the  Inquisition.     Harry 
dies  under  the  torture,   and   Roger,  against 
whom    the    Cliief    Inquisitor   has   a  private 
grudge,     is     nearly    burnt,     but     makes     a 
wonderful  escape.    It  is  a  capital  sea  story. 
The  Lost  Explorers,    by   Alexander   Mac- 
donald,      is      an     exciting     tale     of     West 
Australian    life,    based,    we    learn,    on    the 
author's  personal  experience.     Certainly  the 
characters  are  life-like.     The  heroic  Mackay, 
great  of  heart  and   of  stature,  and  the  two 
young     fellows     who     follow     him      to     the 
diggings  and   the  desert,  are  fine  specimens 
of   manhood  ;    and    if   they   are   too   apt   to 
class   blackfellows    and    snakes    together,  no 
doubt     both     are     highly     inconvenient     to 
travellers.     Among  many  excellent  incidents, 
the    feat    of    "The    Shadow,"   who    does    a 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  on   foot    and    horse- 
back   in    three    days,    to    register    a     claim 
before    it    can    be    "jumped"    by    the    un- 
principled      thief.       is        not        the       worst 
described.     .Mr.    David    Ker.   a   veteran    in 
descriptive  writing,  lias  in   Among  the  Dark 
Mountains  brought  out    of   his   stores   things 
new     and     old  ;     and    he,     too,     bases     his 
narrative    on    passages    in    his     own     past, 
esj>ecially  a  visit   to   Sumatra  at  the  time  of 
the  Krakatoa  eruption.      Marmaduke  Wyvil 
is  a  happy  boy,  for  he  has  with  him  on  his 


652 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


father's  yacht,  besides  his  good  friend 
Huntley,  an  adventurous  teller  of  boys' 
stories,  Thurraboy  by  name.  A  visit  to 
Singapore  and  the  Maharajah  of  Johore  is 
the  most  peaceful  incident  in  a  book  full  of 
action. 

MESSRS.    CASSELL. 

How  a  MacDermot  can  be  a  typically 
English  boy  we  do  not  see,  but  Mr.  Fred 
Whishaw  is  responsible  for  the  nomen- 
clature in  King  by  Combat.  Frank  and 
Fergus  MacDermot  are  a  pair  of  Great 
Twin  Brethren,  and  take  their  public-school 
training,  and  especially  their  thews  and 
sinews,  to  Rhodesia.  There  they  are  be- 
guiled up  country  by  the  half-caste  chief  of 
a  tribe  of  Bantus,  whose  kings  are  chosen 
by  a  system  of  physical  competition.  The 
twins  are  highly  successful,  but  the  atmo- 
sphere is  too  murderous  to  suit  them. 
There  is  admirable  fighting  in  the  book ; 
and  characterization  is  not  wanting.  The 
Wolfmen  are  among  the  horrors  of  a 
subterranean  country  discovered  by  certain 
voyagers  to  the  North  Pole.  Their  plan  is 
to  dive  under  the  encircling  barrier  of  ice- 
bergs. Their  submarine  works  well  until 
the  magnetic  attraction  of  the  Pole  and  a 
volcanic  eruption  sink  them  again  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth.  What  they  find  there 
is  vividly  and  circumstantially  described  by 
Mr.  Frank  Powell. 

Monitor  at  Megson's,  by  Robert  Leighton, 
is  a  combination  of  life-like  school  sketches 
(Tony  Brelson  and  his  amateur  Indians  are 
very  comic)  with  a  mysterious  element  in 
the  murder  of  the  French  master,  who 
turns  out  to  be  a  "  Leskovian  "  count.  The 
mystery  is  well  sustained,  and  the  book 
worth  reading. 

The  Book  of  Romance  has  illustrations  both 
plain  and  coloured,  and  is  a  fine  storehouse 
of  good  things,  some  of  them  long  approved 
as  the  best  stories  in  the  world.  The  young 
reader  who  gets  this  volume  will  be  fortunate 
indeed.  Dumas,  Scott,  Dickens,  Hawthorne, 
Poe,  Stevenson,  Tolstoy,  are  enough  to 
rouse  even  the  indifferent  to  enthusiasm. 
'  The  Haunted  and  the  Haunters '  beats 
most  modern  ghost  stories  ;  and  there  is 
good  choice  of  that  fairy  lore  which  will,  we 
hope,  never  be  turned  out  by  stern  parents 
or  then  scientific  assistants. 

MESSRS.    CHAMBERS. 

In  Peg's  Adventures  in  Paris,  by  May 
Baldwin,  English  schoolgirls  will  find  much 
entertainment.  The  heroine,  a  high-spirited, 
good-hearted,  but  much  spoilt  young  lady, 
rides  roughshod  over  the  few  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  particularly  undisciplinary 
pensionnat  in  which  she  is  placed,  and  even- 
tually finds  herself  in  a  French  court  of  law. 
Points  of  difference  in  matters  social  and 
educational  are  well  brought  out,  but 
"  Madame  "  is  considerably  overdrawn,  and 
careless  revision  has  permitted  numerous 
errors  in  French  to  pass.  Another  book 
for  girls,  Sue,  is  a  story  of  the  heroism 
and  uncomplaining  patience  of  young  life 
in  the  slum  community  living  under  the 
shadow  of  Big  Ben,  told  with  restraint  and 
delicacy  by  L.  T.  Meade. 

The  firm  also  publish  a  "  Christmas  Stock- 
ing "  series  of  booklets,  adapted  in  size  and 
shape  to  the  exigencies  of  Yuletide  hosiery. 

In  Dora,  a  High-School  Girl,  by  May 
Baldwin,  the  routine  of  a  London  public 
day  school  is  graphically  described,  and  the 
characters,  old  and  young,  have  some 
vitality  about  them.  So  far,  so  good  ;  but 
the  author  is  unfortunately  apt  to  indulge 
in  ill-constructed  sentences,  and  the  dramatic 
interest  is  derived  from  a  rather  doubtful 
source.  It  would  surely  have  been  better, 
from  an  artistic  standpoint,  to  lot  the  neces- 
sary amount  of  excitement  be  supplied  by 


ordinary  events  in  school  life,  instead  of 
adventures  in  subterranean  passages  at 
the  risk  of  being  buried  alive.  These  things 
do  not  happen  to  High-School  girlsin  London, 
neither  do  benevolent  members  of  the 
council  endow  pupils  with  vast  fortunes. — 
The,  Hill-Top  Girl,  by  L.  T.  Meade,  exhibits 
the  familiar  contrast  between  rich  and  poor, 
worldly  and  unworldly  households.  The 
humble  folk  dwell  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  the 
great  folk  in  the  plain  below,  and  this 
symbolizes  their  relative  position  from  an 
ethical  point  of  view.  A  sudden  girl- 
friendship  that  springs  up  between  the  two 
houses  is  discouraged  by  the  hill-top  father, 
Prof.  Primrose  ;  and  the  rebellion  against 
his  decree  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the 
story.  The  fault  of  over-accentuation 
appears  throughout,  especially  in  the  de- 
scription of  the  school  to  which  the  two 
friends  are  sent  ;  while  the  prim  utterances 
of  the  head  mistress  sound  like  echoes  from 
a  bygone  generation.  The  moral  of  the 
whole,  from  the  measure  dealt  out  by  the 
author,  seems  to  be  that  submission  even  to 
tyrannical  authority  is  the  virtue  most  to 
be  commended.  Such  a  school  as  Howgate 
Manor  could  never  educate,  but  would  only 
crush    individuality. 

The  Upside  Downs  of  Little  Lady  Lovekins 
and  Old  Man  Muffaroo  is  the  singularly 
infelicitous  title  of  a  large  and  copiously 
illustrated  folio  by  G.  Verbeek,  which  comes 
as  something  of  a  novelty  from  across  the 
Atlantic  in  company  with  Foxy  Grandpa 
and  Buster  Brown.  Each  of  the  pictures, 
of  which  there  are  nearly  150,  illustrates  some 
episode  of  the  story  whether  you  look  at  it  in 
the  usual  way  or  turn  it  upside  down.  The 
idea  is  outrageously  whimsical,  but  grown- 
up children  will  be  amused  by  its  ingenuity, 
and  their  juniors  delighted  with  the  novelty 
of  the  production. — The  author  of  Foxy 
Grandpa's  Surprises,  disguised  as  "  Bunny," 
shows  no  sign  of  diminishing  fertility,  and 
again  fills  a  large  book  with  pictures  of 
youthful  discomfiture  at  the  hands  of  an 
unusually  wily  grandparent.  Mr.  R.  F.  Out- 
ca\ilt,  on  the  other  hand,  the  author  of  the 
noted  '  Buster  Brown's  Pranks,'  seems  hard 
put  to  it  to  find  pastures  new  for  his 
hero's  impish  freaks,  and  here  acknow- 
ledges the  reception  of  ideas  from  young 
Americans  of  presumably  Buster's  own  age. 
The  popularity  of  Buster  is  verily  the  apo- 
theosis of  mischief. 

MKSSRS.    JAMES    CLARKE. 

In  The  Challenge,  and  other  talks  with 
boys  and  girls  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Stevenson, 
the  pulpit  is  much  in  evidence  ;  but  the 
preacher  clothes  his  parables  in  fair  imagery, 
and  draws  his  metaphors  from  a  wide  range 
of  thought. 

MESSRS.    DENT. 

It  is  a  delight  merely  to  handle  so  finished 
a  product  of  the  book-maker's  art  as  Fairy 
Gold,  a  book  of  English  fairy  tales  drawn 
from  such  dissimilar  sources  as  Sir  Thomas 
Malory  and  Browning.  From  the  point  of 
view  of  folk-lore  the  elusive  '  Preamble  '  by 
Ernest  Rhys  is  unsatisfactory  ;  but,  judged 
as  a  collection  of  stories  intended  to  rejoice 
the  intelligent  lover  of  fairies,  the  volume 
more  than  justifies  its  existence.  Among  inex- 
pensivebooks  of  more  than  transient  interest 
"  Stories  from  Shakspeare  "  by  Alice  Spencer 
Hoffman  must  be  noted.  Romeo  and  Juliet 
is  prefaced  by  biographical  notes,  and  the 
"stories"  are  adapted  to  fill  gaps  between 
a  sequence  of  suitable  quotations  from  the 
plays  themselves.  The  charming  illustra- 
tions are  signed  I  )ora  Curtis,  but  on  the  cover 
their  authorship  is  attributed  to  T.  II. 
Robinson.  The  same  firm  publish  a  dainty 
lit  t  le  book  of  illustrated  proverbs  pictured  by 


Millicent  Sowerby,  called  The  Wise  Book  ; 
also  A  Little  Book  of  Courtesies,  delightful 
in  conception  and  execution,  but  avowedly 
"  improving,"  by  Katharine  Tynan  and 
Charles  Robinson. 

MESSRS.    WELLS    GARDNER. 

Forgotten  Tales  of  Long  Ago  is  prefaced 
by  the  editor,  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas,  with  an 
illuminating  resume  of  his  treasure  trove — 
twenty  stories  from  early  writers  for  children 
of  a  period  ranging  from  1790  to  1830,  with 
three  later  and  more  sophisticated  additions. 
The  selection  is  as  interesting  as  it  is  varied. 
In  the  discovery  of  an  anonymous  produc- 
tion entitled  '  Lady  Anne  '  the  editor  finds 
his  reward  for  much  fruitless  rummaging. 
We  share  his  gratification,  for  it  is  a  gem 
well  worth  preserving.  With  Leading 
Strings,  we  have  also  received  a  story  of  a 
runaway  schoolboy,  by  Thomas  Cobb,  en- 
titled The  Boy  Tramp,  and  Dickie  and 
Dorrie,  by  E.  Everett-Green,  a  pretty  story 
of  two  lovable  little  people  who  attempt 
literally  to  follow  the  command  to  forgive 
their  brother  "  seventy  times  seven."  In  The 
Prize  and  Chatterbox,  favourite  annuals  of 
old  standing  ;  Sunday  Readings  for  the 
Young,  and  See- Saw  Stories,  a  variety  of 
entertainment  is  provided  for  those  who 
cannot  command  a  long  purse. 

The  Golden  Astrolabe,  by  W.  A.  Bryce  and 
H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole,  is  an  extremely  lively 
story  of  adventures  on  the  West  Highland 
coast.  Two  schoolboys  (and  a  jackdaw) 
make  off  with  a  five  -  ton  cutter,  and 
endeavour  to  reach  an  islet  off  Long  Island, 
where  relics  of  the  Armada  may  be  dis- 
covered. Their  successes  and  sufferings  by 
sea  and  shore,  including  wreck  and  sand- 
storm and  capture  by  piratical  smugglers, 
will  rejoice  every  right-minded  boy,  and  the 
scenery  and  people  are  graphically  por- 
trayed. The  White  Stone,  by  H.  C.  Mac- 
Ilwaine,  is  an  Australian  tale  of  the  right 
sort.  Life  on  a  station  is  vividly  dealt 
with,  the  .characterization  (especially  of 
Rowley  and  his  black  friend  Pinkie,  an 
excellent  pair  of  small  boys),  to  say  nothing 
of  the  interest  of  the  plot  in  regard  to  the 
mine  on  Darvall's  run,  avoiding  the 
monotony  of  many  Australian  stories.  Two 
points  are  excellently  handled :  the  suffer- 
ings of  a  young  colonial  in  his  early  days 
at  an  English  school,  and  the  mysterious 
dependence  of  the  black  boy's  life  on  the 
return  of  his  chum.  The  illustrations  by 
G.  D.  Rowlandson  are  particularly  good. 

THE  GREEN  SHEAF  PRESS. 

Tales  from  my  Garden,  three  fairy  tales 
by  Laurence  Alma  Tadema,  illustrated  by 
Pamela  Column  Smith,  are  parables  rhyth- 
mical in  execution,  which  enshroud  their 
mysticism  in  a  veil  of  beautiful  prose. 

MESSRS.    HODDER    &    STOUGHTON. 

The  artistic  value  of  The  Colonel's  Boy, 
by  L.  T.  Meade,  would  have  been  enhanced 
had  more  restraint  been  shown  in  ex- 
pressing what  may  conceivably  have  been 
the  thoughts,  but  improbably  the  spoken 
words,  of  the  most  spiritual  of  eight  year 
old  cripple  boys.  The  story,  which  is  not 
devoid  of  grace  and  character,  is  for  a 
child-lover  rather  than  a  child,  and  deals 
with  a  happily  unusual  aspect  of  the 
maternal  relationship. 

All  admirers  of  Herbert  Strang  will 
welcome  One  of  ('lire's  Heroes,  an  absorbing 
story  which  takes  the  reader  back  to  the 
capture  of  Gheria  and  the  battle  of  I'lassey, 
and,  as  a  matter  of  course,  chronicles  (ho 
brave  deeds  of  an  English  lad.  The  nar- 
rative not  only  thrills,  but  also  weaves 
skilfully  out  of  fact  and  fiction  a  clear 
impression  of  our  fierce  struggle  for  India. 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


653 


MESSRS.    JACK. 

Every  winter  season  brings  its  own  par- 
ticular batch  of  fairy-tale  books  ;  still  they 
come,  and  still  they  find  a  welcome.  Vieux 
true,  mais  toujours  bon,  might  well  be  their 
legend.  The  Enchanted  Land  is  a  collection 
of  folk-tales  and  other  stories  of  compara- 
tively modern  date  ;  thei'e  are  sixteen  in  all, 
and  these  include  several  by  Hans  Andersen, 
Herr  Rudolph  Baumbach,  and  Miss  Maryde 
Morgan,  all  "  retold  "  by  the  editor,  Louey 
Chisholm,  together  with  two  Celtic  tales 
which  seem  somewhat  out  of  keeping  with 
their  less  pretentious  neighbours.  These  are 
rather  over-Ossianic  for  the  nursery,  or  even 
the  schoolroom,  which  is  perhaps  hardly  ripe 
as  yet  for  the  appreciation  of  Celtic  glamour. 
The  illustrations  by  Katharine  Cameron  are 
delicately  pretty,  although  somewhat  weak  ; 
and  the  volume  as  a  whole  is  admirably 
produced. 

MR.    JOHN   LANE. 

Not  every  babe  of  tender  years  and  sex 
may  have  the  ennui  of  her  first  twelve 
planetary  months  relieved  by  a  display  of 
pageantry,  but  that  one  at  least  has  been  so 
favoured  we  learn  from  the  overture  to 
Oold,  Frankincense,  and  Myrrh,  by  W. 
Graham  Robertson.  Popular,  in  the  ordinary 
sense  of  the  term,  this  book  could  scarcely  be. 
The  pageants — three  in  number — are  the 
elusive  expression  of  an  artistic  individu- 
ality. Delicacy  ofimaginationandkeenappre- 
ciation  of  the  beauties  of  "  cool  glades  and 
leafy  stillnesses  "  are  manifest;  but  violence 
has  been  sometimes  done  to  the  true  value  of 
words  for  the  sake  of  their  colour  possi- 
bilities, and  bathos  is  in  at  least  one  instance 
perilously  near  the  surface.  A  blending  of 
broad  conception  and  delicate  execution  is 
evident  in  the  twelve  coloured  illustrations. 

The  book  entitled  Tales  of  Jack  and  Jane, 
by  Charles  Young,  is  peppered  with  ?'s  and 
!'s  and  such  locutions  as  "  But — but — eh  ?  " 
"  Eh  !  "  in  fact  becomes  like  the  red  rag 
to  a  bull  before  the  closing  pages  are  reached 
by  the  adult  reader  ;  it  is  but  fair  to  add 
that  the  child  to  whom  we  submitted  it 
found  much  entertainment  in  the  doings  of  the 
naughty  hero  andmoderately  virtuous  heroine . 

Many  a  laugh  is  to  be  had  from  the  pages 
of  The  Old  Man  Book,  a  collection  of  limericks 
by  H.  P.  Stone,  pictured  in  black  and  white 
by  C.  G.  Holme  ;  but  the  humour  is  not  so 
much  for  children  as  for  their  elders. 

MR.    A.    MELROSE. 

All  that  can  be  urged  against  The  Book  of 
Animals,  by  H.  G.  Groser,  is  the  heavy 
weight  of  the  volume.  It  is  copiously  illus- 
trated, and  the  text  is  written  in  an  easy 
simple  way,  while  it  contains  several 
incidents  of  the  sort  which  hold  and 
stimulate  the  boyish  imagination.  The  type 
is  of  the  large,  generous  kind  which  makes 
reading  a  pleasure. 

MESSRS.    METHUEN. 

Mabel  Dearmer,  the  author  of  A  Child's 
Life  of  Christ,  brings  to  her  task  dramatic 
visualizing  power,  a  crisp,  incisive  style,  and 
the  subtle  faculty  of  going  straight  to  the 
heart  and  understanding  of  the  little 
ones,  while  every  purpose  of  the  bio- 
graphy is  fulfilled  in  this  ideal  gift-book.  Any 
child  who  can  read  at  all  will  understand 
the  meaning  of  the  carefully  worded 
phrases.  We  wish  it  were  possible  to  say 
as  much  of  the  illustrations,  which  are  in- 
adequate. 

MESSRS.    NELSON. 

A  Sea  Queen's  Sailing,  by  C.  W.  Whistler, 
is  a  well-fancied  tale  of  "the  days  of  the 
Vikings,  and  of  Eakon  the  Good  in  Norway. 
The  actors  are  Malcolm  the  Scots  Norseman, 
Bertric  the  West  Saxon,  and  Dalfin  the 
Irish  prince,  who  escape  from  the  raiders 
who  have  sacked  the   homo   of  Malcolm's 


father,  and  falling  in  at  sea  with  a  "  ship  of 
silence,"  the  funeral  galley  of  a  Norwegian 
chief,  find  thereon  his  daughter,  and  thence- 
forth join  their  fortunes  to  those  of  Gerda, 
the  Sea  Queen.  There  are  stirring  scenes 
on  Northern  and  Irish  coasts,  related  in  a 
style  which  is  exceptionally  good.  In 
A  Heroine  of  France,  by  E.  Everett-Green, 
the  knight  Jean  de  Novelpoint  tells  the 
story  of  his  leader  and  guardian  angel,  Joan 
of  Arc.  It  is  a  good  point  of  view,  and  the 
triumph  of  the  Maid  is  told  with  much 
spirit  as  well  as  piety.  The  last  scene  is 
gently  handled.  A  Captive  of  the  Cor- 
sairs, by  John  Finnemore,  relates  effec- 
tively the  adventures  of  some  English 
merchant  sailors  who  fall  victims  to  the 
corsairs  of  Tunis  in  Elizabethan  days.  Mr. 
Finnemore  shows  again  a  wealth  of  invention 
and  realism.  The  story  of  the  siege  of 
Malta  is  entrancing.  Occasionally  a  sentence 
is  obscure,  however,  and  we  remark,  not  for 
the  first  time,  that  he  uses  the  phrase 
"in  line  "  for  in  file,  as  when  the  captives 
are  marched  down  the  narrow  streets  of  Tunis. 

MR.    DAVID    NT7TT. 

My  Friend  Poppity  is  a  kindly  elf.  He 
brings  to  Augusta  Thorburn  tales  direct 
from  fairyland,  which  she  in  her  turn  sends 
out  to  gladden  the  hearts  of  little  mortals 
here,  and  the  result  is  a  pleasing  addition  to 
modern  fairy  lore.  Another  charming  ex- 
pression of  this,  The  Flower  Fairy  Tale  Book, 
by  Isabella  C.  Blackwood,  illustrated  by 
N.  C.  Bishop-Culpeper,  is  a  collection  of 
twelve  stories  telling  how  the  flowers  which 
the  fairies  watch  over  received  their  names. 
It  is  a  pretty  idea  carried  out  with  due  re- 
gard to  the  traditions  of  fairyland,  and  will 
invest  the  shamrock,  the  rose,  and  the 
thistle  with  a  novel  kind  of  glamour.  Peter 
Pickle  and  his  Dog  Fido,  pictured  by  Hilda 
Cowham,  are  presumably  the  English 
cousins  of  Buster  Brown  and  his  dog 
Tige.  We  do  not  much  love  Buster, 
but  we  love  his  cousin  less,  and  find  his 
diary  of  a  week  of  scrapes  but  poor  fun. 

MESSRS.    SEELEY. 

In  attractive  guise,  printed  in  large  type 
on  good  paper,  The  Children's  Odyssey,  told 
from  Homer  in  simple,  well-chosen  words  by 
Prof.  A.  J.  Church,  is  a  model  of  what  such 
adaptations  should  be.  Those  who  are  so 
fortunate  as  to  make  their  first  acquaint- 
ance with  the  classics  in  this  form  should 
unconsciously  but  surely  assimilate  a  taste 
for  the  best  in  literature.  The  book  is 
dedicated  "  To  Maisie,  aged  five,  the  first 
critic  of  these  pages  "  ;  but  we  venture  to 
think  that  children  of  twice  that  age  would 
more  suitably  fill  the  role. 

S.P.C.K. 

Mr.  G.  M.  Fenn  promotes  Christian 
knowledge  by  his  exemplification  of  a  short 
way  with  slavers.  Capt.  Kingsberry,  a 
somewhat  atrabilious  and  heartbreaking 
commander,  shows  himself  in  Hunting  the 
Skipper  as  patient  and  ubiquitous  as  Nelson, 
though  there  the  parallel  ceases.  He  is 
grossly  outwitted  on  the  West  Coast  by  a 
nefarious  American  trader.  But  he  will 
not  be  beaten,  and  follows  up  his  man  to 
the  West  Indies,  where  he  finally  disposes  of 
him  after  a  series  of  most  exciting  occur- 
rences, in  which  his  officers  and  boats'  crews 
bear  the  principal  part.  The  conversations 
and  soliloquies  are  sometimes  prolix,  but 
the  characterization  often  suggests  Marryat's 
admirable  vein. 

Dolphin  of  the  Sepulchre,  by  Gertrude 
Hollis,  deals  with  tho  days  of  Becket,  and 
is  a  picturesque  presentment  of  the  time. 

Whether  bitter  antagonism  between  Church 

and  State  is  altogether  an  edifying  subject 
for  youth  at  tho  present  day  is,  we  think, 
doubtful. 


David  Leslie's  Luck,  by  Harry  Collingwood, 
is  a  story  of  shipwrecks  and  adventure 
undergone  by  an  ex-lieutenant  of  the  navy, 
The  first  shipwreck  is  a  social  one,  with 
bitter  results  to  a  mind  conscious  of  inno- 
cence. The  others  are  literal,  and  in  these 
gallantry  and  professional  skill  enable  him 
to  triumph.  The  sea  is  all  about  us  as  we 
read  his  graphic  story,  which  in  the  end 
leaves  him  reinstated  in  honour,  and  happy 
in  the  bride  who  has  shared  his  perils.  Grit 
and  Pluck  (or  Grit  and  Go,  for  both  titles 
are  used),  by  W.  Chas.  Metcalfe,  is  also  a 
good  nautical  tale,  and,  though  hardly  so 
redolent  of  the  breeze  as  the  last  mentioned 
sufficiently  interesting. 

MR.    FISHER    TJNWIN. 

Characteristic  of  E.  Nesbit  are  skilful 
delineation  of  childish  individuality  and 
facility  in  charging  the  most  impossible  situa- 
tion with  a  current  of  sweet  reasonableness, 
and  these  features  distinguish  The  Story  of 
the  Amulet,  illustrated  by  H.  R.  Millar. 
English  children  of  this  year  of  grace  should 
find  in  the  adventures  of  their  London  con- 
temporaries suddenly  set  down  in  Egypt  in 
the  year  6000  B.C.,  all  the  elements  of  an 
exhilarating  story. 

MESSRS.   WARD    &    LOCK. 

Whether  Young  Pickles,  by  Stuart  Willing, 
will  be  otherwise  than  pessimi  exemplar  'to 
ingenuous  youths  in  the  fourth  form  we  will 
not  discuss,  but  certainly  the  adventures  of 
Dickie  and  his  "  pal  "  will  amuse  the  a^ed 
schoolboy.  The  slang  is  profuse  and  very 
modern,  and  some  of  the  pranks  verge  on 
"bad  form";  but  these  human  boys  have 
their  hearts  in  the  right  place,  and  are 
obviously  growing  out  of  the  cub  stage  when 
we  leave  them. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Messrs.  Longman  reissue  in  a  single 
volume  the  Memoirs  of  T.  H.  Green,  which 
appeared  under  the  editorship  of  R.  L. 
Nettleship,  as  an  introduction  to  Green's 
collected  works  in  1888,  and  was  noticed  by 
us  in  a  long  article.  A  short  and  modest 
preface  by  Mrs.  Green  states  that  it  is  pub- 
lished in  compliance  with  "  a  strong  wish 
expressed  by  some  old  friends  "  :  and  those 
who  read  will  feel  that  the  wish  is  amply 
justified.  To  the  present  generation  Green 
is  little  more  than  a  name,  but  before  his 
early  death  he  had  attained  a  repute  and 
wielded  an  influence  in  the  University  which 
no  one  has  since  surpassed.  It  is  recorded 
that  his  namesake  the  historian,  coming  to 
Oxford  and  invited  by  him  to  dinner,  scut 
word  that  "  the  shadow  would  gladly  wait 
upon  the  substance";  a  distinguished 
statesman  still  living,  who  has  probably 
outgrown  his  youthful  enthusiasms,  'Made 
a  reverential  pilgrimage  to  Green's  birth- 
place; and  the  philosopher  figures  in 
'  Robert  Elsmere '  as  an  infallible  guide  and 
oracle  to  all  who  are  mentally  doubtful, 
struggling,  and  distressed.  We  laid  emphasis 
in  1888  on  the  exceptional  interest  and 
originality  of  Green's  dialectic,  comparing 
his  exposition  with  thai  of  Martineau  and 
the  present  Master  of  Balliol. 

Green's  outward  life  was  devoid  of  inci- 
dent:    his   biography    is    the    history   of   a 
mind,  inert  and  slow   ;it   first,  feeding  on  its 
own  thoughts,  tiol  on  the  thoughts  of  otl 
"  a  plant  growing.  ELOtabrickbeingmoulded." 
Both   as   Bchoolboy   and    undergraduate   he 
was  out  of    touch    with    his   surroundi 
he   was    influenced    al    Oxford    by    Jowett, 
Conington,  Charles  Parker,  and  by  no 
else  ;     the   only    auth<  •■  i  who  him 

were    Wordsworth,    Carlyle,    -Maurice, "  and 


654 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


Fichte.  He  cared  little  for  literary  scholar- 
ship, nothing  for  academic  distinction  ;  his 
passion  was  for  philosophy  and  metaphysics, 
as  ministering  to  the  problems  of  life,  which 
alone  he  deemed  worth  solving.  At  last 
he  beat  his  music  out  :  those  who  read  the 
chapter  called  '  Religious  Principles  '  will 
understand  the  height  of  habitual  exaltation 
to  which  he  soared  :  an  abiding  grasp  of  the 
unseen,  of  Christianity,  of  the  spiritual  life, 
of  human  duty,  before  which  the  dogmatic 
materialism  of  polemic  sects  and  schisms 
dwindles  into  littleness. 

Adrift  in  New  Zealand.  By  E.  Way 
Elkington.  (John  Murray.) — Mr.  Elkington 
spent  some  seven  years  in  New  Zealand,  and 
returned  an  enthusiast.  This  book  is  his 
testimonial  to  the  attractions  of  the  colony 
in  which  he  landed  with  threepence.  It  is 
not  designed  as  a  manual  for  schools,  he 
frankly  says,  nor  is  it  given  to  statistics. 
It  is  merely  an  account  of  the  ramblings  and 
adventures  and  observations  of  a  shrewd, 
easygoing  man,  who  is  something  of  a  born 
gipsy.  Perhaps  this  prejudices  Mr.  Elking- 
ton's  claim  to  impartiality.  He  confesses 
that  he  always  likes  to  land  with  no  money 
in  his  pocket,  which  places  him  on  a  level 
with  Mark  Tapley.  He  is  incurably  opti- 
mistic and  cheerful.  The  only  adverse 
criticism  he  has  to  pass  on  the  colony  is  that 
the  colonials'  frankness  amounts  to  rudeness  ; 
but  even  that  he  excuses  on  the  ground  that 
you  know,  at  any  rate,  "  that  those  who 
do  favour  you  are  genuine."  He  praises  the 
colonial  girls  as  "  splendid  fellows,"  and 
evidently  finds  the  English  girl  tame  and 
slow  in  comparison.  Mr.  Elkington  is  the 
type  of  a  promising  colonial,  and  we  are  only 
surprised  to  gather  that  he  is  back  again  in 
England.  Even  he  seems  to  think  it  rather 
disloyal  to  have  left  those  Southern  shores. 
But  your  true  vagabond  will  never  settle, 
and  Mr.  Elkington  was  off  to  fresh  fields. 
He  is  best  in  relating  his  sprightly  remi- 
niscences of  encounters  with  colonial  types, 
for  he  served  in  many  offices  in  the  colony. 
He  is  shrewd  in  discriminating  between 
the  characteristics  of  the  different  provinces, 
as  between  Canterbury  and  Auckland,  or 
Otago.  But  his  philosophy  is  by  no  means 
large,  if  his  philosophic  content  is  supreme. 
His  book  is  well  illustrated  by  photographs 
supplied  by  the  New  Zealand  Government, 
wl  i  ich  are  representative  of  the  wonderful 
and  varied  scenery  of  the  islands. 

A  Short  History  of  the  Oxford  Movement, 
which  comes  to  us  from  Messrs.  Longman, 
is  chiefly  interesting  as  being  the  work  of  a 
layman.  Sir  Samuel  Hall  professes  merely 
to  give  an  "  unbiassed  account "  of  this 
"  very  interesting  episode  in  history."  On 
the  whole,  he  succeeds  remarkably  well. 
The  book  does  not  add  to  our  knowledge,  but 
it  is  lucid,  and  the  proportions  are  usually 
well  kept.  Perhaps  Newman  occupies  a 
little  too  much  space  ;  but  it  will  interest 
many  people  to  see  the  reprint  of  the  first 
of  the  famous  tracts.  The  account  of  Hamp- 
den is  also  very  well  done.  On  the  whole, 
the  book  may  be  commended. 

An  abridged  edition,  which  Mr.  W.  H. 
Hutton  has  made,  of  The  Letters  of 
William  Stubbs,  Bishop  of  Oxford,  comes 
to  us  from  Messrs.  Constable.  It  is 
very  welcome.  The  letters  were  so  humor- 
ous, so  brilliant,  and  withal  so  wise,  that 
many  will  value  them  who  could  not  afford 
the  book  at  its  original  high  price.  Mr. 
Hutton  has  added  some  fresh  information, 
and  tho  portraits  are  retained. 

Letters  to  a  Daughter.     By  Hubert  Bland. 

(Werner  I  curie.) — After  reading  Mr.  Inland's 
entertaining  volume  of  epistles  one  feels 
that  it  is  one's  duty  to  rise  and  wag  an  admo- 


nitory finger  at  him.  It  is  not  exactly  so 
that  we  woidd  have  him  address  the  young 
girl.  We  have  no  criticism  to  offer  upon  his 
frankness  or  his  unconventionality  ;  it  is  to 
his  evasions  rather  that  we  demur.  Even 
he  himself  seems  to  feel  he  owes  an  apology, 
though  he  ingeniously  defends  himself.  He 
advises  Alexa,  aged  nineteen,  to  break  the 
rules  of  the  besotted  savages  among  whom 
she  lives,  but  to  break  them  warily.  "  All 
this,"  says  this  astute  father, 
"  sounds  like  a  lengthy  way  of  restating  the  old 
eleventh  commandment,  I  know  ;  but  indeed  it 
is  something  more  than  that,  it  is  rather  an 
intelligent  criticism  of  some  of  the  ten,  and  a 
reasonable  justification  of  that  odd  one." 

This  is  wit  and  wisdom  at  once,  and  cha- 
racterizes Mr.  Bland's  ethical  attitude.  There 
is  just  our  quarrel  with  him.  He  drags 
Epicureanism  over  the  ultimate  precipice 
of  cynicism,  and  it  is  only  because  he  does 
it  with  humour  and  an  eyeglass  that  we 
forgive  him.  Our  admiration  in  any  case 
must  follow  him.  He  states  the  problems 
for  sweet  nineteen  with  the  certainty  of  know- 
ledge, but  not  with  the  certainty  of  solution. 
He  has  given  up  the  fight  for  a  compromise, 
and  he  wishes  Alexa  to  do  so.  One  wonders 
if  she  had  better  pursue  her  own  path  to  the 
end,  without  paternal  deviations.  Alexa  is 
to  go  to  church  for  many  reasons  ;  she  is  to 
beware  of  passion  ;  she  is  to  make  life  inter- 
esting to  her.  Alas  !  here  are  no  ideals  of 
illusion,  without  which  no  young  life  is  of 
value.  But  perhaps  Alexa  never  took  his 
common-sense  advice.  We  rather  think 
(and  hope)  she  did  not,  albeit  her  father 
wrote  so  charmingly  to  her.  These  letters 
exhibit  to  us  Fabianism  reduced  to  its  lowest 
dimensions  ;  for  one  may  be  so  tardy  as  to 
be  indistinguishable  from  the  disillusionized 
man  of  the  world. 

A  Bodleian  Guide  for  Visitors,  by  the  Rev. 
Andrew  Clark  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press),  is 
an  ideal  short  book^for  the  visitor  to  the 
great  library. .  The  book  is  well  illustrated, 
and  full  of  interesting  tradition. 

•  Prof.  Tout  has  added  to  his  two  small 
volumes  in  "  Longmans'  Historical  Series 
for  Schools  "  for  the  lower  forms,  a  third 
much  larger  volume  for  upper  forms, 
entitled  An  Advanced  History  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  abundantly  provided  with 
maps  and  genealogical  tables,  and  has  all 
the  well-known  merits  of  his  scholastic  work. 
Beginning  with  the  palaeolithic  age,  the 
history  is  brought  down  to  the  death  of 
Queen  Victoria. 

MM.  Plon  -  Nourkit  &  Cie.  publish 
U Invasion  anglaise  en  Egypte  :  U  Achat  des 
Actions  de  Suez,  by  M.  Charles  Lesage.  It  is 
a  curious  volume,  giving  much  concerning 
the  minutiae  of  a  transaction  at  present  only 
revealed  to  us  by  some  letters  from  and 
about  Mr.  F.  Greenwood,  and  not  com- 
pletely revealed.  It  seems  difficult  to  be- 
lieve that  a  large  public  can  be  interested  in  a 
controversy  as  to  the  exact  accuracy  of 
Mr.  Henry  Oppenheim's  statements  in  1875, 
until  the  time  comes  when  memoirs  may 
possibly  yield  certainty.  We  doubt,  how- 
ever, if  the  exact  history  of  the  purchase  of 
the  Canal  shares  will  ever  be  known.  The 
public  already  is  aware  that  tho  facts 
were  probably  not  all  known  to  any  one 
person,  unless  it  were  Disraeli.  The 
firm  of  Rothschild  knew  all  that  was  con- 
nected with  the  actual  form  and  price  of  tho 
purchase,  and  this  has  long  since  been  made 
public  with  their  assent.  Disraeli's  papers 
dealing  with  the  matter  were  probably  de- 
stroyed by  him,  and  thero  is  nothing  on 
record  in  the  public  offices  beyond  what,  has 
already   become   known.     There   are   some 


incidental  references  in  the  volume  of  M. 
Lesage  to  the  war  scare  of  1875,  but  no  new 
light  is  thrown  on  it.  He  follows  the  ordi- 
nary French  belief  that  Bismarck  intended 
war.  Whatever  else  is  certain,  this  at  least 
cannot  be  true.  It  was  in  the  nature  of 
things  evident,  and  is  now  known,  that 
Bismarck  was  perfectly  aware  of  the  forces 
which  must  prevent  the  war  party  being 
successful.  With  him,  therefore,  the  ques- 
tion never  was  but  one  of  appearances — per- 
haps different  appearances  in  different 
quarters. 

M.  Arthur  Savaete,  of  Paris,  publishes 
in  two  large,  but  not  costly,  volumes, 
Sainte  Marie  Madeleine,  by  M.  Max  Sicard, 
Doctor  in  Theology.  The  author  boldly 
reprints  with  this  collection  of  his  articles 
from  La  Revue  du  Monde  Catholique,  the 
hostile  criticisms  which  have  appeared  in 
France.  We  commend  the  book  to  those 
who  want  a  complete  view,  with  all  the 
various  authorities  and  traditions ;  but 
the  result  of  reading  it  may  be  confusion 
in  some  minds.  Mary  Magdalen  remains 
with  three  tombs,  two  skulls,  and  serious 
claims  to  the  rank  of  Virgin  Martyr, 
while  Provencal  tradition  makes  her 
forty  (not  "trente")  years  of  penitence 
at  the  Sainte-Baume  end  with  death  at 
St.  Maximin  of  old  age.  Historical  science 
forces  us  to  declare  that  the  great  Pro- 
vencal legend  has  not  a  leg  to  stand  on.  It 
is  all  the  more  Provencal  and  delightful  for 
its  purely  imaginative  nature,  and  we  are 
grateful  to  Dr.  Sicard  for  his  grave  politeness 
towards  it.  His  conclusion  is  that  the 
"  total  absence  of  evidence "  and  "  ten 
centuries  of  silence "  do  not  constitute 
"  negative  certainty."  To  reject  it  is  to 
credit  "  a  conspiracy  of  lies."  Dr.  Sicard 
can  hardly  know  the  troubadours.  The 
one  piece  of  "  evidence "  in  favour  of  a 
"  Magdalen,"  other  than  the  virgin-martyr 
of  Ephesus,  is  English.  It  is  put  together 
by  Father  Thurston,  S.J.,  in  The  Month 
(1899,  vol.  xciii.  pp.  75-91).  A  good  deal 
of  the  rejected  "  evidence  "  is  also  English 
— as,  for  example,  "  the  text  of  Tilbury." 
Why  search  ?  The  writer  of  this  notice  has 
received  from  the  mouth  of  a  young  Pro- 
vencal monk  on  the  Pilon  itself  an  entirely 
new  and  a  beautiful  account  of  the  visits 
paid  four  times  a  year  to  the  Magdalen 
by  our  blessed  Lord,  resting  on  no  musty 
"  evidence,"  but  such  as  cannot  be  treated 
otherwise  than  with  the  reverence  due  to 
faith  and  to  poetry.  Whether  St.  Maxime 
— called  by  Dr.  Sicard,  against  much  usage, 
St.  Maximin — ever  lived  or  not,  and  whether 
St.  Trophime  was  or  was  not  in  "  the  boat," 
the  Magdalen  will  continue  to  be,  as  she  has 
been  since  long  before  St.  Louis,  "  the  saint 
of  saints  "  of  Provence.  The  recognition 
by  the  Western  Church  of  the  Provencal 
story  of  the  Magdalen  and  Maxime  dates 
from  1102,  and  that  by  the  Kings  of  France 
from  1254.  We  doubt  if  St.  Louis  had 
heard  it  till  ho  reached  the  Provencal  capital, 
and  was  told  that  he  must  go  out  of  his  way 
to  visit  the  church  of  St.  Maximin  and  tho 
grotto  and  Pilon  of  the  Sainte-Baume. 
Was  tho  body  of  tho  Magdalen  stolen  by 
Vezelay  from  St.  Maximin  ?  No  matter  ! 
If  so,  another  was  "  discovered  "  in  good 
time  (1279).  "  There  is,"  says  our  author, 
"  an  apparent  contradiction  among  the 
relics."  Tho  gilt  skull  now  shown  at  St. 
Maximin  was  probably  discovered  only  in 
1640,  and  has  a  formal  "  Inquisition  "  and 
literature  of  its  own.  The  Vezelay  impostor 
had  been  duly  transferred  to  the  cathedral 
at  Sens,  and  developed  into  two — for  it  was 
thought  that  another  remained  behind. 

Tho  second  volume  developes  the  theory 
that  Martha  represents  Christian  works,  and 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


rp 


rSE    ATHENAEUM 


too 


begins  the  teaching  of  St.  Francis,  while  her 
sister  Mary  incarnates  the  doctrine  of 
repentance  and  redemption. 

The  market  is  now  crowded  with  reprints  ; 
still  the  special  features  of  "  The  Golden 
Poets  "  (Jack)  should  secure  attention.  The 
volumes  contain  selections  and  introductions 
by  writers  of  standing,  and  each  has  eight 
illustrations  in  colour — a  somewhat  hazard- 
ous experiment,  which,  however,  is  likely 
to  please  the  ordinary  man!  Prof.  Dowden 
has  dealt  well  with  Coleridge,  and  Mr. 
Oliphant  Smeaton  with  Scott.  Miss  Jessie 
King's  imitations  of  Aubrey  Beardsley  do 
not  illustrate  Spenser  adequately  ;  but 
Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats' s  essay  is  of  interest, 
though  rather  wilful,  dealing,  as  it  does, 
with  his  own  conceptions  of  poetry.  The 
general  appearance  of  the  series  is  attractive^ 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  brought  out  a 
new  edition  of  Mr.  Hewlett's  vivid  and 
fascinating  book  The  Road  in  Tuscany, 
which  is  further  supported  by  Mr.  Perm  ell's 
dashing  illustrations.  The  "  quirks  of 
blazoning  pens,"  like  Mr.  Hewlett's,  go 
much  further  than  the  words  of  the  sober 
critic.  We  may,  however,  remark  that  we 
have  been  saying  for  years  what  he  here 
points  out — that  Dante's  Beatrice  was  a 
real  woman,  not  an  abstraction,  as  the 
allegory-mongers  would  have  it. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  also  had  a  happy 
idea  in  securing  illustrations  by  Mr.  E.  H. 
New  (who  is  now,  we  believe,  resident  at 
Oxford)  to  The  Scholar-Gipsy  and  Thyrsis, 
which  are  printed  together  in  one  delightful 
volume. 

The  Liverpool  Booksellers'  Company,  for 
whom  Messrs.  Simpkin  are  the  London 
agents,  send  us  a  beautiful  edition  of  Para- 
dise Lost  with  Blake's  illustrations,  which 
were  seen  and  admired  at  the  Carfax  Gallery 
this  year.  The  Lyceum  Press  of  Liverpool 
have  given  us  a  fine  type  on  a  goodly  page. 
Our  only  objection  to  a  remarkable  book 
is  the  practical  one  that  no  numbering  is 
supplied  of  lines  at  the  top  of  the  page  or  in 
the  text,  though  the  exact  references  are 
given  for  each  picture. 

"  The  Universal  Library  "  (Routledge) 
continues  to  widen  its  scope.  Recent  addi- 
tions are  The  Man  of  Feeling  ;  Guesses  at 
Truth  ;  The  Consolation  of  Philosophy, 
translated  by  H.  R.  James ;  Dante,  and, 
Anselm,  three  papers  by  that  excellent  writer 
Dean  Church  ;  and  Hitopadesa,  translated 
by  the  Rev.  B.  Hale  Wortham.  Enterprise 
such  as  this  places  the  most  varied  learning 
within  the  reach  of  all  readers. 

The  same  publishers  are  producing  some 
comely  and  well-tried  books  in  their  "  London 
Library."  A  careful  revision  of  Mr.  Lee's 
annotated  edition  of  the  Autobiography  of 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  is  welcome.  Lewes's 
Life  of  Goetfie  is  a  very  useful  volume,  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  it  was  written  long 
ago.  Hogg's  truly  astonishing  Life  of 
Shelley,  which  is  introduced  by  Prof.  Dow- 
den, is  as  interesting  as  it  is  wild.  The 
Interpretation  of  Scripture,  and  other  Essays, 
by  Jowett,  has  been  further  equipped  with 
an  excellent  portrait  of  Jowett,  and  Leslie 
Stephen's  searching  and  rather  satirical 
study  of  the  life  of  the  cherubic  master. 
If  "  The  London  Library  "  maintains  its 
level  of  interest,  it  will  need  no  journalistic 
praise  to  ensure  its  success. 

The  "  Cranford  Scries  "  of  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan  is  too  firmly  established  to  need  com- 
mendation. Mr.  Hugh  Thomson  has  found 
an  admirable  field  for  his  delicate  work  in 
illustrating  George  Eliot's  Scenes  of  Clerical 
Life.  He  is,  perhaps,  not  so  successful  in 
colour  as  in  his  black-and-white  work,  and 


gives  us  both  here,  but  his  pictures  are  always 
graceful. 

Mr.  C.  E.  Brock  is  well  known  as  a  skilful 
hand  at  coloured  illustrations,  and  has 
made  a  pretty  book  of  Christmas  at  Brace- 
bridge  Hall  in  Messrs.  Dent's  elegant  series  of 
"  English  Idylls." 

"  The  World's  Classics  "  (Frowde)  con- 
tinue to  make  enterprising  advance.  Among 
recent  volumes  are  Sophocles,  translated  by 
Prof.  Lewis  Campbell,  and  Johnson's  Lives 
of  the  Poets,  2  vols.,  edited  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Waugh. 

In  "  Everyman's  Library  "  (Dent)  Shak- 
speare's  works  have  just  appeared,  and  are 
wisely  divided  into  three  volumes  :  Comedies, 
Histories  and  Poems,  and  Tragedies.  Each 
has  a  glossary,  and  the  good  type  and  cheap 
price  should  make  the  issue  a  success,  though 
those  who  can  afford  the  same  publisher's 
'  Temple  Shakespeare  '  may  well  prefer  it  to 
the  exclusion  of  others. 

We  have  received  a  packet  of  Letts's 
Diaries  for  1907,  published  by  Messrs. 
Cassell.  The  various  specimens  sent  to  us 
represent  thoroughly  sound  and  commend- 
able printing  and  binding.  The  '  Rough 
Diaries  '  are  most  convenient,  and  con- 
stantly used  by  us  ;  but  all  are  models 
of  arrangement. 

Messrs.  Hills  &  Co.  send  us  an  excel- 
lently varied  packet  of  Christmas  Cards  and 
Calendars.  We  are  particularly  pleased  with 
the  latter  ;  also  with  the  neat  "  Greeting 
Cards,"  which  combine  simplicity  and  good 
taste.  These  publications  are  made  in 
Great  Britain  by  British  workpeople,  and 
show  that  native  work  holds  its  own. 

§F-  From  Messrs.  Houghton  we  have  a  capital 
selection  of  cards  which  are  meant  as 
"  mounts  "  for  amateur  photographs.  They 
offer  an  attractive  set-off  for  these  personal 
greetings. 

Mr.  A.  Lionel  Isaacs,  of  5,  Pall  Mall, 
sends  us  an  interesting  Catalogue  of  Books, 
MSS.,  and  Autographs.  We  notice,  inter 
alia,  some  Bronte*  MSS.,  given  in  facsimile, 
and  including  early  poems  by  Charlotte  ; 
Dr.  John  Brown's  copy  of  '  Empedocles  on 
Etna  and  other  Poems,'  by  "  A  "  ;  '  The 
Passionate  Lovers  '  (1655)  ;  a  striking  col- 
lection of  Cruikshank's  illustrations  ;  some 
Vale  Press  books ;  and  original  MSS.  by 
Dickens  and  other  famous  writers. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Briggs  (C.  A.)  and  Huge]  (Baron  F.  von),  The  Papal  Com- 
mission and  the  Pentateuch,  2/6  net. 

Brown  (C),  The  General  Epistle  of  James,  2/ 

Cecil  (Lord  W.  G.),  Science  and  Religion,  3/0  net. 

Echoes  of  the  Sanctuary,  compiled  by  Gretchen,  5/  net. 

Francis  (Mrs.  C.  D.),  The  Church  Catechism,  3/6  net. 

Garden  Of  Spiritual  Flowers  from  the  Devotional  Books  of 
the  Reign  of  Elizabeth,  edited  by  A.  H.  Hvatt,  8/  net. 

Granger  (M.  K.).  Advent  Readings,  5/6  net 

Hamilton  (J.),  The  Spirit  World,  3/6  net. 

Iverach  (J.),  The  other  Side  of  Greatness,  and  other  Ser- 
mons, 6/ 

Jowett's   Interpretation   of  Scripture,   and   other   Essays. 
New  Edition,  2/8  net. 

Little  Flowers  of  the  Glorious  Messer  St  Francis  and  of 
his  Friars,  translated  bv  W.  Hey  wood,  2/ 

Miller  (K.),  John  Wesley,  1/ 

Petrie  (\V.  M.  P.),  The  Religion  of  Ancient  Egypt,  1/  net 

Schmid  (!?.),  The  Scientific  Creed  of  a  Theologian,  trans- 
lated by  J.  W.  Stonghton,  6/ 

Syed  (Ameer  Ali),  Islam,  1/  net. 
La  w. 

Constitutional  Decisions  of  .John  Marshall,  edited  by  J.  p. 
Cotton,  Jan.,  2  vols.,  42/  net. 

/•'ni<<  Art  di)ii  Archaeology. 

Apostles  (The)  in  Art.  5/  net 

Blake  (W.):  Vol.  I.  Illustrations  of  the  Book  of  Job,  21/  net 

Branch  (E.  A.),  The  Principles    of   Model  and  Common 
Object  Drawing.  :'.  6  net 

Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  edited  by  J.  W.  Clark, illustrated 
by  <;.  Dorc,  2  vols.,  26/  net. 


East  (A.),  The  Art  of  Landscape  Painting  in  Oil  Colour, 

10/6  net. 
Evelyn's  Sculptura.  edited  by  C.  F.  Bell,  5/  net 
Foord  (J.),  Decorative  Plant  and  Flower  Studies,  30/ net. 
Glasgow   Fine-Art  Collection,   Introductory   Essay  by  J. 

Pat  on,  42/ net. 
Holy  Gospels,  360  Illustrations,  Vol.  I.,  28/ 
In  Rustic  England,   Pictures  by  Birket   Foster,  Notes   by 

A.  B.  Daryll,  7/6  net. 
In  the  Border  Country,  Pictures  by  J.  Orrock,  Notes  by 

W.  S.  Crockett,  7/6  net. 
Joshua  to  Job,  edited  by  \V.  S.  Sparrow,  5/  net 
Lawton  (F. ),  the  Life  and  Work  of  Auguste  Rodin,  15/  net. 
Lethaby  (W.    R.),    Westminster    Abbey    and    the    Kings' 

Craftsmen,  12/6  net 
Lindsay     (Lady    Jane),    Drawings    illustrative    of    '  John 

Inglesant,'  Author's  Edition,  52/6  net. 
Vasari,  Stories  of  the  Italian  Artists,  translated  by  E.  L. 
Seeley,  7/6  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Bridges  (R.)  and   Contemporary  Poets,   edited  by  A.    II. 

Miles,  1/6  net 
Browning  (R.),   the  Last    Ride    Together,   illustrated    by 

F.  S.  Coburn,  7/6 
Catullus,  Carmina  Selecta,  edited  by  S.  G.  Owen,  illustrated 

by  J.  R.  Weguelin,  6/  net. 
Hartland-Mahon  (R.),  Love  :  the  Avenger,  2/6  net. 
Howell's  Devises,  Introduction  by  W.  Raleigh,  5/  net. 
Ibsen  (H.),  Brand,  Introduction  by  C.   H.  Herford;  The 
Vikings  at  Helgeland,  The  Pretenders,   Introductions 
by  W,  Archer,  4/  each. 
Placid  Pug  (The),  and  other  Rhymes,  by  the  Belgian  Hare 

(Lord  Alfred  Douglas),  3/6 
Pope's  Iliad  of  Homer,  Introduction  by  Prof.  A.  J.  Church, 

3/  net 
Root  (R.  K.),  The  Poetry  of  Chaucer,  6/  net 
Rossetti  (C.  G.),  Verses  reprinted  from   Edition   of  1S47, 

edited  by  J.  D.  Symon,  21/  net. 
Sea,  Songs  ami  Ballads,  selected  by  C.  Stone, '2/0  net. 
Varian  (S.  and  J.),  Cuchulain,  and  Oisin  the  Hero,  1/ 
Wayfarer  (The),  edited  by  C.  E.  Benson,  2/6  net 
Wilcox  (E.  W.),  The  Kingdom  of  Love,  and  other  Poems, 

3/6  net. 
Wood  (W.),  Cinderella:  a  Play,  3/6  net 

Music. 
Bach's  Organ  Works,  Vol.  XXL,  edited  by  E.  II.  Turpin, 

5/  net. 
British   Nursery  Rhymes,  Accompaniment  by  A.    Moffat 

3/  net. 
Children's  Songs  of   Long   Ago,   arranged  by  A.    Moffat, 

3/  net. 
Duncan  (E.),  Minstrelsy  of  England,  adapted  to  Traditional 

Airs,  6/  net. 
Gilman  (L.),  The  Music  of  To-morrow,  4/6  net 
Moffat  (A.),  Minstrelsy  of  Wales,  adapted   to  Traditional 

Airs,  6/  net. 
Mozart's  Sonata,s,  edited  by  Franklin  Taylor,  6/  net 

Bibliography. 
Book-Lover's  Magazine,  Vol.  VI.  Part  V.,  3/6  net 
Glasgow    Public    Libraries:    Gbrbals    Index    Catalogue, 
Second  Edition  ;  Dennistoun  Index  Catalogue,  Srf.  each. 
Parsons  (Mrs.  C),  Recommended  Gift-Books  for  Children 
6(1. 

Philosophy. 
Aristotelian  Society,  Proceedings, 'Vol.  VI.,  10/6  net. 
Fnllerton  (G.  S.),  An  Introduction  to  Philosophy,  7/  net. 
Miles  (E.),  Life  after  Life,  2/6  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Pigou  (A.  C),  Protective  and  Preferential  Import  Duties, 

2/6 
Price  (W.  H.),  The  English  Patents  of  Monopoly,  6/  net 

History  and  Biography. 

Awdry  (F.),  A  Country  Gentleman  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  7/6  net. 

Ball  (F.  E.),  A  History  of  the  County  Dublin,  Part  IV. 
5/  net. 

Bayliss  (Sir  W.),  Olives,  the  Reminiscences  of  a  President, 
edited  by  his  Wife,  15/  net. 

Bearne  (Mrs.),  Heroines  of  French  Society,  10/6  net. 

Bogg(E.),  Richmondshire  and  the  Vale  of  Mowbray,  Vol.  I 
4/  net. 

Butler  (W.  F.),  The  Lombard  Communes,  15/ net 

Cadbury  (Richard) of  Birmingham,  by  his  Daughter,  7/6 net 

Clerici  (G.  P.),  A  Queen  of  Indiscretions,  translated  by 
F.  Chapman,  21/  net. 

Conversations  of  Ben  Jonson  with  William  Drummond, 
edited  by  I'.  Sidney,  2'  net. 

Graham  (E.  M.)  and  Paterson  (E.  S.),  True  Romances  of 
Scotland,  5 '  net. 

Hamilten  (<  iounl ),  Memoirs  of  Count  Grammont,  edited  by 
A.  Fea,  15;'  net 

Kingston  (A.),  A  History  of  Royston,  Hertfordshire,  10/ 

Lawlor  (H.  C),  A  History  of  the  Family  of  Cairnes  or 
Cairns,  21/ 

London  Library  :  Hogg's  Life  of  Shelley:  Duchess  of  New- 
castle's Life  of  Win.  Cavendish ;  Autobiography  of  Lord 
Herbert  of  Cherbury,  edited  by  S.  Lee  ;  Memoirs  of  the 
Life  of  Col.  Hutchinson,  by  hi>  Widow  ;  Lewes's  Life  of 

( ioot  he,  2  11  net  each. 

Maguire(D.  L),  Historic-  Links.  6 

Pepys's  Memoires  of  the  Royal  Navy,  edited  byj,  R.  Tanner, 
1   net. 

Ruggles  (Major-General  J.),  Recollections  of  a  Lin  know 
Veteran,  6   net 

Stirling  (A.  EL),  A  Sketch  of  Scol  tish  Industrial  and  Social 
History  in  the  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  Centuries, 
6    net. 

Whitcomb  (S.  L.),  Chronological  outline  of  American  Lite- 
rature, 6/6  net. 

Wilberforce (Father  Bertrand):  Life  and  Letters,  compiled 
by  EL  M.  Capes,  10/6 

'..  0  traphy  and  Train  I 
Becke  (L.1,  Sketches  from  Norm  ndy,  6 

Conwaj  (M.  £),  Mj   Pilg to  the  Wise  Men  of  the 

Bast  1  '  6  m  t 
Hartley  <  L.  i '.  1.  Wind  Seeker  1  in  the Hebridean  Seas,  6/nel 
Inchbold  (AC.),  Cnder  the  Syrian  Sun,  2  vols.,  24/  net 
Lee(A.),  The  World's  Exploration  Story,  .., 


656 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4126,  Nov.  24, 1000 


Vincent  (J.  E.),  Highways  and  Byways  in  Berkshire,  6/ 
Warner  (A.),  Seeing  France  with  Uncle  John,  5/ 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Annals  of  the  Corinthian  Football  Club,  edited  by  B.  O. 

Corbett,  5/  net. 
Baily's  Hunting  Directory,  1906-7,  5/  net. 
Burrows  (T.),  Club  Swinging,  1/ 
Cruise  (H.  St.  ,).),  Health  Exercises  and  Physical  Training 

nt  Home,  1/ 
Fitzsimmons  (It.),  Physical  Culture  and  Self-P/efence,  1/ 
Frankau  (<;.),  The  X  V  Z  of  Bridge,  1/ 
Hoper-Dixon  (A.  L.),  The  Art  of  Breathing  as  applied  to 

Physical  Development,  1/ 
Payn  (F.  W.),  Tennis  Topics  and  Tactics,  6/  net. 
Swimming,  for  Health,  Exercise,  and  Pleasure,  by  Experts, 

1/ 

Folk-lore. 

Eckenstein  (L.),  Comparative  Studies  in  Nursery  Rhymes, 
12/6  net. 

Education. 

Oxford  University  Calendar,  1907,  5/ 
Philology. 

Macdonald  (G.  R.),  A  New  Spanish-English  and  English- 
Spanish  Idiom  and  Phrase  Book,  4/ 

Madan  (A.  C),  Wisa  Handbook,  3/  net. 

Sandys  (.T.  E.),  A  History  of  Classical  Scholarship,  Second 
Edition,  4/6  net. 

Settle  (.1.  H.),  Armies  for  Baby,  1/ 
School-Books. 

Bannard  (H.  E.),  A  School  History  of  Berkshire,  1/ 

Coquelin  (.).),  First  German  Course,  2/6  net. 

I  ii m  's  Modern  Language  Series  :  Be  XIX.  Siecle,  6rf.  net. 

Gooch  (F.  A,) and  Browning  (P.  E.),  Outlines  of  Qualitative 
Chemical  Analysis,  5/6  net. 

Stobart   (J.    G),    The   Milton    Epoch;    The   Shakespeare 
Epoch,  1/6  each. 

Thucydides,  Book  VI.  Chapters  30-53  and  60-105,  edited  by 
P.  Ure,  2/6 

Williams  (.1.  H.)  and  Rouse  (W.  H.  D.),  Damon  :  a  Manual 
of  Greek  Iambic  Composition,  2/6  net. 
Science. 

Barnes  (H.  T.),  Ice  Formation,  12/6  net. 

Benjamin  (C.  H.),  Modern  American  Machine  Tools,  18/ net. 

Breed  (C.  B.)  and  Hosmer  (G.  L.),  The  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Surveying,  12/6  net. 

n    (II.),    Beet-Sugar    Manufacture,    translated    by 
W.  T.  Hall  and  G.  W.  Rolfe,  12/6  net. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Nature  Teaching,  3/9  net. 

Edwardes  (T),  An  Idler  in  the  Wilds,  6/ net. 

Forchheimer   (F.),    The   Prophylaxis   and    Treatment    of 
Interna]  Diseases,  21/ net. 

Foster  (F.),  Engineering  in  the  United  States,  1/  net. 

Geological  Survey  of  India,  Vol.  XXXIV.  Part  2,  1  rupee. 

Henslow  (Prof.  (J.),  The  Plants  of  the  Bible,  6/  net. 

Ingersoll  (E.),  The  Life  of  Animals  :  the  Mammals,  8/6  net. 

Johnson  (E.  R.),  Ocean  and  Inland  Water  Transportation, 
6/  net 

Keai  i"ii  (R.)>  Nature's  Carol  Singers,  6/ 

Lupton    (S.),    Numerical  Tables   and    Constants    in    Ele- 
mentary Science,  2/6 

Mathematical  Questions  and  Solutions  from  the  '  Educa- 
tional Times,'  edited  by  C.  I.  Marks,  Vol.  X.,  6/6 

Newcomb  (S.),   Side-Lights  on   Astronomy    and    Kindred 
Fields  of  Popular  Science,  7/6  net. 

Ries  (1L),  Clays,  their  Occurrence,  21/  net. 

Tigersteldt  (R.),  A  Textbook  of  Human  Physiology,  trans- 
lated by  J.  R.  Murlin,  21/ net. 

Weaver  (E.  M.),  Notes  on  Military  Explosives,  12/6  net. 

Wrentmore  (C.  G.),  Batter  Tables,  21/ net. 

Yonge  (E.  S.),  Polypus  of  the  Nose,  2/6  net. 
Juvenile  Books. 

Baby  Town  Ballads,  by  Nella,  3/6 

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Crane  (F),  Willie  Westinghouse  Edison  Smith,  the  Boy 
Inventor,  3/6  net. 

Everett-Green  (E),  A  Motherless  Maid,  3/6 

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Haverfield  (10.  L),  Donald,  2/6 

Baydon  (A.  L),  The  Medland  Boys,  1/6 

Houghton   (L.    S.),   The   Russian   Grandmother's   Wonder 
Tales,  3/6  net. 

Kelman  (J.  II.),  The  Story  of  Chalmers  of  New  Guinea 
1/6  net. 

I.;  ii"  '.I.),  The  Story  of  Lord  Clive,  1/6  net. 

I.-    lie(E. ),  A  Young  Lady  of  Quality,  9d. 

McCay  (W.),  Little  Sammy  Sneeze,  3/6  net. 

Molesworth  (Mis.),  The  Ruby  Ring,  2/6 

Mundell  (I'.),  stories  of  South  Pole  Adventure,  1/6 

Nursery  Medley,  set  to  Music  by  V.  Gardiner,  illustrated 
by  A.  Greta 

Paget  (E.  K.J,  'lii'-  Story  of  Bishop  Patteson,  1/6  net. 

l'i<].  of  Day,  edited  by  M.  M.  Rankin,  1/net. 

Piccaninny    Books:     Fanciful    Fowls;    Peculiar    Piggies; 
Bouncing  Babies,  1/6  net  each. 

Pollard  (E.  1''.),  A  Girl  "f  the  Eighteenth  Century,  3/6 

Rankin  (G.),  Fiftj  One  Animal  Stories,  1/ net. 

shallow  Scei from  the  Bible,  6d. 

Steedman  (A.),  Stoi  ies  from  I  lie  Arabian  Nights,  1/6  net 

Stevens  (F.),  By-Paths  in  Nature,  2/6 

Stooke  ( io.  il.i,  i  "in  'l"n f toii's  Loyalty,  1/ 

Strang  (H.),  Samba,  5/ 

Tuck  (M.  X.),  Sunshine  Makers  in  a  Sunny  Land,  9d 

Warner  (A.),  Su  an  Clegg  and  her  Neighbour's  Affairs,  3/6 

Watson  (I,.).  A  Girl  of  Dreams,  3/6 

Williams  (A.),  Ho*  [t  Works,  3/6 

Wil  on  t t.  \\ '.),  The  Magic  Jujubes,  3/6 

(.in,  ,nl  Literature, 
Austin  (M.),  The  Flock,  6/  net. 
Baillie-Saunders  (M.),  London  Lovers.  6/ 
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I  oi (i:.  i,  The  Doctor  of  Crows  Ne  it,  6/ 

Craddock  (C.  E.),  The  Amulet,  6/ 

Dickens  Stories  from,  by  J.  \v.  McSpadden,  6/ net. 


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Knyvett  (Sir  II.),  The  Defence  of  the  Realme,  Introduction 

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FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Duensing  (B.),  Christlieh-palastinisch-araniaische  Texte  u. 

Fragmente,  hrsg.,  8m. 
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Schonfelder  (A.),  Liturgische  Bibliothek,  Vol.  II.,  5m. 
Stahlin  (O.),  Clemens  Alexandrinus  :    Vol.   II.,  Stromata, 

Buch  I. -VI.,  hrsg.,  16m.  50. 
Wendt  (B.  B.),  System  der  christlichen  Lehre,  Part  I.,  6m. 

Law. 
Maurer     (K.),     Vorlesungen     iib.     altnordische     Rechts- 

geschiehte  :    Vol.   I.  Part  I.,  Altnorwegisches  Staats- 

recht,  14m. 

Fine  Art  and  A  rchceology. 
Mayser  (E.),  Grannnatik  der  griechischen  Papyri  aus  der 

Ptolemiierzeit,  14m. 
Michel  (A.),  Bistoire  de  1'Art :   Vol.  II.,  L'Art  gothique, 

Part  I.,  15fr. 
Moreau-Vauthier  (C),  LHEuvre  d'Aime'  Morot,  150fr. 
Richter  (B.),  William  Blake,  12m. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Bever  (A.  van),  Le  Livre  des  Rondeaux  du  dix-septieme 

Siecle,  4fr. 
Deshoulieres  (Madame),  Les  Amours  de  Grisette,  2fr. 

Music. 
Longo  (A.),  Opere  complete  per  Clavicembalo  di  D.  Scar- 
latti, 6  vols.,  4fr.  each. 

Philosophy. 
Willox  (A.),  Conscience  nouvelle,  lfr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Charlanne  (L.),  LTnfluence  franchise  en  Angleterre  au  dix- 
septieme  Siecle  :  La  Vie  socia.le,  la  Vie  litteraire,  7fr. 
Donop  (General),  I.ettres  d'un  vieux  Cavalier,  Series  I.,  2fr. 
Gonnard  (R.),  L'Emigration  europeenne  au  dix-neuvieme 

Siecle,  3fr.  50. 
Guignebert  (G),  Manuel  fd'Histoire  ancienne  du  Christian- 

isme  :  Les  Origines,  4fr. 
Reventlow  (Graf  E.),  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II.  u.  die  Byzantiner, 

3m. 

Philology. 
Breal  (M.),  Pour  mieux  connaitre  Bomere,  3fr.  50. 
Diehl  (E.),  Procli  Diadochi  in  Platonis  Tima-um  Commen- 

taria,  Part  III.,  12m. 
Skutsch  (F),    Gallus    u,    Vergil:    Aus    Vergils    Fruhzeit, 

Part  II.,  5m. 
Stadtmueller  (H.),  Anthologia  Gr;eca,  ed.,Vol.  III.  Parti., 

8m. 
Strecker  (K.),  Brotsvithse  Opera,  ed.,  4m. 
Vollers    (K.),   Volkssprache    u.    Schriftsprache     im    alten 

Arabien,  9m. 

Science. 
Tronchin  (IL),   Un    Me"decin   du  dix-huitieme  Siecle :   T. 

Tronchin,  7fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Banes  (M.),  Alsace-Lorraine,  lfr. 
Baudin  (P.),  L'Alerte,  3fr.  50. 
Brunetiere  (E),  Questions  actuelles,  3fr.  50. 
Channel  (10.),  La  Pieuvre  germanique,  3fr.  50. 
Keuillet  (Madame  ().),  Mysterieux  Passed,  3fr.  50. 
Eigne  (Charles  Joseph,  Prince  de),  Mes  Ecarts,  3fr.  50. 
Montforl  (10.),  La  Turque,  3fr.  50. 
Skfrnir,  1906,  Pari,  III.,  lkr. 
Villetard  (P.),  La  Montague  d'Amour,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  lie  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


THE  BUCHANAN  QUATERCKNTENAKY 
AT  GLASGOW. 
Tins     celebration    contrasted     in    many 

respects  with   that,  at   St.    Andrews   in    .Inly. 

Both    had    an    academic    centre,    hut    the 
November  functions  in  Glasgow,  largely  due 


to~the*zeal  of  Lord  Provost  Bilsland,  were 
planned  on  a  more  extended  and  popular 
basis  than  the  beautiful  and  dignified  series 
at  St.  Andrews.  Initiated  in  August  by  a 
pilgrimage  to  Buchanan's  birthplace,  The 
Moss,  Killearn,  nine  miles  out  of  the  city, 
the  Glasgow  scheme  of  celebrations,  organ- 
ized by  a  large  committee,  embraced  (1)  an 
exhibition  of  books,  MSS.,  portraits,  and 
literary  relics,  opened  on  October  31st  ;  (2) 
an  oration  by  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Lindsay  on 
November  1st  ;  (3)  the  toast  of  Buchanan's 
memory,  proposed  at  the  jubilee  banquet  of 
the  Glasgow  Archaeological  Society,  by 
Prof.  Hume  Brown,  on  November  2nd  ;  and 
(4)  a  special  Buchanan  session  of  the  last- 
named  Society  at  its  fiftieth  annual  meeting 
on  November  15th.  The  exhibition  and  the 
Archaeological  meeting  were  both  held  in  the 
University  Library  ;  the  Quater centenary 
oration  was  delivered  before  a  very  large  and 
appreciative  audience  in  the  Bute  Hall  of  the 
University.  So  many  occasions  of  speech 
naturally  produced  a  variety  of  pronounce- 
ments, which  in  turn  have  evoked  the  voice 
of  the  devil's  advocate  in  sundry  places.  At 
The  Moss,  Mr.  George  Neilson  treated 
Buchanan's  place  in  Latin  literature  as  the 
sunset  of  the  Renaissance.  At  the  opening 
of  the  exhibition,  Principal  Story  spoke  of  the 
depth  of  feeling  with  regard  to  Buchanan 
which  still  existed  in  Scotland.  His  memory 
had  suffered  from  his  politics.  Just  as  in 
Germany,  they  might  speak  in  vain  about 
Erasmus  unless  they  mentioned  Luther, 
in  Scotland  they  might  speak  in  vain  about 
Knox  without  mentioning  the  great  humanist 
Buchanan  ;  and  the  debt  they  owed  him  for 
impetus  he  gave  to  education  was  not  to  be 
forgotten.  Introducing  Principal  Lindsay 
on  the  occasion  of  his  oration,  Lord  Provost 
Bilsland,  who  presided,  sketched  the  charac- 
ter of  Buchanan  as  a  statesman  and  scholar, 
a  figure  unique  in  Scottish  history,  and 
a  practical  reformer.  Principal  Lindsay's 
address  dealt  largely  with  the  environment 
of  Buchanan  on  the  Continent — first  as  a 
student,  and  afterwards  as  regent  at  Ste. 
Barbe,  which  was  the  most  renowned  college 
in  Paris.  Then  his  contact  with  Noel  Beda 
and  Ignatius  Loyola  on  the  one  hand  was 
touched  upon,  and  on  the  other  his  relation 
with  Calvin  and  his  adoption  of  the  re- 
formed faith.  In  estimating  his  genius  and 
achievements  the  orator  said  that  he  was 
great  as  a  teacher,  great  as  a  poet,  and  above 
all  great  as  a  political  thinker.  His  quality 
as  teacher  had  scarcely  received  its  meed  of 
praise.  His  verses  excited  the  admiration 
of  the  intellect,  but  did  not  stir  the  heart. 
His  political  doctrine  had,  however,  reached 
the  hearts  of  succeeding  generations.  Scot- 
land had  received  three  great  gifts,  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  All  came  to  it  from 
France,  all  personified  in  three  striking 
individualities.  The  Reformation  lived  in 
Knox.  The  Renaissance,  with  its  love  of 
beauty,  its  joy  and  colour,  came  with  Mary 
Stuart.  Erudition,  bringing  classical  an- 
tiquity to  mould  modern  literature  was 
disclosed  by  Buchanan  to  the  young  Scots- 
men of  his  generation.  Yet  perhaps  the 
greatest  gift  he  gave  to  his  native  land  was 
himself.  Prof.  Medley,  in  moving  the  vote 
of  thanks  emphasized  the  view  that  Bu- 
chanan was  much  more  a  European  than  a 
Scottish  product.  At  the  banquet  Prof. 
1 1  tune  Brown,  in  proposing  the  immortal 
memory  of  Buchanan,  spoke  of  him  its;  a 
Scotsman  to  tho  core.  His  excelling  great- 
ness was  attested  by  the  leading  voices  of 
his  contemporaries  on  the  continent  ;  while 
his  friends  were  among  the  choicest  spirits 
of  Europe,  illustrious  in  letters,  arms,  and 
statesmanship,  and  illustrious  in  virtue. 
A  feature  on  the  evening  of  the  oration 
'  was  a  very  successful  rendering  of  three  of 


N°4126,  Nov.  24,  1908 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


657 


Buchanan's  Psalms  as  arranged  by  the  Rev. 
G.  Bell,  Mus.  Doc,  from  the  music  given  in 
the  edition  by  Nathan  Chytrseus,  published 
at  Herborne,  in  Hesse  Nassau,  in  1595. 
Sung  by  the  Glasgow  Cathedral  Choir  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  Herbert  Walton,  the  organist, 
these  Psalms  in  the  old  music  had  a  stately 
simplicity  and  solemnity. 

The  exhibition  is  strong,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, chiefly  in  its  collection  of  books.  Mr. 
David  Murray  has  compiled  a  catalogue  which 
is  a  storehouse  of  information.  Speaking  of 
the  books  at  the  opening  of  the  exhibition, 
Mr.  Murray  drew  attention  to  the  extra- 
ordinary number  of  versions — over  a  hun- 
dred editions — of  Buchanan's  Psalms,  as  an 
indication  of  his  reputation  as  a  great  master 
of  Lathi.  At  the  Archaeological  Society's 
annual  meeting,  Mr.  Murray  showed  how 
valuable  a  contribution  to  Buchanan's 
biography  was  to  be  expected  from  such 
a  collection  of  editions  of  his  work  as  the 
exhibition  contained.  Many  volumes  which 
had  belonged  to  Buchanan  himself  were  there, 
amongst  them  one  which  bore  the  signature 
of  Jacques  Goupil,  followed  by  that  of 
Buchanan's  brother  Patrick.  It  was  a 
Strabo — an  Aidine  edition  of  1516 — and  was 
one  of  the  books  given  by  Buchanan  in  1578 
to  Glasgow  University.  At  the  same  meet- 
ing Mr.  W.  S.  McKechnie  sketched  the 
interesting  career  of  Thomas  Maitland,  the 
speaker  witli  whom,  in  the  dialogue  of  the 
'  De  Jure  Regni  apud  Scotos,'  Buchanan  dis- 
cusses the  doctrines  of  kingship.  Mr.  Gray 
Buchanan,  a  special  student  of  Buchanan 
pedigrees,  dealt  with  the  genealogy  of  the 
family.  Mr.  J.  T.  T.  Brown  discussed  the 
authorship  of  the  remarkable  translation  of 
Buchanan's  '  Baptistes  '  published,  under 
the  title  '  Tyrannical  Government  Anato- 
mized/ by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons  in 
1643.  Mr.  Brown  inclined  to  the  opinion, 
first  advocated  by  Francis  Peck,  that  this 
translation  might  be  regarded  as  the  work 
of  Milton.  Mr.  F.  J.  Amours  gave  some 
account  of  the  translation  of  Buchanan's 
history  made  in  1634  by  John  Reid,  the 
unpublished  MS  of  which  belongs  to 
Glasgow  University. 

The  general  labour  of  the  celebrations  has 
fallen  largely  on  the  hon.  secretary,  Mr. 
John  S.  Samuel  ;  sectional  parts  on  Mr. 
J.  L.  Morison,  hon.  secretary  of  the  Univer- 
sity Historical  Society,  and  on  Mr.  Arch.  H. 
Charteris,  hon.  secretary  of  the  Archaeo- 
logical Society.  That  of  the  exhibition  fell 
to  Mr.  James  L.  Galbraith,  of  the  University 
Library,  and  Mr.  F.  T.  Barrett,  of  the  Mitchell 
Library,  especially  to  the  former,  who, 
collected  and  arranged  the  exhibits. 

The  projected  memorial  volume  is  to 
contain,  besides  Principal  Lindsay's  address 
and  the  c'oges  of  Principal  Story  and  Prof. 
Hume  Brown,  Mr.  Murray's  bibliography  and 
the  papers  by  Messrs.  Amours,  Brown, 
Buchanan  and  McKechnie.  The  Rev. 
Patrick  Aitken  is  to  describe  the  autograph 
scholia  in  the  surviving  volumes  which  once 
stood  on  Buchanan's  shelves,  and  Mr.  G. 
Neiison  is  to  supply  foot-notes  to  the  '  Fran- 
ciscanus.'  Translations  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Gordon  Mitchell  and  others  will  lie  included  ; 
and  not  the  least  attractive  article  will  be  the 
essay  of  Mr.  T.  D.  Robb,  on  Buchanan  as  a 
humanist,  which  gained  the  100/.  prize  offered 
by  Dr.  Peddie  Steele,  of  Florence. 


THE  SHAKESPEARE  SOCIETY  OF 
NEW  YORK  AND  THE  NEW  YORK 
SHAKESPEARE    SOCIETY. 

Weatfleld,  Union  County,  New  Jersey,  Nov.  1st,  1906. 

You  print  in  a  recent  issue  of  your  valued 
journal  a  letter  headed     as  above.     As  it 


appears  to  be  the  letter  of  a  busybody  with 
an  enormous  ignorance  of  geography,  with 
a  confused  idea  of  syntax,  and  with  no  idea 
at  all  of  legal  responsibility  for  words,  we 
should  not  bother  to  notice  it,  did  it  not 
make  one  statement  (which  proves  on  ex- 
amination to  be  misstatement)  intended  to 
reflect  upon  the  business  methods  of  the 
undersigned. 

If  your  Mr.  E.  W.  B.  Nicholson  had  in  good 
faith  wanted  information,  he  could  have 
written  to  us  (he  gives  our  address  properly) 
or  to  any  of  our  London  correspondents. 
And,  on  this  side  of  the  ocean,  reputable 
journals  do  not  print  statements  of  facts 
without  first  verifying  them.  Unless  there 
is  some  motive,  not  apparent,  for  his  com- 
municating with  you  for  publication,  we 
can't  understand  his  tactics.  After  re- 
reading his  letter  several  times,  we  can't  see 
that  he  has  any  grievance,  except  that  he 
says  he  sent  a  cheque  (amount  not  stated)  to 
L.  L.  Lawrence  April  19th,  1891 — more  than 
fifteen  years  ago  !  It  could  only  have  been 
for  the  sum  of  $12.50,  if  it  ever  existed  at  all. 

We  have  been  printers  to  the  New  York 
Shakespeare  Society  (its  title  as  incorpor- 
ated in  1885  is  "  The  Shakespeare  Society  of 
New  York  ")  since  the  year  1893.  There  is 
no  record  hi  the  books  of  the  New  York 
Shakespeare  Society,  nor  in  our  books,  nor  in 
the  books  of  our  predecessor,  L.  L.  Lawrence 
(who  from  1885  to  1893  was  "  Clerk  of  the 
Publication  Committee  of  the  Shakespeare 
Society  of  New  York,"  and  during  whose 
administration  twenty  volumes  of  '  The 
Bankside  Shakespeare  '  were  issued,  as  well 
as  eight  of  the  Society's  twelve  volumes  of 
Publications),  of  any  remittance  whatever 
ever  having  been  received  from  any  one  by 
the  name  of  Nicholson. 

To  issue  a  '  Four-Text  Hamlet  '  has  always 
been  a  favorite  project  with  The  New  York 
Shakespeare  Society.  Proposals  calling  for 
one  format  and  price  were  issued  in  1891,  and 
an  announcement  calling  for  another  format 
(but  not  inviting  subscriptions  or  mentioning 
a  price  at  which  they  could  be  received)  was 
issued  in  1898.  Among  the  sixteen  sub- 
scriptions received  in  answer  to  the  first  pro- 
posal was  one  signed  "  R.  Garnett  for  the 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  England."  When 
that  project  was  found  impracticable  and 
abandoned,  all  subscriptions  that  had  been 
received  were  returned  or  compounded 
for  in  other  publications  of  the  Society. 
The  one  signed  "  R.  Garnett,"  &c,  was 
returned  in  cash  to  that  address. 
Perhaps  this  is  the  one  E.  W.  B. 
Nicholson  thinks  he  remembers  sending  us 
himself.  We  don't  recall  his  demanding 
money  of  us  in  1898,  seven  years  afterward, 
but  if  we  [?  he]  did,  and  if,  as  he  says,  he  got 
"  no  money,  no  reply,  and  no  book,"  it  was 
because  we  could  not  locate  him,  and  owed 
him  neither  the  one  nor  the  other. 

If  E.  W.  B.  Nicholson  or  "  all  librarians, 
booksellers,  and  Shakespeare  collectors  and 
the  State  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  "  (.sic) 
have  any  claims  now  due  or  overdue 
against  The  New  York  Shakespeare  Society 
or  against  L.  L.  Lawrence  or  against  us,  if  he, 
or  they,  will  send  us  statement,  or  state- 
ments, of  their  accounts,  we  will  be  happy  to 
discharge  them  at  sight.  E.  W.  B.  Nicholson 
it  appears,  has  none,  nor  do  we  know  of  any 
in  Great  Britain,  the  Continent,  or  in  any 
of  the  British  colonies ;  nor  any  in  the 
United  States,  except  for  such  subscriptions 
as  we  have  taken  within  the  years  1895  and 
1906,  which  we  are  now  in  process  of  filling 
as  rapidly  as  the  presses  can  work.  Both 
The  New  York  Shakespeare  Society  and 
ourselves  have  a  complete  right  to  issue 
proposals  and  prospectuses ;  but  neither 
W.  E.  B.  [sic]  Nicholson  nor  The  Athenceum 
has  a  legal  right  to  deal   in  innuendo  to  the 


effect  that  either  The  New  York  Shakespeare- 
Society  or  ourselves  are  issuing  prospectuses 
irregularly,  or  declining  to  meet  our  obliga- 
tions. 

We  admit  that  we  have  issued  the  pro- 
posals described  by  Nicholson  as  a  "  fresh 
circular,"  and  the  volumes  called  for  by  it 
[to  wit  :  "  The  Bankside  Restoration 
Series  "  and  the  '  UR-Hamlet,'  which  will 
include  two  of  the  texts  that  were  to  have 
been  included  in  the  '  Four-Text  Hamlet  '] 
are  in  press  end  will  be  delivered  at  the 
dates  called  for.  But  as  we  have  not 
taken  a  single  subscription  to  these  latter, 
outside  of  the  United  States,  we  don't 
understand  Mr.  Nicholson's  motive  in 
addressing  you  his  letter  nor  yours  in  print- 
ing it  without  verification.  If  there  is  a 
motive  we  have  a .  right,  we  suppose,  to 
suspect  what  it  is. 

The  Shakespeare  Peess. 

*„.*  We  append  Mr.  Nicholson's  reply: — 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford. 

I  did  not  write  "  State  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey."  The  cheque  from  me  was  of 
course  for  the  specified  subscription-price 
(2/.  6s.),  and  was  countersigned  "  E.  B. 
Nicholson  "  ;  the  receipt  was  made  out  to 
"  Edward  R  Nicholson  for  the  Bodleian 
Library."  Obviously  some  one  has  mixed 
up  in  a  single  entry  this  and  a  subscription, 
or  promise  of  a  subscription,  by  the  late  Dr. 
R.  Garnett,  formerly  Keeper  of  the  Printed 
Books  in  the  British  Museum.  Dr.  Garnett 
had  no  official  connexion  with  us,  and,  if 
cash  was  sent  him  in  a  letter  directed  to  us, 
we  of  course  forwarded  it,  unopened,  to  him 
at  the  British  Museum.  Nothing  was  paid 
us  by  him  or  the  Museum,  and  so  the  Society 
represented  by  the  Shakespeare  Press  still 
owes  us  21.  6s.  In  1898,  as  now,  all  my 
letters  and  post  cards  bore  my  full  address, 
and  there  was  no  excuse  for  not  being  able 
to  "  locate  "  me.         E.  W.  B.  Nicholson. 

We  may  add  on  our  own  behalf  that  Mr. 
Nicholson  is  not  a  member  of  our  staff,  as 
is  suggested.  We  made  investigations  so 
far  as  was  possible,  and  we  had  no  motive 
beyond  elucidating  the  truth.  The  Shake- 
speare Press  has  sent  us  three  different 
versions  of  a  letter  for  publication  within 
the  last  few  days.     We  publish  the  last. 


IKtoarg  (fesip. 

The  Hon.  Alfred  E.  Gathorne- 
Hardy  has  arranged  with  Messrs.  Long- 
man &  Co.  to  publish  a  biography  of  his 
father,  the  late  Earl  of  Cranbrook.  The 
family  papers  and  journal  have  been 
placed  in  his  hands  for  that  purpose.  Mr. 
Gathorne-Hardy  will  be  much  obliged  if 
friends  and  correspondents  will  forward 
to  him  at  77,  Cadogan  Square,  S.W.,  any 
letters  of  interest  they  may  have,  written 
by  the  late  Earl.  Such  letters  will  be 
returned  in  due  course. 

In  her  new  volume  entitled  '  Letters  to 
Young  and  Old  '  Mrs.  Earle,  the  author 
of  the  '  Pot-pourri '  books,  gives  a  selec- 
tion from  her  ordinary  everyday  corre- 
spondence, grouping  letters  on  special 
subjects,  such  as  health,  diet,  and  garden- 
ing. Included  in  the  correspondence  are 
a  number  of  letters  from  Lady  Normanby, 
wife  of  the  British  Ambassador  at  Paris 
in  1848,  to  her  sister  Lady  Bloomfield, 
which  give  a  vivid  description  of  the  Revo- 


658 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4126,  Nov.  24.  1906 


lution  of  that  year.  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder  will  have  the  book  ready  in  the  first 
days  of  December. 

Mr.  John  Boyd  Kinnear  is  publishing 
with  the  same  firm  on  the  4th  of  December 
'  The  Teaching  of  the  Lord  contained  in 
the  Gospels,  brought  together  under  its 
Principal  Heads.'  Realizing  that  when 
we  wish  to  understand  and  compare  our 
Lord's  precepts  or  declarations  on  the 
occasion  of  the  various  events  of  His  life 
they  must  be  sought  in  different  parts  of 
the  four  Gospels,  the  author  seeks  to 
bring  together  under  leading  heads  all 
the  passages  concerning  each  subject. 
This  method  has  the  further  advantage 
that  it  places  the  varying  records  of  the 
four  Evangelists  in  juxtaposition. 

Prof.  W.  M.  Ramsay  will  contribute 
to  the  December  number  of  The  Expositor 
an  important  article  entitled '  Prof.  Harnack 
on  St.  Luke.'  In  this  article  he  will 
review  the  latest  book  of  the  Berlin  pro- 
fessor, in  which  he  adheres  to  St.  Luke's 
authorship  of  the  third  Gospel  and  of  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles. 

The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  December 
contains  the  complete  history  and  text 
of  '  Thackeray's  Mahogany  Tree,'  with 
the  air  to  which  it  was  sung,  contributed 
by  Sir  F.  C.  Burnand.  By  a  happy  co- 
incidence the  next  place  is  held  by 
Thackeray's  daughter,  Mrs.  Richmond 
Ritchie,  who  furnishes  reminiscences  of 
Mrs.  Gaskell.  Canon  Beeching  contributes 
his  second  and  concluding  lecture  on 
Shakspeare.  Mr.  J.  H.  Yoxall,  M.P., 
writes  '  Of  Certain  Old  English  China,' 
and  Mr.  Hartley  Withers  for  the  uninitiated 
'  Concerning  Bank  Rate.' 

A  writer  in  the  December  number  of 
Blackwood  describes  harem  life  in  Constan- 
tinople, and  gives  some  account  of  the  un- 
happy trio  in  Loti's  '  Les  Desenchantees,' 
whom  she  knew  well.  A  frontiersman  gives 
his  views  of  London  with  considerable  free- 
dom, and  Mr.  V.  Hussey- Walsh  describes 
the  working  of  a  French  general  election. 
Verse  is  represented  by  '  The  Cake  of 
Mithridates,'  by  Mr.  John  Davidson,  and 
'The  New  Quality,'  by  J.  K.  Other 
articles  are  '  Boston,'  by  Mr.  Charles 
Whibley  ;  '  The  Zionists,'  by  Col.  C.  R. 
Conder  ;  and  '  With  a  Car  to  the  German 
Manoeuvres,'  by  the  author  of  '  On  the 
Heels  of  De  Wet.' 

I  Messrs.  MacLehose  &  Sons  are  includ- 
ing in  their  "  Seventeenth-Century  Travel 
Series  "  Fynes  Moryson's  '  Itinerary,  con- 
taining his  Ten  Yeeres  Travel  through  the 
Twelve  Dominions  of  Germany,  Bohmer- 
land,  Sweitzerland,  Netherlands,  Den- 
mark, Poland,  Italy,  Turkey,  France, 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.'  The 
'  Itinerary '  will  be  completed  in  four 
volumes  uniform  with  Messrs.  MacLehose's 
editions  of  Hakluyt  and  Purchas,  and  will 
contain  in  fascimile  all  the  illustrations  in 
the  original  edition,  and  an  index.  This 
will  be  the  first  complete  reprint  since  its 
original  issue  in  1617. 

The  seventh  edition  of  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton's   '  The  Coming  of  Love,'   lately 


reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum,  is  already  out 
of  print,  and  an  eighth  is  to  appear  before 
Christmas.  Its  special  features  are  six 
additional  sonnets,  and  a  preface  where 
the  inner  religious  motive  of  the  poem, 
which  has  been  much  discussed,  is  enlarged 
upon. 

The  opening  article  in  the  December 
Independent  Review  will  be  on  '  The  Con- 
flict with  the  Lords,'  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Mas- 
singham.  Mr.  Philip  Snowden,  M.P.,  will 
follow  with  a  discussion  of  '  Labour's 
Ideal ' ;  and  among  the  other  contributions 
to  the  number  will  be  '  Women's  Votes 
and  Party  Tactics,'  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Shaw  ; 
'  Stray  Religions  in  the  Far  North- West,' 
by  Mr.  C.  W.  Dawson ;  '  A  Minimum 
Wage,'  by  Miss  Gertrude  Tuckwell  ; 
'  George  Meredith's  Hymn  to  Colour,'  by 
Mr.  Basil  de  Selincourt ;  and  '  The  Gold- 
Mine  Fallacy,'  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Robertson, 
M.P. 

A  new  volume  by  Mr.  Charles  J. 
Dunphie,  entitled  '  Many-Coloured  Essays,' 
is  to  be  published  immediately  by  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock.  The  articles  are  for  the 
most  part  on  the  contradictory  experiences 
of  life,  and  are  written  some  in  the  lighter 
vein,  others  in  a  more  serious  tone. 

The  family  of  the  late  Herman  Melville, 
author  of  '  Typee,'  '  The  Whale,'  &c,  are 
collecting  materials  for  a  memoir,  and 
would  be  grateful  if  any  persons  having 
letters  by  him  would  send  them  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  Melville,  "  The  Florence," 
Fourth  Avenue  and  Eighteenth  Street, 
New  York.  Such  letters  will  be  promptly 
copied  and  returned. 

In  '  The  Friends  of  Voltaire,'  which 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder  on  December  4th,  S.  G.  Tallentyre 
depicts  the  personality  and  the  work  of  the 
men  without  whom  Voltaire's  influence 
would  have  been  far  less  effectual.  The 
book  may  be  regarded  as  a  companion 
volume  to  the  author's  '  Life  of  Voltaire.' 
It  contains  ten  portrait  illustrations. 

Messrs.  Sisley  will  publish  shortly  a 
scholarly  history  of  love  from  the  earliest 
days  to  the  present  time  by  Mr.  Edgar 
Saltus,  author  of  '  Imperial  Purple.'  The 
title  of  the  book  is  '  Historia  Amoris.' 

The  Classical  Review  for  November, 
just  out,  contains  some  further  particulars 
as  to  the  new  arrangements  for  the  coming 
year  ;  an  interesting  article  on  '  The  Fire 
of  Nero,'  by  Mr.  T.  Ashby,  Jun.  ;  and  a 
clever  rendering  in  Latin  verse  of  Brown- 
ing's '  Soliloquy  of  the  Spanish  Cloister,' 
by  Mr.  John  Sargeaunt. 

Mr.  T.  Fisher  Unwin  writes  : — 

'*  Mr.  G.  E.  Farrow  is  strangely  forgetful. 
On  March  15,  1906,  he  sold  me  '  The 
Adventures  ot  a  Dodo,'  and  left  with  me  a 
portion  of  the  copy.  He  also,  at  his  urgent 
request,  received  a  cheque  on  account,  and 
gave  a  guarantee  to  deliver  the  complete 
work  of  a  specified  length  by  a  certain  date." 

Macmillan's  Magazine  for  December 
contains  an  article  on  '  Military  Manoeuvres 
and  the  Law  of  Trespass,'  by  Capt.  T. 
Fetherstonhaugh.  '  The  Temple  of  Ten 
Thousand  Gods,'  by  Mr.  G.  Salis-Schwabe, 
is  an  account  of  a  Buddhist  shrine  near 


the  city  of  Chinanfu.  In  '  Ne  Coram 
Populo  '  Mr.  Reginald  Turner  advances 
the  view  that  if  we  gave  up  public  eating 
and  drinking  we  should  all  enjoy  life  more. 
Mr.  Alfred  Fellows  writes  on  '  The  Blight 
of  Triviality  '  ;  and  *  The  Key-Note  of 
Canada  '  is  suggested  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Thom- 
son. 

Temple  Bar  for  December  contains  a 
biographical  and  critical  paper  on  Edgar 
Allan  Poe  by  Mr.  Arthur  Ransome.  Mr. 
Victor  de  Brandt  contributes  a  legend 
of  Francis  of  Assisi  '  The  Stork  of  St. 
Franciscus.'  Some  of  the  '  Sayings  of 
Sudik,'  the  Moorish  sage  and  humorist, 
"  told  by  a  Tangerine,"  have  been 
collected  and  translated  by  Miss  Louise  K. 
Green.  Mr.  Frank  Stokoe  writes  '  On  a 
Greek  Bas-relief  '  ;  and  '  Children  and 
Books,'  old  style  and  new,  are  discussed 
by  "  A  Writer  of  Books  for  Children." 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  on 
Monday  last  of  Mr.  Mountford  J.  B. 
Baddeley  at  Bowness,  Windermere.  He 
was  the  originator,  and  part  author,  of  the 
admirable  series  of  "  Thorough  "  Guides, 
which  fully  deserve  their  name,  being  well 
fitted  for  walkers  as  well  as  those  who  do 
not  leave  the  main  routes.  Mr.  Baddeley 
was  a  Cambridge  man,  and  was  born  in 
1843. 

Mr.  Joseph  McCabe  writes  from  16, 
Elm  Grove,  Cricklewood,  N.W.  : — 

"  I  have  been  asked  to  write  the  biography 
of  G.  J.  Holyoake,  and,  although  the  chief 
documents  are  promised  to  me,  there  may 
be  some  of  your  readers  who  have  interesting 
letters  from  him.  If  they  will  kindly  for- 
ward them  to  me,  I  shall  be  much  obliged. 
I  will  copy  and  return  them  as  quickly  as 
possible." 

The  "  Keats-Shelley  Memorial  in  Rome" 
represents  an  international  project  for 
buying  and  preserving  the  house  in  which 
Keats  died,  and  for  perpetual  care  of  the 
graves  of  the  two  poets.  Some  while  since 
we  announced  that  a  legal  option  on  the 
property  had  been  secured.  Now  half 
the  necessary  funds  have  already  been 
raised  privately,  and  an  appeal  is  made 
for  the  prompt  subscription  of  the  re- 
mainder. The  three  committees  —  in 
Rome,  the  United  States,  and  England 
— issue  an  illustrated  circular  dealing  with 
the  movement,  which  has  our  cordial 
support.  Subcriptions  should  be  sent  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  British  Committee, 
Mr.  Harold  Boulton,  at  120,  Victoria 
Street,  S.W. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  will  publish 
on  December  4th  a  new  work  by  Mr. 
F.  B.  Bradley-Birt,  the  author  of  '  Chota 
Nagpore  '  and  '  The  Story  of  an  Indian 
Upland,'  entitled  '  The  Romance  of  an 
Eastern  Capital,'  in  which  he  describes 
that  vast  tract  of  land  where  the  rivers 
Ganges  and  Brahmaputra  meet,  with  the 
ancient  city  of  Dacca,  now  the  capital  of 
the  newly  formed  province  of  Eastern 
Bengal  and  Assam,  in  its  midst.  The 
volume  will  contain  thirty  illustrations  and 
a  map. 

A  committee,  which  has  already  very 
wide  support,   has  been  formed  for  the 


51°  4126.  Nov.  24.  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


659 


purpose  of  purchasing  Coleridge's  Cottage 
at  Nether  Stowey,  the  only  one  of  his 
residences  which  can  now  be  secured  for 
a  memorial  purpose.  All  his  finest  poetry 
was  composed  in  the  Quantock  district, 
and  most  of  it  was  written  in  this  cottage. 
The  secretary  is  Miss  Edith  Burman,  6, 
Tedworth  Gardens,  Chelsea. 

Me.  Wentworth  Huyshe's  work  on 
'  The  Royal  Manor  of  Hitchin '  carries 
the  line  of  its  possessors  back  to  pre-Con- 
quest days.  It  describes  the  connexion 
of  Tovi  and  King  Harold  with  the  manor, 
which  is  unknown  to  any  of  the  county 
historians.  The  volume  is  illustrated  by 
Mr.  F.  L.  Griggs  (himself  a  resident  in 
Hitchin)  and  Mr.  D.  Macpherson.  Messrs. 
Macmillan  are  the  publishers. 

Forty  discourses  are  contained  in  the 
volume  of  '  Village  Sermons  '  by  Westcott, 
which  the  same  firm  will  publish  in  a  week 
or  two.  The  sermons  are  arranged  in  the 
order  of  the  Church's  year,  and  date  from 
the  early  fifties. 

On  Wednesday,  December  5th,  Messrs. 
Christie  are  selling  an  important  collection 
of  rare  books,  autographs,  &c.  There 
are  to  be  had  relics  of  Byron  and  Nelson, 
letters  of  Washington  and  Tennyson, 
Dryden's  silver  snuff-box,  a  collection  of 
over  a  hundred  portraits,  autographs,  and 
documents  illustrating  the  life  and  exe- 
cution of  Charles  I.,  Cunningham's  '  Story 
of  Nell  Gwyn  '  extended  by  a  multitude 
of  portraits  and  autographs,  and  an 
extensive  collection  concerning  Sir  Henry 
Irving  and  Ellen  Terry,  1859-98.  There 
are  also  other  historical  collections  with 
numerous  portraits. 

The  other  day  the  seventieth  birthday 
of  Mr.  Henry  Mills  Alden,  who  has  been 
since  1869  editor  of  Harper's  Magazine, 
was  celebrated  by  his  associates  in  Franklin 
Square,  New  York. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  on 
Tuesday  last  of  Mr.  Frederick  Justen,  the 
proprietor  of  the  old-established  firm  of 
Messrs.  Dulau  &  Co.,  whose  loss  will  be 
felt  by  many  to  whom  he  was  always 
most  willing  to  give  valuable  information 
in  all  branches  of  foreign  literature.  Mr. 
Justen  took  an  active  part  in  the  formation 
of  the  libraries  of  reference  at  the  British 
Museum,  particularly  those  in  the  Natural 
History  Section  ;  and  it  was  on  account 
of  his  keen  scientific  sympathies  that  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society, 
and  other  public  institutions. 

The  freedom  of  the  town  of  Peebles  is 
to  be  conferred  upon  Mr.  Charles  E.  S. 
Chambers,  head  of  the  publishing  firm  of 
Messrs.  W.  &  R.  Chambers,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  his  opening  on  December  15th  a 
new  wing  of  the  Chambers  Institute,  which 
was  originally  given  to  the  town  by  his 
grand-uncle  the  late  Dr.  William  Chambers 
in  1859. 

The  well-known  bookseller  Mr.  George 
Gregory,  of  Bath,  has  acquired  the  large 
premises  at  27,  Grove  Street,  which  adjoin 
his  present  establishment  at  5  and  5a, 
Argyle  Street.     This  additional  space  will 


enable  him  to  use  by  the  end  of  the  year 
over  thirty  rooms,  in  which  his  stock  of 
upwards  of  200,000  volumes  will  be  arranged 
for  public  inspection.  We  congratulate 
Bath  on  having  such  agreeable  oppor- 
tunities for  book-hunting. 

Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons  have  been 
appointed  publishers  of  the  National 
Union  of  Teachers'  souvenir  of  the  Oxford 
Conference  next  Easter. 

S.  S.  writes  : — 

"  In  your  review  of  Blake  last  week  you 
quote  an  alleged  depreciatory  statement  by 
Dr.  Garnett  as  to  Frederick  Tatham  ;  and 
you  say  that  Dr.  Garnett  did  not  remember 
making  it,  and  that  it  would  not  have  given 
his  impression  of  the  man.  If  you  refer  to 
Dr.  Garnett's  monograph  on  Blake  in  The 
Portfolio,  pp.  70  to  72,  you  will  find  that 
he  throughout  speaks  of  Tatham  in  most 
contemptuous  terms,  and  plainly  suggests 
that  he  was  dishonest  and  untruthful  ; 
herein  differing  widely  from  Gilchrist,  who 
in  many  places  in  the  later  chapters  of  his 
'  Life  of  Blake  '  writes  of  Tatham  as  a 
kind  and  generous  friend  to  Blake  and  to 
his  widow.  The  facts  that  he  was  son  of 
an  architect  of  repute  and  brother-in-law 
to  George  Richmond,  R.A.  (Athenaeum, 
March  28th,  1896),  would  suggest  that  he 
was  not  the  contemptible  '  person  '  described 
by  Dr.  Garnett." 

M.  de  Villedeuil,  who  has  just  died, 
was  a  well-known  journalist  during  the 
Second  Empire.  One  of  his  most  original 
ideas  was  the  starting  of  a  daily  literary 
paper  with  the  general  title  of  Paris,  and 
a  subsidiary  one  according  to  the  day  of 
the  week  on  which  it  appeared — Paris 
lundi,  Paris  mardi,  and  so  forth.  Many 
contributors  to  this  journal  have  since 
become  famous.  It  was  in  Paris  that 
the  Goncourts  published  '  La  Lorette  '  ; 
Barbey  d'Aurevilly  was  also  one  of 
the  contributors  ;  and  Theodore  de 
Banville  wrote  some  of  the  theatrical 
notices.  One  page  was  devoted  to  a 
caricature  by  Gavarni.  But  in  spite  of 
its  many  attractions  the  journal  lived  for 
only  about  a  year. 

A  French  edition  of  the  letters  of  Count 
Hatzfeldt  to  his  wife  during  the  war  of 
1870  has  been  noticed  in  this  country  as 
though  it  were  a  new  book.  The  French 
and  German  editions  appear  to  be  the 
same  as  the  English  edition  reviewed  by 
us,  and  to  have  been  kept  back. 

Early  in  December  Messrs.  Sands  will 
publish  '  Wayfaring  Notions,'  a  selection 
from  the  writings  of  Martin  Cobbett,  who, 
as  "  Geraint "  of  The  Referee,  was  for 
many  years  one  of  the  most  popular 
writers  in  the  world  of  sport.  The 
selection  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Cobbett's 
daughter,  Miss  Alice  Cobbett,  who  has 
also  written  a  memoir  of  her  father. 

The  Mysore  Government  has  recently 
started  a  publication  which  is  original. 
This  is  a  fortnightly  gazette  in  the 
vernacular,  called  The  Revenue  and  Agri- 
cultural Gazette,  which  is  to  be  under 
the  immediate  supervision  of  the  Revenue 
Commissioner.  This  publication  is  in- 
tended to  convey  to  the  village  officers, 
and  the  people  generally,  information 
relating    to    land    revenue,     appeals    in 


revenue  cases,  important  orders  referring- 
to  communal  pasture  lands,  instructions 
on  sanitary  matters,  and  any  other  infor- 
mation that  may  be  valuable.  This 
publication  represents  one  of  the  measures 
taken  by  the  new  Minister,  Mr.  Madhava 
Rao,  C.I.E.,  for  the  benefit  of  the  agri- 
cultural class  in  Mysore. 


SCIENCE 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

Dr.  Boltwood  (of  Yale),  who  has  done 
excellent  work  with  Prof.  Rutherford  on  the 
place  of  actinium  among  the  radio-active 
elements,  writes  to  a  contemporary  that  he 
now  sees  reason  to  think  that  actinium  will" 
turn  out  to  be  "  the  looked-for  intermediate 
product  "  between  uranium  and  radium. 
This  does  not  appear  to  be  the  opinion  of 
Prof.  Rutherford,  his  last  pronouncement 
on  the  subject  (in  his  Silliman  Lectures) 
being  that  actinium  showed  in  its  behaviour 
remarkable  resemblance  to  thorium,  and 
that,  although  it  was  probable  that  it  came 
in  the  long  run  from  uranium,  it  was  not 
a  lineal  descendant  of  that  metal,  as  is- 
radium.  Dr.  Boltwood's  method  of  experi- 
ment appears  to  have  included  the  extraction 
of  a  soluble  actinium  chloride  from  a  given 
quantity  of  carnotite — a  mineral  rich  in 
uranium  - —  the  solution  being  hermetically 
sealed  in  a  glass  tube,  and  opened  at  periods 
extending  together  to  more  than  six  months. 
On  each  occasion,  he  tells  us,  he  found  an 
increasing  quantity  of  radium  present  ;  and 
from  this  he  is  able  to  deduce  the  whole  out- 
put, which  he  asserts  maintains  a  constant 
proportion  to  the  original  amount  of  uranium 
and  actinium  in  the  ore.  He  does  not  say, 
however,  by  what  means  he  established  the 
presence  of  the  actinium  and  the  radium 
respectively  ;  and  as  actinium  has  not  yet 
been  shown  to  possess  a  distinctive  spectrum, 
it  is  probable  that  he  relied  on  the  rate  of 
decay  for  his  identifications.  It  would 
seem  that  this  is  not  an  entirely  trustworthy 
guide. 

Prof.  K.  Griihn,  of  telautograph  fame, 
describes  in  the  Naturivissenschaftliche  Woch- 
ensclirift  an  experiment  that  looks  like  an  old 
friend  with  a  new  face.  He  suspends  by  a 
thread  of  unspun  silk  a  paper  vane,  made 
conducting  by  a  mixture  of  glycerine  and 
salt,  in  what  is  virtually  a  Coulomb's  electro- 
meter. He  surrounds  it  with  a  water- 
jacket,  with  the  idea,  as  he  says,  of  making 
it  impervious  to  the  action  of  heat.  He 
then  finds  that  the  vane,  if  set  in  a  window, 
will  orient  itself  according  to  the  sun's 
position.  If  a  thin  rod  of  aluminium  be 
now  introduced  through  the  opening  left  in 
the  electrometer  for  the  conducting  rod,  the 
vane  is  immediately  attracted  towards  it, 
but  returns  to  nearly  its  former  position  after 
some  minutes.  He  discovers,  however,  that 
the  degree  of  attraction  and  repulsion  varies 
from  day  to  day,  and  from  this  he  draws 
the  conclusion  that  the  atmosphere  contains 
at  least  two  different  fluids  penetrating 
all  matter,  which  can  produce  energy 
without  any  corresponding  exchange  of 
heat.  The  apparatus  described  appears  to 
be  a  modification  of  the  magnetometre  of 
that  eccentric  genius  the  Abbe  Fort  in,  by 
which  its  inventor  thought  it  was  possible 
to  foretell  the  weather.  The  committee  of 
investigation  appointed  by  the  Academie 
des  Sciences  to  consider  the  last-named 
instrument  declared  its  action  to  be  due  to 
convection  currents — a  view  which,  it  is 
believed,  lias  been  confirmed  by  Sir  William 


■6(>0 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


•Crookes.  As  the  present  writer  has  shown 
elsewhere,  however,  the  apparatus  can  be 
made  much  more  sensitive  by  appropriate 
means,  and  its  action  presents  peculiarities 
at  present  unexplained.  The  use  of  the 
water-jacket,  although  it  does  not  seem  well 
designed  for  cutting  off  the  action  of  heat, 
is  interesting,  as  it  negatives  the  action  of 
the  N  rays  which  at  one  time  appeared  capable 
of  affording  an  explanation. 

M.  Villard  in  a  recent  communication  to 
the  Academic  des  Sciences  details  some 
experiments  showing,  in  his  opinion,  that 
the  cathode  of  a  Crookes  tube  in  activity 
omits,  along  with  the  negative  stream  of 
electrons  or  corpuscles,  other  rays  bearing 
a  positive  charge.  The  last  are,  of  course, 
the  canal-rays  of  Goldstein,  although  M. 
Villard's  experiments,  if  valid,  give  us  a 
clearer  view  of  their  origin  than  we  had 
before.  The  fact  that  the  same  body  should 
emit,  under  certain  conditions,  both  negative 
and  positively  charged  particles  does  but 
increase  its  analogy  with  the  specially 
radio-active  bodies  like  radium,  and  brings 
«s  some  way  towards  proof  of  the  theory 
that  all  matter  is  radio-active.  M.  Villard 
goes  on  to  say,  however,  that  in  a  mixture 
of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  or  what  is  the 
same  thing,  in  water -vapour,  the  negative 
particles  appear  to  excite  luminescence  in 
the  oxygen,  and  the  positive  luminescence 
in  the  hydrogen.  In  view  of  the  difficulty 
of  repeating  the  Perrin  experiment  with  the 
canal-rays,  this  should  form  an  easy  test 
for  their  presence,  and  should  be  the  source 
of  other  experiments. 

Mr.  Valdemar  Foulsen,  the  inventor  of 
the  telegraph  one,  has  produced  a  new  system 
of  wireless  telegraphy,  which  offers,  in  theory 
at  all  events,  some  advantages  over  all  those 
now  in  use.  According  to  the  paper  read 
by  him  before  the  Elektrotechnische  Verein 
of  Berlin,  he  finds  that  a  circuit  with  suit- 
able capacity  and  self-induction  can  be  so 
adapted  to  Mr.  Duddell's  singing  arc  that 
perfectly  controllable  oscillations  can  be  set 
up  in  the  former  with  a  frequency  of  a  million 
per  second.  By  surrounding  the  arc  with  an 
atmosphere  of  hydrogen,  he  claims  that  these 
oscillations  are  entirely  undamped,  while 
a  powerful  magnetic  field  at  right  angles  to 
the  arc  increases  their  steadiness  and  regu- 
larity. The  advantages  claimed  for  this 
invention  are  the  low  power  required,  a 
voltage  of  450  in  the  arc  current  being,  it  is 
said,  sufficient  to  produce  seven  hundred 
thousand  oscillations  per  second,  and  the 
fact  that  the  apparatus  can  be  tuned  accu- 
rately, while  the  receiver  is  a  telephone. 
The  fullest  account  of  the  invention  yet 
appearing  in  English  is  that  in  the  current 
number  of  The  Electrician. 

The  convocation  of  a  seance  generate  of 
the  five  Academies  constituting  the  Institut 
de  France  to  listen  to  a  lecture  from  the 
eloquent  M.  Dastre  on  the  new  biological 
theory  of  M.  Rene  Quinton  may  be  looked 
upon  as  the  acceptance  by  the  Institut  of 
the  theory  in  question.  As  appears  from 
the  numerous  articles  in  the  Revue  des 
Idees  in  which  it  was  first  made  public,  M. 
Quinton  would  much  restrict  the  operation 
of  evolution  in  biology,  and  would  dethrone 
it  from  the  commanding  position  assigned 
to  it  by  Herbert  Spencer  and  other  enthu- 
siasts during  the  commotion  aroused  by  the 
promulgation  of  the  Darwinian  theory.  M. 
Quinton  argues  that  while  the  environment 
exercises  its  due  effect  on  the  form  of  living 
organisms,  this  power  of  adaptation  is 
merely  a  kind  of  protective  habit  of  nature 
for  the  sake  of  preserving  intact  the  condi- 
tions under  which  life  first  came  into  being. 
Thus,  he  says,  as  earthly  life  first  came  to  a 
cell  in  the  sea,  man's  body  is  only  a  collec- 
tion of  marine  cells.    As  the  saline  solution  in 


which  it  appeared  was  of  a  certain  strength 
or  concentration,  life  has  kept  up,  in  spite 
of  enormous  difficulty,  this  particular  degree 
of  concentration  in  the  fluids  necessary  for 
its  maintenance.  So,  too,  as  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  parent  ocean  was  comparatively 
high,  this  temperature  has  been  maintained 
by  warm-blooded  animals  notwithstanding 
the  subsequent  cooling  of  the  globe.  The  effect 
of  such  a  doctrine  of  course  goes  far  beyond 
biology.  As  M.  Lucien  Corpechot  puts  it 
in  the  current  number  of  the  journal  re- 
ferred to  :  "  The  first  principle  of  Spencer 
and  of  his  whole  school  is  '  the  uniformity 
of  the  laws  of  nature.'  If  nature's  dominant 
law  is  fixity,  and  not  '  evolution  and  dis- 
solution,' are  not  these  philosophers  forced 
to  reconsider  the  principle  in  question  ?  " 

A  communication  from  Dr.  Lowenthal 
appears  in  the  Physikalische  Zeitschrift  on 
the  action  of  radium  emanation  on  the  human 
organism.  He  has  succeeded  in  so  regulat- 
ing the  dose  of  a  solution  of  this  that  its 
presence  is  plainly  seen  in  the  excreta, 
and  has  checked  this  by  control  experi- 
ments upon  cats  and  rabbits.  He  says 
that  on  the  healthy  organism  the  emanation 
in  moderate  doses  has  no  effect  whatever, 
but  that  on  individuals  attacked  by  chronic 
maladies  such  as  rheumatism  the  effect  is 
most  marked.  It  has  in  all  cases  had  the 
immediate  result  of  aggravating  the  painful 
symptoms,  although  he  apparently  considers 
that  it  would,  if  continued,  relieve  them. 
He  has  found  excellent  results  follow  from 
adding  the  emanation  to  baths  of  ordinary 
water,  and  thinks  that  in  this  case  it  is 
absorbed  by  the  lungs.  From  this  he  draws 
the  conclusion  that  it  is  to  the  presence  of 
radium  that  the  baths  of  several  celebrated 
water-cures  owe  their  efficacy. 

M.  Binet,  the  psychologist  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  has  lately  turned  his  attention  to 
graphology  as  meaning  the  art  of  predicting 
character  by  handwriting.  According  to  M. 
Pier  on,  who  summarizes  the  results  in  the 
Revue  Scientifique,  the  age  and  sex  of  the 
writer  can  be  deduced,  but  not  his  disposi- 
tion. "3  M.  Binet  seems  to  be  of  a  different 
opinion,  and,  while  admitting  that  grapho- 
logy is  a  fallible  art  —  one  of  the  seers 
assigned  to  a  noted  woman-murderer  an 
amiable  disposition — thinks  it  is  capable 
of  development.  F.  L. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological. — Nov.  7. — Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 
President  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  A.  R.  Andrew, 
S.  N.  Bell,  T.  H.  Davies,  S.  C.  Dunn,  W.  T. 
Griffiths,  I.  Hodges,  P.  K.  Majumdar,  L.  E.  B. 
Pearse,  C.  B.  C.  Storey,  E.  B.  Taylor,  and 
J.  R.  R.  Wilson  were  elected  Fellows. — The  fol- 
lowing communications  were  read  :  '  The  Upper 
Carboniferous  Rocks  of  West  Devon  and  North 
Cornwall,'  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Newell  Arber,—  and  'The 
Titaniferous  Basalts  of  the  Western  Mediter- 
ranean,' by  Dr.  H.  S.  Washington. 


Asiatic. — Nov.  13. — Lord  Reay,  President,  in 
the  chair.- — Sir  James  Bourdillon  read  a  paper  on 
'  The  Pathan  Sultans  of  Bengal.'  In  a  few  prefa- 
tory words  he  explained  that  the  initiative  in  this 
matter  had  been  supplied  by  Lord  Reay,  who  at 
the  last  annual  dinner  had  invited  all  who  pos- 
sessed information  on  Eastern  subjects  to  come  for- 
ward and  give  the  Society  the  benefit  of  their 
special  knowledge.  Sir  James  added  that  it  was  so 
general  an  opinion  that  Bengal  had  no  history 
before  the  British  came  upon  the  scene,  that  lie 
felt  it  worth  while  to  try  to  dispel  that  delusion. 
Beginning  with  the  historical  or  narrative  part  of 
his  paper,  he  said  that  the  history  of  Mohammedan 
Bengal  divided  itself  into  five  parts  :— First,  the 
period  of  dependence  (1203-1339),  when  Bengal 
was  a  province  of  the  Delhi  Empire,  and  was 
governed  on  behalf  of  the  emperor  by  viceroys,  of 


whom  there  were  twenty-five.  Secondly,  the  period 
of  independence  (1339-1538),  when  Bengal  broke 
loose  from  Delhi,  and  was  ruled  by  its  own  Sultans, 
of  whom  there  were  twenty-four  during  the  two 
centuries  mentioned.  Thirdly,  the  period  of 
Afghan  supremacy  (1538-76),  when  the  province 
was  ruled  by  Slier  Shah  and  his  successors,  until  it 
was  absorbed  into  the  Mughal  Empire  in  the  time 
of  the  Emperor  Akbar.  Fourthly,  the  Mughal 
period  (1576-1740)  ;  and  lastly  the  Nawabi  period 
(1740-65),  from  the  accession  of  Ali  Verdi  Khan  as 
Nawab  Nazim,  until  Lord  Clive  obtained  the  grant 
of  the  Dewani  for  the  East  India  Company.  Sir 
James  explained  that  his  paper  dealt  only  with  the 
first  three  of  these  periods.  He  then  sketched 
rapidly  the  history  of  the  three  and  a  half  centuries 
covered  by  his  paper,  noticing  particularly  the 
steps  by  which  the  province  gradually  broke  away 
from  the  Delhi  Empire  ;  the  accession  of  Iliyas 
Shah,  the  first  independent  ruler  of  Bengal,  in 
1339,  and  the  foundation  of  his  dynasty,  which, 
with  an  interval  of  thirty-three  years,  reigned  for  a 
century  and  a  half  ;  the  usurpation  of  a  Hindu 
Raja  in  1409,  and  the  rule  of  himself  and  his  son 
and  grandson,  who  had  become  converts  to  Islam  ; 
the  restoration  of  the  house  of  Iliyas  Shah  in 
1442 ;  a  period  of  bloodshed  and  crime  when  the 
Pretorian  Guard  of  Abyssinian  slaves  seized  the 
throne,  and  occupied  it  through  seven  bloody 
years  ;  the  suppression  of  this  tyranny  in  1493  by 
the  elevation  to  the  throne  of  Husan  Shah,  the 
greatest  and  most  famous  Sultan  that  Bengal  has 
ever  known  ;  the  conquest  of  Bengal  by  Sher  Shah 
the  Afghan  ;  the  wars  which  followed  his  death  in 
1545  ;  the  final  absorption  of  the  province  into  the 
Delhi  Empire  in  1576  ;  and  its  pacification  under 
the  Mughal  general  Murim  Khan.  Sir  James  next 
dealt  with  the  condition  of  the  people  during  this 
time,  and  the  social  and  domestic  life  of  the 
province.  He  pointed  out  that  there  was  little 
contemporary  information  to  be  obtained  on  these 
subjects,  but  argued  that,  from  the  copious 
historical  material  available  concerning  the  history 
of  India  under  the  Mughals  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  it  was  not  difficult  to  re- 
construct the  administration,  the  manners,  and 
the  life  of  a  Court  which  was  undoubtedly  in  most 
things  a  copy  of  that  at  Delhi,  Agra,  or  Lahore. 
He  dwelt  on  the  splendour  and  extravagance  of 
the  sovereign's  Court  and  personal  establishment, 
and  on  the  great  armies  which  he  was  compelled  to 
maintain  ;  he  explained  how  the  vast  expenditure 
on  these  matters  was  met,  viz.,  chiefly  by  a  land 
tax,  a  poll  tax  on  infidels,  the  forfeiture  of  estates, 
tributes  from  subordinate  chiefs,  and  the  customs 
and  transit  duties.  He  dealt  with  these  subjects 
in  turn,  pointing  out  that  while  the  British 
Government  takes  from  the  cultivator  on  the 
whole  about  8  per  cent,  of  the  gross  produce  of 
the  land,  the  Mughal  emperors  demanded  25,  33, 
and  even  50  per  cent :  he  added  that  these  were 
only  the  official  rates,  and  that  the  system  of 
farming  out  estates  and  provinces  led  to  terrible 
exactions  by  the  farmers  and  concessionaires.  He 
referred  to  the  invidious  character  of  the  poll  tax, 
and  to  the  injustice  of  the  law  by  which  all  the 
property  of  a  subject  was  forfeit  on  his  decease  to 
the  ruler.  Sir  James  pointed  out  that  the  temper 
of  the  times  was  hard  and  ruthless,  and  gave 
several  instances  to  show  the  complete  disregard 
of  human  life  exhibited  by  the  conquering  race. 
Turning  to  the  other  side  of  the  picture,  he  ex- 
plained that  these  horrors  were  not  constant,  and 
that  there  were  long  intervals  during  the  rule  of 
the  Pathan  Sultans  when  under  a  strong  ruler 
comparative  peace  and  prosperity  obtained  in 
Bengal.  He  referred  to  the  influence  and  restraint 
exercised  by  saints  and  holy  men  in  the  fourteenth 
and  fifteenth  centuries  in  Mohammedan  India,  and 
called  attention  to  the  magnificent  buildings  erected 
by  the  Pathan  Sultans,  who  were  always  great 
builders  wherever  they  went ;  he  also  quoted  other 
evidence  to  show,  that  the  Courts  of  those  days 
were  far  advanced  in  the  arts  and  luxury  of  a 
civilized  world.  He  wound  up  his  paper  with  a 
short  description  of  Bengal  as  it  was  in  those 
times,  and  gave  some  account  of  the  two  great 
cities,  Gaur  and  Pandra,  which  were  the  capitals 
of  the  Pathan  Sultans.  The  lecture  was  illustrated 
by  lantern-slides. — In  the  discussion  which  followed 
Mr.  Justice  Amir  Ali  deprecated  the  severity  of 
the  lecturer's  strictures  on  Mohammedan  cruelty, 
and  urged  that  some  of  the  statements  of  European 
travellers  were  very  untrustworthy. — Dr.  Grierson, 
Mr.  Irvine,  and  Mr.  Vincent  Smith  also  spoko. — 


N°4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


661 


The  priest,  Isaac  ben  Amram,  of  the  Samaritan 
community  at  Shechem,  exhibited  an  ancient 
vellum  MS.  of  the  Law  of  Moses. 


Royal  Numismatic. — Nov.  15. — Sir  John  Evans, 
President,    in   the   chair. — The    Rev.    Arthur   C. 
Headlam  was   elected  a   Fellow. — Mr.    Percy  H. 
Webb  exhibited  a  series   of  Roman    bronze   coins 
extending  from  the  first  century  to  the  fifth,  and 
including  rare  pieces  of  Hadrian,  Lilian,  Julian  I., 
Vetranius,     Helena    wife   of  Julian    II.,    Prisous 
Attalus,  and  others. — Mr.  F.  A.  Walters  showed 
a  noble  of    Henry  V.  of  the  trefoil  issue,  and  a 
halfpenny  of  Edward  V.   (?)   with  apparently  the 
-mint-mark  rose  and  sun  united.     This  coin  is  un- 
published, and  probably  unique. — Mr.  T.  Bliss  ex- 
hibited a  40s.  token  of  Reading,  a  half-crown  and 
eighteenpence   of  the   same   issue,   and  a   copper- 
gilt  sixpence  of  Birmingham. — Mr.    H.   Fentiman 
showed  a  mohur,   half-mohur,  and  quarter-mohur 
struck    by  the   East   India   Company  in   1765   for 
Bombay  ;  and  Mr.  A.  H.  Baldwin  an  early  London 
groat  of  Edward  III.  with  Roman  m's  and  stops 
.annulets ;     and    another    of    the     last    issue    of 
Henry    IV.    with    mint-mark    cross    pattee    with 
sunk   circle    in   centre   and   with    English    n's    in 
"London.'' — Sir  John   Evans  read  a  note  on  the 
silver  map-medal  of  Sir  Francis  Drake,  previously 
described  and  commented  on  by  him  in  the  pages 
of  The  Numismatic  Chronicle.     He  drew  attention 
to  a  passage  in  '  Purchas  His  Pilgrims '  in  which 
the  author  referred  to  a  plot  (i.e.  plate)  of  Drake's 
voyage    cut    in    silver   by   a    Dutchman,    Michael 
Mercator,  which  Drake  had  himself  presented  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  which  was  still  hanging  in 
her  Majest3''s  chamber  at  Whitehall  at  the  time 
•  of  the  Commonwealth.     This  early  mention  of  this 
plate  is  interesting,  and  the  more  so  as  it  seems  to 
identify  the  maker  of  it,  a  point  on  which  con- 
siderable difference  of  opinion  had  existed. — Mr. 
William  Foster  read  a  paper  on  the  first  English 
coinage   at    Bombay,    in   which   he   gave    extracts 
from  documents  in  the  India  Office,  setting  forth 
particulars   of   the   gold,    silver,    copper,    and    tin 
■  coins  which  Mere  to  be  issued  by  the  East  India 
Company    in    the    early    part    of    the    reign     of 
•Charles   II.     The  descriptions  of  the  coins  to   be 
struck,   their   legends  and  types,   correspond  pre- 
cisely with  pieces   existing  at  the  present  time. 
The  order  for  the  striking  of  the  coins  was  made 
in   1672,  and  the  pieces  issued  are  in  accordance 
with  that  date,  as  they  show  that  they  belong  to 
the  seventh  year  of  English  rule  in  Bombay,  that 
island    having   been   ceded    by   the  Portuguese   in 
1665. — Mr.  H.  A.  Grueber  communicated  a  paper 
on     the    "  Descente     en     Angleterre,"    medal     of 
Napoleon,   which    was   intended   to   commemorate 
his   conquest   of   England   in   1804.     It   bears   the 
legend     "f  rappee     a     Londres,"     showing     that 
Napoleon   purposed    using  the  dies  as  soon  as  he 
reached  London.     This   specimen,  of  which  casts 
were  exhibited,  came  from   the  collections  of  Dr. 
Burney    and    Mr.    C.    Stokes,    and    was    recently 
purchased  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum. 
It    is    in    lead   and  probably  unique,   having   been 
.struck  before  the  dies  were  hardened. 


Zoological. — Nor.  13. — Mr.  Howard  Saunders. 
V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report 
on  the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  June, 
July,  August,  and  September. — Mr.  A.  Dicksee 
exhibited  a  living  specimen  of  the  golden  pheasant 
■  {Thaumalea  picta)  in  abnormal  plumage. — Mr. 
H.  C.  Beck  exhibited  a  skull  of  the  capybara 
(Hydrochtiru*  capyliara)  showing  an  elongation  of 
the  first  premolar  in  the  lower  jaw. — Prof.  E.  A. 
Mine-bin  exhibited  some  diagrams  of  Trypanosomes 
from  Tsetse-Hies,  and  made  remarks  on  the  dis- 
semination of  diseases  by  these  insects. — A  com- 
munication was  read  from  Prof.  R.  Burckhart 
containing  a  short  account  of  a  very  young  embryo 
of  the  okapi  (Ohapia  johnstoni)  obtained  by  his 
•  correspondent  Dr.  T.  David  from  a  specimen  which 
had  been  shot  in  the  Semliki  Forest. — A  com- 
munication was  read  from  Mr.  F.  F.  Laidlaw  which 
contained  a  description  of  a  new  species  of  Tur- 
bellarian  obtained  during  Dr.  W.  A.  Cunnington's 
expedition  to  Lake  Tanganyika. — A  communication 
from  Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  contained  a  list  of  a 
second  collection  of  mammals  made  in  West  tin 
Australia  for  Mr.  W.  E.  Balston,  with  field-notes 
•by  the  collector,  Mr.  G.  C.  Shortridgc.  This 
collection  had  been  made  in  the  Avon  watershed, 


and  consisted  of  ab^ut  350  specimens,  of  which  a 
fine  series  had  been  presented  to  the  National 
Museum  by  Mr.  Balston. — The  sixth  instalment  of 
the  results  of  the  Rudd  Exploration  of  South 
Africa,  prepared  by  Messrs.  0.  Thomas  and  H. 
Schwann,  contained  an  account  of  the  mammals 
obtained  by  Mr.  C.  H.  B.  Grant  in  the  Eastern 
Transvaal. — Mr.  J.  Cosmo  Melvill  read  a  paper 
prepared  by  himself  and  Mr.  R.  Standen,  entitled 
'  The  Mollusca  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  Gulf  of  Oman, 
and  Arabian  Sea,  as  evidenced  mainly  through  the 
Collections  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Townsend,  1903-1905, 
with  Descriptions  of  New  Species.  Part  II. 
Pelecypoda. ' 

Meteorological.—  Nor.  21.— Mr.  W.  Marriott 
read  a  paper  on  '  The  Abnormal  Weather  of  the 
Past  Summer  and  some  of  its  Effects.'  The 
principal  features  of  the  weather  over  the  greater 
part  of  England — especially  the  south-east — were 
the  high  state  of  the  barometer  throughout  the 
whole  of  the  period,  except  a  portion  of  August  ; 
the  high  temperature  in  July,  August,  and  Sep- 
tember ;  the  great  amount  of  sunshine  ;  and  the 
deficiency  of  rainfall.  Over  the  south-eastern 
portion  of  England  more  than  900  hours  of  bright 
sunshine  was  recorded  during  the  four  months 
June  to  September ;  while  at  a  few  stations  in  the 
extreme  south  and  on  the  east  coast  over  1,000 
hours  were  recorded.  The  sunshine  was  more  than 
200  hours  above  the  average  over  the  Thames 
basin  and  on  the  coasts  of  Lancashire  and  North 
Wales.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the 
weather  during  the  past  summer  was  the  excep- 
tional heat  wave  which  occurred  between 
August  30th  and  September  3rd.  The  temperature 
rose  above  90°  over  a  large  part  of  England  on 
four  consecutive  days,  viz.,  August  31st-Sep- 
tember  3rd.  Mr.  Marriott  has  not  been  able  to 
find  any  previous  record  of  readings  over  90°  for  a 
similar  period.  Owing  to  the  great  heat,  vegetable 
matter  became  very  inflammable,  and  consequently 
there  were  more  stack  fires  than  usual  ;  and  exten- 
sive stretches  of  heather  and  gorse  were  also  set 
on  fire.  With  the  advent  of  the  hot  weather  the 
death-rate  increased  considerably,  but  was  made  up 
almost  entirely  of  infants  under  one  year  of  age.  This 
was  shown  to  be  due  1 3  the  prevalence  of  infantile 
epidemic  diarrhoea.  Attention  was  called  to  the 
effect  which  the  high  temperature  had  in  turning 
milk  sour  and  in  rendering  it  unfit  for  drinking 
purposes,  unless  it  had  been  first  pasteurized  or 
sterilized.  Not  only  was  the  ordinary  milk  a 
source  of  danger  to  infants  during  the  hot  weather, 
but  the  great  use  now  made  of  tinned  foods  also 
tended  to  produce  ptomaine  poisoning  and  cause 
diarrhoea.  Owing  to  the  drought,  keep  for  cattle 
was  very  deficient,  and  consequently  there  was  a 
falling-off  in  the  milk  supply  of  as  much  as  30  per 
eent. — Dr.  H.  R.  Mill  gave  an  account  of  the  pro- 
ceedings at  the  International  Congress  on  Polar 
Exploration  held  at  Brussels  in  September  last, 
which  he  attended  as  the  delegate  from  the  Society. 


Historical.—  Nov.  15.— The  Rev.  W.  Hunt. 
President,  in  the  chair. —Messrs.  Modi,  Sadler, 
and  Unwinand  Miss  Sanders  were  elected  Fellows. 
—  Dr.  James  Gairdner  read  a  paper  on  '  The 
Burning  of  Brighton  by  the  French  in  1514,  and 
the  Alleged  Burning  in  1545,'  pointing  out  evi- 
dence that  the  incidents  of  the  former  year  had 
been  transferred  to  the  latter.  The  well-known 
picture-map  appears  to  be  wrongly  dated  1545  in 
a  laoer  hand  than  the  other  notes  upon  it. — A 
discussion  followed,  in  which  Sir  Henry  Howorth, 
Mr.  Chadwyck-Healey,  Mr.  Martin,  and  the 
President  took  part. 


Fabadat. — Nov.  13.— Dr.  F.  M.  Perkin,  Trea- 
surer, in  the  chair.— Mr.  W.  Pollard  Digby  read  a 
paper  entitled  '  Some  Investigations  relative  to  the 
Depreciation  of  EJlectrolytioauy  Produced  Solutions 
of  Sodium  Hypochlorite.'— MV.  C.  V.  Biggs  then 
read  his  paper  describing  'The  Hermite  Electro- 
Ivt  ic  Process  at  Poplar.'— The  paper  by  Dr.  A.  C.  C. 
Humming  '  On  the  Klcctrochcmist  ry  of  Lead' Was 
taken  as  read,  and  the  discussion  postponed  until 
the  December  meeting. 


Turns. 
Fill. 


Society  of  Arts,  «.— '  Artificial   Fertilizers,'  Lecture  II..  Mr. 

A.  I).  Hull.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 

Surveyors'  Institution.  8.—'  Some  Notes  on  Sanitary  Law,'  Mr. 

K.  H.  Blake. 
Colonial  institute.  4.30.— '  St.  Helena.'  Mr.  .1.  C.  Melliss. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  8.— '  The  Talla  Water-Supply  of 

the  Edinburgh  and  District  Waterworks,'  Mr.  W,  A.  P.  Tait; 

'Repairing    a    Limestone- Concrete   Aqueduct,'   Mr.    M.   R. 

Baniett :    The  Yiel.l  of  Catchment  Areas.  Mr.  E.  P.  Hill. 
Zoological, a30.—' on  some  lialiit'of  Hhnmh,rh »s-;,,,7»i«rfer«*, 

Mr.  T.  A.  Coward;  'The  Marin-  Fauna  ol    Zanzibar   and. 

British  East  Africa:  On  some  Species  of  Solenidte,'  Messrs. 

B.  A.  Smith  and  H.  H.  Mooncr;  '  Suggestions  concerning 
the  Origin  and  Significance  of  the  "Renal-portal  System," 
and  'On  the  Anatomy  of  Ceut,,':  /<••/■«-•  .•«/,■/(. «  t ■  pidaBmB, 
Bocage  and  Oapello),  Ounthcr,'  Mr.  W.  Woodland. 

British  Academy,  5. — 'Pctrus   Peroirrinus  <li    Maricourt,  and 

his  "Epistola  de  Maunete,"  126!>.'  Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson. 
Society  of  Arts,  K.  — 'Patent  Law  Reform,'  Mr.  J,  W.  Gordon. 
Royal"  Institution,  6.  —  'On  the  Middle  Class.'  Rev.  W.  Manning. 
Antiquaries,  8.30. 
British  Numismatic,  8.— 'The  Coinage  of  James  VIII.,'  Miss 

H.   Farquhar;   'Treasure  Trove  in  the  North  of  Scotland.' 

Mr.  O   M.  Fraser. 
Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  9.— Discussion  on  'Steam 

as  a  Motive  Power  for  Public-Service  Vehicles.' 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  8.—'  Applications  of  Electricity 

in  Printing-Works,'  Mr.  P.  A.  Spalding.   (Students'  Meeting  . 


MEETINGS   NEXT    WBBK. 
Km      institute  of  Actuaries,  5.  — inaugural  Address  by  the  President. 

—        London   Institution,  5.— 'Egypt.    Past   and    Present,    Mr.    R. 
Illithwayt. 


%£itntt  (50GSIp. 

The  essays,  or  rather  lectures,  of  the  late 
General  A.  Lane-Fox  Pitt-Rivers  contain 
the  firstfruits  of  the  earliest  systematic 
attempt  to  apply  the  theory  of  evolution  to 
the  products  of  human  handiwork.  The 
essays  have  been  edited  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Myres, 
and  will  be  issued  immediately  by  the 
Oxford  University  Press.  Mr.  Henry 
Balfour,  the  Curator  of  the  Pitt-Rivera 
Museum  at  Oxford,  has  written  an  intro- 
duction to  the  volume,  which  is  entitled 
'  The  Evolution  of  Culture,'  and  is  illus- 
trated with  numerous  plates. 

The  closing  of  the  Paris  Muses  d'Ethno- 
graphie  at  the  Trocadero  was  announced  by 
La  Liberte  on  Friday  last  week.  This  is  the 
result  of  two  causes.  It  is  "  sans  ouvriers 
et  sans  argent,"  without  which  obviously  no 
museum  can  exist.  The  Muses  d'Ethno- 
graphie  was  founded  in  1889  by  Jules  Ferry, 
and  comprised  one  room  only  ;  but  gifts 
came  in  with  considerable  rapidity,  and 
several  other  rooms  were  taken.  In  1894 
the  Salle  do  l'Oceanie  was  started,  but  this 
has  apparently  never  been  opened  to  the 
public  for  want  of  a  man  to  look  after  it. 
The  Museum  contains  a  great  many  interest- 
ing things,  the  ultimate  destination  of  which 
is  uncertain. 

Among  Parliamentary  Papers  is  the 
Report  on  the  Fisheries  of  Ireland,  Part  I. 
(Is.  4d.).  The  statistics  are  contained  in 
the  present  volume,  but  the  scientific 
investigations  are  reserved  for  the  next, 
which  we  suppose  will  soon  be  issued  as 
Part  IT. 

Mr.  Madhava  Rao,  CLE.,  offers  in  the 
name  of  the  Mysore  Government  a  suitable 
reward  to  any  one  who  can  discover  the 
cause  of  spike  disease  in  sandal  trees,  and 
suggest  a  cheap  and  easily  applied  remedy. 
From  the  recent  administrative  report  for 
190.3-6,  we  learn  that  sandal  wood  con- 
tributed not  less  than  12,64,790  rupees  to  the 
revenue  of  Mysore,  and  that  tiie  total 
receipts  from  State  forests,  after  deducting 
the  expenses  amounted  to  13,26,639  rupees. 
The  interesting  statement  is  made  in  the 
same  document  that  the  minister  named  has 
sent  two  students,  with  State  scholar- 
ships for  the  study  of  forestry,  to  Oxford 
University  for  a  term  of  three  years.  He 
has  also  sent  five  students  to  the  Forestry 
College  at  Dehra-Dun. 

In  March,  1893,  Prof.  Barnard  detected 
the  variability  of  a  star  situated  in  the 
cluster  M  3  (X.G.C.  5272).  He  has  Bin  \e 
obtained  a  large  number  of  observations  of 
its  brightness,  sufficient  to  determine  tti3 
period  with  great  accuracy,  which  am  units 
to  15'1  18h  13m  32s-2.  The  maximum 
brightness  is  only  of  the  twelfth  magnitude, 
and  the  minimum  about  two  magnitudes 
fainter  than  that. 


662 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


Prof.  Max  and  Hejir  G.  Wolf  announce 
in  No.  4126  of  the  Astronomische  Nachrichten 
the  variability  of  no  fewer  than  thirty-one 
stars  in  the  neighbourhood  of  fi  Cygni. 
Nine  of  these  are  within  the  limits  of  the 
constellation  Vulpecula,  two  in  Lyra,  and 
the  rest  in  Cygnus.  They  are  all  very  faint 
stars,  and  the  changes  of  brightness  are 
small.  The  last  will  be  reckoned  as  var. 
119,  1906,  Cygni. 

Dr.  Doberck  publishes  in  Nos.  4130-1  of 
the  Ast.  Nach.,  the  results  (in  continuation 
of  former  work)  of  observations  of  172 
double  stars,  obtained  by  him  at  Hongkong. 

A  new  small  planet  was  discovered  by 
Mr.  Metcalf  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  on  the 
26th  ult.,  and  two  by  Herr  Kopff  at  Konig- 
stuhl,  Heidelberg,  on  the  9th  inst.  Dr. 
Palisa,  of  Vienna,  publishes  in  Ast.  Nach. 
No.  4129  the  results  of  a  large  number  of 
observations  of  some  of  the  most  recently 
discovered  of  these  bodies. 

Thiele's  comet  (g,  1906)  has  been  exten- 
sively observed,  and  the  elements  of  its 
orbit  have  been  calculated  by  Herr  Ebell, 
of  Kiel,  who  finds  that  it  passed  its  perihelion 
on  the  8th  inst.,  at  the  distance  from  the 
sun  of  1-18  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean 
distance,  and  was  nearest  the  earth  (distance 
0-61  on  the  same  scale)  early  this  week,  so 
that  it  is  now  slowly  becoming  fainter.  Its 
apparent  place  is  in  the  constellation  Leo 
Minor,  and  its  motion,  which  is  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  will  bring  it  into  Ursa 
Major  about  the  end  of  the  month  The 
apparent  brightness  never  exceeded  that  of 
a  star  of  the  eighth  magnitude.    '  .» 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR   LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Art  Crafts  for  Beginners,  by  F.  G. 
Sanford,  edited  by  A.  F.  Phillips  (Hutchin- 
son), is  addressed  not  to  students  in  organized 
art  or  craft  schools,  but  to  those  who, 
having  a  certain  amount  of  native  dexterity, 
or  a  knowledge  of  some  craft,  are  anxious  to 
learn  something  of  the  practice  of  another  ; 
to  teachers  from  whom  some  sort  of  general 
knowledge  of  the  crafts  is  required  ;  and  to 
all  who  feel  the  need  of  some  artistic  expres 
sion  in  their  work.  The  author  describes 
the  processes  of  nine  light  crafts,  some  of 
which  might  develope  into  really  serious 
work,  and  illustrates  his  descriptions  by 
working  drawings.  Young  people  and 
amateurs  with  a  feoling  for  tools  and  the 
limitations  of  their  material  will  find  this 
book  an  excellent  guide. 

The  Arts  of  Japan.  By  Ed.  Dillon. 
With  41  Illustrations.  "Little  Books  on 
Art  Series."  (Methuen  &  Co.) — The  son 
of  an  artist,  himself  long  resident  in  Japan, 
and  known  as  an  able  and  enthusiastic  art 
critic,  the  author  of  this  unpretending 
little  book  is  well  qualified  to  write  the 
volume  on  the  arts  of  Japan  in  this  series. 
From  the  days  of  tho  dolmens  to  those  of 
the  daimyos  every  variety  of  Japanese  art 
and?  craftsmanship  (oxcept  architecture)  is 
.sufficiently  explained  and  illustrated,  and 
tin;  excellences  of  the  most  famous  painters, 
potters,  lacquer  workers,  metal  workers, 
ivory  sculptors,  and  bric-a-brac  makers  of 
old  Japan  are  set  forth,  discussed,  and  com- 
pared. The  whole  is  preceded  by  a  con- 
vincing and  luminous  introduction  on 
Japanese  art  in  general,  in  which,  inter  alia, 
the  exiguity  of  our  knowledge  of  many  of 
its  phases,  especially  the  earlier,  is  rightly 
emphasized.  The  indebtedness  of  Japanese 
art  to  that  of  China  is  recognized,  but  it 
is  not  clearly  enough   shown  that  Japanese 


art  is,  after  all,  but  a  branch  or  descendant 
of  that  of  the  Middle  Kingdom,  rendered 
during  the  last  two  or  three  centuries  with 
a  craftsmanlike  dexterity  which  the  Chinese 
lost  when  the  Ming  yielded  to  the  Ta-Ts'ing 
dynasty.  The  difficulty  many  Europeans 
feel  with  respect  to  Japanese  art  is  one 
incident  to  all  Far  Eastern  art  :  the  absence 
of  personification  that  characterizes  it,  as 
that  absence  characterizes  the  language, 
literature,  and  habits  of  thought  of  all  the 
peoples  that  have  accepted  the  civilization 
of  China.  Hokusai — of  whose  genius  a 
very  just  criticism  is  given  by  Mr.  Dillon — 
is  quoted  as  saying  :  "In  Japan  we  render 
form  and  colour  without  aiming  at  relief. 
In  the  European  painting  they  seek  relief 
and  ocular  delusion."  Here  we  have  the 
difference — not  essential,  but  traditional — 
between  Japanese  and  Western  art  suc- 
cinctly set  forth.  The  Japanese  artist  never 
stirs  emotion  in  the  beholder  ;  his  work  is 
inexpressive  of  the  feelings  of  power,  repose, 
and  dignity  ;  of  the  beauty  and  pathos  of 
humanity  it  has  no  sense  ;  it  is  impassive 
or  grotesque  ;  and  full  of  decorative  grace 
as  they  often  are,  the  kakemono,  ye,  and  zo 
of  Japan  must  be  admired  within  the  severe 
limits  of  what  they  attempt  to  convey, 
which  is  less  a  picture  than  a  decorative 
effort  in  which  the  dexterity  of  the  crafts- 
man in  line  and  colour-harmony  is  more 
perceptible  than  intellect  or  emotion. 

Mr.  Dillon  condemns  Hokusai's  treatment 
of  Fujiyama  in  his  celebrated  '  Hundred 
Views  '  ;  but  he  forgets — what  nevertheless 
Hokusai's  prefaces  tell  us — that  the  artist's 
object  was  to  depict  not  the  beauties  of 
Fuji,  but  the  singularity  and  humour  of  the 
contrast  of  the  great  mountain  with  the 
daily  scenes  in  and  about  old  Yedo. 

The  Values  of  Old  English  Silver  and 
Sheffield  Plate  from  the  Fifteenth  to  the  Nine- 
teenth Centuries.  By  J.  W.  Caldicott.  Edited 
by  J.  Starkie  Gardner.  (Bemrose  &  Sons.) 
— The  subject  of  this  work  has  a  very 
practical  side.  Realizing  this,  Mr.  Caldi- 
cott. who  states  in  his  preface  that  he  has 
made  it  his  study  for  more  than  twenty 
years,  claims  for  his  book  that  it  is  "  the 
first  and  only  practical  guide  written  both 
for  the  buyer  and  seller  and  compiled  by  an 
expert  of  long  experience."  In  the  case  of 
most  readers  of  The  Athena'vm,  to  whom 
the  atmosphere  of  the  saleroom  is  probably 
anything  but  congenial,  the  ordeal  implied 
in  attending  three  thousand  sales  will  compel 
admiration,  and  they  will  regard  with  due 
respect  the  outcome  of  such  an  experience, 
as  embodied  in  this  valuable  record  of  nearly 
300  quarto  pages.  It  contains  87  admirable 
full-page  plates,  in  which  innumerable 
pieces  are  classified  and  figured,  with  a 
careful  description,  the  date,  weight,  and 
rate  per  ounce  appended  to  each.  A  brief 
summary  will  show  how  thoroughly  the 
subject  is  treated. 

The  compiler  devotes  the  opening  pages 
to  such  topics  as  fraudulent,  altered,  and 
transposed  hall-marks,  and  to  "  converted 
pieces,"  upon  all  of  which  many  illuminating 
hints  are  given.  A  description  of  the  pro- 
cesses used  in  the  manufacture  of  old 
Sheffield  plate  will  be  read  with  interest. 
The  author  reminds  us  that,  many  centuries 
before  old  Sheffield  plating  and  modern 
electroplating  were  invonted,  fire  gilding 
and  plating  wer :;  applied  extensively  to 
man\  objects  in  the  bas^r  metals,  and 
especially  to  ecclesiastical  plate.  To  Thomas 
Bolflover  may  be  given  the  credit  of 
"combining   the  two  niotals  copper  and  silver  in 

layers  ready  for  manufacture and   by  the  end 

of  the  eighteenth  century  many  large  firms  in 
Sheffield,  London,  Birmingham,  and  Nottingham 
produced  a   variety   of   important   and    beautiful 


pieces,  many  of  which  may  be  found  at  the  present 
time  in  almost  as  good  a  condition  as  when  they 
were  first  made." 

Makers'  marks  used  from  1785  are  given, 
also  the  rise  and  fall  in  values  ;  and  the 
conclusion  is  drawn  that  well-selacted: 
specimens  increase  steadily  in  cost,  in 
spite  of  the  decline  of  the  valu}  of  standard 
silver  from  4s.  4d.  an  ounce  to  2s.  3d.  or 
thereabouts,  at  the  present  day.  Useful- 
information  as  to  the  way  in  which  to  de- 
scribe old  silver  and  Sheffield  plate  and 
even  to  dispose  of  it  at  auction,  will  be  found.. 
The  important  subject  of  Assay  offices  and 
their  marks  is  dealt  with,  facsimiles  of  tho 
office  mark  of  each  town  with  dates  being 
given.  When  it  is  added  that  over  250  pages 
of  auction-sale  records  are  given,  enough  has 
been  said  to  show  the  useful  nature  of  the- 
contents  of  this  work. 

Those  who  may  be  under  the  impression 
that  all  plate  "  comes  from  Sheffield  "  wilP 
learn  that  London,  Birmingham,  Chester,, 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Dublin,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  Exeter,  York,  and  Norwich  all  had 
their  respective  marks,  and  that  in  the  case 
of  London,   they  go  back  as  far  as    1327. 

The  old  and,  in  many  cases,  forgotten 
uses  of  plate  afford  a  fascinating  topic 
to  which  only  brief  reference  can  be  made- 
Taking  a  few  at  random,  we  find  such  un- 
considered trifles  as  Apostle  spoons,  of  which 
a  complete  set  sold  in  1903  fetched  4,9001.  ;• 
these  dated  from  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.. 
With  regard  to  Tudor  plate,  it  may  be 
added  that  a  cup  only  4J  inches  high,  and  less 
than  5  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  weight 
but  little  over  14  oz.,  fetched  in  1902  no- 
less  than  4,100Z.  ;  this  was  dated  1521.  A. 
standing  cup  and  cover,  a  Jacobean  piece,, 
made  of  the  "  Greate  Seals  of  Irlande," 
sold  in  the  same  year,  realized  over  4,000Z.. 
A  ewer  and  cover  of  Renaissance  design,  but 
of  English  workmanship,  fetched  a  year  ago 
4,200Z.,  a  sum  far  in  excess  of  the  expert 
valuation.  Tinning  to  humbler  objects 
which  the  collector,  if  fortunate,  may  come- 
across,  we  find  Monteith  and  punch  bowls,, 
quaighs,  mazer  bowls,  caudle  and  loving 
cups  figured  :  to  say  nothing  of  patens,, 
chalices,  and  flagons  too  numerous  to  men- 
tion, nor  of  miniature  articles,  many  dating 
back  to  the  days  of  James  I. 

The  book  makes  no  literary  pretensions,, 
but,  judged  from  its  own  chosen  standpoint, 
deserves  nothing  but  praise  ;  it  is  fairly 
well  printed,  and  contains  a,n  index.  To 
the  excellence  of  its  numerous  illustrations- 
we  have  already  borne  testimony. 


THE    SOCIETY    OF    TWELVE. 

As  the  subdivisions  of  French  political 
parties  are  distinguished  largely  by  dates  in 
the  calendar,  so  we  may  before  long  see 
each  little  faction  in  our  artistic  world 
associated  with  one  or  other  of  the- 
numerals.  For  the  most  part  we  see 
in  these  bodies  as  yet  little  other  than 
more  or  less  fortuitous  groups,  and  "  the 
Twelve,"  whose  work  is  on  view  at  Messrs. 
Obach's,  is  probably  as  near  an  approach  to 
an  homogeneous  brotherhood  as  any  of  them,, 
though  the  bond  that  unites  these  artists  is,, 
we  incline  to  think,  precisely  that  side  of 
their  equipment  that  should  least  command 
our  admiration.  Members  of  the  Twelve 
have  usually  something  to  say  to  their 
public,  but  with  one  or  two  exceptions 
they  do  not  trust  their  chance  of  success. 
entirely  to  their  power  of  making  that 
message  understood.  Mystification  is  their 
bond  of  union,  and  from  Mr.  Rothenstein's- 
group  of  drawings  the  face  of  Rodin,  the 
areh-mystifier,  looks  down  on  a  band  of 
followers  who  have  digested  the  lesson  of  his 


N°4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


663 


career — the  career  of  a  man  who  has  owed 
his  success  not  so  much  to  the  genius  that 
mightwell  have  commanded  it,  as  to  a  flaunt- 
ing before  the  eyes  of  an  astonished  world  of 
those  eccentricities  of  genius,  without  which 
— to  the  journalistic  mind  at  least — "  none 
is  genuine." 

Undoubtedly  much  of  the  talent  shown  in 
"this  collection  of  drawings  is  genuine  enough, 
but  few  of  the  artists  represented  eschew 
■altogether  a  pedantic  affectation.  Some- 
times, indeed,  it  may  be  so  far  sincere  as  to 
have  been  taken  over  from  this  or  that  old 
master  by  a  confused  thinker  bent  on  learn- 
ing his  secret  ;  but  we  shrewdly  suspect  one 
or  two  of  the  stronger  and  more  clear-sighted 
of  the  Twelve  of  deliberately  adopting  an 
affected  archaism  "pour  epater  le  bourgeois  " 
— of  assuming  a  studied  negligence  in  the 
manner  of  presenting  their  mysterious  frag- 
ments, hinting  by  their  obvious  incom- 
pleteness also  much  more  than  we  have  ever 
seen  the  artist  accomplish. 

Mr.  Rothenstein  and  still  more  Mr. 
Muirhead  Bone,  are  free  from  this  tendency 
to  lay  undue  stress  on  the  kinship  that  must 
•exist  between  ancient  and  modern  work.  A 
Street  in  Burgundy,  by  the  former,  and  the  very 
fine  Underground  Construction,  by  the  latter, 
being  entirely  natural  studies,  no  whit 
■ashamed  of  their  contemporary  character. 
The  Great  Gantry,  Charing  Cross,  is  fine  also, 
but  already  threatening  a  little  the  rather 
■spotty  brilliance  that  mars  the  etching  of  the 
same  subject  ;  and,  indeed,  Mr.  Bone  spends 
himself  so  much  on  these  drawings  that 
his  etchings  have  often  of  late  been  some- 
thing of  a  disappointment,  as  are  also  the 
^etchings  of  Mr.  John  in  this  exhibition. 
These,  with  one  exception,  are  hardly  among 
the  best  of  the  large  collection  he  showed  at 
the  Chenil  Gallery,  and  would,  taken  by 
themselves,  almost  suggest  that  they  were 
the  work  of  an  untidy  artist  attracted  to 
■■etching  because  it  was  a  shambling  method 
■of  getting  approximate  and  vague  results. 

On  the  other  hand,  rarely,  if  ever,  has  Mr. 
John  shown  a  better  group  of  drawings  than 
the  four  here — drawings,  that  is,  in  the  sense 
■of  imaginative  designs  in  contradistinction 
from  the  masterly  studies  from  life  by  which 
he  first  became  known.  Alcestis,  about  to 
die,  takes  leave  of  her  Household,  is  a  fine 
academic  exercise  carried  out  with  much 
spontaneity  and  humanity — Rembrandt 
variations  on  a  theme  by  Perugino.  The 
Girl's  Head  represents  one  of  those  nymphs  of 
a  sylvan  wildness  that  the  Philistine  stigma- 
tizes as  half-witted,  and  that  Mr.  John 
treats  with  such  sympathetic  insight :  it  has 
•aflavourat  once  of  Botticelli  and  of  Leonardo. 
Mazurka  and  The  Bathers  would  seem  to  be 
less  derivative.  The  former  looks  as  if  the 
•artist  had  taken  the  landscape  from  that 
English  son  of  Peter  the  Great  who  was  him- 
•self  the  father  of  one  of  the  first  of  English 
■water-colour  painters,  and  had  then  peopled 
it  with  barbarous  and  romantic  figures;, 
Muscovite  and  Slav.  It  is  frankly  fantastic, 
evoking  remembered  strains,  but  is  blended 
by  the  alchemy  of  creative  power.  It  is  in 
'  The  Bathers,'  which  is  pure  "  John," 
that  the  kink  of  purposeful  eccentricity  is 
most  strongly  felt.  The  ungainly  narrowing 
of  the  woman's  figure  at  the  shoulders  and 
neck,  the  rendering  of  the  ocean  as  surely  the 
most  disagreeable  and  uninviting  flood  that 
could  be  imagined  for  bathing  purposes, 
simply  show  a  determination  to  annoy  the 
beholder  and  outrage  his  often  wise  pre- 
judices, at  whatever  cost  to  the  beauty  of  the 
picture.  The  vitality  of  the  drawing  appears 
•to  us  enormous ;  the  choice,  or  rather 
arbitrary  invention,  of  ungainly  forms 
pointless,  and — most  cutting  criticism  of  all 
fora  member  of  the  Society  of  Twelve — wholly 
modern.     Sea-bathing,  after  all,  is  not  such 


a  public  danger  that  Mr.  John  need  excogi- 
tate a  drawing  expressly  designed  to  serve 
as  a  deterrent  by  depicting  it  as  at  once  very 
painful  and  sinfully  ugly,  for  only  by  sup- 
posing such  an  intention  can  his  drawing  be 
regarded  as  reasonable. 

It  is  because  Mr.  John  has  such  an  extra- 
ordinary sense  of  reality,  that  we  adjure 
him  to  clear  himself  of  the  eccentricities  and 
mannerisms  that  are  the  support  of  lesser 
men.  No  one  could  reasonably  advise  Mr. 
Conder,  on  the  other  hand,  to  change 
his  necessarily  mannered  art.  For  him 
to  try  to  drape  the  garments  of  his  fancy  on 
the  living  figure  of  truth,  instead  of  the  lay 
figure  of  convention  he  is  accustomed  to, 
would  be  to  court  disaster,  as  in  one  or  two 
of  his  lithographs  he  actually  does.  Such 
drawings  as  Offrande  or  Un  Soir  d'ltite,  on  the 
other  hand,  are  in  his  true  field,  like  act  drops 
for  a  miniature  theatre  of  marionettes. 
Gordon  Craig  is  a  similar  mannerist,  never 
rising  to  such  heights  of  inspiration  or 
dropping  to  such  utter  flimsiness  as  does 
occasionally  Mr.  Conder.  Mr.  Sturge  Moore's 
attempts  at  tracing  parallels  in  natural  form 
suffer  from  excessive  particularity,  so  that 
they  resemble  certain  puzzle  pictures  in 
magazines  in  which  children  are  invited  to 
"  find  "  the  Kaiser  or  Mr.  Chamberlain  ;  and 
we  very  much  prefer  The  back  of  beyond, 
by  Mr.  Strang,  in  which  the  art  of  double 
presentment  is  pushed  to  detail  in  one  direc- 
tion only. 

Mr.  Strang,  and  still  more  Mr.  Clausen,  are 
men  whose  genuine  impulse  for  original 
inquiry  has  been  somewhat  tamed  by  aca- 
demic influences,  and  Prof.  Legros,  the  guiding 
spirit  of  the  former,  is  in  this  respect  truly 
qualified  to  be  an  honorary  member  of  this 
Society  of  capable  men  somewhat  numbed  by 
retrospection.  Mr.  Strang,  however,  who 
has  at  least  found  in  Holbein  authority  for 
developing  one  side  of  his  talent  (see  No.  8), 
loses  less  productive  power  from  such 
environment  than  does  Mr.  Clausen,  who, 
transplanted  rather  late  in  life,  is  even  less 
among  the  tradition-mongers  than  among  the 
devotees  of  plein  air  encouraged  to  be  him- 
self. 

Mr.  Charles  Ricketts,  on  the  other  hand, 
breathes  his  own  proper  air  and  is  entirely 
happy.  If  M.  Rodin  and  Prof.  Legros  are 
the  fathers,  he  is  actually  the  leading  spirit 
of  this  little  band,  who  are  rather  too  much 
given  to  unrelated  "  study,"  without  a  suffi- 
cient body  of  properly  centralized  and  pur- 
poseful production  for  that  study  to  lead  up 
to.  It  is  a  state  of  things  which  naturally 
ensues  when  artists  lose  touch  with  art 
patronage,  and  have  no  longer  tasks  set 
them  of  some  public  utility  ;  and  criticism  is 
perhaps  to  blame  in  that  by  constantly 
belauding  old  pictures  it  has  almost  forced 
modern  artists  to  challenge  comparison  in 
the  only  way  certain  to  be  effectual — by  close 
resemblance.  Mr.  Ricketts  achieves  this 
resemblance  in  some  pen  drawings  from  the 
model — notably  some  drawings  of  hands, 
which  show  a  considerable  feeling  for  grace 
of  line,  sometimes  a  little  independent  of 
accurate  structure.  His  fancy  for  drawing 
on  paper  much  discoloured,  as  though  by 
age,  completes,  of  course,  the  resemblance  ; 
but  it  reminds  us  of  certain  quaint 
Parisians  who  used  to  pay  to  be  put  in 
a  coffin  and  have  dirges  sung  round 
them,  that  they  might  have  a  pleasurable 
realization  of  what  it  would  be  like  to  be 
dead.  Mr.  Shannon,  Mr.  Ricketts's  satellite, 
has  greater  ease,  but  is  more  slipshod.  His 
drawings  of  drapery  are  incoherent,  but  a 
sketch  of  a  couple  of  struggling  children  lias 
the  merit  of  direct  vivid  observation. 

Somewhat  apart  from  the  other  artists 
who  show  here,  Mr.  Cameron  attracts  by 
flattering  men's  instinctive  preferences,  where 


his  friends  win  attention  rather  by  flouting 
them.  His  work  in  this  exhibition  is  a 
little  superficial,  but  strikes  one  as  sweet- 
flavoured  and  natural  after  much  quintes- 
sence of  old  masters. 


THE  NEWEST  LIGHT  ON  RExMBRANDT. 

I  have  never  been  enough  of  a  humorist 
to  suppose  that  even  my  name  could  be  a 
"  little  joke."  Prof.  Baldwin  Brown  might 
have  found  it,  with  my  address,  in  a  recent 
issue  of  The  Athenceum.  What  reason  should 
I  have  to  conceal  my  identity  ? 

Though  not  expressed,  it  is  understood 
that  I  might  have  been  put  up  to  defend 
some  friends,  or  could  possibly  be  one  of 
the  perpetrators  themselves.  Here  Prof. 
Brown  is  mistaken.  My  account,  which 
I  am  pleased  to  hear  is  both  clear  and  edify- 
ing, is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  sum- 
marized reproduction  of  the  statement  in 
the  Dutch  press. 

I  am,  therefore,  sorry  that  I  cannot  tell 
him  "  if  the  '  Quellenstudien  zur  Holland- 
ischen  Kunstgeschichte  '  is  to  be  continued 
as  a  humorous  publication,"  and  should 
advise  him  to  consult  the  publishers  in  the 
matter.  I  have  some  reason  to  think  that 
the  answer  will  be  in  the  negative. 

M.  M.  Kleekkooper. 


3fhu-JUt  (Snsstp. 

Last  Monday  the  press  was  invited  to 
view  at  the  Rembrandt  Gallery  a  collection 
of  Mr.  Bosch  Reitz's  paintings  made  at 
Versailles  during  the  two  past  years. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Macdonald  has  on  view  at 
the  Little  Gallery  (40,  Victoria  Street) 
pictures  of  Norway,  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  some  of  the  public  schools. 

At  the  Mendoza  Gallery  an  exhibition  is 
open  of  studies  in  oil  by  Mrs.  A.  Rawlins  of 
'  Shelley's  First  and  Last  Homes  '  and  other 
subjects. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  next  Tuesday  we 
are  invited  to  view  an  exhibition  of  '  Tales 
and  Towns  of  Italy '  by  Miss  Jessie  Bayes, 
and  drawings  by  Miss  Annie  French,  a'so 
pastels  by  Mr.  T.  R.  Way. 

Mr.  A.  J.  Rowley  is  showing  in  Silver 
Street  pictures  by  Mr.  Frank  Brangwyn, 
A.R.A.,  Mr.  H.  M.  Livens,  Mr.  A.  D.  Pepper- 
corn, and  Mr.  B.  Priestman. 

An  exhibition  of  Mr.  Holman  Hunt's 
works  at  the  City  Art  Gallery  of  Manchester 
will  be  open  from  December  5th  to  the  end 
of  January.  About  sixty  works  will  be  on 
view. 

The  loan  department  of  the  annual  exhi- 
bition of  the  Royal  Amateur  Art  Society's 
Sussex  branch  will  be  chiefly  devoted  to 
personal  relics  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  and  views 
of  Brighton  and  its  neighbourhood  in  her 
time,  of  which  an  interesting  collection  has 
been  secured.  A  department  will  also  be 
allotted  to  Sheffield  plate.  The  exhibition 
held  at  1,  Grand  Avenue.  Hove.  Brighton, 
will  be  open  from  November  30th  to  De- 
cember 5th. 

The  Municipality  of  Barcelona  propose  to 
hold  an  Internationa]  Art  Exhibition  next 
year  in  that  city  from  April  23rd  to 
July  15th,  and  it  may  again  be  open"!  in 
September  and  October.  The  exhibition 
will  comprise  the  fine  arts  and  art  crafts 
generally.  The  time  for  receiving  exhibits 
will  extend  from  the  15th  to  the  30th  of 
March.  Copies  of  the  regulations  may  be 
obtained  from  the  Spanish  Consul-Ge:vr.il 
in  London,  Senor  Joaquin  M.  Torroja,  40, 
Trinity  Square,  E.C. 


664 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


At  the  Konigswarter  sale  at  Berlin  on 
Tuesday,  Rembrandt's  portrait  of  himself, 
painted" about  1634-5,  was  bought  for  180,000 
marks.  It  was  many  years,  in  England, 
and  successively  in  the  collection,  of  Lord 
Palmerston,  Lord  Mount  Temple,  and  the 
Earl  of  Caledon,  the  last  named  lending  it 
to  the  Old  Masters  Exhibition  of  1882  (No. 
102).  The  Rubens  portrait  of  Frederic 
Marselaer  was  also  at  one  time  in  an  English 
collection  —  that  of  Sir  Charles  Robinson. 
Smith  described  it  from  the  etching  by  B.  D. 
Quertemont,  1779.  It  realized  84,000  marks. 
Of  the  six  pictures  catalogued  as  by  Van  Dyck, 
only  two  appear  to  have  been  important — 
half-figure  portraits  of  unknown  gentlemen, 
No*.  13  and  14,  and  these  fold  for  68,000 
and  49,000  marks  respectively.  Two 
examples  of  A.  van  Ostade  fetched  42,000 
and  30,000  marks.  A  landscape  of  Teniers, 
lot  88,  brought  30,000  marks.  At  the  Due 
de  Choiseul  sale  in  1772  it  realized  5,600 
francs,  and  at  another  sale  in  1781,  5,004 
francs  ;  it  is  Smith's  No.  153.  A  landscape 
by  Cuyp  fetched  72,000  marks  ;  and  the  two 
examples  by  Reynolds — a  portrait  of  himself, 
and  one  of  Sir  Abraham  Hume — brought 
23,600  and  15,300  marks  respectively. 

Misses.  A.  &  C.  Black  are  about  to 
begin  the  issue  of  "  The  Menpes  Series  of 
Great  Masters,"  which  are  facsimile  colour 
reproductions  in  picture  form  of  some  of  the 
famous  paintings  in  our  own  and  foreign 
galleries.  The  first  ten  pictures,  which  will 
be  exhibited  in  London  during  December, 
will  include  reproductions  from  Gainsborough, 
Reynolds,  Romney,  Bellini,  Botticelli, 
Greuze,  Frans  Hals,  Rembrandt,  and  Van 
Dyck. 

A  good  deal  of  excitement!  has  been 
caused  in  Spain  by  the  announcement  of 
the  sale,  to  Messrs.  Goupil  of  Paris,  of  four 
important  pictures  by  Domenico  Theoto- 
copuli,  better  known  as  "  El  Greco,"  in  the 
chapel  of  San  Jose  at  Toledo.  The  Spanish 
Government  has  taken  the  matter  up,  and 
the  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Fine 
Arts,  SefLor  Herrero,  on  arriving  at  Toledo, 
discovered  that  the  purchase  had  actually 
been  concluded.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
pictures  are  still  in  their  places.  The 
minister  has  given  the  strictest  orders  to 
the  civil  governor  of  Toledo  not  to  allow 
them  to  go  out  of  the  country  until 
the  most  searching  examination  has  been 
made  into  the  right  to  sell  them. 

The  Antiquary  for  December  will  contain 
among  others,  the  following  articles  :  '  The 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Lincoln's  Inn  and  Prince 
of  the  Grange,'  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Bollard  ;  '  The 
Fian's  Castle,  Loch  Lomond,'  illustrated, 
by  Mr.  David  MacRitchie  ;  '  Vanduara, 
or  Roman  Paisley,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Sturrock  ;  the  conclusion  of  '  Pilgrimage  to 
St.  David's  Cathedral,'  illustrated,  by  Dr. 
Fryer  ;  '  English  Pageants  of  the  Streets,' 
by  Mr.  I.  G.  Sieveking  ;  and  an? attempt  to 
answer  the  question,  '  What  was  the' Earliest 
European  Use  of  Arabic  Numerals  ?  '  by 
Dr.  W.  E.  A.  Axon. 

The  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge  announce  for  early  publication 
the  Rhincl  Lectures  by  Prof.  Sayce  on 
'  Archaeology  of  the  Cuneiform  Inscriptions.' 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Covent  Garden. — Mile.  Gay  as  Carmen. 

At  Covent  Garden,  owing  to  the  unfor- 
tunate indisposition  of  Madame  Nordiea, 


Ponchielli's  '  La  Gioconda,'  though  twice 
postponed,  had  to  be  finally  abandoned. 
Verdi's  '  Otello,'  also  announced,  will  not 
be  given  until  the  grand  season,  with 
Madame  Melba  in  the  role  of  Desdemona. 
Many  Carmens  have  appeared  on  the 
Covent  Garden  stage ;  but,  apart  from 
Madame  Calve,  we  doubt  whether  any 
debutante  has  created  so  strong  an  impres- 
sion as  Mile.  Maria  Gay,  the  Spanish 
artist  who  appeared  in  that  part  on 
Wednesday  evening.  We  do  not  say 
"  played  "  the  part,  for  there  was  no  play  ; 
she  was  in  downright  earnest.  The  lady 
has  no  doubt  taken  Madame  Calve  as  her 
model — and  a  better  one  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  find — but  she  has  individuality. 
Her  rich  voice  is  well  trained,  and  her 
acting  strong  and  vivid. 


Queen's  Hall. — Joachim  Concerts. 

There  was  a  large  and  enthusiastic 
audience  at  the  first  of  the  Joachim  Con- 
certs, which  was  held  at  the  Queen's  Hall 
on  Wednesday  afternoon.  A  Brahms 
programme  would  twenty  or  five-and- 
twenty  years  ago  have  proved  anything 
but  a  draw.  As  with  Wagner,  so  with 
Brahms  :  he  has  became  the  fashion  ;  but 
the  number  of  genuine  lovers  of  his  music 
is  also  certainly  on  the  increase.  More- 
over, to  say  nothing  about  the  works  per- 
formed, there  was  Dr.  Joachim.  His  tone 
may  not  be  so  strong  as  in  past  years,  but 
he  is  still  a  master  of  style,  and  without 
doubt  one  of  the  most  sympathetic  inter- 
preters of  Brahms,  his  lifelong  friend. 
He  was  ably  supported  by  his  associates, 
Profs.  Halir,  Paul  Klingler,  and  Robert 
Hausmann  ;  and  as  leader  he  influenced 
them  all.  The  programme  included  the 
Pianoforte  Quartet  in  a,  with  Mr.  Borwick 
as  pianist,  and  the  Clarinet  Quintet,  in 
which  Prof.  Richard  Muhlfeld  took  part. 
The  Harford  Vocal  Quartet  sang  the  first 
set  of  the  '  Liebeslieder  Waltzes,'  and 
Messrs.  Borwick  and  Donald  Francis 
Tovey  played  the  pianoforte  duet  accom- 
paniment. 

iEoLiAN    Hall. — M.    Risler's    Beethoven 
Recitals. 

M.  Edotjard  Risler  began  his  series  of 
eight  Beethoven  recitals  at  the  iEolian 
Hall  last  Thursday  week.  As  a  rule,  one- 
composer  programmes  are  unsatisfactory, 
but  the  Beethoven  pianoforte  sonatas, 
all  of  which  are  to  be  performed  at  these 
recitals,  form  an  exception.  In  them,  as 
in  the  quartets  and  symphonies,  can  be 
fully  traced  the  development  of  the  com- 
poser's genius  ;  the  first  three  were  pub- 
lished as  Op.  2  in  1796,  and  the  last, 
Op.  Ill,  in  1822.  Then,  again,  although 
special  sonatas,  such  as  those  of  Opp.  53 
and  57,  are  repeatedly  heard,  some  are 
very  seldom  seen  on  a  concert  programme, 
others  not  at  all.  Until  M.  Risler  has 
played  the  sonatas  of  the  second  and  third 
periods  it  will  not  be  possible  to  judge  him 
fairly  as  an  interpreter  of  Beethoven.  He 
is  fully  equipped  technically — his  playing 
of  the  first  and  last  movements  of   the 


Sonata  in  c  (Op.  2,  No.  3)  was  extremely- 
clear  and  incisive — but  in  the  slow  move- 
ments of  Nos.  2  and  3  there  was  a  lack  of 
tone-colour  and  poetry. 


Bechstein     Hall.  — M.     Pachmann,& 

Recital. 
A  fortnight  ago  we  were  speaking  of 
one  great  Polish  pianist,  M.  Godowsky. 
Last  Saturday  another — or  we  might 
almost  say  the  other — M.  Vladimir  de 
•Pachmann,  gave  a  recital  at  Bechstein 
Hall.  The  larger  part  of  his  programme 
was  devoted  to  Chopin,  of  which  he  once 
more  proved  himself  an  admirable  inter- 
preter. But  he  also  included  Weber's 
Rondo  Brillant,  Mozart's  Fantasia  in  c 
minor,  the  one  which  precedes  the  Sonata 
in  c  minor,  and  six  Valsettes  by  Walter 
Imboden,  the  last  named  proving  light  and 
attractive.  A  great  artist  generally 
has  faults,  and  M.  Pachmann  indulges  in 
certain  mannerisms  or  becomes  at  times 
unduly  sentimental,  but  apart  from  these 
defects  his  playing  is  truly  wonderful 
both  in  letter  and  spirit. 


Jltnsxral  (gossip. 

Mr.  David  Bispham,  who  has  not  ap~ 
peared  in  London  for  several  seasons,  gave 
a  song  recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Monday. 
The  programme  included  an  English  trans- 
lation of  Von  Wildenbruch's  poem  '  Das- 
Hexenlied,'  which  Mr.  Bispham  recited  with 
dramatic  force,  accompanying  pianoforte' 
music  by  Max  Schillings  being  well  played  by 
Mr.  Haddon  Squire.  The  gloomy  mood  of  the 
pcem  did  not,  however,  seem  in  any  way 
intensified  by  the  music  of  the  German  com- 
poser. Mr.  Bispham  displayed  his  skill  in 
three  songs  by  Lowe,  including  the  '  Erf 
King  '  ;  and  M.  Reynaldo  Halm's  setting  of 
Paul  Verlaine's  '  L'Beure  exquise '  was 
rendered  with  extreme  delicacy; 

Hebr  Felix  Weingartner's  pamphlet 
'  Ueber  das  Dirigiren '  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Mr.  Ernest  Newman,  and 
published  by  Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel. 
It  is  always  interesting  to  read  what  a  great 
musician  has  to  say  about  a  branch  of  the 
art  in  which  he  excels.  Our  author  recog- 
nizes the  great  ability  of  Hans  von  Biilow, 
yet  has  much  to  say  about  his  exaggera- 
tions and  eccentricities.  He  admits  that  at 
any  rate  these  were  a  reaction  against 
the  colourless  time-beating  of  former  con- 
ductors ;  but  as  Billow  is  dead,  it  would 
seem  unnecessary  to  point  out  those  failings. 
The  German  pamphlet  was.  however,  pub- 
ished  very  shortly  after  Billow's  death,  and 
at  that  time  a  number  of  "little  Billows  " 
had  sprung  up,  imitating  not  the  strong 
points — for  this  was  beyond  their  power — but 
the  failings  of  a  really  inspired  conductor. 
The  Weingartner  essay  is  written  in  caustic, 
but  clever  style,  and  it  offers  a  characteristic 
sequel  to  Wagner's  essay  with  the  same 
title. 

Wladimir  Wassiliewitsch  Stassow, 
whose  death  is  announced  in  Lc  Courrier 
Musical  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-two, 
was  a  writer  and  critic  of  considerable 
note.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  librarian 
of  the  artistic  section  of  the  Public 
library  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  was  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  new  Russian  school  of  com- 
posers, and  was  personally  acquainted  with 
Glinka,   Moussorgsky,    Borodin,    Cesar    Cui, 


Ne  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


665 


Rinsky-Korsakow,  and  Tscha'ikowsky.  In 
1851  ha  went  to  Rome  and  examined  the 
Santini  Library,  and  three  years  later  pub- 
lished at  Florence  '  L'Abbe  Santini  et  sa 
Collection  musicale.'  He  also  wrote  a 
biography  of  Borodin.  His  many  articles 
and  other  writing*  were  collected  in  three 
-volumes  in  1894.  The  above  details  are 
taken  from  the  latest  German  edition  of 
Riemann's  dictionary — the  only  one,  indeed, 
in  which  there  is  any  article  on  Sassow. 

A  Glazotjnow  festival  is  to  be  held  at 
St.  Petersburg  in  January.  The  programme 
will  include  the  composer's  first  symphony — 
which  he  wrote  twenty-five  years  ago,  when 
he  was  only  sixteen  years  old — and  his  latest 
(No.  8),  which  is  on  the  point  of  completion. 

Two  volumes  containing  the  corre- 
spondence between  Heinrich  and  Elisabeth 
von  Herzogenbug,  edited  by  Max  Kalbeck, 
have  just  been  published  by  the  German 
Brahms  Society,  Berlin. 

Miss  Olga  Racsteb,  whose  book  '  Chats 
on  Violins  '  is  now  in  its  third  edition,  has 
prepared  another  volume  for  Mr.  Werner 
Laurie's  "  Music-Lover's  Library."  It  is 
■called  '  Chats  on  the  Violoncello,'  and  gives 
the  early  history  of  the  instrument.  The 
illustrations  will  be  a  special  feature.  Mr. 
J.  H.  Bridges  has  allowed  his  famous  Amati 
"  The  King "  to  be  photographed  for  the 
occasion. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


TFow. 
Wkd. 

TlKRS 

fc'ia. 


Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.3(1,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
•Sat.  Italian  Opera,  Oovent  Garden. 
Mr.  Arthur  Argiowitz's  Violin  Recital.  3,  Rechstein  Hall. 
Mr.  Charles  W.  Clark's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall 
Joachim  Quartet,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 
M.  E.  Rislers  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Patron's  Fund  Concert.  8.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Misses  E  and  V.  Sassard's  Vocal  Recital.  3.15,  .E  ilian  Hall. 
Mr.  R.  Bohlk's  Pianoforte  Recital,  s  -so.  .E  .lian  Hall. 
Miss  Kitty  Woolley's  \io\in  Recital,  8.30,  Bechstcin  Hall. 
Joachim  Quartet.  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mr.  Alhert  Spalding's  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Wesscly  Quartet.  8.3i .  Bechstein  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  Choral  Society  I  .Son?  of  Hiawatha  '),  8,  Alhert  Hall. 
Miss  Honoria  Traill's  Cone  at,  x.30,  .Eilian  Hall. 
Mr.  Plunket  Greene's  Vocal  Recital,  3.30,  Bechstein  Hall 
Scotch  Concert.  7.30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Scotch  Festival.  7.45.  Alhert  Hall. 
Miss  Erna  Mueller's  Vocal  Recital,  S,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Ballad  Concert.  :i,  Caxton  Hall. 

Barns-Phillips  Chamber  Concert,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Patti  Concert.  3,  Albert  Hall. 
Popular  Concert  for  Students  and  Young  Children,  3,  Steinway 

Hall. 
Queen's  Hall  Orchestra.  3,  Queen's  Hall, 
Messrs.  Mark,  .'an,  and  Boris  Hamhourg's  Concert,  3.30,  Crystal 

Palace. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

His  Majesty's. — Revival  of  '  Richard  77.' 

The  production  at  His  Majesty's  three 
years  ago  of  '  Richard  II.'  has  done  some- 
thing to  remove  the  spell  under  which 
the  play  was  supposed  to  rest.  Steevens, 
the  Shakspearean  commentator,  says  : 
'  The  critics  may  applaud  '  Richard  II.,' 
though  the  successive  audiences  of  more 
than  a  century  have  respectively  slum- 
bered over  it  as  often  as  it  has  appeared 
on  the  stage."  Garrick  abandoned  his 
purpose  of  producing  it  ;  and  Kean  and 
Macready.  by  both  of  whom  it  was  pre- 
sented, failed,  to  score.  In  his  diary 
Macready  devotes  a  good  deal  of  space  to 
furnishing  reasons  for  his  want  of  success. 
Within  a  comparatively  brief  period,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Tree's  first  harvest  has  been 
followed  by  an  aftermath,  and  no  trace 
of  somnolency  was  furnished  by  the 
audience  which  on  Monday  filled  the  house 
to    overflowing.     Though    the    principal 


features  of  the  splendid  revival  were 
retained,  and  though  Mr.  Tree  reappeared 
as  Richard,  many  of  the  first  exponents 
played  characters  other  than  they  ori- 
ginally represented.  Mr.  Tree's  vacillat- 
ing monarch  remains  one  of  the  most 
psychological  of  his  Shakspearean  studies, 
and  supplies  a  fine  contrast  between  the 
petulant  assertiveness  of  its  early  scenes 
and  the  pathetic  surrender  and  despair 
of  the  later.  It  still  exercises  a  potent 
influence  over  the  public,  by  which  it  was 
received  with  singular  favour.  No  fate 
such  as  attended  on  the  first  production 
Mr.  Oscar  Asche,  whose  stalwart  propor- 
tions cased  in  armour  roused  his  steed  to 
mutiny,  befell  Mr.  Lyn  Harding,  his 
successor  in  the  role  of  Bolingbroke.  Miss 
Tree  makes  a  handsome  Queen,  and  the 
characters  generally  are  well  played.  The 
piece  was  given,  as  previously,  in  three 
acts. 


Court  (Afternoon  Performance). — The 
Doctor's  Dilemma  :  a  Tragedy  in  Four 
Acts  and  an  Epilogue.  By  Bernard 
Shaw. 

Though  announced  as  a  tragedy,  '  The 
Doctor's  Dilemma '  is  in  fact  a  satire 
leavened  with  burlesque.  Plot  of  a  kind 
it  has,  and  its  penultimate  act  ends  with 
the  death  of  a  character  in  whom  we  are 
supposed  to  take  an  interest.  The  story 
is  extravagant  beyond  its  author's  wont, 
and  the  death  of  the  hero,  if  so  he  may  be 
called,  is  followed  by  fresh  nuptials  on 
the  part  of  the  disconsolate  widow.  This 
apparently  indicates  an  essay  in  the  line 
of  the  immortal  matron  of  Ephesus.  It 
is,  however,  a  sardonic  response  on  the 
part  of  the  widow  to  a  request  of  her 
husband,  who,  dying  in  her  arms, 'urges 
her  to  vex  his  corpse  with  no  affectation  of 
mourning  attire,  and  to  provide  him  with 
a  substitute  or  a  successor  with  the  least 
possible  delay.  Ih'such  a  hurry  to  comply 
with  this  request  is  the  heroine  that,  so 
soon  as  her  husband  has  breathed  his  last, 
she  addresses  his  doctors,  who  are  also  his 
executioners,  and  who,  standing  round  his 
couch,  have  watched  his  dying  struggles, 
with  the  adjuration,  "  Stay  but  a  little  ; 
I  will  come  again,"  and  after  a  few  minutes 
of  delay  appears  before  them  in  a  gala 
costume.  In  this  action  has  been  seen  a 
proof  of  Mr.  Shaw's  command  of  pathos. 
Instead  of  this  it  exhibits,  surely,  his 
power  over  fantastic  burlesque,  and  has 
no  more  claim  upon  serious  acceptance 
than  has  the  supposition  that  a  physician, 
accepting  a  new  patient,  would  fix  as  the 
scene  of  his  first  appointment  the  terrace 
of  the  Star  and  Garter,  Richmond,  and 
as  the  occasion  a  dinner  he  gives  to  his 
professional  brethren  on  the  occasion  of 
his  acceptance  of  a  knighthood.  The 
world  in  which  Mr.  Shaw  places  his  action 
is  a  world  of  topsy-turvydom  and  unreason, 
and  his  characters,  though  well  differen- 
tiated, are  fit  denizens  of  such  a  kingdom. 
In  the  satire  of  medical  pretence  and 
affectation  lies  the  gist  of  the  matter. 
This  is  brilliantly  clever  and  exception- 
ally whimsical,  and  the  pictures  of  pro- 


fessional life  are  amusing  as  they  can  be. 
In  one  of  them,  a  certain  Sir  Patrick 
Cullen,  in  whom  it  seems  possible  to 
recognize  some  features  of  an  eminent 
doctor  gone  to  the  majority,  a  glimmer 
of  a  serious  purpose  seems  to  be  found. 
The  main  portion  consists  of  admirable 
fooling.  The  interpretation  of  this  divert- 
ing piece  (which,  however,  stands  in 
urgent  need  of  compression)  is  excellent, 
and  the  performances  of  Mr.  Ben  Webster, 
Mr.  Eric  Lewis,  Mr.  William  Farren,  Mr. 
E.  Granville  Barker,  and  Miss  Lillah 
McCarthy  are  triumphs  of  expositor}^  art. 


LITERARY  DRAMA  IN  DUBLIN. 

To  reveal  Ireland  to  herself,  that,  briefly 
stated  is  the  aim  of  the  National  Theatre 
Society,  which  has  just  started  on  its  first 
season   of    fairly   continuous    work    at    the 
Abbey    Theatre,    Dublin.      It    is    an    ambi- 
tious   effort — perhaps,  even,  one  impossible 
of  realization  ;    yet  the  movement  is  one  of 
extreme  interest  to  those  who  know  Ireland, 
and    particularly   Dublin,    from    the    inside. 
For  the  present  is  a  transitional  stage  in  Irish 
intellectual  life.      On  the  one  hand,  there  is 
the  ultra-Irish  group,  who  believe  that  only 
under  the  flag  of  "  Irish  Ireland  "  and  within 
the  protecting  arm  of  the  Gaelic  League,  is 
any  moral  or  mental  salvation  to  be  found. 
For     such     people     the     National     Theatre 
Society  bodes  no  good  :    its  work  is  a  waste 
of  energy,  its  tendency  reactionary.     On  the 
other  hand,  there  are  those  whose  culture 
is  as  conventional  as  the  cut  of  their  clothes, 
and   who    are    prone    to    scent    "  treasons, 
stratagems,   and  spoils  "  in  any  literary  or 
artistic   movements   of   indigenous    growth. 
Happily  the  number    of    the  latter  is  daily 
lessening  ;    and  such  groups  as  that  repre- 
sented  by   the  literary   theatre    are    doing 
much  to  break  down  prejudices  and  bring  a 
more    tolerant    atmosphere   into    the    intel- 
lectual  life   of  the  capital  of  Ireland.     The 
theatre    stands    midway    between    the    t  wo 
extremes,  and  seeks  in  the  life  of  the  people 
an  inspiration  and  a  motif  for    a    modern 
dramatic  art  that  is  at  once  highly  finished 
and    very    simple.     Lady    Gregory,    in    her 
comedies   and   in   the   tragic  little   one  -  act 
piece  '  The  Gaol  Gate ' ;  Mr.  J.  M.  Synge  in  his 
'  Riders  to  the  Sea,'  '  The    Shadow    of    the 
Glen,'  and  '  The  Well  of  the  Saints  '  ;  and  Mr. 
Boyle    in  his  '  Mineral  Workers  '  and  '  The 
Eloquent   Dempsey,'   have   all   drawn    their 
material  from  the  common  life  of  the  country 
people.     Mr.  Synge,  who  is  the  Maeterlinck 
of  the  Irish  theatre,  has  indeed  invested  his 
work   with    a    symbolism    which    somewhat 
removes  it  from  the  transient   life  of  every 
day,  and  one  is  not  surprised  to  learn  that 
his  plays  have  been  produced  with  success  in 
German    theatres.     But    the    work    of     .Mr. 
Synge  and  of  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats — who  is  the 
founder   and    inspirer    of    the    movement- 
rests,  equally  with  that  of  the  other  authors 
I.   have   mentioned,   upon   a   foundation   of 
Irish  experience.     It  is  permeated  with  an 
atmosphere  which  retains  something  of  that 
glamour   upon   which    modern    critics    have 
perhaps  dwell    too  exclusively,    but    winch 
nevertheless,    is    easily   recognizable   by   all 
to  whom  Ireland  and  Irish    id'',i!<  are  more 
than  a  name.     This  season  the  Society  has 
determined    to    extend    its    repertory    and 
besides  new  plays  by  native  writers,  certain 
"  world-famous    masterpieces  "    will    be    per- 
formed.    The  list  of   these   includes    trans- 
lations  of    '  (Edipus   the   King,'  and  of  the 
'  Antigone '   as  well  as  several   of   Racine's 
and   Molierc's  works — the  renderings   being 


666 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N*4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


for  the  most  part  by  Lady  Gregory  and  her 
son,  Mr.  Robert  Gregory.  The  other 
evening  in  Dublin,  a  crowded  house  wel- 
comed '  Le  Medecin  malgre  lui '  in  an  Irish 
dress.  Lady  Gregory  has  given  a  free 
translation  of  the  play  into  what  is  now 
known  in  Dublin  as  Kiltartan  English — 
Kiltartan  being  a  small  western  village 
where  archaic  and  fluent  rhythms  still  per- 
sist in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  National 
Board  of  Education.  Mr.  Fay  and  his  troupe 
of  young  actors  played  the  piece  naturally 
and  simply,  without  any  attempt  to  intro- 
duce a  French  colouring,  and  the  result  was  a 
great  success.  It  remains  to  be  seen  whether 
the  actors  will  be  as  successful  with  Greek 
dramas,  but  their  training  in  the  performance 
of  romantic  and  poetical  plays  such  as  '  The 
Hour-Glass  '  and  '  The  Shadowy  Waters  ' 
should  help  them. 

One  chief  characteristic  of  the  work  done 
by  the  Society  is  its  sincerity.  There  is 
nothing  artificial,  nothing  forced,  about  the 
acting  of  the  Abbey  Theatre  company. 
They  seem  to  be  playing  to  please  them- 
selves, not  to  please  the  public.  It  is  this 
which  gives  their  work  its  greatest  interest 
to  the  student  of  contemporary  drama  and 
a  claim  to  serious  artistic  consideration. 
What  has  been  done  has  been  done  well. 
And  if  the  field  hitherto  explored  by  the 
native  dramatists  is  not  wide,  it  may  not  be 
long  before  some  one  more  adventurous  may 
cross  the  hedges  and  fare  further. 

E.  M.  D. 


Allen  and  Miss  Sibyl  Carlisle  as  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Darling.  Mr.  Gerald  du  Maurier  will  re- 
appear as  the  Pirate  King,  and  Miss  Hilda 
Trevelyan  as  Wundy. 

'  Raffles  '  was  performed  at  the  Comedy 
on  Wednesday  for  the  two  hundredth  time. 
When  Mr.  du  Maurier  gives  up  the  title  part 
he  will  be  succeeded  by  Mr.  Henry  Ainley, 
and  the  role  of  the  detective,  now  played  by 
Mr.  Dion  Boucicault,  will  come  into  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Mackay. 

At  the  King's  Theatre,  Hammersmith, 
there  have  been  some  good  performances 
of  Wilkie  Collins's  '  New  Magdalen  '  during 
the  week,  Edith  Wynne-Matthison  being  an 
effective  exponent  of  the  part  of  Mercy 
Merrick,  long  associated  with  the  late  Ada 
Cavendish. 

On  the  evening  of  December  15th  the 
Pioneers  will  produce  at  the  Royalty  Mr. 
W.  L.  Courtney's  four-act  play  '  On  the  Side 
of  the  Angels.' 

The  Christmas  mystery  play  '  Eager 
Heart '  will  be  repeated  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
Hall  on  the  evenings  of  December  12th  and 
14th  and  the  afternoons  of  December  13th 
and  15th. 


Dramatic  (gossip. 

No  more  success  than  attended  Mr.  Carr's 
'  Tristram  and  Iseult '  has  befallen  '  The 
Virgin  Goddess  '  of  Mr.  Rudolf  Besier,  its 
successor  at  the  Adelphi.  In  spite  of  the 
favourable  reception  accorded  it  by  press 
and  public  on  its  first  production,  and  in 
spite  also  of  a  competent  interpretation,  the 
piece  is  this  evening  played  for  the  last  time, 
The  fact  that  there  is  no  general  public  for 
the  poetical  drama  seems  abundantly  proven. 
A  select  public  there  is,  enough  to  give  a 
chance  to  classic  performances  such  as  have 
thriven  at  the  Court.  All  notion  of  a  run 
must  be  abandoned  in  the  case  of  experi- 
ments of  the  sort,  and  the  support  of  costly 
and  elaborate  spectacle  has  consequently 
to  be  abandoned.  In  itself  this  is  not, 
perhaps,  greatly  to  be  deplored.  Such  as 
it  is,  the  art-loving  public  is  content  with 
very  little  in  the  way  of  spectacle — may  even 
rejoice  in  a  rigid  severity  of  mise  en  scene. 
So  limited  is,  however,  this  public  that  it 
cannot  in  itself  be  counted  upon  by  a  manage- 
ment. Something  like  a  vicious  circle  is  the 
result,  a  management  being  unable  to  afford 
the  outlay  on  spectacle  which  is  an  indis- 
pensable condition  of  popular  success. 

Next  Saturday  will  witness  the  revival 
at  the  Adelphi  of  '  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,'  which  will  be  given  with  a  cast 
resembling  that  previously  assigned  it  at 
the  same  house,  but  with  Miss  Thyrza 
Norman  as  Titania. 

Sir  Charles  Wyndham  has  secured  the 
English  rights  of  '  Les  Passageres,'  the  new 
comedy  of  M.  Alfred  Capus. 

'  David  Garrick  '  was  revived  on  Thurs- 
day afternoon  for  a  solitary  performance  at 
Wyndham 's  Theatre,  Sir  Charles  appearing 
as  Garrick,  Miss  Mary  Moore  as  Ada  Ingot, 
and  Mr.  Sydney  Brough  as  Squire  Chivey. 

'  Peter  Pan  '  will  be  revived  on  Decem- 
ber 18th  at  the  Duke  of  York's,  with  Miss 
Pauline    Chase    as    Peter,    and    Mr.    Marsh 


To  Correspondents.— C.  W.  S.— R.  T.— M.  S.  L.— R.  B.— 

G.G.— Received. 

R.  T.— We  do  not  care  to  interfere. 

J.  C.  C—  Many  thanks. 

F.  M.— We  cannot  continue  this. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


T 


HE  ATHENAEUM, 

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Is  published  every  FRIDAY  in  time  for  the  Afternoon  Mails.  Terms 
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Pagb 

Authors'  Agents       634 

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Hutchinson  &  Co 639 

Jack          6G9 

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Lectures 633 

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Macmillan  &  Co 646 

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Murray 636 

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Notes  and  queries 670 

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Situations  Vacant 633 

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Smith,  Elder  &  Co 642 

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Typewriters,  Ac 634 

Unwin       °46 

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hand  The    male    characters    in    the    book    at 

every  crisis  exclaim  of  the  incomprehensible  and 
incalculable  nature  of  women  ;  yet  the  law  of 
partnership  with  this  incomprehensible  creature,, 
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of  the  machinery  which  they  have  called  into- 
1  action." 


N°  4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


669 


MR     WM.     HEINEMANN^_  NEW    BOOKS. 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


671 


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OUR   VILLAGE:    SKETCHES    OF 

RURAL  CHARACTER  AND  SCENERY. 
A  delightful  book  for  girls.  By  MARY 
RUSSELL  MITFORD.    GO  Illustrations. 

DON  QUIXOTE.    By  Cervantes.    45 

Illustrations  by  Sir  JOHN  GILBERT,  R.A, 

and  other  Artists. 

FEATS  ON  THE  FIORD :  A  TALE 

OF  RURAL  LIFE,  FOLK  LORE,  AND 
ADVENTURE  IN  NORWAY.  By  HARRIET 
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THE  BOY  CAVALIERS :  A  WEST 

COUNTRY  STORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 
By  the  Rev.  H.  C.  ADAMS.     16  Illustrations. 

HEROES  OF  INDUSTRY.    A  Series 

of  Stimulating  and  Charming  Stories  of  Life 
and  Work.  By  FRANCES  E.  COOKE,  Author 
of  '  A  Boy's  Ideal,'  &c.    30  Illustrations. 

SELECTIONS    FROM    FRANK 

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for  lovers  of  Nature.     70  Illustrations. 

ROUND  THE  COAST.    A  delightful 

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By  G.  F.  BOSWORTH.  With  56  Illustrations 
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Edited  by  Dr.  J.  SCOTT-KELTIE,  H.  J.  MACKINDER, 
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NAVIGATOR.     By  Sir  CLEMENTS  E.  MAEKHAM, 
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John  Franklin  and  the  North-West  Passage. 

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COPIES  OF 

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taining an  Account  of  the  Flag,  with 

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JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  &  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
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672 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4126,  Nov.  24,  1906 


THOMAS     NELSON    &    SONS' 

NEWEST    GIFT-BOOKS. 

MESSRS.  NELSON'S  GIFT-BOOKS  are  the  work  of  the  Best  "Writers  of  the  Day.  They  are  beautifully  produced  and  are  illustrated  by  the  LeadingArtists. 
In  nearly  all  their  New  Books  the  Pictures  are  in  Colours,  which  add  to  their  attractiveness  at  no  increase  in  cost.  The  British  Monthly  says  :— "  Probably  no  firm  has  established  a 
sounder  reputation  for  the  excellence  of  their  literature  for  the  young  than  Messrs.  Nelson  "  ;  and  the  Literary  World  adds  :—"  Messrs.  Nelson  maintain  their  well-won  reputation  for 
boys'  and  girls'  stories." 


5s. 


TWO    NEW    SPLENDID    GIFT-BOOKS    FOR    BOYS. 
THE  DUFFER.    By  R.  S.  Warren  Bell. 


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With  Six  Coloured  Illustrations.     Cloth  extra,  gilt  top. 

Though  nicknamed  "  The  Duffer  "  by  his  class-mates,  the  hero  of  this  capital  story  shows  in  after  life  that  he  is  ready  and  capable  of  playing  the  man. 
School  life  he  detests,  and  manages  to  get  expelled,  but  an  artist  friend  succeeds  in  bringing  out  his  latent  talents. 

"A  very  fine  story Mr.  Warren  Rell  is  one  of  the  most  accomplished  and  charming  writers  of  healthy  literature  for  boys  among  the  authors  of  the 

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IT  WORKS.    By  Archibald  Williams. 

Profusely  illustrated.     Beautiful  Coloured  Cover. 


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Just  the  book  for  boys,  or  for  the  boy  who  wants  to  know  how  it  is  done,  the  boy  who  breaks  open  his  toys  to  find  out  how  they  work,  or  the  genius 
who  cuts  open  the  bellows  to  find  out  where  the  wind  comes  from.  Here  a  boy  will  have  a  never-failing  fund  of  interest,  from  the  working  of  his  watch 
to  the  principles  of  wireless  telegraphy. 


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It  is  quite  unnecessary  to  offer  a  prize  for  the  best  guess  as  to  the  subject  of  this  story  ; 
one  knows  intuitively  that  it  is  the  world-famous  siege  of  Gibraltar  that  has  given  Miss 
Everett-Green  an  opportunity  for  her  usual  vivid    word-painting,    and   for   weaving   an 
enthralling  narrative  around  the  exciting  incidents  of  a  terrible  siege  and  bombardment. 

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by  JOSEPH  FINNEMORE,  and   beautiful  and  novel  Cover  Design.    Cloth  extra, 

bevelled  boards,  gilt  top. 

Watch  a  boy's  eyes  glisten  as  you  hand  him  this  brightly  bound  volume,  and  he  notes 

the  title  with  its  suggestion  of  romance  and  perilous   adventure— a  suggestion  further 

accentuated  by  the  attractive  pictures  on  the  cover — of  sea-fight  and  desperate  hand-to-hand 

•combat. 

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FIRELOCK  AND  STEEL.  6  Coloured  Illustrations  by  Walter 

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If  no  writer  for  boys  to-day  towers  large  like  Ballantyne  or  Kingston  or  their  like,  at 
least  Mr.  Avery  knows  how  to  write  a  rattling  good  story  such  as  boys  will  enjoy  thoroughly, 
and  devour  as  eagerly  as  did  their  predecessors  the  stories  of  Ballantyne,  or  other  giants  of 
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of  the  work.   He  is  the  victim  of  circumstances,  but  in  the  end  comes  out  with  flying  colours. 

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and  partly  in  France.     Nelson,  Walpole,  Hume,  and  other  famous  Englishmen  of  the  age 
are  depicted,  while  a  glimpse  of  Paris  on  the  eve  of  Revolution  is  extremely  interesting. 

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THE  FEN  ROBBERS.    2  Coloured  Illustrations. 

Boys  who  are  fortunate  enough  to  have  read  former  stories  by  Mr.  Bevan  will  wel- 
come this,  the  latest  story  from  his  graphic  pen  Full  of  stirring  adventure,  it  gives  a 
vivid  picture  of  life  in  '  Merrie  England  '  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

"Mr  Bevan  knows  how  to  hold  the  interest  of  his  readers,  and  does  so  from  the  first 
page  to  the  last." — Guardian. 

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DONALD.    2  Coloured  Illustrations. 

Donald  is  ".just  Donald,"  a  fascinating  wee, chap,  and  Miss  Haverfield  has  made  his 
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EVELYN  EVERETT- GREEN. 

A   HEROINE   OF   FRANCE.      2  Coloured  Illustrations  by 

E.  F.  SKINNER. 

A  heroine  ? — rather  the  heroine  of  France.  No  novelist  could  invent  anything  half  so 
strange,  apparently  so  wildly  incredible,  as  tho  incidents,  so  well  attested,  so  thoroughly 
proved  to  have  happened  in  sober  fact,  as  those  in  the  Maid's  marvellous  career. 

"  This  volume  is  a  good  specimen  of  her  (Miss  Everett-Green's)  power." — Spectator. 

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A  story  for  girls.  The  girl  heroine  leaves  school,  and  becomes  the  victim  of  circum- 
stances ;  but  in  the  end  all  is  well,  and,  in  the  language  of  the  nursery,  "  she  lives  happily 
ever  afterwards"  (if  such  a  thing  were  possible  in  this  life).  A  poaching  affair  and  the 
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THE  ATHENAEUM 

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Ofeijitritions. 


EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS.— SHEPHERD'S 
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ST.  PAUL'S  GIRLS'  SCHOOL, 
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An  EXAMINATION  for  TWO  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS 
open  to  Girls  under  sixteen  vears  of  age  will  be  held  at  the  SCHOOL 
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holders  from  payment  of  Tuition  Fees.— Further  particulars  may  be 
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/CHURCH       EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD.  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  Information  relative  to 
the  CHOI i.' E  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THIUNG  &  CO., 
■who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 


^thiattotis   Vacant 

UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 
(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 
AGRICULTURE  at  the  above  College. 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  copies  of  Testimonials, 
must  reach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  JANUARY  20,  1907. 

J.  H.  DAVIES,  M.A..  Registrar. 

ENT  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


K 


The  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  IX 
SPECTOB  of  BIBLICAL  INSTRUCTION  in  COUNCIL  SCHOOLS 
(ELEMENTARY 

Tie-  Salary  offered  is  2S0Z.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments 
of  101.  to 

lition  to  the  work  of  inspecting  Biblical  Instruction,  the 
Gentleman  appointed  will  be  required  to  perform  such  other  duties 
of  a  responsible  character  as  the  Committee  inay  from  time  to  time 
impose  u|k,h  him. 

Candidates  must  be  not  less  than  30  years  of  age  and  must  be 
laymen 

Applications  must  be  made  on  a  prescribed  form  obtainable  from 

the  Scorctarv.  and  should  he  sent  in  so  as  to  reach  him  not  later  than 
noon  on  MONDAY.  December:!.  1908,     All  communications  upon  the 
bould  be  marked  outside  "  Ins]>ector." 
Copies  or  Testimonials  may  be  submitted. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

By  order  of  the  Committee. 

FKAS    W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
•Caxton  House.  Westminster.  London,  8.W. 
November,  1900. 


u 


NIVERSITY        OF       GLASGOW. 


The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  the  following  ADDITIONAL 
EXAMINERS  :- 

la)  EXAMINERS  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS.  viz..  FIVE  EX- 
AMINERS-m  in  CLASSICS,  i2'  in  MORAL  PHILOSOPHY  and 
LOGIC,  (3)  in  ENGLISH,  14)  in  HISTORY,  and  (SI  in  EDUCATION. 
The  Appointment  in  each  case  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  JANU- 
ARY 1,  1907,  at  the  following  Annual  Salaries,  viz..  :  Classics,  80!. ; 
Moral  Philosophy  and  Logic,  501.  ;  English.  407.  ;  Hi6tory.  4Dl. ;  and 
Education,  211.,  with  Hotel  and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

ibi  EXAMINER  in  POLITICAL  ECONOMY  for  DEGREES  in 
ARTS,  SCIENCE,  and  LAW.  The  Appointment  will  be  for  Three 
Y'ears  from  JANUARY'  1,  1007,  at  an  Annual  Salary  of  21!.,  with  Hotel 
and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

(c)  EXAMINERS  for  DECREES  in  ARTS  and  for  the  PRE- 
LIMINARY and  BURSARY  EXAMINATIONS,  viz.,  TWO  EX- 
AMINERS-iH  in  FRENCH  and  12)  in  GERMAN.  The  Appointment 
in  each  case  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  FEBRUARY  1,  1907,  at  the 
following  Annual  Salaries,  viz.,  French,  ml,  and  German,  30?.,  with 
Hotel  and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

Id)  EXAMINERS  for  the  PRELIMINARY  and  BURSARY 
EXAMINATIONS,  viz.,  TWO  EXAMINERS-iD  in  CLASSICS,  and 
(2)  in  MATHEMATICS  and  DYNAMICS.  The  Appointment  in  each 
case  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  FEBRUARY  I,  1907,  and  the 
remuneration  will  be  on  the  scale  of  Is.  M.  per  Paper  examined  for  all 
Higher  Preliminary  Papers,  and  Is.  per  Paper  examined  for  all  Lower 
and  Medical  Preliminary  Papers,  with  Hotel  and  Travelling  Expenses 
in  addition. 

id  EXAMINER  in  ZOOLOGY  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS,  SCIENCE, 
and  MEDICINE.  The  Appointment  will  be  for  Three  Y'ears  from 
JANUARY'  1,  1907,  at  an  Annual  Salary  of  50!.,  with  Hotel  and 
Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

(f)  EXAMINER  in  PHYSIOLOGY  for  DEGREES  in  MEDICINE 
and  SCIENCE.  The  Appointment  in  the  first  instance  will  be  for  a 
period  of  Two  Years  from  JANUARY  1,  1907;  but  the  Examiner 
appointed  will  be  eligible  for  reappointment  for  a  further  period  of 
Two  Y'ears.  The  Annual  Salary  attached  to  the  post  is  50!.,  with  Hotel 
and  Travelling  Expenses  in  addition. 

Candidates  should  lodge  Twenty  Copies  of  their  Application  and 
Testimonials  with  the  undersigned  on  or  before  DECEMBER  22,  1906. 
ALAN  E.  CLAPPERTON,  Secretary  University  Court. 

University  of  Glasgow. 

WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT,  1889. 

ENTRAL        WELSH        BOARD. 


C 


APPOINTMENT   OF   ASSISTANT   EXAMINERS. 


The  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  of  the  BOARD  will  shortly  pro- 
ceed to  the  appointment  of  Three  ASSISTANT  EXAMINERS,  Two 
in  English  Language  and  Composition,  and  One  in  Mathematics. 

Particulars  relating  to  the  appointments  may  lie  obtained  from  the 
undersigned  not  later  than  TUESDAY'.  December  4,  1900.  Applicants 
are  requested  to  name  the  subject  in  respect  of  which  they  desire 
information.  OWEN  OWEN,  Chief  Inspector. 

Central  Welsh  Board,  Cardiff,  November  26, 1906. 


R 


OYAL    ALBERT    MEMORIAL    COLLEGE, 

EXETER. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
LADY  TUTOR  and  LECTURER  in  EDUCATION.  Commencing 
Salary  2i«)(.  per  annum.  Applications  should  lie  lodged  not  later  than 
DECEMBER  15, 1906,  with  the  REGISTRAR,  from  whom  a  Form  and 
particulars  of  appointment  may  be  obtained. 


E 


SSEX       EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


BRAINTREE  COUNTY  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS  AND  GIRLS. 

An  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS,  to  act  as  Principal  Assistant  under 
the  direction  of  the  Head  Master,  will  be  RE'JUIBKD  for  the  above 
MIXED  SCHOi  >L,  which  will  OPEN  in  MAY  P1117.  Graduate  preferred, 
specially  qualified  to  give  instruction  in  Mathematics  and  Geography, 
and  with  experience  in  Secondary  Schools. 

Salary  to  commence  at  150!.  per  annum,  with  annual  increments  of 
10!.  to  a  maximum  of  200!. 

Applications,  on  Forms  to  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  must 
be  sent  in  not  later  than  MONDAY.  December  10,  1906. 

Holywood,  Braintree.  J.  GLEAVE,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


E 


AST   RIDING  EDUCATION  AUTHORITY. 


PUPIL-TEACHER  CENTRES. 

The  AUTHORITY' require  at  once  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT 

MISTRESS  for  their  PUPIL  TEA!  'HER   CENTRES  at  HULL  and 

DRIFFIELD.    The  person  appointed  must  be  well  qualified  to  give 

instruction  in  Nature  Study  and  Geometry.  A  Graduate  preferred. 
Salary  140!.— Applications  to  be  made  immediately,  on  Forms  to  be 
obtained  from  THE  CLERK,  Education  Authority,  County  Hall. 
Beverley, 

POLSTON'S    GIRLS'    SCHOOL,    BRISTOL.— 

\J     WANTED,    in    JANUARY,    ; 1   ART    MISTRESS  for  large 

Endowed  High  School  lover  loo  Girls1.  New  Studio  now  being  built.— 
Apply  before  DECEMBER  0,  riving  references,  and  full  details  of 
education  and  experience,  to'l'IIK  HEAD  MISTRE88. 

/BOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  SUNDERLAND. 

PUBLIC  LIBRARY',  MUSEUM.  AND  ART  GALLERY. 

ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN  WANTED  as  Third  Senior.  Applicants 
must  have  receiveds  good  education  and  a  thorough  training  In  Public 
Library  work,  which  is  to  include  a  knowledge  of  recognised  systems 
of  Classification  and  Cataloguing. 

A  i-i  ml-  arc  required  to  take  the  Libr.ny  \-sociation  Corre- 
spondence classes     Fees  are  paid  by  the  Committee, 

Salary  651  per  annum,  with  two  annual  Increments  of  SZ.  each 

Sullied  to  satisfactory  ability  living  shown,  the  person  selected  will 
be  eligible  for  appointment  to  the  position  of  Branch  Librarian  [none 
of  the  three  Branches  about  to  be  erected.  The  Salary  tor  these 
positions  wiU '   per  annum. 


T 


HE     SIGNET     LIBRARY,     EDINBURGH. 


JUNIOR  ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN  WANTED.  Some  Library 
experience  necessary.— Applications,  In  handwriting  of  Candidate, 
stating  Aee,  Experience,  Qualifications,  and  Balarv  expected,  to  be 
vent,  together  with  topics  of  Testimonials,  addressed  to  Tin: 
LIBRARIAN,  Signet  Library,  Edinburgh,  not  later  than  DECEM- 
BER 3. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland* 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

Tj-RDINGTON  URBAN  DISTRICT  COUNCIL. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  LIBRARIAN. 

The  above-named  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  position  of 
LIBRARIAN,  at  a  commencing  Salary  of  100!.  per  annum.  ^Preference 
will  be  given  to  a  Candidate  who  has  had  previous  experience  in  the 
Work  and  Management  of  Public  Libraries. 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  take  charge  of  and  super- 
vise the  working  of  the  Public  Library,  Orphanage  Road.  Erdington, 
and  also  any  other  Libraries  and  Reading  Rooms  that  may  be  estab- 
lished by  the  Council.  He  must  also  be  competent  to  advise  the 
Public  Libraries  Committee  as  to  the  choice  and  purchase  of  Books, 
the  appointment  of  a  Staff,  and  generally  with  regard  to  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  equipment  and  management  of  Public  Libraries. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent 
Testimonials,  must  be  forwarded  to  the  undersigned,  and  received  not 
later  than  MONDAY,  the  inth  day  of  December,  190fi. 

Canvassing  will  be  deemed  a  disqualification. 

Dated  this  22nd  day  of  November.  1906. 

WILLIAM  ASHFORD,  Clerk  to  the  Council. 

27,  Bennett's  Hill,  Birmingham. 


Situations   WLaxdtb. 

SECRETARY.— A  LADY  will  shortly  be  dis- 

kJ  engaged,  and  seeks  SECRETARIAL  APPOINTMENT  (non- 
resident). Shorthand  and  Type-Writing;  Research  Work.  Has 
assisted  Editor  and  Author  for  over  two  years.  Excellent  Testi- 
monials.—Apply  E.  B.,  14,  Gayton  Road.  Hampstead,  N.W. 

LADY    desires    post    as    CATALOGUER  in  a 
PUBLIC  or  PRIVATE  LIBRARY.     Has  had  4J  years'  expe- 
rience in  a  very  large  Library.— L.  D.,  19,  Hyde  Park  Street,  W. 


Jftttswllatuous. 


PARTNERSHIP.  —£1,000  WANTED  for 
LITERARY  VENTURE.  Good  profits.  Success  assured. 
Supervision  of  -money  invested,  and  employment  if  desired.— Address 
L.  S.  D.,  Box  1201,  Athemeuni  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings.  E.C. 

TO  AUTHORS.— The  PROPRIETORS  of  a  very 
High-Class  DIETETIC  PREPARATION  require  ARTICLES 
Written  by  Author  well  known  as  an  Authority  on  such  Subjects. — 
Address  Box  1200,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  12tf, 
Alexandra  Road,  YYimbledon,  S.W. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1002,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

ARTISTIC       BOOKBINDING. —  Miss 

JLTL  WINIFRED  STOPES.  11.  Gayton  Road,  Hampstead.  BINDS. 
HALF-BINDS,  or  REPAIRS  Books.  Pupils  received.  Terms  on 
application.    Bindery  open  to  Visitors  10  to  5,  Saturdays  excepted. 

OOK-PLATES. 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MORING.  Engraver,  Stationer,  Printer,  4c. 
257,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 

FOR  SALE,  SPORTING  PRINTS.— Genuine 
old  Coloured  Prints  after  Aiken.  Fielding,  Neville.  Turner,  and 
others,  including  scarce  items.— W.  BROWN,  Bookseller  and  Print- 
seller,  Newton  Abbot. 

SIX      Sheraton,     finely      carved      Chairs  —  Six 
Mahogany  Chairs— Six  Mahogany  Heppclwhite  Chairs— Jacobean 

Oak    Twisted     Leg    Gate    Table— Genuine     Powder     Blue     < 

-  in.  high— Four  Pheasant  pattern  Bow  Dishes,  4c.    Photo- 
graphs  forwarded.    Very  moderate  pri< 
Apply  to  A.  John  GILBERT,  House  Furnisher,  Swindon.  Wiltshire. 


B 


W%$t-WviUts,  &t\ 

AUTHORS"  MSS..  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  M.  per 
1,000  words.    Clear  Carbon  Copi  Beferenoas  to  well- 

known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kjmberley  Road.  Harrow. 

TYPEWRITING. —MSS.,   SCIENTIFIC   and 
of  all   descriptions.    COPIED.      Special    attention    to   work 

requiring    care.       Dictation    I:  1     or    Type-Writing). 

Usual  terms.— Hisses  E.  B.  and  I.  FAKRAN.  Donington  House,  w, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand.  London. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.,  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  and 
all  kinds ot  TYPE-WETTING  carefully  and  accurately  done  at 
home  Remington).  ■'■'.  per  1,000;  Duplicating  from  3s.  txf.  per  100.— 
M.  L  .  I",  K.lgeUy  Road,  (  laphani.  S.W. 

TYPE-WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  word-;.  All 
kinds  of  MSS..  STORIES,  PLAYS.  £.  .  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbon-,  3d.  per  L000.  Best  references.— M.  KING,  Elmside,  Marl- 
borough Hill,  Wesidstone,  Harrow. 


674 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


SELECTIONS  FROM  THE 

AUTOTYPE     COMPANY'S 
PUBLICATIONS 

(PERMANENT  MONOCHROME  CARBON). 

THE    OLD   MASTERS.      From  the 

principal  National  Collections,  including  the 
National  Gallery,  London,  the  Louvre,  Dres- 
den, Florence,  &c. 

MODERN     ART.      A   numerous 

Collection  of  Reproductions  from  the  Royal 
Academy,  the  Tate  Gallery,  the  Walker  Art 
Gallery,  the  Luxembourg,  &c. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.    The  chief  Works 

of  this  Artist  are  copied  in  Permanent 
Autotype. 

ROSSETTI,    BURNE-JONES.       A 

Representative  Series  of  Works  by  these 
Painters. 

ETCHINGS   AND  DRAWINGS  by 

REMBRANDT,  HOLBEIN,  DURER, 
MERYON,  &c. 

Prospectuses  of  above  issues  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 


FULL  PARTICULARS  OF  ALL  THE  COMPANY'S 
PUBLICATIONS  ARE  GIVEN  IN 

THE    AUTOTYPE    FINE-ART 

CATALOGUE.  ENLARGED  EDITION,  with  hun- 
dreds of  Miniature  Photographs  and  Tint  Blocks  of 
Notable  Autotypes.  For  convenience  of  reference  the 
publications  are  arranged  Alphabetically  under  Artists' 
Names.    Post  free,  One  Shilling. 


A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

THEAUTOT  YTE  FINE- ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


fnpe-Mrita,  &t. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
1/amruages'.  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

TYPE-WRITING  and  DUPLICATING  of  every 
description  carefully  and  accurately  executed  at  shortest  notice. 
Terms  moderate.— H.  CESAR,  10,  Grange  Road,  Canonbury,  N.— 
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JUtljors'   Agents. 


THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 
The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  anil  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  34,  Paternoster  Row 


(ftatalcgims. 

WOODCUTS,     EARLY    BOOKS,    MSB.,    &c. 
LEIGHTON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE, 

Containing  1,350  Facsimiles. 

Thick  8vo,  art  cloth,  258. ;  half-morocco,  30s. 

Pt.  XL  (2nd  Supp.),  B-Boe,  with  1S4  Facsimiles,  2s.    Now  Ready. 

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40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  London,  W. 


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A 


HAND  BOOKS  RECENTLY  PURCHASED, 

BOTH  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 

Iv  i.rniM.— 

ANTIQUITY,  ART  and  ARCHITEOTTJBE,  BIOGRAPHY 
classics,  ENGLISH  literature.  HISTORY  (Modern)' 
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A 


CATALOGUE  No.  46.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
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MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  Galleries,  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  3.  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  ANCIENT 
MANUSCRIPTS  and  Rare  PRINTED  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  L.  W. 
HODSON,  Esq.  (of  Compton  Hall.  Wolverhampton). 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  Dr.  RICHARD  GARNETT,  C.B. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY.  December  6,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Dr.  RICHARD  GARNETT.  C.B. 
(late  Keeper  of  the  Printed  Books  in  the  British  Museum  and  Trustee 
of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery),  comprising  a  large  Collection  of 
Modern  Poetry  —  Books  and  Pamphlets  relating  to  the  British 
Museum— Bibliography— Astrological  Books,  and  Works  on  Palmistry 
and  Astrology— Appledore  and  other  Private  Presses— Biographical 
and  Historical  Works— Scientific  Treatises —  Transactions  anil  Pro- 
ceedings of  various  Societies,  &c— Works  by  Percy  B.  Shelley,  and 
three  Notebooks  containing  Autograph  Manuscript  Matter  by  him  of 
the  utmost  interest— Works  by  Dr.  Richard  Garnett— a  valuable 
Collection  of  Pamphlets  —  Presentation  Books  with  Autograph 
Inscriptions. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Collection  of  English  and  Irish  Silver  and  Copper  Coins 
of  the  late  RICHARD  A.  HOBLYN,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C.  on  FRIDAl',  December  7,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  and  IRISH 
SILVER  and  COPPER  COINS  of  the  late  RICHARD  A.  HOBLYN, 
Esq..  F.S.A.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Numismatic  Society,  Member  of  the 
British  Numismatic  Society,  &c,  including  fine  and  rare  Pieces  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  Philip  and  Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  in 
Silver— a  fine  Series  of  English  and  Irish  Copper  Coins,  and  Patterns 
and  Proofs  of  same— the  rare  Pewter  Money  of  Charles  II.,  James  II., 
and  William  and  Mary,  in  remarkably  fine  state— an  almost  complete 
Collection  of  the  Harrington  Farthing  Tokens  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.  Among  the  Irish  will  be  found  some  fine  Coins  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  Richard  III.,  Henry  VII.,  VIII.,  and  Elizabeth,  in  Silver 
— unusual  Specimens  of  the  Kilkenny  Halfpenny,  in  Copper — the 
Mixed  Metal  Groat  and  the  Pewter  Crown  of  James  II.— and  a  large 
and  interesting  Collection  of  Gun-Money,  Coin  Cabinets,  and  Numis- 
matic Books. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


[TARRY     H.     PEACH,     37,     Belvoir     Street, 

J-A     L.„  ,.,(,■,.  CATALOGUE  No,    -1    contain*    40    MSS.,  over  100 
Spec  miens  of  Punting  before  1500  at  Low  Prices,  4c. 


A  Portion  oflhe  valuable  Library  of  SAMUEL  T. 
FISHER,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.i'.,  on  MONDAY.  December  10.  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  VALUABLE  LIBRARY  of  SAMUEL 
T.  FISHER,  Esq.  (late  of  1,  Melbury  Road.  W.I,  comprising  important 
County  Histories— Modern  Sorting  Works  —  Topography  —  Archaeo- 
logy— Natural  History —Voyages  and  Travels— Architectural  Works- 
Biography  and  History— Antiquarian  and  Genealogical  Works— Illus- 
trated Books— Early  Brighton  Guides— Relics  of  Old  London,  Ac- 
British  Topography,  an  extensive  and  interesting  Collection  of  Tracts 
and  Pamphlets,  In  73  vols.— and  Miscellaneous  Literature.  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Library  of  the  lateG.  W.  KNIGHT.  Esq.  (of  South  Kensington 
Museum),  and  other  Private  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C, 
on  THURSDAY,  December  <>,  ami  Following  Day.  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely.  VALUABLE  ROOKS  on  AKT— First  Editions 
of  Modern  Poets— Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  4c,  including  Ilelyot, 
Ordres  Monastiques,  3  vols.— M usee  Fr;meais,  4  vols,  morocco  extra, 
with  Arms  — Price's  Tauromachia.  Coloured  Platos— Kilbourne  and 
Goode's  Game  Fishes  of  America— Aiken's  Momenta  of  Fancy  and  New 

Sketch  (look,  Coloured  Plates—  Boeace,  Des  Nobles  Malhouruux.  Paris, 
1538—  Illustrations  by  Ilowlandson,  Hogarth,  Morland,  &c— Mayer's 
Views  in  Turkey  and  Egypt,  <  'oloured  Plates— Angas's  South  Australia 
— Viollct  le-Duc,  Dictionnaire  de  1'Architecture  et  Dictionnaire  du 
Uobilier,  16  vols,  half-morocco — Littre,  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue 
Franoalse,  s  vols.— Beaumont's  Leponnne  Alps,  Coloured  Plates— 
Muthers  History  of  Modern  Painting,  :'.  vols— I  lay  ley's  Life  of 
Romney— Italian  Scenery,  Coloured  Plates— White's  Natural  History 

of  Selborne,  First  Edition— Apperley's  Life  of  a  Sportsman— Analysis 
of  the  Hunting  Field— First  Editions,  fine  Copies-Standard  Works 
on  Travel,  Biography,  and  Bibliography  —  Autograph  Letters  and 
Early  French  MSS.  — Bryan's  Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers, 
r>  vols.,  1903  li*0»>—  BibliothequedoCampagne,  12  vols.  — Horsheld's  Anti- 
quities of  Sussex  — Kepton's  Brighton  Pavilion,  Coloured  Plates- 
Works  on  Angling— Sporting  Books  with  Coloured  Plates,  Ac. 


Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  of  CURIOS 
will  take  place  on  TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY.  Decem- 
ber 4  and  5.  and  will  include  a  choice  Assortment  of  MANDARINS' 
FUR  LINED  KOBES— Silk  Hangings  —  Carved  Ivories— Cloisonne 
Vases— Satsuma  and  other  Ware— also  a  (  OLLECTION  of  INDIAN 
WEAPONS  and  CURIOS,  including  TWO  very  rare  SHRUNK 
HEADS— Carved  Paddles— Spears,  &c— Gold  and  Silver  Coins  and 
Medals— Baxter  Coloured  Prints— Pictures— Old  Lace,  &c— also  the 
Original  Saddle  used  by  Napoleon  I.  on  his  Retreat  from  Moscow. 


Napoleon  Relic. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his  SALE 
on  TUESDAY.  December  4,  the  ORIGINAL  SADDLE  and 
BRIDLE  used  by  NAPOLEON  I.  during  his  Retreat  from  Moscow. 
This  Saddle  was  bought  by  the  present  owner's  grandfather  at  a  Sale 
of  Napoleon  Relics,  and  has  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  family 
since  that  date.  It  was  exhibited  at  the  1862  Exhibition,  and,  according 
to  the  present  owner,  there  is  no  doubt  about  its  authenticity. 

Chinese  Fur-lined  Embroidered  Coats. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his 
SALE  on  TUESDAY.  December  4,  TWELVE  EXPENSIVE 
FUR-LINED  MANDARINS'  ROBES,  which  are  now  becoming 
fashionable  for  Ladies'  Opera  Cloaks. 


M 


Choice  Wines  from  a  Private  Cellar  and  other  Sources. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 


at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C, 
on  THURSDAY.  December  6,  BUKiiUNWES,  POUTS,  SHERRIES. 
HOCKS,    CHAMPAGNE,     MOSELLES  ;   also    about    100    Cases     of 


A  51-inch  Aperture  Telescope  by  T.  Cooke  <fc  Sons,  of  York, 
WILL  BE  INCLUDED  IN 

MR.    J.    C.    STEVENS'S   SALE  on  FRIDAY, 
December  7. 

Importation  from  Japan. 

Works  of  Art,  very  suitable  for  Christmas  Presents. 

TUESDAY,  December  11,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  By  AUCTION, 
at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  a  very  choice 
Assortment  of  CLOISONNE  WARE,  comprising  Bowls.  Vases,  &c— 
Magnificent     Hangings  —  Embroideries  —  Kimonos  —  Kakemonos  — 
Screens,  &c— Ivory  Carvings— Bronzes— Lacquer,  Satsuma  Ware. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  London.  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES. SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  — Telescopes —  Theodolites  — 
Levels — Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments — Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  — Household 
Furniture — Jewellery — and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


Miscellaneous  Books  in  all  Classes  of  Literature,  including 
the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs.  W.  GREY  (removed  from 
Stanhope  Gardens) ;  also  the  Library  of  a  Gentleman 
(removed  from  the  Country). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY, December  5,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  the  above 
LIBRARIES  and  other  PROPERTIES,  comprising  a  fine  Copy  of 
Hakluyt's  Voyages  of  the  English  Nation.  1589— Chaucer's  Works,  the 
Second  Folio  Edition,  1542—  Dodoens's  Herbal.  1578,  and  other  Black- 
Letter  Books— Hilton's  Paradise  Lost,  First  Edition— Early  Spanish 
Books,  and  Books  relating  to  the  Jesuits— Works  in  Scandinavian. 
Spanish,  Arabic,  Hebrew,  and  other  Foreign  Literatures— Books  of 
Travel  relating  to  Arabia,  India,  China,  Japan,  America,  &c. — 
Antiquarian  and  Topographical  Works,  including  many  relating  to 
Sussex  —  Folio  Books  with  Coloured  Plates  —  First  Editions  of 
Esteemed  Authors  and  Sets  of  Modern  Novelists— Swift's  Works,  Best 
Edition,  19  vols.— Scott's  Waverley,  First  Edition.  3  vols.— Early 
Works  in  Political  Economy— The  Historical  Writings  of  Motley, 
Prescott,  Bryce,  fcc— Works  in  Philosophy  and  Science,  and  a  large 
Collection  of  Standard  Books  in  all  Classes  of  Literature. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following  SALES 
by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square, 
the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On   MONDAY,    December  3,    MODERN   PIC- 
TURES and  DRAWINGS. 

On    MONDAY,     December    3,    PORCELAIN, 

OBJECTS  of  ART  and  VERTU,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ; 
and  ORIENTAL  OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the  late  Sir  HALLIDAY 
MACARTNEY,  K.C.M.G. 

On  TUESDAY,   December  4,   ENGRAVINGS 

of  the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL. 

On   WEDNESDAY,    December    5,   a    valuable 

COLLECTION  of  RARE  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 
in.  hiding  choice  Collections  of  Autographs  and  Prints,  also  Byron  and 
Nelson  Relics. 

On  THURSDAY,  December  6,  OLD  ENGLISH 

SILVER  PLATE,  the  Property  of  the  late  RICHARD  TWINING, 
Esq.,  and  from  various  sources. 

On    FRIDAY,    December   7,    OLD    ENGLISH 

FURNITURE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ;  and  OLD  ENGLISH 
FURNITURE  and  PORCELAIN  from  various  sources. 

On  SATURDAY,  December  8,  and  MONDAY, 

December  10,  the  valuable  STOCK  of  MODERN  PICTURES  and 
DRAWINGS  of  Messrs.  HOLLENDER  &  CREMETTI. 


w 


JKaga^itus,    $tt. 

HO'S       WHO       IN       FICTION? 

A  DICTIONARY  OF  NOTED  NAMES  IN  NOVELS,  TALES, 

ROMANCES,  POETRY,  AND  DRAMA. 

By  H.  SWAN. 

320  pp.,  containing  upwards  of  5,000  entries,  each  of  several  lines, 

Nineteenth-Century  and  later    Literature    being  fully  represented. 

Forming  a  Volume  of 

ROUTLEDGE'S  MINIATURE  REFERENCE  LIBRARY. 

32mo.  padded  morocco,  18.  not. 

GEORGE    ROUTLEDGE    &    SONS,    Limited, 

Broadway  House,  Ludgate  Hill,  E.C. 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


675 


B 


K        W 


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D 


For  DECEMBER  contains  :— 
TURKISH  CAPTIVES. 

Harem  Life  in  Constantinople. 

LONDON. 

By  A  FRONTIERSMAN. 

THE  CAKE  OF  MITHRIDATES. 

By  JOHN  DAVIDSON 

THE   WORKING   OF  A  FRENCH   GENERAL 
ELECTION. 

By  V.  HUSSEY  WALSH. 

THE  MAN  WHO  HAD  NO  COURAGE. 

By  LYDIA  MILLER  MACKAY. 

THE  ZIONISTS. 

By  Col.  C.  R.  CONDER,  RE. 

IN  SOUTH  DOWN  GORSE  COVERTS. 

By  ERNEST  ROBINSON. 
THE  DAFT  DAYS.     Chaps.  16,  17. 

By  NEIL  MUNRO. 
THE   FESTIVAL   OF   THE   ANNUNCIATION 
AT  TENOS. 

By  MARY  HAMILTON 
THE  LIFE  OF  ISABELLA  BIRD  (Mrs.  Bishop).' 
WITH       A      CAR      TO      THE      GERMAN 
MANOEUVRES. 

By  the  Author  of  '  On  the  Heels  of  De  AVet.' 
BOSTON. 

By  CHARLES  WHIBLEY. 
THE  NEW  EQUALITY. 

By  J.  K. 
MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD. 

The  Poplar  Union — The  Rapid  Growth  of 
Pauperism— An  Experiment  in  Socialism — The 
Government's  Ill-omened  Economy. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


T 


HE 


NATIONAL         REVIEW. 


Edited  by  L.  J.  MAXSE. 


DECEMBER,  1906. 
EPISODES  OF  THE  MONTH. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  LORDS  AND  THE  COUNTRY.    By  Lord  Newton. 
THE   TREASURY  PAST   AND  PRESENT.     By  the  Right  Hon. 

Sir  Francis  Jlowatt.  G.C'.B.  (Permanent  Under-Secretary. to  the 

Treasury,  1891-19o:d. 


TO  GENERAL  PICQUART  OX  HIS  APPOINTMENT  AS  SECRE- 
TARY OF  STATE  FOR  WAR  IN  FRANCE.  By  the  Hon.  Sir 
Charles  Darling. 

PAN-ISLAMISM.    By  Valentine  Chirol. 

THE  HUMOURS  OF  A  SIEGE.    By  the  Rev.  Frank  L.  Norris. 

FIRST-CLASS  CRICKET.    By  Home  Gordon. 

AMERICAN  AFFAIRS.    By  A.  Maurice  Low. 

LAND  VALUES-WHY  AND  HOW  THEY  SHOULD  BE  TAXED 
By  Josiah  C.  Wedgwood,  M.P. 

THE  PERSECUTION  OF  THE  PRUSSIAN  POLES.    By  Posen. 
FACT  >'.  FICTION  IN  REPRESENTATIVE  GOVERNMENT       By 

F.  W.  Jowott,  M.P.  (Labour  Member  for  West  Bradford). 
A  DIALOGUE.    By  Bernard  Holland,  C.B. 

By  H.  W. 

GREATER  BRITAIN  AND  INDIA. 

CORRESPONDENCE-  AMERICA    AND    CUBA.      By    the    Hon 
•    Henry  Lygon. 

Price  2s.  6d.  net 

NATIONAL  REVIEW, 

23,  Ryder  Street,  St.  James,  London,  S.W. 


T 


HE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AND  AFTER 

DECEMBER.  1906. 
THE  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  LORDS.    By  the  Right  Hon    Sir 

Herbert  Maxwell,  Bart. 
THE  LABOUR  MOVEMENT.    By  J.  Keir  Hardie,  M.P. 

AMATEUR   ESTIMATES   OF   NAVAL  POLICY.    By  Admiral  Sir 
Cyprian  A.  G.  Bridge,  G.C.B. 

THE   BALKAN   QUESTION   AND    INTERNATIONAL   LAW     Bv 
Prof.  J.  Westlake.  K.C.  I.L.I).  3 

THE  RACE  SUICIDE  SCARE.    By  James  W.  Barclay. 


THE    ESCAPE   OF   THE    DUCnESSE   D  ANGOfLEME  DURING 

"THE  HUNDRED  DAYS.      Contributed  by  Mrs.  Tribe. 
REINCARNATION.    By  Lady  Paget. 

THE  READING  OF  THE  COLONIAL  GIRL.    By  Miss  Constance  A 
Barm  coat. 

FRANCESCO  GUARDI.    By  George  A.  Simonson. 
THE  STUDY  OF  FURNITURE.    By  the  Rev.  H.  Maynard  Smith. 
THE    GHENT    SCHOOL    FOR    MOTHERS.     By   the   Hon.    Mrs 
Bcrtrand  Russell. 

TI1de  Cordo\aINICS       IXCIDEXT    AND     C^BA.      By    Rudolph 

PHYSICAL  TRAINING  IN   STOCKHOLM  AND  COPENHAGEN 

By  Mrs.  8charlieb.  M.D..  and  Kim  Allot  Ravenbill 
FRIENDLY  SOCIETIES.    By  Sir  Edward  Brabrook,  C  B    late  Chief 

Registrar. 
HENRICUS    R.     VERSUS   THOMAS    BECKET.       By    the    Rev 

Ethelred  Taunton.  y    Cne    Kev- 

THE  HOUSE  OF  LORDS  AND  THE  EDUCATION  BILL.    By  the 

Right  Hon.  Lord  Eversley.  y  lne 

WHAT  WILL  THE  LORDS  DO?    By  Herbert  Paul   M  P 
London  :  SPOTTISWOODE  k  CO.,  Ltd.,  5,  New  Street  Square. 

[Continued  on  p.  706.] 


CAMBRIDGE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 

THE  INDEBTEDNESS  OF  HANDEL  TO  WORKS  BY  OTHER 

COMPOSERS.   By  Sedley  Taylor,  M.A.,  formerly  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

This  book,  in  the  main  a  presentation  of  evidence,  gives  sufficient  materials  for 
independent  judgment  on  Handel's  indebtedness  to  predecessors  or  contemporaries. 
The  task  of  singling  out  the  compositions  on  which  Handel  drew,  and  the  labour  of 
Imperial  8vo  publishing  them,  have  already  been  performed,  but  till  now  actual  comparison  has 

12s  6d  net  necessitated  the  hunting-up  and  confronting  of  corresponding  passages,   not  in- 

frequently complicated  by  need  of  transposition.  Here,  in  a  single  volume,  a  study 
of  the  whole  subject  is  presented  and  the  process  of  comparison  made  easy  by  the 
collocation  of  musical  extracts,  aided,  wherever  requisite,  by  transposition.  In 
the  case  of  the  Israel  in  Egypt  a  close  view  is  afforded  of  Handel  obtaining  some 
of  his  mightiest  effects  by  methods  of  an  unexpected  and  wonderful  character. 
In  the  concluding  chapter  the  author  discusses  the  question  whether  Handel  was 
morally  justified  in  his  action. 

MODERN  SPAIN,  1815-1898.     By  H.  Butler  Clarke,  M.A.,  late 

Fereday  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College  and  sometime  Taylorian  Teacher  of  Spanish  in 
the  University  of  Oxford.  With  a  Memoir  of  the  Author  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Hutton,  B.D., 
Fellow  and  Tutor  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford. 

Shortly  before  his  death  Mr.  Butler  Clarke  completed  the  manuscript  of  this 
book,  which  he  left  ready  for  press.  The  proofs  have  been  read  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Hutton,  by  Senor  Don  F.  de  Arteaga  y  Pereira,  Taylorian  Teacher  of  .Spanish  in 
the  University  of  Oxford,  and  by  Mr.  James  Fitzmaurice-Kelly.  Mr.  Fitzmaurice- 
Kelly  has  supplied  foot-notes  on  a  few  passages,  but  the  book  is  now  published 
practically  as  it  was  written. 


Crown  8vo 
1  Map 
7s  6d 


THE   THEORY    OF   ALTERNATING    CURRENTS.    By 

Alexander  Russell,  M.A.,  M.I.E.E.,  Lecturer  and  Consultant,  Faraday  House,  London. 
In  two  volumes— Vol.  II. 


"Volume  II 
210  figs,  in  text 

12s  net 
(Vol.  I,  12s  net) 


In  this,  the  second  and  concluding  volume  of  this  work,  the  author  gives  a 
sketch  of  the  theory  of  the  working  of  alternating  apparatus,  in  the  hope  that  it 
will  prove  helpful  to  engineers,  teachers,  and  advanced  students.  In  addition  to  the 
elementary  parts  of  the  theory,  an  introduction  is  given  to  several  of  the  more 
difficult  problems  which  arise  in  practical  work. 


THE   AXIOMS    OF   PROJECTIVE    GEOMETRY.      By  A.  N. 

Whitehead,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 


Demy  8vo 

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Earlier  numbers 


This  forms  No.  4  of  the  Cambridge  Tracts  in  Mathematics  and  Mathematical 
Physics.  The  chief  purpose  of  the  series,  of  which  Mr.  J.  G.  Leathern,  M.A.,  and 
Mr.  E.  T.  Whittaker,  M.A..  F.R.S.,  Royal  Astronomer  of  Ireland,  are  General 
Editors,  is  to  assist  in  the  maintenance  of  a  high  standard  in  English  mathematical 
teaching  by  the  continued  infusion  of  new  methods  and  more  accurate  modes  of 
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RECOLLECTIONS   OF   A 

LUCKNOW   VETERAN, 

18451876. 

By    Major-Cxeneral    J.     RUGGLES, 
Colonel  19th  Pun.jabees.     8vo,  5*.  net. 


THE    OLD   ROOF-TREE. 

Letters   of   Ishbel   to   her   Half-Brother    Mark    Latimer 
(August-January).    Crown  8vo,  5«.  net. 

"They  show  the  characteristic  feminine  touch  in  many 
ways,  and  long  before  the  end  of  the  volume  is  reached  the 
reader  will  have  a  pretty  clear  conception  of  the  sort  of 
personality  of  which  they  are  the  expression — a  gracious 
and  pious  woman,  of  large  sympathies  and  broad  outlook. 
Religious  questions  and  social  problems  are  the  chief 
burden  of  '  Ishbel's  '  letters." — Nottingham  Guardian. 


MR.    EDWARD      ARNOLD'S     NEW     BOOKS. 

FOURTH    LARGE    IMPRESSION. 

THE     REMINISCENCES     OF 
LAD7  DOROTHY  NEVILL. 

Edited    by    her    Son,    RALPH    NEVILL.     With    Portrait,    15s.    net. 


TO    BE    PUBLISHED    ON    MONDAY    NEXT,    DECEMBER    3. 

PERSONAL  ADVENTURES  AND 
ANECDOTES     OF     AN     OLD     OFFICER. 

By  Col.  JAMES  P.  ROBERTSON,  C.B.     With  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  net. 

***  Joining  the  31st  Regiment  in  1912,  Colonel  Robertson  took  part  in  the  Sutle.j  Campaign  from  Moodkee  to  Sobroan. 
He  was  in  the  Crimea,  and  throughout  the  Mutiny  he  commanded  a  regiment  of  Light  Cavalry,  doing  repeatedly  the 
most  gallant  service.  The  incidents  of  life  in  Ireland  and  the  Ionian  Islands  during  the  intervals*  of  peace  are  worthy  of 
'Charles  O'Malley.' 


THE   AFTERMATH   OF   WAR.    An  Account  of  the  Repatria- 

tion  of  Boers  and  Natives  in  Orange  River  Colony,  1902-1904.    By  G.  B.  BEAK,  late  Assistant-Secretary  to  the 
Orange  River  Colony  Repatriation  Committee.     With  Illustrations  and  Map.    Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 


LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO. 
39,    Paternoster    Row,    London,    E.C. 


THE  EDITOR  OF  'BOSWELL'S  JOHNSON.' 

LETTERS  OF  GEORGE  BIRKBECK 

HILL,    D.C.L.    LL.D.      Arranged   by   his    Daughter, 

LUCY  CRUMP.     With  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  Gd. 

net. 

Daily    Chronicle. — "Since    the    only    life  that   is  really 

worth  reading  about  is  the  life  governed  by  ideas,  the 

result  of  Hill's  whole-hearted  concentration  was  to  make 

his  own  '  Life '  peculiarly  interesting  to  all  those  who,  like 

himself,  find  the  biographies  of  the  true  men  of  life  far 

more  stimulating  than  the  adventures  of  the  false  men  of 

fiction.    The  story  of  his  life  is  singularly  free  from  incident 

or  excitement,  but  it  is  absolutely  quivering  with  humour, 

interest,  and  sympathy." 

NEW    BOOKS    OF   TRAVEL. 
PATROLLERS     OF    PALESTINE. 

By   the   Rev.    HASKETT   SMITH,    M.A.,   Editor   of 
'  Murray's    Handbook    to   Syria  and    Palestine,'  1902. 
With  Illustrations.     Large  crown  8vo,  10s.  Gd. 
Daily  Telegraph. — "A  book  of  abounding  interest  and 
bright,   inspiriting   vitality.     'Patrollers  of  Palestine'  is, 
indeed,  one  of  the  most  amusing  and  entertaining  travel- 
books  we  have  ever  met,  and  its  attraction  is  largely  due  to 
the  originality  and  freshness  of  its  scheme." 

WESTERN    TIBET 

AND    THE    BRITISH    BORDERLAND. 
By   CHARLES    A.   SHERHING,   M.A.    F.R.G.S.,   Indian 
Civil  Service,  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Almora.     Royal  8vo, 
with  Illustrations,  Maps,  and  Sketches,  21s.  net. 

Daily  Mail. — "The  photograph  has  never  been  turned  to 
such  superb  use  as  it  has  in  Mr.  Sherring's  story  of  his 
special  mission  to  Western  Tibet.  Mr.  Sherring's  pleasant 
narrative  of  his  wanderings  is  full  of  delightful  and  easily 
imparted  erudition." 

ABYSSINIA   OF  TO-DAY.     An 

Account  of  the  First  Mission  sent  by  the  American 

Government  to  the  King  of  Kings.     By  ROBERT  P. 

SKINNER,   American  Consul-General,   Commissioner 

to  Abyssinia,  1903-1904.     With  numerous  Illustrations 

and  Map.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  Gd.  net. 

Morning  Post. — "Decidedly  interesting  and  instructive. 

The  story  is  no  tale  of  dry-as-dust  diplomacy,  but  quite  a 

human  document ;   indeed,  reality  is  one  of   its   special 

features." 

TRANSLATIONS  INTO  LATIN 

AND  GREEK  VERSE.  By  H.  A.  J.  MUNRO,  some- 
time Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and  Professor  of  Latin 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge.  With  a  Prefatory 
Note  by  J.  D.  '  DUFF,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.     Medium  8vo,  with  Portrait,  6s.  net. 

A      SONG-GARDEN      FOR 

CHILDREN.      By    HARRY    GRAHAM    and    ROSA 

NEWMARCH.     The   Music  Edited  and  Arranged  by 

NORMAN  O'NEILL.     Imperial  8vo,  2s.  Gd.  net. 

Atlienteum. — "  'A  Song-Garden  for  Children,'  by  Norman 

O'Neill,  is  a  collection  of  forty-three  songs  drawn  from  the 

musical  literature  of  France  and  Germany.    The   English 

translations    have    been    very    freely    rendered,    but    the 

essential  grace  and  charm  of  many  of  the  lyrics  remain, 

and  the  collection  forms  a  welcome  addition  to  our  store  of 

children's  songs." 

THE   LAND    OF  PLAY.     By  Mrs. 

GRAHAM     WALLAS.      Illustrated      by    GILBERT 

JAMES.  Crown  8vo,  3«.  M. 
Manchester  Courier. — "A  collection  of  four  delightful 
stories  for  children,  which  have  the  advantage  of  being 
illustrated  by  Mr.  Cilbert  James.  Fairydom  and  real  life 
are  pleasantly  blended,  and  the  sketches  are  most 
original." 


QUICKSILVER 
AND    FLAME. 


NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

SECOND  IMPRESSION. 

THE  LADY  ON  THE 

DRAWING-ROOM  FLOOR. 

By  M.  E.  COLERIDGE, 

Author  of  '  The  King  with  Two  Faces,'  '  The  Fiery 
Dawn,'  &c. 

A  CHORUS  OP  "  CHARMING." 

"The  lady  on  the  drawing-room  floor  is  a  charming 
creation." — Tribune. 

"  Miss  Coleridge  has  not  hitherto  written  anything  so 
purely  charming  as  '  The  Lady  on  the  Drawing-Room 
Floor.' " — Manchester  Guardian. 

"A  charming  little  novel."— Morning  Post. 

"A  charming  piece  of  work." — Manchester  Courier. 

By  ST.  JOHN  LUCAS, 

Author  of 
'The  Absurd  Repentance.' 

"As  usual  in  Mr.  Lucas's  books,  we  are  introduced  to  a 
number  of  very  charming  people,  who  talk  deltghtftdly. 
Worthy  of  an  honourable  place  amongst  the  good  novels  of  a 
season  unusually  rich  in  them." — OUTLOOK. 

OCCASIONS  FORELOCK.  By  Violet 

A.  SIMPSON,  Author  of  '  The  Bonnet  Conspirators.* 
"This  attractive  story." — Manchester  Guardian. 
"  A  good  novel  of  the  moment." — Sunday  Times. 
"  The  book's  merit  lies  in  the  penetrating  knowledge  of 
character  it  discloses." — Daily  News. 

THE  MILLMASTER.    By  C.Holmes 

CAUTLEY. 

"A  novel  of  universal  appeal." — Yorkshire  Post. 

"A  singularly  interesting  first  novel." — Morning  Leader. 

"A  fascinating  character  study." — Scotsman. 

"A  work  of  many-sided  excellence." 

Yorkshire  Observer. 

THE    BASKET    OF    FATE.      By 

SIDNEY    PICKERING,    Author   of    'Verity,'   'The 

Key  of  Paradise,'  <fcc. 
"An  engaging  story  of  real  English  life." — Tatler. 
"Well  and  vivaciously  written." — Glasgow  Herald. 
"Thoroughly  readable." — Nottingham  Guardian. 

NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'RUTHLESS 
RHYMES  FOR  HEARTLESS  HOMES.' 

MISREPRESENTATIVE  WOMEN. 

By  HARRY  GRAHAM.    Illustrated  by  D.  S.  GROES- 
BECK.    Fcap.  8vo,  5s. 
"This  is  a  delightful  volume,  and  we  have  punctuated  our 
perusal  of  it  with  much  laughter." — Daily  Mail. 

"So  seductive  is  his  lyre  that  while  realising  the  wicked- 
ness of  his  imagination  we  have  read  his  verses  twice  over, 
till  his  rhymes  come  jingling  to  our  ears  with  delightful 
and  diabolical  merriment." — Tribune. 

NEW  F.  C.  G.  BOOK. 

POLITICAL  CARICATURES,  1906. 

By  Sir  F.  CARRUTHERS  GOULD.  104  Cartoons  from 
the  Westminster  Gazette.    Super-royal  4to,  6s.  net. 

[December  7. 

LETTERS    TO  A   GODCHILD    ON 

THE  CATECHISM  AND  CONFIRMATION.  By 
ALICE  GARDNER,  Associate  and  Lecturer  of  Newn- 
ham  College,  Cambridge.     Fcap.  8vo,  2s.  Gd.  net. 


London  :  EDWARD  ARNOLD,  41  and  43,  Maddox  Street,  Bond  Street,  W. 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


679 


MESSRS.    CONSTABLE'S    LIST. 


GOLDEN  DAYS  OF 
THE  RENAISSANCE  IN  ROME. 

By  EODOLFO  LANCIANI, 

Author  of  '  New  Talcs  of  Old  Rome.' 
Royal  8vo,  illustrated  from  about  100  Drawings  and 
Photographs,  21s.  net. 
The  purpose  of  this    book  is  to  describe  the  moral  and 
material  evolution  of  the  Eternal  City  from  mediaeval  con- 
ditions, and  to  draw  a  picture  of  it  as  it  was  in  the  very 
summit  of  its  renaissance.     In  developing  the  subject  one 
principal  aim  has  been  kept  in  view  :  to  illustrate  the  few 
monuments  of  that  period  left  standing  in  Rome  and  mostly 
concealed  under    modern    superstructures.     But    from    a 
scholarly  and  an  artistic  point  of  view  the  book  will  prove  a 
rare  acquisition  to  the  literature  of  Rome. 

MY  PILGRIMAGE  TO  THE  WISE 
MEN  OF  THE  EAST. 

By  MONCURE  D.  CONWAY. 
8vo,   fully   illustrated,   12*;  6d.  net. 

In  his  recent  autobiography  Mr.  Conway  barely  alluded 
to  his  experiences  in  Hindoostau.  They  were  so  far  afield 
from  his  life  in  America  and  England,  that  he  decided  to 
make  a  separate  volume  i  f  them.  The  bulk  of  the  present 
book  relates  to  his  memories  of  and  conversations  with  lead- 
ing Buddhists,  Brahmius,  Parsees,  Moslems,  and  others  in 
India,  his  impressions  and  observations  of  the  country,  and 
his  saunterings  amid  ancient  shrines. 

The  religious  side  of  Mr.  Conway's  life  has  so  predominated 
over  the  rest  of  his  experiences,  that  his  relations  with  the 
leaders  of  religious  thought  in  the  country,  which  may 
almost  be  said  to  be  the  cradle  of  all  religions,  are  of  great 
interest  and  importance. 

EDINBURGH 
UNDER  SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 

By  W.  T.  FYFE.  With  an  Introduction  by  R.  S.  RAIT. 
Demy  8vo,  10s.  6rf.  net. 
The  purport  of  this  book  is  to  give  a  picture  of  the  remark- 
able society  which  rendered  the  city  of  Edinburgh  illus- 
trious in  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the  early 
years  of  the  nineteenth.  Of  this  society  the  uatural  centre 
was  Sir  Walter  Scott,  whose  personality  dominated  Edin- 
burgh during  a  large  portion  of  the  period. 

A  TREASURY  OF  ENGLISH 
LITERATURE. 

Edited  and  Arranged  by  KATE  M.  WARREN, 

Lecturer  in  English  Language  and  Literature  at  Westfield 

College  (University  of  London). 

Introduction  by  STOPFORD  BROOKE,  M.A. 

About  1,000  pages,  7s.  6d.  net. 

TACITUS,  AND  OTHER  ROMAN 
STUDIES. 

By  Prof.  GASTON  BOISSIER. 

Translated   by   W.    G.    HUTCHISON. 

Demy  Svo,  6s.  net. 

The  Manchester  Guardian  says: — "The  work  was  well 

worth  doing,  and  there  are  few,  if  any,   who  will    leave 

M.  Boissier's  book  without  feeling  that  they  understand 

Tacitus  as  they  never  did  before." 

STUDIES  IN  SEVEN  ARTS. 

By  ARTHUR  SYMONS.  Demy  8vo,  8*.  6d.  net. 
Contents : — Rodin — The  Painting  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury—Gustave  Moreau— Watts— Whistler— Cathedrals— The 
Decay  of  Craftsmanship  in  England— Beethoven — The  Ideas 
of  Richard  Wagner  —  The  Problem  of  Richard  Strauss  — 
Eleonora  Duse— A  New  Art  of  the  Stage— A  Symbolist  Farce 
— Pantomime  and  the  Poetic  Drama— The  World  at  Ballet. 

VICTORIAN  NOVELISTS. 

By  LEWIS  MELVILLE, 

Author  of  '  The  Life  of  William  Makepeace  Thackeray.' 

With  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 


COMEDY  QUEENS  OF  THE 
GEORGIAN  ERA. 

By  JOHN  FYVIE,  Author  of  '  Some  Famous  Women  of 
Wit  and  Beauty,'  '  Literary  Eccentrics.' 

Demy  8vo,  with  8  Full-Page  Portraits  in  Photogravure, 
12s.  6a!.  net. 

Studies  of  Lavinia  Fenton— Charlotte  Clark— Catherine 
Clive — Margaret  Woffington— George  Anne  Bellamy— Francis 
Abington  —  Sophia  Baddeley  —  Elizabeth  Farren  —  Mary 
Robinson — Mary  Sumbel— Dora  Jordan — Harriet  Mellor. 

THE  KING  OF  COURT  POETS. 

A  Study  of  the  Life,  Work,  and  Times  of 
Lodovico  Ariosto. 

By  EDMUND  GARDNER, 
Author  of  '  Dukes  and  Poets  in  Ferrara,'  &c. 

With  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  16s.  net. 

The  Daily  Telegraph  says : — "  In  this  work  he  has  given  us 
in  scholarly  fashion  a  careful  and  deeply  interesting  chapter 

of  Renaissance  history and  he  has  made  for  many  of  us 

the  name  of  Ariosto  something  more  than  a  mere  name 
attached  to  certain  poems.  He  has  made  it  stand  for  a 
striking  personality  occupying  a  prominent  position  in  the 
history  of  his  time  and  in  the  literature  of  his  country. 
There  is  the  very  spirit  of  romance  in  much  of  the  history 
of  the  Renaissance  in  Italy  ;  always  interesting,  it  is  made 
additionally  so  when  presented  with  the  fulness  of  know- 
ledge and  literary  ability  of  Mr.  Edmund  Gardner." 

THE  LIFE  OF 

CHARLES  GODFREY  LELAND, 

"HANS  BREITMANN." 

By    ELIZABETH    ROBINS    PENNELL. 

2  vols,  illustrated,  demy  8vo,  21s.  net. 

Daily  Chronicle.  — "  It  is  not  often  that  an  uncle  has  a 
niece  who  can  write  his  biography  with  the  lightness  and 
knowledge    which   suffuse    these   two    volumes.      Charles 

Godfrey  Leland has  found  a  biographer  who  presents  us 

with  a  most  engaging  personality  seen  through  the  eyes  of 
another  most  engaging  personality.  Leland  was  many  men 
rolled  into  one.  He  was  a  scholar,  journalist,  prospector  for 
oil,  builder  of  trenches  in  the  Civil  War,  student  of  gypsies, 
tinkers,  and  Red  Indians,  mystic— always  a  bit  of  a  mystic — 
and  brilliaut  letter  writer.  He  lived  a  full  life,  a  jolly  life, 
a  life  of  activity  and  wonder  and  research." 

SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

A  GERMAN  POMPADOUR. 

By  MARIE  HAY. 
Demy  8vo,   12s.   6d.  net.    [Second  Edition. 

"This  is  a  notable  piece  of  work.  There  is  distinction 
in  the  style,  and  the  writer  shows  evident  familiarity  with 
the  period  and  place  involved."— Athenaeum. 

"  Memoirs  of  a  remarkable  character  and  of  considerable 
historical  importance." — Westminster  Gazette. 

LETTERS  AND  RECOLLECTIONS 
OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

Being  his  Correspondence  with  Tobias  Lear 
and  the  latter's  Diary. 

Illustrated,  demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

WALT  WHITMAN. 

A  Study  of  his  Life  and  Work, 

By  BLISS  PERRY. 

Crown  8vo,  illustrated    with   Portraits,   Facsimiles  of 
MSS.,  A:c. ,  6s.  net. 


THE    FLOCK. 

An  Idyl  of  Shepherd's  Life  and  Work 
in  California. 

By  MARY  AUSTIN,  Author  of  '  Isidro.' 

Illustrated  by  E.  BOYD  SMITH. 

Extra  crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 

Mrs.  AUSTIN  has  spent  several  years  among  the  herders 

and  their  flocks,  and  her  book  is  instinct  with  the  feeling 

for  the  open  air.  and  the  indescribably  lovely  scenery  of  the 

valleys  of  the  Pacific  slope  and  its  mountain  ranges.     It  is 

practical  also,  and  historical. 


THE    NATIVE    RACES    OF   THE 
BRITISH    EMPIRE. 

A  Series  of  Illustrated  Ethnographical  Handbooks  intended 

to  convey  accurate  information  in  a  popular  and 

readable  form. 

Demy  8vo,  6s.  net  each. 

Vol.  I.— NATIVES  OF  AUSTRALIA. 

By    NORTHCOTE    W.    THOMAS. 

With  32  Full-Page  Illustrations. 


RACE    PREJUDICE. 

By  JEAN  FINOT. 

Translated    by  F.    WADE -EVANS. 

Demy  8vo,  10s.  tjd.  net. 

THE   ENGLISH   PATENTS    OF 
MONOPOLY. 

By  WILLIAM  HYDE  PRICE,  Ph.D. 

8vo,  6s.  net. 

This  monograph  is  the  result  of  several  years  of  research, 
part  in  the  British  Museum  and  the  Record  Office.  It 
presents  material  on  this  important  phase  of  economic 
history  not  hitherto  available. 

TIME    AND    CLOCKS: 

A  Description  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Methods  of  Measuring  Time. 

By  H.  H.  CUNYNGHAME,  C.B. 
With  numerous  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 


RELIGIONS    ANCIENT    AND 
MODERN. 

Price  Is.  net,  per  Vol. 

A  Series  presenting  the  salient  features  of  the  Great 
Religious  of  the  World's  Races. 

NEW    VOLUMES. 

ISLAM. 

By  AMEER  ALI  SYED,  M.A.  CLE.,  Member  of  the 

Imperial  Legislative  Council  of  India,  Author  of 

'  The  Spirit  of  Islam.' 

THE    RELIGION     OF    ANCIENT 
EGYPT. 

By  Prof.  W.  M.  FLINDERS  PETRIE,  F.R.S. 


POPULAR   SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


THE  TREASURE  OF  HEAVEN. 

A  Romance  of  Riches. 

By     MARIE      CORELLI. 
With  Portrait  of  the  Author. 

[Third  Edition. 

M0NTLIVET. 

A  Romance. 

By    ALICE   PRESCOTT   SMITH. 

H0LYLAND. 

By  GU  STAV  FBENSSEN,  Author  of '  Jorn  Uhl." 


GROWTH. 

By  GRAHAM  TRAVERS,  Author  of '  Mona  Maclean. 
Daily  Telegraph. — "  It  is  a  story  of  considerable  power.' 

THE  MAN  IN  THE  CASE. 

By  ELIZABETH  STUART  PHELPS, 
Author  of  '  Trixy,"  '  Old  Maids  in  Paradise.' 

THE  OPENED  SHUTTERS. 

By  CLARA  LOUISE  BURNUAM, 
Author  of  '  Jewel,'  4c. 


THE  EIGHT  GUESTS. 


By  PERCY  WHITE, 
Author  of '  Mr.  John  Strood,'  '  Park  Lane,'  4c. 
Tribune.— "  Emphatically  a  book  that  every  ona  ihould 
read." 

THE  INCOMPLETE  AMORIST. 

By  E.  NESBIT,  Author  of '  The  Bed  House.' 

A 
KNIGHT  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND. 

By  JOHN  FOX, 

Author  of '  The  Little  Shepherd  of  Kingdom  Come.' 

With  Coloured  Illustrations,  2s.  6d.  net. 


London :  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  Ltd. 


680 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


PITMAN'S 
CHRISTMAS     BOOKS 


NOW    READY, 
FATHER  BENSON'S  NEW  NOYEL. 

THE  SENTIMENTALISTS 

By  ROBERT  HUGH  BENSON,  Author 
of  'The  Queen's  Tragedy,'  'By  What 
Authority?'  'The  King's  Achievement,' 
&c. 

NOW  READY. 

THE  CAMBRIDGE  APOSTLES 

By  Mrs.  CHARLES  BROOKFIELD.  With 
12  Full-Page  Plate  Portraits.  21s.  net. 

The  "  Cambridge  Apostles  "  were  a  group  of 
brilliant  young  men  who  formed  an  exclu- 
sively intellectual  coterie  whilst  under- 
graduates at  that  University,  and  took  the 
name  of  Apostles  partly  because  they  were 
twelve  in  number,  and  partly  because  they 
were  pioneers  of  new  ideas,  and  stood,  so  to 
speak,  on  the  frontier  line  of  progress. 
Amongst  the  members  of  this  famous  set, 
nearly  all  of  whom  attained  celebrity  in 
after  life  in  one  direction  or  another, 
■were  Tennyson,  Hallam,  Monckton  Milnes, 
Maurice,  Kemble,  Trench,  John  Sterling, 
and  James  Spedding. 

"  No  one  can  afford  to  miss  the  fascinating 
book  which  Mrs.  Brookfield  has  been  so 
happily  advised  to  put  forth." — Tribune. 

DANIEL     O'CONNELL: 

HIS  EARLY  LIFE  AND 
JOURNAL,      179  5-18  0  2. 

Edited,  with  an  Introduction  and  Ex- 
planatory Notes,  by  ARTHUR  HOUSTON, 
K.C.  LL.D.  With  Full-Page  Photogravure 
Illustrations.  12s.  6d.  net. 

"Of   considerable   personal   interest It 

has  the  attraction  which  always  attaches 
to  the  record  of  a  great  man's  intimate 
thoughts  and  early  aspirations  —  Reveals 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


683 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  1,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

683 
684 
685 
686 


The  Army  in  1906      

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Leslie  Stephen 

The  Fair  Hills  of  Ireland       

C.  G.  Leland 

New  Novels  (Sir  Nigel ;  Rezanov  ;  A  Little  Brown 
Mouse ;  The  Sinews  of  War ;  Sir  John  Constan- 
tine ;  Periwinkle ;  Occasion's  Forelock  ;  The  Philo- 
sopher and  the  Foundling)         687 — 688 

Sports  and  Pastimes  688 

Our  Library  Table  (Lord  Milner's  Work  in  South 
Africa;  The  Private  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge ;  Dr.  Conway's  Pilgrimage  to  the  East ;  A 
Royal  Tragedy ;  The  Poems  of  Keats  ;  A  French 
Cause  celebre  ;  La  Decouverte  du  Vieux  Monde  ; 
French  Society  during  the  Consulate  ;  The  English 
Catalogue  of  Books,  1901-5  ;  De  la  Rue's  Diaries 
and  Calendars)        689—691 

List  of  New  Books 691 

•Bibliotheca  Sarraziana';  'Paradise  Row'; 
Sales 692—693 

Literary  Gossip        693 

Science— Sir  A.  Noble  on  Artillery  and  Ex- 
plosives ;  A  Text-Book  of  Fungi  ;  Electric 
Flashes;  Science  and  Belief;  Anthropo- 
logical Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next 
Week;  Gossip 694—698 

Fine  Arts— Aims  and  Ideals  in  Art;  English 
Costume  ;  The  Complete  Photographer  ;  The 
Society  of  Portrait  Painters  ;  Peter  Pan 
in  Kensington  Gardens  ;  Messrs.  Shepherd 
Brothers'  Winter  Exhibition  ;  The  Baillie 
Galleries  ;  Gift  of  Coins  to  the  British 
Museum;  Sales;  Gossip       699—701 

Music— Patron's  Fund  Concert  ;  Brahms  Chamber 
Concerts;  Modern  Music  and  Musicians; 
Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week      ..     701—703 

Drama— Garrick  and  his  Circle;  The  Annals 
of  Covent  Garden  Theatre;  Gossip    ..      703—704 

Index  to  Advertisers       704 


LITERATURE 

The  Army  in  1906.  By  the  Right  Hon. 
H.  O.  Arnold  -  Forster,  M.P.  (John 
Murray.) 

This  defence  of  his  proposals  of  1904 
by  the  late  Secretary  of  State  for  War 
appeared  at  the  time  when  the  present 
Secretary  of  State  had  just  made  his  latest 
explanation  of  the  principles  which  will 
guide  him  in  the  proposed  reorganization 
of  the  volunteers  and  in  his  intended 
legislation  of  next  year.  From  the  general 
statements  of  Mr.  Arnold- Forster's  book 
Mr.  Haldane  would  not  dissent.  The 
majority  of  the  electorate  and  the  majority 
in  the  House  of  Commons  differ,  perhaps, 
on  many  points  from  both  the  rival 
Secretaries  of  State,  who  differ  from  each 
other  chiefly  upon  detail.  Both  are  of 
opinion,  in  the  words  of  the  book  before  us, 
that,  as  "  the  Admiralty  "  believe  "  they 
can  guarantee "  us  "  against  serious  in- 
vasion," "  the  Army  we  want  is,"  above 
all  things,  "an  army  which  will  enable  us 
to  maintain  our  Empire  across  the  sea.'' 
Mr.  Arnold-Forster  goes  on  to  say  : — 

"  Obviously,  the  Army  which  we  now 
have  is  not  the  one  we  require,  for  it  includes 
over  400,000  men  who  are  not  bound  to  go 
abroad,  and  the  majority  of  whom  are  not 
required  for  defence  at  home." 

Mr.  Haldane  admits  this  position  of  his 
predecessor,  as  he  intends  to  make  the 
militia  liable  to  service  abroad,  and  hopes 
that  the  volunteers  will  recognize  that 
"  the  defence ....  of  the  Empire  is  the 
duty  of  every  man  who  feels  within  him 
the  call  to  bear  the  burden  of  Empire." 
They  are  "  a  reserve  force, ...  .if  need  be, 
to  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  regular 
army,  extending  and  supportng  it  in 
time  of  war."  "  We  do  not  in  this  country 


in  the  main  look  forward  to  fighting  upon 
these  shores." 

When  we  come  to  detail  we  find  Mr. 
Arnold-Forster  grumbling  at  the  party  to 
which  Mr.  Haldane  belongs  for  having 
opposed  the  service  of  the  militia  across 
the  seas  when  he  proposed  it.  Lord 
Ripon's  opposition  in  the  House  of  Lords 
was  not  based  upon  the  merits  of  the 
proposal,  and  in  the  Commons  the  Bill 
was  not  pressed  by  the  late  Administra- 
tion, and,  if  it  had  been,  would,  we 
have  reason  to  believe,  have  received 
much  Liberal  support. 

The  main  difference  between  Mr. 
Haldane  and  Mr.  Arnold-Forster — and 
it  is  one  on  which  the  latter  makes  a 
strong  defence  of  his  opinion — concerns 
the  linked-battalion  system,  which  he 
declares  "  will  hang  like  a  log  round  the 
neck  of  a  Minister  anxious  for. . . . 
economy."  The  opinion  of  Mr.  Arnold- 
Forster  is 

"  that,  if  they  could  accumulate  a  larger 
Reserve  and  maintain  a  smaller  force  at 
home,  they  would  have  done  nothing  to 
weaken  the  defence  of  the  Empire,  but  would 
have  made  it  possible  to  effect  real  and  sub- 
stantial economy  in  the  cost  of  our  military 
establishment. ' ' 

Our  present  military  system,  with  its 
enormous  cost,  resting  on  the  theory  that 
each  battalion  abroad  receives  its  drafts 
from  a  corresponding  battalion  at  home, 
has  never  worked  in  practice,  and  is 
maintained  by  "  emergency  measures. . . . 
and  make-believe  such  as  is  involved  in 
the  system  of  Short-Tour  battalions." 
Mr.  Arnold  -  Forster,  however,  is  a 
moderate  reformer  in  this  respect,  and 
clings  to  the  view  that  "  a  sufficient 
number  of  units  must  be  kept  at  home  to 
allow  of  a  circulation.  It  would  be  in- 
expedient ....  to  keep  British  troops  per- 
manently in  India."  The  stay  of  a 
battalion  in  India  varies,  we  believe, 
from  seventeen  years  to  twenty  -  three 
years,  and  is,  therefore,  already  per- 
manent as  regards  almost  every  man  and 
almost  every  officer.  There  is  no  real 
"  circulation,"  except  by  the  exchanges 
of  officers,  and  the  annual  renewal  of  the 
men  by  drafts,  so  that  each  man  is  dis- 
charged to  the  reserve  at  the  end  of  eight 
years'  service.  It  is  difficult,  consequently, 
to  see  why  "  circulation  "  is  absolutely 
necessary. 

The  abolition  of  the  linked-battalion 
system  was  assumed  by  the  Esher  Com- 
mittee at  the  moment  when  Mr.  Balfour 
accepted  their  Report  and  changed  his 
War  Minister.  Mr.  Arnold-Forster  dis- 
tinctly states  that  the  Defence  Committee 
of  the  Cabinet  adopted  at  that  time  or  a 
little  later  a  view  "  incompatible  with  the 
existence  of  the  linked-battalion  system." 

Here  we  come  to  the  problems  of 
length  of  service  and  recruiting.  Contrary 
to  public  belief,  and  in  spite  of  good 
trade,  which  is  usually  supposed  to  check 
recruiting,  recruiting  is  brisk  at  the 
present  time  for  the  regular  army,  though 
extremely  bad  for  the  militia.  The  latter 
fact  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  after  the 
condemnation   of   the    militia,    for   other 


people's  faults,  by  the  Elgin  Commission, 
and  in  view  of  the  inability  of  successive 
Secretaries  of  State  to  explain  the  exact 
part  which  the  militia  is  meant  to  play  in 
our  military  organization. 

Mr.  Arnold-Forster  attacks  his  suc- 
cessor for  "putting  an  end  to  short- 
service  enlistments  for  the  Line.  This  is 
a  grievous  error." 

"  The  new  policy  ....  has  practically 
stopped  the  creation  of  a  trained  Reserve 
for  every  branch  of  the  Army.  To  stop 
short-service  enlistment  was,  therefore,  con- 
sistent with  this  policy,  but  it  was  none  the 
less  a  most  unwise  act." 

We  gather  from  Mr.  Haldane's  language 
that  he  would  not  admit  the  change  of 
policy  thus  described.  We  agree  with 
Mr.  Arnold  -  Forster  that  a  nine-year 
service  (such  as  that  to  which  for  a  time, 
in  spite  of  his  opinions,  he  was  forced 
to  confine  enlistment)  and  a  seven-year 
service,  to  which  we  are  reverting  (which 
means  eight  years  for  the  great  number 
discharged  in  India),  constitute  long 
service.    We  also  agree  that 

"  exclusive  enlistment  for  Long  Service 
cannot  produce  an  adequate  Reserve. 
Coupled  with  the  maintenance  of  the  Linked- 
Battalion  system,  it  must  prevent  the  reduc- 
tion of  expenditure.  The  policy  which  has 
led  to  the  closing  of  Short-Service  enlist- 
ment should  be  reversed,  and  the  Linked- 
Battalion  system  for  the  purpose  of  drafting 
be  abolished." 

It  is  commonly  believed  that  short- 
service  enlistment  broke  down,  and  that 
men  will  not  enlist  for  long  service  when 
they  have  short  service  open  to  them. 
Mr.  Arnold-Forster  sharply  contradicts 
such  statements. 

"  As  to  the  result  of  the  experiment,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  a  remarkable 
and  unqualified  success.  The  fact  was  not, 
and,  indeed,  never  has  been,  properly  appre- 
ciated by  the  public." 

He  thinks  that  the  reserve  can  be  main- 
tained on  such  a  system,  and  that 
"  it  was  made  abundantly  clear  that  as  many 
short-service  men  as  are  required  can  be 
obtained  by  opening  short-service  enlistment 
from  time  to  time,  concurrently  witli  long- 
service  enlistment.  The  fact  is  of  great 
importance,  for  it  justifies  everything  that 
has  been  said  as  to  the  desirability  and  the 
possibility  of  raising  and  maintaining  a  Long- 
Service  Army  and  a  Short-Service  Army 
side  by  side.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted 
that  this  interesting  and  important  experi- 
ment was  put  an  end  to  by  the  Army  Council 
in  January,  1906.  Since  that  date  the 
creation  of  a  Reserve  for  the  Regular  Army 
has  practically  ceased." 

Mr.  Haldane,  we  imagine,  would  reply 
that  it  ceased  on  various  occasions  under 
Mr.  Arnold-Forster.  The  real  fact  is  that 
the  drafts  for  India  are  "  short,"  i.e. 
insufficient,  tor  reasons  which  Mr. 
Arnold-Forster  states,  and,  we  may  add, 
will  continue  to  be  "  short,"  whatever 
is  now  done,  for  two  or  three  years  still 
to  come. 

The  language  used  with  regard  to  the 
Army  Council,  both  by  Mr.  Arnold-Forster 
and  by  Mr.  Haldane,  is  in  striking  con- 
trast to  the  intention  proclaimed  at  the 
time  of  the  Esher  Report.     The  First  and 


684 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


Second  Members  of  the  Army  Council 
have  been  in  their  places  from  the  first. 
They  were  put  there  by  Mr.  Balfour  and 
Xiord  Esher  at  the  moment  when  Mr. 
Arnold-Forster  was  made  Secretary  of 
State.  They  have  been  retained  in  their 
positions  by  the  present  Government,  and 
are,  according  to  theory,  the  advisers  of 
Mr.  Haldane.  Yet  Mr.  Arnold-Forster' s 
policy  was  named  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons as  the  policy  of  the  Army  Council. 
It  has,  according  to  our  author,  been 
reversed,  and  what  is  virtually  the  same 
Army  Council  is,  in  theory,  responsible  for 
the  change  and  for  the  new  policy. 

The  army  problem,  of  which  the  main 
difficulty  has  been  stated,  is  connected 
with  the  questions  of  the  future  of  militia 
and  volunteers.  Mr.  Arnold  -  Forster 
says  : — 

"It  is  contended  that  the  necessity  for 
Short-Service  enlistment  disappears  when 
once  it  is  recognised  that  the  Auxiliary 
Forces  can  and  will  supply  a  Reserve  for  the 
Regular  Army.     The  contention  is  true." 

He  adds  that  "  the  promised  alternative 
. . .  .has  not  got  beyond  the  stage  of  talk." 
Meanwhile,  "  the  condition  of  the  militia 
is  lamentable."  It  is  rapidly  losing  men, 
and,  as  Mr.  Arnold-Forster  shows,"  70  per 
cent,  of  "  its  "  recruits  are  passed  on  to 
the  Line  within  three  months  of  their 
entry.  Every  one  of  these  is  counted 
twice  over  in  our  returns."  "  If  a  boy  be 
passed  into  the  Militia  and  subsequently 
into  the  Army,  two  bounties  are  payable 
in  respect  of  him  to  the  recruiting  officer." 
On  the  other  hand,  the  volunteers 
under  the  administration  of  General  Mac- 
kinnon  are  increasing  in  strength,  and, 
according  to  our  author,  are  directly 
competing  with  the  militia.  Mr.  Arnold- 
Forster  is  less  clear  with  regard  to  the 
volunteers  than  in  other  portions  of  his 
book.  "In  the  opinion  of  the  author  the 
true  purpose  for  which  the  Volunteers  are 
raised  and  maintained  is  not  to  serve 
abroad."  They  are  very  numerous. 
They  admittedly  contain  the  finest 
material  that  we  possess.  Invasion  the 
author  thinks  impossible,  while  raids  are 
likely  to  be  small.  Mr.  Arnold-Forster 
was  made  by  the  Government  of  which 
he  was  a  member  to  abandon  his  own 
proposals  on  the  subject  of  the  volunteers 
—no  great  change,  for  they  were  tenta- 
tive and  moderate.  We  gather,  however, 
that  the  Government  did  not  share  his 
opinion  of  the  volunteers,  and  that  the 
Government  and  the  Army  Council 
differed  on  this  important  subject  from 
the  Defence  Committee  of  the  Cabinet. 
We  are  hardly  able  to  agree  with  the 
language  in  which  Mr.  Arnold-Forster 
defends  his  famous  circular.  Command- 
ing officers  were  told  that  the  War  Office 
wished  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  volun- 
teers "  for  active  service  'abroad."  It  is 
then  explained  that  29,000  out  of  180,000 
examined  "  were  reported  as  medically 
unfit  within  the  terms  of  the  circular." 
It  is,  perhaps,  hardly  fair  to  add  : — 

'  The  Army  Council  had  ascertained 
beyond  doubt  that  it  was  asking  the  nation 


to  pay  for  29,000  soldiers  who  were  incapable 
of  serving  it." 

It  is  at  least  possible  that  a  large  propor- 
tion of  "  the  unfit  men  "  were  capable  of 
serving  at  home  against  raids. 

On  field  artillery  Mr.  Arnold-Forster,  in 
our  opinion,  proves  his  case.  He  says 
that  it  took  Mr.  Haldane  "  a  few  weeks 
only  to  discover  that  the  military  advisers 
of  his  predecessors  were  absolutely 
wrong."  The  unfortunate  fact  for  the 
general  public  is  that  these  "  military 
advisers  "  were  the  same  men.  There  is, 
perhaps,  a  little  party  spirit  in  the  artil- 
lery chapters.  Credit  is  claimed  for  the 
foresight  of  two  Secretaries  of  State  be- 
longing to  Mr.  Arnold-Forster's  party  for 
increasing  the  artillery ;  and  the  previous 
decrease  of  the  artillery  by  a  third  Secre- 
tary of  State  of  the  same  party  is  some- 
what slurred  over  on  the  next  page.  The 
fact  is  that,  in  the  difficulty  caused  by 
the  linked  -  battalion  system,  whenever 
economy  is  called  for  by  the  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer,  the  artillery  and  the 
cavalry  are  the  sections  apt  to  feel  the 
pinch.  Instructed  opinion  is  aware  that 
these  are  the  branches  which  should  be 
retained  at  full  strength,  and  that  it  is 
the  home-service  infantry  which  should 
be  cut  down  if  reduction  is  required. 
The  general  public  accepts,  in  its  necessary 
ignorance,  the  official  statements  as  to  the 
impossibility  of  altering  the  system  un- 
fortunately adopted  for  the  Indian  drafts  ; 
and  the  "  military  advisers  "  do,  under 
pressure,  and  are  supposed  to  "  recom- 
mend," that  which  ought  not  to  be  done. 

Mr.  Arnold-Forster  gives  interesting 
details  of  the  scheme  for  the  creation  of 
volunteer  field-batteries,  which  he  prefers 
to  Mr.  Haldane's  rival  plan  of  militia 
field-artillery. 

There  are  not  many  passages  in  the 
volume — necessarily  devoted  to  military 
detail — that  deal  with  wide  considerations 
affecting  the  art  of  war.  One  of  them 
is,  however,  of  much  interest,  and  we  are 
inclined  to  agree  with  our  author  in  the 
historical  truth  of  his  position.  He  destroys 
the  popular  belief  which  lies  at  the  base 
of  many  erroneous  views  of  war.  He 
declares — and  we  think  proves — that  there 
is  mischief  in  the  delusion  that  fighting  in 
one's  own  country  in  itself  confers  ad- 
vantage. Historically  the  army  fighting 
in  its  own  country  is 

"  as  a  rule.  .  .  .the  army  of  a  nation  which 
has  suffered  defeat.  A  British  army  fighting 
on  British  soil  must  of  necessity  be  the  army 
of  a  defeated  nation  ;  for  it  can  only  be  by 
the  defeat  of  the  Navy  that  an  enemy  can 
obtain  a  footing  on  our  shores.  But  a 
beaten  army,  or  even  the  army  of  a  beaten 
nation,  is  an  army  which  has  already  lost 
that  all-important  aid  to  victory — the  pos- 
session of  unimpaired  prestige  and  the  con- 
fidence born  of  success.  ' 

There  are  other  causes  which  put  it  at  a 
disadvantage.  It  is  hampered  by  the 
friendship  of  the  inhabitants  ;  while  the 
enemy  obtains  direct  advantage  by  being 
under  no  restraint.  There  are  cases  often 
quoted  on  the  other  side — that,  for 
example,  of  the  Spaniards  against 
Napoleon  ;  but  they  do  not  stand  careful 


examination.  Napoleon's  own  "  Campaign 
of  France  "  proves  only  the  advantage  pos- 
sessed by  a  single  general  of  genius  against 
the  divided  counsels  of  inferior  men. 
With  respect  to  modern  war,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  an  ascertained  fact  that  the 
advantage  in  enclosed  country  such  as  ours 
belongs  to  the  attacking  regulars  as  against 
more  numerous,  but  less-well  trained  and 
disciplined  defenders.  We  commend  Mr. 
Arnold-Forster's  half-dozen  pages  on  the 
subject,  though  we  cannot  admit  that  his 
account  of  the  latter  part  of  the  war  of 
1870  is  exhaustive.  This,  indeed,  it  does 
not  profess  to  be,  inasmuch  as  it  is  a 
reply  to  a  remark  by  Mr.  Haldane,  with 
which  it  deals  sufficiently,  but  exclusively, 
and  without  regard  to  the  admissions  of 
the  Prussians  concerning  the  later  opera- 
tions in  the  South-East. 

Those  who  are  interested  in  the  Cabinet 
system  will  find  a  striking  paragraph  on 
p.  388.  The  name  for  which  the  eye  will 
turn  is  not  mentioned  in  text  or  index  ; 
but  little  research  is  needed  by  those  who 
wish  to  make  discovery  for  themselves. 
Our  author  returns  to  the  subject  on 
pp.  396-7.  The  general  reader  will  find 
some  later  passages  on  military  work 
behind  the  scenes  even  more  difficult  to 
understand.  When  Mr.  Haldane  is 
attacked  for  breaking  in  letter  and  spirit 
a  supposed  pledge  to  take  the  House  of 
Commons  fully  into  his  confidence  as  to 
the  future  of  the  "  auxiliary  forces,"  Mr. 
Arnold-Forster  goes  on  : — 

"  The  '  Assembly  of  Notables  '  which  has 
been  convened  for  the  purpose  of  conveying 
the  views  of  its  Chairman  to  the  Army 
Council  does  not  appear  to  have  completed 
its  labours." 

In  reviewing  another  book  The  Athenceum 
has  called  this  same  Committee  by  the 
playful  title  given  to  it  by  its  own  mem- 
bers— "  The  Duma."  The  mystery  im- 
plied by  the  omission  of  the  official  title 
of  the  body  and  the  name  of  the  chairman 
is  unnecessary,  inasmuch  as  these  at  least 
have  been  made  public  by  the  War  Office 
in  the  newspapers. 


The  Life  and  Letters  of  Leslie  Stephen.  By 
Frederic  William  Maitland.  (Duck- 
worth &  Co.) 

Most  people — of  those,  at  any  rate,  who 
take  an  interest  in  such  matters — are 
familiar  with  the  mot,  which  is  attributed 
to  Creighton,  as  to  the  difference  between 
the  Oxford  and  the  Cambridge  man — to 
the  effect  that  while  the  former  went  about 
looking  as  if  the  world  belonged  to  him, 
the  latter  did  so  looking  as  if  he  did  not 
care  a  (precise  estimate  left  to  the  taste 
of  the  narrator  and  the  quality  of  his 
audience)  whom  it  belonged  to.  An  older 
and  somewhat  cruder  illustration  comes 
down  from  the  thirties  of  the  last  century. 
In  those  days  a  coach — known  as  the 
Pluck  Coach,  for  the  reason  that  a  man 
who  had  been  unsuccessful  in  satisfying 
the  examiners  at  one  university  used  to 
avail  himself  of  it  to  enter  at  the  other 
before   the   news   of   his    misfortune   had 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1996 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


685 


travelled  thither — used  to  ply  between 
Oxford  and  Cambridge.  The  driver  natur- 
ally had  many  friends  at  both  seats  of 
learning,  and  one  day  it  occurred  to  one 
of  these  to  ask  his  view  as  to  their  dis- 
tinguishing characteristics.  "  Well,  sir," 
replied  Billy,  "  all  the  gentlemen  is  very 
kind  to  me  ;  and  when  we  changes  horses 
at  Bedford  [or  wherever  it  may  have  been], 
they  usually  stands  me  something  to 
drink.  Now  I  have  noticed  that  while 
the  Oxford  gents  says,  '  Mr.  William,  I 
looks  towards  you,'  the  Cambridge  says, 
*  Now,  Billy,  floor  your  lush.'  "  The 
Pluck  Coach  has  gone,  and  its  manners  ; 
bo  have  the  "  huge  barbarian  pupils,  ex- 
panded in  infinite  series,"  who  so  aston- 
ished the  more  cultured  Oxford  reading- 
party  of  the  '  Bothie,'  and  who  must, 
$)y  the  way,  have  been  pretty  nearly 
Leslie  Stephen's  contemporaries.  Yet 
4'  manserunt,  hodieque  manent  vestigia." 
The  Cambridge  impatience  of  circum- 
locution ;  the  tendency  to  achieve 
•ends  Jby  the  most  direct  means,  how- 
ever unconventional  (the  "  barbarian 
pupils,"  it  will  be  remembered,  fired 
guns  out  of  window,  as  "signals  when, 
one  retiring,  another  should  go  to 
the  tutor  ")  ;  the  craving  for  clear  state- 
ment and  rigorous  proof  ;  the  enjoyment 
•of  (work,  physical  or  mental,  for  its  own 
sake,  without  regard  to  any  advantages 
to  be  gained  by  it — these  survive,  and  of 
these  Stephen  was  perhaps  the  most 
typical  exponent  whose  name  is  in  any 
way  familiar  to  the  average  reader  of 
newspapers.  It  was  therefore  eminently 
fitting  that  a  record  of  him  should  be 
preserved,  and  probably  no  one  better 
qualified  for  the  duty  of  drawing  up  such 
a  record  could  have  been  found  than  his 
present  biographer,  who  was  not  only 
connected  with  him  by  marriage,  but  is 
also,  if  we  may  so  say,  a  hardly  less  typical 
product  of  the  Cambridge  atmosphere. 

We  have  referred  to  the  average  reader 
of  newspapers.  To  him,  probably,  Stephen 
is  best  known  as  the  writer  who,  if  he  did 
not  invent,  at  least  popularized  the  term 
44  Agnostic  "  ;  it  is  in  any  case  sufficiently 
expressive  of  his  attitude  towards  matters 
of  speculative  opinion.  He  would  never 
have  said,  at  any  rate  to  the  world  at 
large,  "  Miracles  do  not  happen  "  ;  cross- 
ing £'s  and  dotting  i's  (to  use  his  own 
phrase)  in  that  fashion  was  not  to  his  taste. 
Miracles  or  no  miracles,"  he  would  have 
said,  "  I  have  got  to  do  my  work  ;  only 
I  must  not  undertake  work  which  would 
Imply  that  I  saw  no  difficulty  in  accepting 
miracles."  And  because  he  gave  up  such 
work,  and  started  afresh  in  the  world  at 
the  age  of  thirty-three,  some  people  called 
him  a  cynic.  It  was  characteristic  of  him 
that  '  Robert  Elsmere  '  did  not  appeal  to 
him.  "  It  comes  of  taking  Mat  Arnold 
too  seriously  "  was  his  comment  to  the 
present  writer  on  that  book.  Nor  did 
he  care  for  '  John  Inglesant.'  It  is  to 
be  presumed  that  he  liked  to  keep  his 
speculation  and  his  recreation  separate. 
For  he  was  a  great  novel  -  reader ; 
Vanity  Fair,'  he  has  told  us,  was  the 
first     book     he    ever    bought    for    him- 


self, and  to  the  end  of  his  life  he  de- 
lighted in  fiction,  both  English  and  French. 
With  the  Germans,  though  he  knew  the 
language  well,  he  was,  we  imagine,  less 
familiar  :  towards  the  end  of  the  eighties 
he  certainly  did  not  know  Spielhagen. 
There  is  an  excellent  little  bit  of  criticism 
on  the  French  novel  and  its  besetting 
blemish  in  a  letter  written  as  early  as  1867 
to  one  who  was  soon  to  be  a  contributor  to 
The  Comhill,  and  is  now  one  of  our  first 
writers  of  fiction.  A  few  words  may  be 
quoted  : — 

"  They  are  always  clever  and  very 
artistic  ;  but  I  don't  think  them  delicate 
either  in  the  sense  of  art  or  of  morals.  They 
are  always  hankering  and  sniffing  after 
sensual  motives,  and  I  consider  them  in- 
ferior to  English  writers  in  colour — in  de- 
scriptions of  character  especially.  The 
books  are  put  together  with  great  skill  to 
produce  a  given  effect  ;  but  the  effect  is  apt 
to  border  on  the  nasty,  and  they  are  too 
anxious  to  keep  everything  in  due  harmony 
to  give  the  proper  contrasts  and  reality  of 
real  life." 

Is  this  why  one  seldom  cares  to  read  a 
French  novel  a  second  time  ? 

Stephen's  memory  was  stored  with 
poetry.  As  a  child  he  was  so  deeply 
moved  by  it,  especially  by  Scott,  that  for 
a  time  all  poetry  had  to  be  tabooed  as  a 
"  dangerous  drug."  It  will  surprise  many 
readers  to  learn  what  a  narrow  escape 
this  hard  thinker,  writer,  and  walker  had 
of  growing  up — if  he  had  grown  up  at  all 
— "  feeble  in  mind  and  deformed  in  body." 
Wordsworth  was  a  great  favourite  ;  "I 
used  not  to  care  for  him  specially  ;  but 
now  I  love  him,"  he  writes  at  the  age  of 
forty-five.  Milton  also  he  loved ;  and 
used  to  repeat  the  '  Ode  on  the  Nativity  ' 
to  his  children  regularly  on  Christmas 
night.  His  memory  for  poetry  was  amazing ; 
he  would  always  recite  where  other  people 
would  read. 

No  man  ever,  one  would  say,  had  so 
much  sentiment  with  so  little  sentiment- 
ality. The  latter  quality  he  defined  some- 
where as  "  expression  of  emotion  for  its 
own  sake,"  or  words  to  that  effect.  The 
more  he  felt,  the  more  he  was  inclined  to 
conceal  his  feelings  by  banter.  No  one 
can  forget  that  delightful  passage  on  the 
summit  of  the  Rothhorn,  in  answer  to  an 
imaginary  inquirer  after  philosophical 
observations  :  "  The  temperature  was 
approximately  (I  had  no  thermometer) 
212  (Fahrenheit)  below  freezing-point. 
As  for  ozone,  if  any  existed  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, it  was  a  greater  fool  than  I  take 
it  for."  Now  the  ascent  in  question  was 
one  of  the  finest  feats  of  mountaineering 
ever  performed  in  the  Alps  ;  and  no  one 
whose  aesthetic  and  mental  fibre  is  of  finer 
texture  than  that  of  the  average  bargee 
can  reach  the  top  of  a  big  mountain  and 
gaze  abroad  without  something  very  like 
a  lump  in  his  throat.  We  may  be  sure 
that  Stephen  on  the  Rothhorn  felt  the 
emotion  all  through  him.  But  he  was 
not  going,  as  the  saying  is,  to  "  let  on  "  ; 
so  he  works  it  off  in  a  parody  of  one 
of  the  noblest  passages  in  Tennyson, 
and  "  chaff  "  of  those  who  pretend  they 
climb  for  the  sake  of  science.     It  is  only 


in  little  touches  like  his  inability  to  go  to 
bed  on  one  occasion  at  Zermatt  when  a 
foolhardy  tourist  was  thought  to  be  in 
danger  on  the  Matterhorn,  or  a  chance 
phrase  here  and  there  in  a  letter,  that  the 
real  tenderness  and  sympathy  of  Stephen's 
nature  are  revealed. 

It  is  perhaps  not  surprising  that  he  let 
himself  go  most  freely  in  his  letters  to 
correspondents  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  The  instinct  which  makes  it 
easier  to  speak  one's  innermost  thoughts  on 
paper  than  by  word  of  mouth  may  easily 
be  conceived  to  be  still  stronger  when 
one  is  launching  them  many  thousands 
of  miles  away.  At  any  rate,  Stephen 
reveals  himself  nowhere  so  fully  as  in  his 
letters  to  Lowell,  Prof.  Norton,  Mr. 
Justice  Holmes,  and  other  of  his  Ame- 
rican friends.  If  these  had  not  been 
available,  his  biographer  might,  from  his 
own  knowledge  and  the  reminiscences  of 
old  Cambridge  and  Alpine  acquaintances, 
have  constructed  a  readable  and  fairly 
adequate  account ;  but  he  could  hardly 
have  given  us  the  real  Stephen  who  is  now 
clear  to  us.  As  is  usually  the  way  with 
good  biographies,  this  one  tends  to  in- 
crease our  regret  at  the  loss  of  its  subject. 
That  at  least  will  be,  we  think,  the  feeling 
of  many  who  knew  him,  though  not  in  the 
nearest  intimacy.  One  knew  that  Stephen 
the  writer  was  always  delightful  to  read, 
that  Stephen  the  man  was  always  good 
to  talk  with  and  walk  with,  that  he  was 
as  "  straight "  a  man  as  one  could  wish 
or  expect  to  meet  in  a  lifetime.  But 
many,  we  feel  sure,  will  learn  for  the  first 
time  from  this'book  that  he  was  one  whom, 
so  far  as  conduct  goes  (except  perhaps 
for  a  trick  of  strong  language  !),  it  would 
be  hard  to  distinguish  from  a  good  many 
who,  no  doubt  rightly,  have  passed  for 
saints  ;  and  there  will  be  few,  even  of  the 
professedly  religious,  who  will  not  be 
inclined  to  recall  on  his  account  the  aspira- 
tion "  Si  quis  piorum  manibus  locus." 


The  Fair  Hills  of  Ireland.     By  Stephen 
Gwynn.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Gwynn  is  a  prolific  writer  about 
Ireland.  Probably  his  education  at  Ox- 
ford and  his  residence  for  many  years 
in  England  have  helped  to  breed  in  him 
that  enthusiasm  for  things  Irish  which 
is  seldom  found  among  the  resident  Anglo- 
Irish.  His  own  pedigree  is  Welsh  and 
English,  as  well  as  Irish  ;  and  the  very 
O'Brien  from  whom  he  boasted  his  descent 
on  the  hustings  at  Gal  way  the  other  day 
was  called  William  Smith — not  a  very 
Celtic  designation.  He  has  brought  to 
his  aid  Mr.  Hugh  Thomson,  who  has 
drawn  for  him  many  quaint  and  delicate 
sketches  of  Irish  scenes  and  buildings, 
not  of  the  grand  kind,  but  of  places  and 
views  not  usually  visited,  and  therefore 
all  the  more  welcome.  A  character 
sketch  of  a  Cong  boy  on  a  donkey  strikes 
us  as  a  masterpiece. 

Most  of  the  book  is  in  couleur  de  rose. 
Thus  Sligo  is  described  as  "  the  beautiful 
city,"     though     Mr.     Thomson's     sketch 


686 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


betrays  no  beauty.  Mr.  Gwynn  tells 
us  not  enough  about  the  loveliness 
of  the  surrounding  district,  but  pays  a 
just  tribute  to  the  excellent  Protestant 
gentry  who  have  inhabited,  and  still 
inhabit,  that  county.  But  had  the 
whole  truth  been  his  object,  he  should 
also  have  told  us  that  Sligo  town 
has  changed  for  the  worse.  When  Mr. 
Gwynn  says,  "  What  Irish  rule  meant 
may  be  inferred  from  the  Abbey  and  the 
Cross  of  Cong  ;  what  English  rule  meant 
from  the  condition  of  to-day,"  he  goes 
into  politics  which  we  cannot  discuss,  but 
we  protest  against  his  taking  some  eccle- 
siastical ruins  and  a  beautiful  work  of 
ecclesiastical  art  as  proving  that  the 
country  was  either  peaceable  or  well 
governed  under  Irish  rule.  It  might 
with  equal  truth  be  contended  that  the 
annals  of  the  Four  Masters,  with  their 
tedious  iterations  of  raids,  burnings, 
massacres,  and  famines,  show  that  Ire- 
land left  to  the  Irish  would  have  re- 
mained a  distracted,  violent,  and  bar- 
barous society. 

Mr.  Gwynn's  rambles  and  studies  are 
those  of  a  gentleman  and  a  scholar,  and 
it  is  not  his  fault  if  he  fails  to  excite  in  his 
readers  his  own  enthusiasm  for  Irish 
legends  and  Irish  scenery.  We  fear  that 
the  former,  though  now  glorified  by  a 
school  of  poets  and  essayists,  will  fail  to 
lay  hold  on  the  great  reading  and  thinking 
public.  No  one  had  a  better  chance  of 
success  than  Macpherson  with  his  Ossian. 
The  tales  were  Irish  in  origin,  and  the 
scenes  were  mostly  laid  in  Ireland.  They 
were  produced  with  great  skill  at  a 
moment  when  such  literature  was  rare 
and  in  high  fashion.  Men  as  great  as 
Goethe  spoke  of  the  work  with  enthusiasm. 
We  know  literary  men  who  have  told  us 
how  they  were  carried  away  by  the  glamour 
of  those  epic  lays  ;  and  yet  Macpherson 
and  his  Ossian  are  now  dead.  Sir  Samuel 
Ferguson  was  a  considerable  poet,  though 
not  so  great  as  Mr.  Gwynn  represents  him  ; 
but  his  treatment  of  these  legends  failed 
to  make  any  impress  on  the  world.  Mr. 
Gwynn  tells  many  of  the  stories  in  easy 
and  charming  prose,  but  we  cannot  say 
that  he  has  won  us  over  to  think  them 
great.  It  may  seem  trivial  to  lay  stress 
on  the  uncouth  names  of  the  heroes,  so 
spelt  that  no  Englishman  (or  Anglo- 
Irishman  either)  can  even  guess  at  the 
real  sounds  ;  and  to  give  phonetic  helps 
is  beneath  the  dignity  of  the  Gaelic 
League.  But  we  insist  that  this  caco- 
phony in  proper  names  is  an  obstacle 
to  the  popularity  of  Irish  legends,  and 
that  unless  those  who  desire  to  popularize 
them  will  give  easy  and  euphonious  trans- 
literations to  their  heroes  and  heroines' 
names,  they  will  never  make  way  with 
an  English-speaking  public. 

The  remains  of  old  Irish  arts,  on  the 
contrary,  are  such  that  every  intelligent 
man  can  appreciate  them.  It  is  the  chief 
merit  of  Mr.  Gwynn's  book  that  along 
with  legends  often  dull,  and  history  often 
doubtful,  he  has  given  us  much  about 
the  indisputable  art  of  the  people  whom 
he  loves.     The  places  which  chiefly  occupy 


him  are  those  where  splendid  remains  are 
still  visible — Cashel,  Clonmacnoise,  Monas- 
terboice,  and  the  like  ;  and  he  tells  us  also 
of  precious  things  now  in  museums,  which 
once  were  the  treasures  of  remote  churches 
and  abbeys.  In  his  fascinating  account 
of  Clonmacnoise  the  author  repeats  the 
usual  passage  about  the  vast  European 
reputation  of  Ireland  for  learning  in  the 
sixth  and  seventh  centuries.  The  inter- 
esting letter  from  Alcuin  to  an  Irish 
monk  does  not  prove  much.  The  reader 
is  referred  to  Archbishop  Healy's  '  Ancient 
Schools  and  Scholars  of  Ireland,'  a  book 
which  seems  to  us  wanting  in  critical 
faculty.  That  the  early  Irish  monks 
or  priests  were  ardent  missionaries,  and 
carried  Christianity  as  far  as  Southern 
Italy  in  the  Dark  Ages,  can  be  shown. 
But  how  much  did  they  know  or  do  ? 
Will  any  one  maintain  that  Alcuin's 
learning  was  derived  from  them  ?  Did 
they  know  any  more  Greek  than  the  alpha- 
bet ?  To  answer  such  questions  requires 
not  only  a  cold  and  clear  mind,  but  also 
a  long  training  in  weighing  historical 
evidence.  Such  is  not  the  pretension  of 
Mr.  Gwynn's  book,  which  is  intended  to 
be  suggestive  and  picturesque,  and  which 
succeeds  thoroughly  in  this  aim.  We 
commend  it  strongly  to  those  who  visit 
Ireland  with  leisure  and  in  earnest,  and 
are  not  satisfied  with  following  beaten 
tracks  and  hearing  stale  jokes. 


Charles  Godjrey  Leland :  a  Biography. 
By  Elizabeth  Robins  Pennell.  2  vols. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

The  mystic  whose  first  published  work 
was  on  the  poetry  and  mystery  of  dreams 
(1856)  ;  the  humorist  who  created  Hans 
Breitmann  (1869)  ;  the  scientific  adven- 
turer whose  skill  and  tact  won  the  hearts 
of  gipsies  and  tinkers  and  Red  Indians, 
and  enriched  us  with  collections  of  their 
folk-lore  and  their  songs,  and  vocabularies 
of  their  languages  ;  and  the  philanthropist 
who  founded  a  system  of  popular  educa- 
tion in  the  minor  arts,  is  certainly  a  man 
whose  biography  ought  to  be  written. 
It  is  true  that  he  published  his  own 
memoirs  in  1893,  but  they  left  untold  the 
story  of  the  last  twenty-five  years  of  his 
life,  and  left  unexhausted  much  valuable 
material  with  regard  to  its  first  fifty  years. 
This  material,  with  all  his  papers,  he 
entrusted  to  his  niece,  Mrs.  Pennell,  with 
the  expression  of  his  wish  that  she  should 
complete  the  work,  as  she  was  eminently 
fitted  to  do  by  her  close  and  affectionate 
association  with  him  for  many  years  in 
his  labours,  and  by  her  literary  skill. 

If  Leland  was  right  in  claiming  descent 
from  John  Leland  the  antiquary,  and  in 
another  line  from  a  High  German  doctor 
with  a  reputation  for  sorcery,  his  case 
might  be  commended  to  his  friend  Dr. 
Francis  Galton  as  a  typical  instance  of 
hereditary  transmission  of  mental  faculties. 
He  had  the  schooling  in  Philadelphia 
which  was  usual  in  the  thirties,  and  thence 
passed  to  Princeton.  After  that  he 
entered    the    University    of    Heidelberg, 


whence  he  proceeded  to  Munich,  and 
finally  studied  at  the  Sorbonne  in  Paris. 
He  was  there  in  1848,  and  saw  something 
of  the  fighting.  In  that  year  he  returned 
to  Philadelphia,  studied  law,  and  was  in 
1851  admitted  to  practise.  Clients  did 
not  come,  and  in  six  months  he  closed 
his  office,  and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  fol- 
lowed no  other  profession  than  that  of 
literature.  His  marriage  to  Isabel  Fisher 
took  place  in  1856,  and  their  happy 
union  lasted  till  July  9th,  1902.  He 
survived  her  only  a  few  months,  dying 
on  March  20th,  1903,  in  his  seventy-ninth 
year. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  a  life 
which  was  in  some  respects  a  long  series 
of  wanderings  was  also  marked  by 
strong  domestic  affection,  of  which  Mrs. 
Pennell  gives  us  abundant  evidence  at 
first  hand.  She  also  furnishes  from  Le- 
land's  correspondence  copious  examples 
of  his  cheery  humour.  Indeed,  she  pro- 
fesses herself  embarrassed  by  the  great 
quantity  of  material  which  has  come 
into  her  hands.  It  may  seem  ungracious, 
but  in  reading  this  and  most  other  bio- 
graphies, especially  those  which  consist 
wholly  of  correspondence,  we  cannot  but 
think  that  less  detail  would  serve  the 
purpose,  and  that  a  single  volume  might 
suffice  to  bring  out  all  the  elements  of 
character  and  incidents  of  life  with  which 
the  public  has  any  concern.  Familiar 
letters,  not  written  for  publication,  are 
dangerous  things  to  handle. 

The  first  of  the  two  volumes  is  mainly 
occupied  by  Leland's  training  for  his 
life's  work,  the  second  by  his  more  mature 
actions  and  experiences.  His  life  in  the 
German  universities  had  a  large  share 
in  making  him  what  he  was.  Here,  as 
everywhere,  he  was  popular,  and  acquired 
the  "  beer  name  "  of  "  the  Chevalier," 
which  stuck  to  him  till  it  was  superseded 
by  the  "  Rye,"  a  name  conferred  upon  him 
by  his  gipsy  comrades.  It  is  by  this 
that  Mrs.  Pennell  distinguishes  him 
throughout — even  before  he  had  taken 
up  the  study  of  gipsy  lore.  This  gives 
to  some  passages  the  air  of  an  anachron- 
ism, but  can  hardly  be  objected  to,  since 
the  constant  use  of  such  an  expression 
as  "  my  uncle  "  would  have  been  tiresome. 

Leland's  life  was  fortunate.  He  was 
in  easy  circumstances,  and  therefore  was 
never  compelled  to  write  for  the  mere 
purpose  of  earning  his  daily  bread  ;  and 
his  happy  disposition,  as  we  have  just 
said,  made  him  popular  in  every  circle 
that  he  joined.  He  was  of  a  genial  cha- 
racter, and  formed  for  ardent  friendship  ; 
but  he  was  not  without  some  of  those 
little  weaknesses  which  beset  even  the 
man  of  genius.  Mrs.  Pennell  is,  naturally 
enough,  almost  unconscious  of  them  ;  but 
traces  of  them  crop  up  here  and  there  in 
her  narrative. 

Of  all  the  various  enterprises  of  his 
active  life,  perhaps  one  of  the  most  success- 
ful and  beneficial  was  the  establishment 
in  his  native  Philadelphia  of  the  system 
of  artistic  manual  training  schools.  Mrs. 
Pennell  is  indignant  because  a  lecturer 
in  London  described  the  methods  of  those 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


687 


schools  without  mentioning  Leland's  name ; 
but  that  is  a  common  fate,  and  it  is  satis- 
factory to  know  that  in  Philadelphia  itself 
measures  have  been  taken  to  perpetuate 
his  memory  in  this  connexion.  Another 
success  of  his  was  the  discovery  of  "shelta," 
the  language  of  the  tinkers.  The  want 
of  interest  in  this  discovery  shown  by  the 
learned  world  caused  him  great  disappoint- 
ment. He  projected  a  Rabelais  Club, 
which  was  to  admit  only  men  of  genius  ; 
and  he  established  and  worthily  presided 
over  the  Gypsy  Lore  Society  during  its 
brief  but  useful  existence.  He  informed 
Miss  M.  A.  Owen  that  he  was  the  first 
member  and  beginner  of  the  London  Folk- 
Lore  Society  ;  but  in  this  statement  there 
must  surely  be  some  confusion  of  memory. 
It  was,  we  think,  William  John  Thorns, 
the  actual  inventor  of  the  word  "  folk-lore," 
who  was  founder  and  first  director  of  that 
society,  and  Mr.  Leland's  name  does  not 
appear  in  the  first  published  list  of 
members.  However  that  may  be,  the 
Folk-lore  Society  owes  much  to  him,  if  it 
were  only  for  his  correspondence  with 
Miss  Owen,  which  must  have  had  some 
influence  in  inducing  her  to  present  to 
that  society  her  fine  collection  of  bead- 
work.  Leland  took  an  active  part  in  the 
successive  International  Folk-Lore  Con- 
gresses. He  was  an  honorary  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  and  read 
before  that  body  in  1886  a  paper  on  the 
mythology,  legends,  and  folk-lore  of  the 
Algonkins. 

Mrs.  Pennell  has  embellished  her 
volumes  with  some  excellent  likenesses 
of  Leland  at  various  ages,  several  portraits 
of  gipsies  and  others  with  whom  he  came 
in  contact,  and  a  number  of  facsimiles 
of  his  familiar  letters,  on  which  he  was 
in  the  habit  of  making  humorous  sketches. 
His  artistic  talent  is  further  shown  by 
illustrations  of  a  papier  mache  powder- 
horn  and  of  a  plate  decorated  with  designs 
by  him.  Facsimiles  of  letters  addressed 
to  him  by  Borrow,  0.  W.  Holmes,  Tenny- 
son, Lowell,  and  others  are  added. 

Mrs.  Pennell  may  be  congratulated  on 
the  result  of  her  labour  of  love.  She  has 
done  ample  justice  to  the  fine  traits  in  her 
uncle's  character,  and  has  produced  a 
biography  which  will  be  read  with 
pleasure  by  all  to  whom  his  talents  and 
achievements  were  known,  both  in  this 
country  and  in  his  native  land. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Sir  Nigel.     By  A.  Conan  Doyle. 
Elder  &  Co.) 


(Smith, 


This  is  a  proem  to  the  author's  '  White 
Company,'  and  traces  the  career  of  Nigel 
Loring  from  the  time  when,  a  young  man 
of  twenty-two,  he  is  eating  his  heart  out 
in  the  impoverished  manor-house  of  his 
ancestors,  and  longing  for  the  chance  of 
following  their  steps  in  war.  The  Black 
Death  and  the  encroachments  of  the  monks 
of  Waverley  have  reduced  the  acres  and 
the  following  of  the  house,  and  now  its 
remaining    possessions     are     threatened. 


The  proud  old  dame,  Lady  Ermyntrude, 
and  the  grandson,  as  the  last  scion  of  the 
race,  doubly  dear  to  her,  cling  together 
in  misfortune,  and  their  entire  compre- 
hension of  each  other's  hopes  and  wishes 
forms  the  atmosphere  of  an  admirable 
picture.  Nigel's  fortune,  of  course,  is  to 
turn.  His  horse-taming  extraordinary, 
the  subject  of  a  vivid  chapter,  wins  him 
from  the  malicious  monks  a  magnificent 
charger,  which  plays  no  small  part  in 
his  career  ;  the  arrival  of  Sir  John  Chandos 
as  harbinger  of  King  Edward  stays  the 
process  of  the  officials  of  the  abbey  at  its 
most  critical  phase ;  and  after  the  lady  has 
parted  with  her  remaining  family  treasures 
to  entertain  the  king,  Nigel  goes  forth  to 
the  wars  in  France  as  squire  to  Chandos, 
with  his  heart  at  ease  regarding  his  stern 
but  loving  kinswoman.  This  domestic 
part  of  the  book  has  more  general  interest 
and  variety  than  the  rapid  succession  of 
events  in  which  the  hero  afterwards  takes 
part,  although  realism  is  maintained 
throughout  the  warfare  by  sea  and  land. 
Three  deeds  of  derring-do  are  reported  to 
the  faithful  but  exacting  lady  who  awaits 
her  champion  and  lover  in  her  Surrey 
home,  the  last  occurring  at  Poitiers,  the 
description  of  the  battle  being  excellent. 
As  the  author  tells  us,  he  has  taken  pains 
with  his  authorities,  and  the  result  is  an 
unqualified  success. 


Bezanov.     By  Gertrude  Atherton.     (John 
Murray.) 

This  novel  is  to  some  extent  founded  on 
fact,  and  deals  with  an  almost  forgotten 
episode  in  the  history  of  California — 
namely,  an  attempt  made  by  Russia 
during  the  first  decade  of  the  nineteenth 
century  to  anticipate  the  United  States 
by  obtaining  a  footing  there.  Our  interest 
is,  on  the  whole,  chiefly  excited  by  the 
courtship  between  Rezanov,  the  Russian 
plenipotentiary,  and  Concha,  daughter 
to  the  Spanish  commandante  at  San 
Francisco,  then  represented  by  a  handful 
of  mud-built  dwellings.  Both  lovers  are 
persons  decidedly  out  of  the  common, 
possessing  great  practical  ability  and 
strength  of  character  ;  and  if  Mrs.  Ather- 
ton has  not  succeeded  in  making  them 
absolutely  alive  to  us,  she  has  invested 
their  love  story  with  unusual  charm  and 
interest.  The  bright  Arcadian  life  of 
Spanish  California  is  painted  in  graceful, 
though  not  always  faultless  language  ; 
and  sundry  allusions  to  such  matters  as 
the  relations  between  Russia  and  Japan 
and  the  "  first  Trust  Company  of  America  " 
(i.e.,  the  Russian- American  Trading  Com- 
pany) are  skilfully  introduced. 


A     Little    Brown    Mouse.     By     Madame 
Albanesi.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

Madame  Albanesi's  new  story  is  difficult 
to  classify,  since  it  is  in  no  sense  a  book 
for  children,  yet  the  central  figure  is 
admittedly  that  of  a  melancholy  and  pre- 
cocious little  girl  of  six  or  seven.  The 
grown-up  people  who  are  more  actively 


concerned  in  the  drama  are  not,  with  one 
notable  exception,  worthy  of  Madame 
Albanesi's  best  powers.  Corinthia  Besant, 
who  is  the  exception  and  the  real  heroine, 
is  a  very  pretty  and  charming  American 
girl,  who  in  her  own  personality  lends  to 
the  story  such  vitality  as  it  possesses.  She 
comes  to  live  upon  the  farm  in  England 
which  has  been  left  to  her,  and  constitutes 
herself  the  guardian  of  little  Helen  Wiln- 
cote's  unloved  childhood.  Her  neigh- 
bours are  for  the  most  part  tiresome 
people  with  a  love  of  mystery,  and  the 
complacent  prig  who  is  sure  of  marrying 
her  is  scarcely  less  alive  than  is  John  Har- 
land,  who  has  been  unjustly  disinherited 
in  Corinthia's  favour,  and  appears  content 
to  remain  under  the  cloud  even  after  he 
becomes  her  lover.  Madame  Albanesi 
is,  however,  an  admirable  and  sym- 
pathetic exponent  of  country  life,  and 
the  more  homely  scenes  and  characters 
on  the  farm  go  far  to  preserve  her  reputa- 
tion in  this  latest  venture. 


The  Sinews  of  War.     By  Eden  Phillpotts 
and  Arnold  Bennett.     (Werner  Laurie.) 

We  are  at  a  loss  to  find  Mr.  Phillpotts  in 
this  fantastic  detective  tale,  unless  he  has 
supplied  the  local  colour  of  the  West 
Indies.  It  is  built  on  a  familiar  model, 
with  plenty  of  invention,  and  many  "  red- 
herrings  "  across  the  scent.  But  the 
authors  do  not  stick  at  improbabilities, 
for  a  girl  is  disguised  in  their  chapters  as  a 
man,  and  a  man  as  a  woman,  and  the 
disguises  avail  to  deceive  even  the  most 
acute  sleuth-hounds.  No  mystery  lives 
up  to  its  fullness  without  a  murder,  so 
the  authors  provide  us  with  one.  But  the 
person  murdered  is  unknown  to  us,  and 
not  grafted  in  any  way  upon  our  sym- 
pathies, unless  it  be  through  a  daughter 
whose  acquaintance  we  make  rather 
belatedly.  Halfway  through  the  book 
the  authors  reveal  their  mystery,  which  is 
disappointing,  and  thenceforward  we  are 
dependent  upon  the  graphic  narration  of 
incident.  Despite  Mr.  Phillpotts's  spurt, 
we  cannot  follow  the  narrative  so  zealously 
as  we  should  like,  and  the  story  drags  out 
to  a  lame  conclusion. 


Sir    John    Constantine.     Bv     Q     (A.     T. 
Quiller-Couch).     (Smith.  Elder  &  Co.) 

We  feel  by  no  means  certain  that  the  gem 
of  this  book  is  not  the  little  apologue 
wherewith  the  few  words  '  To  the  Reader  * 
conclude  : — 

"  An  acquaintance  of  mine  near  the  Land's 
End  had  a  remarkably  fine  tree  of  apples 
— to  be  precise,  of  Cox's  Orange  Pippins — 
and  one  night  was  robbed  of  the  whole  of 
them.  But  what,  think  you,  had  the  thief 
left  behind  him  at  the  foot  of  the  tree? 
Why,  a  pair  of  gold-rimmed  spectacles." 

It  is  in  this  eternal  spirit  of  youth  that  a 
great  part  of  Q's  force  lies.  He  would  not, 
we  are  sure,  rob  an  orchard,  but  he  feels 
the  temptation  ;  an  apple  says  as  much 
to  him  as  it  ever  did.  Not  "  the  Bachelor," 
but  the  boy  Q,  persists,  and,  reinforced 
with  the  grown  man's  culture  and  experi- 


688 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1903 


ence,  is  able  to  colour  the  mood  of  his 
reader  till  he,  too,  begins  to  recover  some 
gleam  from  the  "  great  days  of  the  dis- 
tance enchanted  "  ;  to  go  adventuring 
with  the  belated  Elizabethan  Sir  John 
Constantine  and  his  oddly  assorted  com- 
pany ;  to  thrill  at  the  sight  of  the  deserted 
village  and  the  herd  of  masterless  hogs  ; 
almost  to  quarrel  with  the  author  for  his 
ruthless  elimination  of  poor  Nat  Fiennes. 
As  adventure  there  has  been  no  better  story 
for  a  long  time  ;  and  there  is  many  a 
laugh  in  it  too.  It  ends,  indeed,  on  a 
pathetic  note,  in  sorrow  and  regret  ; 
the  adult  reasserts  himself.  But  the 
pathos  is  wholesome  and  dignified,  the 
regret  manly.  Still,  we  are  not  quite  sure 
that  it  comes  with  perfect  fitness  at  the 
end  of  a  fantasy,  just  when  we  are  expect- 
ing those  who  have  survived  the  catas- 
trophe to  "  live  happily  ever  afterwards." 


Periwinkle.     By  Lily  Grant  Duff.     (John 

Murray.) 
The  author  of  '  Periwinkle '  has  aimed 
at  representing  a  woman  in  the  highest 
degree  lovable  and  charming,  for  whom 
the  ordinary  principles  of  morality  have 
scarcely  any  existence,  and  in  this  difficult 
undertaking  she  has  achieved  an  honour- 
able measure  of  success.  We  are  certainly 
not  convinced  that  Periwinkle  need  have 
forsaken  her  estimable  husband,  whose 
tediousness  is  not  made  sufficiently  appa- 
rent to  enlist  our  sympathy  on  her  side  ; 
and  the  facility  with  which  she  transfers 
her  preference  from  one  quarter  to  another 
is,  to  say  the  least,  bewildering.  During 
the  latter  part  of  her  career,  while  she 
is  working  out  her  own  salvation  in  her 
own  peculiar  way,  she  wins  us  irresistibly 
to  her  side,  and  almost  succeeds  in  per- 
suading us  that  to  judge  her  by  the  same 
standard  as  more  commonplace  mortals 
would  be  unreasonable.  There  is  much 
that  is  fantastic  in  the  story,  but  it  testi- 
fies to  an  unusual  gift  both  of  imagina- 
tion and  description. 


Occasion's  Forelock.  By  Violet  A.  Simp- 
son. (Arnold.) 
The  author  of  two  pleasant  stories  of 
historical  romance  has  here  attempted  a 
modern  political  novel.  Though  she  has 
retained  her  easy  style  and  some  of  her 
vigour  and  animation,  the  story  cannot 
be  pronounced  a  success  on  the  whole. 
The  hero  is  a  person  with  whom  we  cannot 
feel  much  sympathy,  especially  after  an 
extraordinary  scene  near  the  end  of  the 
book,  which  seems  impossible.  Again, 
the  political  setting  is  not  very  well 
managed,  and  there  are  passages  which 
are  almost  dull.  While  none  of  the  men 
are  very  attractive,  the  ladies  are  better 
drawn,  and  there  is  a  delightful  maiden 
aunt,  whose  character  shows  the  author  at 
her  best. 

The  Philosopher  and  the  Foundling.     By 

Georg  Engel.     Translated  by  Elizabeth 

Lee.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

A  rather  clumsy  sentimentality  and  a 

certain  faculty  for  crude  dramatic  effect 


are  evident  here.  The  book  has  a  few 
pleasant  enough  passages,  and  some  of 
the  pictures  of  life  in  a  Baltic  fishing  village 
are  not  without  interest  ;  but  there  is 
nothing  that  raises  the  book  above 
mediocrity.  Artistically  it  is  a  formless 
piece  of  work,  the  narrative  being  at  once 
jerky  and  cumbrous.  The  translation  by 
Miss  Lee  is  thoroughly  accurate,  but 
somewhat  wanting  in  lightness  and  spirit ; 
the  dialogue,  especially,  fails  to  convey 
the  impression  of  naturalness,  and  is  at 
times  painfully  stilted.  t 


SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

The  Old  Surrey  Foxhounds :  a  History  of 
the  Hunt  from  its  Earliest  Days  to  the  Present 
Time.  By  Humphrey  R.  Taylor.  Edited 
by  "  G.  G."  (Longmans  &  Co.) — It  may 
be  hoped  that  Mr.  H.  R.  Taylor  takes  too 
pessimistic  a  view  of  the  prospects  of  hunt- 
ing in  Surrey  when  he  speaks  in  his  preface 
of  the  many  changes  inimical  to  the  sport 
produced  by  the  expansion  of  London.  In 
any  case  he  has  done  well  to  put  on  record 
the  excellent  work  done  by  the  Old  Surrey 
Foxhounds  before  their  extinction  becomes 
a  matter  of  more  immediate  peril  than  it  is  at 
present  ;  and  followers  of  the  hunt  who 
secure  his  volume  will  have  the  additional 
satisfaction  of  knowing  that  the  profits  of 
the  transaction  will  be  devoted  to  the  Hunt 
Servants'  Benefit  Society. 

Mr.  Taylor's  book  derives  a  good  deal  of 
its  charm  from  the  excellent  reproductions 
of  old  prints  in  his  own  collection,  and  from 
the  admirably  clear  type  used  by  the  printer. 
Some  good  tales  of  the  old  days  are  here 
preserved,  which  many  friends  of  Surrey 
hunting  will  rejoice  to  read.  One  of  the 
best  is  the  fight  between  Tom  Hills  and 
Deakins,  the  gamekeeper  of  Titsey  Park, 
who  had  a  pleasant  habit  of  snipping  the 
brushes  off  the  cubs  he  caught  on  his 
domain.  They  met  at  six  o'clock  one 
morning  on  Botley  Hill,  and  hit  each  other 
like  a  pair  of  kicking  horses.  But  science 
made  up  for  height  and  weight,  and  it  was 
the  gamekeeper  who  was  carried  home. 
They  became  firm  friends,  and  no  more 
tricks  were  played  with  Tom's  foxes. 

Among  the  best  runs  the  pack  ever  had 
was  one  in  the  November  of  1860  from 
Long  Coppice  to  Lord  Stanhope's.  After 
dashing  past  some  cucumber  frames 

"the  fox  was  actually  killed  under  Lady 
Mary  Stanhope's  petticoats.  Harbinger,  curiously 
enough,  got  him  out,  when  Sam  Hills,  cutting  off 
the  brush,  naively  observed,  '  I  never  knew  a 
fox  killed  under  such  favourable  circumstances 
before.' " 

A  run  as  good  as  any  in  the  century  and 
a  half  of  the  hunt's  history  occurred  only 
last  January.  The  meet  was  at  Banstead, 
and  the  first  fox,  after  heading  for  Walton 
Heath,  was  killed  in  Kingswood  Warren 
after  a  capital  forty  minutes.  At  a  quarter 
to  three  a  large  rough-looking  customer  stole 
away  from  the  far  end  of  Boor's  Green, 
swung  left  -  handed  to  Coldroast,  and  did 
some  crafty  dodging  in  Shabden  Park.  But 
the  hounds  pushed  him  on  to  Grasscut  Wood, 
and,  after  a  check  in  a  wheatfield,  hunted 
him  to  Farthing  Down,  and  turned  sharply 
to  the  left  over  Chaldon  Lane,  where  the 
bitches  were  soon  screaming  along  up  wind, 
at  a  racing  pace,  back  to  Grasscuts.  There 
a  big  wire  fence  stopped  the  field,  and  some 
followers  heard  them  running  hard  towards 
Boor's  Green  again  ;  but  it  was  a  quarter 
to  five  and  getting  dark,  so  aftor  two  hours 


most  people  went  home  while  the  hounds: 
ran  on  in  the  gathering  gloom.  Later  the- 
second  whipper-in  met  the  pack  still  running 
in  the  moonlight,  managed  to  stop  them, 
and  brought  them  home  alone.  Even  the 
immortal  Jorrocks,  who  knew  this  pack 
well,  would  have  been  contented  with  such 
a  finish. 

While  sport  of  this  kind  is  still  possible 
it  will  surely  be  many  a  long  day  before  the 
music  of  hounds  and  the  sound  of  the  horn, 
cease  to  be  heard  in  the  Old  Surrey  country. 

The  Life-Story  of  a  Fox.  By  J.  C.  Tre- 
garthen.  (A.  &  C.  Black.) — There  is  some 
(probably)  unconscious  irony  in  the  dedica- 
tion of  this  new  volume  in  the  series  of 
animal  autobiographies  to  a  late  master  o£ 
hounds.  For  Mr.  Tregarthen  has  fulfilled 
a  difficult  task  faithfully,  and  the  chief 
impression  we  get  in  reading  his  book  is  of 
a  life  in  perpetual  fear  of  the  chase.  If  we 
are  to  keep  our  sympathy  with  the  animal 
who  tells  his  story,  we  are  not  likely  to  extend 
much  sympathy  to  hounds.  The  chief 
villain  in  these  annals  is  a  hound, 
whose  courage  and  persistence  our  fox 
generously  acknowledges.  The  author  dis- 
plays a  close  acquaintance  with  the  habits- 
of  the  fox,  and  also  shows  incidentally  a 
knowledge  of  other  animals.  We  trace  the 
fox  from  cub-hood  under  the  vixen's 
guardianship  to  his  maturity  in  the  van  of 
hounds.  When  we  leave  him,  the  hunts- 
man, with  astonishing  weakness  of  heart, 
has  let  him  off  with  the  compassionate  ex- 
pression, "  Poor  devil  !  "  But  that  was- 
not  the  end  of  him  :  he  died  in  his  tracks, 
of  course,  though  the  autobiography  follows- 
him  no  further.  This  tale,  which  is  adorned 
by  many  admirable  pictures  in  colour,  will 
interest  all  ages,  and  perhaps  most  of  all 
childhood.  It  is  one  of  the  best  of  Messrs. 
Black's  series. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Crawford  describes  his  book 
From  Fox's  Earth  to  Mountain  Tarn  (John 
Lane)  as  a  contribution  to  the  natural  history 
of  Scotland,  ranging 

"  from  the  border  to  Shetland,  from  burn  to  river,, 
from  shaded  lane  to  fenceless  moor  and  bare- 
mountain  top.  Trout  and  salmon,  singing-bird  to^ 
eagle,  field  mouse  to  deer — all  find  a  place. " 
He  pleads  for  the  preservation  of  many  of 
the  enemies  of  game,  such  as  eagles  and 
hawks,  foxes  and  otters,  on  various  grounds, 
the  safest  of  which  is  that  man  should  not 
lightly  interfere  with  the  proportionate 
arrangements  of  various  kinds  of  animals 
made  by  nature.  Moreover,  he  takes  a 
naturalist's  interest  in  the  rarer  sorts— the 
wild  cat,  probably  extinct  except  in  cross- 
with  the  tame  ;  and  the  marten,  very  scarce, 
as  also  is  the  osprey.  The  volume  consists- 
of  twenty-one  short  essays,  all  interesting  and 
well  written,  in  spite  of  a  somewhat  affected? 
style.  In  the  chapter  on  golf  attention  is 
drawn  to  the  injury  done  to  lapwings,  plovers, 
and  the  many  beautiful  birds  which  nested 
about  the  coast,  by  the  extraordinary 
demand  for  more  golf-courses  : — 

"No  longer  are  the  links  wild  with   untamed 

bent  grasses.     The  whins  are  passing From  an 

accident  the  golfer  became  the  main  feature. 
Blight  fell  upon  the  scene.  And  lifelcssness.  In 
lessening  numbers  lark  and  linnet  sing.  Lapwings 
scream  and  golden  plovers  pipe  elsewhere.  Nesting 
sites  were  trodden  down.  Of  the  rarer  species 
none  were  left." 

The  author  thinks  this  sacrifice  made  for  a 
decadent  game  : — 

"Golf  is  no  longer  sincere.  And  like  other 
insincoro  things  is  in  danger  of  passing.  Men  play 
to  win,  and  aro  crabl>ed  when  they  lose,  deny 
every  merit  to  another's  game,  think  the  turf  in 
league  with  their  opponent  to  rob  them  of  their 
just  rights.  Rudeness  is  common  whore  only 
courtesy     prevailed.       The     very    atmosphere    is. 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


689 


stifling.  Signs  are  not  wanting  that  the  butter 
class  are  disposed  to  retire  from  the  game.'' 
He  evidently  has  the  courage  of  his  con- 
victions, and  must  be  held  a  brave  man  if 
after  all  tins  he  appears  on  his  customary 
course.  We  wonder  upon  how  wide  a 
basis  of  experience  this  general  deprecia- 
tion of  the  game  is  based. 

The  volume  is  attractively  turned  out, 
and  the  illustrations  are  good  •  '  Young 
Foxes  with  Vixen,'  '  The  Golden  Eagle,' 
and  '  Red  Deer  '  deserve  special  mention. 

Golf  Greens  and  Greenkeeping.  (Newnes.) 
— We  have  here  a  golfers'  causerie,  a  Round 
Table  business  with  all  the  proper  pom}) 
and  circumstance  befitting  the  occasion. 
Furthermore,  Mr.  Horace  Hutchinson,  the 
editor,  has  summoned  a  Hague  Convention 
for  the  suppression  of  strife  amongst  the 
Green  Committee,  and  the  substitution,  of 
an  arbitrator  in  lieu  thereof.  This  book 
is  likely  to  become  a  textbook  for  future 
greenkeepers,  both  amateur  and  professional . 
Every  golfer,  good  or  bad  at  the  game,  feels 
that  he  could  instruct  the  committee  in  the 
art  of  greenkeeping.  The  result  has  been 
edifying,  if  not  instructive.  Now  all  this  is 
to  be  done  away  with,  and  in  the  gatherings 
of  the  counsellors  there  is  to  be  peace. 
Every  kind  of  course,  from  heavy  clay  to 
light  seaside  soil,  is  treated  by  the  expert 
who  has  this  or  that  ground  under  his 
control.  There  is  also  a  technical  chapter 
by  Mr.  Gilbert  Beale,  of  Messrs.  Carter  &  Co., 
on  '  The  Formation  of  Turf.'  The  volume 
should  prove  of  value,  if  only  for  the  purpose 
of  exploding  fallacies.  One  might,  however, 
join  issue  with  Mr.  Hutchinson  as  to  his 
dicta  upon  the  annihilation  of  worms  on 
putting  greens.  He  does  not  favour 
much  brushing  of  greens.  Two  perfect 
geniuses  in  the  way  of  greenketpers  rise  to 
our  mind — village  Hampdens  perhaps,  but 
great  in  their  way — who  swear  by  the  brush  ; 
and  the  proof  of  the  putting  was  in  the  brush- 
ing in  their  case.  The  versatile  author 
of  '  Crowborough  Beacon  '  will  not  have  to 
go  afield  to  test  this  principle  for  himself  : 
it  is  no  far  cry  from  Ashdown  Forest. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mk.  John  Murray  publishes  Lord  Milner's 
Work  in  South  Africa,  by  Mr.  Basil  Worsfold, 
who  has  already  written  on  similar  subjects. 
The  volume  is  far  too  much  concerned  with 
party  politics  for  it  to  be  possible  that  it 
should  receive  full  notice  in  the  pages  of 
The  Athenceum.  The  policy  condemned  by 
the  author  as  that  of  Sir  Henry  Campbell- 
Bannerman  is  now  enthroned  in  power,  and 
almost  all  the  issues  with  which  the  volume 
deals  are  political  in  the  narrower  sense  of 
the  term.  Naming  only  those  matters 
which  are  historical,  or  which  are  discon- 
nected from  party  politics,  we  notice  a 
certain  divergence  between  the  account  of 
affairs  as  related  by  Mr.  Worsfold  in  Lord 
Milner's  interest  and  that  given  by  Mr. 
Chamberlain.  We  do  not  know  how  far 
this  volume  has  the  direct  countenance  of 
Lord  Milner,  but  a  passage  as  to  the  terms 
of  Vereeniging  will  bring  out  our  meaning  : 
"  Beside  the  clear  tlirust  of  Lord  Milner's 
calculated  energy,  Mr.  Chamberlain's  efforts 
to  keep  pace  with  the  needs  of  the  situation 
sink  into  comparative  inertia."  We  should 
have  thought  that  the  historical  fact  is  that 
neither  Mr.  Chamberlain  nor  Lord  Milner 
had  much  to  do  with  the  Vereeniging  terms, 
arranged,  as  is  commonly  supposed,  by  the 
efforts  of  the  King,  and  the  Ministers  of  the 
Netherlands,  with  the  assent  of  Mr.  Balfour 
and  of  our  military  authorities  in  the  field. 
The  position  of  Lord  Milner  throughout  the 
volume  is  put,  we  think,  too    high,  not  for 


his  merits — a  point  which  would  take  us 
into  the  "  danger  zone  " — but  for  the  facts. 
A  little  later  than  the  passage  we  have 
quoted  the  author  writes  :  "  As  High  Com- 
missioner, Lord  Milner  wras  bound  to  prevent 
the  grant  of  any  terms  to  the  Boers  incon- 
sistent with  the  future  maintenance  of 
British  supremacy  in  South  Africa,  now  re- 
established at  so  great  a  cost."  The  con- 
stitutional view  would  seem  to  be  that  he 
was  bound  to  carry  out  the  orders  which 
he  received  from  the  Cabinet,  in  the  name 
of  the  Secretary  of  State.  The  interest  of 
the  volume  lies  less  in  the  assertion  of  the 
views  of  Lord  Milner,  as  against  those  of 
the  Conservative  Cabinet  which  he  was  sup- 
posed to  serve,  than  in  a  few  "  revelations  " 
which  concern  the  Raid.  Mr.  Worsfold 
writes  in  the  interest  of  direct  representa- 
tion of  the  colonies  in  an  Imperial  Adminis- 
tration, the  creation  of  which  he  thinks 
difficult  now,  and  perhaps  impossible  in 
the  future.  If  we  put  on  one  side  the 
overwhelming  importance  of  India  in  the 
Empire,  and  the  difficulty  in  according 
to  India  its  due  weight,  no  scheme  of  carry- 
ing out  Mr.  Worsfold's  views  has  yet  been 
acceptable  to  the  colonies  ;  while  the  dissent 
of  the  Commonwealth  would  make  ship- 
wreck of  any  plan.  The  extreme  point  to 
which  responsible  Conservatives  have  been 
willing  to  go  was  that  explained  in  the  dis- 
patch of  the  last  Colonial  Secretary  of  Mr. 
Balfour's  Administration,  the  publication 
of  which  almost  coincided  with  the  change  of 
Government.  Even  this  did  not  receive 
the  assent  of  the  colonies.  Mr.  Worsfold's 
ideas  go  much  further  still  in  the  direction 
to  which  the  Commonwealth  will  not  submit. 

History,  we  think,  will  show  that  a  suffi- 
cient assertion  of  British  control  in  South 
Africa  might  have  been  attained  by  Lord 
Milner,  without  the  enormous  expenditure  of 
the  war  and  its  consequent  posthumous  un- 
popularity with  the  British  electorate,  had 
"  the  question  of  the  Swaziland  border  " 
been  taken  as  the  ground  of  sharp  action 
against  President  Kruger.  Our  case  was 
perfect.  We  had  the  sympathy  of  all  South 
Africa  outside  the  Transvaal.  The  territory 
in  dispute  could  have  been  reached  without 
passing  through  either  the  Transvaal  or  the 
Orange  State.  Kruger  would  have  yielded, 
as  he  yielded  about  Stellaland  and  Bechu- 
analand  to  Gladstone  at  the  time  of  the 
Warren  expedition.  Had  he  not  yielded, 
the  war  would  have  been  one  in  which  we 
must  have  been  successful  at  little  cost :  a 
war  of  limited  liability,  in  which,  having 
asserted  our  power,  we  could  have  left  off 
when  we  pleased.  The  result,  in  either  case, 
would  have  been  the  fall  of  Kruger  and  the 
substitution  of  a  reformed  Government,  or 
else  the  detachment  of  the  Rand  from  the 
rural  republics. 

With  regard  to  the  Raid  Mr.  Worsfold 
writes  on  a  series  of  hypotheses  ;  but  we 
imagine  that  he  has  knowledge  and  fact 
behind  them.  His  theory  explains  every- 
thing that  happened.  It  may  be  briefly 
hinted  at  by  means  of  a  quotation  applying 
to  Dr.  Jameson.  When  he  decided  to 
"  start,"  "  had  he  any  reason  to  believe  that 
Rhodes  desired  him  to  force  the  insurrection 
in  spite  of  his  telegrams  to  the  contrary  ?  " 
Mr.  Worsfold  says  that,  in  spite  of  all  he 
knows,  "  the  answer  .  .  .  .remains  a  matter  of 
Speculation."  It  is  clear  what  he  thinks  ; 
and  the  doubt  concerns  the  nature  of  his 
authority.  Another  matter  in  which  we  are 
told  more  than  had  yet  been  printed  is  the 
important  one,  historically,  of  Lord  Milner's 
visit  to  England  in  December,  1898,  and 
January,  1899  : — 

"  Hu  agreed  with  General  Butler  in  hia  estimate 
of  the  formidable  character  of  the  Boers;  but  he 
differed  from  him  in  everything  else." 


"What  Lord  Milner  urged  upon  the  Imperial 
Government  was  the  plain  necessity  of  putting  an 

end  to  an  intolerable  state  of  things That  such 

a  policy  might  result  in  war  he  knew.*' 

"  During  the  whole  of  the  two  months  that  he 
was  in  England  he  was  engaged  in  an  endeavour  to 
impress  upon  Mr.  Chamberlain,  and  everybody  else 
with  whom  he  could  converse,  that  the  existing 
state  of  affairs  was  one  which,  it  allowed  to  remain 
unchanged,  Mould  end  in  the  loss  of  South  Africa." 

"To  save  England  in  spite  of  herself required 

an  iron  will  and  mastership  in  statecraft." 

It  was  stated  at  the  time,  and  has  never  been 
denied,  that  Lord  Milner  informed  the 
Government  that,  although  war  might  be 
avoided  by  complete  surrender  on  all  points 
by  President  Kruger,  surrender  was  not 
probable,  while  war,  he  said,  meant  war 
with  both  republics.  So  far  from  being 
regarded  as  an  additional  embarrassment, 
the  hostility,  in  the  event  foreseen,  of  the 
Orange  State  offered,  it  was  thought,  the 
advantage  of  providing  us  with  the  only 
good  military  road  for  our  advance  to  Pre- 
toria. 

Our  author  alleges  at  a  later  point  that 
Lord  Milner  desired  "  to  steadily  but  un- 
ostentatiously increase  the  garrison."  The 
policy  adopted  was  different.  although 
Mr.  Worsfold  does  not  clearly  set  it  out. 
The  force  of  10,000  men  privately  agreed 
upon  in  August,  and  nominally  ordered  in 
September,  1899,  was  always  at  the  time 
described  by  the  advocates  of  its  dispatch 
as  "the  bluffing  force,"  inasmuch  as  the 
theory  adopted  at  home  was  that  the 
Tra,nsvaal  would  certainly  give  in.  Lord 
Milner  did  not  agree  in  the  policy  adopted 
by  the  Cabinet,  and  knew  that  it  would 
fail.  He  accepted  "  the  bluffing  force  "  as 
his  "  reinforcement."  Mr.  Worsfold  attacks 
in  this  connexion  the  Unionist  Government, 
acting,  as  he  thinks,  "  in  deference  to  the 
viewrs  of  the  Liberal  Opposition."  The  real 
fact  is  that  at  the  time  in  question — the  end 
of  the  session  before  the  war — the  Conser- 
vative party,  including,  we  believe,  its 
leaders,  was  as  hostile  to  the  idea  of  war 
as  was  the  Opposition.  From  Mr.  Wors- 
fold's point  of  view,  but  not  from  that  of 
doubters,  "  the  odds  were  heavily  against 
Lord  Milner  in  his  task  of  saving  England, 
in  spite  of  herself."  When  the  Boer  ulti- 
matum was  at  last  presented  our  author 
claims  for  Lord  Milner — with  the  emphasis 
of  italics — that  "  He  had  made  the  Boer 
speak  out." 

A  large  part  of  Mr.  Worsfold's  volume 
seems  to  us  wide  of  his  subject.  He  under- 
takes, for  example,  an  elaborate  defence  of 
the  military  policy  adopted,  according  to  the 
German  Staff,  by  Lord  Roberts  in  avoiding 
frontal  attack  for  the  sake  of  lessening  loss 
of  life  among  his  troops.  It  is  difficult  to  see 
what  the  argument  has  to  do  with  "  Lord 
Milner's  Work."  The  final  pages  are  chiefly 
devoted  to  land  settlement  and  irriga- 
tion, but  reveal  the  policy  of  settling  by 
British  effort  in  South  Africa  a  "  British 
population  large  enough  to  make  a  recur- 
rence of  division  and  disorder  impossible." 
It  is  hard  to  suppose  that  so  clearsighted  an 
administrator  as  Lord  Milner  can  ever  havo 
imagined  that  it  would  be  possible  to  people 
the  agricultural  Transvaal  and  Orange  State 
by  so  solid  and  permanent  a  British  agri- 
cultural population  as  to  make  the  goodwill 
of  the  Boers  a  matter  of  comparative  un- 
importance. .Any  such  dream  must  have 
been  dispelled  by  Mr.  Chamberlain's  speeches 
in  South  Africa. 

We  have  already  noticed  'The  Military 
Life '  of  the  Duke  of  Cambridge.  There 
now  comes  to  us,  in  two  volumes,  from 
Messrs.  Longman,  George,  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge :  a  Memoir  of  hia  Private  Life.  The 
book  is  based  on  diaries  and  letters,  edited 


690 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


by  Dr.  Sheppard,  Sub-Dean  of  the  Chapels 
Royal.  From  it  we  learn  a  good  deal — as, 
for  example,  of  Queen  Victoria,  that  her 
Majesty  was  opposed  to  the  famous  Thanks- 
giving Service  of  1872  for  the  recovery  of 
his  present  Majesty  :  — 

"I do  not, — I  must  say, — like  religion  to  be 

made  a  vehicle  for  a  great  show.  That  is  what  I 
so  much  dislike.  The  simple  Thanksgiving,  more 
than  a  month  ago,  was  the  right  religious  act." 

"The  Duke"  comes  out  well,  as  a 
kind  old  "  type  "  of  German  Particularism 
His  "  heart  bleeds  for  "  the  "  Cradle  of 
my  family."  His  profound  dislike  of  the 
"  Ashanti  gang "  (except  Sir  Redvers 
Buller)  is  revealed  in  spite  of  care  to  exclude 
it.  The  "  reconnaissance  "  on  August  5th, 
1882,  at  Alexandria,  which  was  essential  to 
deceive  Arabi  as  to  the  seizure  of  the  Canal 
and  attack  from  the  Ismailia  side,  is  noted  : 
"  I  confess  I  have  my  doubts  as  to  the 
prudence  of  this  affair."  It  is  clear  from  the 
words  and  from  what  follows  that  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief was  also  kept  in  the  dark 
by  the  general  in  command  of  the  expedi- 
tionary force.  We  purposely  refrain  from 
criticism  of  the  Duke's  conduct  in  the 
Crimea  as  illustrated  by  the  many  allusions 
to  his  decision  to  go  on  board  ship  and 
then  to  lea\e  the  seat  of  war.  He  showed 
courage  at  the  Alma,  but  nerve  afterwards 
seems  to  have  broken  down  under  the  severe 
strain  of  exposure.  We  also  avoid  the  dis- 
cussions of  the  Duke's  action  in  clinging  to 
the  command-in-chief  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
six. 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  publish  My 
Pilgrimage  to  the  Wise  Men  of  the  East,  by 
Dr.  Moncure  Conway,  in  which  he  relates 
a  journey  made  in  1883.  The  earlier  pages 
describe  a  scamper  past,  rather  than  through, 
New  Zealand  and  Australia,  on  the  way 
from  the  United  States  to  Ceylon,  and  are 
of  less  interest  than  the  chapters  which  deal 
with  the  Buddhists  of  Ceylon  and  with  India. 
It  is,  perhaps,  to  be  regretted  that  the  excel- 
lent material  concerning  religious  life  and 
legend,  Hindu  and  Mohammedan  as  well  as 
Buddhist,  was  not  allowed  to  have  the  volume 
to  itself.  In  the  Indian  part  the  author 
displays  an  admirable  power  of  description 
and  of  Eastern  story-telling.  His  peculiar 
views  upon  Christianity  may  repel  or  offend 
some  readers,  but  the  kindly  spirit  in  which 
he  writes  of  all  men  and  almost  all  creeds  is 
attractive,  and  he  deals  in  loving  reverence 
with  the  secrets  of  the  underlying  religious 
life  of  India.  An  interesting  defence  of 
Juggernaut  is  destructive  of  a  great  passage 
in  the  literature  of  oratory.  Dr.  Conway 
points  out  that  his  learned  friends  in  India 
are  puzzled  by  the  evil  reputation  of  the 
temple  and  its  car.  All  destruction  of  life 
is  specially  abhorrent  to  the  god  to  whom 
the  shrine  is  dedicated,  and  the  death  of  an 
ant  under  the  wheels,  if  known,  "  would 
entail  long  and  costly  ceremonies  of  puri- 
fication." Dr.  Conway  does  not  forget  to 
point  the  moral  as  it  appears  to  him  in  the 
words,  "  One  more  lesson  in  the  un trust- 
worthiness of  the  missionary  reports  on 
which  popular  notions  of  distant  countries 
are  founded."  An  example  of  our  author's 
descriptive  power  occurs  in  one  of  several 
accounts  by  him  of  Hindu  religious  festivals 
and  fairs  : — 

"  No  work  is  going  on — none,  that  is,  save  an 
enterprising  mendicancy,  active  and  persistent 
enough  to  have   secured  wealth  in  other  lines  of 

business No  Hindu  deity  or  demon  was   ever 

more  many-handed  than  each  of  these  their  wor- 
shippers." 

There  is  real  insight  displayed,  though  it  is 
perhaps  that  of  Sir  William  Hunter,  appre- 
ciated by  the  author,  in  the  explanation 
that   a   particular    fakir   by    stating    to   his 


clients  "  that  the  Government  had  directed 
him  to  become  such  "  had  attained  "  excep- 
tional importance  " — although,  of  course, 
there  was  no  foundation  for  the  statement. 
Among  beggars  in  an  Indian  crowd  we  find 
"armless  hoys,  legless  men,  several  whose  arms 
end  in  hone  or  their  legs  in  clubs  ;  an  epileptic 
crone  beating  her  head  against  the  earth  ;  another 
who  looked  like  a  ball  on  two  bones." 

Dr.  Conway  fights  against  the  impression 
necessarily  produced  on  his  peace-loving 
mind  by  the  blood  and  horror  which  attend 
some  forms  of  Indian  worship  : — 

"  Amid  all  the  metaphysical  and  ceremonial 
cinders  of  oriental  religions,  and  the  fierce  demons 
placated  in  temples  but  not  worshipped,  the 
humble  homes  know  only  the  tender  light  shed 
from  sweet  faces  on  their  walls — mothers,  lovers, 
wives,  children,  heroic  men." 

The  end  of  the  volume,  written  apparently 
in  the  spring  of  1884,  returns  to  the  less 
admirable  narrative  of  the  early  part.  Dr. 
Conway  goes  out  of  his  way  to  declare  that 
"  General  Gordon  was  slain  in  fair  combat 
while  invading  a  foreign  country."  This 
might  possibly  be  said  of  Hicks  Pasha, 
but  hardly  of  Gordon.  Although  much 
that  is  here  written  of  him  (in  opposi- 
tion to  popular  belief)  is  true,  it  is  certainly 
not  the  case  that,  leaving  England  with  the 
instructions  which  are  historical,  he  accepted 
on  his  arrival  in  Egypt  "  a  divine  mission  " 
from  "  the  Khedive."  Of  all  persons  con- 
cerned in  the  Egyptian  history  of  the  time 
the  Khedive  was,  perhaps,  the  least  likely 
to  have  inspired  Gordon,  whose  hatred  of 
the  Egyptian  royal  family  and  of  their  ideas, 
and  very  presence  in  the  country,  is  displayed 
in  everything  he  wrote. 

We  gave  a  long  notice  of  the  author's 
'  Autobiography  '  (December  3rd,  1904). 
It  is  in  some  degree  continued  in  the  book 
before  us,  and  there  are  passages  likely  to 
interest  those  who  have  followed  the  author 
in  his  early  evolution  from  Methodism, 
through  Unitarianism,  to  Free  Thought. 
It  is  clear  that  he  has  been  shocked  by  the 
extent  to  which  disciples,  on  the  permanency 
of  whose  adherence  he  had  counted,  have, 
turned  to  "  Spiritualism."  He  is  bitter  in 
his  remarks  on  the  Unitarians  of  Australia, 
and  at  the  close  of  his  volume  returns  to  the 
subject  in  a  passage  which  is  far  from  clear, 
but  undoubtedly  expresses  sadness  and  dis- 
appointment. Dr.  Moncure  Conway,  al- 
though in  many  ways  a  rebel,  and  although 
in  India  he  lived  with  those  who  are  looked 
upon  as  "  dangerous  agitators,"  reached  the 
conclusion  that  "  the  possession  of  that  vast 
country  by  England  is  a  great  blessing  to 
mankind  as  well  as  to  India." 

The  prophecy  of  a  Slav  peasant  has  played 
so  large  a  part  in  recent  Servian  history, 
and  figures  so  markedly  throughout  the 
pages  of  A  Royal  Tragedy  (Eveleigh  Nash), 
that  it  startled  us  to  receive  the  volume  on 
a  day  when  a  Reuter  telegram  headed  "  The 
Servian  Throne  :  Dynasty  in  Danger," 
appeared  in  our  daily  press.  Mr.  Mija- 
tovich,  who  has  held  the  greatest  posts  in 
Servia,  and  has  been  Minister  at  various 
Courts,  including  our  own,  on  several  dis- 
tinct missions,  was  the  representative  of 
Servia  at  the  Court  of  St.  James  when  the 
murder  of  the  late  King  and  Queen  took 
place.  He  was  no  admirer  of  either,  and 
they  were  served  by  him  only  from  true 
patriotism.  His  voluntary  resignation  of 
his  post  and  of  employment  was  an  act 
to  be  expected  of  his  distinguished  cha- 
racter. A  discussion  took  place  upon  the 
famous  prophecy  at  tho  moment  when  the 
murder  fulfilled  one  of  its  latest  clauses, 
as  most  of  the  others  had  been  fulfilled 
already.  It  is  not  necessary  to  believe  in 
the  peasant's  inspiration,  for  such  prophecies 


are  apt  to  fulfil  themselves.  The  two 
dynasties  of  Servia,  according  to  the  pro- 
phecy, are  to  be  ended,  as  one  was  ended 
by  the  last  murder.  "  About  three  years  " 
was  the  term  given  by  the  prophet  to  the 
present  King  before  we  need  expect  the  final 
disappearance  of  that  royal  family.  The 
newspapers  of  Vienna  in  announcing  the 
conspiracy  of  "  leading  military  and  political 
personages  in  Belgrade  "  made  no  allusion  to 
the  prophecy  or  to  the  date,  but  the  book  of 
Mr.  Mijatovich  shows  that  the  era  of  violent 
revolution  in  Servia  has  not  closed. 

It  is  hard  to  say  why  Turkey  and  Greece 
and  Roumania  and  the  Austrian  territories 
of  the  Balkans,  inhabited  by  similar  races, 
have  not  recently  been  conspicuous  for 
political  assassination.  At  one  time  Bul- 
garia held  the  record  in  this  respect,  and  the 
revelations  which  came  to  us  from  Odessa, 
and  showed  the  machinery  by  which  the 
Bulgarian  assassinations  had  been* accom- 
plished, now  come  to  us,  in  the  case  of  Servia, 
from  Mr.  Mijatovich.  He  writes  of  matters 
which  almost  involve  passion,  but  he  writes 
(as  might  be  expected  of  him)  dispassionately. 
The  story  that  he  has  to  tell  is  full  of  interest, 
and  he  tells  it  admirably.  There  are  some 
who  may  think  that  he  is  unfair  to  Russia, 
but  they  will  not  be  found  among  those  who 
are  best  acquainted  with  the  facts.  How 
far  a  second  Great  Power,  Austria,  is  im- 
plicated is  left  an  open  question  in  the 
reader's  mind  ;  and  the  allusions  to  the 
secret  convention  of  1882  between  Milan  of 
Servia  and  Austria-Hungary,  and  those  to  a 
much  later  agreement  between  that  empire 
and  Russia,  are  a  little  vague,  as  was  neces- 
sary in  the  case  of  a  writer  who  is  still  in 
possession  of  diplomatic  secrets.  Where 
Mr.  Mijatovich  knows  the  facts  and  may  not 
state  them,  he  quotes  judiciously  from 
newspapers  in  such  a  way  as  to  prove  his 
case  to  the  reader  without  making  improper 
revelations.  Once  more  the  view,  some- 
times expressed  in  these  columns,  that  every- 
thing is  in  the  newspapers,  but  that  the  public 
is  unable  to  sift  out  the  true  and  reject  the 
false,  is  confirmed  by  history. 

Mr.  Mijatovich  is  perhaps  not  acquainted 
with  Sully's  memoirs.  He  does  not  draw 
a  parallel  between  the  instructions  which 
he  received  in  1900  when  visiting  Vienna 
and  those  given  to  Sully  by  Henri  IV.  in 
respect  of  an  exactly  similar  matter.  The 
Servian  Government  had  decided  that  King 
Alexander  must  marry.  The  Austrian 
Government  agreed  in  the  decision,  and  the 
Foreign  Minister  of  the  Empire  pressed 
immediate  marriage  on  King  Alexander 
through  his  Minister  : — 

"But  your  King  makes  too  many  conditions 

The  Princess  must  be  young,  beautiful,  and  lovely, 
so  as  to  win  his  love ;  further,  she  ought  to  be 
politically  well  connected,  and  at  least  to  have 
family  relations  with  one  of  the  first-class  Courts 
of  Europe ;  further,  she  ought  to  be  a  highly 
cultured  and  gifted  woman." 
When  it  had  been  decided  in  principle  by 
Henri  IV,  his  wife,  the  Pope,  and  Sully  that 
the  King  must  at  once  divorce  the  Queen  in 
order  to  marry  a  lady  who  would  present 
France  with  an  heir  to  the  throne,  Henri  IV., 
it  will  be  remembered,  made  precisely 
similar  conditions.  In  his  case  the  sudden 
death  of  La  Belle  Gabrielle  prevented, 
perhaps  with  his  connivance,  that  which 
happened  in  the  case  of  the  unfortunate 
Alexander  and  Madame  Draga  Mashin. 

The  Clarendon  Press  publishes,  in  a  style 
uniform  with  Mr.  Hutchinson's  edition  of 
Shelley,  The  Poetical  Works  of  Keats,  edited, 
with  an  Introduction  and  textual  notes,  by 
H.  Buxton  Forman,  C.B.  His  name  is  a 
guarantee  for  the  excellence  and  precision 
of  the  work,  which  presents  in  the  way  of 
text  and  bibliography  all  that  the  thorough 


NM127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


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091 


student  of  Keats  can  need.  The  edition 
gives  more  than  that,  for  of  the  four  illus- 
trations three  are  hitherto  unpublished,  the 
facsimile  leaf  of  new  lines  from  a  draft  of 
'  The  Eve  of  St.  Mark '  being  of  special 
interest. 

The  Introduction  explains  skilfully  the 
history  of  the  poet's  text,  which  has, 
owing  to  its  different  sources,  some  of 
the  variations  which  puzzle  us  in  old  MSS. 
of  the  classics  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Tt  is 
interesting  to  notice  that  the  holograph  MS. 
of  the  '  Vision  '  of  '  Hyperion  '  (now  known 
to  be  a  reconstruction  of  the  earlier  version) 
was  lent  for  some  purposes  of  the  1867 
reprint,  and  never  recovered,  so  that  it 
cannot  now  be  traced.  The  contributions 
of  Woodhouse  to  the  text  are  of  particular 
value,  and  are  explained  in  the  Introduc- 
tion, while  there  are  references  to  important 
fugitive  articles.  The  bibliography,  indeed, 
is  an  excellent  feature.  It  is  very  satis- 
factory to  have  this  well-printed  and  for  all 
practical  purposes  final  edition  of  a  supreme 
poet. 

A  curious  chapter  might  be  written  on  the 
verses  which,  though  "  non  sua  poma," 
have  been  incorporated  in  the  text  of  great 
writers.  To  Keats  have  been  credited 
verses  by  his  brother  George,  Mrs.  Tighe, 
Leigh  Hunt,  Barry  Cornwall,  and  Massinger, 
•even  as  Shakspeare's  printed  works  usually 
contain  '  The  Passionate  Pilgrim,'  much  of 
which  is  not  his. 

Treading  in  the  footsteps  of  his  father, 
M.  Georges  Claretie  publishes,  through  M. 
Charpentier  of  Paris,  the  first  of  a  succession 
of  volumes  developing  some  points  of  law 
in  literature  and  history.  On  the  usual 
page  which  follows  the  title  in  French  books 
and  gives  the  other  works,  past  and  future 
of  the  same  writer,  we  notice,  in  addition 
to  the  name  of  the  admirable  first  effort  of 
M.  Georges  Claretie,  describing  Syracuse 
and  Tripoli,  a  list  which  shows  that  he  is  at 
work  upon  such  subjects  as  the  relations  of 
play-actors  to  the  law.  His  present  book  is 
Derue  sV Empoisonnear  :  une  Cause  celebre 
au  dix-huitieme  Steele.  This  considerable 
volume  improves  in  interest  in  its  latter  part. 
The  mere  account  of  Derues  is,  perhaps, 
inferior  in  attraction  to  those  who  love  com- 
plicated crime  as  compared  with  the  great 
trials  which  in  this  country  are  read  by  law 
students,  such  as  that  for  the  Briggs  murder, 
with  its  circumstantial  evidence  of  the 
famous  hat,  and  that  of  Palmer,  the  Ruge- 
ley  poisoner.  The  documents  on  which  M. 
Claretie  relies  are  to  be  found  in  the  French 
records,  having  survived  the  Revolution  and 
the  Commune,  and  remaining  at  their  full 
bulk,  which  is  enormous.  M.  Claretie 
developes  in  the  later  portions  of  his  story 
the  valuable  hints  afforded  by  this  case  in 
respect  of  the  criminal  procedure  of  France 
under  the  Monarchy.  The  whole  method 
of  obtaining  evidence  and  the  whole  police 
and  detective  organization  of  eighteenth- 
century  France  stand  revealed.  Nothing 
that  has  been  written  on  the  Diamond  Neck- 
lace or  the  trial  of  the  Marquise  de  Brin- 
villiers  gives  so  much  of  the  "  procedure  " 
behind  the  scenes  as  does  this  volume  of  M. 
Georges  Claretie,  which  we  heartily  commend 
to  those  whose  nerves  are  sufficiently  strong 
to  let  them  read,  or  whose  resolution  is 
sufficiently  strong  to  skip,  the  account  of  the 
repeated  torture  of  the  prisoner  and  his  wife. 
The  murder,  long  afterwards,  of  the  latter 
(thought  innocent  by  our  author),  in  the 
massacres  of  1792,  is  pathetic.  M.  Georges 
Claretie,  in  spite  of  his  knowledge  of  our 
tongue,  and  that  possessed  by  our  valued 
contributor  his  father  and  his  circle,  has  not 
been  fortunate  in  the  correction  on  his  proof 
of  the  name  of  the  well-known  second  Earl 


of  Massereene,  commonly  known  as  "  milord 
Mazarin,"  "  de  son  vrai  norn  milord  Clot, 
Worthy,  Skeffington,  comte  de  Masserane," 
i.e.  Clotworthy  Skeffington,  Earl  of  Masse- 
reene. 

We  are  able  to  commend  La  Decouverte 
du  Vieux  Monde  par  un  E-tudiant  de  Chicago, 
written  by  the  Abbe  Klein,  a  professor  at  the 
Institut  Catholique  of  Paris  (Plon-Nourrit 
&  Cie.).  The  wit  and  irony  of  the  earlier 
pages,  relating  the  talks  of  the  imaginary 
American  with  young  French  "  Conserva- 
tives," hardly  prepare  us  for  the  serious 
discussion  of  the  future  "  free  church  " — the 
main  purpose  of  the  volume.  "  The  French 
love  monarchy,  in  their  neighbours."  Every 
Frenchman  wishes  to  be  employed  by  the 
State,  which  he  despises  and  reviles,  but 
even  more,  when  once  salaried,  desires  his 
"  retraite." 

"  Cet  etat  reprcsente  l'ideal.  Plus  tot  Ton  a  sa 
retraite,  e'est  a  dire  plus  vite  on  arrive  ;'i  etre  pay£ 
sans  rien  faire,  et  plus  on  s'estime  lieureux." 

"  Je  leur  demandai  ce  qu'ils  comptaient  faire; 
ils  dirent  qu'ils  ne  le  savaient  pas,  qu'ils  attendaient 
un  autre  gouvernement." 

The  Abbe  stoutly  defends  the  Republican 
principle,  but  condemns,  of  course,  "  anti- 
clerical "  manifestations.  The  Pope,  he 
believes,  has  taken  a  course  damaging  to 
the  Church  in  France,  but  was  bound  to 
have  regard  to  the  worldwide  interest  of 
the  Church  rather  than  to  the  interest  and 
future  of  the  Church  in  France  alone.  France, 
the  Abbe  evidently  thinks,  should  be  treated 
not  as  "  a  Catholic  country,"  but  as  a 
"  missionary  country."  One  of  his  friends 
has  not  had  a  single  baptism  during  the  years 
he  has  held  his  parish. 

MM.  Perrin  &  Cie.  and  M.  Gilbert 
Stenger  are  not  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
fifth  part  of  the  latter' s  La  Societe  fran^aise 
pendant  le  Consulat,  which  deals  with  Les 
Beaux  Arts,  and  with  La  Gaslronomie.  It  is 
a  patchwork  volume  of  bad  "  book-making," 
mostly  mere  catalogue.  But  we  take  the 
opportunity  of  advising  the  general  reader 
to  purchase  the  third  part  (1005).  Even 
that  is  of  no  real  value,  as  '  Bonaparte,  sa 
Famille,  le  Monde,  et  les  Salons,'  deals  with 
lives  now  known  in  every  detail.  But  as 
a  book  of  entertaining  gossip,  brought 
together  from  all  sources,  we  can  heartily 
recommend  it  to  those  who  want  to  find  in 
a  single  volume  a  general  view  of  the 
fashionable  period.  Each  part  ("serie") 
can  be  bought  by  itself. 

The  Publishers'  Circular  sends  us  The 
English  Catalogue  of  Books,  1901-1905,  which 
contains  all  the  books  published  during  these 
years  in  one  alphabetical  arrangement  includ- 
ing both  authors  and  titles.  The  volume  is 
strongly  bound,  and  a  work  of  the  greatest 
value  for  reference,  as  it  is  singularly  com- 
plete and  accurate.  It  is  easy  to  secure 
from  its  pages  some  remarkable  statistics. 
Thus  we  discover  that  the  public  lias  within 
the  period  stated  been  favoured  with  89 
books  from  L.  T.  Meade,  56  from  Adeline 
Sergeant,  55  from  Rita,  and  47  from  Mr. 
W.  Le  Queux.  These  figures  include  many 
new  editions  of  these  popular  authors, 
but,  even  so,  they  are  amazing.  The  pace  of 
composition  implied  entitles  one  to  suppose 
that  in  the  matter  of  style,  and  other  points 
of  the  art  of  writing,  a  large  proportion  of 
these  volumes  are  negligible. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  De  La 
Rue  &  Co.  a  packet  of  Diaries  and  Calendars 
which  are  models  of  arrangement,  and  also, 
it  need  hardly  be  said,  of  good  printing. 
They  have — we  think,  wisely — made  thin 
diaries  in  limp  leather  cases  a  special  feature 
this  year. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

neology. 
Arnold's  Sabbath-School  Commentary  on  the  International 

Lessons,  1907,  2/6  net. 
Ballinget  (J.),  The  Bible  in  Wales,  8/6  net. 
Bierer  (R.),  The  Evolution  of  Religions,  9/  net. 
Bonomelli  (Mgr.),  On  Religious  Worship  and  some  Defects 

in  Popular  Devotions,  2/6  net. 
Camm  (Dom  Bede),  Tyburn  Conferences  :  Oxford,  Douay, 

Tyburn,  2/6  net. 
Dictionary  of  Christ  and  the  Gospels,  edited  by  J.  Hastings! 

Vol.  I.,  Aaron— Knowledge,  21/  net. 
Forbush  (W.  B.),  Ke<  lesiastes  in  the  Metre  of  Omar,  5/  net. 
Herbert  (C),  The  Life  Limitless,  3/  net. 
Joseph  (M.),  The  Message  of  Judaism,  4/6  net. 
Lethbridge  (A),  Country  Communion  Classes.  3/0  net. 
Lewis  (H.  E.),  With  Christ  among  the  Miners,  5/ 
Maclaren  (A.),  The  Books  of  Deuteronomy,  Joshua,  Judges, 

Ruth,  and  1  Samuel,  7/6 
Morning  Message,  a  Selection  from  the  Works  of  Rev.  C.  C. 

Morgan,  3/6 
Oman  (J.),  The  Problem  of  Faith  and  Freedom  in  the  Last 

Two  Centuries,  10/6 
Phipps  (W.),  Under  which  Banner,  Christ's  or  Antichrist's  t 

3/<i  net. 
Pullan  (L.),  The  Atonement,  5/ 
Pusey  (E.   B.),  The  Minor  Prophets:    Vol.  III.,  Joel  and 

Obadiah,  New  Edition,  2/6  net. 
Reid  (J.),  Jesus  and  Nicodemus,  4/6  net. 
Russell  (G.  W.  ]•;.),  The  Household  of  Faith,  Third  Edition, 

5/  net. 
Selby  (T.  G.),  The  Strenuous  (iospel,  6/ 
Taylor  (Mrs.  H.),  One  of  China's  Scholars,  3/6  net. 
Templeton  (J.  S.),  A  Layman's  Mind  on  Creed  and  Church, 

3/6  net. 
Thomas (W.  H.  G.),  Shall  I  go  to  Confession?  Stf. 
Toohey(J.  J.),  An  Indexed  Synopsis  of  Newman's  'Grammar 

of  Assent,'  3/6 
Watson  (D.),  Perfect  Womanhood,  3/« 

Law. 
Attenborough  (C.  L.),  The  Recovery  of  Stolen  Goods,  7/6 

Fine  Art  and  Archaolngg. 
Art  Journal,  1006,  21/  net. 
Barrington    (Mrs.    R.),   The    Life,  Letters,  and    Work  of 

Frederic  Leighton,  2  vols..  42/  net. 
Beruete  (A.  de),  Velazquez,  10/6  net. 
Biadby  (G.  F.),  The  Great  Days  of  Versailles,  1'  I  6  net. 
Frankau  (J.),  Eighteenth-Century  Colour  Prints,  7/6  net. 
Graves  (A.),  The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  Vol.  \  II.,  42/ net. 
Laneiani  (R.),  The  Golden  Days  of  the  Renaissance    in 

Rome,  21/  net. 
Mary,  Queen  of  Soots,  Pictures  by  J.  Orrock  and   sir  J. 

Linton,  Story  by  W.  Wood,  15/  net. 
Paul  (H.),   Queen   Anne,   illustrated    from    Contemporary 

Works  of  Art,  63/  net. 
Pitt-Rivers  (Lieut. -General  A.    L-F.),  The    Evolution   of 

Culture,   and  other   Essays,  edited    by  J.   L.    Myres, 

7/6  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Browning   (E.    B.),  Sonnets   from   the   Portuguese,   New 

Edition,  2/6  net. 
Browning  (R.),  Rabbi  Ben  Ezra,  4»7. 
Carroll  (J.  S.),  Prisoners  of  Hope,  an  Exposition  of  Dante's 

Purgatorio,  10/6  net. 
Coleridge  (Hon.  S.),  Songs  to  Oesideria,  and  other  Poems, 

3/6  net. 
Cresswell  (J.  J.),  Sketches  and  Sonnets,  3/C  net. 
Elliott  (C),  Sosanna  '  Hymns  for  a  Week,  *•'. 
Falzan  (P.   L.),  Love's  Reawakening,  and   other  Poems, 

3/6  net. 
Fwie  (J.),  Comedy  Queens  of  the  Georgian  Era,  12/6  net, 
Goldsmith (O.),  Complete  Poetical  Work-,  Oxford  Edition, 

3/6  ;  India-Paper  Edition,  5/ 
Greenwell  (D.),   Selected  Poems,   Introduction    by  C.    L- 

Mavnard,  3/6  net. 
Hood  (t.),  Complete  Poetical  Works,  Oxford  Edition,  3/6; 

India-Paper  Edition,  5/ 
Keats  (.1.),  odes,  Sonnets,  and  La  Belle  Dame  sans  Merci, 

3/6  net;  Poetical  Works,  edited  by  H.  Buxton  Forman, 

7/6  net. 
Maeterlinck  (M.),  Joyzelle,  translated  by  A.  T.  de  Mattos, 

3/6  net. 
Xesbitt(l".),  The  Magi.-  Whistle,  and  other  Fairy  Tale  Plays, 

■1  6  net  ;  with  six  Son-s  ;it  0''.  net  each. 
Pembroke  Booklets  :  V.,  Southwell,  Constable,  Drummond  ; 

VI.,  Lodge,  Green,  Daniel,  Large-Paper  Edition. 
Petrarca  (F),   On  the  Death  of  Madonna  Laura,  trans- 
lated by  A.  Tobin,  7/6  net. 
Pope  (.1.),  Paper  Pellets,  Humorous  Verse,  1/6  net. 
Raad  (X.),  Poems,  together   with   Translations  from  Cer- 

nianv's  Greatest  Poets,  26  net. 
Sabin  (A.   K.),  The  Death  of   Icarus,  and  other  Poems, 

4/  net. 
Schofleld  (P.),  The  Triumph  of  Man,  3/6 
Shakspeare,  Lore's  Labour's  Lost,  edited  by  II.  C.  Hart, 
2/6  net:  King  Henry  IV.,  Part  II.  ;   Measure  for  Mea- 
sure, 1'6  net  each. 
Smith  (Wentworth),  The  Hector  of  Germanie,  edited  by 

L.  W.  Payne. 
league  (V.),  Night-Fall  in  the  TiTree,  5/ net. 

Tuck  well  (Kev.  W.),  Spenser,  1/ net. 
Veasey(T.  FA  Meadowsweet  :   Poems,  2 '6  net. 
Westminster  Versions,  edited  by  H.  F.  Fox,  8/6  net. 

MueU. 
Henderson  (W.  J).  The  Art  of  the  Singer,  5/  net. 
Kerst  (F.),  Beethoven  ;  Mozart,  4/6  net  each. 
Lee(E.  M.),  Tchaikovski,  1/ net. 
shakspeie    Songs   (Fifty),  for   Low    Voice,  edited    by  C. 

Vincent,  Idol.  SO. 
Taylor  (S.),  The  Indebtedness  of  Handel  to  Works  by  other 
"  Composers,  12/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Analyst  (The):  General  Index  to  Vols,  XXI.-XXX.,  com- 
piled by  J.  C.  Welch,  10/  net 


692 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


Philosophy. 
King  (I.),  The  Psychology  of  Child-Development,  Second 

Edition,  5/ net. 
Orage  (A.  R.),  Friedrich  Nietzsche,  1/  net. 

Political  "Economy. 
ATebury  (Lord),  On  Municipal  and  National  Trading,  5/net. 
Kirkup  (T. ),  A  History  of  Socialism,  Third  Edition,  Revised, 

7/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Barker  (J.  E.)i  The  Rise  and  Decline  of  the  Netherlands, 

10/6  net. 
Brooktield  (F.  M.),  The  Cambridge  "Apostles,"  21/  net. 
Butler  (D.),  The  Tron  Kirk  of  Edinburgh,  21/  net. 
Coulton  (G.  G.),  Medieval  Studies,  Nos.  1-7,  3/6  net. 
Dolling  (R.  R.),  Ten  Years  in  a  Portsmouth  Slum,  Seventh 

Edition,  3/6 
Edwardian  Inventories  for   Huntingdonshire,    edited   by 

Mrs.  S.  C.  Lomas,  10/ 
Elton   (O.),   Frederick    York   Powell,   with   Letters   and 

Occasional  Writings,  2  vols.,  21/ net. 
Fyfe  (\V.  T.),  Edinburgh  under  Sir  Walter  Scott,  10/6  net. 
Hill  (D.  J.),  A  History  of  Diplomacy  in  the  International 

Development  of  Europe,  Vol.  II.,  18/ net. 
Huyshe  (W.),  The  Royal  Manor  of  Hitchin,  10/6  net. 
Isaacson  (C.  S.),  The  Storv  of  the  Later  Popes,  7/6  net. 
Markhani  (Sir  C.  R.),  Richard  III.,  10/6  net. 
Mijatovitch  (C),  A  Royal  Tragedy  :  King  Alexander  and 

Queen  Draga  of  Servia,  7/6 
Pitt  (William),"  Correspondence,  edited  by  G.  S.  Kimball, 

2  vols. ,  25/  net. 
Rhodes  (J.  F.),  History  of  the  United  States  :  Yol.  YL, 

1866  72  :  Yol.  VII.,  1872-7,  2dol.  50  net  each. 
Roth  (H.   L.),  The  Yorkshire  Coiners,  and  Notes  on  Old 

and  Prehistoric  Halifax,  21/  net. 
St  John  (sir  Spencer),  The  Earlier  Adventures  of  a  Naval 

Officer,  6/ 
Schuyler  (M.),  Westward  the  Course  of  Empire,  5/  net, 
Seccombe  (T.)  and  Nicoll  (W.  R.),  'The  Bookman'  Illus- 
trated History  of  English  Literature:  Yol.  I.,  Chaucer 

to  Dry  den,  7/0  net. 
Sheppard  (E.),  George,  Duke  of  Cambridge:  a  Memoir  of 

his  Private  Life,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 
Woodhouselee  MS. :  a  Narrative  of  Events  in  Edinburgh, 

1745.  J 

Worsfold  (W.  B.),  Lord  Milner's  Work  in  South  Africa, 

15/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Dampier's  Voyages,  edited  by  .1.  Masefield,  Yol.  I.,  12/6  net. 
Leonard  (Major  A.  G.),  The  Lower  Niger  and  its  Tribes, 

12/6  net, 
Moncrieff  (A.  R.  H.),  The  World  of  To-day,  Yol.  VI.,  8/ net. 
Overland  to  Persia,  by  Viator,  5/  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Jarrott   (C),  Ten    Years   of   Motors  and  Motor  Racing, 

12/6  net. 

Folk-lore. 
Eckenstein  (L.),  Comparative  Studies  in  Nursery  Rhymes, 

U,0  net. 

Education. 
Breul  (K.),The  Teaching  of  Modern  Foreign  Languages  and 

the  Training  of  Teachers,  Third  Edition,  2/  net. 
Thwing  (C.  F.),  Higher  Education  in  America,  12/6  net. 

Philology. 
Charles  (R,  H.),The  Ethiopic  Version  of  the  Book  of  Enoch, 

edited  from  Twenty-Three  MSS.,  17/6 
Echoes  from  '  Kottabos,'  edited  by  R.  Y.  Tyrrell  and  Sir  E. 

Sullivan,  7/6  net. 

School-Books. 
Corneille  (P.),  Le  Cid,  edited  by  H.  W.  Eve,  2/ 
Lubovius  (L.),  A  Practical  German  Grammar,  Reader,  and 

Writer,  PartIL,  3/ 
Malot   (H.),  Remi   en    Angleterre,  edited   by   M.   de   G. 

Verrall,  2/ 

Science. 
American  Practice  of  Surgery,  8  vols.,  30/  net  each. 
Brown  (-T.  P.),  Practical  Arboriculture;  12/6*net. 
Cadiot  (P.  J.)  and   Almy   (J.),    Surgical  Therapeutics  of 

Domestic  Animals,  20/  net. 
Dunn  (G.  C),  Don'ts  and  Whys  in  Bee-Keeping,  1/ 
Gibbs  (.1.  W.),  Scientific  Papers  :  Vol.  I.,  24/ net ;  Vol.  II., 

18/  net. 
Jowett  (\V.),  Notes  on  Blood-Serum  Therapy:  for  Vete- 
rinary Practitioners  and  Students,  5/  net. 
Kitt  (T.),  Text-Book  of  Comparative  General  Pathology  for 

Practitioners  of  Veterinary  Medicine,  25/ net. 
Mackenzie  (W.  L.),  The  Health  of  the  School  Child,  2/6 
Nunn  (J.  A.),  Veterinary  Toxicology,  5/  net. 
PayenPayne  (De  V.),  French  Readings  in  Science,  3/6 
Porter  (C),  School  Hygiene  and  the  Laws  of  Health,  3/6 
Roberts  (J.),  Laboratory  Work  in  Electrical  Engineering, 

5/  net. 
Science  Y  ear-Book,  Diary,  &c,  5/  net ;  without  the  Diary, 

3/  net. 
Stonham  (C),  The  Birds  of  the  British  Islands,  Part  III., 

7  i;  net. 
Sy8tem   of   Medicine,  edited  by   T.  C.   Allbutt  and  H.  D. 

Rolleston,  Vol.  II.  Part  I.,  25/ net. 
Thomas  (N.  W.),  Natives  of  Australia,  6/  net. 
Thorpe  (W.  HA  The  Anatomy  of  Bridgework,  6/  net. 
Tooley  (S.    A.),   The   History  of    Nursing    in    the   British 

Empire,  7/6  net. 
Whitehead  (A.  N.),  The  Axioms  of  Projective  Geometry, 

2/6  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Boys'  Classics :  Mayne  Reid's  The  Scalp-Hunters;  Defoe's 

Captain  singleton,  1/ net  each. 
Calthrop  (D.  C),  The  Guide  to  Fairyland,  5/  net. 
Fifty-Two    New   Stories  for    Boys ;    for  Girls ;    Fifty-Two 

Pioneer  Stories,  edited  by  A.  H.  Miles,  5/ each. 
Myrtle  (M.),  How  to  Dress  a  Doll,  6<Z.  net. 
Bansome  (A.),  The  Things  in  our  Garden  ;  The  Child's  Book 

of  the  Seasons  ;  Pond  and  Stream,  1/6  culi. 
WelU.li  (E.),  The  Granny  Growler  Stories,  3/6 

General  Literature. 
Arnold-Forster  (H.  O.),  The  Army  in  1906,  15/ net. 
Bangs  (J.  K.)i  R.  Holmes  and  Co.,  8/6  net 
Baum  (L.  FA  The  .New  Wizard  of  Oz,  6/ 
Benson  (A.  G.),  The  House  of  Quiet,  8/  net. 


Benson  (R.  H.),  The  Sentimentalists,  6/ 

Blackwood   (A.),    The    Empty    House,    and    other    Ghost 

Stories,  6/ 
Broughton  (R.),  A  Waif's  Progress,  New  Edition,  2/ 
Buckle  (H.  T.),  The   Influence  of   Women,  New   Edition, 

Gd.  net. 
Campbell  (J.  A.),  In  the  Shadow  of  the  Crescent,  3/6  net. 
Carlyle  (T.),  The  Everlasting  Yea,  id. 
Chance  (Sir  W.),  Vagrancy,  Gd.  net. 
Chesson  (N),  Father  Felix's  Chronicles,  edited  by  W.  H. 

Chesson,  6/ 
Cleeve  (L.),  The  Confessions  of  a  Climber,  6/ 
Cornish  (E.),  Bazin's  Gold,  3/6 
Crawford  (T.  C),  A  Real  Mahatma,  1/ 
Dawn  of  Day  for  11)06,  1/ 
De  La  Rue's  Diaries  and  Calendars  for  1907. 
Farrow  (G.  E.),  Essays  in  Bacon,  an  Autograph  Book,  1/ 
Fletcher  (H),  The  New  Glutton  or  Epicure,  4/  net. 
Fox  (J.),  A  Knight  of  the  Cumberland,  2/6  net. 
George  (H),  The  Romance  of  John  Bainbridge,  6/ 
Heath  (E.),  Holm  wood  Pride,  6/ 
Hermathena :  Papers  on  Literature,  Science,  and  Philo- 

sophv,  4/ 
Hughes  (D.  P.),  Towards  the  Light,  0/ 
Lacey  (T.  A.),  Facts  and  Prospects,  6<f.  net. 
Lewis  (M.  G.),  The  Monk,  edited  by  E.  A.  Baker,  6/  net. 
Lloyd  (J.),  Miriam,  3/6 

Mason  (G.  M.),  Some  Studies  in  the  Formation   of  Cha- 
racter, 3/6  net. 
Maxims  of  a  Queen,  translated  by  U.  Birch,  1/  net. 
Modern  Cyclopedia,  edited  by  G.  Annandale,  New  Edition, 

Vols.  III.  and  IV.,  6/  net  each. 
Mowbray's  Calendars  for  1907. 
Montefiore  (B.  D.),  The  Woman's  Calendar,  1/  net, 
Nansen  (P.),  Love's  Trilogy,  translated  by  Julia  Le  Gal- 

lienne,  0/ 
Oliver  (L.  S.),  The  Scarlet  Crescent,  6/ 
Punshon  (E.  R.).  Rhoda  in  Between,  6/ 
Reich  (E.),  Success  in  Life,  5/  net. 
Remington  (F.),  The  Way  of  an  Indian,  5/ 
Roberts  (J.),  Notes  on  the  New  Practice  at  the  Patent 

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Sherard  (R.  II.),  After  the  Fault,  6/ 
Stevenson  (E.  G.),  My  Neighbour,  6/ 
Thurston  (E.  T),  The  Realist,  and  other  Stories,  2/6  net. 
Trollope  (A.),  The  Small  House  at  Allington,  2  vols. ,  New 

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Truth  about  the  Navy,  1/  net. 
Turner  (R.),  Davray's  Affairs,  6/ 
Waite  (A.  E.),  Studies  in  MysticisnTand  Certain  Aspects  of 

the  Secret  Tradition,  10/6  net. 
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Watson  (H.  H.),  Andrew  Goodfellow,  a  Tale  of  1805,  6/ 
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World's  Classics :   Motley's  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic, 

3  vols.  ;   Matthew    Arnold's    Poems,    1849-64  ;    Leigh 

Hunt's  Essays  and  Sketches  ;   ^Fschylus,  the   Seven 

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World's  Work  and  Play,  Yol.  VIII.,  7/6 
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FOREIGN. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Chabert  (S.),  Histoire  sommaire  des  Etudes  d'Epigraphie 

grecque.  . 
Duhem  (P.),  Etudes  sur  Leonard  de  Vinci,  Series  I.,  12fr. 
Duret  (T.),  Les  Peintres  Impressionnistes,  25fr. 
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Marty  (A.),  L'Histoire  de  Notre  Dame  de  Paris,  200fr. 
Nilsson  (M.  P.),  Griechische  Feste  v.  religioser  Bedeutung 

m.  Ausschluss  der  attischen,  12m. 
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Music  and  Drama. 
Lecomte  (H.),  Histoire  des  Theatres  de  Paris  :  Le  Theatre 

National  et  le  Theatre  de  l'Egalite,  1793-4,  6fr. 
Weingarener  (F.),  Ratschliige  fiir  Auffuhrungen  der  Sym- 

phonien  Beethovens. 

Philosophy. 
Elsenhans  (T.),  Fries  und  Kant,  Part  II.,  5m. 
Prudhomme  (Sully),  Psychologie  du  Libre  Arbitre,  2fr.  50. 

Political  Economy. 
Turot   (H.)   et   Bellamy  (H.),  Le    Surpeuplement   et   les 

Habitations  a  bon  marched  6fr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Brunot  (F.),  Histoire  de  la  Langue  francaise:  Vol.  II.  Le 

Seizteme  Siecle,  15fr. 
Denege    (B.),  Trois  Mois  a  Londres :    Impressions  d'une 

Artiste,  2fr. 
Falconieri  (F.  di  S.),  Sulle  Relazioni  fra  la  Casa  di  Borbone 

e  il  Papato  nel  Secolo  XVIII.,  1  lira. 
Giraud  (V.),,Livres  et  Questions  d'Aujourd'hui,  3fr.  50. 
Haumant  (E.),  Ivan  Tourguenief :  La  Vie  et  l'<Euvre,  3fr.  50. 
Hauvette   (H.),    Histoires   des   Litteratures :    Litterature 

italienne,  5fr. 
Paris  ((i.),  Esquisse  historique  de  la  Litterature  francaise 

au  moyen  age,  3fr.  50. 
Thibault  (M.),  La  Jeunes.se  de  Louis  XL,  1423-45,  7fr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Orleans  (Due  d'),  A  travels  la  Banquise  :  Du  Spitzberg  au 

Cap  Philippe,  20fr. 

Philology. 
Aymonier  (E.)  et  Cabaton  (A.),  Dictionnaire  Cam-frangais, 

32fr. 
Cartault(A.),  A  propos  du  Corpus  Tibullianum,  18fr. 
Haunt  (P.),  Purim,  4m. 
Herkenrath  (E.),  Der  Enoplios,  6m. 
Mitteilungen  des   Seminars    fiir    Orientalische    Sprachen, 

Jahrgang  IX.,  15m. 

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Duhem    (P.),    Les    Sources    des    Theories    physiques:    les 

Origines  de  la  Statique,  Vol.  II. ,  lOfr. 
General  Literature. 
Adam  (P.),  Irene  et  les  Eunuques,  3fr.  50, 
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Foley  (C),  Les  mauvais  Gars,  3fr. 

Maygrier(R.),  Redemption,  3fr.  50. 

Roy  (E.  le),  Les  Gens  d'Auberoque,  3fr.  50. 

Vanderem  (F.),  La  Victime,  cinquieme  Edition,  3fr.  50. 

*#*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  pi'eviously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


'  BIBLIOTHECA    SARRAZIANA.' 

On  August  4th  you  printed  a  letter 
about  a  book  entitled  '  Bibliotheca 
Sarraziana,'  which  is  in  the  University 
Library  at  Durham.  Through  the  kind 
inquiries  of  Mr.  R.  S.  Faber  I  have  been 
furnished  with  what  appears  to  be  a  certain 
solution  of  the  difficulties  which  the  book 
occasioned.  A  copy  of  the  book  is  in  the 
library  of  the  Booksellers'  Association  at 
Amsterdam,  and  I  have  heard  of  no  other 
copy.  A  letter  written  to  Mr.  Faber  by  the 
Archivist  of  the  Hague,  Dr.  H.  E.  van 
Gelder,  tells  us  who  the  owner  of  the  library 
was. 

In  1705,  February  15th,  the  marriage  is 
registered  in  three  different  registers  of 
George  Louis  de  la  Sarra  (or  de  la  Saraz, 
or  de  Saraz),  from  the  Hague,  and  Mag- 
dalena  Basnage  (Barnage),  from  Rotterdam. 

In  the  same  year  an  only  son  of  theirs 
was  registered  St.  Jacob  in  the  Church  at 
the  Hague  as  follows  : — 

"Jacques,  soon  van  George  Francoys  [sic]  de  la 
Sarraz,  preclikant  van  Mylord  d'  Albemarle,  en 
Magdalena  Basnage  ;  getttygen  Jacques  Basnage, 
predikant  der  Waalsche  Gemeente  te  Rotterdam, 
en  Suzanna  du  Moulin  syne  huysvrou." 

This  may  be  rendered  as  follows  : — 

' '  Jacques,  son  of  George  Frangoys  de  la  Sarraz, 
minister  of  Mylord  of  Albemarle,  and  Magdalena 
Basnage.  Witnesses,  Jacques  Basnage,  minister  of 
the  French  Church  at  Rotterdam,  and  Suzanna  du 
Moulin,  his  wife." 

The  Jacques  Basnage  mentioned  here  is 
the  well-known  minister  and  statesman 
Jacques  Basnage  de  Beauval,  son  of  Henry 
B.  de  Francquenai,  born  1653  at  Rouen. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  '  Annales  des 
Provinces  Unies  depuis. .  .  .  1648  jusqu'  an 
1667,'  and  many  other  works. 

It  is  evident  that  De  la  Sarraz  married 
into  a  noble  and  scientific  family,  and  was 
entitled  to  have  a  "  bibliotheca  "  with  such 
a  grand  title  as  his  auctioneers  gave  it. 

He  is  mentioned  afterwards  as  a  secret 
member  of  the  military  council  of  the  King 
of  Polonia,  and  he  possibly  left  the  Hague 
in  1715  for  Warschau  or  Dresden,  and  was 
compelled  to  sell  his  books. 

Dr.  van  Gelder  has  traced  some  other 
members  of  this  family,  who  attained  to 
some  distinction  in  military  affairs,  as  late 
as  1877,  when  it  apparently  died  out. 

It  seems  a  safe  inference  that  his  library 
came  to  De  la  Sarraz  from  his  wife's  family, 
the  Basnages  ;  and  the  preponderance  of 
theological  books  in  the  collection  is  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that  Jacques  Basnage 
was  a  well-known  minister  and  author. 
E.  V.  Stocks, 
Librarian  in  the  University  of  Durham- 


'PARADISE    ROW.' 


We  have  received  a  long  letter  from  Mr. 
Reginald  Blunt  about  our  short,  but,  on  the 
whole,  favourable  notice  of  his  '  Paradise 
Row.'  We  shall  never  again  venture  to 
hint  that  Mr.  Blunt  has  "  grumbled  at 
critics."  It  is  no  doubt  an  unwise  sugges- 
tion to  mako  about  any  author.  An  allu- 
sion to  a  quotation  from  Hamilton,  given 
partly  from  a  French  and  partly  from  an 
English  text,  was  mado  by  us  on  account  of 
the  curious  revelation  which  the  passage, 
in  various  spellings,  yields  as   to   the  life- 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


693 


history  of  a  French  word.  We  incidentally 
stated  that  the  spelling  of  the  French  text 
was  not  consistent,  as  to  which  there  can 
be  no  doubt  ;  and,  whatever,  the  edition, 
the  fact  remains.  We  regret  that  we  attri- 
buted to  Mr.  Blunt  himself  the  addition  of 
"  one  superfluous  accent  "  in  the  modern- 
ization of  Hamilton's  spelling.  He  replies  : 
"  The  words  are  copied  verbatim  et  literatim, 
accents  and  all  ;  and  from  the  edition  which 
particularly  plumed  itself  on  its  precise 
typography."  The  blunders  are  obvious  ; 
the  edition  is  not  specified  ;  and  editions  in 
both  tongues  are  innumerable. 

Another  matter  on  which  Mr.  Blunt  objects 
to  our  friendly  criticism  concerns  our  sen- 
tence, "  It  seems  a  pity  to  describe  as  '  the 
rivulet '  '  The  Bourne  ' .  .  .  .  through  the  ages 
.  .  .  .the  western  boundary  of  Westminster." 
Mr.  Blunt  asks,  "  Why  is  it  a  pity  ?  "  and 
adds,  "  It  is  the  correct  description.  .  .  . '  The 
Bourne  ' .  .  .  .  was  not  its  name,  and  would 
have  been  ambiguous,  as  there  were  more 
'  bournes  '  than  one  ;  the  name  of  the  rivulet 
was  the  West  Bourne."  Of  this  there  can 
be  no  doubt  ;  but  we  thought  "  western 
boundary  "  and  "  Westminster  "  enough  of 
West,  as  we  went  on  to  say,  "  It  gives  its 
name  to  Westbourne  Terraces  and  Streets." 


SALES. 


Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  were 
engaged  during  the  whole  of  last  week  in  selling 
the  Trentham  Hall  Library,   the  property  of  the 
Duke   of   Sutherland.     The   following   high  prices 
were    realized :    .Lsop,    with    German    woodcuts, 
1501,   25/.     LArchitecture  a  la  Mode,    157  plates 
by  Le   Pautre,    Berain,    &c,   32/.     Ornements   in- 
ventez  par  J.  Berain,  132  plates,  Paris,  s.d.,  76/. 
Bowdich's  Freshwater  Fishes,  1828,36/.  Breviarium 
de    Camera     secundum     Usum     Romanum,     1494, 
29/.    10s.     Cervantes,    Don   Quixote,    Ibarra's   fine 
edition,    4    vols.,    bound   by   Derome,    1780,    26/. 
Poliphilo  di  Columna,   1545,  31/.     Coryat's  Crudi- 
ties,  1611,  36/.  10s.     Walter  Cromer's  Treatise  of 
Medicine  and  Chirurgery,   MS.  (dedicated  to  and 
bound  for  Edward  VI.),  c.  1550,  106/.     Dalla way's 
Sussex,    4   vols.,    1815-32,    35/.     Daniell's   Voyage 
round    Great    Britain,    coloured    plates,    8    vols  , 
1814-25,    49/.     Sir  F.  Drake,    Expeditio  in  India, 
Leydae,    1588,    340/.     Sydenham's    Botanical    Re- 
gister,   32    vols.,    1815-46,    26/.    10s.      Erasmus's 
New   Testament   in   Greek    and    Latin,    first   five 
editions,  1516-35,  39/.  KM.     Bucaniers  of  America, 
large  paper,    1784-5,    20/.     Froissart's   Chronicles, 
Pynson,    1523-5,    30/.       Gander's    The    Glory    of 
Q.  Anne  in  her   Royal  Navy,    1703,   fine  binding, 
30/.     Coronation   Service  of  King  George  III.  and 
Queen  Charlotte,  finely  bound,  1761,  20/.     Gould's 
Birds,    25    vols.,    146/.      Gower,    De    Confessione 
Amantis,  1554,  35/.     Higden's  Polvchronicon,  1527, 
29/.     10s.      Tory    Hours,    1549,    59/.      Hours,    on 
vellum,  Hardouin,  1505,  49/.     Houbraken's  Heads, 
large    paper,    1743,    35/.     Ben    Jonson's    copy   of 
Martial,  with  autograph  and  MS.  notes,  1619,  100/. 
Lafontaine's  Fables,  plates  by  Oudry,  1755-9,  56/. 
Jo.    de   Latterbury  in   Threnos   Jeremiae,    Oxford, 
1482,    154/.     Le    Roy,    Les    Politiques  d'Aristote, 
1576-9,  dedication  copy  to  Henry  III.   of  France 
and   Poland,    finely    bound    by   Clovis    Eve,    660/. 
Melanchthon's    copy    of    Homer's    Odyssey,    &c., 
Argent.,   1525,  26/.    10s.     Early  English   Metrical 
Romances,      fifteenth     century,      100/.      Moreau, 
Monument    du    Costume   du   dix-huith'-me    Siecle, 
1789,    57/.       Xieremlierg,    Historia    Natune,    &c, 
1636,  Oharlea  L's  oopy,  finely  bound,  395/.     Duke 
of  Northumberland's   Areano   del   Mare,   2  vols., 
complete,    1646-7,   50/.     Oxford    School-Books    (3), 
printed   by  Treveris  of  Southwark,  and  published 
by  J.  Thome  of  Oxford,    1527,  59/.      Karl  of  Pem- 
broke's    Poem?,     1660,     -20/.       Pennant's    Works, 
26     vols.,      1776,     &c,    28/.       Piranesi's    Works, 
23  vols.,   767.     English   MS.  Psalter,    S;ec.    XIV., 
illuminated,  325/.   Speculum  Vita',  MS.,  Sa'C.  XIV., 
141/.     Ru liens,  Galerie  de  Luxembourg,  171(1,  32/. 
Shakspeare's  Plays,  third  edition,  1664,  390/.     Sib- 
thorp's  Flora  Gneca,  1806-40,  175/.    Silius  Italicus, 
1551,  Clovis  Eve  binding  for  Marguerite  de  Valois, 
88/. 


The  Caxton  volume  containing  three  more  or 
less  fragmentary  works,  which  was  described  in 
our  issue  of  November  17th,  was  sold  by  Messrs. 
Hodgson  last  Saturday,  and  realized  470/.  It  may 
be  added  that  the  copy  of  'The  Book  of  Good 
Manners '  in  the  Lambeth  Palace  Library  should 
have  been  referred  to  as  imperfect.  Other  prices 
in  the  same  sale  were  as  follows  :  F.  de  Quir,  New 
Southerne  Discoverie,  1617,  27/.  Manuscript  Hora? 
on  vellum,  executed  for  Charles  VIII.,  and 
printed  Hone  by  Verard,  also  on  vellum,  400/. 
Guicciardinrs  Historia  d'  Italia,  with  Sir  Philip 
Sidney's  autograph  on  title,  13/.  Holland's  Hero- 
logia  Anglica,  2  vols,  in  1,  1620,  20/.  10s.  Parkin- 
son's Paradisi  in  Sole,  1656,  10/.  10s.  Loggan's 
Oxonia  and  Cantabrigia  Illustrata,  2 vols.,  10/.  18s. 


The  Hon.  Emily  Lawless  has  given 
the  title  '  The  Book  of  Gilly :  Four  Months 
out  of  a  Life,'  to  her  new  book,  which 
Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  will  have  ready 
next  Tuesday.  Gilly  is  a  small  boy  who, 
when  his  titled  father  and  mother  go  to 
India,  is  sent,  with  a  little  sister  and  nurse 
and  tutor,  to  an  islet  off  the  family  estates, 
where  he  enjoys  many  Irish  adventures. 
Mr.  Leslie  Brooke  provides  four  full-page 
illustrations  to  the  volume. 

On  the  same  day  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder 
will  also  publish  '  The  House  of  the  Luck,' 
by  Mrs.  Mary  J.  H.  Skrine,  author  of  '  The 
World's  Delight,'  with  illustrations  by  her 
daughter  Miss  Margaret  S.  Skrine.  This 
'  Story  of  the  Seen  and  the  Unseen,'  set 
in  an  old  English  house  and  garden  and 
its  rustic  neighbours,  tells  of  days  past 
and  present ;  of  the  Luck,  and  his  friend- 
ship with  his  far-away  cousin  Tony  ;  and 
of  Tony's  other  friendships  and  concerns. 
It  is  one  of  the  tales  concerning  a  child 
which  are  intended  for  "  all  children 
under  ninety." 

Mr.  Herbert  Richards,  of  Wadham 
College,  Oxford,  is  revising  for  publication 
through  E.  Grant  Richards  his  papers  on 
Xenophon  and  some  other  articles  that 
have  appeared  in  The  Classical  Review. 
The  volume  will  also  contain  a  few  papers 
not  hitherto  printed. 

Mr.  Elliot  Stock  announces  for 
immediate  publication  '  The  Law  concern- 
ing Names  and  the  Changes  of  Names,' 
by  Mr.  A.  C.  Fox-Davies  and  Mr.  P.  W.  P. 
Carlyon-Britton.  In  some  of  the  chapters 
the  question  of  the  validity  of  the  present 
modes  of  changing  names  is  discussed ; 
and  the  strictly  legal  method  of  altering 
surnames  is  set  forth. 

A  highly  interesting  discovery  is 
announced  from  Egypt.  M.  Lefebvre, 
one  of  the  inspectors  in  the  service  of  the 
Egyptian  Department  of  Antiquities,  has 
been  fortunate  enough  to  disinter  a  large 
number  of  leaves  of  a  papyrus  codex  of 
Menander,  containing  upwards  of  1,200 
lines.  The  leaves  are  not  continuous,  but 
he  has  found  as  much  as  500  lines  from 
each  of  two  plays,  two  more  being  repre- 
sented by  smaller  quantities.  The 
publication  of  this  most  welcome  dis- 
covery is  promised  for  next  year,  and 
should    enable   modern   scholars   for    the  ' 


first  time  to  form  an  independent  judg- 
ment on  the  style  and  genius  of  the 
famous  comic  dramatist. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  is  about  to  publish 
a"novel  entitled  '  A  Man's  Love,'  by  Mrs. 
Walter  Summers,  author  of  '  Renuncia- 
tion.' It  is  a  story  of  military  life,  and; 
the  scene  is  laid  in  Madeira  and  Ireland. 

Just  as  the  unimportant  "  revelations  " 
contained  in  the  letters  of  Count  Hatz- 
feldt  to  his  wife  are  now,  after  a  long 
interval,  being  discussed  in  the  continental 
press,  so,  too,  are  the  statements  of 
Bishop  Wilkinson.  In  our  notice  of  the 
latter's  book  we  controverted,  by  the  use 
of  notorious  facts,  a  theory  of  special 
friendliness  towards  this  country  which 
the  Bishop  believes  to  be  the  permanent 
attitude  of  the  German  Emperor.  The 
passages  in  question  have  now  been 
noticed  in  the  German  press,  and  the 
Berlin  telegrams  of  the  French  newspapers 
are  filled  with  them  as  a  new  discovery. 

Mr.  William  Jaggard  announces  as 
approaching  completion  a  limited  issue  of 
'  William  Shakespeare  :  a  Bibliography  of 
our  National  Poet,'  which  is  planned  to 
include  every  known  issue  of  his  Plays, 
Poems,  and  collected  works,  together  with 
all  Shakspeareana  in  the  English  language, 
whether  manuscript  or  printed.  It  em- 
braces over  fifteen  thousand  entries  and 
references,  with  collations  and  copious 
notes,  and  is  the  work  of  many  years. 

Messrs.  Jaggard  &  Co.  write  from 
the  Shakespeare  Press,  92,  Dale  Street, 
and  13,  Moorfields,  Liverpool : — 

"  In  your  last  week's  issue  is  a  letter 
from  a  New  York  firm  which  seems  to  use 
several  cognomens — one  being  '  The  Shake- 
speare Press.'  For  a  lengthy  period,  it  is 
generally  known,  we  have  had  the  privilege 
of  owning  the  only  '  Shakespeare  Press ' 
throughout  the  British  dominions,  it  is- 
believed.  To  prevent,  then,  if  possible, 
further  complications,  may  we  be  permitted 
just  to  say  that  we  have  never  had  the 
remotest  connexion  with  any  American. 
'  Shakespeare  Press  '  or  society  ?  " 

In  the  life  of  Leslie  Stephen  the  refer- 
ences to  his  bad  rowing  and  good  teaching 
of  the  art  only  suggest  his  training  of  the 
Trinity  Hall  crews  which  were  head  of  the 
river.  "  Running  with  the  boat  "  (p.  142) 
is  not  sufficient,  for  Stephen  was  the 
trainer  of  the  trial  eights  and  of  the 
University  crew,  and  in  one  year  at  least 
the  chief  adviser  of  the  President  ol  the 
C.U.B.C.  in  the  selection  of  the  men. 
The  "  Old  Blue  "  who  is  our  informant  also 
notes  in  reference  to  the  statement  that 
Stephen  might  almost  have  claimed  to  be 
the  founder  of  athletic  sports  (p.  61) 
that,  to  the  best  of  his  belief,  Stephen 
gave  the  original  "  2-mile  cup  "  (which 
in  the  following  year  was  won  by  the 
present  Lord  Chief  Justice).  If  so,  there 
is  no  "  almost "  about  his  founder's 
honours. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  announce 
their     acquisition    of     the    English    and. 
American  rights  in   '  La  Vie  intime  d'une 
Reine   de  France  au  dix-septieme  Siecle,' 
a    volume   which  has   already  obtained  a* 


694 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NM127.  Dec.  1,  1906 


reprint  in  France.  This  study  of  Marie 
de  Medicis  and  her  times  is  by  M.  Louis 
Batiffol,  whose  previous  work  on  Louis 
XIII.  was  "  crowned  "  by  the  Academy. 
The  translation  will  have  for  frontispiece 
a  reproduction  of  a  fine  engraving  of  the 
queen,  dated  1601. 

The  Saturday  Review  this  week  publishes 
a  letter  from  Tolstoy  giving  his  views  of 
the  reform  movement  in  China,  and 
generally  of  the  Chinese  attitude  to  the 
rest  of  the  civilized  world.  This  letter  is 
feeing  published  simultaneously  in  the  other 
European  capitals,  but  nowhere  else  in 
England.  A  new  feature  in  The  Saturday 
•is  a  weekly  article  by  a  well-known  Con- 
servative member  discussing  the  feeling 
inside  the  House  of  Commons. 

Next  week  the  Review  will  include  the 
first  instalment  of  a  '  Christmas  Garland,' 
to  extend  over  four  weeks,  being  a  series 
of  parodies  by  a  well-known  writer.  The 
authors  parodied  will  be  Mr.  Chesterton, 
Mr.  John  Davidson,  Mr.  Hewlett,  Mr. 
■Henry  James,  Mr.  Kipling,  Mr.  George 
Moore,  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  and  Mr.  H.  G. 
Wells. 

The  readers  of  '  Pages  from  a  Private 
Diary '  will  find  in  '  Provincial  Letters 
and  other  Papers,'  which  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder  will  publish  on  the  7th  inst.,  the 
same  personality  and  vein  of  humour. 
The  papers  are  for  the  most  part  a  selec- 
tion from  those  by  Canon  Beeching  in 
The  Cornhill  during  the  last  few  years. 

It  is  interesting  to  recall  that  on 
April  3rd,  1852,  we  noticed  a  controversy 
in  which  The  Times  and  Messrs.  Longman 
and  Murray  were  taking  part  as  to  the 
price  of  new  books,  and  reminded  our 
readers  of  a  previous  discussion  of  the 
same  subject.  On  May  22nd,  1852,  The 
Athenceum  returned  to  the  topic  in  a 
eeven-column  article. 

Lovers  of  Irish  poetry  will  learn  with 
satisfaction  that  a  second  edition  of  Dr. 
George  Sigerson's  '  Bards  of  the  Gael  and 
Gall,'  which  was  published  in  1897  by 
Mr.  Unwin,  will  shortly  be  issued.  This 
volume  is  the  only  comprehensive  antho- 
logy of  early  and  middle  Irish  poetry 
yet  issued. 

A  book  that  is  likely  to  attract  much 
attention  when  it  makes  its  appearance 
«early  in  the  new  year  is  General  Sir  Owen 
Burne's  '  Memories,'  which  Mr.  Edward 
Arnold  has  in  the  press.  Sir  Owen  Burne's 
long  career  since  the  days  of  the  Crimea 
and  the  Mutiny  has  been  full  of  incident 
and  variety.  The  author  was  on  cordial 
-terms  of  friendship  with  two  Viceroys  of 
India,  and  during  his  twenty-five  years' 
•stay  at  the  India  Office  gained  the  confi- 
dence of  Secretaries  of  State  of  various 
views.  The  most  dramatic  episode  in  the 
book  is  the  assassination  of  Lord  Mayo, 
who  died  in  Sir  Owen's  arms. 

Messrs.  G.  Routledgb  &  Sons  announce 
-in  their  "  Library  of  Early  Novelists  "  a 
*l  Picaresque  Section,"  edited  by  Mr.  H. 
•Warner  Allen,  and  dealing  with  the 
picaresque  novel  in  Spanish,  French,  and 
^English  literature.     The  first  volume  will 


be  Mabbe's  translation  of  the  '  Celestina, 
which  will  be  followed  by  Rowlandson's 
translation  of  the  '  Lazarillo  de  Tormes,' 
and  Nash's  '  Unfortunate  Traveller.' 

The  London  County  Council  have 
decided  that  the  residence  of  Sir  Charles 
Lyell,  and,  at  a  later  date,  of  Gladstone, 
at  a  house  recently  demolished,  on  the  site 
of  which  No.  73,  Harley  Street,  W.,  now 
stands,  shall  be  commemorated  by  a 
tablet. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Bowes,  of 
Cambridge,  are  preparing  for  publication 
in  about  a  fortnight  '  Cambridge :  a  Brief 
Study  in  Social  Questions,'  by  Eglantyne 
Jebb.  While  the  information  is  full  for 
a  single  town,  it  is  hoped  that  it  may 
prove  of  use  to  those  dealing  with  housing, 
temperance,  education,  &c,  elsewhere. 

The  diaries  of  Hans  Christian  Andersen 
for  the  last  years  of  his  life,  1868-75,  will 
shortly  be  published  at  Copenhagen,  and 
form  a  third  and  last  volume  of  his  '  Story 
of  my  Life.' 

The  Pioneer  of  Allahabad  states  that  it 
is  improbable  that  any  portion  of  the 
'  Imperial  Gazetteer '  for  India  will  be 
published  before  the  new  year.  It  ex- 
presses regret  at  the  delay  because  it 
understands  that  one  volume  has  been 
printed  off  for  some  time.  The  delay  is 
explained  by  the  long  time  required  for 
the  preparation  of  the  new  maps,  but  it 
has  necessitated  the  bringing  up  to  date 
of  the  chapters  which  were  written  earliest. 
The  same  paper  states  that  all  the  material 
for  the  articles  on  provinces,  districts, 
native  states,  &c,  has  been  passed  at 
least  once  by  the  editor  in  India,  but  that 
a  small  portion  still  awaits  final  revision. 

A  new  Urdu  monthly  magazine  has 
made  its  appearance  at  Dacca.  It  is 
called  the  Almashrak,  and  is  edited  by  a 
well  -  known  Mohammedan  journalist 
named  Hakim  Habibur  Rahman.  The 
more  noticeable  articles  in  the  number 
relate  to  the  Bengal  partition  question 
considered  from  the  Mohammedan  point 
of  view.  It  is  believed  that  the 
Nawab  of  Dacca  is  providing  the  financial 
support  for  the  periodical. 

Another  new  publication  is  announced 
in  Bombay,  where  Mr.  Jehangir  Bomonji 
Petit,  the  well-known  Parsee  millionaire, 
has  decided  to  start  a  daily  paper,  which 
will  be  published  in  English  and  Gujarati. 
It  will  have  an  English  editor  and  be 
specially  devoted  to  Parsee  interests. 

M.  Paul  Dupont,  the  director  of  the 
great  French  printing  establishment,  died 
last  Thursday  week  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
five.  The  firm  was  founded  by  Paul 
Francois  Dupont  (1796-1879),  a  native  of 
Perigueux,  who  went  to  Paris  and  worked 
for  some  time  at  the  house  of  Firmin  Didot. 
Under  the  Restoration  he  started  on  his 
own  account  as  printer,  and  erected  a 
vast  printing-office  at  Clichy,  where,  for 
the  first  time  on  an  extensive  scale, 
women  were  employed  as  compositors. 
The  elder  Dupont  was  also  the  author  of 
several  books  on  printing  and  an  active 
politician. 


The  death  in  his  sixty-second  year  is 
announced  from  Graz  of  the  distinguished 
historian  Dr.  Hans  Zwiedineck.  He  was 
born  in  Frankfort,  studied  in  Graz,  and  in 
1885  became  professor  at  the  university  of 
that  town.  His  most  important  works 
are  '  Die  Politik  der  Republik  Venedig 
wahrend  des  dreiszigjahrigen  Krieges,' 
'  Die  Deutsche  Geschichte  im  Zeitraum 
der  Griindung  des  Preussischen  Konig- 
tums,'  and  '  Deutsche  Geschichte,  1806- 
1871.' 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  Statistics  of  Public  Education  in 
England  and  Wales,  1904-5-6  (2s.  5\d.)  ; 
and  a  Reprint  of  a  Report,  written  in  1884, 
upon  the  Position  and  Prospects  of  the 
Agricultural  Resources  of  the  Island  of 
St.  Helena,  by  Sir  D.  Morris,  Director  of 
Agriculture  in  the  West  Indies,  which  has 
been  republished  in  consequence  of  many 
recent  requests  for  copies  (3Jd.). 

The  following  Departmental  Papers 
have  also  been  published :  Board  of 
Education,  South  Kensington,  Ancient 
and  Modern  Ships,  Part  I.  (Is.  Qd.)  ; 
Report  on  Examination  of  Officers  of 
Regular  Forces,  &c.  (Is.). 

Next  week  we  hope  to  conclude  our 
reviews  of  Juvenile  Literature,  and  also  to 
have  a  special  article  on  the  recent  case 
concerning  the  copyright  of  Lamb's 
Letters. 


SCIENCE 


Artillery  and  Explosives.     By  Sir  Andrew 
Noble.     (John  Murray.) 

Though  it  is  generally  known  that  progress 
has  been  made  in  recent  times  in  the 
strength  of  guns  and  the  efficiency  of  the 
explosives  used,  as  measured  by  the  pro- 
jectiles fired  from  them,  few  persons  fully 
realize  how  great  a  change  has  been 
accomplished,  and  how  comparatively 
modern  are  these  remarkable  develop- 
ments. Thus  the  transformation  from 
the  smooth-bore,  muzzle-loading  cannons 
firing  round  shot,  with  which  British  war 
vessels  were  still  armed  in  the  earlier 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century  (differing 
little  except  in  size  from  the  armaments  of 
the  navy  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth),  to  the 
long,  rifled,  breech-loading,  big  naval 
guns  of  the  present  day,  has  been  carried 
out  since  Sir  Andrew  Noble  joined  the 
Royal  Artillery.  In  the  preface  he  shows 
that  a  notable  change  has  also  taken  place 
in  the  views  entertained  by  naval  and 
military  officers  as  to  these  developments, 
which  were  at  first  viewed  with  distrust. 

The  book  consists  of  a  reprint  of  papers 
read  and  lectures  delivered  to  various 
scientific  societies  between  1858  and  1900  ; 
and  their  value  is  enhanced  by  the  circum- 
stance that  a  large  share  in  the  progress 
of  artillery,  and  improvements  in  ex- 
plosives, recorded  in  them,  has  been  borne 
by  the  Elswick  firm,  of  which,  next  to  the 
founder  Lord  Armstrong,  Sir  A.  Noble 
has  since  1860  been  the  most  prominent 
member,  and  on  Lord  Armstrong's  death 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


695 


in  1900  became  the  chief  representative. 
These  papers  and  lectures,  indeed,  extend 
approximately  over  the  period  in  which 
the  development  of  modern  artillery  has 
taken  place  ;  for  it  was  inaugurated  by 
the  appearance,  in  1856,  of  the  first  guns 
consisting  of  a  wrought-iron  coil  shrunk 
round  a  steel  tube,  and  offering  a  much 
greater  resistance  to  the  pressure  of  the 
firing  charge  than  a  simple  thick  tube. 
The  researches  also  on  explosives,  second 
only  in  importance  to  the  guns  themselves, 
which,  together  with  the  problems  of 
internal  ballistics,  occupy  a  large  portion 
of  the  book,  are  based  on  the  personal 
investigations  of  the  author,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  late  Sir  Frederick  Abel,  who 
in  his  day  was  the  greatest  authority  on 
explosives,  viewed  from  a  chemical  and 
physical  standpoint. 

Sir  Andrew  Noble  admits  in  his  preface 
that  the  publication  of  papers  and  lectures, 
extending  over  a  period  of  nearly  fifty 
years,  exactly  as  they  were  written  and 
delivered,  necessarily  involves  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  repetition  ;  and  his 
apology  for  the  course  he  has  adopted  is 
that  to  remove  this  defect  would  have 
necessitated  rewriting  the  whole  volume. 
Besides,  however,  this  repetition,  there  is 
of  necessity  an  absence  of  uniformity  in 
the  manner  in  which  the  subjects  of  the 
different  chapters  are  treated,  according  to 
the  society  or  audience  addressed :  in 
some  cases  they  would  be  intelligible  only 
to  the  professed  mathematician,  whereas 
in  other  instances  they  have  been  adapted 
to  a  popular  audience.  Moreover,  in 
sciences  that  have  made  such  vast  strides 
in  a  comparatively  short  period,  it  is 
impossible  to  put  entirely  aside  the  feeling 
that  information  given  in  papers  written 
many  years  ago  may  have  been  modified 
by  subsequent  experience.  It  is  evident 
also  that  the  discourse  '  On  the  Tension 
of  Fired  Gunpowder,'  delivered  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1871,  has  lost  much 
of  its  practical  value,  except  for  purposes 
of  comparison  with  other  explosives,  by 
the  fact  that,  as  stated  by  the  author  in 
his  paper  in  1899  on  '  The  Rise  and  Pro- 
gress of  Rifled  Xaval  Artillery,'  the  long 
pre-eminence  of  gunpowder  has  come  to 
an  end.  Only  fifteen  years  previously 
Sir  Andrew  Noble,  in  his  lecture  on  'Heat- 
Action  of  Explosives,'  delivered  at  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  had  dealt 
with  gunpowder  as  being  virtually  the 
only  known  explosive  suitable  for  artillery  ; 
and  the  first  reference  to  cordite  in  this 
book  is  in  a  paper  contributed  to  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1891, 
where  it  is  incidentally  referred  to  as  a 
smokeless  powder  which  promised  to  be 
of  great  value  as  a  propelling  agent.  The 
author  in  his  paper  of  1899  evidently 
relinquished  the  subject  of  gunpowder 
with  regret,  after  having  experimented  on 
it  for  many  years  exhaustively.  The 
fresh  researches,  however,  which  he  carried 
out  on  the  new  forms  of  explosives,  recon- 
ciled him  to  the  inevitable  transition.  In 
view  of  the  changes  which  have  taken  place 
with  regard  to  guns  and  explosives  in  the 
period  covered  by  the  papers  republished 


in  this  volume,  we  wish  that  Sir  Andrew 
Noble  could  have  found  sufficient  leisure 
to  record  the  results  of  his  varied  experi- 
ence, and  expound  his  latest  views  and 
conclusions  on  artillery  and  explosives, 
in  systematic  sequence.  On  the  other 
hand,  undoubtedly  the  present  volume 
carries  out  the  object  for  which  it  was 
undertaken,  namely,  to  comply  with  the 
frequent  requests  of  numerous  friends,  espe- 
cially abroad,  for  papers  which  are  out  of 
print.  Moreover,  for  investigators  engaged 
in  the  practical  problems  relating  to  the 
progress  of  artillery,  the  papers  possess 
the  merit  of  indicating  the  stages  by  which 
the  present  knowledge  as  to  the  relative 
values  of  different  explosives,  and  the 
pressures  and  action  they  exert  inside  the 
gun,  has  been  reached.  Further,  this 
publication  will  show  how  great  a  share 
Sir  Andrew  Noble  has  had  in  the  wonderful 
development  of  modern  artillery,  and 
provide  a  fitting  memorial  of  the  extent 
and  variety  of  his  labours. 

The  papers  of  most  interest  to  the  general 
reader  are  a  portion  of  the  lecture  on 
'  Internal  Ballistics,'  delivered  before  the 
Greenock  Philosophical  Society  in  1892  ; 
'  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  Rifled  Naval 
Artillery,'  read  at  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  1899, 
illustrated  by  thirty-seven  plates  of  guns 
and  their  mountings  ;  and  '  Some  Modern 
Explosives,'  read  at  the  Royal  Institution 
in  1900.  In  the  first  paper,  with  the 
object  of  emphasizing  the  progress  made 
both  in  guns  and  explosives  in  the  ten 
or  fifteen  years  preceding  1892,  Sir  Andrew 
Noble  compared  the  results  obtained  with 
a  7-inch,  7-ton,  rifled  gun  of  fifteen  years 
before,  charged  with  gunpowder,  and  those 
obtained  from  a  6-inch,  6J-ton,  quick- 
firing  gun  charged  with  cordite,  the  new 
gun  being  much  slighter,  but  having  a 
barrel  about  double  the  length  of  the 
earlier  gun.  The  old  gun  imparted  a 
velocity  to  its  projectile  at  the  muzzle 
of  1,560  feet  per  second,  which  was  in- 
creased in  the  new  gun  to  2,680  feet  per 
second  ;  and  though  the  maximum  pres- 
sure in  the  two  was  about  equal,  the 
energy  of  the  7-inch  projectile  of  the 
old  gun  amounted  to  1,943  foot-tons, 
whereas  the  6-inch  projectile  of  the  new 
developed  an  energy  of  5,000  foot-tons. 

In  the  second  paper  it  is  pointed  out 
that  in  1850  the  principal  guns  on  board 
the  largest  line-of-battle  ships  were  32- 
pounders,  the  bore  being  formed  out  of  a 
mere  block  of  cast  iron,  and  the  vent  drilled, 
mounted  upon  a  primitive  form  of  gun- 
carriage,  requiring  a  number  of  men  to 
work  the  gun.  In  1858  the  Committee 
on  Rifled  Cannon  recommended  the  adop- 
tion of  rifled  Armstrong  guns  ;  and  the 
rifled,  breech  -  loading,  40-pounder  gun 
which  first  took  the  place  of  the  smooth- 
bore 32-pounder  gave  velocities  at  the 
muzzle  of  only  1,200  feet  per  second,  in 
place  of  1,600  feet  per  second  with  the 
smooth-bore  gun,  and  energies  of  400  foot- 
tons  instead  of  570  foot-tons.  These 
lower  velocities  were  adopted  in  the  first 
instance,  partly  on  account  of  the  flatness 
of  the  trajectory  and  increased  penetra-  I 


tion   of   the   projectile    obtained   by   the 
rifling,  and  partly  from  fear  of  damaging 
the  rifling  ;    but  it  was  soon  found  that 
with  improved  forms  of  gunpowder  the 
velocity  could  be  raised  to  1,600  feet  per 
second,    and   the   maximum    pressure   at 
the  same  time  considerably  reduced.     As 
regards    the    greatly    increased    accuracy 
of    fire    secured    by    rifling,    the    author 
has  shown,  by  a  method  based   on  expe- 
riments conducted  by  the  Rifled  Cannon 
Committee,  that  half  the  shot  fired  at  a 
range  of   1,000  yards  from  a  rifled  gun 
would,   on  the  average,   strike  within  a 
rectangle  about  23  yards  long  and  rather 
less  than  a  yard  wide  ;    whereas  from  a 
smooth-bore  gun  the  corresponding  rect- 
angle was  145  yards  long  by  10  yards  wide. 
Owing  to  the  results  of  some  experiments 
carried  out  by  the  author  and  Sir  F.  Abel 
at  Elswick  in  1877,  the  Armstrong  firm 
felt  justified  in  raising  the  muzzle  velocities 
of  the  projectiles  from  6-inch  and  8-inch 
rifled  guns  from   1,600  to  2,100  feet  per 
second,  thus  increasing  the  energies  of  the 
projectiles  by  nearly   75  per  cent.,   and 
necessitating  greater  strength  in  the  guns 
and  their  mountings.     The  next  important 
improvement    was    the    construction    at 
Elswick  in  1887,  of  quick-firing  4-7-inch 
and  6-inch  guns,  suggested  to  the  author 
by  the  success  of  the  small,  rifled  Hotch- 
kiss  and  Nordenfeldt  guns  ;  and  the  paper 
is   mainly   occupied   by   the   description, 
by  the  aid  of  plates,  of  those  and  other 
improved  types  of  guns  and  their  mountings. 
At  the  close  of  this  paper  of  1899  reference 
is  made  to  the  bursting  of.  shells  charged 
with  the  three  principal  explosives  in  use 
for  the  purpose,  namely,  gunpowder,  gun- 
cotton,  and  lyddite,  the  latter  two  being 
both  capable  of  detonation  and  possessing 
a  much  higher  potential  energy  than  gun- 
powder.    Shells  charged  with  any  one  of 
the  three  are  very  effective  against  un- 
armoured     vessels ;     but    whilst     shells, 
charged  with  gunpowder  do  not  generally 
explode  till  they  have  penetrated  a  short 
distance  into  the  side  of  a  vessel,  shells 
charged  with  either  of  the  high  explosives 
can  be  made  to  burst  on  impact,  or  after 
having  penetrated  the  vessel  a  little  way. 
In  the  paper   on   '  Some  Modern   Ex- 
plosives,' Sir  Andrew  Noble  acknowledges 
that  when  delivering  a  lecture  appearing 
earlier  in  the  book,  he  very  much  doubted 
whether   the   newer  explosives   could   be 
modified   sufficiently   to   be   used   in   the 
large  charges,  and  under  the  varied  con- 
ditions,   required   for    artillery.     Cordite, 
ballistite,  and  similar  explosives,  however, 
have  been  found  to  possess  the  command- 
ing advantages  of  an  absence  of  smoke 
and    a    considerably    increased    energy, 
without  anyaugmentation  of  the  maximum 
pressure.     Cordite,  the  explosive  adopted 
by  the   British   Government   in   1891,   is 
composed  of  58  per  cent,  of  nitro-glycerine, 
37  per  cent,  of  gun-cotton,  and  5  per  cent, 
of  a  mineral  jelly  obtained  by  the  distilla- 
tion of  crude  petroleum  oil,  known  as  the 
hydrocarbon  vaseline  ;    and  the  products 
of  the  explosion  are  wholly  gaseous.     Sir 
Andrew  Noble,  by  means  of  a  table~and 
diagrams  of  curves,  presents  a  comparison. 


696 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


between  cordite,  other  high  explosives, 
and  gunpowder,  in  respect  of  the  velocities 
.and  energies  imparted  by  them  to  a  pro- 
jectile weighing  100  lb.  fired  from  a  6-inch 
gun,  100  calibres  long,  showing  that 
•  cordite  produces  a  velocity  of  3,284  feet 
per  second  and  an  energy  of  7,478  foot- 
tons,  as  contrasted  with  a  velocity  of  1,705 
feet  per  second  and  an  energy  of  2,016 
foot-tons  produced  by  the  rifle-large-grain 
gunpowder  in  use  about  1860.  The 
decomposition,  moreover,  of  these  high 
explosives  in  being  fired  is  much  simpler, 
and  not  liable  to  the  large  variations  in 
the  ultimate  products  exhibited  by  the 
old  gunpowders.  Sir  A.  Noble  points  out 
— what  might  otherwise  be  liable  to  be 
overlooked — that  the  result  of  vital  im- 
portance is  the  energy  developed  by  the 
projectile,  which  is  not  necessarily  pro- 
portionate to  the  velocity  imparted,  so 
that  with  a  certain  gun,  and  a  definite 
charge,  a  heavier  shot  possesses  a  great 
ballistic  advantage.  The  reasons  for  this 
result  are  that  more  energy  is  obtained 
from  the  explosive,  that  the  resistance 
of  the  air  to  the  flight  of  the  shot  is  con- 
;  siderably  less  with  the  lower  velocity,  and 
that  the  heavier  shot  has  a  greater  momen- 
tum for  overcoming  the  diminished  re- 
sistance. 

Sufficient  evidence  has  been  given  of 
the  important  practical  information  con- 
tained in  these  latter  papers  ;  but  it  must 
not  be  assumed  from  the  title  that  the 
volume  treats  exhaustively  of  artillery  and 
explosives.  A  book  on  these  subjects 
still  remains  to  be  written  when  an  expert 
appears  combining  wide  practical  ex- 
perience with  adequate  leisure  and  lite- 
rary skill.  The  present  volume  will 
furnish  valuable  materials  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  this  arduous  labour. 


A  Text-Book  of  Fungi.  By  George  Massee. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.) — In  no  department  of 
botany,  perhaps,  has  greater  progress'been 
made  within  the  last  half-century  than  in 
our  knowledge  of  fungi.  Formerly  the 
external  characteristics  of  the  fully  developed 
form  were  noted  with  rsuch  relatively  im- 
perfect means  as  were  then'available.  Now 
we  are  not  satisfied  till  we  have  traced  the 
whole  life-history  of  the  plant  from  its  in- 
ception to  its  dissolution.  One  result  of  this 
minute  continuous  investigation  has  been 
to  show  that  many  forms  once  considered 
as  distinct  species,  and  named  accordingly, 
are  mere  stages  of  development  of  one  and 
the  same  plant.  Some  forms  exhibit  a 
marked  differentiation  into  nutritive  and 
sexual  organs,  whilst  in  others,  so  far,  no 
true  reproductive  organs  have  been  found. 
Whether  this  deficiency  is  real  and  indicates 
a  lower  stage  of  development,  or  whether 
it  is  the  result  of  imperfect  observation, 
remains  to  be  seen.  Morphology  and 
physiology  in  some  cases  seem  to  clash,  for 
forms  that  are  morphologically  identical 
have  a  different  life-history,  and  this  applies 
especially  to  the  phenomena  of  cell-develop- 
ment so  far  as  they  are  known.  The  intro- 
duction to  Mr.  Massee's  present  volume, 
although  not  well  suited  to  the  requirements 
of  beginners,  will  be  serviceable  to  workers 
•in  other  departments  of  botany  who  may  be 
■  desirous  of  knowing  what  are  the  special 
,problems  which  the  mycologist  has  to  solve, 


and  the  means  and  methods  he  makes  use  of 
in  his  endeavours  to  find  a  solution.  The 
space  at  the  author's  disposal  has  compelled 
him  to  be  concise,  not  to  say  didactic  ; 
but  as  he  is  lucid,  and  gives  abundant 
references,  his  book  is  of  real  value.  This 
remark  applies  not  only  to  its  use  by  the 
botanist,  but,  in  a  special  degree,  by  the 
cultivator  also.  The  loss  to  the  farmer 
and  market  gardener  consequent  on  fungous 
diseases  is  beyond  calculation.  At  present, 
if  remedies  are  applied  at  all,  they  are 
employed  mostly  in  an  empirical  fashion  ; 
and  this  must  be  the  case  till  the  whole  life- 
history  of  the  fungus  is  known,  and  remedies, 
or,  better  still,  preventives,  can  be  applied 
rationally,  and  not  in  haphazard  fashion. 

The  latter  part  of  the  volume  is  devoted 
to  a  brief  account  of  the  several  orders  and 
families  of  fungi,  with  numerous  illustrations. 
A  copious  index  is  provided,  and  completes 
a  volume  with  which  no  student  of  fungi  can 
conveniently  dispense. 

Electric  Flashes  ;  or,  the  Systems  of 
Wireless  Telegraphy  and  Telephony.  By 
A.  T.  M.  Johnson,  A.M.M.C.I.E.,  Inventor 
of  the  Johnson  -  Guyott  System  of 
Wireless  Secret  Telegraphy  and  Tele- 
phony. With  an  Introduction  by  Dr. 
Richardson.  (Everett  &  Co.) — The  title  of 
this  volume  gives  a  sufficient  clue  to  its 
nature.  The  term  "  Electric  Flashes  "  will 
appeal  more  to  the  journalist  than  the 
scientific  mind.  At  present  we  do  not 
recognize  any  system  of  wireless  telephony — 
not  even  that  put  forward  on  the  title-page 
as  emanating  in  part  from  the  author.  This, 
perhaps,  accounts  for  its  being  described  as 
"  secret."  We  must  also,  in  passing,  con- 
fess ignorance  as  to  the  significance  of  the 
letters  A.M.M.C.I.E.  after  the  author's  name. 
The  exact  purpose  of  an  introduction 
(printed  in  italics,  to  secure  close  atten- 
tion, presumably)  by  an  eminent  physician 
does  not  seem  clear.  Apparently,  however, 
the  point  is  to  convince  the  reader  that  the 
only  system  of  wireless  telegraphy  that  is 
of  any  practical  use  is  due  to  Mr.  Johnson  ; 
but  we  doubt  whether  Dr.  Richardson's 
opinion  is  of  much  value  in  this  instance, 
and  Mr.  Johnson's  system — though  appa- 
rently the  subject  of  experiment  by  several 
officials  —  has  not  been  selected  in  many 
instances  for  adoption  in  preference  to  other 
systems. 

The  early  chapters  of  this  book  are  occu- 
pied with  electricity  of  the  cat's-skin  and 
Ley  den- jar  order,  followed  by  a  discourse 
on  voltaic  electricity,  batteries,  and  mag- 
netic needles.  We  next  have  an  historical 
sketch  of  the  pioneering  of  the  electric 
telegraph,  followed  by  a  couple  of  chapters 
concerning  electromagnetic  induction  and 
its  practical  application,  after  which  we  find 
a  resume  of  the  early  experimental  work  in 
wireless  telegraphy  across  rivers  by  Morse, 
Lindsay,  Willoughby  Smith,  Preece,  &c, 
and  a  chapter  about  Hertz's  discoveries 
regarding  electromagnetic  waves.  The 
systems  of  Popoff  and  Marconi  come  in 
next  for  attention,  followed  by  a  long  chapter 
entitled  '  Journalistic  Reports.'  This  chap- 
ter is  almost  entirely  composed  of  more  or 
less  sensational  extracts  from  the  lay  press. 
The  remaining  half  of  the  book  is  principally 
occupied  with  setting  forth  the  superiority 
of  a  system  (the  author's)  which  is  virtually 
untried.  The  volume  is  freely  illustrated  ; 
but  many  of  the  pictures  are  of  a  more  or 
less  sensational  character. 


SCIENCE   AND   BELIEF. 

For  Faith  and  Science.  By  F.  H.  Woods, 
B.D.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — In  this  essay 
Mr.  Woods  has  set  himself  to  answor  three 


questions,  viz.,  What  is  the  belief  of  the  well- 
instructed  Christian  believer  ?  What  are 
the  actual  causes  which  have  produced  that 
belief  ?  What  influence  is  science  exercising 
upon  that  belief  ?  These  questions  are 
questions  of  fact,  and  the  first  two  are  put 
and  answered  with  reference  to  the  third. 
The  author's  purpose  is  not  to  showhow  scien- 
tific conclusions  logically  affect  an  accurately 
defined  established  creed,  but  to  indicate 
how  science  as  a  whole  is  actually  influencing 
Cliristian  faith  and  the  attitude  of  intelligent 
minds  towards  Cliristian  faith.  This  positive 
or  matter-of-fact  standpoint  is  not  strictly 
maintained  throughout  the  book,  and  the 
most  interesting  chapters  are  those  in  which 
it  is  in  fact  abandoned.  Thus  there  is  a 
good  discussion  on  the  limitations  of  the 
Bible  as  the  standard  of  faith  and  morality 
(Part  II.  chap,  iv.),  which  of  course  is  con- 
cerned with  what  people  ought  to  hold,  and 
not  at  all  with  what  people  in  general  do  hold 
on  the  matter.  In  setting  forth  the  actual 
causes  of  belief  Mr.  Woods  has  much  to  say 
of  a  "  religious  faculty,"  and  he  compares 
this  with  the  aesthetic  tastes.  There  is, 
however,  an  absence  of  proper  psychological 
grounding  in  this  part  of  the  discussion. 
The  sense  of  sight  is  one  thing.  What  is 
loosely  called  the  "  aesthetic  sense "  (e.g., 
the  ability  to  appreciate  the  beauty  of  a 
painting)  is  another.  The  two,  however 
intimately  related,  are  different  at  least  in 
this,  that  the  former  is  strictly  a  "  sense," 
the  latter  is  so  called  only  when  it  is  con- 
venient to  ignore  the  complexity  of  the 
fact  for  which  the  term  stands.  The 
"  faculty  "  psychology  should  be  abandoned 
in  religious  works,  as  elsewhere  ;  and  the 
comparison  of  a  man's  religious  speculations, 
emotions,  and  experience  generally  to 
"  sensation "  proper  is  only  made  use  of 
because  in  the  word  "  sense  "  there  is,  to 
the  ordinary  man,  a  plain  implication  of 
reality  or  objectivity  which  the  word  does 
not  even  lose  when  applied  to  the  most 
general  propositions  or  the  most  abstract 
beliefs. 

The  main  interest,  however,  is  in  the 
third  part  of  the  book,  which  discusses  such 
problems  as  "Is  evolution  consistent  with 
the  Bible  ?  "  "  Has  science  any  valid 
ground  of  objection  against  miracles  ?  " 
and  so  forth.  So  far  as  a  scholarly  know- 
ledge of  the  Bible  can  equip  him  for  such 
discussions,  Mr.  Woods  is  well  furnished. 
Some  of  his  philosophic  reasonings,  however, 
seem  a  trifle  weak.  A  miracle,  it  has  often 
been  argued,  does  not  violate  a  natural 
law.  Mr.  Woods  repeats  this,  and  of  the 
miracle  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee  he  says  : — 

"It  is  by  far  the  simplest  explanation  to 
suppose  that  Christ's  will  acted  as  an  extra- 
ordinary power  upon  nature  in  a  way  analogous 
to  that  in  which  the  will  of  man  acts  upon  nature 
when  he  strikes  the  air  with  a  fan  and  causes  a 
breeze." 

A  similar  suggestion  is  the  answer  to  another 
question  as  to  the  possibility  of  prayer  being 
answered.  We  confess  that,  amid  much 
that  is  scholarly  and  sound,  we  find  a  certain 
lameness  in  apologetic  works  of  this  class. 
The  influenco  of  science  on  religious  thought 
is  greatest  in  that  preliminary  sphere  which 
used  to  bo  called  "  natural  theology."  The 
presuppositions  of  the  New  Testament  teach- 
ing, the  view  of  life  and  of  the  world  upon 
which  the  Christian  dogmatic  is  built,  are 
neceesarily  affected — all  philosophy  is  affected 
— by  the  methods  as  well  as  the  results  of 
nineteenth-century  science.  The  question 
"  Why  do  I  believe  ?  "  which  Mr.  Woods 
expressly  distinguishes  from  the  greater 
question  "  Why  should  I  believe  ?  "  and 
which  ousts  the  latter  question  from  dis- 
cussion in  Mr.  Woods's  argument,  ought  to 
give  place  to  it.     Once  the  latter  question 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


697 


is  asked,  scientific  principles  must  play  their 
part.  They  make  a  difference  as  to  what 
your  Theism  is.  The  question  of  miracles 
must  not  be  looked  at  as  a  fort  from  which 
•Christianity  is  or  is  not  to  be  dislodged  by 
scientific  conclusions.  How  many  religious 
ideas  there  may  be  which  science  can  posi- 
tively disprove  is  an  interesting  question. 
Some  there  no  doubt  are,  e.g.,  as  to  the  order 
-of  the  creation  of  the  world.  But  surely 
the  essential  difference  which  science  makes 
is  not  in  these,  and  if  conservatives  and 
apologists  are  right  in  what  they  assume — 
that  the  broad  outlines  of  the  Christian 
philosophy  (which  does  not  rest  upon  the 
Bible,  but  on  which  the  Bible  rests)  are  un- 
affected by,  or  are  confirmed  by,  the  pro- 
gress of  scientific  thought — the  rest  matters 
little.  Such  a  work  as  this  in  no  way  pre- 
tends to  prove  the  assumption,  and  it  is 
not  easy  to  see  how,  without  a  careful  ana- 
lysis of  what  "  causation "  means,  and  a 
reasoned  doctrine  as  to  mind  and  matter, 
suggestions  like  that  above  quoted  can  be 
taken  very  seriously. 

F*Science  and  a  Future  Life.  By  James 
Hyslop,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.  (Putnam's  Sons.)— 
Dr.  Hyslop,  the  author  of  '  Science  and  a 
Future  Life,'  ha?  been  a  Professor  of  Ethics 
and  Logic,  and  is  an  industrious  writer  on 
psychical  research.  We  wish  that  he  carried 
more  of  his  logic  into  his  "  metapsychics," 
and  that  he  expressed  himself  with  more 
clearness  and  grace.  Of  his  logic  and  of  his 
stylo  we  shall  give  examples  :  they  have 
not  prevented  the  book  before  us  from  attain- 
ing to  its  fourth  edition  in  America.  This 
is  surprising,  for  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society 
for  Psychical  Research  are  much  more  enter- 
taining, and  infinitely  better  written,  than 
*  Science  and  a  Future  Life,'  yet,  says  Dr. 
Hyslop,  "  they  seldom  get  beyond  the  shelves 
of  the  Society's  members,"  and  "  one  pro- 
minent member  had  my  own  lengthy  Report 
on  his  table  for  six  months  without  knowing 
what  it  was  about."  It  was  about  Mrs. 
Piper,  "  the  medium,"  and  it  increased  the 
scepticism  with  which  we  have  always 
regarded — not  Mrs.  Piper,  for  she,  being 
unconscious  in  her  trances,  knows  nothing 
about  them,  but  the  opinions  of  the  believers 
in  Mrs.  Piper's  power  of  communicating  with 
the  dead.  She  has  expressed  her  own 
scepticism. 

Why  the  American  public  should  prefer 
Dr.  Hyslop's  works  to  the  publications  of 
the  S.P.R.  wo  know  not,  but  it  cannot  be 
because  they  like  easy  reading.  Dr.  Hyslop 
is  a  difficult  writer.  Here  are  two  sentences 
■from  his  socond  page  : — 

"  In  the  inception  of  the  movement  [in  favour  of 
psychical  research]  it  was  impossible,  from  the 
nature  of  many  claims  made  by  the  naive  mind,  to 
evade  the  consideration  of  a  future  life  and  the 
alleged  evidence  for  it." 

We  do  not  know  what  "  the  naive  mind  " 
and  its  claims  have  to  do  with  science,  but 
Dr.  Hyslop  goes  on  : — 

"There  were  many  alleged  phenomena  that 
cannot  present  any  relevant  claims  to  being 
•evidence  of  such  an  outcome  to  the  present " 

What  is  meant  by  "  such  an  outcome  to  the 
present "  ?  We  can  hardly  guess.  The 
sentence  goes  on  : — 

"  And  hence  the  work  might  have  been  limited 
to  the  study  of  these  obscure  and  perhaps  dubious 
faots." 

What  is  the  meaning  of  all  thus  ?  Why 
might  the  work  have  been  limited  to  "  the 
study  of  obscure  and  perhaps  dubious  facts  " 
that  cannot  present  any  relevant  claims  to 
being  evidence  of  such  an  outcome  to  the 
present  ? 

Dr.  Hyslop  surveys  the  whole  field 
of  possibly  supernormal  occurrences.  He 
•writes  : — 


"  The  residual  phenomena  having  an}'  significance 
for  the  supernormal  in  this  vast  mass  of  data  is 
perhaps  comparatively  small  in  quantity." 

The  grammar  would  be  correct  in  Greek, 
but  is  wrong  in  English.  Three  stories  are 
then  mentioned,  and  are  later  quoted 
(pp.  47-53). 

The  first  is  Lord  Brougham's  view  of  a 
death  wraith  when  he  was  in  a  bath  in 
Sweden,  or  on  his  way  to  Sweden.  His 
opponents  did  not  think  highly  of  Lord 
Brougham's  veracity. 

The  second  case  is  recorded  of  himself  by 
the  author  of  the  essay  on  '  Apparitions  ' 
in  '  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.'  The 
writer,  in  fact,  saw  John  Conington  under  a 
lamp  in  Oriel  Lane,  when,  as  it  turned  out, 
Conington  was  on  his  death-bed  a  hundred 
miles  away.  It  was  not  easy  to  mistake 
any  other  master  of  arts  for  Conington,  who 
was  in  cap  and  gown,  but  some  people  can 
make  inconceivable  errors,  from  stupidity 
and  shortness  of  sight.  In  any  case  the 
appearance  was  some  twenty-four  hours 
before  the  death  of  Conington.  Further, 
the  seer  has  since  confessed  to  two  other 
views  of  "  phantasms  of  the  living,"  in 
cases  where  mistakes  in  identity  were  not 
possible.  The  persons  represented  by  these 
phantasms  are  still  in  the  best  of  health. 

Thus  Dr.  Hyslop's  second  example  of 
"  coincidental  death-wraiths  "  is  far  from 
good.  The  phantasm  beheld  by  the  late 
Dr.  Romanes  is  vague  :  the  person  repre- 
sented "  died  in  fact  very  soon  afterwards." 
A  fourth  case  is  that  of  a  lunatic  patient  of 
Dr.  Weir  Mitchell.  In  brief,  many  better 
instances  are  on  record. 

Here  is  an  example  of  obscurity  in  stylo, 
and,  so  far  as  the  passage  is  intelligible, 
inaccuracy  in  facts  (pp.  53,  54)  : — 

"The  Marquis  of  Bute,  Mr. ,  and  Dr.  Ferrier 

of  London  a'e  responsible  for  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  apparitions  that  has  been  put  on  record 
involving  something  of  an  experiment  involving  the 
phantasm  of  a  deceased  person  twice  and  not 
known  to  the  percipient  and  described  so  that  the 
person  was  quite  recognizable " 

Can  any  one  construe  this  sentence  ?  The 
late  Lord  Bute  was  never  "  responsible  for 
an  apparition,"  as  far  as  we  know.  There 
was  no  "  Dr.  Ferrier  of  London,"  or  any 
other  London  medical  man,  in  the  matter. 
The  phenomena  were  described,  while  the 
odd  adventure  was  being  achieved  (a  matter 

of  ten  days),  to  a  Dr.  ,  not  of  London, 

who  in  the  record  was  called  "  Dr.  Ferrier," 
as  pseudonyms  were  given  to  every  person 
and  place  mentioned  in  the  narrative.     As 

for  Mr.  ,  in  his  communication  to  the 

S.P.R.  he  wrote,  "  I  have  caught  a  ghost  on 
the  half  volley  "  ;  he  was  not  "  responsible 
for  an  apparition,"  but  apprised  the  S.P.R. 
of  the  adventure  between  the  day  of  its 
inception  and  the  day  of  its  conclusion. 
Nobody  was  responsible  for  the  truth  of  the 
story  except  the  scor,  but  many  persons 
attested  the  fact  that  the  seer  mad?  long 
journeys  and  did  very  unusual  things,  at 
the  bidding,  she  said,  of  several  phantasms. 
There  is  no  quainter  narrative  in  the  wide 
realm  of  ghost  stories.  (Dr.  Hyslop  gives 
the  reference,  "  Proceedings  S.P.R.,  vol.  xi. 
pp.  547-559.") 

So  much  for  Dr.  Hyslop's  style  and  accu- 
racy.    Of  his  logic  hore  is  a  sample  : — 

"Mr.  Andrew  Lang  has  admitted  that  he  thinks 
Mr.  M3Ters  actually  proved  the  possibility  that 
they  ["  the  phenomena  "]  evince  suffioient  evidence 
of  a  future  life." 

Luckily  Dr.  Hyslop  demolishes  his  statement 
by  quoting  "  the  identical  words "  of  his 
author  : — 

"To  myself,  after  reading  the  evidence,  it 
appears  that  a  fairly  strong  presumption  is  raised 
in  favour  of  a  '  phantasmogenetic  agency,'  set  at 


work,  in  a  vague  unconscious  way,  by  the 
deceased." — P.  44. 

Few  things  are  more  remote  from  "  actual 
proof  "  than  the  production  in  the  mind 
of  the  impression  that  "  a  fairly  strong  pre- 
sumption "  has  be9n  raised. 

The  greater  part  of  Dr.  Hyslop's  book  is 
devoted  to  the  doings  of  Mrs.  Piper.  He 
candidly  states  the  drawbacks,  and  these 
prevent  us  from  taking  any  interest  in  the 
subject,  after  examining  it  for  many  weary 
hours.  We  have  no  space  for  criticism  of 
Mrs.  Piper,  but  it  is  a  demonstrable  fact 
that  Dr.  Hyslop  spells  the  name  of  Lord 
Rayleigh  as  "  Raleigh."  As  to  apparitions 
of  all  kinds,  Dr.  Hyslop  thinks  that  the 
hypothesis  of  telepathy  has  been  over- 
strained, to  the  disadvantage  of  the  theory 
of  Vhomme  posthume.  All  apparitions  "  are 
to  be  explained  by  the  same  general  hypo- 
thesis. What  this  is  I  do  not  know."  Tele- 
pathy is  hardly  an  hypothesis  ;  it  is  rather 
a  title  applied  to  a  certain  set  of  human 
experiences.  In  Dr.  Hyslop's  opinion, 
"  telepathy,  so  far  as  it  is  scientifically  supported, 
represents  what  the  person  communicating  is 
thanking  about  at  the  time  that  the  thought  is 
received  by  another." 

To  take  a  case,  the  writer  has  hoard  Lady  A 
say  to  Mr.  B,  "  I  saw  you  and  Katy  drive 
past  my  window  towards  the  village  in  the 
dogcart."  "  We  thought  of  going,  but  we 
did  not  go,"  said  Mr.  B.  Here  the  thoughts 
of  Mr.  B  and  Katy  are,  ex  hypothesi,  com- 
municated to  Lady  A,  and  that  is  telepathy. 
But  if  Dr.  Hyslop  consults  a  medium,  and 
if  the  medium  says  "  Mr.  Dodga  has  gone 
West,"  that  is  not  telepathy  from  Mr.  Dodge 
to  the  medium.  "  It  seems  to  me,"  writes 
Dr.  Hyslop,  "  that  spirits  "  (of  the  dead, 
apparently) 
"are   the   more  natural  and   the  less   miraculous 

agency though     telepathy    certainly    has     the 

claim  of  social  respectability," 
although  nobody  doubts  the  existence  of 
living  human  beings,  whereas  the  exist- 
ence of  discarnate  spirits  capable  of  com- 
municating with  mankind  i3  less  generally 
accepted. 

What  psychical  research  needs  is  neither 
an  accumulation  of  theories  nor  Mrs.  Piper  : 
it  is  a  constant  current  of  fresh  and  accu- 
rately recorded  evidence  for  supernormal 
experiences. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

M.  D:£chelette  has  contributed  to  UAn- 
thropologie  an  essay  on  the  sepulchral 
remains  of  the  bronze  age  in  France.  He 
adopts  the  division  of  that  age  into  successive 
periods  proposed  by  M.  Montelius  in  1900,. 
with  the  exception  that  he  groups  as  one 
the  fourth  and  fifth  periods.  The  first  and 
second  periods  are  strongly  exemplified  in 
the  Armorican  peninsula,  in  explorations 
described  by  M.  Paul  du  Chatellier  and  others. 
In  the  third  period  the  typical  inhumation  is 
that  at  Courtavant,  Departement  de  l'Aube. 
The  fourth  period  is  marked  by  the  greater 
number,  variety,  and  ornamentation  of  the 
pottery  buried,  and  by  the  predominance 
of  the  practice  of  incineration. 

M.  Salomon  Reinach,  in  an  article  entitled 
'  The  Sword  of  Brennus,'  challenges  the 
inference  drawn  from  the  words  of  Polybius 
by  Prof.  Ridgeway  and  Mr.  Andrew  Lang, 
that  the  swords  of  the  Gauls  "  were  as  bad 
as,  or  worse  than,  British  bayonete — they 
alvays  doubled  up."  He  holds  that  these 
doubled-up  swords  are  found  only  in  tombs, 
and  are  due  to  a  Celtic  rite,  implying  that  the 
dead  man  himself  being  hrisc,  the  objects 
that  are  laid  with  him  in  his  tomb  should  be 
brises    also.     Thus    the    torsion    of    Celtic 


698 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


swords  is  a  rite,  but  the  softness  of  Celtic 
iron  is  a  myth  ;  and  we  have  here  an  in- 
stance how,  even  under  the  pen  of  a  great 
historian,  a  myth  may  grow  out  of  a  rite 
misunderstood. 

M.  A.  Chevrier  has  accompanied  the  pre- 
sentation to  the  Museum  of  the  Trocadero 
of  a  musical  instrument  from  the  West  Coast 
of  Africa  (the  French  Guinea  coast)  with 
some  notes  on  the  customs  of  the  adepts  of 
the  secret  society  of  the  "  Scymos,"  a  system 
of  fetishism  prevailing  among  the  natives. 
He  considers  their  observances  indicate  a 
higher  mental  condition  than  that  of  the 
existing  Negro  races,  and  are  the  survival 
of  a  more  advanced  social  and  intellectual 
era,  from  which  these  have  degenerated. 

MM.  Carette-Bouvet  and  Neuville  have 
furnished  drawings  of  inscribed  stones  from 
Siaro  and  Daga  Beid,  in  Somaliland.  One 
is  a  figure  of  a  giraffe. 

The  Argentine  Republic  has  created  in  con- 
nexion with  the  National  Museum  of  La  Plata 
a  Faculty  of  Natural  Sciences,  comprising 
a  section  of  anthropological  sciences.  The 
director  of  the  museum  and  of  that  section 
is  M.  Quevedo,  who  is  Professor  of  Lin- 
guistics. M.  Lehmann-Nitsche  is  Professor 
of  Anthropology,  M.  Outes  of  Ethnography, 
and  M.  Torres  of  Archaeology. 

Mr.  E.  de  M.  Humphries  has  communi- 
cated to  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal  some 
notes  on  Pachesi,  Chonpa,  Ahtarah  Gutti, 
Kowwu  Dunki,  and  similar  games,  as  played 
in  the  Karwi  sub-division,  United  Provinces, 
with  the  rules  of  some  of  them  and  diagrams 
of  the  boards  on  which  they  are  played. 

M.  Emile  Macquart  read  at  a  recent  meet- 
ing of  the  Society  of  Anthropology  of  Paris 
a  paper  on  the  troglodytes  of  the  extreme 
south  of  Tunis.  He  described  these  peoples 
as  very  little  known,  if  not  unknown  ;  but 
he  appears  to  have  ignored  the  very  ade- 
quate description  of  them  communicated 
by  the  Danish  explorer  Bruun  to  the  Revue 
Tunisienne  and  the  Parisian  magazine  Le 
Tour  du  Monde,  and  afterwards  published 
in  Denmark  in  1895  and  in  England  in  1898 
(Athen.  No.  3711).  M.  Macquart's  addition 
to  knowledge  is  therefore  hardly  so  great 
as  he  supposes  it  to  be,  but  his  paper  con- 
tains some  details  of  interest  as  to  the 
manners  and  customs  of  the  cave-dwellers. 

M.  Rene  Dussaud  has  communicated  to 
the  same  Society  an  account  of  a  visit  paid 
by  him  in  the  spring  of  1905  to  the  site  of 
Cnossus,  in  Crete,  rendered  famous  by  the 
discoveries  of  Dr.  Arthur  Evans  and  his 
collaborators  of  the  English  School  of 
Athens,  and  to  the  sites  of  Phsestos  and  of 
Haghia  Triada,  excavated  with  equal  success 
by  the  Italian  mission.  His  paper  is  illus- 
trated by  twelve  figures  representing  por- 
tions of  the  excavations  and  some  of  the 
objects  found. 

The  same  author  has  also  communicated 
a  paper  on  the  materialization  of  prayer  in 
the  East,  which  he  compares  with  similar 
practices  in  North  Africa,  among  the  Indians 
of  Arizona,  and  elsewhere. 

Mr.  Nutt  has  recently  published  for  the 
Folk-Lore  Society  a  '  Bibliography  of  Folk- 
Lore,  1905  '  by  Mr.  N.  W.  Thomas.  It  only 
costs  a  shilling,  but  is  a  piece  of  work  show- 
ing remarkable  range  and  industry. 


SOCIETIES. 


Linnean.  —  Nov.  15. —Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  W.  F.  Cooper  was 
admitted  a  Fellow. — The  President  announced  the 
death  of  Mr.  William  Mitten.—  The  Rev.  T.  R.  R. 
Stebbing  exhibited  Mr.  J.  G.  Pilter's  Chart  of  the 
Metric  System,  published  by  tin;  Decimal  Associa- 
tion. He  strongly  commended  the  simplicity  and 
clearness  with  which  the  system  was  presented  by 


this  graphic  method,  but  thought  that  some  of  the 
technical  terms  were  open  to  objection  either  in 
regard  to  spelling  or  formation. — Dr.  Rendle  made 
some  brief  remarks  on  the  Chart. — On  behalf  of 
Mr.  J.  Cryer,  of  Shipley,  the  General  Secretary 
exhibited  a  series  of  twenty-one  specimens  of 
Polygala  amarella,  Crantz,  selected  to  show  its 
wide  range  of  form  under  various  conditions. — The 
Rev.  J.  Gerard,  S.J. ,  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Rendle  re- 
ferred to  certain  interesting  points  raised  by  this 
exhibition.  —  Mr.  Horace  W.  Monckton  read  a 
paper  '  On  the  Fjrerlands  Fjord,  Norway,'  and 
exhibited  a  series  of  photographs  of  the  snow-fields 
and  glaciers  around  the  fjord.  An  animated  dis- 
cussion followed  the  paper,  in  which  the  President, 
Col.  Swinhoe,  Sir  H.  Howorth,  Mr.  W.  Whitaker, 
Dr.  Treutler,  and  Prof.  Dendy  took  part. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — Nov.  27. — 
Sir  Alexander  Kennedy,  President,  in  the  chair. — 
Three  papers  were  read,  namely,  '  The  Talla 
Water- Supply  of  the  Edinburgh  and  District 
Waterworks,'  by  Mr.  W.  A.  P.  Tait ;  '  Repairing 
a  Limestone-Concrete  Aqueduct,'  by  Mr.  M.  R. 
Barnett ;  and  '  The  Yield  of  Catchment-Areas,'  by 
Mr.  E.  P.  Hill. 


Anthropological  Institute. — Nov.  20. — Prof. 
Gowland,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  W.  Crewd- 
son  read  a  paper  on  '  A  Visit  to  the  Hopi  Indians 
at  Oraibi.'  The  visit  took  place  in  November, 
1905,  when  it  was  late  to  travel  across  the  plains 
of  Arizona  ;  but  by  starting  from  Canyon  Diablo, 
on  the  Santa  Fe  route,  with  relays  of  horses,  the 
seventy  miles  to  Oraibi  were  accomplished  in  one 
day.  Oraibi  is  the  most  conservative  of  Indian 
towns,  practically  unaltered  by  Western  civiliza- 
tion, and  showing  examples  of  primitive  life  in  our 
own  days,  several  of  the  implements  used  being 
still  of  stone  :  bows  and  arrows  and  boomerangs 
are  also  used  for  killing  game.  One  of  the  most 
striking  characteristics  of  the  Hopi  men  is  their 
marvellous  power  of  running  :  for  this  they  are 
trained  from  children  by  one  of  the  chief  men,  who 
stands  on  one  of  the  Mesas,  and  sees  the  young 
men  take  a  20-mile  run  before  beginning  the  day's 
work.  The  necessity  for  this  was  owing  to  their 
fields  being  many  miles  distant  from  their  homes. 
The  result  is  that  a  Hopi  will  sometimes  run  40 
miles  to  his  fields,  cultivate  them,  and  then  run 
home  again,  all  within  the  twenty-four  hours.  In 
the  house,  which  is  built  by  the  woman,  she  rules 
absolutely :  the  children  take  the  mother's  name  ; 
the  men  weave  the  garments  for  both  themselves 
and  their  wives,  and  are  at  any  time  liable  to  be 
definitely  turned  out  of  their  homes,  possibly  after 
a  40-mile  run,  by  the  wife  who  has  grown  tired  of 
her  husband.  These  Indians  are  intensely  religious, 
most  of  their  ceremonies,  which  often  last  for  days, 
being  really  prayers  for  rain.  Their  pottery  is 
interesting,  being  decorated  to  a  large  extent  with 
cloud  symbols,  and  many  pieces  having  a  break  in 
the  design,  to  allow  the  spirit  which  is  supposed 
to  be  imprisoned  in  the  design  free  ingress  and 
egress.  This  idea  bears  a  curious  resemblance  to 
the  idea  once  prevalent  in  England  and  elsewhere, 
that  if  a  circle  were  drawn  round  a  witch,  she 
could  not  escape  unless  some  one  cut  the  circle 
from  outside.  Specimens  of  the  pottery,  charms, 
and  a  boomerang  were  exhibited.  The  celebrated 
snake-dance,  which  has  been  often  described,  takes 
place  in  August  ;  and  it  is  becoming  more  and 
more  probable  that  these  Indians  are  really  ac- 
quainted with  a  cure  for  snake  bite.  In  November, 
however,  the  dance  only  second  to  the  snake-dance, 
and  called  the  basket-dance,  takes  place.  Mr. 
Crewdson  was  present  at  this,  having  previously 
been  admitted  to  the  kiwa,  or  underground  cham- 
ber, where  the  preparatory  rites  in  connexion  with 
the  ceremony  take  place.  Photographs  of  this 
dance  were  exhibited,  and  the  paper  concluded 
with  a  description  of  the  return  journey,  in  which 
Mr.  Crewdson  and  his  guide  were  overtaken,  when 
travelling  at  night  on  the  Arizona  plain,  by  the 
worst  snowstorm  in  that  district  for  something 
like  seventeen  years. — Dr.  W.  Wright  read  a  paper, 
by  Mr.  J.  R.  Mortimer,  on  the  relative  stature  of  the 
dolichocephalic,  mesaticephalic,  and  brachycophalic 
inhabitants  of  East  Yorkshire.  Ho  divided  them 
into  two  classes:  those  of  the-  Neolithic  and  Bronze 
period,  and  those  of  the  Early  Iron  period.  Of 
those  in  tho  first  class  the  dolichocophals  were 
found  to  have  the  greatest  stature,  and  tho  mesa- 


ticephals  the  smallest  stature  ;  while  in  the  second 
class  the  mesaticephals  had  the  greatest  stature,, 
and  the  brachycephals  the  shortest  stature.  There 
was,  therefore,  no  simple  relation  between  stature 
and  skull  length.  The  number  of  skulls  examined 
was  151. 


Mox. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

LoDdon  Institution,  5.—'  Design  and  Designers  of  the  Victorian 
Era,'  Mr.  G.  C.  Haite. 

Royal  Institution,  5.— General  Monthly  Meeting. 

Society  of  Engineers,  7.30.— 'Prevention  of  the  Bacterial  Con- 
tamination of  Streams  and  Oyster  Beds,'  Messrs.  W,  P. 
Digby  and  H.  C.  H.  Shenton. 

Aristotelian,  8.— 'The  Nature  of  Truth,'  Hon.  B.  Russell. 

Institute  of  British  Architects,  8. 

Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  Artificial  Fertilizers,'  Lecture  in.,  Mr. 
A.  D.  Hall.    {Cantor  Lecture.) 

Sociological,  8.— 'Mating,  Marriage,  and  the  Status  of  Women,' 
Mr.  S.  S.  Buckman. 
Ties.    Society  of  Arts,  4.30.— 'The  Cape  to  Cairo  Railway,  Hon.  Sir 
L.  Michell. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8— Discussion  on  'The  Talla 
Water-Supply  of  the  Edinburgh  and  District  Waterworks," 
'Repairing  a  Limestone  -  Concrete  Aqueduct,'  and  'The- 
Yield  of  Catchment-Areas.' 

Society  of   Designers,  8.— 'The   Korinthic   Capital,'  Mr.   H. 
Stannus. 
Wed.     Arehu?ologieal  Institute,  4.— 'Church  Chests  of  the  Thirteenth- 
Century  in  England,'  Mr.  P.  M.  Johnston. 

Entomological,  8. 

Geological,  8.—'  On  the  Geological  Conditions  which  have  con- 
tributed to  the  Success  of  the  Artesian  Boring  for  Water  at 
Lincoln,'  Prof.  E.  Hull,  'Notes  on  the  Raised  Beaches  of 
Taltal,  Northern  Chile,'  Mr.  0.  H.  Evans. 

Society   of   Arts,    8.— 'The   Metric   System,'  Col.    Sir   C.  M. 
Watson. 
Tiicrs.  Royal,  4.30. 

London  Institution,  6,  'Chamber  Music,'  Prof.  Hans  Wessely. 

Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— Discussion  on  '  Selec- 
tion and  Testing  of  Materials  for  Construction  of  Electric 
Machinery. 

Linuean,  8,  '  A  Contribution  to  the  Physiology  of  the  Museum 
Beetle,  Anthrenus  Mvseormn  (Linn.),'  Prof.  A.  J.  Ewart ; 
'Note  on  the  Origin  of  the  Name  Chermes  or  Kermes.' Mr. 
E.  R.  Bunion. 

Chemical,  8.30,'  The  Liquid  Volume  of  a  Dissolved  Substance, 
Mr.  J.  8.  Lumsden;  'Some  Derivatives  of  Benzophenone  : 
Synthesis  of  Substances  occurring  in  Coco-Bark.'  Preliminary 
Notice,  Messrs.  W.  H.  Perkin,  jun„  and  R.  Robinson; 
'A  Synthesis  of  Terebic,  Terpenylic,  and  Homotei penylic 
Acids,'  Mr.  J.  L.  Simonsen. 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30,  '  Notes  on  Hi  diseva]  Sculptures  in 
England,  especially  those  of  the  South  Porch  of  Lincoln 
Minster,'  Mr.  W.  R.  Lethaby  ;  'On  a  Sculptured  Represen- 
tation of  Hell  Cauldron  recently  found  at  York,'  Mr.  J. 
Bilson.  I  ,.     , 

Geologists'  Association,  8.— 'The  Zones  of  the  White  Chalk  of 
the  English  Coast  :  Part  V.  Isle  of  Wight,'  Dr.  A.  W.  Rowe. 

>1 ,;  1 .  J. i, ,;,■•!  1        q    •  lT*illiQTvi'e      X'nuiinii       Tlif  r  ioniirv  '     T)r_     TT. 


Fri. 


Philological,    8.  — 'Kelham's    Noiman    Dictionary, 
Oelsner. 


Dr.    H. 


The  sun  will  be  vertical  over  the  tropic'of 
Capricorn  at  6  o'clock  in  the  evening  (Green- 
wich time)  on  the  22nd  inst.,  which  i»\ there- 
fore the  shortest  day  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, and  the  longest  in  the  southern. 
The  moon  will  be  new  on  the  evening  of 
the  15th,  and  full  on  that  of  the  30th.^  She 
will  be  in  perigee  on  the  15th,  so  that  excep- 
tionally high  tides  may  be  expected  on  that 
and  the  following  days.  The  planet  Mercury 
will  be  at  greatest  western  elongation  from 
the  sun  on  the  18th,  and  visible  in  the  morn- 
ing during  the  second  and  third  weeks  of  the 
month,  passing  very  near  [3  Scorpii  on  the 
15th,  and  about  six  degrees  due  north  of 
Antares  on  the  21st.  Venus  is  also  a  morn- 
ing star,  very  near  Mercury  at  the  beginning 
of  the  month  (the  conjunction  took  place 
or  the  30th  ult.),  and  afterwards  nearly  due 
west  of  him  ;  she  will  be  at  her  stationary 
point  on  the  19th,  and  then  move  slowly  in 
a  westerly  direction.  Mars  is  in  the  con- 
stellation Virgo,  will  pass  about  tlu'ee  degrees 
to  the  north  of  Spica  on  the  3rd,  and  enter 
Libra  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Jupiter  will 
be  at  opposition  to  the  sun  on  the  28th,  and 
brilliant  all  night  throughout  the  month, 
situated  nearly  to  the  north  of  y  Geminorum. 
Saturn  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Aquarius, 
and  visible  in  the  evening — due  south  at 
6  o'clock  on  the  2nd,  and  at  5  o'clock  on  the 
18th. 

A  very  faint  new  comet  (h,  1906)  was 
photographically  discovered  by  Mr.  Metcalf 
at  Taunton,  Mass.,  on  the  14th  ult.,  situated 
in  the  constellation  Eridanus,  and  moving 
slowly  towards  the  south-west.  Two  nights 
afterwards  it  was  observed  at  Washington, 
being  then  of  about  the  eleventh  magnitude. 

Later,  observations  of  Thiele's  comet 
(g,  1906)  show  that,  according  to  the  calcu- 
lations of  Dr.  Stromgron,  of  Kiel,  it  passed- 
its  perihelion  on  the  22nd  ult.,  at  tho  dis- 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


699 


tance  from  the  sun  of  1-21  in  terms  of  the 
earth's  mean  distance.  It  is  now  moving 
in  a  north-easterly  direction  towards  y 
Ursae  Ma] oris,  and  slowly  diminishing  in 
brightness,  which  was  greatest  about  the 
«nd  of  last  month. 

Four  more  small  planets  were  photo- 
graphically discovered  by  Herr  Kopff  at 
the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg, 
on  the  11th  ult. 

We  have  received  the  tenth  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  della  Societd  degli 
■Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  containing  papers  by 
Signor  Abetti  on  the  calculation  of  the  posi- 
tions of  some  polar  stars,  by  Prof.  Alippi  on 
coloured  twilights  observed  in  Urbino,  and 
by  Signor  Bemporad  on  the  calculation  of 
atmospheric  density  by  stars  depressed 
below  the  horizon,  with  special  reference  to 
the  Etna  Observatory.  There  are  also 
observations  of  the  Perseid  meteors  last 
August  obtained  by  Prof.  Zammarchi  ;  an 
obituary  notice  of  Prof.  Mascari,  of  Catania, 
who  died  suddenly  on  the  18th  of  October 
in  the  forty-fourth  year  of  his  age  ;  and  a 
continuation  of  the  spectroscopic  images  of 
the  solar  limb  as  observed  by  the  late  Prof. 
Tacchini  at  Rome  in  the  autumn  of  1879. 

So  far  as  fisheries  are  concerned  the  print- 
ing expenditure  of  this  country  on  "  Scientific 
Investigations  "  must  be  considerable.  The 
Scotch,  Irish,  and  English  Fisheries  have 
separate  Reports,  each  of  them  in  several 
volumes  ;  and  there  is  also  the  Report  on 
the  North  Sea  Fisheries,  which  forms  a 
separate  Blue-book.  We  have  now  before 
us  Part  III.  of  the  Report  of  the  Fishery 
Board  for  Scotland  (4s.  l\d.).  It  contains, 
in  addition  to  the  usual  investigations  on 
trawling  and  on  the  herring  fisheries,  special 
reports  on  the  rate  of  growth  of  fishes  and  on 
new  and  rare  Crustacea. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Aims  and  Ideals  in  Art.  By  George 
Clausen.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — It  is  not  con- 
ceivable that  Mr.  Clausen  should  write  a 
vulgar  book,  and  every  one  who  reads  these 
lectures  must  leave  the  volume  with  a  liking 
for  the  seriousness  and  modesty  of  the  author. 
But  while  the  unconscious  reflection  of 
personality  in  style  is  according  to  some 
standards  a  literary  success,  it  is  so  rare  a 
thing  for  a  distinguished  painter  to  write 
at  length  about  his  art  that  inevitably  we 
hope  for  somewhat  more.  It  is  something 
of  a  disappointment  that  Mr.  Clausen's 
modesty,  and  the  fact  that  we  have  here 
only  a  series  of  lectures  delivered  to  young 
students,  have  prevented  his  giving  in  com- 
plete form  those  ultimate  conclusions  of  a 
painter  on  the  nature  of  his  art  which,  though 
■disputable,  perhaps,  and  needing  to  be 
collated  with  the  opinions  of  others,  are  yet 
the  conclusions  forced  upon  him  by  a  life- 
time of  practical  painting.  Instead  we 
have  much  that  is  obvious  and  elementary, 
and  see  Mr.  Clausen  frequently  retiring 
behind  the  sheltering  authority  of  Reynolds 
or  Millet  or  Leonardo. 

Undeniably  there  is  a  seemliness  in  offer- 
ing to  students  the  words  of  the  greatest 
men  of  their  profession,  in  encouraging  them 
to  go  for  themselves  to  these,  the  best 
sources  for  advice  and  refreshment  ;  but 
the  effect  on  Mr.  Clausen's  book  has  been 
to  prevent  his  getting  at  grips  with  his  sub- 
ject, and  expressing  to  the  full,  at  any  cost 
of  egotism,  his  own  personal  contribution 
to  the  matter  in  hand — a  contribution  which, 


however  small  in  quantity,  must  after  all 
have  an  intrinsic  value  beyond  pious  quo- 
tation. Perhaps  it  is  because  he  is  oppressed 
by  a  sense  of  new  responsibility  that  he 
seems  to  us  nervously  conscientious,  inclined 
to  forget  that  no  critic  is  of  much  value  who 
fears  to  lead.  The  book  closes  with  a  para- 
graph which  is  none  the  less,  but  rather  the 
more,  characteristic  of  Mr.  Clausen  because 
it  is  a  quotation  : — 

"'Gentlemen,'  said  Chardin  a  propos  of  the 
Salon  of  1765,  '  let  us  be  charitable.  Among  all 
the  pictures  here  seek  out  the  worst ;  and  under- 
stand that  two  thousand  unhappy  ones  have 
broken  their  brushes  in  despair  of  ever  doing 
things  even  as  bad  as  these.  Parocel,  whom  you 
call  a  dauber  and  who  really  is,  if  you  compare 
him  with  Vernet — this  Parocel  is  nevertheless  a 
man  of  mark  compared  with  the  men  who  started 
with  him  and  have  given  it  up.  We  begin  at  seven 
or  eight  years  of  age  to  draw  from  copies  eyes, 
mouths,  noses,  ears,  then  feet  and  hands.  Our 
backs  are  bent  over  our  work  for  a  long  time,  then 
they  put  us  on  the  Hercules  and  the  Torso,  and 
you  have  not  seen  the  tears  these  ancient  master- 
pieces have  caused  to  flow.  And  then,  after  days 
and  nights  before  these  lifeless  things,  they  put 
us  before  the  living  model,  and  all  at  once  the 
work  of  our  preceding  years  seems  to  count  for 
nothing.  We  have  to  learn  to  see  Nature  ;  and 
how  many  have  never  seen  and  never  will  see  her  ! 
It  is  the  torment  of  our  lives.  One's  talent  is  not 
determined  in  a  moment,  and  it  is  not  at  the  first 
attempt  that  one  has  the  candour  to  avow  one's 
incapacity.  Precious  years  have  gone  by  before 
the  day  of  disappointment  and  weariness  comes. 
Then  what  to  do  ?  One  has  to  find  another  occupa- 
tion— and  with  the  exception  of  twenty  or  so  who 
show  their  work  here  every  other  year  to  dull 
people,  the  others  are  unknown,  and  perhaps  are 
happier  than  we  are.' " 

These,  the  words  of  a  great  artist,  are  touch- 
ing in  their  homely  truth,  and  have  perhaps 
a  value  as  a  check  on  the  self-sufficiency  of 
headlong  youth.  In  their  self-distrust  and 
respect  for  the  efforts  of  others,  no  matter 
how  ill  placed,  they  portray  a  man  who 
will  not  lead  us  far  wrong.  Rather  is  it 
doubtful  whether  he  will  have  the  initiative 
to  do  so  brutal  a  thing  as  lead  at  all. 

Mr.  Dion  Clayton  Calthrop  continues 
his  study  of  English  Costume  (A.  &  C.  Black) 
in  a  third  volume,  which  covers  the  period 
between  Henry  VII.  and  the  Commonwealth. 
The  break  before  the  Restoration  is  well 
chosen,  as  modern  England  may  be  said  to 
date  from  the  reign  of  the  second  Charles. 
Before  that  the  ferment  of  the  new  forces  of 
the  Renaissance  and  the  Reformation  and 
the  new  learning  had  obscured  the  probable 
issues.  Stirring  and  seething  and  working 
for  a  hundred  years,  they  emerged  sub- 
sequently in  modernity.  The  eye  goes  no 
further  back  than  1660  for  its  first  barrier 
in  the  dividing  centuries.  And  something 
of  this  distinction  is  traceable  in  costume. 
Between  the  Tudors  and  the  last  of  the 
Stuarts  we  have  our  feet  still  in  the  Middle 
Ages.  Mr.  Calthrop  puts  it  that  with  the 
accession  of  the  Earl  of  Richmond  spring 
was  in  the  air.  That  will  do  very  well. 
But  the  Court  had  yet  to  be  invented,  and 
the  freedom  of  mediae valism  was  still  en- 
joyed without  the  irons  of  a  more  civilized 
age.  We  notice  the  same  qualities  in  this 
third  volume  which  were  evident  in  Mr. 
Calthrop's  earlier  books.  He  still  exhibits 
a  flippant  style  which  is  out  of  place  in  such 
a  treatise,  and  he  has  obviously  made  careful 
studies  of  dress  from  old  manuscripts  and 
missals.  His  illustrations  are  profuse  and 
interesting,  particularly  in  colours,  though 
his  drawings  are  more  accurate.  The  letter- 
press contains  much  that  is  instructive  and 
amusing.  The  author  quotes  the  allowance  of 
a  Maid  of  Honour  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
from  which  it  appears  she  was  entitled  to 
4£  gallons  of  ale  daily.     It  is  to  be  hoped 


that  she  distributed  it.  The  Bluecoat 
costume,  the  author  reminds  us,  is  a  survival 
of  the  dress  of  Edward  VI.  s  time  ;  but  we 
are  more  interested  by  the  reflection  that 
our  harlequinades  discover  to  us  the  costume 
of  Elizabethan  men  and  women.  It  is 
noticeable  that  the  dress  of  the  later  Common- 
wealth in  both  man  and  woman  was  an 
improvement  on  Stuart  and  Elizabethan 
models,  owing  to  its  simplicity.  Mr.  Cal- 
throp would  seem  to  claim  an  inherited 
right  to  deal  with  clothes,  since  he  refers 
to  Sir  Philip  Calthrop,  the  exquisite  of  Tudot 
days,  as  his  ancestor. 

The  Complete  Photographer.  By  R.  Child 
Bayley.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — At  first  sight  it 
seems  hardly  possible  that  a  work  of  this 
size  could  be  considered  "  Complete  " — an 
impression  which  is  confirmed  when  we  find 
that  the  author  deals  at  length  only  with 
the  particular  processes  of  photography 
which  he  considers  to  be  of  practical  import 
ance  to  amateurs.  It  is  hardly  an  ency- 
clopaedia of  all  the  terms  and  formulae  in 
use  ;  but  as  an  historical  review  of  photo- 
graphy it  seems  to  merit  its  title,  the  whole 
subject  being  treated  with  a  great  deal  of 
method.  The  number  of  books  upon  the 
different  phases  of  photography  is  now  so 
great  as  to  be  almost  bewildering  to  the 
beginner,  and  the  latest  "  Annual  "  contains 
so  many  writers'  formulae  to  choose  from 
that  it  is  refreshing  to  have  a  comprehensive 
work  to  turn  to  with  one  man's  experience 
right  through. 

Chap,  i.,  on  the  evolution  of  photography, 
carries  the  reader  back  to  the  days  of  the 
men  who  laid  the  foundation  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  and  the  succeeding 
chapters  make  him  acquainted  with  the  best 
modern  instruments  and  methods  by  which 
this  knowledge  is  turned  to  practical  account. 
As  a  book  of  reference,  under  such  headings 
as  '  Dodging  and  Faking,'  it  will  be  found 
very  useful.  Few  operators,  for  instance,  are 
probably  acquainted  with  the  cyaride  and 
iodine  method  of  softening  and  vignetting 
prints,  which  is  fully  described  in  this 
chapter. 

For  the  beginner  '  The  Complete  Photo- 
grapher '  should  serve  as  a  textbook,  and  he 
will  do  well  to  follow  the  author's  advice. 
In  the  world  of  art  successful  workers  are 
for  the  most  part,  like  the  poet,  born,  not 
made,  and  to  the  man  striving  after  pictorial 
photography  no  words  of  advice  which  the 
author  may  give  are  likely  to  be  of  much 
real  assistance,  but  the  sixty-four  whole- 
page  reproductions  of  well-known  subjects 
will  go  some  way  to  prove  the  truth  that 
"  the  picture  must  have  in  it  some  of  the 
personality  of  the  artist." 


THE    SOCIETY    OF    PORTRAIT 
PAINTERS. 

The  collection  of  work  at  the  New  Gallery 
tells  us  little  that  we  did  not  know  before- 
hand of  the  state  of  portrait  painting  among 
us.  Here  is  revealed  no  new  genius,  and  the 
exhibition  remains  at  about  the  same  respect- 
able level  of  achievement  as  its  predecessors. 
We  have  a  first  impulse  to  point  to  the  work 
of  Mr.  Orchardson,  the  late  M.  Fantin-Latour, 
and  the  late  M.  Carriere  as  being  in  each  case 
examples  of  a  technique  essentially  more 
interesting  than  is  shown  in  the  monotonous 
work  by  the  present  generation  from  which 
they  stand  out.  This,  however,  is  in  a 
measure  mistaken.  These  methods  of  paint- 
ing a  portrait  charm  us  because  they  have 
become  unusual.  Fantin  was  on  occasion 
a  great  painter,  but  we  have  only  to  look 
at  his  portrait  of  M.L.M.  to  see  that,  were 


700 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


it  the  fashion  to  paint*  in  this  manner,  the 
result  would  be  very  monotonous  in  its 
•worried,  stringy  paint  and  laboured  curliness. 
If,  moreover,  the  larger  of  Mr.  Orchardson's 
pictures  and  the  Rodin  of  Carriere  are  more 
satisfactory,  it  is  in  each  case  due  to  the  fact 
that  keen  interest  in  his  subject  endowed 
the  painter  for  the  nonce  with  fine  insight 
into  the  essential  significance  of  form,  and 
not  at  all  to  Mr.  Orchardson's  formula  of 
overcharged  broken  colour  or  the  grisaille 
presentment  of  nature  that  was  the  patent 
of  Carriere. 

This  is  a  fact  that  might  well  be  faced  by 
portrait  painters,  who  seem  for  ever  in  search 
of  some  method  of  approaching  their  task 
that  shall  absolve  them  from  the  necessity 
of  getting  thoroughly  absorbed  in  their 
model.  Mr.  Lavery  long  ago  attained  this 
coveted  position,  and  has  been  deteriorating 
ever  since  amid  the  applause  of  the  most 
advanced  art  critics.  His  present  exhibits 
are  almost  pitiable  as  portraiture.  Mr. 
George  Henry  was  perhaps  encouraged  by 
the  decided  success  of  his  lady  in  blue  at  the 
Academy  to  aspire  to  a  similar  eminence. 
He  has  two  portraits  here  to  point  the  dismal 
moral.  One  of  Mr.  Charles  Shannon's  best 
pictures  was  a  portrait  of  himself  in  a  grey 
shirt,  painted  some  years  ago  at  considerable 
expense,  we  fancy,  of  time  and  trouble  to 
both  artist  and  sitter.  It  seems  to  have 
been  used  as  a  groundwork  for  the  portrait 
of  Mr.  Robert  Gregory,  which  has  all  the 
faults  of  the  earlier  picture  and  none  of  its 
merits.  Mr.  Speed  has  a  recipe  for  painting 
flesh  as  a  waxy  substance  that  scarcely 
reflects  the  light  at  all,  and  his  Elihu  Vedder 
looks  very  strange  in  contrast  with  the 
adjoining  Thomas  Hardy,  whose  face,  accord- 
ing to  M.  Blanche,  seems  made  up  of 
facets  of  coloured  glass.  Each  of  these 
pictures  is  an  example  of  the  danger  of  lean- 
ing too  heavily  and  too  long  on  one  method, 
and  it  seems  a  pity  that  the  artists  could 
not  in  the  course  of  their  work  have  changed 
pictures.  The  best  of  M.  Blanche's  por- 
traits, however,  is  the  preposterously  clever 
one  of  Mrs.  Arthur  Symons,  looking  much 
pleased  with  a  new  dress.  Could  Gains- 
borough have  brought  his  art  up  to  the 
requirements  of  the  poster,  this  would  have 
been  the  result. 

If  these  painters  have  sacrificed  somewhat 
actual  truthfulness  to  mere  fluency  of  paint, 
there  remains  as  a  set-off  Mr.  John  Collier, 
whose  disregard  for  that  or  any  other  beauty 
of  technique  is  complete.  His  portrait  of 
Dr.  Clifford  is  aesthetically  detestable,  never- 
theless it  verges  on  genius  in  the  perfection, 
yet  dullness  of  its  characterization.  Only 
in  this  heavy-handed  fashion  could  he  have 
portrayed  so  eloquently  Dr.  Clifford  as  he 
must  appear  to  a  High  Churchman  of 
fastidious  tastes.  In  depicting  alike  by 
his  subject-matter  and  his  technique  the 
very  soul  of  stodginess  Mr.  Collier  has  an 
historic  value,  and  his  art  will  not  die. 
What  could  be  better  for  such  a  purpose 
than  his  Alexander  Glegg,  Fsq.,  Mayor  of 
Wandsworth  ?  Here  it  is,  red  robes, 
chain,  and  all,  le  Reynolds  de  nos  jours.  For 
the  rest,  the  picture  has  merit,  depicting 
an  honest,  likeable  man,  wrinkling  his 
brows  in  haggard  wonderment  at  the  sillly 
masquerade. 

Amongst  the  more  modest  achievements 
in  the  exhibition  we  note  Mr.  McLure  Hamil- 
ton's fine  portrait,  Mr.  Orpen's  accom- 
plished painting  and  scattered  design,  and 
work  by  Mr.  Philip  Connard  and  Mr.  Alfred 
Hayward.  Mr.  Riviere's  Chesterton  is 
curiously  incapable,  but  a  last  word  of 
recognition  is  due  to  Mr.  Livens's  studies  of 
fellow-students  in  a  life-class.  These  little 
pictures — so  right  in  scale,  so  serious  at  once 


and  so  humorous — gave  us  much  pleasure. 
They  are  transparently  truthful,  and  worth 
their  place  in  the  world. 


PETER    PAN    IN    KENSINGTON 
GARDENS. 

To  the  present  generation  of  picture- 
buyers  a  humorist  may  tell  the  truth  ;  but 
then  the  uglier  his  work  is,  the  funnier  it  is. 
The  artist  who  would  aim  at  beauty  will  be 
looked  at  very  much  askance  if  his  work 
recall  in  any  acute  fashion  the  actual  world 
as  we  know  it.  Mr.  Arthur  Rackham  has 
a  keen  interest  in  undignified  competitive 
humanity,  in  the  anxious  strugglings,  the 
abject  shifts,  whereby  restless  life  contrives 
to  protract  itself  a  little  longer  in  this  aimless 
world.  Mr.  Rackham  has  also  a  feeling  for 
beauty,  mainly  technical — the  feeling  for 
the  beauty  of  a  drawing  as  a  thing  of  texture 
and  colour,  and  apart  from  the  things  it 
represents.  By  a  stroke  of  genius  he  has 
induced  the  picture-buying  public  to  accept, 
and  to  accept  with  enthusiasm,  a  combina- 
tion of  qualities  which  as  a  rule  they  keep 
as  rigidly  apart  as  the  sexes  in  a  Quakers' 
meeting-house. 

For  of  all  things  in  the  world  the  sordid 
worries  and  tricks  of  the  lower  middle  class 
are  what  an  art  amateur  athirst  for  beauty 
asks  least  to  be  reminded  of.  It  is  easy 
to  conceive  the  attitude  of  those  raised  by 
commerce.  It  is  "  the  nail  and  sarspan 
business,  as  we  got  our  money  by,"  and 
now  that  we  are  in  a  position  to  give  our- 
selves up  to  genteel  delights  our  main  pre- 
occupation is  to  forget  it.  In  unbuttoned 
ease  we  may  laugh  at  such  things,  but  we  are 
annoyed  by  their  intrusion  on  our  superior 
moments.  That  annoyance  would  become 
exasperation  were  an  artist  to  insist  that  in 
these  vulgar  wrigglings,  these  impudent 
devices  to  save  a  shabby  situation,  there  was 
a  vitality,  even  in  a  humble  way  a  beauty, 
that  is  wanting  to  the  respectable  vacuity 
of  an  entrenched  idleness.  Yet  such  a  one 
is  Mr.  Rackham,  the  subtle,  disguised  enemy 
of  the  society  he  seems  to  serve.  Beauty 
in  his  eyes  is  not  a  matter  of  smooth  well- 
being,  the  beatitude  of  no  longer  having  to 
adapt  yourself  to  your  surroundings,  because 
your  surroundings  now — O  heavenly  state  ! 
— adapt  themselves  to  you.  His  delight  is 
rather  ir  alert  impudence,  in  comic  distress 
making  the  best  of  frantically  awkward 
circumstances.  His  very  trees  are  wide 
awake,  turning  adroitly  on  their  stems,  and 
always  treated  with  most  admiration  in 
their  hour  of  penury,  when  they  are  just 
holding  on  doggedly  till  the  spring.  The 
root  of  his  art  is  kindly  irreverence,  and  as 
soon  as  anything  becomes  dignified  in  his 
eyes  it  ceases  to  be  available.  Clearly  this 
is  not  the  usual  purveyor  of  the  art  of  the 
respectable  classes  ;  and  if  prosperity  should 
make  him  permanently  one  of  them,  the 
result  would  surely  be  to  dry  up  the  sources 
of  his  very  delightful  talent. 

The  reason  of  his  general  acceptance  is  sim- 
plicity itself.  He  represents  not  real  people, 
but  fairy  subjects,  goblins,  and  the  like  :  their 
heads  are  too  big  for  their  bodies,  and  their 
character  is  exaggerated,  so  it  would  be 
ridiculous  to  think  of  them  as  real.  They 
belong  to  the  domain  of  fantasy.  We  have 
heard  men  proclaim  with  admiration  that 
they  had  never  seen  such  creatures,  that  they 
could  not  think  whence  Mr.  Rackham  got 
his  weird  ideas  ;  and  wo  have  glanced 
from  the  speaker  to  his  moral  double  on  the 
wall,  and  settled  the  question  to  our  own 
satisfaction  at  once.  It  is  simply  a  case  of 
a  slight  fancy  dress  that  disguises  the  first- 
hand observation  for  which  the  public  has 
so  little  relish  in  its  simplor  state  ;    and  we 


have  nothing  but  admiration  for  theftactful 
and  insinuating  way  in  which  Mr.  Rackham 
tells  people  truths  that  they  have  spent  their 
lives  in  dodging. 

In  the  present  collection  at  the  Leicester- 
Galleries  the  subject  has  hampered  him  a 
little,  the  conventional  "  young  lady  "  fairy 
being  only  a  bore  to  him,  with  the  one  ex- 
tion  in  No.  12  of  the  fairies  who  "  have^their 
tiffs  with  the  birds."  Moreover,  while  his 
pictures  must  be  a  delight  to  children,  he 
is  not  always  at  his  best  in  their  portrayal  : 
they  are  so  statuesque,  so  "  antique,"  as\to- 
be  often  out  of  his  range.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  landscape  possibilities  of  Kensing- 
ton Gardens  are  finely  handled,  as  in  the- 
large  and  vigorous  No.  10,  or  the  gloomy 
background  of  No.  40,  the  Housebuilding, 
or  the  literal  snow  landscape  No.  32.  In  all, 
even  the  most  farcical,  we  have  the  work  of 
the  serious  student  strongly  imbued  with 
the  modern  scientific  spirit.  In  disseminat- 
ing that  spirit,  and  gently  battering  to  pieces- 
worn-out  prejudices,  Mr.  Rackham's  work 
has  a  very  real  value. 


MESSRS.    SHEPHERD    BROTHERS' 
WINTER    EXHIBITION. 

To  a  visitor  coming  from  Mr.  Rackham's 
exhibition,  the  uninspired  quality  of  the 
modern  pictures  at  Messrs.  Shepherd's  is 
rather  depressing,  and  we  must  regret  that 
such  good  judges  of  old  pictures  of  the  British 
School  should  either  have  so  little  flair  in 
dealing  with  the  art  of  the  present  day  or  so' 
little  confidence  in  the  judgment  of  their 
clients.  The  names  of  Mr.  Clausen,  of  the 
late  Edwin  Ellis,  of  Mr.  Frank  Brangwyn,. 
of  Mr.  Hughes  Stanton,  imply  that  the  collec- 
tion is  not  entirely  bad  ;  but  these  artists 
leaven  insufficiently  the  lump,  and  there  are- 
one  or  two  pictures,  which  need  not  be 
particularized,  that  we  regret  to  see  sup- 
ported by  the  prestige  of  Messrs.  Shepherd. 

The  early  British  masters  upstairs,  how- 
ever, are  a  collection  that  speaks  of  great 
knowledge  and  research.  Two  landscapes 
and  a  portrait  stand  out  as  pre-eminently 
fine.  The  latter,  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence's 
Rev.  W.  Pennicott,  represents  the  painter, 
if  we  may  so  express  it,  more  than  at  his 
best :  it  is  one  of  the  few  pictures  that  justify" 
his  reputation,  and  is  crossing  the  Atlantic 
to  represent  European  art  under  the  escort 
of  Mr.  Roger  Fry.  The  other  rarity  that 
rivals  in  interest  even  this  fine  portrait  by- 
Lawrence  is  an  oil  landscape  by  De  Wint,. 
very  beautiful  in  its  narrow  range  of  greys,, 
with  an  exquisite  passage  of  distance  painted 
in  liquid  yet  firm  paint.  The  Barns,  by 
Old  Crome,  strikes  a  more  tragic  note,  re- 
calling at  once  Millet  and  Rembrandt. 

There  are  also  a  Lady  Castlemaine,  a  fair 
representative  of  Lely  except  for  the  small, 
ill -constructed  arm  ;  a  good  small  portrait  by 
Peter  Toms,  the  assistant  of  Reynolds  ;  two> 
meritorious  portraits  (one  of  the  Dutch 
School,  and  the  other  by  Lely)  ;  and  an 
interior  of  rather  grisly  finish  by  a  painter 
named  Wyck,  which  suggests  in  places  that. 
Hogarth  might  have  been  influenced  by  the' 
painter's  technique. 

None  of  these  matches  in  interest  the  un- 
pretending sheet  of  farm-yard  fragments  by 
Ward,  in  which  concise  expression  is  pushed! 
to  the  point  of  genius. 


THE    BATLLIE    GALLERIES. 

Into  the  larger  room  at  the  Baillie- 
Galleries  in  Baker  Street  Miss  Jessie  Bayes 
has,  by  her  picturesque  exhibition  of  '  Tales 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


701 


and  Towns  of  Italy,'  brought  not  a  little 
of  the  fragrance  and  charm  of  the  Italian 
Renaissance,  and  something  of  the  dainty 
magic  of  the  Italian  primitives.  The 
artistic  achievement  of  the  family  to  which 
this  accomplished  lady  belongs  must  be  a 
rare  fact  in  the  history  of  English  art :  not 
only  are  Mr.  Walter  Bayes,  the  well-known 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  and  Mr.  Gilbert  Bayes,  the 
sculptor,  her  brothers  ;  but  her  sister,  as 
she  shows  even  by  the  decoration  of  thia 
charming  room,  is  no  mean  worker  in  the 
applied  arts.  Miss  Jessie  Bayes  employs 
tempera  and  water  colour  with  rare  distinc- 
tion ;  and  she  owes  something  to  the  support 
of  Mr.  Stuttig,  who  with  fine  skill  has  carried 
out  her  designs  in  the  carving  and  gilding 
of  the  enhancing  frames.  There  is  in  this 
room  a  carved  and  gilt  wooden  casket,  wrought 
with  gesso  gilt,  and  painted  with  exquisite 
designs  by  Miss  Bayes,  which  is  a  veritable 
little  masterpiece  ;  it  is  a  thousand  pities 
that  presentations  to  notable  men  are 
not  always  enclosed  in  a  casket  of  such 
beauty  as  this,  instead  of  the  vile  things 
that  often  embarrass  the  eminent  recipients. 
Miss  Jessie  Bayes  is  in  distinguished 
company.  In  the  same  galleries  is  a  case 
of  enamelled  jewellery  by  the  Princess  Louise 
Augusta  of  Schleswig-Holstein  that  shows 
the  royal  lady  to  be  an  accomplished  crafts- 
woman.  Miss  French's  delightful  black- 
and-white  work,  Miss  Eleanor  Brickdale's 
art,  and  examples  of  the  painting  of  Mr. 
Pryde  and  Mr.  Dacre  Adams,  the  silk- 
pictures  of  Miss  Kate  Button,  the  decorative 
art  of  Miss  Joan  Drew,  the  quaint,  elfish 
fancy  of  Mr.  Rackham,  and  Miss  Gloag's 
beautiful  little  white  porcelain  ladies  all  go 
to  make  an  attractive  exhibition  that  seems 
to  beckon  Christmas  to  us.  H.  M. 


GIFT    OF    COINS    TO    THE    BRITISH 

MUSEUM. 

By  the  generosity  of  Dr.  F.  Parkes  Weber 
the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  have 
acquired  a  most  remarkable  numismatic 
collection.  Dr.  Weber  placed  his  cabinet 
in  the  hands  of  the  authorities  of  the  Museum, 
with  permission  to  select  everything  that 
might  be  deemed  desirable,  and  as  a  result 
no  fewer  than  5,551  pieces  have  been  added 
to  the  national  collection.  The  donor's 
tastes  in  numismatics  were  most  catholic, 
and  the  objects  selected  represent  all  branches 
of  the  study,  from  the  early  coinage  of  the 
Greeks  and  Chinese  down  to  the  modern 
revival  of  the  medallic  art.  Numerically 
regarded,  the  importance  of  the  donation 
perhaps  consists  especially  in  the  modern 
medals,  and  it  can  no  longer  be  said  that 
artists  such  as  David  d' Angers,  Roty,  and 
Scharff  are  unrepresented  in  the  British 
Museum.  But  from  an  artistic  point  of  view 
the  chief  treasures  are  two  fine  leaden  speci- 
mens of  medals  by  the  greatest  of  all  medal- 
lists, Vittore  Pisano,  and,  for  those  to  whom 
the  German  medal  of  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century  appeals,  a  unique  portrait  of 
the  famous  Paracelsus.  Among  the  curio- 
sities of  the  collection  may  be  reckoned 
sections  illustrating  token  coinages,  primitive 
forms  of  currency,  the  technical  processes 
of  die-engraving  and  casting,  and  methods 
of  forgery.  Dr.  Weber's  munificent  gift 
constitutes  one  of  the  most  valuable  addi- 
tions which  have  ever  fallen  to  the  lot  of  the 
Department  of  Coins  and  Medals  in  the 
British  Museum. 


SALES. 
Messrs.  Ciiiustik  sold  last  Saturday  the  follow- 
ing.    Pictures :  T.  S.  Cooper,  A  Group  of  Cattle 


by  a  Stream,  126^.  ;  The  Contrast,  2101.  H.  H. 
La  Thangue,  In  a  Cottage  Garden,  115Z.  G.  B. 
O'Neill,  The  First  Lesson  in  jthe  Armourv  Thrust, 
1071.  Lord  Leighton,  Helen  of  Troy,  3151.  JR. 
Ansdell,  Gathering  Flocks  on  the  Grampian  Hills, 
1571.  E.  Verboeckhoven,  A  Highland  Landscape, 
168/.  W.  F.  Yeames,  The  Fugitive  Jacobite,  105/. 
Drawings :  J.  M.  W.  Turner,  Salisbury  Cathedral, 
504/.     C.  Fielding,  Loch  Katrine,  65/. 


$iw-&vt  (gflsaip. 

The  first  exhibition  at  the  International 
Art  Gallery,  consisting  of  works  by  modern 
British,  French,  and  Dutch  artists,  will  be 
held  at  14,  King  William  Street,  Trafalgar 
Square,  from  December  12th  till  January  5th. 

At  the  New  Dudley  Gallery  next  Monday 
there  is  a  private  view  of  sculpture  and  draw- 
ings by  Countess  Feodora  Gleichen,  medals 
and  decorative  work  by  Miss  Elinor  Halle, 
and  paintings  by  Countess  Helena  Gleichen. 

Mr.  Joseph  Pennell  has  accepted  an 
invitation  from  the  Director  of  the  Uffizi  at 
Florence  to  contribute  to  the  Gallery  a  selec- 
tion of  his  drawings  for  Mr.  Hewlett's  '  Road 
in  Tuscany,'  to  which  we  referred  last  week. 

One  of  the  chief  features  of  the  Irish 
International  Exhibition,  to  be  held  next 
year  in  Dublin,  will  be  the  collection  of  modern 
pictures  and  sculpture  which  Mr.  A.  G. 
Temple  is  organizing  with  the  help  of  a  strong 
committee,  including  Sir  Charles  Holroyd, 
Mr.  Lionel  Cust,  Mr.  Whitworth  Wallis, 
and  many  other  experts.  The  exhibition 
will  be  representative  of  all  the  modern 
schools  of  art,  continental  as  well  as  British, 
and  will  be  the  most  important  held  in  Ire- 
land since  that  of  1853,  out  of  which  the 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland  took  its  rise. 

Mr.  L.  A.  Waldbon,  M.P.,  has  just  been 
appointed  a  Governor  and  Guardian  of  the 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland,  in  the  room  of 
the  late  Mgr.  Molloy.  Sir  William  Thornley 
Stoker  and  Mr.  R.  S.  Longworth  Dames  have 
been  reappointed  Governors  for  a  further 
period  of  five  years. 

A  novel,  feature  in  the  December  number 
of  The  Burlington  Magazine  is  an  illustrated 
article  by  Miss  L.  F.  Pesel  on  the  little-known 
Cretan  embroidery,  which  is  followed  by  one 
on  the  early  forms  of  lace  in  England. 
Velazquez  is  the  subject  of  two  articles  :  the 
first  by  Mr.  Herbert  Cook,  dealing  with  a 
newly  discovered  portrait  of  great  import- 
ance ;  the  second  by  Sir  J.  C.  Robinson, 
dealing  at  some  length  with  the  master's 
early  work.  Both  articles  are  amply  illus- 
trated. Mr.  Lang  considers  Mr.  Cust's 
views  on  the  portraits  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  and  Mr.  S.  C.  Cockerell  contributes 
a  note  on  the  Parisian  miniaturist  Honore. 
Modern  art  is  represented  by  a  reproduction 
of  a  new  lithograph  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Shannon, 
'  The  Morning  Visit  '  ;  while  the  processes 
by  which  a  Dutch  picture  was  painted  in  the 
seventeenth  century  are  described  in  detail 
by  Dr.  W.  Martin.  The  frontispiece  is  a 
photogravure  of  Vermeer's  famous  picture 
'  The  Procuress  '  in  the  Dresden  Gallery  ; 
while  the  editorial  articles  deal  with  pro- 
vincial museums,  and  the  present  position 
of  the  National  Art-Collections  Fund. 

On  Tuesday  the  '  Harbour  at  Trouville,' 
by  Eugene  Boudin,  was  hung  (Xo.  2078)  in 
Room  XVII.  at  the  National  Gallery. 
Thanks  to  the  generosity  of  M.  P.  van  der 
Veldt  of  Havre,  this  painting  was  bought  for 
120/.,  or  much  less  than  its  market  value. 
It  is  signed  and  dated  1888,  and  has  hitherto 
been  known  as  '  Entre  -  les  Jetees,  Trou- 
ville,' having  passed  direct  from  the  artist 


to  its  recent  owner.  It  was  acquired  by  the 
French  Impressionist  Fund,  and  handed 
over  to  the  National  Art-Collections  Fund, 
by  whom  it  has  been  presented  to  the  Gallery. 
This  characteristic  example  of  Boudin's  art 
hangs  in  the  place  of  Diaz's  '  Sunny  Days  in 
the  Forest,'  which  has  beenTmoved  a  little 
to  the  right. 

M.  Henry  Martin,  theZadministrateur  of 
the  Bibliotheque  de  1' Arsenal,  Paris,  is 
about  to  publish  a  work  to  which  he  has 
devoted  many  years  of  study,  '  Les  Minia- 
turistes  Francais.'  The  edition  is  to  be 
limited  to  200  copies,  and  the  work  will  deal 
principally  with  the  early  miniatures  in 
illuminated  and  other  MSS.,  of  which  Paris 
possesses  unrivalled  examples. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Bechstein  Hall. — Patron's  Fund  Concert. 

The  seventh  concert  of  the  Patron's  Fund, 
founded  by  Mr.  S.  Ernest  Palmer,  was 
given  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Tuesday  after- 
noon. The  programme  opened  with  a 
Pianoforte  Quintet  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Speaight.  One  good  feature  in  the  music 
was  its  rhythmical  variety,  and  the 
principal  themes  of  the  opening  move- 
ment and  the  Largo  were  expressive, 
though  their  developments  were  not 
always  happy.  The  best  section  was 
the  Largo.  Mr.  Julius  A.  Harrison  con- 
tributed a  Prelude  and  Double  Fugue 
for  two  pianofortes.  The  Prelude  pos- 
sessed charm  and  character,  but  the  Fugue 
was  chiefly  noticeable  for  skill.  Of  Mr. 
Felix  Swinstead's  Six  Preludes  for  piano- 
forte, Nos.  4  and  5  pleased  us  most ;  the 
others  created  only  a  vague  impression. 
A  Scherzo-Fantasia  for  String  Quartet  by 
Mr.  Gibson  had  good  moments,  yet  on  the 
whole  it  sounded  scrappy.  Of  the  songs  we 
would  mention  the  charmingly  simple 
'  Baby  Songs,'  by  the  late  W.  Y.  Hurlstone, 
sung  by  Miss  Phyllis  Lett,  and  two  in- 
teresting songs  by  Mr.  Thomas  Morris  ;  but 
the  wood-wind  accompaniment  lacked 
delicacy,  partly  on  account  of  the  hautboy 
tone,  and  partly  because  it  was  not  played 
softly  enough. 

Bechstein      Hall.  —  Brahms     CJiatnber 
Concerts. 

We  noticed  the  first  of  the  Brahms 
Chamber  Concerts,  which  took  place  at 
Queen's  Hall.  The  second,  third,  and 
fourth,  given  at  Bechstein  Hall, 
November  23rd,  26th,  and  28th,  have 
attracted  large  audiences.  In  the  smaller 
hall  Dr.  Joachim  and  his  associates  are 
heard  to  better  advantage ;  the  veteran 
leader  is  indeed  displaying  remarkable 
energy.  As  regards  tone,  one  felt  at 
moments  that  the  hand  of  Time  had  set 
its  mark ;  but  at  other  moments  one 
almost  forgot  that  Dr.  Joachim  lias  been 
before  the  public  for  over  sixty  years.  Of 
the  programmes  themselves  there  is  no 
need  to  speak.  The  pianists  were  Mr. 
Leonard  Borwick,  and  Mr.  Donald  Francis 
Tovey,  and  botli  showed  in  marked  manner 
that  tliey  are  true  lovers  of  Brahms,  and 


702 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


therefore    in    sympathy    with    the    per- 
formers. 


Modern  Music  and  Musicians.  By  R.  A. 
Streatfteild.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — Our  author 
tells  us  in  his  preface  that  his  aim  in  writing 
this  book  was  to  trace  "  the  growth  of  the 
idea  of  a  poetic  basis  in  music."  In  the 
chapter  on  Purcell  we  read  that  the  music 
of  '  Dido  and  iEneas,'  "  so  far  as  it  expresses 
anything,  only  expresses  the  composer's 
entire  inability  to  express  anything  at  all." 
If  this  be  so,  it  is  difficult  to  understand  how 
it  would  have  been  better  for  Purcell  if,  as  a 
boy,  "  he  had  had  to  work  hard  under  some 
prosy  old  pedant  with  his  head  stuffed  full 
of  musty  traditions."  The  discussion  as  to 
"  poetic  basis  "  concerns  instrumental  music  ; 
in  the  case  of  an  opera,  oratorio,  or  cantata, 
that  basis  is  already  furnished.  We  there- 
fore pass  over  the  early  chapters  on  Bach, 
Handel,  and  Gluck,  although  they  are  in 
many  ways  interesting,  and  turn  to  Haydn. 
At  this  point  we  find  our  author  dealing 
directly  with  the  subject.  Haydn,  we 
read,  "  is  usually  quoted  as  a  composer  who 
regarded  instrumental  music  as  simply  the 
art  of  making  beautiful  sound-patterns." 
But  he  was,  "  in  a  very  real  sense,  the  father 
of  the  symphonic  poem."  And  opponents 
of  "  poetic  "  music  are  reminded  that  it  is 
"  impossible  to  compose  music  worthy  of 
the  name  without  a  poetic  basis."  Now 
surely  Kuhnau  was  rather  the  father  of  the 
symphonic  poem,  for  the  form  of  his  Bible 
sonatas  was  entirely  determined  by  the 
subject,  whereas  the  little  romances  with 
which  Haydn  used  to  stimulate  his  imagina- 
tion brought  about  no  modification  of  the 
forms  which  he  himself  helped  to  establish. 
Opponents  of  "  poetic  "  music  may  need  the 
above  "  reminder,"  but  they  form  a  small 
and  unintelligent  minority  ;  to  reason  with 
them  seems,  therefore,  a  waste  of  ink  and 
paper.  Mr.  Streatfeild  describes  them  later 
as  a  "  little  group  of  ultra-classical  purists." 

The  only  points  worth  discussing  are 
these  :  What  is  a  "  poetic  "  basis  ?  and, 
Should  the  source  of  his  inspiration  be  de- 
clared by  the  composer  ?  The  first  cannot 
be  definitely  answered.  What  appeals  to  one 
composer  may  leave  another  cold.  Certain 
bases,  however,  seem  to  lack  the  necessary 
emotional  stimulus.  Are  the  "  snarls  of 
malevolent  critics  and  the  malice  of  dis- 
appointed rivals,"  which  form  the  basis  of 
an  important  section  of  '  Ein  Heldenleben,' 
poetic  ?  Did  the  "  wild  orgy  of  battle," 
as  our  author  describes  the  battle  section 
of  that  work,  spring  from  a  poetic  source  ? 
As  to  the  second  point,  Mr.  Streatfeild 
answers  it  in  his  Haydn  chapter  in  a  decisive 
and  satisfactory  manner.  He  says  :  "  The 
composer  may  label  his  work  or  not  just  as 
he  likes."  Dr.  Richard  Strauss,  whom  our 
author  greatly  admires,  indicates  by  the 
titles  of  his  symphonic  poems  his  "  poetic  " 
basis,  and  in  this  he  follows  the  example 
of  his  predecessors  Berlioz  and  Liszt.  Now 
the  growth  of  the  idea  of  a  poetic  basis  is 
the  subject  of  the  book,  but  we  contend  that 
the  idea  has  not  grown.  What  has  grown 
is  the  idea  of  declaring  the  source  of  inspira- 
tion, and  the  more  precise  that  declaration, 
the  less  of  poetry  do  we  find  in  the  music. 
In  the  case  of  Dr.  Strauss  the  realistic 
elements  often  prove  disturbing,  as,  for 
instance,  in  the  '  Domestical 

Our  author  is  somewhat  hard  on  those 
who  differ  from  him.  This  comes  out 
specially  in  the  chapter  on  Dr.  Strauss. 
Critics  who  find  Strauss's  music  ugly  are 
the  "  Mrs.  Partingtons  of  the  hour."  Again 
ho  speaks  of  critics  who  object  to  some  of 
the    composer's     means     of    expression    as 


"  blinded  by  prejudice."  His  remarks  on 
Brahms  may  rouse  anger  in  certain  quarters, 
and  cause  hard  things  to  be  said  in  return. 
We  do  not  altogether  share  the  enthusiasm 
of  those  who  regard  Brahms  as  the  legitimate 
successor  of  Beethoven,  and  who  admire 
without  discrimination  the  finest  and  the 
least  inspired  of  his  compositions  ;  but  to 
say  that  Brahms  "  touches  no  chord  of 
human  sympathy,"  or  that  "  he  had  not 
much  to  say,  and  said  it  in  the  wrong  way  " 
— the  "  wrong  way  "  being,  of  course,  the 
way  of  which  our  author  does  not  approve — 
is  far  too  sweeping.  One  last  word  about 
Dr.  Strauss.  We  read  of  the  Bitter  poem 
on  which  he  "  ostensibly  worked "  when 
composing  '  Tod  und  Verklarung,'  and 
which  is  prefixed  to  the  score.  The 
music,  however,  was  written  first,  and  this 
'  Tod  und  Verklarung  '  seems  to  us  a  work 
in  which  the  composer,  like  Beethoven  in 
the  '  Eroica  '  and  the  '  Pastoral '  symphonies, 
just  gave  enough  to  indicate  the  moods  of 
the  music,  leaving  the  latter  to  speak  for 
itself.  Such  programme  music  is  of  the 
best  kind. 

There  are  many  statements  and  opinions 
in  this  volume,  other  than  those  mentioned, 
which  seem  to  us  open  to  criticism.  The 
book,  notwithstanding,  is  of  interest  and 
value  :  our  author — somewhat  impulsive, 
and,  as  we  have  hinted,  not  always  charit- 
able— may  now  and  again  irritate  us,  but 
there  is  more  to  be  learnt  from  him  than 
from  one  who  follows  custom,  and  therefore 
displays  little  or  no  individuality. 


JJtustral  (gossip. 

The  programme  of  music  after  the  banquet 
given  by  the  Livery  Club  of  the  Worshipful 
Company  of  Musicians  included  two  Handel 
overtures,  the  one  to  his  '  Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's 
Day,'  the  other  to  his  '  Alexander's  Feast,' 
performed  by  a  small  string  orchestra  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Lennox  Clayton.  These 
were  appropriate,  being  the  overtures  of  the 
two  works  given  under  Handel's  own  direc- 
tion at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1739.  The  pro- 
gramme also  comprised  two  movements  (a 
plaintive  Celtic  Legend  and  a  lively  Scherzo 
Capriccioso)  from  a  new  Suite  for  Violin, 
Op.  68,  by  Sir  A.  C.  Mackenzie,  played  by 
Mr.  Willy  Woltmann  ;  a  Byrd  madrigal  ; 
a  glee  by  S.  Webbe,  admirably  rendered  ; 
and  songs  by  Purcell  and  Gounod,  well  sung 
by  Miss  Phyllis  Lett. 

The  brothers  Cherniavsky  gave  a  concert 
recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  last  Saturday,  when 
we  heard  them  for  the  first  time.  Leo,  the 
eldest,  is  fourteen  years  old,  and  he  played 
the  Paganini  Concerto  cleverly  and  with 
spirit,  but  roughly.  Mischel,  theVcellist, 
aged  eleven,  and  Jan,  the  piarist,  only 
twelve,  are  very  promising.  All  three 
children  are  undoubtedly  talented,  especially 
Mischel ;  but  they  ought  still  to  study  for 
some  years.  The  pianist,  by  the  way,  was 
on  the  platform  the  whole  time,  for 
he  not  only  took  part  in  a  Mendelssohn 
trio,  but  also  accompanied  the  solos  of  both 
his  brothers.  It  is  therefore  not  sur- 
prising that  afterwards,  when  playing  a 
Beethoven  sonata,  he  showed  signs  of 
fatigue  ;  it  was  not  fair  to  the  boy  thus  to 
tax  his  strength. 

The  winter  German  opera  season,  under 
the  management  of  Herr  Ernst  van  Dyck, 
will  open  at  Covent  Garden  on  January  17th. 
MM.  Arthur  Nikisch,  Leopold  Reich wein, 
and  Franz  Schalk  have  been  engaged  as 
conductors,  the  last  taking  the  place  of  Herr 
Michael  Balling,  who,  owing  to  serious  illness, 


is  unable  to  appear.  M.  Eugene  Ysaye  also, 
the  well-known  violinist,  has  been  specially 
engaged  to  conduct  performances  of  'Fidelio/ 
and  the  revival  of  that  opera  is  welcome. 
The  direction  of  the  chorus  is  in  the  experi- 
enced hands  of  Mr.  Carl  Armbruster,  who 
will  be  assisted  by  Prof.  Max  Laistner  and 
Herr  Hugo  Bryk.  '  Tristan '  will  be  given 
on  the  opening  night  under  Herr  Nikisch, 
with  Herr  van  Dyck  in  the  title  role  ;  and 
Herr  Feinhals  will  appear  as  Hans  Sachs  on 
the  following  evening. 

The  recent  performance  of  Sir  Charles 
Villiers  Stanford's  clever  opera  '  Shamus 
O'Brien '  by  the  pupils  of  the  Royal' 
College  of  Music,  at  the  Scala  Theatre, 
recalled  the  successful  production  of  that 
work  at  the  Opera  Comique  on  March  2nd, 
1896,  which,  like  the  present  one,  was  under 
the  direction  of  the  composer. 

The  "  diamond  jubilee "  of  the  Exeter 
Oratorio  Society  was  celebrated  by  three 
festival  performances  on  Tuesday  and 
Wednesday  last  in  the  Victoria  Hall,  Exeter, 
On  the  second  day  a  new  oratorio,  entitled 
'  The  Risen  Lord ' — the  libretto  by  Mr, 
Joseph  Bennett,  the  music  by  Dr.  H.  J. 
Edwards,  conductor  of  the  Society — was 
excellently  performed  and  warmly  received. 
The  principal  soloists  were  Madame  Emily 
Squire,  Miss  Alice  Lakin,  Mr.  John  Coates, 
and  Mr.  Ffrangcon  Davies.  The  programmes 
included  Mendelssohn's  '  Elijah,'  Parry's 
'  Blest  Pair  of  Sirens,'  and  Dvorak's  'Spectre's 
Bride.'  Dr.  D.  J.  Wood,  organist  of  Exeter 
Cathedral,  was  associated  with  Dr.  Edwards 
in  conducting  a  successful  festival. 

The  Dublin  Orchestral  Society,  which, 
following  in  the  footsteps  of  the  London 
Symphony  Orchestra,  established  a  most 
successful  series  of  Sunday  concerts  last 
winter  in  Dublin,  opened  its  second  season 
of  Sunday  concerts  on  Sunday  last  with  a 
miscellaneous  programme,  which  included 
Beethoven's  Second  Symphony.  The 
Society,  which  was  established  some  six  or 
seven  years  ago,  has  advanced  to  an 
important  position  amongst  extra-metropo- 
litan orchestras  under  the  brilliant  conduc- 
torship  of  Signor  Esposito. 

The  fifth  volume  of  C.  Fr.  Glasenapp's 
'  Das  Leben  Richard  Wagner,'  about  to  be 
issued  by  Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel, 
embraces  the  period  1872-7.  The  previous 
volume  ended  with  the  account  of  the  cele- 
bration, on  May  22nd,  1872  (the  com- 
poser's sixtieth  birthday),  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Bayreuth  theatre,  when  Beet- 
hoven's '  Choral '  Symphony  was  performed. 
The  new  volume  will  include  the  second 
great  event  at  Bayreuth,  viz.,  the  production 
of  the  '  Ring  des  Nibelungen  '  in  1876,  and 
will  no  doubt  end  with  Wagner's  visit  to 
London  and  the  Albert  Hall  concerts  in  the 
following  year. 

The  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Musical  Association  for  the  session  1905-6 
has  just  been  published.  Among  the  eight 
papers  which  it  contains  there  is  a  thoughtful 
one  on  '  The  Study  of  the  History  of  Music,' 
by  Dr.  F.  G.  Shinn,  and  an  interesting  one 
on  Leonardo  Leo,  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Dent,  in 
which  reference  is  made  to  an  article  by 
Francesco  Piovano  on  a  recent  biography 
of  the  composer,  published  in  the  last 
Quarterly  Magazine  of  the  International 
Musical  Society. 

Messrs. Sotheby  will  sell  by  auction  to-day 
a  portion  of  a  manuscript  in  Beethoven's 
handwriting,  a  letter  by  Dr.  Charles  Burney 
concerning  the  early  history  of  recitative  in 
England,  and  letters  by  Spohr  (October  25th, 
1844)  and  Mendelssohn  (September  27th, 
1846)  concerning  Norwich  Musical  Festivals  ; 
and  on  Tuesday  next  the  Arnold  edition  of 
Handel's     works,     41     volumes,     and     the 


N°4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


703 


'  Orpheus    Britannicus,'    both    parts,    first 
editions. 


Sun. 
Mon. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert.  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mischa  Elman's  Violin  Recital.  S,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Margaret  Huston's  Song  Recital,  3.15,  .Steinway  Hall. 
•  —       Joachim  Quartet,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  London  Symphony  Orchestra,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Tuxs.    Herr  Saudor  Raab's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  Irene  Seharrer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Richard  Buhlig's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  iEolian  Hall. 
Wed.     Joachim  Quartet,  3.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Erwin  Goldwater,  Violin  Recital,  8.30,'Bechstein  Hall. 
Thcrs.  Broadwood  Concert,  8.30,  .-Eolian  Hall. 

I'm.       Joachim  Quartet,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Sat.       Ballad  Concert.  3,  Caxton  Hall. 

—  Chappell's  Ballad  Concert,  3  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


OUR   LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Garrick  and  his  Circle.  By  Mrs.  Clement 
Parsons.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — To  write  an 
account  of  Garrick  and  his  circle  is  a  task 
which  must  necessarily  savour  of  book- 
making.  Of  Garrick  himself  biographies 
old  and  new  are  in  existence.  His  circle 
meantime  includes  all  that  is  most  eminent 
in  the  literature  and  art  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. More  than  eight  columns  of  the  index 
of  Dr.  Birkbeck  Hill's  monumental  edition 
of  Boswell's  '  Johnson  '  are  occupied  with 
the  name  of  Garrick  ;  Forster's  fine  '  Life 
and  Times  of  Goldsmith  '  comes  scarcely 
behind  it  in  the  amplitude  of  the  details 
supplied  ;  and  the  name  of  the  great  actor 
is  pleasantly  assertive  in  the  literature  of 
the  second  half  of  the  century  he  adorned. 
From  well-known  sources,  then,  Mrs.  Parsons 
has  drawn  an  animated  picture  of  Garrick 
and  his  surroundings.  There  is  little  in  the 
volume  that  is  new — that  to  the  student, 
indeed,  is  not  familiar.  An  interesting 
world  is,  however,  well  depicted,  and  an 
elusive  personality  is  well  caught.  A  task 
which  is  pre-eminently  that  of  the  day  is 
thus  successfully  accomplished,  and  a  book 
which  may  be  read  with  pleasure  is  the  result. 
Some,  but  not  much,  falling-off  is  witnessed, 
and  the  earlier  chapters  have  more  breadth 
as  well  as  more  vivacity  than  the  later. 
'  Eighteenth-Century  Lichfield  '  is  the  title 
of  the  opening  chapter.  It  is  very  properly 
the  figure  of  Johnson  rather  than  that  of 
Garrick  by  which  the  streets  of  the  cathe- 
dral city  are  haunted,  but  tho  views  of  the 
Close  and  the  respectability  of  its  tenants 
the  Sewards — the  father  the  prebendary, 
the  daughter  the  Swan  of  Lichfield — have 
something  of  the  charm  of  Barset.  Garrick's 
early  London  days  are  brightly  and  the 
Woffington  liaison  decorously  treated.  A 
portion  of  the  fascination  of  Peg  lingers  on 
the  page.  That  of  the  more  turbulent  and 
exacting,  if  less  sentimental,  Kitty  Clive 
(on  the  whole,  the  most  brilliant  of  Garrick's 
actresses)  is  less  happily  conveyed.  No 
light  is  thrown,  nor  was  any  to  be  expected, 
upon  the  personality  of  Mrs.  Garrick  or 
her  relationship  to  her  aristocratic  patrons. 
We  see  her  an  admirably  devoted  wife,  his 
marriage  with  whom  was  probably  the 
wisest  step  Garrick  ever  took,  though  it 
imbroiled  him  with  his  actresses,  most 
of  whom,  through  admiration,  passion,  or 
interest,  were,  or  professed  themselves  to  be, 
in  love  with  him.  Moral  man  though  he 
were — and  the  Woffington  amour  is,  so  far 
as  records  survive,  a  solitary  slip — Garrick 
would  have  risked  the  fate  of  an  Orpheus 
at  the  hands  of  his  Mrs.  Abingtons  and  other 
leading  ladies,  but  for  the  protection  afforded 
him  by  the  proprietorship  of  one  who,  while 
the  equal  in  beauty  of  the  best  of  them,  had 
the  monopoly  of  claim  upon  him. 

Garrick's  treatment  of  Shakspeare  receives 
a  due  amount  of  reprobation.  The  conver- 
sion   into    '  Katharine    and    Petruohio '    of 


'  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  '  is  condoned, 
but  that  of  '  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  ' 
into  '  The  Fairies '  incurs  a  due  measure 
of  condemnation :  and  his  treatment  of 
'  Hamlet,'  though  its  full  atrocity  is  not 
indicated,  is  held  to  be  his  cardinal  sin.  For 
Shakspeare,  save  as  he  ministered  to  David 
Garrick,  Garrick  had  no  regard  whatever, 
and  the  alterations  he  permitted  himself  to 
make  had  a  baser  motive  than  those  of 
Dryden  and  Tate,  being  prompted  merely 
by  vanity.  As  regards  the  stories  narrated 
concerning  the  actor,  Mrs.  Parsons  has  been 
well  advised  in  repeating  those  which, 
though  without  authority,  contain  no  in- 
herent improbability.  Two-thirds  of  con- 
temporary tales  were,  as  is  said,  "  the  in- 
vention of  coffee-house  irresponsibility  or 
professional  envy."  This  is  emphatically 
true  of  the  allegations  of  Foote  concerning 
Garrick's  meanness.  Johnson's  defence  of 
the  actor  from  these  accusations  is  conclusive. 
Where  Garrick's  vanity  was  not  at  stake 
he  showed  himself  a  thoroughly  estimable 
character,  and  among  his  conspicuous  merits 
was  that  of  being  one  of  the  generous  men 
of  the  time.  Into  the  motives  of  his  liber- 
ality it  may  not  be  always  expedient  to 
inquire  too  closely. 

Among  stage  records  the  present  volume 
will  take  an  agreeable  place.  It  is 
written  with  abundant  verve,  and  shows  a 
wide  range  of  reading.  It  is  incorrect  to 
speak  of  Sir  Charles  Wyndham  as  the 
creator  of  Robertson's  Garrick.  That  honour 
belongs  to  Edward  Askew  Sothern,  who 
played  it  at  the  Haymarket  on  April  30th, 
1864.  "  Menangiana  "  on  the  Garrick  book- 
plate should  be  Menagiana.  Of  the  illustra- 
tions many  are  of  much  interest.  Reynolds's 
'  Garrick  between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,' 
from  a  mezzotint  by  Edward  Fisher  in  the 
British  Museum  Print-Room,  serves  as  a 
frontispiece.  Kitty  Clive  as  the  lady  and 
Woodward  as  the  fine  gentleman  in  Garrick's 
'  Lethe  '  are  from  a  pair  of  Bow  porcelain 
figures  in  the  possession  of  the  author. 
'  The  Tragic  and  the  Comic  Garrick '  are 
from  a  drawing  in  colour  by  Carmontelle 
in  the  Musee  Conde.  Many  other  rarities 
might  be  cited. 

The  Annals  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre  from 
1732  to  1897.  By  Henry  Saxe  Wyndham. 
2  vols.  (Chatto  &  Windus.) — So  thoroughly 
executed  is  the  history  of  the  post-Restora- 
tion stage  of  Genest  that  no  detailed  account 
of  the  separate  theatres  in  existence  during 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
attractive  as  they  might  seem  to  the  book- 
maker, has  been  essayed.  If  such  were 
attempted,  the  house  which,  under  its  suc- 
cessive designations  of  the  Theatre  Royal 
and  Drury  Lane,  alone  covers  the  entire 
period  between  1660  and  to-day  might  appa- 
rently claim  precedence.  Histories  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields,  opened  by  D'Avenant  in 
1663  or  earlier  ;  of  Dorset  Garden,  opened 
November  7th.  1671  ;  of  houses  such  as  the 
Cockpit  in  Drury  Lane  or  that  at  Whitehall, 
places  whereat  Pepys  witnessed  performances; 
and  of  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  opened  by 
John  Rich  in  1714,  would,  were  such  to  be 
hoped,  have  antiquarian  interest.  Good- 
man's Fields  is  chiefly  connected  with 
Garrick,  and  the  Little  House  in  the  Hay- 
market  (the  present  Haymarket)  in  its  early 
days  with  Foote.  Next  to  Drury  Lane,  in 
its  association  with  the  general  progress  of 
the  drama  and  the  stage,  stands  Covent 
Garden,  which,  though  its  opening  in  1732 
was  anticipated  by  seven-and-twenty  years 
by  that  of  Vanbrugh's  theatre  in  the  Hay- 
market, is  more  distinctly  a  home  of  the 
drama  than  that  house,  the  fame  of  which 
was  long  and  closely  associated  with  opera. 

No  claim  to  originality  is  put  forward  by 


Mr.  Wyndham,  who  owns  in  his  '  Annals  of 
Covent  Garden  '  to  having  drawn  largely 
upon  "  the  monumental  work  of  the  Rev. 
John  Genest,"  and  has  laid  under  contribu- 
tion other  more  recent  and  not  less  accessible 
authorities.  Somewhat  strange  are  the 
ideals  Mr.  Wyndham  cherishes,  since  he 
declares  that  "to  do  justice  to  the  series  of 
incomparable  figures  that  have  passed  over 
its  classic  boards  demands  the  glowing  pen 
of  a  Clement  Scott  and  the  painstaking 
enthusiasm  of  a  Boswell." 

In  dealing  with  the  opening  of  Covent 
Garden  by  John  Rich,  Mr.  Wyndham  owns 
his  obligations  to  Mr.  W.  J.  Lawrence. 
We  were  led  into  a  search — long  and  fruitless 
— in  French  authorities  for  the  assertion  that 
Rich's  stage-name  "  Lun "  was  "  taken 
from  a  famous  Harlequin  of  the  time  in 
Paris."  Subsequently  we  came,  in  an 
appendix  of  '  Notes  and  Errata,'  upon  the 
words :  "  The  author  is  assured  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Lawrence  that  '  there  is  no  foundation 
for  the  statement  that  Rich's  stage-name 
of  "  Lun  "  was  derived  from  a  French 
Harlequin.'  "  What  is  said  about  Rich,  the 
second  of  the  name,  is  interesting  enough, 
but  is  to  be  found  under  his  name  in  the 
'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.'  The 
French  origin  of  "Lun,"  is  not  only  advanced 
but  also  reasserted,  with  the  added  in- 
formation that  this  mythical  personage 
was  acting  in  Paris  at  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  and  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth,  which  was  the  time  of  the  famous 
harlequin  Dominique,  otherwise  Biancolelli. 
A  scenic  print  of  Covent  Garden  issued  in 
1732  by  Vandergucht  had,  it  is  said,  the 
distich  (sic)  : — 

Shakspear,  Rowe,  Johnson  [sic]  now  are  quite  undone. 
The  second  line,  which  is  rot  quoted,  runs  : 

These  are  thy  triumphs,  thy  exploits,  O  Lun. 

It  was  on  the  7th  (and  not,  as  stated,  the 
6th)  of  December,  1732,  that  Covent  Garden 
opened  with  a  "  modest  revival  of  Congreve's 
'  Way  of  the  World.'  "  Genest,  however, 
leaves  some  room  for  doubt.  He  does  not, 
as  is  said,  record  Rich's  own  first  appearance, 
on  January  23rd,  1733,  at  Covent  Garden  as 
harlequin  in  '  The  Cheats  ;  or,  the  Tavern 
Bilkers,'  which,  according  to  him,  was 
played,  under  the  second  title  only,  at  Good- 
man's Fields  on  January  13th,  1733,  with 
Woodward  as  the  drawer.  Slips  of  this  kind 
are  easily  made.  It  is  fair  to  regard  as  a 
printer's  error  the  statement  that  the 
Christian  name  of  Guiseppe  Grimaldi  (sic) 
"  was  anglicized  into  Joe  as  a  generic  name 
for  the  whole  race  of  clowns  for  ever  more. 
His  father's  name  was  Giuseppe,  and  may 
have  been  transmitted  to  the  son." 

So  long  as  the  record  is  that  of  Genest  it 
is  fairly  animated.  When  that  ends,  the 
'  Diary  '  of  Macready,  as  edited  by  Sir 
Frederick  Pollock,  takes  up  for  a  space  the 
running.  Tn  days  comparatively  recent  the 
chronicle  is  principally  musical,  and  very 
fragmentaiy,  being  extracted,  sometimes 
without  acknowledgment,  from  musical  and 
dramatic  memoirs  and  from  contemporary 
journalistic  criticism.  This  is  the  weakest 
part  of  the  work,  wedges  of  matter  accessible 
enough  being  introduced  into  the  text.  On 
the  whole,  the  account  of  the  productions  of 
Handel — which,  whether  operas  or  oratorios, 
are  outside  the  scheme  of  Genest — constitutes 
the  most  valuable  portion  of  the  work. 

Some  of  the  illustrations,  especially  those 
in  the  early  part  of  the  work,  have  great 
interest.  Two  likenesses  of  John  Rich  are 
supplied.  One  from  a  pninting  in  the  pos- 
session of  his  Honour  Judge  Wood,  serving 
as  frontispiece,  seems  to  indicate  the  posses- 
sion of  considerable  humour  ;  while  a  second, 
by  an  unknown  artist,  gives  a  good  idea  of 
his  graces  as  Harlequin.     It  is  a  legitimate 


704 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,1906 


wish  of  Mr.  Wyndham  to  have  his  name 
"remembered  by  posterity  awhile  as  the 
chronicler,  faithful  as  far  as  in  him  lay,  who 
drew  together  the  many  scattered  strands 
that  form  Covent  Garden's  banner  of  im- 
mortality, and  enshrined  them  in  the  pages 
of  the  present  book.  Modest  as  is  such  a 
desire,  it  will  scarcely  be  granted.  The 
whole  publication  is  immature,  and  can  only 
be  accepted  as  a  collection  of  readable  and 
in  parts  entertaining  gossip. 


Bramatir  CSossip. 

That  the  American  variety  show  as 
exemplified  in  '  Julie  Bonbon,'  by  Miss  Clara 
Lipman,  with  which  on  Monday  the  Waldorf 
Theatre  reopened,  is  any  whit  more  inane 
than  a  corresponding  English  entertainment 
may  not  be  said.  It  is,  however,  far  more 
unreasonable,  and  it  depicts  a  state  of  affairs 
to  which  nothing  in  English  life  corresponds. 
In  these  thir  gs  may  be  found  an  explanation 
why  its  humour — by  which  the  American 
public  has,  we  are  told,  been  during  several 
years  spellbound — failed  to  satisfy  a  British 
public  little  exigent,  as  a  rule,  in  similar 
matters.  To  art  '  Julie  Bonbon '  makes  no 
claim.  It  is  an  extravagant  presentation 
of  manners  which  we  hesitate  to  accept,  on 
the  author's  assurance,  as  American,  and  of  a 
life  which  is  only  to  be  contemplated  at 
the  Parisian  restaurants  of  the  Quartier 
Latin.  A  sort  of  sentiment  overhangs  the 
story.  Returning  from  Paris,  whither  she 
has  been  in  pursuit  of  novelties,  Julie  Bonbon, 
the  keeper  of  a  milliner's  establishment  in 
New  York,  has  fallen  in  love  with  John 
Schuyler  Van  Brunt,  a  young  American 
aristocrat,  by  whom  her  passion  is  returned. 
A  not  unnatural  objection  to  a  marriage 
between  the  pair  is  felt  by  the  hero's  mother, 
a  leader  of  New  York  fashion.  To  the  ob- 
struction placed  in  the  way  of  the  union  are 
attributable  some  misunderstandings  between 
the  lovers,  which  are  ultimately  overcome, 
their  removal  constituting  the  story.  The 
most  exciting  episode  in  this  consists  of  a 
quarrel,  accompanied  by  some  fantastical  and 
hysterical  proceedings,  in  a  German  beer 
saloon,  which  the  heroine  and  her  companions 
attend  in  evening  dress.  This  entertain- 
ment, extravagant  in  its  mixture  of  song 
and  dance,  converts  the  whole  into  a  species 
of  variety  show.  Cleverness  of  a  sort  marks 
portions  of  the  entertainment,  but  the  pro- 
ceedings belong  mainly  to  pantomime. 
Miss  Lipman  as  the  heroine  displays  some 
power  as  an  actress,  and  Mr.  Mann  as  her 
bibulous  father  shows  some  cleverness  in 
comic  buffoonery.  Mr.  George  Pauncefort 
exhibits  some  sense  of  character  as  a  rival 
of  the  hero.  Other  actors  have  ability  of 
a  sort.  The  humour  is,  however,  too  thin 
to  bear  transportation. 

Afternoon  representations  of  '  Macbeth  ' 
will  be  given  at  the  Garrick  Theatre  on  the 
11th  and  13th  inst.,  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier 
repeating  his  performance  of  Macbeth  given 
at  Stratford  -  on  -  Avon,  and  Miss  Violet 
Vanbrugh  reappearing  as  Lady  Macbeth. 
Whether  the  press  will  be  bidden  to  this 
renewed  experiment  remains  to  be  seen. 

A  recent  effort  to  sell  a  seven  years'  lease 
of  the  Imperial  Theatre  came  to  nothing, 
the  bidding  reaching  only  one  year's  esti- 
mated rental. 

To  make  room  for  rehearsals  of  the  panto- 
mime of  '  Sindbad,'  '  The  Bondman  '  will  be 
withdrawn  from  Drury  Lane  after  next 
Wednesday. 

'  Her  Son,'  a  comedy  in  four  acts  by  Mr. 
Horace  Annesley  Vachell,  has  been  success- 
fully produced  by  Miss  Winifred  Emery  at 
the  Theatre  Royal,  Glasgow.     In  order  to 


save  the  honour  and  life  of  a  young  woman, 
Dorothy  Fairfax,  the  heroine,  played  -by 
Miss  Emery,  incurs  suspicion  of  the  parentage 
of  a  child. 

This  evening  witnesses  at  the  Adephi  the 
revival  of  '  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream.' 

When,  on  the  10th  inst.,  '  Peter's  Mother  ' 
is  transferred  to  the  Apollo,  Miss  Boucicault 
will  take  the  part  of  Sarah  Hewell  in  place 
of  MissJHilda  Trevelyan. 

'  Kings  in  Babylon,'  a  drama  in  two  acts, 
by  Miss  A.  M.  Buckton,  the  period  of  which 
is  laid  572  years  B.C.,  will  be  produced  at 
the  Haymarket  at  an  afternoon  representa- 
tion early  in  the  new  year.  It  is  issued  in 
book  form  by  Messrs.  Methuen  &  Co. 

'  Caught  in  the  Rain  '  is  the  title  of  the 
piece  in  which  Mr.  Collier  will,  it  is  anticipated, 
reappear  in  London. 

The  performances  of  the  '  Eumenides  '  at 
Cambridge  began  yesterday.  A  notable 
change  in  the  caste  is  the  acting  of  Athena 
by  a  man,  Mr.  F.  C.  S.  Carey,  who  won  much 
applause  at  the  last  Cambridge  Greek  play. 
In  the  performance  of  the  play  at  Cambridge 
in  1885  Athena  was  represented  by  Miss 
Janet  Case.  A  new  scene  has  been  painted 
for  Act  III.  and  for  the  Prologue. 

A  crowded  audience  filled  the  Abbey 
Theatre,  Dublin,  last  Saturday  night  for[ .'the 
first  performance  of  the  new  verse  play 
'  Deirdre,'  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats.  Mr.  Yeats 
has  taken  for  his  theme  the  final  scene  in 
the  tragedy  of  Naisi  and  Deirdre,  in  which 
they  are  betrayed  by  King  Conchobar  in  the 
house  to  which  he  has  bidden  them  with 
false  promises  of  welcome  and  forgiveness. 
In  the  working  out  of  the  emotional  situa- 
tion which  ends  with  the  death  of  the  lovers 
Mr.  Yeats  showed  a  true  instinct  for  the 
essentials  of  dramatic  composition,  and  the 
fine  lines  which  he  has  given  to  Deirdre  were 
well  delivered  by  Miss  Darragh.  In  Miss 
Darragh,  who  will  be  remembered  as  having 
played  in  '  Salome '  and  '  The  Walls  of 
Jericho,'  the  company  has  found  a  most 
valuable  recruit. 

From  February  6th  to  12th  the  O.U.D.S. 
will  present  '  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew.' 
A  feature  of  the  performance  will  be  the 
appearance  of  Miss  Lily  Brayton  as  Katha- 
rina.  The  part  of  Bianca  will  be  taken  by 
Miss  Agnes  Brayton.  It  is  just  over  ten 
years  since  the  Society  gave  performances 
of  '  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,'  which  was 
played  alternately  with  '  The  Knights  '  of 
Aristophanes. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS.-C.  D.— G.   R.— P.  T.— F.  W.  B.— 

R.  C— Received. 
A.  M.— Many  thanks.  M.  M.  K.— Too  late. 

INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

*  Page 

Arnold 678 

Authors'  Agents       674 

Autotype  Co 674 

Bei.l  &  Sons 704 

Black        706 

Cambridge  University  Press 675 

Cassell  &  Co 705 

Catalogues       675 

Clark       707 

Constable  &  Co 679 

Duckworth  &  Co 677 

Educational 673 

Exhibitions       673 

Harper  &  Bros 680 

Hurst  &  Blackett 682 

Insurance  Companies         ..       .>       706 

Laurie -  '07 

Longmans  &  Co 6<6,  6<8 

Macmillan  &  Co 681,  682 

Magazines,  &c 674 

Miscellaneous 673 

Obituary 673 

Pitman  &  Sons 680 

Publishers'  circular       682 

Sales  by  Auction      674 

Situations  Vacant 673 

Situations  Wanted 673 

Stock        707 

Type- Writers,  Ac. 673 

Unwin       '°8 


MESSRS.    BELL'S 

LIST. 


Messrs.    Bell's    new     Illustrated    Miniature 

Catalogue  will  be  sent  post  Jree  on 

application. 


NAPOLEONIC    STUDIES.      By   J. 

HOLLAND  ROSE,  Litt.D.,  Author  of  'The 
Life  of  Napoleon  I.'  New  and  Revised 
Edition.     Crown  8vo,  5s.  net. 

[Ready  December  5. 

"Whatever  may  be  the  side  of  Napoleon's  career  in' 
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hundred  pages  of  this  modest  little  volume.  Dr.  Rose  is- 
to  be  congratulated  on  his  mastery  of  a  difficult  and 
complicated  subject. " — Athenaeum-. 


THE  STANDARD  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON. 

LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON  I.     By    J. 

HOLLAND  ROSE,  Litt.D.,  late  Scholar  of 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  Largely  com- 
piled from  new  materials  taken  from  the 
British  Official  Records.  In  2  vols,  large 
post  8vo,  with  numerous  Illustrations,  Maps,, 
and  Plans.  Third  Edition.  18s.  net. 
Also  a  CHEAPER  EDITION,  without  the- 
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attractive  in  style.  It  seems  to  us  the  best  thing  that  has 
been  written  on  Napoleon  since  Lanfrey  left  his  tale  half 

told The  book  is  likely  to  become  the  authority  for- 

English  readers  on  the  greatest  name  in  modern  history." 


INDUSTRIAL  COMBINATION.  By 

D.    H.    MACGREGOR,    Fellow    of    Trinity 
College,     Cambridge,     and     of     the     Royal 
Economic  Society.     Demy  8vo,  7s.  Qd.  net. 
\*  This  work  treats  the  problem  of  Industrial  Combina- 
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strength  in  order  to  study  the  effect  of  combination   on 
each  of  them.     In  Part  II.  are  considered  the  present-day 
conditions  which   have   fostered   industrial   combination, 
while  Part  III.  contains   a   brief    disquisition    on   some- 
questions  of  public  expediency. 


NYASALAND     UNDER      THE 

FOREIGN  OFFICE.  Bv  H.  L.  DUFF,  of  the 
British  Central  Africa  Administration.  With 
Illustrations  from  Photographs  and  Sketches- 
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THE    YORK    LIBRARY. 

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BURTON'S   PILGRIMAGE    TO 

ALMADINAH  AND  MECCAH.  Edited  by 
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CLASSIC     TALES:     Johnson's- 

'  Rasselas,'  Goldsmith's  '  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field,' Sterne's  'Sentimental  Journey,'  Wal- 
pole's  'Castle  of  Otranto.'  With  an  Intro- 
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GASKELL'S  SYLVIA'S  LOVERS. 

[December  5. 

TROLLOPE'S  SMALL  HOUSE  AT" 

ALLINGTON.    2  vols. 

TROLLOPE'S   LAST   CHRONICLE. 

OF  BARSET.   2  vols.    [Ready  December  12. 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


707 


MESSRS. 

T.  &  T.  C  LARK'S  LIST. 


Messrs.  CLARK  have  just  published 

THE     FIRST    VOLUME    OF 

A  DICTIONARY  OF 
CHRIST  AND  THE  GOSPELS. 

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708 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4127,  Dec.  1,  1906 


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The    Nature   and    Purpose    of   the    Universe.     By   John 

DENIIAM  PARSONS,   Member  of  the  Society  for  Psychical  Research.     Demy  8vo, 
cloth,  21s.  net. 

Old  German  Love  Songs.  Translated  from  the  Minnesingers  of  the 
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The  National  Libera!  Federation  from  its  Commence- 
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of  the  Federation,  1890-1902.  With  an  Introduction  by  the  Right  Hon.  AUGUSTINE 
BIRRELL,  M.P.,  and  a  Photogravure  Frontispiece  from  a  Portrait  by  Sir  GEORGE 
REID.    Crown  8vo  cloth,  5s. 

The   Power  of  Character  and    other   Studies.     By  Lady 

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The    Best    Plays    of  George    Farquhar.    Edited,  and  with  an 

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A  Short  History  of  Wales.  By  Owen  Edwards,  Lecturer  on 
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True    Tales    of   Mountain    Adventure.    By  Mrs.   Aubrey  Le 

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Cheap  Edition.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth,  5s. 

In  Search  of  El  Dorado.  A  Wanderer's  Experiences.  By 
ALEXANDER  MACDONALD,  F.R.G.S.  With  an  Introduction  by  Admiral 
MORESBY.    With  32  Illustrations.    Cheap  Edition.     Large  crown  Svo,  cloth,  5s. 


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TRAVEL    AND    DESCRIPTION. 

Rambles    on    the    Riviera.      By    Edward    Strasburger,    F.R.S. 

D.C.L.Oxon,  Professor  of  Botany  at  the  University  of  Bonn.  With  87  Coloured 
Illustrations  by  LOUISE  REUSCH.  Translated  from  the  German  by  O.  and  B. 
COMERFORD-CASEY.     Demy  8vo,  cloth,  21s.  net. 

Romantic  Cities  of  Provence.    By  Mona  Caird,  Author  of  '  The 

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From   Carpathian   to   Pindus:    Pictures  of  Roumanian 

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Uganda  to  Khartoum.  Life  and  Adventure  on  the  Upper  Nile. 
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81  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  cloth,  10s.  Gd.  net. 

From  Charing  Cross  to  Delhi.     By  S.  Parnell  Kerr.     With  65 

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SCIENCE    AND    NATURAL    HISTORY. 
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Demy  8vo,  cloth,  10s.  Gd.  net. 


HANDBOOKS    FOR    COLLECTORS. 
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SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
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Father  Felix's  Chronicles.    By  Nora  Chesson. 
The  Iron  Gates.     By  Annie  E.  Holdsworth. 
A  Crystal  Age.    By  W.  H.  Hudson. 
Silas  Strong.    By  Irving  Bacheller. 
London  Lovers.    By  Margaret  Baillie-Saunders. 
The  Locum  Tenens.    By  Victor  L.  Whitechurch. 
Seven  Nights  in  a  Gondola.    By  Lucas  Cleeve. 
Man  and  Maid.    By  E.  Nesbit. 
At  the  Sign  of  the  Peacock.    By  K.  C.  Ryves. 
New  Chronicles  of  Don  Q.     By  K.  and  Hesketh  Prichard. 
The  Woman  Thou  Gavest.     By  Lady  Troubridge. 
Counsels  of  the  Night.    By  Lucas  Cleeve. 

CHILDREN'S    BOOKS. 

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by  LEWIS  BAUMER.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth,  6s. 


NEW    EDITIONS. 
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College,  Oxford,  and  Vinerian  Scholar  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  N.  W. 
SIBLEY,  LL.M..  Trin.  H.  Cant.,  Barristers-at-Law.  Royal  Svo,  cloth.  (Second 
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An  Epoch  in  Irish  History:  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Its  History 
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,  BdltcrW  Communications  should  !.<■ addre.sm-d  t„  ••  TltK  EDITOIf-Advcrtiscments  and  Business  Letters  to  "TIIE  PUBLISHERS  "-at  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  dummy  Lain-.  E.r. 
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THE  ATHENAEUM 


Irramal  0f  (Bngttslj  atti  ^avzi^n  Hitzmtxtxz,  §$timt*f  %  Jfiro  ^ris,  $tm 


No.  4128. 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  8,  1906. 


yj«6 

THREEPENCE. 

A  NEWS 


7/.THEEEI 

jjffiffTftKKI)  AS 


TOPOGRAPHICAL 


SOCIETY. 


T  ONDON 

The  EIGHTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  this  SOCIETY  will  he  held 
on  TUESDAY,  December  11.  1900,  ;it  4.:!U  p.m..  in  the  ROOMS  of  the 
SOCIETY  of  ANTIQUARIES,  BURLINGTON  HOUSE.  Mr.  T. 
FAIRMAN  OKDISH,  F.S.A..  will  take  the  Chair,  and  deliver  an 
Address  on 'LONDON  AS  SEEN  BY  SHAKESPEARE/ 

Tickets  for  the  Meeting  may  he  obtained  from  the  Secretary. 

BERNARD  C.OMME. 

IB,  Cliffords  Inn,  F'eet  Street,  E.C. 

/GOVERNMENT  GRANT  TO  DEFRAY  THE 

VT  EXPENSES  oF  SCIENTIFIC  INVESTIGATIONS.— Applica- 
tions for  the  Y'ear  PI07  ruust  he  received  at  the  Offices  of  the  Royal 
Society  not  later  than  JANUARY  31  NEXT,  and  must  be  made  upon 
printed  Forms,  to  he  obtained  from  THE  CLERK  To  THE  GOVERN- 
MENT GRANT  COMMITTEE,  Royal  Society,  Burlington  House, 
London,  W. 


(BsljiMtions. 


EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS.— SHEPHERD'S 
WINTER  EXHIBITION  of  Selected  Landscapes  and  Portraits 
*by  the  Early  Masters  of  the  British  School  is  NOW  OPEN.— 
SHEPHERDS  GALLERY',  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

TVTAVAL  EXHIBITION. -FRANCIS  HARVEY, 

-l-i  4,  St.  James's  Street,  S.W.,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has  on 
EXHIBITION  at  his  new  Showrooms  a  COLLECTION  of  OLD 
NAVAL  PORTRAITS.  MSS.,  and  BOOKS.— Admission  by  card  only. 

TALES   and  TOWNS  of  ITALY,   by  JESSIE 
BAYES.      Pastels  by  T.  R.   WAY  and  Drawings  by  ANNIE 
FRENCH.-The  BAILLIE  GALLERY.  54,  Baker  Street,  W.    10-6. 

(Bbutational. 

SCHOLARSHIPS. 

TTNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     NOTTINGHAM. 

RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIP. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  offer  a  SCHOLAR- 
SHIP for  SCIENTIFIC  RESEARCH,  tenable  for  one  Year,  of  the 
•value  of  50?,  together  with  free  admission  to  the  College,  open  to  any 
Graduate  ot  a  British  University. 

Candidates  will  be  required  to  give  evidence  of  suitable  training  and 
capacity  for  conducting  an  Original  Research.  The  successful  Candi- 
date will  be  required  to  devote  himself  to  some  subject  of  Research  to 
lie  approved  of  by  the  Senate. 

Applications  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than  DECEMBER  21,  190M.  on 
i"orni8  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 

WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL— A  BYE  ELEC- 
TION will  be  held  on  JANUARY  14,  15,  10,  to  FILL  UP  ONE 
RESIDENTIAL  and  ONE  NON-RESIDENTIAL  SCHOLARSHIPS. 
For  particulars  apply  to  THE  BURSAR,  Little  Dean's  Yard,  West- 
minster. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 
(University  of  London!, 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 
The  College  provides  Instruction  for  Students  preparing  for  the 
University  of  London  Degrees  in  Arts.  Science,  and  Preliminary 
Medicine,  also  instruction  in  subjects  of  General  Education.  There  is 
a  Training  Department  for  Teachers,  a  Hygiene  Department,  and  an 
Art  School.    Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

DEPARTMENT  FOR  PROFESSIONAL  TRAINING  IN 

TEACHING. 
Head  of  the  Department— Miss  MARY  MORTON,  M.A. 
Students  arc  admitted  to  the  Training  Course  in  OCTOBER  and  in 
JANUARY. 

The  Course  includes  full  preparation  for  the  Examinations  for  the 
Teaching  Diplomas  granted  by  the  Universities  of  London  and 
Cambi  i 

THREE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  of  the  value  ..f  201.  each  for  One  Year, 
are  offered  for  the  <  burse  beginning  JANUARY,  1907. 

Applications   Should    be  returned  not  later  than   DECEMBER  15, 
1806,  to  the  Head  of  the  Training  Department,  from  whom  the  neces- 
sary Entrance  Forms  and  other  information  can  be  obtained. 
Full  particulars  on  application  to  the  PRINCIPAL. 

rPHE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 

-I  Head  Mistress-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  M.A.  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).      References:    The  Principal  of 

Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

OARRATFS    HALL,     BANSTEAD.      Ladies' 
School;    Beautiful  Grounds,    Forty-five   Acres :    (ftO    ft.    above 

Ma  Level,  among  the-  pine  trt-es  of  Surrey  ;  cultured  and  refined  home, 
with  Education  on  modern  lines. 

JOINT  AGENCY  FOR  WOMEN  TEACHERS. 

(Under  the  Management  of  a  Committee  appointed  by  the  Teachers' 
Ouil  !.  Preceptors,    Head     Mistresses'     Association, 

it  ion    of   Assistant  Mistresses,  and  Welsh  County  Schools 
Association.! 

Address— 74.  Gower  Street,  London,  W.C. 

Registrar— Miss    ALICE    M.    FOUNTAIN. 

,  2  to  5  p.m.    Saturdays 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


/CHURCH 

CHERWELI,  HALL  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal.  Miss 
CATHERINE  I  DODI).  MA.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  Prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  infonnation  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THRING  &  CO., 


leading  Edu 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  givei 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham, ! 


by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
5,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 


^ttnaftons   Vacant. 

W  Z      E      A      L      A 


N 


N      D. 


Applications  ito  be  delivered  at  the  High  C missioner's  Office  not 

later  than  DECEMBER  20,  pi'KI  are  invited  for  the  appointment  of 
PROFESSOR  OF  PURE  AND  APPLIED  MATHEMATICS  at  the. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  OTAGO.  Age  limit  25  to  40  years  of  age.  Salary 
600Z.,  with  a  half  share  of  the  Fees.  The  Professor  will  be  expected  to 
enter  on  his  duties  on  APRIL  3,  11(07. 

For  further  particulars  and  for  the  Forms  on  which  applications 
must  be  made,  apply  to  the  HIGH  COMMISSIONER  FOR  NEW 
ZEALAND,  l:l.  Victoria  Street,  London,  S.W. 


u 


NIVERSITY     OF      EDINBURGH. 


LECTURESHIP  IN  ANCIENT  HISTORY. 

The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  EDINBURGH 
will,  on  MONDAY'.  January  14,  1H07,  or  some  subsequent  day.  proceed 
to  the  appointment  of  a  UNIVERSITY  LECTURER  ON  ANCIENT 
HISTORY.  Tenure  Three  Y'ears,  which  may  he  renewed.  Salary 
200Z.  per  annum. 

The  duties  of  the  Lecturer  would  mainly  consist  of  the  delivery 
in  each  year  of  Two  Honours  Half-Courses,  of  Twenty- Five  Lectures 
each,  in  Greek  and  in  Roman  History  respectively,  one  of  these  Half- 
Courses  to  be  given  during  part  of  trie  Winter  Session,  and  the  other 
in  the  Summer  Session. 

Each  Applicant  should  lodge  with  the  undersigned,  not  later  than 
FRIDAY",  January  4,  1907,  twenty  copies  of  his  application,  and 
twenty  copies  of  any  Testimonials  he  may  desire  to  present.  One 
copy  of  the  application  should  he  signed. 

Further  particulars  on  application. 

M   C.  TAYLOR.  Secretary,  University  Court. 

University  of  Edinburgh,  December  4.  1906. 


U1 


NIVERSITY      COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 

ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 

AGRICULTURE  at  the  above  College. 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  copies  of  Testimonials, 
must  reach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  January  19,  hot. 

J.  H.  DAVIES,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF       LIVERPOOL. 


R0Y 


FACULTY  OF  ARTS. 

DEPARTMENTS  OF  ECONOMICS. 

An     ASSISTANT     to    the    PROFESSOR     OF     ECONOMICS     is 

REQUIRED,   to  enter  upon   his  duties  JANUARY  10,   1907.      The 

Stipend  of  the  post  is  15ti(.  per  annum.     Candidates  are  requested  to 

forward  the  names  of  at  least  three  References. 

Applications  should  be  forwarded  to  the  REGISTRAR  not  later 
than  SATURDAY,  December  22. 

AL      HOLLOWAY      COLLEGE. 

(University  of  London,  i 

The  Office  of  LADY  PRINCIPAL  will  shortly  be  VACANT,  and 
the  GOVERNORS  are  now  prepared  to  receive  applications  from 
Candidates  desiring  to  apply  (or  the  i  iffice. 

It  is  requested  that  applications  may  be  scut  to  the  SECRETARY', 
from  whom  further  information  mav  be  obtained,  not  later  than 
DECEMBER 22  E.  M.  BOYD,  Secretary. 

Royal  Holloway  College,  Englefield  Green,  Surrey. 

pHELTENHAM    LADIES'     COLLEGE. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  Office  of  LADY 
PRINCIPAL,  now  vacant.  The  Lady  Principal  must  be  a  Member  of 
the  Church  of  England, 

All  Information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Secretary.  Ladies 
College  Cheltenham,  to  whom  the  applications  for  the  Office  must  be 
forwarded  not  biter  than  FEBRUARY  1.  1907. 


pOUNTY     BOROUGH 


OF     SUNDERLAND. 


REDE  COLLEGIATE  SCHOOL. 

WANTED  for  the  PUPIL-TEACHERS'  SECTION  of  the  SCHOOL, 

an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS,  to  begin  work  on  JANUARY  9,  1907. 

Musi   be  Ci  elnatr  and  Disejplin.i  riau,   and  able  to  tea  eh  Needlework. 

English  and  French.    Experience  desirable,  and  also  ability  to  teach 

D] i    the    follow  inu'    subicet-:    (i.  ography,    Latin,    Drill.     Salary 

acoording  i     seal"  obtainable,  with  form  of  application,  of  the  under- 
signed,  who  will  receive  appUcations_ap_to  DECEMBER  17  inst. 


15,  John  Street,  Sunderland. 


T  W.  BRIERS,  Education  Secretary. 


"PRDINCTON  URBAN  DISTRICT  COUNCIL. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  LIBRARIAN. 

The  above-named  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  position  of 
LIBRARIAN  al  a  ornmencing  Salary  of  1001  per  annum. 'Preference 
will  be  given  to  a  Candidate  who  has  had  previous  experience  in  the 
Work  and  Managomentof  Public  Libraries 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  take  charge  of  and  super- 
vis,,  the  working  of  the  Public  Library.  Orphanage  Road,  Brdington, 
and  als,,  aoy  ether-libraries  and  Reading  B. is  thai  ma]  be  estab- 
lished by  the  Council.  He  must  also  I*  oompetenl  t"  advise  the 
Public  Libraries  Committee  as  t"  the  choice  and  purcb  ise  of  Books, 
the  appointment  o)  s  staff,  and  generally  with  regard  to  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  equipment  and  management  of  Public  Libraries. 

Applications,  accompanied  bycopieaof  not  more  than  three  recent 
Testimonials  mo-t  be  forwarded  to  the  undersigned,  and  received  not 
lat.-r  than  MONDAY,  the  10th  day  of  December,  v."': 

■    ,.        sing  will  be  deemed  a  dis'iualifn  ilum. 

Dated  this  22nd  day  of  November.  1908 

WILLIAM  ASHFoRD.  Clerk  to  the  CounciL 

27,  Bennett's  Hill,  Birmingham. 


Yearly  Subscrip^e^^ee'J)V  ^St^B^^i 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  ^i^zr^ttThe. New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


BOROUGH    OF    SUNDERLAND. 


BOUNTY 

PUBLIC  LIBRARY,  MUSEUM,  AND  ART  GALLERY". 
ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN  WANTED  as  Third  Senior.    Applicants 

must  have  received  a  good  education  and  a  thorough  training  in  Public- 
Library  work,  which  is  to  include  a  knowledge  of  recognized  systems 
of  Classification  and  Cataloguing. 

Assistants  are  required  to  take  the  Library  Association  Corre- 
spondence classes.     Fees  arc  paid  by  the  Committee. 

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THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING.  By  M.uiv  PnuBSHMBsb 
r»s.  :;</.  i>oi«t  free. 


B 


0      0      K      -      P      L      A      T      E 

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s. 


710 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


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HAT 


D'YE 


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and  others  formerly  the  property  of  Mary  Lamb— Presentation  Copies 
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Baxtertjpes,  Engravings,  &c 

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On     MONDAY,    December     10,     the    valuable 

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On     TUESDAY,     December     11,     MODERN 

ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAVINGS. 

On    TUESDAY,    December    11,    OBJECTS    of 

VKRTU  from  various  sources,  and  ARMS  and  ARMOUR  of  the  late 
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On   WEDNESDAY,    December   12,   JEWELS, 

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On  THURSDAY,  Decembor  13,  OLD  ENGLISH 

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On  FRIDAY,  December  14,  fine  OLD  CHINESE 

and  other  PORCELAIN  and  OLD  ENGLISH  FURNITURE,  from 
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On     SATURDAY,    December     15,     MODERN 

PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  W.  PASLEY, 
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A  Portion  oflhe  valuable  Library  of  SAMUEL  T. 
FISHER,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  10.  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  VALUABLE  LIBRARY  of  SAMUEL 
T.  FISHER.  Esq.  (late  of  1,  Melbury  Road,  W.l,  comprising  important 
County  Histories— Modern  Sporting  Works  —  Topography  —  Archaeo- 
logy—Natural History— Voyages  and  Travels— Architectural  Works— 
Biography  and  History— Antiquarian  and  Genealogical  Works— Illus- 
trated Books— Early  Brighton  Guides— Relics  of  Old  London,  4c— 
British  Topography,  an  extensive  and  interesting  Collection  of  Tracts 
and  Pamphlets,  in  73  vols.— and  Miscellaneous  Literature,  4e. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  CLEMENT  SCOTT,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY,  December  11,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  CLEMENT  SCOTT,  Esq.,  for 
over  thirty  years  Dramatic  Critic  of  the  Daily  Telegraph,  and  founder 
of  the  Weekly  Journal,  the  .Free  Lance,  comprising  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture—Collections  of  Plays— Playbills— Theatrical  Biography— Auto- 
graph Letters,  &c— a  Collection  of  Genealogical  Books— Family 
Histories,  Pedigrees.  &c— the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN;  and 
other  Properties,  including  Books  in  various  Branches  of  Literature. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  J.  EDWARD  GILMORE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,'Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  12,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  J.  EDWARD  GILMORE, 
Esq.,  Deceased,  Barrister-at-Law  (Bray,  co.  Wicklow),  and  other 
Properties,  comprising  valuable  Egyptian,  ('optic,  Hebrew,  Samaritan, 
Greek,  and  Slavonic  Works,  Printed  and  Manuscript,  connected  with 
Eastern  Christianity,  Missals,  Service  Books,  Psalters,  Bibles,  4c.  : 
NATURAL  HISTORY  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  the  late  C.  B. 
CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  of  13,  Kew  Gardens  Road,  Kew ;  and  Modern 
Books  in  the  various  branches  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


Valuable  Books'and  Illuminated  and  other  Manuscripts. 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  December  14,  and  Following  Day. 
at  1  'o'clock  preciselv.  valuable  PRINTED  BOOKS  —  ANCIENT 
ILLUMINATED  MAN'USCRIPTS-Autograph  Letters,  including  a 
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Correspondence  of  Charles  Lever— a  valuable  Series  of  Illustrated  Fine- 
Art  Catalogues— a  large  Collection  of  the  Productions  of  the  Catnach 
Press  (Seven  Dials)— Rare  and  Early  Printed  Books.  English  and 
Foreign— Early  Editions  of  the  Works  of  Shakespeare,  including  First 
Quartos,  the  Second  and  Fourth  Folios  —  Correspondence  of  the 
Marshal  deTurenne— Illuminated  Manuscript  Hone,  Prayers,  Psalters, 
and  other  Service  Books,  English  and  Foreign— a  fine  Illuminated  MS. 
of  Vincent  de  Beauvais's  Speculum  Historiale— Rare  Works  relating 
to  America— Original  Drawings  by  William  Blake,  and  a  Series  of 
Works  illustrated  by  him. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  nf  Egi/ptian  Antiquities  of  R.  DE 
RUSTAFJAELL,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  19,  and  Two 
Following  Davs.  at  1  o'clock  preciselv,  the  COLLECTION  of 
EGYPTIAN  ANTIQUITIES,  formed  in  Egypt  by  R.  DE  RUSTAF- 
JAELL, Esq.,  Queen's  Gate,  S.W. 


M 


Japanese  Works  of  Art. 
TUESDAY  NEXT,  at  half-rast  12  o'clock. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER  for  SALE, 

at  his  Rooms.  38,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden,  W.C.  a  CON- 
SIGNMENT OF  JAPANESE  WORKS  OF  ART,  comprising  choice 
Cloisonne  Vases  — Lacquer  Ware— Ivory  Carvings— Bronzes— Embroi- 
deries, Hangings,  Screens— China,  4c. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Lepidoptera,  Cabinets,  and  Books. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his  Rooms,. 
38,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY", 
December  18.  at  1  o'clock,  the  COLLECTION  OF  BRITISH  AND 
FOREIGN  LEPIDOPTERA  formed  by  the  late  HILDEBRAND 
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M 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 
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;aga|iiW2,    &r* 


THE   BUILDER   (founded    1842),    4,    Catherine 
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THE  CANALS  AND  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 
TDK    DIFFICULTIES   WHICH    BESET  AN   ARCHITECT  IN 

LONDON  (Architectural  Association). 
DESIGN  AND  DESIGNERS  OF  THE  VICTORIAN  ERA. 
SANITARY  ADMINISTRATION  (Sanitary  Institute). 
ROOFS:  STRUCTURALLY  CONSIDERED  (Student's  Column). 
NEW  CHURCH  OF  ST.  SIMON,  PLYMOUTH. 
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CIATION. 
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N°4128,  Dec.  8.  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


711 


EEVIEW      OF      THEOLOGY      AND 
PHILOSOPHY. 
Edited  by  Prof.  ALLAN  MENZIES. 
DECEMBER,  190fi. 
SURVEY    OF    RECENT    LITERATURE    ON    OLD    TESTAMENT 

THEOLOGY.    By  Rev.  Prof.  W.  H.  Bennett,  London. 
REVIEWS  :- 

KITTEL.-BIBLIA  HEBRAIC'A.    By  Rev.  T.  H.  Weir,  Glasgow. 


BUSS— THE  TRIAL  OF.7ESUS.  By  Dr.  Taylor  Innes,  Edinburgh. 
HEUSSI.  -  JOHANN     LORENZ    MOSHEIM.      By  Rev.   A.  S. 

Martin,  Scone. 
BMEND.  -  DIE       POLITISCHE       PREDIGT       SCHLEIER- 

MACHERS.    By  Rev.  Robert  Munro,  Old  Kilpatrick. 
BAUMGARTEN.-CARLYLE  UND  GOETHE.     By  Rev.  Robert 

Munro,  Old  Kilpatrick. 
FOSTER.-THE  FINALITY  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  RELIGION. 

By  Rev.  Dr.  Ferries,  Cluny. 


ALSTON-STOIC  AND  CHRISTIAN  IN  THE   SECOND   CEN- 
TURY.   By  Rev.  Principal  Adeney,  Manchester. 
WORKMAN. -PERSECUTION    IN   THE    EARLY    CHURCH. 

By  Rev.  Prof.  Herkless,  St.  Andrews. 
STEPHENS. -THE  CHILD  AND  RELIGION.     By  Prof.  Carl 

Clemen,  Bonn. 
ACH.  -  UEBER     DIE     WILLENSTATIGKEIT     UND     DAS 

DENKEN.    By  J.  Lewis  M 'In tyre.  Aberdeen. 
PALMER. -AN   AGNOSTICS  PROGRESS.    By  F.  L.  Pogson, 
Oxford. 
CONTENTS  OF  THHOLOGICAL  JOURNALS. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

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Count  Vay  de  Vaya  and  LuskotL 

THE  ACTOR,  ART  AND  THE  STAGE.    Armiger Barclay. 

GHOSTS  OF  PICCADILLY— OLD  Q.    O.  S.  street. 

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PARTY     W.  EL  Mallock. 
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ENCE.     Charles  Bright,  F.R.S.  E.  M.I.  E.  E. 
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Board  School  Teacher. 
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Tallentyre. 


JOHN   MURRAY,  Albemarle  Street,  W. 


712 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


MESSRS.    CONSTABLE'S    LIST. 


GOLDEN  DAYS  OF  THE  RENAISSANCE  IN  ROME. 

By  RODOLFO  LANCIANI. 

Royal   8vo,    with    90    Illustrations,    21s.    net.  [Second  Impression  nearly  ready. 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  describe  the  moral  and  material  evolution  of  the  Eternal  City  from  mediaeval  conditions,  and  to  draw  a  picture  of  it  as 
it  was  in  the  very  summit  of  its  renaissance.  In  developing  the  subject  one  principal  aim  has  been  kept  in  view  ;  to  illustrate  the  few  momiments  of  that 
period  left  standing  in  Rome  and  mostly  concealed  under  modern  superstructures.  But  from  a  scholarly  and  an  artistic  point  of  view  the  book  will  prove  a 
rare  acquisition  to  the  literature  of  Rome. 


THE    KING    OF   COURT   POETS. 

A  Study  of  the  Life,  Work,  and  Times  of  Lodovico  Ariosto. 

By  EDMUND  GARDNER. 

Author  of  '  Dukes  and  Poets  in  Ferrara,'  &c. 
With  Illustrations.    Demy  8vo,  16s.  net. 

LETTERS   AND   RECOLLECTIONS   OF 
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Being  his  Correspondence  with  Tobias  Lear  and  the  tatter's  Diary. 

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WALT    WHITMAN. 

A  Study  of  his  Life   and  Work. 
By  BLISS  PERRY. 

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THE     LIFE    OF    CHARLES    GODFREY 
LELAND  ("HANS  BREITMANN "). 

By  ELIZABETH  ROBINS  PENNELL. 

2  vols,  illustrated,  demy  8vo,  21s.  net. 
SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

A   GERMAN    POMPADOUR. 

By     MARIE      HAY. 

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QUINTIN  HOGG.    A  Biography. 

By  ETHEL  HOGG. 

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COMEDY    QUEENS    OF    THE    GEORGIAN    ERA. 

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Biographical  Studies  of  famous  English  Comedy  Actresses  of  the  Georgian  Period. 

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MY    PILGRIMAGE    TO    THE    WISE    MEN 
OF  THE  EAST. 

ByMONCURE      D.      CONWAY. 

8vo,  fully  illustrated,  12s.  6d.  net. 

A  TREASURY  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 

Edited  and  Arranged  by  KATE  M.  WARREN, 

Lecturer  in  English  Language  and  Literature  at  Westfield  College  (University  of  London). 

Introduction  by  STOPFORD  BROOKE,  M.A. 

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VICTORIAN  NOVELISTS. 

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THE  FLOCK. 

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THE    NATIVE    RACES    OF    THE    BRITISH    EMPIRE. 

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RACE     PREJ  U  D  I  C  E. 

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EDINBURGH    UNDER    SIR    WALTER    SCOTT. 

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With  an  Introduction  by  R.  S.  RAIT.     Demy  8vo,  12,s.  Gd.  net. 
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large  portion  of  the  period 


THE    NEW    "SETON"    BOOK. 

ANIMAL  HEROES. 

By  ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON. 

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A    CHRISTMAS    STORY. 

PETER. 

By  Mrs.  HENRY  HOHLER, 
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Illustrated  by  nBLBN   STRATTON.     3s.  Srf. 
A  charming  story  of  a  "real"  boy  and  a  "real"  dog;  everything  that  happens  is 
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pitch  than  if  the  incidents  were  of  a  sensational  nature.     Humour  is  conspicuous  through- 
out the  tale. 


London  :  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.,  Ltd. 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


713 


WARD,    LOCK_^CO;S   LIST. 

NEW    EDITION,    THOROUGHLY    REVISED    AND    ENLARGED. 

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A   LOST   LEADER. 

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THE    MASTER   SPIRIT. 

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BUCHANAN'S   WIFE. 

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UNMASKED   AT   LAST. 

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HOPE,    MY   WIFE. 

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without  doubt  one  of  the  best  of  the  season's  gift-books." 

THE    WALCOTT    TWINS.  3s.  6d. 

By  LUCILE  LOVELL. 
NEWCASTLE  JOURNAL.— '"The    Waleott    Twins '   should     bring 
merriment  into  many  a  home  this  winter." 


BETTY,    THE    SCRIBE. 

By  LILIAN  TURNER. 

YORKSHIRE  POST.— "Miss  Turner  writes  admirably  of  Australia 
and  its  young  people,  and  this  book  is  fresh,  human,  and  original." 


YOUNG    PICKLES.  3s.  6d. 

By  STUART  WISHING. 

DUNDEE  COURIER.— ■"  A  good  rollicking  school  story  with  plenty  of 
mirth.     One  of  those  books  a  boy  cannot  help  enjoying." 


WARD,  LOCK  I  CO.' 8  WONDER  BOOK,  1907. 

A    PICTURE    ANNUAL    FOR    BOYS    AND    GIRLS. 

Crown    4to,     picture    boards,    3s.    6d.;    in    handsome    cloth    gilt    binding,    5s. 
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256  PAGES  OF  BRIGHTLY  WRITTEN  STORIES,  ARTICLES,  AND  VERSES. 

WARD,    LOCK    &    CO.,    Limited,     Salisbury    Square,    London,    E.C. 


714      THE    ATHEN^UM N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 

HUMPHREYS'    NEW    BOOKS. 

LORD    RANDOLPH    CHURCHILL. 

A    Reminiscence    and    a   Study.     By   LORD    ROSEBERY. 

THREE    SHILLINGS    AND    SIXPENCE. 

The  TRIBUNE  says :  "This  remarkable  book  finishes  as  it  begins,  on  a  note  of  unforced  pathos  and  regret.  As  a  man's  portrait, 
painted  by  a  friend,  it  is  full  of  beautiful  colouring.  It  is  a  sad  memory  book,  but  in  some  places  touched  with  humour,  and  in  others 
sharp  and  incisive  with  pregnant  phrasing  Yet  so  easily  do  its  sentences  flow,  that  to  those  familiar  with  Lord  Rosebery  as  an  orator, 
the  words  may  almost  be  heard  to  fall  from  his  lips  with  personal  inflection,  passion,  and  tone.  Jt  may  safely  be  said  that  the  book  as  It 
stands  could  have  been  written  by  no  other  man  in  England.  As  an  historical  document  it  is  important,  and  as  a  literary  achievement 
a  triumph  worthy  to  rank  with  its  author's  '  Napoleon '  and  '  Pitt.'  " 

The  WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE  says: — "  A  most  interesting  and  vivid  sketch.  In  the  region  of  biography  Lord  Rosebery's  is, 
of  course,  a  master-hand  ;  and  this  little  book  will  rank  among  the  most  fascinating  products  of  his  pen.  It  is  throughout  exceedingly 
generous  and  sympathetic  in  tone,  and  as  a  literary  achievement  is  of  the  highest  order." 

The  DAILY  TELEGRAPH  says: — "Like  all  Lord  Rosebery's  literary  work,  it  is  polished  ad  unguem,  and  is  as  bright,  crisp,  and 
epigrammatic  as  it  is  full  of  real,  intimate,  and  first-hand  knowledge." 

The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says  : — "  A  volume  that  will  give  delight  not  only  to  politicians  of  all  sides,  but  to  the  general  public, 
whose  interest  lies  in  the  more  human  aspect  of  a  great  career." 

The  MANCHESTER  GUARDIAN  says: — "  The  ieminiscential  chapters  read  like  private  letters  accidentally  opened.  We  notice 
nothing  in  the  book  that  should  not  have  been  there,  and  yet  it  has  an  engaging  tone  of  intimacy  ;  it  is  almost  as  good  as  if  it  were  an 
indiscretion." 

The  SHEFFIELD  DAILY  INDEPENDENT  says :— "  It  is  all  fascinatingly  written  with  a  keen  critical  instinct,  a  fine  fairness 
of  mind,  and  a  delightful  freshness  of  diction.  It  is  not  often  one  can  thus  read  eminent  statesmen's  deliberate  summings-up  of  their 
eminent  contemporaries." 

The  BELFAST  NEWS-LETTER  says : — "  The  work  is  one  of  great  political  and  personal  interest,  and  it  will  be  eagerly  welcomed 
by  both  parties,  and  all  who  give  attention  to  political  affairs." 

The  EASTERN  MORNING  NEWS  says: — "Lord  Rosebery  seldom  touches  any  subject,  either  in  his  speeches  or  writings,  with- 
out investing  it  with  particular  interest,  and  this  remark  applies  especially  to  what  he  has  to  say  about  one  of  the  most  striking  per- 
sonalities in  the  political  world  of  the  latter  half  of  the  Nineteenth  Century." 

The  LIVERPOOL  COURIER  says  : — "  It  is  indeed  as  a  study  of  Lord  Randolph,  a  study  informed  by  personal  knowledge  and 
influenced  by  friendship,  that  this  monograph  must  be  considered,  and  as  such  it  is  valuable  and  interesting.  It  is  written  with  great 
charm.  Lord  Rosebery's  literary  skill  has  seldom  been  shown  to  such  advantage.  The  phrasing  is  consistently  distinguished  and 
delightful." 

The  WESTERN  DAILY  PRESS  says  : — "  Lord  Rosebery's  brilliant  little  study  is  a  book  that  throws  further  light  upon  the  most 
remarkable  figure  in  politics  which  our  generation  has  seen." 

THE  HOUSE,  THE  GARDENTANDTHE  STEEPLE. 

A  Book  of  Mottoes  taken  from  Old  Houses,  Sundials,  and  Bells.  Daintily  bound  in  linen  covers,  3s.  6d.  net,  or  in  limp  leather,  5s.  net. 

THRO'  •  THIS  •  WIDE  ■  OPENING  •  GATE 
NONE  •  COME  •  TOO  ■  EARLY  ■  NONE  ■  RETURN  •  TOO  ■  LATE. 

ALSO  UNIFORM  WITH  THE  ABOVE. 

THE       GARLAND       OF       LOVE. 

A  Collection  of  Posy-Ring  Mottoes.         Cloth,  3S.  6d.  net  ;  limp  leather,  5s.  net. 

LITTLE  LIVES  OF  THE  GREAT. 

A  new  Series  of  Biographies.     The  first  four  Volumes  are  Napoleon,  Louis  XV*,  Dante,   Michael  Angelo. 

'  Little  Lives '  give  you  the  salient  and  essential  points  in  the  life  of  each  character  dealt  with. 
Daintily  hound  in  linen  covers.      Each  Volume  2s.  net,  or  in  limp  leather  5s.  net. 

THE     POINTER"   AND     HIS     PREDECESSORS. 

An  Illustrated  History  of  the  Pointing  Dog  from  the  Earliest  Times.        By  WILLIAM  ARKWRIGHT. 
With  21  Half-Tone  Illustrations  and  Photogravure  Frontispiece.  Popular  Edition.  Price  7S.  6d.  net. 

LYRA        VENATICA. 

A  Collection  of  Hunting  Songs.  Compiled  by  JOHN  SHERARD  REEVE.  Price  5s.  net. 

BROWNSEA    ISLAND.    By  Charles  Van  Raalte. 

With  19  Coloured  Illustrations  from  Water-Colour  Drawings  by  FLORENCE  VAN  RAALTE.  Price  12s*  net. 

THE      ROTAL      LIBRARY. 

The  Royal  Library  conforms,  more  than  any  other  existing  series  of  boohs,  to  Rushin's  ideal  of  a  national  series  of  chosen 
boohs— their  text  printed  all  on  leaves  of  equal  size,  broad  of  margin,  and  divided  into  pleasant  volumes :  light  in  the  hand, 
beautiful  and  strong.  Every  one  should  secure  one  or  more  volumes  of  the  Royal  Library,  if  for  no  other  reason  than  as 
models  of  Twentieth -Century  Booh  Production. 

GALL  AND  SEE  THESE  BOOKS  OR  SEND  FOR  A  COMPLETE  CATALOGUE. 

A.  L.  HUMPHREYS,  187,  Piccadilly,  London;    and  all  Booksellers. 


NM128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


715 


FROM    CHAPMAN   &   HALL'S   LIST. 

H.    G.    WELLS    ON    AMERICA. 

THE  FUTURE  IN  AMERICA.    A  Search  after  Realities. 

By  H.  G.  WELLS.     Demy  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net. 

"  No  novice  venturing  on  the  labyrinth  of  American  problems  could  wish  for  a  more  human  or  < ' -arcr-sighted  guide  than  this  volume,  and  no  confirmed 
explorer  can  read  it  without  finding  his  horizons  wondrously  enlarged.  Mr.  Wells  has  erected,  as  it  were,  a  watch-tower  from  which  we  may  look  down  on 
the  heaving  turmoil  of  the  American  Commonwealth." — Outlook. 

"  This  book  is  the  best  that  Mr.  Wells  has  given  us." —  Westminster  Gazette.      "  A  book  in  which  America  seems  to  be  seen  for  the  first  time." — Daily  News. 

"Full  of  clear  thinking  and  close  observation,  dominated  and  controlled  by  a  coherent,  synthetic  conception." — Standard. 


NEW   WORK   BY   L.   T.   HOBHOUSE. 

MORALS    IN    EVOLUTION. 

A  Study  in  Comparative  Ethic3. 

ByL.  T.  HOBHOUSE. 

Author  of  '  Mind  in  Evolution.'    2  vols,  demy  8vo,  21s.  net. 

"  '  Morals  in  Evolution'  must  be  ranked  as  a  standard  work,  and  for  years  to  come  it 
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"In  this  elaborate  work  of  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  younger  school  of  Oxford 
philosophers. ..  a  more  serious  attempt  than  we  have  had  for  some  time  is  made  to  deal 
with  the  difficulties  of  the  subject. .  ..Mr.  Hobhouse  is  so  ingenious  and  learned  a  guide 
that  he  can  always  be  followed  with  attention." — Standard. 


No  Student  of  French  Literature  can  afford  to  ignore 

JEAN  JACQUES  ROUSSEAU;  a  New  Criticism. 

By  FREDERIKA  MACDONALD, 

Author  of  '  Studies  in  the  France  of  Voltaire  and  Rousseau,'  Ac. 
With  numerous  Illustrations,  Facsimiles,  &c.  2  vols,  demy  Svo,  24*.  net. 
This  book  claims  to  contain  one  of  the  most  important  literary  revelations  ever  made. 
The  author  has  discovered  that  the  original  documents  upon  which  the  existing  view  of 
Rousseau's  life  and  character  is  based  were  entirely  falsified  by  his  enemies,  and  photo- 
graphs are  given  to  show  where  the  corrections  have  been  made.  The  result  is  that  the 
whole  story  of  Rousseau's  life  will  have  to  be  reconsidered,  and  that  all  existing  biographies 
must  be  rectified. 

..A  notable  book A  contribution  of  real 

Trib  ume. 


"  A  fine  piece  of  literary  detective  work 
importance  to  the  literature  of  the  subject." 


AN    IMPORTANT    BOOK    ON    THE    TRANSVAAL. 

THE     KALEIDOSCOPIC     TRANSVAAL. 

By  CARL  JEPPE.     Demy  8vo,  7s.  6d.  net. 

"  A  book  of  genuine  importance  and  outstanding  interest A  bright,  vigorous  style A  keen  sense  of  humour Full  of  vivid  little  details A 

thoroughly  straightforward,  plain-spoken,  and  interesting  book." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"  Some  of  our  native-born  critics  of  British  rule  in  South  Africa   might  learn  a  good  deal  from  this  book Interesting Genuinely  instructive 

Well  worth  reading." — Standard. 

"  Many  books  have  been  written  on  South  Africa  of  late,  but  none  of  them  have  been  so  valuable  as  Mr.  Carl  Jeppe's  volume Ought  to  be  read  by 

every  one  who  desires  to  understand  South  Africa.'' — Daily  Chronicle.  "  An  excellent  book eminently  sane  and  reasonable." — Athennum. 


MRS.  W.  K.  CLIFFORD'S  NEW  BOOK. 

THE       MODERN       WAY. 

By  Mrs.  W.  K.  CLIFFORD, 

Author  of  'Aunt  Anne,'  'Mrs.  Keith's  Crime,'  &c. 

Crown  8vo,  6s.     SECOND  EDITION. 

"Some  of  the  best  work  that  has  come  from  her  accomplished  pen." — Morning  Post. 

"Very  delightfully  written,  and  to  anybody  who  can  enjoy  delicate  irony,  delicious 

descriptions  of  moods,  and  subtle  revelations  of  the  feminine  spirit,  we  can  cheerfully 

recommend  'The  Modern  Way.'" — Standard. 


A  NEW  DICKENS  ANTHOLOGY  BY  HIS  DAUGHTER. 

THE   COMEDY  OF  CHARLES  DICKENS. 

By  his  Daughter  KATE  (Mrs.  Perugini). 
Demy  8vo,  6s. 

"The  selections,  with  brief  introductions  making  their  context  clear,  are  excellently 
chosen,  and  should  please  not  only  those  new  to  Dickens,  but  also  the  experts,  who,  how- 
ever good  their  memory,  are  sure  to  come  on  some  forgotten  felicity." — Atlteiiarum. 


PRINCE  KROPOTKIN'S  NEW  BOOK. 

THE  CONQUEST  OF  BREAD.    By 

Prince  PETER  KROPOTKIN,  Author  of  'Fields 
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healthy  and  intelligent  discussion. . .  .There  is  no  doubt  that 
Prince  Kropotkin  has  approached  a  burning  topic  in  a  high- 
minded  and  enthusiastic  temper,  and  has  prodnced  a  book 
of  deep  human  interest,  touched  at  every  turn  with  the 
glowing  eloquence  of  the  true  idealist." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"The  deeply  interesting  and  suggestive  work  teems  with 
principles  which  are  both  true  and  finely  enunciated." 

Da  ilg  News. 


THE  ECONOMICS  OF  THE  FUTURE. 

THE   RETURN    TO    THE    LAND. 

By  Senator  JULES  MELINE,  Leader  of  the  Moderate 
Republicans  in  France,  former  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
Minister  of  Commerce,  Premier.    With  a  Preface  by 
JUSTIN  MCCARTHY.    Crown  8vo,  5*.  net. 
"  Sure  to  make  its  mark,  and  a  deep  one,  upon  the  age  in 
which  we  live A  book  of  rare  social  interest  and  con- 
siderable political  importance." — Standard. 

"M.  Meline  writes  with  authority,  and  deals  with  an 
international  question  of  interest  far  beyond  the  bounds  of 
any  single  nation." — Daily  News. 


A  STUDY  IN  SOCIOLOGY. 

THE  POLISH  JEW.    His  Social  and 

Economic  Value.     By  BEATRICE  C.  BASKERVILLE. 
Demy  Svo,  10s.  6d.  net. 

Copy  of  a  Letter  from  Capt.  ALEX.  MURRAY,  British 
Consul-General  for  Poland  and  Lithuania  :— 

"Dear  Miss  Baskerville,— Very  many  thanks  for  'The 

Polish  Jew.'    I  have  read  it  with  the  greatest  interest,  and 

know  no  other  book  in  English  which  gives  so  good  an  idea 

of  the  people  who  form  the  bulk  of  our  '.'lieu  immigrants." 

"  Yours  sincerely  (Signed)  ALEX.   MURRAY."  ' 

"Miss  Baskerville's  study  will  be  welcomed  by  all  serious 
students  of  Russian  affairs." — Daily  Graphic. 

"  Intelligent  and  impartial  record." — Speaker. 


AN     IDEAL     CHRISTMAS     PRESENT. 

THE    FAMOUS    CHRISTMAS    NUMBERS    OP 

HOUSEHOLD    WORDS. 

Written   in    Collaboration   by   CHARLES   DICKENS,    WILKIE   COLLINS.    Mrs. 
GASKELL,  G.   A.   SALA,   HARRIET    MARTINEAU,    Mrs.   LYNN    LINTON,    W.    EL 
WILLS,  CHARLES  KNIGHT,  WILLIAM  HOWITT,  PERCY  FITZGERALD,  and  others. 
NOW  PUBLISHED  WITH  AUTHORS'  NAMES  FOR  FIRST  TIME. 
Pocket  Volumes,  with  Coloured  Frontispiece,  Is.  net  cloth  ;  2s.  net  leather. 
LIST  OF  THE  VOLUMES. 
A    CHRISTMAS     TREE     AND     OTHER  !  THE    SEVEN   POOR   TRAVELLERS. 
STORIES. 


WHAT  CHRISTMAS  IS  AS  WE  GROW 
OLDER,  AND  OTHER  STORIES. 

A  ROUND  OF  STORIES  BY  THE 
CHRISTMAS  FIRE. 

ANOTHER  ROUND  OF  STORIES  BY 
THE  CHRISTMAS  FIRE. 


THE    HOLLY    TREE    INN. 


THE    WRECK    OF    THE    GOLDEN 
MARY. 

THE    PERILS    OF  CERTAIN   ENGLISH 

PRISONERS. 
A    HOUSE   TO   LET. 

Write  for  4  pp.  Prospectus. 
"  One  of  the  interesting  features  of  last  week's  books."—  Westminster  Gazette. 
"Charming  little  volumes,  well  printed  and  bound."— Daily  Graphic. 
"The  set  forms  a  most  bewitching  little  present  for  the  coming  season,  of  which  all  the 
stories  are  in  genial  celebration." — Evening  News. 


A    NATIONAL    POSSESSION. 

Under  the  above  heading  the  Westminster  Gazette  devoted  a  long  and  eulogistic 
article  to  THE  NATIONAL  EDITION  of  Dickens's  works,  in  the  course  of  which 
it  said : — 

"  We  have  had  in  recent  years  many  choice  editions  of  books  which  are  among  the 
glories  of  our  literature.  Scott,  Thackeray,  George  Eliot,  Stevenson,  Charles  Lamb, 
Johnson,  and  a  host  of  others  come  to  mind,  and  Dickens  is  among  them.  Dickens, 
indeed,  in  the  number  and  excellence  of  editions  has  been  more  favoured  than  most,  bub 
the  latest  enterprise  of  the  publishing  firm  which  can  boast  B  .-evenly  years'  Connection 
with  the  works  of  the  author  of  'Pickwick'  shows  them  going,  not  one,  but  a  great  many 
better  than  anything  that  they  have  ever  attempted  before.  The  'National'  edition  of 
Dickens,  from  whatever  point  of  view  it  is  regarded,  is  worthy  of  every  praise.... As 
regards  the  text  the  'National'  is  unique.  In  the  matter  of  illustrations,  too,  nothing 
further  seems  to  be  desired.  Only  the  pictures  which  were  drawn  during  the  life  of  the 
author,  and  which  consequently  may  be  held  to  have  received  his  personal  approbation, 
will  be  printed  ;  and  the  manner  in  which  these  illustrations  have  been  produced  will 
compel  admiration.  They  are  printed  on  the  best  India  paper  and  mounted  on  plate  paper 
— a  process  which  enhances  considerably  the  delicacy  and  beauty  of  the  original  steel 
plates.  Interesting  title-pages,  vignettes,  and  designs  for  the  decoration  of  the  different 
early  editions  are  also  reproduced,  as  well  as  a  complete  facsimile  set  of  the  original 
wrappers.  It  need  only  be  added  that  the  print  is  large,  the  paper  is  excellent,  and  the 
binding—  in  olive  green  sateen— elegant  and  substantial.  The  forty  volumes  nre  issued  in 
760  sets  only,  the  type  being  destroyed  as  each  volume  is  printed.  This  is  certainly  the 
National  edition  of  a  National  Possession." 

Write  Jor  8  pp.    Prospectus  and  ask  your    Bookseller    to    show  a 
specimen  volume. 


London:  CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Limited. 


716 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  19<>6 


OXFORD    UNIVERSITY    PRESS. 


FREDERICK  YORK  POWELL. 

A  Life  and  Selection  from  his  Letters  and 
Occasional  Writings. 

By  OLIVER  ELTON. 

2  vols.     Vol.  I.  MEMOIR  AND  LETTERS.     Vol.  II.  WRITINGS. 
With  Illustrations.     8vo,  cloth,  21s.  net. 


HERMANN  VON  HELMHOLTZ 

By  Prof.  KOENIGSBERGER. 

Translated  by  FRANCIS  A.  WELBY. 

With  a  Preface  by  LORD  KELVIN. 
With    3   Portraits.     Royal   8vo,    16s.    net. 


OXFORD  TUDOR  AND  STUART  LIBRARY. 

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HOWELL'S  DEVISES,  1581.    With  an  Intro- 

duction  by  WALTER  RALEIGH.     Small  4to. 

THE  DEFENCE  OF  THE  REALME.    By  Sir 

HENRY  KNYVETT,  1596.  Now  for  the  first  time  printed,  from  a 
MS.  in  the  Chetham  Library.  Manchester.  With  an  Introduction  by 
CHARLES  HUGHES.     Crown  8vo. 

PEPYS'  MEMOIRES  OF  THE  ROYAL  NAVY, 

1679—1688.  Published  in  1690.  Now  Edited  by  J.  R.  TANNER. 
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EVELYN'S   SCULPTURA.     With  the  Unpub- 

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THE   EVOLUTION  OF  CULTURE,  and  other 

Essays.  By  the  late  Lieut. -General  A.  LANE-FOX  PITT-RIVERS, 
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THE  POETICAL  WORKS  OF  JOHN  KEATS. 

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bibliography  all  that  the  thorough  student  of  Keats  can  need.  The  edition 
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It  is  very  satisfactory  to  have  this  well-printed  and  for  all  practical  purposes 
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THE     ATHENiEUM 


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MESSRS.    LONGMANS    &    CO/S    LIST. 


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"  Many  reasons  account  for  the  fact  that  it  is  likely  to  prove  the  most 

popular  of  the  series,   so  far  as  that   has  yet  been  conducted.     During  the 

entire  action  we  are  on  the  track  of  Shakespeare,  whose  historical  plays,  from 

•King  Richard  II.'  to  'King  Richard  III.'  accompany  us  over  the  period 

covered." — Notes  and  Queries. 


STANDARD    BOOKS. 

WILLIAM  E.  H.  LECKY. 
HISTORY     OF     ENGLAND    IN 


THE 


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LEADERS  OF  PUBLIC  OPINION  IN  IRELAND: 

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THE    MAP    OF    LIFE:    Conduct   and   Character. 

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each. 

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PROTECTORATE,  1649-1656.    4  vols,  crown  8vo,  5s.  net  each. 

THE    STUDENT'S    HISTORY   OF    ENGLAND. 

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MANDELL  CREIGHTON,  D.D. 
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LIEUT.-C0L.  G.  F.  R.  HENDERSON. 
STONEWALL  JACKSON  AND  THE  AMERICAN 

CIVIL  WAR.    With  2  Portraits  and  33  Maps  and  Plans.    2  vols,  crown  Svo,  16s.  net. 

JOHN  STUART  MILL. 
A   SYSTEM  OF  LOGIC.      Crown  8vo,  3s.  6c/. 
POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 

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PETER  M.  R0GET. 
THESAURUS  OF  ENGLISH  WORDS  AND 

PHRASES,  Classified  and  Arranged  so  as  to  Facilitate  the  Expression  of  Ideas  and 
Assist  in  Literary  Composition.  Bv  PETKH  MAKK  ROGET,  M.D.  F.R.S.  Recom- 
posed  throughout.  Enlarged  and  Improved  partly  from  the  Author's  Notes,  and  with 
a  full  Index,  by  the  Author's  Son,  JOHN  LEWIS  ROGLT.  NEW  EDITION  (1901). 
Crown  Svo,  9s.  net. 

GEORGE  G.  CHISH0LM,:M.A.  B.Sc. 

NEW  EDITION,  REVISED. 

HANDBOOK  OF  COMMERCIAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

With  38  Maps  and  8  Diagrams,  8vo,  15s.  net. 

W.   H.   WILKINS. 
MRS.  FITZHERBERT  AND  GEORGE  IV.    With 

57  Portraits  and  other  Illustrations,  2  vols.  8vo,  36s. 

A  QUEEN  OF  TEARS :    Caroline  Matilda,  Queen 

of  Denmark  and  Norway,  and  Princess  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.     With  Portraits 
(2  Photogravures)  and  47  other  Illustrations,  2  vols.  8vo,  36s. 

THE    LOVE    OF   AN  UNCROWNED    QUEEN: 

Sophie  Dorothea,  Consort  of  George  I.,  and  her  Correspondence,  with  Philip  Christopher, 
Count  Kouigsmarck.     With  24  Portraits  and  other  Illustrations,  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

CAROLINE  THE  ILLUSTRIOUS,    Queen-Consort 

of  George  II.,  and  sometime  Queen-Regent  :  a  Study  of  Her  Life  and  Time.     With  42 
Portraits  and  other  Illustrations,  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 


LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO.  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.C. 


720 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


MESSRS.  MACLEHOSE'S  NEW  BOOKS 


THIS  DAY,  1  vol.  demy  4to,  with  45  Photogravure  Plates.  Edition  limited  to  220 
copies  for  sale,  price  2  Guineas  net ;  of  the  Edition  de  .Luxe  only  seven 
copies  remain  for  sale,  price  4  Guineas  net. 

THE   FINE   ART   COLLECTION 
OF    GLASGOW. 

With  an  Introductory  Essay  by  JAMBS  PATON,  F.L.S.,  Curator  of  the  Gallery. 


"  Glasgow  Corporation  Fine  Art  Collection 
lias  long  waited  for  a  memorial  volume 
■which  should  correspond  to  its  importance 
in  the  world  of  art,  and  it  has  at  length 
found  it  in  a  handsome  hook  published  this 
-week  by  Messrs.  MacLehose." — Scotsman. 


"  The  book  should  not  only  be  a  delightful 
souvenir  volume  for  the  Glasgow  art  lover, 
but  a  useful  guide  for  the  connoisseur  of 
other  countries,  giving  him  practically  at  a 
glance  a  revelation  of  the  nature  of  Glasgow's 
collection." — Glasgow  Evening  News. 


THIS  DAY,  crown  8vo,  price  4s.  net. 

THE  DEATH  OF  ICARUS,  and  other  Poems. 

By  A.  K.  SABIN,  Author  of  'Typhon,'  and  other  Poems. 
"  '  The  Death  of  Icarus '  is  a  scholarly  poem  of  much  merit  in  blank  verse." — Times. 

NEW  EDITION,  extra  crown  8vo,  460  pp.,  2s.  6d.  net. 

SCOTTISH  REMINISCENCES. 

By  SIR  ARCHIBALD  GEIKIE. 

"  The  reader  who  opens  this  book will  never  want  to  close  it  again."— Daily  Mail. 

"Whosoever  is  suffering  from  a  fit  of  the  blue  devils;  or  has  been  disappointed  in  the 
City,  like  Mr.  Bob  Sawyer,  or  has  been  crossed  in  love,  or  has  seen  a  ghost,  or  is  suffering 
from  any  of  the  other  causes  of  melancholv  enumerated  by  Democritus  Junior,  let  him 
forthwith  procure  a  copy  of  Sir  Archibald  Geikie's  '  Scottish  Reminiscences,'  and  if  that 
does  not  speedily  banish  his  complaint  it  can  only  be  because  Nature  has  denied  him  any 
sense  of  humour." — Standard. 

1  vol.  demy  8vo,  with  over  170  Illustrations,  10s.  net. 

COIN   TYPES :  their  Origin  and  Development. 

By  GEORGE  MACDONALD,  LL.D.     Being  the  Rhind  Lectures  for  1904. 

"  Its  scholarly  character  makes  it  a  safe 
book  to  put  in  the  hands  of  a  student.  It  is 
full  of  common  sense  and  useful  facts,  and  is 
not  at  all  overladen  with  views.  The  writer 
uses  his  theories  to  colligate  the  facts, 
not  to  drag  them  out  of  recognisable 
shape."  —  Prof.  Percy  Gardner  in  the 
Clasicil  Review. 


"  So  written  as  to  be  intelligible  and  in- 
teresting to  anyone  having  a  slight  acquaint- 
ance with  the  classics There  is  not  a  little 

in  the  book  which  the  most  experienced  and 
learned  numismatist  will  find  useful  and 
enlightening;  while,  as  for  the  beginner  in 
classical  archaeology— not  merely  in  numis- 
matics—we can  conceive  of  no  better  book  to 
put  into  his  hands." 

Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 


1  vol.  demy  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net. 

SCOTLAND  AND  THE  UNION. 

A  History  of  Scotland  from  1695  to  1747.    By  W.  LAW  MATHIESON. 

"Mr.  Mathieson  has  in  his  present  work  displayed  the  same  qualities  which  won  from 
his  critics  a  universal  chorus  of  approval  in  his  previous  book.  He  is  at  once  the  erudite 
scholar,  the  patient  surveyor  of  facts,  the  master  of  detail,  and  the  historian  with  true 
historic  insight,  breadth  of  view,  and  critical  impartiality.  In  a  word,  he  possesses  those 
qualities  which  are  so  rarely  found  in  combination.  "—Westminster  Review. 

1  vol.  royal  8vo,  with  17  Full-Page  Engravings,  8s.  6rf.  net. 

PORTRAITS  AND  JEWELS  OF 
MARY  STUART.       By  A.  LANG. 

"  Mr.  Lang  contributes  to  a  much  discussed  subject  a  volume  that  is  comely  to  regard 
and  attractive  in  theme." — Westminster  Gazette. 

"  Mr.  Lang's  gossiping  comments  on  the  portraits  and  jewels,  on  which  he  has  spent 
much  research,  are  in  his  best  vein.'- —  Outlook. 

Royal  8vo,  with  471  Illustrations,  42s.  net. 

WILLIAM  STRANG: 

Catalogue  of  his  Etched  Work. 

With  Introductory  Essay  by  LAURENCE  BINYON. 

"  The  book  is  a  remarkable  monument  of  bis  achievement  as  an  etcher."— -Scotsman 
"As  the  pages  are  turned  over,  t  lie  memory  first  of  one  and  then  of  another  great,  artist 

is  involuntarily  evoked,  yet  everything  bears  the  unmistakable  impress  of  individuality." 

Studio. 
"Mr.  Strang's  catalogue  may  best  be  described  as  a  pictorial  autobiography.     Open  the 

book  where  you  like,  and  you  will  find  the  veritable  Strang  before  you."— Athenaum. 

1  vol.  demy  8vo,  546  pp.  10s.  net. 

EARLY  SCOTTISH  CHARTERS. 

Prior  to  A. n.  1153.    A  Series  of  270  Charters,  Collected,  with  Notes  and  Index,  by  Sir 
ARCHIBALD  C.  LAWRIE. 

"Sir  Archibald  Lawrie  has  rendered  a  valuable  s -rvice  to  historical  inquiries  by 
bringing  together  in  one  volume  a  large  collection  of  ancient  charters.  A  copy  of  this 
important  work  ought  tobe  in  every  public  library,  and  in  Scotland  no  library,  either 
public  or  private,  should  bo  considered  complete  without,  it,."— Wmlminxter  Review. 


ELIZABETHAN    TRAVELS    SERIES. 

A  fully  illustrated  Prospectus  of  this  very  important 

Series  will  be  sent  post  free  on  application. 

NEW  VOLUME. 

LITHG0WS   TRAVELS. 

THE  TOTALL  DISCOURSE  of  the  Rare  Adventures,  and  painefull 
Peregrinations  of  long  nineteene  Yeares  Travayles,  from  Scotland,  to 
the  most  famous  Kingdomes  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  Perfited  by 
three  deare  bought  Voyages,  in  Surveighing  of  Forty  eight  kingdomes 
ancient  and  moderne.  By  WILLIAM  LITHGOW.  1  vol.  demy  8vo, 
cloth,  gilt  top,  12s.  6d.  net.  Special  Edition,  25s.  net. 
"The  book  has  something  of  the  charm  of  '  Eothen '  and  something  of 
the  fidelity    of   '  Robinson    Crusoe.'       In  interest   it   is    inferior   to  neither 

of  these  immortal  works Wonderfully  and  absorbingly  interesting  are  the 

adventures  of  this  brave  and  resolute  man The  record  of  his  exploits  is 

exchanting. " — Notes  and  Queries. 

HISTORY  OF  JAPAN,  1693. 

Translated  in  1727  by  J.  G.  SCHEUCHZER,  F.R.S.,  London.  From 
the  High  Dutch  of  ENGELBERT  KAEMPFER,  M.D.,  Physician  to 

the  Dutch  Embassy  to  the  Emperor's  Court.     3  vols,  demy  8vo,  cloth, 
gilt  top,  with  162  Illustrations,  37s.  6d.  net.     Special  Edition,  75s.  net. 
"  The  most  important  and  authoritative  early  work  upon  Japan.     A  more 
interesting  and  happier  reprint  is  not  to  be  desired." — Notes  and  Queries. 

"He  is  a  classic,  both  in  a  special  and  in  a  general  sense He  presents 

the  most  veracious  and  complete  picture  of  old  Japan  in  existence — the  only 
one,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  now  worth  regarding.  The  '  History '  cannot 
die,  for  it  has  no  rival,  while  its  style  is  as  lively  as  its  matter  is  interesting." 

Atltenaium. 

CORYAT'S  CRUDITIES. 

Hastily  gobbled  up  in  five  moneths  travells  in  France,  Savoy,  Italy, 
Rhetia,  com'only  called  the  Orisons  country,  Helvetia  alias  Switzer- 
land, some  parts  of  High  Germany  and  the  Netherlands ;  Newly 
digested  in  the  hungry  aire  of  Odcombe  in  the  County  of  Somerset, 
and  now  dispersed  to  the  nourishment  of  the  travelling  members  of 
this  Kingdome.  By  THOMAS  CORY  AT.  2  vols,  demy  8vo,  12s.  6d. 
net  per  vol.  Special  Edition,  50s.  net. 
"  There  are  few  more  delightful  books  of  old  time  travel,  and  none  which 
more  thoroughly  justify  republication  than  '  Coiyat's  Crudities.'  " 

Westminster  Gazette. 
"Lovers  of  our  old  literature  and  admirers  of  all  that  is  quaint,  humorous, 
and  interesting  should  make  instant  acquaintance  with  Thomas  Coryat  of 
Odcombe." — Notes  and  Queries. 

PURCHASS  COLLECTION  OF  VOYAGES. 

Intitled  Hakluytus  Posthumus  or  Purchas  His  Pilgrimes.  By  SAMUEL 
PURCHAS,  B.D.  20  vols,  demy  8vo,  12s.  Qd.  net  per  vol.  Vols.  I. -XIX. 
issued.     Special  Edition,  25s.  net  per  vol. 

This  is  the  jirsl  reprint  since  the  original  edition  of  1625. 

"They  are  the  records  of  the  foundation  of  the  modern  world.  The 
republication  of  '  Purchas's  Pilgrims '  is  a  service  of  the  first  order  to 
students,  and  no  library  of  any  importance  can  afford  to  miss  his  volumes 
from  its  shelves.  So  far  as  we  have  tested  it  the  reprint  is  accurate,  the 
reproductions  of  the  maps  and  sketches  of  the  original  are  well  done,  and 
when  the  index  volume  appears  and  makes  the  contents  readily  available, 
readers  will  have  before  them  a  compendium  of  the  geography  of  the  world  as 
it  was  known  to  <>ur  ancestors  up  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when 
another  era  of  discovery  opened.  Messrs.  MacLehose  are  indeed  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  the  successful  issue,  now  arrived  at  its  sixteenth  volume,  of  this 
noble  addition  to  the  history  of  the  conquest  of  the  earth  by  modern  commerce. 
We  say  addition,  for  Purchas  is  so  rare  a  volume  that  the  work  comes  to  most 
of  us  as  new." — Aihenavum. 

CAPTAIN  JOHN  SMITH'S  TRAVELS. 

The  Generall  Historie  of  Virginia,  New  England,  and  the  Summer 
Isles.  By  Capt.  .JOHN  SMITH.  2  vols,  demy  8vo,  12a.  6c..  net 
per  vol.     Special  Edition,  258.  net  per  vol.  [In  the  press. 

FYNES  MORYSON'S  ITINERARY. 

In  4  vols,  with  Illustrations,  12s.  6ct  net  per  vol.  [In  the  press. 

FURTHER  VOLUMES  WILL  BE  ANNOUNCED. 


Glasgow:  JAMES  MACLEHOSE  &  SONS,  Publishers  to  the  University. 
London  and  New  York  :  MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited. 


N° 4128,  Dec.  8,  1906  THE     ATHEN^UM 72j_ 


THREE  GREAT  WRITERS  OF  ROYS'  ROOKS 

AND    SOME    APPRECIATIONS    OF    THEIR    WORKS. 


"With  their  usual  enterprise,  Messrs.  BLACKIE  &  SON  have  done  their  best  to  fill  the  gap  in  boys'  litera- 
ture caused  by  the  death  of  that  favourite  author  Mr.  G.  A.  HENTY,  and  with  great  good  fortune  the  Firm 
have  succeeded  in  replacing  him  with  'young  blood'  that  is  young  enough  for  the  youngest,  and  vivid 
enough   to   please   the   most  exacting  of  boy-readers.      Captain   BRERETON    is  perhaps  the  chief  of  the  new 

group." — Pall  Mall  Gazette,  November  30th. 

CAPTAIN     F.     S.     BRERETON. 

N.B.— Capt.  Brereton's  Story,  '  A  Soldier  of  Japan,'  was  the  most  popular  boys'  book  last  year,  and  these  two 
new  volumes  promise  to  eclipse  the  record. 

TWO    NEW    STORIES. 

ROGER      THE      BOLD: 

A  Story  of  the  Conquest  of  Mexico.        6s. 

"During  the  last  few  years  Captain  F.  S.  Brereton  has  come  into  favour  very  rapidly  as  a  writer  of  boys'  stories.  The  book  is  excellently  written,  and 
the  interest  is  sustained  throughout."—  World,  November  20th,  1906.  "There  could  be  no  more  exciting  and  yet  thoroughly  wholesome  book  to  put  into  the 
hands  of  young  readers." — Glasgow  Herald.  "Captain  Brereton's  popularity  with  his  boy  readers  is  sure  to  be  greatly  enhanced  by  this  thrilling  story.  — 
Sheffield  Telegraph.  "  Described  with  rare  force  and  detail.  The  tale  forms  lively  reading,  the  fighting  being  specially  goad." — Athenatum.  "  Distinctly^ 
arises  above  the  ruck  of  the  boys'  books  of  the  year." — Daily  News.  "  What  more  could  any  boy  wish  ?  "—Daily  Telegraph.  "  Full  of  movement  and  stir." 
— Christian  World.      "Crowded  with  exciting  incidents." — Field.       "  A  thrilling  tale." — Westminster  Gazette. 


WITH     ROBERTS    TO    CANDAHAR: 

A  Story  of  the  Afghan  War.        5s. 

"Another  fine  story,  which  boys  will  not  soon  forget." — Newcastle  Chronicle.  "This  very  exciting  story." — Daily  Telegraph.  "  Narrated  with  con- 
siderable power.  Will  obtain  the  unanimous  approval  of  those  for  whom  the  literary  Captain  has  worked  so  splendidly  and  so  thoroughly.' — Glasgow 
Herald.     "  The  story  is  one  of  keen  interest." —  Westminster  Gazette. 

A    NEW    WRITER    FOR    BOYS. 

ALEXANDER     MACDONALD. 

"  We  shall  watch  Mr.  Macdonald's  experiment  with  interest,  as  his  '  In  Search  of  Eldorado  '  must  certainly  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  fascinating 
works  of  travel  in  the  English  language.     He  ought  to  be  an  ideal  teller  of  tales  to  enthral  and  edify  the  youth  of  our  land." — Daily  Mail. 

THE    LOST    EXPLORERS: 

A  Tale  of  the  Trackless  Desert.         6s. 

"  An  exciting  tale  of  West  Australian  life,  based,  we  learn,  on  the  author's  personal  experience.    Certainly  the  characters  are  lifelike fine  specimens 

of  manhood." — Athenaeum,  November  24th,  1906.  "  This  very  spirited  story." — Spectator.  "  As  a  genuinely  and  vividly  realistic  narrative  the  record  can 
hardly  be  beaten,  whilst  in  both  style  and  tone  it  reaches  the  highest  level." — Glasgow  Herald.  "  A  story  for  the  boy  who  loves  adventure.  Mr.  Macdonald 
spins  a  good  yarn." — Pall  Mail  Gazette.  "  The  author  makes  a  signally  successful  dibut  as  a  writer  for  boys." — Newcastle  Chronicle.  "  There  is  plenty  of 
healthy  adventure  and  incident  vouched  for  by  an  old  hand." — Daily  Telegraph.  "  The  book  is  one  that  few  boys  will  be  willing  to  lay  down  until  it 
is  finished." — Sheffield  Telegraph. 


"THE      BEST      PRESENT-DAY      WRITER      OF      SEA  -  STORIES." 

HARRY    COLLINGWOOD. 

The  SPECTATOR  says  : — "  As  a  story-teller  Mr.  Collingwood  is  not  surpassed." 

ACROSS    THE     SPANISH     MAIN: 

A  Story  of  the  Sea  in  the   Days  of  Queen    Bess.         5s. 

"  It  is  a  capital  sea-story." — Athenaeum,  November  24th,  1906.       "  The  book  is  literally  full,  from  end  to  end,  of  incidents,  and  a  boy  will  doubtless 
•consider  himself  lucky  who  finds  it  among  his  Christmas  presents."—  Daily  Telegraph.       "  A  fine,  healthy  story."— Sheffield  Telegraph. 


A  SET  OF  CATALOGUES,  BEAUTIFULLY  PRINTED  IN  COLOURS,  WILL  BE  SENT  POST  FREE  ON  RECEIPT  OF  POST  CARD. 


BLACKIE  &  SON,  Ltd.,  00,  Old  Bailey,  E.C. 


722 THE    ATHENAEUM N° 4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 

BERNARD    QUARTOH^J^ICCADILLY,    LONDON. 
A  HISTORY  OF  ORIENTAL  CARPETS  BEFORE  1800. 

By  F.  R.  MARTIN. 

Three  Parts,  atlas  folio,  with  40  (or  more)  superb  Plates,  Coloured,  Part-Coloured,  and  Plain.     250  Copies  printed. 
Subscription  price,  16/.  net.     Parts  I.  and  II.  ready  for  delivery. 
The  original  scheme  as  to  the  number  of  plates  &c.   having  been  much  enlarged,  it  will  be  necessary  to  limit  the  number  of  subscribers  at  16?.     After 
a  reasonably  short  interval,  the  price  of  the  book  will  be  raised  to  201.     The  work  is  uniform  in  size  and  style  with  that  issued  by  the  Austrian  Government. 

FAITHS     OF    MEN:    A  Cyclopaedia  of  Religions. 

By  the  late  Major-General  J.  G.  R.  FORLONG,  F.R.A.S.  F.R.S.E.,  &c. 

3  vols,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  51.  5s.  net. 

"  A  noble  effort  to  meet  a  want  that  is  being  felt  day  by  day  with  increasing  urgency In  this  object  he  has  admirably  succeeded.     But  he  has  left 

us   also   a   monument   of   a    charming   personality the  pioneer    movement   in   a   department  of  scientific   inquiry  that   is   of   the   first   importance    to- 

mankind. "— Dr.  T.  W.  Rhys  Davids,  Journal  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

"  There  are  about  three  thousand  articles  in  these  three  volumes The  book  is  not  only  erudite,  but  thoroughly  modern,  and  is  simply  indispensable 

for  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of  religions.     The  author  was  no  ordinary  man in  writing  this  book  he  has  reared  a  fitting  memorial  to  a  most  genial, 

sincere,  and  inspiring  personality." — Rev.  Dr.  J.  Glasse,  Review  of  Theology  and  Philosophy. 

"  It  is  almost  an  unique  circumstance  that  one  man  should  have  possessed  the  ability,  the  time,  the  money,  and  the  inclination  necessary  to  carry  out 
such  labour  ;  and  the  volumes  now  published  will  form  a  standard  source  of  information  for  the  increasing  circle  of  those  who  are  interested  in  the  comparative 

study  of  human  beliefs the  reader  of  this  Cyclopaedia  cannot  fail  to  recognize  that  the  author  was  a  man  of  truly  religious  nature,  of  fine  tolerance,  and  of 

earnest  desire  to  learn  and  maintain  truth." — Blackwood" s  Magazine,  April,  1906. 

"  The  book  is  clearly  of  an  erudition  immensely  wide conveniently  arranged  for  purposes  of   reference  of  facts,  and  points  of  recondite  learning, 

concerning  religion  in  general,  and  Oriental  religions  in  particular." — Scotsman,  May  5,  1906. 

"  It  is  altogether  a  remarkable  book,   and  will  be  found  extremely  useful  by  all   students  of  religion This  book  is  the  crowning  glory  of  a  most 

industrious,  strenuous,  and  devoted  life." — Dundee  Advertiser,  April  12,  1906. 

THE    SAGA    LIBRARY. 

THE  STORIES  OF  THE  KINGS  OF  NORWAY,  CALLED  THE 
ROUND  WORLD  (HEIMSKRINGLA). 

By  SNORRI  STURLESON. 
Done  into  English  out  of  the  Icelandic  by  WILLIAM  MORRIS  and  EIRIKR  MAGNUSSON. 

NOW  COMPLETE. 

4  vols,  crown  8vo,  Roxburghe  Binding,  11.  15s.  net. 
Sold  separately  :  Vols.  I. -III.,  each  Is.  6d.  net ;  Vol.  IV.,  12s.  Qd.  net. 


THE       BRITISH       MOSS-FLORA. 

By  R.  BRAITHWAITE,  M.D.  F.L.S.  &c. 

3   vols,    royal   8vo.  With    128   Plates,    containing   Thousands  of   Figures. 

.    In  23  Parts,  sewed  (Subscription  Price,  6/.  10s.  Qd.  net),  reduced  to  11.  16s.  net.  Bound  in  3  vols,  cloth,  21.  8s.  net. 

"  Mr.  Dixon,  in  his  Preface  to  his  '  Student's  Handbook  of  British  Mosses'  (1896),   referred  to  the  book  now  under  review  as  '  Braithwaite's  splendid 

and  elaborate  work which  has  done  so  much  to  stimulate  the  study  of  these  plants  in  our  country,  and  which  will  doubtless  remain  our  standard  work  for 

many  years  to  come.'     In  this  generous  appreciation  by  one  botanist  of   the  work  of  another  we  cordially  agree,  and  we  rejoice  for  ourselves,  as  well  as  for 
the  author,  at  the  completion  of  a  noble  piece  of  honest  work." — Nature,  August  31st,  1905. 

AN    ARABIC  -  ENGLISH    LEXICON^ 

By  E.  W.  LANE. 

8  vols,  royal  4to,  cloth  (published  10/. ),  reduced  to  11.  4s.  net. 

AN    ENGLISH  -  ARABIC    LEXICON. 

By  G.  P.  BADGER. 

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COLOURED  FIGURES  OF  THE  EGGS  OF  BRITISH  BIRDS. 

With  Descriptive  Notices. 
Edited  by  R.  BOWDLER  SHARPE. 

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This  is  the  standard  book  superseding  all  else  on  the  subject. 


THE  ROMAN  FORUM  AND  THE  PALATINATE, 

According  to  the  Latest  Discoveries. 
By  HORACE   MARUCCHI. 

8vo,  pp.  384,  with  2  Plans  and  numerous  Engravings  in  the  Text,  sewed,  5s.  net  ;  bound  in  half-red  morocco,  6s.  net. 


N°4128.  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


723 


By 


FROM    MIDSHIPMAN    TO    FIELD-MARSHAL. 

Field-Marshal  Sir  EVELYN  WOOD,  V.C.  G.C.B. 

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KINDLY   "WRITE  TO   MESSRS.   METHUEN   FOR  THEIR    NEW    ILLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE   AND   DECEMBER   BULLETIN. 


GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

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724 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


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tf°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


tHE    ATHENAEUM 


725 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  S,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Thirty  Years'  War 725 

A  Memoir  of  Sidney  Herbert 726 

The  First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth  Century  ..    728 

A  Queen  of  Indiscretions         728 

New  Novels  (The  F;tr  Horizon  ;  The  Lady  on  the 
Drciwi  g-rooin  Floor  ;  The  White  House  ;  The  Old 
Country  ;  As  Ye  have  Sown  ;  Smoke  in  the  Flame  ; 
The  Hearth  of  Button  ;  The  Enemy's  Camp  ;  Whom 
God  hath   Joined  ;    The   Ark   of   the   Curse ;    La 

Juive) 729—731 

Juvenile  Literature         731 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Hohenlohe  Memoirs;  The 
Heart  of  England;  Adim  Bede ;  Scenes  from 
Clerical  Life  ;  The  Songs  of  Sidi  Hammo  ;  A  Lodge 
in  the  Wilderness;  A  t.irl  of  Dreams;  Who's 
Who  ;  The  Publishers'  Circular)  . .         . .      734—735 

List  of  New  Books 735 

Miss  Mary  Bateson  ;  The  Case  of  Lamb's  Letters; 

Sales 736—737 

Literary  Gossip        738 

Science— Medical   Books;    societies;    Meetings 

Next  Week;  Gossip 739—741 

Fine  Arts— The  Tomb  of  Hatsiiopsitu  ;  Chats  on 
Old  Prints  ;  The  Old  Engravers  of  England  ; 
Some  Recent  Books  on  Greek  Art;  Pictures 
at  the  Rowley  Gallery  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip  741—743 
Music  — Madame  Patti's  Farewell;  Symphony 
Concerts;  M.  Risler's  Beethoven  Recitais; 
M.  Buhlig's  Recital;  Joachim  Concerts; 
Songs  for  Children;  Gossip;  Performances 

Next  Week  744—745 

Drama  —  A    Midsummer    Night's    Dream;     The 

eumenides  at  cambridge;  gossip         ..      745—746 
Index  to  Advertisers       746 


LITERATURE 


The  Cambridge  Modem  History.  Edited 
by  A.  W.  Ward,  D.Litt.  ;  G.  W. 
Prothero,  D.Litt.  ;  and  Stanley  Leathes. 
—Vol.  IV.  The  Thirty  Years'  War. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) 

In  the  Thirty  Years'  War  the  editors  of 
'  The  Cambridge  History  '  have  at  least 
a  coherent  subject  which  they  have 
arranged  with  lucidity  and  treated  with 
discretion.  The  great  European  conflict, 
as  they  truly  say,  "  had  a  complicated 
origin,  an  unprecedented  range,  and  far- 
reaching  consequences,"  and  it  "  gradually 
absorbed  into  itself  all  the  local  wars 
of  Europe."  This  is  true  over  a  wider 
field  than  the  editors  seem  inclined  to 
admit.  The  English  Civil  War,  though 
it  was  never  actually  merged  in  the  foreign 
conflict,  yet  had  many  points  of  con- 
nexion with  it,  and  forms  a  characteristic 
parallel  (as  English  developments  often 
do),  in  its  similarities  and  its  unlikenesses, 
to  the  current  of  disturbance  and  progress 
in  Europe.  We  regret  that  the  scheme 
of  the  volume  has  not  allowed  this  central 
unity  to  be  fully  set  forth.  The  striking 
and  significant  history  of  Eastern  Europe 
is,  for  example,  virtually  ignored.  The 
editors  are  content  to  assert,  very  truly, 
in  their  preface,  that  "  the  Turko-Calvin- 
istic  combination  announced  by  the 
pamphleteers  was  by  no  means  a  mere 
hallucination  "  ;  but  they  then  proceed 
to  ignore  it,  and  other  matters  much  more 
important,  altogether.  We  hope  that 
the  history  of  Turkey  in  Europe  and  that 
of  the  Balkan  districts  will,  in  some  other 
volume,  receive  adequate  treatment.  At 
present  we  must  be  content  to  lack  a 
significant  part  of  the  tale  of  European 
progress  in  the  seventeenth  century. 


The  omission  to  which  we  have  referred 
seems  to  us  to  have  a  natural  connexion 
with  the  tendency,  which  is  very  definite 
in  this  volume,  to  lay  exaggerated  stress 
on  the  history  of  England  and  the  lands 
with  which  she  was  then  in  association  or 
conflict.  There  are  two  notable  examples 
of  this,  neither  of  which  in  itself  is  to  be 
regretted,  for  both  are  written  by  special- 
ists, careful  and  accurate,  if  without  much 
inspiration  :  they  are  Prof.  Firth's  chapter 
on  '  Anarchy  and  Restoration  (1659-60),' 
in  which  over  twenty  pages  are  given  to  the 
history  of  thirteen  months,  and  Mr.  R. 
Dunlop's  excellent  summary  of  the  history 
of  Ireland  from  1611  to  1659.  In  the 
latter  case  we  are  far  from  complaining 
of  the  amount  of  space  allotted,  for  it  is 
not  more  than  five-and-twenty  pages  ; 
but  we  are  led  to  ask,  while  we  admit  the 
interest  of  the  tale  and  its  importance  too, 
Is  the  importance  of  the  English  rule  in 
Ireland  greater  than  that  of  the  Austrian 
rule  of  Hungary,  or  is  there  a  little  error 
in  historical  perspective  on  the  part  of 
the  editors  of  an  English  book  1  No  one 
who  really  understands  European  history 
can  doubt,  we  think,  that  Hungary  is  at 
least  as  interesting  and  important  as 
Ireland,  from  the  seventeenth  century  to 
the  present  day,  and  that  she  has  played 
a  greater  part  in  European  affairs  during 
the  whole  of  that  time.  The  era  of  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  or  perhaps  more 
strictly  the  period  covered  by  this  volume 
of  '  The  Cambridge  Modern  History,'  is 
of  great  importance  in  the  history  of  all 
the  States  which  now  form  the  Austro- 
Hungarian  Empire.  And,  to  take  the 
other  chapter  to  which  we  have  referred, 
Prof.  Firth  is  known  to  be  engaged  on  a 
continuation  of  the  work  of  the  late  S.  R. 
Gardiner.  To  that,  it  seems  to  us,  his 
minute  investigation  of  pamphlet  litera- 
ture and  of  the  changes  and  intrigues  of 
the  weeks  before  the  Restoration  more 
fitly  belongs  than  to  a  volume  of  com- 
pressed history  such  as  the  Cambridge 
work  has  now  become. 

We  are  tempted  to  take  another  example. 
An  interesting  chapter  is  contributed  by 
Mr.  A.  Clutton-Brock  on  '  The  Fantastic 
School  of  English  Poetry.'  He  attaches 
perhaps  too  much  importance  to  an  ill- 
supported  theory  of  Donne's  wild  oats, 
but  he  manages  in  a  brief  space  to  criticize 
with  acumen  and  to  appreciate  with 
justice.  But  what  is  the  real  importance 
of  Donne  and  his  fellows,  of  Herbert  and 
Vaughan,  Crashaw  and  Traherne,  or  even 
of  Cowley  and  Marvell,  in  a  political 
history  of  the  seventeenth  century  in 
Europe  ?  If  a  whole  chapter  is  devoted  to 
these  English  poets,  why  is  not  the  same 
space  given  to  Calderon  and  Quevedo, 
whose  place  in  the  history  of  literature 
no  one  will  deny  to  be  more  significant  ? 
We  can  only  account  for  it  by  a  ceil  a  in 
insularity  of  view  from  which  the  original 
designer  of  '  The  Cambridge  History  '  was 
cut  i rely  free. 

And  yet  insularity  is  the  last  charge  we 
should  bring  against  the  Master  of  IVler- 
house,  the  senior  editor  of  the  present 
volume.     He  shows  again,  in  a  number  of 


closely  written  chapters,  as  he  has 
so  often  shown  before,  his  unequalled 
knowledge  of  foreign  diplomacy,  and 
notably  of  the  history  of  Germany  in  all 
its  aspects.  It  is  a  little  difficult  to  say 
anything  new  about  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  in  its  narrow  sense,  but  yet  the  Master 
of  Peterhouse,  by  some  deft  allusion  to 
dispatches  or  memoirs,  again  and  again 
throws  an  air  of  freshness  over  a  thrice- 
told  tale.  His  treatment  of  the  central 
part  of  the  book  is  indeed  admirable  ;  and 
we  can  give  the  same  praise,  in  circum- 
stances equally  difficult,  to  Dr.  G.  W. 
Prothero.  Both  are  eminently  sane  and 
judicious  writers,  with  an  unerring  eye  for 
the  essential  facts.  It  is  rare  that  either 
of  them  makes  a  slip,  and  Dr.  Prothero 
(with  his  recent  experiences  of  an  eccle- 
siastical commission)  shows  himself  an 
adept  in  theology  as  well  as  in  history  ; 
yet  we  must  enter  a  protest  by  the  way 
against  the  assertion  that  "  High  Church 
doctrines,  the  creed  of  L?ud,"  were  upheld 
by  Falkland,  Hales,  and  Chillingworth. 
Though  Laud  tolerated  those  eminent 
men,  in  a  way  that  Puritanism  would  not, 
surely  no  one  who  is  acquainted  with 
their  works  would  assert  that  they  were 
High  Churchmen  or  Laudians. 

We  can  also  highly  praise  the  work  of 
Mr.  S.  Leathes  on  Richelieu  and  on  Mazarin. 
He  is  lucid,  cogent,  complete,  in  his  survey 
of  a  long  and  difficult  series  of  events, 
policies,  interactions,  intrigues.  But  at 
the  same  time  we  are  bound  to  say  that 
his  chapters  afford  an  illustration  of  what 
seems  to  us  the  chief  defect  of  the 
present  volume. 

The  weakest  part  of  the  scheme  is 
its  treatment  of  great  men.  The  method 
has  become  so  closely  assimilated  to 
that  of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography '  that  we  are  hardly  ever 
allowed  a  real  insight  into  the  character, 
an  estimate  of  the  true  force,  of  great  men. 
Cromwell,  Wallenstein,  Richelieu — three 
among  the  greatest  of  the  historic  figures 
of  any  age — pass  before  us,  with  scarce 
an  attempt  to  make  them  live  or  to  let  us 
know  the  vital  principles  by  which  they 
moved,  and  conquered,  and  failed  :  they 
"  come  like  shadows,  so  depart."  With 
the  painting  of  lesser  men  the  authors 
are  much  more  successful.  Philip  III., 
Philip  IV.,  Christian  IV.,  and  in  a  less 
degree  Mazarin  and  the  Emperors  Mathias 
and  Ferdinand,  are  far  clearer  in  our  eyes, 
through  the  presentment  of  writers  whose 
skill  has  happily  expressed  their  per- 
sonalities. 

There  is  no  doubt  a  danger  connected 
with  vivid  portraiture.  Mr.  Martin  Hume, 
for  example,  does  not  remain  easily  on  the 
heights  of  the  sublime  :  and  in  some  less 
facile  writers  there  is  a  distinct  straining 
after  effect.  Yet  we  would  sacrifice  some- 
thing for  more  vigour  and  actuality  in 
many  a  page  of  this  large  book. 

But  we  do  not  wish  to  be  un- 
gracious towards  the  accomplishment  of 
a  very  difficult  task.  Specialists  have 
written  in  this  hook,  and  written  well; 
besides  those  we  have  named,  Dr.  Moritz 
Brosch  and  Mr.  Horatio  Brown  are  to  be 


726 


THE    ATfiEN^UM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


read  with  profit  and  delight ;  and  Mr. 
Edmundson  and  Prof.  Egerton,  with  others 
also,  deserve  our  best  thanks.  Not  the 
least  interesting  chapter  in  the  volume 
is  the  last,  by  Prof.  Emile  Boutroux  on 
Descartes.  We  presume  that  we  shall 
hear  more  of  Jansenism  in  vol.  v.,  but 
meanwhile  we  have  a  brilliant  account  of 
Pascal.  There  is,  indeed,  throughout  the 
volume  a  great  deal  of  special  work  that 
demand?  warm  commendation.  But  even 
more  is  praise  due  to  the  judgment  of 
authors  and  editors  by  which,  for  the 
most  part,  the  truly  important  points  are 
emphasized.  We  are  inclined  to  think 
that  a  ser'ous  exception  to  this  is  the  fact 
that  so  little  is  made  of  the  commercial 
side  of  the  policy  of  Sweden,  and  that  the 
position  of  Oxenstierna,  as  a  man  of  busi- 
ness, and  of  many  of  those  who  worked 
with  him,  as  merchants,  is  virtually  ignored. 
But  for  the  most  part  exactly  what  should 
be  said  is  said,  and  is  said  accurately. 
Facts  and  style  alike  are  above  suspicion  : 
it  is  rare  indeed  that  we  have  such  a  slip 
as  that  which  speaks  of  the  Franciscans 
as  monks,  or  such  a  sentence  as  this  : 
"  But  Spee  died  in  1635  ;  Jacob  Bohme 
already  in  1624."  Misprints  are  not 
common  :  but  to  a  list  of  corrigenda  on 
p.  xxx  may  be  added  the  name  of 
"  Morel-Fatis  "  (p.  920),  which  should  be 
Morel-Fatio. 

While  we  cannot  but  agree  with  the 
editors  of  Lord  Acton's  '  Lectures  on 
Modern  History '  that  '  The  Cambridge 
History  '  as  it  actually  appears  does  not 
express  ideals  which  are  altogether  his, 
we  continue  to  recognize  the  workmanlike 
industry  which  is  shown  in  its  compilation, 
and  to  welcome  its  bibliographies  as  of 
considerable  value  even  to  advanced 
students. 


Sidney   Herbert :   a    Memoir.      By    Lord 

Stanmore.  2  vols.  (John  Murray.) 
The  dullness  and  triviality  of  the  early 
part  should  not  deter  purchasers  from 
buying  and  readers  from  eagerly  seek- 
ing for  this  book.  All  know  of  its 
publication,  for  our  daily  contemporaries 
naturally  fasten  with  avidity  on  the  extra- 
ordinarily interesting  letters  of  Gladstone 
which  fill  page  after  page  of  the  middle 
portion  of  the  memoir.  There  are  here 
letters  of  Gladstone  more  characteristic  of 
the  man,  and  such  as  to  constitute  a 
better  defence  of  the  philosophy  and 
moral  basis  of  his  life,  than  any  which 
have  yet  appeared.  They  belong  to  the 
most  interesting  period  ;  that  in  which 
he  still  fancies  himself  a  strong  Conser- 
vative, likely  to  rejoin  a  party,  the  con- 
tinued strength  of  which  he  regarded  as 
vital  to  the  interest  of  the  Empire.  Her- 
bert feared  that  the  attitude  of  his  friend 
had  excluded  him  from  power  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life  : — 

"  ( Jladstono's  position  is  becoming  every 
day  more  difficult.  .  .  .1  do  not  see  how  he 
can  ever  effect  a  reconciliation  with  the 
Liberal  party.... it  grieves  me  very  much, 
but  I  foresee.... a  great  career  marred  by 
the  false  steps  into  which  hie  impatience  and 
his  predilections  have  hurried  him." 


So  it  was  throughout  Gladstone's  career. 
Eleven  years  later,  after  Palmerston's 
death,  and  just  before  the  carrying  of  the 
Irish  Church  resolutions,  the  Liberal  party 
were  almost  united  in  the  belief  that 
Gladstone  had  again  made  himself 
"impossible"  as  leader.  After  the 
triumphant  period  of  Gladstone's  First 
Administration  and  the  panic  of  the  1874 
election,  Gladstone's  retirement  was,  in 
the  opinion  of  his  political  friends,  "  final." 
Yet  he  lived  to  be  Prime  Minister  in 
three  more  Administrations.  Gladstone 
throughout  life  was  given  to  "  retiring  for 
ever  "  from  affairs.  There  is  a  letter  in 
this  volume,  written  in  January,  1861,  in 
which  occur  the  words,  in  relation  to  his 
interference  in  the  interests  of  economy, 
"the  last  time  that  you  or  any  one  will 
receive  from  me  an  appeal  of  this  nature." 
The  use  of  the  phrase  is  ambiguous,  but 
the  appeal  itself  is  almost  exactly  like 
that  which  was  addressed  to  his  col- 
leagues by  Gladstone  as  Prime  Minister 
thirty  -  three  years  later.  Sidney  Her- 
bert, although  always  putting  himself 
in  the  wrong  or  put  in  the  wrong  by 
Gladstone,  upholds  in  many  matters  a 
truer  view.  The  "  standpoint  "  loved  of 
Germans  was  present  in  Gladstone  and 
absent  from  Herbert's  mind.  Gladstone 
was  easily  victor  on  aceount  of  the  in- 
evitable predominance  in  discussion  of 
standpoint  over  floating  opportunism,  but 
the  ordinary  man  feels  that  somehow, 
while  Herbert  had  the  "  worst  of  it,"  he 
ought  to  have  had  the  best  of  the  argu- 
ment. 

The  really  valuable  part  of  the  memoir 
is  in  the  very  middle.  After  the  fall  of 
Sebastopol,  and  during  the  protracted 
negotiations  for  a  peace,  the  whole  Majuba 
controversy  of  future  times  is  here  fought 
out  in  advance.  Sir  William  Howard 
Russell  is  bitterly  attacked  by  Herbert 
for  having  hinted  at  the  real  nature  of 
the  disaster  of  the  Redan.  The  French 
had  distinguished  themselves ;  we  had 
conspicuously  failed.  Gladstone  was  for 
peace  ;  Herbert  was  for  maintaining  our 
prestige  by  "  wiping  out  the  stain" — to 
use  Majuba  language.  "  I  trust  the  army 
will  lynch  The  Times  correspondent."  We 
now  know  that  which  Herbert,  doubtless, 
did  not  know— that  Dr.  Russell  had 
strained  the  truth,  in  the  opposite  sense 
to  that  suggested,  for  the  sake  of  his  paper, 
the  sake  of  his  comrades,  and  for  patriotic 
reasons.  He  had  already  described 
Inkerman  as  a  glorious  feat  of  arms  on 
the  part  of  all  the  British  troops.  More 
than  a  generation  later  Sir  W.  H.  Russell 
published  the  Inkerman  notes  which  he 
had  previously  excluded  from  his  letters. 
These  show  that,  while  half  of  the  troops 
engaged  fought  as  well  as  their  predeces- 
sors had  fought  at  Albuera,  another  half 
conducted  themselves  in  very  different 
fashion.  The  day  of  Alma  had  displayed 
the  British  army  at  its  best ;  at  Balaclava 
the  men  had  fought  well,  though  the  staff 
work  had  been  disgraceful;  by  the  time 
of  the  day  of  Inkerman  the  army  had 
become  shaken  ;  and  as  regards  the  Redan, 
while  a  few  men  joined  with  their  officers 


in  displajdng  magnificent  heroism,  the  less 
said  about  the  rest  the  better.  Gladstone 
was  not  guided  by  the  same  considerations 
as  his  correspondent.  As  to  the  conduct 
of  Dr.  Russell  he  held  his  judgment  in 
suspense,  but  he  thought  that  all  British 
statesmen  would  have  to  answer  at  the 
tribunal  of  God  for  their  share  in  the  war. 
While  he  believed  that  it  was  "  gross  mis- 
conduct "  in  the  The  Times  to  publish  "  at 
such  a  time,  and  with  no  authority," 
letters  calculated  to  lower  us  "  in  the 
eyes  of  Europe,"  the  question  remained, 
"Is  it  true?.... It  read  to  me  as  if  a 
good  deal  of  it  came  rather  too  directly 
from  the  lips  of  officers  themselves."  In 
his  reply  to  this  letter  Sidney  Herbert, 
whose  conscience  had  been  appealed  to, 
set  out  the  ethics  of  making  peace  after  a 
defeat ;  but  his  answer  was  not  such  as 
could  satisfy  or  did  satisfy  his  master  in 
the  Peelite  faith.  He  went  on  to  describe 
the  proposed  first  number  of  The  Saturday 
Review,  to  which  the  editor  wished  Glad- 
stone to  contribute ;  and  we  note  that 
"Cook  must. ..  .establish  his  character 
for  blood thirstiness."  We  doubt  if  Her- 
bert ever  grasped  Gladstone's  true  beliefs. 
He  was  misled,  perhaps,  by  the  practice 
described  in  these  letters  by  Gladstone 
himself:  "In  my  speeches  I  may  have 
mixed  up  all  kinds  of  follies  with  these 
principles,  and  so  far  as  I  have  done  this 
I  am  greatly  to  blame."  But  Herbert 
looked  only  to  the  ordinary  considerations 
of  statesmen,  and  in  writing  to  his  wife 
explained:  ''Gladstone  seems  to  me  to 
be  under  an  illusion  as  to  the  state  of 
public  feeling." 

The  peace  negotiations  were,  as  has 
already  been  pointed  out  in  France, 
marked  by  close  friendship  between  the 
Russians  and  the  French  with  whom  they 
were  still  at  war.  Herbert's  words  are 
quoted  that 

"  whenever  peace  came  the  French  would 
reap  the  benefit  of  it ...  .  Already  the  Russians 
marked  the  distinction,  and  say  that  the 
French  make  war  like  gentlemen." 

Gladstone  had  a  true  principle  before 
him  at  this  time,  not  only  as  to  peace, 
but  also  as  to  war :  "  To  the  canying  on 
of  war  without  defined  objects. .  .  .1  have 
the  greatest  repugnance."  Mr.  Spenser 
Wilkinson  has  well  pointed  out  in  some 
of  his  essays  that  the  latter  part  of  the 
Crimean  War  constituted  a  politico- 
strategic  heresy ;  and  it  is  this  false  doc- 
trine which  is  here  admirably  described 
by  Gladstone.  The  peace  was  as  wanting 
in  definiteness  as  had  been  the  second 
half  of  the  war.  We  now  learn  for  the 
first  time  how  general  was  the  admission 
among  our  statesmen  that  the  neutraliza- 
tion of  the  Black  Sea,  suggested  by  Austria 
and  eagerly  accepted,  could  not  be  main- 
tained.    Herbert  wrote  that  he  did  not 

"  understand  tin-  machinery  by  which  the 
neutralisation  is  to  bo  made  effective.... 
The  want  of  security  to  Russia  will  force  her 
to  evade  the  Treaty,  and  the  evasion  will 
either  be  repressed  or  it  will  not.  If  it  be, 
there  will  be  another  war  ;  if  it  be  not,  there 
will  have  been  no  settlement  as  the  result 
of  the  present  war." 


N°4128,  Dec.  8.  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


727 


Gladstone  replied  :  "  She  will  accept  with 
the  firm  intention  to  break  the  engage- 
ment on  the  first  opportunity."  Lord 
Aberdeen 

"  predicted  that  she  would  take  the  first 
opportunity  of  disregarding  the  obligations 
of  the  Treaty,  and  that  we  should  be  obliged 
to  acquiesce  in  her  doing  so." 

There  is  another  curious  prophecy,  on  a 
side  issue,  in  these  passages.  Herbert 
wrote  to  Gladstone  that  the  front- bench 
below-the-gangway  "  will  be  very  inquisi- 
tive and  suspicious,  and  Mr.  Otway  will 
represent  the  honour  of  the  nation." 
Fifteen  years  and  two  months  later  Sir 
Arthur  Otway  resigned  the  Under- 
Secretaryship  for  Foreign  Affairs  upon 
this  very  question.  He  is,  by  the  way, 
not  indexed,  but  happily  still  with  us. 

The  Peelites  gave  us  among  War 
Ministers  the  two  who  have  left  by  far 
the  most  considerable  name.  During  the 
many  years  that  Herbert's  statue  has 
stood  before  the  War  Office  its  presence 
has  afforded  the  text  to  innumerable 
writers  who  have  described  how  the 
Crimean  War  and  the  breakdown  of  his 
department  had  slowly  killed  this  states- 
man, who  was  one  of  the  few  who  could 
ill  be  spared.  Herbert  and  Cardwell  had 
successively  to  deal  with  a  state  of  things 
so  different  from  that  which  now  sur- 
rounds us  in  the  modern  world  that  their 
authority  acts  rather  by  way  of  drag 
upon  the  reformers  who  really  continue 
their  traditions  in  the  present  day. 
Neither  was  a  man  who  would  have 
allowed  his  views  to  undergo  petrification. 
Perhaps  the  heaviest  loss  by  the  death 
of  a  considerable  administrator  is  that  his 
opinions  and  actions  of  the  moment  are 
afterwards  used  as  a  false  guide  in 
circumstances  in  which  he  would  have 
acted  otherwise. 

The  Peelites  in  this  book  are  chiefly 
occupied  in  discussing  the  party  system. 
Gladstone  had  regarded  the  disruption  as 
an  unmixed  evil,  and  was  as  firm  a 
believer  in  the  essential  importance  of  the 
party  system  as  is  Mr.  Balfour.  Cardwell 
and  Herbert  wished  to  unite  with  the 
Liberal  party,  but  did  not  believe  in  the 
absolute  necessity  of  any  union  or  of  the 
party  system.  Gladstone  indignantly 
refused  to  join  the  Liberals,  but  based  his 
desire  to  return  to  the  Tories  chiefly  on  the 
ground  that  the  two-party  system  was 
essential.  On  this  point  he  wrote  an 
article  in  The  Quarterly  Review,  of  which 
he  was  not  supposed  at  the  time  to  be 
the  writer.  Herbert  said  of  it  a  true 
thing  : 

"  The  destruction  of  the  simple  old  party 
organisation,  though  immensely  inconvenient 
to  Members  of  Parliament,  is  by  no  means 
an  unmixed  evil  as  regards  the  country," 

and  to  Gladstone  himself  lie  wrote  throw- 
ing doubts  upon  the  value  of  "  the 
existence  of  two  parties  each  offering  to 
do  the  same  thing,  but  one  claiming  to  do 
it  better  than  the  other."  We  note  con- 
cerning a  matter  interesting  to  our  readers 
that  Gladstone  here  admits  of  his  anony- 
mous article  in  The  Quarterly  "as  Herbert 


admits  in  respect  of  articles  in  The  Saturday 
Review,  that  the  articles  would  have  been 
different — if  signed.  They  thought  it 
becoming  to  consider  the  views  of  the 
special  audience  which  they  were  address- 
ing and  the  opinions  professed  by  the 
reviews  in  which  they  wrote.  Gladstone 
explains  that  his  Quarterly  article  was 
not  exactly  representative  of  his  own 
beliefs. 

The  last  years  of  Herbert's  life  were 
made  miserable  by  a  political  quarrel  with 
Gladstone,  so  grave  as  to  shake,  though  it 
did  not  destroy,  their  friendship.  Chan- 
cellors of  the  Exchequer  rarely  avoid 
sharp  conflict  with  "  the  spending  depart- 
ments." Herbert  was  a  disciple  of 
"  efficiency."  In  the  precise  matter  on 
which  difference  became  acute,  within  the 
Cabinet  itself — that  of  Palmerston's  forti- 
fications— Herbert  was  by  no  means  a 
thick-and-thin  supporter  of  the  project  : 
on  the  whole,  he  accepted  it,  and  was 
indeed  drawn  by  controversy  into  the 
defence  of  positions  which  appear  to  us  in 
these  days  ridiculous.  When  the  creation 
of  a  Defence  Committee  of  the  Cabinet 
was  recommended  in  the  early  nineties, 
and  adopted  after  Gladstone's  retirement, 
just  before  the  fall  of  the  Rosebery 
Administration,  it  escaped  notice  that  a 
similar  body,  though  with  more  limited 
functions,  had  existed  under  the  same 
name  in  1859.  The  Prince  Consort 
writes  : — 

"  A  defence  Committee  of  the  Cabinet, 
consisting  of  the  Prime  Minister,  Secretary 
for  War,  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and 
Commander-in-Chief,  with,  I  believe,  the 
Home  Secretary,  has  discussed  the  political 
and  general  bearings  of  the  schemes  laid 
before  it  by  the  Secretary  for  War." 

This  was  the  plan  by  which  Palmerston 
had  obtained  Cabinet  sanction,  against 
Gladstone's  fierce  opposition,  for  his 
fortifications.  Herbert  had  been  gradually 
brought  to  give  Palmerston  his  full 
support,  and  circulated  to  the  Cabinet  a 
paper  in  which  he  gave  reasons  for  con- 
structing the  Portsmouth,  Plymouth. 
Thames,  and  other  works  out  of  loan 
money  as  "  a  naval  rather  than  a  military 
expenditure."  In  this  memorandum  he 
used  arguments  which  justify  our  use  of 
the  term  we  have  applied  to  them  : — 

"  The  fortification  remains  to  all  time. 
Posterity  will  gain.  ..  .everything  from  our 
fortifications,  which  will  be  useful  to  many 
generations." 

A  generation  is  usually  taken  as  thirty- 
three  years.  At  the  end  of  a  single 
generation,  in  1892,  the  Hilsea  lines  and 
the  Portsdown  forts  were  universally  ad- 
mitted to  be  totally  useless.  In  1859 
Gladstone 

"  was  firmly  opposed  to  a  Loan  for  the 
purpose,  or  to  any  enactment  providing  for 
an  expenditure  extending  over  several  years." 

When  the  Fortification  Loan  Bill  was 
before  the  House  of  Commons,  Herbert 
expressed  in  public  the  doctrine  which 
he  had  previously  placed  before  his 
colleagues  :  "  Ships. . .  .live  only  about 
thirty    years."     Modern    battleships    un- 


fortunately have  but  a  shorter  effective 
existence.  Herbert's  fortifications,  ex- 
cluding "  everything  which  is  perishable," 
did  not  maintain  an  existence  of  even 
"  about  thirty  years."  Palmerston,  in  his 
support  of  military  expenditure,  admitted 
that  he  had  allowed  the  fleet  to  fall  below 
its  proper  strength.  In  1861  he  wrote  to 
the  dying  Herbert  that  the  Emperor  of 
the  French 

"  is  only  waiting  till  he  has  succeeded  in 
being  strongest  at  sea  (which  it  is  our  busi- 
ness to  prevent)  to  launch ....  his  long- 
pent-up     and     craftily     concealed     enmity 

against  England." 

The  last  hard  work  of  Herbert's  life 
was  connected  with  the  China  War. 
Survivors  of  the  expedition  remember 
the  use  which  was  made  of  Port  Arthur 
and  of  Dalny  for  the  massing  of  our 
fleets  and  armies,  but  were  not  aware  of 
the  previous  rejection  of  a  point  long 
afterwards  to  be  occupied  by  us  as 
equally  valuable.  Herbert's  general,  Sir 
Hope  Grant,  had,  we  find,  reported  on 
its  deficiencies. 

"  Wei-hi-wei.  .  .  .1  found  would  not  do 
for  a  depot.  There  was  a  great  scarcity  of 
fresh  water,  and  the  harbour  was  too  small 
and  exposed." 

On  the  day  on  which  the  news  of  the 
occupation  of  this  station  reached  London. 
Lord  Charles  Beresford  pointed  out  the 
enormous  width  of  the  entrance  to  our 
military  harbour  of  North  China,  and 
made  a  rough  calculation  of  the  cost  of 
rendering  it  defensible  against  torpedo 
boats.  These  did  not  exist  in  the  time  of 
Sir  Hope  Grant,  and  have  added  to  the 
weak  points. 

Among  the  trivialities  of  the  two  big 
volumes  some  will  amuse  the  general 
reader,  as  is  always  the  case  with  the 
trivialities  of  the  great.  Palmerston 
describes  to  Herbert  the  frost  of 
December  24th,  1860,  which  still  yields 
the  London  minimum  record.  At  Broad- 
lands  "  my  register  thermometer  recorded 
itself  to  have  been  down  at  15°  last  night." 
The  thermometer  was,  doubtless,  one  of 
those  constructed  on  the  Fahrenheit 
system,  in  which  32°  +  is  the  freezing- 
point. 

Lord  Stanmore  has,  on  the  whole,  done 
his  work  well,  but  some  readers  will  object 
to  the  occasional  intrusion  of  his  own 
personality  and  opinions  :  as,  for  example, 
in  a  paragraph  relating  to  the  Arrow 
dispute  with  China. 

"  On  the  whole,  and  looking  back  after  an 
interval  of  nearly  fifty  years,  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  that  the  instinct  which  led  the 
country  to  rally  to  Lord  Palmerston's  sup- 
port was  right,  and  that  the  course  taken  in 
opposing  measures  which  had  become  in- 
evitable was  wrong." 

The  index,  though  good  as  far  as  it 
goes,  is  insufficient,  and  many  names 
would  have  been  the  better  for  fuller 
reference,  or  for  additional  foot-notes  to 
the  text.  General  Sir  W.  Fane,  of  Fane's 
Horse  fame,  appears,  for  instance,  only 
as  "  Capt.  Fane  "  ;  and  his  colleague  of 
Probyn's  Horse  only  as  "  Major  Probyn." 


728 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


The  First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth  Century. 
By  Herbert  J.  C.  Grierson.  "  Periods 
of  European  Literature."  (Blackwood 
&  Sons.) 

It  is  now  over  seven  years  since  this 
volume — the  antepenultimate  in  order  of 
publication — was  announced.  Seven  years 
is  not  a  long  time  when  we  consider  the 
richness  and  diversity  of  the  period,  and 
the  difficulty  of  preparing  a  readable  digest 
of  its  contents.  The  author,  Prof.  Grier- 
son, has  relieved  himself  of  some  of  this 
difficulty  by  selecting  one  European 
literature  and  giving  it  the  place  of  honour. 
If  Mr.  Hannay's  was  the  Spanish  volume 
of  the  series,  this  is  the  Dutch.  Prof. 
Grierson  has  not  confined  himself  to 
Vondel  and  Hooft  and  their  contempo- 
raries, but  has  wandered  back  to  their 
precursors  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
We  are  glad  to  have  this  story  in  English, 
for  it  is  not  too  well  known,  and  there  are 
few  Englishmen  who  read  these  authors 
in  the  original  tongue.  But  proportion 
in  a  book  of  this  kind  may  not  be  neglected, 
especially  since  the  vernacular  literature 
of  Holland  cannot  be  considered  of  first 
importance  in  the  general  survey  of 
European  letters,  even  in  the  seventeenth 
century. 

Mr.  Grierson  tells  us  that  he  began  to 
love  the  Netherlands  when  in  his  boyish 
days  he  saw  the  fisher  folk  in  the  harbour 
of  Aberdeen,  and  that  he  has  had  later 
opportunities  of  holiday  intercourse  with 
the  learned  at  Amsterdam  and  Ley  den. 
This  does  not  appear  to  us  to  be  an  ade- 
quate excuse  for  his  giving,  more  Batavo, 
too  little  space  to  the  rest  of  Europe,  and 
"  asking  too  much  "  for  the  Rederijkers. 
Nor  can  we  say  that  this  disproportion  is 
a  mere  error  of  judgment,  for  Mr.  Grierson 
too  often  looks  upon  what  we  may  call 
non-Dutch  literature  from  a  Dutch  point 
of  view.  Crashaw's  hymn  '  On  the 
Glorious  Assumption '  is,  he  tells  us, 
"  written  in  the  same  exalted  strain  as 
Vondel' s  dedication  of  the  '  Brieven  der 
Heilige  Maeghden,'  but  Vondel' s  style  is 
simpler  and  more  masculine."  Overbury 
finds  his  "  closest  parallel  in  the  com- 
bination of  wit,  feeling,  and  philosophy  " 
in  "  the  poetic  characters,  the  Zedeprinten, 
of  the  Dutch  poet  Huyghens,  who  strikes 
at  times,  however,  a  higher  note."  Gry- 
phius's  tragedies  "  breathe  the  same 
Christian  spirit  as  Vondel's,  but  Gry- 
phius's  are  in  the  more  melodramatic 
Senecan  style,  which  Vondel  outgrew  as 
he  became  familiar  with  Greek  tragedy." 
We  have  taken  these  remarks  at  random 
from  the  chapters  on  English  and  German 
literature.  They  might  have  appeared 
in  a  volume  written  in  Dutch  for  Dutch 
students. 

If  we  seem  to  make  too  much  of  Mr. 
Grierson's  disproportionate  treatment  of 
Dutch,  let  us  turn  to  the  short  chapter 
on  '  English  Poetry.'  In  this  he  has 
(according  to  his  own  chapter-heading)  to 
discuss  Chapman,  the  younger  Spen- 
serians,  the  Fletchers,  Browne,  Wither, 
Quarles,  More,  Drummond,  Donne,  Jon- 
son,  the  Caroline  Court  Poets,   Herbert, 


Vaughan,  Crashaw,  Carew,  Lovelace,  Suck- 
ling, Herrick,  Marvell,  Milton,  Waller, 
Denham,  Davenant,  Chamberlayne,  Cow- 
ley, and  others — an  appalling  list  for 
a  Professor  of  Literature  with  sixty- 
six  small  pages  at  his  disposal.  Yet  in 
this  chapter  we  have  three  and  a  half 
pages  devoted  to  the  godly  Thomas 
Traherne  !  We  think  that  even  Mr. 
Bertram  Dobell  would  be  disturbed  by  this 
inequality.  Like  faults  of  proportion  are 
to  be  found  in  the  chapter  on  '  French 
Verse  and  Prose.'  All,  or  any,  of  these 
are  most  serious  in  a  volume  where  a  just 
relationship  of  the  parts  should  be  ob- 
served at  all  costs. 

Again,  and  to  show  that  we  do  not  wish 
to  appear  wanton  in  our  censure  of  a 
book  which  we  have  tried  to  like,  we  shall 
select  at  random  one  or  two  minor  appre- 
ciations, in  which  we  miss  the  desiderata 
of  critical  propriety  and  sense  of  pro- 
portion. The  author,  in  speaking  of  the 
"  lyrical  features "  of  Vondel's  choral 
odes,  tells  us  that  "  the  late  Dr.  Beets, 
himself  a  poet,  and  the  most  humorous 
painter  of  Dutch  life,  has  enumerated 
and  illustrated  the  beauties "  of  these 
pieces.  What,  we  may  ask,  have  these 
Beetsian  epithets  to  do  with  Mr.  Grierson's 
thesis  ?  and,  especially,  what  is  the 
fitness  of  bringing  in  the  humours  of 
Dutch  life  in  this  matter  of  Vondel  ? 
Or  again  : — 

"  There  is  more  in  such  a  scene  to  evoke 
the  Transcendental  Feeling,  the  solemn 
sense  of  the  immediate  presence  of  '  that 
which  was  and  is  and  ever  shall  be,'  to  induce 
which  is,  Professor  Stewart  tell  [sic~\  us,  the 
chief  end  of  poetry,  than  in  a  whole  tragedy 
of  Corneille." 

We  may  leave  the  question  of  bathos  and 
involved  sense  to  the  rhetorician  :  we 
are  here  merely  concerned  with  the  in- 
appropriateness  of  the  whole  passage. 
A  more  elaborate  example  of  this  type  of 
sentence  will  be  found  on  pp.  84-5,  but 
it  is  too  long  to  quote.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  is  hard  to  discover  the  critical 
intention  of  a  congested  sentence  such  as 
this  :  "  Drummond's  poetry  is  Italianate, 
florid,  and  fluent,  not  condensed,  abrupt, 
or  metaphysical." 

The  truth  is  that  Prof.  Grierson  has  relied 
too  much  on  the  opinions  of  others  (he 
frankly  admits  that  he  is  "  presenting  " 
a  digest  of  that  opinion  for  the  use  of 
the  "  English  student  of  comparative 
literature "),  and  has  yet  to  discover 
that  the  writing  of  a  book  of  this 
kind  requires  much  experience.  Faculty, 
too,  is  required  in  the  choice  of  autho- 
rities and  helpers.  This  is,  of  course, 
the  author's  own  affair,  but  students  need 
not  be  told  that  he  has  gone  to  Johannes- 
burg for  assistance  in  his  Italian  chapter, 
in  which,  and  throughout  the  book, 
Marini  masquerades  as  "  Marino,"  and 
Da  Porto  as  "  Da  Porta." 

The  volume  illustrates  the  difficulties 
which  appear  *to  be  inevitable  in  all  series 
which  deal  with  many  literatures  and 
many  opinions  ;  but  Prof.  Saintsbury 
may  congratulate  himself  that  in  some 
of*  the  earlier  contributions  to  his  great 


scheme  these  difficulties  have  been  suc- 
cessfully surmounted.  His  own  volumes 
in  the  series  show  a  sense  of  "  balance  " 
in  this  matter  of  Europe  which  some  of 
their  fellows,  with  a  narrower  vision, 
entirely  miss. 


A  Queen  of  Indiscretions  :  the  Tragedy  of 
Caroline  of  Brunswick,  Queen  of  Eng- 
land. Translated  by  Frederic  Chap- 
man from  the  Italian  of  Graziano  Paolo 
Clerici.     (John  Lane.) 

Long  ago  Charles  Greville  noted  in  his 
diary  that  "  the  discussion  of  the  Queen's 
business  is  now  become  an  intolerable 
nuisance  in  society  "  ;  the  revival  of  the 
unhappy  question  in  this  and  some  other 
recently  published  books  is,  one  hopes, 
not  destined  to  produce  a  similar  result 
in  historical  circles.  Prof.  Clerici,  of  the 
University  of  Parma,  has  devoted  much 
pains  to  a  reconstruction  of  the  unfor- 
tunate Caroline's  life  in  Italy  and  else- 
where during  her  absence  from  England  ; 
and  his  work,  '  II  piu  lungo  Scandalo  del 
Secolo  XIX.',  has  been  translated  by 
Mr.  Frederic  Chapman,  who  adds  some 
matter  of  his  own.  Though  there  is 
original  work  in  the  central  portion  of  the 
Professor's  book  and  in  the  appendixes, 
and  some  little  -  known  contemporary 
prints  have  been  utilized  for  illustration, 
it  cannot  be  said  that  any  addition  of 
importance  has  been  made  to  history. 
It  is  true  that  we  now  know  that  the 
Princess's  supposed  paramour  was  of  less 
humble  extraction  than  the  Court  party 
represented  him  to  have  been,  and  that 
his  name  began  with  a  P,  not  a  B. 

Mr.  Chapman's  introduction,  which  is 
largely  a  rechauffe  of  Lady  Charlotte 
Bury,  is  unnecessarily  long.  He  calls  it 
"  the  foregoing  notes,"  but  it  is  in  fact  a 
biography  of  Queen  Caroline  and  a 
criticism  of  Signor  Clerici's  work.  We 
are,  however,  disposed  to  agree  with  him 
in  refusing  to  adopt  the  author's  un- 
favourable attitude  towards  his  subject, 
and  to  share  his  scepticism  as  to  the 
strange  and  fanciful  hypotheses  of  the 
Professor.  If  it  were  necessary  to  for- 
mulate a  conclusion  as  to  Caroline's 
relations  with  Pergami,  we  should  say 
that  the  Scots  verdict  "  not  proven " 
would  adequately  represent  the  merits 
of  the  case. 

On  the  particular  point  of  the  origin 
of  Queen  Charlotte's  hostility  to  her 
daughter-in-law,  the  evidence  of  the 
worthy  Mrs.  Clarke,  communicated  to  an 
unnamed  correspondent  of  Lady  Char- 
lotte, may,  perhaps,  be  sufficient  to  support 
Mr.  Chapman's  very  guarded  supposition 
that  the  Duke  of  York  might  have  mis- 
represented to  his  mother  the  lady  whom 
he  had  refused  for  his  own  wife  ;  but 
such  a  witness  as  that  lady  would  certainly 
not  avail  for  anything  more  substantial 
than  a  conjecture. 

To  come  to  the  Professor  and  the  main 
question,  we  think  we  discern  signs  of 
bias  in  several  passages  in  his  narrative. 
Even  the  conclusions   of  the    "  Delicate 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


729 


Investigation,"  which,  in  the  author's 
own  words,  the  Privy  Council  twice 
announced  had  proved  the  innocence  of 
the  Princess  "  beyond  any  possibility  of 
question,"  do  not  satisfy  him.  The 
evidence  of  the  Douglases  "  fails  to  arouse 
in  our  minds  suspicions  of  shady  devices 
on  the  part  of  the  accusers."  William 
Austin,  we  read  a  little  further  on,  "  was 
always  with  the  Princess,  treated  as  a  son, 
and  by  most  people  considered  so  to  be" 
(the  italics  are  ours).  When  this  is  the 
attitude  of  mind  of  the  writer  in  regard 
to  the  English  period  of  Caroline's  life, 
we  are  not  surprised  to  find  him  writing 
about  "  the  triumph  of  love  "  when  speak- 
ing of  the  journey  to  Sicily  in  Pergami's 
company,  and  referring  to  Denman  at 
the  trial  before  the  House  of  Lords  as 
"  an  advocate  who  is  defending  a  cause 
already  lost."  In  his  account  of  the  pro- 
ceedings the  only  one  of  the  witnesses  for 
whom  he  seems  to  feel  real  aversion  is 
Giuseppe  Sacchi,  though  he  admits  that 
all  of  the  most  important  were  dismissed 
servants. 

The  statement  that  the  Prince  Regent 
and  the  Queen  (Charlotte)  were  "  always 
in  agreement  on  all  subjects  "  borders  on 
the  ludicrous  ;  and  the  historical  parallels 
in  which  the  Professor  occasionally  in- 
dulges strike  us  as  being  far  from  happy. 
When  Caroline  meets  Napoleon's  second 
wife  at  an  hotel  in  Berne,  sings  duets 
with  her,  and  jokes  "  in  rather  bad  taste  " 
about  their  respective  husbands,  we  get 
a  parallel  between  her  and  Marie  Louise 
which  is  not  a  little  strained ;  but  a 
second  effort  of  this  kind  is  worse  : — 

"  Acton  and  Maria  Carolina,  Pergami  and 
Caroline  of  Brunswick,  offered  not  a  few 
analogies,  although  they  widely  differed  in 
this  respect,  that  the  former  possessed 
intellectual  worth,  whilst  the  latter,  when 
all  was  told,  was  merely  a  physical  force  " — 

surely  not  an  unimportant  reservation. 
As  if  this  were  not  enough,  the  Milan 
commission  which  was  organized  to  watch 
Caroline's  doings  "  may  be  likened  to  the 
office  of  the  Holy  Inquisition  "  ! 

Signor  Clerici  prints  a  rather  interesting 
digression  in  an  account  of  an  abortive 
military  plot  against  the  newly  re-estab- 
lished Austrian  government  of  Lombardy. 
The  justification  of  its  insertion  is  the 
contention  that 

"  both  friendly  and  business  relations  existed 
between  Pergami  and  Saint  Agnan  (who 
probably  acted  as  agent  provocateur)  in 
matters  which  concerned  Pergami  himself 
and  the  Princess  of  Wales," 

and  that  the  Frenchman  was  the  real 
author  of  certain  rare  publications  de- 
signed to  whitewash  Pergami's  reputation. 
One  of  these,  printed  at  Lugano  in  1817, 
purports  to  be  the  diary  of  an  English 
traveller,  and  another  to  be  written  by  a 
Greek,  one  Tarmini  Almerte.  The  whole 
chapter,  which  contains  also  extracts 
from  anonymous  French  correspondence 
(regarded  by  the  Professor  as  authentic) 
and  from  the  partially  unpublished 
memoirs  of  the  painter  Giuseppe  Bossi, 
forms,  as  the  author  says,  a  picture  of  the 


political   and  social  surroundings   of  the 
Princess  in  Italy  in  1814-15. 

Other  outstanding  features  of  the  Pro- 
fessor's narrative  are  the  crowning  by  the 
Princess  Caroline,  dressed  as  the  Goddess 
of  Glory,  of  a  bust  of  Murat,  in  the  course 
of  a  masked  ball  held  in  a  casino  at  Naples 
(the  account  comes  from  Ompteda,  and 
the  credit  of  the  device  is  of  course 
awarded  to  Pergami)  ;  the  vivid  descrip- 
tion, taken  from  a  work  by  Carlo  Cinelli, 
of  the  atmosphere  of  suspicion  which  was 
engendered  at  the  Princess's  villa  at  Como 
by  the  spies  who  haunted  it ;  and  the 
relation  of  an  incident  in  the  Eastern 
travels  of  the  victim  of  the  Milan  com- 
mission. 

This  last  was  the  institution  by  the  royal 
pilgrim  at  Jerusalem  of  her  Order  of  St. 
Caroline.  Pergami  (who  is  called  in  the 
decree  "  equerry  of  Her  Royal  Highness  ") 
was  to  be  Grand  Master,  and  his  children, 
"  males  as  well  as  females,"  were  to  succeed 
him  in  the  office  ;  "  the  same  advantage  " 
is  granted  to  "  Mr.  William  Austin,  Knight 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  "  (and  son  of  a  Dept- 
ford  pauper),  and  his  legitimate  children  : 
the  motto  was  to  be  identical  with  that  of 
the  Order  of  the  Garter  !  This  serio-comic 
episode  was  brought  up  against  the  Queen 
at  her  trial  as  a  grave  encroachment  upon 
the  royal  prerogative,  and  was  solemnly 
defended  by  her  counsel.  It  is  eminently 
typical  of  her  flighty,  irresponsible 
character. 

The  story  of  the  "  velvet-gloved  oppo- 
sition "  offered  by  the  Papal  Court  to  the 
attendance  of  certain  witnesses  for  the 
defence  is  also  curious.  These  were  two 
medical  men  of  some  scientific  repute, 
Profs.  Rasori  and  Tommasini.  The  latter 
arrived  when  the  trial  was  over,  and  several 
letters  of  his,  written  from  England,  are 
printed  in  the  book.  They  present  a 
quaint  medley  of  acuteness  and  naivete. 
Tommasini  saw  clearly  that  the  popular 
enthusiasm  was  as  much  against  the 
Ministry  as  in  favour  of  the  Queen  ;  and 
he  lauds  the  dropping  of  the  Bill  of  Pains 
and  Penalties  as  "  a  notable  epoch  in  the 
annals  of  England."  He  gives  his  wife 
an  enthusiastic  account  of  the  Scottish 
deputation  which  came  to  congratulate 
the  Queen  at  Brandenburg  House  : — 

"  Ah,  my  dear  wife,  what  impressions 
have  ever  equalled  those  which  were  made 
on  my  mind  by  these  Scotchmen,  who  come 
in  their  hundreds,  clothed  in  the  ancient 
garb  of  the  Caledonians  and  the  bards  ? 
With  what  enthusiasm  did  1  find  myself 
face  to  face,  and  within  a  hand's  grasp  of 
these  countless  pilgrims,  youthful  inhabitants 
of  the  mountains  where  Ossian  sang  the 
enterprises  and  achievements  of  Fingal  ! 
Tall  of  stature,  of  athletic  proportions  and 
keen  eyes,  with  short  garments  girt  with 
rough  cloth,  ribbons  and  pendants  of  steel, 
and  equally  brilliant  about  the  body,  which 
also  had  metal  ornaments.  Bear  or  wolf 
skins  hung  gracefully  from  the  shoulders 
and  covered  the  legs  as  far  as  the  knees  ; 
the  legs  were  naked,  and  only  decked  with 
ribbons  towards  the  feet,  which  were  covered 
with  suitable  shoes.  Spears  of  an  antique 
type,  and  resplendent  arms,  stuck  in  the 
girdle,  a  free  gait,  entirely  devoid  <>f  affecta- 
tion, that  s  the  best  description  1  can  give 
you  of  a  Scottish  mountaineer." 


How  pleased  Sir  Walter  would  have  been 
with  this  dithyramb  ! 

The  book  will  doubtless  have  its  public, 
and  is  laudably  free  from  errors,  unless 
we  count  as  such  the  statement  that 
Brougham  was  ever  the  "  leader  "  of  the 
Whig  party.  If  to  be  "  more  laboured 
than  artistic  and  too  full  of  implication,  and 
to  contain  more  of  menace  than  of  per- 
suasion," is  to  be  "  too  Ciceronian," 
then  we  agree  in  the  judgment  of  that 
orator's  "  famous  exordium."  But  what 
grounds  there  can  be  for  doubting  the 
Princess  Charlotte's  legitimacy,  or  for 
connecting  her  birth  with  a  supposed 
"  psycho-physical  condition  "  of  her  father, 
we  are  at  a  loss  to  imagine. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The     Far     Horizon.     By     Lucas     Malet. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Though  neither  constant  nor  "  loud- 
sounding,"  the  dominant  note  of  Lucas 
Malet's  new  novel  is  certainly  that  unseen 
and  invisible  something  which  waits 
beyond  the  grave.  The  pressure  of  this 
thought  makes  itself  felt  throughout. 
The  actual  setting  of  '  The  Far  Horizon  ' 
goes  no  further  afield  than  a  green  in 
Chiswick,  a  common  near  Ranelagh,  or 
a  street  in  Old  Kensington.  The  way  in 
which  the  essential  hue  and  physical 
atmosphere  of  London  are  made  palpable, 
and  something,  too,  of  its  inner  spirit  and 
many  moods  is  a  tribute  to  the  author's 
skill  and  sentiment.  Another  note  sounds 
the  depths  of  loneliness  and  old  age  in 
combination,  with  almost  painful  mastery 
and  knowledge.  Yet  in  spite  of  such 
elements  the  tone  of  the  story  and  its 
people  partakes  more  of  courage  than 
morbidness.  The  courage  to  sustain  and 
endure — and  much  is  needed  by  the  cha- 
racters— is  derived,  at  least  in  one  instance, 
not  from  pagan  resolution,  but  from  the 
acceptance  and  practice  of  Catholic  doc- 
trine. A  history  of  spiritual  develop- 
ment is  not  necessarily  out  of  place  in  a 
novel,  but  when,  as  here,  an  author  holds 
a  brief  for  a  particular  kind  of  worship, 
trivial  hits  at  the  aspects  of  other  forms 
of  belief  are  apt  to  f  oi/OH,  """>  turn  from 
the  general  to  particular '   ,  "°  and 

characteristics  is  to  find  in  the  unuogue 
and  elsewhere  consistency  and  some 
appearance  of  reality.  There  are  pro- 
bably too  many  secondary  people,  and 
they  retard  rather  than  help  the  move- 
ment ;  but  they  have  points  of  interest. 
The  chief  study  is  fine.  It  is  of  a  middle- 
aged  bank  clerk  of  Spanish  extraction. 
He  is  drawn  with  care  and  insight,  and 
often  with  dignity.  Fifty-five  or  there- 
abouts is  a  somewhat  bleak  age  for  a  man 
to  find  himself  confronted  with  "*  a  small 
competency,"  no  occupation  or  affections 
to  speak  of.  the  solitude  of  crowds,  and  a 
singularly  sensitive  intellectual  and  moral 
fibre.  The  peculiar  circumstances  of  his 
boyhood  have  increased  certain  qualities, 
and  hindered  the  growth  of  others.  When 
the  story  begins  his  most  pressing  need  is 


730 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


to  discover,  as  the  author  puts  it,  "  that 
language  of  the  soul  which  can  alone  effect 
a  true  adjustment  between  the  interior 
and  exterior  life."  He  himself,  and 
especially  his  outlook  on  existence  present 
and  to  come,  are  sometimes  clearly 
defined  and  visible  ;  but  occasionally  he 
falls  short  of  what  makes  characters  in 
books  seem  absolutely  to  live.  The 
principal  woman,  rather  too  fancifully 
called  "  the  Lady  of  the  Wind- Swept 
Dust,"  is  not  thoroughly  carried  out  on 
the  subtle  and  clever  lines  on  which  she 
seems  to  have  been  conceived.  She  lacks 
suggestion,  though  not  detail.  Separately 
and  individually  there  is  much  to  be  said 
in  praise  of  the  treatment  of  both  cha- 
racters, but  together  they  seem  to  breathe 
with  difficulty.  In  thought  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  bring  them  into  real  human 
relation.  A  part  of  the  essence  of  life 
is,  of  course,  its  incongruity  ;  but  to  fuse 
two  incongruities  such  as  these  person- 
alities requires  a  touch  of  alchemy  greater 
than  the  author  has  here  at  command.  The 
plot,  such  as  it  is,  does  not  hold  very 
comfortably  together,  and  a  good  many 
commonplaces  of  expression  might  have 
been  omitted  with  advantage.  On  the 
whole,  however,  the  merits  of  the  book 
are  more  obvious  than  its  defects. 


The  Lady  on  the  Drawing-room  Floor.     By 
M.  E.  Coleridge.     (Arnold.) 

The  chance  reunion  in  middle  life  of 
lovers  parted  in  youth  by  some  strange 
freak  of  destiny  is  certainly  no  new  theme, 
nor  can  it  be  said  that  as  here  presented 
it  is  invested  with  any  special  probability  ; 
but  the  dreamy  and  half-mystical  charm 
characteristic  of  the  author  is  stamped 
on  every  detail  of  the  story,  imparting 
to  it  an  individuality  and  persuasiveness 
of  its  own.  The  fantastic  element  does 
not  directly  suggest  the  supernatural,  but 
rather  the  shadowy  borderland  assigned 
to  affinities,  dreams,  and  coincidences  ; 
and  the  atmosphere  breathes  a  delicate 
unworldliness  none  too  common  in  latter- 
day  fiction.  The  heroine — perhaps  the 
only  fully  realized  character  in  the  book 
— is  singularly  sweet  and  sympathetic. 


The   While  House.     By  M.   E.   Braddon. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Miss  Braddon  has  not  lost  her  old  cun- 
ning in  weaving  an  interesting  story, 
though  she  seems  to  have  abandoned 
those  frankly  sensational  methods  which, 
as  some  of  us  can  testify,  imparted  a 
"  fearful  joy  "  to  the  childhood  of  a  gene- 
ration now  mature.  Her  latest  heroine 
is  an  heiress  forbidden  by  her  father's  will 
to  marry,  as  is  frequently  the  fate  of 
heiresses  in  fiction.  The  particular  form 
of  complication  resulting  in  this  case 
seems  to  us,  however,  original,  and  the 
solution  of  the  difficulty  is  such  as  would 
occur  to  most  people  in  actual  life.  The 
book  has  a  wide  range,  and  deals  in  a  lively 
manner  with  many  topics  of  the  day. 


The    Old    Country.     By    Henry   Newbolt. 

(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

We  fear  that  Mr.  Newbolt,  like  Mr.  Lucas, 
has  in  his  first  excursion  into  fiction  handi- 
capped himself  unduly.  In  his  dedicatory 
epistle  he  frankly  acknowledges  that  he 
has  a  purpose,  and  we  as  frankly  state  our 
conviction  that  that  purpose  is  wrong. 
Mr.  Newbolt  desired  to  demonstrate  that 
our  ancestors  of  the  Middle  Ages  were 
very  much  like  ourselves  ;  and  if  he  had 
confined  the  resemblance  to  fundamentals 
his  proposition  could  not  be  disputed. 
But  he  is  bent  on  showing  that  the  manners 
and  language  and  habits  of  the  Plan- 
tagenet  times  were  much  the  same  as  our 
own  ;  and  here  all  history  is  against  him. 
He  might  have  had  a  somewhat  better 
case  if  he  had  pitched  his  scenes  this 
side  of  the  Commonwealth  ;  but  his  task 
is  hopeless  on  the  further  side  of  that 
sundering  gulf.  The  book  is,  in  fact, 
merely  the  study  of  a  nineteenth-century 
temperament  placed  in  an  alien  period. 
The  characters,  their  conversations,  their 
thoughts,  and  their  conduct,  are  in  reality 
contemporary  with  the  author.  Nor  can 
we  commend  the  machinery  of  the  novel, 
which,  starting  in  modern  days,  jumps 
abruptly  into  the  turmoil  of  the  Dark 
Ages.  In  this  connexion  it  may  interest 
students  to  compare  and  contrast  two 
coincidental  narratives  of  the  battle  of 
Poictiers — namely,  Mr.  Newbolt's  here 
and  Sir  A.  Conan  Doyle's  in  '  Sir  Nigel.' 
The  difference  between  the  points  of  view 
is  marked.  We  shall  hope  to  see  Mr. 
Newbolt  cast  aside  his  theories,  and  give 
full  and  free  play  to  his  great  gifts  in  a 
real  novel. 


As    Ye  have  Sown.     By   Dolf   Wyllarde. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

This  clever  writer  seems  to  have  modified 
the  pessimistic  views  concerning  the  general 
standard  of  morality  which  her  previous 
novels  were  admirably  calculated  to  instil ; 
and  she  now  apparently  inclines  to  the 
opinion  that,  if  nowhere  else,  in  the  bosom 
of  "  the  great  middle  class  "  the  Seventh 
Commandment  is  still  accepted  as  at  least 
a  working  hypothesis.  She  shows  a  less 
sure  touch,  however,  in  depicting  the 
routine  of  English  suburban  homes  than 
in  her  former  vivid  sketches  of  military 
and  colonial  life  ;  and  she  has  not  suc- 
ceeded in  the  task — a  difficult  one,  ad- 
mittedly— of  endowing  virtue  in  the  person 
of  her  heroine  with  fascinations  exceeding 
those  proper  to  vice.  We  are  not  im- 
pressed by  the  strenuous  domesticity  of 
a  childless  housewife  who  keeps  three 
servants  ;  nor  by  good  management 
which,  on  an  income  of  1001.  a  year,  cannot 
compass  a  holiday  abroad  unaided  by 
doles  from  wealthy  relations  ;  nor  yet 
by  modesty  which  is  always  on  the 
qui  vive  for  the  "  annoyances  of  a  world 
whose  danger  signal  is  sex."  As  to  the 
depraved  patricians  who  serve  the  purpose 
of  a  foil,  they  are  drawn  upon  lines  popu- 
larized long  since  by  Ouida,  but  with  a 
good  deal  more  humour. 


Smoke  in  the  Flame.   By  Iota.    (Hutchin- 
son &  Co.) 

Character  as  modified  by  heredity 
and  environment  is  Mrs.  Caffyn's  latest 
theme — a  theme  which  finds  appropriate 
illustration  in  the  history  of  an  Irish  family 
and  of  their  English  and  semi- English 
connexions.  Ireland  and  its  inhabitants 
are  presented  with  much  liveliness  and 
humour,  leavened,  as  regards  the  peasantry 
especially,  by  a  certain  taint  of  convention- 
ality. The  typical  Irish  gentleman  is 
more  true  to  life,  but  his  housewifely  spouse 
is  scarcely  the  proper  female  of  that  male, 
and  we  do  not  think  that  Irish  ladies  of  the 
last  generation  were  often  distinguished 
by  their  skill  in  cake-making.  The  self- 
made  Englishman,  with  his  intolerable 
vulgarity  and  his  excellent  heart,  is  well 
conceived,  if  a  little  overdrawn  ;  and  the 
same  may  be  said  of  the  strong-minded 
lady  guardian.  The  love  interest  is  of  a 
mild  and  conventional  description,  but 
the  story,  though  in  the  matter  of  language 
not  above  reproach,  reads  agreeably,  being 
better  constructed  than  previous  works 
by  the  same  author. 


The  Hearth  of  Hutton.     By  W.  J.  Eccott. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

This  is  a  tale  of  the  '45,  the  hero  being 
a  Cumberland  squire  who,  half  against 
his  will,  joins  the  Jacobite  army  on  its 
appearance  in  his  neighbourhood,  and  by 
means  of  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
localities  and  inhabitants  does  Charles 
Edward  good  service.  The  military  por- 
tions of  the  story  seem  rather  wanting  in 
the  fire  and  vivacity  appropriate  to  such 
themes  ;  and  the  domestic  interest,  which 
centres  round  a  fascinating  villain  beloved, 
but  anon  repudiated,  by  two  blameless 
women  (one  single,  and  one  the  wife  of  the 
squire  above  mentioned),  is  not  strikingly 
original.  The  Chevalier  appears  for  a 
moment,  but  no  serious  attempt  has  been 
made  at  his  character. 


The  Enemy's  Camp.  By  Hugh  T.  Shering- 
ham  and  Nevill  Meakin.  (Macmillan 
&Co.) 

This  is  an  excellent  farce,  deriving  its 
point  from  the  proximity  of  two  riverside 
camps,  one  belonging  to  a  party  of  un- 
compromisingly misogynist  bachelors,  the 
other  to  a  stern  duenna  in  charge  of  a  suit- 
able number  of  susceptible  maidens.  The 
bachelor  camp,  however,  possesses  one 
traitor,  who,  owing  to  the  loss  of  his 
respectable  clothes,  is  left  behind  in  the 
race.  His  adventures  in  search  of  his 
clothes  and  his  consequent  discomfiture 
by  his  more  uncouth  rivals  are  cleverly 
worked  out,  and  provide  the  unexpected 
element  in  the  otherwise  obvious  denoue- 
ment. But  all  the  male  characters  are 
real,  not  least  the  duenna's  stout  husband, 
and,  with  a  very  little  alteration,  the  story, 
entrusted  to  a  brisk  company  of  actors, 
might  prove  a  success  on  the  stage. 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENJUM 


731 


Whom     God     hath     Joined.     By     Arnold 

Bennett.  (Nutt.) 
Mr.  Bennett  writes  several  kinds  of 
fiction.  The  present  volume  is  a  thought- 
ful novel ;  but  it  is  not  at  all  a  work  of 
art.  The  author  has  evidently  set  to 
work  with  a  deliberate  intention  of  show- 
ing, first,  that  our  divorce  laws  are 
responsible  for  much  domestic  misery ; 
and,  secondly,  that  the  Divorce  Court 
ought  not  to  be  open  to  the  casual  idler 
from  the  streets.  There  is  undeniable 
truth  in  these  contentions.  It  is  an  un- 
pleasant business  ;  and  in  the  main  this 
book  is  unpleasant,  because  it  smacks  of 
divorce  proceedings  and  sexual  dishonesty 
throughout.  But  there  is  some  good  and 
careful  characterization  in  it. 


The  Ark  of  the  Curse.     By  K.  L.  Mont- 
gomery.    (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

The  author  writes  with  a  great  deal  of 
zest  and  spirit.  The  story  is  largely  one 
of  the  Cagots,  the  accursed  race  of  France, 
and  pains  have  been  taken  to  make  the 
historical  detail  accurate.  Apart  from 
this,  she  has  a  good  story  to  tell,  and  has 
packed  her  plot  full  of  stirring  incident 
and  brilliant  colouring.  The  weakness  of 
the  book  lies  in  the  style  of  its  composition, 
which  is  restless  and  laboured.  The 
author  indulges  in  too  many  mannerisms, 
and  aims  at  too  great  an  elaboration,  with 
the  result  that  the  diction  becomes  weary- 
ing to  the  reader  after  a  time.  But  the 
book  is  above  the  average  of  its  class,  and 
is  worth  reading  by  reason  of  its  spirit. 


La  Juive.     By  Enacryos.     (Paris,  Ollen- 
dorff.) 

The  pseudonyms  of  well-known  French 
novelists  undergo  many  changes,  with 
which  it  is  not  always  easy  for  Parisians, 
much  less  foreigners,  to  keep  pace.  In 
the  all  -  but  official  list  of  French 
pseudonjmis  two  brothers  have  become 
familiar  as  "  J.-H.  Rosny."  These  two 
gentlemen  are  sometimes  called  by  what 
was  once  their  family  name,  but  some- 
times find  "  Rosny  "  used  in  lieu  of  it. 
It  is  whispered  that  the  new  pseudonym, 
under  which  the  novel  we  now  notice  has 
attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention,  more 
or  less  veils  the  identity  of  "  J.-H.  Rosny." 
We  have  commented,  in  notices  of  novels 
by  that  combination,  on  the  singular  skill 
with  which  the  fashionable  topic  of  the 
moment  has  been  handled,  in  free 
imitation  of  the  style  of  treatment  adopted 
by  various  other  considerable  novelists. 
The  facility  in  this  respect  of  our  authors 
or  author  is  more  admired  in  London 
than  in  Paris,  but  must  be  recognized  by 
every  reader.  '  La  Juive  '  is  a  picture 
in  warm  colours  of  that  bad  side  of 
plutocratic  life  in  Paris  which  lias  been  the 
subject  of  many  recent  Parisian  plays. 
Just  as  foreigners  who  know  French 
diplomacy  never  believe  in  the  truth  of 
the  brilliant  but  distorted  "  photographs  " 
of  M.  Abel  Hermant,  so  foreign  observers, 
with  more  hesitation,   decline  to  accept 


the  caricature,  as  we  think  it,  of  the 
banking  world  of  France,  presented, 
amid  the  applause  even  of  Jew  bankers, 
to  the  crowded  audiences  of  the  chief 
theatres.  The  worst  scenes  of  '  La 
Juive,'  written  as  it  is  without  rigid 
adherence  even  to  the  more  popular  side 
of  opinion,  will  strike  most  non-French 
readers  as  untrue  rather  than  veracious. 
The  majority  of  continental  readers  of 
French  novels  will  maintain  through  thick 
and  thin  that  the  picture  is  not  false.  We 
must  be  content  to  differ.  As  to  the 
wholly  exceptional  nature  of  the  characters 
of  the  Nationalist  hero,  of  the  Talmudist 
and  Zionist  heroine,  and  of  her  father- 
in  -  law  the  all  -  powerful  banker,  we 
make  no  doubt ;  but  if  we  are  to  refuse 
novels  and  plays  which  present  the 
exception  rather  than  the  rule,  we  shall, 
we  admit,  destroy  literature.  The  con- 
versations in  the  early  pages  of  '  La  Juive  ' 
are  cleverly  handled,  and  will  be  found 
bright  by  all ;  but  we  cannot  advise 
readers  of  weak  nerve  to  face  the  horrors 
of  the  latter  portion  of  the  book. 


JUVENILE    LITERATURE. 

MESSRS.    BLACKIE. 

A  Girl  of  the  Fortunate  Isles,  by  Bessie 
Marchant,  is  an  interesting  story  of  a  girl's 
life  in  strenuous  circumstances  in  New  Zea- 
land. Margaret  Alford  is  a  brave-spirited 
girl  who  undertakes  to  pay  off  the  money 
which  her  stepbrother  is  supposed  to  have 
stolen  from  the  bank  where  he  is  employed, 
and  in  the  meantime  she  herself  works  the 
ferry  by  which  she  slowly  accumulates  the 
required  sum,  as  well  as  attending  to  the 
family  vineyard  and  peach  orchard,  thereby 
helping  to  keep  her  widowed  mother  and 
sister  in  comfort.  Her  sister  Judy,  absorbed 
in  her  own  prospective  career  as  a  teacher, 
and  full  of  irrepressible  life  and  spirits,  is  a 
good  foil  to  the  more  self-sacrificing  Margaret. 
The  latter  ultimately  meets  with  her  reward 
in  the  love  of  one  of  the  partners  in  the  bank 
which  Bruce  is  supposed  to  have  defrauded  ; 
but  until  his  innocence  is  proved,  Karr 
Gwynne  is  curiously  ready  to  believe  in  the 
sister's  complicity.  Margaret  is  a  good 
example  of  Miss  Merchant's  favourite  study 
of  independent  girl -character,  and  the  book 
is  altogether  breezy  and  healthy  in  tone. 

Ethel  F.  Heddle  is  another  writer  who 
caters  successfully  for  the  needs  of  the 
young  girl.  Girl  Comrades  turns  upon  the 
theft  and  the  burning  of  a  will,  bj'  which  act 
the  testator's  young  granddaughters  are  left 
penniless,  and  come  to  London  to  try  to  earn 
a  living.  To  this  end  they  take  a  flat  in 
Marigold  Mansions,  where  are  also  many 
other  working  women,  mostly  young;  and 
the  individual  struggles,  successes,  love 
affairs,  and  tragedies  of  each  of  these  help 
to  fill  the  pages  of  a  bulky  and  attractive 
volume.  The  two  heroines,  Morag  and 
Eilidh  Chandos,  make  a  pluck}'  fight  for 
their  livelihood,  Morag  taking  service  in  the 
house  of  Ewen  Stuart,  the  enemy  who  baa 
defrauded  them  of  their  inheritance,  and 
whom  she  is  eventually  able  to  expose.  But 
meantime  the  son  of  the  house  has  fallen 
in  love  with  her,  and  the  book  ends  to  the 
tune  of  her  wedding  hells  as  well  as  to  those 
of  several  of  her  comrades. 

Our  Sister  Maisie,  by  Rosa  Mulholland 
(Lady  Gilbert),  is  a  well-written  and  inter- 
esting story  of  a  warm-hearted  Irish  girl  who 


throws  up  all  her  brilliant  prospects  as  a 
rich  woman's  adopted  daughter  to  go  home 
and  look  after  a  young  family  of  step- 
brothers and  stepsisters,  who  have  been  left 
totally  unprovided  for.  These  she  insists 
upon  taking  to  a  small  island  off  the  west 
coast  of  Ireland,  which  represents  her  own 
modest  patrimony,  and  from  which  she 
derives  a  bare  1001.  a  year.  Maisie's  rela- 
tions and  friends  may  be  forgiven  for  regard- 
ing her  enterprise  as  quixotic  and  foolish  ; 
and  so  it  would  speedily  have  proved  to  be, 
had  not  her  faithful  admirers — one  of  whom 
most  conveniently  transfers  his  affections 
to  a  younger  sister — come  at  the  right 
moment  to  her  assistance.  Meantime  the 
life  on  Ram  Derg  and  the  experiences  of  the 
different  young  O'Driscolls  are  told  in  so 
vivid  a  fashion  as  to  make  all  young  readers 
ready  to  face  a  diet  of  porridge  for  the  sake 
of  the  untrammelled  freedom  of  life  on  an 
Irish  island.  The  love  stories  are  pretty 
and  simple,  and  well  suited  to  the  entertain- 
ment of  young  girls. 

The  Story  of  the  Scarecrow,  by  Edith  King 
Hall,  is  really  the  story  of  the  friendship  of 
the  Scarecrow  and  the  Rook,  told  in  eleven 
charmingly  written  episodes,  full  of  homely 
wisdom  and  pleasant  wit,  something  after 
the  fashion  of  Hans  Andersen.  The  Scare- 
crow— who,  it  would  appear,  is  a  mild  and 
kindly,  but  somewhat  over-sensitive  person 
— finds  relief  from  the  monotony  of  his 
existence  in  the  sympathetic  company  of  an 
altogether  admirable  Rook.  They  tell  tales, 
compare  notes,  and  should  prove  as  enter- 
taining to  their  readers  as  they  evidently  are 
to  one  another.  One  of  their  most  character- 
istic aphorisms  is  that  "  It  is  braver  to  be 
brave  when  you  are  afraid  than  brave  when 
you  are  brave." 

There  is  nothing  very  noteworthy  about 
The  Fortunes  of  Philippa,  by  Angela  Brazil, 
a  "  school  story  "  of  the  ordinary  kind, 
dealing  with  work  and  play,  friendships  and 
enmities,  and  the  trivial  round  of  school  life. 
We  always  wonder  whether  school  boys  and 
girls  care  for  this  kind  of  chronicle. 

MESSES.    BLACKWOOD. 

Children  generally  ask  whether  a  story  is 
true.  E.  Maxtone  Graham  and  E.  S.  Paterson 
have  in  True  Romances  of  Scotland  forsworn 
Boece  and  Pitscottie  for  the  most  part,  and 
thereby  lost  a  number  of  legends  which 
deserve  to  be  true.  Queen  Margaret  occupies 
a  large  space,  and  is  evidently  a  great 
heroine  in  the  authors'  eyes,  though  what 
she  might  have  seen,  and  felt,  and  thought 
is  perhaps  not  more  certain  than  the  cate- 
gorical inventions  of  the  annalists.  The 
potential  mood  is  used  too  often  to  suit 
young  readers.  The  writers  are  staunch 
Queensmen  and  Jacobites,  but  endeavour 
to  be  punctiliously  accurate.  This  is  a 
contrast  to  Messrs.  Jack's  book,  noticed 
elsewhere,  but  not  less  picturesque. 

MESSRS.    ltH\DBCKY    &    A.GNEW. 

Mr.  Punch  again  entrusts  to  the  happy 
collaboration  of  Olga  Morgan  and  Harry 
Rountree  the  production   of  his  Christmas 

gift  to  the  children,  which  this  year  takes 
the  form  of  a  Book  of  Birthdays,  telling  of  the 
birthday  joys  of  Polly  Minders.  The  March 
Hare,  and  other  celebrities.  The  idea  will 
probably  be  received  with  acclamation, 
and  it  may  be  noted  that  the  book  is  even 
more  suitable  for  birthday  than  Christmas 
celebrations. 

The  dog  lover  of  any  age  will  be  charmed 
with  Tfu  Dogs  of  War,  by  Walter  Emanuel 
and  Cecil  Alcun,  while  readers  of  Punch,  who 
are  already  acquainted  with  the  chivalrous 
biographer   of   the    "Fighting    Forty,"    will 

find  that  the  episodes  enshrined  in  these 
pages  bear  and  repay  intimate  study.  The 
book  is  pleasant  to  handle  :  paper,  type,  and 


732 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


reproductions  are  alike  worthy  of  the  fasci- 
nating drawings  and  humorous  letterpress. 

MESSRS.    CASSELL. 

Nature's  Carol  Singers,  by  R.  Kearton, 
with  illustrations  direct  from  nature  by 
Cherry  Kearton,  is  a  volume  which  requires 
no  commendation,  since  the  work  of  the 
author  and  his  brother  is  now  famous.  Both 
young  and  old  should  enjoy  the  charmingly 
illustrated  accounts  of  our  English  birds, 
and  we  need  hardly  add  that  there  is  a  spice 
of  ingenuity  and  adventure  in  Mr.  Kear- 
ton's  researches,  while  he  shows  ample  feeling 
for  the  lyrists  of  our  woods,  unlike  some 
other  naturalists. 

Percy  Vere,  by  Miss  Evelyn  Everett-Green, 
is  all  about  the  adventures  on  sea  and  land 
of  a  little  Australian  boy  and  a  little  English 
girl,  and,  incidentally,  some  of  the  little  girl's 
brothers.  It  is  brightly  written,  and,  as  it 
concerns  itself  with  camping-out  and  pony- 
breaking,  with  a  dash  of  disobedience  and  its 
consequences,  it  should  please  the  audience 
for  which  it  is  designed. 

Tales  for  Tiny  Tots  and  Merry  Pages  for 
Little  Folk  are  two  good  specimens  of  the 
picture-book  dear  to  the  heart  of  quite  small 
babes  ;  and  the  Little  Folks  Story  Book,  in 
which  every  other  page  bears  a  fine  coloured 
illustration,  is  even  more  attractive. 

The  bound  volume  of  Chums  for  1006  is  a 
storehouse  of  stories,  records  of  sport,  amuse- 
ment, and  industry.  Some  of  the  illustra- 
tions are  very  entertaining. 

MESSRS.    CHAMBERS. 

The  Lost  Treasure  Cave,  by  Everett  McNeil, 
is  a  truly  American  story  of  life  among  the 
cowboys  of  Colorado,  being  a  sequel  to 
'  Chums  in  the  Far  West.'  Those  who  like 
this  kind  of  fiction  will  find  the  book  sufficing. 
The  young  friends  Dick  and  Harry,  with 
their  girl  comrade  Loretta  and  a  negro 
pugilist,  who  does  clever  things  with  the 
outside  of  his  head,  come  successfully  out  of 
many  perils. 

Animal  autobiographies  find  a  constant 
and  eager  admirer  in  the  normal  child,  who 
is  always  ready  to  endow  his  pets  with  pre- 
cisely similar  sensations  to  his  own.  Indis- 
solubly  associated  with  Buster  Brown,  and 
already  well  known  in  the  British  nursery, 
Tige  has  hitherto  played  a  subsidiary  part  ; 
but  he  is  an  entertaining  dog,  so  we  sup- 
pose we  must  forgive  him  for  having  entered 
the  overcrowded  ranks  of  the  memoir-writers 
under  the  title  Tige — His  Story,  by  R.  F. 
Outcault. 

The  picture  of  an  uncommonly  sym- 
pathetic mother,  who  never  forgets  to 
call  the  nursery  the  "  Armoury,"  and  who 
plays  equally  well  the  part  of  red-cross  nurse 
or  queen  reviewing  troops,  distinguishes 
The  Knight  Errant  of  the  Nursery,  with  illus- 
trations by  the  Knight  and  his  Father,  the 
story  of  a  seven-year-old  with  a  strong  talent 
for  make-believe.  Another  and  particularly 
delightful  book  received  from  this  firm,  with 
fluent  verses  and  soft-toned  illustrations  by 
13.  and  N.  Parker,  is  entitled  The  Browns  :  a 
Book  of  Bears. 

The  House  that  due  Built  has  been  erected 
and  pronounced  healthy,  comfortable,  and 
artistic.  _  We  recommend  this  novel  form 
of  scrapbook  as  an  interesting  occupation 
for  wet  afternoons,  calling  for  no  more  outlay 
than  the  book  itself,  scissors,  and  something 
sticky. 

MB.    T.    SEALEY    CLARK. 
Caily  printed  in  black  and  red,  Baby  Town 
Ballade,    by    Nella,    illustrated    by    Charles 
Robinson,  trip  fluently  off  the  tongue  and 
are  attractive  to  the  eye. 

MESSRS.    CONSTABLE. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  children's 
books  of  the  season  is  The  Japanese  Fairy 
Book,  compiled  by  Yei  Theodora  Ozaki,  and 


charmingly  illustrated  &  by  Mr.  Kakuzo 
Fujiyama,  a  Tokio  artist.  The  book,  Miss 
Ozaki  tells  us,  owes  its  origin  to  a  suggestion 
from  Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  that  great  student 
and  master  of  fairy  folk-lore.  Some  of  the 
stories  were  familiar  to  us  long  ago,  in  a 
dainty  little  rice-paper  edition  "  printed  by 
Kobunsha  in  Tokyo,"  and  published,  in  the 
dim  and  distant  eighties,  by  Messrs.  Griffith 
&  Farran.  '  Kachi-Kachi  Mountain  '  (which 
Miss  Ozaki  calls  '  The  Farmer  and  the 
Badger  ')  and  '  My  Lord  Bag  o'  Rice  '  were 
a  never-failing  source  of  delight  to  many 
child-readers  in  those  earlier  days.  Miss 
Ozaki's  version  of  those  old  favourites  and 
of  many  other  of  the  beautiful  legends  and 
fairy  tales  of  Japan  is  admirable,  and  her 
volume  is  sure  of  a  hearty  welcome  from  the 
children  of  the  West,  for  whom  it  was  written. 
Mrs.  Edwin  Hohler's  Peter  :  a  Christmas 
Story,  is  pretty  and  pathetic.  Little  Sir 
Peter  Moberley  is  as  charming  as  little 
Lord  Fauntleroy,  and  Bill,  his  ugly  pet, 
the  huge  and  gentle  bulldog,  is  one  of 
the  most  fascinating  of  dream-hounds.  The 
child-lover  will  delight  in  '  Peter  '  :  we  do 
not  feel  sure  that  the  child  himself  will  be 
greatly  attracted. 

MESSRS.    WELLS    GARDNER. 

Shadow  Scenes  from  the  Bible  is  a  little 
book  intended  to  provide  "  easy  occupation 
for  the  Day  of  Rest."  Ease  is  altogether  too 
marked  a  feature  of  this  production,  as  all 
references  are  supplied,  and  nothing  remains 
but  a  mere  exercise  in  transcription. 

MESSRS.    GREENING. 

In  Simple  Simon  and  his  Friends  Walter 
Crombie  has  illustrated  twelve  popular 
rhymes  in  colour  with  spirit  and  cleverness. 
The  printing  of  the  verses  is  well  done,  and 
the  whole  is  on  an  ample  scale,  though  the 
intrusion  on  each  page  of  text  of  an  adver- 
tisement of  Messrs.  Brown  &  Poison's  flour 
rather  spoils  the  book. 

MESSRS.    HARRAP. 

Days  before  History,  by  H.  R.  Hall,  breaks 
fresh  and  fertile  ground  in  its  endeavour  to 
outline  the  story  of  primitive  man,  to  show 
our  children  the  beginnings  of  all  things,  of 
history,  manual  training,  and  art — in  the 
words  of  the  preface  by  J.  J.  Findlay,  "  to 
transplant  the  child  to  an  epoch  when  men 
and  women  were  themselves  children."  It 
is  suggested  that  if  the  chapters  dealing  with 
practical  demonstration  in  hut-building,  pot- 
making,  bow  and  arrow  manufacture,  &c, 
are  properly  used  by  the  "  skilful  parent, 
they  will  give  the  child  the  chance  for 
achievement  which  modern  life  denies  him"  ! 
Will  the  skilful  parent  survive  the  ordeal  ? 

MESSRS.    HODDER    &    STOUGHTON. 

Stories  about  animals  are  increasingly,  and 
when  well  done,  deservedly  popular.  Tt  is 
indeed  a  dull  and  insensitive  nature  to  which 
the  joys  and  sorrows  of  our  poor  relations 
make  no  appeal,  especially  in  those  earlier 
years  when  sympathies  are  fresh  and  unjaded. 
In  The  Story  of  an  Eskimo  Dog,  by  Marshall 
Saunders,  the  author  of  '  Beautiful  Joe  '  has 
produced  a  tale  wherein  the  canine  interest 
is  certainly  predominant,  but  not  to  the 
obliteration  of  the  human  side.  Thaddeus, 
the  dog's  rescuer,  and  his  sharp-tongued, 
soft-hearted  stepmother,  are  both  very 
human  ;  while  Alpatok,  otherwise  Kooje- 
mook.is  all  that  adog  hero  should  be,withhis 
fine  instincts  and  his  romantic  half-wolfish 
ancestry.  It  is  a  capital  story  with  a  happy 
ending,  and  what  more  could  one  ask  ? 

Whether  Herbert  Strang  is,  or  is  not, 
"better  than  llonty" — an  estimate  his 
publishers  write  large  on  his  book-cover — 
he  is  no  doubt  second  to  none  of  his  class  in 
graphic  power  and  veracity.  Jack  Hardy  is 
a  line,  fellow  of  Nelson's  day  and  type,  and 
whether   coolly   reconnoitring    the    dens    of 


Dorset  smugglers,  boarding  their  luggers,  or 
breaking  the  bonds  of  a  French  prison,  is  an 
inspiring  and  edifying  figure.  Here  is  the 
best  of  character-sketching  in  bold  outline, 
and  Babbage  the  boatswain  and  his  ship- 
mates, the  old  salt  Gumley  and  Comely  his 
dog,  and  their  acts  "  in  the  King's  name," 
will  abide  in  the  memory  of  the  young. 

Though  issued  as  a  story-book  for  boys, 
and  written  by  hands  well  skilled  at  such 
literature,  Samba  :  a  Story  of  the  Rubber 
Slaves  of  the  Congo,  also  by  Herbert  Strang, 
is  also  important  as  a  contribution  to  the 
campaign  against  Leopoldian  methods  in  the 
Congo  State.  In  the  course  of  a  well-told 
narrative  of  the  adventures  of  a  native  lad 
of  eleven  or  twelve  and  of  the  English  youth 
some  five  years  older  who,  with  an  American 
uncle,  rescues  him  from  a  ruined  village  and 
is  inspired  by  him  to  raise  a  rebellion  against 
concessionnaire  agents  and  State  forces,  we 
find  a  tolerably  complete  account  of  the 
land-stealing,  slavery,  and  cruelties  of  every 
sort  which  are  incident  to  rubber-collecting 
in  the  Congo.  The  special  literature  of  the 
subject  has  been  mastered,  and  indebtedness 
is  acknowledged  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harris,  the 
energetic  missionaries,  for  assistance  to 
which  is  doubtless  owing  the  exceptional 
accuracy  and  minuteness  of  the  descriptions 
of  Central  African  scenery  and  animals.  All 
this  is  none  the  less  entertaining  because  it  is 
instructive,  and  the  young  readers  for  whom 
the  volume  is  primarily  intended  are  not 
likely  to  find  fault  with  it  on  account  of  the 
triteness  of  its  characterization. 

MESSRS.    HUTCHINSON. 

Fifty-Two  New  Stories  for  Boys  shows  no 
diminution  of  the  interest  Mr.  A.  H.  Miles' s 
series  has  hitherto  commanded.  A  few 
school  tales  are  English  ;  and  some  Anglo- 
Indian  experiences  of  an  exciting  kind  break 
the  uniformity  of  American  adventures. 
The  latter  are  well  told,  but  a  glossary 
would  be  found  useful  for  English  readers. 
"  Cuddies,"  "  tozzles,"  "  fishers  "  (a  kind 
of  weasel),  and  "  swales  "  do  not  come  into 
the  ordinary  vocabulary  of  English  boys. 

"  From  Klondyke  to  Chiloe ....  from  Spitz- 
bergen  to  Tasmania,"  is  the  range  covered 
by  Fifty-Two  Pioneer  Stories,  edited  by  the 
same  benefactor  of  youth,  and  to  our  think- 
ing the  result  is  even  better.  The  eight 
"  true  stories  of  Indians  "  begin  with  the 
sad  one  of  '  Indian  Wrong  and  Revenge,' 
1675,  which  gives  the  key-note,  in  Waldron's 
treachery  and  gruesome  fate  (relieved  by 
the  gratitude  of  the  one  Indian  whom  Eliza- 
beth Heard  had  saved  from  slavery),  of  the 
long  and  bloody  annals  of  Indian  warfare 
in  the  States.  The  French  dealt  better  with 
the  Indians,  and  Canada  has  kept  the  tradi- 
tion. These  pioneer  stories,  have  infinite 
variety.  One  of  the  best,  '  Creating  an 
Industry,'  tells  of  the  firmness  and  humanity 
with  which  an  American  engineer  and  his 
gallant  Japanese  lieutenant  quelled  a  mutiny 
of  peons  on  the  island  of  Chiloe.  It  is  a 
pity  that  in  the  Arctic  chapter  the  gallant 
McClintock's  name  should  have  suffered  a 
sea-change  to  McClinton. 

MESSRS.    JACK. 

Scotland's  Story,  by  H.  E.  Marshall,  a 
narrative  of  the  legendary  side  of  Scottish 
history,  should  prove  very  popular.  It 
is  designed  for  readers  too  young  to 
follow  Scott's  delightful  'Tales  of  a  Grand- 
father.' The  illustrations  in  colour  are 
suitable,  and  criticism  of  tho  statements 
would  perhaps  be  superfluous.  But  the 
exploded  doctrine  of  the  annihilation  of  the 
Picts  should  not  have  been  revived.  It 
gives  a  false  start  on  an  important  element 
in  the  true  history.  And  who  was  the  Earl 
of  Siward  ?  Passages  from  Wyntoun,  Bar- 
bour, and  others  relieve  the  prose  judiciously. 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


733 


Two  of  the  three  recent  additions  to  the 
admirable  "  Children's  Heroes  Series,"  which 
we  have  commended  on  former  occasions, 
furnish  examples  of  the  quiet  heroism  of 
Black  Coat  in  the  mission  field  ;  in  the  other, 
The  Story  of  Lord  Clive,  by  John  Lang,  the 
more  obvious  glories  of  Red  Coat  are  demon- 
strated. No  more  stimulating  story  than 
that  of  Chalmers  of  Neiv  Guinea,  by  Janet 
Harvey  Kelman,  or  Bishop  Patteson,  by 
Elma  Paget,  could  be  found  in  the  realm  of 
fiction,  nor  one  better  calculated  to  appeal 
to  all  the  finer  instincts  and  aspirations. 

"  Shown  to  the  Children  "  is  another 
interesting  series,  of  which  we  have  received 
the  third  volume,  Beasts,  which  conveys  a 
considerable  amount  of  information  in  the 
most  charming  manner  possible.  The  forty  - 
■  eight  pictures,  supplemented  by  a  few  visits 
to  the  Zoo,  will  do  much  to  familiarize  the 
appearance  of  the  beasts  described. 

C.    H.    KELLY. 

We  have  before  us  two  of  this  firm's 
"  Select  Series  " — The  Hallam  Succession,  by 
Amelia  E.  Barr,  and  Roger  Haigh,  Charter- 
master,  by  Mrs.  R.  A.  Watson.  The  sort  of 
literature  which  directly  inculcates  any 
religious  system  seldom  appeals  to  the 
aesthetic  critic.  In  this  case,  however,  Mrs. 
Barr  has  a  good  command  of  Yorkshire 
dialect  and  the  breezy  humanity  of  the 
county,  which  betrays  more  than  a  spice  of 
the  old  Adam.  The  "  Chartermaster  "  has 
the  similar  advantage  of  being  very  human, 
and  belongs  to  the  North,  too.  He  is  a 
Radical  freethinker  who  sets  out  to  improve 
the  condition  of  the  people,  and  is  brought 
to  belief  through  a  child.  An  old  drunkard 
is  an  effective  character. 

Another  addition  to  the  natural  history 
books  of  the  season  The  Story  of  Hedgerow 
and  Pond,  by  R.  B.  Lodge,  is  unnecessarily 
bulky,  owing  to  the  enormous  margins,  which 
sometimes,  but  by  no  means  always,  are  re- 
lieved by  a  small  sketch.  The  book  is  rather 
stodgy  for  continuous  reading,  and  useless 
for  purposes  of  reference,  as  system  and 
classification  are  conspicuously  absent. 

MESSRS.    LONGMAN. 

The  wooden  doll  as  a  doll  is  almost  extinct, 
and  must  be  known  to  many  only  tlirough 
pictorial  association  with  the  sable  favourite 
whose  dusky  charms  are  as  popular  as  ever, 
and  whose  life  under  adventurous  conditions 
is  described  in  fluent  verse  by  Florence  K. 
Upton  in  The  Golliwogg'  s  Desert  Island,  and 
illustrated  by  Bertha  Upton. 

MESSRS.    SAMPSON    LOW. 

Rose  in  Bloom,  by  L.  M.  Alcott,  is  ar  old 
friend,  and  always  secure  of  a  welcome.  The 
present  edition  is  well  printed  and  illustrated, 
like  the  '  Eight  Cousins  '  of  which  it  is  the 
sequel. 

MESSRS.    METHUEN. 

Tommy  Smith's  Other  Animals.  By  Ed- 
mund Selous. — Tt  was  distinctly  a  happy  idea 
that  inspired  Mr.  Selous  to  write  a  sequel 
to,  or  perhaps  rather  a  continuation  of, 
'  Tommy  Smith's  Animals,'  which  will  be 
remembered  as  one  of  the  pleasantest  as  well 
as  the  most  informative  of  natural  history 
books  for  the  young,  and  also,  incidentally, 
for  such  of  their  elders  as  may  be  interested 
in  wild  nature  at  home.  There  are  eleven 
of  these  new  conversations  with  animals, 
including  the  rabbit,  the  nightjar,  the 
cuckoo,  and  the  water-vole,  recounted  in 
simple  but  vivacious  fashion,  and  enlivened 
by  touches  of  sly  humour.  Many  very 
sincere  nature  lovers  who  are  not  naturalists 
may  pit  k  up  all  manner  of  engaging  odds  and 
ends  of  Woodland  lore  from  these  lively 
pages  ;  while  certainly  no  child's  bookshelf 
should    be    without    them.     The    author's 


views  on  fox-hunting  and  coursing  are  admir- 
ably sound,  and  the  fox's  point  of  view  could 
hardly  have  been  better  set  forth.  He  is, 
it  would  seem,  proud  of  his  scent  ;  and  his 
justification  of  ladies  who  are  in  at  the  death 
is  decidedly  ingenious.  "  She  can't  have 
looked  pleased  because  she  was  cruel,"  he 
says, 

"  for  ladies  are  not  cruel,  we  have  settled  that — 
but  only  because  of  the  scent.  Ladies  are  fond  of 
scent,  you  know,  and  of  course  a  fox's  would  be 
in  his  tail  after  it  was  cut  off.  That  is  why  she  is 
pleased  to  have  it  given  her,  and  does  not  mind  the 
blood,  and  the  fleas  in  it.  But  if  the  huntsman 
were  to  say,  '  Here  is  something  to  remind  you 
that  an  animal  has  been  hunted  to  death,  and  that 
you  were  there  to  see  it,'  oh,  how  disgusted  she 
would  be  !  " 

The  illustrations  are  careful  and  pretty, 
but  lack  vitality. 

MESSRS.    NELSON. 

A  Cirl  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  by  Eliza 
F.  Pollard,  is  a  careful  and  conscientious 
attempt  at  a  picture  of  the  life  of  the  period 
as  passed  by  a  young  girl  of  good  position 
and  lively  sympathies.  The  scene  is  laid 
first  in  London,  and  afterwards  in  Paris, 
where  the  heroine  studies  art  and  becomes 
acquainted  with  a  good  many  celebrities, 
including  the  talented  Madame  Le  Brun, 
with  whom  she  is  a  fellow-student,  The 
tale  flows  pleasantly  on  through  a  return  to 
England,  the  achievement  of  fame  and 
fortune,  a  hapless  marriage  and  its  tragic 
though  unregrettable  ending,  a  friendship 
with  John  Wesley,  and  an  unexpectedly 
felicitous  close — a  wholesome,  unsophisti- 
cated, and,  on  the  whole,  fairly  entertaining 
book. 

MESSRS.    PHILIP    &    SON. 

We  are  glad  to  have  a  selection  of  Haw- 
thorne's Stories  of  Ancient  Greece,  which  is 
well  printed.  The  illustrations  are  striking, 
though  not  entirely  satisfactory. 

MESSRS.    PUTNAM. 

A  particularly  charming  mother  seems  to 
dominate  Twilight  Fairy  Tales,  by  Mrs.  Bal- 
lington  Booth  ;  she  has  an  active  little  boy 
who  finds  it  much  easier  to  attend  to  fairies 
than  to  the  dryasdust  young  lady  whose 
educational  efforts  strike  an  unreal  note  in 
these  days  of  reformed  elementary  teaching. 
The  illustrations  are  the  least  satisfactory 
part  of  these  pleasant  tales  of  the  land  of 
fantasy  for  the  children  of  the  stars  and 
stripes. 

E.    GRANT   RICHARDS. 

The  advisability  of  training  the  taste  of 
children  by  presenting  to  them  the  best  both 
in  art  and  literature  is  becoming  daily  more 
widely  recognized.  Children  of  other  Days  is 
the  title  of  a  book  which  reproduces  pictures 
of  children  of  various  times  and  countries, 
after  paintings  by  Rubens,  Van  Dyck,  and 
other  great  masters.  Each  picture  is  de- 
scribed in  simple  words  by  N.  Hudson  Moore, 
and  an  attempt  is  made  to  associate  the 
historic  roles  of  the  majority  of  the  sitters 
with  the  great  painters  of  the  epoch — a 
laudable  if  ambitious  effort. 

Daintily  arrayed,  as  it  should  be,  A  Night 
of  Wonders,  by  Francis  D.  Bedford,  is  the 
narrative  of  one  of  those  charming  dreams 
which  come  to  little  folk  before,  but  rarely 
after,  Christmas  Eve,  where  no  more  terrible 
visions  than  snow  bogies  are  seen,  and  where 
Santa  Clans  the  benevolent  reigns  supreme. 

Ml!.     ALSTON     RIVERS. 

Type  and  paper  are  alike  good  in  "  The 
Pinaforte  Library,"  each  tiny  volume  of 
which  may  be  purchased  tor  a  few  pence,  and 
to  which  Ford  Madox  BTueffer,  Lady  Margaret 

Sackville,  Arthur  Kansome,  and  Anne  I'yne 
have  contributed.     The  Fairy  Doll,  by  Netta 


Syrett,  is  a  book  of  five  little  plays  which 
seem,  to  judge  wdthout  practical  demonstra- 
tion, workable  and  interesting. 

S.P.C.K. 

Illustrated  by  Dorothy  Furniss,  a  selection 
of  twelve  popular  tales  is  published  by  the 
S.P.C.K.  under  the  title  Grimm's  Household 
Stories.  The  competition  of  other  editions 
more  copiously  illustrated  in  colours  will 
not,  we  hope,  prevent  the  clever  drawings 
in  this  little  book  from  receiving  due  atten- 
tion. 

MESSRS.    TREHERNE. 

Simplicity  of  diction  has  been  aimed  at 
and  achieved  in  the  first  three  volumes  of  a 
new  series  of  nature  books  for  children  by 
Arthur  Ransome — A  Child's  Book  of  the 
Seasons,  A  Child's  Book  of  the  Garden,  and 
A  Child's  Book  of  Pond  and  Stream  ;  but 
while  welcoming  any  fresh  effort  to  arouse 
a  personal  affection  for  the  living  things  of 
the  country-side,  we  must  protest  against 
the  risk  of  nightmare  involved  in  studying 
the  illustrations,  which  do  not  adorn  this 
series.  The  merits  of  How  to  Dress  a  Doll,  by 
Marion  Myrtle,  are  not  to  be  measured  by  its 
modest  size  and  price.  With  the  help  of  its 
sketches  and  diagrams,  any  little  mother 
may  quickly  learn  the  elements  of  clothes- 
making. 

MESSRS.    WARD    &    LOCK. 

The  W alcott  Twins,  by  Lucile  Lovell, 
describes  a  remarkable  couple  of  American 
children,  who  are  so  much  alike  that  with 
an  exchange  of  dress  the  girl  and  the  boy  are 
not  distinguishable.  When,  for  the  first  time 
in  their  lives,  they  are  separated,  they  take 
advantage,  in  a  spirit  of  mischief,  of  this 
close  resemblance,  and  old  General  Haines 
finds  himself  entertaining  an  unexpectedly 
nervous  and  sensitive  little  boy,  whilst  the 
old  maiden  aunts  are  not  a  little  embarrassed 
by  the  presence  in  their  household  of  a 
rampageous  tomboy.  The  humour  of  the 
double  situation  is  obvious,  and  lends  itself 
well  to  the  spirited  treatment  of  the  writer  ; 
but  to  the  children,  and  especially  to  May, 
the  joke  becomes  a  serious  matter,  and  she, 
at  any  rate,  is  thankful  to  be  relieved  of  the 
responsibility  of  carrying  firearms  and  of 
being  suspected  of  the  use  of  tobacco.  The 
boy,  of  more  robust  temperament,  is  mainly 
inconvenienced  by  his  petticoats,  and  his 
pranks  and  his  difficulties  are  entirely 
enjoyable. 

In  the  opening  chapters  of  In  the  Mist  of 
the  Mountains,  by  Ethel  Turner,  we  are  con- 
fidently led  to  believe  that  we  have  found  a 
satisfactory  juvenile  story  about  some 
delightful  Australian  children.  From  this 
point  onwards,  however,  we  are  destined  to 
be  to  some  extent  disillusioned,  for  the  prin- 
cipal interest  of  the  story  lies  henceforward 
in  the  relations  between  the  children's 
"  caretaker  " — a  gentle  Early  Victorian 
lady  with  literary  aspirations — and  a  famous 
novelist,  who  rents  the  house  opposite  to 
Greenways,  where  the  children  are  spending 
the  summer.  These  romantic  relations,  as 
they  eventually  become,  are  extremely 
amusing,  and  entirely  harmless  in  themselves, 
and  the  characters  are  drawn  with  freshness 
and  excellence  :  but  none  the  less  we  cannot 
help  resenting  the  intrusion  of  such  grown-up 
material  into  the  intimate  affairs  of  so  pro- 
mising a  family  of  children  as  the  Lomaxes. 
By  this  means  the  book  is  rendered  unfit  as 
a  gifl   for  younger  children,  whilst  older  girls 

will  probably  not  be  sufficiently  removed 
from  their  own  nursery  days  to  enjoy  tho- 
roughlyvnesayings  and  doings  of  Miss  Bibby's 
attractive  little  charges.  Consequently,  this 
story, like  many  another  intended  tor  children, 
will  probably  be  relegated  to  the  shelves  of 
their  elders. 


734 


THE    ATHENilUM 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mk.  Heinemann  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  speed  with  which  lie  has  produced  the 
translation  of  the  Memoirs  of  Prince  Chlodwig 
of  Hohenlohe,  rendered  inevitable  by  the 
notoriety  of  the  book.  As  our  readers 
know,  it  was  Dr.  Curtius  who  bore  the  chief 
part  as  editor  of  the  original  :  Mr.  Chrystal 
is  the  competent  translator. 

Few  political  careers  have  extended  over  a 
longer  period  of  offichd  life  than  did  that  of 
Prince  Hohenlohe.  Gladstone  and  Cardinal 
Fleury  lag  behind  in  the  catalogue.  Prince 
Clovis  began  to  keep  his  diary  in  1842,  but 
it  opens  with  notes  of  1830,  and  thus  covers 
a  period  of  more  than  seventy  years,  of 
which  nearly  sixty  were  passed  in  public 
life,  including  Prussian  service  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1842  and  the  holding  of  the  Chan- 
cellorship of  the  German  Empire  until  the 
autumn  of  1900.  Hohenlohe's  services 
between  these  tv/o  Prussian  periods  at  Berlin 
included  the  representation  abroad  of  an 
earlier  German  Empire,  of  Bavaria,  and  of 
the  present  German  Empire,  and  the 
leadership  of  a  Bavarian  Cabinet.  We  can 
think  of  no  statesman  except  Talleyrand 
who  had  so  varied  an  experience,  but  un- 
fortunately Hohenlohe  did  not  possess  the 
brains  which  were  emptied  into  the  gutter 
in  the  Rue  Duphot.  If  there  was  one  thing 
more  remarkable  than  another  about  Hohen- 
lohe, regard  being  had  to  the  great  offices 
which  he  filled  without  conspicuous  failure, 
it  was  his  habit  of  believing  everything  that 
he  was  told.  Talleyrand  was  conspicuous 
for  the  exactly  opposite  failing.  The  general 
reader  in  this  country  may  be  further  at- 
tracted by  the  fact  that  this  Roman  Catholic 
German  was  in  a  way  Queen  Victoria's 
nephew  and  was  her  guest  in  London  in 
1859.  He  was  for  some  years  our  Queen's 
secret  correspondent  on  German  affairs. 
The  Prince  received  a  letter  from  his  aunt  in 
which  she  said  that  her  half-sister  the  Queen 
of  England  had  confidence  in  him  "  as  an 
old  friend  of  Prince  Albert."  The  book 
states,  in  words  which  are,  we  think,  those 
of  Dr.  Curtius,  that, 

' '  owing  to  the  suspicion  with  which  all  German 
influence  in  England  was  watched,  these  communi- 
cations were  to  be  sent  to  the  Queen  through  the 
medium  of  Princess  Feodora." 

The  suspicion  here  of  German  influence 
would  not  extend  to  the  receipt  of  private 
communications  by  our  rulers  from  Roman 
Catholic  South  Germans,  distinguished  at 
that  time  by  their  Particularist  sentiments, 
a  fact  of  which  Dr.  Curtius  is  perfectly 
aware.  What  he  probably  means,  but  does 
not  like  to  say,  is  the  opposite,  namely,  that 
Bismarck  suspected  letters  from  Germany 
to  the  Queen  of  England,  and  opened  them 
in  the  post.  We  know  from  that  extra- 
ordinarily interesting  book,  the  letters  of 
Hatzfeldt  to  his  wife,  as  we  already  knew 
from  Busch,  the  extent  to  which  Bismarck's 
precautions  were  pushed  in  matters  of  the 
kind.  The  superiority  of  the  Hatzfeldt 
book  over  the  Hohenlohe  '  Memoirs  '  is  that 
Hatzfeldt's  letters  were  not  intended  to  see 
the  light  and  have  not  passed  through 
several  hands. 

The  "  origin  of  the  war  of  1870  "  has  been 
carefully  cut  out  of  the  Hohenlohe  'Memoirs.' 
The  very  names  of  Prim,  of  Prim's  Spanish 
secret  agent,  of  General  Lebrun,  and  of 
other  chief  actors  are  not  mentioned.  The 
names  of  the  two  Princes  of  Hohenzollern, 
the  Archduke  Albert,  and  "namby-pamby 
Nigra  "  are  not  given  in  connexion  with  the 
history  of  the  war,  in  which  the  influence  of 
Nigra  and  the  Archduke  is  known  from  other 
sources.  There  are,  however,  some  interest- 
ing passages  on  the  events  which  preceded 


the  war  of  1866.  Just  before  the  Prussian 
victories 

"  Bismarck  is  in  a  horrible  position the  mili- 
tary organization  inadequate,  and  the  Landwehr 

wanting  in   the  proper  warlike  spirit rumours 

of  the  King's  abdication If  a  change  of  throne 

and  government  were  really  to  occur  in  Prussia." 

"  If,"  indeed  !  A  fortnight  later,  on  the 
day  on  which  Hohenlohe's  own  kingdom  of 
the  moment,  Bavaria,  went  to  war  with 
Bismarck,  he  had  to  tell  a  different  story  : 
"  Our  army  is  not  in  particularly  good  con- 
dition." The  Bavarians  called  at  once  on 
Austria  "  to  send  further  reinforcements," 
that  is,  to  fight  for  Bavaria  at  a  moment 
when  Austria  could  by  straining  every  nerve 
not  defend  her  own  capital,  which  lay  in  a 
few  days  at  the  victor's  mercy.  A  little 
latertheHanoverians,who,  like  the  Austrians, 
fought,  had  been  destroyed,  and  the  Prince 
grumbles  : — 

"Our  army,  which  might  very  well  have  liberated 
the  Hanoverians,  has  lost  weeks At head- 
quarters they  heard  the  guns  at  Langensalza,  and 
never  stirred." 

Hohenlohe  hoped  against  hope  that  the 
Bavarian  army  "  will  now  begin  to  act  with 
some  energy.  Frau  von  der  Tann  declares 
it  will."  Readers  will  remember  that 
General  von  der  Tann  commanded  with 
extraordinary  vigour,  in  the  war  of  1870,  a 
Bavarian  army  corps  which  fought  against 
France  with  such  gallantry  that  it  became 
reduced  from  33,000  to  4,000  men.  The 
fighting  of  South  Germany  against  Prussia 
was  different  indeed  from  its  conduct  acainst 
France  exactly  four  years  later.  Hohenlohe 
could  see  in  1866  no  cause  for  the  defeat 
of  the  country  which  he  served  in  this 
portion  of  his  career  except  "  the  sheer  in- 
competence of  "  the  leaders  of  the  Bavarian 
army.  The  whole  of  his  account  of  1866  is 
merely  silly  ;  but  he  was  an  honest  man  to 
leave  it  in  his  memoir. 

Conversations  with  Moltke  and  Bismarck 
at  Berlin  in  1869  have  a  twofold  interest. 
The  words  of  Moltke  are  straightforward 
and  of  some  little  historical  importance. 
Those  of  Bismarck  are  in  conflict  with  his 
own  statements  in  much  that  he  has  sub- 
sequently written.  The  discussions  throw 
additional  light  upon  the  personality  of  the 
Chancellor  and  the  general.  Moltke,  who  in 
1867  and  1868  had  regarded  war  as  certain, 
had  discovered  in  1869  that  France  must  be 
stirred  up  if  she  were  to  be  made,  as  he  wished, 
to  fight  : — 

"  France  would  begin  no  war  if  Austria  did  not 
go  with  her ;  the  French  were  not  so  foolish.  They 
knew  too  well  that  they  were  not  up  to  the  level 
of  Prussia  if  they  attacked  alone.  But  Austria 
was  not  armed." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  1869  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  informed  the  Emperor 
of  the  French  that  his  mobilization  would 
be  so  slow  that  lie  could  not  take  part  in  a 
war  begun  later  in  any  year  than  May. 
Moltke,  of  course,  was  equally  well  informed. 
Bismarck  at  the  same  time  told  Hohenlohe 
that  "  the  war  would  in  any  case  be  success- 
ful for  Prussia,  because  France  was  not  up 
to  the  level  of  Prussia."  A  new  fact,  how- 
ever, interposed  itself  which  made  the  situa- 
tion of  the  autumn  of  1869,  as  soon  by  Bis- 
marck, differ  from  that  of  the  previous  two 
years.  He  had  become  aware,  as  had  Beust 
and  Hohenlohe,  probablyfrom  Prince  Metter- 
nich,  Austrian  ambassador  in  Paris  (though, 
in  Bismarck's  case,  not,  of  course,  directly), 
that  the  Emperor  of  the  French  had  stone  in 
the  bladder.  The  operation  for  the  removal 
of  the  Large  stone  was  likely,  in  his  weak- 
state  of  health,  to  be  fatal.  The  death  of 
Napoleon  III.  in  September,  L869,  appeared 
more  probable  than  "  the  war."  Tlio  pros- 
pect of  confusion  in  France  seomed  moro 


immediate   than   that  of  effective  military 
Franco-Austrian  alliance.     As  for 

"the    situation    in    France Count  Beust    can, 

as  little  as  any  one  else,  foresee  what  will  happen 

there  on  the  death  of  the  Emperor The  dynasty 

can  only  be  saved  by unconditional  inaugura- 
tion of  constitutional  government. " 
The  chapters  of  M.  Emile  Ollivier  on  the 
subject  tell  a  different  story,  but  one  which 
can  be  reconciled  with  that  now  before  us. 
The  wisdom  of  adopting  the  methods  of 
"  L'Empire  Liberal  "  was  obvious  to  Napo- 
leon III.  before  his  sufferings  began.  The 
resistance  of  the  Empress  had  delayed  the 
change,  when  life  suddenly  began  to  ebb 
from  Louis  Napoleon's  tired  frame  :  "  The 
Empress's  journey  to  the  East ....  was  under- 
taken to  keep  the  Empress  out  of  sight  of  the 
French  people  for  a  time."  As  Beust  urged 
that  the  Powers  should  "  come  to  an  under- 
standing "  "in  face  of  anticipated  eventual- 
ities in  France,"  and  as  Beust  was  ever 
talkative,  it  follows  that  this  information 
was  made  known  to  Russia,  and  through 
the  Emperor  of  Russia  must  immediately 
have  reached  Bismarck,  even  had  not  the 
Hungarian  Government  kept  him  informed 
of  the  military  negotiations  between  Austria 
and  France. 

We  have  already  dealt  with  the  supposed 
"  revelations  "  of  Hohenlohe  as  to  "  the  war 
scare  of  1875."  If  regard  is  had  to  Hohen- 
lohe's character,  as  illustrated  by  almost 
every  page  of  these  two  volumes,  it  is  im- 
possible to  suppose  that  Bismarck's  conver- 
sations with  him  on  the  subject  can  be  trusted. 
No  evidence,  indeed,  that  is  at  present  avail- 
able upon  the  last  great  alarm  of  war  is 
entitled  to  our  confidence.  It  is  clear  from 
Bismarck's  memoirs  and  from  Busch's  more 
valuable  volumes  that  Bismarck  sounded  in 
1875  a  loud  note  of  alarm  and  declared  that 
war  was  all  but  certain.  That  he  must  have 
known  that  war  would  not  take  place  can  be 
proved  from  every  known  circumstance  of 
the  time.  The  war  scare  of  December, 
1905,  was  intended  to  get  rid  of  a  French 
Minister,  M.  Delcasse,  and  attained  its 
object — at  much  cost.  We  are  now  inclined 
to  doubt  whether  "  the  war  scare  of  1875  " 
had  any  more  real  foundation.  As  letters 
and  conversations  are  revealed  to  us,  it 
becomes  increasingly  probable  that  our  final 
judgment  will  be  that  this  scare  was 
engineered  by  Bismarck  for  the  purpose  of 
ridding  himself  of  a  detested  French 
ambassador. 

The  translation  is  good,  and  the  pressure 
under  which  the  bulky  volumes  have  been 
produced  explains  the  numerous  misprints 
and  small  mistakes  in  names.  The  index 
is  as  imperfect  as  is  unfortunately  usual,  but 
in  several  cases  shows  that  slips  in  the  text 
are  not  to  be  attributed  to  the  translator — 
except,  indeed,  that  proofs  should  have  been 
more  carefully  corrected.  Few  of  the  errors 
are  important.  The  first  mention  of  the 
famous  Holstein  has  a  foot-note  beghming, 
"  He  had  retired  a  short  time  before  from 
his  office  of .  .  .  .Director  of  the  Political 
Section  of  the  Foreign  Office."  As  the  text 
is  diary  of  December,  1870,  the  foot-note  is, 
of  course,  misleading.  If  it  refers,  as  seems 
likely,  to  Holstein's  retirement  in  1906,  here 
again  the  index  seems  to  be  more  accurate 
than  the  text.  Of  the  many  small  slips 
noted,  one  only  concerns  the  name  of  an 
Englishman.  It  stands  in  text  and  index, 
and  is  attributable  to  Hohenlohe.  A  curious 
blunder  about,  the  Prime  Minister  of  Spain 
who  fell  this  week  is  that  of  the  index-maker 
only,  who  calls  him  "  French  statesman."  A 
good  many  difficulties  have  been  avoided,  as 
is  too  often  tho  case,  by  mere  omission  from 
the  indox  of  names,  unimportant,  no  doubt, 
but  essential  to  a  good  indox  for  volumes 
likely  to  find  a  place  on  library  shelves. 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


?35 


The  Heart  of  England,  by  Edward  Thomas, 
is  published  by  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  in  a 
large  and  luxurious  form,  with  coloured 
illustrations.  The  author  is  happy  in  the 
conversations  with  country  characters  he 
records,  also  in  his  notice  of  old  folk-songs 
and  epitaphs.  But  generally  he  applies 
the  "  pathetic  fallacy  "  to  nature  to  a  weari- 
some extent.  He  is  always  seeing  something 
which  the  ordinary  man  does  not  see  :  that 
is  well  ;  but  the  visions  seem  sometimes 
created  by  nothing  better  than  unusual 
adjectives,  by  preciosity.  Mr.  Thomas 
suffers  from  an  over-excitation  of  the  colour- 
sense,  ar>d  he  indulges  in  a  great  deel  of  fine 
writing.  Human  emotions  of  reluctance, 
calmness,  and  anger,  ascribed  to  birds  and 
trees,  are  overdone.  In  fact,  he  cares,  we 
think,  too  much  for  style  ;  he  is  a  writer 
of  promise  who  will  gain  much  by  the  growth 
of  the  selective  faculty.  His  writing  is  at 
present  somewhat  too  sensuous  for  our  taste, 
and  his  sense  of  humour  does  not  seem  strong. 
He  has,  we  believe,  the  courage  to  go  his 
own  way,  though  he  is  at  present  in  the 
imitative  stage.  We  give  portions  of  one 
of  his  sketches  of  human  figures  : — ■ 

"  Over  the  green  grass  walks  the  farmer's 
daughter  in  a  white  dress,  on  her  head  a  mush- 
room-shaped straw  hat  that  reveals  black  hair 
curving  like  the  wings  of  a  dove  over  the  half 
moon  of  her  brow,  and  like  smoke  above  her 
golden  nape.  She  stands  still  like  a  straight  birch 
in  heavy  snow — her  form  and  her  dress  one  and 
yet  separate,  and  definitely  female  in  rise  and  fall. 
She  walks  like  a  summer  cloud,  except  that  her 
feet,  clad  in  shining  black,  take  a  firm  hold  upon 
the  grass  and  spurn  it  strongly,  yet  with  the  light 

short  steps  of  a  proud  bird Her  small  round 

head  is  lifted  up,  her  eyes  fully  round,  her  lips  too 
much  curved  to  meet  very  often  yet,  her  nose 
clear  and  straight,  and  the  fair,  wing-like  curve  of 
bone  from  ear  to  chin  seeming  to  be  born  of  the 
shadow  which  it  creates  upon  her  neck." 

She  is  just  between  childhood  and  maturity : 

"  She  is  as  strange  as  the  silver  water  that 
gushes  among  green  grass  and  marigold  in  the 
copse,  or  as  the  blue  swallow  slanting  down  the 
sunny  red  wall.  To  look  at  her  is  to  take  deep 
breaths  as  at  the  savour  of  warm  bread,  of  honey- 
suckle, of  cows  when  they  come  from  the  meadows 
into  a  dusty  road.  A  speech  that  should  be  all 
sapphires  and  pearls  would  not  be  worthy  of  her — 
to-day.  She  is  at  the  altar  of  Aphrodite  '  full  of 
pity ' — to-day.  She  has  been  carried  far  in  the 
goddess's  dove-drawn  chariot  over  mountains  and 
seas,  and  has  bathed  in  the  same  fountain  as 
Aphrodite,  nor  yet  been  seen  of  men — to-day." 

Are  all  these  images  desirable,  lucid,  or 
even  effective  ? 

The  process  of  reproduction  is  not  kind 
to  Mr.  H.  L.  Richardson's  illustrations,  some 
of  which  are  pretty  ;  but  they  bear  singu- 
larly little  relation  to  the  text. 

It  is  good  to  find,  amongst  the  hordes  of 
loudly  advertised  tales  that  invade  the  market 
nowadays,  a  modest,  yet  every  way  satis- 
factory reprint  of  the  works  of  George  Eliot, 
whose  creations  "  stick  fiery  off  indeed " 
against  the  phantoms,  pale  or  grotesque,  of 
contemporary  fiction.  Of  this  post  octavo 
library  edition  two  volumes,  Adam  Bede  and 
Scenes  from  Clerical  Life,  are  already  out, 
and  in  their  seemly  binding  of  dark-blue 
cloth,  their  bold  type,  stout  paper,  and 
accurate  printing,  do  credit  to  the  house 
of  Blackwood.  It  is  just  forty-nine  years 
since  the  '  Scenes '  first  appeared  in  book 
form,  and  scandalized  freethinkers  and  The 
Quarterly  alike  by  their  impartial  presenta- 
tion of  spiritual  truth.  The  Quarterly  critic, 
indeed,  was  moved  to  hint  that  the  author's 
classical  quotations  might  be  "  more  cor- 
rectly printed,"  whereas  there  happens  to  be 
but  one  such  quotation  in  the  book — that 
irom    the     '  Philoctetes,'    Btivov    to    t'iktuv 


io~Ti,  in  '  Amos  Barton.'  Sed  ho3C  prius 
fuere  ;  and  George  Eliot's  fame  has  passed 
long  since  beyond  the  danger  of  the  indolent 
reviewer  and  the  range  of  his  puny  darts. 

The  Songs  of  Sidi  Hammo,  by  R.  L.  N. 
Johnston  (Elkin  Mathews),  is  a  very  inter- 
esting little  work  for  those  who  know  any- 
thing of  the  byways  of  Moorish  history,  or, 
as  one  might  more  correctly  say,  of  the  his- 
tory of  Northern  Africa.  Sidi  Hammo 
would  hardly  be  called  a  Moor,  even  in 
Europe.  Tn  Morocco  no  man  is  called  a 
Moor.  The  Arab  natives  of  the  country  are 
Moghrabbins,  and  its  earlier  inhabitants, 
who  still  occupy  many  of  its  mountain  fast- 
nesses, after  a  thousand  years  of  refusal 
to  be  absorbed  by  thei"  conquerors,  are 
Berbers.  Sidi  Hammo  was  in  his  day,  and 
perhaps  may  be  said  to  have  remained, 
the  most  popular  of  Berber  poets.  The 
Berber  poet  is  not  so  much  a  student  or  a 
man  of  letters  as  a  wandering  singer,  rhyme- 
ster, story-teller,  and  philosopher.  It  is 
more  than  likely  that  Sidi  Hammo  knew  no 
other  book  than  the  Koran,  and  that  but 
imperfectly.  A  member  of  a  race  which  has 
hardly  any  literature,  Sidi  Hammo  was  one 
of  those  who  served  his  age  by  handing  on 
its  oral  traditions,  and  increasing  its  stock  of 
proverbial  philosophy.  A  pleasant,  kindly 
creature,  he  has  been  canonized  by  posterity, 
after  the  Arab  fashion,  and  his  tomb  is  a 
place  of  pilgrimage  for  the  devout ;  but  little 
is  actually  known  of  his  life  ;  and  no  one 
can  be  sure  of  the  time  of  his  death  within 
fifty  years  or  so. 

Mr.  R.  L.  N.  Johnston  is  known,  at  all 
events  by  name,  to  every  tourist  who  has 
paid  a  visit  to  the  coast  of  Morocco.  It  is 
twenty  years  since  a  charming  little  volume 
from  his  pen,  called  '  Moorish  Lotus  Leaves,' 
first  saw  the  light  ;  and  his  '  At  the  Sign 
of  the  Palm  Tree  '  and  '  Morocco,  the  Land 
of  the  Setting  Sun,'  are  works  pleasantly 
familiar  to  those  who  know  the  modern 
literature  of  Morocco.  He  is  one  of  the  very 
few  Englishmen  for  whom  neither  Arabic 
nor  Shilhah,  the  tongue  of  the  Berbers,  pre- 
sents any  difficulties.  His  long  residence  in 
Southern  Morocco  has  given  him  as  intimate 
a  knowledge  of  the  Berbers  as  is  possessed 
by  any  living  European. 

'  El  Mani  ' — '  The  Similes  ' — which  he  now 
gives  for  the  first  time  to  English  readers, 
represent  the  philosophy  of  Sidi  Hammo  as 
gathered  by  him  from  the  lips  of  peasants 
in  the  Haha  and  M'tooga  provinces  of 
Southern  Morocco,  and  have  all  been  care- 
fully verified  by  numerous  Berber  scribes. 
The  volume  is  edited  by  Mr.  S.  L.  Bensusan, 
who  contributes  an  interesting  preface  ;  and 
a  number  of  the  Berber  poet's  rhymed 
sayings  have  been  rendered  into  English 
verse  by  Mr.  L.  Cranmer-Byng.  Mr.  John- 
ston has  done  his  work  well,  and  the  result 
is  a  really  interesting  little  addition  to  the 
store  of  North  African  folk-lore. 

A  Lodge  in  the  Wilderness.  (Blackwood 
&  Sons.) — This  clever  book  recalls  to  some 
extent  Mr.  Mallock's  '  New  Republic.'  After 
the  last  general  election  Mr.  Francis  Carey — 
described  as  an  intelligent  millionaire,  and 
modelled  apparently  on  Cecil  Rhodes— took 
a  party  of  friends  out  to  his  estate 
in  British  East  Africa.  There,  amid  luxu- 
rious BurroundingS,  they  spent  their  evenings 
in  discussing  the  regeneration  of  the  Empire, 
the  unemployed,  coolie  labour,  art,  and  other 
matters  of  high  thinking.  Though  they  did 
not  invariably  succeed  in  avoiding  platitude 
and  ponderosity,  the  members  of  the  band 
kept  up  the  debates  with  considerable  spirit, 
and  the  Duchess  of  Maxton,  in  particular, 


expounded  the  views  of  aristocratic  Toryism 
with  amusing  emphasis.  By  day  they 
wandered  about  the  country,  and  the  sports- 
men took  part  in  a  sufficiently  exciting  lion- 
hunt.  The  descriptions  of  African  scenery 
are  the  best  things  in  the  book,  which  would 
have  been  improved  by  more  incident  and 
less  disquisition.  There  is  no  lovemaking, 
but  we  find  some  poetry,  which  is  only 
so-so. 

Many  years  ago  Mrs.  Lily  Watson,  the 
author  of  A  Girl  of  Dreams  (Melrose),  visited 
the  library  at  the  ruined  castle  of  Innerpeffray, 
Perthshire.  The  loveliness  and  beauty  of 
the  site  and  the  rarity  of  the  books  suggested 
the  central  idea  of  this  story.  It  opens  at 
Long  Netherdale,  "  where  resounded  the 
laughter  of  the  hills."  Mr.  Urquhart,  the 
vicar,  has  charge  of  a  very  choice  library 
founded  "  for  the  benefit  of  students  or 
such  as  had  a  thirst  for  knowledge  "  ;  his 
daughter  Rosemary,  the  "  girl  of  dreams," 
is  as  fond  of  the  rare  books  as  the  vicar  him- 
self, and  with  much  enthusiasm  describes 
them  to  visitors.  How  one  of  those  visitors 
gives  to  her  "  the  key  of  the  kingdom  of 
Romance  "  must  be  left  to  the  reader  of 
this  charming  little  book  to  discover.  The 
story  is  well  told,  and  admirably  adapted 
for  a  Christmas  gift. 

We  have  received  the  issues  for  the  new 
year  of  Who  's  Who  and  the  '  Who  's  Who  ' 
Year-Booh  (A.  &  C.  Black).  Both  are  very 
useful  books  of  reference,  which  are  still  not 
so  widely  known  as  they  should  be.  The 
latter  is  both  cheap  and  compact. 

We  commend  to  buyers  the  Christmas 
number  of  The  Publishers'1  Circular,  which 
affords  a  good  means  of  selecting  the  best 
books  for  the  season,  and  is  fully  illustrated. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLIS  H. 

Theology. 

Aurelius  Antoninus  (Marcus),  Meditations,  translated  by 

J.  Jackson,  3/6  net. 
Beecher  (II.  W.),  The  Life  of  Christ,  Two  Sermons,  3/6  net. 
Forrest  (I).  W.),  The  Authority  of  Christ,  Second  Edition  ; 

The  Christ  of  History  and  of  Experience,  Fifth  Edition, 

6/  each. 
Ingram  (M.  E. ),  A  Jacobite  Stronghold  of  the  Church,  3/6  net. 
Isaiah  according  to  the  Septuagint,  translated  by  It.  R. 

Ottley,  Text  and  Notes,  6/  net ;  Text  only,  2/  net. 
Mohammedan  World  of  To-day,  5/ net. 
Religious  Doubts  of  Common  Men,  -1, 6  net. 
\Vilberforee(B.),  Sanctification  by  the  Truth,  5/ 

Law. 
Chandler  (T.  W.),  Executors'  Accounts,  10/ net. 
Bmden  (Judge),  Building  Contracts,  27/6 
Hadum's  Overseers'  Handbook,  Third  Edition,  5/ net 
Roberts  (J.),  The  Inventor's  Guide  to  Patent  Law  and  the 

New  Practice,  Cheap  Edition,  1/net. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Astli'Y  (H.  J.  P.),  A  Group  of  Norman  Fonts  in  North-West 

Norfolk,  1/ 
Baily(J.  T.  B.),  George  Morland,  5/ net. 
Barrie  (J.  M.),  Peter  Pan  in   Kensington  Gardens,  with 

Drawings  by  A.  Kackham,  15/ net, 
British  Journal  Photographic  Almanac,  1907,  i/net. 

Burton  (W.),  Porcelain,  7/0  net. 

Cundall  (li.  M.),  Birket  Poster,  R.W.S.,  20/ net 

Irving(W.),  Rural   Life  in   England,  illustrated  by  Photo- 
gravures, 8/8  net. 

Mach(E.  von),  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Painting,  1200- 
1900,  6/6 

Moller(M.)i  Wood-Carving  Designs,  ii'net. 

Moore  (N.   II.).   The  Old    Furniture   Book;    Old    Pewter, 
Brass,  Coppi  r,  and  Sheffield  Plate,  m;  net  each, 

Bhead(G.  W.  and  r.  A.),  Staffordshire  Pots  and  Potters, 
21/  net 

Strang  (W.),  Etchings,  7  6  net. 

Waters (W.  G.),  Five  Italian  shrines,  12/ net 
Poeir'i  and  Drama. 

Anus  (Mr.  and  Mrs.  E. ),  Sessional :  Pig  Ben  Ballads,  l/net 

Bishop  (<;.  c>,  Pot  Pourri,  3  6 

Barns  (B,  I,  PoetJ     l  Work-,  edited  by  W.  Wallace,  3/6 
a  (C.  I . ),  M\  Dncommonpl  ice  Book,  2  o  net. 

Cousins  (J.  II.),  The  Quest  2  8  net 

Coventry  (1!.  <;.  T.),  Poems,  5  net 

Soilings  (G.  8.),  In  \  ia,  \.  rees,  2/  net 

Johnal (A.  ».),  Erniana,  and  other  Poems,  5/ 

Longfellow's  Po<  ms,  Introduction  by  (!.  Saintsbury,  2/6  net 

Pinero(A.  W.),  Bis  House  in  Order,  1/6 

Prayers  from  the  Poet-,  edited  by  C.   Headlam  and  L. 
Mngnuf,  New  Edition,  2/6 

Koe  (G.),  Kuba'ivat  of  Omar  Khayyam,  7/6  net 


736 


THE    ATSEN^UM 


N6  4128,  Dec.  8,1906 


Songs  from  the  Four,Winds  of  Eirinn,  2/6  net. 
Vernon  (Hon.  W.  W.),  The  Contrasts  in  Dante,  Qd.  net. 

Bibliography. 
Floyer  (J.  K.),   Catalogue   of  Manuscripts    in    Worcester 

Cathedral,  edited  by  S.  G.  Hamilton,  7/6  net. 
Political  Economy. 
Economics  for  Irishmen,  by  Pat,  1/  net. 
Morison  (T.),   The  Industrial  Organization   of    an  Indian 

Province,  10/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Beak  (G.  B.),  The  Aftermath  of  War,  12/6  net. 
Blackman  (W.  F.)  The  Making  of  Hawaii,  10/6  net. 
Compagni  (Dino),  Chronicle,  translated  by  E.  C.  M.  Benecke 

and  A.  G.  F.  Howell,  1/6  net. 
Clarke  (H.  B.),  Modern  Spain,  1815-98.     Memoir  by  W.  H. 

Hutton,  7/6 
Handley  (C),  Briton,  Boer,  and  Black,  10/6  net. 
Hohenlohe    (Prince    Chlodwig),    Memoirs,    translated    by 

G.  W.  Chrystal,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 
Johnson  (Mrs.  T.  F),  Glimpses  of  Ancient  Leicester,  Second 

Edition,  5/  net. 
Keys  (A.  M.),  Cadwallader  Colden,  10/  net. 
Lodge's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  Knightage,  and  Companion- 
age,  1907,  21/  net. 
Robertson  (J.  P.),  Personal  Adventures  and  Anecdotes  of 

an  Old  Officer,  12/6  net. 
Southern  Rhodesia,  edited  by  F.  W.  Ferguson,  25/  net. 
Stanmore  (Lord),  Sidney  Herbert,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 
Stearns  (F.  P.),  The  Life  and  Genius  of  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne, 9/  net. 
Stride  (W.  K),  Empire-Builders,  2/6 
Underdown  (E.),  Medallions  from  Early  Florentine  History, 

5/  net. 
Villani's  Chronicle,  translated  by  R.  E.  Selfe,  5/  net. 
Wallace  (Lew),  An  Autobiography,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 
Watson  (R.  S.),  The  National  Liberal  Federation,  5/  net. 
Whish  (C.  W.),  The  Ancient  World,  5/  net. 
Who  's  Who,  1907,  10/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Beazley  (C.  R.),  The  Dawn  of  Modern  Geography,  Vol.  II., 

20/  net. 
Beeby  (W.  T.),  The  Levantine  Riviera,  Italy,  Gd.  net. 
Grieve  (S.),  Notes  upon  the  Island  of  Dominica,  2/6  net. 
Johnson   (C),  Highways  and  Byways  of   the  Mississippi 

Valley,  8/6  net. 
Kirkpatrick  (F.  A.),  Lectures  on  British  Colonization  and 

Empire,  2/6 
Markham  (C.  R.),  Life  of  Christopher  Columbus,  3/6 
Purchas  His  Pilgrimes,  Vols.  XVIL,  XVIIL,  XIX.,  12/6 net 

each. 
Report  on  the  Boundary  Survey  between  British  Bechuana- 

land  and  German  S.W.  Africa,  English  and  German 

Text. 

Philology. 
Livy,  Books   I.,   XXL,   XXIL,    edited   by  E.  B.  Lease, 

Second  Edition,  1  dol.  25. 
Robinson   (C.  H.),  Dictionary   of   the   Hausa   Language, 

Vol.  I.,  Second  Edition,  12/ net. 
Sorensen  (S.),  An  Index  to  the  Names  in  the  Mahabharata, 

Part  III.,  7/6  net. 
Wickremasinghe  (Don  M.  de  Z.),  Tamil  Grammar   Self- 
Taught,  4/ 
Wyld  (H.  C),  Historical  Study  of  the  Mother  Tongue,  7/6 

School-Books. 
Blackmore  (B.  L.),  The  A  B  C  of  Needlework,  1/6  net. 
Carpenter  (G.  R.),  English  Grammar,  3/6  net. 
Heaton    (E.    W.),    A    Scientific    Geography:     Book    III. 

Europe,  1/6  net. 
Herodotus,  Histories,  Books  I.  to  III.,  translated  by  G.  W. 

Harris,  3/6  net. 
Jackson  (C.  S.)  and  Milne  (R.  M.),  A  First  Statics,  4/  net. 

Science. 
Biles  (J.   H.),  The  Steam  Turbine  as  applied  to  Marine 

Purposes,  6/  net. 
Dennett  (R.  E.),  At  the  Back  of  the  Black  Man's  Mind, 

10/  net. 
Fauna  of  British   India,  edited  by  Lieut.  -Col.  C.  T.  Bing- 
ham :  Coleoptera,  Vol.  I.,  10/ 
Findlay  (A.),  Practical  Physical  Chemistry,  4/6 
Garden  Lover's  Birthday  Book,  compiled  by  A.  H.  Hyatt, 

3/6  net. 
Garden  of  Pleasant  Flowers,  chosen  by  A.  H.  Hyatt,  3/6  net. 
Harley  (V.)  arid  Goodbody  (F.  W.),  The  Chemical  Investi- 
gation of  Gastric  and  Intestinal  Diseases,  8/6  net. 
Hyslop  (J.  H.),  Borderland  of  Psychical  Research,  6/ 
Klein  (E.),   Studies  in    the  Bacteriology  and  Etiology  of 

Oriental  Plague,  12/  net. 
Madras    Government  Museum,    Bulletin  :    Vol.  V.  No.  2, 

Anthropology,  Qd. 
Marabell  (W.),  the  Rise  of  Man,  1  dol.  50. 
Metchnikoff  (E.),  The  New  Hygiene,  2/6 
Millington  (J.  P.),  John  Dalton,  2/6  net. 
Physical  Laboratories  of  the  University  of  Manchester,  a 

Record  of  Twenty-Five  Years'  Work,  5/  net. 
Readings  in   Descriptive  and   Historical  Sociology,  edited 

by  !■'.  II.  Giddings,  7/  net. 
Reid  (J.),   The  Scots    Gard'ner,  edited    by  A.  H.  Hyatt, 

2/6  net. 
Rhodesia     Scientific    Association,     Proceedings,    Vol.    V. 

Part  IV.  ;  Vol.  VI.  Part  I.,  2/6  each. 
Russell  (A.),   A  Treatise  on    the  Theory  of    Alternating 

Currents,  Vol.  II.,  12/net. 
Savage  (W.  (;.),  The  Bacteriological  Examination  of  Water 

Supplies,  6/6  net. 
Transvaal  Agricultural  Journal,  October,  9/  yearly. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Barr(A.  E.),  The  Hallam  Succession,  2/ 
Bedford  (F.  D.),  A  Night  of  Wonders,  3/6  net. 
Bevan  (T.),  Held  by  Rebels.  2/6 

Book  of  Rhymes  for  odd  Times,  Drawings  by  R.  Rigby, 
David,  for  Little  Children,  by  II.  K,  1/  net 
Elliott  (R.),  .f  oil ii  Lyon,  3/6 
Everett-Green,  E.,  in  a  Land  of  Beasts,  5/ 

Fairy  T;iles  by  Lillian,  :;/ 
Farley  (Mrs.  H.  A.),  Brightest  and  Lest,  3/6 
Hall  (H.  R.),  Days  before  History,  2/6 
Haverfleld  (E.  L.),  The  Mascotte  of  Sunnyside,  6/ 
Hawthorne  (N.),  Stories  of  Ancient  Greece,  1/6  net. 


Kelman  (J.  H.),  Flowers  shown  to  the  Children,  2/6  net. 

Lambert  (D.),  Jolly  Times  in  Animal  Land,  1/  net. 

Marchant  (B.),  Maisie's  Discovery,  5/ 

Pinafore  Library :— Christina's  Fairy  Book;  The  Travelling 
Companions ;  Highways  and  Byways  in  Fairyland ; 
The  Fairy  Doll ;  Who's  Who  in  Fairyland,  6(i.  net  each. 

Playtime  Series  :— Doings  in  Dogland ;  Pleasures  in  Play- 
land  ;  Pranks  and  Purrs  in  Pussyland  ;  Nursery  Rhymes 
and  Jingles  ;  Bible  Stories  for  the  Bairns  ;  Our 
Feathered  Friends,  6d.  each. 

Strang  (H.),  Jack  Hardy,  2/6 

Walters  (E.  W.),  Motoring  through  Dreamland,  3/6 

Watson  (R.  A.),  Roger  Haigh,  Chartermaster,  2/6 
General  Literature. 

Adams  (A.  H.),  London  Streets,  2/6  net. 

Alcott  (L.  M.),  Rose  in  Bloom,  New  Edition,  6/ 

Altogether  New  Cynic's  Calendar  of  Revised  Wisdom  for 
1907,  3/6  net. 

Arnold  (M.),  Essays  Literary  and  Critical,  New  Edition, 
1/  net. 

Askew  (A.  and  C),  The  Baxter  Family,  6/ 

Broughton  (R.),  Lavinia,  New  Edition,  2/ 

Caine  (W.)  and  Fairbairn  (J.),  The  Confectioners,  3/6 

Calendar  for  1907,  arranged  by  Autolycus,  1/  net. 

Crawford  (F.  M.),  The  Heart  of  Rome,  New  Edition,  3/6 

Dawson  (G),  A  Minister  of  Fate,  6/ 

Dissertations  by  Mr.  Dooley,  6/ 

Donnell  (A.  H.),  The  Very  Small  Person,  5/ 

Dumas,  Black  ;  The  War  of  Women ;  Olympe  de  Cleves, 
2  vols.,  2/t?  net  each. 

Earle  (Mrs.  C.  W.),  Letters  to  Young  and  Old,  7/6  net. 

Franklin  (B.),  Writings:  Vol.  IX.,  1783-8,  12/6  net. 

Gaskell  (Mrs.),  Cousin  Phillis,  and  other  Tales,  Knutsford 
Edition,  4/6  net. 

Gerard  (M.),  The  Secret  of  the  Moor,  3/6 

Hayve  (O.  B.),  Foolish  Etiquette,  3/6 

Herford  (O.),  Artful  Anticks,  3/6 

Hyatt  (A.  H),  A  Book  of  Sundial  Mottoes,  3/6  net. 

Keightley  (S.  R),  A  Beggar  on  Horseback,  6/ 

Lawless  (E.).,  The  Book  of  Gilly,  6/6  net. 

Lincoln  (J.  C),  Mr.  Pratt,  6/ 

Miles  (A.  H.),  The  New  Anecdote  Book,  3/6 

Montgomery  (H.)  and  Cambray  (P.  G.),  A  Dictionary  of 
Political  Phrases  and  Allusions,  7/6 

Morris  (W.),  Stories  from  'The  Earthly  Paradise,'  retold  by 
M.  Edgar,  2/6  net. 

Nicholson  (M.),  The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles,  6/ 

Notes  and  Reflexions  :  a  Calendar  for  1907,  1/  net. 

Ottoman  Public  Debt,  Special  Report. 

Oxford  Sheet  Almanac  for  1907,  4/6 

Payne  (W.),  When  Love  Speaks,  6/ 

Reich  (Dr.  E.),  An  Alphabetical  Encyclopaedia  of  Institu- 
tions, Persons,  Events,  &c,  3/6  net. 

Saunders  (M.),  'Tilda  Jane,  Fifth  Edition,  3/6 

Simple  Plan  :  the  Story  of  a  Primitive  Girl,  6/ 

Sinclair  (U.),  A  Captain  of  Industry,  6d. 

Star  of  the  Morning,  by  the  Author  of  '  The  Truth  about 
Man,'  2/6  net. 

Thackeray's  English  Humourists  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, cloth,  6(i  net ;  leather,  1/  net. 

Thomas  (H.  W.),  The  Sword  of  Wealth,  6/ 

Toasts  and  Maxims,  1/  net. 

Who 's  Who  Year-Book,  1907,  1/  net. 

FOREIGN. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Chahine  (E.),  Impressions  d'ltalie,  300fr. 
Michel  (E.),  Les  Maitres  du  Paysage,  40fr. 
Thiollier  (F.),  L'(Euvre  de  J.  P.  Laurens,  50fr. 
Wreszinski  (W.),  Aegyptische   Inschriften  aus  dem  K.K. 

Hofmuseum  in  Wien,  25m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Brun  (R.  le),  Georges  Courteline,  lfr. 
Claretie  (L),  Histoire  de  la  Litterature  franchise  :  Vol.  III. 

Le  dix-huitieme  Siecle,  7fr.  50. 
Colleville  (Vicomte  de),  Carlos  I.  Intime,  3fr.  50. 
Hanotaux   (G.),    Histoire    de   la    France   contemporaine, 

Vol.  III.,  7fr.  50. 
Heyck  (E.),  Deutsche  Geschichte,  Vol.  III.,  13m. 
Moeller(E.  v.),  Die  Elendenbrudersehaften,  3m.  50. 
Preuss  (H.),  Die  Entwicklung  des  deutschen  Stiidtewesens, 

Vol.  I. ,  4m.  80. 
Rabl  (M.),  Rudolf  Virchow  :  Briefe  an  seine  Eltern,  5m. 
Schweiger  -  Lerchenfeld    (Freiherr    v.),    Kulturgeschichte, 

2  vols.,  25m. 
Stapfer(P.),  Etudes  sur  Goethe,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Biickel  (O.),  Psychologie  der  Volksdichtung,  7m. 
Boer  (R.    C. ),   Untersuchungen  lib.   den   Ursprung    u.   die 

Entwicklung  der  Nibelungensage,  Vol.  II.,  8m. 
Schmidt  (P.  W.),  Buch  des  Ragawan,  der  Kbnigsgeschichte. 
Vondnik  (W.),  Vergleichende  slavische  Grammatik,  Vol.  I., 

12m. 

Science. 
Moutin  (L.),  Le  Magnetisme  humain,  3fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Draganof,  La  Macedoine  et  les  Reformes,  5fr. 
Ollone  (Cap.  d'),  La  Chine  Novatrice  et  Guerriere,  3fr.  50. 
***  All    Books    received    at    the    Office   up    to    Wednesday 

Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 

noted.     Publishers  are  requested  to   state  prices   when 

sending  Books. 


MISS  MARY  BATESON. 

To  many  residents  at  Cambridge  it  still 
seems  hardly  credible  that  Miss  Mary  Bate- 
son  is  no  longer  at  work  among  them.  We 
thought  it  so  certain  that  twenty  yearshence 
her  generous  enthusiasm"^  for  learning,  her 
dogged  tenacity  of  purpose,  Iter  cool  and 
sober  common  sense,  would  still  be  serving 
mankind,*  that^wo  might  well  be  dazed  by 
the  disaster  that  has  befallen  us.     Yet  some 


things  are  clear.  If  we  have  to  think  of 
promise,  we  can  also  think  with  some  comfort 
of  performance.  For  much  more  we  con- 
fidently hoped  ;  but  we  have  much  that 
cannot  be  taken  away.  I  shall  not  endeavour 
to  tell  the  whole  tale,  but  will  speak  only  of 
the  last  book.  The  admirably  edited 
'  Records  of  the  Borough  of  Leicester  '  and 
the  brilliant  papers  on  the  '  Laws  of  Bre- 
teuil  '  had  shown  that  Miss  Bateson's  know- 
ledge of  the  history  of  our  mediaeval  towns 
was  almost,  if  not  quite,  unrivalled.  There- 
upon she  was  asked  to  undertake  for  the 
Selden  Society  a  sort  of  digest  of  the  borough 
custumals,  published  and  unpublished.  The 
first  volume  appeared  in  1904  ;  the  second 
and  last  appeared  this  summer,  with  a  long 
and  learned  introduction,  which  is  in  truth 
a  full  and  elaborate  commentary.  When  the 
first  volume  only  had  been  issued,  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  told  the  Selden  Society  that 
Miss  Bateson  knew  more  about  English 
legal  history  than  nine  lawyers  out  of  ten. 
After  seeing  the  second  volume,  his  lordship 
may  doubt  whether  his  words  were  quite 
strong  enough.  Such  a  book  cannot  make 
its  mark  in  a  couple  of  months,  nor  yet  in  a 
couple  of  years.  It  cannot  attract  "  the 
general  reader  "  ;  it  can  be  only  a  book  for 
a  few  students  of  history.  Moreover,  Miss 
Bateson,  a  true  daughter  of  Cambridge,  felt 
such  scorn  for  what  she  would  call  "  gas  " 
that  it  was  difficult  to  persuade  her  that  a  few 
sentences  thrown  in  for  the  benefit  of  the 
uninitiated  are  not  to  be  condemned  by  the 
severest  taste.  Of  such  a  work  I  should  not 
like  to  speak  confidently  at  short  notice. 
But  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  see  this  book 
in  every  stage  of  its  growth  :  in  manuscript, 
in  slip,  and  in  page.  Good  fortune  it  was. 
The  hunger  and  thirst  for  knowledge,  the 
keen  delight  in  the  chase,  the  good-humoured 
willingness  to  admit  that  the  scent  was  false, 
the  eager  desire  to  get  on  with  the  work,  the 
cheerful  resolution  to  go  back  and  begin 
again,  the  broad  good  sense,  the  unaffected 
modesty,  the  imperturbable  temper,  the 
gratitude  for  any  little  help  that  was  given 
— all  these  will  remain  in  my  memory,  though 
I  cannot  paint  them  for  others.  As  to  the 
book — friendship  apart — I  do  think  it  good. 
Given  the  limits  of  space  and  time,  which 
were  somewhat  narrow,  I  do  not  see  how 
it  could  have  been  much  better.  Given 
those  limits,  the  name  of  the  Englishman 
who  both  could  and  would  have  done  the 
work  does  not  occur  to  me.  Unless  I  am 
much  mistaken,  that  book  will  "  sup 
late,"  but  in  very  good  company.  I  see  it 
many  years  hence  on  the  same  shelf  with 
the  '  History  of  the  Exchequer  '  and  the 
'  History  of  Tithes.'  Neither  Thomas  Madox 
nor  yet  John  Selden  will  resent  the  presence 
of  Mary  Bateson.  F.  W.  M. 


THE  CASE  OF  LAMB'S  LETTERS. 

The  recent  case  of  Macmillan  v.  Dent, 
in  which  the  decision  of  Mr.  Justice  Keke- 
wich  in  favour  of  the  former  has  been 
affirmed  in  the  Court  of  Appeal,  has 
excited  so  much  interest  in  the  literary 
world  as  to  make  it  desirable  to  examine  the 
decision  in  detail.  Results  are  anticipated, 
and  perhaps  feared,  which  may  surprise  a 
good  many  people.  The  summary  which 
follows  represents  expert  opinion  on  the 
subject. 

In  1895  certain  original  letters  of  Lamb, 
which  had  never  been  published,  were  in 
the  custody  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Steeds,  who  were 
presumed  to  be  tho  lawful  proprietors  of  the 
letters  themselves.  They  wcro  not,  however, 
the  executors  of  Lamb  ;  and  it  did  not 
appear  that  they  had  any  rights,  under  either 
contract     or     copyright,     derived     through 


VM128.  Dec.  8.  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


737 


Lamb's  executors.  In  that  year  they  made 
an  agreement  for  money  value  with  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder  by  which  they  purported  to 
sell  their  "  copyright,"  but  were  to  have 
back  the  letters  themselves.  Messrs.  Smith 
&  Elder  took  the  letters,  published  them  in 
1898,  and  then  returned  the  originals 
to  the  Steeds.  In  1003  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co. 
purchased  these  originals  from  the 
Steeds,  who  gave  full  notice  of  the  arrange- 
ment made  with  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder. 
Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  republished,  or  proposed 
to  republish,  these  letters  ;  and  Messrs.  Smith 
&  Elder,  and  their  licensees  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan,  brought  a  joint  action  against  Messrs. 
Dent  &  Co.  to  restrain  this  republication. 
Lamb's  executors  had  long  been  dead  ;  but 
somebody  was  found  who,  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  action,  made  himself 
Lamb's  administrator,  and  sold  whatever 
rights  he  had  in  that  capacity  to  Messrs. 
Dent  &  Co.  by  way  of  strengthening  their 
case. 

Tt  must  be  observed  that  the  plaintiffs 
were  not  asserting  merely  their  own  right 
to  publish  these  letters.  They  were  assert- 
ing a  right  to  restrain  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co. 
from  republishing  them,  and  this  they  could 
only  maintain  by  showing  that  they  had 
acquired  copyright  under  the  Act  of  1842. 
The  material  enactment  was  section  3  : — 

"  The  copyright  in  every  book  which  shall  be 
published  after  the  death  of  its  author  shall  endure 
lor  the  term  of  42  years  from  the  first  publication 
thereof,  and  shall  be  the  property  of  the  proprietor 
of  the  author"s  manuscript  from  which  such  book 
shall  be  first  published  and  his  assigns." 
These  words  are  in  the  latter  half  of  the  sec- 
tion. The  first  half  deals  with  bookspublished 
(hiring  the  life  of  the  author,  and  naturally 
gives  the  copyright  in  such  books  to  the 
author  and  his  assigns.  Nothing  could  have 
been  easier  than  to  say,  if  the  draftsman  of 
the  Act  had  so  intended,  that  in  the  case  of 
books  published  after  the  author's  death, 
the  copyright  shall  be  the  property  of  the 
author's  executors  or  administrators.  The 
language  being  what  it  is,  it  is  obviously 
very  difficult  to  say  that  it  means  the  same 
thing  as  if  the  property  in  the  copyright  had 
been  declared  to  be  in  the  author's  executors 
or  administrators.  Yet  this  is  pretty  much 
what  was  argued  on  behalf  of  Messrs.  Dent 
&Co. 

Both  in  1895  and  also  when  they  sold  to 
Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  in  1903  the  Steeds  were 
the  proprietors  of  the  original  letters  ;  and 
except  so  far  as  their  proprietorship  was 
affected  by  their  transaction  with  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder,  they  were  the  proprietors 
throughout  the  interval  between  those  dates. 
Inasmuch  as  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  could 
not  establish  their  proprietorship  of  the 
statutory  copyright  unless  they  could  show, 
in  the  words  of  section  3,  that  they  were 
either  proprietors  of  the  author's  manuscript, 
or  the  assigns  of  the  proprietors  thereof,  it 
was  essential  to  their  case  to  argue  that  these 
original  lettters  were  "  the  author's  manu- 
script "  within  the  meaning  of  the  section. 
Both  Mr.  Justice  Kekewich  and  the  Court 
of  Appeal  held  that  these  letters  were  "  the 
author's  manuscript  "  ;  and  this  certainly 
seems  to  be  the  natural  meaning  of  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Act.  The  alternative  sugges- 
tion offered  on  behalf  of  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co. 
was  that  the  words  "proprietor  of  the  author's 
manuscript  "  meant  "  proprietor  of  the 
author's  copyright*  in  the  letters,"  or,  at  all 
events,  "  proprietor  of  the  author's  rights  in 
the  letters  or  their  contents."  Besides  being 
an  unnatural  construction  of  the  words,  this 
really  comes  to  much  the  same  as  saying 
that  the  copyright  shall  belong  to  the  author's 
executors  or  administrators,  which  the 
Legislature  might  just  as  well  have  said  if  it 
really  meant  it.     In  fact,  if  this  had  been 


what  was  intended,  the  two  parts  of  the 
section  might  have  been  combined  into  one, 
to  the  effect  that  the  copyright  of  every 
book  published  shall  belong  to  the  author, 
his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns, 
with  a  slight  difference  in  the  period  of  pro- 
tection in  the  case  of  posthumous  works.  On 
this  part  of  the  case,  which  seems  to  be  the 
only  part  of  great  public  importance,  we 
confess  that  there  seems  but  little  chance 
of  the  judgment  being  reversed.  • 

It  looks  very  much  like  a  decision  that  the 
receiver  of  a  letter  may  publish  it  after  the 
writer's  death  without  the  permission  of  the 
writer's  representatives.  This  is  in  the 
view  of  many  literary  men  an  evil  requiring 
further  legislation.  No  doubt  a  literary 
man  can  consider  his  own  reputation  when 
he  appoints  a  literary  executor  ;  but  what 
if  he  dies  intestate  ?  Can  we  presume  that 
so  far  as  his  reputation  may  depend  on 
some  letter  which  he  has  written,  he  would 
prefer  to  trust  it  to  a  casual  administrator 
rather  than  to  the  particular  correspondent  ? 
In  fact,  wherever  letters  are  concerned,  the 
persons  most  interested  appear  to  us  to  be 
neither  the  receiver  nor  the  executor,  but 
the  family  and  friends  of  the  deceased  writer. 
And  no  theory  of  copyright  or  contract  gives 
these  last  at  present  any  right  to  interfere. 

However  this  may  be,  we  doubt  if  the 
decision  really  involves  this  consequence. 
Everybody  is  supposed  to  have  the  right  of 
doing  what  he  likes,  so  long  as  he  does  not 
infringe  the  right  of  somebody  else  ;  and 
even  then  that  somebody  else  is  the  only 
person  who  can  interfere.  When  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder  published,  there  did  not  exist 
any  executor  of  Lamb  who  could  object. 
We  presume  that  if  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder 
had  published  with  knowledge  and  in  defiance 
of  a  contract,  whether  express  or  implied, 
between  Lamb  and  his  correspondents  that 
the  letters  should  not  be  published,  the 
benefit  of  that  contract  would  have  passed 
to  Lamb's  executors,  who  might  have 
restrained  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  from 
acquiring  the  statutory  copyright,  and  might 
perhaps  have  got  their  registration  cancelled. 
Nothing  in  the  case  affects  that  question. 
Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  no  doubt  felt  that  they 
at  least  had  no  locus  standi  for  getting  the 
registration  cancelled  ;  and  consequently 
there  was  no  object  in  their  arguing  that 
possibly  somebody  else  might  have  done  so. 

There  were  other  points  in  the  case  upon 
which  the  reasoning  of  the  judges  seems 
much  more  vulnerable.  There  is  a  little 
difficulty  in  holding  that  the  transaction 
between  the  Steeds  and  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder  made  the  latter  proprietors  of  the  letters. 
If,  notwithstanding  that  transaction,  the 
Steeds  remained  the  proprietors  of  the  letters, 
should  not  the  Steeds  have  been  registered, 
afterwards  assigning  to  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder  ?  Lord  Justice  Vaughan  Williams  got 
over  this  by  pointing  to  the  final  words  of 
the  section,  "  and  his  assigns."  He  seemed 
to  think  that  even  if  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder 
were  not  proprietors  of  the  author's  manu- 
script, they  were  at  least  "assigns"  of  the 
proprietors.  This  is  to  give  a  meaning  to 
the  word  "  assigns  "  by  which  it  is  construed 
to  include,  if  not  to  mean,  somebody  who 
does  not  by  the  assignment  become  pro- 
prietor. He  further  held  that  it  meant 
"  assigns,"  not  of  the  copyright,  but  of  the 
right  to  acquire  the  copyright.  But  how- 
ever important  these  points  may  be  to  the 
parties  concerned,  they  do  not  seem  to  affect 
anything   beyond   technical   formalities. 


SALES. 

Mkssrs.  Sothkbv,  Wiuunsox  &  Honc.E  sold  on 
the  3rd,  4th,  and  Gtfa  inRt.  the  library  of  printed 
books  and  MSS.  of  Mr.  L.  W.  Hodson,  of  Wolver- 


hampton, among  which  were  the  following: 
S.  Augustine's  Sermones  super  Psalmos,  MS.  on 
vellum,  Saec.  XII.,  48/.  Ven.  Beda,  Historia 
Ecclesiastica,  &c.,  MS.  on  vellum,  Saec.  XII.,  767. 
Complutensian  Polyglott  Bible,  1514  -  17,  82/. 
Biblia  Latina  Vulgata,  MS.  on  vellum,  Northern 
French,  illuminated  (portion  only),  S;ec.  XIII., 
390/.;  another,  thirteenth  century,  illuminated, 
235/.;  another,  fourteenth  century,  finely  illumi- 
nated, (53(1/.  Blake's  Songs  of  Innocence,  original 
(2  11.  incomplete),  1789,  107/.  Boccaccio,  Von 
Ettlichen  Frauen,  deutsch  von  H.  Stainhowell, 
Augsp.,  A.  Sorg,  1479,  135/.  Breydenbach,  Pere- 
grinationes  in  Montem  Syon,  <fcc. ,  1490,  41/. 
Legenda  S.  Catherine  de  Siena,  MS.  on  vellum, 
c.  1450,  240/.  Cauliacus,  Le  Guydone,  English 
treatise  on  Surgery,  &e.,  MS.  on  vellum,  S;ec.  XIV., 
244/.  Caxton's  Chaucer,  1475  (6511.  only),  1051.; 
another  portion  (33  11.),  62/.  Canterbury  Talcs, 
MS.  on  vellum,  Cent.  XV,  ISO/.;  another  MS.  of 
the  same,  on  paper,  Cent.  XV.,  150/.;  another, 
imperfect  (Ashlmrnham  MS.),  Cent.  XIV. -XV, 
101/.  Epistola?  Pauli  cum  Expositione  Haymonis, 
MS.  on  vellum,  Saec.  XIII. ,  69/.  Fuchsius,  His- 
toria Stirpium,  Basil.,  1524,  35/.  10s.  Gratianus, 
Decretales,  fine  illuminated  MS.  on  vellum, 
Saec.  XIV.,  440/.  S.  Hieronymus,  Epistohe,  MS. 
on  vellum,  Saec.  XV,  191/.  Horailiae  Graecse  Jo. 
Chrysostomi,  MS.  on  vellum,  Sasc.  XII.-XIII.,  101/. 
Horae  B.V.M.,  MS.  on  vellum,  richly  illuminated, 
Saec.  XV.,  660/.  Josephus,  with  woodcuts  (Lubeck, 
L.  Brandis,  1478),  952.  Koran,  Arabic  MS., 
Saec.  XIII.,  81/.  Evangelium  S.  Lucai,  MS.  on 
vellum,  Saec.  XII.,  70/.  Missale  Romanum,  Italian 
MS.  on  vellum,  finely  illuminated,  Sa?c.  XV,  135/. 
Kelmscott  Press  Publications,  printed  on  vellum 
(25  works,  including  Chaucer),  744/.  Wm.  Morris's 
Original  Manuscripts  of  his  published  Works  (24), 
1,239/.  ox.  Nizami,  the  Kemseh,  Persian  illumi- 
nated MS.,  a.h.  453,  43/.  Passional,  2  vols., 
Delft,  c.  1489-90,  69/.  Psalter,  MS.  on  vellum, 
richly  decorated,  Saec.  XIV.,  104/.  ;  another, 
Saec.  XII.-XIII.  (from  Ruskin's  library),  210/.; 
another  (ad  Usum  Sarum),  S;ec.  XIV.,  210/. 
Rembrandt  Reproductions,  1889-1906,  59/.  Rudi- 
mentum  Novitiorum  (211.  in  MS.),  Lubeck,  1475, 
55/.  Testamentum  Latimim  Vulgatum,  MS.  on 
vellum,  with  miniatures,  Saec.  XII.,  670/.;  another, 
Editio  Antiqua,  English  MS.,  decorated,  Saec. 
XII.-XIII.,  325/.  The  total  of  the  three  days' 
sale  (667  lots)  reached  10,852/.  6s. 

Messrs.  Hodgson  &  Co.  included  in  their  sale 
last  week  a  collection  of  books  in  English  litera- 
ture, chiefly  selected  from  an  old  country  library. 
The  following  prices  were  realized  :  Spenser's 
Shephearde's  Calendar,  a  clean  copy  of  the  rare 
second  edition,  1581,  ISO/.;  The  Complaints,  first 
edition,  1591,  81/.  Shakespeare's  Poems,  first 
edition,  with  the  portrait  by  Marshall,  1640,  2202. \ 
The  'Whole  Contention  betweene  the  Two  Famous 
Houses  of  Lancaster  and  Yorke,  1619,  75/.;  The 
Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  1637,  1072. :  The  Merchant  of 
Venice,  1637,  37/.  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  1600,  64/. 
Taylor's  Heads  of  all  Fashions,  with  the  woodcut 
on  title,  1642,  28/.  Five  plays  by  Massinger,  first 
editions,  15/.  15s.  Eight  plays  by  Shirley,  first 
editions,  19/.  17s.  Waller's  Poem  on  St.  .James's 
Park,  first  edition,  1661,  &C,  in  one  vol.,  14/.  10*. 
Swift's  Proposal  for  giving  Badges  to  the  Beggars 
of  Dublin,  1737,  ic,  in  one  vol.,  16/.  15s.  Lamb's 
Rosamund  (hay,  original  boards,  uncut,  London, 
1798,  93/.  The  (townsman,  original  boards,  uncut, 
lx;<(>,  Ho/.  10*.  Hennepin's  Discoverv  of  America, 
1698,  14/.  108.  Almanach  de Gotha,  110  vols.,  rang- 
ing from  177'i  to  1890,  a  few  imperfect,  '-2/.  Lord 
Lytton's  Novels,  Library  Fdition,  43  vols.,  162. 
Fronde's  History  of  England,  Library  Edition, 
extra-illustrated,  12  vols.,  14/.  10s.  The  Tudor 
Translations,  40  vols.,  252.  I'yne's  Royal  Resi- 
dences, 3  vols.,  15/.  The  Stafford  Gallery,  coloured 
copy,  4  vols. ,  24/.  Photogravures  from  Paintings 
in  the  National  Gallery,  edited  by  S.  Arthur 
Strong,  162.  108.  Kelmscott  Press  Chaucer,  48/. 
Doves  Press  Bible,  5  vols.,  102.  Burlington  Fine- 
Arts  Club  Catalogue  of  Bookbindings,  11/.;  and 
Catalogue  of  Silversmiths'  Works,  so.,  3  vols., 
16/.  L2&  (>'/.  Molinier,  Le  Mobilier  Royal 
Franeais,  2  vols,  in  10  parts,  17/.  Bowditch,  The 
Freshwater  Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  46  beautiful 
coloured  drawings,  in  the  eleven  original  numbers, 
50/.  The  total  amount  realized  was  upwards  of 
2,3002. 


738 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


fEiterarg  (&$sm$. 

An  English  edition  of  Dr.  Rudolf 
Martin's  work  on  '  The  Future  of  Russia,' 
which  has  aroused  great  interest  on  the 
Continent  and  abroad  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  next  Tuesday. 
The  author,  whose  position  as  Government 
Councillor  at  the  Imperial  Statistical  Office 
has  given  him  exceptional  facilities,  and 
who  has  suffered  official  censure  for  the 
boldness  of  his  revelations,  gives  a  pene- 
trating survey  of  the  financial  and  economic 
position  of  Russia,  and  the  political  and 
social  consequences  which  are  likely  to 
follow. 

Early  in  the  new  year  Mr.  Fisher 
Unwin  will  publish  a  story  by  M.  Narcisse 
Lucien  de  Polen,  entitled  '  Clairice.'  It  is 
a  brief  conceit  of  older  days,  the  scene 
being  laid  in  England,  Spain,  and  France 
in  the  early  eighteenth  century. 

The  Rev.  H.  Theodore  Knight,  author 
of  '  Rational  Religion,'  is  about  to  publish 
through  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  a  volume  entitled 
'  Criticism  and  the  Old  Testament :  a 
Popular  Introduction.'  While  giving  the 
results  of  recent  scholarly  research  it  will 
present  in  a  popular  form  the  position  of 
the  Old  Testament  in  the  light  of  the 
higher  criticism. 

The  Oxford  University  Press  will  issue 
shortly  '  Select  Epigrams  of  Martial  (Books 
VII -XII.),'  edited  from  the  text  of  Prof. 
Lindsay  by  Mr.  R.  T.  Bridge  and  Mr. 
E.  D.  C.  Lake,  assistant- masters  at  Charter- 
house. The  editors  mention  two  reasons 
why  Martial  should  be  read  in  the  upper 
forms  of  schools  :  his  epigrams  belong  to 
a  distinct  species  of  literature,  character- 
istically Roman  both  in  form  and  matter ; 
and  he  himself  throws  valuable  light  on 
the  social  life  of  Rome  in  the  first  century 
of  our  era. 

An  Oxford  edition  of  the  '  Dramatic 
Works  of  Sheridan  '  will  be  published  next 
week  by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde.  The  volume 
contains  an  informing  introduction  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Knight,  and  fifteen  illustrations, 
some  being  portraits  of  famous  actors  in 
Sheridan's  best-known  parts. 

'  The  Dictionary  of  Dublin  '  is  to  be 
the  title  of  a  new  historical  guide  to  the 
City  and  its  neighbourhood,  which  Messrs. 
Sealy,  Bryers  &  Walker  will  shortly 
publish.  The  authors,  Dr.  E.  MacDowel 
Cosgrave  and  Mr.  Leonard  R.  Strangways, 
are  well  qualified  for  their  task,  having 
devoted  much  of  their  time  during  the 
past  ten  years  to  an  exhaustive  study  of 
the  subject. 

The  recent  death  of  Mrs.  John  La  Touche 
in  Dublin  in  her  eighty-first  year  removes 
an  interesting  link  with  Ruskin.  Mrs.  La 
Touche  was  the  mother  of  Miss  Rose 
Lucy  La  Touche,  the  "  Rosie "  of  the 
'  Praeterita,'  whose  death  in  1872  was  one 
of  the  great  griefs  of  Ruskin's  life.  Miss 
La  Touche  was  a  child  of  ten  when  Ruskin 
first  met  her  in  Florence  in  1858.  He 
lavished  on  her  a  wealth  of  affection  and 
taught  her  drawing.     She  was  a  brilliant 


scholar,  and  her  poems  in  English  and 
German  show  considerable  literary  ability. 

The  death  of  the  Rev.  Arthur  Bell 
Nicholls  in  his  eighty-ninth  year  recalls 
the  fact  that  his  first  wife  was  Charlotte 
Bronte,  whom  he  has  survived  for  more 
than  half  a  century. 

The  January  issue  of  Chambers 's  Journal 
will  include  '  The  Novel  To-day,'  by  Mr. 
James  Milne,  editor  of  The  Book  Monthly  ; 
'  How  the  King  Travels,'  by  Mr.  H.  W. 
Lucy  ;  '  Historians  I  have  J  Known,'  by 
Mr.  T.  H.  S.  Escott ;  and  '  The  Monroe 
Doctrine  of  Australia,'  by  Mr.  F.  A.  W. 
Gisborne. 

The  interesting  sale  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's 
on  Tuesday  last  of  the  collection  of  the 
autograph  manuscripts  of  William  Morris's 
published  works  reminds  us  that  their 
purchase  by  the  poet's  friend  and  admirer 
was  announced  in  The  Athenceum  of  August 
3rd,  1901.  The  collection  was  bought,  we 
believe,  for  1,250Z — and  as  it  realized 
1,239Z.  15s.,  Mr.  Hodson  has  not  lost 
much  over  the  transaction.  According 
to  our  information  in  1901,  the  collec- 
tion then  comprised  36  volumes,|whereas 
only  34  were  in  the  sale.  We  learn  from 
Mr.  S.  C.  Cockerell  that  Mr.  Hodson  has 
retained  the  MS.  of  '  Roots  of  the  Moun- 
tains,' and  that  he  gave  away  the  MS.  of  a 
short  translation  from  the  French. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  hear  that  the 
imperfect  Caxton  volume  recently  dis- 
covered by  Messrs.  Hodgson,  and  purchased 
by  Mr.  Quaritch,  was  secured  by  the  latter 
on  behalf  of  the  British  Museum. 

"  Rita"  sends  us  the  following  letter: 

"  In  your  issue  of  December  1st  you — 
from  the  authority  of  The  Publishers'' 
Circular — state  that  I  have  published  55 
books  between  1901  and  1905  !  This  is  a 
most  extraordinary  error.  In  my  whole 
literary  career  I  scarcely  count  that  number, 
and  as  you  call  your  authority  '  a  work  of 
the  greatest  value,  and  singularly  complete 
and  accurate,'  I  hasten  to  bring  this  very 
grave  inaccuracy  to  your  notice." 

We  particularly  stated  that  these  figures 
included  "  many  new  editions."  "  Rita  " 
has  been  much  published  in  the  sixpenny 
form,  and  her  'Vanity!'  alone  has  gone  into 
four  editions.  She  might  have  ascertained 
these  facts  instead  of  talking  about  "  grave 
inaccuracy."  The  items  under  her  pen- 
name  are  55,  and  we  shall  be  surprised  to 
hear  that  any  of  them  are  imaginary. 

Our  reviewer  of  Mr.  F.  V.  Dickins's 
'  Primitive  Japanese  Texts,'  writes  : — 

"  I  have  seen  Mr.  Dickins's  letter  in  your 
issue  of  the  17th  ult.,  and  quite  agree  that 
the  archaisms  in  question  are  a  relatively 
unimportant  feature  of  his  valuable  work." 

Several  of  Ibsen's  posthumous  works 
are  likely  to  be  published  in  the  near 
future.  A  Danish  Christmas  annual  will 
also  print  a  hitherto  lost  poem  by  him, 
'  To  my  Accomplices,'  written  in  1864  as  a 
bitter  greeting  to  Norway  for  not  helping 
Denmark  in  the  war  with  Germany.  It 
disappeared  in  some  mysterious  way,  and 
Ibsen  himself  regarded  it  as  definitely  lost, 
but  recently  it  has  come  to  light  again. 

The  sale  at  Messrs.  Anderson's  Rooms, 
New  York,  of  the  library  of  Mr.  L.  M. 


Dillman,  of  Chicago,  includes  the  copy  of 
Browning's  '  Pauline '  which  belonged  to 
the  poet's  uncle,  Reuben  Browning.  This 
copy  has  appeared  in  American  sale- 
rooms three  times  :  Maxwell's  sale,  1895, 
260  dollars;  Morgan,  1902,  720  dollars; 
and  Appleton,  1903,  1,025  dollars.  About 
twelve  years  ago  a  large  number  of  in- 
teresting Browning  books,  the  property  of 
the  poet's  nephew,  were  sold  at  auction, 
and  of  these  the  present  writer  was  for- 
tunate in  "  fishing  "  four  specimens  out 
of  a  bookseller's  twopenny  box.  The  same 
sale  includes  a  Rossetti  item,  a  copy  of  the 
excessively  rare  '  Sir  Huron  the  Heron,' 
1843  ;  and  a  number  of  early  editions  of 
Lamb,  Keats,  and  Shelley. 

Mr.  John  S.  Arthur  writes  regarding 
the  title  of  "  The  Shakespeare  Press  "  : — 

"  Messrs.  Jaggard  &  Co.,  of  Liverpool, 
have,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  shown  much 
courage  in  laying  claim  to  the  above  imprint 
(Athen.,  '  Literary  Gossip,'  Dec.  1st).  What 
are  the  facts  as  to  its  origin  ?  '  The  Shake- 
speare Press  '  was  established  by  the  famous 
practical  printer  and  publisher  William 
Buhner  (1757-1830),  in  Cleveland  Row, 
St.  James's,  London,  circa  1790.  From  this 
address  was  issued  the  noble  edition  of 
Shakspeare  in  nine  giant  quartos — probably 
the  largest  type  edition  ever  done  ;  also  a 
splendid  Milton  in  three  volumes  and  other 
British  classics.  The  most  beautiful  of 
Thomas  Bewick's  woodcuts  illustrating  Gold- 
smith and  Parnell  also  came  from  Buhner's 
press.  The  justly  famous  printer  was  a 
friend  of  Bewick's,  and  hailed  from  the  same 
place — Newcastle-on-Tyne.  The  foregoing 
is  recorded  in  that  '  treasure  house  '  for 
literary  men,  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography.'  " 

Not  all  "  men  of  letters  "  are  literary 
men,  witness  the  "  Pere  Martin,"  whose 
death  is  just  announced  from  Paris.  "  Pere 
Martin  "  was  one  of  the  last  of  the  very 
ancient  race  of  "  ecrivains  publics,"  and 
kept  for  many  years  an  office  at  the  side 
of  the  Palais  de  Justice.  He  had,  in  spite 
of  the  education  of  these  later  times,  a 
considerable  number  of  patrons  who  were 
unable  to  compose  or  write  a  letter. 

J.  J.  David,  whose  death  at  the  early 
age  of  forty-eight  is  announced  from 
Vienna,  won  for  himself  literary  distinc- 
tion in  spite  of  great  physical  disabilities, 
an  illness  in  his  childhood  having  seriously 
affected  both  his  sight  and  hearing.  Of 
his  novels  two — '  Am  Wege  sterben,'  and 
'  Hanna,'  which  deals  with  life  in  Moravia 
— rank  high.  He  also  published  some 
volumes  of  verse,  but  his  circumstances 
compelled  him  to  devote  his  talents  to 
journalism. 

The  death  in  his  seventy-ninth  year  is 
reported  from  Cracow,  of  Julian  Klaczko. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  Jewish  clockmaker  in 
Wilna  ;  studied  at  Konigsberg  and  Heidel- 
berg, where  he  assisted  Gervinus  in  some 
of  his  literary  undertakings ;  and  then 
settled  for  a  time  in  Paris,  where  he  wrote 
articles  (chiefly  attacks  on  Germany  and 
Russia)  for  the  Revue  des  deux  Mondes, 
and  obtained  a  post  as  under-librarian  of 
the  Corps  Legislatif.  His  appointment  as 
Hofrat  to  the  Austro-Hungarian  Foreign 
Office  in  Vienna  in  1869  by  Count  Beust 
was  the  cause  of  much  irritation  both  in 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


739 


St.  Petersburg  and  Berlin,  and  the  attitude 
which  he  took  up  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
Franco-German  War,  made  his  position 
impossible,  and  brought  on  him  the  anger 
of  Bismarck.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
number  of  works  on  Polish  literature  and 
other  subjects,  and  his  '  Causeries  Floren- 
tines '  secured  a  prize  from  the  Academie 
Francaise. 

A  Departmental  Paper  recently  issued 
is  Ancient  and  Modern  Ships,  by  Sir 
George  C.  V.  Holmes  ;  Part  II.,  The  Era 
of  Steam,  Iron,  and  Steel  (cloth,  2s.  3d.). 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  follow- 
ing Parliamentary  Papers  likely  to  be  of 
interest  to  our  readers  :  Statistical  Tables 
relating  to  British  Colonies,  Possessions, 
and  Protectorates,  1904  (7s.  2d.)  ;  and 
Appendix  to  Seventy-Second  Report  of  the 
Commissioners  of  National  Education  in 
Ireland  :  Section  I.,  General  Reports  by 
Inspectors  and  Others  (10|d.)  ;  Section 
III.,  Examination  Papers  set  and  Summary 
of  Answering  (5d.) 

SCIENCE 


MEDICAL    BOOKS. 

The  Diagnosis  of  Nervous  Diseases.  By 
Purves  Stewart.  (Arnold.) — This  is  a  useful 
book,  written  by  one  who  has  the  gift  of 
teaching.  It  consists  of  twenty-three  lec- 
tures dealing  with  nervous  diseases  from  the 
individual  standpoint,  in  which  patients 
often  exhibit  the  signs  and  symptoms 
common  to  several  diseases,  rather  than 
from  the  classical  point  of  view,  which  is  too 
often  presented  to  students  in  the  ordinary 
textbook.  The  information  given  by  Dr. 
Purves  Stewart  extends  over  a  wide  range, 
and  the  book  is  a  perfect  mine  for  the  ex- 
planation of  those  learned  terms  which 
are  discouraging  to  the  student  of  nervous 
diseases.  "  Wernicke's  pupillary  reaction," 
Tooth's  "  Peroneal  type,"  "  Korsakow's 
psychosis,"  "  the  unilateral  bulbar  syndrome 
of  Babinski  and  Nageotte,"  and  hosts  of 
others,  cease  to  be  merely  names  when  this 
book  has  been  read.  Yet  Dr.  Purves 
Stewart  does  not  disdain  to  give  a  rational 
explanation  of  the  giddiness  which  many 
people  feel  when  stepping  unexpectedly 
from  a  firm  surface  on  to  a  piece  of  boggy 
turf,  or  as  happens  in  London  when  one 
steps  off  the  pavement  on  to  the  slab  of 
rubber  which  forms  the  roadway  beneath 
the  Euston  Hotel.  There  are,  too,  many 
good  stories  properly  vouched  for,  as  of  the 
small  boy  "  who  could  swallow  air  and  dis- 
tend his  abdomen  till  his  waistcoat  could  not 
be  buttoned  "  ;    or  of  the 

"  illness  of  a  well-known  financier  who  had  several 
attacks  of  loss  of  memory.  During  one  of  these, 
lasting  two  and  a  half  hours,  he  attended  an 
important  hoard  meeting  and  proposed  certain 
resolutions  to  which,  both  hefore  and  after,  he  was 
strongly  opposed.  He  then  took  a  friend  out  to 
lunch,  and  finally  returned  to  his  office.  He  then 
woke  up  and  asked  his  confidential  clerk  where  he 
had  been.'' 

The  illustrations  form  a  special  feature  of 
the  book,  and  reflect  credit  alike  on  Dr. 
Purves  Stewart  and  his  publisher,  for  they 
are  well-rendered  blocks  from  photographs 
of  carefully  selected  cases.  The  diagrams 
are  clear,  and  the  index  is  good. 

The  Hygiene  of  the  Mind.  By  T.  S. 
Clouston.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — This  is  an 
interesting  and  valuable  work,  written  by 
the    Lecturer    on    Mental    Diseases    in    the 


Universitjr  of  Edinburgh,  upon  a  subject 
which  is  of  vital  importance  to  the  com- 
munity. Mental  health,  as  Dr.  Clouston 
says,  is  only  possible  in  a  sound  body,  and 
the  aphorism  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano 
must  now  be  translated  as  the  healthy  mind 
of  the  sound  body,  for  the  mind  is  truly  an 
outcome  of  the  bodily  functions,  and  is  not 
a  separate  entity.  The  instruction  given 
in  the  book  is  twofold.  Information  is 
supplied  as  to  the  preservatior  of  a  healthy 
mind  in  those  who  are  already  blessed  with 
a  healthy  body  ;  whilst  rules  are  laid  down 
for  the  education  of  those  who  are  born, 
unfortunately,  of  a  degenerate  stock,  and 
whose  course  in  life  and  subsequent  happiness 
depend  largely  upon  the  influences  to  which 
they  are  subjected  during  the  more  impres- 
sionable periods  of  their  existence.  The 
earlier  chapters  are  a  little  prolix,  but  Dr. 
Clouston  shows  his  strength  in  dealing  with 
the  mental  hygiene  of  boyhood  and  girlhood, 
of  adolescence,  of  maturity,  and  of  the 
decadent  period.  He  illustrates  his  argu- 
ment by  apposite  quotations  from  literature 
as  well  as  by  the  results  of  his  own  extensive 
experience  as  physician  superintendent  of 
the  Royal  Edinburgh  Asylum.  He  deals 
in  a  plain  way  with  the  important  questions 
of  sex,  and  with  the  mental  hygiene  of 
alcohol,  tobacco,  and  other  brain  stimulants 
and  sedatives.  The  illustrations  are  not 
very  good,  and  the  two  or  three  editorial 
foot  notes  are  irritating.  There  is  a  good 
index. 

Common  Ailments  and  their  Treatment. 
By  M.  H.  Naylor.  (Arnold. )— The  utility 
of  this  book  is  very  limited,  as  it  is  far  too 
small  to  be  of  any  practical  value.  It  does 
not  confine  itself  to  the  topic  implied  by 
the  title,  but  contains  a  smattering  of 
ambulance  work,  nursing,  and  massaee. 
which  are  far  better  dealt  with  in  the 
numerous  books  on  those  subjects. 

The  CHClrProblem.  By  Richard  Gill. 
2  vols.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) — Chloroform 
was,  and  in  many  places  still  is,  entrusted 
to  the  hands  of  any  inexperienced  person  to 
administer.  By  good  fortune  accidents  are 
usually  avoided,  and  the  patient  returns 
to  consciousness  suffering  more  or  less 
severely  from  the  effects  of  an  overdose. 
The  multiplication  of  surgical  operations 
and  the  specialization  of  the  administration 
of  anaesthetics  have  shown  that  peculiar 
training  and  skill  are  required  to  obtain 
perfect  results  with  a  minimum  of  danger 
and  discomfort.  Mr.  Gill,  the  chief  ad- 
ministrator of  anaesthetics  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  has  had  unrivalled  oppor- 
tunities of  observation,  and  his  two  volumes 
on  the  CHCl.-problem  show  that  he  has 
turned  these  opportunities  to  the  best 
account.  They  set  forth  in  an  orderly  and 
scientific  manner  the  action  of  chloroform 
upon  the  human  organism,  and  not  only 
the  mode  of  action,  but  also  why  it  acts 
and  why  it  sometimes  diverges  from  the 
regular  sequence.  The  conclusions  are 
drawn  from  such  a  wealth  of  detail  that 
when  a  thousand  observations  of  one  method 
show  a  need  for  modification,  Mr.  Gill  is 
able  to  vary  the  next  thousand  administra- 
tions. Such  an  experience  must  be  unique, 
even  in  London,  where  the  administration 
of  anaesthetics  has  become  more  specialized 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  These 
two  volumes  will  have  to  be  studied  atten- 
tively by  every  one  who  proposes  to  become 
a  trained  anaesthetist.  They  are  not  easy 
reading,  but  they  are  full  of  facts  of  prime 
importance,  and  exhibit  in  a  condensed 
form  the  experience  of  a  lifetime. 

The  Management  of  Babies.  By  Mrs. 
Leonard  Hill.  (Arnold.) — This  is  a  capital 
little  book  for  the  nursery,   and  one   that 


can  be  warmly  recommended  to  all  mothers 
and  those  who  have  the  charge  of  infants. 
Mrs.  Leonard  Hill  gives  in  very  small  compass 
an  adrnirable  guide  for  the  management  of 
a  baby's  health,  and  one  which  is  singularly 
free  from  the  drawbacks  usually  found  in 
such  books.  We  are  glad  to  note  that  the 
dangers  attending  the  use  of  patent  foods 
and  condensed  milk  are  clearly  set  forth, 
as  many  of  the  alimentary  disorders  of 
infants  in  the  first  year  are  associated  there- 
with. It  is  a  book  that  deserves  a  wide 
circulation,  and  will  be  found  most  useful 
in  the  nursery. 


SOCIETIES. 


British  Academy. — Nov.  28. — Lord  Reay,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair. — Prof.  Silvanus  P.  Thompson 
read  a  paper  on  '  Petrus  Peregrinus  de  Maricourt 
and  his  ' '  Epistola  de  Magnete. "  '     Early  writers 
on  magnetism  refer  to  the  discoveries  made  by  one 
Petrus    Peregrinus,    author   of    an    '  Epistola   de 
Magnete,'  written  in   1269.     Until  recently  little 
was  known  of  either  the  man  or  his  work,  though 
an  edition  of  the  '  P]pistola  '  was  printed  at  Augs- 
burg in  1558  by  the  physician  Achilles  P.  Gasser, 
of   Lindau.     This   book    is   extremely    rare,    only 
eighteen  copies  being  known  to  be  in  existence,  all 
of  them,  except  one,  in  public  libraries.     Of  manu- 
scripts of  the  same  '  Epistola '  twenty-eight  are 
known,  ranging  from  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  to 
the  sixteenth  century.     Of  these,  seven  are  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,  one  in  the  British  Museum,  one 
in    the   library   of   Caius  College,   one  in  that  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  two  in  the  possession 
of  the  writer,  making  a  total  of  twelve  manuscripts 
in  the   United   Kingdom.     The  other  manuscripts 
are  in  continental  libraries.     The  most  celebrated 
of  these  are  :  (1)  that  in  the  University  of  Leyden, 
seen  in  1681  by  Thevenot,  subsequent!}'  purchased 
by  Vossius,  and  partially  published  in  Latin  and 
English  by  Cavallo  in  1800  ;  (2)  that  in  the  Biblio- 
theque    Nationale   in   Paris,   partly   published  by 
Libri  in  his  '  Histoire  des  Sciences  Mathe.matiques  ' 
in  1836  ;  (3)  one  of  the  three  manuscripts  in  the 
Vatican  Library,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  one 
of  the  Queens  of  Sweden.     Revised  versions  of  the 
Latin  text  have  been  published — in  1868  by  Ber- 
telli,  of  Florence  (in  the  Bullettino  di  liibliografia 
of  Prince  Boncompagni),  and  in  1898  by  Prof.  G. 
Hellmann,  of  Berlin.     English  versions  have  been 
printed  —  in    1902    by   Prof.    Thompson,  and   in 
1904  by  Brother  Arnold  and  Brother  Potamian  of 
New  York.     The  unpublished  manuscript  at  Caius 
College,  which  is  of  late  sixteenth  or  seventeenth- 
century,  is  also  in  English.     Peregrinus,  a  Picard 
of  the  village  of  Maricourt,  was  held  in  high  esteem 
by  Roger  Bacon,  as  appears  from  passages  in  the 
'Opus  Majus  '  and  'Opus  Tertium.'     He  carried 
forward  Bacon's  teaching  about  the  magnet,  and 
enriched   it   with    several    important    discoveries 
announced  in  the  'Epistola.'     In  the  second  part 
of  that  document  lie  describes  three  new  instru- 
ments.    The  first  was  a  floating  compass  furnished 
with   a    fiducial    line    and    a   circle   divided   into 
degrees.     The  second  was  a  pivoted  compass — the 
first  of  its  kind.    The  third  was  a  wheel  of  perpetual 
motion  with  a  lodestone  pivoted  so  as  to  revolve 
past  the  tips  of  a  number  of  sloping  teeth  of  iron 
fixed  within  a  surrounding  rim.     This  device  was 
plagiarized    along  with  much  of   the   treatise  by 
Joannes  Taisnier  in  1562.     A  passage  found  at  the 
end  of  the  Leyden  MS.  was  believed  by  Th6venot 
and  by  Cavallo  to  indicate  that  already,  so  early 
as  1269,  the  declination  of  the  compass   had   been 
discovered.    But  this  passage  has  been  shown  to  be- 
spurious  :  it  is  in  a  later  hand,  and  no  other  manu- 
script  contains   it.     The   paper   contained   a   dis- 
cussion of  certain  variorum  readings  of  the  manu- 
scripts in  England,  and  had  lists  of  the  manuscripts 
and  of  the  printed  editions  as  appendixes. — A  dis- 
cussion  followed,  in  which   Sir   David   Gill,  Capt. 
Creak,  Dr.  Furnivall,  and  others  took  part. 


Geological. — Nov.  21. — Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  following  communica- 
tions were  read  :  '  The  Kimeridgc  Clay  and  Coral- 
lian  Rocks  of  the  Neighbourhood  of  Brill,  Bucking- 
hamshire," by  Mr.  A.  Morley  Da  vies, — and  '  On 
the  Skull  and  Greater  Portion  of  the   Skeleton  of 


740 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


■  Goniopholis  crassidens  from  the  Wealden  Shales  of 
Atherfield,  Isle  of  Wight,'  by  Mr.  Reginald  W. 
Hooley. 

British  Archaeological  Association. — Nov.  21. 
— Mr.  C.  J.  Williams  in  the  chair. — There  were 
exhibited  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Forster  numerous  photo- 
graphs of  the  excavations  recently  conducted  at 
Corstopitum,  the  most  noteworthy  being  of  the 
remains  of  the  heating  arrangements  of  a  house  in 
the  south-west  corner  of  the  city,  and  of  two  large 
arch  stones  built  into  a  wall  of  late  Roman  date. — 
Some  fragments  of  earthenware  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Bush  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Bath  were  ex- 
amined with  care,  as  it  was  hoped  that  there 
might  be  fragments  of  Roman  origin  among  them  ; 
but  Mr.  Gould  pronounced  them  to  be  of  late 
Norman  or  early  mediaeval  date. — A  collection  of 
Neolithic  flint  implements,  chiefly  from  Sussex, 
gathered  during  the  summer,  was  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Clift,  who  explained  that  several  of  the 
specimens  came  from  sites  which  had  not  been 
noted  before,  and  which  it  was  his  intention  to 
investigate  carefully  as  opportunity  occurred. 
The  chief  items  in  the  collection  were  a  series 
of  nine  scrapers  neatly  chipped  to  a  semicircular 
cutting  edge  ;  a  small  knife,  the  cutting  edge  of 
which  had  every  appearance  of  grinding  ;  an  adze- 
shaped  implement  from  Cissbury,  and  two  or  three 
partly  worked  spear  and  arrow  heads,  one  example 
being  interesting  as  there  was  no  apparent  reason 
for  its  being  discarded. — Mr.  R.  H.  Forster  then 
read  an  account  of  the  Roman  Wall  pilgrimage 
undertaken  this  year  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Newcastle  -  on  -  Tyne  in  conjunction  with  the 
Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  and 
Archaeological  Society,  communicated  by  Mr.  R. 
Oliver  Heslop.  The  pilgrimage  began  on  June  23rd 
at  Wallsend,  where  a  bronze  plate  marks  the  spot 
at  which  the  extremity  of  the  wall  touched  the 
river,  and  lasted  for  seven  days.  A  fine  series  of 
photographs  of  points  of  interest  along  the  wall 
was  shown  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Forster. 


Entomological. — Nov.  21. — Mr.  F.  Merrifield, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  W.  E.  Collinge  and 
Mr.  H.  S.  A.  Guinness  were  elected  Fellows. — Mr. 
H.  W.  Andrews  exhibited  specimens  of  Odontomya 
angulata,  Pz.,  from  the  Norfolk  Broads,  a  species 
few  captures  of  which  have  been  recorded  of  recent 
years,  and  Icterica  ivestermanni,  Mg.,  a  rare  Try- 
petid,  taken  by  him  in  the  New  Forest. — Dr.  F.  A. 
Dixey  showed  specimens  of  South  African  Pierina? 
demonstrating  that  the  wet-season  form  of  Teracolus 
regina,  Trim.,  was  in  mimetic  association  with  an 
undescribed  species  of  Belenois,  intermediate  be- 
tween B.  calypso  and  B.  thysa. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas 
exhibited  on  behalf  of  Messrs.  H.  and  F.  Campion 
a  male  specimen  of  Sympetrum  vulgatum  taken  in 
Epping  Forest  on  September  4th,  of  which  species 
only  three  other  authentic  British  specimens  are 
known. — Mr.  R.  Adkin  exhibited  a  short  series  of 
Tortrix  pronubana,  Hb.,  including  both  sexes, 
which  he  had  reared  from  larva;  and  pupae  collected 
from  euonymus  at  Eastbourne  in  September  last. 
The  only  previous  records  for  the  species  in  Britain 
were  single  male  examples  captured  at  Eastbourne 
and  at  Bognor  respectively  in  1905.— Dr.  T.  A. 
Chapman  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Citnonymplia 
mathewi,  Tutt,  from  different  places  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  Spain  (Galicia),  from  which  he  had 
formed  the  conclusion  that  mathewi  is  a  geo- 
graphical or  subspecific  variety  of  C.  dorus,  and 
not  a  fully  established  species. — The  following 
papers  and  notes  were  also  read  :  '  A  Permanent 
Record  of  British  Moths  in  their  Natural  Attitudes 
of  Rest '  and  '  Further  Notes  on  the  Choice  of  a 
Resting  Site  by  Pieris  rapm,'  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Hanim, 
— '  Studies  of  the  Blattidte,'  by  Mr.  R.  Shelford,— 
'  Notes  on  the  Life- History  of  Sesia  andrewnformin. 
Lasp.,'  by  the  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild,— and  '  Notes 
on  an  Unusual  Emergence  of  Chrysophanus  aallus- 
tim  in  New  Zealand,'  by  Mr.  Hubert  W.  Simmonds. 


Royal  Institution.  —  Dec.  3.  —  The  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr. 
Cyril  Davenport,  Mr.  G.  S.  Hein,  Sir  H.  Kimber, 
Major  P.  A.  MacMahon,  and  Mrs  Robarts  were 
elected  Members.  —  Profs.  A.  Righi,  P.  Lenard, 
W.  C.  Rontgen,  J.  H.  van't  Hoff,  T.  W.  Richards, 
A.  von  Bayer,  K.  J.  Angstrom,  and  H.  H.  Hilde- 
brandsson,  were  elected  Honorary  Members. 


Society  of  Engineers. — Dec.  3. — Mr.  Maurice 
Wilson,  President,  in  the  chair. — A  paper  was  read 
on  '  The  Prevention  of  the  Bacterial  Contamina- 
tion of  Streams  and  Oyster  Beds,'  by  Mr.  W. 
Pollard  Digby,  and  Mr.  H.  C.  H.  Shenton. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  —  Dec.  4. — 
Sir  Alexander  B.  W.  Kennedy,  President,  in  the 
chair.  It  was  announced  that  21  Associate  Mem- 
bers had  been  transferred  to  the  class  of  Members, 
and  that  194  candidates  had  been  admitted  as 
Students.  The  monthly  ballot  resulted  in  the 
election  of  6  Members,  115  Associate  Members, 
and  6  Associates. 


Hellenic. — Nov.  13.— The  Rev.  G.  C.  Richards 
read  a  paper  on  '  The  Ionian  Islands  in  the 
Odyssey,'  the  object  of  which  was  to  bring  before 
the  notice  of  English  students  the  theory  of  Prof. 
Dorpfeld  that  by  Ithaca  Homer  in  the  Odyssey 
meant  the  island  later  known  as  Leucadia  or  (after 
its  chief  town)  Leucas,  and  in  modern  times  as 
Santa  Maura.  This  theory  is  now  conveniently 
published  in  pamphlet  form  along  with  a  reply  to 
Prof,  von  Wilamowitz  (Athens,  Beck  &  Barth). 
Since  the  excavation  of  the  sixth  city,  Hissarlik, 
the  substantial  accuracy  of  the  descriptions  of 
scenery  in  the  Iliad  has  been  demonstrated,  but 
the  Odyssey  has  presented  such  geographical 
difficulties  as  apparently  to  exclude  personal  know- 
ledge on  the  poet's  part.  The  greatest  difficulty 
is,  however,  removed  by  M.  Berard's  identifi- 
cation of  the  Pylos  of  Nestor  with  Samikon,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Alpheius,  which,  if  correct, 
supplies  an  instance  of  the  transference  of  a  place- 
name  to  another  site.  Dorpfeld's  theory  starts 
from  the  comparison  of  Od.  ix.  21  with  xxi.  347, 
which  shows  that  the  three  islands  Dulichium, 
Same,  and  Zacynthus  are  off  Elis,  and  Ithaca  is 
not.  The  only  four  islands  worthy  of  being 
reckoned  in  the  Septinsular  Republic  (Corfu,  Paxo, 
and  Cerigo  not  being  in  question)  are  Cefalonia, 
Thiaki,  Zante,  and  Santa  Maura.  The  first  three 
are  off  Elis  ;  Santa  Maura  remains  for  the  Homeric 
Ithaca.  The  ancients  thought  of  Leucas  as  an 
island,  but  as  one  that  had  been  in  earlier  days 
connected  with  the  mainland  :  they  therefore 
identified  it  with  the  peninsula  of  Od.  xxiv.  378, 
and  were  debarred  from  identifying  it  with 
Dulichium  or  the  Odyssean  Ithaca.  Recent  re- 
searches have  shown  conclusively  that  Leucas  was 
an  island  in  1000  B.C.,  and  separated  from  the 
mainland  then,  as  now,  by  a  channel  liable  to 
become  choked  unless  artificially  kept  open  for 
navigation.  This  explains  the  transport  of  cattle 
from  the  mainland  (Od.  xiv.  100),  where  the 
Cephallenians  then  lived  (Od.  xx.  187)  ;  and  also 
the  four  times  repeated  line  "  I  do  not  think  you 
came  by  land,"  which,  interpreted  as  a  joke,  is 
impossible  for  Telemachus  at  the  moment  of 
recognition.  If  Leucas  =  Ithaca,  Cefalonia  suits 
Dulichium  well  (Dulichium,  if  a  real  place  in  the 
catalogue  of  Iliad  ii.,  cannot  be  imaginary  in  the 
Odyssey),  Thiaki  is  Same  ;  while  Zante  has  always 
kept  the  same  name.  Thiaki  will  not  suit  the 
Homeric  data.  (1)  It  is  an  island  divided  almost 
into  halves,  with  two  mountains  of  approxi- 
mately the  same  height,  not  an  island  with  one 
conspicuous  mountain  (Od.  ix.  21).  (2)  It  is  not 
"  furthest  of  all  to  the  west."  (3)  It  is  so  close  to 
Cefalonia  that  it  seems  to  be  part  of  it  from  the 
eastern  side  (contrast  with  this  ix.  25,  xxi.  346).  (4) 
Yet  if  xOatiaXri  means  low-lying,  it  is  quite  inappro- 
priate to  it ;  whereas  Strabo's  interpretation  "near 
to  the  mainland "  suits  Leucas,  and  if  the  other 
rendering  is  correct,  Leucas  has  more  level  land 
on  the  coast.  (5)  The  only  possible  site  for  the 
Megaron  of  Odysseus  has  yielded  no  trace  of  pre- 
historicsettlementtotheexcavationsof  Dorpfeld  and 
Vollgraff.  (6)  There  is  no  possibility  of  identifying 
Asteris  (Od.  iv.  844)  with  the  rock  of  Daskalio. 
(7)  The  local  identifications  in  the  Thiaki  are  all 
modern  and  suspicious  ;  the  island  was  deserted, 
and  only  repeopled  early  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Leucas  provides  (1)  a  suitable  site  for  Odysseus's 
home,  where  Dorpfeld  has  found  prehistoric  re- 
mains ;  (2)  similarly  suitable  sites  for  the  other 
Odyssean  descriptions  ;  (3)  a  suitable  Asteris  with 
a  double  harbour  in  Arkondi,  between  Santa  Maura 
and  Thiaki.  Changes  of  population  (which  Dorp- 
feld connects  with  the  Dorian  invasion)  pushed 
the  Cephallenians  into  the  islands  (Od.  xxiv.  and 
II.   ii.).     The  inhabitants  of  the   northern   island 


passed  over  into  Same  and  founded  a  new  Ithaca 
there  ;  while  the  inhabitants  of  Thiaki  founded  a 
city  in  Cephellenia,  which  existed  in  historic  times 
under  the  name  Same  or  Samos.  This  explains  the 
statement  of  Pliny  ('H.N.,'  iv.  15)  that  Neritis 
was  an  early  name  of  Leucas.  It  is  impossible  to 
maintain  any  longer  that  by  Ithaca  the  Odyssey 
means  Thiaki.  Against  the  view  that  the  poet 
had  no  correct  local  knowledge,  and  merely  gave 
his  fancy  play  (Von  Wilamowitz),  must  be  set  the 
ease  with  which  Leucas  satisfies  the  data  of  the 
Odyssey. 

Nov.  27. — A  discussion  took  place,  in  which  no 
one  was  found  to  maintain  the  claims  of  Thiaki 
adequately  to  represent  the  Ithaca  of  the  Odyssey, 
as  still  maintained  by  Berard,  and  in  Germany  by 
those  who,  like  Menge,  Michael,  Lang,  have  opposed 
Dorpfeld's  view. — Prof.  Ernest  Gardner  said  he 
took  up  the  position  of  a  sceptic  rather  than  of  a 
convinced  opponent  of  Prof.  Dorpfeld's  theory  or 
a  defender  of  the  identification  of  Thiaki  as 
Ithaca.  Prof.  Dorpfeld's  arguments  seemed  to  him 
to  fall  into  two  classes  :  those  which  dealt  with 
the  geographical  position  of  the  islands,  as 
described  or  implied  by  Homer,  and  those  which 
suggested  a  minute  topographical  identification  of 
sites,  such  as  the  stalactite  cave  of  the  Nymphs 
or  the  double  harbours  on  Asteris.  The  latter  were 
rather  a  source  of  weakness  than  of  strength  to  the 
theory  ;  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  broader 
geographical  evidence  for  Leucas  made,  in  Prof. 
Dorpfeld's  masterly  exposition,  a  very  strong  case, 
if  we  were  to  recognize  the  Homeric  topography 
in  existing  islands.  We  must,  however,  remember 
that  this  theory  would  imply  that  the  Odyssey  was 
composed  by  a  poet  and  for  an  audience  familiar 
with  the  Ionian  Islands,  and  before  1000  B.C.,  from 
which  time  to  the  present  day  the  names  of  the 
islands  had  been  as  they  now  are.  Such  a  solution 
of  the  Homeric  question  required  a  revision  of  the 
whole  evidence,  philological,  historical,  and 
literary,  as  well  as  topographical,  before  it  could 
be  accepted  ;  and  in  any  case  the  Odyssey  was  in- 
terpreted by  all  the  Greeks  of  historical  period  as 
by  modern  scholars.  To  them  the  Homeric  topo- 
graphy did  not  correspond  to  any  actual  topo- 
graphy ;  and  there  did  not,  after  all,  seem  sufficient 
reason  for  rejecting  the  view  now  generally  held 
that  the  poet's  imagination  rather  than  his 
familiarity  with  the  spot  was  responsible  for  his 
descriptions.  Such  a  view  was  more  in  accordance 
with  the  usual  custom  of  poets  and  writers  of 
fiction.  It  was  generally  admitted  that  in  the 
Odyssey  we  had  an  inner  zone,  confined  mainly  to 
the  ^Egean,  within  which  the  geography  was 
familiar  to  the  poet  and  his  readers  ;  and  an  outer 
zone  of  vague  traditions  and  travellers'  tales,  where 
the  knowledge  of  both  was  at  best  taken  at  second 
hand.  If  we  regarded  the  Ionian  Islands  as  be- 
longing to  the  vague  rather  than  the  more  definite 
region,  there  was  no  difficulty  in  keeping  to  the 
accepted  traditions  about  the  names  of  the  islands. 
— Prof.  R.  C.  Bosanquet  said  that  minor  identi- 
fications were  of  less  importance,  and  general 
correspondences  alone  should  be  looked  for.  On 
the  whole,  Leucas  reproduced  Odyssean  geography 
better  than  Thiaki.  Dorpfeld's  finds  in  Leucas 
suggested  to  him  an  earlier  date  than  the  period 
generally  described  as  Mycenaean.  The  trans- 
ference of  names  was  extremely  likely,  and  had 
parallels  in  mediaeval  and  modern  Greek  history. 
But  he  was  not  disposed  to  accept  Dorpfeld's  view 
that  this  took  place  at  a  very  early  date.  — After 
the  reader  of  the  paper  had  made  a  brief  reply,  the 
President,  in  summing  up,  regarded  the  claims  of 
Thiaki  as  conclusively  disproved,  but  maintained 
that  Homer  could  not  be  regarded  as  a  safe  source 
for  history. 

meetings  next  week. 

Mon.     Surveyors'  Institution,  4.  —  'The  Improvement  of  our  Wood- 
lands,' Mr.  L.  S.  Wood, 
_       London  Institution,  ii.— '  The  Churches  of  the  City.'  Rev.  J.  S. 
l!;uius. 

—  Society  of  Engineers,  7. '(».—  Annual  Meeting. 

—  Societ'v  of  Arts,  8.—' Artificial    Fertilizers,    Lecture  IV..  Mr. 

A.  l>.  Ball,   (Cantor  Lecture.) 

—  Geographical,  S.itO.— '  Irrigation  in  the  United  States,'  Major 

J.  H.  Beacom. 
Tuns.    Asiatic,  4  — '  The  Tablet  with  Cuneiform  Text  from  Yuzghat.' 
Mr.  T.  G.  Pinches. 

—  Topographical,  4  :S0.— Annual  Meeting;   'London  as  seen  by 

Shakspeare,'  Mr.  T.  Fairman  Ordish. 

—  Colonial  Institute,  8.—'  The  Colonial  Press,'  Mr.  A.  W.  a  Reckett. 

—  Faraday,   8.— 'On  the   Electrochemistry  of   Lead,'  and    '  Con- 

tributions to  the  Study  of  Strong  Electrolytes,'  Mr.   A.  C.  C. 

Gumming:  'Storage  Batteries  and  their  Electrolytes'  (Part 
II. I.  Mr.  It.  W.  Vicarey. 

—  Institution  of  Civil   Engineers,  8.  — Discussion  on  'The  Talla 

Water-Supply  of  the  Edinburgh  and  District  Waterworks'  ; 
•Repairing  a  Limestone-Concrete  Aqueduct ':  and  'The  Yield 
of  Catchment  Areas.'  Paper  on  '  Mechanical  Considerations 
in  the  Design  of  High-Tension  Switch-Gear,'  Mr  11.  W.  B 
Le  Fanu. 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


741 


'Tubs.  Zoological,  S.S0.— '  Ascidians  from  the  Cape  Verde  Inlands, 
Messrs.  J.  Rennie  and  H.  Wiseman  ;  and  other  Papers. 

iWbd.  British  Academy,  5. -'The  Commentary  of  Pelajius  on  the 
Epistles  of  Paul :  the  Problem  of  its  Restoration,'  Prof.  A. 
Souter. 

—  British  Areh-eoloirical  Association,  8.— 'Walthara  Abbey,  its 

History  and  Architecture,'  Mr.  G.  E.  Tooker. 

—  Society  of   Arts.  8.— 'Fruit-Growing    and   the  Protection  of 

Birds,'  Mr.  C.  H.  Hooper. 
Thcrs.  Royal,  4.30.  ,  .,    . 

—  Society  of    Arts,    4.30.— 'The    Indian    Mohammedans:    their 

Past,  Present,  and  Future,'  Mr.  A.  Y.  Ali. 

—  London  Institution,  fi.— ' Tadpoles:  a  Study  in  Embryolog 

Mr.  J.  W.  Jenkinson. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30 
Fri.       Astronomical,  5. 

—  Physical.  7. 

—  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  8.— Discussion  on  'Steam 

as  a  Motive  Power  for  Public-Service  Vehicles.' 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  8.—'  Mechanical  Improvements 

in  the  Drainage  of  the  Bedford  Level,'  Mr.  A.  Carmichiel. 
(Students'  Meeting.) 


%cuntt  Ctastp. 

Sir  Ralph  Payne-Gallwey  is  publishing 
shortly  with  Messrs.  Longman  a  book  on 
*  The  Projectile-throwing  Engines  of  tha 
Ancients,'  which  will  include  a  treatise  on 
Turkish  and  other  Oriental  bows  of  medi- 
-aeval  and  later  times.  The  author  has 
already  made  a  reputation  by  his  admirable 
book  on  '  The  Crossbow.' 

We  congratulate  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  on 
securing  a  Nobel  prize.  This  is  not  the 
first  compliment  of  the  sort  to  Cambridge 
physics,  for  Lord  Rayleigh  has  been  similarly 
honoured. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie  has  instituted  what  is  to  be  called 
the  "  Bourse  de  Curie,"  by  placing  at  the 
disposition  of  the  University  of  Paris  a  sum 
of  money  of  which  the  revenue  will  be 
12,500  francs.  The  prize,  which  is  to  be 
annual,  is  open  to  all  nationalities,  and  will 
be  awarded  to  the  savant  who  continues  the 
discoveries  of  Curie  and  his  wife. 

Messrs.  Heffer  &  Sons  have  purchased 
the  mathematical  library  of  the  late  Prof. 
Joly  of  Dublin  and  the  botanical  library  of 
the  late  Prof.  Marshall  Ward  of  Cambridge, 
catalogues  of  which  are  in  preparation. 

A  successor  to  the  chair  of  the  late  Albert 
Sorel  at  the  French  Academie  des  Sciences 
Morales  was  elected  on  Saturday  last.  There 
were  four  candidates,  and  on  the  second 
ballot  M.  Vidal  de  la  Blache,  professor  at  the 
Sorbonne,  was  elected  by  18  votes,  as  against 
17  cast  for  M.  Welschinger,  the  bibliothe- 
caire  du  Senat.  The  new  Academician  is 
Professor  of  Geography  at  the  Faculte  des 
Lettres,  and  is  well  known  for  his  important 
work  on  Marco  Polo  and  for  his  great  '  Atlas 
Historique  et  Geographique.' 

The  good  example  set  by  the  Mysore 
administration  in  clearing  the  town  of 
Bangalore  by  a  systematic  extermination 
of  rats  and  mice  as  disseminators  of  plague  is 
being  followed  by  the  military  authorities  in 
the  adjacent  cantonment.  The  system 
adopted  by  Mr.  Madhava  Rao  was  for  the 
police  to  leave  baited  traps  in  the  houses 
overnight  and  for  the  street  scavengers  to 
collect  them  with  their  prey  in  the  morning. 
In  this  manner  over  60,000  rats  and  mice 
have  been  destroyed  in  the  town  of  Bangalore 
during  the  last  three  or  four  months.  The 
need  for  the  adoption  of  similar  measures 
in  our  military  cantonment  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  a  cavalry  regiment  has  had  to 
vacate  its  position  until  the  campaign 
against  the  rats  is  finished. 

Two  more  new  planets  are  announced 
from  the  Kbnigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidel- 
berg ;  they  were  photographically  registered, 
the  first  by  Herr  Kopff  on  the  10th  ult.,  and 
the  second  by  Herr  Lohnert  on  the  14th.  One 
Announced  by  Mr.  Metcalf,  of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  on  April  25th,  is  now  known  (as  had 
-already  been  suspected  by  Prof.  Berberich) 
to  be   identical   with   No.    431,   which   was 


discovered  by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on 
December  18th,  1897.  Dr.  J.  Palisa  pub- 
lishes in  No.  4136  of  the  Astronomische 
Nachrichten  the  results  of  visual  observa- 
tions, obtained  at  Vienna,  of  many  of  the 
most  recent  photographic  discoveries  of 
these  bodies,  including  several  registered 
last  month. 

The  nebula  NGC  6302  (in  the  constella- 
tion Scorpio)  was  discovered  by  Prof. 
Barnard  whilst  comet-hunting  at  Nashville, 
Tennessee,  in  1880.  Prof.  Swift  afterwards 
noticed  that  it  was  triple.  Later  observa- 
tions made  by  Prof.  Barnard  with  the 
36-inch  Lick  telescope  showed  it  to  be  a 
very  remarkable  object,  consisting  of  three 
rather  bright  small  nebulae.  Two  had  faint 
streamers  running  north  preceding,  while  the 
third  (the  following  and  brightest  component) 
had  two  nebulous  arches  springing  from  it, 
and  extending  some  distance  behind  it.  The 
entire  nebula,  especially  the  following  part, 
resembled,  Prof.  Barnard  says,  a  ghostly 
bug  of  some  kind,  and  hence  he  proposes  to 
call  it  the  Bug  nebula.  (Would  it  not  be 
better  to  put  an  unpleasant  word  in  a  classical 
language,  and  call  it  the  Koris  nebula  ?) 
The  brightest  portion  was  estimated  to  be 
of  the  twelfth  magnitude,  the  other  two  of 
about  the  fourteenth.  The  approximate 
position  of  this  extraordinary  nebula  is 
R.A.  17".  7m.  27s.,  N.P.D.  126°  59'-8.  Prof. 
Barnard  also  calls  attention  to  several  groups 
of  faint  nebulae  which  he  detected  with  the 
Lick  telescope,  and  of  which  he  has  recently 
obtained  some  accurate  measures  with  the 
Yerkes,  as  well  as  of  two  groups  originally 
discovered  by  Stephan  at  Marseilles. 

Prof.  Hartwig,  of  Bamberg,  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  abnormal  brightness  of  the  vari- 
able star  Mira  Ceti,  which  is  now  equal  to 
that  of  a  Arietis,  as  it  is  recorded  to  have 
been  in  November,  1779,  and  nearly  as 
bright  in  October,  1839. 


FINE    ARTS 


Theodore  M.  Davis'  Excavations  :  The 
Tomb  of  Hdtshopsitu.  By  Theodore  M. 
Davis,  Edouard  Naville,  and  Howard 
Carter.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
The  handsome  volume  before  us  contains  a 
description  of  one  of  the  first  of  the 
important  finds  made  by  Mr.  Theodore 
Davis  on  the  concession  at  Biban  el- 
Moluk  (the  Valley  of  the  Kings),  on  which 
he  has  been  at  work  for  the  last  three 
years.  In  the  Introduction,  which  forms 
his  contribution  to  the  book,  he  tells  us 
how  he  and  Mr.  Carter  came  almost  by 
chance  upon  a  chamber  which  they  had 
not  time  to  clear,  but  which  they  felt 
certain  had  in  some  part  of  it  a  tunnel  or 
descending  corridor  leading  to  the  verit- 
able tomb.  A  literal  toss-up  decided 
them  to  make  for  the  right-hand  corner, 
where  they  found  the  tunnel  they  sought, 
and  were  led  into  the  burial  chamber  con- 
taining the  sarcophagus  of  the  great  queen. 
As  it  was  empty,  Mr.  Davis  gives  excel- 
lent reasons  for  supposing  that  the  priests 
in  900  B.C.  removed  the  royal  mummy  to 
the  hole  known  as  the  "  cachette "  at 
Deir  el-Bahari.  Here  were  found  many 
other  royal  mummies,  including  that  of 
the  queen's  father  Thothmes  I.  and  two 
coffinless  female  bodies  without  wrappings. 
If  Mr.  Davis  is  right,  one  of  these  last 
must   be   the   mortal    remains   of   Queen 


Hatasu  :  but  it  is  just  worth  noticing  that 
the  Biban  el-Moluk  sepulchre  was  never 
finished,  and  that  the  blocks  inscribed 
with  the  '  Book  of  that  which  is  in  Hades,' 
with  which  she  evidently  intended  to  line 
it,  were  found  lying  in  confusion  on  the 
floor.  It  is  therefore  possible  either  that 
Hatasu  changed  her  mind  at  the  last  and 
decided  on  being  buried  somewhere  else, 
or  that  some  palace  revolution,  doubtless 
headed  by  her  terrible  nephew  and  suc- 
cessor Thothmes  III.,  led  to  her  disrespect- 
ful interment  in  some  site  yet  undiscovered. 

The  chief  interest  in  this  volume,  how- 
ever, is  provided  by  a  memoir 'by  Prof. 
Naville,  in  which  this  sound  and  eterling 
scholar  traces  the  life  and  monuments 
of  the  only  woman  who  in  the  course  of 
5,000  years  ever  ruled  over  united  Egypt. 
Hatasu,  Hatshepsut,  or  Hatshopsitu,  as 
the  vagaries  of  Egyptian  transliteration 
have  caused  her  to  be  successively  called, 
was  the  daughter  of  Thothmes  I.  and 
Queen  Aahmes.  As  she  was  of  royal 
blood  on  both  sides,  she  had  claims 
to  the  throne  superior  to  those  of 
her  half-brother,  also  called  Thothmes  ; 
and  as  she  must  have  early  shown 
a  capacity  for  sovereignty,  she  was 
during  her  father's  lifetime  associated 
with  him  on  the  throne,  and  brought 
up  with  the  masculine  name  of  Ka- 
ma-ra,  or,  as  M.  Maspero  prefers  to 
read  it,  Makeri.  Yet  the  Egyptians  evi- 
dently did  not  take  kindly  to  the  idea 
of  a  female  sovereign,  and  Hatasu  found 
it  expedient— as  M.  Naville  thinks,  while 
her  father  was  alive — to  marry  her  half- 
brother,  who  later  reigned  with  her  as  her 
consort  under  the  title  of  Thothmes  II. 
On  her  husband's  death,  which,  according 
to  M.  Naville,  occurred  about  the  third 
year  of  his  reign,  Hatasu  usurped  the 
throne,  though  acknowledging  the  right 
of  her  nephew  to  succeed  her  husband. 
For  some  twenty  years  she  thus  reigned, 
calling  herself  king  and  not  queen  of 
Egypt,  as  she  had  done  during  her  hus- 
band's lifetime.  Yet  she  associated  her 
nephew  with  her  on  the  throne,  as  her 
father  had  done  with  herself  ;  and  when 
she  died,  he  succeeded  her  and  became  the 
greatest  conqueror  that  Egypt  ever  pro- 
duced. M.  Naville  thinks  that  the  rela- 
tions of  the  aunt  and  the  nephew  were 
better  than  is  generally  supposed,  and 
points  out  that  the  wholesale  erasure  of 
Hatasu's  name  from  the  monuments  did  not 
take  place  until  the  closeof  the  conqueror's 
sole  reign.  But  all  the  facts  that  can  be 
verified  about  Hatasu  are  as  here  stated, 
and  the  recent  attempt  of  the  Berlin 
School  (see  The  Athenaeum,  No.  4095)  to 
establish  a  series  of  dethronements  and 
restorations,  in  the  course  of  which 
Thothmes  III.  married  his  aunt  and 
Thothmes  II.  allied  himself  with  his  still- 
living  father  and  east  the  pair  offjthe 
throne,  has  been  entirely  knocked  on  the 
head  by  M.  Legrain's  discovery  at  Karnak 
of  many  bas-reliefs  showing  Thothmes  II. 
as  king,  with  Hatasu,  in  the  dependent 
position  of  queen,  standing  behind  him. 

In  other  matters,  too,  M.  Naville,  with- 
out travelling  out  of  the  record  of  ascer- 


742 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8',  1906 


tained  facts,  gives  us  much-needed  infor- 
mation. He  points  out  that  Egypt  at 
Hatasu's  accession  was  still  suffering  from 
the  waste  and  ruin  of  the  Hyksos  invasion, 
and  that  it  was  probably  due  to  her  wise 
and  peaceful  rule  that  Thothmes  III. 
found  the  land  able  to  support  the  drain 
of  blood  and  treasure  imposed  by  his  own 
Napoleonic  policy.  That  she  throughout 
strove  with  success  to  establish  commercial 
relations  with  neighbouring  nations  is 
shown  by  her  famous  expedition  to  Punt, 
and  M.  Naville  explains  that  much  of  the 
treasure  which  Egyptian  kings  were  in  the 
habitfof  displaying  on  their  monuments 
as  tribute  really  consisted  of  foreign  goods 
obtained  by  purchase  or  barter.  He  is 
also  very  instructive  on  the  ceremonies 
attaching  to  Egyptian  royalty,  and  shows 
from  many  examples  taken  from  Hatasu's 
monuments  that  the  royal  ka,  or  double, 
was  worshipped  during  the  life  of  its  living 
counterpart,  and  that  the  many  corona- 
tion scenes  where  the  Pharaoh  is  depicted 
as  being  crowned,  baptized,  and  installed 
on  different  thrones  by  various  animal- 
headed  gods,  represent  ceremonies  that 
were  actually  performed,  the  parts  of  the 
deities  being  filled  by  masked  priests.  It 
is  curious  also  to  note  that  the  cutting-out 
of  a  former  king's  name  from  public  monu- 
ments— a  practice  which  has  descended 
to  modern  times — was  thought  really  to 
lead  to  his  annihilation  in  the  under 
world,  and  that  the  fashion  of  walking 
backwards  in  the  presence  of  royalty 
seems  to  be  also  derived  from  the  ways  of 
the  priests  in  the  sanctuary  where  the 
royal  image  was  set  up.  In  all  these 
matters  M.  Naville's  long  study  of  the 
temples  that  he  has  for  many  years  success- 
fully excavated  at  Deir  el-Bahari  makes  his 
conclusions  especially  valuable. 

A  word  of  praise  must  be  spared  for  the 
wholly  admirable  illustrations  from  the 
brush  of  Mr.  Howard  Carter,  giving  the 
portraits  of  the  queen,  her  female  relations, 
and  the  three  Thothmes.  They  are  here 
reproduced  by  an  Edinburgh  firm  as 
coloured  lithographs  in  a  style  which 
compares  very  favourably  with  the  best 
French  heliogravures  ;  and  we  are  glad 
to  think  that  such  work  can  still  be  turned 
out  in  this  country.  Altogether  the  book 
makes  a  handsome  pendant  to  '  The  Tomb 
of  Thothmes  IV.'  from  the  same  excava- 
tions, which  forms  part  of  the  gigantic 
catalogue  of  the  Cairo  Museum. 


Chats  on  Old  Prints.  By  Arthur  Hayden. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) — This  book  is  meant  for 
novices  and  collectors  of  moderate  ambition, 
and  not  for  those  "  who  needs  must  love  the 
highest,"  whether  in  quality  or  price,  "  when 
they  see  it."  As  regards  quality,  indeed, 
Mr.  Hayden  sets  the  standard  all  too  low  : 
he  is  continually  assuming  that  his  reader 
wants  and  will  be  content  with  any  casual 
stipple  print  out  of  an  eighteenth-century 
book,  or  steel  engraving  from  an  annual 
of  the  thirties,  as  a  cheap  and  satisfactory 
specimen  of  the  process.  "There  are  hundreds 
of  lithographs  that  may  readily  be  had  for  a 
shilling  apiece  "  :  but  are  they  worth  having  ? 
Mr.  Hayden's  collector  is  not  restricted,  how- 
ever, to  this  modest  scale  of  expenditure,  and 


the  "  chats  "  give  good  advice  to  those  who 
have  pounds  as  well  as  shillings  to  hvish  on 
their  hobby,  but  not  pounds  enough  to 
secure  either  the  classic  masterpieces  of 
engraving  or  prints  exalted  to  a  less  secure 
pinnacle  by  passing  fashion.  He  directs 
attention  especially  to  two  classes  of  prints 
which  are  not  so  fashionable  as  mezzo- 
tints and  stipple  engravings  in  colour  :  the 
line  engravings  of  the  early  nineteenth 
century  and  the  Victorian  woodcuts,  for 
which  he  evidently  has  a  special  fondness. 
The  former  will  have  their  vogue  again  ; 
the  latter,  surely,  have  it  already.  The  list 
of  woodcuts  most  worth  having  will  be  valu- 
able to  those  who  do  not  possess  Gleeson 
White's  exhaustive  treatise.  The  reader  is 
not  expected  to  acquire  very  much  by  the 
early  German  or  Italian  masters,  and  the 
information  given  concerning  them  is  the 
least  satisfactory  part  of  the  book.  It  is 
said,  for  example,  "  that  some  of  the  Diirer 
woodcuts  were  subsequently  engraved  by 
him  on  copper,  as,  for  instance,  '  The  Great 
Passion.'  "  We  are  puzzled  by  the  mys- 
terious "  Ludovico,  whose  engravings  are 
rare  and  all  from  his  own  designs,"  who  is 
credited  with  the  invention  of  etching  the 
outline  before  working  upon  it  with  a  graver. 
It  is  curious  to  find  Seghers,  rarest  of  the 
rare,  included  in  a  list  of  the  Dutch  etchers 
whose  works  "  are  all  within  the  limits  of 
the  beginner's  estimate  as  to  expenditure." 
"  There  is,  of  course,  Whistler,"  is  all  we 
learn  of  that  illustrious  artist  till  we  come 
to  the  section  on  lithographs,  where  prices 
are  governed  by  the  author's  characteristic 
optimism.  The  bibliography  and  glossary 
of  technical  terms  are  generally  good,  but 
in  the  latter  "  Execudit. — Literally,  He  did 
it"  is  erroneously  described  as  "  Latin." 

The  Old  Engravers  of  England  in  their 
Relation  to  Contemporary  L-ife  and  Art.  By 
Malcolm  C.  Salaman.  (Cassell.)  —  This 
volume  is  more  deserving  of  the  name  of 
'  Chats '  than  Mr.  Hayden's.  For  Mr. 
Salaman  the  progress  of  English  engraving 
is  little  more  than  a  thread  on  which  to 
string  borrowed  pearls  of  anecdote  about 
wits  and  "  dear  dead  women  "  of  the  past. 
His  pages  flash  with  coronets,  and  senti- 
mental rapture  about  "  pretty  witty  Kitty 
Fisher  "  and  other  "  pervading  Phrynes." 
Whether  a  Charles  or  a  George  be  king,  the 
method  and  stock-in-trade  are  the  same. 
By  way  of  innovation  the  author  makes 
copious  use  of  Mr.  Colvin's  researches  into 
the  early  history  of  engraving  in  England, 
and  applies  to  the  productions  of  Tudor  and 
early  Stuart  reigns  the  treatment  already 
meted  out  in  magazine  articles  without 
number  to  the  more  popular  prints  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Beyond  Fanny  Burney, 
beyond  Horace  Walpole,  beyond  Pepys — 
"  him  even  "  !  the  busy  compiler  pursues 
his  search  for  ancient  gossip,  and  marks 
the  stages  of  his  journey  by  erecting  notes 
of  exclamation.  "  Sly  dogs  !  "  he  says 
of  Elizabeth's  nobility,  when  they  com- 
plain that  her  Majesty's  features  are 
ill  represented.  "  What  a  book  of  remi- 
niscences Hole  could  have  written  ! 
Imagine  him  discussing  with  Raleigh  in  the 
Tower,"  and  so  forth.  "  What  times  !  " 
"  Poor  woman  !  "  "  And  she  wears  but  a 
single  feather  in  her  pork-pie  hat  !  "  When 
he  leaves  the  persons  portrayed  and  dis- 
courses in  the  same  stylo  about  the  authors 
of  their  portraits,  such  careers  as  those  of 
Strange  the  Jacobite,  Ryland  tho  forger,  and  j 
Woollett,  whose  wife  presented  him  five 
times  with  twins  and  once  with  triplets,  are 
a  godsend  to  Mr.  Salaman.  It  is  possible 
that  a  book  of  this  kind  will  be  popular.  It 
has  forty-eight  illustrations,  most  of  which 
are  pretty. 


SOME  RECENT  BOOKS  ON 
GREEK  ART. 

The  Art  of  the  Greeks.  By  H„  B.  Walters,, 
(Methuen.) — Two  years  ago  Mr.  Walters 
published  a  miniature  volume  on  '  Greek 
Art,'  which  suffered  from  the  compression 
inevitable  in  an  attempt  to  cover  the  whole 
subject  on  such  a  scale.  His  present  work 
on  '  The  Art  of  the  Greeks  '  attempts  a  less- 
impossible  task,  for,  notwithstanding  its 
larger  type,  the  actual  text  must  be  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  that  of  the  earlier 
book  ;  and,  above  all,  the  size  of  the  page 
and  the  excellence  of  the  112  plates  enable 
the  objects  reproduced  to  speak  for  them- 
selves. Of  course  the  work  is  still  a  short 
one  for  the  field  it  covers  :  while  about 
85  pages  are  allowed  for  sculpture,  only  some 
20  pages  each  are  assigned  to  architecture, 
painting,  vases,  terra-cottas,  gem-engraving, 
coins,  and  metal  work.  Mr.  Walters  has 
contrived  within  the  space  to  give  both  an 
interesting  and  an  instructive  account  of 
technical  processes  and  of  the  history  of 
artistic  development.  In  the  case  of  coins 
and  gems  the  increased  possibility  of  illus- 
tration has  been  fully  utilized  :  something 
like  190  gems  and  100  coins  really  give  an 
adequate  general  survey  from  the  artistic 
point  of  view.  From  Mr.  Walters  one  expects 
accuracy,  and  therefore  it  is  rather  startling 
to  find  the  monument  of  Dermys  and  KityloS' 
described  as  "  two  figures  made  by  Dermes 
and  Kitylos. ' '  The  statement  that  the  silver- 
chaser  Boethus  was  a  native  of  Bithynia,  and 
therefore  entirely  distinct  from  the  sculptor 
Boethus  of  Carthage,  is  curious,  in  view  of 
the  now  generally  accepted  opinion  that 
Boethus  came  from  Chalcedon  in  Bithynia, 
not  from  Charcedon  (Carthage).  It  seems 
to  be  suggested  also  that  the  geometrical 
style  of  pottery  was  brought  into  Greece  by 
the  Dorian  immigration — a  now  discredited 
theory,  to  which  Mr.  Walters  himself  has 
stated  the  objections  clearly  enough  in  his 
'  History  of  Ancient  Pottery.'  The  execu- 
tion and  selection  of  the  illustrations 
deserve  all  praise  ;  but  there  is  an  exception 
here  also.  Why  is  the  Aphrodite  of  the 
Vatican  reproduced  with  the  notorious  tin 
drapery  about  the  lower  part  of  her  body  ? 
Without  a  comment,  such  a  picture  is  actu- 
ally misleading,  and  would  make  a  student 
unable  to  recognize  the  Praxitelean  type. 

La  Sculpture  attique  avant  Phidias.  Par 
H.  Lechat.  "  Bibliotheque  des  Ecoles- 
francaises  d'Athenes  et  de  Rome."  (Paris, 
Fontemoing.  1 — Phidias  et  la  Sculpture  grecque 
au  cinquieme  Siecle.  Par  H.  Lechat.  "  Les 
Maitres  de  l'Art."  (Paris,  Librairie  de  l'Art 
ancien  et  moderne.) — M.  Lechat  has  pro- 
duced two  volumes  on  sculpture  of  a  very- 
different  character,  corresponding  to  that 
of  the  series  to  which  each  respectively 
belongs.  He  has  for  many  years  devoted 
himself  to  a  minute  study  of  the  early 
sculptures  on  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  as  is- 
sufficiently  attested  by  his  lengthy  articles- 
on  the  subject  in  the  Bulletin  de  Correspond- 
ance  hellenique,  and  by  his  more  general 
summary  in  his  '  Au  Musee  de  l'Acropole.' 
It  might  be  thought  that  these  would  exhaust 
what  he  had  to  say  upon  the  matter,  but  in 
the  volume  on  '  La  Sculpture  attique  avant 
Phidias  '  liis  avowed  intention  is  to  adopt  a 
more  historical  treatment,  and  to  vindicate 
the  existence  of  an  Attic  school  of  sculpture 
by  a  detailed  sttidy  of  its  products.  He  even 
forestalls  criticism  as  to  the  length  at  which 
he  has  done  this  :  if  some  readers  are  likely 
to  be  "  unable  to  see  the  wood  for  the  trees  " 
(he  has  not  only  enumerated  them,  but 
counted  their  branches  also),  he  points  out 
that  it  is  only  by  a  minute  study  of  detail' 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


743 


that  the  methods  of  the  early  sculptors  can 
be  appreciated.  This  is  doubtless  true  ;  but 
one  may  well  ask  in  return  for  whom  the 
volume  is  written.  Those  who  have  only  a 
general  interest  in  artistic  matters  can 
hardly  be  expected  to  wade  through  its  500 
pages  ;  the  special  student,  on  the  other 
hand,  cannot  study  these  sculptures  to  any 
good  purpose  except  in  the  Acropolis  Museum 
at  Athens  ;  he  cannot,  in  fact,  follow  M. 
Lechat's  minute  criticism  unless  he  already 
has  a  knowledge  of  the  subject  which  makes 
much  of  the  description  superfluous.  There 
is,  however,  very  little  to  criticize  hi  the 
book.  The  author  has  been  most  reasonable 
in  his  acceptance  of  the  criticisms  made  in 
various  quarters  on  his  earlier  work.  He  is 
deficient  neither  in  clearness  of  expression 
nor  in  grace  of  style,  and  for  these  qualities 
he  has  better  scope  in  the  shorter  and  more 
popular  volume  on  '  Phidias  et  la  Sculpture 
grecque  au  cinquieme  Siecle.'  Here  he  has 
written  a  readable  and  popular  account,  which 
-one  naturally  compares  with  M.  Collignon's 
similar  volume  on  Phidias  ;  but  M.  Lechat 
has  the  advantage  of  twenty  years'  contribu- 
tions to  the  study  of  this  master — above  all, 
of  Prof.  Furtwangler's  brilliant  theories  and 
identifications.  The  rest  of  the  sculpture 
of  the  fifth  century  is  mainly  treated  as 
leading  up  to  the  work  of  Phidias  and  as 
showing  his  influence  ;  the  treatment  is  of 
necessity  summary,  but  room  has  been 
found  for  interesting  suggestions  ;  for  ex- 
ample, that  the  curious  caryatids  set  round 
an  acanthus  column  at  Delphi  are  to  be 
associated  with  Callimachus,  and  confirm 
the  attribution  to  that  artist  of  the  Aphro- 
dite of  Frejus.  M.  Lechat  does  not  refer 
to  M.  Homolle's  more  recent  theory  that 
•caryatids  and  column  do  not  belong  to  one 
another. 

The  Greek  Painter's  Art.  By  Irene  Weir. 
{Ginn  &  Co.) — The  intention  of  this  book  is 
to  give  a  popular  account  of  the  subject  in 
all  its  branches,  including  not  only  painting 
in  the  narrower  sense,  but  also  the  art  of  the 
vase-painter  and  the  application  of  colour 
to  sculpture  and  architecture.  Such  a  theme 
might  well  have  sufficed  to  fill  a  small  volume ; 
the  introduction,  which  describes  a  tour  in 
■Greece,  doubtless  inspiring  to  the  author, 
•shows  no  particular  merit  besides  its  enthu- 
siasm. The  rest  of  the  book  consists  mainly 
•of  quotations  from  various  English  and 
American  writers,  with  occasional  connecting 
passages  by  the  author.  It  is  needless  to 
•criticize  such  a  book  seriously  ;  but  such 
mistakes  as  "  Kleoni "  might  have  been 
avoided,  and  the  knowledge  acquired  in 
making  the  compilation  should  at  least  have 
prevented  the  author  from  stating  that  the 
Francois  vase  belongs  to  about  500  b.c,  or 
"that  the  "  Portico  winch  they  call  the 
Painted  Gallery  "  was  "  the  north  whig  of  the 
Propylaea  on  the  Akropolis,  Athens." 


PICTURES  AT  THE  ROWLEY 
GALLERY. 

When  the  intelligent  foreigner  visits 
London  with  a  view  to  seeing  whatever  is  to 
be  seen  of  the  modern  artistic  movement,  he 
is  usually  a  little  surprised  and  sometimes 
waxes  satirical  over  our  official  shows.  It 
is  then  necessary  to  explain  to  him  that 
while  good  modern  art  exists  in  London,  it 
exists  on  sufferance,  in  a  hole-and-corner 
fashion,  and  that  it  has  to  be  looked  for  from 
time  to  time  in  various  places.  It  is  well, 
therefore,  to  drop  the  hint  that  there  is 
often  better  painting  to  be  seen  at  the  little 
gallery  in  Silver  Street,  Kensington,  than  in 
many  places  better  known.  In  the  present 
show  Mr.  Brangwyn  takes  the  honours  on  the 


whole,  but  not  so  much  with  the  large  figure 
picture  of  wine-sellers  that  he  showed  at  the 
New  Gallery  in  the  spring  as  with  some 
smaller  works.  He  hardly  seems  to  have 
enough  easy  knowledge  of  figures  to  achieve 
a  group  as  a  firmly  knit  elastic  structure,  and 
has  here  based  his  design  not  on  the  structure 
of  the  group,  but  on  the  accidental  relief  of 
one  object  against  another  behind  it,  without 
explaining  the  relations  that  exist  between 
them.  It  is  a  collection  of  "  morceaux," 
some  of  them  not  very  intelligible.  Much 
better  is  the  little  Canal,  Bruges  ;  and  best 
of  all  the  spacious  and  noble  Rialto,  which  is 
the  finest  design,  perhaps,  that  the  artist  has 
yet  given  us.  Of  the  other  painters,  Mr. 
Livens  is  admirable  in  the  Little  Model, 
Music,  and  the  Blackcock.  These  are  rich 
and  harmonious  in  tone,  but  lack  the  shrewd 
observation  and  unctuous  rendering  of  cha- 
racter on  a  small  scale  that,  by  taxing  his 
brushwork  to  its  utmost  expressiveness, 
gave  such  a  momentous  and  exciting  quality 
to  the  painting  of  his  little  portrait  groups  at 
the  New  Gallery.  Mr.  Peppercorn  and  Mr. 
Priestman  are  less  important,  the  former 
giving  up  for  the  nonce  with  his  black  frames 
that  tremendous  decorative  splendour  of 
ivory  and  burnt  black  placed  in  a  heavy  gilded 
setting  which  he  has  exploited  success- 
fully, the  latter  giving  us  in  The  Straight 
Road,  The  Lock,  and  The  Inflowing  Tide 
good  examples  of  that  loose  technique  which 
limits  his  range  of  form.  In  '  The  Lock,' 
for  example,  the  land  ripples  in  as  liquid 
fashion  as  the  water.  It  is  an  easy  method 
of  obtaining  unity,  but  agreeable  enough  on 
this   small   scale. 


SALES. 


Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  1st  insfc.  the  follow- 
ing. Drawings  :  F.  Wheatley,  A  Cottage  Interior, 
with  figures,  105/.  J.  Downraan,  Miss  Susan 
Rhodes,  73/.  ;  Mrs.  Frances  Petre,  Mother  of  Mrs. 
Catherine  Wright,  157/.  ;  Mrs.  Catherine  Wright, 
157/.  Pictures  :  De  Hooghe,  An  Interior,  with  two 
gentlemen  playing  and  singing,  189/.  Rubens, 
Atalanta,  105/.  J.  Ruysdael,  A.  Woody  Landscape, 
178/.  ;  A  Landscape,  with  a  clump  of  trees  in  the 
foreground,  183/.  G.  Terburg,  A  Lady,  in  yellow 
jacket  with  black  hood,  a  girl  standing  behind  her, 
304/.  Watteau,  A  Fete  Champetre,  241/.  F. 
Francia,  The  Madonna  with  the  Infant  Saviour, 
with  a  donor,  131/.  D.  Teniers,  Card-Players,  210/. 
W.  van  de  Velde,  A  Sea-Piece,  with  shipping  in  a 
calm,  117/.  F.  Hals,  A  Man,  in  brown  dress,  play- 
ing a  flute,  1,575/.  S.  Scott,  A  View  of  London 
from  the  River,  looking  towards  the  Strand,  105/. 
J.  R.  Smith,  The  Credulous  Lady  and  the  Astrologer, 
120/.  Romney,  Head  of  Lady  Hamilton,  in  white 
dress  and  hat,  252/.  D.  van  Delen,  The  Interior  of 
a  Palace,  with  a  party  of  cavaliers  and  ladies  playing 
and  singing,  157/.  Le  Brun,  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in 
grey  dress,  131/.  S.  Ruysdael,  A  River  Scene,  with 
buildings,  boats,  and  cattle,  252/.  F.  Boucher,  A 
Shepherd  and  Shepherdess  under  some  Trees,  136/. 
J.  Cornelisz,  The  Madonna  and  Child  Enthroned, 
with  St.  Barbara  and  St.  Catherine,  168/.  G.  David, 
St.  Ambrose,  in  rich  cope  and  mitre,  126/.  Gior- 
gione,  Head  of  a  Youth,  120/.  Van  Romerswale, 
The  Misers,  131/. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  the  4th  inst.  the  following 
engravings.  After  Lawrence  :  Lady  Peel,  by  S. 
Cousins,  26/.  ;  Miss  Farren,  by  Bartolozzi,  63/. 
After  Downraan  :  The  Duchess  of  Devonshire,  by 
the  same,  50/.  After  Roslin  :  Empress  Marie 
Christine,  by  Bartolozzi,  30/.  After  Reynolds  : 
Lady  Smyth  and  Children,  by  the  same,  26/. ;  Mrs. 
Sheridan  as  St.  Cecilia,  by  W.  Diekinst.n,  .'!1/. ; 
Lady  Caroline  Montagu,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  37/.  ; 
Hon.  Miss  Monckton,  by  J.  Jacobs,  53/.;  The 
Ladies  Waldegrave,  by  V.  Green,  71/.;  Hon.  Miss 
Bingham,  by  Bartolozzi,  58/.;  Mrs.  Williams  Hope, 
of  Amsterdam,  by  C.  Hodges,  61/.;  Lady  .June 
Halliday,  by  V.  Green,  48/.;  Lady  Louisa  Manners, 
by  the  same,  105/.;  Master  Crewe  as  Henry  VIII., 
by  J.  R.  Smith,  39/.  By  and  after  Debucourt  : 
La  Promenade  Publique,  84/.  After  Constable : 
Salisbury   Cathedral,     by    D.     Lucas,    43/.     After 


J.  R.  Smith :  Narcissa,  by  the  artist,  32/. ;  Re- 
tirement, by  W.  Ward,  43/.  After  Romney: 
Edmund  Burke,  by  J.  Jones,  21)/. ;  Lady  Hamilton 
as  the  Spinster,  by  T.  Cheesman,  28/.  After  Cotes : 
Frances,  Lady  Bridges,  by  J.  Watson,  26/.  After 
Lely  :  James,  Duke  of  Monmouth,  by  Blooteling, 
80/.  After  Gainsborough  :  Mrs.  Elliot,  by  J.- 
Dean,  60/.;  Signora  Bacelli,  by  J.  Jones,  71/. 
After  Hoppner  :  The  Setting  Sun  (The  (lodsall 
Children),  by  J.  Young,  110/.  After  J.  B.,  Windsor 
Castle,  by  G.  Made,  36/.  After  Huet  Villiers : 
Mrs.  Q.,  by  W.  Blake,  31/.  After  Morland  : 
Guinea-Pigs  and  Dancing  Dogs,  by  T.  Gaugain 
(a  pair),  126/.;  The  Farmer's  Door,  by  B.  Duterrau, 
54/.;  Boy  burning  Weeds,  by  W.  Ward,  and 
Smugglers  Landing,  by  J.  Ward,  75/.  After 
Gardner:  A  Child  with  Flowers,  by  J.  Baldrey,  31/. 
One  of  the  first  of  the  more  important  picture 
sales  of  the  season  in  Paris  was  held  on  Monday 
and  Tuesday  last,  at  the  Galerie  Georges  Petit, 
by  M.  F.  Lair-Dubreuil,  when  M.  Alexandre 
Blanc's  collection  was  sold.  The  collection  was 
remarkable  as  containing  seventy-eight  pictures  by 
Jongkind,  which  were  dispersed  on  Monday,  when 
a  total  of  312,805  fr.  was  realized.  The  highest 
price  for  an  example  of  Jongkind  was  paid  for 
Crepuscule  d'Ete  au  bord  de  la  Merwede  a  Dor- 
drecht, 14,000  fr.  ;  two  others  realized  10,000  fr. 
each — a  view  of  the  Meuse  near  Rotterdam,  and 
La  Partie  de  Patinage. 


3fttu-2\,rt  (Gossip. 

At  the  Modern  Gallery  '  Through  Erin's- 
Isle,'   water-colours  by  Mr.    Percy  French  ; 
'  Bogland  Studies  '  by  Miss  Maud   Godley, 
and  '  Swiss  Pictures  '  by  Mrs.  Ernest  Denny 
were  on  view  to  the  press  yesterday. 

The  '  Silverwork  of  Nelson  and  Edith 
Dawson  '  is  now  on  view  at  the  Leicester 
Galleries  until  Christmas. 

To-day  water-colours  of  Brittany  by  Mr. 
C.  G.  Kennaway  are  open  to  private  view  at 
the  Dowdeswell  Galleries. 

The  Women's  International  Art  Club  are 
holding  the  private  view  of  their  annual 
exhibition  at  the  Grafton  Galleries  next 
Tuesday. 

The  Alpine  Club  have  now  open  an  exhibi- 
tion of  Alpine  paintings  at  the  Club  rooms, 
23,  Savile  Row,  W. 

At  a  Council  meeting  of  the  Society  of 
25  English  Painters  held  last  Monday,  Prof. 
Gerald  Moira  was  elected  a  member.  This 
choice  completes  the  full  membership  of  the 
Society. 

The  distribution  of  prizes  to  the  students 
of  the  Royal  Academy  takes  place  next 
Monday. 

The  first  exhibition  of  the  International 
Art  Gallery  will  be  held  at  14,  King  William 
Street,  Trafalgar  Square,  from  the  12th  inst. 
to  January  5th. 

Prof.  Baldwin  Brown  writes  : — 

' '  I  regret  that  I  assumed  that  the  name  of  your 
courteous  correspondent  Mijnheer  M.  M.  Kleer- 
kooper  was  a  nom  de  plume." 

An  interesting  exhibition  was  opened  at 
the  Paris  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts,  on  Saturday 
last,  of  the  various  art  purchases  and  "  com- 
mandes  "  of  the  State  for  1906.  There  are 
in  all  381  numbers — pictures  in  oils,  water- 
colour  and  other  drawings,  engravings,  and 
sculpture.  The  greater  number  have  ap- 
peared already  at  one  or  other  of  the  Salons, 
but  a  few  are  from  private  exhibitions,  and 
therefore  less  known.  The  committee's 
taste  has  at  least  the  merit  of  being  catholic, 
for  every  phase  of  modern  French  art,  from 
classicism  to  impressionism,  is  represented. 
The  sculpture  includes  three  works  by  M. 
Rodin — his  '  Belloi  e,'  and  busts  of  Berthelot 
and  Falguiere. 

An  article  on  '  The  Statuary  of  London  : 
Survey  from  a  Tailor's  Point  of  View'  appears 


744 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


to  omit  a  statue  which  we  should  have 
thought  as  satisfactory  from  the  limited 
as  from  the  larger  aspect.  The  statue  of 
George  III.  in  Cockspur  Street  may  or  maj 
not  be  a  likeness  of  that  king,  but  we  have 
never  heard  a  doubt  expressed  by  sculptors 
as  to  the  horse,  the  costume,  and  the  manner 
in  which  the  rider  sits  and  grips  his  mount. 

The  Due  de  Montmorency  has  presented 
to  the  Petit  Palais,  Paris,  two  very  fine 
portraits  :  one  of  the  Duchesse  de  Valencay 
(nee  Montmorency),  by  Claude  Marc  Dubufe, 
brother  of  the  more  famous  Edouard  Dubufe; 
and  one  of  the  Duchesse  de  Montmorency 
(nee  Aguado),  by  Gustave  Jacquet.  These 
two  portraits  will  soon  be  hung  in  the  Salle 
de  Portraits  de  Femmes.  M.  Gustave 
Simon  has  given  to  the  Musee  Victor  Hugo, 
Place  des  Vosges,  a  fine  bust  of  Madame 
Victor  Hugo,  dated  1847,  by  Victor  Vilain, 
who  won  the  Grand  Prix  de  Rome  for 
sculpture  in  1838.  In  1849  Vilain  executed 
a  bust  of  the  great  poet  himself. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Albert  Hall. — Madame  PatWs  Farewell. 
Madame  Adelina  Patti  gave  her  final 
concert  in  London  at  the  Albert  Hall 
last  Saturday  afternoon.  Her  public 
career,  both  on  the  stage  and  in  the  con- 
cert-room, has  been  brilliant ;  to  recount 
her  many  triumphs  since  her  debut  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1861  would  fill  several 
columns.  Her  chief  successes  on  the  stage 
were  won  in  Italian  operas  which,  with 
the  exception,  perhaps,  of  Rossini's 
'  Barber,'  have  been  cast  into  almost  com- 
plete oblivion.  Wagner's  music-dramas 
and  Puccini's  operas  now  chiefly  occupy 
attention.  Nature  bestowed  on  Madame 
Patti  a  magnificent  voice,  and  thoroughly 
sound  training  has  enabled  her  to  make 
use  of  it  for  a  long  period.  Even  at  this 
farewell  concert  her  voice  showed  distinct 
traces  of  the  beauty  and  charm  of  former 
years.  There  was  a  large  audience, 
which  expressed  its  satisfaction. 


Queen's  Hall. — Symphony  Concerts. 
We  ought  to  have  mentioned  that  at  the 
Symphony  Concert  of  November  17th 
the  episode  '  Ausfahrt  und  Schiffbruch,' 
from  Ernst  Boehe's  'Odysseus  Fahrten,' 
was  given  under  the  direction  of  the  com- 
poser. The  excerpt  had  already  been 
performed  under  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood  at 
a  Promenade  Concert  last  September. 
The  merits  of  the  music  were  then  recog- 
nized, and  so  we  have  only  to  add  that 
its  second  rendering  was  excellent. 

M.  Raoul  Pugno  was  pianist  at  the 
following  concert  last  Saturday  afternoon. 
He  is  an  ideal  interpreter  of  Mozart,  so 
that  his  reading  of  the  solo  part  of  that 
composer's  Concerto  in  e  flat  (K.  271) 
caused  immense  delight.  He  proved 
plainly  that  if  only  the  old  music  of  a 
great  composer  is  interpreted  in  the  right 
spirit,  and  with  genuine  sympathy,  it 
does  not  sound  old-fashioned.  M.  Pugno 
afterwards  played  the  solo  part  in  Cesar 
Franck's  symphonic  poem  '  Les  Djinns.' 
It    may  not  be    one    of    the    composer's 


strongest  compositions,  yet  as  regards 
mood  and  colour  it  is  decidedly 
interesting. 

iEoLiAN   Hall. — M.    Risler' s   Beethoven 
Recitals. 

On  Monday  afternoon  M.  Edouard  Risler 
gave  his  sixth  Beethoven  recital,  and  as 
the  programme  included  the  '  Waldstein  ' 
and  '  Appassionata '  sonatas,  no  better 
opportunity  could  have  been  offered  for 
gauging  the  merits  of  the  interpreter.  In 
the  first  work  he  displayed  masterly 
technique  and  clear  understanding  of 
the  music,  yet  the  rendering  was  not 
altogether  satisfactory,  for  letter  at  times 
prevailed  over  spirit.  The  brilliant  writing 
naturally  tempts  pianists  who,  like  M. 
Risler,  have  exceptional  command  of  the 
key-board,  so  that  it  is  extremely  difficult 
for  them  not  to  make  virtuosity  too 
prominent. 

In  the  second  sonata  the  pianist, 
anxious  to  reveal  to  the  full  the  im- 
passioned nature  of  the  music  of  the 
first  and  last  movements,  seemed  to 
forget  that  from  the  instrument  on  which 
he  was  playing  only  a  certain  amount  of 
tone  could  be  produced,  and  that  any 
attempt  to  obtain  more  must  result 
in  mere  noise.  The  reading  of  the 
Andante  was  rather  sentimental,  and 
Beethoven's  "  con  moto  "  was  ignored. 


iEoLiAN  Hall. — M.  Buhlig's  Recital. 

On  the  following  day  M.  Richard  Buhlig 
gave  his  third  recital,  and  his  programme 
also  included  two  Beethoven  sonatas : 
the  one  in  e,  Op.  109,  and  the  '  Appas- 
sionata.' There  was  some  fine,  poetical 
playing  in  the  first ;  on  the  whole,  indeed, 
it  was  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  render- 
ings of  the  sonata  which  we  have  heard 
of  late.  The  pianist's  conception  of  the 
music  of  the  '  Appassionata '  was  also 
sound  and  earnest,  though  now  and 
again  the  tone  in  loud  passages  was  some- 
what forced,  but  not  so  fiercely  as  with 
M.  Risler. 

Queen's  Hall. — Joachim  Concerts. 

An  extra  concert  with  a  programme  of 
sonatas  for  pianoforte  and  violin,  with 
Miss  Fanny  Davies  as  pianist,  was 
announced  for  yesterday,  but  the  series 
of  Joachim  Concerts  virtually  came  to  an 
end  with  the  concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on 
Wednesday  afternoon.  We  have  said 
little  about  the  concerts,  for  the  simple 
reason  that  in  writing  about  them  a 
critic  finds  half  his  occupation  gone.  His 
function  is  a  double  one  :  to  praise  what 
he  thinks  good,  and,  if  necessary,  to  find 
fault.  Apart,  however,  from  a  natural 
decrease  of  power  in  Dr.  Joachim's  play- 
ing, the  performances  were  all  excellent, 
and  constant  praise  becomes  monotonous. 
Then,  again,  the  programmes  included  no 
novelties  to  discuss.  The  occasion,  as 
we  have  before  remarked,  was  unique,  and 
the  large  and  attentive  audiences  proved 
that  the  performances  by  able  and  sym- 
pathetic artists    were    duly   appreciated. 


We  would  once  more  refer  to  the  re- 
strained and  artistic  pianoforte  playing  of 
Messrs.  Leonard  Borwick  and  Donald 
Francis  Tovey. 


SONGS  FOR  CHILDREN. 

MESSRS.    AUGENEE. 

In  Children's  Songs  of  Long  Ago  lyrics- 
which  have  delighted  our  fathers  since  the- 
days  of  good  Queen  Bess,  North-Country 
poaching  songs,  action  songs,  Gaelic  melodies, 
ancient  street  cries  metamorphosed,  with  a 
number  of  ditties  of  historic  and  histrionic 
interest,  are  brought  together  under  the 
illuminating  editorship  of  Mr.  Frank  Kidson. 
The  exquisite  balance  of  the  pianoforte 
arrangements  by  Mr.  Alfred  Moffat  is 
perhaps  most  noticeable  in  those  lyrics 
where  the  melodies  are  most  familiar.  The 
same  collaboration  is  responsible  for  British 
Nursery  Rhymes,  a  collection  which  shows 
the  extraordinary  continuity  of  the  demand 
made  by  each  young  generation  for  rhymes 
and  jingles  the  origin  of  which  is  lost  in 
antiquity — a  matter,  as  Mr.  Kidson  points 
out  in  his  preface,  for  curious  speculation. 
In  noting  the  fascination  which  these 
volumes  exercise  on  the  adult  reader  it  must 
not  be  forgotten  that  they  are  primarily 
compiled  for  the  delight  and  edification  of 
children,  who  cannot  acquire  too  early  some- 
thing of  the  art  which  should  be  wooed  in 
youth. 

MESSRS.I  CHAPMAN    &   HALL. 

The  sense  of  melody  is  not  absent  from  the- 
setting  of  old  rhymes  and  jingles  in  A  Nursery 
Medley,  by  Violet  Gardiner,  illustrated  by 
Alix  Grein,  but  the  composer  has  yet  much 
to  learn  of  the  principles  of  harmony. 


JKusiral  (gossip. 

Mr.  Plunket  Greene  gave  a  recital  of 
English  songs  last  Friday  week  at  the  ^Eolian 
Hall.  The  first  part  of  his  programme  con- 
sisted of  new  songs,  all  of  which  were  marked 
by  thought  and  good  workmanship,  but 
not  much  inspiration.  The  two  most  spon- 
taneous were  a  setting  of  the  Rev.  T.  E. 
Brown's  '  When  Childer  Play,'  by  Dr- 
Walford  Davies,  and  one  by  Sir  Hubert 
Parry  of  Lady  Nairne's  '  The  Laird  o'  Cock- 
pen.'  The  first,  thoroughly  in  keeping  with 
the  words,  is  concise  and  of  delicate  structure, 
the  second  is  singularly  quaint,  and,  though 
clever,  outwardly  simple. 

Mischa  Elman  gave  a  recital  at  the  Albert 
Hall  on  Monday  afternoon,  and  once  again 
displayed  his  rare  gifts  both  as  executant 
and  interpreter.  His  programme  included 
Max  Bruch's  G  minor  Concerto,  and  Corelli's 
'  Follia  '  Variations,  in  the  version  of 
El  man's  teacher,  Prof.  Auer.  Corelli's 
Variations  have  been  brought  up  to  date 
by  more  than  one  violinist.  In  their  original 
form  they  are  no  doubt  antiquated  ;  it 
would,  nevertheless,  be  interesting  to  hear 
them  once  without  any  up-to-date  additions. 

At  a  performance  for  a  charity  at  the- 
Victoria  Hall,  Archer  Street,  W.,  this  after- 
noon and  evening,  there  will  be  given  for 
the  first  tune  a  musical  comedy  in  dialogue,, 
in  one  act,  composed  by  D.  Elliot  (Mrs- 
Margaret  Mereditb),  whilst  some  unpublished 
works  by  the  same  composer  will  also  be 
sung  at  the  Broadwood  Rooms  next  Monday. 
Mrs.  Meredith,  who,  it  may  be  remembered, 
composed  '  The  Pilgrim's  Way,'  which  ap- 
peared at  the  Court  Theatre  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  is  the  daughter-in-law  of  tho 
novelist. 


N°  4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


745 


The  sum  of  one  thousand  pounds  offered 
by  the  publisher  Sonzogno  for  the  best  opera 
libretto  has  been  awarded  to  Signor  Fausto 
Salvatori  for  his  three-act  melodrama  '  Har- 
vest-home.' 

The  score  of  M.  Massenet's  new  opera 
'  Ariane  '  has  a  part  for  a  contra-clarinet,  an 
instrument  specially  constructed  by  the 
Evette  &  Schaeffer  firm.  It  is  an  octave 
lower  than  the  bass  clarinet,  and  its  compass 
includes  two  notes  lower  than  the  double- 
bass.  The  composer  is  said  to  be  delighted 
with  the  soft  yet  powerful  tone  of  the  instru- 
ment. 

The  Grand  Opera-House  at  New  York, 
•built  by  Mr.  Oscar  Hammerstein,  was  opened 
last  Tuesday.  The  opera  was  Bellini's  '  I 
Puritani,'  in  which  the  tenor  vocalist  Signor 
Bonci  is  said  to  have  achieved  great  success. 
The  house,  with  seating  accommodation  for 
3,500,  was  filled. 

Dublin  is  rapidly  regaining  its  old  repu- 
tation as  a  musical  city.  A  number  of  good 
concerts  were  given  during  last  week.  Mischa 
Elman's  two  recitals  brought  crowded 
audiences  to  the  Rotunda,  and  Miss  Fanny 
Davies  had  an  equally  good  reception  at  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society.  The  Carl  Rosa 
Opera  Company  is  having  a  successful 
season  at  the  Gaiety  Theatre,  though  it 
might  give  something  less  hackneyed  than 
'  Tannhauser,'  '  Faust,'  and  '  Carmen  '  ;  on 
the  other  hand,  the  choral  and  orchestral 
concerts  at  the  Antient  Concert  Rooms  were 
of  more  than  usual  interest. 

Messrs.  Sotheby  will  sell  by  auction  next 
Tuesday  a  manuscript  copy  (eighteenth 
century)  of  Rousseau's  '  Le  Devin  du  Village,' 
and  next  Friday  a  copy  of  the  '  Orcheso- 
graphie  '  of  Arbeau  (Thoinot)  which  belonged 
to  Guyon  de  Sardiere. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


6rx. 
Km 

Tl'KS. 
WtD. 

Tunis 

Fm. 

-Sat. 


Sandfly  Society  Concert.  :i.:)0.  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sir.  Charles  "Clark's  Song  Recital,  :!.  .Eolian  Hall. 

London  Choral  Society,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sir.  Kcinhold  von  Warlich  s  Song  Recital.  .1,  .Eolian  Hall. 

SI.  Risler's  Pianoforte  Recital,  n,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mme.  Liza  Lehmann's  'The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,'  8.15,  Prince  of 

Wales's  Theatre. 
Sir.  Thomas  ISeecham's  Orchestral   Concert,    8.30,  Bechstein 

Hall. 
London  Trio,  :!,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Broadwood's  Chain! >cr  Concert,  s.MO,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Sir.  York  Bowens  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.:(0,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Sir.  Albert  Spalding's  Orchestral  Concert.  8.:H),  Queen's  Hall. 
Sliss  Ethel  Pound's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Queen's  Hall  Orchestra  (Symphony).  ;i.  Queen's  Hall. 
Signor  Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3. ID,  Bechstein  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

.Adelphi.  —  Revival    of    '  A    Midsummer 

Night's  Dream.' 
Or  the  Shakspearean  productions  at  the 
Adelphi,  that  of  '  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,'  first  witnessed  twelve  months 
ago.  and  now  revived,  is,  taken  altogether, 
the  most  successful  and  the  best.  No 
very  dominant  intellect  presides  over  the 
details,  and  the  whole  is  in  some  respects 
unimaginative  and  prosaic.  It  suffers, 
too,  from  those  processes  of  expurgation 
which  through  the  Daly  company  reached 
us  from  America.  Judged,  however,  as 
an  attempt  to  fit  Shakspeare  to  the  tastes 
and  comprehensions  of  an  unscholarly 
and  unenlightened  public,  and  to  establish 
his  works  as  rivals  to  the  musical  comedy 
of  the  day,  it  is  a  successful,  and  there- 
fore a  creditable,  effort.  Especially 
excellent  is  the  environment,  which  is 
tasteful  without  being  burdensome  ;  while 


the  musical  accessories  are  the  best  to  bs 
recalled.  No  play,  Shakspearean  or 
other,  which  is  mounted  for  a  run,  can 
wholly  dispense  with  spectacular  adjuncts. 

In  respect  of  these  things  the  Adelphi 
management  may  be  credited  with  doing 
its  spiriting  gently.  A  respectable  amount 
of  splendour  is  exhibited  at  the  Court  of 
Theseus  and  his  warlike  bride,  at  whom 
Titania  very  unjustly  sneers  as  a  "  bouncing 
Amazon."  In  the  Athenian  woods  in  which 
passes  the  whole  of  the  action,  sentimental 
and  comic,  some  effort  at  poetry  is  at- 
tempted, and  the  glades  have  genuine 
beauty.  The  fairy  revels  are,  moreover,  as 
quaint  and  fantastic,  and  at  the  same  time 
as  realistic,  as  they  can  be  rendered.  It 
is  obviously  as  impossible  to  present  on 
the  stage  elves  who  in  their  moments  of 
terror  shrink  into  acorn  cups  as  it  is 
to  imagine  the  carnal  appetites  of  Bottom 
being  content  with  the  honey  ba^  of  a 
red-hipped  humble-bee  on  the  top  of  a 
thistle.  In  these  things  the  most  to 
be  hoped  is  an  appeal  to  the  imagina- 
tion, and  this  is  presented.  Somewhat  of 
an  innovation  is  a  female  Puck,  but  this 
even  may  be  accepted — with  more  ease, 
indeed,  than  can  the  roulades  of  Miss 
Elizabeth  Parkina  and  Miss  Ethel  James 
as  the  music  of  fairyland. 

A  good  cast,  differing  little  from  that 
previously  assigned  to  the  play,  is  once 
more  furnished.  Miss  Thyrza  Norman, 
promoted  to  the  role  of  Titania,  is  a 
charming  representative  of  the  part.  Miss 
Lily  Brayton  as  Helena  and  Miss  Rose 
Hersee  as  Hermia  are  pleasingly  con- 
trasted. The  male  characters  find  accept- 
able representatives.  Mr.  Oscar  Asche 
is  a  capital  Bottom,  his  ascendancy  over 
his  fellows  being  well  manifested.  The 
whole  constitutes,  indeed,  an  agreeable 
entertainment. 


THE    'EUMENIDES'   AT   CAMBRIDGE. 

Like  the  accomplished  critic  who  wrote  for 
The  Athenaeum  in  1885,  I  saw  the  first  per- 
formances of  the  '  Eumenides  '  at  Cambridge, 
and,  much  as  it  impressed  me,  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  affirming  that  the  later  edition 
of  last  week  and  this  surpassed  it  ell  round. 
^Eschylus,  after  the  failure  of  one  of  his  plays, 
is  reported  by  Athenaeus  to  have  said  that 
he  dedicated  his  work  to  Time,  which  would 
right  him.  The  solemnity  and  significance 
of  the  '  Eumenides  '  to-day  still  have  an 
unequalled  effect,  although  the  local  enthu- 
siasm for  the  special  cult  of  the  dire  goddesses 
and  for  a  play  dealing  with  a  law-court  are 
lost  on  the  modern  spectator. 

The  proverbially  brief  step  from  the  sub- 
lime to  the  ridiculous  may  easily  be  taken  by 
an  audience  which  regards  the  Furies, 
perhaps,  as  a  set  of  Calibans,  and  is  not 
aware  that  they  are  precisely  described  by 
the  text  as  unseemly  in  dress.  But  those 
who  knew  the  mission  of  the  children  of 
Night,  and  could  understand  their  delight 
in  their  sanguinary  task — a  delight,  l>c  it 
noted,  not  unknown  to  our  own  mythology 
— were  well  satisfied  with  their  demeanour  ; 
while  their  appearance  was  a  triumph  of 
"make-lip,"  ghastly,  yet  not  comic,  except, 
perhaps,  in  the  colouring  of  one  of  them, 
who  was,  like  the  walls  of  Pembroke,   too 


rubicund  for  a  refined  taste.  The  Leader 
(Mr.  M.  A.  Young)  was  admirably  expressive 
in  his  movements,  and  the  singing  has  never 
maintained  so  steady  a  level  of  excellence. 
Sir  Charles  Stanford's  music  has,  possibly, 
too  modern  a  touch,  but  it  singles  itself  out 
above  other  efforts  of  the  kind  as  the  best 
remembered.  The  chorus  binding  the  un- 
happy Orestes,  with  its  strongly  marked 
rhythm,  went  perfectly.  The  Ghost  of 
Clytemnestra  (Mr.  E.  G.  Selwyn)  made  the 
most  of  the  scene  in  which  the  Furies  are 
awakened,  but  should,  we  think,  have  been 
more  wrapped  up  about  the  head  and  neck. 
The  real  person  being  regarded  after  death 
as  present  in  the  underworld,  the  ghost  is 
assuredly  a  pale  phantom  of  that  surviving 
original,  a  mere  emanation  of  indistinct 
appearance.  The  modern  idea  of  a  person 
who  is  no  more  returning  to  corporeal  life 
is  somewhat  different. 

The  intermingling  of  both  Apollo  and 
Athena  in  the  human  scene  presents  pecidiar 
difficulties  of  deportment,  especially  where, 
as  here,  thev  take  an  active  part,  respectively 
as  judge  and  advocate  of  the  case  of  murder. 
Apollo  (Mr.  S.  H.  La  Fontaine)  was,  however, 
stately  and  comely  in  figure,  and  showed 
that  indifference  to  abuse  which  may  be 
presumed  an  attribute  of  gods.  He  wisely 
restricted  his  movement  as  far  as  possible, 
and  posed  well.  As  for  Athena,  Mr.  F.  C. 
S.  Carey  was  admirably  statuesque,  "  vera 
incessu  patuit  dea  "  ;  and  the  soothing 
quality  of  his  voice  was  expressly  in  accord- 
ance with  the  text.  I  see  that  my  pre- 
decessor in  1885  credited  Miss  Case,  who  then 
acted  Athene,  with  similar  aptitude  ;  but 
her  exposition  of  the  Greek  was  not 
altogether  accurate,  while  Mr.  Carey  was 
blameless  in  this  respect,  and  perfect  in 
elocution.  As  a  female  figure,  he  was  some- 
what massive,  but  that  is  the  character  of 
an  archaic  goddess. 

Where  all  were  good,  it  seems  invidious 
to  give  the  chief  praise  to  any  single  figure, 
but  Orestes  (Mr.  A.  F.  Scholfield)  was,  per- 
haps, the  cleverest  actor,  and  his  concep- 
tion of  the  guilty  man  kept  the  reality  of 
the  pursuit  keenly  before  the  spectators. 
The  "  Pythia  "  who  opens  the  play  (Mr.  J. 
Brooke)  acted  the  surprise  of  seeing  Orestes 
and  the  Furies  with  remarkable  ingenuity 
and  force  ;  and  the  new  Prologue,  a  scene  of 
mountain  slopes  and  trees,  was  deservedly 
applauded  for  its  pastoral  beauty. 

The  difficult  scene  of  the  voting  by  the 
court  of  ancient  citizens  went  through  with- 
out a  hitch  ;  while  the  novelty  of  putting 
scarlet  cloaks  on  the  pacified  deities  for  the 
final  procession — due,  we  believe,  to  the 
researches  of  Dr.  W.  G.  Headlam — lent  a 
vivid  note  of  colour  to  the  triumphant  ending. 
Whether  the  attendants  ought  themselves 
also  to  have  worn  scarlet  is  dubious.  The 
one  failure  of  the  play  was  the  trumpet 
call,  which  struck  me  as  defiantly  modern 
and  defiantly  lively.  A  peal  of  thunder 
also  was  inadequately  given  ;  but  these  were 
trifles  in  a  performance  which  had  no  really 
serious  defect.  The  play  is  a  good  deal 
shorter  than  the  'Agamemnon,'  which  some 
critics  thought  was  rather  hurried  at  Cam- 
bridge. In  this  case  the  elocution  was 
always  good,  and  the  bare,  massive  idiom  of 
.Lsehylus  came  with  telling  effect.  There 
are  no  Long  speeches  dealing  with  tedious 
explanations,  and  the  whole,  divided  easily 

into    tluee    acts,    moved    forward     with     an 

equable  pace  which  was  in  accord  with  the 
solemnity  of  the  occasion.  Whatever  tin? 
financial  success  of  the  play,  the  sta^e 
managers,    -Mr.    Duratord    and    Mr.    II.    .1. 

Edwards,  cannot  fail  to  be  satisfied  with  the 
exceptional  results  of  their  labours  ;  while  it, 
is  needless  to  say  that  Mr.  J.  \V.  Clark,  with 


746 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


his  long  experience,  made  the  best  of  the 
scenery,  dresses,  and  properties. 

N.  E.  L. 


Dramattr  (gossip. 

'  Tommy,'  a  play  by  Mr.  Jerome  K.  Jerome, 
was  presented  for  the  first  time  in  London 
at  the  Camden  Theatre  on  Monday,  with 
Miss  Annie  Hughes  in  the  name  part,  the 
daughter  of  the  editor  of  a  moribund  news- 
paper. The  reception  of  the  piece  was 
sufficiently  favourable  to  justify  the  expecta- 
tion of  its  appearance  at  a  West-End  house. 

The  sixth  series  of  what  are  known  as 
"  the  Vedrenne-Barker  Matinees  "  will  begin 
at  the  Court  on  January  8th,  when  '  The 
Reformer,'  a  comedy  in  three  acts  by  Mr. 
Cyril  Har court,  and  '  The  Campden  Wonder,' 
a  play  in  three  acts  by  Mr.  John  Masefield, 
will,  it  is  said,  both  be  given. 

'  The  Nun  and  the  Barbarian  '  is  the 
title  of  an  adaptation  by  Mr.  Osmond 
Shillingford  from  the  Spanish,  which  has 
been  experimentally  produced  at  Margate  in 
the  interest  of  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier. 

Mr.  Martin  Harvey's  next  Shakspearean 
production  will  consist  of  '  King  Richard  III.,' 
in  which  he  will  play  Richard. 

The  next  season  of  German  plays  will 
begin,  under  the  direction  of  Herr  Hans 
Andresen,  during  the  approaching  spring. 
A  Christmas  entertainment,  consisting  of 
'  Schneewittchen  '  ('  Snowwhite  '),  will  be 
given,  however,  at  the  Scala  Theatre  on 
Boxing  Day  and  following  days. 

The  London  repertory  of  Miss  Julia 
Marlowe  and  Mr.  E.  H.  Sothern  will  include, 
in  addition  to  various  Shakspearean  plays, 
'  The  Sunken  Bell.'  Maeterlinck's  '  Joyzelle,' 
and  '  The  Daughter  of  Jorio  '  and  the 
'  Francesca  da  Rimini '  of  Gabriele  d'An- 
nunzio. 

A  curious  experiment  was  essayed  on 
Tuesday  afternoon  and  evening  at  Blooms- 
bury  Hall,  whereat  three  of  the  Chester 
miracle  plays  dealing  with  the  Nativity  were 
presented.  These,  described  as  '  The  Salu- 
tation and  Nativity,'  '  The  Play  of  the 
Shepherds,'  and  '  The  Adoration  of  the 
Magi,'  were  reverently  performed,  and, 
though  realizing  none  of  the  conditions  of  the 
original  production,  inspired  a  certain  amount 
of  interest. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Lawrence  writes  to  us  a  long 
letter,  the  effect  of  which  is  that  he  is  not 
responsible  for  Mr.  Saxe  Wyndham's  state- 
ment concerning  Rich's  stage  name  of  Lun, 
and  that  very  little  use  was  made  by  Mr. 
Wyndham  of  his  minutely  compiled  annals. 
We  may  remark  that  we  did  not  ascribe  to 
Mr.  Lawrence  the  statement  cited. 

Mr.  Wybert  Reeve,  who  has  died  at 
Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  his  seventy-sixth 
year,  was  known  both  as  an  actor  and  a 
dramatist.  His  histrionic  career  began  in 
Bradford,  Yorkshire,  in  1849.  In  1857  he 
was  a  member  of  the  company  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Manchester.  After  many  experi- 
ments in  country  management  he  made  his 
first  appearance  in  London  at  the  Lyceum 
in  October,  1869,  as  John  Mildmay  in  '  Still 
Waters  Run  Deep.'  On  the  30th  of  the 
same  month  he  appeared  at  the  Charing 
Cross  in  his  own  three-act  drama  '  Won  at 
Last,'  which  on  January  8th,  1870,  was 
succeeded  at  the  same  house  by  his  comedy, 
also  in  three  acts,  '  Not  so  Bad  after  All.' 
On  October  9th,  1871,  he  was  at  the  Olympic 
the   original   Walter  Hartwright  in   Wilkie 


Collirs's  '  Woman  in  White.'  He  was  after- 
wards seen  at  the  Princess's  as  Count  Fosco 
in  the  same  play,  a  part  he  performed  in 
America  and  Australia.  During  recent 
years  he  had  lived  in  retirement  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight.  Among  his  dramatic  works  may 
be  counted  '  Never  Reckon  your  Chickens,' 
a  farce  produced  at  the  Olympic  ;  '  Parted,' 
a  four-act  drama  ;  '  The  Better  Angel,'  also 
in  four  acts  ;  and  adaptations  of  '  George 
Geith  '  and  '  No  Name.'  Few  of  his  dramas 
were  given  in  London.  _(     ;_. 

Among  Parisian  novelties  the  ph.oe  of 
honour  belongs  to  '  Mademo  !se  . o  Jjsette 
ma  Femme,'  a  four-act  comedy  of  MM.  Paul 
Gavault  and  Robert  Charvay,  produced  at 
the  Gymnase  Dramatique.  In  the  success 
of  this  the  acting  of  Mile.  Marthe  Regnier 
and  Mile.  Felyne  counted  for  much.  '  Le 
Fils  a  Papa '  of  MM.  Antony  Mars  and 
Maurice  Desvallieres  has  also  obtained!  at 
the  Palais  Royal  a  success,  which  at  that 
house  is  something  of  an  unwonted  experi- 
ence. 

'  Die  Feinde,'  a  three-act  play  of  Russian 
life  by  Maxim  Gorky,  produced  at  the  Kleines 
Theater,  Berlin,  proves  to  be  an  arraignment 
of  authority,  its  closing  sentence,  uttered  in 
a  court  of  justice,  being  "  Not  he  who  strikes 
the  blow  is  the  murderer,  but  he  who  drives 
him  to  it." 


To    Correspondents.— J.    H.— A.    M.— W.    H.     P.— 

Received. 

G.  A.  M.— Many  thanks. 
E.  A.  R.  B.— Too  late  for  this  week. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquries  concerning  the 
appearances  of  reviews  of  books. 


fTIHE  ATHENAEUM. 

SCALE  OF  CHARGES   FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS 

S   8.   d. 
5  Lines  of  Pearl 036 

76     „      „     „     (Half-Column 1  16   0 

A  Column 330 

A  Page       990 

Auctions  and  Public  Institutions,  Five  Lines  4s.,  and  8d.  per  line  of 

Pearl  type  beyond. 

IN  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ADVERTISEMENTS,  CARE 

SHOULD  BE  TAKEN  TO  MEASURE  FROM 

RULE  TO  RULE. 

Advertisements  across  Two  Columns,  one-third  extra  beyond  the 

space  occupied,  the  first  charge  being  30s. 

JOHN  C  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS. 
The  Athenseum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Page 

Authors'  Agents       710 

Bagster  &  Sons         750 

Bell  &  Sons 746 

Bemrose  &  Sons        748 

Blackie  &  Son 721 

Blackwood  &  Sons 751 

Catalogues        710 

Chapman  &  Hali 715 

Constable  &  Co 712 

Dent  &  Co 747 

Educational 709 

Exhibitions       709 

Gay  &  Bird       749 

Greening  &  Co 748 

Humphreys       714 

Hurst  &  Blackett 724 

Lane          724 

Longmans  &  Co.         719 

Macmillan  &  Co 717,  724 

MacLehose  &  Sons 720 

Magazines,  &c _       «        —        ..710 

Methuen  &  Co 723 

Miscellaneous 709 

Murray 711 

Newspaper  Agents 710 

Notes  and  Queries 760 

Oxford  University  Press          716 

quaritch 722 

Sales  by  Auction      710 

Sealey,  Bryers  &  Walker        748 

skeley  &  Co 751 

Situations  Vacant 709 

Situations  Wanted ■ 709 

Skeffington  &  Son 749 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co 752 

Societies           709 

Type- Writers,  &c 710 

Ward  &  Lock 713 

Wells  Gardner        718 


MESSRS.    BELL'S 

BOOKS. 


Messrs.  Bell's  Miniature  Catalogue  will  be 
sent  post  free  on  application. 

TROLLOPE'S 
BARSETSHIRE    NOVELS. 

NEW  AND  COMPLETE  EDITION. 

With  an  Introduction  by  FREDERIC  HARRISON. 
In  8  vols,  small  crown  8vo,  3s.  6d.  net  each. 
NOW  BEADY.     COMPLETING  THE  SERIES.^ 

THE  LAST  CHRONICLE   OP 
BARSET. 

[2  vols. 
Previously  issued. 
THE     WARDEN.iFRAMLEY 

With     Introduction     by  I  PAPQnNAflTi' 

FREDERIC  HARRISON.  I  «UK»U«Att.l!i. 

BARCHESTER  j  THE  SMALL  HOUSE 

TOWERS.      AT  ALLINGT0N. 
DOCTOR  TH0RNE.    I       2  vols. 

See  also  "THE  YORK  LIBRARY." 


NEW  EDITION  OF  LANE'S  « ARABIAN 
NIGHTS.' 

THE  ARABIAN    NIGHTS' 
ENTERTAINMENTS. 

Translated  by  E.  W.  LANE. 

Edited  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Appendices,  by 

STANLEY  LANE-POOLE,  M.A.  Litt.D. 

In  4  vols.  3s.  6d.  each. 

[Bohn's  Standard  Library. 
Vols.  I.  and  II.  NOW  READY. 
Vols.  III.  and  IV.  DECEMBER  12. 

This  edition  contains  'ALI  BABA'  and  'ALADDIN/ 
which  were  not  included  in  Lane's  translation,  and  have? 
been  supplied  by  the  Editor. 


NAPOLEONIC    STUDIES. 

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N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


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N°4128,  Dec.  8,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


749 


SKEFFINGTONS' 
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ALMKOTH  WRIGHT.  Prof.  I.  GOLLANCZ,  Mr.  J.  J  LISTER 
Mr.  DUGA1.D  CLERK,  Count  DE  BOSDARI.  Prof.  I).  J  HAMIL- 
TON. Prof.  J.  J.  THOMSON.  Prof.  GEORGE  LUNGE,  and  other 
Gentlemen.  To  these  Meetings  Members  and  their  Friends  only  are 
admitted. 

Pel  sons  desirous  of  becoming  Members  are  requested  to  apply  to  the 
•SECRETARY.  Winn  proposed  they  arc  immediately  ad  nut  ted  to  all 
theLectures,  to  the  Friday  Evening  Meetings,  and  to  the  Library  and 
Reading  Rooms;  and  their  Families  are  admitted  to  the  Lectures  at 
-r  reduced  charge.  Payment :  First  Year,  Ten  Guineas  ;  afterwards, 
Five  Guineas  a  Year  ;  or  a  composition  of  Sixty  Guineas. 

ROYAL      HISTORICAL     SOCIETY. 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter. I 
An   ORDINARY   MEETING    of  the  SOCIETY   will    be    held    on 
THURSDAY,    December  20.   at    S   p.m.,    in   the   LECTURE    HALL 
FIELD  COURT.  GRAYS  INN,  W.C.,  when 

Sir  HENRY  11.  UOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.  F.R.S.,  will  read  a  Paper 
-on 'THE  RISE  OF  JULIUS  CESAR,  with  an  Account  of  bis  Early 

UVfoil.lo        I.',,.,i,,i,.^      .,,,,)     I?i,-.l.    '  II  I.  \l   A  1     lil-V  II       ..        C... 


Friends.  Enemies,  and  Rivals. 


H.  E.  MALDEN.  Hon.  Sec. 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.— A  MEETING 
of  the  SOCIETY  will  be  held  at  22,  ALBEMARLE  STREET 
PICCADILLY,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  19,  at  .s  cm.,  when  a 
Paper  entitled  'THE  GRAIL  AND  THE  MYSTERIES  OF  ADONIS' 
will  be  read  by  Miss  JESSIE  L.  WESTON. 

„.  ,  F.  A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C., 
December  10,  1906. 

OCOTTI  SH        TEX  T        SOCIETY. 

The   ANNUAL  GENERAL   MEETING  of  the  SCOTTISH  TEXT 
SOCIETY  will  be  held  in  Do  WELLS  Rooms.  18,  GEORGE  STREET 
EDINBURGH,  on  SATURDAY,  December  2-2.  at  half  past  2  o'clock    ' 
W.  TRAQUAIR  DHKsoN.  Secretary. 

TShristmas     carols. 

Some  old  CHRISTMAS  CAROLS  will  be  SUNG  in  CLIFFORDS 
INN   HALL.  FLEET  STREET,  E.C.  on  THURSDAY.  December  20 

Tickets  from  II   MASSE,  37.  Mount  Park  Crescent,  Ealing. 


(Biljibtttons. 


EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS.— SHEPHERDS 
WINTER  EXHIBITION  of  Selected  Landact sand  Portraits 

tjy  the  Early  Masters  oi  the  British  School  is  Now  OPEN.— 
SHEPHERDS  I,  \I.LERY.27.  King  Street.  St.  James's  Square. 

TALKS    and    TOWNS  of    ITALY,    by   JESSIE 
HAYES      Pastel!  by  T.  R.   WAY  and  Drawings  by  ANNIE 
FRENCH.— The  BAILLIE  GALLERY.  M,  Baker  Street.  W.     10-«. 

THE  ELECTRIC  FORCK  PERSONIFIED 
The  Grandest  Picture  of  Electricity  in  existence  is  Echter'a 
famous  Masterpiece,  which  delineate*  the  World  as ;,  great  Whlspi  i  Ins 
•Gallery.    The  figures  unite  the  grace  of  Raphael  with  the  rigour  of 

Kanlbacli  and  the  Munich  School.  Now  rendered  110  by  14o  as  a 
rich  Sepia  Print  from  the  Artist '«  Original  Cartoon.  Full  description, 
by  a  distinguished  critic,  of  this  mperil  work  of  art  forwarded  on 
.application  to  JOY  Si  CO.,  Hanehury  House,  Henley-on-Thames. 


tB&urationaL 


T 


H    E 


L    A    Vv 


SOCIETY. 


The  COUNCIL  offers  for  award  in  JULY  NEXT  TEN  STUDENT- 
SHIPS of  the  annual  value  of  501.  each,  tenable  on  condition  of 
pursuing  under  proper  supervision  Courses  of  Legal  Studies  approved 
by  the  Council. 

For  copies  of  the  Regulations  and  Forms  of  Entry,  apply  at  the 
Office  of  THE  LAW  SOCIETY,  luii,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 

WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— A  BYE -ELEC- 
TION win  be  held  on -JANUARY  14,  15,  16,  to  FILL  UP  ONE 
RESIDENTIAL  and  ONE  NON-RESIDENTIAL  SCHOLARSHIP. 
For  particulars  apply  to  THE  BURSAR,  Little  Dean's  Yard,  West- 
minster. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 
(University  of  Londonl, 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET.  LONDON,  W. 
The  College  provides  Instruction  for  Students  preparing  for  the 
University  of  London  Degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  and  Preliminary 
Medicine,  also  instruction  in  subjects  of  General  Education.  There  is 
a  Training  Department  for  Teachers,  a  Hygiene  Department,  and  an 
Art  School.    Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

DEPARTMENT  FOR  PROFESSIONAL  TRAINING  IN 

TEACHING. 
Head  of  the  Department— Miss  MARY  MORTON,  M.A. 
Students  are  admitted  to  the  Training  Course  in  OCTOBER  and  in 
JANUARY. 

The  Course  includes  full  preparation  for  the  Examinations  for  the 
Teaching  Diplomas  granted  by  the  Universities  of  London  and 
Cambridge. 

THREE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  of  the  value  of  20?.  each  for  One  Year, 
are  offered  for  the  Course  beginninv'  JANUARY.  ]9»7. 

Applications  should  be  returned  not  later  than  DECEMBER  15, 
1906,  to  the  Head  of  the  Training  Department,  from  whom  the  neces- 
sary Entrance  Forms  and  other  information  can  be  obtained. 
Full  particulars  on  application  to  the  PRINCIPAL. 

GARRATT'S  HALL,  BANSTEAD.  Ladies' 
School ;  Beautiful  Grounds,  Forty-five  Acres ;  670  ft.  above 
sea  level;  among  the  pine  trees  of  Surrey  ;  cultured  and  refined  home, 
with  Education  on  modern  lines. 


0 


HURCH    EDUCATION    CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 


Training  College  for  Women  Se 
CATHERINE    I.    DoDD,  M.A.,  1: 
Manchester  University.     Students 
Cambridge,  and  the  London  Teach 
Froehel   Certificate.       Special   Sho 


chefs.    Principal-Miss 

Lecturer  in  Education  in  the 

■  prepared  for  the  oxford,  the 

Diploma,  and  for  the   Higher 

Courses    for    Teachers    visiting 


Oxford  in  the  Spring  and  Summer  Ten 

BURSARIES  and  SCHOLARSHIPS  to  be  awarded  in  the  Spring 
and  Summer  Terms.— Apply  to  the  Principal. 


pOQUELIN  SCHOOL  OF   LANGUAGES,  269, 

\J  Regent  Street.  The  Only  Rational  Method  Write  for 
Pamphlet  and  Press  Opinions.  Monsieur  COQUELIN  enseigne  la 
Diction  accept.;  les  ENGAGEMENTS  pour  RECITATIONS  ou 
CONFERENCES,  publiques  ou  privies.    Hautes  references. 

GRADUATE,  experienced  French  Teacher, 
gives  LESSON'S,  in  Schools.  Institutions.  &c  .  in  FRENCH  and 
FRENCH  LITERATURE.  References.  -F.  RENAUDEAU,  119, 
Ladbroke  Grove.  Bays  water. 


QANSKRIT     LESSONS     by     experienced 

O     MASTER.      One    Guinea    for    Six    Lessons,    One    Hour    each. 
Bhigavad  Gita  read  from  the  beginning.— Apply  E.  H.,  21,  Endymion- 

Roa.l.  Brixton  Hill,  S.W. 

BEFORE       SELECTING       A       SCHOOL 
Parents  should  consult 
Messrs.  TRUMAN  &  KNIGHTLEY.  Educational  Agents, 
n  bo  upon  receipt  of  requirements  will  supply  (free  of  charge) 
Prospectuses  and  reliable  information  concerning  the  best 
SCHOOLS.    PRIVATE  TUTORS,  and  EDUCATIONAL  HOMES 

for  Roys  and  Girls  in  England  and  on  the  Continent. 
Messrs.  Truman  &  Knightle.v  are.  in  a  large  number  of  cases,  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  the  Principals  and  responsible  for  the  staffs  of 
the  Schools  recommended  by  them,  and  are  thus  able  to  supply  in 
formation  which  Parents  would  find  difficult  to  obtain  elsewhere.— 
Address  6,  llolbs  Street.  Cavendish  Square,  London,  W. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  Information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upin  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GARII1TAS.  THltlNG  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,   free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THIUNG,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  SB.  Sackville  Street.  London,  W. 


Situations    Ttrr.rf.nt. 

UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 
(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSORof 
AGRICULTURES  the  above  College 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  copies  of  Testimonials, 
must  reach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  SATURDAY   January  19,  1907 

J.  H.  DAVIES.  M.A.,  Registrar. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF       LIVERPOOL. 


FACULTY  OF    MtTS. 

DEPARTMENTS  OF   ECONOMICS 

An     ASSISTANT     to    the    PROFK8SOH     OF     ECONOMICS     is 

REQUIRED,    to  enter   anon   his  duties  JANUARY    10,    1907.      The 

Stipend  of  the  post    is  IB0I    per   annum      Candidates   are  requested    to 
forward  the  names  of  at  least  tbree  References. 

Applications  should  be  forwarded  to  the   REGISTRAR  not  later 
than  SATURDAY,  Decern)*!  Q. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d.;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


N 


E      W 


]•: 


N      1). 


Applications  ito  be  delivered  at  the  High  Commissioner's  Office  not 
later  than  DECEMBER 20,  19OTJ  are  invited  for  the  appointment  of 
PROFESSOR  OF  PURE  AND  APPLIED  MATHEMATICS  at  the 
UNIVERSITY  OFOTAGO.  Age  limit 'J-,  to  4"  rears  of  age.  Salary 
mm/.,  with  a  half  share  of  the  Fees.  The  Professor  will  be  expected  to 
enter  on  his  duties  on  APRILS,  1907. 

For  further  particulars  and  for  the  Forms  on  which  applications 
must  be  made,  apply  to  the  HIGH  Commissioner  for  new 
ZEALAND.  13,  Victoria  Street.  London,  S.W. 


U 


NIVERSITY 


OF        LONDON. 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN  that  on  WEDNESDAY'.  March  20 
next,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  elect  EXAMINERS  in  the 
following  Departments  for  the  year  W07-8:— 

FOR  EXAMINATIONS  ABOVE  THE  MATRICULATION. 

The  Examiners  appointed  will  be  called  upon  to  take  part  in  the 
Examination  of  both  Intel  nal  and  External  Students.  The  remunera- 
tion of  each  Examinersbip  consists  of  a  Retaining  Fee  for  the  year, 
and  a  pro  rata  payment  for  Papers  set.  Answers  marked,  and  Meetings 
attended.  Full  particulars  can  lie  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Principal. 

THEOLOGY. 

One  in  Historical  Theology  (including  Ecclesiastical  History  anil 
Patristic?),  Philosophy  of  Theism,  Christian  Ethics,  and  Comparative 
Study  of  Religious. 

ARTS  AND  SCIENCE. 


One  in  Greek. 

One  in  the  English  Language  and 

Literature. 
One  in  H  istory. 
One  in  the  French  Language  and 

Literature. 
One  in  the  German  Language  and 

Literature. 
One  in  Philosophy. 

LAWS. 
One    in    Jurisprudence,    Roman 
Law.  Principles  of  Legislation, 

and  International  Law. 
One    in    Equity    and    Real    and 
Personal  Property. 

MUSIC. 
One  in  Mu 


one  in  Experimental  Psychology. 

One  in  Pedagogy. 

Two  in  Matin  maties. 

One  in  Experimental  Physics. 

One  in  Chemistry. 

One  in  Botany. 

one  in  Zoology, 

One  in  Geology. 


One    in   Common    Law  and  Law 
and  Principles  of  Evidence. 

One    in    English    Constitutional 
Law. 


MEDICINE. 

one   in    Forensic   Medicine   and 

Hygiene 
one  in  state  Medicine. 
One     in    Mental    Diseases    and 

Psychology. 


One  in  Medicine. 

One  in  Surgery. 
One  in  Anatomy. 
One  in  Physiology. 
One  in  obstetric  Medicine. 
One  in    Pharmacology,  including 
Pharmacy  and  Materia  Mediea. 

ENGINEERING, 

One  in  Electrical  Technology 


One    in    Engineering,    including 

Theory  ot  Machines  and  of 
Structures.  Strength  of  .Mate- 
rials. Surveying,  Hydraulics, and 
Theory  of  Heat  Engines. 


i  Ine  in  Engineering  Drawing. 


ECONOMICS. 

One  in  Geography  lEconomic  ami 
Commercial). 

one  in  Statistics. 


One  in  Economics. 

one  in  Public  Administration  and 

Finance. 
One  in  the  Existing  British  Con- 
stitution    [including     English 

Local    Government     and    the 

Government    of    Colonies    and 

Dependencies!. 

Candidates  must  send  in  their  names  to  the  Principal,  with  any 
attestation  of  their  qualifications  they  may  think  desirable,  on  or 
before  TUESDAY.  January  IE  <lt  is  particularly  desired  by  the 
Senate  that  no  application  of  any  kind  be  made  to  its  Individual 
Members.' 

If  Testimonials  are  submitted,  three  copies  at  least  of  each  should 

lie  sent.  Original  Testimonials  should  not  in-  forwarded  in  any  case. 
If  more  than  one  Examinershtp  is  applied  for,  a  separate  complete 
application,  with  copies  ,.f  Testimonials,  if  any,  must  be  forwarded  im 
respect  of  each.  Bj  order  ot  the  Senate, 

ARTHUR  W.  RUCKER,  Principal. 
University  of  London,  South  Kensington,  S.W., 
December,  1906. 


C 


0   U   N   T    Y 


0   F 


L  0   N   1)  0   N. 


The    I.oNDoN    COUNTY    COUNCIL  unites  applications  for  the 

post  of  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS.,,   tie    I. 5PTFORD   PUPIL 

TEA!  HER  CENTRE,  CLYDE  STREET,  DEPTFORD,  S  E.  Can 
did. ii.s  should  possess  s  University  Degree  oi  an  equivalent,  and  be 
qualified  to  teach  Geography,  History,  N Uework,  and  Drill. 

The  Salary  attaching  to  the  post  il  1301  pel  annum,  rising  by 
annual  increments  ot  '.mini 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  Official  Form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  clerk  of  the  Council,  Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embank- 
ment. W.C,  to  whom  thej  must  be  returned  not  later  than  10  *.«., 
on  MONDAY.  January  14,  1907,  accompanied  by  copies  of  three 
Testimonials  ol  re<  enl  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  encloses  stamped  addressed  envelope 

Candidates,  othei  than  successful  Candidates,  invited  to  attend 
the  Committee,  will  be  allowed  third-elan  return  railway  fare,  but 

llo  other  expenses 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  la-  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G    L    Gi'MME.  Clerk  of  the  Council. 
Education  offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C  . 

I oilier  0,  L908. 

CITY       OF       LONDON       COLLEGE, 
White  Stieet  and  Hop,  maker  Street,  HoorneUa,  E.C. 
REQUIRED  for  EVENING  (LASSES,  t  be  services  of  TEACHERS 
lo   tfive    instruction    in    FRENCH    and    GERMAN    SHORTHAND 

Pit  man  s  sisteto  adapted  preferred. 
Apply,  With  isirticulars,  to  D.  SAVAGE,  Secretary. 


754 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1908 


D 


UN  DEE         SCHOOL         BOARD. 


HARRIS  ACADEMY  ART  DEPARTMENT. 

The  School  Board  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  ART  MASTER 
in  the  above  Acackmr  at  a  commencing  Salary  of  1807.  per  annum, 
rising  hv  annual  increments  of  7/.  108.  to  a  maximum  Salary  of  2407. 
per  annum.  The  person  selected  will  he  required  to  organize  and  he 
responsible,  subject  to  the  general  supervision  of  the  Rector,  for  the 
efficiency  of  the  Art  Department  as  a  whole. 

Forms  of  Application  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  with 
■whcni  applications  and  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials  should  be 
lodged  not  later  than  FRIDAY,  December  28,  1906. 

JOHN  E.  WILLIAMS,  Clerk. 

School  Board  Offices,  Dundee,  December  10, 1906. 

WANTED,  for  the  HIGH  SCHOOL  of 
GLASGOW,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  in  GERMAN  and 
FRENCH.  Must  be  a  Graduate  of  a  British  University,  and  have 
had  experience  of  the  "Reform"  method  of  teaching  Modern  Lan- 
guages. Salary  according  to  qualifications  and  experience.— Applica- 
tive to  t,e  made  tn  the  CLERK.  School  Board  Offices,  129,  Bath  Street, 
Glasgow,  not  later  than  DECEMBER  17. 

MEDICAL  SUB-EDITOR. —WANTED, 
a  GENTLEMAN,  having  a  knowledge  of  Journalism  and 
some  Literal  v  e\pei  iriee,  v.  hois  prepared  to  take  an  ACTIVE  PART 
in  the  CONDUCT  of  a  NEWSPAPER.  The  opening  is  exceptionally 
good  for  a  highly  qualified  Medical  Practitioner  who  resides  in  London 
and  has  time  at  his  disposal.— Reply  at  once,  stating  terms  and  expe- 
rience, to  STATESMAN,  care  of  Street's,  30,  Cornhill,  E.C. 

ASSISTANT  EDITOR  REQUIRED  for 
WEEKLY  high-class  PUBLICATION.  Must  be  capable, 
experienced,  smart  Writer  on  General  Topics  and  Reviews.  Required 
only  Three  or  Four  Days.  Salary  51.  per  week.— Full  particulars  to 
Box  4166,  Wilding's,  125.  Strand,  W.C. 

PUBLISHER  requires  energetic  YOUNG 
CLERK,  with  some  experience  of  the  routine  of  a  Publishing 
Office  and  of  Bookkeeping.  Salary  about  one  pound  a  week.— Write, 
stating  experience  and  age,  to  Box  1203,  Athcnseum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

WANTED,  a  SECRETARY  or  CLERK,  for 
SHORT  EVENING  EMPLOYMENT,  to  assist  the  Art 
Congress  to  be  held  in  London,  1908.  Attendance  at  Meetings 
required.  Shorthand  necessary.  —  Apply,  by  letter,  to  MARTIN 
A.  BUCKMASTER,  17,  Coleheme  Mansions,  Earl's  Court,  S.W. 


Hthiaiions   Mankti. 

A  GENTLEMAN  (29),  of  some  private  means, 
seeks  a  post  as  SUB-LIBRARIAN.  Willing  to  g''ve  a  few 
months'  time  to  learn  routine.  Highest  references.  —  S.  C.  R., 
Box  1204,  Atheineuui  Press,  13,  Breanis  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E  C. 


JfttswUatucns. 


WANTED.  —  A  GENTLEMAN,  with  long 
practical  experience  of  Publishing,  is  prepared  to  PUR- 
CHASE a  PUBLISHING  UUSINF.SS  shoeing  Profits.  Price  about 
2..J0O'. -Details  to  Mr.  H.  WINGFIELD,  Chartered  Accountant, 
t>4,  Cannon  Street,  E.C. 

ART  STUDENTS.  —Well-known  ARTIST  has 
VACANCY  in  his  STUDIO  for  a  few  PRIVATE  ADVANCED 
PUPILS  with  view  to  remunerative  work.  Terms  moderate.— Reply 
STUDENTS.  Box  1206,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

FRANCIS  PLACE.— FOR  SALE,  a  PORTION 
of  the  late  G.  J.  HOLYOAKE'S  LIBRARY,  consisting  of 
70  Volumes  of  Tracts  on  Sociological  Subjects  brought  together  by 
FRANCIS  PLACE,  including  several  written  by  himself.— For  further 
particulars  apply  to  E.  H.  M.,  5,  Dartmouth  Park  Road,  N.W. 

ANTIQUE.— PERSIAN    MOSAIC    FURNI- 
TURE iShirasi.  100  years  old,  FOR  SALE.     On  view  from 
3  till  5  p.m.— RUYTER,  20,  High  Holborn. 

pLERKS   SENT    OUT.— Relieving  Clerks   sent 

\J  out  by  the  Day  or  Week.  Shorthand  and  Typewriting. 
Moderate  Charges.  Telephone  No.  5009  Central.— Mrs.  KATE 
RE  ILLY,  Whitoomb  House,  Whitcomb  Street  (near  National 
Gallery  i,  Pall  Mall  East.  Loudon. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French.  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


B 


OOK-PLATE 

Mediaeval  and  Modern  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MORING,  Engraver,  Stationer,  Printer,  frc. 
257,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


s. 


W  H 


A     T 


D'YE 


L    A    C    K? 


Ask  Miss  MILLARD,  of  Teddington,  Middlesex,  for  any  Book  ever 
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Contents. 
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A  Valedictory  Lecture.     J.  P.  POSTGATE. 

On  Plants  of  the  'Odyssey.'    R.  M.  HENRY. 

On  Diodoms:  Books  XVI.  -  XVIII.  HERBERT 
RICHARDS. 

Prohibition  in  Greek.     R.  C.  SEATON. 

Change  of  Metre  in  Plautus.     E.  A.  SONNENSCHEIN. 

The  Dog  of  the  '  Mostellaria.'  E.  A.  SONNENSCHEIN. 

On  the  Fragments  of  Varro  de  Vita  Populi  Romani  I. 
Preserved  in  Nonius  XVIII.     W.  M.  LINDSAY. 

The  Pronunciation  of  Q  and  S.     R.  M.  DAWKINS. 

On  Malaxo  and  fid^daaa).     J.  p.  POSTGATE. 

More  Uncanny  Thirteen*.    J.  P.  POSTGATE. 
REVIEWS  :— 

Praelections  delivered  before  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. U.  DE  WILAMOWITZ  -  MOELLEN- 
DORFF. 

Lindsay's  '  Platus,'  Vol.  II.     E.  A.  SONNENSCHEIN. 

Neniethy's  'Tibullus'  and  '  Lygdamus.'  SAMUEL 
ALLKN. 

Phillimore's  Translation  of  '  Propertius.'  E.  SEYMER 
THOMPSON. 

Lease's  'Livy.'    J.  P.  POSTGATE. 

Fotheringham's '  Chronicles  of  Eusebius.'  J.  P.  GILSON. 

Moulton's  'Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek.'  T. 
NICKLIN. 

Abbott's  '  Johannine  Grammar.'    T.  NICKLIN. 

Melanges  Nicole.    J.  GOW. 

Champault's  'Geography  of  the  Odyssey.'  T.  W. 
ALLKX. 

Bartholomae's     '  Lexicon '     and    '  Translation     of    the 
Gathas.'    JAMES  HOPE  MOULTON. 
BRIEFER  NOTICES. 
REPORT  :— 

The  Classical  Association. 
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Impromptu.    T.  GRAY  and  R.  C.  SEATON. 
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ROWS. 

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Teaches  how  to  be  strong,  happy,  and  successful  (without  "developers"  or  "  systems  "). 

LETTERS  TO  A  CHINESE  OFFICIAL. 

2s.  WILLIAM  JENNINGS  BRYAN. 

A  profoundly  interesting  resume  and  vindication  of  our  modern  civilization. 


THE  JOYOUS  MIRACLE. 

A  Tale  of  Our  Lord.     Illustrated.     2s.     A  charming  little  gift- bunk. 


FRANK  NORRIS. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CHRIST. 

3s.  6d.  net  ;  post  free,  lis.  lOd. 
Issued  in  attractive  <nft-l>ook  form. 


Rev.  HENRY  WARD  BEECHER. 


HARPER'S  for  JANUARY  ivill  be  on  sale  during 

Christmas  week.  It  will  contain  contributions  by  Sir  GILBERT  PARKER,  M.I'., 
MARY  E.  WILKIXS,  E.  METCHXIKOFF,  W.  D.  HOWELLS,  R.  LE 
G '  ALLIENNE,  d-c.     Full  of  magnificent  Illustrations. 


HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  45,  Albemarle  Street,  W. 


756 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,1906 


MESSRS.    LONGMANS    &    CO/S    LIST. 


NEW   BOOKS. 
Completion  of  Mr.  J.  G.  Millais'  Great  Work. 

THE  THIRD  VOLUME  IS  NOW  READY. 

"  Nothing  equal  to  it  has  ever  been  produced  about  our  native  mammalia." 

Daily  Telegraph. 

THE  MAMMALS  OF 
GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

By  J.  G.  MILLAIS,  F.Z.S. 

THREE  VOLUMES. 

With  66  Coloured  Plates,  62  Photogravures,  and  140  Illustrations 
in  Black-and- White. 

Price  EIGHTEEN  GUINEAS  net  (sold  in  Sets  only). 

"For  many  years  this  splendid  work  will  probably  remain  one  of  the 
standard  authorities  on  British  mammals,  and  in  the  matter  of  illustration 
it  will  most  likely  be  always  without  a  rival."  Nahire. 

"Will  undoubtedly  take  rank  henceforth  as  the  standard  authority  on 

British  mammals We  congratulate  author,  artists,  and  publisher  on  the 

progress  made  with  a  work  of  the  first  importance,  and  the  quality  of  that 
work."  Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

The  Publishers  will  be  pleased  to  forward  a  Full  Prospectus,  with  a 
Specimen  Plate ;  or,  wherever  possible,  they  will  send  a  Specimen  Volume  for 
inspection  by  intending  Purchasers. 

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With   6  Photogravure   Portraits  and   21    Half-Tone   Illustrations 
(including  15  Portraits),  2  vols.  8vo,  24s.  net. 

GEORGE, 
DUKE     OF     CAMBRIDGE. 

A  Memoir  of  his  Private  Life  based  on  the  Journals  and 
Correspondence  of  His  Royal  Highness. 

Edited  by  EDGAR  SHEPPARD,  C.V.O.  D.D., 

Sub-Dean  of  His  Majesty's  Chapels  Royal. 

THE  SECOND  IMPRESSION  IS  NOW  READY. 

PERSONAL  AND  LITERARY  LETTERS  OF 
ROBERT,  FIRST  EARL  OF  LYTTON. 

Edited  by  LADY  BETTY  BALFOUR. 

With  8  Portraits,  &c,  2  vols.  8vo,  21s.  net. 

"  The  life  of  her  father,  edited  by  Lady  Betty  Balfour,  must  be  pro- 
nounced at  once,  by  critics  who  prize  true  biography,  to  be  not  only  a  rare 
example  of  its  best  form,  but  a  collection  of  belles-lettres  rich  in  personal 
charm  and  of  permanent  importance.  Not  once  in  a  generation  is  English 
literature  augmented  by  a  book  like  it." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 


THE  POLITICAL  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND. 

Edited  by  the  Rev.  WILLIAM  HUNT,  D.Litt.,  and 
R.    LANE  POOLE,  M.A.  Ph.D. 

In  12  vols.  8vo,  each  volume  having  its  own  Index  and  2  or  more  Maps. 

Prospectus,    with  full   List  of  Volumes   and   Terms  for   Subscription, 
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NEW  VOLUME  BY  PROFESSOR  OMAN  NOW  READY. 

Vol.  IV.     FROM  THE  ACCESSION  OF  RICHARD  II.  TO  THE 

DEATH    OF   RICHARD    III.    (1377  1485).     By  C.  OMAN, 

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of  Oxford,   Fellow  of  the   British  Academy.        With   3  Maps. 

8vo,  Is.  M.  net. 

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entire  action  we  are  on  the  track  of  Shakespeare,  whose  historical  plays,  from 

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covered." — A'otes  and  Queries. 


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posed  throughout.  Enlarged  and  Improved  partlv  from  the  Author's  Notes,  and  with 
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LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO.  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.C. 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


757 


MESSRS.  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  I  CO.'S 

LIST  OF  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  DURING  THE 
AUTUMN    SEASON,  1906. 


GOLDEN  DAYS  OF  THE  RENAIS- 

SANCE  IN  ROME.  By  RODOLFO  LAN- 
CIANI,  Author  of  '  New  Tales  of  Old  Rome,' 
&c.     Royal  8vo,  fully  illustrated,  21s.  net. 

ENGLISH     ILLUSTRATION: 

1857-1870.  By  OLEESON  WHITE.  With 
6  Photogravures  and  over  100  other  Illustra- 
tions.    New  Edition.     12s.  <>(?.  net. 

STUDIES  IN  SEVEN  ARTS.    By 

ARTHUR  SYMONS.     Demy  8vo,  8s.  6c?.  net. 

A   TREASURY   OF    ENGLISH 

LITERATURE.  Selected  and  Arranged  by 
KATE  M.  WARREN,  Lecturer  in  English 
Language  and  Literature  at  Westfield  College 
(University  of  London).  With  an  Introduc- 
tion by  STOPFORD  BROOKE,  M.A.  Demy 
8vo,  about  1,000  pages,  7a.  6c?.  net. 

MY  PILGRIMAGE  TO  THE  WISE 

MEN  OF  THE  EAST.  By  MONCURE 
CONWAY.     8vo,  illustrated,  12s.  6c?.  net. 


THE    NATIVE    RACES    OF    THE 
BRITISH    EMPIRE. 

A  Series  of  Illustrated  Ethnographical  Handbooks 

intended  to  convey  accurate  information  in 

a  popular  and  readable  form. 

Illustrated.      Demy  8vo,  6.s\  net  each. 

VOL.  I.  NOW  READY. 

NATIVES    OF    AUSTRALIA.     By 

NORTHCOTE  W.  THOMAS.     With  32  Full- 
Page  Illustrations. 


RACE  PREJUDICE.    By  Jean  Finot. 

Translated  by  F.  WADE  EVANS.  Demy 
8vo,  10s.  6c?.  net. 

INDIAN    TREES.     An   Account  of 

Trees,  Shrubs,  Woody  Climbers,  Bamboos, 
and  Palms,  indigenous  or  commonly  cultivated 
in  the  British  Indian  Empire.  By  DIETRICH 
BRANDIS,  K.C.I.E.,  assisted  by  Indian 
Foresters.    Illustrated.    Royal  8vo,  21.  2a.  net. 

THE    CRACKLING   OF    THORNS. 

A  Volume  of  Parodies  and  Humourous  Verse. 
By  Capt.  KENDALL  (Dum  Dum  of  Punch). 
Ss.  6c?.  net. 

THE  POETRY  AND  PHILOSOPHY 

OF  GEORfJE  MEREDITH.  By  G.  M. 
TREVELYAN.     3a.  6c?.  net. 

THE  MEREDITH  POCKET  BOOK. 

Selections  from  the  Prose  Writings  by  CI.  M.  T. 
Limp  leather,  2s.  Gd.  net. 

THE  FLOCK.    An  Idyl  of  Shepherds 

Life  and  Work.  By  MARY  AUSTIN, 
Author  of  'Isidro.'  Illustrated  by  E.  BOYD 
SMITH.      6a.  net. 

BIRD   AND   BOUGH.     By    John 

BURROUGHS.     Cloth  gilt,  4s.  Qd.  net. 


COMEDY  QUEENS  OF  THE 
GEORGIAN  ERA. 

By  JOHN  FYVIE,  Author  of  '  Some  Famous 

Women  of  Wit  and  Beauty.' 
Illustrations  in  Photogravure.      \2s.  6c?.  net. 
[Second  Impression. 

EDINBURGH  UNDER 
SIR    WALTER    SCOTT. 

By  W.  T.  FYFE.     Introduction  by  R.  S.  RAIT. 
Demy  8vo,  10*-.  6c?.  net. 

A    GERMAN    POMPADOUR. 

Being  the  Extraordinary  History  of  Wilhelmina 
von  Gravenitz,  Landhofmeisterin  of  Wurtemberg. 

By  MARIE  HAY. 
Demy  8vo,  with  Frontispiece,  12s.  Qd.  net. 
[Second  Impression. 

VICTORIAN    NOVELISTS. 

By  LEWIS  MELVILLE. 
Illustrated.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6c?.  net. 

THE  KING  OF  COURT  POETS. 

A  Study  of  the  Life,  Work,  and  Times  of 
Lodovico  Ariosto. 

By  EDMUND  GARDNER, 

Author  of  '  Dukes  and  Poets  in  Ferrara,'  &c. 
Illustrated.     Demy  8vo,  16s.  net. 

LETTERS  AND  RECOLLECTIONS 
OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

Being  his  Correspondence  with  Tobias  Lear  and 

the  latter's  Diary. 

Illustrated.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6c?.  net. 

THE  LIFE  OF 
CHARLES  GODFREY  LELAND 

("  Hans  Breitmann  "). 

By  ELIZABETH   ROBINS  PENNELL. 

2  vols,  illustrated,  demy  8vo,  21s.  net. 

WALT    WHITMAN: 

A  Study  of  his  Life  and  Work. 

By  BLISS  PERRY. 
Crown  8vo,  illustrated,  6a.  net. 

WILLIAM    STUBBS, 

Bishop  of  Oxford. 

(From  the  Letters  of  William  Stubbs.) 

By  WILLIAM  HOLDEN  HUTTON,  B.D. 

Demy  8vo,  illustrated,  6s.  not. 

QUINTIN    HOGG. 

By  ETHEL  HOGG. 

Preface    by    the    DUKE    of   ARGYLL. 

Frontispiece  Portrait.     3b,  »>'/.  net. 

[C/ieaper  Edition. 

THE    LIFE    OF    PASTEUR. 

By  RENE  VALLERY-RADOT. 

With  Frontispiece  Portrait.     7*.  Gd.  net. 

[Cheaper  Edition. 


SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
MARIE  C0RELLI 

THE  TREASURE  OF  HEAVEN. 

With  Frontispiece  Portrait. 

[Third  Edition. 

GRAHAM  TRAVERS. 

GROWTH. 

PERCY  WHITE. 

THE  EIGHT  GUESTS. 

CLARA  LOUISE  BURNHAM. 

THE  OPENED  SHUTTERS. 
With  Frontispiece  in  Colours. 

ALICE  PRESC0TT  SMITH. 

MONTLIVET. 

E.  NESBIT. 

THE  INCOMPLETE  AMORIST. 

FRENSSEN. 

HOLYLAND. 

ELIZABETH  STUART  PHELPS. 

THE  MAN  IN  THE  CASE. 
Illustrated. 


A  KNIGHT  OF  THE 
CUMBERLAND. 

By  JOHN  FOX, 

Author  of  '  The  Little  Shepherd  of  Kingdom  Come.' 

Illustrations  in  Colour  by  F.  C.  YOHN. 

2s.  6c?.  net. 


I  0  L  E. 

By  R.  W.  CHAMBERS. 
Illustrated.     5s. 


POCKET  EDITIONS  OF 

MISS  MARY  JOHNSTON'S  NOVELS. 

Cloth,  2s.  6c?.  net  each ;  leather,  3s.  Gd.  net. 
Frontispiece  to  each  volume. 
Audrey. 
Sir  Mortimer. 
Old  Dominion. 
By  Order  of  the  Company. 


PETER.    A  Christmas  Story. 

By  Mrs.  EDWIN  HOHLER, 

Author  of  'The  Bravest  of  Them  All,'  fce. 

Illustrated  by  HELEN  STRATTON.     &.  Gd. 


ANIMAL  HEROES. 

Being  the  Histories  of  a  Cat,  a  Dog,  a  Pigeon,  a 

Lynx,  two  Wolves,  and  a  Reindeer. 

By    ERNEST    THOMPSON    SETON. 

With  200  Illustrations  by  the  Author. 

6-<.  net. 


WRITE  FOR  MONTHLY  LIST  AND  COMPLETE  CATALOGUE  TO 
ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &   CO.,  Ltd.,  16  James  Street  Havmarket  S.W. 


758 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


SEELEY'S  CHRISTMAS  LIST 

A  Miniature  Illustrated  Catalogue  post  free 
on  application. 

SECOND  EDITION  OF  "  Q's"  NEW  ANTHOLOGY. 

THE  PILGRIMS'  WAY.     A  Little 

Scrip  of  Good  Counsel  for  Travellers.  By  A.  T. 
QUILLRR- COUCH.  Fcap.  Svo,  cloth,  3*.  6d.  net; 
thin  paper,  leather,  5s.  net. 


THE  SACRED  SEASONS.    Readings 

for  the  Christian  Year.     By  the  Right  Rev.  H.   C.  G. 
MOULE,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Durham.     With  Initials  and 
Borders  in  Red,  and  12  Illuminated  Pages  after  Old 
MSS.     Extra  crown  8vo,  cloth,  (5s.  net. 
"  This  beautiful  volume,  sumptuously  got  up."— Layman. 

THE    TOWER    OF    LONDON.     By 

Canon    BENHAM,    Author    of    'Mediaeval   London.' 
With  4  Plates  in  Colour  and  other  Illustrations.    Super- 
royal  8vo,  sewed,  5*.  net ;  cloth,  7s.  net. 
"A  superbly  illustrated  volume."— Outlook. 

BISHOP  RIDLEY'S  NEW  POEMS. 

CAMP  FIRE  LIGHT;  or,  Memories 

of  Flood  and  Forest.  By  the  Right  Rev.  W.  RIDLEY, 
D.D..  First  Bishop  of  Caledonia,  British  Columbia. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth,  is.  Od.  net. 

STRATFORD-ON-AVON.  By  Sidney 

LEE.     New  and  Revised  Edition.     With  over  50  other 
Hlustrations.     Extra  crown  Svo,  cloth,  6s. 
"  Everything  that  a  place-book  ought  to  be."— Globe. 

ELECTRICITY    OF    TO-DAY:    its 

Work  and  Mysteries  explained  in  Non-Technical  Lan- 
guage.   By  (J.  R.  GIBSON.     39  Illustrations.     Extra 
crown  Svo,  5s.  net. 
'•Written    in    a   masterly    fashion:     no   one,    although 

previously  ignorant  of  the  subject,  will  fail  to  grasp  the 

explanations."— Aiiiuij  ln  Journal. 

THE  CHILDREN'S   ODYSSEY.     By 

Prof.  A.  J.  CHURCH.     With  12  Coloured  Illustrations. 
Extra  crown  Svo,  5s. 
*'  A  charming  book."— Spectator. 

THE     LIBRARY     OF     ROMANCE. 

NEW  VOLUMES. 
With  many  Illustrations.     Extra  crown  Svo,  eich  5s. 

"This  series  has  now  won  a  considerable  and  well- 
deserved  reputation."— Gcakui  ax. 

THE  ROMANCE  OF  PLANT   LIFE. 

By  Prof.  G.  F.  SCOTT  ELLIOTT,  M.A.  B.Sc. 

ROMANCE    OF    EARLY    EXPLO- 

RATION.     By  A.  WILLIAMS,  B.A.  F.R.G.S. 

ROMANCE  OF  ANIMAL  ARTS  AND 

CRAFTS.    By  H.  COUPIN,  D.Sc,  &  JOHN  LEA,  B.A. 

ROMANCE      OF     MISSIONARY 

HEROISM.    By  the  Rev.  J.  C.  LAMBERT,  M.A.  D.D. 

ROMANCE  OF   POLAR   EXPLORA- 
TION.   By  G.  FIRTH  SCOTT. 

RECENTLY  ISSVED  IN  THE  ROMANCE  LIBRARY. 

By  ARCHIBALD  WILLIAMS,  B.A.  F.R.G.S. 
ROMANCE    OF   MODERN   EXPLORATION. 
THE  R    MANCE  OF  MODERN  INVENTION. 
ROMANCE  OF   MODERN   ENGINEERING. 
THE  ROMANCE  OF  MODERN  LOCOMOTION. 
THE  ROMANCE  OF  MODERN  MINING. 
THE  ROMANCE  OF  MODERN  MECHANISM. 

By  C.  K.  GIBSON,  A.I. ICE. 
THE  ROMANCE  OF  MODERN  ELECTRICITY. 

By  EDMUND  SELOUS. 
THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE  ANIMAL  WORLD. 
THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE  INSECT  "WORLD. 

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THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE  MIGHTY  DEEP. 

THE  LIBRARY  OF  ADYENTURE. 

With  lfi  Illustrations.     Extra  crown  Svo,  each  5s. 
'•Among  the  more  Interesting  of  gift-books— the  kind  of 
material  that  suits  the  manly  boy."— Athehxum. 

ADVENTURES    IN  THE  GREAT 

DESERTS.    By  H.  G.  W.  HYRST. 

ADVENTURES    ON    THE     GREAT 

RIVERS.    By  R.  STEAD,  B.A  F.R.H.S. 
London:  SEELEY  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  38,  Great  Russell  Street. 


MR.    EDWARD    ARNOLD'S    NEW    BOOKS. 

THE    BIG    BOOK    OF   THE    SEASON. 

THE    REMINISCENCES    OF 

LADY    DOROTHY    NEVILL. 

Edited  by  her  Son,  RALPH  NEVILL. 
With  Portrait,  15s.  net.  Fourth  Large  Impression. 


NEW    BIOGRAPHICAL    WORKS. 
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ANECDOTES    OF   AN    OLD   OFFICER.      By   Col. 

JAMES    P.    ROBERTSON,    C.B.      With    Portraits. 

12*.  (id.  net. 
Daily  Telegraph. — "Here   is  a  hook  of  adventures  and 
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novel." 


THE  EDITOR  OF  '  BOSWELLS  JOHNSON.' 

LETTERS  OF  GEORGE 
BIRKBECK  HILL,  D.C.L.  LL.D. 

Arranged  by  his  Daughter,  LUCY  CRUMP. 
With  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6(f.  net. 
Dailji  Chronicle.— "The  story  of  Hill's  life  is  absolutely 
quivering  with  human  interest  and  sympathy." 


BOOKS    OF    TRAVEL,    ETC. 


THE  AFTERMATH  OF  WAR.    An 

Account  of  the  Repatriation  of  the  Boers  and  Natives 

in  Orange  River  Colony,  1902-1904.     By  G.  B.  BEAK, 

late  Assistant-Secretary  to  the  Orange  River  Colony 

Kepatriation    Department.       With    Illustrations    and 

Maps.     Demy  Svo,  12s.  6rf.  net. 

Daily  Telegraph. — "The  book  is  sure  to  become  a  standard 

work,  for  it  throws  a  flood  of  light  upon  and  solves  many  of 

the  knotty  questions  of  that  period  which  have  agitated 

people's  minds  at  home  and  abroad." 

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N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


761 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


761 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  15,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Victoria  County  Histories        763 

Evelyn's  Diary,  edited  by  Dobson 765 

The  Passing  of  Korea       705 

sllanus  the  christian      700 

Christmas  Reading  (The  Second  Book  of  Tobiah  ; 
The  Basket  of  Fate  ;  The  Trampling  of  the  Lilies  ; 
Uncle  William ;  Ann  Boyd ;  The  Straying*)  of 
Sandy;  Marguerite's  Wonderful  Year;  A  Boy's 
Marriage;  Waifs  of  Circumstance  ;  Richard  Hawk- 
wood  ;  The  Manager's  Box  ;  The  Patriots  of  the 
South;  The  Power  of  the  Past;  Growth;  The 
Millmaster ;  U  lie  Girls  of  Inverbarns ;  The  Stronger 
Power;  The  simple  Plan;  Ian  of  the  Orcades ; 
The  Red  Burgee  ;  Back  o'  the  Moon  ;  Women  and 
the  West ;  New  Chronicles  of  Don  Q  ;  The  Empty- 
House)  767—768 

OUR  Library  Table  (The  Aftermath  of  War; 
Dictionary  of  Political  Phrases  ;  Book  -  Prices 
Current ;  Race  Prejudice ;  Mr.  Yeats's  Poems  ; 
Sea,  Camp,  and  Stage;  The  "National"  Pick- 
wick ;  Two  "Oxford"  Poets  ;  History  of  Classical 
Scholarship ;  Nordau's  Paradoxes  and  Conven- 
tional Lies  ;  Swan  Fountain  Pen)       . .         . .      768 — 770 

List  of  New  Books 770 

Ferdinand  Brunetikre;  Oxford  Notes;  'The 
First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth  Century'; 
W.  J.  Craig;  Sales 771—773 

Literary  Gossip        773 

Science— Native  Races  of  Australia  ;  Popular 
Science;  Anthropological  Notes;  Societies; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip     ..        ..      774—778 

Fine  Arts— In  constable's  Country  ;  Landscape 
Painting;  Crome's  Etchings;  The  National 
Gallery  —  Foreign  Catalogue  ;  The  New- 
English  Art  Club;  Minor  Exhibitions; 
Sales  ;  Gossip 779—781 

Music  — Sir  Edward  Elgar's  'The  Kingdom'; 
The  Vicar  of  Wakefield  ;  Gossip  ;  Perform- 
ances Next  Week         782-783 

Drama— The  Weavers  ;  Macbeth;  Gossip  ..       783-784 

Index  to  Advertisers       784 


LITERATURE 

Victoria  County  Histories.  — Somerset. 
Vol.  I. — Devon.  Vol.  I. — Cornwall. 
Vol.  I.  Edited  by  W.  Page,  F.S.A. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

The  titanic  scheme  of  producing  niany- 
volumed  trustworthy  histories  of  all  the 
counties  of  England  is  now  proceeding 
apace.  The  scheme,  owing  doubtless  to 
its  vast  size,  is  not  without  drawback, 
and  now  and  again  it  is  possible  to 
find  dross  among  the  ore.  But  generally 
the  material  used  is  well-refined  metal. 
and  false  lacquer  is  absent  ;  whilst  the 
numberless  references  to  MSS.,  records, 
and  printed  authorities  are  so  many 
guarantees  that  the  work  is  trust- 
worthy. 

The  demands  on  our  space  being  now 
exceptional,  the  first  volumes  of  Somerset, 
Devon,  and  Cornwall,  which  were  issued 
in  the  same  week,  are  grouped  in  a  single 
notice;  but  these  three  divisions  of 
England  have  not  much  in  common, 
except  propinquity. 

Of  Somerset  it  has  been  well  remarked 
that  no  other  county  has  so  much  history. 
It  has  no  natural  boundaries,  and  w^as  for 
some  centuries  the  battle-ground  of  two 
widely  differing  races.  When  at  last  the 
English  of  Wessex  gained  the  upper  hand 
over  the  Damnonian  Welsh  of  the  West, 
and  the  county  assumed  its  present  out- 
line, the  boundaries  were  purely  artificial 
— as,  for  instance,  in  the  absolutely 
arbitrary  line  between  Devon  and  Somer- 
set across  Exmoor — and  must,  as  Grant 
Allen  once  well  put  it,  "  have  been  created 
by  history,  instead  of  creating  history  for 


itself."  In  the  early  days  there  could 
have  been  but  little  population,  except  on 
the  bare  uplands  of  Exmoor,  Quantock, 
and  Mendip.  For  the  rest,  the  centre  of 
Somerset  was  then  but  a  succession  of 
vast  marshy  wastes,  with  the  great  forest 
of  Selwood  thrusting  itself  in  from  the 
eastern  border.  With  the  arrival  of  the 
Romans,  Somerset  grew  rapidly  in  im- 
portance, more  especially  over  the  great 
eastern  stretch  from  Crewkerne  and 
Chard  in  the  south  to  Bath  and  the  Avon 
mouth  in  the  north.  The  Roman  road 
from  Bath  southwards,  through  Radstock, 
Shepton  Mallet,  Ilchester,  and  South 
Petherton,  is  thickly  strewn  with  the 
settlements  and  country  estates  of  our 
conquerors.  Remains  of  their  occupa- 
tion abound  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Somerton  and  Langport.  At  the  exodus 
of  the  Romans,  Bath  retained  its  own 
petty  British  king.  The  Romano-British 
chieftains  of  this  and  other  little  princi- 
palities of  the  West,  such  as  those  of 
Gloucester  and  Cirencester,  remained  un- 
disturbed for  a  while  by  the  waves  of 
Anglo-Saxon  settlers  that  conquered  the 
eastern  and  southern  coasts  ;  but  after 
a  time,  when  Wiltshire  and  Dorset  had 
been  subdued,  the  West  Saxons,  in  their 
further  extending  movements,  turned 
northward  and  westward  towards  the 
Bristol  Channel.  It  was  not  until  near 
the  close  of  the  sixth  century  that  the 
leaders  of  the  WTest  Saxons,  as  the  '  Chro- 
nicle '  tells  us,  fought  against  the  Welsh 
on  the  Cotswolds,  slew  the  Kings  of 
Gloucester,  Cirencester,  and  Bath,  and 
seized  their  three  "  chesters."  From  that 
time  the  advancing  Saxons  steadily,  step 
by  step,  drove  before  them  the  Dam- 
nonian Welsh  to  the  Axe,  to  the  Parret, 
to  the  Exe,  and  to  the  Tamar,  until  at 
last  they  reached  the  Land's  End,  and 
all  the  three  counties  of  Somerset,  Devon, 
and  Cornwall  became  part  of  Wessex. 
This  movement  was,  however,  of  a  most 
gradual  character  ;  a  hundred  and  twenty 
years  elapsed  between  the  capture  of 
Bath  and  the  driving  of  the  fighting  Welsh 
out  of  all  that  is  now  called  Somerset — a 
period  during  which  the  men  of  Wessex 
had  been  christianized,  so  that  the  fight 
was  only  one  of  race,  and  not  of  race  and 
religion,  as  at  the  beginning,  when  the 
Teuton  pagan  warred  against  the  British 
Christian. 

The  widest  and  richest  of  the  valleys 
of  that  long  peninsula  which  stretches 
from  the  Avon  to  its  vanishing  point  at 
the  Land's  End  is  that  of  the  Exe.  Here, 
amid  a  great  corn-growing  district,  the 
wise  and  well-disciplined  Romans  placed 
their  chief  station  of  Isca  Damnoniorum, 
afterwards  termed  Exeter  ;  whilst  their 
second  chief  outpost  was  on  the  Tamar, 
not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Plymouth. 
By  the  first  year  of  the  eighth  century  the 
West  Saxons  had  reached  the  Exe,  and 
a  process  of  gradual  absorption  of  the 
district  of  Devonshire  began.  The  accurate 
and  scientific  study  of  all  that  tends  to 
make  true  history  shows  that  there  was 
in  this  county  no  wholesale  expelling  of 
the  earlier  inhabitants,   nor  any  driving 


of  them  into  Cornwall,  as  the  older  writers 
were  fond  of  asserting.  Contrariwise, 
they  were  not  even  absorbed  to  the  ex- 
tinction of  their  identity  by  the  con- 
quering English,  but  for  many  genera- 
tions the  Welsh  of  Devon  retained,  under 
the  new  rule,  their  nationality  and  their 
very  language,  after  much  the  same 
fashion  as  is  even  now  the  case  with  the 
Welsh  of  Wales,  or  the  Bretons  of  Brittany. 
Welsh  (of  the  Cornish  stamp)  was  spoken 
in  Exeter  under  the  rule  of  Athelstan  ; 
and  it  even  lingered  in  out-of-the-way 
country  places  till  the  days  of  Queen 
Elizabeth. 

Cornwall — the  name  that  eventually 
triumphed,  to  the  destruction  of  historic 
nomenclature,  over  the  true  form  of  Corn- 
wales — was,  for  a  much  longer  period 
than  the  eastern  part  of  the  peninsula  the 
home  of  the  unconquered  Celtr.,  who  clung 
steadfastly  to  their  rugged  shores  and 
final  promontory,  the  Cornu  or  horn  of  the 
Western  Welsh.  After  the  Damnonii  of 
Devonshire  had  been  subdued,  the  Britons 
west  of  the  Tamar  yet  remained  uncon- 
quered, and  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to 
say  when  a  people  who  still  are  in 
blood  and  character  truly  Welsh,  with 
but  a  slight  Teutonic  intermixture,  were 
actually  overcome.  Egbert  harried  them 
from  east  to  west,  but  made  no  permanent 
impression  nor  settlement.  When  the 
various  forms  of  Scandinavian  invasions 
began,  at  first  purely  piratical,  the  Cornish 
were  only  too  ready  to  join  even  pagan 
hordes  against  their  hated  Wessex  foe. 
For  a  long  time  also  the  Cornish  bishops, 
judged  to  be  sehismatical  at  Canterbury, 
kept  up  a  thorough  spirit  of  separation 
both  in  Church  and  State.  Howel,  King 
of  the  W'est  Welsh,  made  his  submission 
to  Athelstan,  and  from  that  date  Corn- 
wall may  be  considered  in  most  respects 
an  English  shire,  or  rather  a  shire  under 
English  domination  ;  but  another  gene- 
ration passed  away  before  an  English- 
man was  appointed  as  bishop  of  the 
see  of  Cornwall.  The  Cymric  language 
continued  t.>  be  the  vulvar  tongue  of 
the  whole  county  down  to  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  In  the  days  of  Queen 
Anne  the  general  use  of  the  old  Cornish 
tongue  was  confined  to  a  few  villages  in 
the  further  west  of  the  county.  At  the 
present  day  it  survives  in  purely  Cymric 
words,  and  a  few  phrases. 

Much  that  lias  here  been  rapidly  out- 
lined as  to  the  historical  beginnings  of 
these  three  counties  of  the  West  is  care- 
fully Bet  forth  in  sections  of  the  volumes 
now  before  us  which  deal  with  Celtic, 
Roman,  or  Anglo-Saxon  times  ;  and  more 
will  doubtless  follow  as  the  work  pro- 
gresses. 

Somerset  is  singularly  fortunate  in 
two  of  the  writers  secured  for  the  first 
volume.  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins,  who  knows 
the  county  well  through  his  Long  friendship 
with  Freeman,  deals  with  early  man  in 
this  shire  in  a  masterly  fashion,  and 
with  great  clearness  of  expression.  The 
River-drift  man,  a  hunter  of  a  very  low 
type,  and  his  successor  the  Cave  man, 
living  much  the  same  sort  of  life  as  the 


764 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


modern  Eskimos,  stand  out  before  us  as 
realities  : — 

"  It  is  very  likely  that  the  River-drift 
hunter,  and  possibly  also  the  Cave  man,  as 
he  followed  the  wild  animals  in  the  hunt 
northwards  from  the  continent,  may  have 
seen,  from  the  Quantocks  or  the  Mendips, 
the  hills  of  South  Wales  crowned  with  ice 
as  he  looked  across  the  broad  marshy  valleys 
of  the  Severn.  He  may  too  have  noted 
how  the  great  ice  barrier  to  further  migra- 
tion north  grew  and  developed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  glacial  period.  He  may 
have  wandered  down  to  the  shore  of  the 
glacial  sea  in  the  area  of  the  estuary  of  the 
Severn,  and  have  hunted  the  reindeer,  the 
bison,  the  horse,  and  the  mammoth  over 
the  area  of  the  Bristol  Channel  as  it  again 
rose  above  the  sea,  and  have  noted  from 
Uphill  and  Weston-super-Mare  the  glint  of 
the  smaller  glaciers  which  descended  from 
the  higher  hills  in  South  Wales  at  the  close 
of  the  glacial  period.  In  Somerset,  palaeo- 
lithic man  was  probably  preglacial,  glacial, 
and  postglacial." 

Every  phase  of  the  prehistoric  age  is 
aptly  dealt  with,  whilst  the  plans  and 
illustrations  add  much  to  the  value  of 
the  article.  The  account  of  the  lake 
village  of  Glastonbury  is  of  the  highest 
value  and  interest ;  it  gives  full  par- 
ticulars of  the  wonderfully  preserved 
articles  made  of  wood,  which  include 
the  mortised  frameworks  of  looms,  the 
axle  and  spokes  of  wheels,  dug-out  canoes, 
a  variety  of  tubs,  buckets,  and  bowls, 
the  handles  of  awls  and  other  implements, 
and  even  a  ladder,  seven  feet  long,  with 
four  steps  made  of  split  ash.  From  the 
various  discoveries  it  may  be  inferred  that 
the  inhabitants  of  this  settlement  were  not 
only  farmers  and  herdsmen,  but  also 
astonishingly  advanced  in  various  tech- 
nical arts.  For  instance,  they  used  iron 
axes  and  saws  for  their  woodwork  ;  they 
reaped  barley  with  iron  sickles  ;  they 
smelted  lead  ore  from  the  Mendips,  and 
were  workers  in  glass,  bronze,  and  tin. 
Altogether  this  article,  which  covers 
about  forty  pages,  is  fascinating  from 
beginning  to  end. 

A  second  article  of  the  Somerset  volume, 
which  is  of  equal  interest  with  that  just 
noted,  and  still  more  lavishly  illustrated, 
is  the  elaborate  essay  by  Dr.  Haverfield 
on  Romano- British  settlement.  The  plans 
and  pictures  of  the  extensive  remains  at 
Bath  are  most  numerous  and  surprisingly 
excellent.  The  editor  has  been  rightly 
generous  in  allowing  a  hundred  and 
seventy  pages  for  this  essay,  and  there 
is  not  a  single  line  too  much,  for  the 
Roman  remains  in  Somersetshire  outside 
Bath  are  considerable  and  highly  import- 
ant. Dr.  Haverfield  treats  separately 
of  Camerton,  Ilchester,  Ham  Hill,  the 
series  of  villas,  the  lead  mines  of  the 
Mendips,  the  roads,  and  the  miscellaneous 
finds.  Here,  as  in  other  sections,  the 
special  map  of  the  period  proves  invaluable. 

The  introduction  to  the  Somerset  Domes- 
day survey  has  happily  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Round. 

In  the  Devonshire  volume  Mr.  Burnard 
treats  well  of  early  man,  particularly  with 
regard  to  the  bone  caves  of  the  county. 
The   firstfruits   of   the   systematic   inves- 


tigation of  bone  caves,  as  illustrative  of 
the  antiquity  of  man  in  Britain,  were 
garnered  in  Devonshire  when  the  quarries 
at  Oreston,  from  which  the  stone  was 
obtained  for  the  construction  of  Plymouth 
Breakwater,  were  opened  in  1812.  Kent's 
Cavern,  a  mile  to  the  east  of  Torquay, 
which  was  scientifically  investigated  from 
1865  to  1880,  yielded  wonderful  results. 
The  hut-circles  of  Dartmoor  receive  special 
notice.  Particular  attention  is  given  to 
that  excellent  example  of  a  protected 
village  called  Grimspound,  which  was 
taken  in  hand  by  the  Dartmouth  Explora- 
tion Committee  in  1894.  There  is  also  a 
useful  plan  of  the  large  group  of  hut- 
circles  on  Standon  Down. 

The  Domesday  survey  of  Devonshire 
is  treated  of  by  Mr.  Reichel,  who  has 
already  shown  his  capacity  for  dealing 
with  so  difficult  a  subject  by  several  minor 
publications.  It  is,  however,  doing  no 
indignity  to  Mr.  Reichel  to  say  that  this 
part  of  the  volume  would  have  gained  in 
clearness  and  general  value  if  it  had  been 
placed  in  the  master  hands  of  Mr.  Round. 
From  the  same  pen  comes  a  careful 
article  on  the  feudal  baronage  of  this 
county.  The  last  article  is  by  Mr.  T. 
Charles  Wall,  who  contributes  a  well- 
written  account — without  any  undue  dog- 
matizing— of  the  ancient  earthworks  of 
Devonshire,  with  plans  illustrative  of  all 
the  more  important  examples. 

The  first  volume  on  the  history  of  Corn- 
wall naturally  shows  a  different  kind  of 
treatment  from  that  of  the  two  shires 
further  to  the  east.  The  account  of 
'  Early  Man  '  has  fallen  to  the  hands  of  Mr. 
J.  B.  Cornish.  The  accompanying  pre- 
historic map  is  carefully  marked  with 
special  symbols,  showing  the  places  where 
stone  implements,  bronze  implements, 
gold  ornaments,  chambered  barrows, 
"quoits,"  contracted  burials,  underground 
chambers,  hut-circles,  hut-clusters,  bee- 
hive huts,  early  iron  ornaments,  "  long 
stones,"  and  "  holed  stones  "  have  been 
found.  These  marks  chiefly  abound  at 
the  tip  of  the  horn,  in  the  district  that 
extends  from  St.  Ives  on  the  north  coast 
and  Penzance  on  the  south  up  to  the  Land's 
End.  The  working  out  of  this  map,  and 
the  very  large  number  of  references  at 
the  foot  of  each  page,  clearly  involved  no 
small  amount  of  painstaking  labour  ;  but 
the  article  is  not  altogether  satisfactory. 
The  hut- circles  are  very  much  more 
thickly  strewn  in  several  parts  of  Eastern 
Cornwall  than  either  map  or  letterpress 
indicates.  The  groups  or  villages  of 
circular  huts  are  but  briefly  mentioned. 
There  is  one  strange  omission  which  isadis- 
tinct  blot.  There  is  no  mention  of  an  im- 
portant hut  village,  which  is  unique  in 
some  of  its  particulars,  found  a  few 
years  ago  by  Dr.  Hammond,  of  Liskeard, 
and  by  him  shown  to  Mr.  Baring-Gould. 
It  was  described  and  illustrated  by  Mr. 
Gould  in  The  Daily  Graphic  of  25  Decem- 
ber, 1901,  and  afterwards  more  technically 
treated  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Cornwall.  The  term  "  few 
instances,"  as  applied  to  beehive  huts 
on  p.  371,  needs  considerable  expansion  ; 


and  various  somewhat  important  finds 
of  flints  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Liskeard 
are  ignored.  On  the  whole  this  essay, 
though  sound  in  what  it  does  say,  is  in- 
sufficient, and  will  require  supplementing 
in  several  of  the  eastern  parishes,  when 
the  separate  topographical  treatment  of 
the  county  is  reached. 

The  stone  circles  of  the  county  are 
rightly  judged  to  be  of  sufficient  import- 
ance to  merit  a  separate  article.  Mr. 
Tregelles's  essay  on  this  subject  deserves 
special  commendation,  and  the  illustra- 
tions and  plans  are  excellent.  Another 
singularly  fine  and  comprehensive  article, 
lavishly  illustrated,  is  that  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Langdon  on  '  Early  Christian  Monuments.' 
After  testing  it  severely,  we  have  failed 
to  find  the  omission  of  a  single  cross  or 
cross  fragment.  The  accounts  of  the 
inscriptions,  in  four  different  characters, 
from  the  Ogams  of  about  450  to  650  down 
to  the  Hiber no- Saxon  minuscules  of  about 
750  to  1050,  are  valuable. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  on  this  occasion 
nothing  has  been  said  of  the  treatment 
of  the  natural  history  of  these  three 
counties,  from  geology  to  mammals,  which 
occupies  the  first  half  of  each  of  these 
volumes.  In  works  covering  so  much 
ground  it  is  impossible  to  note  all  the 
contents.  It  should,  however,  be  briefly 
stated  that  every  branch  of  natural  history 
is  treated  by  experts,  and  cannot  fail  to 
be  appreciated  by  students.  One  of  the 
most  popular  studies  is  botany,  and  wild 
flowers  are  keenly  appreciated  and  noted 
by  many  who  have  not  much  technical 
knowledge.  We  have,  in  previous  notices 
of  the  '  Victoria  County  History  '  volumes, 
deplored  the  fact  that  botanists  will  not, 
as  a  rule,  condescend  to  write  for  less 
scientific  folk.  The  botanists  who  deal 
with  each  of  these  three  Western  counties 
are  content  to  be  severely  technical. 
Surely  the  Somerset  writer,  when  treating 
of  the  Minehead  district,  might  have 
added  a  sentence  or  two  as  to  the  general 
luxuriance  of  ferns  and  the  occurrence 
of  rare  plants  by  the  side  of  the  Horner, 
from  the  wild  everlasting  pea  that  covers 
patches  of  the  shingle  in  flowery  tangles 
where  the  stream  loses  itself  in  Porlock  Bay, 
to  the  tiny  ivy-leaved  bell  flower,  which  has 
made  the  upper  stretches  of  the  Horner 
valley  its  home.  Should  not  mention,  too, 
be  made  of  the  profuse  local  growth  of  the 
autumn  saffron  crocus,  which  gladdens 
several  small  meadows  of  a  dale  on  the 
Quantocks,  near  Over  Stowey,  with  its 
mauve-tinted  leafless  flowers  ?  Again,  in 
Cornwall  we  note  no  reference,  at  all  events 
in  the  English  tongue,  to  the  peculiar 
branched  variant  of  the  golden  samphire 
on  the  rocks  of  Rame  Head,  to  the  abund- 
ance of  the  clear  blue  alkanet  round 
Liskeard,  or  to  the  noble  display  of 
creamy-white  or  pink-tinged  saponaria  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Camel  estuary,  or 
in  certain  parts  between  St.  Germains 
and  Callington.  In  future  volumes  ordi- 
nary lovers  of  flowers  should  be  considered, 
and  told  in  plain  language  of  the  par- 
ticular attractions  of  specific  districts. 

In  dealing  with   mammals  the  writers 


NM129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


765 


should  make  it  clear  whether  animals 
now  extinct  are  included  by  them  or  not. 
If  the  lists  are  meant  to  cover  historic 
times,  roedeer  should  be  included  under 
Somerset,  for  they  were  certainly  found 
in  the  forests  in  the  fourteenth  and  fif- 
teenth centuries,  and  probably  at  a  much 
later  date. 


The  Diary  of  John  Evelyn.  With  an 
Introduction  and  Notes  by  Austin 
Dobson.     3  vols.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

In  the  autumn  of  the  bicentenary  year  of 
Evelyn's  death  comes  the  third  issue  of 
his  '  Diary  '  in  celebration  thereof.  Two 
of  these  issues  count— that  edited  by  Mr. 
Wheatley,  and  the  present  edition  under 
Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  supervision.  But 
Mr.  Wheatley's  was  in  the  main  a  handsome 
reprint  of  his  edition  of  1879  ;  whereas 
this  is  Mr.  Dobson's  first  appearance  in 
what,  he  confesses,  is  an  unwonted  field. 
It  will  be  remembered  by  students  of 
Evelyn  that  Mr.  Wheatley  was  unable  to 
■obtain  access  to  the  original  MS.  at  Wotton, 
and  that  his  text  was  based  on  Colburn's 
third  edition,  which  the  present  owner  of 
the  MS.  declared  to  be  "  correctly  printed." 
Mr.  Dobson  has,  however,  gone  to  Forster's 
edition  for  his  text,  which  was  Bray's 
original  text  with  additions  by  Upcott. 
Now  it  was  Upcott,  the  librarian,  who 
inspected  the  MS.  at  Wotton,  and  intro- 
duced it  to  Bray's  notice,  and  Upcobt  con- 
tinued his  interest  in  the  '  Diary  '  until 
his  death  in  1845.  It  would  seem  as  if 
Upcott  had  been  able  to  consult  the  MS. 
subsequently  to  the  publication  of  Bray's 
edition  in  1827,  for,  according  to  Forster, 
he  had  made 

*'  a  fresh  and  careful  comparison  of  the 
edition  printed  in  octavo  in  1827  (which  he 
had  himself,  with  the  exception  of  the  earliest 
sheets  of  the  first  volume,  superintended  for 
the  press)  with  the  original  manuscript ;  by 
which  many  material  omissions  in  the  earlier 
quartos  were  supplied,  and  other  not  un- 
important corrections  made." 

It  would  thus  appear  that  Forster's  text 
is  fuller  than  Colburn's,  and  con- 
sequently Mr.  Dobson  has  very  wisely 
adopted  it.  It  will  remain  the  final  text 
until  the  present  owner  or  a  future  owner 
of  the  MS.  allows  the  publication  of  a 
definitive  edition.  It  is  noteworthy  that 
at  Wotton  is  also  an  "  amplified  irans- 
scription,"  by  Evelyn  himself,  of  his  diary 
up  to  October,  1644.  In  the  annotation 
Mr.  Dobson  has  freely  used  his  prede- 
cessor's notes,  but  he  has  also  prepared 
copious  notes  of  his  own,  which  are  indi- 
cated by  brackets.  The  result  is  that  the 
reader  of  the  '  Diary  '  is  supplied  with  an 
ample  commentary  as  he  goes  along, 
which  will  be  of  infinite  service  in  elucida- 
tion of  biographical  and  historical  points. 
Indeed,  we  cannot  imagine  the  work 
better  done. 

The  Introduction  is  mainly  a  biographi- 
cal sketch,  extracted  from  the  body  of  the 
'  Diary,'  and  full  of  the  editor's  easy  grace. 
Evelyn's  character,  which  Mr.  Dobson 
sums  up  very  fairly,  and  without  the  pre- 
judices and  prepossessions  which  usuallv 
beset  the  man  of  letters  in  dealing  with  a 


man  of  letters,  is  pretty  manifest  in  the 
pages  of  his  '  Diary.'  He  was  not,  like 
Pepys  and  Rousseau,  his  own  frank  con- 
fessor ;  but  he  could  not  fail  in  painting 
his  own  portrait  after  seventy  years  of 
diary,  even  if  he  had  desired  to  do  so. 
Mr.  Dobson  marks  him  very  properly  as 
not  essentially  a  literary  man,  but  rather 
as  one  who  could  have  been,  in  happier 
times,  a  man  of  affairs.  But  his  fastidious 
and  cultured  nature  abstained  from  the 
turmoil  of  his  days.  He  made  one  attempt 
only  to  interfere  in  the  turbulent  politics 
of  the  Civil  War,  but  arrived  at  Brentford 
after  the  defeat  of  the  Royal  forces  and 
Charles's  retreat  on  Oxford.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  he  refrained  from  following  his 
master  for  fear  of  bringing  trouble  on  his 
brother,  whose  estate  was  easily  within 
reach  of  the  Parliament.  A  little  later 
he  sought  permission  to  go  abroad,  and 
while  history  was  being  made  in  England 
he  was  enjoying  the  Grand  Tour,  and 
making  the  acquaintance  of  his  future 
wife.  Though  the  age  of  Mrs.  Evelyn 
is  recorded  as  seventy-four  at  the  time  of 
her  death  in  1709.  we  cannot  credit  that 
she  was  only  twelve  at  her  marriage.  We 
prefer  to  suspect  an  error  in  the  figures. 
While  defending  Evelyn  from  the  charge 
of  timidity,  his  latest  editor  agrees  with  Sir 
Leslie  Stephen  that  his  literary  work  was 
of  small  value,  and  even  goes  so  far  as  to 
depreciate  his  famous  '  Sylva.' 

As  is  known,  the  direct  line  of  the 
Evelyns  ceased  to  hold  Wotton  in  1817, 
when  the  estate*  passed  by  gift  of  a  widow 
into  the  hands  of  the  collateral  branch, 
descending  from  the  second  son  of  George 
Evelyn,  the  manufacturer  of  gunpowder. 
At  that  time  there  were  still  living  male 
lineal  descendants  of  John  Evelyn,  and 
the  direct  line  did  not,  indeed,  die 
until  1848,  when  the  baronetcy  was  ex- 
tinguished. Mr.  Dobson's  genealogical 
table  renders  all  the  connexions  admirably 
clear.  At  the  close  of  his  preface  he 
excuses  himself  for  his  interposition  in 
seventeenth-century  affairs  ;  but  no  justi- 
fication was  necessary.  His  work  lias 
been  a  labour  of  love,  and  he  has  veritably, 
as  he  hopes,  done  yeoman's  service  to  his 
author. 


The  Passing  of  Korea.  By  Homer  H. 
Hulbert.  .Illustrated  from  Photographs. 
(Heinemann.) 

This  is  an  appreciative  and  kindly  book 
about  Korea  and  its  people.  The  author 
has  long  resided  in  the  country,  and  is 
conversant  with  its  language  and  lite- 
rature. He  is,  we  believe,  the  first  writer 
on  Korea  who  possesses  the  latter  indis- 
pensable qualification.  It  cannot  so  much 
be  said  that  Korea  has  fallen  on  evil  times 
aa  that  it  has  always  been  in  evil  case.  Its 
very  position  is  a  misfortune.  It  is 
"  overshadowed  by  China  on  the  one  hand 
in  respect  of  numbers,  and  by  Japan  on 
the  other  in  respect  of  wit  " — of  numbers 
also,  surely.  The  Koreans  are  neither 
good  merchants  nor  good  fighters,  "  yet 
are  far  more  like  Anglo-Saxons  in  tem- 
perament "than  either  Chineseor  Japanese. 
"  and   they   are   by   far   the   pleasantest 


people  in  the  Far  East  to  live  amongst." 
Nevertheless,  from  the  beginning  of  history 
they  have  been  an  ill-used  people.  The 
Japanese  owe  to  them  all  their  early 
civilization.  More  than  a  third  of  the  old 
Japanese  nobility  were  of  Korean  origin. 
But  from  the  legendary  days  of  Jingo  the 
Koreans  have  experienced  nothing  but 
ill-treatment  at  the  hands  of  their  fighting 
neighbours.  The  Japanese  State  was,  in 
effect,  founded  by  Korean  immigrants  ; 
but  these  lost  all  knowledge  of  their 
origin  as  quickly  as  the  Normans  forgot 
their  Scandinavian  grandfathers,  and 
affected  to  treat  the  Korean  kingdoms,  or 
some  of  them,  as  mere  appanages  or 
tributaries  of  the  Yamato  State.  While 
the  Japanese  were  seeking  independence 
they  were  inflicting  upon  Chosen  (the 
Japanese  name  for  Korea)  the  very 
tutelage  they  were  themselves  complain- 
ing of. 

The  Koreans  are  of  Ural-Altaic  race,  like 
the  Mongols,  and  most  of  the  Japanese. 
The  grammars  of  all  these  folk  are  similar, 
the  vocabularies  differ ;  the  ancient 
common  speech,  unfixed  by  any  written 
character,  probably  broke  up  into  dialects 
far  sundered  in  time  and  clime  when  these 
were  reduced  to  writing.  The  Koreans 
in  Korea  fell  under  Chinese  influences  long 
before  their  kinsmen  in  Japan  did  ;  hence 
it  has  come  about  that  scarcely  any 
remains  of  pure  Korean  speech  are  extant, 
such  as  we  have  in  the  norito  (rituals)  and 
the  uta  (lays)  preserved  in  the  '  Kojiki  ' 
and  '  Nihongi '  ('  Annals  '  and  '  Chro- 
nicles ')  of  Japan.  In  like  manner  Budd- 
hism destroyed  the  nature-religion  of 
Korea  much  more  thoroughly  than 
Japanese  Shinto,  though  it  affected  the 
latter  much  more  profoundly  than  is 
commonly  supposed,  or  the  Japanese  are 
willing  to  admit.  Again,  the  circum- 
stances that  led  to  the  varied  and  dramatic 
history  of  old  Japan  were  absent  from 
Korea.  The  total  result  of  the  foregoing 
causes  is  that  the  story  of  the  Korean  folk 
is,  in  the  main,  uninteresting,  and 
their  literature  unimportant ;  their  sole 
contribution  to  the  world's  weal  would 
seem  to  be  the  foundation  of  the  Japanese 
State,  which  now  threatens  to  absorb  them 
into  its  "  sphere  of  influence,"  if  not 
territorially — with  more  success  than  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  when  the 
Japanese  fleet  was  totally  defeated  by 
that  precursor  of  Admiral  Togo,  Yi 
Sunsin,  with  the  aid  of  an  iron-clad 
tortoise-shaped  man-of-war. 

We  have  just  said  that  Korean  history 
is  deficient  in  dramatic  interest.  This  is 
not  altogether  the  case  with  respect  to 
the  later  annals  of  the  peninsula.  Mr. 
Hulbert  mentions  the  arrival  of  Hamel  in 
the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  in 
the  Sparwehr.  He  ought  to  have  told 
the  story.  The  vessel  was  the  "  Jacht 
Sperber "  (Sparrowhawk),  bound  from 
Batavia  to  Japan,  of  which  Hendrik 
Hamel  was  supercargo.  The  "  Jacht " 
was  wrecked,  and  Hamel,  after  thirteen 
years'  captivity,  escaped  with  eight  of  his 
comrades.  He  wrote  a  most  interesting 
account  of  his  experiences — as  favourable 
and  generous  a  narrative  as  that  of  Golow- 


766 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


nin  of  his  captivity  in  Japan  in  the  early 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Hamel 
was  not  the  first  European  to  tread 
Korean  soil.  A  Jesuit  father,  Gregorio 
de  Cespedes,  accompanied  the  Christian 
soldiers  of  the  Taiko  (Hideyoshi)  in  1594, 
but  he  was  not  allowed  to  remain.  Some 
thirty  years  later  a  Hollander,  Jan 
Weltervree,  landing  from  the  Jacht  Oude- 
kerke  to  procure  provisions  and  water, 
was  detained  with  two  companions,  and 
compelled  to  assist  the  Koreans,  who  were 
helping  the  last  emperor  of  the  Ming 
dynasty  to  repel  the  Manchu  invasion  of 
China  that  placed  the  present  Tatshing 
dynasty  upon  the  throne. 

In  Dallet's  '  Histoire  de  l'Eglise  de 
Coree'  (2  vols.,  Paris,  1874)  a  full  and 
fairly  authentic  history  of  the  further 
fortunes  of  the  land,  and  of  European 
intercourse  with  it  up  to  the  seventies,  is 
given.  We  do  not  know  why  Dallet  is 
not  mentioned  by  Mr.  Homer  Hulbert. 
In  1866  Bishop  Berneux,  on  refusing  to 
leave  the  country,  was  executed  with  some 
other  French  priests,  and  Admiral  Roze, 
with  seven  ships,  soon  after  attacked  the 
island  of  Kang-hwa,  near  Seoul.  He  was 
completely  defeated  by  the  Koreans, 
retreated,  and  never  renewed  the  attack. 
A  persecution  followed,  costing  the  lives 
of  twenty  thousand  Koreans  who  had 
been  more  or  less  christianized.  In  1871 
the  Americans  attacked  the  western  coast 
with  five  ships,  killed  a  number  of  Koreans 
"  for  the  honour  of  the  flag,"  and  did 
nothing  more.  In  1876  a  foreign  treaty 
was  signed  with  Japan,  who  insisted  upon 
the  very  extra-territoriality  the  appli- 
cation of  which  to  herself  she  bitterly 
resented.  In  the  nineties  the  Japanese 
determined  upon  the  expulsion  of  the 
Chinese  from  Korea,  and  it  was  their 
signal  success  in  this  war  that  awoke  the 
suspicions  of  Russia,  and  encouraged  the 
Japanese  to  undertake  the  gigantic  enter- 
prise that  ended  in  the  Treaty  of  Ports- 
mouth and  the  obliteration  of  the  Russian 
power  in  the  Far  East. 

All  these  stirring  events  are  well 
described  in  the  volume  before  us,  and 
on  the  whole  with  judicial  impartiality. 
But  the  author  does  not  conceal  his  pre- 
ferences for  the  Korean — who,  with  due 
opportunity,  would  show  "  as  good  a  brain 
as  the  Far  East  has  to  offer  " — over  his 
kinsman  the  Japanese,  who  is  superior  to 
him  in  fighting  ability,  but  not  in  courage 
or  intellect.  Of  that  most  disgraceful 
episode  in  the  history  of  Japanese  rela- 
tions with  Korea,  the  assassination  of  the 
Queen,  a  very  full  account  is  supplied.  The 
Japanese  Government  disclaimed  respon- 
sibility, and  Mr.  Hulbert  accepts  the  dis- 
claimer "  in  spite  of  the  utter  inadequacy 
of  the  trial  [of  Miura,  the  Japanese 
minister  to  Seoul]  and  its  almost  ludicrous 
termination."  The  story  of  Russian  in- 
trigue and  Japanese  counter-intrigue  that 
followed  is  well  told ;  and  a  moving 
narrative  is  added  of  the  events  that  led 
up  to  the  destruction  of  the  Variag  and 
Koryetz  in  Chemulpo  harbour  at  the 
outset  of  the  Russo-Japanese  War.  Mr. 
Hiil bcit  seems  to  have  been  present,  and 
bis  story  has  therefore  the  authority  of  an 


eyewitness.     He  exonerates  the  Japanese 
from  blame. 

In  his  final  chapter  the  effect  of  the 
"  passing  of  Korea,"  as  the  book  is  appro- 
priately enough  called,  is  examined. 
There  are  very  cogent  reasons,  he  asserts, 
why  "  Japanese  predominance  in  Korea  " 
should  be  distasteful  to  British,  German, 
and  American  merchants.  These  reasons 
appear  to  fall  under  two  heads  :  those 
incidental  to  the  preservation  of  extra- 
territoriality, and  those  relating  to  the 
maintenance  of  a  low  tariff.  Mr.  Hulbert 
calls  upon  his  Government  to  protect  the 
"  persons  and  interests  of  American 
citizens  in  Korea "  against  Japanese 
"  domination,"  and  looks  to  the  influence 
of  American  missionaries  as  educative  of 
the  Korean  people  up  to  a  standard  of 
patriotism  that  shall  enable  them  to  resist 
Japanese  encroachments — for  the  benefit 
of  American  traders.  We  may  be  pretty 
certain  that  no  such  policy  will  be  under- 
taken by  the  Washington  Foreign  Office. 
The  real  trouble  in  Korea — and  the  same 
is  more  than  foreshadowed  in  Manchuria 
—is  not  the  "  domination  "  of  Western 
interests  by  the  Japanese  Government, 
but  the  timidity  it  has  shown  in  dealing 
with  the  multitudinous  riff-raff  of  Japanese 
nationality  that  infests  the  ports  of  a 
land  from  which  the  ancient  calm  has 
departed  for  ever. 


Silanus    the    Christian.     By    Edwin    A. 
Abbott.     (A.  &  C.  Black.) 

This  book  is  dedicated  "  To  the  memory 
of  Epictetus,  not  a  Christian,  but  an 
awakener  of  aspirations  that  could  not 
be  satisfied  except  in  Christ  "  ;  and  not 
the  least  valuable  part  of  it  is  the  exposi- 
tion of  the  teaching  of  that  philosopher 
and  the  contrast  of  it  with  the  Gospel  of 
Christ.  Silanus,  who  gives  his  name  to  the 
romance,  is  a  purely  imaginary  character, 

"  who  in  the  second  year  of  Hadrian  (a.d.  118) 
becomes  a  hearer  of  Epictetus  and  a  Chris- 
tian convert,  and  commits  his  experiences 
to  paper  forty-five  years  afterwards  in  the 
second  year  of  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus 
and  Lucius  Verus  (a.d.  163)." 

The  romance  is  interesting,  since  Silanus 
is  concerned  with  such  subjects  as  Epic- 
tetus on  sin  and  death,  Isaiah  on  death  and 
providence,  St.  Paul's  gospel,  and  Christ's 
birth,  discourses,  and  resurrection.  Apart 
from  these  subjects,  however,  Dr.  Abbott's 
writing  is  itself  interesting  on  account  of 
the  literary  skill  with  which  he  presents 
innumerable  points  of  exposition  and 
criticism,  and  on  account,  too,  of  the 
beauty  and  strength  of  many  of  its  passages. 
One  passage  may  be  given  as  an  illustra- 
tion of  his  style.  In  the  chapter  named 
'  Epictetus  confesses  Failure  '  there  is  a 
picture  of  Silanus  with  his  dreams  of  a 
restless  and  troubled  night,  which  he 
himself  is  made  thus  to  describe  : — 

"  Along  with  these  came  shadows  or 
shapes,  with  voices  or  voice-like  sounds : 
Epictetus  gazing  on  the  burning  Christians 
in  Rome,  Paul  listening  to  the  voice  of  Christ 
near  Damascus,  Elijah  on  Horeb  amid  the 
roar  of  the  tempest.       Last  of  all,  I  myself, 


Silanus,  stood  at  the  door  of  a  chamber";  in 
Jerusalem  where  Christ  (I  knew)  was  pre- 
sent with  His  disciples,  and  from  this 
chamber  there  began  to  steal  forth  a  still 
small  voice,  breathing  and  spreading  every- 
where an  unspeakable  peace — when  a  whirl- 
wind scattered  everything  and  hurried  me 
away  to  the  Xeronian  gardens  in  Rome." 

The  tone  or  character  of  Dr.  Abbott's 
critical  examination  of  the  Gospels  may 
be  understood  from  his  confession  that 
years  have  elapsed  since  he  was  con- 
strained to  disbelieve  in  the  miraculous 
element  of  the  Bible,  and  yet  that  he  has 
retained  belief  in  the  supernatural,  but 
non-miraculous  incarnation  of  the  Son 
as  Jesus  Christ,  and  in  Christ's  super- 
natural, but  non-miraculous  resurrection. 
In  the  preface  which  contains  the  con- 
fession the  writer  says  that  his  book 

"  aims  at  suggesting  such  conceptions  of 
history,  literature,  worship,  human  nature, 
and  divine  Being,  as  point  to  a  foreordained 
conformation  of  man  to  God,  to  be  fulfilled 
in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  of  which  the  fulfil- 
ment may  be  traced  in  the  Christian  writings 
and  the  Christian  churches  of  the  first  and 
second  centuries." 

In  plain  language  what  does  this  mean  ? 
What  in  the  sentence  just  quoted  is  the 
relation  of  the  clause  with  the  words  "  to 
be  fulfilled  "  to  that  beginning  with  "  of 
which  the  fulfilment  "  ?  Then,  again,  we 
are  entitled  to  ask  for  definitions  which 
will  enable  us  to  understand  the  meaning 
of  a  supernatural,  but  non-miraculous 
incarnation,  and  a  supernatural,  but  non- 
miraculous  resurrection.  Definitions  we 
do  not  get,  but  in  regard  to  the  resurrec- 
tion we  are  told  that  God  draws  back  the 
veil  from  our  hearts  and  gives  us  a  con- 
vincing sense  of  Christ  at  His  right  hand 
and  in  ourselves,  and  also  that  this  "  con- 
viction "  is  derived  from  no  source  but 
the  convincing  spirit  of  the  Saviour,  coming 
to  us  in  various  ways.  The  body  of  Christ 
did  not  leave  the  tomb,  according  to  Dr. 
Abbott,  but  the  convincing  spirit  of  the 
Saviour  comes  to  us,  and  therefore  we 
may  say  that  we  believe  in  a  supernatural 
resurrection.  It  will  be  difficult  for  us  to 
assure  ourselves  that  we  are  using  lan- 
guage correctly,  or  are  not  misleading 
men,  when  we  say  that  the  coming  of 
that  spirit  is  our  warrant  for  confessing 
that  we  believe  in  Christ's  supernatural 
resurrection  "  after  He  had  offered  Him- 
self up  as  a  sacrifice  for  the  sins  of  the 
world."  In  his  interpretations  of  passages 
in  the  Gospels,  Dr.  Abbott,  who  may  be 
described  as  a  scholarly  rationalist,  is 
more  ingenious  than  convincing.  Scaurus, 
for  example,  who  is  one  of  the  characters 
in  the  romance,  explains  the  words  "  took 
hold  of  Christ's  feet  "  (Matthew  xxviii.  9) 
by  saying  that  they  probably  mean 

"  that  the  women  saw  a  vision  of  Christ  in 
the  air  and  '  would  have  held  it  fast  by  the 
feet,'  that  is,  desired  to  do  so,  but  could  not. 
I  could  give  several  instances  from  the 
LXX.  where  '  woidd  have  '  is  thus  dropped 
in  translation." 

It  is  not  unworthy  of  note  that  the  words 
in  the  Gospel,  koX  ISov  'Ir/o-ovs  im-qvnja-ev 
aureus  Aeyau',  do  not  offer  the  slightest 
suggestion  of  a  vision.^  The  interpretation 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


767 


■of  the  incident  of  the  women  taking  hold 
of  the  feet  of  Christ  illustrates  Dr.  Abbott's 
ingenuity,  as  his  theory  of  a  vision  illus- 
trates his  rationalism.  He  elaborates  as 
a  grammarian  the  theory — not  unknown, 
but  differently  treated — that  the  belief 
in  the  resurrection  of  Christ  was  based  on 
certain  visions,  and  in  so  doing  rejects  the 
miraculous,  but  retains  the  supernatural 
resurrection.  We  may  readily  under- 
stand what  he  rejects,  but  not  what  he 
retains. 


CHRISTMAS    READING. 

The  Second  Book  of  Tobiah.  By  U.  L. 
Silberrad.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — "To- 
biah the  Dissenter "  is  an  old  friend 
and  "  a  mighty  man  of  his  legs,"  which  to 
our  knowledge  have  carried  him  far  afield 
before  now  to  interfere  in  matters  which  did 
not  especially  concern  him.  In  his  '  Second 
Book  '  he  is  no  less  active,  and  finds  frequent 
occasion  to  break  his  vow  not  to  meddle 
between  husband  and  wife,  for  "  more  than 
once  did  the  Lord  call  him  to  in  some  sort 
lend  his  hand  to  the  concerns  of  married 
folk."  But  though  in  these  "  calls  "  his  zeal 
is  sometimes  greater  than  his  discretion,  his 
intentions  are  good,  and  not  infrequently 
the  objects  of  his  interference  have  reason 
to  be  grateful.  The  history  of  the  Terror 
which  stalked  the  town  one  severe  winter 
shows  us  a  grim  aspect  of  Miss  Silberrad' s 
fantastic  imagination.  She  always  writes 
with  charm,  and  there  is  an  elusive  quality 
in  her  work  wliich  creates  a  unique  atmo- 
sphere for  her  scenes  without  assigning  them 
to  any  particular  period. 

The  Basket  of  Fate.  By  Sydney  Pickering. 
(Arnold.) — We  doubt  whether  the  publisher 
has  been  wise  in  his  choice  of  pictorial  cover. 
From  an  advertising  point  of  view  it  is  open 
to  the  same  objection  as  a  certain  scene  from 
a  well-known  play  now  depicted  on  London 
hoardings  :  to  appreciate  either,  you  must 
have  seen  the  play  or  read  the  book.  Mr. 
Pickering  delineates  no  wonderful  hero  or 
heroine,  but  just  "  nice  "  people,  and  people 
who  are  "  not  nice  "  as  we  meet  them  in  life. 
The  middle-aged  man  who  loves,  almost 
against  his  will,  the  fresli  English  girl  who 
can  live  near  pitch,  yet  not  allow  the  hem 
of  her  skirt  to  be  soiled,  supplies  the  interest, 
being  backed  by  a  scheming  half-sister  and 
her  former  lover.  This  is  a  book  to  be  enj  oyed 
at  the  fireside  rather  than  criticized  in  serious 
style. 

The  Trampling  of  the  Lilies.  By  Rafael 
Sabatini.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) — Mr.  Sabatini 
seems  here  to  have  achieved  all  his  endeavour 
— an  endeavour,  probably,  to  produce  a 
readable  romance  rather  than  a  brilliant  re- 
construction of  a  bygone  epoch,  and  as 
such  his  book  is  to  be  commended.  Its 
theme — old,  but  perennially  fascinating — 
affords  glimpses  of  aristocratic  France 
rampant  in  pride,  and  reveals  her  later 
crushed,  like  her  fleurs-de-lis,  beneath  the 
remorseless  heel  of  the  canaille  she  had 
spurned. 

Uncle  William,  by  Jennette  Lee  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton),  is  a  tale  of  a  kindly  old  salt 
of  the  Cornish  coast  who  befriends  a  nerve- 
racked  New  York  artist,  and  ultimately 
steers  him  safely  into  the  haven  of  requited 
love.  The  book  is  decidedly  immature,  but 
Christmas  is  the  season  of  indulgence,  and 
Uncle  William's  cheery  philosophy  is  timely 
at  a  season  which  is  said  to  be  losing  its 
reputed  festivity. 

There  is  something  very  agreeable  in  the 
quiet   atmosphere  of  Ann  Boyd,  by  Will  N. 


Harben  (Harper  &  Brothers).  It  is  long 
and  deliberate,  and  it  deals  with  a  situation 
as  old  as  the  hills  ;  but  it  is  marked  by 
genuine  power  and  real  emotion.  It  is  the 
tale  of  a  vengeance  which  slowly  is  converted 
into  loving  -  kindness  and  charity  ;  and 
hence  is  a  motive  capable  of  sentimental 
treatment.  Mr.  Harben  skilfully  avoids 
that  pitfall,  because  he  keeps  in  mind  the 
essential  necessity  of  not  caricaturing  human 
nature,  and  because,  also,  he  has  a  sufficient 
sense  of  humour.  Ann  Boyd  remains  faith- 
ful to  herself  all  through,  if  not  faithful  to 
her  purpose.  Her  enemy,  who  has  virtually 
ruined  her  married  life  from  jealousy,  only 
slowly  passes  into  an  object  of  pity,  and  that 
solely  because  of  a  developing  affection  in 
Ann's  heart  for  the  daughter.  Mr.  Harben 
uses  his  material  and  his  plot  skilfully,  and 
at  one  moment  only  is  he  melodramatic, 
namely,  when  a  girl  is  at  the  mercy  of  an 
unscrupulous  man  in  a  lonely  house.  But 
his  characterization  is  excellent,  and  besides 
Aim  herself,  we  admire  Uncle  Sam,  who  is  a 
genuine   product  of  the  soil. 

The  Strayings  of  Sandy.  By  Dorothea 
Conyers.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) — This  tale 
of  the  open-air  cure  of  a  dyspeptic  and 
crabbed  City  financier  is  racily  told.  The 
Irish  temperament  is  well  portrayed,  and 
there  is  some  genuine  pathos  in  the  gradual 
emancipation  of  the  unheroic  and  stunted 
miser  from  his  money  bags. 

In  Marguerite's  Wonderful  Year,  by  Mabel 
Barnes-Grundy  (Arrowsmith),  one  cannot 
but  feel  that  the  author  has  set  out  with  the 
definite  purpose  of  drawing  tears.  In  the 
dedication,  "  to  those  that  suffer,"  there  is 
some  sviggestion  that  the  central  fact  of  the 
narrative  is  taken  from  life.  That  narrative 
betrays  a  manifest  resolution  to  asso- 
ciate long-suffering  with  loving -kindness  ; 
but  we  demur  to  the  deliberate  choice  of  the 
sufferer  as  narrator.  It  should  be  sufficient 
to  look  upon  the  victim  with  other  eyes,  and 
the  selection  of  the  first  person  is  calculated, 
in  the  circumstances,  to  lead  to  situations 
which  are  not  tragically  ironic  so  much  as 
consciously  pathetic.  Marguerite  maintains 
her  naivete  to  the  end,  but  the  reader  will 
inevitably  doubt  its  genuineness,  as,  for 
example,  when  she  sends  her  husband  to 
inquire  into  the  fate  of  the  "  little  black 
chicken  "  which  had  involved  her  in  the 
bicycle  accident.  The  decease  of  that  fowl 
arrives  too  opportunely  to  be  anything  but 
a  contrived,  and  therefore  a  false,  effect. 
We  prefer  Marguerite  in  her  lively  moments. 
She  has  a  sense  of  humour  as  deep  as  her 
sentiment  or  sentimentality,  and  we  even 
forgive  her  the  disrespect  of  "  Peter  "  as 
her  familiar  name  for  her  father.  The 
author  has  shown  again  that  she  can  write 
brightly  and  with  genuine  observation  of  life. 
This  book  will  doubtless  be  enjoyed  and 
wept  over. 

A  Boy's  Marriage.  By  Hugh  de  Selin- 
court.  (John  Lane.) — "  Do  be  a  man  !  " 
one  of  the  ladies  with  whom  the  boy  is 
involved  urges  upon  him  ;  and  the  reader 
will  feel  disposed  to  echo  the  advice  until  he 
recollects  that  the  author  is  professedly 
dealing  with  a  boy.  He  deals  with  him 
very  cleverly  ;  but  the  boy  is  not  an  ordinary 
boy.  It  is  an  emotional,  silly,  ignorant,  and 
somewhat  hysterical  creature  in  whom  we 
get  interested.  His  troubles,  which  are 
matrimonial,  would  have  little  reality  to  a 
man,  and  are  wholly  unnecessary.  We 
cannot  believe  that  they  would  have  led  to 
his  tragedy,  even  allowing  his  boyhood. 
Twenty-something  is  young,  and  may  be 
innocent,  but  need  not  despair  of  wisdom. 
The  best  points  in  Mr.  Selincourt's  novel  are 
his  delicacy  of  treatment  and  sense  of  cha- 
racter.    He  has  the  i nakings  of  a  fine  nov<  list. 


and  will  doubtless  work  his  way  to  a  larger 
knowledge  of  human  nature.  As  it  is,  we 
feel  that  the  trouble  has  all  been  artificially 
arranged.  Two  words  of  explanation  and 
one  touch  of  human  feeling  would  have 
precipitated  an  understanding,  and  stopped 
the  story.  It  is  mainly  for  the  promise  in 
the  book  that  we  commend  it. 

Waifs  of  Circumstance.  By  Louis  Tracy. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — If  heartiness  can 
freshen  a  stale  phrase,  Mr.  Tracy's  romance 
may  be  described  as  a  thrilling  novel  of 
adventure.  He  has  valiantly  succeeded  in 
making  the  primary  colours  once  more 
effective.  Even  in  Chile  the  black  angel 
whose  disciple  puts  sticks  of  dynamite 
among  the  coals  of  a  seagoing  steamer  is  not 
ill-served.  The  voyage  of  that  steamer  is  a 
triumph  of  pyrotechnical  narrative,  assisted 
by  a  map.  Indeed,  one  may  seriously 
applaud  the  way  in  which  Mr.  Tracy  con- 
trasts the  still  effective  luxury  of  a  floating 
hotel  with  impotence  and  peril.  Peril  from 
cannibals  obliges  a  physician  to  reserve  a 
bullet  for  the  heroine,  but  Ossa  on  Pelion 
could  not  have  flattened  the  good  cherub 
who  looked  after  her  and  her  lover. 

Richard  Hawkwood.     By  H.  Neville  Maug- 
ham.   (Blackwood  &  Sons.) — Richard  Hawk- 
wood,    great-grandson   of  the   famous  free- 
lance, leaves  Essex  for  Florence  in  the  year 
1477,    and   takes   service   with   Lorenzo   de' 
Medici.     As  his  page  he  becomes  cognizant 
of  the  ramifications  of  the  plot  of  the  Pazzi, 
in  which  the  Pope,   Salviate  Archbishop  of 
Pisa,   his  nephew   Riario,   and  others  took 
part,  but  which  was  directed  and  controlled 
largely  by  Lorenzo  himself,  with  the  idea 
of  bringing  the  machinations  of  his  foes  to  a 
climax  which  might  induce  the  Florentines 
to  make  him  their  titular  as  well  as  actual 
sovereign.     In    the    course    of    his    duties 
Richard  is  sent  to  Rome,  where  he  is  arrested, 
but  makes  his  escape  by  a  plunge  into  the 
Tiber  and  the  good  offices  of  Caterina  Sforza, 
Riario's  bride.     Thereafter  he  is  present  at  a 
meeting    of    the    conspirators    in    Florence 
which  has  a  strange  conclusion,  also  at  the 
terrible  murder  of  Giuliano  de'  Medici  in  the 
cathedral  on  Easter  Sunday,  and  finally  is  a    ' 
witness  to  the  vengeance  taken  by  Lorenzo 
on  the  murderers.      All  these  dire  events  and 
the  processes  wliich  lead  to  them  are  graphic- 
ally stated  as  by  an  intelligent  but  straight- 
forward English  boy  to  whom  Italian  cha- 
racter is  an  engrossing,   but  rather   fearful 
study.     Lorenzo     and     his    simpler-hearted 
brother  reveal  themselves    dramatically    in 
the  story,  and  their  characters,  and  that  of 
Lucrezia  Donati,  who  retires  from  the  world 
on  Giuliano's  death,   form   the   pivot  of  its 
interest.     The   intellectual   and   artistic   life 
of  Florence  is  the  background.     The  style 
is  excellent  on  the  whole. 

The  Manager's  Box,  by  John  Randal 
(Eveleigh  Nash),  is  a  farcical  tale  which  does 
not  lend  itself  easily  to  criticism.  It  is  con- 
cerned with  an  impudent  piece  of  plagiarism 
on  the  stage,  and  we  have  found  it  amusing. 
It  would  be  ungrateful  to  add  that  we  should 
have  found  it  more  amusing  if  its  humour 
had  been  of  a  higher  order.  The  book  is 
clever  in  its  extravagance,  and  the  compli- 
cated situations  are  handled  with  consider- 
able skill. 

The  Patriots  of  the  South,  by  Cyrus  Towns- 
end  Brady  (Cassell  &  Co.),  in  which  the 
figure  of  Lee  is  prominent,  is  a  particularly 
good  story  of  the  American  civil  war.  strong 
alike  in  incident  and  character-drawing. 
Mr.  Brady,  who  is  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
of  the  Virginian  general,  remarks,  in  an  un- 
ry  preface,  that  "  the  whole  romance 
revolves  about  "  him.  That  is  not  exactly 
true.     Lee  plays  but  a  little  part  in  the  plot, 


768 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1006 


and  the  prominence  given  to  his  personality 
tends  to  obscure  it.  The  chief  figure  is  a 
young  Southern  soldier,  whose  relations 
with  two  women — one  belonging  to  the 
North  and  the  other  to  the  South — lead  to 
several  dramatic  situations. 

The  Power  of  the  Past.  By  Daniel 
Lesueur.  (Eveleigh  Nash.) — In  fiction,  as 
in  real  life,  the  motor-car  is  displacing  the 
horse.  This  story,  from  the  pen  of  the  well- 
known  Madame  Lapauze,  opens  with  a 
hunting  scene  in  a  French  forest,  but  the 
excitement  of  the  chase  is  quickly  at  an  end. 
The  principal  scene  is  a  motor-car  race,  in 
which  two  of  the  competitors  are  at  enmity 
on  account  of  a  woman  of  fashion.  The 
tale  is  not,  however,  a  mere  piece  of  sen- 
sationalism. An  interesting  story,  largely 
concerned  with  the  French  law  of  legitima- 
tization,  is  powerfully  told.  Both  in  cha- 
racter-drawing and  scenery  it  abounds  in 
sharp  contrasts. 

Growth.  By  Graham  Travers  (Margaret 
Todd,  M.D.).  (Constable  &  Co.)— There  is 
much  merit  in  Miss  Todd's  study  of  the 
mental  and  spiritual  growth  of  two  Edin- 
burgh divinity  students,  one  of  whom  finds 
a  home  in  the  Church  of  Rome,  while  the 
other  is  satisfied  with  a  mild  species  of 
agnosticism.  The  reader  is  made  acquainted 
with  a  large  number  of  men  and  women, 
some  of  whom  are  drawn  with  unusual  skill, 
although  others  do  not  rise  above  the  level 
of  lay  figures.  In  the  former  class  are  the 
heroine,  who  is  fresh  and  delightful,  and  her 
sister,  whose  essentially  superficial  character 
is  admirably  portrayed.  There  is  little  plot 
in  the  story,  but  it  is  written  with  care,  and 
bears  the  signs  of  good  workmanship  on 
every  page. 

The  Millmaster,  by  C.  Holmes  Cautley 
(Arnold),  is  a  novel  without  a  plot.  The 
author's  aim  has  been  to  furnish  a  faithful 
picture  of  life  in  a  small  manufacturing  town 
in  a  Northern  county.  In  this  he  has  been 
successful.  The  reader  will  not  doubt  the 
existence  of  the  various  people,  young  and 
old,  who  pervade  the  pages  of  the  book, 
although  it  is  possible  that  he  may  find  them 
tedious.  Those  of  them  who  persist  in 
speaking  an  exasperating  Northern  dialect, 
plentifully  sprinkled  with  "  nobbuts  "  and 
"  bahns,"  could  well  be  spared.  But  it  is 
something  to  the  credit  of  the  author  that 
he  has  done  what  he  evidently  set  out  to  do, 
and  those  who  can  master  the  dialect  may 
like  those  parts  of  the  book  which  fail  to 
attract  us. 

The  Girls  of  Inverbarns,  by  Sarah  Tytler 
(John  Long),  is  a  lively  and  interesting  story, 
with  a  decided  element  of  originality.  It 
treats  of  two  love  affairs  :  one  much  frowned 
upon  by  throe  prim  maiden  aunts,  but,  as  is 
oftener  the  case  in  fiction  than  in  real  life, 
flourishing  despite  this  hindrance;  the  other 
between  a  mysterious  nobleman — blameless, 
but  permanently  under  a  cloud — and  an 
apparently  worldly-minded  girl  who  rises 
to  higher  levels  on  discovering  that  her  pity 
rather  than  her  ambition  is  appealed  to  by 
his  suit.  The  scene  is  laid  in  a  primitive 
Scotch  fishing-village,  and  local  customs  and 
characters  (notably  those  of  the  aunts  above 
alluded  to)  are  described  with  much  humour 
and  geniality. 

The  Stronger  Power.  By  Q.  L.  F.  Justyne. 
(Globe  Press.) — Xenephthah,  son  of  some 
Pharaoh  of  unnamed  dynasty  by  a  queen 
who  has  eloped  in  modern  fashion  with  an 
Assyrian  noble,  has  been  brought  up  by  his 
mother's  wish  among  the  Hebrews  in  the 
Land  of  Goshen.  As  his  infant  half-brother 
is  bitten  by  a  poisonous  snake  when  under 
his  care,  the  Hebrews  cast  him  out.  After 
a  few  years'  wanderings,  not  here  described, 


he  reveals  his  identity  to  his  father,  is  recog- 
nized, and  made  Prince  of  Kush,  with  virtu- 
ally absolute  rule  over  the  whole  of  Egypt. 
He  gets  through  love  into  abundant  trouble, 
which  ends  in  his  being  degraded  from  his 
position  and  living  the  life  of  a  hermit. 

The  book,  which  seems  to  owe  much  to  a 
perusal  of  Whyte  Melville's  '  Sarchedon,'  is 
impossible  from  the  archaeolog'cal  point  of 
view.  The  Hebrews  never  at  any  time 
played  the  predominant  part  in  Egyptian 
politics  that  is  here  assigned  to  them,  nor 
did  the  Egyptians  in  Pharaonic  times  enjoy 
the  democratic  institutions  that  would  have 
made  the  trial  by  public  court-martial  of  a 
prince  of  the  blood  a  possible  proceeding.  As 
for  the  names,  they  are  such  as  could  never 
have  been  borne  by  either  Egyptian  or 
Hebrew  at  any  time  to  which  the  plot  can 
be  re  f erred.  Yet  the  love  interest  is  not 
badly  handled. 

The  Simple  Plan.  (Sherratt  &  Hughes.) 
— Anonymity  should  not  long  conceal  the 
author  of  this  delightfully  fresh  and  vivid 
story.  The  surrender  of  a  bachelor  to  the 
hundredth  woman  is  not  a  new  theme,  but 
no  one  who  enjoys  sparkling  fun  will  deny 
that  the  book  is  original.  When  a  reader 
is  charmed,  the  rules  of  art  seem  of  minor 
importance  ;  nevertheless  a  child  of  ten  who 
talks  like  Kitty  Foster  is  an  infant  pheno- 
menon who  risks  her  charm.  In  their 
gaiety  the  characters  resemble  each  other 
too  much,  and  the  reader  of  pp.  81-4  is 
tempted  to  rewrite  them  in  order  in  bring 
their  humour  into  the  light.  The  author 
should  weed  the  cleverness  which  abounds 
in  '  The  Simple  Plan.' 

Ian  of  the  Orcades.  By  Wilfred  Campbell. 
(Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier.) — Mr.  Camp- 
bell, who  is  known  as  a  Canadian  poet,  carries 
with  him  a  poetic  atmosphere  into  his  some- 
what lurid  tale  of  old  Scotland.  It  is  full  of 
dark  deeds  and  violence,  and  the  lusts  of  the 
flesh,  and  we  suppose  that  the  author  desires 
to  put  the  picture  forward  as  a  genuine  study 
of  the  past.  Probably  in  respect  of  the 
bloodshed  and  rapine  it  is  no  exaggeration. 
Mr.  Campbell's  effort  cannot  compare  with 
the  best  of  the  sort.  It  is  more  conventional, 
more  titanic,  and  somewhat  sentimental. 
But  '  Ian  of  the  Orcades  '  is  a  spirited  story. 

SHORT    STORIES. 

The  Red  Bargee.  By  Morley  Roberts. 
(Eveleigh  Nash.) — We  have  often  had  to 
comment  on  the  breeziness,  the  slang,  the 
swagger,  and  the  cocksureness  of  Mr.  Morley 
Roberts's  stories.  In  '  The  Red  Burgee  ' 
he  is  on  the  old  trail  again — the  trail  which, 
for  us  at  least,  is  always  new.  We  can 
forgive  him  all  his  faults  for  his  vigour  and 
his  humour.  Every  drop  of  blood  in  him 
is  quick,  and  you  can  see  him  (metaphoric- 
ally) "  rolling  down  the  Ratcliffe  Road,"  and 
"raising  Cain."  Mr.  Roberts's  captains 
all  would  not  have  hesitated  to  take  the 
Bolivar  out  across  the  bay  ;  they  hesitate 
at  nothing.  They  defy  the  might  of  Spain  ; 
they  drink  themselves  blind;  they  swear  and 
stamp  like  tornadoes;  they  "haze"  like  any 
skipper  out  of  'Frisco  ;  but  they  are  capable 
seamen,  and  they  lend  themselves  readily 
to  the  purpose  of  these  sea-comedies.  The 
most  elaborate  tale  is  one  which  sets  forth 
the  adventures  of  a  ship  derelict  in  Sandridge 
at  the  time  of  the  Bendigo  gold  rush.  There 
is  genuine  comedy  here,  and  it  is  more 
restrained  and  less  rollicking,  and  therefore 
more  literary,  than  in  several  of  the  other 
sketches. 

Rugged  and  stern  to  barbarity  are  the 
characters  in  Mr.  Oliver  Onions's  new  story 
Back  o'  the  Moon  (Hurst  &  Blackett),  and 
so  in  admirable  harmony  with  the  strenuous 


background  against  which  they  play  their 
parts.  The  picture  of  the  North-Country 
coiners  and  Jeremy  Cope,  the  flight  and 
pursuit,  the  fierce  loves  and  hates  and 
cruelties  of  the  struggle  between  a  merciless 
law  and  an  untamed  people  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  is  painted  with  bold  and  powerful 
strokes.  The  four  impressionist  sketches 
wliich  complete  the  volume  show  the  same 
power,  but  here  it  is  hampered  by  material 
to  which  it  is  less  well  suited.  In  '  The 
Pillars,'  however,  there  is  a  softer  and  more 
idyllic  atmosphere,  which  gives  interest  of 
another  kind  to  the  work. 

Women  and  the  West.  By  Charles  Mar- 
riott. (Eveleigh  Nash.) — The  author  seems 
to  us  to  have  a  better  notion  of  the  conte 
than  of  a  long  story,  for  the  former  has  not 
space  enough  for  him  to  develope  his  defects. 
These  tales  are  dedicated  to  "  Ouida," 
whose  encouraging  letter  is  prefixed,  testi- 
fying to  their  "  vigour  and  originality." 
The  chief  characteristic  is  a  sense  of  dramatic 
irony  which  is  often  poignant.  We  notice  a 
praiseworthy  absence  of  sentimentality, 
and  a  general  wholesome  frankness  which 
makes  a  reader  anxious  to  see  how  the  tale- 
will  end,  and  sure  that  it  will  not  end  in 
conventions.  In  other  words,  Mr.  Marriott's 
work  is  sincere  and  conscientious,  and  shows 
an  increasing  intimacy  with  human  life  and 
human  emotions. 

New  Chronicles  of  Don  Q.  By  K.  and 
Hesketh  Prichard.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — We 
cannot  think  it  was  altogether  worth  while 
to  revive  "  Don  Q."  in  book  form.  The  law 
of  supply  and  demand  presumably  justifies 
it,  however,  whoever  may  fail  to  see  literary 
justification.  Be  that  as  it  may,  here  are 
twelve  new  sketches  of  the  career  of  this 
redoubtable  brigand  ;  and  if  they  are  inferior 
to  their  predecessors,  the  difference  is  not 
noticeable.  Some  may  think  the  glorifica- 
tion of  the  thief  in  fiction  a  mistake  ;  but 
it  is  certainly  done  in  tolerably  spirited  style- 
here,  and  some  of  "  Don  Q.'s  "  escapades 
have  elements  of  originality,  as  well  as 
interest. 

The  Empty  House,  by  Algernon  Blackwocd 
(Eveleigh  Nash),  is  a  collection  of  ghost 
stories.  Some  are  excellent,  as  the  first  and 
'  Keeping  his  Promise.'  Others  are  evidently 
factitious,  and  fail  in  their  effect  on  the 
nerves,  as  '  A  Haunted  Island.'  Mr.  Black- 
wood relies  on  a  plain  narrative,  importing 
no  meretricious  properties,  which  is  to  Ins 
credit.  After  all,  the  mere  materials  of  a 
ghost  story  and  the  fall  of  night  are  sufficient 
to  put  us  in  a  receptive  mood.  The  worst 
point  about  such  tales  is  the  explanation, 
and  an  appreciative  reader  will  require 
none  ;  or,  if  any,  such  an  explanation  as 
leaves  confusion  worse  confounded,  and  a 
culminating  horror,  as  in  Bulwer  Lytton's 
'  Haunters  and  the  Haunted.'  Mr.  Black- 
wood is  by  no  means  an  unworthy  exponent 
of  a  failing  art. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mr.  Edward  Arnold  publishes,  under 
the  title  The  Aftermath  of  War,  an  account 
by  Mr.  Beak,  a  Repatriation  Officer,  of  the 
operations  for  replacing  farmers  on  the  land, 
undertaken  by  Government  in  the  Orange 
River  Colony 'between  1902  and  1904.  The 
book  is  valuable,  but  the  admissions  of  the 
author  with  regard  to  the  effect  of  farm- 
burning  and  "  clearing  "  of  the  country  will 
be  made  use  of  by  opponents  of  the  Milner 
policy.  These  are  matters  of  political  con- 
troversy, and  the  chief  part  of  the  book  is 
technical,  dealing  with  cattle  disease  and 
other   matters  not  wholly   suitable   to   our 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


'69 


columns.  The  author  frankly  states  that 
the 

"set-back  to  the  great  expectations  foimecl  during 
the  war  was  the  revelation,  immediately  after  the 
declaration  of  peace,  of  the  appalling  havoc 
wrought  by  the  clearance  policy." 
He  had  previously  described  at  the  beginning 
of  his  book  the  attempt  in  early  days  to 
avoid  destruction  :  "  To  devastate  a  country 
which  she  had  determined  to  conquer  and 
hold  was  obviously  not  in  Great  Britain's 
interests  "  ;  but,  owing,  Mr.  Beak  thinks, 
to.  "  the  senseless  guerilla  warfare  "  of  the 
Boers,  "  systematic  "  "  devastation  "  became 
necessary  : — 

"Millstones  and  agricultural  implements  were 

broken Cattle  and  sheep,  which  could  not  be 

driven  into  our  lines,  or  which  were  not  imme- 
diatelj'  required  for  food,  were  slaughtered  on  the 
spot  and  left  either  to  rot  or  be  devoured  by  the 
aasvogels," 

Grain  and  forage  were  "  burnt  with  paraffin. 
Growing  crops  were  either  set  on  fire  or 
trampled  down,  according  to  then  maturity." 
After  the  war,  followed  the  costly  operation 
of  restocking  here  described. 

An  interesting  experiment  has  been  under- 
taken by  Messrs.  Hugh  Montgomery  and 
P.  Cambray  in  a  Dictionary  of  Political 
Phrases  and  Allusions  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.). 
Such  a  book  invites,  by  the  amusing  topics 
touched  on,  a  review  of  a  length  for  which 
space  cannot  be  spared.  It  would  be  diffi- 
cult, indeed,  to  satisfy  any  critic  that  the 
right  exclusions  and  the  right  inclusions  are 
made  in  such  a  volume.  Notes  and  Queries 
has  done  much  in  this  direction,  as,  for 
example,  in  the  case  of  "  Pin-Pricks."  A 
well-known  journalist  who  contributes  to 
that  periodical  as  "  Politician  "  is  of  high 
authority  on  such  matters.  This  book  will 
help  a  hasty  journalist  to  WTite  in  such  a 
fashion  as  to  pass  muster  with  a  hasty  sub- 
editor. Most  of  the  paragraphs  will  fairly 
satisfy  the  needs  of  the  debating  society  or 
"local  Parliament."  That  they  will  not  as 
a  rule  stand  close  examination  is  natural 
enough.  A  crux  of  the  day  is  membership 
of  "  the  Labour  Party."  The  book  refers 
from  this  title  to  various  bodies,  with  notices 
none  of  them  exactly  sufficient.  On  the 
other  hand,  under  '  Lib-Labs  '  we  find  some 
names  given  which  are  hardly  the  most 
representative.  Mr.  Wadsworth  is  included 
in  a  list  of  three,  while  Iris  real  chiefs  in  the 
Miners'  Federation  of  Great  Britain,  such  as 
Mr.  Enoch  Edwards,  are  omitted,  as  is  also 
Mr.  Steadman,  who  holds  the  office  of 
Parliamentary  Secretary  of  the  Trade  Union 
-Congress.  Most  of  the  entries  fall  a  little 
short  of  the  exactness  to  be  desired  in  such 
a  dictionary.  "  Spheres  of  influence  "  are 
here  based  on  the  opinion  of  the  country 
concerned  ;  whereas  in  fact  they  are  in 
almost  all  cases  based  upon  an  agreement 
made  by  two  Great  1  owers  and  more  or  less 
recognized  by  the  others.  There  should  be 
a  reference  to  such  works  on  the  subject  as 
'  The  Map  of  Africa  by  Treaty.'  On  the 
same  page  we  discover  the  "  squeezed 
sponge,"  but  not  the  longer-lived  and  still 
healthy  "  squeezed  lemon."  "  Three  acres 
and  a  cow  "  dates  here  only  from  188G — 
almost  the  end,  rather  than  the  beginning, 
of  that  cow's  life.  The  history  of  the  phrase 
and  the  contest  for  the  origin,  in  which  Lord 
Tollemache  took  an  active  part,  should  have 
been  mentioned.  In  Irish  affairs  similar 
criticism  may  be  offered.  The  account  given 
of  Mr.  Chamberlain's  scheme  of  1885  is  in 
words  taken  from  him,  but  not  the  most 
clear,  nor  perhaps  the  most  accurate.  This 
"rival  account  of  ours  is  also  taken  from  him, 
and  is,  we  think,  more  correct:  a  scheme 
for  the  creation  in  Ireland  of  a  single  National 
Elective   Council,   to   deal   with   the   duties 


of  the  Four  Boards  knowTi  as  Dublin  Castle, 
and  with  such  subjects  as  land  and  education. 
Under  '  Maamtrasna  '  we  are  told  that  "  it 
was  asserted  that  the  Conservatives  had 
made  an  alliance  with  Mr.  Parnell  and  the 
Irish  Party,  of  which  this  incident  formed 
part,  and  to  it  was  given  the  name  of  the 
Maamtrasna  Alliance."  This  is  true,  but 
the  subsequent  revelations  contained  in 
Morley's  '  Gladstone,'  the  life  of  Lord  Ran- 
dolph Churchill,  and  other  recexit  books,  as 
to  the  one  other  or  two  other  portions  of  the 
promise,  should  have  been  the  subject  of  a 
reference  ;  so  also  the  fact  that  "  the  Con- 
servatives "  included  Lord  Salisbury,  but 
did  not  include  Sir  Michael  Beach.  The 
reference  to  these  two  statesmen  is  here 
limited  to  Maamtrasna,  but  should  extend 
to  "  No-coercion,"  and  "  a  viceroy  favour- 
able to  Home  Rule,"  or  "  wdlling  to  inquire 
into  Home  Rule."  '  Franchise  '  may  be 
called  accurate,  when  the  great  difficulty  of 
the  subject  is  considered.  Ten  of  our 
principal  franchises  are  included,  and  it 
would  be  hypercriticism  to  suggest  that  the 
francluse  is  not  exactly  uniform  in  the  three 
kingdoms.  Some  of  the  ownership  fran- 
chises, for  example,  slightly  differ  as  be- 
tween England  and  Ireland.  A  more 
real  criticism,  is  that  some  lines  beginning 
"  Poor  rates  "  are  interposed  after  the 
account  of  the  service  franchise  in  such 
a  way  as  to  make  it  far  from  clear  to 
what  franchises  the  defect  in  rates  applies. 
'  National  Education  League '  ends  with 
the  official  attitude  that  the  League  was 
dissolved  because  its  "  objects  "  had  "  been 
effected."  It  is  enough  to  make  Mr.  George 
Dixon  turn  in  his  grave  to  be  told  that  this 
was  a  consequence  of  the  Acts  of  "  1870  and 
Lord  Sandon's  Act  of  1876."  The  hostility 
of  the  League  to  section  25  of  the  Act  of  1870 
drove  it  into  opposition  to  Gladstone, 
and  Lord  Sandon's  Act  was  carried  against 
its  fiercest  hostility.  '  Truck  System  '  does 
not  take  account  of  the  judgment  of  the 
House  of  Lords  which  has  revived  the  Act 
of  1831.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that 
"  the  principle  of  the  Truck  Acts  has  been 
considerably  extended  since  1831."  It  has, 
on  the  contrary,  been  sadly  contracted,  as 
will  be  shown  in  the  Report  of  the  Committee 
which  is  now  dealing  with  the  subject. 
"  Sandemania  "  is  not,  we  think,  now  in  use 
for  the  policy  attributed  to  Sir  R.  Sand t man; 
while  a  good  many  other  temporary  terms 
of  tins  description  which  have  had  a  longer 
life,  are  excluded.  '  Single  Tax  '  opens  with 
the  words,  "  This  tax,  first  pioposed  by  Mr. 
Henry  George  "  ;  whereas  a  whole  sj'stem 
of  economics  in  the  eighteenth  century  was 
based  upon  the  scheme,  which  received 
official  consideration  by  the  Governments 
of  France  which  followed  the  Revolution  of 
1789.  "  Smooting  "  is  included,  to  our 
surprise  ;  though  better-known  pieces  of 
trade  or  labour  slang  are  excluded  from 
the  volume.  "  '  Slugs  '  Speech  "  is  given, 
though  the  speech  itself  is  forgotten. 
"  Buckshot."  however,  we  do  not  find, 
though  still  in  use.  "  Surtax  "  is  included 
—  lightly,  we  think  ;  but  "  supertax," 
more  heard  of  in  the  present  day,  is  not. 
Although  there  aresomesurprisingincluE 
we  do  not  find  Tooley  Street — still  used  ;  nor 
Cabbage  Garden,  recently  referred  in  fco  the 
newspapers  on  the  election  of  a  distinguished 
grandson  of 

The  gallant  Smith-O'Brien, 
who 

Stood  raging  like  a  li"ii 
On  Shannon  sh<  re. 

"  Dirty  trick,"  of  the  famous  division,  is 
omitted— we  think  rightly,  as  it  has  within 
the  lasl  year  or  two  gone  out  of  use  ;  but  a 
pica  might  l>e  put  in  for  "  well-fed  beasts  "  ; 
and  the  older  "  ransom  "  and  "  skeleton  at 


the  feast  "  are  still  referred  to  in  the  news- 
papers of  the  present  year. 

Book-Prices  Current.  Vol.  XX.  (Stock.) 
— It  is  the  peculiar  fate  of  periodical  pub- 
lications dealing  with  bibliography  to  die 
an  early  death.  This  seems  to  be  the  general 
rule  abroad  as  well  as  at  home.  Yet  we 
have  here  the  twentieth  annual  volume  of  an 
expensive  book  which  does  not  in  any  sense 
appeal  to  popular  tastes.  Perhaps  it  is 
because  of  its  severely  utilitarian  character 
that  '  Book  -  Prices  Current '  has  outlived 
all  other  bibliographical  enterprises.  At 
ftsst  it  was  received  with  the  liveliest  anti- 
pathy by  "  the  trade,"  chiefly  on  the  score 
that  it  gave  away  their  secrets — the  prices 
which  books  realized  at  public  sales. 
Probably  it  is  the  most  frequently  con- 
sulted work  of  reference  in  the  second-hand 
bookseller's  shop,  in  spite  of  its  limitations, 
and  of  the  fact  that  the  prices  recorded  in 
its  earlier  volumes  are  not  of  much  value 
as  a  guide  nowadays.  Collectors'  tastes 
change  in  almost  every  decade,  although 
recognized  standard  volumes  show  a  singu- 
larly even  average  as  regards  prices,  and, 
curiously  enough,  do  not  seem  to  be  much 
affected  by  the  numerous  cheap  reprints. 

Mr.  Slater's  new  volume  reflects  great 
credit  on  his  painstaking  industry.  In 
going  carefully  through  it,  however,  we  have 
noted  a  few  points  which  call  for  notice. 
One  curious  anomaly  arrests  the  attention 
at  the  start.  Last  year's  volume  was  con- 
siderably less  bulky  than  its  predecessor, 
and  the  season's  sales  of  42,447  lots  produced 
a  total  of  121,327/.  10s.  6d.,  or  an  average 
of  21.  17s.  2d.  per  lot :  this  report  was  con- 
densed into  598  pages.  The  1906  sales  of 
37,414  lots,  producing  a  total  of  95,829/.  Is., 
or  an  average  of  21.  lis.  3d.,  have  been 
expanded  into  745  pages.  In  other  words, 
the  far  less  important  season  has  required 
close  on  150  pages  more  in  which  to  cope 
with  its  mass  of  material.  We  do  not  see 
why  this  should  be  so,  but  perhaps  the 
editorial  annotations  are  much  fuller.  As 
a  general  rule  Mr.  Slater  has  kept  a  careful 
look-out  for  imperfections  not  indicated  in 
the  sale  catalogues,  but  discovered  whilst 
the  books  were  on  view.  Some  few  of  these, 
however,  appear  to  have  escaped  him.  The 
Salisbury  Missal,  1557  (No.  1820),  bought 
by  Mr.  Leighton  for  35/.,  wanted  the  Calendar 
and  several  leaves — we  have  noted  in  our 
catalogue  "  ?  6  leaves."  The  Walton  and 
Cotton  'Complete  Angler,'  1676  (No.  5111), 
had  a  portion  of  a  few  leaves  in  facsimile. 
The  exceedingly  interesting  presentation 
copy  of  Evelyn's  '  Silva,'  1670  (No.  5166), 
is  an  instance  of  the  danger  of  accepting 
statements  in  catalogues  too  literally. 
The  portrait,  reproduced  in  facsimile  in 
Messrs.  Hodgson's  catalogue,  contained  the 
presentation  inscription  "  For  Mr.  Callwal, 
J.  Evelyn."  The  catalogue,  carefully  followed 
by  ^Ir.  Slater,  made  nonsense  of  this  in- 
scription by  printing  it  "For  Mr.  Callwal 
Evelyn."  A  mere  glance  at  the  facsimile 
shows  that  the  J  and  the  E  are  intertwined. 
The  Shakspeare  First  Folio,  No.  6659,  wanted 
two  leaves  besides  those  enumerated  in  the 
sale  catalogue.  The  next  entry,  which 
comprises  a  complete  set  of  the  Caradoc 
Press  publications,  is  inadequate,  and  not 
according  to  the  sale  catalogue.  The  Thacke- 
ray entry  '  Flore  et  Zephyr,'  1S36  (No.  6827), 
correctly  states  that  this  copy  had  only 
eight  plates,  but  it  would  have  been  an 
advantage  to  add  that  there  should  be  nine. 

These  corrections  do  not  constitute  a 
<  i ,.  us  indictment,  but  they  show  that  Mr. 
Slater's  accuracy  is  not  even  yet  abovo 
criticism.  In  some  other  respects  we  would 
offer  a  few  suggestions.  For  inst 
Charles    I.'s    own    coDy    of    the    Bo<>ke    of 

9 


770 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


Common  Prayer,  1G36  (No.  803),  in  the 
Cork  and  Orrery  sale  at  Christie's  in 
November  of  last  year,  should  certainly 
have  been  indexed  under  Charles  I.  ;  it  was 
a  unique  copy  —  for  which  Mr.  Quaritch 
gave  2851. — of  a  book  of  little  value  apart 
from  its  historical  association.  Then, 
again,  a  line  or  two  should  have  been 
devoted  to  the  highly  important  Whitworth 
Papers,  now  in  the  British  Museum,  in 
41  thick  folio  volumes,  which  Mr.  Quaritch 
bought  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  on  July  1st ; 
and  the  Lafayette  correspondence  should 
also  have  been  recorded.  It  is  obvious  that 
in  the  case  of  manuscripts  and  autographs, 
genereJly  excluded  from  '  Book-Prices  Cur- 
rent,' no  hard-and-fast  rule  can  be  followed 
with  success. 

With  regard  to  the  extraordinary  batch 
of  pre-Shakspearean  plays  sold  at  Messrs. 
Sotheby's  in  June,  the  annotation  to  the 
first,  'Triall  of  Treasure,'  1567  (No.  6662), 
is  not  quite  clear  nor  correct.  The  Rox- 
burghe,  White  Knights,  and  Heber  copies 
were,  we  believe,  one  and  the  same,  and  not 
three,  as  would  be  inferred  from  the  entry  ; 
and  the  Malone  copy  in  the  Bodleian  is  not 
mentioned  at  all.  Several  other  of  the  plays 
might  have  been  annotated  without  nmch 
difficulty,  since  Mr.  Greg  has  already  done 
a  considerable  amount  of  pioneer  work  in 
this  important  and  difficult  bypath  of  lite- 
rature. 

Miss  Florence  Wade-Evans's  transla- 
tion of  M.  Jean  Pinot's  Race  Prejudice  (Con- 
stable) is  reasonably  well  done.  Sometimes 
she  gives  a  clumsy  rendering  of  French 
phrases,  as  when  she  talks  about  "  true 
science,  violated  and  deterred  from  its 
object."  The  argument,  too,  would  have 
gained  point  if  francs,  metres,  and  hectares 
had  been  converted  into  their  English  equi- 
valents ;  and  some  of  the  proper  names  are 
incorrectly  reproduced.  "  Skeats  "  should, 
of  course,  be  Skeat  ;  and  "  Japygians," 
Iapygians.  On  the  whole,  however,  M. 
Finot's  work  reads  smoothly  in  its  English 
version.  How  far  his  ingenious  attempt 
to  do  away  with  the  significance  of  race  will 
win  recognition  is  another  matter  altogether. 
His  employment  of  the  destructive  method 
to  wreck  the  conclusions  of  anthropologists 
must  be  pronounced  more  entertaining  than 
•convincing.  Granted  that  they  frequently 
disagree,  it  does  not  follow  that  their  re- 
searches are  to  be  treated  with  derision.  In 
building  up  his  theory,  besides,  he  seems 
to  catch  at  any  traveller's  tale  that  suits  his 
purpose.  What  serious  anthropologist  ever 
described  negroes  as  "a  race  that  holds  a 
middle  place  between  man  and  monkey"  ? 
The  theory  is  not,  as  M.  Finot  states  it,  that 
they  cannot  be  civilized,  but  that  the  process 
will  take  a  good  deal  longer,  and  be  attended 
by  more  relapses  into  savagery,  than 
idealists  like  himself  imagine. 

Poems,  1899-1905,  by  W.  B.  Yeats  (A.  H. 
Bullen),  contains  all  the  poems  completed  by 
the  author  during  the  last  six  years,  includ- 
ing rewritten  versions  of  the  three  plays 
•  The  Shadowy  Waters,'  '  On  Baile's  Strand,' 
and  '  The  King's  Threshold.'  About  the 
plays,  as  such,  there  remains  much  that  is 
vague  and  formless  ;  their  value  lies  in  their 
poetry,  and  in  the  elusiveness  and  mystical 
suggestion  which  are  Mr.  Yeats's  peculiar 
qualities,  but  do  not  make  for  dramatic 
strength.  As  a  whole,  the  book  suffers  from 
its  obvious  connexion  with  the  movement 
which  is  seeking — not  always  judiciously — 
to  force  a  Gaelic  literature  into  existence. 
The  lavish  use  of  Gaelic  names  and  Gaelic 
myths  may  fire  the  patriot  ;  but  their  appeal 
will  of  necessity  be  limited,  and  further, 
they  are  not  without  danger  in  that  they  are 
too    apt   to  be  regarded   as   in    themselves 


sufficient  to  give  poetical  distinction.  Another 
tendency — arising  perhaps  from  the  same 
cause,  and  greatly  to  be  regretted — is  an 
increasing  lack  of  restraint,  which  in  the 
verses  called  '  The  Happy  Townland  '  comes 
perilously  near  to  grotesqueness.  These 
blemishes  are  accentuated  by  the  presence 
in  the  volume  of  certain  exquisite  little  poems, 
'  Adam's  Curse,'  '  The  Folly  of  being  Com- 
forted,' and  '  The  Entrance  of  Deirdre,' 
whence  it  would  almost  seem  that  Mr.  Yeats 
is  a  victim  to  the  law  whereby  even  a  literary 
movement  requires  its  martyrs.  His  poetry 
is,  at  his  bast,  one  of  the  d alights  of  ai  arid 
world. 

Sea,  Camp,  and  Stage.  By  W.  H.  Pen- 
nington. (Arrowsmith.) — Mr.  Pennington, 
who  is  one  of  the  few  survivors  of  the  Bala- 
clava Light  Brigade,  has  in  this  little  book 
of  two  hundred  pages  given  the  story  of  his 
life.  His  father,  on  retiring  from  the  Civil 
Service,  beaame  principal  of  a  school,  and 
wished  his  son  to  succeed  him  ;  but  the  love 
of  adventure  prevailed,  and  in  1851  the  boy 
"  found  himself  on  board  the  full-rigged  ship 
Isabella,  bound  for  Melbourne."  After  a 
series  of  adventures  he  returned  home,  and 
in  1853  enlisted  in  the  11th  Hussars,  and  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Russia  went 
with  his  regiment  to  the  Crimea.  Of  Bala- 
clava day  Mr.  Pennington  relates  : — 

' '  The  following  words  hy  Lord  Cardigan  are 
vivid  in  my  recollection,  and  I  hear  them  again  as 
I  record  them  :  '  The  Light  Brigade  will  advance. 
Walk — march — trot.'  (No  trumpet  sounding  took 
place.)  We  heard  the  words  with  incredulous 
amazement,  for  the  madness  of  our  errand  was 
plain  to  the  weakest  judgment  amongst  us.  The 
awful  gravity  of  the  moment  can  only  be  realized 
by  those  who  were  riding,  as  each  one  of  us 
believed,  to  certain  destruction." 

As  the  Light  Brigade  advanced  down  the 
valley, 

' '  Lord  Cardigan  leading  at  a  steady  trot,  round 
shot  from  the  Fedioukine  Hills  and  causeway 
heights  came  bowling  in  amongst  us,  making  dire 
havoc,  and  bursting  shells  scattering  broadcast 
their  death-dealing  horrors.  Cannon-shot  tore  the 
earth  up,  raising  the  dust  in  clouds,  while  men 
and   horses   in  the  leading   ranks  fell   thick   and 

fast The  guns   in  the    twelve-gun   battery   in 

front  were  now  being  served  with  ever-increasing 
precision,  as  the  Russian  gunners  stood  secure 
from  any  chance  of  injury  to  man  or  gun." 

A  musket  ball  struck  Pennington's  mare, 
Black  Bess,  the  fastest  in  the  troop.  While 
he  was  left  alone,  far  from  the  British  lines, 
a  ball  passed  through  his  right  leg,  and  a 
shot  tilted  his  busby  over  his  right  ear,  Bess 
receiving  "the  coup  de  grace  which  brought 
us  both  to  earth,  though  I  was  still  astride 
the  mare."  Great  was  his  joy  when  Ser- 
jeant-Major Harrison,  seeing  his  plight, 
brought  a  mare  whose  rider  had  been  killed. 
He  contrived  to  mount  her,  and  on  reaching 
the  camp  managed,  lame  as  he  was,  to  slip 
in  front  of  her  and  kiss  her  on  the  nose, 
"  for  to  her  I  owed  my  life."  Mr.  Penning- 
ton acknowledgas  the  debt  of  gratitude  due 
to  the  Chasseurs  d'Afrique,  who  without 
hesitation  attacked  the  enemy  posted  on 
the  hills. 

Our  author  has  much  of  interest  to  say 
about  his  subsequent  career  on  the  stage, 
but  this  we  must  leave  to  his  readers,  of 
whom  we  hope  he  will  have  many,  for  he 
tells  his  tale  modestly  and  well.  We  trust 
that  he  will  be  spared  for  many  years  to 
enjoy  the  rest  he  well  deserves. 

Vols.  III.  and  IV.  are  now  out  of  the 
admirable  "  National  Edition  "  of  Dickons, 
and  contain  Pickwick.  This  is,  as  collectors 
know,  one  of  the  books  which  have  risen 
highest  in  value,  owing  to  cancelled  illus- 
trations, in  the  present  edition  Seymour, 
H.  K.  Browne,  Leech,  Buss,  and  C.  It. 
Leslie   are   the  artists.     The  vignette    title- 


page  of  the  "  Library  Edition "  by  Phiz 
pleases  us  particularly,  as  showing  a 
more  human  presentation  of  Mr.  Pickwick 
than  is  usual.  The  two  green  covers  of  the 
original  edition  of  1836  and  the  "  People's 
Edition  "  of  1865  show  concisely  the  change 
in  the  plan  of  the  book.  Leslie's  '  Pickwick 
with  Mrs.  Bardell  in  his  Arms '  curiously 
misses  the  humour  of  the  scene,  being  a  sort 
of  mild  imitation  of  Stothard's  smoothness. 
There  is  a  new  sketch  by  Leech  of  '  Tom 
Smart  and  the  Chair.'  Phiz  has  the  second 
volume  to  himself  with  the  pictures  that  have 
become  famous. 

In  "  The  Oxford  Poets "  (Frowde)  we 
have  before  us  Hood  and  Goldsmith  in  two 
styles,  that  on  India  paper  being  particularly 
attractive.  But  either  is  well  worth  the 
attention  of  those  who  wish  to  secure  poetry 
in  a  complete,  well-edited  form.  Mr.  Austin 
Dobson  is  the  ideal  choice  to  look  after  Gold- 
smith, and  the  book  has  some  attractive 
illustrations  and  facsimiles.  Mr.  Walter 
Jerrold  has  edited  Hood  with  zeal  and  in- 
dustry. He  duly  notes  the  fact  that  several 
of  Hood's  poems  appeared  in  The  Athenaeum 
of  a  bygone  age,  notably  the  '  Ode  to  Rae 
Wilson  '  (August  12th,  1837). 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  already  a  second 
edition  has  been  published  of  A  History  of 
Classical  Scholarship  (Cambridge,  University 
Press),  a  single  volume  which  contains 
within  its  covers  a  remarkable  amount  of 
erudition. 

Mb.  Heinemann  has  issued  new  and 
cheaper  editions  of  Dr.  Nordau's  clever  books 
Paradoxes  and  Conventional  Lies  of  our 
Civilization.  The  ten  years  which  have 
elapsed  since  they  first  appeared  have  made 
their  liveliness  no  longer  a  matter  for 
reproach,  while  their  criticism  is  as  keen  and 
salutary  as  ever. 

Messrs.  Mabie,  Todd  &1Babd  have  sent 
us  one  of  their  Swan  Fountain  Pens,  which, 
after  ample  trial  by  a  person  who  writes  a 
great  deal  and  another  who  writes  seldom, 
we  recognize  as  a  real  convenience  and  luxury. 
We  used  to  think  that  some  special  com- 
mercial aptitude  was  needed  to  deal  with 
such  pens,  but  &11  can  manage  a  well-regu- 
lated affair  like  the  Swan. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Joseph  (N.  S.),  Religion,  Natural  and  Revealed,  Revised 

Edition,  1/  net. 
Kinnear  (J.  B.),  The  Teaching  of  the  Lord  contained  in  the 

Gospels,  2/0  net. 
Knight  (H.  T.),  Criticism  and  the  Old  Testament,  3/6  net. 
My  res  (\V.  M.),  Fragments  that  Remain,  3/6 
Otto  (R.),  Naturalism  and  Religion,  translated  by  J.  A.  and 

M.  R.  Thomson,  6/ 
Robertson  (R.  C),  Modern  Infidelity  Exposed,  2/6  net 
S.   Francis  of  Assisi,   Writings,   translated  by  Father  P. 

Robinson,  3/6  net. 
Seaver  (R.  W.),  To  Christ  through  Criticism,  3/6  net. 
Scott  (E.  F.),  The  Fourth  Gospel,  its  Purpose  and  Theology, 

6/  net. 
Westcott(B.  F.),  Village  Sermons,  6/ 
Wordsworth  (C),  The  Precedence  of  English  Bishops  and 

the  Provincial  Chapter,  2/6  net. 
Law. 
Fox-navies  (A.    C),   and  Carlyon  -  Britton  (P.   W.   P.),   A 

Treatise  on  the  Law  concerning  Names  and  Changes  of 

Name,  3/6 

Fine  Art  and  Arehtxology. 
Aria  (Mrs.),  Costume:  Fanciful,  Historical,  and  Theatrical, 

10/6  net. 
Arundel  Club,  Publications  for  1906. 
Cofinen  (F.),  Essays  cm  (ilass,  China,  Silver,  &c,  6/  net. 
Egypt  Exploration   Fund,   Archaeological   Report,  1905-0- 

2/6  net. 
Fairbairnfl  (A.),  The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales 

Vol.  III.,  10/6  net. 
Could  (Sir  F.  C),  Political  Caricatures,  1906,  6/  net. 
King  (■].),  The  Edwardian  Walls  and  Elizabethan  Ramparts 

of  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  1/ 
King's  Empire, The,  Introduction  by  W.  H.  Fitchett,2voIs., 

12/  each. 
Scott  (M.  H.  Baillie),  Houses  and  Gardens,  31/6  net. 
Thames,  from  Chelsea  to  the  Nore,  drawn  in  Lithography 

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N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


771 


Poetry  and  Drama. 
Adams  (A.  H.),  London  Streets,  2/6  net. 
Davies  (\V.  H.),  New  Poems,  1/0  net. 
Dawson  (C.  W.),  The  Worker,  and  other  Poems,  5/  net. 
Dickins  (C.  S.),  Glimmerings,  3/ net. 

Fireside  Readings,  Poems  and  Stories,  by  Lilian,  :!/0  net. 
Irwin  (\V.),  Random  Rhymes  and  Odd  Numbers,  6/6  net. 
Leight-m  (\\\),   A  Scrapbook    of   Pictures  and    Fancies  ; 

Whisperings  of  the  Sphinx. 
Lyrics  of  Ben  Jonson,  Beaumont,  and  Fletcher,  edited  by 

J.  Masetield,  :5/6  net. 
Ogilvie(W.  H.),  Rainbows  and  Witches,  1/  net. 
Old  German  Love  Songs,  translated  from  the  .Minnesingers 

by  P.  C.  Nicholson,  6/ 
Rickards  (.M.  S.  C),  Lyrics  of  Life  and  Beauty,  3/6  net. 
Swain  (C),  Selections,  compiled   by  his  Third   Daughter, 

5/  net. 
Waddington  (S.),  Sonnets,  2/6  net. 

Woolf  (B.  S.),  Dear  Sweet  Anne  ;  or,  the  Mysterious  Verses, 
3/6 

Music. 
English  Music,  1H04  to  1904.  3/6  net. 

Taylor  (S.),  The  Indebtedness  of  Handel  to  Works  of  other 
Composers,  12/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
British  Museum,  Subject  Index,  1901-5,  edited   by  G.  K. 

Fortescue,  40/ 
Graham  (M.),  The  Early  Glasgow  Press. 
Political  Economy. 
Banking  Almanac  and  Directory,  1907,  15/  net. 
Fern  (E.),  Socialism  and  Positive  Science,  translated  by 

E.  C.  Harvey,  Fourth  Edition,  1/6  net. 
Jebb  (E.),  Cambridge:  a  Brief  Study  in  Social  Questions, 

4/6  net. 
Olivier  (S.),  White  Capital  and  Coloured  Labour,  1/6  net. 
Wells  (H.  G.),  Socialism  and  the  Family,  6rf.  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Allen  (H.  J.),    Early  Chinese   History:    Are  the   Chinese 

Classics  Forged  ?  5/ 
Bradley-Birt  (F.  B.),  The  Romance  of  an  Eastern  Capital, 

12/6  net. 
Debrett's    Peerage,    Baronetage,     Knightage,    and    Com- 

panionage,  1907,  31/6  net. 
Duff(H.  L.),  Nyasaland  under  the  Foreign  Office,  Second 

Edition,  7/6  net. 
Hammermen  of  Edinburgh  and  their  Altar  in  St.  Giles 

Church,  10/6  net. 
Kelly's  Handbook  to    the    Titled,    Landed,    and    Official 

Classes,  1907,  16/ 
Ker(W.  P.),  Sturla  the  Historian,  Romanes  Lecture,  1/  net. 
Parry  (D.  H.),  Britain's  Roll  of  Glory,  New  Edition,  6/ 
Reich    (E.),   An    Alphabetical    Encyclopaedia    of    Ancient 

History  and  Geography,  3/6  net. 
Romsey  Abbey  (Records  of),  compiled  by  H.  G.  D.  Liveing, 

10/6  net. 
Rose  (J.  H.).  Napoleonic  Studies,  Second  Edition,  5/ net. 
Seccombe  (T.)  and  Nicoll  (\V.  R.),  'The  Bookman,'  Illus- 
trated History  of  English  Literature,  2  vols.,  15/  net. 
Semenoff  (Capt.  v.),  The  Battle  of  Tsu-Shima,  translated 

by  Capt.  A.  B.  Lindsay,  3/6  net. 
Swindells  (T.),  Manchester  Streets  and  Manshester  Men, 

3/  net. 
Tallentyre  (S.  G.),  The  Friends  of  Voltaire,  9/  net. 
Weldon  (Walter  Frank  Raphael),  a  Memoir,  6/  net. 
Wheater(YV.),  Knaresburgh  and  its  Rulers,  21/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Dick  (S.),  The  Heart  of  Spain,  3/8  net. 
Igglesden  (C),    A  Saunter  through  Kent  with   Pen   and 

Pencil,  Vol.  VII.,  2/6 
Mountmorres  (Viscount),  The  Congo  Independent  State, 

6/  net. 
Rix  (H.),  Tent  and  Testament,  8/8  net. 
Scott  (Sir  J.  G.),  Burma,  10/6  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Snippings  from  Surtees,  1/6  net. 

Education. 
Journal  of  Education,  1908,  7,0 

Philology. 
German  and   English   Dictionary,   enlarged  by   K.   Breul, 

7/6  net. 
Tacitus,  Annals,  edited  by  C.  D.  Fisher,  7/ 

School-Books. 

Canfleld  (D.  F.)  and  Carpenter  (G.  R.),  Elementary  Com- 
position, 2/  net. 

Carpenter  (G.    K.),    Rhetoric    and     English    Composition, 
4/6  net. 

First-Class  Arm v  School  Certificate  made  Easy,  Group  L, 
2/6  net. 

French  (C.  II.)  and  Osborn  (G.)    Graphs,  Second  Edition, 
1/6 

Scott  (Sir  \\\),  The  Talisman,  edited  by  A.  S.  Gave,  2/ 

Workman  (YV.  P.)  and  Cracknell  (A.  G.),  Geometry,  Theo- 
retical and  Practical,  Section  IV.,  1/ 
Science. 

Adye  (K.   II.),  Studies  in  Micropetrography,  Part  I.,   84/ 
yearly. 

American  Journal  of  Mathematics,  October,  1  dol.  50. 

Beard  (D.  C),  The  Field  and  Forest  Handy  Book,  6/ net. 

French  (C),  Surgical   Diseases  and  Surgery  of  the  Dog, 
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Lock  (R  H.),  Recent  Progress  in  the  Study  of  Variation, 
Heredity,  and  Evolution,  7/6  net. 

Mill"  is  (J.  G.),  The  Mammals  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
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Read  (C.  8.),  How  to  Keep  Well,  2/6  net. 

Science  Year-Book,  1907,  5/  net. 

Stansbie  (J.  II.),  Introduction  to  Metallurgical  Chemistry, 
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Wilda(IL),  Marine  Engineering,  20/ 
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Dickens  (C),  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  abridged  by  J.  Connolly, 
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Favourite  Fairy  Tales,  1/ 

Gillie  (A.  E.),  Barbara  in  Brittany,  2/6 

((olden  Sunbeams,  1906,  1/4 

Golding(V.),  The  Story  of  H.  M.  Stanley,  Pictures  by  L.  D. 

Luard,  1/6  net. 
Lang  (J.),  Stories  from   the  Odyssey,  pictures  by  W.   H. 

Robinson,  1/6  net. 
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Moore  (H.  C),  The  Andros  Island  Treasure,  1/6 
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2/6  net. 
Romance  of  Merch  tut  Ve  iturers,  edited  by  E.  E.  Speight,  5/ 
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Watson  (E.    K.    R.),   Heavenly  Truths   in  Earthly  Dress, 

Readings  for  Children,  3/6  net. 
Workman  (J.),  A  Secret  Passage,  1/6 

General  Literature. 
Baring  Gonld  (s.),  Mehalah,  New  Edition,  &d. 
Biustead  (H.  E.),  Useful  Details  in  Several  Styles,  3/6  net. 
Clergyman's  R"ady  Reference  Diary,  1907,  3/6 
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Gaskell  (Mrs.),  Wives  and  Daughters,  Knutsford  Edition, 

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Geddes  (P.)  and  others,  Halls  of  Residence  for  University 

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Hazell's  Annual,  1907,  3/6  net. 
Hollins  (D.),  The  Seven  Wayfarers,  2/6  net. 
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Literary  Year-Book  and  Bookman's  Directory,  1907,  5/  net. 
Live  Stock  Journal  Almanac,  1/ 
Lynn  (K.),  The  Joy  of  Hell,  6/ 
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Martin    (R.),    The    Future    of    Russia,    translated    by    H. 

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Watauna  (Onoto),  A  Japanese  Blossom,  6/ 
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FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
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Resch  (A.),  Agrapha,  amsercanonische  Schriftfragmants, 
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Law. 
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Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Gestes  et  Profits  :  Das-iius  de  H.  Geoff  roy,  20fr. 
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25m. 
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Peyre  (It.),  Padoue  et  Verone,  4fr. 

Bibliography. 
CagnatLM.  R.),  Les  Bibliotheques  municipales  dans  l'Eni- 
pire  roniun,  2£r.  10. 

History  and  Biography. 
Dierauer  (J.),  Geschichte  der  sehweizerischen  Eidgenossen- 

schaft:  Vol.  III.,  1516-1648,  12m. 
Fortoul  (J.  G.),  Historia  constitucion  il  de  Venezuela,  Vol.  I. 
Woltmann  (L.),  Die  Germ  men  in  Frankreich,  7m.  50. 

Philology. 
Revue  germanique  :    No.  4  bis,  Chaucer,   Les  Contes  de 

Canterbury,  4fr. 
Vogliano(A.),  Ricerchesopral'Ottavo  Mimiambo  di  Heroda. 

Science. 
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Hagen   (B.),_  Kopf-   u.    Gesichtstypen   ostasiatisscher  u. 
melanesischer  Volker,  100m. 

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Beaurepaire  (Q.  de),  La  Conspiration  de  Domain,  3fr.  50. 
Denoinville  (G.),  Vies  encloses,  3fr.  50. 
Gaubert(Rv),  Jean  sans  terre,  3fr.  50. 
Grasset  (P.),  Le  Journal  de  Pierre  Daumis,  3fr.  50. 
Joran  (T.),  Autour  du  Feminisms,  3fr.  50. 
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Revue  germanique,  No.  5,  4fr. 

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FERDINAND    BRUNETIERE. 

The  death  of  M.  Ferdinand  Brunetiere, 
who  succumbed  to  a  long,  painful,  and  in- 
curable illness  in  Paris  on  Sunday  last,  is  an 
irreparable  loss  to  French  literature — indeed, 
to  literary  criticism.  For  a  quarter  of  a 
century  he  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  forces 
in  French  literary  circles,  and,  since  Taine's 
death  in  1893,  perhaps  the  foremost  critic, 
vigorous,  alert,  learned,  and  in  many  respects 
uncompromising. 

Apart  from  his  sincere  patriotism,  the  two 
great  passions  of   Brunetiere's   literary   life 


were  the  rescue  of  Bossuet  from  obscurity 
and  the  denunciation  of  the  naturalistic 
school  of  novelists — Zola,  Hector  Malot,  and 
the  rest.  A  good  lover  and  a  still  better 
hater,  he  more  often  than  he  perhaps  realized 
arrived  at  ill-considered  judgments.  He 
bo^an  the  war  against  '  l'ealism "  in  1875 
with  an  attack  on  Zola's  '  La  Faute  de 
l'Abbe  Mouret,'  and,  oddly  enough,  this 
purely  imaginative  book  was  declared  to 
be  "  full  of  revolting  pictures,5'  and  stig- 
matized as  gross  caricature.  He  held  up 
Chateaubriand's  '  Rene '  and  Goethe's  '  Wer- 
ther  '  to  the  view  of  the  novelists  of 
"  realism,''  and  contended  that  these  two 
authors  gave  us  realistic  narratives  without 
ever  offending  good  taste. 

Unlike  many  men  who  have  achieved 
greatness,  Brunetiere  gave  in  youth  no  pro- 
mise of  brilliancy.  He  was  born  at  Toulon 
on  July  19th,  1849,  and  began  his  studies 
at  Marseilles  ;  he  went  to  Paris.  "  sans 
fortune  et  sans  protection,"  to  finish  his 
education  by  preparing  for  examination  at 
the  Ecole  Normale  Superieure,  but  in  1869 
he  failed.  The  war  of  1870  broke  out.  and 
when  peace  was  restored  his  struggles  to 
obtain  a  livelihood  were  very  keen.  For 
nearly  five  years  his  means  of  existence 
must  have  been  of  a  most  uncertain  cha- 
racter. At  last  he  turned  to  literature,  and  his 
first  important  article  appeared  in  the  Revue 
Politique  et  Litteraire  (Revue  Bleue)  in  1875  ; 
it  was  a  notice  of  H.  Wallon's  book  on  '  Saint 
Louis  et  son  Siecle,'  and  this  brilliant 
criticism  attracted  so  much  attention  that 
he  was  invited  to  contribute  articles  to  Le 
Parlement.  Here  he  published  a  series  of 
critical  essays  which  enhanced  the  promise 
held  out  by  his  first  paper.  In  April.  1875, 
he  became  a  contributor  to  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,  of  which  he  was  appointed 
sub-editor  {secretaire  de  la  redaction),  and, 
in  1894,  director.  In  1893  he  succeeded 
Lemoinne  at  the  Academie  Francaise. 

Although  M.  Brunetiere  exalted  the  seven- 
teenth century  (of  which  he  had  a  profound 
knowledge)  above  all  other  periods,  his 
criticism  was  confined  to  no  one  century  or 
phase  of  literature.  His  range,  indeed,  was 
marvellous,  and  was  not  even  confined  to 
literature.  In  1880  he  began  to  republish 
his  critical  articles  in  book-form  with 
'  Etudes  critiques  sur  l'Histoire  de  la 
Litterature  francaise,'  which  was  ';  crowned  " 
by  the  Academie.  This  was  followed  by 
'  Nouvelles  Etudes  '  in  1882,  and  by  a  third 
series  in  1887.  Another  set  of  studies,  with 
the  general  title  of  '  Histoire  et  Litterature,' 
appeared  in  three  annual  volumes  from 
1884  to  188G,  and  many  of  these  volumes 
have  gone  into  several  editions. 

Apart  from  his  literary  contributions, 
Brunetiere  lectured  with  conspicuous  ability 
and  success.  It  is  curious  to  note  that  in 
1886  he  was  appointed  maitre  de  conferences 
of  French  language  and  literature  at  the 
Ecole  Normale,  where  in  1869  he  had  failed 
to  take  a  degree—  an  innovation  almost 
without  precedent  in  the  history  of  the 
school.  He  delivered  a  series  of  lectures 
on  '  Les  Epoques  du  Theatre  francais,  1636- 
1850,'  at  the  Odeon  in  1891-3,  which 
attracted  many  ;  but  his  lectur*  s  on  Hossuet 
at  the  Sorbonne  in  1894  were  even  more 
popular.  "During  the  three  winter  months 
of  1894,"  says  the  author  of  '  French 
Literature  of  To-day  'a  delightful  volume, 
which  is,  by  the  way,  dedicated  to  the  great 
critic  as  "  a  token  of  gratitude  and  admira- 
tion " — 

"the  most  fashionable  public  of  Paris  was  -ecu 
to  forfeit  its  hour  in  the  Bois,  and  crowd  into  the 
corridors  at  the  Sorbonne,  at  the  risk  of  life  (the 
crash  was  such  that  it  was  nothing  less),  as  in  1891, 
1892,  and  1893,  thai  same  public  had  rushed  to  the 
Odeon Such  sights  formed  big  grievances  in  the 


77-2 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


envious  mind  against  their  hero The  writer  had 

engendered  the  orator,  I  might  even  say  the 
preacher,  for  his  method  as  a  lecturer  was  destined 
to  introduce  considerable  innovations  into  this 
art." 

M.  Brunetiere  contributed  a  rather  severe 
notice  of  French  literature  of  the  year  to 
our  own  columns  in  1898,  which  shows  his 
essential  zeal  for  ideas  in  a  book  as  well  as 
form  and  style. 

]n  *  L'Evolution  ries  Genres  clans  1'His- 
toire  de  la  Litterature,'  of  which  the  first  of 
a  projected  series  of  four  volumes  appeared 
in  1  890  (the  other  three  have  apparently 
not  been  issued),  Brunetiere  embodied  his 
theories  of  the  application  of  scientific 
methods  to  criticism,  for  Avhich  he  became 
famous.  This  work  is  a  "  vaste  essai  d'appli- 
cation  des  doctrines  et  de  la  methode  dar- 
winiennes  aux  genres  et  especes,  parmi  les 
ouvrages  litteraires."  Into  this  highly  po- 
lemical question  it  is  not  necessary  to  enter 
here.  But  whatever  view  may  be  taken  of 
Brunetiere's  theories  of  literary  criticism, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  his  strongly 
marked  individuality,  his  vigorous  and 
independent  criticism  have  left  a  profound 
impression  on  the  intellectual  life  of  the 
France  of  to-day.  W.  R. 


OXFORD    NOTES. 


lrlis  at  moments  such  as  this,  when  he  is 
minded  to  inform  the  world  at  large  of  the 
term's  doings  at  his  University,  that  there 
comes  over  the  mind  of  the  loyal  Oxonian  a 
paralyzing  suspicion  whether,  after  all,  those 
doings,  despite  their  rich  variety,  have  cos- 
mopolitan value — in  other  words,  whether 
anything  at  all  has  happened  that  is  capable 
of  interesting  any  one  besides  ourselves. 
And  yet  the  place  is  all  life  and  bustle.  The 
colleges  are  filled  to  overflowing.  The 
lecture-lists  abound  with  new  titles  (though 
who  shall  say  whether  they  be  new  masks 
for  old  faces  ?).  The  output  of  learned 
works — usually  asserted  to  be  a  weak  point 
with  us — is  truly  immense.  Therefore  it 
would  seem  that  Oxford  is  minding  its  own 
business  ;  and  for  that  very  reason,  perhaps, 
gossip  is  scarce. 

As  regards  legislation,  one  item  of  busi- 
ness done  and  two  of  business  muddled  call 
for  notice.  The  positive  achievement  con- 
sists in  the  abolition  of  the  examiners'  de- 
claration. The  chief  reason  alleged  was  the 
impossibility  of  exacting  it  from  non- 
residents. Moreover,  it  was  not  uncommon 
to  hear  complaints  from  busy  residents 
obliged  to  don  cap  and  gown  and  appear 
before  the  Vice-Chancellor  in  order  to  take 
part  in  a  purely  formal  ceremony  ;  whilst 
presumably  the  Vice-Chancellor  with  his 
manifold  duties  found  it  none  too  easy  to 
spare  the  required  time,  especially  in  these 
days  of  examinations  multiplied  to  infinity. 
And  so  in  a  thin  house  the  measure  was  put 
through,  despite  protests  from  a  few  lovers 
of  the  past.  Form  for  form's  sake  had  to 
give  way  before  the  imperious  needs  of  busi- 
ness for  business'  sake.  Yet  undoubtedly 
the  ancient  custom  was  solemn  and  dignified 
in  the  extreme.  There  was  no  fetichistic 
rite  of  kissing  the  book.  In  the  presence 
of  the  Vice-Chancellor,  the  Senior  Froctor 
said:  "  Domine,  tn  dabis  fidem  te  munus 
ct  officium  Examinato;js  sedulo  et  fideliter, 
sepositis  omni  odio  et  amicitia  spe  et  timore, 
pro  virili  exsecuturum  forma  et  modo  per 
statuta  requisitis  "  ;  and  the  answer  was 
simply  "  Do  fidem."  Happily  there  remains 
to  us  no  small  stock  of  necessary  formulas 
couched  in  the  same  terse  and  rugged  Latin. 

Of  the  two  legislative  miscarriages,  the  less 
said  about  the  first  the  better,  if  only  to 
spare  the  feelings  of  the  worthy  scholar  who, 


through  no  fault  of  his  own,  had  the  part 
of  Hector's  body  thrust  upon  him  by  our 
Greeks  and  Trojans.  The  question  was 
whether  this  competent  and  highly  qualified 
teacher  of  Old  High  German  was  to  be  en- 
dowed with  the  status  of  professor.  Appa- 
rently no  trouble  was  taken  by  the  proposers 
to  sound  Congregation — that  is  to  say,  the 
handiul  of  persons  interested  in  the  teaching 
of  modern  languages — by  a  judicious  pre- 
gustation  of  opinions.  No  accurate  infor- 
mation was  available  beforehand  in  regard 
to  the  record  of  this  candidate  for  the  pro- 
fessorial title,  a  distinction  we  not  un- 
naturally wish  to  reserve  for  "  the  choice  and 
master  spirits  of  this  age  "  (present  occupants 
of  chairs,  please  bow  !).  Wherefore  by  a 
sir  all  majority  the  motion  was  negatived. 

The  second  affair  wherein  the  Hebdomadal 
Council — the    body  whose  right  it  is  to  ini- 
tiate all  legislation- — appears  to  the  layman 
to   have   acted   with   less   than   its   wonted 
wisdom  and  tact  relates  to  an  inconspicuous 
measure     professing     to     remove     a     mere 
ambiguity  frcm  the  statutes,  but  in  reality 
introducing    a    new    and    most    paradoxical 
principle.     It    was     actually     proposed    to 
deprive  the  Doctors  in  Letters  and  Science 
of  the  precedence  at  present  accorded  to  all 
Doctors   as   against  Masters   of   Arts  when 
examining    together   in    the    Schools.     Now 
the  position  of  Senior  Examiner  is  one  of 
great    importance  with    us,  more  especially 
in  the  Honour  examinations.     As  chairman 
of  the  board  he  can  to  a  very  considerable 
extent  control  the  conduct  of  the  examina- 
tion, and,  if  wisely  conciliatory,   can  exert 
great  authority  and  influence.       Besides,  he 
has  a  casting  vote,  which  he  is  called  upen 
not  unfrequently  to  exercise, since,  though  the 
examiners  form  an  odd  number,  no  one  of 
them  can  adjudicate  on  the  merits  of  a  candi- 
date hailing   from  his   o^n   college.     There 
•was  therefore  good  reason  why  a  Doctor  of 
junior  standing  or  fresh  to  the  School  should 
not  displace  some  older  and  more  experienced 
examiner  who  had  remained  content  to  wear 
the  Master's  hood.     But  for  what  possible 
reason,  sacred  or  profane,  were  the  Doctors 
of  Divinity,   Law,   and  Medicine   exempted 
from  the  levelling  effects  of  this  democratic 
bill  ?     One  is  tempted  to  contrast  the  select- 
ive  methods  whereby  Doctorates  in  Letters 
and  Science  are  obtained  with  the  mysteries 
attending  the  initiation  of  the  D.D.  ;  but,  as 
Herodotus    observes   in    a    similar    context, 
"  knowing  somewhat  of  the  matter,  I  prefer 
to  say  nothing."     All,  however,  has  ended 
happily.     By   an   exercise   of  privilege,   for 
which    one  must  go  to  ancient  Rome  for  a 
parallel,  the  Proctors  have  vetoed  the  pro- 
posal.    A  bungle  has  been   converted   into 
an  historic  occasion.    Now  that  the  Proctors 
have  unearthed  the  veto,  men  are  wondering 
what  other  secrets  may  not  lurk  in  the  in- 
exhaustible depths  of  our  constitution.     In- 
deed, it  is  freely  rumoured  that  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  intends  servare  de  ccclo  as  soon  as 
ever  Congregation,  happens  to  coincide  with 
an    important    cricket    match    in    Summer 
Term. 

Meanwhile,  what  is  to  be  substituted  for 
the  vetoed  measure  ?  Something  clearly 
ought  to  be  done  in  order  that  the  examina- 
torial  helm  may  remain  in  tried  hands, 
now  that  gay  young  Doctors  of  thirty-five 
to  forty  are  becoming  so  numerous.  It 
might  be  enough  to  enact  that  no  Doctor 
shall  be  Senior  Examiner  until  he  has  had 
a  year's  experience  of  that  particular  School. 
A  more  drastic,  but  perhaps  more  satis- 
factory, proposal  would  be  to  deprive 
Doctors,  of  whatever  faculty,  of  precedence 
over  Masters  as  regards  examinations.  Or, 
lastly,  the  system  found  to  work  well  else- 
where might  bo  adopted  whereby  the  exam- 
iners of  the  time  being  are  left  to  elect  their  ' 


own  chairman.  Further,  whilst  the  public 
eye  is  upon  the  Senior  Examiner,  let  legis- 
lation accord  him  rights  con  esponding  to  his 
highly  onerous  duties.  At  present  i  he 
performs  in  most  cases  an  amount  of  extra 
work  equivalent  at  the  very  least  to  a  tenth 
part  of  the  labours  otherwise  falling  to^his 
share  as  examiner.  Let  him  therefore)  be 
compensated  with  an  honorarium  in  the 
shape  of  a  ten  per  cent,  bonus  on  the  ordinary 
fee.  A  Senior  Examiner  selected  by  his 
colleagues  and  paid  for  his  extra  work  is 
obviously  what  efficiency  demands.  But 
what  Council  will  propose  and  Congregation 
will  decide  is  another  matter  altogether. 

The  building  activity  of  the  colleges  is  just 
now  very  marked,  and  may  be  taken  as  a 
sign  that  we  realize  our  imperial  responsi- 
bilities and  are  preparing  to  house  any 
number  of  Rhodes  Scholars  and  their  friends. 
Merton  has  nearly  finished  the  new  wing  on 
the  site  of  Old  St.  Alban's  Hall,  whilst 
palatial  quarters  are  being  rtpidly  prepared 
for  the  Warden.  Mr.  Champneys's  work  is 
greatly  admired,  none  the  less  because  he 
had  a  very  ticklish  task  to  perform.  At 
most  it  might  be  objected  that  he  is  a  little 
too  fond  of  elaborate  ornamentation.  The 
new  library  at  Lincoln,  on  the  contrary,  is 
simplicity  itself,  and  the  architects,  Messrs. 
Reid  and  MacDonald,  are  heartily  to  be 
congratulated  on  this  their  first  contribution 
to  the  beauties  of  Oxford.  Jesus  is  adorning 
Ship  Street  with  a  new  wing  that  strictly 
conforms  in  style  to  the  rest  of  the  college. 
Balliol  has  refaced  its  picturesque  Old 
Library  most  successfully,  and  has  cleared 
away  the  inferior  modern  buildings  to  the 
north  of  the  tower  in  St.  Giles's,  in  order  to 
rebuild  on  better  lines.  Wadham  is  recon- 
structing its  roof,  beginning  with  that  of  the 
Hall,  which  has  lasted  well  enough  up  to  now, 
although  tradition  has  it  that  Dorothy  Wad- 
ham's  workmen  put  in  the  rafters  green. 
Hertford  has  at  length  embarked  on  its  new 
chapel.  Lastly,  St.  John's  is  putting  the 
crowning  touch  to  its  munificence  towards 
the  new  Sibthorpian  Chair  of  Forestry  and 
Kural  Economy  by  sacrificing  the  portion 
of  the  President's  Paddock  that  lies  towards 
the  Museum,  and  erecting  thereon  a  labora- 
tory for  the  professor,  together  with  a 
Forestry  Museum,  the  whole  to  be  designated 
Schola  CEconomise  Rusticse. 

The  record  of  the  Rhodes  Scholars  for 
1906  has  but  recently  formed  the  subject  of 
a  long  article  in  The  Times,  so  that  a  cursory 
enumeration  of  their  intellectual  feats  may 
suffice  here,  their  no  less  stirring  performances 
in  the  athletic  field  being  passed  over  in 
silence.  This  was  the  crucial  year,  when  the 
firstfruits  of  the  Rhodes  Trust  were  actually 
put  through  the  mill  of  the  Final  Schools. 
The  results  have  beggared  all  anticipation 
— seven  Firsts  out  of  fifteen  "  possibles  '" 
in  the  Honour  Schools  ;  a  First  for  the 
B.C.L.  degree,  a  prize  not  often  won  ;  two 
Diplomas  "  with  distinction  "  (that  is,  up  to 
a  first-class  Honour  standard)  in  Economics  ; 
a  B.Sc.  degree  ;  the  Gladstone  Memorial 
Prize  ;  the  Vinerian  Scholarship  ;  and  last, 
but  not  least,  that  blue-ribbon  of  Oxford 
classical  scholarship,  the  Ireland  itself. 
Canada  takes  the  Ireland,  the  Glad- 
stone Prize,  and  one  First  ;  Australia,  the 
Vinerian,  the  First  in  the  B.C.L.,  with 
four  other  Firsts  ;  and  America  the  B.Sc, 
with  two  Firsts.  Altogether  it  is  a  start  such 
as  would  have  rejoiced  the  heart  of  Cecil 
Rhodes.  lie,  by  the  way,  now  looks  down 
on  the  passer-by  from  the  front  of  his 
former  lodgings  in  King  Edward  Street. 
The  medallion  portrait,  of  which  an  old 
friend  is  the  donor,  cannot,  however, 
he  praised  en  the  Score  <>l  beauty.  A 
more  sightly  memorial  is  being  placed  in 
those     Examination     Schools    wherein     his 


VM129.  Dec.  15.  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


773 


Scholars  are  already  beginning  to  do  him 
honour. 

Great  interest  attached  this  year  to  the 
results  of  the  Civil  Service  competition,  as 
being  the  first  to  take  place  under  the  new 
regulations  limiting  the  number  of  subjects 
that  candidates  are  allowed  to  offer.  It  was 
a  priori  probable  that  the  scheme  would 
favour  the  Oxford  "  Greats  "  man,  who  in 
the  normal  course  of  his  studies  for  a  degree 
covers  nearly  enough  ground  to  obtain 
maximum  marks  in  the  Civil  Service  exam- 
ination, without  indulging  in  "  cram." 
Certainly  the  event  has  fully  justified 
the  expectation.  Oxford  owns  56  of  the 
104  names  that  appear  on  the  list,  and  41 
of  them  have  taken  the  Classical  Schools. 
We  can  likewise  claim  the  first  place,  though 
it  must  be  admitted  that  Cambridge,  if 
its  total  of  29  is  below  ours,  has  5  repre- 
sentatives against  our  3  in  the  first  ten  ; 
whilst,  to  turn  to  college  records,  Balliol, 
Oxford,  with  its  9  successful  candidates, 
including  the  top  scorer,  is  only  a  shade 
ahead  of  Trinity,  Cambridge,  with  its  8, 
including  the  third  and  fourth  places. 
Some  rather  curious  discrepancies  occur 
between  the  estimates  formed  of  individual 
candidates  by  the  Oxford  and  the  Civil 
Service  examiners  respectively.  Possibly 
the  explanation  lies  in  the  fact  that  Oxford 
eschews  a  rigid  system  of  marking,  and 
trusts  a  good  deal  to  the  viva  voce  test. 
But  something,  too,  must  be  put  down  to 
the  differentiating  effects  of  that  sheer 
power  of  endurance  which  enables  the  Civil 
Service  candidate  to  hold  on  through  week 
upon  week  of  torture.  We  try  to  select  the 
genius,  but  the  Civil  Service  prefers  the 
"  tough." 

Oxford,  it  appears,  is  to  have  its  Pageant, 
and  the  time  chosen  for  the  entertainment 
is  the  appropriate  one  of  Commemoration 
Week.  The  arrangements  are  in  the  hands 
of  a  learned  and  enthusiastic  body  of  his- 
torians and  archseolog  sts,  led  by  Prof. 
Oman,  who  may  be  trusted  between  them 
to  get  the  details  right.  The  Master  of  the 
Pageant  is  Mr.  Frank  Lascelles,  who  made 
his  mark  here  a  decade  ago  as  a  leading 
performer  of  the  O.U.  Dramatic  Society. 
The  University,  however,  will  supply  actors 
for  only  a  few  leading  parts,  as  the  a\itho- 
rities  have  announced  that  no  general  leave 
will  be  granted  to  undergraduates  to  engage 
themselves  as  "supers."  It  is  still  a 
burning  qui  stion  where  the  show  ought  to 
be  held.  Some  point  to  St.  Giles,  others  to 
the  Broad. 

Somerville  College  lost  in  Miss  Maitland 
one  who,  both  as  an  administrator  and  as  a 
personal  influence,  was  largely  responsible  for 
the  steady  progress  made  by  that  flourishing 
institution.  It  will  tend  to  continuity  of 
development  that  a  worthy  successor  to  the 
Principalship  has  been  found  in  an  old 
member  of  the  College,  Miss  Emily  Penrose, 
the  first  woman  to  achieve  a  First  Class  "in 
Liter  is  Humanioribus."  In  order  to  return 
to  Oxford  Miss  Penrose  is  vacating  the 
important  post  of  Principal  of  Holloway 
College.  M. 


'THE     FIRST     HALF     OF     THE 
SEVENTEENTH    CENTURY.' 

May  I  be  allowed  to  ask  the  reviewer  of 
my  book  '  The  First  Half  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century  '  what  is  meant  by  the  statement 
that  "  throughout  the  book  Marini  mas- 
querades as  '  Marino  '  "?  I  have  by  me 
seventeenth-century  eelitions  of  all  the  poet's 
works,  except  the  '  Adone,'  of  which  my 
edition  is  a  modern  one.  On  the  title-page 
of  every  one  of  them  he  "  masquerades  "  as 
"  Marino."     Tiraboschi    and    the    late    Dr. 


Garrett  use  the  form  "  Marini  "  ;  but  he  is 
"  Marino  "  in  Menghini's  '  La  Vita,'  &c, 
in  Bellini's  '  [1  Seicento,'  in  the  '  Manuale  ' 
of  D'Ancona  and  Bacci,  and  in  John  A. 
Symonds's  '  The  Renaissance  in  Italy.' 

May  I  also  point  out  that  I  uigi  da  Porto 
is  not  once  referred  to  in  my  volume  ?  In 
a  note  on  p.  293  I  mention  the  indebtedness 
of  the  French  to  the  Italian  dramatists, 
and  among  others  to  the  well-known  Gio- 
vanni Battista  (Giambattista)  Delia  Porta. 
The  same  author's  name  occurs  again,  in  full, 
on  p.  349,  among  the  Italian  dramatists. 
Once,  however,  on  p.  322,  when  referring 
generally  to  Rotrou's  borrowings,  I  have 
inadvertently  written  "  Da  "  for  "  Delia," 
through,  T  suppose,  a  momentary  confusion 
of  the  two  names — a  reprehensible  blunder, 
but  not,  I  think,  fairly  described  by  declaring 
that  "  Da  Porto  masquerades  throughout 
the  book  "  under  a  wrong  name. 

T  might  say  something  of  the  fairness  of 
isolating  sentences  from  their  context,  and 
then  pronouncing  them  obscure  or  inappro- 
priate. Except  as  regards  these  matters  of 
fact,  however,  T  do  not  ask  leave  to  discuss 
a  review  whose  tone  and  intention  are 
sufficiently  obvious.  But  in  justice  to  my 
subject  I  think  I  ought  to  be  allowed  to 
point  out  thet  if  eighty-three  of  the  three 
hunched  and  eighty  pages  in  my  volume  are 
devoted  to  Dutch  literature,  this  is  the  whole 
space  allotted  to  the  subject  in  seven  volumes 
of  a  history  of  European  literature.  That 
is  why,  at  the  editor's  request,  I  "  wandered 
back  "  to  the  thirteenth  century.  Why  a 
task  which  added  so  much  to  my  difficulty 
should  be  described  as  a  way  of  relieving 
that  difficulty  I  do  not  understand. 

H.  J.  C.  Grieeson. 


W.    J.    CRAIG. 


We  learn  with  deep  regret  that  Mr.  W.  J. 
Craig  died,  at  the  age  of  sixty-three,  on 
Weclnesday  last,  after  a  short  illness. 

Mr.  Craig,  who  edited  '  The  Oxford  Shake- 
speare,' and  who  had  also  produced  editions 
with  notes  of  '  Cymbeline  '  and  other  plays, 
had  long  been  known  as  a  very  learned 
student  of  Shakspeare,  and  of  Elizabethan 
literature  in  relation  to  the  language  of 
Shakspeare.  He  had  made  extensive  pre- 
parations for  an  exhaustive  '  Shakspeare 
Lexicon,'  with  illustrations  from  all  the 
literature  of  that  period. 

Few  scholars  have  been  more  universally 
beloved  than  Mr.  Craig,  who  was  a  man  as 
full  of  kindness  as  he  was  of  learning.  He 
was  born  at  Aghanloo,  co.  Derry,  a  parish 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  on  which 
St.  Aidan  was  born,  of  which  his  father  \\as 
rector,  and  was  educated  at  Portora  School 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he 
long  resided  as  a  private  tutor  in  English 
literature  and  history.  About  thirty  years 
ago  he  settled  in  London,  and  acted  as  a 
tutor  in  the  same  subjects — a  laborious 
condition  of  life  which  he  had  relinquished 
for  the  last  ten  years  or  more,  devoting  him- 
self entirely  to  Shakspearean  studies.  His 
unselfish  nature,  his  genial  conversation, 
and  the  readiness  with  which  he  imparted 
his  vast  knowledge  of  his  own  subject  made 
him  popular  in  every  company,  and  beloved 
by  the  large  circle  of  men  of  letters  who 
knew  him  well. 


SALES. 


Messes.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold  on 
the  10th  inst.  a  selection  from  the  library  of  Mr. 
S.  T.  Fisher,  among  which  were  the  following  : 
Aahmole'a  Antiquities  of  Berkshire,  3  vols.,  large 
paper,  17li),  15/.     Collection   of  300  British  Topo- 


graphical Tracts  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries,  161.  10$.  Harper's  Road  B>  oks  (16), 
10/.  158.  Hussey's  Drives  (9),  10/.  Sussex 
An  Ideological  Collections,  49  vols.,  1853-1905,  13/. 
Arehffiologia,  1770  1905,  16/.  Pullavray  and  Cart- 
wright's  Sussex,  4  vols.,  1815  32,  36/.  Kenton's 
Pembrokeshire,  large  paper,  plates  in  three  states, 
1810,  10/.  5s.  Blomefield's  Norfolk,  special  sub- 
scriber's copy,  1769-75,  30/.  Clutterbuck's  Hert- 
ford, 3  vols.,  1815-27,  12/.  Fiankau's  J.  R.  Smith, 
1902,  12/.  15.-.;  Eighteenth-Century  Artists,  1904, 
11/.  Gould's  Humming-Birds,  5  vols.,  1861,  13/.  58. 
Hasted's  Kent,  4  vols.,  1778,  17/.  Hoarc's  Wilt- 
shire, 10  vols.,  1812-44,  34/.  Kip's  Nouveau 
Theatre  de  la  Grande  Bretagne,  1724-8,  41/. 
Malti  n's  Londc  n  and  Westminster,  tinted  plates, 
1792,  12/.  158.  Wlii taker's  Richmondshire,  large 
paper,  2  vols.,  1823,  12/.  5s. 

In  Dr.  Garnett's  sale,  held  by  the  same 
auctioneers  on  the  6th  inst. ,  the  three  Notebooks 
of  Shelley  reached  the  extraordinary  sum  <  f  3,  o<  to/., 
the  whole  of  the  remaining  lots  (394)  realizing  632/. 


Xitearn  (Bnssip. 

To  The  Coivhill  Magazine  for  January 
Mr.  G.  W.  E.  Russell  contributes  a  study 
of  '  Be aconsfield's  Portrait  Gallery,'  Prof. 
H.  H.  Turner,  the  well-known  astronomer, 
writes  on  '  Greenwich  Time,'  and  Dr. 
Andrew  Wilson  explains  the  latest  theories 
'  About  Opsonins.'  Mr.  Arthur  Benson 
sets  forth  'An  Old  Parson's  Day-bock,' 
and  Mr.  Lang  treats  of  '  Border  History 
versus  Border  Ballads.'  Poetry  is  repre- 
sented by  Miss  Jane  Barlow's  story  in  verse 
'  The  Foieseer,'  and  '  A  Christmas  Legend  ' 
by  F.  S&ji 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  soon  a  book  by 
Mr.  Walter  Meakin  entitled  '  The  Life  of 
an  Empire.'  It  contains  a  survey  of  the 
history  ar.d  present  state  of  the  British 
Empire,  and  deals  with  problems  of  native 
government,  trade,  health,  education,  and 
internal  cohesion. 

A  new  book  which  will  shortly  be 
published  by  Mr.  Murray  is  a  daring 
glimrse  into  the  future  of  England,  when 
Socialistic  government  has  had  full  sway 
for  a  year  or  two.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
sensational  novel,  and  it  concludes  that 
the  ride  of  t lie  "masses"  by  the  "  masses  " 
for  the  "  masses "  must  bring  its  own 
downfall.  The  publisher  himself  has  no 
idea  of  the  identity  of  the  author. 

The  letters  of  Dean  Hole  are  to  be 
published  within  the  next  year  or  so. 
People  who  possess  any  letters  from  the 
Dean  on  subjects  of  general  or  special 
interest  ate  asked  kindly  to  lend  them  to 
Mis.  Hole  ;  they  will  be  carefully  returned 
in  due  course  to  the  owners.  The  letters 
may  be  sent  either  to  Mis.  Hole,  Water- 
ingbury,  Kent,  or  to  the  editor,  Mr. 
George  A.  B.  Dewar,  34.  Cheyne  Court, 
Chelsea,  S.W. 

Mr.  Ei  i.iot  Stock  will  publish  imme- 
diately 'Women  Types:  the  Venus,  the 
Juno,  the  Minerva,'  a  new  work  by  "Da 
Libra."  It  will  present,  in  a  series  of 
historical  Bketches,  the  characteristics  of 
the  women  of  the  classical  times  as  com- 
pared with  those  of  their  sisters  of  the 
present  day,  demonstrating  the  counter- 
parts of  the  two  periods,  and  illustrating, 
modern  casts  from  ancient  moulds. 


774 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4129,  Dec.  15.  1906 


The  Yale  Courant  for  this  month  has 
some  interesting  facsimiles  of  poems  from 
the  MS.  of  Browning's  '  Dramatis  Persona?.' 
This  MS.,  in  the  poet's  clear  and  careful 
handwriting,  once  belonged  to  Frederick 
Chapman,  of  Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall, 
but  its  history  after  it  left  his  hands  is 
obscure. 

The  Hakluyt  Society  has  recently  pub- 
lished '  The  East  and  West  Indian  Mirror,' 
by  Joris  van  Speilbergen,  an  account  of  his 
voyage  round  the  world,  1614-18,  in- 
cluding the  '  Australian  Navigations  '  of 
Jacob  Le  Maire,  translated,  with  an  intro- 
duction, from  the  Dutch  edition  of  1619, 
by  Mr.  J.  A.  J.  de  Villiers.  The  other 
volume  for  1906  will  be  '  Cathay  and  the 
Way  Thither,'  by  Sir  Henry  Yule,  revised 
by  Prof.  Cordier.  The  Society  has  three 
volumes  in  the  press  :  '  Logs  of  the 
Voyages  of  Capts.  Don  Domingo  de 
Boenechea,  Don  Tomas  Gayangos,  and 
Don  Cayetano  de  Langara,  from  ElCallao 
de  Lima  to  Tahiti,  1772-1776,  by  order  of 
the  Viceroy  of  Peru,'  vol.  i.,  edited  by  Dr. 
B.  G.  Corney ;  '  The  Travels  of  Peter 
Mundy  in  Europe  and  India,  1628-1634.' 
edited  from  the  Bodleian  MS.  by  Sir 
Richard  C.  Temple ;  and  '  The  Second 
Part  of  the  General  History  called 
"  Indica,"  '  1572,  by  Pedro  Sarmiento  de 
Gamboa,  translated  from  the  Gottingen 
Spanish  MS.  (published  in  August  last  by 
the  Royal  Society  of  Gottingen)  by  Sir 
Clements  Markham.  The  Gottingen  MS. 
came  from  the  library  of  Abraham 
Gronovius,  sold  in  1785,  and  was  lost  till 
1893. 

Dr.  J.  R.  Magrath  writes  from  Queen's 
College,  Oxford  : — 

"  I  have  lately  purchased  a  MS.  index  to 
the  pedigrees  in  Burke's  '  Commoners,'  of 
which  I  propose  to  print  250  copies.  If  T  can 
get  25  subscribers,  I  will  sell  the  book  at  5s. 
If  I  cat)  get  50  subscribers,  I  will  sell  it  at 
2s.  Gd.  If  100  subscribers,  at  Is.  6d.  I  have 
thought  that  some  of  your  readers  who  have 
Burke's  '  Commoners,'  and  know  its  value 
and  the  difficulty  of  consulting  it,  might  like 
to  have  a  copy  of  tins  index.  I  will  receive 
the  names  of  subscribers  till  March  25th 
next." 

The  Early  English  Drama  Society 
announces  a  second  series  of  plays,  cover- 
ing the  Bacon-Shakspearean  period.  This 
includes  a  total  of  70  plays,  as  against  40 
in  the  first  series — an  increase  in  value 
given  which  is  due  to  the  generous 
response  of  subscribers  to  that  issue,  of 
which  the  whole  edition  was  over  sub- 
scribed. Details  can  be  had  from  18,  Bury 
Street,  W.C. 

From  the  same  address  come  pro- 
posals concerning  "  Facsimile  Texts  of  the 
Tudor  Drama,"  a  long  list  of  which  is 
supplied.  As  soon  as  twenty-five  sets  of 
any  group  of  plays,  or  single  plays,  are 
subscribed  for,  the  work  will  be  completed 
without  delay.  The  number  of  copies  is 
limited  to  125  sets  as  a  maximum,  and 
only  the  actual  number  subscribed  for  will 
be  produced. 

Mr.  R.  Antrobus  writes  : — 

"  With  reference  to  a  paragraph  in  your 
issue  of  the  1st  inst.,  I  would  point  out  that 
you  appear  to  be  under  some  misapprehen- 


sion, as  Mr.  Jehanghir  Bomanjee  Petit  is  one 
of  three  sons  of  Mr.  Bomanjee  Dinshaw 
Petit,  lately  of  the  Legislative  Council." 

"  The  Novel-Books  "  is  the  title  of  a 
new  series  of  reprints,  handy  in  form,  and 
exclusively  devoted  to  fiction,  which  is 
being  planned  by  Messrs.  Sisley.  The  new 
series  will  be  bound  in  maroon  lambskin 
and  enclosed  in  neat  boxes. 

Messrs.  Jaggard  &  Co.  write  regard- 
ing the  Shakespeare  Press  : — 

"  If  your  rather  hasty  correspondent  will 
do  us  the  favour  of  reading  our  note  on  the 
'  Shakespeare  Press,'  he  will  find  no  mention 
of  any  '  claim  '  upon  the  eighteenth  century 
or  the  making  of  the  title.  It  may  be  news 
to  him  that  though  William  Bulmer  used  the 
term,  he  certainly  did  not  originate  it.  This 
imprint  can  be  traced  back  almost  a  century 
before  Buhner's  time  upon  the  dated  pro- 
ductions (in  our  possession)  of  at  lea,st  two 
other  printers  and  publishers  ;  and  still 
earlier  instances  may  yet  come  to  light." 

We  hear  with  regret  of  the  death  of  Sir 
John  Leng,  which  took  place  at  Delmonte, 
California,  on  Wednesday  last.  He  was 
seventy-eight,  and  had  a  great  career  as 
an  organizer  of  cheap  journalism  in  Scot- 
land. Beginning  as  a  sub-editor  in  Hull, 
where  he  was  educated,  Sir  John  became 
editor  and  proprietor  of  The  Dundee 
Advertiser  in  1851,  and  later  established 
The  People's  Journal,  People's  Friend, 
and  Evening  Telegraph.  Sir  John  was 
fond  of  travel,  and  published  several 
accounts  of  his  journeyings.  He  was 
M.P.  for  Dundee,  1889-1906,  and  his 
cheery,  homely  figure  was  well  known  in 
London. 

Mr.  Fitzmattrice  -  Kelly,  the  well- 
known  authority  on  Spanish  history  and 
literature,  was  this  week  unanimously 
elected  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  the 
London  Library. 

Sir  George  Douglas,  in  the  necessary 
absence  of  Lord  Crewe,  presided  at  the 
complimentary  dinner  to  Mr.  Frederick 
Wedmore  which  was  given  privately  to 
him  at  Prince's  last  week,  and  presented 
him  with  a  testimonial  (including  Mr. 
Bertram  MacKennal's  beautiful  bronze 
'Salome')  in  recognition,  it  was  said,  of 
Mr.  Wedmore's  "  achievement  in  literature 
and  his  services  to  art."  General  Sir 
Coleridge  Grove,  Sir  Dyce  Duckworth, 
Sir  James  Linton,  Mr.  Henry  Arthur 
Jones,  and  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse,  were  in 
addition  to  the  chairman,  the  chief 
speakers  at  the  dinner. 

The  Royal  Irish  Academy,  which  has 
done  much  for  the  preservation  of  the 
ancient  manuscripts  and  other  relics  of 
mediseval  Irish  culture,  and  the  encourage- 
ment of  modern  research,  has  not  hitherto, 
as  a  body,  been  much  given  to  hospitality 
of  a  general  character,  though  the  savant 
and  the  student  have  always  found  a 
welcome  within  its  walls.  The  reception 
given  by  the  Academy  last  week  was, 
therefore,  an  exceptional  event.  Over 
four  hundred  guests  were  present,  in- 
cluding the  Lord  Lieutenant.  The 
libraries  were  all  thrown  open,  and  the 
fine  collection  of  Irish  and  other  manu- 
scripts, early  printed  books,  autograph 
letters ,  and  other  antiquities  were  on  view. 


Some  interesting  stellar  photographs  were 
shown  in  the  upper  library,  as  well  as  some 
important  additions  to  the  hitherto  classi- 
fied marine  fauna  of  Ireland,  made  by  the 
Fisheries  branch  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  during  their  investigations. 

General  Sir  William  Butler's 
popular  books  of  travel,  'Tire  Great 
Lone  Land  '  and  '  The  Wild  North  Land,' 
and  his  boys'  story  of  adventure,  '  Red 
Cloud.'  have  been  transferred  to  Messrs. 
Burns  &  Oates. 

In  January  the  British  and  Foreign 
Unitarian  Association  will  publish  a  six- 
penny reprint  of  the  first  series  of  Dr. 
Martineau's  '  Endeavours  after  the 
Christian  Life,'  with  an  Introduction  by 
the  Rev.  W.  Copeland  Bowie. 

The  twenty- fifth  anniversary  of  the 
election  of  M.  Sully  Prudhomme  to  the 
French  Academie  is  to  be  celebrated  by  a 
medal  struck  in  gold  and  designed  by 
Chaplain.  The  poet  was  elected  on 
December  8th,  1881,  but  the  official 
celebration  of  the  event  has  been  post- 
poned until  March,  the  anniversary  of 
the  date  of  his  "reception." 

The  Prix  Vie  Heureuse,  of  the  value  of 
5,000  francs,  has  been  awarded,  by  nine 
votes  out  of  seventeen,  to  M.  Andre 
CorthiSj  author  of  '  Gemmes  et  Moires.' 
M.  Geniaux,  author  of  '  L'Homme  de 
Peine,'  received  seven  votes,  and  M.  de 
Waleffe,  author  of  '  Peplos  Vert,'  one 
vote. 

Among  recent  Parliamentary  Papers  we 
note  Agreement  between  the  United 
Kingdom  and  Germany  respecting  the 
Boundary  between  British  and  German 
Territories  from  Yola  to  Lake  Chad,  with 
maps  (Is.  lOd.)  ;  Statistical  Abstract  for 
the  Principal  and  other  Foreign  Countries 
in  each  Year  from  1894  to  1903-4 
(Is.  Qd.) ;  Report  of  Committee  of 
Inquiry  into  the  Work  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy  and  the  Metropolitan 
School  of  Art,  Dublin  (Is.),  on  which  we 
have  a  note  elsewhere  ;  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, Report  for  1905-6  (5|d.)  ;  and 
Returns  of  Non-Provided  Schools,  Middle- 
sex md.),  Essex  and  Herts  (Id.),  Oxford- 
shire (5d). 


SCIENCE 


Native    Races   of   Australia.     By    N.    W. 

Thomas.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
In  the  preface  to  his  '  Native  Races  of 
Australia  '  Mr.  Thomas  explains  that  the 
book  is  one  of  a  series  intended  to  interest 
"  the  ordinary  reader  "  in  the  peoples  of 
lower  culture  who  are  fortunate  enough 
to  live  under  the  British  flag.  They  "  are 
studied  by  anthropological  experts  more 
and  more  closely  every  year,"  though 
very  little  money,  public  or  private,  is 
available  for  the  pursuit  of  this  kind  of 
knowledge,  while  "  bulky  "  and  "  tech- 
nical "  books  on  the  theme  are  caviare 
to  the  ordinary  reader. 

We  confess  that  we  scarcely  believe  it 
possible  to  interest  "  the  general  reader  " 
in  the  Australian  tribes.     "  In  the  interest 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


775 


of  the  general  reader  the  text  will  be  un- 
encumbered by  foot-notes."  The  ideal 
general  reader  is  conceived  of  as  a  person 
who  does  not  really  want  to  know  any- 
thing exactly.  A  desire  to  understand 
the  Australian  "  aborigines  "  appears  to 
be  a  rare  gift  of  nature.  Some  squatters, 
explorers,  and  missionaries  have  possessed 
this  gift  ever  since  the  colonies  were 
founded  ;  some  ladies,  such  as  Miss  Daw- 
son, Miss  Howitt,  Mrs.  Langloh  Parker, 
and  Mrs.  Bates  have  done  much  for  anthro- 
pology in  Australia.  But  it  is  wonderful 
to  see  how  little  is  known  about  "  the 
blacks  "  by  many  strenuous  colonials 
who  are  in  constant  touch  with  them. 

Keeping  his  eye  on  the  general  reader, 
Mr.  Thomas  gives  a  brief  but  lucid  and 
interesting  sketch  of  the  physical  con- 
ditions of  the  Australian  continent,  with 
its  fauna  and  flora.  Had  the  gigantic 
island  been  constructed  with  the  special 
intention  of  keeping  material  civilization 
on  the  lowest  level,  and  of  preserving  early 
mankind  as  in  a  museum,  it  could  not  be 
better  adapted  to  these  purposes.  Man 
has  scarcely  any  geological  history  in 
Australia,  if  he  has  even  a  trace  of  it, 
and  Prof.  Gregory  thinks  that  man  has 
not  been  in  Victoria  for  more  than  three 
centuries.  Other  evidence  of  the  black 
fellow's  past  is  hardly  more  satisfactory. 
"  Our  knowledge  of  Australian  philology 
is  of  the  smallest "  ;  the  Germans,  if  they 
had  owned  the  island,  would  not  have 
remained  so  ignorant  as  we  are.  As  to 
the  "  race  "  of  the  natives,  Mr.  Thomas 
offers  a  summary  of  the  current  specu- 
lations about  "  a  low  form  of  Cauca- 
sian Melanchroi,"  mixed  with  Melanesians, 
and  gives  a  few  samples  of  crazy  theories 
about  immigrant  African  negroes,  and 
'"  a  negroid  population  from  Babylonia." 
Language  is  briefly  touched  upon  ;  more 
is  said  of  native  art  ;  and  some  space  is 
given  to  the  enigmatic  rock-paintings 
reproduced  by  Sir  George  Grey.  The 
figures  (see  plate  viii.)  certainly  do  not 
seem  to  be  Australian.  The  art  is  con- 
siderably in  advance  of  that  exhibited  in 
Dipylon  vases  found  at  Athens.  A  few 
marks  have  about  as  much  resemblance  to 
a  script  as  those  which  are  common  on 
palaeolithic  objects.  The  chapter  on  'Arts 
and  Crafts  '  is  full  of  interest.  The  natives 
have  no  cultivated  cereals,  but  use  for 
grinding  nardoo  seeds,  "  the  saddle-back 
quern"  with  a  roller  stone.  These  heavy 
objects  are  carried  about  on  their  backs 
by  the  women.  The  process  of  making 
a  fish-hook  out  of  a  shell  is  ingenious  and 
complicated,  but  less  so  than  that  in  use 
where  tortoiseshell  is  the  material  chosen. 

The  reasons  for  supposing  that  the 
natives  "at  no  very  remote  period  were 
ignorant  of  how  to  produce  fire  "  would 
apply  as  well,  we  think,  to  the  Homeric 
Greeks.  They  have  many  myths  of  the 
origin  of  fire  (what  people  has  not  ?),  and 
authors,  unnamed,  have  said  that  certain 
tribes  had  to  borrow  fire,  if  they  let  their 
own  firestick  go  out.  This  is  the  case  of 
the  man  in  the  fifth  book  of  the  Odyssey, 
"  one  that  hath  no  neighbours  nigh,  and 
so  saveth  the  seed  of  fire,  that  he  may  not 
have  to  seek  a  light  otherwhere."'  Mr. 


Thomas  finds  more  traces  of  permanent 
huts  (on  the  Hutt  river),  and  even  of 
cultivation  of  yams  (?)  in  the  same  region, 
than  are  usually  supposed  to  exist.  In  this 
respect  the  extant  natives  seem  inferior  to 
extinct  tribes.  Of  old  the  natives  fought 
more  resolutely,  we  think,  than  at  present, 
for  five  or  six  years  ago,  during  a  drought, 
a  tempest  laid  bare  a  field  of  the  dead. 
The  combatants  lay  in  lines,  their  skulls 
broken  by  clubs,  on  the  station  of  a 
settler  known  to  the  reviewer.  The 
boomerang  is  carefully  described,  in  its 
varieties  of  returning  toy  and  non-return- 
ing weapon.  Many  varieties  of  spear  and 
throwing-stick  are  recorded,  and  great 
care  has  been  given  to  the  subject  of 
canoes.  A  North  Queensland  "  dug-out  " 
canoe  easily  accommodated  six  persons 
(plate  xiv.)  ;  and  at  Cape  York  some 
canoes  are  fifty  feet  long  :  "It  seems 
pretty  clear  that  the  outrigged  canoe  is 
not  Australian  in  origin." 

Probably  the  most  remarkable  effort  of 
combined  native  labour  known  is  the 
immense  labyrinth  of  stone  walls  on  a 
river  in  the  Brewarina,  described  by  the 
late  Mr.  Gideon  Scott  Lang.  This  is  a 
fish-trap,  and  the  lower  walls,  of  large 
stones,  "  have  stood  every  flood  from  time 
immemorial."  The  well-known  trial  (1827) 
of  Worrall  for  the  murder  of  Fisher  in  1826 
(Fisher's  ghost  intervening)  is  probably  the 
source  of  the  story  of  the  acuteness  of 
native  trackers  (p.  102).  The  evidence  is 
that  of  George  Leonard,  a  policeman. 
Scanty  details  are  given  for  the  statement, 
"It  is  untrue  that  the  native  does  not 
cultivate  his  soil."  The  facts  (p.  113)  are 
scanty  indeed,  and,  as  to  the  cultivation 
of  purslane,  the  locality  is  not  mentioned, 
unless  the  scene  is  "  the  West  Coast." 

The  subject  of  social  organization  is  too 
complex,  we  fear,  for  the  general  reader, 
and  is  a  maze  of  controversy.  It  seems  to 
us  that  Dr.  Frazer  is  less  in  the  position 
of  Athanasius  as  to  (1)  the  primitiveness 
of  the  Arunta,  and  (2)  the  originally  non- 
hereditary  nature  of  the  totem  than  Mr. 
Thomas  thinks.  Mr.  Spencer  certainly 
agrees  with  Dr.  Frazer  on  the  first  head,  at 
least.  On  both  we  understand  M.  van 
Gennep  to  back  him  ('  Mythes  et  Legendes 
d'Australie,'  chaps,  iii.  and  vi.)  ;  and  we 
are  inclined  to  suppose  (though  with  hesi- 
tation) that  on  the  fiist  point  Dr.  Howitt 
is  an  ally.     Mr.  Thomas  writes  : — 

"  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  whereas  many 
arguments  have  been  advanced  by  those 
who  disbelieve  in  the  primitiveness  of  the 
Arunta,  none  of  them  have  been  controverted 
by  the  other  side.... None  the  less  the 
believers  in  Arunta  primitiveness  adhere 
stoutly  to  their  view." 

The  reticent  dignity  of  science  is  here 
strikingly  displayed  ;  but  we  suppose  the 
believers  in  Arunta  primitiveness  to  mean 
that,  though  the  Aruntas'  social  organ- 
ization is  confessedly  of  the  most  advanced 
Australian  type,  none  the  less  they  retain 
a  primitive  feature — non-hereditary  and 
"  conceptional "  totemism.  The  ques- 
tion as  to  how  far  the  natives  generally 
are  ignorant  of  the  facts  of  procreation  is 
not  discussed  explicitly,  but  it  is  made 
clear  that  the  whole  Arunta  tribe  is  not 


"  godless."  Dr.  E.  B.  Tylor's  theory  that 
Baiame  is  a  god-name  derived  from  mis- 
sionaries is  thoroughly  refuted.  The  only 
part  of  the  book  which  seems  insufficiently 
clear  is  that  which  deals  with  the  marriage 
rules,  "phratries."  "  classes,"  and  totems. 
Perhaps  it  was  possible  to  make  these 
complex  matters  more  readily  intelligible, 
but  the  task  is  difficult  indeed. 

Though,  for  the  reasons  previously 
stated,  notes  are  not  given,  Mr.  Thomas 
is  not  only  deeply  read  in  old  and  recent 
works  on  Australia,  but  has  also  received 
much  information  from  observers  on  the 
spot.  His  illustrations  are  excellent,  and 
many  of  them  are  new  to  us.  If  we  have 
to  regret  anything,  it  is  the  absence  of  a 
chapter  on  the  moral  characteristics  of  the 
natives,  to  inform  the  general  reader  as  to 
what  kind  of  people  they  are — kind  or 
cruel,  loyal  or  treacherous.  Mr.  Thomas 
mentions  that  he  is  preparing  "  a  general 
work  "  on  the  Australians,  and  nobody 
is  better  qualified  for  the  task. 


POPULAR    SCIENCE. 

The  New  Physics  and  Chemistry.  By 
W.  A.  Shenstone,  F.R.S.  (Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.) — Mr.  Shenstone's  book  labours  under 
the  disadvantage  of  having  previously 
appeared  in  the  shape  of  magazine  articles 
which  lack  any  close  connexion  with  each 
other.  It  treats  in  more  or  less  sketchy 
style  of  such  subjects  as  the  constitution  of 
matter,  the  "  new  "  chemistry,  radium,  and 
the  origin  of  life.  On  all  these  subjects  Mr. 
Shenstone  has  abundant  right  to  be  listened 
to  with  attention,  and  his  remarks  show  that 
he  has  mastered  the  latest  utterances  upon 
them.  We  are  therefore  the  more  surprised 
to  find  inaccuracies  in  his  statements  which, 
as  they  cannot  be  due  to  ignorance,  can  only, 
we  suppose,  be  ascribed  to  carelessness. 
Thus  he  tells  us  that  "  the  mass  which 
carries  the  unit  of  electricity,"  or,  in  other 
words,  the  corpuscle,  is  about  the  seven  - 
hundredth  part  of  the  mass  of  an  atom  of 
hydrogen.  But  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson,  from 
whom  he  takes  the  statement,  makes  the 
mass  in  question  to  be  not  -i,,  but  17Vir  of 
the  lightest  atom  known  ;  and  his  statement 
to  that  effect  (see  The  Athenaeum,  No.  4104) 
appeared,  if  we  mistake  not,  some  time 
before  the  article  by  Mr.  Shenstone.  Again, 
the  latter  speaks  of  the  emanations  from 
radium  and  thorium  as  "  even  defying  the 
powers  of  the  spectroscope  "  ;  yet  the  paper 
by  Sir  William  Ramsay  and  Dr.  Norman 
Collie  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
giving  the  result  of  the  spectroscopic  exami- 
nation of  the  radium  emanation,  is  on  record,, 
and  constitutes  the  proof  that  the  gas  in 
question  is  an  inert  substance,  probably 
belonging  to  the  argon  group.  Or,  again,- 
Mr.  Shenstone  suggests  that  "  it  might  be 
more  correct  to  think  of  the  particles  of 
matter  as  bathed  in  the  ether,"  oblivious  of 
the  fact  that  the  Lorentzian  theory  of 
electrons,  which  he  throughout  advocates, 
expressly  claims  that  the  ether  not  only  fills 
all  space  outside  the  electrons  or  corpuscles, 
but.  also  penetrates  those  particlesthemselves. 
Such  errors  as  these  were  perhaps  excusable 
on  the  first  appearance  of  the  essays,  but 
should  certainly  have  been  removed  before 
they  were  republished,  while  the  theory  that 
they  are  due  to  carelessness  derives  weight 
from  the  fact  that  the  hook  has  no  index. 

Outlines  of  the  Evolution  of  Weights  and 
Measures  and  th<  Mi  trie  System.  By  Wil- 
liam Eallock  and  Herbert  T.  Wade.  (Mac- 
miliary) — This  is  a  large  book  on  a  subject 


776 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


which  is  now  again  forcing  itself  to  the  front. 
The  archaeological  part,  touching,  among 
other  things,  on  the  Babylonian  cubit 
and  the  Egyptian  measures,  we  cannot 
commend,  for  there  is  no  evidence  that  the 
authors  have  any  first-hand  knowledge  of 
the  subject,  and  neither  Prof.  Hommel  nor 
the  Rev.  W.  Shaw-Caldeeott,  whom  they 
■  quote,  is  so  great  an  authority  upon  it  as 
the  authors  evidently  imagine.  But  the 
book  contains  a  clear  and  well-written 
account  ^largely  taken  from  M.  Bigourdan's 
'  Le  Systeme  Metrique  ')  of  the  foundation 
of  the  metric  system  by  the  French,  who 
were  its  real  inventors,  and  of  its  gradual 
spread  since  1872  over  nearly  the  whole 
of  Europe  and  America,  with  the  single 
exception  of  these  islands.  How  long  we 
shall  continue  to  hold  out  against  a  reform 
which,  whether  right  in  itself  or  not,  will 
put  us  on  a  level  with  the  rest  of  the  civilized 
world,  remains  to  be  seen  ;  but  the  adoption 
of  the  Centimetre-gramme-second  system 
of  units  by  all  English  physicists  has  virtu- 
ally settled  the  question  so  far  as  science  is 
concerned.  The  excellent  tables  with  which 
the  present  volume  is  furnished  should  help 
to  convince  the  reader  how  much  English 
trade  suffers  by  its  adherence  to  our  anti- 
quated system  of  pounds  and  feet. 

Electricity  of  To-day.  By  Charles  R. 
Gibson.  (Seeley  &  Co.) — This  is  one  more 
attempt  to  give  the  man  in  the  street  some 
insight  into  the  practical  working  of  elec- 
trical industries  without  taking  him  through 
a  preliminary  grounding  in  the  abstruse 
theoretical  principles  on  which  they  are 
based.  Mr.  Gibson  tackles  the  problem 
by  showing  his  reader  a  few  simple  experi- 
ments in  electricity  and  magnetism,  and 
then  leads  him  right  into  a  description  of 
the  manner  in  which  the  forces  there 
revealed  are  industrially  applied.  Thus 
more  than  a  fifth  of  the  book  is  occupied  by 
a  description  of  electricity  as  employed  on 
tramways  and  railways,  and  most  of  the 
rest  with  electric  lighting  and  heating,  tele- 
graphy and  telephony,  and,  of  course,  the 
medical  use  of  the  X  rays.  In  some  remarks 
appended  upon  the  theory  of  electricity,  the 
writer  seems  to  have  assimilated  the  latest 
ideas  as  to  the  part  played  therein  by  the 
■ether  and  the  constitution  of  the  atom.  The 
book  is  written  in  an  easygoing  and  gossiping 
fashion,  and  plentifully  illustrated  by  anec- 
dote. It  is  possible,  therefore,  that  an  un- 
instructed  reader,  especially  if  he  happened 
to  have  some  acquaintance  with  engineer- 
ing, might  gather  from  its  pages  sufficient 
hints  as  to  the  nature  of  electricity  to  induce 
him  to  study  the  subject  for  its  own  sake. 
This,  we  take  it,  is  the  greatest  benefit 
which  such  a  book  can  render  to  science,  and 
Mr.  Gibson  seems,  on  the  whole,  to  have 
done  his  work  well.  There  are  a  few  obvious 
slips,  as  when  he  says  that  electricity,  unlike 
light  and  heat,  does  not  directly  affect  any 
of  our  sensory  organs.  We  fancy  that  were  he 
to  take  hold  of  the  terminals  of  an  induction 
coil  at  work,  or  even  of  the  two  coatings  of  a 
charged  Ley  den  jar,  he  would  be  ready  to 
modify  this  opinion. 

/Ether  :  a  Theory  of  the  Nature  of  /Ether 
and  its  Place  in  the  Universe.  By  Hugli 
Woods,  M.D.  (The  Electrician  Company.) 
— More  abstruse  in  appearance  than  the 
foregoing  is  this  dissertation,  in  which  the 
author  seeks  to  prove  that  all  the  pheno- 
mena of  physics  and  chemistry  can  be 
accounted  for  on  the  supposition  that  the 
ether  is  a  gas.  This,  which  is  the  theory  of, 
among  others,  the  great  chemist  Mendeleeff, 
is,  of  course,  a  tenable  proposition,  and 
the  author  works  it  out  with  much  enthusi- 
asm and  some,  skill.  He  does  not  attempt 
to  establish   it  mathematically,  because,  as 


he  says,  with  some  show  of  reason,  "  any 
little  error  in  the  facts  assumed  as  the  basis 
on  which  mathematical  deductions  are 
founded  vitiates  the  conclusions."  Neither 
does  he  attempt  to  answer,  so  far  as  we  can 
see,  the  Maxwellian  objection  that  a  mole- 
cular medium,  like  a  gas,  could  not  transmit 
transverse  vibrations,  as  does  the  ether, 
without  their  energy  being  frittered  away 
into  heat.  It  is  true  that  in  this  case  we 
are  arguing  from  the  analogy  of  gases  subject 
to  gravitation  the  behaviour  of  a  gas  which 
by  the  hypothesis  is  not  so  ;  but  this  is  a 
point  which  is  not  taken  by  the  author. 
Moreover,  he  appears  to  consider  the  ether 
as  possessed  of  motion,  and  even  speaks  of  it 
as  flowing  "  through  space  in  a  mighty 
immeasurable  torrent,"  whereas  experiment 
agrees  with  all  the  later  theories  on  the  sub- 
ject in  considering  the  ether  as  always  at 
rest.  As,  finally,  he  does  not  appear  to 
have  heard  of  the  theory  of  the  universal 
disintegration  of  matter,  now  coming  more 
and  more  to  the  front,  which  would  make 
the  atom  itself  the  great  terrestrial  reservoir 
of  energy,  his  views  of  the  ether  are  hardly 
likely  to  gain  general  acceptance. 

Paradoxes  of  Nature  and  Science.  By  W. 
Hampson.  (Cassell.) — In  this,  which  may 
perhaps  be  regarded  as  the  true  type  of 
"  popular  "  science  book,  Mr.  Hampson 
explains,  in  language  clear  to  the  ordinary 
man,  the  principle  of  the  boomerang,  of  the 
gyroscope,  of  bird-flight,  of  double  vision, 
and  of  much  else.  To  recapitulate  all  his 
paradoxes  would  be,  in  fact,  to  transcribe 
his  table  of  contents  ;  but  a  word  may  be 
spared  for  his  '  Curiosities  of  Freezing  and 
Melting,'  and  his  discourse  on  '  Liquid  Air,' 
on  which,  as  a  subject  he  has  made  his  own, 
he  is  particularly  lucid  and  informing. 
Ne  sutor  ultra  crepidam,  however,  and  we 
find  him  less  admirable  when  he  comes  to 
instruct  us  on  electricity.  On  one  page  we 
find  him  laying  down  that  electricity  is  "  a 
form  of  energy."  This  idea,  which  was 
popular  in  the  seventies,  may  be  said  to 
have  received  its  quietus  at  the  hands  of 
Prof.  Silvanus  Thompson,  who  states 
in  his  elementary  book  on  the  subject 
that  "  electricity  is  neither  matter  nor 
energy."  Yet  Mr.  Hampson  repeats 
his  heresy  in  the  aggravated  form 
that  heat  is  "  closely  associated  with 
the  other  forms  of  minute  mechanical 
energy  which  we  know  as  electricity  and 
light."  Later  again,  in  describing  Mr. 
Strutt's  radium  clock,  he  tells  us  that  the 
Alpha  rays  are  "  somewhat  large  groups  of 
corpuscles."  But  he  must  know,  from 
even  the  most  cursory  glance  at  the  current 
literature  of  the  subject,  that  "  corpuscles  " 
is  a  word  used  by  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  and 
his  school  to  denote  the  components  of  the 
Beta  stream  of  cathode  or  negative  rays, 
while  the  Alpha  rays  are  recognized  by  all 
physicists  as  including  no  "  groups,"  but 
a  homogeneous  flow  of  positive  particles. 
Except  for  this,  we  have  nothing  but 
praise  for  Mr.  Hampson's  book,  which  is 
excellent  reading,  and  written  with  a  sense 
of  humour  as  unexpected  as  it  is  pleasant. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Thr  Corresponding  Societies  Committee 
of  the  British  Association  has  selected  for 
special  notice  twenty-six  contributions  to 
anthropology  from  the  Transactions  of 
eighteen  local  affiliated  societies  during  the 
year  ended  May  31st,  1906.  The  Croydon 
Natural  History  Society,  the  Hampshire 
Field  Club,  and  the  Yorkshire  Naturalists' 
Union  contribute  three  papers  each  to  the 
list.  The  Croydon  papers  are  on  the  British 
town  of  Wallington  in  the  first  contury  B.C., 


by  Mr.  N.  F.  Robarts  ;  a  note  on  a  bronze 
palstave  found  at  Warlingham,  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Goodman  ;  and  on  human  and  other  bones 
found  at  Whyteleafe,  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Hogg. 
The  Hampshire  papers  are  on  some  Roman 
urns  found  at  Winchester,  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Jacob  ;  on  the  discovery  of  an  Anglo-Saxon 
cemetery  at  Droxford,  by  Mr.  W.  Dale  ;  and 
on  some  relics  discovered  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  castle  of  Southampton,  by  Mr.  C.  F. 
Cooksey.  The  papers  in  The  Naturalist  are 
on  the  neolithic  remains  on  the  Durham  and 
Northumberland  coasts  respectively,  by 
Mr.  C.  T.  Trechmann  ;  and  on  the  British 
remains  found  near  the  Cawthorn  camps,  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  Mortimer.  The  Woolhope  Natu- 
ralists' Field  Club  published  two  papers  on 
place-names,  by  the  Rev.  W.  E.  T.  Morgan 
and  Mr.  J.  G.  Wood  ;  and  the  Buchan  Field 
Club  one  by  the  Rev.  J.  Forrest,  as  well  as 
a  paper  on  a  prehistoric  interment  by  Mr. 
J.  Don.  The  other  papers,  each  contributed 
to  a  separate  local  society,  are  by  Mr.  F.  G. 
Fleay,  on  a  new  theory  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
to  the  City  of  London  College  Science  Society; 
by  Mr.  E.  Meyrick,  the  annual  anthropo- 
metric report,  to  the  Marlborough  College 
Natural  History  Society  ;  by  Messrs.  St.  6. 
Gray  and  C.  S.  Prideaux,  on  barrow-digging 
at  Martinstown  to  the  Dorset  Natural  History 
and  Antiquarian  Field  Club  ;  by  Messrs. 
A.  Bulleid  and  St.  G.  Gray,  an  account  of 
excavations  during  1905  in  the  Glaston- 
bury lake  village,  to  the  Somerset  Archaeo- 
logical and  Natural  History  Society  ;  by 
Mr.  T.  J.  George,  on  some  bronze  mirrors 
found  in  Great  Britain,  to  the  Northampton- 
shire Natural  History  Society  ;  by  Mr. 
W.  G.  Clarke,  on  remains  of  the  neolithic 
age  in  Thetford  district,  to  the  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Naturalists'  Society  ;  by  Mr.  L. 
Wedgwood,  on  Celtic  remains  found  at  the 
Upper  House,  Burlaston,  to  the  North 
Staffordshire  Field  Club  ;  by  the  Rev.  G.  H. 
Ashworth,  on  the  Whitburn  "  Hot-Pot,"  to 
the  Rochdale  Literary  and  Scientific  Society; 
by  Prof.  D.  Hepburn,  on  prehistoric  human 
skeletons  found  at  Merthyr  Mawr,  to  the 
Cardiff  Naturalists'  Society ;  by  Mr.  J. 
Barbour,  a  first  account  of  the  excavation  of 
Lochrutton  crannog,  to  the  Dumfriesshire 
and  Galloway  Natural  History  and  Anti- 
quarian Society  ;  by  Mr.  A.  Hutcheson,  on 
the  discovery  of  the  remains  of  an  earth- 
house  at  Barnhill,  to  the  Perthshire  Society 
of  Natural  Science  ;  by  Mr.  J.  B.  M'Kean,  on 
folk-lore,  to  the  Belfast  Naturalists'  Field 
Club  ;  and  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Hamilton,  on  stellar 
legends  of  American  Indians,  to  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  of  Canada. 

The  publication  which  the  Royal  Society 
of  Northern  Antiquaries  of  Copenhagen  has 
issued  to  its  foreign  members  for  the  years 
1905-G  is  a  memoir  by  Dr.  Sophus  Midler  on 
discoveries  of  inhabited  stations  of  the  Roman 
epoch.  The  author  treats  generally  the 
questions  relative  to  the  situation  of  stations, 
and  specially  examines  those  concerning 
the  finds  of  the  Roman  period  and  the  epochs 
immediately  adjoining  it.  In  a  future  pub- 
lication he  proposes  to  deal  with  certain 
categories  of  objects  found,  and  ultimately 
to  treat  more  ancient  and  more  recent  dis- 
coveries. The  paper  is  illustrated  with 
drawings,  sections,  and  plans  of  the  various 
stations  examined,  and  a  selection  of  the 
objects  (mainly  of  pottery)  discovered  there. 
To  Man  for  November  Miss  A.  C.  Breton 
communicates  an  article  based  on  an  account 
by  Serior  J.  B.  Ambrosetti  of  ancient  bronze 
objects  found  in  the  north-west  of  Argentina. 
The  most  interesting  of  these  finds  are 
plaques  which  seem  to  have  been  worn  as 
amulets.  They  bear  figiues  of  a  personage 
who  is  considered  to  be  Catequil,  the  dis- 
penser of  rains,  who  made  the  earth  fruitful 
by  means  of  rain,  and  was  the  creator  of  all 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


777 


living.  He  bears  a  toki,  a  ceremonial  axe, 
•similar  to  some  which  have  been  found  in 
tombs,  usually  with  bronze  handles  ;  though 
•one  is  figured  as  found  with  its  wooden 
handle.  Mr.  C.  M.  Woodford,  Resident 
•Commissioner  at  the  Solomon  Islands  and  a 
local  correspondent  of  the  Anthropological 
Institute,  furnishes  an  account  of  Sikaina, 
or  Stewart's  Island,  with  diagrams  of  the 
-tatuing  patterns  for  men  and  women.  He 
furnished  in  Alan  for  September  a  similar 
-account  of  Leueneuvva,  or  Lord  Howe's 
Group. 


SOCIETIES. 


Socfety  of  Antiquaries. — Nor.  29. — Lord 
Ave  bury,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  following 
resolution  was  unanimously  adopted  :  "  The 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  takes  this  the 
first  opportunity  to  place  on  record  its  sense  of  the 
great  loss  it  has  sustained  hy  the  death  of  John 
Thomas  Micklethwaite,  for  nearly  thirty-seven 
years  a  Fellow.  During  this  long  period  the  (Society 
has  constantly  benefited  hy  the  great  knowledge 
which  Mr.  Micklethwaite  possessed,  and  so  freely 
placed  at  its  service.  As  a  Vice-President,  a 
member  of  Council,  and  as  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive and  many  other  Committees,  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite rendered  signal  services  to  the  Society  and 
to  archaeolog}'  in  general,  and  his  death  will  be 
felt  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries.'"— A  letter  was  read  from  the  Town 
Clerk  of  Worcester  in  reply  to  the  Society's  resolu- 
tion of  June  28th,  with  regard  to  the  proposed 
demolition  of  old  houses  in  Worcester,  stating  that 
the  City  Council  will  be  pleased  to  consider  any 
suggestion  the  Soeiet .y  may  make  as  to  how  the 
Council  could  legally  expend  corporate  funds  in 
preserving  houses  as  examples  of  English  domestic 
architecture.  —  Mr.  Willis-Bund  stated  that  a 
motion  had  since  been  brought  before  the  City 
Council  to  consider  objects  of  antiquarian  interest 
in  Worcester,  to  state  what  were  worth  preserving, 
and  what  steps  should  be  taken  for  doing  this. — A 
note  from  Mr.  J.  E.  Pritchard  was  read,  stating 
that  the  City  Council  of  Bristol  had  decided  on 
October  23rd  that  the  Old  Dutch  House  in  that 
city  should  be  preserved. — In  accordance  with  the 
Statutes,  ch.  i.  sec  5,  Lord  Hylton  was  elected  a 
Fellow.  —  On  the  application  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Westminster  it  was  unanimously  re- 
solved that  the  Islip  Roll,  which  had  been  entrusted 
to  the  Society  for  reproduction  in  1791  by  the 
Dean  of  the  day,  Dr.  Thomas,  who  was  also 
Bishop  of  Rochester,  should  be  returned  to 
the  Dean  and  Chapter. — Miss  Nina  Layard  com- 
municated an  account  of  a  discovery  of  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  cemetery  in  Ipswich  of  considerable  extent. 
Already  135  graves  had  been  examined,  and  the 
work  is  still  continuing.  An  exhibition  of  the 
numerous  relics  found  included  a  large  collection  of 
spear-heads,  knives,  and  other  objects  of  iron  and 
bronze  ;  some  rare  fibula-,  both  of  the  square- 
headed  and  Kentish  types  ;  a  silver  ring-necklace 
with  amber  bead,  said  to  be  unique  ;  and  a  large 
Frankish  buckle,  besides  numerous  necklaces  of 
beads.  A  special  point  was  made  of  deciding  the 
exact  position  in  which  the  objects  were  found,  by 
securing  portions  of  the  bones  on  which  they  were 
resting,  and  which  were  stained  with  verdigris 
from  contact  with  the  metal.  A  considerable 
number  of  urns  of  very  rough  construction  were 
either  in  the  graves  or  buried  separately.  One  coin 
only  —  of  Marcus  Aureliua,  a.d.  161 — was  dis- 
covered, in  the  grave  of  a  woman.  It  was  much 
defaced. — Sir  John  Evans  recalled  Miss  Layard's 
discoveries  of  palaeolithic  implements  above  the 
boulder-clay  at  Ipswich,  and  congratulated  her  on 
this  her  first  attempt  in  another  field  of  arclueology. 
He  remarked  on  some  of  the  leading  features  of 
the  find,  such  as  the  brooches,  beads,  and  glass 
vessels. — Mr.  Dale  noticed  the  absence  of  swords 
from  the  cemetery,  and  Mr.  Reginald  Smith  offered 
some  remarks  on  the  find  as  a  whole.  With 
apparently  one  exception,  there  were  no  cases  of 
cremation  in  the  cemetery,  and  the  vases  exhibited 
were  quite  plain,  and  not  of  the  kind  usually 
employed  as  cineraries.  The  direction  (but  not 
the  arrangement)  of  the  graves  was  regular,  the 
head  being  smith -west  ;  and  there  could  be  there- 
fore no  question  as  to  their  pagan  origin.  Not 
■only  were  swords  and  sword-knives  conspicuously 


absent,  but  there  were  also  no  "  long'"  brooches  of 
Norwegian  type,  no  bracelet-clasps,  and  no  Roman 
or  Saxon  coins  such  as  occurred  in  the  Little 
Wilbraham  cemetery,  which  was  in  many  respects 
parallel,  and  included  a  Kentish  circular  bro-ch 
with  keystone  garnets  like  two  from  Ipswich.  The 
square-headed  brooches  formed  a  remarkable  series, 
and  their  ornamentation  confirmed  the  opinion  that 
the  burials  did  not  extend  over  a  long  period. 
They  displayed,  in  a  somewhat  degraded  form,  the 
animal  ornament  that  appeared  in  the  Teutonic 
world  early  in  the  sixth  century,  and  two  varieties 
of  the  type  were  known,  in  S.  Germany  and 
S.  Scandinavia  respectively  ;  but  the  Ipswich 
specimens  were  evidently  made  in  this  country, 
and  bore  only  a  family  likeness  to  the  continental. 
Everything  pointed  to  an  exclusive  settlement  on 
the  Orwell  in  the  latter  half  of  the  sixth  century, 
perhaps  extending  over  the  firtft  quarter  of  the 
seventh.  The  cemetery  was  a  remarkably  pure 
one,  and  would  be  useful  as  a  test  for  other  dis- 
coveries of  the  period,  which  were  generally  of  a 
mixed  character. 

Dec.  6.— Sir  E.  M.  Thompson,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. 
— A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Lethaby  on 
'The  Sculptures  of  the  South  Porch  of  Lincoln 
Minster.'  He  showed  that  the  angels  which 
accompany  the  Majesty  have  been  wrongly  re- 
stored, and  that  they  carried  instruments  of  the 
Passion  instead  of  censers.  He  described  the 
sculptures  of  the  arch-orders  as  the  Wise  and 
Foolish  Virgins,  Apostles,  King  -  martyrs,  and 
Virgins  The  fine  images  below,  to  the  right  and 
left  of  the  porch,  within,  are  the  Church  and  the 
Synagogue,  the  outer  figures  being  probably 
Apostles  The  pair  of  royal  figures  on  the  S.  E. 
buttress  were  most  probably  intended  for  St.  Ethel  - 
bert,  King  and  Martyr,  with  the  daughter  of 
Offa,  to  whom  he  was  about  to  be  married  when 
he  was  murdered. — Mr.  John  Bilson  read  some 
notes  on  a  remarkable  sculptured  representation 
of  Hell  Cauldron  lately  found  at  York,  which  he 
was  inclined  to  associate  with  portions  of  a  Norman 
tympanum  in  the  York  Museum.  He  considered 
that  both  sculptures  dated  from  the  last  quarter  of 
the  twelfth  century,  and  may  have  formed  part  of 
the  carved  decorations  of  a  former  west  front  of  the 
Minster,  near  to  which  they  were  found. — Mr.  John 
Noble  exhibited,  through  the  Secretary,  an  un- 
usually perfect  example  of  a  silver  parcel  -  gilt 
English  chalice,  the  date  of  which  was  assigned  by 
Mr.  Hope  to  a  period  between  1515  and  1525.  The 
foot  is  sexfoil  in  shape,  and  with  the  knot,  of 
exceptional  plainness.  The  chalice  bears  no  marks. 
— Col.  J.  E.  Capper  exhibited  some  photographs  of 
Stonehenge,  taken  from  a  balloon,  illustrating  in  a 
remarkable  manner  the  relative  positions  of  the 
stone  circles  and  surrounding  earthworks. 


ZOOLOGICAL. — Nov.  27. — Mr.  Howard  Saunders, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report 
on  the  additions  to  the  Menagerie  during  October. 
— Mr.  E.  T.  Newton  exhibited  the  leg-bones  of 
two  foxes  that  had  been  caught  in  snares.  The 
wire  in  each  case  had  cut  through  the  skin  and 
was  drawn  tight  round  the  bone,  which  in  course 
of  development  had  grown  over  the  wire  and 
enveloped  it. — Mr.  T.  A.  Coward  read  some  notes 
on  the  habits  of  the  lesser  horseshoe  bat,  Rhino- 
tophus  hipposiderus.  —  A  communication  from 
Messrs.  E.  A.  Smith  and  H.  H.  Bloomer  contained 
an  account  of  four  species  of  Solenidre  in  the 
collections  made  1>\-  Mr.  Cyril  Crossland  in  Zanzibar 
and  British  East  Africa  in  1901-2. —Mr.  W. 
Woodland  read  a  paper  in  which  an  attempt  was 
made  to  explain  the  existence  of  the  so-called 
"renal-portal'"  system,  and  also  a  paper  on  the 
anatomy  of  Centrophom*  calcem. — Mr.  Oldfield 
Thomas  read  a  paper  on  mammals  collected  in 
Korea  and  Quelpart  Island  by  Mr.  Malcolm  P. 
Anderson  for  the  Duke  of  Bedford's  exploration 
of  Eastern  Asia,  and  presented  by  his  Graoe  to  the 
National  Museum.  The  collection  consisted  of 
About  130  specimens,  belonging  to  nine  species,  of 
which  four  were  described  as  new. 


Entomological. — Dec.  5. — Mr.   F.   Merrifield, 

President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  H.  C.  Pratt,  ('apt. 
H.  J.  Walton,  Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs,  Cant.  J.  I'..  C. 
Tulloch,  Mr.  J.  A.  Nix,  Mr.  H.  \V.  Southcombe, 
and  Mr.  R  E.  Turner  were  elected  Fellows. — Mr. 
A.  W.  Bacot  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Cu'o'-'t'n 
nupta,  taken  at  Hackney  on  Novemlxsr  9th,  having 


two  well-developed  tarsi  on  the  left  fore-leg  ;  and 
three  female  specimens  of  Lasciocampa  qxiercux,  L., 
bred  from  Cornish  larva?,  one  of  which  had  l>een 
submitted  to  a  pressure  of  27-30  atmospheres,  a 
pressure  at  once  fatal  to  a  frog. — Dr.  T.  A.  Chap- 
man showed  a  long  and  varied  series  of  HaMida, 
hyeraiid,  Mcll. ,  bred  from  Hyeres  larva?.  By 
means  of  a  sketch  map  he  illustrated  the  great 
increase  in  the  area  occupied  by  this  species  since 
its  discovery  by  Milliere  fifty  years  ago  ;  also  the 
rapid  increase  of  melanism  in  the  locality. — Dr. 
F.  A.  Dixey  exhibited  specimens  of  Teracolus 
omphule,  Godt.,  bred  by  Mr.  <;.  A.  K.  Marshall, 
showing  that,  under  arranged  conditions  of 
moisture  and  warmth,  the  wet-season  phase  might 
be  artificially  induced.  —  Dr.  Dixey  also  com- 
municated a  paper  '  On  the  Diaposematic 
Resemblance  between  Huphina  corra,  Wallace, 
and  Ixias  haliensis,  Fruhst. ,' — and  Mr.  L.  B. 
Prout  read  a  paper  entitled  ' Xanthorhoeferrugata, 
Clerck,  and  the  Mendelian  Hypothesis.' 


Microscopical. — Nor.  21. — Mr.  A.  N.  Disney, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  Curator  described  two 
old  microscopes  that  had  been  presented  to  the 
Society's  collection,  one  a  Culpeper  microscope  of 
the  early  eighteenth  century.  The  other,  presented 
by  Mr.  C.  Lees  Curties,  was  an  old  microscope  made 
by  Dollond,  and  assumed  to  belong  to  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century. — Dr.  Hebb  exhibited  a 
new  porcelain  filter,  brought  out  by  Messrs. 
Doulton  &  Co.,  suitable  for  laboratory  work  and 
for  filtering  water  for  drinking.  Dr.  Hebb  also 
exhibited  for  Mr.  Taverner  a  small  filter-bottle  for 
faltering  micro-mounting  fluids. — Mr.  Conrad  Beck 
exhibited  an  optical  bench  for  illumination  with 
either  ordinary  or  monochromatic  light,  arranged 
to  show  experimentally  that  AmphipU  urn  pelhictda 
could  be  resolved  by  the  green  light,  while  under 
the  same  conditions  it  could  not  be  resolved  by  the 
yellow  light.  —  Messrs.  Carl  Zeiss  exhibited  a 
special  pattern  microscope,  designed  chiefly  for 
photomicrography  in  metallurgical  work.  —  Mr. 
J.  W.  Gordon  gave  a  summary  of  his  paper  'On 
the  Use  of  a  Top  Stop  for  developing  Latent 
Powers  of  the  Microscope.'  Mr.  Gordon  exhibited! 
his  apparatus,  which  had  previously  been  shown  to 
the  Society,  and  pointed  out  that  a  top  stop 
enables  the  microscopist  to  vary  the  proportion 
between  the  refracted  and  the  unrefracted  light 
which  passe?  the  instrument,  and  thus  to  render 
conspicuous  a  particular  feature  of  the  object.  In 
illustration  of  the  results  thus  reached  he  exhibited 
photographs  taken  with  an  achromatic  oil-immersion 
objective  of  N.A.  1"0  to  demonstrate  how  by  means 
of  a  top  stop  the  objective  in  question  could  be 
made  to  equal  the  performance  of  an  objective  of 
much  wider  aperture. — Mr.  Rheinberg  contended 
that  the  use  of  a  stop  in  the  Ramsden  circle  of  the 
microscope  was  from  an  optical  point  of  view 
equivalent  to  the  use  of  a  stop  in  the  upper  focal 
plane  of  the  objective,  and  that  a  stop  which  puts 
out  of  use  the  central  portion  of  the  objective 
deteriorates  and  falsifies  the  image. — Mr.  Conrad 
Beek  did  not  agree  with  Mr.  Rheinberg.  If  the 
course  of  the  rays  through  the  whole  microscope 
were  followed,  it  would  be  found  there  was  but 
one  point  through  which  all  the  rays  passed 
symmetrically,  and  that  waa  in  the  Ramsden 
circle.  —  Mr.  Conrady  said  Mr.  Gordon  had 
repeated  bis  idea  that  the  well-known  visibility  of 
single  minute  objects  proved  the  accepted  limits  of 
resolution  to  be  wrong.  The  fact  was  that 
visibility  and  resolution  were  different  things  :  the 
former  was  merely  a  question  of  contrast,  an 
object,  however  small  it  might  lie,  being  seen  if  it 
contrasted  sufficiently  with  its  background.  Stars 
that  were  probably  below  -fa  of  a  second  in  arc  in 
apparent  size  were  visible  to  the  naked  eye  ;  but 
the  limit  of  resolution  for  the  naked  eye  was  about 
80  seconds,  and  we  had  here  visibility  of  objects 
measuring  less  than  ,.'-,-,  part  of  the  least  distance 
at  which  tiro  such  objects  could  l>e  seen  separated 
or  resolved.  He  considered  the  delicate  tracery  on 
diatoms  referred  to  by  Mr.  Gordon  was  due  to 
spurious  appearances  of  the  intercostal  order. — 
Mr.  Gordon  in  reply  said  that  the  statement  made 
by  Mr.  Rheinberg  that  a  top  stop  was  equivalent 
to  a  stop  placed  in  the  upper  focal  plane  of  the 
objective  was  roughly oorreot,  but  it  must  lie  taken 
Bubject  to  the  oritioism  which  Mr.  Beck  bad  passed 
upon  it,  and  further,  that  at  tin-  back  focal  plane 
of  the  objective  yon  had  to  deal  with  spherical 
wave-fronts,    whereas   in   the    Ramsden   disk   the 


778 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1908 


•wave-fronts  were  plane  wave  fn  nts.     Mr.  Gordon 
also  briefly  replied  to  Mr.  Conrady's  criticisms. 


Philological. — Dec.  7. — Mr.  H.  A.  Nesbitt  in 
the  chair. — Mr.  Maurice  Nesbitt  was  elected  a 
Member. — Dr.  H.  Oelsner  read  a  paper  on  Kel- 
ham's  '  Dictionary  of  the  Norman  or  Old  French 
Language'  (1779).  This  work  was  based  on  legal 
documents,  and  intended  for  law  students.  Un- 
fortunately the  compiler,  who  read  a  number  of 
MSS.  ranging  from  the  eleventh  century  to  the 
fifteenth,  did  not  give  the  words  in  their  context, 
nor  did  he  add  references  or  dates  of  any  kind  :  he 
feared  this  would  make  his  book  "  too  expensive." 
Moreover,  he  was  a  bad  palaeographer,  and  numerous 
errors  of  transcription  may  easily  be  noted,  while 
others  are  most  difficult  to  put  right.  In  spite  of 
these  drawbacks,  however,  the  book  deserves  more 
attention  than  philologists  have  so  far  devoted  to 
it.  The  meanings  given  to  words  are  in  many 
cases  curious  and  instructive  :  seps,  sipps,  stocks  ; 
en  musette,  secretly  ;  parmuer,  barter  ;  sans 
simonys,  without  a  reward,  gratis  ;  a  Voustel,  at 
the  door,  at  the  beginning  ;  escriez,  notorious  ; 
lit  movant,  death-bed  ;  choier,  fail ;  redubbours  de 
dras,  menders  of  apparel  (those  who  buy  stolen 
cloaths,  &c. ,  and,  that  they  may  not  be  known,  turn 
them  into  some  other  colour  or  fashion)  ;  umbrez, 
coloured  ;  entre  chien  et  lieu  (inter  canem  et  lupum), 
twilight ;  yule,  first  day  of  the  month  ;  pied  pul- 
dreaux,  pedlar;  chen(s),  dogdays ;  langagiers, 
abusive,  scurrilous;  noveletes,  injury;  paroles 
blanches,  fair  words.  Many  of  the  formations  are 
of  course  "  dog  French  "  of  a  more  or  less  virulent 
type  :  houcher,  speak  ;  udif,  idle  (contamination  of 
oisif  and  idle)  ;  ve,  true  (cross  between  veir  and 
vrai)  ;  purrele,  pupil  of  the  eye  Cipro  -j-  velum)  ; 
dustres,  leaders;  maincrafte,  handicraft;  motenaux 
pels,  sheepskins ;  coux,  cuckold ;  samble  temps, 
same  time ;  pourlesse,  fearless ;  eiskes,  each  (in- 
fluence of  each  on  chascuns) ;  faux  naistres, 
bastards.  Several  words  which  attempt  a  more 
regular  formation  do  not  appear  in  Godefroy  and 
other  dictionaries  and  glossaries  :  such  are  soyne, 
synod;  pan,  stake;  maimement,  especially  (Imaxi- 
mamente  ;  but  perhaps  for  (me(s)mement).  The 
spelling  of  course  frequently  throws  light  on  the 
pronunciation  current  in  France  and  England,  or 
in  England  alone,  though  the  absence  of  dates  de- 
prives the  lessons  we  might  learn  from  the  ortho- 
graphy of  much  of  their  value :  espanner  (ipargner), 
cytoaen  (citoyen),  Juen  (juin),  dei  (doigt),  Jreines 
and  fresses  (fraisne,  frene),  nayer  (vager),  pi,  piz, 
or  poux  (puits),  quer  (guerre),  oust  (aout),  moly 
[moulin),  disenef  (dix  et  neuf),  sines  (cygues), 
pontes  (puiuees),  say  bienk  (said  bien),  teste  and  tet 
(tete).  Topographical  names  are  changed  and 
simplified  in  the  usual  way:  Lenne,  Lincoln  (which 
also  appears  as  Nicole)  ;  Droueda,  Drogheda  ; 
Wautham,  Waltham  ;  Varvick,  Warwick  ;  Tenet, 
Thanet.  Finally,  not  a  few  of  the  words  and 
forms  support  and  strengthen  English  etymologies 
that  are  generally  accepted:  tinter,  tinker;  pettrine, 
bakehouse,  pestez,  baked,  &c,  with  the  e  sound  of 
"pastry"  (probably  due  to paistre,  pestre)  ;  enjoun- 
dre~es,  with  the  sense  of  "underwater,"  not  usual 
in  continental  French  or  early  English ;  duoir  (by 
the  side  of  devoir),  a  form  which  simplifies  the 
explanation  of  "duty";  allopers  de  minus,  those 
who  elope  with  nuns  (the  importance  of  which  form 
depends  on  its  date).  All  these  examples  have  been 
taken,  nearly  at  haphazard,  from  a  large  number  of 
the  same  kind.  The  class  of  doubtful  words,  many 
of  which  are  almost  certainly  not  "ghost-words,"'' 
has  not  been  considered  at  all,  and  seems  to 
deserve  special  study. — Mr.  B.  Dawson  read  a 
short  paper  on  '  Spelling  Reform,'  urging  a  partial 
improvement  consistent  with  phonetic  principles, 
namely,  the  giving  up  of  every  silent  final  e,  as  in 
doctrine,  hyprocite,  live,  and  all  words  ending 
in  ire. 


Society  of  Enginbbbs. — Dec.  10. — Annual 
Meeting. — Mr.  Maurice  Wilson,  President,  in  the 
chair. — The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  as 
Council  and  officers  for  1907  :  President,  Mr.  R.  St. 
George  Moore;  Vice-Preeidenta,  Messrs.  J.  W. 
Wilson,  W.  H.  Holttum,  and  G.  A.  Goodwin; 
Ordinary  Member*  of  Council,  Messrs.  J.  Aird, 
J.  Bernays,  F.  G.  Bloyd,  A.  G.  Drury,  G.  Green, 
J.  Kennedy,  E.  J.  Silcock,  and  D.  A.  Symons ; 
Hon.  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Mr.  1).  B.  Butler; 
Hon.  Auditor,  Mr.  S.  Wood. — The  President 
announced   the  death,  on  November  30th,   of  Sir 


Edward  J.  Reed,  elected  an  Honorary  Member  in 
1877.  The  President  also  announced  that  the 
following  premiums  had  been  awarded  by  the 
Council  for  papers  read  during  the  past  session  : — 
The  President's  Gold  Medal  to  Mr.  F.  Latham  for 
his  paper  on  '  Harbour  Exigency  Works ' ;  the 
Bessemer  Premium  of  Books  to  Messrs.  W.  P. 
Digby  and  H.  C.  H.  Shenton  for  their  joint  paper 
on  '  The  Prevention  of  the  Bacterial  Contamination 
of  Streams  and  Oyster  Beds '  ;  a  Society's  Premium 
of  Books  to  Dr.  D.  Sommerville  for  his  paper  on 
'  The  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology  of  Potable 
Waters  '  ;  and  a  Society's  Premium  of  Books  to 
Mr.  G.  0.  Case  for  his  paper  on  '  Submarine 
Groyning.' 

Aristotelian.  —  Dec.  3.  —  Mr.  Shadworth  H. 
Hodgson,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— The  Hon.  Bertrand 
Russell  read  a  paper  '  On  the  Nature  of  Truth.' 
Two  questions  in  regard  to  the  nature  of  truth  are 
to  be  distinguished:  (1)  In  what  sense,  if  any,  is 
truth  dependent  upon  mind  ?  (2)  Are  there  many 
different  truths,  or  is  there  only  the  truth  ?  Of 
these  questions,  the  view  that  truth  is  one,  which 
may  be  called  "logical  monism,"  involves  certain 
difficulties,  of  which  the  following  seem  specially 
important:  (1)  If  no  partial  truth  is  quite  true, 
this  must  apply  to  the  partial  truths  which  em- 
body the  monistic  philosophy.  (2)  The  monistic 
philosophy  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  parts  of 
a  whole  are  not  really  its  parts,  and  that,  con- 
sequently, there  cannot  really  be  any  whole.  (3) 
The  distinction  of  true  and  false  among  partial 
judgments  is  inexplicable  in  this  philosophy.  (4) 
The  philosophy  requires  an  appeal  to  ' '  experience," 
and  "experience"  must  consist  in  knowledge  of 
partial  truths.  The  monistic  philosophy  rests  on 
the  axiom  that  relations  must  be  grounded  In  the 
natures  of  their  terms.  This  axiom  leads  to  the 
result  that  even  the  whole  of  truth  is  not  quite 
true,  and  is  inconsistent  with  any  kind  of  diversity ; 
moreover,  the  reasons  in  favour  of  the  axiom  rest, 
it  is  contended,  upon  misunderstandings.  There 
is  therefore  no  reason  to  regard  relatedness  as  a 
proof  of  complexity,  or  to  deny  that  there  may  be 
many  truths,  each  wholly  true.  Two  possible 
views  of  truth  were  next  considered,  and  no 
decision  was  made  between  them.  In  the  first, 
any  complex  is  called  a  fact  ;  beliefs  to  which  facts 
correspond  are  called  true,  other  beliefs  are  called 
false.  In  the  second  theory  there  are  objective 
falsehoods  as  well  as  objective  truths  :  a  belief  is 
correct  when  it  is  belief  in  a  truth,  erroneous  when 
it  is  belief  in  a  falsehood.  Truth  and  falsehood, 
in  this  view,  are  ultimate,  and  no  account  can  be 
given  of  what  makes  a  proposition  true  or  false. 


Physical. — Nor.  23. — Prof.  J.  Perry,  President, 
in  the  chair. — A  paper  on  '  The  Electric  Radiation 
from  Bent  Antenna''  was  read  by  Dr.  J.  A. 
Fleming. — A  paper  entitled  '  Auroral  and  Sun-spot 
Frequencies  Contrasted'  was  read  by  Dr.  C.  Chree. 
— A  paper  '  On  the  Electrical  Resistances  of  Alloys' 
was  read  by  Dr.  R.  S.  Willows. 


British  Numismatic.  —  Nov.  30.  —  Annual 
Meeting. — Mr.  Carlyon-Britton,  President,  in  the 
chair.  —  The  Corporation  of  Winchester,  Sir 
George  C.  Denton,  the  Rev.  H.  A.  Soames,  and 
Messrs.  J.  B.  S.  Macllwaine,  A.  M.  Huntington, 
A.  Murdoch,  L.  Vibert,  and  R.  iSutclifl'e  were 
elected  to  membership.  —  The  Report  of  the 
Council  was  read,  showing  a  total  of  539  Members, 
including  18  Royal  and  20  Honorary  Members  ; 
and  the  Treasurer's  accounts  showed  a  surplus  on 
the  year  of  72/.  15*.  8c/.,  increasing  the  accumulated 
fund  to  46 11.  18.s.  8<i. — The  following  officers  were 
elected  :  President,  Mr.  Carlyon-Britton  ;  Vice- 
Presidents,  the  Marquess  of  Ailesbury,  Sir  F.  1>. 
Dixon-Harlland,  Earl  Egerton  of  Tatton,  Lord 
Grantloy,  and  Messrs.  G.  R.  Askwith  and  Bernard 
Roth  ;  Director,  Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  ;  Treasurer, 
Mr.  R.  H.  Wood  ;  Librarian,  Lieut. -Col.  H.  W. 
Morrieson  ;  and  Secretaries,  Mr.  W.  J.  Andrew 
and  Mr.  A.  Anscombe. — The  evening  had  been 
reserved  for  a  Scottish  exhibition,  including 
Scottish  coins,  medals,  tokens,  and  curios. — Miss 
Helen  Farquhar  read  a  paper  upon  the  coinage  of 
Prince  James  Stuart  prepared  lor  his  unsuccessful 
invasions  of  \~I\X  and  1715.  Of  this  there  were 
four  types  known  :  (1)  crown  dated  1709,  on  which 
he  is  styled  iacouvs  hi.  ;  (2)  crown,  or  sixty-shilling 
piece,  of  1710,  reading  iacobvs  vili.;  (3)  guinea,  or 


quarter-dollar,  of  1716,  reading  iacobvs  viii.  ;  and 
(4)  guinea,  or  shilling,  of  1716,  reading  iacobvs- 
tertivs.  Only  the  first  was  represented  by  an 
original  coin,  but  the  dies  for  the  others  had  been 
preserved  in  the  family  of  their  engravers,  the 
Roettiers,  and  restrikes  were  made  from  them. 
This  fact,  Miss  Farquhar  suggested,  would  accoimt 
for  the  very  youthful  portrait  on  the  obverse  of 
No.  4  in  conjunction  with  a  reverse  of  1716,  for  she 
believed  the  dies  were  not  a  pair,  and  that  the  true 
reverse  had  not  been  preserved.  In  support  of  this 
view  she  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  die 
used  was  really  the  reverse  of  No.  3  in  an  unfinished 
state. — Mr.  G.  M.  Fraser  contributed  'Treasure 
Trove  in  the  North  of  Scotland,'  in  which  he 
reviewed  in  detail  the  numerous  finds  of  coins 
which  have  been  recorded  in  that  district,  and 
particularly  in  and  around  Aberdeen.  The  dis- 
covery of  several  thousand  pieces  of  the  time  of 
Mary  and  Francis  where  formerly  had  stood  the 
Grey  Friars  Monastery  in  Aberdeen  indicated  the 
probability  that  they  were  hidden  in  1559,  when 
all  ecclesiastical  property  in  the  city  was  seized  by 
the  Reformers.  Two  finds  of  Edwardian  pennies 
and  coins  of  Alexander  III.  in  the  same  city  he 
identified  with  the  military  operations  of  Edward 
III.,  and  similarly  attributed  the  great  hoard 
discovered  there  in  1886.  This  comprised  12,267 
coins,  of  which  nearly  12,000  were  English  of  the 
reigns  of  the  three  Edwards,  and  was  contained 
in  a  finely  worked  bronze  vase,  not  unlike  a 
' '  gipsy  kettle "  in  design.  There  seemed  every 
indication  that  this  large  hoard  was  part  of  the 
treasure  of  the  English  army  which  invested  and 
burnt  Aberdeen  in  1336. — Amongst  the  Scottish 
exhibits  were  a  series  of  early  pennies  by  the 
President,  of  gold  pieces  by  Mr.  Roth  and  Mr. 
Bearman,  of  regal  and  Jacobite  coins  by  Mr.  S.  M» 
Spink,  and  of  coins  and  tokens  by  Mr.  Hamer, 
Mr.  Fletcher,  and  Mr.  TafFs  ;  coin  weights  by  Mr. 
Lawrence,  and  a  collection  of  Jacobite  medals  and 
curios  by  Mr.  Andrew.  Miss  Farquhar  showed 
the  locket  and  brooch  presented  by  Prince  Charles 
to  Flora  Macdonald  ;  Mr.  Day,  the  snuff-box  given 
by  the  Prince  to  the  Marquis  de  Serran  ;  and  Mr. 
Ogden,  a  Jacobite  Prayer  Book  in  which  the  king's 
name  had  been  carefully  altered  from  George  to 
James. 

MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

Mo.v  Institute  of  Actuaries,  5.— 'On  the  Error  introduced  into- 
Mortality  Tables  by  Summation  Formulas  of  Graduation,' 
Mr.  G.  King. 

Institute  of  i'.ritish  Architects,  8— 'The  Strength  and  Com- 
position of  Mortars,'  Mr    W.  J.  Dihdin. 

Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Artificial  Fertilizers,'  Lecture  V.,  Mr. 
A.  I).  Hall  (Cantor  Lecture). 

Sociological,  8.—'  Sociology  as  a  Province  of  Biology,'  M. 
AVaxweiler. 

Geographical.  s.:i0.— 'Nine  Years'  Survey  and  Exploration  in 
Northern  China,'  Col.  A.  W.  S.  Wingate. 

Jewish  Historical,  8.:t0.— 'The  Political  Rights  of  the  English. 
Jews,'  Mr.  H.  S.  Q_.  Henii.pies. 
Tens.     Statistical,   5.—' Estimates    of    the  Realizable  Wealth   of  the 
United  Kingdom,  based  mostly  on  the  Estate  Duty  Returns,' 
Mr.  W.  .1.  Harris  and  Rev.  K.  Lake. 

Institution  of  civil  Engineers,  s.  — '  Mechanical  Considerations 
in  the  Design  of  High-Tension  Switch-Gear,'  Mr.  H.  W.  E. 
Le  Fanu. 

Society  of  Arts.  8.  — 'Basket-Making.'  Mr  T.  Okey. 
Wed.     Meteorological.  7..10.— 'The   Guildford  Storm   of  August   2nd,' 
Admiral  .1.  P.  Maelear  ;  'Tire  Metric  System  in  Meteorology,' 
Mr.  R.  Inwards. 

Folk-lore.  8— 'The  Grail  and  the  Mysteries  of  Adonis,'  Miss 
,1.  I,.  Weston. 

Geological,  8.  — 'The  Post-Cretaceous  Stratigraphy  of  Southern 
Nigeria  ;  'ThetieidogvofthcOl.au  Hills,  Southern  Nigeria  ' : 
and  'The  Crystalline  Rocks  of  the  Kukuruku  Hills.  Central' 
Province  of  Southern  Nigeria,'  Mr.  J.  Parkinson. 

Microscopical,  8. — 

Society  of  Arts,  8.—' Modern  Developments  of  Flour-Milling, 
Mr.  A.  E.  Humphries. 
Tin  us.  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8  _■  The  Track  Circuit  aa 
installed  on  SI  .•am  Railways.'  Mr.  II.  G.  brown. 

Linnean,  8.-' botanical  Results  of  the  Third  Tanganyika 
Expedition.  1901-5,'  Dr.  A.  R  Kendle  and  others;  'Fossil 
Foramir.ifera  ol  Victoria:  The  balcombian  Deposits  of  Port 
Phillip,'  Mr.  P.  Chapman. 

Chemical,  S..'I0.— '  A  New  Laboratory  Method  for  the  Prepara- 
tion of  Hydrogen  Sulphide,  Mr.  F.  R,  I,.  \>  usoii  ;  'The 
Reaction  of  Acids  with  Methyl  Orange,'  Mr.  \.  H.  Veley ; 
and  other  papers. 


&titntt  (Sosstp. 

The  Board  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
have  appointed  Dr.  Edward  Henry  Taylor 
to  the  Professorship  of  Surgery  in  tho  Uni- 
versity, vacant  through  the  retirement  of 
Dr.  Edward  H.  Bennett.  Dr.  Taylor  has 
been  acting  as  deputy  for  tho  Professor  of 
Surgery  for  the  past  two  years. 

The  distinguished  botanist  Prof.  Ernst 
Pfitzer,  whose  death  in  his  sixty-first  year 
is  announced  from  Heidelberg,  where  for 
over  thirty  years  lie  had  been  attached  to 
the  University,  was  the  author  of  a  number 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE     ATHEN7EUM 


779 


•of  valuable  works.  Among  these  are 
'  Beitriige  zur  Kenntnis  der  Hautgewebe,' 
'  Grundziige  einer  vergleichenden  Morpho- 
logie  der  Orchideen,'  '  Ueber  die  Geschwin- 
digkeit  der  Wasserbewegung  in  der  Pflanze,' 
and  '  Verfahren  zur  Konservierung  von 
Bliiten  und  zarten  Pflanzen.' 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries 
issue  a  list  of  precautions  to  be  observed 
concerning  the  American  gooseberry  mildew 
(Sphcerotheca  mors-uvce),  which  has  been  dis- 
covered in  more  than  one  place  in  England, 
and  renders  the  fruit  useless. 

Later  observations  of  Thiele's  comet 
{g,  1906)  are  reported.  Dr.  J.  Rheden, 
•of  Vienna,  found  it  on  the  24th  ult.,  some- 
what brighter  than  before,  but  the  general 
appearance  was  unchanged.  A  redeter- 
mination of  its  orbit  by  Dr.  Stromgren,  of 
Kiel,  is  published  in  No.  4138  of  the  Astro- 
nomische  Nachrichten,  and  shows  that  the 
perihelion  passage  took  place  on  the  21st, 
ult.,  at  the  distance  from  the  sun  of  1-21 
in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distance,  and 
that  its  present  distance  from  the  earth 
is  about  0-71  on  the  same  scale,  and  slowly 
increasing,  so  that  the  comet's  brightness 
is  now  diminishing.  Its  apparent  place  early 
next  week  will  be  about  two  degrees  due 
south  of  Mizar  (by  Ursae  Majoris),  moving 
towards  the  northern  part  of  Bootes. 

Two  more  small  planets  were  photo- 
graphically discovered  by  Mr.  Metcalf  at 
Taunton,  Mass.,  on  the  12th  and  13th  ult. 
respectively,  and  one  was  observed  by  Herr 
Lohnert  at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory, 
Heidelberg,  on  the  24th,  which  is  supposed 
to  be  new,  but  may  be  identical  with  one  of 
two  previous  discoveries. 

With  regard  to  Metcalf 's  comet  (h,  1906), 
M.  Guillaume,  of  Lyons,  remarks  (under  date 
of  the  20th  ult.)  that  it  "a  l'aspect  d'une 
nebulosite  circulaire  d'environ  30"  de  dia- 
metre,  avec  condensation  centrale  et  appa- 
rence  d'un  petit  noyau  ;  l'eclat  total  est 
de  lle  grandeur."  Dr.  Rheden,  of  Vienna, 
estimated  the  brightness  to  be  even  less 
than  that,  and  diminishing.  There  appear 
to  have  been  special  difficulties  in  deter- 
mining its  orbit,  one  suggestion  being  that 
it  is  an  ellipse  of  very  short  period,  but  this 
is  extremely  uncertain.  Herr  Ebcll  thinks 
that  it  passed  its  perihelion  so  long  ago  as 
the  15th  of  September,  at  the  distance  from 
the  sun  of  199  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean 
distance,  and  that  its  present  distance  from 
the  earth  is  about  142  on  the  same  scale. 
Its  apparent  place  is  now  in  the  constellation 
Eridanus,  R.A.  31'  59m,  N.P.D.  96°  10',  and 
its  motion  very  slow. 

Prof.  Turner,  of  Oxford,  publishes  the 
first  volume  of  the  Oxford  section  of  the 
Astrographic  Catalogue,  adapted  to  the 
beginning  of  1900.  That  section  comprises 
the  zone  from  24°  to  32°  north  declination  ; 
the  present  volume  gives  the  measures  of  the 
rectangular  co-ordinates  and  diameters  of 
€5,750  star-images. 

The  Greenwich  volume  of  '  Astronomical 
And  Magnetical  and  Meteorological  Obser- 
vationsfor  1904  '  has  recently  been  published, 
and  is  as  bulky  as  most  of  its  predecessors. 
It  is  accompanied  by  separate  copies  of 
*  Greenwich  Astronomical  Results,'  '  Green- 
wich Photobeliographic  Results.'  and  'Green- 
wich Magnetical  and  Meteorological  Obser- 
vations '  ;  whilst  an  Appendix  gives  the 
meridian  zenith  distances  of  y  Draconis 
from  observations  obtained  with  the  reflex 
zenith  tube  from  1886  to  1899,  in  consequence 
of  Dr.  Chandler's  discovery  that  the  results, 
long  supposed  to  be  anomalous,  were  com- 
pletely accounted  for  by  the  variation  of 
latitude,  which  was  entirely  unsuspected  at 
the    time     the     observations    were    made. 


With  regard  to  the  '  Astronomical  Results,' 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  star-catalogue 
contains  no  fewer  than  6,172  objects  ;  the 
micrometric  measures  of  double  stars  with 
the  28-inch  refractor  are  numerous  ;  and 
results  are  given  of  photographic  observa- 
tions of  comets  in  1902,  1903,  and  1904, 
obtained  with  the  30-inch  refractor  of  the 
Thompson  equatorial,  as  well  as  those  of 
observations  of  the  satellite  of  Neptune 
from  photographs  taken  with  the  26-inch 
refractor  of  the  same  instrument  during  the 
opposition  of  the  planet  in  1903-4.  Verily 
there  is  no  falling-off  in  the  output  of  work 
at  our  National  Observatory. 

Circular  121  of  the  Harvard  College  Obser- 
vatory announces  that  Miss  Leavitt's  exam- 
ination and  comparison  of  photographic 
plates  have  led  to  the  detection  of  an  object 
in  the  constellation  Vela  which  is  probably 
a  Nova.  It  was  first  detected  on  a  plate 
taken  with  the  1-inch  Cooke  lens  on  Decem- 
ber 5th,  1905,  and  afterwards  found  regis- 
tered on  fourteen  subsequent  dates  up  to 
June  29th,  1906.  Its  greatest  brightness 
was  9-72  magnitude,  about  the  time  of  its 
detection  ;  it  has  since  undergone  several 
fluctuations  of  light,  and  in  June  was  below 
the  eleventh  magnitude.  Prof.  E.  C.  Picker- 
ing has  little  doubt  that  it  is  a  new  star,  and 
therefore  designates  it  Nova  Velorum. 

Mr.  John  A.  Parkhtjrst,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  publishes,  through  the 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  a  volume 
of  '  Researches  in  Stellar  Photometry,' 
made  (chiefly  at  the  Yerkes  Observatory) 
during  the  years  1894  to  1906.  The  principal 
objects  aimed  at  in  this  elaborate  work  are 
the  accurate  determination  of  complete 
light-curves  of  twelve  variable  stars  of  long 
period,  having  faint  minima,  and  the  study 
of  the  light  of  variable  stars  during  the 
faintest  part  of  their  periods,  when  they  are 
perceptible  only  to  instruments  of  very 
large  aperture.  In  making  the  measures 
one  of  the  equalizing  wedge-photometers 
devised  by  Prof.  E.  C.  Pickering  has  been 
used. 

Several  publications  have  been  received 
from  the  Cape  Observatory,  marking  the 
close  of  Sir  David  Gill's  long  and  laborious 
time  of  service  there.  One  of  these  contains 
catalogues  of  stars  observed  during  the 
years  1900  to  1904,  and  reduced  to  the  epoch 
of  19000.  Two  otheis  form  Parts  II.  and 
III.  of  Vol.  XII.  of  the  Annals  of  the  Cape 
Observatory.  The  former  gives  a  deter- 
mination of  the  mass  of  Jupiter  and  of  the 
orbits  of  his  satellites  by  Mr.  Bryan  Cookson 
from  heliometer  observations  ;  the  latter 
a  determination  of  the  inclinations  and 
nodes  of  the  orbits  of  the  same  satellites  by 
Dr.  W.  de  Sitter  from  photographic  plates. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR     LIBRARY    TABLE. 

In  Constable's  Country.  With  many  Repro- 
ductions of  his  Paintings.  Bv  Herbert 
Tompkins.      (Dent  &  Co.) 

Landscape  Painting.  By  Alfred  East.  (Cas- 
sell  &  Co.) 

The  first  of  these  volumes  is  a  gossipy 
chronicle  of  unimportant  wanderings,  read- 
able because  the  author  has  written  of  what 
interested  himself,  and  cheery  egotism  is 
always  a  pleasanter  tlung  to  contemplate 
than  a  fixed  determination  to  hit  the  popular 
taste.  Although  he  refers  to  himself  as  a 
layman,  it  is  difficult  not  to  think  of  Mr. 
Tompkins  as  a  country  parson  constantly 
patting   himself  on   the  back   for   lus   easy 


affability  and  popularity  with  his  parish- 
ioners :  he  also  surfers  from  a  conviction 
that  quotations  of  all  sorts  are  always 
an  adorninent  to  his  page.  Still  there 
is  more  level  merit  in  the  letterpress, 
with  its  healthy  garrulity,  than  in  the  illus- 
trations. "  Reproductions  of  his  paintings  " 
will  kill  our  liking  for  many  a  deceased 
master,  and  photography  is  like  not  only  to 
strangle  the  art  of  the  future  in  its  birth,  but 
also  to  bury  that  of  the  past  beneath  the 
cloud  of  these  ubiquitous  miniature  colour 
prints.  As,  however,  the  "  tliree-colour 
print  "  is  with  us,  a  word  or  two  may  be  in 
place  concerning  the  possibilities  of  a  process 
which,  if  it  is  never  likely  to  produce  things 
of  exquisite  beauty,  may  at  least  give  results 
of  a  much  liigher  level  of  interest  than  it 
does  at  present.  It  will  do  this  when  artists 
design  for  it,  and  recognize  somewhat  the 
limitations  of  the  process,  when  they  will, 
we  think,  be  wise  to  base  their  colour-scheme 
on  the  powerful  contrasts  possible  in  the 
middle  tones. 

Perhaps  a  word  of  explanation  may  be 
advisable.  We  may  often  notice  in  a  picture 
that  a  spot  of  red,  for  example,  while  the 
brightest  bit  of  colour  in  the  picture,  is  not 
on  that  account  the  most  salient — that  it 
differs  less  in  colour  from  the  very  hot  brown 
that  lies  next  it  than  do,  say,  certain  masses 
of  warm  brown  from  others  of  cool  grey  or 
dark  purple,  which  central  and,  to  the  lay 
mind,  dull  colours  may  be  as  brilliant  in  their 
contrasts  as  the  hues  which  are  accepted  by 
the  man  in  the  street  as  the  only  bright  ones. 
Now  it  is  just  in  tins  region  that  so  approxi- 
mate a  method  as  colour-printing  on  a 
photographic  basis  can  be  to  some  extent 
relied  on,  and  it  is  by  exploiting  certain 
broad  contrasts  within  these  limits  that  the 
artist  will  get  the  best  results.  Woe  to  him 
if  he  tamper  with  their  breadth  by  bridging 
over  their  intervals  too  frequently  with  an 
intermediate  tone,  or  if,  after  having  estab- 
lished these,  the  main  embranchments  of  his 
colour-structure,  he  decorate  their  extremities 
too  freely  with  those  flowers  of  clearer  hue 
which  are  beloved  of  the  public  !  The  print 
will  never  match  exactly  these  clearer  hues, 
the  reason  being  probably  that  each  consists 
of  one  or  two  primaries  in  ample  quality,  and 
the  third  represented  in  such  infinitesimal 
quantity  that,  though  the  plate  may  register 
its  presence,  it  must  remain  unprintable. 
It  does  not  print,  and  the  garishness  of  the 
predominant  hue  remains  unmodified. 

In  the  prints  after  Constable  the  pro- 
ducers have  erred,  above  all,  in  the  choice  of 
subjects  that  make  the  former  mistake  of 
bridging  over  too  frequently  the  trenchant, 
fundamental  contrasts  of  the  picture.  The 
intermediate  tones  that  arc  needed  to  soften 
and  vary  such  contrasts  in  the  large  work 
only  dirty  and  dull  the  small  print.  The 
desire,  therefore,  to  get  a  "  facsimile  "  of  a 
five-thousand  pound  picture  for  a  shilling, 
which  seems  to  be  the  motive  power  in 
modern  colour-printing,  is  doomed  to  remain 
unrealized,  and  the  reproductions  here  of 
Constable's  important  works  are  the  dullest 
things  imaginable.  On  the  other  hand,  such 
a  sketch  as  the  '  Church  Porch  at  Bergholt,' 
or  in  a  less  degree  '  The  Souse  in  which  the 
Artist  was  Horn.'  points  out  how  these  prints 
may  become  effective,  even  if  they  necessarily 
lack  the  subtle  zest  and  unctuousness  that 
belong  to  first-hand  craftsmanship,  '  Willy 
I.ott's  House  '  and  the  '  View  on  the  Orwell  ' 
are  more  melodramatic  designs,  but  scarcely 
less  suited  to  the  process  :  they  are  marred, 
however,  particularly  the  latter,  by  this  very 
quality  of  direct  handling  in  the  originals. 
The  virtuosity  that  was  SO  pleasant  in  the  oil 
sketches  becomes  absurd  when  reproduced 
so  as  to  give  a  sort  of  still-life  representation 
of  a  mass  of  corrugated  paint  filled  with  dirt. 


780 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°412^,  Dec.  15,  1906 


Free  for  the  most  part  from  such  futilities 
as  this  last,  Mr.  East's  pictures  yet  survive 
the  ordeal  of  colour  reproduction  even  worse 
than  Constable's,  though  here,  again,  several 
of  the  sketches  illustrating  chap.  xii.,  and 
representing  the  same  scene  under  different 
aspects,  are  successful  enough,  because  they 
plainly  set  down  certain  well-contrasted 
tones  deep  in  the  tertiaries.  Indeed,  it  is 
ridiculous  to  elaborate  a  theme  on  such  a 
scale,  and  the  pictures,  for  want  of  such 
simple  centralized  colou? -construction  to 
support  what  we  may  call  the  "  superficial 
layer  "  of  colour,  appear  terribly  thin. 
Wherever  there  is  a  patch  of  bright  colour,  or 
a  ray  of  sunset  glow,  c  r  a  bit  of  blue  distance, 
it  flashes  out  at  once  with  nothing  behind  it : 
clearly  the  business  of  having  pictures  repro- 
duced in  colour  is  one  to  fight  shy  of.  The 
pencil  drawings,  on  the  other  hand,  are  good, 
and,  whenever  they  are  shown  alongside  the 
pictures  that  grew  from  them,  markedly 
stronger  than  the  latter  in  design.  In 
draughtsmanship  Mr.  East  appears  some- 
times to  be  guilty  of  a  practice  analogous  to 
one  we  have  deprecated  in  the  domain  of 
colour.  He  seems  to  go  over  his  picture, 
weakening  by  little  elegancies  of  detail  the 
fundamental  contrasts  of  form  that  are  the 
essence  of  his  design.  These  pencil  drawings 
show  him  as  a  more  original  observer  and  a 
pluckier  designer  than  do  his  pictures.  The 
letterpress  is  somewhat  elementary,  con- 
cerned to  encourage  the  student  to  study 
nature  rather  than  to  suggest,  for  example, 
any  exact  manner  of  procedure  that  should 
bridge  over  that  terrible  gap  between  the 
"  one-go  "  study  and  the  picture  of  many 
consecutive  paintings  that  is  the  modern 
painter's  bete  noire.  Divided  oddly  into 
chapters  on  '  Grass,'  '  Trees,'  '  Reflections,' 
and  the  like,  the  volume  descends  too  often 
to  the  giving  of  "  tips  "  such  as  the  amateur 
may  yearn  for,  though  the  artist  knows  they 
are  valueless.  The  book  is  redeemed, 
however,  by  a  genuine  love  for  the  subject : — 

"A  landscape  painter  must  have  enthusiasm, 
and  no  shame  in  speaking  of  the  pleasure  he  feels 
in  his  work.  I  think  it  is  useful  to  speak  of  what 
interests  you  most.  You  need  not  be  ashamed  of 
your  calling,  for  if  you  knew  the  innermost  feelings 
of  the  hearts  of  others,  you  might  find  that  you  are 
envied  by  those  who  cannot  purchase  the  pleasure 
you  have  in  following  the  calling  you  love  best  in 
life." 

This  is  the  true  spirit  for  a  painter,  and  counts 
for  not  a  little  in  Mr.  East's  success. 

Crome's  Etchings.  By  H.  S.  Theobald. 
(Macmillan.) — "  Crome  shines  by  the  perfec- 
tion of  his  performance,  he  recalls  the  classic 
art  of  Greece."  This  sentence  occurs  in  a 
chapter  on  Crome  and  Cotman,  in  which 
Cotman's  splendid  "  promise  never  fully 
realized  "  is  contrasted  with  Crome's  com- 
plete attainments.  It  is  the  one  sentence 
in  this  admirable  little  book  in  which  Mr. 
Theobald's  love  of  Crome  is  tinged  a  little 
too  strongly  with  enthusiasm.  For  the  cata- 
logue itself,  for  the  biography  of  the  artist, 
and  for  the  critical  estimate  of  his  merits, 
with  this  one  reservation,  we  have  nothing 
but  praise  The  catalogue  is  one  of  those 
little  finished  pieces  of  specialist  work — all 
too  rare  in  the  literature  of  the  graphic  arts 
— in  which  research  is  conscientiously  carried 
out,  and  the  result  is  stated  with  business- 
like precision  and  also  with  literary  grace. 
Mr.  Theobald  is  especially  qualified  for  the 
task  as  the  possessor  of  one  of  the  two  larce 
collections  of  Crome  in  which  the  rare  early 
states  are  included,  the  other  being  in  the 
British  Museum.  We  have  tested  the  cata- 
logue as  n  guide  to  the  latter  collection,  and 
found  it  impeccable.  Jn  addition  to  the 
complete  information  about  Crome's  etched 
work    in    all  its  states    and   editions,    there 


is  a  chapter  enumerating  some  forty  of  his 
genuine  pictures,  as  an  attempt  to  place 
criticism  of  the  numerous  oil  paintings 
attributed  to  "  Old  Crome  "  upon  a  sounder 
basis. 


THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY: 

FOREIGN  CATALOGUE. 

i. 

The  publication  with  which  we  are  con- 
cerned is  described  in  detail  as  "  The 
National  Gallery  :  Descriptive  and  His- 
torical Catalogue  of  the  Pictures  of  the 
Foreign  Schools.  Eightieth  Edition.''  From 
the  middle  of  August  to  the  middle  of  Octo- 
ber it  was  impossible  to  buy  in  the  National 
Gallery  a  copy,  however  antiquated,  of  this 
Catalogue.  From  about  the  first  date  till 
early  in  September  copies  of  the  Abridged 
Catalogue  were  also  unprocurable.  Atten- 
tion has  already  been  drawn  in  these  columns 
to  the  shortsightedness  of  the  authorities  in 
allowing  such  a  deficiency  at  a  season 
when  foreign  and  English  tourists  abound. 
This  is  not  the  only  instance  in  the  history 
of  the  Gallery  of  the  carelessness  of  the 
authorities  in  the  issuing  of  catalogues,  as 
in  each  successive  Annual  Report  from 
1883  to  1887  it  was  stated  that  "  the  issue 
of  a  new  edition  of  the  unabridged  Foreign 
Schools  Catalogue  has  been  unavoidably 
delayed." 

Tt  is  also,  unfortunately,  true  that  for  the 
last  ten  or  twelve  years  catalogue-making  at 
Trafalgar  Square  has  been  getting  gradually 
less  efficient,  until  we  now  find  abundant 
proof  of  an  antiquated  system  and  an 
entire  absence  of  method.  Probably  the 
recently  appointed  Director  is  in  only  a  very 
small  degree  responsible  for  the  latest 
official  Catalogue  and  its  innumerable  short- 
comings. These  should  rather  be  laid  at 
the  door  of  the  Treasury,  the  Trustees,  the 
Stationery  Office,  and  whoever  is  answerable 
for  clerical  accuracy.  It  is  the  system  which 
is  to  blame  rather  than  any  one  individual. 

It  was  in  1855  that  Sir  Charles  Eastlake,  as 
Director,  wrote  the  notes  on  the  Italian 
paintings  and  Mr.  Wornum,  as  Keeper  and 
Secretary,  was  responsible  for  the  comments 
on  the  pictures  of  the  other  schools.  The 
Catalogue  thus  jointly  compiled  set  an  admir- 
able example  to  the  rest  of  Europe,  much  as 
those  of  the  British  Museum  do  to-day. 
This  high  standard,  has  however,  not  been 
maintained,  and  for  some  years  past  the 
Descriptive  Catalogue  has  been  gradually 
becoming  less  and  less  satisfactory,  in  spite 
of  its  increased  bulk. 

In  this  edition,  as  in  the  seveaty-ninth 
edition,  which  dates  back  as  far  as  1901, 
misprints  abound  ;  the  same  crop  of  doubt- 
ful attributions  and  incorrect  titles  still 
regularly  appears  ;  and  instances  of  bad 
editing  are  frequent,  while  in  places  the  faults 
are  glaring.  To  these  shortcomings  must 
now  be  added  inaccurate  dates,  errors  in 
connoisseurship,  and  a  lack  of  judgment  in 
the  selection  of  works  cited  in  the  biographical 
notices  ;  while  the  remarks  on  the  old  as  well 
as  the  new  pictures  have  not  passed  through 
the  hands  of  a  proof-reader,  nor  been  brought 
up  to  date  in  accordance  with  the  latest 
determinations  of  art  critics. 

Among  the  grosser  inaccuracies  must  be 
placed  the  statement  (p.  ix)  that  certain 
alterations  in  the  Gallery  were  executed  by 
"  Her  Majesty's  Office  of  Works."  This 
carelessness  is  repeated  in  connexion  with 
remarks  on  Melozzo  da  Forli,  from  whose 
hand  is  a  painting  which,  we  are  told,  "  is  in 
the  possession  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen." 

As  an  instance  of  inaccurate  dates  we  may 


mention  that  on  p.  601  we  are  informed  that 
Titian  was  born  in  1477,  and  in  the  old  foot- 
note, which  is  here  repeated,  it  is  pointed  out 
that  this  date  "  is  confirmed  by  a  letter  from 
Titian  to  Philip  II.  written  in  1571,  in  which 
he  describes  himself  as  95  years  of  age."  A 
new  note  states  that  "  modern  research,, 
however,  indicates  1498  as  the  more  likely 
date."  We  suspect  that  the  only  ex- 
planation of  this  remarkable  statement  is 
to  read  "  modern  research  "  as  meaning  Mr. 
Herbert  Cook's  article  in  The  Nineteenth 
Century  on  '  Did  Titian  live  to  be  Ninety- 
Nine  Years  Old  ?  '  and  then  presume  that 
1498  is  a  misprint  for  1489,the  year  Mr. 
Cook  has  suggested. 

With  regard  to  Jan  van  Eyck  we  read  that 
"  it  is  now  established  that  he  died  at  Bruges 
on  the  9th  July,  1440,"  and  this  statement  is 
supported  by  reference  to  documents  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Weale  in  1861  !  The  compilers 
of  the  Catalogue  are  evidently  unaware  that 
some  two  years  ago  Mr.  Weale  showed  con- 
clusively that  Jan  van  Eyck  was  paid  his 
salary  in  June,  1441,  and  died  a  very  short 
time  after. 

The  critical  notes  on  Duccio  and  Cimabue 
are  lamentably  out  of  date,  and  the  re- 
searches and  deductions  of  Mr.  Langtom 
Douglas  apparently  count  for  nothing.  The 
Rucellai  Madonna  is  still  credited  to  Cimabue, 
while  we  are  told  that  the  "  Madonna  for  a 
Chapel  in  Santa  Maria  Novella  at  Florence," 
which  Duccio  in  1285  contracted  to  puint, 
"  if  ever  executed,  has  disappeared  "  !  The 
date  when  Duccio's  '  Maesta  '  was  carried  in 
procession  to  the  Duomo  at  Siena  should 
have  been  given  as  June  9th,  1311,  not  1310. 
This  error  has  been  allowed  to  stand  for 
sixteen  years. 

In  the  biographical  notices  many  of  the 
pictures  by  prominent  artists  which  are 
mentioned  as  being  in  the  Louvre  have  not 
been  exhibited  there  for  many  years.  Notable 
among  these  is  a  '  Madonna  in  Glory.'  which 
is  given  to  Jacopo  da  Empoli  and  is  described! 
as  "  in  the  Louvre  (No.  151)."  Tt  was  cer- 
tainly given  by  Both  de  Tauzia  in  his  cata- 
logue of  1890,  but  it  has  long  disappeared, 
and  if  it  were  included  afresh  in  the  collec- 
tion it  would  be  numbered  1258.  Again,  the- 
statement  that  there  is  a  '  Ceres  seeking 
Proserpine  '  by  Schalcken  in  the  French 
national  museum  may  be,  doubtless,  traced 
to  the  same  antiquated  source  of  informa- 
tion. Nor  is  there  a  '  Concert  of  Cats  '  by 
Snyders  in  the  Louvre.  Villot  in  his  seven- 
teenth edition  (published  in  1873)  certainly 
describes  a  '  Coronation  of  the  Virgin  '  by 
Macchia  velli,  but  we  do  not  think  this  picture 
has  been  in  the  Louvre  for  at  least  a  quarter' 
of  a  century,  and  we  can  find  no  trace  of  it. 
in  any  of  the  later  catalogues.  It  is  appa<- 
rently  even  longer  since  there  was  a  painting 
there  by  Melozzo  da  Forli.  Wherever  the 
number  of  a  picture  in  the  Louvre  is  given, 
it  is.  without  a  single  exception,  inaccurate  : 
tor  instance,  Murillo's  '  Nativity  of  the 
Virgin  '  should  be  No.  1710.  not  No.  540. 

We  are  informed  also  that  Cosimo  Tura's 
'  Madonna  and  Child  Enthroned  '  at  Tra- 
falgar Square  is  the  centre  portion  of  an 
altnrpiece  "  of  which  the  Lunette  is  in  the 
Campana  Collection  in  the  Louvre."  Tt  is 
hardly  necessary  to  point  out  that  there  is 
now  no  such  collection  in  the  Louvre, 
although  it  existed  in  1862. 

Instances  of  misspelling  abound  :  for 
instance  "  Loredana  "  for  Loredano  ;  "  Bar- 
bierri  "  for  Barbieri  ;  "  Creville  "  for  Cri- 
velli  ;  "  Engerstein  "  for  Angerstein  ; 
"  Peragia  "  for  Perugia  ;  "  Damiadus  "  for 
Damianus  ;  "  Vassari  "  for  Vasari  ;  "  Baba- 
relli  "  for  Barbarelh  ;  "  Vouct  "  for  Vouet  ;: 
"  Reubens  "  for  Rubens  ;  "  Holzsehaher 
for  llolzschuher  ;  "  Wolgemat  "  for  Wolge- 
mut  ;   and  so  on.  ad  infinitum. 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


781 


THE    NEW    ENGLISH   ART    CLUB. 

The  first  impression  of  the  water-colours 
that  are,  as  usual,  the  chief  feature  of  this 
exhibition  is  one  of  flimsiness,  not  always 
saved  by  the  beauty  of  colour  that  excused 
the  slightness  of  the  similar  work  of  Mr. 
Brabazon.  Mr.  Francis  James's  Wallflower 
Pansies  emerge  from  their  surroundings 
with  a  harshness  we  hardly  expect  in  the 
work  of  this  genuine  artist,  Mr.  Wilson 
Steer's  Clearing  after  Rain  being  hardly 
less  .violent — the  light  on  the  trees  in 
the  latter  is  not  rich  enough  in  colour 
to  represent  leaves  with  the  light  coming 
through  them,  while  they  are  too  salient 
to  stand  for  light  falling  upon  such 
absorbent  masses  as  foliage.  More  truth- 
fully wrought  out  is  the  colour-scheme  of 
Mr.  Rich's  Lincing  College,  a  design  at  once 
graceful  and  natural,  and  suggesting  the 
■open  air  in  a  way  that  his  more  derivative 
Harvesting  hardly  does.  Mr.  Roger  Fry, 
another  usually  successful  exponent  of 
archaic  methods,  betrays  in  his  Chateau 
a" Argonges  a  doubtful  instinct  for  colour 
•outside  this  entrenched  region  of  tradition, 
the  heretical  green  here  introduced  being  of 
false  and  distracting  quality.  Among  many 
drawings  with  a  slender  pretence  at  realiza- 
tion, Mr.  Muirhead  Bone's  Great  Gantry 
(purchased  through  the  National  Art- 
•Collections  Fund)  seems  amazing,  and 
yet  just  a  little  prosaic.  We  believe 
the  Fund  is  most  wise,  however,  in 
securing  so  fine  an  example  of  that 
exact  historic  delineation  which  was  once 
so  important  a  branch  of  art,  and  which 
in  our  own  day  photography  has  almost 
abolished,  without,  alas  !  offering  anything 
of  equal  interest  in  its  place.  Miss  Margaret 
Fisher  shows  similar  merits  of  truthful  obser- 
vation in  a  sound  and  scholarly  drawing  of 
cattle.  At  the  opposite  pole  from  such 
work  as  this,  Mr.  John's  The  Crab  is  a  group 
suggesting  nothing  the  artist  is  likely  to  have 
seen.  The  very  improbability  of  its  juxta- 
positions expresses,  however,  the  vehemence 
of  his  predilection  for  certain  sides  of  human 
character. 

If  the  water-colours  are  thin  and  slight 
in  aspect,  they  have  at  least  their  limited 
scale  and  the  simplicity  that  belongs 
to  the  medium  to  keep  them  inoffensive. 
The  first  impression  on  coming  upon  the 
oil }  paintings  is  that  sloppy  execution  has 
now  reached  a  degree,  and  is  perpetrated 
on  a  scale,  that  are  actively  disagreeable. 
When,  in  addition,  we  find  such  a  picture 
as  Mr.  Bates's  Magdalen  accommodated  with 
a  place  on  the  line,  we  are  forced  to  think 
that  there  is  need  for  new  blood  in  this 
Club — that  it  lias  not  escaped  from  the 
besetting  weakness  of  such  societies,  the 
tendency,  namely,  for  each  institution  to 
degenerate  into  a  small  coterie  of  established 
painters  and  their  particular  friends  and 
dependents.  Such  a  tendency  has  long  been 
visible  at  the  New  English  Art  Club,  but 
criticism  has  been  disarmed  by  the  fact  that 
the  painters  thus  established  as  institutions 
were  on  the  whole  admirable  artists,  who 
deserved  all  the  attention  they  got.  It  will 
come  as  a  shock  to  some  people  to  think 
that  virtually  for  upwards  of  twenty  years 
Mr.  Wilson  Steer  has  been  on  the  hanging 
committee  that  hung  his  own  pictures.  No 
Academician  could  say  so  much,  yet  no  one 
complains  so  long  as  Mr.  Steer  is  markedly 
superior  in  his  standard  of  work  to  the 
privileged  of  Burlington  House.  None  the 
less  such  a  position  .nas  its  dangers.  Mr. 
Steer  sometimes  nodss  and  when  he  does, 
his  defects  are  paraded  as  virtues.  Some  of 
his  colleagues  nod  m  ire  flagrantly,  but  a 
•  certain   esprit   de   corps   blinds    a    friendly 


hanging  committee  to  the  fact,  and  the 
conspiracy  to  condone  faults  in  certain 
directions  breeds  a  lopsided  art — an  art  in 
the  present  instance  given  to  ragged  and 
indeterminate  execution  and  fidgety  design, 
a  sloppiness  that  periodically  descends  upon 
the  Club,  and  threatens  its  extinction  in 
mere  paint. 

The  present  seems  to  be  an  occasion  for 
one  of  these  visitations.     Mr.   Steer's  own 
contributions   lend    something    to    the    pre- 
vailing   tone     of    slackness    in    hand.     M. 
Lucien  Pissarro's  unobservant  studies  made 
on    a    recipe   and  Mr.  Albert  Rothenstein's 
empty  Ferme  des  Anglais  have  been  treated 
far    too    favourably    by    the   hanging    com- 
mittee.    If    the    Club    can    find    no    better 
pictures  to  hang  on  the  line,  it  has  degene- 
rated.    Prof.     Brown's    two    larger    works 
have  the  respectability  due  to  more  strenuous 
effort,  but  they  reproduce  Mr.  Steer's  method 
in  muddy,   opaque  colour,   and  have  appa- 
rently   been    painted    on    again    in    heavy 
impasto  on  half-dry  underpaintings.     Even 
when  Prof.  Brown  does  not,  as  in  the  dis- 
tance of  the  Path  to  the    Village,   come  to 
open  grief  with  patches  of  repainting  that 
start   from    their    context,    the   result   is    a 
heavy    body    of    dull    paint,     lifeless    and 
stagnant    for    all    its    violence.     His    small 
Lingering  Mists  is  better,  but  even  here  we 
feel    the    want    of    the    lightsomeness    that 
should  go  with  such  an  outlook  on  nature. 
Mrs.   Will  Fagan's    Wedding  Morn,   though 
not  so  truly  observed,  pleases  more  by  its 
suitable  touch   of  humorous  fantasy.     Yet 
even    Prof.    Brown's    failure    to    sparkle    is 
better  than  Mr.  Von  Glehn's  fireworks.     We 
have  rarely  seen  more  execrable  blues  than 
he  accomplishes  in  the  sky  of  The  Old  Mill. 
Against    this    flood    of    disintegrated    iri- 
descence at  all  costs  Mr.   Orpen  and  Mrs. 
McEvoy  are  the  principal  protestants.     The 
former  possesses  a  method  of  painting  ;    the 
latter  an  intense  objective  realism,  a  render- 
ing   of    the    thing,    not    the    effect.     Mrs. 
McEvoy  in  her  Lady  Playing  strikes  a  note 
of  restful  sanity  that  is  very  refreshing,  but 
her  painting  threatens  to  be  a  little  too  thin 
and  monochromatic  to  stand  the  unavoid- 
able yellowing  of  time.     Mr.  Orpen  appears 
to  us  somewhat  wanting  in  the  feeling  for 
beauty,  though  with  the  subjects  he  affected 
this   might   be  well   mistaken   for    candour, 
so     closely   are   clumsiness   and    truth   knit 
together  in  the  aspects  of  modern  existence. 
In  the  subject  of  The  Eastern  Gown  truth  and 
beauty  are  similarly  blent,  and  he  fails  to 
attain  even  the  actuality  we  expect  of  him. 
The  Mirror  is  rather  better,  but  in  A  Woman 
there  is  a  confusion  such  as  a  camera  might 
be  guilty  of  as  to  wherein  lies  the  beauty  of 
this   particular   subject.     The   pose   of   this 
nude  figure  offers  a  silhouette  which,  judged 
by  its  outer  forms  as  a  thing  in  the  flat,  is 
ugly.     To   realize    its    plastic   beauty    as    a 
thing    in    the    round    demands    a    slightly 
sculpturesque     treatment,     an     elimination 
almost  of  texture  and  local  colour  in  order 
to    emphasize    certain      little     niceties      of 
structure.     Mr.    Orpen   chooses   to   treat   it 
as  an  orgy  of  pulpy  flesh  not  very  delicately 
drawn,     and     achieves    something     illusive, 
but  rather  common. 

Mr.  Sickert  has  just  the  quick  wit  that 
enables  him  to  see  where  a  little  painting 
quality,  of  this  sort  or  that,  is  best  placed. 
and  few  members  of  the  many  who  have 
passed  through  the  Club  have  had  more 
native  gift  for  painting  than  he.  He  seems 
to  us,  indeed,  its  most  typical  member.  The 
subtle  force  of  his  red-eyed  Matoma  mia 
pnorrUi  is  unique  in  the  present  exhibition. 
By  the  side  of  it  Mr.  .John's  for  the  nonce 
quiet  and  refined  In  the  Tent  appears  a  little 
tame.  May  we  look  to  Mr.  Sickert  for  a 
revival  of  that  diablerie  which  we  associate 


with  his  name,  and  which  is  a  little  wanting 
in  the  heavier-handed  New  English  artists 
of  this  generation  ? 

The  town  scenes  of  Mr.  Jamieson  and  Mr. 
Hayward,  and  the  firelight  portrait  of  Mile. 
Breslau  are  welcome  features  in  the  show, 
as  is  also  Mr.  Harrison's  gaily  brushed-in 
head,  which  is  much  better  than  he  has  shown 
in  recent  exhibitions. 


MINOR    EXHIBITIONS. 

Among  the  smaller  exhibitions  of  the 
week  Mr.  Nicholson's  show  at  Paterson's 
Gallery  does  not  emerge  so  markedly  as  one 
had  hoped  from  his  past  record.  Mr. 
Nicholson,  confident  in  his  power  of  reducing 
any  subject  to  a  compact  self-contained 
design,  seems  to  be  resting  on  his  oars. 
We  miss  the  freshness  of  outlook  that  has 
made  him  so  full  of  surprises  in  the  past. 
The  Lidy  in  the  Brown  Veil  is  perhaps  the 
best  of  his  p:ctures — a  taking  design,  the 
credit  for  which  is  in  part  due  to  the  sitter 
— or  her  milliner.  The  Cafe  de  la  Vigne 
recalls  Mr.  Cameron  at  his  best. 

At  the  Dore  Gallery  are  two  painters  who 
emphatically  lack  the  power  of  dignified 
design  possessed  by  Mr.  Nicholson,  but  both 
have  a  certain  native  merit.  Mr.  Snell  is 
a  terribly  diffuse  painter,  but  with  a  gift 
for  getting  keenly  interested  in  nature  when 
the  weather  is  hot  enough.  His  studies  of 
Southern  ports  are  absorbingly  interesting 
to  look  at,  but  hardly  beautiful  enough  to 
covet.  In  his  excitement  he  is  al  vays 
saying  the  same  things  twice,  instead  of 
once  clearly  and  in  the  right  place. 

Mr.  Noakes  is  at  first  sight  even  more 
unsatisfactory.  He  cannot  resist  a  bit  of 
gaudy  colour,  and  certain  Italian  pictures 
of  white  oxen  in  sunlight  jump  at  the  eye. 
Yet  there  are  passages  of  realistic  detail 
(as  in  The  Fig  Tree,  No.  12)  that  show  the 
possibility  of  a  real  painter  somewhat  after 
the  pattern  of  James  Charles.  From  the 
quality  suggested  by  such  a  comparison  Mr. 
Noakes  is  as  yet  far  removed,  but  it  is  diffi- 
cult rightly  to  judge  the  capacity  of  a  painter 
still  so  much  "  in  the  raw."  The  Conn  r  of 
the  Market  has  a  passage  of  brilliant  colour 
in  the  foreground,  and  its  figure-drawing, 
while  imperfect,  is  not  affected  or  insincere. 


SALES. 

MESSRS.  Christie  sold  on  the  8th  hist,  the 
following  pictures:  J.  C.  Ca/.in,  Stacks  and 
Sheaves,  430/.  E.  Fivre,  Coming  from  School; 
178/.  -T.  Israels.  Study,  VIM.  ;  L'Attente,  L68fi 
.1.  L.  E.  Mcissonier,  Charles  I.  on  Horseback,  .'iTS/. 
F.  Roybet,  The  Cavalier  in  Green,  262f.  E. 
Verboeckhoven,  Motherless,  1**>X/.  F.  Thaulow'a 
drawing  The  Gate  leading  to  the  Residence  of 
the  Artist's  Father  fetched  57?. 

Two  engravings  by  J.  Jacquet  after  Meissonier 
wnc  sold  liv  Messrs.  Christie  on  Tuesday:  IS(H>, 
•2')/.  ;  isi»7,  543. 


3firt£-^rt  (5assip. 

CABINET  pictures  of  Holland  by  Mr. 
Charles  Gruppe  are  now  on  view  at  the  Fine- 
Art  Society's  rooms  ;  also  some  hand-made, 
glass,  jewellery,  and  ornamental  bookwork. 
At  the  same  place  last  Wednesday  there  was 
a  private  view  of  water-coloura  of  French 
towns  and  Dutch  dykes  by  Mr.  A.  Romilly 
Fedden. 

THE  annual  exhibition  of  the  Koval 
Hibernian  Academy  will  o;  en  on  Febru- 
ary 4th.  one  month  earlier  than  usual.  At 
the  last  meeting,  held  on  St.  Luke's  Day, 
Mr.  John  Lavery  was  elected  a  constituent 


782 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


member  of  the  Academy.     Mr.  Lavery  was 
born  in  Belfast  in  1857. 

The  latest  addition  to  the  Irish  National 
Portrait  Gallery  is  the  portrait  of  Arthur 
Wolfe,  Lord  Kilwarden,  by  Hugh  Hamilton, 
which  is  well  known  from  Bartolozzi's  engrav- 
ing published  in  1800.  The  portrait  was 
painted  in  1795,  after  Hamilton's  return 
from  Rome,  and  his  abandonment  of  pastel 
for  oil  painting — a  period  during  which 
many  Irish  persons  of  note  sat  to  him. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  of  Inquiry 
regarding  the  future  working  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy  and  the  Dublin  Metro- 
politan School  of  Art  has  just  been  published, 
and  is  arousing  much  controversy  in  the 
Irish  papers.  The  committee  consisted  of 
five  p'-rsons— the  Earl  of  Plymouth,  the  Earl 
of  Westmeath,  Mr.  Justice  Madden,  Sir 
George  Holmes,  Chairman  of  the  Irish 
Board  of  Works,  and  Mr.  J.  P.  Boland, 
M.P.  Of  these,  the  majority — Lords  Ply- 
mouth and  Westmeath  and  Sir  George 
Holmes  —  are  in  favour  of  abolishing  the 
Academy  Life  School,  and  transferring  all 
art  teaching  to  the  School  of  Art.  The 
latter  body,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Royal 
College  of  Art  for  Ireland,"  should,  they 
suggest,  be  reconstituted  under  a  committee 
of  experts  working  in  conjunction  with  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  special  pro- 
minence being  given  to  the  establishment 
and  endowment  of  a  good  life  school.  The 
unsuccessful  character  of  the  instruction 
in  the  Academy  schools,  and  the  inadequacy 
of  the  life-class  teaching  at  the  School  of 
Art,  are  given  as  reasons  for  the  proposed 
changes,  which  would  have  the  effect  of 
materially  strengthening  the  Art  School 
at  the  expense  of  the  Academy. 

The  two  dissentient  members  of  the  com- 
mission have  published  a  minority  report, 
in  which  they  advocate  an  exactly  opposite 
course  of  action.  While  agreeing  with  the 
majority  in  regarding  the  present  condition 
of  the  teaching  of  art  in  Ireland  as  unsatis- 
factory, they  object  to  the  transfer  of  the 
functions  of  the  Academy  to  a  School  of 
Art,  and  as  an  alternative  propose  that  the 
Academy  shall  be  given  a  larger  grant  and  a 
new  building  in  a  more  central  situation. 

The  death  is  announced,  after  a  long  and 
painful  illness,  of  M.  Paul  Langlois,  the 
artist,  at  the  early  age  of  forty-eight.  M. 
Langlois  was  the  grandson  of  Jerome  Martin 
Langlois,  who  won  the  Prix  de  Rome  in 
1806,  and  whose  fine  portrait  of  his  master 
David  is  in  the  Louvre.  The  father  of  Paul 
Langlois  was  also  an  artist  of  considerable 
talent.  The  late  artist  began  to  exhibit  at 
the  Salon  in  1878  with  a  portrait,  but  it  was 
not  until  1882  that  he  achieved  a  consider- 
able success,  when  his  '  Atelier  d'Emailleurs 
chez  M.  Barbedienne  '  attracted  a  good  deal 
of  notice.  From  that  time  until  1894  his 
portraits  and  other  works  were  regularly 
hung  at  the  Salon ;  but  of  late  years  ill-health 
prevented  him  from  being  a  regular  exhibitor. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Societe  des  Artistes 
FranQais. 

The  French  Academie  des  Beaux-Arts 
on  Saturday  last  met  to  elect  a  new  member, 
and  it  was  not  until  a  ballot  had  been  taken 
eight  times  that  Baron  Edmond  de  Roths- 
child was  elected.  The  new  member  is 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  collectors  in 
Paris,  and  his  fine  house  in  the  Faubourg 
Saint  Honore  contains  a  choice  collection 
of  pictures  and  sculpture.  On  the  same 
day  the  Prix  Doublemard  were  awarded, 
the  first  going  to  M.  Gaumont,  a  pupil  of 
M.  Coutan,  and  the  second  to  M.  Veron,  a 
pupil  of  Mcrcie. 

Mr.  W.  R.  Lkthaby  ha*  been  appointed 
to  succeed  the  late  J.  T.  Mitklethwaite  as 


architect    to    Westminster    Abbey,    a  most 
suitable  choice. 

The  Munich  artists  of  the  "  Secession  " 
will  hold  a  winter  exhibition  from  Decem- 
ber 28th  to  February  3rd.  Pictures  by 
F.  von  Uhde  will  be  a  chief  feature  of  the 
show. 

In  The  Reliquary  for  January  there  will 
be  an  interesting  article  on  '  Notes  on  the 
Opening  of  a  Bronze- Age  Barrow  at  Manton, 
near  Marlborough,'  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Cunning- 
ton,  with  a  number  of  illustrations  ;  also 
papers  on  ancient  jugglers  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Watson,  on  '  Buddh  Gaya  '  by  Miss  Mary 
F.  A.  Tench,  and  notes  on  '  Stone  Circle 
near  Abergeldy,'  '  Ancient  Bull-ring,'  and 
a  fibula  from  Lakenheath,  Suffolk.  Mrs. 
Cunnington's  article  is  of  importance,  as 
no  illustrated  account  of  the  barrow  has 
appeared  elsewhere.  The  finding  of  funeral 
gold  ornaments  is  unusual. 

Prof.  Burrows  has  written  a  short 
account  of  the  researches  and  discoveries 
hitherto  accomplished  in  Crete,  which  will 
be  published  early  next  year  by  Mr.  Murray. 
Most  of  these  results  are  at  present  buried 
in  volumes  of  Proceedings  of  learned  societies 
and  monthly  reviews. 


work,  such  as  the  one  under  notice,  in 
which  the  orchestra  plays  so  important  a 
part.  The  vocalists — Miss  Norah  New- 
port (who  took  at  very  short  notice  the 
place  of  Miss  Gleeson  White),  and  Miss. 
Gwladys  Roberts,  and  Messrs.  JohnCoatea 
and  Dalton  Baker — all  sang  well. 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 
Queen's  Hall.— Sir  Edward  Elgar's  «  The 

Kingdom.'' 
Sir  Edward  Elgar's  oratorio  '  The 
Kingdom'  was  performed  on  Monday 
by  the  London  Choral  Society  at  Queen's 
Hall,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Arthur 
Fagge.  When  produced  at  Birmingham 
the  music,  though  containing  much  that 
was  clever,  earnest,  and  impressive,  did 
not  appeal  to  us  with  the  same  power  as 
that  of  '  The  Dream  of  Gerontius ' ;  and 
on  Monday  we  felt  fully  disposed  to 
endorse  our  first  impressions.  The  com- 
poser was  not  throughout  inspired  by  the 
book  of  'The  Apostles,'  and  the  same 
may  be  said  of  that  of  '  The  Kingdom.' 
For  both  works  he  selected  a  sub- 
ject of  undoubted  historical  interest 
—the  establishment  of  the  Christian 
Church  ;  but  though  the  emotional 
element  is  not  lacking  therein,  it  is 
sporadic;  and  as  regards  other  matters, 
the  book  is  ill-proportioned,  one  of  the 
most  notable  instances  being  the  import- 
ance given  to  the  election  of  Matthias  : 
the  bare  fact  is  recorded  in  the  Acts  of 
the  Apostles,  but  nothing  whatever  con- 
cerning the  man  himself.  The  composer 
in  'The  Dream'  displayed  power  of  a 
high  order  ;  he  was  then  inspired  by  a  poem 
both  dramatic  and  emotional.  We  do  not 
believe  that  he  has  lost  his  power  as  a 
musician:  the  texts  mentioned  and  the 
subject  itself  are  at  fault. 

The  performance  on  Monday  was  not  of 
the  best.  The  choral  singing  was  often 
excellent,  but  the  balance  of  tone  between 
choir  and  orchestra  was  not  always  satis- 
factory. Mr.  Fagge  had  evidently  taken 
great  pains,  but  the  music  is  not  easy,  and 
requires  more  time  at  full  rehearsal  than 
probably  was  found  possible ;  the  choir, 
however  well  trained,  must  find  it  difficult 
at  first  to  get  into  proper  touch  with  a 


Prince  of  Wales's. — The  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field. 
'The    Vicar    of    Wakefield,'    a   light 
romantic  opera,    lyrics  by    Mr.  Laurence 
Housman,      music     by      Madame      Liza 
Lehmann,    was   produced,    for    the    first 
time  in  London,  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
Theatre    on    Wednesday    evening.       We 
recently  spoke  about  the  advantage  and 
disadvantage    of    opera  books  based   on 
famous   plays    or   novels.     In   a  libretto 
much  has  to  be  reduced,  or  even  cut  out, 
which  helps  to  depict  the  character  of  the 
personages  and  the  development  of   the 
plot.     In  the   opera  under  notice  there  is 
spoken  dialogue,  with  songs,   duets,  and 
choruses  intermixed  :   thus  much  of  thfr 
pathos  and  humour  of  Goldsmith's  novel 
remains     intact.       Madame     Lehmann's 
music  is  unpretentious,  and  at  times  very 
happy,  especially  in  some  of  the  light  songs 
and  concerted  music  ;  in  one   or  two   of 
the  love  ballads,  however,  the  sentiment 
was    forced.       Taken    as     a    whole,    the 
effectively-staged  piece  is  charming;  but  the 
second  act  would  be  materially  improved 
by  a  wise  and  not  very  severe  applica- 
tion   of   the   pruning-knife.      Mr.    David 
Bispham  gave  an  excellent  impersonation 
of  Dr.  Primrose  :  he  had  not  only  caught 
the    right     spirit     of    the   worthy  vicar, 
but  also  by  many  a    detail   showed   how 
thoroughly  he  had  thought  out  the  part. 
Miss    Isabel    Jay   sang    and    acted    with 
marked    success    as   Olivia;    while   Miss 
Edith    Clegg    in     the    smaller    part     of 
Sophia  was  good.     Mrs.  Theodore  Wright 
as    Mrs.    Primrose     was    excellent  :    her 
practical     sayings     were      delivered      in 
a   thoroughly    matter-of-fact   tone,  while 
near    the    close    she    acted    finely   when, 
struggling    with    her   pride,    she   at   first 
refuses    to  welcome    home  her    unhappy 
daughter.     Master  Gordon  Thavis's  sing- 
ing  of  "  It  was   a   lover  and    his  lass " 
deserves    mention.      The    orchestra    was 
under  the  careful  direction  of  Mr.  Hannah- 
MacCunn. 

$tustral  (gossip. 

The  revival  of  '  The  Yeomen  of  the 
Guard  '  at  the  Savoy  Theatre  last  Saturday j 
under  Mrs.  D'Oyly  Carte's  management,, 
was  received  with  extraordinary  enthusiasm 
throughout.  The  grace  and  charm  of  the 
music  are  undefeated  by  time — indeed, 
rather  emphasized  by  current  inanities, 
and  the  most  picturesque  feature  of  the  play, 
the  Jester,  was  admirably  taken  by  Mr. 
C.  H.  Workman,  who  is  equal  to  any  of  the 
famous  previous  exponents,  if  not  better. 
Miss  Jessie  Rose  as  Phoebe  Meryll  was  dainty,, 
though  rather  nervous ;  and  Miss  Lilian 
Coomber  sang  well  as  Elsie  Maynard. 
The  rest  of  the  cast  ihaintains  a  good  level, 
and  the  management  will,  we  hope,  now 
continue  a  series  of  revivals  of  the  pieces  of 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


783 


the  famous  pair.  The  gallery  insisted  on 
singing  choice  excerpts  from  these  before 
the  performance  began,  and  received  Mr. 
W.  S.  Gilbert  at  the  close  -with  rapture. 

Four  new  songs  were  brought  forward 
at  the  Chappell  Ballad  Concert  last  Saturday 
afternoon.  Miss  Esta  d'Argo  introduced 
the  bright  and  tasteful  '  Through  the  Forest,' 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Ernest  Newton.  '  Mother 
■of  Mighty  Sons,'  an  expressive  and  smoothly 
written  song  by  Miss  Florence  Aylward,  was 
sung  with  good  effect  by  Mr.  Kennerley 
Rumford.  '  For  You  Alone,'  a  modest 
effort  by  Guy  d'Hardelot,  had  for  inter- 
preter Signor  Manrico  Bacci  ;  and  an  ani- 
mated ditty  by  Mr.  Philip  H.  Williams,  called 
'  To  Love  and  Duty,'  was  rendered  in  spirited 
fashion  by  Mr.  Dalton  Baker.  Miss  Agnes 
Nicholls,  Madame  Edna  Thornton,  Mr.  Ben 
Davies,  and  other  well-known  artists  also 
took  part  in  the  concert. 

Mr.  Darbishire  Jones,  who  gave  his 
third  'cello  recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on 
Tuesday  evening,  has  good  tone  and  good 
technique  ;  moreover,  he  interprets  music 
with  understanding  and  feeling.  He  is 
young,  and  promises  well  for  the  future. 
His  programme  included  Saint  -  Saens's 
attractive  'Cello  Concerto  in  a  minor,  and 
various  short  popular  pieces.  Mr.  Hamilton 
Harty  proved,  as  usual,  an  excellent  accom- 
panist. 

The  ninety-fifth  season  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic Society  begins  on  February  6th, 
the  remaining  dates  being  February  28th, 
March  13th,  April  17th,  and  May  2nd,  16th, 
and  30th.  The  concerts  will  be,  as  usual, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen, 
with  the  exception  of  the  first,  which  M. 
Edouard  Colonne  will  conduct  ;  while  new 
symphonies  by  Sibelius  and  Giorgio  Enesco, 
a  violin  concerto  by  Christian  Sinding,  and 
a  symphonic  poem,  '  Cleopatra,'  by  Mr. 
George  Chadwick,  who  comes  from  America, 
will  be  conducted  by  their  respective  com- 
posers. Works  will  be  given  by  Purcell, 
Sirs  Elgar,  and  Stanford,  and  Dr.  Cowen. 
Lady  Halle,  Mischa  Elman,  Mr.  Tividar 
Nachez,  and  Madame  Sophie  Menter  are 
among  the  soloists  ;  the  last  named  has 
not  been  heard  in  London  for  some  time. 

The  Twenty-Second  Annual  Conference 
of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Musicians 
will  be  held  at  Buxton  from  January  1st 
to  4th,  inclusive.  The  chairmen  are  Prof. 
Ebenezer  Prout — who  at  the  opening  meet- 
ing will  read  a  paper  on  '  Bach's  Church 
Cantatas  ' — Messrs.  Claries  Hancock,  Wil- 
liam D.  Hall,  and  Dr.  C.  W.  Pearce.  Drs. 
W.  H.  Cummings  and  C.  W.  Pearce  will  read 
papers,  the  former  on  '  Vocal  Culture,'  the 
latter  on  '  A  Parting  of  the  Ways.' 

At  the  forthcoming  German  opera  season 
Herr  van  Dyck  and  Madame  Litvirme  will 
appear  in  '  Tristan  '  on  January  14th  ;  Herr 
Fritz  Feinhals  and  Fraulein  Bosetti  in 
'  Die  Meistersinger,'  as  Hans  Sachs  and  Eva, 
on  January  15th  ;  while  at  the  first  matinee 
(January  16th)  Me  dame  Ackte  will  make 
her  debut  as  Elsa  in  '  Lohengrin,'  and  M. 
Her  old  will  impersonate  the  Knight.  Frau 
von  Westhofen-Robinson,  principal  soprano 
at  Carlsruhe,  has  been  engaged  to  appear  as 
"  Senta  "   and  Sieglinde. 

On  Monday,  February  4th,  will  be  pro- 
duced for  the  first  time  in  England  Enrico 
Bossi's  symphonic  poem  '  II  Paradiso  Per- 
duto  '  (Op.  125),  on  a  poem  after  Milton  by 
the  late  L.  A.  Villanis,  which  was  produced 
at  Augsburg,  December  6th,  1903.  The 
work  consisting  of  a  prologue  and  three 
parts  is  written  for  soil,  chorus,  orchestra, 
and  organ.  The  English  version  of  the 
Italian  text  is  by  Miss  Florence  Hoare. 


Mr.  Werner  Laurie  will  publish  shortly 
a  second  series  of  '  Stories  from  the  Operas,' 
by  Miss  Gladys  Davidson.  The  operas 
treated  are  a  selection  of  those  most  popular 
at  Covent  Garden  last  season.  Miss  David- 
son's first  volume  is  already  in  a  second 
edition. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Madame  Charles  Cahier's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

London  Symphony  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Irish  Folk-Song  Society.  8.30,  Irish  Club. 

Miss  Mabel  Silvester's  Vocal  Recital,  8.::0,  Steinway  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Scala. — The  Weavers  :  a  Drama  in  Five 
Acts.  By  Gerhart  Hauptmann.  Trans- 
lated by  Mary  Morison. 

An  ambitious  task  was  undertaken  by  the 
Incorporated  Stage  Society  in  producing 
'  The  Weavers  '  of  Gerhart  Hauptmann. 
Except  through  the  agency  of  some  such 
institution,  its  presentation  before  a 
London  public  was  scarcely  to  be  antici- 
pated. A  work  of  immense  power  and 
surpassing  realism,  its  author's  master- 
piece, and  in  some  sense  a  triumph  of  the 
renovated  German  stage,  it  is  yet  undra- 
matic,  a  series  of  separate  scenes,  with 
scarcely  a  pretence  of  connexion.  In  Paris, 
as  in  London,  it  is  best  known  by  its  pro- 
duction in  irregular  fashion,  having  been 
given  on  May  29th,  1893,  at  the  Theatre- 
Libre.  That  it  will  in  either  capital  find 
its  way  on  to  the  boards  of  a  theatre 
appealing  to  popular  support  seems  im- 
probable. The  expense  must  be  con- 
siderable of  mounting  a  piece  which  for  its 
due  exposition  demands  over  forty  speak- 
ing characters,  together  with  a  costly  mise 
en  scene,  which  in  its  story  makes  scarcely 
an  appeal  to  human  sympathies,  the  only 
conceivable  hero  of  which  remains 
shrouded  in  obscurity  until  the  last  act, 
and  which  has  no  pretence  to  a  heroine  or 
to  any  form  of  love  interest.  Of  power 
there  is  abundance,  and  the  whole  im- 
presses, and  in  a  way  stimulates.  Con- 
cerning its  fidelity  as  a  picture  of  life  there 
is  no  question — life  as  it  existed,  and  in  a 
fashion  yet  exists.  Its  scene  is  Silesia,  and 
the  action  belongs  to  1848  or  a  period  a 
little  earlier,  when  the  task  of  manufacture 
was  conducted  in  private  houses,  not 
in  factories,  and  the  click  of  the  shuttle 
was  a  familiar  sound  in  the  cottage  home. 
Such  pretence  to  story  as  the  piece  can 
claim  to  possess  is  the  history  of  a  strike 
in  the  days  when  any  such  outbreak  was 
resented  as  a  crime,  and  was  put  down 
by  the  strong  arm  of  authority.  This 
struggle  even  is  depicted  without  any 
form  of  sequence,  and  without  any 
attempt  to  point  a  moral.  The  calamity 
with  which  the  piece  concludes  is  a  casual 
and  fortuitous  outcome  of  accident,  and 
is  in  no  way  connected  with  what  has 
gone  before ;  and  the  separate  scenes 
show  the  indigence  and  misery  of  the 
manufacturing  classes  and  the  grinding 
tyranny  to  which  they  are  subjected,  less 
on  the  part  of  their  employers  —  like 
themselves,  the  victims  of  circumstance — 


than  on  that  of  overseers.  Tied  in  the 
miserable  chain  of  circumstance,  none  is 
much  to  blame.  Poverty  plays  the  part 
of  Fate  in  Greek  tragedy. 

Five  acts  suffice  to  enshrine  the  whole 
action.  In  the  first  the  weavers  take 
their  money,  less  the  exactions  of  the 
pitiless  overseer,  anxious  to  commend 
himself  by  his  zeal  to  his  employer.  The 
employer  himself  appeals  to  the  better 
nature  and  the  common  sense  of  the 
operatives,  but  addresses  deaf  and  suffer- 
ing ears.  Act  the  second  is  devoted  to 
the  picture  of  poverty  and  starvation, 
heightened  by  many  terrible  and  grotesque 
details.  In  this  the  note  of  revolt  is 
sounded.  In  the  third  act,  which  passes 
in  a  tavern,  the  note  grows  strident,  and 
the  workers  are  prepared  for  any  deed  of 
violence.  In  the  fourth,  which  takes 
place  in  the  house  of  the  manufacturer, 
the  revolt  is  in  full  cry,  and  the  operatives 
— having  first  set  free  by  force  their 
leader,  who  has  been  arrested — sack  and 
pillage  the  place,  from  which  the  pro- 
prietor, with  his  family,  hurriedly  escapes. 
Brief  is  the  triumph  of  the  rioters,  who 
are  shot  down  by  authority.  For  the 
last  act  is  reserved  a  fatal  termination, 
in  which  a  worthy  and  pious  workman, 
who  has  taken  no  part  in  the  strike, 
but  has  endeavoured  to  secure  peace,  is 
killed  at  his  loom  by  a  stray  bullet,  the 
only  victim.  This  unexpected  termina- 
tion points  no  apparent  moral,  and  is 
artistically  a  blot  upon  the  play. 

'  The  Weavers '  was  as  a  whole  well 
acted.  The  stage  mounting,  too,  was 
fairly  effective,  but  the  acting  manage- 
ment left  much  to  be  desired.  Such  con- 
ditions as  prevailed  were,  however,  hardly 
favourable,  and  the  production  of  the 
play  at  all  must  be  regarded  as  creditable 
accomplishment. 


Garrick. — Macbeth. 

Passing  from  Stratford-on-Avon,  where 
it  first  saw  the  light,  Mr.  Arthur 
Bourchier's  interesting  revival  of  '  Mac- 
beth '  has  reached  London  by  easy  stages, 
and  been  given  on  two  afternoons  during 
the  present  week  at  the  Garrick  Theatre. 
For  the  present,  at  least,  this  is  all  the 
glimpse  of  it  which  the  capital  is  per- 
mitted. Though  presented  in  artistic 
fashion,  with  a  competent  cast  and  a 
tasteful  and  helpful  mise  en  scene,  the 
performance  is  chiefly  noticeable  for  the 
assumption  of  the  principal  characters  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  and  Miss  Violet 
Vanbrugh.  Little  in  either  of  these 
impersonatiom  developes  any  new  or 
remarkable  feature,  and  what  is  chiefly 
noteworthy  is  the  ease  and  studied 
moderation  of  the  whole.  The  genial 
ebulliency  of  Mr.  Bourchier — a  marked 
and  conspicuous  feature  in  his  acting — is 
more  serviceable  in  comedy  than  in 
tragedy,  or  even  in  romantic  drama  ;  and 
what  is  most  obvious  in  his  Macbeth  is 
his  almost  uxorious  adoration  of  and 
dependence  upon  his  wife.  Lady  Mac- 
beth moreover  is  sufficiently  lovely  to 
justify  any  amount  of  masculine  raptures. 


784 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


She  is,  however,  far  from  equal  to  the 
task  of  affording  him  the  support  he 
needs  ;  and  in  one  scene — at  the  close  of 
the  banquet  interrupted  by  the  presence 
of  the  apparition  of  Banquo — she  displays 
herself  the  weaker  vessel,  collapsing  at 
her  husband's  feet.  The  sleepwalking 
scene  was  effective,  though  taken  in  too 
slow  time,  as  it  generally  is.  Many 
competent  actors  contributed  to  the 
general  performance,  the  best  presenta- 
tion being  that  by  Mr.  Sydney  Valentine 
of  Banquo.  General  excellence  was, 
however,  a  more  distinguishing  feature 
than  the  merit  of  individual  assumptions. 


Dramattr  dossip. 

Undismayed  by  late  onslaughts  on  his 
methods  of  mounting  Shakspeare,  Mr.  Tree 
contemplates  in  his  revival  of  '  Antony  and 
Cleopatra'  very  elaborate  spectacular  display. 
At  the  beginning  and  close  of  the  action, 
which  will  be  in  four  acts  and  eighteen  scenes, 
will  be  presented  a  view  of  the  Sphinx,  cold, 
passionless,  immortal,  as  conceived  by  King- 
lake  in  '  Eothen.'  An  attempt  to  realize  the 
description  of  Cleopatra's  galley  will  be 
made.  At  the  meeting  of  Caesar,  Antony, 
Lepidus,  and  Pompey  on  the  galley  of 
Pompey,  bacchanalian  dances,  in  which  the 
emperors  will  participate,  will  be  introduced. 
Cleopatra,  garbed  as  Tsis,  will  be  enthroned. 

Withdrawn  from  Drury  Lane,  Mr.  Hall 
Caine's  drama  '  The  Bond  ma  a '  will  on 
January  5th  be  reproduced,  with  some  varia- 
tions in  the  cast,  at  the  Adelphi.  On  the 
termination  of  its  run  it  will  be  replaced  by 
'  The  Prodigal  Son  '  of  the  same  author.  A 
new  drama,  also  by  Mr.  Hall  Caine,  is  said 
to  be  in  contemplation  at  the  same  house. 
A  complete  rupture  with  its  recent  methods 
and  a  recurrence  to  old  Adelphi  traditions 
seem  imminent. 

A  new  drama  by  Mr.  T.  Arthur  Jones, 
entitled  '  When  other  Lips,'  has  been  given 
in  Sheffield  for  copyright  purposes. 

'The  Shadowy  Waters,'  a  new  play  in 
verse  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats,  was  produced 
at  the  Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin,  last  Saturday. 
In  a  note  in  The  Arrow  Mr.  Yeats  says  that, 
though  he  began  '  The  Shadowy  Waters  ' 
when  a  boy,  and  published  a  version  of  it 
six  or  seven  years  ago,  the  present  one  is  virtu- 
ally a  new  poem,  "sufficiently  simple,  and 
appealing  to  no  knowledge  more  esoteric 
than  is  necessary  for  the  understanding  of 
any  of  the  more  characteristic  love  poems 
of  Shelley  or  of  Petrarch."  The  part  of 
Dectora,  the  Queea,  was  taken  by  Miss 
Darragh. 

'  The  Shadowy  Waters  '  was  followed  by 
'  The  Canavars,'  by  Lady  Gregory,  a  farcical 
comedy  of  1  rish  \  easant  life  in  Elizabethan 
days.  The  dialogue  is  clever,  and  the  situa- 
tions are  amusing  ;  but  the  piece  does  not 
strike  one  as  so  strong  as  the  author's  work 
in  modern  peasant  comedy. 

After  a  run  of  a  fortnight  '  Julie  Bonbon  ' 
lias  In  cm  withdrawn  from  the  Waldorf,  and 
the  company  by  which  it  was  presented  has 
returned  to  America. 

On  Monday  evening  '  Peter's  Mother  '  was 
transferred  from  Wyndham's  Theatre  to  the 
Apollo,  its  place  at  the  former  house  being 
taken  by  '  Toddles.' 

The  '  Creen-Room  Book'  for  1907  will 
be  published  early  in  the  new  year  by  Mr. 
T.  Sealey  Clark.  Over  500  additional  bio- 
graphies of  actors,  actresses,  dramatists, 
critics,  &c,  both  of  the  Old  World  and  the 


New,  will  be  included,  and  those  which 
appeared  in  the  first  edition  have  been  care- 
fully edited  and  corrected  from  authentic 
sources. 

The  Town  Council  of  Lyons  has  for  four 
years  conducted  two  theatres  in  that  city. 
Municipal  services  are  in  France  exempt 
from  the  licence  tax  paid  by  all  private 
traders.  The  Town  Council  claimed  exemp- 
tion for  their  theatres,  as  for  all  other 
services,  on  the  ground  that  they  were  con- 
ducted in  such  fashion  as  to  give  the  maxi- 
mum of  public  benefit  without  any  profit 
towards  the  rates.  The  Council  of  State 
has  just  upheld  a  local  decision  against  the 
Town  Council,  who  are  in  future  to  pay  the 
licence  duty. 

It  is  a  daring,  but  successful  experiment 
of  M.  Antoine  to  introduce  as  one  of  his 
novelties  at  the  Odeon  Shakspeare's  '  Julius 
Caesar,'  with  a  cast  comprising  M.  de  Max 
as  Mark  Antony,  M.  Duquesne  as  Julius 
Copsar,  M.  Desjardins  as  Brutus,  and  M. 
Gamier  as  Cassius.  The  play,  with  a  fine 
mise  en  scene,  has  created  a  sensation  in  Paris. 

'  Pan  '  is  the  title  of  a  three-act  play  by 
M.  Charles  van  Leberghe  produced  by  M. 
Lugne-Poe  at  the  Theatre  de  l'CEuvre.  It 
glorifies  at  the  expense  of  convention  the 
purely  animal  instinct.  Pan  himself  appears 
and  leads  the  people  back  to  ancient  faiths. 


To  Correspondents.— M.  M.— J.  W.  L.  G.— Received. 

J.  H.  E.— See  notice  below. 

H.  H.—  Many  thanks. 

G.  H.  S.— Not  suitable  for  us  just  now. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearances  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 


T 


H     E 


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INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— ♦ — 

Page 

Arnold 758 

Authors'  Acients       754 

Bell  &  Sons 784 

Burns  &  Oates           788 

Catalogues        754 

Constable  &  Co 757 

Educational 753 

Exhibitions      753 

Fine  Akt  Society 786 

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Insurance  Companies         786 

•Tack          786 

Lectures 753 

London  Library         787 

Longmans  &  Co.        756 

Macmillan  &  Co 759,  762 

Magazines,  &c 754 

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NUTT            755 

religious  tract  society 785 

Sales  by  Auction       754 

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Skeley  &  Co 758 

situations  Vacant 753 

Situations  Wanted 754 

Societies                     753 

Stock        787 

Typewriters,  &c. 754 

Unwin       762 


MESSRS.    BELL'S 

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N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


785 


THE    RELIGIOUS    TRACT   SOCIETY. 


JUST  READY.— BEZA'S  'ICONES.' 

51  Portraits  printed  on  Japanese  paper,  large  fcap.  4to,  265  pp.,  vellum  gilt,  gilt  top, 
deckled  edges,  10s.  6d. 

CONTEMPORARY  PORTRAITS  OF 
REFORMERS  OF  RELIGION  AND  LETTERS. 

Being  Facsimile  Reproductions  of  the  Portraits  in  Beza's  'Icones'  (1580)  and  in  Gou- 
lard's Edition  (1581).  With  Introduction  and  Biographies  by  C.  G.  McCRIE,  D.D. 
Probably  but  few  of  those  who  are  familiar  with  portraits  of  the  great  Reformers  are 
aware  that  the  authority  for  the  likeness  is,  in  a  large  number  of  cases,  that  of  a  work 
produced  by  the  great  Reformer  Theodore  Beza,  viz.,  his  'Icones.'  These  portraits  were, 
when  issued  by  him,  accompanied  by  short  biographies  ;  and  the  list  of  those  who  were 
Reformers  of  religion  was  added  to  by  the  inclusion  of  certain  men  of  rank  or  distinction 
who  were  Reformers  rather  of  letters  than  of  religion.  The  Religious  Tract  Society  is  now 
producing  the  portraits  contained  in  Beza's  edition  of  the  '  Icones,'  together  with  eleven 
which  were  added  in  a  translation  subsequently  published  by  Goulard.  In  the  place, 
however,  of  the  original  biographical  notices — which,  from  the  circumstances  and  date  of 
their  composition,  were  more  or  less  inadequate — the  volume  includes  careful  biographies 
prepared  for  the  purpose  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  C.  G.  McCrie.  The  entire  work  not  only  offers 
the  reader  trustworthy  accounts  of  some  outstanding  figures  in  the  religious  history  of 
Europe,  but  also  presents  their  portraits  just  as  they  were  produced  in  Beza's  and  Goulard's 
original  works.  In  typographical  detail  the  book  has  been  prepared  to  correspond  with 
the  character  of  its  contents,  and  the  volume  should  appeal  to  all  readers  of  taste,  as  well 
as  those  especially  interested  in  the  Reformation  movement. 

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THIRD   IMPRESSION    NOW    READY. 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


787 


THE   ANTIQUARY: 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  MAGAZINE  DEVOTED  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  PAST. 
Published  Monthly,  price  6d. ;  post  free,  6s.  per  annum. 

Programme    for    1907. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  the  appearance  in  1907  <>f  the  following  Papers,  among  others  : — 
Illustrated  Articles  on  Some  Antiquities  of  Tiree,  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Collingwood,  M.A.  F.S.A., 
and  on  A  Sussex  Hill  Fort,  by  Mr.  William  Martin,  M.A.  LL. D. ,  will  appear  in  early  numbers. 
Mr.  I.  Chalkley  Gould,  F.S.A.,  hopes  to  write  on  Types  of  Early  Strongholds,  and  Mr. 
George  Payne,  F.S. A.,  will  discuss  Early  Settlements  by  the  Kentish  Marshes.  Mr. 
W.  J.  Kaj'e,  Jun.,  F.P.A.,  sends  an  illustrated  Paper  on  Roman  Triple  Vases,  and  Mr.  T. 
Sheppard,  F.G.S.,  contributes  a  brief  account  of  some  Inscribed  Roman  Fibula?,  with  Illus- 
trations. An  illustrated  Article  on  Some  Rutland  Antiquities,  by  Mr.  V.  B.  Crowther- 
Beynon,  M.A.  F.S.A.,  will  be  printed  early  in  the  year;  and  Mr.  D.  MacRitehie,  F.S.A.Scot.,  will 
supply  an  illustrated  Notice  of  a  Hebridean  Earth-House.  Mr.  Francis  Abell  will  give 
an  account  of  his  Pilgrimage  along  the  Roman  Wall  in  1906,  and  Professor  Edward 
Anwyl,  M.A. ,  has  also  promised  to  contribute. 

In  an  early  issue  it  is  proposed  to  print  the  first  of  several  Papers  containing  a  Transcript  of 
the  Guest  Book  at  the  English  College,  Rome,  communicated,  with  Notes  and 
Introduction,  by  Mr.  W.  J.  D.  Croke,  LL.D.,  of  Rome.  Mr.  George  Neilson,  LL.D.  F.S.A.Scot.,  sends 
notes  on  Law  in  Mediaeval  Literature,  and  Mr.  H.  J.  Daniell  writes  on  Samuel 
Butler's  Country. 

Miss  E.  C.  Vansittart  will  contribute  one  of  her  fresh  and  entertaining  Papers  on  some  subject 
connected  with  Roman  Traditions  and  Customs,  while  Mr.  J.  Holden  MacMiehael 
promises  a  folk-lore  article  on  The  Evil  Eye- 
In  Ecclesiologv  the  following  may  be  named  : — The  Painted  Glass  in  Milton  Abbey 
Church  Some  Fifteenth-Century  Glass  at  Nettlestead  on  the  Medway- 
Notes  on  some  Fragments  of  Ancient  Glass  lately  discovered  at  Eden- 
bridge  Church,  Kent— Aspenden  Church,  Herts  An  Ecclesiological  Tour 
through  East  Anglia— St.  Anthony's  Chapel  on  Cartmel  Fell  —  Coulsdon 
Church,  Surrey— Monumental  Brasses  in  Cirencester  Abbey. 

Papers  on  Historical  and  Social  Subjects  Mill  be  numerous.  Amongst  the  most  interesting  are  : — 
A  Memorial  of  Hanworth  Manor— An  Oxfordshire  Village  in  the  Thirteenth 
Century  — The  Danish  Landings  in  Somerset  —  Parbold,  alias  Douglas, 
Chapel— Bury  St.  Edmunds:  Notes  and  Impressions— Merchants'  Marks— 
On  a  Seal  found  at  Bishop  Wilton,  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire— The  Will  of 
William,  Earl  of  Pembroke— Some  Old  Ulster  Towns— Donegal :  Where 
the  Masters  Wrote— Some  Notes  on  Fleet  Market  and  Farringdon  Street 
—No.  277,  Gray's  Inn  Road— The  London  Signs  and  their  Associations— Old 
Oak  Furniture  in  Westmoreland. 

Among  the  many  other  Papers  which  will  appear  will  be  one  on  Sundials,  illustrated,  by  Mr. 
A.  C.  Fryer,  Ph.D.  F.S.A.  ;  a  short  Article,  illustrated,  on  The  Coffin  of  William  Harvey, 
M.D.,  Hempstead  Church,  Essex,  by  Mr.  G.  Montagu  Benton  ;  an  illustrated  account  of 
An  Old  Cornish  Village,  by  Mr.  I.  G.  Sieveking ;  and  a  short  Paper  on  Monumental 
Skeletons,  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Apperson,  I.S.O. 

All  the  usual  features  of  the  Magazine  will  be  maintained.  In  the  Notes  of  the  Month 
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MASTERPIECES.     Eight  now  ready. 

T.  N.  FOULIS,  Publisher,  23,  Bedford  Street, 

W.C. ,  and  3,  Frederick  Street,  Edinburgh. 

FEW  LIST  POST  FREE. 


788 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4129,  Dec.  15,  1906 


FROM   BURNS  &  OATES'   BOOK  LIST. 


SELECTED    VERSES    OF    JOHN    B.   TABB. 

Made  by  ALICE  MEYNELL.     2s.  Qd.  net  (postage  3d.) 

"Those  who  overlook  the  little  volume  of  songs  collected  from  the  work  of  Father  Tabb 
will  miss  a  good  thing.  To  Mrs.  Meynell  the  making  of  this  selection  must  have  been  a 
labour  of  love,  and  she  has  done  it  admirably."— Academy. 

"  His  voice  is  the  health  of  an  exquisite  heart  and  soul ;  and  in  our  day  at  least  there 
are  few  artists  in  verse  who  are  as  simply  and  genuinely  religious  men." — Bookman. 

"  Father  Tabb's  poems  have  all  the  perfection  of  cameos,  clear  cut  and  exquisitely 
wrought." — Trih  nn<: 

"Mr.  Tabb  is  a  Christian  epigrammatist  in  the  old  sense.  In  American  literature  he 
holds  a  position  that  is  unique.  There  is  hardly  a  rarer  gift  than  the  skill  to  produce  tiny 
masterpieces  of  this  kind." — Daily  Mail. 

"  Father  Tabb's  muse  represents  exquisitely  the  much  in  little,  the  large  thought  con- 
fined within  a  tiny  space,  the  great  excellence  in  a  little  setting.  It  is  often  strangely  like 
Blake's,  so  innocent,  so  felicitous,  so  crystal  clear." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

LORD   A0T0N   AND    HIS   CIRCLE.     Second 

Edition.      Edited   by  the   Right    Rev.    ABBOT   GASQUET,    O.S.B. 

Containing  nearly  500  finely  printed  pages,  with  Portrait.      15s.  net. 

"  No  one  could  have  come  under  the  influence  of  Lord  Acton  without  feeling  that  he 
was  a  very  great  man.  His  majestic  and  spotless  character,  true  and  sound  to  the  core, 
was  responsive  at  once  to  the  loftiest  self-sacrifice  and  to  the  humblest  call  of  duty... 
The  Letters  contained  in  the  present  volume  are  of  surpassing  interest.  They  exhibit  Lord 
Acton  in  the  plenitude  of  his  power,  working  with  heroic  zeal  and  energy  for  Che  intellec- 
tualization  of  the  Church  in  England.  Some  day  or  other  Lord  Acton  will  be  recognized 
as  a  great  teacher,  a  great  Catholic,  and  a  great  Englishman." — Saturday  Revieiv. 

RELIGWHS  WORSHIP  AND  SOME  DEFECTS 

IX  POPULAR   DEVOTIONS.     By  Mgr.    BONOMELLI,  Bishop  of 

Cremona.  With  the  Author's  Portrait.  2s.  Qd.  net  (postage  3d.) 
The  Bishop  of  Cremona,  in  his  letter  to  the  Translator,  says  :  "  Only  by  the  slow  work 
of  religious  instruction  will  it  become  possible  to  correct,  readjust  and  destroy  what  is 
excessive,  wrong,  senseless,  and  puerile  in  certain  forms  of  popular  devotions.  I  rejoice 
then  that  you  should  become  the  interpreter  of  a  Catholic  and  Italian  Bishop  to  your 
fellow  countrymen  in  order  that  certain  difficulties  may  be  removed  from  their  minds 
which  now  keep  them  separated  from  the  Church  of  Rome." 

THE     MADONNA     OF     THE     POETS.      An 

Anthology  of  Only  the  Best  Poems  written  about  the  Blessed  Virgin. 

With  5  Reproductions  of  favourite  Madonnas.      Cloth  gilt,  2s.  Qd.  net 

(postage  3d. ) 
"  Messrs.  Burns  &  Oates  have  just  issued,  in  a  daintily  bound  little  volume,  a  selection 
of  verses,  culled  from  the  Christian  poets  of  all  ages  in  praise  of  the  Madonna.     They 
range  from  the  simple  carol  of  the  fifteenth  century  to  the  highly  complex  poems  of  Mr. 
Francis  Thompson." — Tribune. 

THE  RELIGION  OF  THE  PLAIN  MAN.    By 

Father    ROBERT    HUGH    BENSON,    M.A.      With    the    Author's 

Portrait.  2.s.  Qd.  net  (postage  3d. ) 
"An  extremely  clever  little  book....  It  is,  indeed,  an  almost  perfect  specimen  of  the 
theological  brochure Apart  from  any  consideration  of  the  merits  of  the  cause  it  advo- 
cates, we  recognize  at  once  the  freshness  and  vigour  of  the  style,  its  admirable  calculation 
of  the  limits  of  its  argument,  and  something  of  real  charm  in  the  buoyancy  of  its  enthusiasm 
and  conviction.    Moreover,  the  book  is  written  throughout  in  good  taste." — Guardian. 

AN   ALPHABET    OF    SAINTS.     Rhymed   by 

Father  R.  HUGH  BENSON,  REGINALD  BALFOUR,  and  CHARLES 
RITCHIE.  Illustrated  by  L.  D.  SYMINGTON.  Wrapper,  Is.  net 
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THE  INCHCAPE  ROCK.    By  Robert  Southey. 

With  a  Note  on  the  Abbot  of  Aberbrothok,  by  ABBOT  GASQUET, 
O.  S.  B. ,  and  a  Cover  Design  of  the  Blessing  of  the  Bell,  and  20  other 
Illustrations  by  L.  D.  SYMINGTON.     2s.  Qd.  net ;  paper,  Is.  net. 

TWO  ANGEL  TALES.    By  Father  Faber.   With 

12  Coloured  and  other  Illustrations  by  L.  D.  SYMINGTON.  In 
fancy  binding,  2s.  Qd.  net ;  wrapper  Is.  net. 

THE  CHILD  TO  WHOM  NOBODY  WAS  KIND. 


By  Father  FABER.     With  12  Coloured  and  other  Illustrations, 
net  (postage  2d.)     In  fancy  binding,  2s.  Qd.  net. 


l«. 


A  MODERN   PILGRIM'S    PROGRESS.     With 

an  Introduction  by  Father  SEBASTIAN  BOWDEN.     (>*. 
"This  book  of  a  Battle  for  Belief  is  written  by  the  valiant  woman  who  waged  it.     She 
tells  the  story  of  her  doubts,  her  sorrows,  almost  of  her  despairs  ;  then,  later,  of  her  lights 
in  darkness,  iier  triumph  over  difficulty,  her  final  deliverance  from  evil." — 'Tablet. 

CATHOLIC    DIRECTORY    FOR    1907.      The 

Official  Organ.     P^dited  by  Bishop  JOHNSON.     800  pp.  Is.  Qd.  net, 


THE     CHURCH     AND     KINDNESS     TO 

ANIMALS.     Illustrated  with  Reproductions  of  Old  Master  Pictures 
of  Animals  and  Saints.     2s.  Qd.  net  (postage  3d. ) 

1.  Condemnation  of  Bull-Fights. 

2.  Animals  in  the  Lives  and  Legends  of  Saints. 

3.  A  Cloud  of  Modern  Witnesses. 

"  This  volume  will  end  for  ever  the  era  under  which  it  has  been  possible  to  accuse 
Catholics  of  callousness  to  the  sufferings  of  the  dumb  creation,  and  the  blessing  which 
Pius  X.  has  bestowed  upon  it  during  its  passage  through  the  press  will  perpetuate  and 
confirm  the  work  that  it  is  destined  to  accomplish.  For  from  its  first  page  to  its  last  it  is 
the  Church's  authentic  blessing  on  the  beast." — Tablet. 

THE  WILD  NORTH  LAND.    The  Story  of  a. 

Winter's  Journey  with   Dogs  across   Northern   North   America.     By 
Lieut.  -General  Sir  WILLIAM  BUTLER,  G.  C.  B.     5s. 

THE  GREAT  LONE  LAND.     An  Account  of 

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Sir  W.  BUTLER,  G.C.B.     With  15  Illustrations  and  a  Map.     5s. 
"The  tone  of  this  book  is  altogether  delightful  and  refreshing."— Spectator. 

RED  CLOUD :  the  Solitary  Sioux.    A  Tale  of 


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By   Lieut. -General    Sir    W.    BUTLER,    G.C.B. 


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GOSPELS.      By  CORNELIUS  A  LAPIDE.     8  vols.  96s. 

COMMENTARY  ON  THE  HOLY  GOSPEL  OF 

ST.  MATTHEW.     By  JOHN  MALDONATUS,  S.J.     2  vols.  24*. 


EXPOSITION    ON    ST. 

By  BERNARDINE  A  PICONIO. 

THE  HISTORY  AND  FATE  OF  SACRILEGE. 


PAUL'S 

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EPISTLES. 


By  Sir  HENRY  SPELMAN,  Kt.     12s. 

IN    TUSCANY.     By  Montgomery    Carmichael. 

New  Edition,  with  numerous  Illustrations,  6s.  net. 

"A  singularly  delightful  book." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  It  consists  of  a  series  of  light  hearted  sketches  or  essays  on  Tuscan  types  and  scenwy, 
by  one  who,  in  an  official  capacity,  has  spent  his  life  among  the  Tuscans.  Mr.  Carmichael 
is  a  close  observer,  a  philosopher — pretty  much  of  the  type  of  Horace— and  a  distinctly 
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JOHN   WILLIAM  WALSHE:   the  Story  of  a 

Hidden  Life.     By  MONTGOMERY  CARMICHAEL.     5s.  net. 

"A  life  of  such  self-abnegation  is  a  treasure,  alike  to  philosophers  and  believers." 

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HEALTH  AND   HOLINESS.    A  Study  of  the 

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TYRRELL.     2s.  net ;  paper  cover,  Is.  net. 
Father  Tvrrf.ix  says  :— "In  these  pages  the  thoughts  of  many  hearts  are  revealed  in 
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BURNS'    SIXPENNY    LIBRARY. 

LOSS  AND  GAIN :  the  Story  of  an  Oxford  Con- 
version.   By  Cardinal  NEWMAN. 

FABI0LA.    A  Tale  of  the  Catacombs.     By 

Cardinal  WISEMAN. 

CALLISTA,    A  Tale  of  the  Third  Century.    By 

Cardinal  NEWMAN. 


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SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  22,  1906. 


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n"iHE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 

-L  Head  Mi.-trcss-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  M.A.  date  Second  Mis- 
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GARRATT'S  HALL,  BANSTEAD.  Ladies' 
School ;  Beautiful  Grounds,  Forty-five  Acres ;  5"n  ft.  above 
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PHURCH    EDUCATION    CORPORATION. 

\J  CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

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until  J  p.m. 


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Messrs.  TRUMAN  &  KNIGHTLEY.  Educational  Agents, 
who  upon  receipt  of  requirements  will  supply  (free  of  charge) 
Prospectuses  and  reliable  information  concerning  the  best 
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Situations   ITarant. 

UNIVERSITY       COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 

U  ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A   Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
PROFESSORSHIP  or  AGRICULTURE. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 
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THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


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N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


793 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  22,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
793 


Minor  Poets  of  the  Caroline  Period 

The  Oi,d  Inns  of  England  794 

The  Greedy  Book 795 

The  Gospel  History  and  its  Transmission         ..    795 

New   Novels  (Venus    and    the    Woodman;    Father 

Felix's  Chronicles  ;  Fools  Bush  In  ;  Lawful  Issue  ; 

The  Sentimentalists  ;  A  Spinner  in  the  Sun  ;  The 

Man    in    the    Case ;   The  House  of   a  Thousand 

Candles)        796—797 

Shakespeareana        797 

Russia  and  Japan 798 

Our  Lidrary  Table  (Chatham's  Correspondence 
with  American  Authorities;  The  Congo  Indepen- 
dent State  ;  White  Capital  and  Coloured  Labour  ; 
F.  C.  G.'s  Caricatures  ;  Reprints  and  New- 
Editions)       799—801 

List  of  New  Books 801 

Notes  from  Cambridge  ;  'Silanus  the  Christian'; 
Portraits  of  Keats  ;  'The  First  Half  of  the 
Seventeenth  Century ' ;  Sale       . .        . .      802—803 

Literary  Gossip        803 

Science— Rajibi.es  on  tiif.  Riviera;  Brier-Patch 
Philosophy;  studies  in  Pathology;  Helouan; 
Research  Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next 

Week;  Gossip 804—807 

Fine  Arts— Graves's  Dictionary-  of  the  Royal 
Academy  ;  Under  the  Syrian  Sun  ;  Flowers 
from  Shakespeare's  Garden  ;  The  Goupil 
Gallery    Salon;     The    International    Art 

Gallery;  Sales;  Gossip      808—810 

Music— Madame    Charles    Cahier  ;    Miss   Lydia 
Oi.kke;  Hekr  Busom'S  Pianoforte  Recital; 
Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week      ..      810—811 
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LITERATURE 


The  Minor  Poets  of  the  Caroline  Period. 
Edited  by  George  Saintsbury.  Vol.  II. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

This  second  volume  of  the  Caroline  minor 
poets  is  more  varied  in  contents  than  the 
first,  and  contains  a  much  larger  number 
of  poets — no  fewer  than  nine,  in  fact. 
The  next  and  third  volume  will  complete 
the  work,  the  scope  of  wrhich  we  indicated 
in  reviewing  the  first  (Athen.,  August  5th, 
1905).  From  the  usual  standpoint  all  the 
Caroline  singers,  except  Milton  and  Dryden, 
are  minor  poets.  That  was  before  the 
phrase  became  "  as  odious  as  the  word 
occupy,  which  was  an  excellent  good  word 
before  it  was  ill  sorted."  Prof.  Saintsbury's 
poets  are  minor  very  much  in  the  modern 
sense — minor  in  quality  no  less  than  in 
the  bulk  or  calibre  of  their  work.  They 
are  the  "  fragments  that  remain  "  after 
the  great  banquet  of  Caroline  poetry  has 
been  eaten — and  they  fill  three  volumes. 
Undoubtedly,  as  the  editor  claims, 
they  show  the  extent  to  which  poetry 
was  "  in  the  air  "  at  the  time,  and,  filling 
the  intervals  between  the  greater  poets, 
not  only  complete  the  continuity  of  lite- 
rary history,  but  also  enable  us  the  better 
to  understand  how  those  greater  poets 
came  to  be.  Since  few,  moreover,  are 
without  some  sparks  of  the  true  fire, 
literature  must  owe  the  editor  thanks  for 
his  ungrudging  labours  in  the  rescue  of 
them. 

We  are  glad  to  find  that  the  notes  are 
judiciously  few  and  adequate.  In  the 
case  of  Godolphin,  which  is  virtually  an 
editio  princeps,  we  suspect  one  or  two 
verbal  errors  (probably  copied  from  the 
original),  and  the  punctuation  is  some- 
times faulty  ;    but  these  things  are  in  the 


circumstances  excusable.  The  introduc- 
tions to  the  individual  authors,  if  we  do 
not  always  agree  with  the  editor,  yet 
contain  most  that  we  could  desire,  and 
are  both  pregnant  and  thorough.  But  the 
manner  of  them  !  We  have  read  them 
with  the  close  care  they  deserve,  and  we 
would  sooner  take  the  treadmill  than  read 
them  again  at  a  stretch.  It  is  like 
breathing  coal-dust.  Prof.  Saintsbury's 
is  the  grittiest  style  we  know — at  least, 
as  it  is  written  here.  These  introductions 
read  like  hasty,  crabbed  notes  for  a  com- 
mentary, in  a  kind  of  cumbrous  shorthand 
— at  once  abbreviated  and  parenthetic, 
elliptic  and  tagged.  Even  in  short,  un- 
involved  sentences  the  writer  has  a  passion 
for  qualifying  and  parenthetical  clauses, 
though  there  may  be  no  actual  parenthesis. 
Almost  every  other  sentence  is  clogged  in 
this  fashion.  On  Patrick  Carey,  for 
example,  he  begins  thus  : — 

"  As  about  our  last  constituent,  so  about 
this,  there  has  been  (though  there  need  no 
longer  be)  a  certain  uncertainty.  In  1819 
Sir  (then  still  Mr.,  though  just  on  his  pro- 
motion) Walter  Scott  published  the  book 
which  is  here  reproduced." 

Of  course  the  second  sentence  is  an 
extreme  example  ;  but  the  trick  in  some 
degree  or  form  is  incessant,  and  the 
fatigue  of  it  becomes  by  cumulation 
deadly.  Ellipsis  is  another  feature,  and 
mostly  awkward  ellipsis — for  ellipsis  is 
not  in  itself  a  crime.  Then  will  come  a 
tag,  sticking  from  the  end  of  a  passage 
like  a  broken  umbrella-rib,  over  which 
the  reader  fairly  breaks  his  shin.  In- 
organic and  laborious  to  read,  the  sen- 
tences shoulder  and  lumber  their  way 
along  like  a  ship  "  toiled  in  the  deep  sea 
trough,"  instead  of  ruiining  before  the 
wind — one  would  call  it  a  style  built  up 
by  the  practice  of  commentary,  with 
somewhat  of  the  rusty-jointedness  of 
mediaeval  Latinity,  yoked  to  the  loose- 
ness of  the  English  scholiast — Arena  sine 
calce,  in  the  phrase  of  the  imperial  critic. 
Because  Mr.  Saintsbury  is  not  negligible, 
because  he  has  sanity  and  knowledge 
and  something  to  say,  we  grumble  that 
he  should  give  us  such  exhaustion  to 
come  at  it. 

If  to  be  unknown  be  a  merit,  or  at  least 
an  interest,  in  a  poet  of  earlier  days, 
then,  we  think,  the  contents  of  this 
volume  should  stand  high.  Two  or  three 
poets  may  be  known  from  anthologies, 
but  the  rest  will  be  strangers,  even  by 
name,  to  most  readers.  Mr.  Saintsbury 
is  in  the  main  soundly  critical  ;  neverthe- 
less we  cannot  follow  his  judgment  alto- 
gether on  the  absolute  merits  of  his  lite- 
rary proteges.  As  a  whole  the  collection 
is  a  very  faint  and  dying  echo  of  the  greater 
Caroline  poets.  Especially  we  cannot 
share  his  enthusiasm  (it  almost  contrives 
to  be  enthusiasm)  for  the  long  heroic 
poems,  of  which  Marlowe's  '  Hero  and 
Leander '  is  perhaps  the  best-known 
example.  They  have  an  interest  of 
curiosity  to  the  student  of  literary  history, 
but  little  more.  Shakerley  Marmion's 
'  Cupid  and  Psyche '  is  but  a  feeble 
endeavour  after  the  linked  fancy  long 
drawn  out  which  characterizes  the  species. 


Kynaston's  '  Leoline  and  Sydanis,'  on 
the  other  hand,  really  has  a  certain  ornate- 
ness,  though  not  richness,  of  fancy  and 
a  measure  of  invention  :  it  is  lighter  of 
foot  than  most  of  its  sort,  and  at  times 
has  grace.  But  Kynaston's  lyric  poems 
seem  to  us  much  overrated  by  the  editor. 
The  two  or  three  which  have  appeared 
in  anthologies  alone  reach  any  mark  ;  and 
that,  surely,  short  of  the  best.  He  has  a 
knack  of  happy  beginnings,  but  cannot 
keep  the  level  of  dainty  felicity  in  diction  r 

April  is  past,  then  do  not  shed 

Nor  do  not  waste  in  vain 
Upon  thy  mother's  earthy  bed 

Thy  tears  of  silver  rain. 

The  fancy  of  that  is  hackneyed,  but  the 
expression  so  exquisite  as  to  vitalize  it* 
The  rest  remains  unoriginal  in  idea, 
while  only  by  snatches  does  it  recapture 
the  felicity  of  this  first  stanza. 

Do  not  conceal  thy  radiant  eyes, 
The  starlight  of  serenest  skies, 

alone  keeps  throughout  something  like 
the  rare  beauty  of  its  opening.  Yet  even 
here  there  is  somewhat  lacking  of  full 
mastery  :  his  work  is  like  that  of  a  weaker 
Carew. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  to  us  in 
the  collection  is  Sidney  Godolphin.  His 
work  is  young  work  ;  not  only  immature, 
but  also  frankly  unfinished,  careless,  and 
tentative — the  casual  jottings  of  a  man 
to  whom  verse  was  a  relaxation  from  other 
affairs.  Only  one  piece  "  gets  home,"  and 
even  that  trails  off  a  little  in  the  last 
stanza.  But  he  is  almost  the  only 
man  who  shows  a  personality,  vigour 
of  understanding,  and  that  "  fundamental 
brain-work "  which  Kossetti  found  in 
his  days,  as  it  was  in  these,  to  be  the 
besetting  lack  among  smaller  poets.  Had 
Godolphin  lived,  he  might  have  come  to 
something  as  a  poet.  But,  one  of  the  "four 
stars  of  Charles's  wain,"  he  fell  at  Cliag- 
ford  in  the  outset  of  the  Civil  War.  "  Or 
love  me  less,  or  love  me  more,"  is  a  poem 
not  merely  of  fine  beauty,  but  also  of 
distinction.  It  has,  in  a  measure,  that 
note  of  manly  dignity  which  gives  such 
distinction,  for  instance,  to  Montrose's 
famous  love-song.  We  cannot  share  the 
editor's  view  that  it  has  a  "  first-draft 
quality "  all  over  it.  Except  the  last 
stanza,  not  more  than  a  line  or  so  can 
justly  be  found  fault  with.  Virility  and 
dignity  lend  a  cachet  to  other  work  of 
Godolphin,  and  he  always  shows  intel- 
lectuality ;  but  there  is  not  always 
enough  emotional  power  to  give  it  wing. 
Donne  is  strong  with  him  both  for  good 
and  evil.  This  first  collection  of  his  few 
poems  should  earn  thanks  to  Mr.  Saints- 
bury. 

Donne*s  intluence  is  strong  with  another 
man,  John  Hall  ;  but  only  in  one  poem 
does  it  work  out  to  anything  considerable. 
v  The  Call '  is  a  poem  of  such  true  mark, 
so  much  breadth  and  repose,  with  occa- 
sional boldness  of  expression,  that  Donne 
himself  need  not  have  disdained  it ;  and 
why  its  author  should  never  have  found 
the  mark  again  one  cannot  imagine. 
'  The  Lure  '  seems  always  on  the  point 
of  a  felicity  it  never  reaches,  and  has  no 
originality  of  idea.     The  '  Ode  to  Pawson,' 


794 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


despite  Mr.  Saintsbury,  is  more  forcible- 
feeble  than  the  worst  of  Cowley's  Pin- 
darics ;  and  the  religious  poems  hardly 
excuse  even  editorial  partiality. 

Chalkhill's  one  happy  rustic  lyric  is 
known  to  every  reader  of  '  The  Complete 
Angler  '  :  his  heroic  poem  is  the  best  of  the 
bunch,  with  a  certain  relish  of  pastoral 
grace  in  the  expression  and  metrical 
movement  not  unworthy  of  the  writer 
of  the  lyric,  whom,  in  spite  of  the  current 
view,  one  cannot  but  suspect  to  have  been 
old  Izaak  himself.  Ayres,  at  the  best, 
is  scarcely  more  than  pretty.  Bosworth's 
heroic  poem  is  curiously  Elizabethan, 
and  sometimes  catches  a  certain  charm 
of  Elizabethan  form  :  otherwise  it  is  the 
weakest  thing  in  the  book.  William 
Hammond  is  naught.  But  in  a  frankly 
minor,  unpolished,  happy-go-lucky  way 
Patrick  Carey  is  attractive.  He  has 
studied  Suckling  to  some  purpose,  though 
far  from  the  matchless  easy  dexterity  of 
his  model ;  but  withal  he  has  personality. 
The  '  Healths '  is  an  excellent  jovial 
drinking-song  ;  his  love-lyrics  and  poli- 
tical lampoons  have  the  true  Cavalier 
devil  -  may  -  carishness  ;  and,  surprising 
enough,  his  religious  verse  has  an  arresting, 
homely  sincerity.  It  resembles  Herbert 
on  his  practical  side — Herbert  with  the 
braid  off ;  while  one  poem  suggests  a 
wing-clipped  Crashaw,  the  warmth  but 
not  the  imagination  of  Crashaw.  Yet 
with  the  exceptions  we  have  noted,  these 
poets  on  the  whole  have  earned  their 
oblivion.  The  minor  verse  of  to-day 
might  yield  a  better  anthology  than  this 
volume  ;  and  that  may  be  said  without 
impugning  its  real  value. 


The  Old  Inns  of  Old  England.     By  Charles 
G.Harper.     2  vols.     (Chapman &  Hall.) 

The  corpus  of  Mr.  Harper's  work  on  the 
old  roads  and  inns  of  England  is  becoming 
considerable  and  important.  His  writing, 
we  fear,  will  never  be  beyond  reproach, 
but  his  zeal  and  sympathy,  and  his  general 
intelligence  in  the  collection  of  facts  in 
the  intimate  history  of  the  by-ways  and 
highways  of  our  country,  are  laudable. 
His  latest  volumes  essay  a  most  difficult 
and  comprehensive  task,  as  he  frankly 
admits.  To  deal  with  the  old  inns  of 
England  would  involve  the  work  of  a  life- 
time, and  the  spacious  hospitality  of  a 
new  encyclopaedia.  Mr.  Harper,  there- 
fore, was  forced  to  select  his  subjects, 
which  his  previous  wide  study  of  English 
roads  and  villages  fully  qualified  him  to 
do.  He  sketches  the  method  he  has  em- 
ployed thus : — 

"  You  start  by  knowing,  ten  years  before- 
hand, what  you  intend  to  produce  ;  and 
incidentally,  in  the  course  of  a  busy  literary 
life,  collect,  note,  sketch,  and  make  extracts 
from  Heaven  knows  how  many  musty 
literary  dustbins  and  sloughs  of  despond. 
Then,  having  reached  the  psychological 
moment  when  you  must  come  to  grips  with 
the  work,  you  sort  that  accumulation,  and 
mapping  out  England  into  tours,  with  inns 
strung  like  beads  upon  your  itinerary,  bring 
the  book,  after  some  five  thousand  miles  of 
travel,  at  last  into  being." 


In  the  face  of  the  difficulty  presented 
by  the  wealth  of  material,  this  is  probably 
as  good  a  method  as  any  other ;  but  it 
results  in  a  certain  haphazardness  which 
is  only  prevented  from  deteriorating  into 
a  welter  by  the  inherent  interest  in  the 
matter,  and  the  author's  ease  and  con- 
fidence in  his  knowledge.  He  may, 
indeed,  be  said  to  have  the  inns  'at  his 
finger  -  ends,  and  he  rattles  off  their 
history  and  traditions,  and  the  legends 
that  surround  them,  with  the  skill  of  a 
raconteur  at  a  tavern  fireside. 

After  bowing  you  in  briefly,  but  at 
sufficient  length,  with  a  preliminary 
history  of  inns,  he  devotes  chapters  in 
turn  to  hostelries  of  pilgrims,  historic 
inns,  inns  of  old  romance,  the  inns  of 
'  Pickwick,'  and,  more  comprehensively, 
of  Dickens,  highwaymen's  inns,  selected 
picturesque  inns,  inns  of  Cheshire,  retired 
inns,  inns  with  relics,  and  many  other 
arresting  features  of  our  ancient  taverns. 

The  oldest  inn  he  claims  as  "  The  Seven 
Stars  "  in  Manchester,  while  "  The  Fighting 
Cocks  "  of  St.  Albans  asserts  itself  as  the 
oldest  inhabited  house  in  the  kingdom. 
It  is  not  that,  and  even  if  it  were,  it  has 
not  lasted  as  an  inn  so  long  as  several 
other  houses.  "  The  Seven  Stars  "  goes 
back  560  years  for  its  licence,  which  is 
certainly  respectable  antiquity.  But,  as 
Mr.  Harper  points  out  elsewhere,  "  The 
Angel  "  at  Grantham  bore  that  name  as 
early  as  the  reign  of  King  John,  who  held 
Court  there  in  1213.  "The  Angel" 
itself  was  rebuilt  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  It  has  been  recently  stated 
that  "  The  Bell  "  at  Finedon,  in  North- 
amptonshire, was  licensed  in  the  year 
1042,  which  would  certainly  make  it 
the  oldest  house  in  England.  Mr.  Harper 
does  not  appear  to  know  this  inn.  The 
interest  attaching  to  this  problem  is 
justifiable,  which  perhaps  is  hardly  the 
case  with  the  query  as  to  the  highest  inn 
in  the  country.  For  those  to  whom 
these  "  tit-bits  "  appeal  Mr.  Harper  states 
that  the  inn  on  a  waste  Yorkshire  moor 
at  Tan  Hill  stands  at  the  elevation  of 
1,727  feet. 

Naturally,  many  of  his  chapters  overlap 
the  material  of  others,  for  pilgrim  inns 
may  be  historic,  and  picturesque  inns  may 
be  both.  But  it  is  a  pleasant  chat  we  have 
with  him  all  the  way,  and  we  do  not 
object  to  being  jumped  about  from  county 
to  county,  and  from  century  to  century. 
Our  comments  are  inevitably  as  salta- 
tory as  his  itinerary.  It  will  be  news 
to  many  that  the  Elinor  Rummynge  of 
John  Skelton's  famous  satire  was  land- 
lady of  an  inn  at  Leatherhead  which  still 
exists  as  "  The  Running  Horse."  "  The 
George  "  at  Southwark,  sad  to  relate,  is 
the  only  galleried  inn  remaining  in  London. 
Mr.  Harper  is  not  unduly  severe  on  the 
brewers  and  ground-landlords  who  have 
sacrificed  irreplaceable  structures  in  the 
interests  of  their  pockets.  It  was  only  the 
other  day  that  "  The  Old  Bell  "  in  Holborn 
went  down  before  the  house-breaker's 
hammer  ;  and  it  is  significant  that,  out 
of  55  inns  mentioned  in  '  Pickwick,'  only 
12  now  survive.  This  is  the  inevitable 
price  paid  by  humanity  for  its  "  improve- 


ments." The  origin  of  "  arms  "  is  to  be 
attributed  to  the  decay  of  the  custom  of 
entertaining  travellers  at  the  manor 
houses.  When  the  squire  ceased  to  do 
so  (at  the  point  of  the  law's  bayonet  in 
Scotland),  the  grateful  innkeeper,  one 
must  conjecture,  stepped  into  the  breach, 
and  styled  his  tavern  the  So-and-So's 
Arms.  Hence  the  absurdity,  as  the 
author  remarks,  of  such  names  as  "  The 
Bricklayers'  Arms,"  invented  in  an  epoch 
that  knew  not  the  College  of  Heralds. 
Yet  one  would  like  to  know  how  such  a 
manifestly  ancient  tavern  as  "  The  Joiner's 
Arms  "  in  Lewisham  came  by  its  style. 
Mr.  Harper  rehearses  the  remarkable 
venture  of  Sir  Giles  Mompesson,  who 
persuaded  James  I.,  through  Bucking- 
ham, to  farm  out  the  licences,  made  a 
fortune,  was  broken  in  Parliament,  fled 
the  country,  and  became  the  original  of 
Sir  Giles  Overreach  in  Massinger's  play 
'A  New  Way  to  pay  Old  Debts.'  In 
reading  these  pages  we  are  surprised  to 
find  how  many  inns  in  the  country  are 
associated  with  the  fortunes  and  mis- 
fortunes of  the  Stuarts.  Seemingly  it 
would  take  a  volume  to  deal  with  these 
hostelries  alone. 

Mr.  Harper  is  probably  right  in  suppos- 
ing a  very  frequent  association  between 
highwaymen  and  landlord.  The  recently 
discovered  secret  staircase  and  chamber 
in  "  The  Bush  "  of  Farnham  are  attributed 
to  this  connexion,  but  they  might  very 
well  have  been  used  for  other  purposes 
in  an  age  which  penalized  many  people 
besides  highwaymen,  and  which  gave 
cause  for  the  "  priests'  chamber "  in 
many  private  houses.  One  of  the  most 
interesting  episodes  in  the  romantic  his- 
tory of  an  inn  was  the  visit  of  Fanny 
Burney  and  Mrs.  Thrale  to  "  The  Bear  " 
at  Devizes,  and  their  introduction  to  the 
future  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  then  a  boy 
of  ten,  and  the  son  of  a  scatterbrained 
landlord.  Mr.  Harper  is  our  authority 
for  the  statement  that  at  "  The  Maid's 
Head  "  in  Norwich  is  the  only  Jacobean 
bar  in  the  country,  and  we  are  glad  to 
learn  that  it  is  now  protected  from  the 
weather  by  a  glass  yard-roof,  such  as  in 
recent  years  has  been  used  to  reclaim 
many  ancient  courtyards. 

In  his  account  of  inns  retired  from 
business  Mr.  Harper  has  fortunately  not 
been  obliged  to  include  "  The  Bell  "  at 
Barnby  Moor,  which,  however,  was  a 
private  residence  when  he  published  '  The 
Great  North  Road  '  five  years  ago.  Since 
then  it  has  been  taken  over  and  reopened  by 
the  Road  Club — an  interesting  experiment. 
The  ingle-nook  at  "The  White  Horse," 
Shere,  is  pronounced  to  be  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  country.  Under  the  heading 
of  '  Rural  Inns '  Mr.  Harper  depicts 
"  The  Running  Horse  "  at  Merrow  ;  but 
that  title  is  not  the  contemporary  one, 
which  is  "  The  Groom  and  Horses," 
visible  to  all  in  an  admirable  sign  painted 
by  Mr.  S.  H.  Sime.  We  draw  Mr.  Harper's 
attention  to  this  particularly,  as  he  has 
a  chapter  on  '  Signs  painted  by  Artists,' 
in  which  a  notice  of  this  fact  would  be 
welcome.  We  care  less  for  the  records 
from  the  visitors'  books  ;  nor  is  the  chapter 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


795 


on  '  Inns  in  Literature '  at  all  adequate. 
But  there  is  enough  information  in 
these  two  volumes  to  make  us  grateful 
and  hope  for  more.  The  illustrations, 
which  are  numerous,  are  from  prints  and 
photographs  as  well  as  from  Mr.  Harper's 
own  pencil.  The  last  are  characteristic, 
and  suffice  to  give  the  reader  a  good  idea 
of  the  various  subjects. 


Thz  Greedy  Book  :  a  Gastronomical  An- 
thology. By  Frank  Schloesser.  (Gay 
&  Bird.)  ; 

Mr.  Schloesser  is  no  new  authority  to 
us  on  the  art  of  cookery  and  on  the  ethics 
of  the  kitchen  and  dining-room.  We 
■have  known  him  for  some  time  through 
his  contributions  on  these  subjects  to  the 
columns  of  Vanity  Fair,  and  recently 
from  his  dainty  little  book  on  '  The  Cult 
of  the  Chafing  Dish.'  His  object  is  of 
course  to  teach  us  the  distinction  between 
•eating  and  dining  ;  and  his  style  is  so 
pleasantly  discursive,  so  subtle  a  macedoine 
— if  we  may  adopt  the  culinary  term — of 
learning,  practice,  and  anecdote,  that  he 
never  becomes  wearisome  by  undue  atten- 
tion to  the  technical  side.  We  have  not 
gone  far  before  we  meet  in  the  quotation 
from  Nestor  Roqueplan  which  heads  the 
second  chapter  the  axiom  which  constitutes 
the  key-note  of  the  author's  discourse  : 
'  La  cuisine  n'est  pas  un  metier,  c'est  un 
art."  We  feel  this  throughout  the  pleasant 
pages  of  the  little  volume,  and  we  see  that 
u  cookery  has  had  its  great  artists  who  have 
produced  its  monuments  of  art,  it  has  been 
distinguished  also  on  the  critical  and 
literary  side.  So  true  it  is  that  in  all  the 
arts  there  is  a  kinship  which  demonstrates 
that  in  first  principles  they  are  one. 

The  subject  which  the  author  is  handling 
is  extensive,  and  he  therefore,  very  wisely, 
•does  not  profess  to  do  more  than  skim  it 
lightly,  extracting  the  most  attractive 
portions.  Applying,  still  further,  gastro- 
nomical terms  to  his  work,  we  may  say 
that  his  hors-d'oeuvre  are  appetizing,  his 
•anecdotes  piquant ;  he  is  careful  to  be 
sparing  of  gros  sel,  and  is  aware  that 
■enough  is  as  good  as  a  feast.  He  is  well 
read,  of  course,  in  the  voluminous  gastro- 
nomical literature  ;  and  although  the  book 
as  naturally  larded  with  foreign  terms  in 
French,  Italian,  and  German,  it  would  be 
difficult  to  point  out  a  single  fault  beyond 
obvious  misprints,  though  there  is  little 
authority  for  the  term  vegeterien  (p.  245), 
•which  is  current  slang  in  Paris  to-day. 
He  wisely  spares  us  too  many  and  too 
long  quotations.  Not  even  Thackeray's 
1  Ballad  of  Bouillabaise  '  tempts  him.  Is 
it  now  so  well  known  as  he  says  it  is  ? 
We  are  thankful  also  that  there  is  not 
a  solitary  foot-note  or  learned  reference, 
and  we  do  not  think  any  the  less  of  his 
knowledge  on  this  account.  Broadly  his 
oook  treats  of  the  kitchen,  its  materials, 
professors,  methods,  and  technique  ;  the 
dining-room  (practically  the  restaurant  : 
clubs  hardly  count  nowadays),  the  patrons 
and  their  tastes  ;  the  catalogues  of  the 
exhibitions  provided,  generally  called  the 


menus  or  bills  of  fare  ;  an  analysis  of  the 
chefs-d'ozuvre ;  a  guide  to  the  proper 
appreciation  of  the  works  of  art,  with  some 
Ruskinian  -  like  warnings  against  vul- 
garities ;  a  study  of  the  leading  temples 
of  the  cult  ;  and  many  allusions  to  the 
literature  of  the  subject,  its  prose,  its 
poetrjr,  and  even  its  music — at  any  rate, 
the  musical  accompaniments. 

Incidentally,  the  author  escorts  us 
round  the  restaurants  of  London  :  French, 
German,  Italian,  Swiss,  Spanish,  Russian, 
Indian,  even  Japanese  and  Chinese.  We 
are  given  specimen  menus,  and  learn  what 
we  should  appreciate  at  Kettner's,  Dieu- 
donne's,  Pagani's,  Gambrinus's,  Simpson's, 
and  the  great  hotels.  With  regard  to 
cosmopolitan  taste  he  truly  remarks,  that 
"  if  you  like  that  sort  of  thing,  that 's  just 
the  sort  of  thing  you  '11  like."  Russian 
cooking  is  well  described,  though  he 
does  not  mention  that  wonderful  con- 
coction which  looks  like  a  green  stagnant 
pond,  with  cold  fish  and  lumps  of  ice 
floating  in  it.  We  gather  that  music  in 
restaurants  is  Inot  to  the  author's  taste. 
We  wonder  if  he  is  familiar  with  the  huge 
mechanical  organ  to  be  found  in  every 
Russian  restaurant  from  the  Hermitage 
at  Moscow  downwards. 

The  subject  of  menus  opens  up  a  wide 
field  for  comment.  Nothing  could  be 
more  ridiculous  than  the  prevailing  fashion 
of  attaching  names  to  dishes  in  accord- 
ance with  the  occasion  on  which  the  dinner 
is  given,  or  the  person  to  be  honoured. 
For  example,  much  wit  is  wasted,  say  at  a 
cricket  dinner,  over  "  soupe  a  la  cricket 
ball  "  or  "  pommes-de-terre  au  stumps.' 
Of  course  the  naming  of  a  dish  is  not 
merely  fanciful,  but  signifies  an  actual 
creation.  Chefs  are  artists,  and  are  paid 
accordingly.  Mr.  Schloesser  hardly,  per- 
haps, puts  them  on  a  high  enough  level 
when  he  tells  us  that  a  nouveau  riche 
recently  engaged  one  at  a  salary  far  ex- 
ceeding that  of  his  private  secretary. 
There  is  a  tradition  at  least  that  the 
Reform  Club  paid  Soyer  4,000£.  a  year. 
To  return  to  menus,  as  in  the  case  of 
epitaphs,  a  very  amusing  list,  genuine  or 
otherwise,  could  be  compiled  ;  but  we  may 
at  least  give  an  authentic  instance  which 
came  under  our  notice  a  few  years  ago  at 
the  leading  hotel  in  Boulogne,  where  the 
carte  was  obligingly  translated  in  parallel 
columns,  and  anguilles  en  matelote  figured 
as  "  eels  in  the  female  sailor,"  followed  by 
savage  ducks  with  an  epithet  corresponding 
with  au  sang.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  matelote 
is  not  a  female  sailor. 

Mr.  Schloesser  is  perhaps  too  sweeping 
in  his  attack  on  British  hotel  cooking.  The 
pretentious  country  hotels  with  their 
stereotyped  pseudo-French  dinner  are 
bad  enough,  and  the  smaller  ones  do  nor 
pretend  to  cater  for  the  casual  visitor. 
Still,  there  are  dozens  of  the  latter  where 
you  can  obtain  excellent  meat  excellently 
cookod,  and  everything  as  it  should  be  ex- 
cept the  vegetables.  In  this  case  English 
people  undoubtedly  hold  to  their  plain 
boiled  ones  as  an  article  of  faith.  A  list 
of  nine  still  existing  famous  old-fashioned 
London  restaurants  is  given.  If  our  English 
methods  are  not  always  high  art,  we  must 


remember  that  this  book  is  addressed  to 
the  needs  of  all  pockets,  and  it  is  not  every 
one  who  can  say  of  the  Lauris  giant 
asparagus  at  forty-five  shillings  a  bundle 
of  fifty  heads — that  is,  a  shilling  a  stick — 
as  our  author  does,  that  it  is  worth  tho 
price  (p.  101).  After  all,  it  is  hardly  true 
nowadays  that  in  England  on  mange,  mais 
on  ne  dine  pas.  Where  else  in  the  world 
can  one  dine  better  than  in  London,  if  one 
knows  where  to  go,  how  to  order,  and 
how  to  pay  ?  The  chapter  on  Lenten 
fare  is  interesting  and  of  practical  value, 
but  it  is  hardly  exact  to  say  that  eggs  are 
forbidden  by  the  Catholic  Church  through- 
out Lent.  This  applies  to  Good  Friday 
only,  when  non-Catholics,  curiously  enough, 
regard  salt  cod  with  egg  sauce  as  tlie 
orthodox  dish. 

In  his  little  book  Mr.  Schloesser  manages 
to  discourse  on  nearly  everything,  from 
Shakspeare  to  the  musical  glasses :  classics, 
customs  of  the  Middle  Ages,  Restoration 
dramatists,  the  wits  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  bibliography,  heraldry,  church 
discipline,  cookery  books  of  our  great- 
grandmothers  (with  special  and  lengthy 
reference  to  the  ever- vexed  question  of 
Mrs.  Glasse),  French  and  German  lite- 
rature, poets  and  playwrights  of  all  nations, 
diners-out  and  the  etiquette  of  the  dinner- 
table — all  are  laid  under  contribution, 
with  much  original  humour  and  quaint 
conceit.  It  is  not  easy  to  give  an  idea 
of  the  many  good  things  to  be  found 
within  a  small  compass.  As  a  specimen 
of  information  take  the  explanation  of  the 
term  "  Chateaubriand,"  or  the  chapter  on 
'  Waiters  and  Snails.'  We  feel  that  the 
author  has  still  much  in  store  for  us  of 
literary  lore,  of  pleasant  anecdote  and 
personal  experiences  and  reminiscences. 
We  should  like  to  have  his  views  on  the 
universal  human  fondness  for  strong  fla- 
vours ;  on  cheese  in  an  advanced  condition, 
the  durrian,  or  the  decomposed  maize 
of  the  Maori,  which  makes  even  Europeans 
after  a  time  enthusiastic  ;  or,  again,  on 
the  reason  why  the  English  drink  very  dry 
champagne,  and  virtually  nothing  else, 
throughout  dinner,  contrary  in  both  cases 
to  the  practice  of  the  land  of  origin. 

We  can  heartily  recommend  this  pleasant 
volume  to  the  dyspeptic  as  an  aid  to 
digestion,  and  to  ail  for  its  many  excel- 
lent and  practical  hints  and  recipes  en- 
shrined in  prose  and  verse.  Both  the 
title  and  the  sub-title  of  the  book  ar^, 
however,  open  to  criticism. 


The  Gospel  History  and  its  Transmission. 
By  F.  Crawford  Burkitt.  (Edinburgh, 
T.  &  T.  Clark.) 

It  is  our  duty,  says  .Mr.  Burkitt,  who  is 
Norrisian  Professor  of  Divinity  in  Cam- 
bridge, "  to  criticize,  and  that  fearlessly, 
but  yet  with  reverence  and  with  misgiving 
of  our  own  infallibility."  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  this  book  is  the  result  of 
fearless  criticism,  but  reverence  is  also 
apparent  in  it.  Mr.  Burkitt  attempts  to 
slmw  that  there  is  no  strong  argument 
for  an  Ur-Marcu-s,  and  that  the  Gospel 
according  to  St.  Mark  is  a  primary  source 


796 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


for  the  Gospel  history.  His  use  of 
St.  Mark  may  he  illustrated  by  the  story 
of  the  raising  of  Lazarus  in  the  Fourth 
Gospel.  He  is  not  troubled  about  the 
possibility  or  impossibility  of  miracles, 
out  he  rejects  the  story  because  it  is  not 
found  in  Mark.  The  miracle  strongly 
impressed  in  different  fashions  the  chief 
priests  and  the  common  people  ;  and  Mr. 
Burkitt  is  persuaded  that  Mark  was  silent 
about  it  because  he  did  not  know  of  it. 
Had  it  happened,  he  would  have  known 
of  it.  "  For  all  its  dramatic  setting,  it 
is,"  Mr.  Burkitt  is  persuaded,  "  impossible 
to  regard  the  story  of  the  Raising  of 
Lazarus  as  a  narrative  of  historical  events." 

The  writer's  freedom  of  criticism  is 
exemplified  by  the  statement,  for  which 
proof  is  attempted,  that  "  there  is  an 
argumentativeness,  a  tendency  to  mysti- 
fication, about  the  utterances  of  the 
Johannine  Christ  which,  taken  as  the 
report  of  actual  words  spoken,  is  positively 
repellent."  The  transference  of  the 
Eucharistic  teaching  from  the  Last  Supper 
to  the  earlier  Galilean  miracle  is  declared 
to  be  more  than  mere  historical  inaccuracy, 
indeed,  a  deliberate  sacrifice  of  historical 
truth.  Mr.  Burkitt  adds,  however,  that 
"  as  the  Evangelist  is  a  serious  person 
in  deadly  earnest,  we  must  conclude  that 
he  cared  less  for  historical  truth  than  for 
something  else  "  ;  and  he  says  in  another 
place  that  "  the  Fourth  Gospel  is  written 
to  prove  the  reality  of  Jesus  Christ.  But 
the  Evangelist  was  no  historian  :  ideas, 
not  events,  were  to  him  the  true  realities." 

One  of  the  most  interesting  parts  of 
the  book  is  that  embodying  an  attempt 
to  show  that  the  writer  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel  was  a  Jew  of  Jerusalem,  a  Sadducee, 
and  indeed  a  priest.  Polycrates,  about 
190  a.d.,  made  mention  of  John  "  who 
leaned  on  the  Lord's  breast,  who  had 
been  a  priest  and  worn  the  High  Priest's 
mitre  (to  7reraAov),  both  Witness  (/xapTus, 
martyr  ?)  and  Teacher."  In  the  Gospel 
itself  there  is  reference  to  a  disciple,  evi- 
dently the  writer,  who  was  "  known  unto 
the  high  priest."  Internal  evidence  points 
to  the  writer  as  having  belonged  to  the 
Sadducees,  "  who  say  there  is  no  resurrec- 
tion, neither  angel,  nor  spirit."  The 
Spirit  descended  on  Jesus,  but  was  not 
given  to  believers  till  He  was  glorified 
(John  vii.  39,  xx.  22).  Angels  are  intro- 
duced in  connexion  with  Him  alone,  as 
on  the  morning  of  the  Resurrection  ;  and 
when  the  voice  from  heaven  spoke  (xii.  28), 
it  was  some  of  the  people,  and  not  the 
Evangelist,  who  said,  "  An  angel  spake  to 
him."  Then  the  resurrection  is  in  Christ, 
and  in  Him  alone.  Martha  spoke  of  the 
resurrection  at  the  last  day,  but  Jesus 
said,  "  I  am  the  Resurrection  "  ;  and  in 
another  connexion  His  words  were,  "  I 
will  raise  him  up  at  the  last  day  "  (vi.  40). 
Mr.  Burkitt  shows  that  there  is  a  line 
of  tradition  which  does  not  represent 
John  the  son  of  Zebedee  as  living  to  an 
old  age,  when  he  could  have  written  the 
Gospel,  but  depicts  him  as  a  martyr  who 
died  at  the  hands  of  the  Jews.  The  refer- 
ences are  to  a  seventh  or  eighth  century 
epitome,  probably  based  on  the  Chronicle 
of  Philip  of  Side  ;    to  the  Chronicle  of 


George  the  Monk  ;  and  to  the  ancient 
Calendar  of  the  Church  of  Edessa,  which 
gives  December  27th  as  the  commemora- 
tion of  the  martyrdom  of  John  and  James, 
the  Apostles,  at  Jerusalem.  This  attempt 
to  show  that  the  writer  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel  had  been  a  Sadducee  illustrates 
Mr.  Burkitt's  skill  in  historical  interpre- 
tation ;  and  his  examination  of  that 
Gospel — and,  indeed,  the  whole  of  his 
book — points  to  a  significant  movement 
of  Biblical  scholarship  in  England.  That 
movement  is,  in  the  judgment  of  many, 
not  progress,  unless  it  be  akin  to  the 
rake's  progress,  and  is  not  characteristic 
of  English  scholarship  as  a  whole  ;  but 
none  the  less  it  is  scientific.  Not  one  of 
Mr.  Burkitt's  arguments  is  frivolous, 
though  his  conclusions  may  sometimes 
be  startling  ;  and  his  book  deserves  high 
praise  as  the  work  of  a  fearless,  competent, 
and  reverent  critic. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Venus   and    the    Woodman.     By    Vincent 
Brown.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

This  is  probably  the  best  book  that  Mr. 
Brown  has  produced,  and  he  is  a  writer 
of  undoubted  talent.  We  are  told  here 
the  story  of  a  young  man,  a  peasant,  who 
has  killed  a  woman  because  he  loved  her, 
and  saw  that  she  courted  the  ultimate 
degradation  of  the  harlot.?  His  guilt  is 
never  suspected  by  the  authorities,  but  it 
is  seen  intuitively  by  a*  journalist  who 
happens  to  be  spending  a  season  in  the 
man's  native  village.  This  reporter,  by 
the  way,  is  impossible  as  a  reporter,  though 
a  human*?  figure  and  well  drawn.  His 
conversation  with  the  village  people  is 
preposterous,  but  amusing.  No  person 
of  his  tact  and  intelligence  would  talk 
thus  to  uneducated  people  ;  or,  if  he  did, 
he  certainly  would  never  play  the  intimate 
part  in  their  lives  which  Mr.  Brown's 
journalist  plays.  One  finds  the  same 
exaggeration,  the  same  tendency  to 
unconscious  caricature,  in  the  author's 
portrait  of  a  vicar,  and  of  what  he  calls 
"  the  Cambridge  manner,  which  is  so 
delicate  a  bloom  of  social  insolence  that 
only  artists  and  snobs  perceive  it."  There 
is  no  delicate  bloom  about  the  description 
of  it  with  which  we  are  favoured  ;  rather 
does  it  appear  to  be  a  bludgeon-like 
weapon  of  assault  and  battery.  The  story 
is  concerned  with  the  peasant's  groping 
towards  atonement  for  his  crime,  and  the 
journalist's  conduct  as  the  sharer  of  his 
secret  and  that  of  his  sister.  The  play 
of  conscience  fascinates  the  author.  This 
will  not  surprise  readers  of  his  previous 
work.  There  is  sincere  religious  feeling 
in  the  book,  despite  the  intolerance  which 
characterizes  it. 

Father     Felix's    Chronicles.         By     Nora 
Chesson.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

It  is  probable  that  Mrs.  Chesson's 
temperament  prevented  her  from  seeing 
life  whole  with  the  blunt  mediaeval  bar- 
barism.    People    never    took    things    so 


sadly  as  Father  Felix's  eyes  saw  themv 
But  being  a  clerk,  maybe  he  was  borr* 
out  of  due  time,  and  became  anticipatory 
of  a  later  century.  There  was  far  more  of 
the  animal  in  mediaeval  beings  than  we- 
allow.  It  is  clear  that  Mrs.  Chesson's 
characters,  outside  the  narrator,  realize 
this.  They  accept  their  fates  without 
murmur.  The  excellence  of  the  book 
lies  precisely  in  this  realization.  The 
author  had  intuition  of  the  life  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  got  up  her  atmo- 
sphere carefully.  She  had,  in  fact,  assimi- 
lated the  period  as  few  novelists  of  to-day 
have  done.  Her  tale  is  somewhat  dis- 
jointed and  episodic,  but  its  vitality 
keeps  interest  for  it.  It  is  very  learned- 
in  the  times,  but  its  learning  is  never  an. 
obsession.  Perhaps  the  author  might 
have  spared  her  tender  readers  the  peine 
forte  et  dure  as  applied  to  a  young  girl ; 
but  she  does  at  least  spare  us  the  horrible 
details.  Such  details  are  only  proper  to 
the  newspaper  reports  of  to-day.  The- 
achievement  of  the  book  renders  deeper 
the  regret  that  its  author  has  passed  for 
ever  from  the  possibility  of  greater  per- 
formance. 

Fools   Rxish    In.     By    Mary    Gaunt    and 
J.  R.  Essex.     (Heinemann.) 

This  story  is  one  which  will  offend  a 
certain  number  of  people,  but  interest 
every  one  who  reads  it.  From  one  point 
of  view  it  is  a  rather  violent  diatribe 
against  missionary  work  as  conducted  in: 
the  less  sophisticated  portions  of  Moham- 
medan Africa  which  come  within  the  sphere 
of  British  influence.  The  authors  have- 
sought  the  aid  of  caricature,  as  well  as- 
portraiture,  in  their  effort  to  show  the- 
futility  of  certain  kinds  of  missionary 
effort,  and  the  wrong-headedness  of  the 
missionary  who  takes  Englishwomen  into 
places  by  no  means  safe  or  fit  for  white 
women.  But,  if  one  puts  aside  this  aspect 
of  the  book,  there  remains  much  of 
interest.  The  title-page  describes  the  nar- 
rative as  a  West  African  story,  and  it  is 
evident  that  the  authors  are  acquainted! 
with  the  portion  of  Nigeria  which  they 
describe. 


Lawful  Issue.     By  James  Blyth.     (Eve- 
leigh  Nash.) 

Mr.  Blyth' s  first  book,  '  Juicy  Joe,'  was- 
the  best  he  has  produced  so  far.  We  hoped' 
that  the  roughness  which  that  piece  of 
work  showed  would  have  mellowed  down 
before  this,  and  left  its  virility  tempered 
by  a  certain  refinement.  The  fact  is 
otherwise,  however.  The  virility  has  been 
tempered,  but  with  something  other  than 
refinement — with  the  kind  of  veneer,  it 
may  be,  which  covers  the  work  of  novelists 
who  write  too  fast.  We  gather  that  Mr. 
Blyth  is  an  admirer  of  Browning's  poetry  ; 
but  he  is  given  to  quoting  it  in  an  inappro- 
priate manner,  and,  what  is  worse,  quoting 
it  incorrectly.  The  present  book  deals 
with  the  case  of  a  man  who  marries  his 
deceased  wife's  sister.  We  are  not  sure 
whether  or  not  the  book  is  supposed  to 
have  a  moral,  but  if  so,  it  probably  is  thafe 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


797 


marriage  of  the  kind  indicated,  while 
it  remains  illegal,  is  also  wrong,  on 
account  of  the  social  complications  in- 
volved and  the  illegitimacy  of  any 
children  of  the  union.  The  story  is 
lively,  rather  vulgar,  in  places  dull,  but 
upon  the  whole  readable. 


The    Sentimentalists.     By    Robert    Hugh 
Benson.     (Pitman  &  Sons.) 

Father  Benson  tells  a  story  of  spiritual 
evolution.  His  principal  sentimentalist 
is  a  dissipated  author — Chris  Dell — whose 
past  is  raked  up  against  him  after  he  has 
become  engaged  to  a  sentimental  heiress 
with  a  sentimental  mother.  Sentiment- 
alism,  as  exhibited  by  Father  Benson,  can 
endure  the  agitation  of  a  sinner's  curtain, 
but  not  the  raising  of  it.  All  Chris  Dell's 
amaranthine  talk  and  contrite  allusions 
do  not  break  the  shock  of  his  exposure. 
He  is  rejected  in  a  frightful  scene,  and 
returns  to  the  trough.  His  redemption 
is  the  result  of  an  experiment  on  the  part 
of  a  majestic  and  mysterious  widower 
who  is  reputed  to  have  broken  his  wife's 
heart.  This  soul-mender  is  in  striking 
contrast  to  an  unselfish  young  priest 
whose  friendship  for  Dell  is  futile  because 
it  is  gentle.  Dell  in  his  unregenerate  state 
is  too  like  a  caricature  ;  but  there  is  good 
and  vigorous  work  in  the  novel. 


A  Spinner  in  the  Sun.     By  Myrtle  Reed. 
(Putnam's  Sons.) 

This  story — especially  the  earlier  part  of 
it — has  both  charm  and  originality,  its 
diction  being  excellent,  and  the  characters, 
if  not  altogether  life-like,  well  imagined. 
The  central  figure,  a  woman  always  veiled, 
recalls  for  a  moment  one  of  George 
Gissing's  novels,  but  the  subject  is  treated 
rather  from  the  imaginative  than  the 
realistic  point  of  view.  The  incident  of 
the  man  of  science  and  the  pet  dog  is 
conceived  in  the  most  approved  style  of 
anti-vivisectionist  propaganda,  which  is 
only  another  way  of  saying  that  it  fails 
to  carry  conviction. 


The    Man    in    the    Case.     By    Elizabeth 
Stuart  Phelps.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

It  is  rather  surprising  to  find  a  veteran 
like  the  author  employing  a  plot  so 
worn  and  transparent  as  the  plot  of 
1  The  Man  in  the  Case  '  ;  but  she  has 
certainly  managed  to  make  her  story 
attractive.  Her  hero  is  not  unfamiliar  to 
the  reader  of  novels,  but  he  is  an  excellent 
specimen  of  his  kind,  and  she  has 
succeeded  in  making  him  life-like,  and  in 
enlisting  our  sympathies  for  him.  She 
has,  perhaps,  been  less  successful  in  her 
heroine,  who  is  certainly  amazingly  lacking 
in  good  sense,  although  the  author  seems 
to  be  unaware  of  the  fact.  The  scenes  of 
country  life  in  New  England  are  painted 
with  skill,  and  although  the  book  is  in  no 
respect  remarkable,  it  does  the  author  no 
discredit. 


The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles.     By 

Meredith  Nicholson.  (Gay  &  Bird.) 
The  house  oddly  named  is  a  preposterous 
dwelling  in  the  woods  of  Indiana,  in  which 
a  man  of  twenty-seven  has  to  live  quietly 
for  a  year  to  satisfy  the  terms  of  his 
grandfather's  will.  There  ought  to  be 
a  heap  of  money  left,  but  there  is  little. 
The  mystery  of  the  house,  which  begins 
with  a  shot  from  outside  at  the  young  man, 
gradually  explains  this.  If  he  does  not 
keep  to  the  terms  of  the  will,  a  girl  gets 
the  money,  and  thereby,  of  course,  hangs 
a  love  affair.  We  strongly  commend 
the  story  as  a  piece  of  sensation  skilfully 
worked  out,  though  it  is  faulty  at 
the  close,  and  —  a  rare  thing  in  such 
narratives — skilfully  written.  The  author 
invests  his  villains  with  humour,  and 
writes  with  the  gusto  of  the  artist.  A  few 
phrases  and  turns  will  be  strange  to 
English  readers,  but  these  will  not  spoil 
their  pleasure  in  the  tale.  The  publishers' 
advertisement  promises  illustrations  in 
colour,  but  these  are  not  included  in  the 
copy  which  has  reached  us,  and  perhaps, 
could  not  be  arranged  in  the  English 
edition. 


SHAKSPEAREANA. 


Shakespeare' s  Pronunciation  : — A  Shake- 
speare Phonology,  with  a  Rime-Index  to  the 
Poems  as  a  Pronouncing  Vocabulary.  A 
Shakespeare  Reader,  in  the  Old  Spelling 
and  with  a  Phonetic  Transcription.  By 
Wilhelm     Vietor.       2       vols.  (Marburg, 

Ehvert  ;  London,  Nutt.)  —  The  evidence 
bearing  on  the  pronunciation  of  English 
in  Shakspeare's  time  is  more  abundant 
than  any  one  who  had  not  studied  the 
subject  would  naturally  suppose.  There 
are  extant  more  than  half  a  dozen  careful 
attempts  to  describe  the  sounds  of  the  English 
language  by  writers  who  were  actual  con- 
temporaries of  the  poet  ;  and  although  the 
testimony  of  these  writers  may  be  some- 
times obscure,  and  the  accuracy  of  their 
observation  open  to  doubt,  their  statements 
can  to  a  considerable  extent  be  interpreted 
and  controlled  by  a  comparison  with  the 
pronunciation  of  an  earlier  period  as  recorded, 
for  instance,  by  Falsgrave  (1530),  and  with 
that  of  a  later  period  as  described  by  such 
skilled  observers  as  Wallis  (1653)  and  Wilkins 
(1668).  The  metre  and  rhymes  of  Shak- 
speare  and  his  contemporaries  afford  valu- 
able light  on  many  points,  and  the  phonology 
of  living  dialects  is  also  often  instructive. 
Although  it  would  be  absurd  to  imagine  that 
the  pronunciation  of  Shakspeare's  time  can 
be  reconstructed  with  absolute  precision. 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  theoretical 
sixteenth-century  English  of  any  competent 
modern  scholar  would  have  sounded  much 
less  strange  in  the  ears  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
subjects  than  would  the  ordinary  English 
of  the  present  day. 

As  the  investigations  of  the  late  A.  J. 
Ellis  and  of  Dr.  Sweet  are  accessible  only  to 
a  limited  class  of  students,  and  some  new- 
material  has  become  available  since  they 
were  published,  Prof  Victor's  two  convenient 
little  volumes  supply  a  real  need.  The 
first  volume  (the  '  Phonology  ')  contains 
115  pages  in  which  the  evidence  relating  to 
the  Elizabethan  pronunciation  of  English 
is  briefly  but  lucidly  discussed,  followed  by 
an  analytical  index  of  the  rhymes  in  Shak- 
spearo's  poems,  which  fills  150  pages.     Tho 


companion  volume  (the  'Reader')  consists 
of  extracts  from  Shakspeare's  works,  the 
spelling  of  the  original  editions  and  a  tran- 
script in  phonetic  notation  being  given  on 
opposite  pages. 

A  comparison  of  the  transcripts  of  the 
same  passages  by  Ellis  and  Prof.  Vietor  shows 
considerable  discrepancy,  but  the  real  differ- 
ence of  opinion  between  the  two  scholars 
is  much  less  than  it  appears  at  first  sight. 
Each  of  them  is  careful  to  point  out  that  his 
notation  must  be  interpreted  with  some 
degree  of  latitude  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  both 
admit  that  the  actual  sounds  of  some  of  the 
vowels  may  possibly  have  differed  within 
certain  assigned  limits  from  those  that  are 
represented  by  their  symbols.  When  allow- 
ance is  made  for  the  acknowledged  margin 
of  uncertainty,  the  actual  divergence  becomes 
very  small  ;  and  even  of  the  remaining 
differences  some  may  be  accounted  for  by 
the  fact  that  the  educated  pronunciation 
of  the  Elizabethan  age  was,  as  contem- 
porary authorities  expressly  recognize,  very 
far  from  uniform.  Prof.  Vietor  seems  in  all 
doubtful  cases  to  prefer  to  attribute  to 
Shakspeare  the  more  archaic  of  the  pro- 
nunciations current  in  his  time.  In  this  he 
may  be  correct ;  his  rhyme  -  index  un- 
doubtedly shows  that  Shakspeare  observed 
certain  original  distinctions  of  sound  which 
had  been  lost  in  the  pronunciation  of  some 
of  his  contemporaries,  though  it  remains 
possible  that  in  these  instances  his  practice 
was  influenced  by  the  traditional  ortho- 
graphy. In  general,  Prof.  Vietor's  notation 
may  be  regarded  as  erring,  if  at  all,  in  the 
direction  of  exaggerating  the  difference 
betwTeen  the  pronunciation  of  Shakspeare 
and  that  of  our  own  time. 

The  points  in  which,  according  to  Prof. 
Vietor,  the  Shakspearean  pronunciation  of 
English  differed  most  strikingly  from  that 
of  the  present  day  are  the  following.  The 
initial  consonant  had  not  yet  become  silent 
in  the  combinations  kn,  gn,  wr.  The  gh 
in  words  like  night  may  perhaps  have  been 
slightly  sounded,  either  as  a  weak  h  or  as  a 
palatal  spirant.  The  "  long  a  "  in  mane 
was  the  a  of  man  lengthened — a  pronuncia- 
tion which  may  still  be  heard  in  some 
Northern  dialects.  The  combination  ai  or 
ay  was  sounded  as  it  is  now  in  the  Cockney 
dialect  :  and  the  "  long  i  "  in  words  like 
time  resembled  the  Cockney  rendering  of  the 
ee  in  teem,  which  is  the  vowel  of  pin  followed 
by  a  consonant  y.  The  modern  sound  of 
"  short  w,"  as  in  cut,  dull,  was  unknown,  the 
vowel  being  pronounced  as  in  pull. 

On  the  whole,  the  pronunciation  indicated 
by  Prof.  Vietor's  phonetic  notation  may 
reasonably  be  taken  as  a  close  approxima- 
tion, if  not  to  Shakspeare's  own,  at  least  to 
one  that  he  must  have  heard  used  by  others. 
The  most  questionable  point  is  the  iden- 
tification of  the  vowel  in  change  and  danger 
with  that  in  man,  for  which  no  evidence  is 
adduced,  and  which  on  etymological  grounds 
seems  unlikely.  However,  in  the  rhyme- 
index  Prof.  Vietor  admits  the  possibility 
that  the  vowel  may  have  been  long.  Wo 
are  glad  to  see  that  he  decisively  rejects 
the  extravagant  hypotheses  of  Messrs. 
Stoffel  and  Van  Dam  as  to  apocope,  synco- 
pation, and  displacement  of  stress.  His 
own  conclusions  respecting  these  matters 
are  eminently  judicious. 

The  extracts  in  the  'Reader'  are  suffi- 
ciently copious  and  varied  to  enable  any  one 
thoroughly  to  accustom  his  ear  to  the  sound 
of  Elizabethan  English  as  Prof.  Vietor  under- 
stands it.  Of  course,  the  knowledge  of 
Shakspeare's  own  pronunciation,  even  if  it 
could  be  perfectly  attained,  would  not 
(except,  to  a  very  small  extent,  by  elucidat- 
ing the  metre)  contribute  anything  to  the 
better  appreciation  of  his  poetry.     In  fact, 

9 


79& 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


nothing  could  be  more  destructive  of  the 
enjoyment  of  beautiful  verse  than  to  have  it 
permanently  associated  in  our  recollection 
with  a  pronunciation  which,  owing  to  its 
unfamiliarity,  is  liable  to  always  strike 
us  as  quaint  and  uncouth.  For  students 
of  English  philology,  however,  it  is  worth 
while  to  gain  some  notion  of  the  way  in 
which  the  language  was  pronounced  three 
centuries  ago,  and  there  is  certainly  no 
better  way  of  obtaining  a  sound  elementary 
knowledge  of  the  subject  than  by  working 
through  Prof.  Vietor's  '  Phonology,'  and 
then  reading  aloud  a  sufficient  number  of 
the  texts  in  the  companion  volume. 

The  First  Folio  Shakespeare.  Edited  by 
Charlotte  Porter  and  H.  A.  Clarke.  With 
an  Introduction  by  John  Churton  Collins. 
13  vols.  (Harrap  &  Co. ) — This  edition  comes 
to  us  her  ilded  by  the  compliments  of  eminent 
Shakspeareans,  and  it  deserves  them,  for  it 
gives  us  in  a  well-printed,  leisurely,  and 
handy  form  the  main  basis  (as  we  have 
often  insisted)  for  the  text  of  our  great 
dramatist.  One  of  the  chorus  at  the  end 
of  the  '  Agamemnon  '  remarks,  with  the 
common  sense  that  distinguishes  that  body, 
that  conjecture  and  certain  knowledge  are 
different  things.  Prof  Churton  Collins  does 
well  in  his  Introduction  in  insisting  on  our 
duty  to  make  the  best  of  the  text  we  have — 
which  has  often  been  obscure  only  through 
our  ignorance  of  Elizabethan  language — 
before  we  proceed  to  ingenious  alterations. 
The  general  reader  has  now  before  him  in  a 
convenient  shape  all  that  he  needs  to  form  a 
judgment  of  Shakspeare's  actual  words  : — 

"What  is  reproduced,  and  reproduced  with 
exact  fidelity,  is  the  text  of  the  First  Folio,  the 
only  variation  being  the  substitution  of  modern 
type  for  the  long  s,  the  interchangeable  i  and  j,  u 
and  v,  the  occasional  y  for  th,  and  the  abbreviated 
the  for  them.  What  does  not  appear  in  the  First 
Folio  is  placed  within  brackets.  That  the  deviations 
from  the  First  Folio,  made  in  what  may  be  called 
the  Victorian  text,  represented  by  the  (J  lobe  edition, 
may  be  readily  seen,  they  are,  when  important 
enough  to  affect  either  the  sense  or  the  metre, 
noted,  together  with  their  sources,  at  the  foot  of 
each  page." 

This  is  a  very  sound  arrangement,  and  the 
textual  annotation  at  the  bottom  of  the  page 
is  both  clear  and  brief.  Perhaps,  indeed, 
it  errs  on  the  side  of  brevity  :  we  should  be 
inclined,  for  instance,  to  add  some  endea- 
vours to  mend  the  line  in  '  The  Tempest,' 
III.  i.  17  — 

Most  busie  lest,  when  I  doe  it, 

which  does  not  seem  to  us  intelligible  as  it 
stands.  Prof.  Churton  Collins's  Introduc- 
tion is  a  lively  exposition  at  once  of  the 
errors  and  felicities  of  conjecture,  but  much 
of  it  will  be  stale  to  those  who  have  read 
his  article  on  '  The  Text  and  Prosody  of 
Shakespeare  '  in  his  '  Studies  in  Shakespeare' 
(Constable,  1904). 

Competent  details  as  to  the  argument, 
sources,  time,  date,  and  duration  of  action 
are  added  to  each  play.  The  second  volume 
contains  a  biography  which  is  useful,  but 
written  in  a  bad  style.  We  read,  for  instance, 
that 

"only  an  indubitable  biography  bare  of  tradition, 
colourless  of  da/.zlement  from  the  lightexhaustlessly 
burning  in  Shakespeare's  writings,  can  fulfil  the 
modern  desire  for  sure  knowledge  of  the  events  of 
Shakespeare's  life." 

Here,  as  usual,  tradition  is  scouted — an 
attitude  which,  we  have  recently  said,  seems 
to  us  a  mistake.  There  is  a  separate  '  Glos- 
sary '  for  each  play  regarding  the  gram- 
matical usage  and  pronunciation  of  words. 
Explanations  of  obscure  words  or  phrases  are 
alao  inserted  at  the  side  of  the  text.  Thus 
"  thick  pleached  "  is  glossed  *'  thickly  inter- 
woven "  ;    and  "  I  had  rather  bo  a  canker 


in  the  hedge."  "  canker-rose."  "  Dogrose  " 
would  be  a  better  equivalent  in  this  last 
case.  The  ordinary  person  would  make 
nothing  of  the  explanation  given,  which 
may,  possibly,  be  correct  for  the  United 
States.  We  have  noticed  with  interest 
that  in  rural  Buckinghamshire  Rosa  canina 
is  still  called  "canker";  but  that  is  a 
survival  in  dialect. 

Altogether  the  editors  deserve  to  be 
warmly  complimented  on  the  thoroughness 
of  their  work,  which  must  have  cost  them 
abundant  time  and  labour. 


RUSSIA  AND  JAPAN. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  publish  a 
good  translation  from  the  German,  by 
Hulda  Friederichs,  of  Dr.  Rudolf  Martin's 
The  Future  of  Russia,  which  has  gone 
through  several  editions  at  Berlin,  and  has 
been  supplemented  by  author's  notes  bring- 
ing the  account  of  Russian  finance  and  sug- 
gested loans  up  to  the  end  of  last  month. 
There  was  in  the  original  work  little  or  no 
first-hand  information  new  to  those  con- 
cerned, but  the  author  happened  to  attract 
the  attention  of  the  financial  world  of  France 
and  Germany,  and  his  book  has  been  more 
read  than  even  the  better-informed  works 
on  which  its  doctrines  are  based.  Dr. 
Martin  is  an  official  German  statistician, 
and  is  competent  to  write  on  that  Russian 
finance  which  so  largely  concerns,  in  the 
first  place,  the  French,  and,  in  a  lesser  but 
high  degree,  German  financiers  and  officials. 
In  his  somewhat  sensational  statements  as 
to  impending  bankruptcy  and  revolution 
he  may  be  right,  but  our  readers  will  re- 
member that  The  Athenozum,  in  reviewing 
many  books  which  have  dealt  with  the  con- 
dition and  future  of  Russia,  since  the  winter 
before  the  Russo-Japanese  war,  has,  on  the 
whole,  preferred  the  view  which  may  be 
summed-up  as  probability  of  prolonged 
anarchy.  A  year  ago  the  immediate  bank- 
ruptcy of  Russia  seemed  likely  to  many, 
but  the  collapse  of  her  finance  does 
not  of  necessity  mean  revolution.  It  is, 
however,  the  fact  that,  apart  from  fluctua- 
tions connected  with  speculation  on  Bourses, 
the  French  investor  has  not  hitherto  lost 
much  money  in  Russian  securities.  It  is 
an  exaggeration  to  say  that  he  has  lost 
more  in  Consols  than  in  Russian  funds,  but, 
given  the  different  opinion  as  to  probabilities 
held  by  the  investor  at  the  time  when 
he  bought,  it  is  within  the  truth  to  say  that 
he  has  been  far  more  disappointed  as  regards 
Consols  than  as  regards  Russian  funds.  At 
the  very  moment  when  collapse  appeared 
most  probable  in  the  case  of  Russian  finance 
the  French  investor  was  justified  by  a  rise 
in  having  "  held."  If  he  had  believed  Dr. 
Martin  at  the  moment  of  the  publication  of 
the  second  edition  of  this  book,  he  would 
have  been  wrong.  Finance,  however,  is 
not  the  business  of  The  Athenazum,  and  we 
take  more  interest  in  the  historic  problem 
of  government  and  national  life  in  Russia. 
In  that  respect  we  feel  confident  that  the 
view  taken  by  The  Athenceum  and  by  two 
anonymous,  but  well-known  correspondents  of 
The  Times — namely,  that  prolonged  anarchy 
is  more  probable  than  either  sudden  revolu- 
tion or  successful  reaction — will  prove  to  bo 
the  true  one.  Dr.  Martin  is  full  of  com- 
parison with  1789  and  1792-3.  It  is  that 
comparison  which  terrifies  the  Emperor 
and  Government  of  Russia ;  nevertheless, 
tho  difference  between  Russia  and  France 
is  so  obvious  that  tho  comparison  is,  wo  are 
convinced,  fallacious.  The  France  of  1789 
was  above  all  things  a  highly  centralized 
country,  possessing,  long  before  Bonaparte, 


the  institutions  founded  by  Louis  XI., 
Henri  IV.,  Sully,  Richelieu,  Colbert,  and 
a  succession  of  great  men.  Russia  is,  above 
all  things,  chaotic.  The  Government  has 
never  been  strongly  centralized  since  Peter 
the  Great  died,  except  in  the  time  of  Cathe- 
rine, when  it  was  absolutely  German  and 
non-national.  The  most  serious  of  all 
Russian  problems  concerns  "  the  fringe  "  : 
Finland,  Poland,  the  Caucasus,  Central 
Asia,  the  Amur  Province.  There  is  no  sign 
of  any  reaction  strong  enough  to  restore 
order  in  the  fringe,  even  if  it  should,  against 
all  probability,  quiet  Orthodox  Great  Russia. 
The  easier  task  could  only  be  effected  by 
plundering  the  landowners  for  the  benefit 
of  the  peasants.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
revolution — which  is  partially  triumphant, 
which  kills  whom  it  pleases,  and  burns  the 
houses  of  those  whom  it  dislikes — is  equally 
powerless  to  set  up  a  strong  central  Govern- 
ment, capable  of  dealing  with  the  whole 
empire.  By  the  side  of  such  considerations 
the  question  of  finance  is  dwarfed.  We  are 
interested  in  the  discussion  by  Dr.  Martin 
on  his  last  page — whether  the  present 
Primo  Minister  of  France  (here  called  by  the 
Russian,  but  incorrect  Christian  name  of 
"  Paul  ")  will  or  will  not  allow  fresh  Russian 
loans. 

We  are  able  to  recommend  to  our  readers 
of  all  kinds  The  Battle  of  Tsushima,  by  Capt. 
Semenoff,  translated  by  Capt.  A.  B.  Lindsay 
(John  Murray).  The  book  is  remarkable  as 
an  account  of  a  sea  fight,  for  the  general 
reader  and  for  boys.  It  is  also  of  the  deepest 
possible  interest  to  sailors  and  politicians. 
The  volume,  which  appears  to  be  admirably 
translated,  has  the  further  advantage  of  a 
preface  by  Sir  George  Sydenham  Clarke, 
whose  words  will  be  read  with  care  by  all  who 
know  the  essential  importance,  in  matters 
which  concern  preparation  for  war,  of  the 
opinions  of  that  officer,  Secretary  of  the 
Defence  Committee  of  the  Cabinet  under  the 
present  Administration,  as  he  was  from  the 
time  of  the  Esher  Report  during  Mr.  Balfour's 
chairmanship.  Sir  George  Clarke  was  spe- 
cially recalled  by  telegraph  from  a  colonial 
Governorship  as  the  one  man  needed,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War, 
of  the  Admiralty,  and  of  tho  Esher  Com- 
mittee, to  be  the  co-ordinator  of  naval  and 
military  advice. 

In  the  preface  we  find  an  incidental 
remark  on  which  volumes  might  be 
written.  Many  writers  have  tried  to 
define  genius.  Sir  George  Sydenham  Clarke 
tells  us  that  it  is  "  an  unerring  sense  of  pro- 
portion." According  to  this  definition  it  is 
doubtful  whether  Michael  Angelo  had  genius, 
and  certain  that  Giulio  Romano  had  not. 
Among  poets  three  great  men  are  thought 
to  have  resembled  one  another  only  in  this 
point — that  they  did  not  possess  any  sense 
of  proportion  :  Milton,  Shelley,  and  Victor 
Hugo.  We  doubt  whether  the  claim  of 
Nelson  to  an  unerring  sense  of  proportion 
could  be  maintained  ;  while  as  for  Bona- 
parte, his  perfect  sense  of  proportion 
shown  in  legislation  was  conspicuously 
deficient  in  that  art  in  which,  above  all 
others,  he  was  supreme. 

Capt.  Semenoff  had,  as  Sir  George  Clarke 
shows,  been  on  board  a  Russian  flagship 
during  the  battle  of  August,  1904,  when  the 
Japanese  were  forced  to  be  cautious  in  the 
extreme.  He  was  again  on  board  the  flag- 
ship of  the  very  different  Russian  fleet 
engaged  on  another  fruitless  attempt  to 
reach  Vladivostock  in  the  following  year. 
At  Tsushima  tho  Japanese  were  in  a  position 
to  pursue  a  policy  more  likely  to  be  ours 
in  naval  war,  and  tho  comparison  and  con- 
trast between  the  two  battles  are  perfectly 
handled  in  the  book  before  us.     One  fact 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


799 


which  has  not  hitherto  been  admitted  is 
brought  out  by  Sir  George  Clarke.  The 
Japanese  12-inch  guns  of  British  manufacture 
and  similar  to  our  own,  were,  by  means  of 
retubing,  supposed  to  have  exhibited  re- 
markable length  of  life,  and  we  have  been 
reassured  on  the  vital  point  of  the  sufficiency 
of  our  own  reserve  of  guns  by  reference  to 
the  Japanese  case.  It  is  here  proved  that 
the  Japanese  12-inch  guns  had  become  worn 
out  and  produced  no  effect  in  the  great 
battle,  which  was  won  by  the  quick-firing 
guns,  partly  8-inch,  but  chiefly  6-inch.  It 
is  suggested  by  the  translator  that  the 
success  of  rapid  fire  from  the  smaller  pieces 
confirms  our  own  policy,  and  upsets  that  of 
the  French  ;  but  we  doubt  whether  there  is 
any  justification  for  this  opinion.  The 
French  exercises  of  their  reserve  fleets  kept 
in  port  with  skeleton  crews  have  invariably 
shown  that  the  one  point  to  which  real 
importance  was  attached  by  the  port- 
admirals  of  France  was  rapidity  of  fire  from 
the  quick-firing  pieces.  Our  own  similar 
drill  has  had  in  view  the  repulse  of  attack 
by  torpedo  boats  by  means  of  quick  fire, 
usually  from  much  smaller  pieces.  The 
battle  has  now  shown  us  that  the  best 
protected  of  ironclads  can  be  rendered 
wholly  useless  without  the  use  of  a  single 
gun  of  more  than  8-inch  calibre.  Some  of 
our  admirals  have  resisted  to  the  very  last 
the  employment  of  high  explosives  as  shell 
charges  unless  it  were  made  certain,  safe, 
and  easy  for  shells  to  penetrate  armour 
without  bursting,  and  to  burst  inside  the 
ship.  The  battle  has  shown  that  they  were 
utterly  mistaken  in  their  view,  and  that  by 
the  destruction  of  the  funnels,  and  of  the 
nozzles  of  all  guns,  and  by  the  entrance  of 
the  smaller  high-explosive  shells  through 
every  chink  and  cranny  of  the  ship,  its 
crew  may  be  demoralized  and  destroyed 
without  any  piercing  of  plates.  One  of 
the  conclusions  of  Sir  George  Clarke  is 
"  that  partly-trained  and  half-disciplined 
men  are  "  not  "fit  to  find  a  place  on  board 
ship  in  modern  naval  war."  The  Russian 
flagship  seems  to  have  followed  our  own 
rules  as  to  fire  prevention.  Nevertheless, 
she  was  constantly  on  fire,  and  it  was  found 
impossible  ever  to  extinguish  all  the  con- 
flagrations at  any  one  tune.  Metal  objects 
burnt  with  fury  owing  to  the  paint  with 
which  cleanly  officers  had  covered  them. 
The  statements  as  to  funnels  are  of  the 
highest  moment.  A  Russian  flagship  at 
Port  Arthur  in  the  earlier  battle  burnt 
480  tons  of  coal  in  a  single  day  without 
making  much  speed,  in  consequence  of  her 
funnels  being  shot  away.  After  the  Russian 
flagship  at  Tsushima  had  been  in  action  for 
some  time  the  conning  tower  was  unin- 
habitable, the  steering  apparatus  unmanage- 
able, and  none  of  the  turrets  containing 
the  big  guns  could  move.  There  was  no 
door  which  would  open  or  shut :  every  one 
was  imprisoned  in  the  compartment  in  which 
he  happened  to  be.  In  the  lower  battery, 
there  was  only  one  of  the  smaller  guns 
which  could  be  used.  Every  officer  and 
every  man  of  any  value  had  been  hit  by 
splinters  of  metal,  and  most  of  them  seem 
to  have  been  (without  any  want  of  courage) 
paralyzed  in  one  way  or  another.  When, 
finally,  the  wounded  Admiral  and  his 
wounded  staff  were  removed  by  another 
ship  (on  to  which  they  had  to  be  dropped, 
as  the  two  ships  rolled,  with  much  danger, 
side  by  side),  entrance  to  the  main  deck 
was  at  last  obtained.  There  was  no  light 
or  possibility  of  making  or  finding  one  : — 

"  The  silence  of  the  dead  reigned  in  that  smoky 
darkness,  and  it  is  probable  that  all  who  were  in 
the  closed  compartments  under  the  armoured  deck, 
where  the  ventilators  took  smoke  instead  of  air, 
gradually  becoming  suffocated,  lost  consciousness 


and  died.  The  engines  had  ceased  to  work.  The 
electric  light  had  given  out  for  want  of  steam  ;  and 
no  nne  came  up  from  below.  Of  the  900  men  com- 
posing the  complement  of  the  Suvoroff,  it  would 
not  be  far  wrong  to  say  that  at  this  time  there 
remained  alive  only  those  few  who  were  gathered 
together  in  the  lower  battery  and  on  the  windward 
embrasure." 

The  naval  battle  of  the  future  is  likely,  it 
seems,  to  present  the  same  picture  of  hell 
as  did  the  struggle  round  the  forts  on  the 
hills  behind  Port  Arthur. 

We  note  that  Bishop  Wilkinson  told  us 
the  other  day  that  the  Russian  Church  had 
the  same  horror  of  images  as  his  own.  In 
the  book  before  us  "  the  ship's  image,  or, 
more  properly  speaking,  images,"  play  a 
conspicuous  part.  The  great  image-case  of 
glass  appears  to  have  borne  a  charmed 
life,  and  the  candles  were  burning  peace- 
fully after  every  one  in  that  portion  of  the 
ship  had  been  killed.  There  lay  before  it 
"  a  mass  of  something  which  with  difficulty 
I  guessed  to  be  the  remains  of  what  had 
once  been  men." 

Little  attention  has  been  called  to  the 
publication  by  the  Stationery  Office  of 
books  other  than  Parliamentary  Papers. 
The  list  supplied  by  the  printing  firms  who 
do  the  work  is  not  confined  to  the  Parlia- 
mentary Papers  and  Stationery  Department 
publications  delivered  to  members  of  Palia- 
ment,  as,  for  example,  Records  and  Re- 
ports of  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Com- 
mission. In  addition  to  these,  there  are 
departmental  publications  thus  catalogued 
which  are  not  circulated  with  Parliamentary 
Papers.  There  is,  perhaps,  some  incon- 
venience in  the  extension  of  this  "  new 
departure."  If  a  book  published  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment is  not  altogether  admirable,  inquiry 
will  begin  as  to  whether  the  public  interests 
demand  such  official  competition  with  the 
books  of  other  writers  hitherto  recommended 
for  examination  purposes.  So  also  are  there 
inconveniences  of  other  kinds  in  the  official 
publication  of  books  on  other  subjects  by 
very  different  departments.  We  have  before 
us  the  first  part  of  The  Russo-Japanese  War. 
"  Compiled  by  the  General  Staff,  War 
Office."  The  preface  states  that  it  will  be 
a  long  time  before  either  the  Russians  or 
the  Japanese  produce  an  official  history. 
This  is  given  as  a  reason  why  a  work  "  com- 
piled by  the  General  Staff  "  should  be  pub- 
lished, although  one  would  have  thought  that 
we  already  possessed  "  all  available  infor- 
mation, with  the  exception  of  "  that  which 
it  is  not  desirable  to  publish  in  official  form. 
Moreover,  "  criticism  has  been  excluded  "  ; 
yet  the  part  published  "  deals  with  the  causes 
of  the  war."  This  is  a  subject  upon  which 
it  is  impossible  to  write  in  such  fashion  that 
the  result  will  be  thought  impartial  by  Russia 
and  the  friends  of  Russia,  unless,  indeed, 
it  is  unfair  to  our  allies.  The  book  is  not 
specially  indiscreet,  nor,  we  fear,  interesting, 
but  it  contains  one  or  two  dangerous  passages; 
and  the  maps  (which  alone  are  really  useful) 
might  have  been  published  with  '  The  Order 
of  Battle,'  or  even  some  mere  statement  of 
ascertained  military  facts,  without  any 
introduction  on  the  causes  of  the  war.  The 
official  history  of  the  war  in  South  Africa 
lias  already  shown  the  inconvenience  of  such 
publications. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Macmillan  Company  publish  in 
two  volumes,  pleasantly  printed  and  well 
edited,  Correspondence  of  William  Pitt, 
when  Secretary  of  State,  with  Colonial 
Governors   and    Military   and   Naval    Com- 


missioners in  America.  The  book  is  edited 
for  the  well-known  club  of  "  The  Colonial 
Dames  of  America "  by  Gertrude  Selwyn 
Kimball.  To  prevent  confusion  in  some 
English  minds,  we  explain  that  it  is  William 
Pitt  the  elder  (commonly  called  Chatham) 
whose  correspondence  thus  appears  ;  and 
the  title  is  justified  by  the  fact  that  the  book 
is  concerned  wholly  with  a  part  of  his  career 
which  was  over  long  before  he  was  made  a 
peer.  It  has  recently  been  acknowledged 
on  all  hands  that  William  Pitt  the  younger, 
the  Prime  Minister  who  conducted  war  on 
the  largest  scale  (though  chiefly  by  subsidies) 
of  any  minister,  never  acquired  the  slightest 
inkling  of  the  principles  of  war,  though  he 
was  the  weightiest  enemy  of  the  greatest 
master  of  those  principles,  and  the  employer 
of  Nelson,  who  understood  them.  The  same 
remark  has  not  been  made  about  William 
Pitt  the  elder,  and  the  dispatches  before  us 
go  to  show  that  he  had  a  better  claim  to 
some  grasp  of  imperial  strategy.  All  through 
the  volume  the  admirals  and  generals 
report  direct  to  Pitt  in  a  fashion  somewhat 
amazing  to  those  who  believe  that  the  British 
Constitution  has  not  undergone  much  change, 
Pitt  writes  to  admirals  in  the  King's  name, 
not  in  that  of  the  Government ;  and  tells 
them  how  to  move  their  fleets,  without  the 
slightest  reference  to  the  advice  received 
by  him  or  the  Admiralty  from  naval  experts. 
The  letters  are  from  our  Record  Office  ;  and 
it  shows  admirable  enterprise  on  the  part 
of  the  American  ladies,  descended  from  the 
old  colonial  families,  that  they  should  have 
revived  many  great  days  of  American  his- 
tory on  the  impartial  and  truly  historical 
method  here  adopted.  The  most  important 
letters  are  not  new.  All,  we  think,  have 
been  used  by  students,  and  many  have  been 
published  before.  They  are  here  brought 
together  in  proper  sequence,  and  with 
excellent  notes. 

The  book  opens  in  1756,  and  it  is  frankly 
admitted  in  the  Introduction  that 

"The  colonial  governments  were  dilatory,  lack- 
ing in  public  spirit,  jealously  tenacious  of  their 
privileges.  Their  troops  were  undisciplined,  were 
enlisted  but  for  short  periods,  and  came  to  the 
rendezvous  ill-equipped,  when  they  came  equipped 
at  all.  In  the  case  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania, 
quarrels  between  the  governor  (as  representative 
of  the  proprietary  interest)  and  the  assembly 
stopped  all  supplies,  of  men  or  money.  Through- 
out the  war,  the  letters  of  the  governors  of  those 
colonies  are  filled  with  accounts  of  the  obstacles 
encountered  in  that  especial  respect." 

The  letter  of  a  governor  quoted  in  the  Intro- 
duction resembles  many  to  be  found  in  the 
text : — 

"  '  Our  assemblies  are  diffident  of  their 
governors,  governors  despise  their  assemblies ; 
and  both  mutually  misrepresent  each  other  to 
the  Court  of  Great  Britain.' " 

On  every  occasion  when,  in  the  nineteenth 
century,  colonial  troops  joined  their  efforts 
to  those  of  the  British  army  and  navy  in 
war,  we  were  told  that  the  action  of  the 
colonies  was  new  and  wonderful.  The 
Athenorum  has  often  pointed  out,  in  reviewing 
books  in  which  such  statements  were  to  be 
found,  that  for  the  colonies  to  play  a  part 
in  imperial  wars  was  the  rule  rather  than  the 
exception,  and  that  the  rule  had  prevailed 
as  such  throughout  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries.  The  siege  of  Louis- 
burg  is  the  most  conspicuous  example  cf 
great  operations  in  which  colonial  forces 
played  (with  the  help  of  the  British  navy) 
the  chief  part.  The  siege  resembled  that  of 
Port  Arthur  in  the  fact  that  there  was  a  fleet 
in  the  harbour,  the  capture  or  destruction 
of  which  was  a  main  object  in  view.  When 
we  read  of  the  resistance  continually  offered 
by  the  Assemblies,  the  marvel  is  that  the 
colonial  forces  should  have  vanquished  the 


800 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


best  troops  of  France.  At  the  surrender  of 
Louisburg  there  were  taken  prisoners,  among 
other  French  battalions,  one  each  belonging 
to  the  famous  regiments  of  Artois  and 
Royal  Marine,  and  one  of  the  equally  cele- 
brated Bourgogne  (spelt,  we  notice,  by 
Admiral  Boscawen  in  the  more  British  form 
"  Burgoyne ").  The  officers  bore  the 
greatest  names  of  France,  and  the  generals 
or  commissioners  were  such  men  as  the 
Marquis  de  Vaudreuil  and  the  Marquis  de 
Montcalm.  The  most  brilliant  service  on 
our  side  was  that  of  the  blue- jackets  and 
marines,  but  the  colonial  troops  must  have 
fought  well  in  spite  of  their  occasional  sulki- 
ness  and  constant  want  of  discipline.  They 
and  their  Assemblies  exasperated  our  civil 
and  military  representatives,  whose  grum- 
bling pervades  the  volumes.  General  Forbes, 
for  example,  writes  describing 

' '  how  that  the  Maryland  Assembly  had  behaved 
with  regard  to  His  Majesty's  Orders,  communicated 
to  them  by  you.  So  glaring  an  Infraction  of  his 
Majesty's  Royal  Command  at  this  critical  time, 
draws  the  eye  of  all  upon  them ;  and  their  refusing 
all  aid,  and  assistance,  for  their  own  protection, 
and  repelling  the  Enemy,  strikes  all  honest  Men 
with  a  horrible  Idea  of  their  Ingratitude  to  the 
best  of  Kings." 

Many  well-known  American  names  appear 
with  credit.  Col.  Schuyler  of  New  Jersey 
and  Col.  Israel  Putnam  of  Connecticut 
rendered  services  which  their  descendants 
remember  with  pride.  It  was  a  curious 
war.  Indians  were  so  freely  employed  by 
both  sides  that  it  was  taken  as  a  matter  of 
course  that  prisoners  should  be  scalped. 
General  Abercromby  reports  to  Pitt  how 
in  the  fighting  on  the  northern  New  York 
Lakes 

' '  the  Enemy  gave  way,  with  the  Loss  of  about 
150,  two  of  which  were  brought  in  Prisoners,  the 
Remainder  Killed  or  scalped ;  of  the  latter  they 
reckon  56,  and  at  least  15  of  them  Indians  Scalps. 
Our  Loss  is  trifling ;  a  few  scalped  or  killed." 

The  distinguished  English  argued  gracefully 
about  exchange  of  prisoners  with  the  still 
more  distinguished  French,  but  no  allusion 
to  the  performances  of  the  Indian  allies 
seems  to  be  made  on  either  side,  and  we 
have  a  full  and  impartial  revelation  of  the 
seamy  side  of  colonial  warfare.  The  militia 
laws  of  the  different  States,  varying  as  thej- 
did,  are  the  subject  of  much  discussion ; 
as  is  compulsory  service,  which  was  from 
time  to  time  applied  by  many  of  the  legis- 
latures. There  is  not  much  philanthropy 
in  the  dispatches,  but  where  we  find  it,  it 
has  a  somewhat  disagreeable  flavour. 
Governor  Dobbs  writes  to  Pitt  in  obsequious 
recognition  of  the  vigour  of  the  statesman 
who  was  directing  our  forces  against  the 
French  West  India  islands  : — 

"I hope   by  the    Blessing  of   God,  who  has 

taken  the  Apostolick  Christian  Protestant  Church 
under  his  immediate  protection  &  Government 
that  next  Campaign  will  expel  the  French  also 
from  this  Continent,  that  we  may  for  the  future 
be  safe  from  an  insatiable  cruel  Hereditary  Enemy, 
and  that  the  poor  Natives  of  this  Continent  may 
be  Civilized  and  prepared  for  Conversion  to  the 
Christian  faith,  and  be  made  Partakers  of  true 
British  Liberty." 

The  assertion  of  "  true  British  Liberty  " 
by  the  white  colonists  was  not  received  by 
the  Governors  with  great  respect. 

A  curious  question  is  raised  by  Governor 
Hamilton,  who  writes  from  Pennsylvania  in 
1760  that)  he  has  succeeded  by  diplomacy 
in  obtaining  troops  from  the  Assembly  for  the 
campaign  of  that  year,  but  only  by  making 
"  a  Sacrifice  both  of  the  property,  and  just  powers 
of  Government  of  the  Proprietary's  of  this  Province 
to  the  Assembly,  who  would  take  no  step  towards 
forwarding  the  Service  recommended,  but  at  the 
prioo  of  obtaining  the  most  unjust  advantages  over 
their  Proprietaries,  with  whom  they  are  contend- 


ing.  And  to  which  nothing  could  have  induced 
me  to  submit,  but  my  Zeal  for  the  General  Service, 
and  my  fears  of  depriving  the  King  of  so  consider- 
able an  Aid  at  this  most  critical  juncture ;  of 
which,  so  far  as  regards  the  Proprietaries,  I 
humbly  hope,  his  Majesty  will  be  graciously 
pleas'd  to  take  a  favourable  notice." 

Another  point  worth  mention  is  in  a  letter 
from  Governor  Wentworth  to  Pitt,  in  which 
he  congratulates  the  Minister,  with  many 
capitals, 

"on  the  Glorious  Success  of  His  Majesty's  Arms 

against the  whole  Country  of  Canada,  A 

Conquest  not  only  worthy  the  Author  &  promoter 
of  it,  but  must  be  of  inestimable  Value  to  Great 
Brittain,  as  the  peopling  of  this  Continent,  cannot 
fail  of  Creating  a  full  Employ  for  the  Manufac- 
turers of  our  Mother  Country  more  especially  for 

such  as  are  Employed  in  makeing every  Species 

of  Iron  Ware." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  a  passage  in 
the  Greenock  speech  of  Mr.  Chamberlain 
at  the  commencement  of  the  Tariff  move- 
ment suggested  that  Canada  might  receive 
such  articles  from  this  country,  and  was 
the  cause  of  a  revolt  of  the  Canadian  iron- 
masters in  favour  of  a  higher  tariff  against 
our  "  Iron  Wares." 

Messrs.  Williams  &  Norgate  send  us 
The  Congo  Independent  State  :  a  Report  on 
a  Voyage  of  Enquiry,  by  Viscount  Mount- 
morres.  It  is  possible  that  the  public  may 
be  misled  by  the  first  words  of  the  Preface 
and  the  opening  of  the  "  Report."  When  the 
author  started  for  the  Congo  he  had  been, 
we  believe,  working  as  a  journalist,  and  two 
statements  appeared  in  the  newspapers 
showing  that  his  "  mission  "  was  of  a  private 
kind  :  one  asserting  that  he  went  out  at  the 
suggestion  of  Sir  Alfred  Jones  of  Liverpool, 
a  representative  of  the  Congo  State,  and  the 
other  that  he  went  out  as  a  journalist.  The 
Preface  opens  with  the  statement  that  the 
Report  was  written  in  the  spring  of  1905, 
and  that,  on  account  of  illness,  "  many 
months  elapsed  before  "  Lord  Mountmorres 
"  was  able  to  present  it  to  the  Foreign  Office." 
We  imagine  that  he  presented  it  to  the 
Foreign  Office  in  only  the  same  way  as  he 
now  declares  that  he  thinks  it  "  better  to 
present  the  Report  to  the  public .  .  . . "  But 
we  are  puzzled  by  the  addition  that  he 
"  received  permission  from  the  Foreign 
Office  to  publish  the  non-controversial  parts." 
So  far  as  we  know,  this  is  the  first  suggestion 
of  any  official  character  being  enjoyed  by 
Lord  Mountmorres,  unless,  indeed,  he  were 
officially  recognized  by  the  Congo  State, 
which  expressed  satisfaction  at  his  going. 
There  is  nothing  from  the  Foreign  Office  in 
the  volume,  but  the  so-called  Report  is 
addressed 

"  To  H.M.'s  Principal  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs. 
"  Sir, — In  accordance  with  Mr.  Villiers'  letter  of 
the  2nd  of  March,  1905,  I  have  the  honour  to 
submit  the  following  information  concerning  the 
recent  tour  I  made  in  the  Independant  State  of  the 
Congo " 

The  next  paragraph,  headed  "  Circum- 
stances of  Visit  to  West  Africa,"  begins  : 
"  I  left  England  on  June  24th,  1904.  as 
Special  Correspondent  of  The  Globe  news- 
paper." It  will  be  seen  that  the  author's 
credentials  are,  to  say  the  least  of  them, 
peculiar  ;  and  we  imagine  that  some  state- 
ment will  be  made  by  the  Foreign  Office  in 
respect  of  his  apparent  claim  to  their  recog- 
nition. The  Foreign  Office,  as  is  well  known, 
has  made  inquiry  for  itself  by  its  own  ser- 
vants in  the  Congo  on  at  least  three  occa- 
sions— the  principal  being  the  journey  of 
Mr.  Roger  Casement,  whose  Report  was  laid 
before  Parliament.  The  judgment  of  the 
Foreign  Office  has  been  doclarod  by  successive 
Secretaries  of  State  of  different  parties  to  be 


opposed  in  many  matters  to  the  conclusions 
now  put  forward  by  Lord  Mountmorres, 
whose  book  will  not  affect  a  verdict  based 
upon  settled  conviction  founded  on  full  and 
trustworthy  evidence. 

The  Independent  Labour  Party  issue 
in  "  The  Socialist  Library  "  an  important 
little  volume,  White  Capital  and  Coloured 
Labour,  by  Mr.  Sydney  Olivier,  C.M.G.  The 
official  experience  of  Mr.  Olivier  has  in- 
creased his  authority,  but  not  his  knowledge, 
already  considerable,  of  the  Native  Labour 
question.  Excellent  articles  by  him  have 
been  widely  read  and  are  here  reproduced 
with  amplification,  and  supplemented  by 
further  essays.  The  point  of  view  is  that 
which  the  author  thus  expresses  about  the 
whites  in  Africa  and  in  many  colonies  out- 
side Africa  : — 

' '  To  the  native  they  and  their  dependents  are 
merely  a  set  of  rulers,  making  a  living  out  of  his 
country  and  out  of  the  taxes  he  pays,  because  they 
cannot  make  it  at  home,  and  interfering  with  him 
as  a  pretext  for  doing  so." 

Mr.  Olivier  discusses  the  unfortunate  rela- 
tions now  prevailing  between  the  white 
inhabitants  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
American  Union  and  the  negroes,  and  points 
out  that  "  in  the  British  West  Indies 
assaults  by  black  or  coloured  men  on  white 
women  and  children  are  practically  alto- 
gether unknown."  His  argument  on  the 
subject  strikes  us  as  impartial  and  well 
founded.  The  incidental  remarks  on  the 
policy  of  the  Congo  State  are  also  valuable, 
inasmuch  as  Mr.  Olivier,  though  a  Fabian 
Socialist,  is  not  "  an  extreme  man."  He 
shows  of  the  official  Congolese  system  at  its 
best  that 

"  there  is  advanced  in  the  recent  report  of  the 
Commission  of  Enquiry  into  this  system  a  kind  of 
grotesque   pretence    that   it    is    based    upon    the 

philanthropic  policy A  hierarchy  of  extortion 

is  established." 

Sir  F.  Carrtjthers  Gould  publishes, 
through  Mr.  Edward  Arnold,  his  new 
volume  of  Political  Caricatures,  similar  to 
three  former  sets — that  for  1906.  The 
latest  examples  in  the  series  are  as  good  as 
any.  that  "  F.  C.  G."  has  done.  The  portrait 
of  Mr.  Birrell  conducting,  or  conducted  by, 
his  pigs,  High,  Low,  Free,  and  others, 
figuring  the  Churches,  is  caricature  only  so 
far  as  the  pigs  are  concerned,  and  in  their 
case  so  absolutely  impartial  as  to  disarm 
opponents.  Nothing  can  be  more  character- 
istic of  the  happy  position  of  "  F.  C.  G.," 
who,  although  more  useful  to  his  political 
friends  than  any  caricaturist  ever  was  before, 
is  nevertheless  the  daily  delight  of  his 
political  foes.  He  has  a  knack  of  doing 
disagreeable  things,  when  he  thinks  fit  to 
do  them,  in  a  manner  which  excludes  resent- 
ment. For  example,  when  lie  wishes,  in 
his  capacity  of  a  sound  sensible  middle  man, 
to  express  a  certain  impatience  with  the 
convinced  extremists,  Dr.  Clifford  at  the 
one  end  and  Lord  Hugh  Cecil  at  the  other, 
he  gets  over  the  difficulty  by  presenting  us 
with  a  portrait  of  "  Dr.  Clifford,  by  Lord 
Hugh  Cecil,"  accompanied  by  one  of  "  Lord 
Hugh  Cecil,  by  Dr.  John  Clifford."  Sir 
F.  C.  Gould  has  been  happy  in  the  natural 
forms  and  expressions  of  Mr.  Birrell,  who 
has  thus  helped  him  through  the,  normally 
dull,  period  of  an  education  controversy. 
It  is  more  admirable  to  succeed  where  others 
fail.  Thus,  we  admire  the  picture  of  the 
watch-dog,  sitting  on  the  "  Tory  party 
bones  chest,"  when  Sir  Alexander  Acland 
Hood  is  summoned,  "  Get  off  that  chest 
and  let 's  get  at  the  bones  !  "  The  watch- 
dog replies,  "  No,  you  don't  !  "  and  looks 
as  he  looks  in  real  life,  but  as  he  defies 
the  rival  caricaturists.  On  the  other  hand, 
all  caricaturists  have  their  failures — people 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


801 


that  they   cannot   "  do."     IVIr.   Haldane  is 
the  failure  of  "  F.  C.  G." 

The  "  Knutsford  Edition  "  of  Mrs.  Gas- 
kell's  works  is  now  complete  in  eight  volumes. 
The  last  contains  Wives  and  Daughters,  and 
the  penultimate  volume  is  occupied  with 
an  admirable  short  story,  two  tantalizing 
fragments  of  ghostly  tales,  and  several 
other  papers.  One  on  '  The  Shah's 
English  Gardener '  is  due  to  the  recent 
investigation  of  the  Contributors'  Book  of 
Household  Words.  The  edition,  with  its 
informing  introductions,  will  take  its  place 
in  all  well-constituted  libraries,  and  will 
do  much,  we  hope,  to  restore  to  Mrs.  Gaskell 
her  rightful  place  as  an  English  novelist. 
Her  two  best  books  are  familiar,  perhaps, 
but  her  whole  work  ranks  higher  than  is 
supposed  by  the  average  reader  and  critic. 

With  The  Small  House  at  Allington, 
2  vols.,  and  The  Last  Chronicle  of  Bar  set, 
2  vols.,  Messrs.  Bell  have  completed  their 
"  Library  Edition "  of  Trollope's  best 
novels.  A  sounder  present  for  Christmas 
than  this  set  would  be  hard  to  hit  on. 

The  same  novels  of  Trollope  are  available 
in  the  neat  "  York  Library "  of  Messrs. 
Bell,  which  some  may  prefer  to  the  "  Library 
Edition,"  for  the  type  here  too  is  excellent, 
and  the  slim  volumes  will  go  into  the  pocket 
easily. 

Mr.  Murray  has  just  published  a  smaller 
edition  on  India  paper  of  The  Psalms  in 
Human  Life,  with  the  authorized  version 
of  the  Psalms  bound  up  at  the  end.  This 
is  the  fifth  edition  of  Mr.  R.  E.  Prothero's 
deeply  interesting  commentary,  which  in 
this  neat  and  particularly  handy  form  is 
likely  to  be  seen  on  many  tables  this  Christ- 
mas. He  deals  with  notices  of  the  Psalms 
in  fiction  as  well  as  ordinary  life.  He 
includes,  for  instance,  a  reference  to  Jeannie 
Deans.  He  has  not,  however,  added  to  his 
anthology  that  beautiful  setting  of  a  glorious 
Psalm  in  '  Esmond,'  Book  II.,  chap.  6, 
which  is  a  piece  of  Thackeray  at  his  best. 

Lane's  Arabian  Nights  (Bell)  are  now 
to  be  had  in  four  volumes,  edited 
perfectly  by  Dr.  Stanley  Lane-Poole, 
with  due  care  for  the  convenience  of 
the  general  reader,  who  should  rejoice 
in  this  handy  issue  of  a  standard  work. 
Many  will  be  surprised  to  hear  that 
the  two  famous  stories  of  Aladdin  and  Ah 
Baba,  which  are  added  to  this  edition, 
"  occur  in  no  MS.  or  printed  text  of  the 
collected  tales."  The  tale  of  the  '  Forty 
Thieves  '  may  have  been  actually  invented 
by  Galland,  the  translator  whose  version 
is  the  popular  one  of  England.  By  an 
excellent  arrangement,  the  critical  notes 
are  placed  at  the  end  of  each  volume,  and 
the  short  explanatory  notes  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page. 

Two  more  books  of  "  The  Royal  Library  " 
(A.  L.  Humphreys)  have  reached  us  :  Shake- 
speare's Sonnets  and  The  Pilgrim's  Progress. 
The  form  continues  to  leave  nothing  to  be 
desired.  The  clean-cut,  deep-black  print 
and  thick,  but  not  heavy  paper  cannot  fail 
to  appeal  to  all  lovers  of  beautiful  books. 
A  classic  is  to  be  congratulated  which  in 
these  days  comes  forth  to  the  world  without 
a  smothering  retinue  of  notes,  and  un- 
announced by  a  wordy  introduction,  but  it 
would  have  been  convenient  to  have  an 
index  of  first  lines  of  the  Sonnets. 

Mr.  John  Long  has  added  to  his  "  Carlton 
Classics "  Thackeray's  English  Humourists 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century  in  two  bindings, 
cloth  and  leather.  The  little  volumes  are 
a  marvel  of  cheapness,  and  the  book,  full 
of  good  matter  and  anecdote,  is  just  the 
thing    to   encourage   further   6tudy,    which 


will  not,  by  the  by,  always  endorse  Thacke- 
ray's prejudices. 

A  cheap  edition  of  Mr.  Birrell's  enter- 
taining In  the  Name  of  the  Bodleian,  and 
other  Essays  (Elliot  Stock),  is  very  welcome. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Baron  (D.),  Types,  Psalms  and  Prophecies,  6/ 
Church  Congress,    Barrow  -  in  -  Furness,    Official   Report, 

edited  by  Rev.  C.  Dunkley,  10/6  net. 
Cowan  (J.  F.),  New  Life  in  the  Old  Prayer-Meeting,  3/6  net. 
Fairweather(D.),  Bound  in  Spirit,  3/6  net. 
Gunsaulus  (F.  W.),  Paths  to  the  City  of  God,  4/6  net. 
James  (Epistle  of) :   Literary   Illustrations,   edited  by  J. 

Moffatt,  1/6  net. 
Mcllveen  (J.),  The  Church's  Worship,  3/6 
Maclaren  (A.),  The  Second  Book  of  Samuel  and  Kings  to 

2  Kings  vii.,  7/6 
Plea  for  Power  for  the  Church  of  England,  by  Anglicanus, 

6d.  net. 
Prothero  (R.  E.),  The  Psalms  in  Human  Life,  Fifth  Edition, 

5/  net. 
Salmon  (G.),  Evolution,  and  other  Essays,  New  Edition,  6rf. 
Whyte  (A.),  That  They  all  may  be  One,  1/  net. 

Law. 
Brodie  (Deacon),  Trial,  edited  by  W.  Roughead,  5/  net. 
Moore  (J.  B.),  A  Digest  of  International  Law,  8  vols. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
American  Annual  of  Photography  and  Photographic  Times 

Almanac,  3/  net. 
Contemporary   Portraits   of   Reformers   of   Religion   and 

Letters,  Introduction  by  C.  G.  McCrie,  10/6 
Grant  (E.  W.-M.)  and  Glaenzer  (R.  B.),  The  Auto  Guest 

Book  of  Mobile  Maxims. 
Nisbet  (H.),  Grammar  of  Textile  Designs,  6/  net. 
Rea  (Hope),  Titian,  1/ 
Smith  (V.   A.),    Catalogue   of   the    Coins   in    the   Indian 

Museum,  Calcutta,  Vol.  I.,  30/ net. 
Taylor  (H),  The  Ancient  Crosses  and  Holy  Wells  of  Lan- 
cashire, 42/ 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Bingham  (C),  Lyrics  without  Music,  2/6  net. 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  edited  by  E.  H.  Coleridge,  6/ 
Dimond  (M.  B.),  A  Century  of  Misquotations. 
Early  English  Dramatists  :  Writings  of  Richard  Edwards, 

Thomas    Norton,    and    Thomas    Sackville ;     Nicholas 

Udall  ;  Six  Anonymous  Plays,  Second  Series,  edited  by 

J.  S.  Farmer.    (Privately  printed.) 
Goethe,  Faust,  eine  Tragoedie,  Part  I.,  63/ 
Lathrop  (E.),  Where  Shakespeare  set  his  Stage,  8/6  net. 
Mason  (F.),  Miniature  Sporting  Nonsense  Rhymes,  3/6  net ; 

Sporting  Nonsense  Rhymes,  12/6  net. 
Nicholson  (VV.),  The  Struggle  for  a  Free  Stage  in  London, 

10/6  net. 
Omar  Khayyam,  Rubaiyat,  translated   by   E.  FitzGerald, 

Introduction  by  J.  Jacobs,  7/6  net. 
Ridley  (W.),  Camp  Fire  Light,  2/6  net. 
Underwood  (\V\),  A  Book  of  Masks,  1/6  net. 

Music. 
Mason  (D.  G.),  The  Romantic  Composers,  7/6  net. 

Philosophy. 
Ribot  (T),  Essay  on  the  Creative  Imagination,  translated 

by  A.  H.  N.  Baron,  7/6  net. 
Spencer  (H.),  The  Data  of  Ethics,  New  Edition,  3/  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Dutt(R.),  The  Economic  History  of  India  in  the  Victorian 

Age,  Second  Edition ;  The  Economic  History  of  India 

under  Early  British  Rule,  Second  Edition,  6/  net  each. 
History  and  Biography. 
Almanach  de  Gotha,  1907,  9/6 

Arnold  (W.  T),  The  Roman  System  of  Provincial  Adminis- 
tration, New  Edition,  6/  net. 
Burke's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,  42/ 
Canadian  Archives,  Report,  1905,  Vol.  I.,  85  cents. 
Duckworth  (U.  T.  F.),  Some  Pages  of  Levantine  History, 

3/6  net. 
Fitzgerald  (P.),  Father  Gallwey,  2/ 
Foster  (\\\),    The    English    Factories    in    India,    1618-21, 

12/6  net. 
Grant  (Mrs.    Colquhoun),   Queen  and   Cardinal :    Anne  of 

Austria  and  Cardinal  Mazarin,  12/ net. 
Harrison  (FA  The  Meaning  of  History,  and  other  Historical 

Pieces,  Eversley  Edition,  4/  net. 
Letters   of   Literary   Men :    Sir  Thomas  More  to   Robert 

Burns;    The   Nineteenth  Century,   arranged   by  F.  A. 

Mumby,  2/6  net  each. 
Memorials  of  Old  Shropshire,  edited  by  T.  Auden,  15/ net 
Walford's  County  Families  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1907, 

50/  net. 
Watney  (Sir  J.),   Some  Account  of  the   Hospital    of    St. 

Thomas  of  Aeon,  Second  Edition.     (Privatelv  printed.) 
Wexford:  Vol.  V.  The  Town  of  Wexford,  edited  by  P.  H. 

Hore,  30/  net. 
Whitaker's  Peerage  and  Baronetage  for  1907,  3/6  net. 
Whitehead  (R.  v.),  Records  of  an  old  Vicarage,  6/ 
Williams  (11.  N.),  Queen  Margob,  Wife  of  Henry  of  Navarre, 

25/  net. 
With  Byron  in  Italy,  edited  by  A.  B.  McMalian,  5/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Cnnnington  (M.)  and  Warner  (s.  A.),  Braintree  and  Bock- 

ing,  :s  i:  net 
Map  oi  London  showing  Local  Centres  for  the  Extension  of 

University  Teaching,  1/ 
Ravenel  (Mrs   st.  .luli.n),  Charleston,  The  Place  and  the 

People,  10/6  net. 
Shoemaker  (M.  M.),  Winged  Wheels  in  France,  10/6  net. 


Philology. 
Johnson  (T.  H.),  Phrases  and  Names,  their  Origins  and 

Meanings,  6/  net. 
Modern  Language  Association  of   America,  Publications, 

December,  Idol. 
Piatt  (H.  E.  P.),  A  Last  Ramble  in  the  Classics,  3/6  net. 
Wilson  (L.  R.),  Chaucer's  Relative  Constructions.    (North 

Carolina  University.) 

School  Books. 
Branch  (E.  A.),  The  Principles  of  Drawing  from  Nature, 

1/9  net. 
Cobbett's  English  Grammar,  Introduction  by  H.  L.  Stephen, 

2/6  net. 
Durell  (C.  V.)  Elementary  Problem  Papers,  1/6 
Girardin  (Madame  de),  Choix  de  Lettres  Parisiennes,  edited 

by  F.  de  Baudiss,  2/6  net. 
Hugo  (V.),  Hernani,  edited  by  C.  Kemshead,  2/ net. 
Martial,  Select  Epigrams,  Books  VII. -XII.,  edited  by  R.  T. 

Bridge  and  E.  D.  C.  Lake,  3/6 
Philips'  Outline  Elementary  Atlas  of  Comparative  Geo- 
graphy, 1/ 
Plato,  Menexenus,  edited  by  J.  A.  Shawyer,  2/ 

Science. 
Barton  (F.  T.),  Horses,  their  Points  and  Management  in 

Health  and  Disease,  15/  net. 
Follows    (G.    H),    Universal    Dictionary   of    Mechanical 

Drawing,  4/  net. 
Goff  (A.)  and  Levy  (J.  H),  Politics  and  Disease,  3/6  net. 
Mach  (Dr.  E.),  Space  and  Geometry,  translated  by  T.  J. 

McCormack,  5/  net. 
Memoirs  of   the  Geological   Survey,  Scotland :   The  Oil- 
Shales  of  the  Lothian  s,  4/ 
Our  Animal  Brothers,  edited  by  E.  Carrington,  Vol.  I. 
Schofleld  (A.  T.),  The  Home  Life  in  Order,  3/6  net. 
Year-Book  of  the  Scientific  and  Learned  Societies  of  Great 

Britain  and  Ireland,  7/6 

Juvenile  Books. 
Gask  (L.),  Through  the  Gates  of  the  Moon,  3/6  net. 
Jack  the  Giant-Killer,  illustrated  by  H.  M.  Brock,  5/  net. 
Lang  (A.),  Tales  of  a  Fairy  Court,  3/6  net. 
Lang  (J.),  The  Story  of  Robert  the  Bruce,  1/6  net. 
Loyola  (M.),  Jesus  of  Nazareth  :  the  Story  of  His  Life  told 

to  Children,  5/  net. 
Peter  Pan  :  a  Keepsake,  1/  net 
Puss  in  Boots,  illustrated  by  H.  M.  Brock,  5/  net. 
Scott  (M.  K.  C),  Birds  shown  to  the  Children,  2/6  net. 

General  Literature. 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  edited  by  S.  Lane-Poole, 

Vols.  III.  and  IV.,  3/6  each. 
Cobbett's  Advice  to  Young  Men,  Reprint  of  1829  Edition, 

2/6  net. 
Cobden-Sanderson  (T.  J.),  London.    (Privately  printed.) 
Dickens  (C),   Oliver  Twist;    Nicholas  Nickleby,  2  vols., 

10/6  net  each.     (Sets  only.) 
Dumas  (A.),  The  Black  Tulip,  Lotus  Edition,  1/6  net. 
Escombe  (E.),  Phases  of  Marriage,  3/6  net 
Fox-Bourne  (H.  R.),  Egypt  under  British  Control,  1/ 
Fry's  (H),  Royal  Guide"  to  the  London  Charities,  1/6 
Holdsworth  (A.  E),  The  Iron  Gates,  6/ 
Ingersoll  (E.),  Eight  Secrets,  6/ 
Lewis  (M.  G),  The  Monk,  3  vols.,  7/6  net. 
Macdonald  (F.  W.),  In  a  Nook  with  a  Book,  2/6  net. 
M'Intyre  (D.  M.),  The  Upper  Room  Company,  3/6  net. 
Newsagents',  Booksellers'  and  Stationers'  Diary  for  1907, 

2/6 
Oswald  (E.),  L'Entente  Cordiale  Autograph  Album,  3/6 
Porter  (H),  The  Second  Bloom,  6/ 

Post  Office  London  Directory,  32/ ;  with  County  Suburbs,  40/ 
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Village  of  Bentham,  and  other  Stories,  4/6  net. 
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Whitaker's  Almanack  for  1907,  1/  net. 
Wright  (R,  H),  The  Outer  Darkness,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Seeck  (O.),  Die  Brief e  des  Libanius,  15m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Auquier  (P.),  Pierre  Puget,  55fr. 
Dieulefils  (P.)  et  Vivien  (P.),  Cambodge  et  Ruines  d'Angkor, 

50fr.  . 

Espouy(H.  d'),  Fragments  d'Architecture  antique,  Series  II., 

150fr. 
Hirth's  Formenschatz,  Parts  9-12,  lm.  each. 
Ruines  de  Paris  (Les),  1870-1 :  Siege  et  Commune,  15fr. 
Star  (M.),  Visions  de  Beaute,  50fr. 

Music. 

Quittard  (H),  Un  Musicien  en    France  au  dix-septieme 

Siecle  :  Henry  Du  Mont,  1610-84,  lOfr. 

History  and  Biography. 

Blok  (P.  J.),  Geschiedenis  van  het  Nederlandsche  Volk, 

Vol.  VII. 
Borderie  (A.  de  la),  Histoire  de  Bretagne,  Vol.  IV.,  16fr. 
Halphen  (L.),  Le  Comte  d'Anjou  au  XI.  Siocle,  7fr.  50. 
Haumant  (E.),  Ivan  Tonrguenief,  la  vie  et  l'(Euvre,  3fr.  60. 

Philology. 

Halm  (L.),  Rom  u.   Romanismus  im  grieehiseh-rutnischen 

Oaten  :  Bis  auf  die  Zeit  Hadrians,  8m. 

Science. 

Boletin  del  Cuerpo  de  Ingenieros  de  Minas,  Nos.  40,  42,  43. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Cochelet  (Mile.),  Momoires  sur  la  Reine  Hortense,  3fr.  60. 

General  Literature. 
Gourdin  (A.),  La  Politique  francaise  au  Maroc,  6fr. 

V  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Pttblishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  uhen 
sending  Books. 


802 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22, 1906 


NOTES    FROM    CAMBRIDGE. 

The  past  term  began  with  smiles.  The 
Master  of  Trinity  Hall  laid  down  the  office 
of  Vice-Chancellor,  which  he  had  served  to 
everybody's  satisfaction.  Lacking,  perhaps, 
the  unction  of  his  predecessor  and  the 
strenuousness  of  his  successor,  he  brought 
into  the  discharge  of  his  important  duties 
a  geniality  all  his  own.  While  punctually 
performing  the  varied  functions  of  a  Vice- 
Chancellor  he  could  lay  aside  that  divinity 
which  in  a  university  doth  hedge  a  "  Head," 
and  he  enlivened  his  period  of  office  by  a 
homely  wit  which  was  not  a  little  appre- 
ciated. His  valedictory  speech,  with  its 
asides,  was  unique  of  its  kind,  and  it  is  not 
likely  that  we  shall  have  such  a  treat  for 
some  time  to  come.  Our  present  Vice- 
Chancellor,  the  Master  of  Caius,  promises 
to  be  an  admirable  administrator. 

Queens'  College  has  had  considerable 
practice  in  electing  Masters,  and  certainly 
succeeds  in  producing  the  unexpected.  The 
demands  of  the  episcopal  bench  have  twice 
robbed  the  College  of  its  head  ;  and  when, 
in  the  Long  Vacation,  the  fellows  went  to 
Christ's,  where  they  had  made  such  a  lucky 
find  as  the  present  Bishop  of  Ely,  and  took 
Mr.  Fitzpatrick,  every  one  agreed  that  the 
society  had  been  true  to  its  traditional 
ability  to  select  the  right  man.  The  Presi- 
dent of  Queens'  and  the  Master  of  Mag- 
dalene look  somewhat  youthful  among  other 
venerable  pillars  of  the  University  ;  and  it 
is  possible  that  neither  of  them  may  end  his 
days  in  the  otium  of  a  Lodge,  being  reserved 
for  greater  things. 

The  stream  of  benefactions  flows  slowly 
into  Cambridge,  but  still  it  does  flow,  and 
every  one  was  glad  that  Dr.  Nuttall  was 
made  the  first  Quick  Professor.  It  is  always 
satisfactory  to  welcome  a  distinguished  man 
of  science  from  another  land  to  Cambridge, 
and  it  is  pleasant  to  notice  that  the  University 
has  once  more  discovered  America,  from 
which  Dr.  Nuttall  hails.  Equally  agreeable 
is  it  to  observe  that  two  most  deserving 
Cambridge  men  have  benefited  by  the 
generous  legacy  of  Mr.  Brereton,  of  Jesus 
College,  in  Prof.  Ridgeway  and  Mr.  L. 
Whibley.  Both  have  done  yeoman  service 
in  the  field  of  ancient  history,  and  deserve 
far  more  recognition  than  Cambridge  has 
been  able  to  afford.  The  money  we  receive 
is  so  greatly  needed  that  it  only  whets  our 
appetite,  and  the  University  is  a  veritable 
Oliver  Twist  in  always  asking  for  more  ; 
whilst  the  poverty  of  the  colleges  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  the  Master  and  Fellows  of 
Trinity  have  had  resolutely  to  close  their 
eyes  to  the  claims  of  beauty  and  obscure 
the  front  of  the  College  with  new  buildings, 
the  design  of  which  is  singularly  lacking  in 
inspiration,  hideously  novel  after  the  old 
front  of  the  College.  If,  however,  we  lack 
the  money  we  have  got  the  men.  The 
entry  this  term  was  the  largest  yet  known, 
which  may  be  attributed  to  the  care  which 
is  taken  to  encourage  professional  studies, 
and  partly  also  to  the  way  in  which  Cam- 
bridge seems  able  to  train  men  for  the 
Civil  Service  without  the  intervention  of 
any  London  coach,  as  the  recent  exami- 
nations testified. 

Dr.  Kirkpatrick  has  been  offered  and 
accepted  the  Deanery  of  Ely,  and  he  will 
be  a  worthy  successor  to  Peacock,  Harvey 
Goodwin,  and  Merivale.  Tt  is  a  happy 
reversion  to  better  days  to  have  in  the  bishop 
and  dean  of  the  neighbouring  cathedral  city 
two  worthy  representatives  of  Cambridge 
scholarship.  Two  important  offices  in  the 
University  are  vacated  by  the  new  Dean — 
the  Margaret  Professorship  and  the  Master- 
ship of  Selwyn.  The  former  office  will  be 
filled  under  new  conditions.     Formerly  all 


Graduates  in  Divinity  had  the  right  to  vote, 
which  virtually  meant  that  the  Divinity 
Professors  chose  a  candidate,  and  nobody 
bothered  themselves  about  the  suffrage. 
Now  the  Vice-Chancellor  and  the  graduates 
in  Divinity  will  choose  four  of  the  candidates, 
from  whom  all  D.D.s  and  B.D.s  who  have 
heard  the  prelections  of  the  quartet  will 
elect  a  professor.  It  is  early  days  to  predict, 
as  the  chair  is  not  yet  technically  vacant  ; 
but,  if  either  of  the  two  whose  names 
are  most  freely  discussed  becomes  Lady 
Margaret  Reader,  he  will  be  worthy  to  fill 
the  most  ancient  chair  in  the  University. 
What  the  Council  of  Selwyn  will  do  it  is 
impossible  to  say.  "  Wanted  a  clergyman 
of  High  -  Church  principles  and  scholarly 
attainments.  Private  means  and  notoriety 
not  considered  as  disqualifications." 

The  Mathematicians  are  in  uproar.  Their 
Board  has  devised  a  new  scheme,  which, 
it  is  said,  will  complete  the  ruin  of  the  old 
Mathematical  Tripos,  the  glory  of  the  Uni- 
versity. The  history  of  the  Tripos  is  briefly 
this.  When  Eclipse  was  winning  his  tri- 
umphs at  Newmarket  it  was  resolved  to 
run  the  Cambridge  three-year-olds  (rising 
four  in  those  happy  days)  against  one  another 
in  a  sort  of  steeplechase  called  the  Tripos. 
At  first  the  fences  were  fairly  easy,  but  they 
gradually  grew  stiffer  and  higher,  and  the 
ditches  deeper  and  wider.  The  entries 
steadily  increased,  but  the  number  of  those 
who  could  scramble  over  the  obstacles 
diminished,  and  the  majority,  having  got 
over  a  few  hurdles  more  or  less  awkwardly, 
gave  up  the  race.  The  two  cleverest  of  the 
runners  were  called  Senior  Wrangler  and 
Wooden  Spoon — the  former  because  hd 
cleared  the  most  obstacles,  and  the  latter 
because  he  was  able  to  gauge  the  irreducible 
minimum  which  enabled  him  to  say  that  he 
had  entered  for  the  contest.  In  process  of 
time  it  was  resolved  to  amend  the  race,  and 
run  it  under  new  conditions,  and  a  shorter 
course  was  devised,  the  winner  of  which 
was  dubbed  Senior  Wrangler.  Occasion- 
ally, owing  to  its  comparative  shortness, 
three  or  four  came  in  abreast  as  winners, 
and  of  late  years  a  two-year-old  or  so  passed 
the  post  first.  Some  of  the  winners,  how- 
ever, proved  "  wrong  'uns  "  when  they  came 
to  a  second  course,  in  which  only  the  picked 
runners  competed.  In  this  race  each  com- 
petitor selected  the  sort  of  jump  he  preferred  ; 
but  the  stewards  devised  such  fearful  con- 
trivances that  hardly  ever  was  one  of  them 
cleared.  Now  it  is  proposed  to  run  the 
two-year-olds  and  the  yearlings  over  a 
short  course  which  will  harden  them  for 
competitions  in  other  fields.  Only  the  best 
will  be  allowed  to  run  in  the  select  race  at 
the  end  of  three  or  four  years,  and  these  will 
be  classed  not  in  the  order  in  wluch  they 
pass  the  post,  but  according  as  their  per- 
formances were  of  the  first,  second,  or  third 
class  quality. 

Such  is  the  scheme  which  some  of  those 
who  have  succeeded  best  in  recent  years 
have  devised.  They  have  planned  it,  more- 
over, whilst  they  themselves  have  been 
erecting  mathematical  fences  of  terrific 
proportions,  which  they  have  been  endeavour- 
ing to  clear.  Greatly  to  the  indignation  of 
the  majority  of  teachers  of  this  subject  in 
the  University,  whose  chief  efforts,  since 
they  won  laurels  on  the  old  racecourse,  have 
as  a  rule  been  devoted  to  instructing  others 
to  clear  a  few  preliminary  fences  and  to 
lead  backward  yearlings  over  hurdles  in  the 
level  pastures  of  the  Little  Go,  the  Senate 
agreed  to  accept  the  new  schemes,  which 
are  supported  by  many  authorities  who  look 
after  our  science.  Hence  all  the  commotion. 
The  reactionaries  have  had  the  wisdom  to 
get  the  support  of  two  veterans  in  mathe- 
matics whom  every  Cambridge  man  reveres, 


whilst  the  progressives  have  played  against 
these  a  couple  of  bishops,  whose  abilities 
have  been  displayed  in  other  branches  of 
learning.  But  it  is  supposed  that,  despite 
the  efforts  made  to  stop  mathematical 
reform,  the  fiery  cross  will  not  summon 
many  non-placets  from  among  the  non- 
residents. It  will  be  felt  that  the  experts 
have  a  right  to  decide  the  question,  and 
that,  now  the  residents  have  supported 
them,  the  cause  is  virtually  adjudged.  In 
fact,  there  are  cases  in  which  the  common 
sense  of  the  non-residents  is  of  value  ;  but 
this,  being  a  purely  domestic  matter,  may 
well  be  settled  without  their  intervention. 

Everybody  went  to  the  Greek  play,  for 
that  language,  being  compulsory,  is  under- 
stood by  all  residents  in  Cambridge — indeed, 
by  every  graduate,  who  invariably  com- 
municates his  knowledge  to  his  wife  and 
daughters.  It  seemed  to  those  who  saw 
the  '  Eumenides  '  more  than  twenty  years 
ago  that  this  was  the  better  performance, 
and  nothing  could  have  improved  on  the 
parts  of  Athene  and  the  Leader  of  the 
Chorus.  The  play,  however,  has  been 
sufficiently  discussed,  and  I  can  only  say 
that  what  impressed  me  most  was  the  old 
men  of  Athens  who  decided  the  case  of 
Orestes.  The  youths  who  played  this  part 
looked  exactly  as  they  will  appear  to  the 
undergraduate  of  the  future,  if  they  are 
spared,  when  they  come  and  vote  against 
the  admission  of  performing  cats  and  learned 
pigs  to  degrees,  or  to  prevent  the  institution 
of  a  Gastronomical  Tripos. 

New  buildings  are  rising  on  all  sides — 
Christ's,  Pembroke,  King's,  and  Emmanuel 
are  extending  their  accommodation.  There 
is  to  be  a  new  Chemical  Laboratory  and 
an  Agricultural  School,  and  Baron  von 
Hugel  has  begun  to  collect  funds  for  an 
Archaeological  Museum,  which  is  sorely 
needed. 

One  sad  incident  has  thrown  a  gloom 
over  the  University.  In  Miss  Mary 
Bateson  Cambridge  lost  not  only  a  great 
historian,  but  also  something  more.  She 
was  truly  a  child  of  the  University,  and 
had  imbibed  much  of  what  Cambridge  men 
boast  is  the  true  spirit  of  their  Alma  Mater. 
Strenuous  in  work,  honest  in  her  endeavour 
to  ascertain  the  truth,  she  was  above  the 
prejudice  which  prevents  some  scholars 
from  seeing  the  merits  of  those  who  had 
reached  different  conclusions.  As  editor 
of  the  projected  mediaeval  history  she  had 
chosen  as  collaborators,  not  those  who  held 
her  views,  but  those  who  knew  the  subject 
on  which  they  were  to  be  invited  to  write. 


'SILANUS    THE    CHRISTIAN.' 

In  your  appreciative  review  of  my 
'  Silanus  the  Christian '  occurs  one  state- 
ment that  is  likely  to  mislead.  Referring 
to  Mattnew  xxviii.  9,  "  and  behold,  Jesus 
met  them,"  your  reviewer  says :  "  It  is 
not  unworthy  of  note  that  the  words  in  the 
Gospel,  koX  ISoi)  'It;(tows  virrjvTrjcrev  chjtgus 
Xeywv,  do  not  " — I  italicize — "  offer  the 
slightest  suggestion  of  a  vision." 

I  reply  by  quoting  Genesis  xxxii.  1, 
"  And  the  angels  of  God  met  (rrvv^vTva-av) 
him,"  where  the  LXX.  interpolates  words 
indicating  that  Jacob  saw  a  vision  of  th© 
"  encampment  "  of  God's  host ;  Exodus 
iv.  24,  "  And  Jehovah  (ayyeXos  Kvplo\<)  met 
{<rvv7]VT>]<r{v)  him."  In  othor  passages  the 
Hebrew  "  met  "  is  translated  appeared  " 
by  the  LXX.  or  by  Targumists,  so  as  to 
indicato  that  the  "  meeting,"  though  real, 
is  visionary,  e.g.,  Exodus  v.  3,  "  The  God 
of  the  Hebrews  hath  met  with  us,"  where 
the  LXX. mistranslates  "called, "but  Onkelos 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


803 


has  "  hath  been  revealed  (or,  revealed  Himself) 
to  us,"  and  the  Syriac  has  "  hath  appeared 
to  us."  In  the  story  of  God's  "  meeting  " 
Balaam  the  LXX.  twice  has  "  appear,"  and 
once  "  meet." 

I  spare  your  readers  other  passages  and 
details  tending  to  the  same  conclusion.  For 
I  think  that  these  will  suffice  to  prove  that 
the  word  meet,  so  far  from  "  not  offering 
the  slightest  suggestion  of  a  vision,"  is,  on 
the  contrary,  highly  suggestive  of  it,  in  any 
Greek  document  that  may  be  reasonably 
supposed  to  go  back  to  information  derived 
from  Hebrew  or  Aramaic  traditions. 

On  another  point — of  very  great  import- 
ance— the  reality  of  Christ's  resurrection, 
I  am  perhaps  to  blame  for  some  want  of 
clearness.  Your  reviewer  may  possibly 
be  able  to  quote  utterances  of  the  various 
characters  in  '  Silanus  '  that  justify  him  in 
saying.  : — 

"In  regard  to  the  resurrection  we  are  told  that 
God  draws  back  the  veil  from  our  hearts  and  gives 
us  a  convincing  sense  of  Christ  at  His  right  hand 
and  in  ourselves,  and  also  that  this  '  conviction  '  is 
derived  from  no  source  but  the  convincing  spirit  of 
the  Saviour,  coming  to  us  in  various  ways," 

Many  will  read  these  words  who  will  not 
read  '  Silanus.'  And  they  may,  I  think,  fail 
to  see  that  in  the  phrase  "  various  ways  " 
I  should  include  visible  and  audible  mani- 
festations of  the  risen  Saviour.  These  mani- 
festations, though  often  visible  or  audible 
to  only  one  person,  and  though  invisible 
or  inaudible  to  unprepared  hearts,  I  believe 
to  have  been,  none  the  less,  real — real  in 
the  highest  sense  of  reality,  converting  the 
apostles,  and  through  the  apostles,  multi- 
tudes of  mankind.  "  Heaven  and  earth 
will  pass  away,"  but  these  manifestations 
(in  my  belief)  will  resemble  the  words  of 
Christ,  in  that  they  "  will  never  pass  away." 
But  I  do  not  believe  them  to  have  been 
tangible.  Nor  do  I  believe  that  women 
"  held  "  Christ's  "  feet,"  any  more  than  I 
believe  that  Zipporah  (Exod.  iv.  25,  Vulg. 
"  tetigit,"  Syr.  "  tenuit,"  R.V.  marg.  "  made 
it  touch")  "touched,"  or  "held,"  the 
"  feet  of  "  Jehovah  (or  of  Jehovah's  "  angel," 
which  Onkelos  and  Jonathan  prefer). 

Somewhat  similarly  it  appears  to  me  that 
the  vision  of  Isaiah  may  be  accepted  as  real 
— far  more  real,  for  example,  than  the  empire 
of  Napoleon — by  many  who  may  be  unable 
to  think  that  King  Uzziah,  standing  by 
Isaiah's  side,  would  have  seen  what  the 
prophet  saw,  or  that  the  prophet's  lips  were 
"  touched  "  by  a  seraph  with  a  substantial 
piece  of  "  coal  "  conveyed  from  the  material 
"  altar  "  with  tangible  "  tongs." 

Along  with  some  Notes  to  '  Silanus,'  which 
I  am  now  passing  through  the  press,  there 
will  be  a  kind  of  Apologia,  in  which  I  hope 
to  explain  more  fully  and  clearly  my  views 
on  this  and  on  some  other  points  (e.g.,  the 
the  distinction  between  '  supernatural  " 
and  "  miraculous ")  where  your  reviewer 
has — perhaps  not  unjustly — found  me  de- 
ficient in  clearness.        Edwin  A.  Abbott. 


PORTRAITS    OF    KEATS. 

Vabious  accounts  of  the  sketch  of  Keats 
by  Severn  sold  last  week  have  appeared,  of 
which  the  fullest  was  in  The  Times.  As 
The  Athenceum  has  on  different  occasions 
had  notes  upon  the  portraits,  and  as  the 
matter  has  been  treated  by  Mr.  Buxton 
Forman  in  his  editions,  it  may  be  worth 
mentioning,  to  prevent  possible  confusion, 
that  Severn's  statement  that  the  "  little 
sketch  "  was  "  the  only  one  I  have,  done 
from  fife,"  was  obviously  intended  to  apply 
to  portraits  done  at  Rome  and  then  in  his 
possession.  Taylor  had  asked  him  for  a 
portrait  from  the  life :   he  replied  that   he 


had  only  one  so  done,  which  he  sent, 
keeping  a  posthumous  one  for  himself. 
The  statement  about  the  deathbed 
sketch  does  not  therefore  affect  either 
the  charcoal  drawing  in  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  or  the  miniatures. 
The  original  miniature  described  by  Severn 
in  several  letters  as  "  the  only  one  painted 
by  me  from  life  "  was  that  from  which  the 
other  miniatures  were  executed  by  Severn 
after  the  death  of  Keats.  The  Times 
explains  that  the  Hilton  portrait  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  "  based  on  a 
miniature  of  Joseph  Severn,"  was  from  that 
exhibited  by  Severn  "  in  the  Royal  Academy 
of  1819  "  ;  and  The  Times  thinks  that 
miniature  "probably  the  original ....  also 
of  the  drawing  sold  on  Saturday."  The 
original  was  done  for  Keats's  love,  and  is  in 
my  possession  ;  as  are  two  of  the  copies, 
including  that  painted  by  Severn  for  my 
grandfather  and  engraved  in  the  first 
Monckton-Milnes  '  Life.'  I  have  seen  two 
others,  full  particulars  of  one  of  which  have 
been  given  by  Mr.  Buxton  Forman. 

At  the  same  sale  there  was  sold  "  A  lock 
of  hair.  .  .  .cut  off  at  Gravesend."  In  order 
to  prevent  future  confusion,  it  is  well  to  add 
that  the  lock  of  hair  which  is  among  the 
Keats  relics,  belonging  to  me,  on  permanent 
loan  exhibition  at  Chelsea  Public  Library, 
was  that  cut  off  at  Rome  and  enclosed  in 
the  last  letter,  which  is  also  in  that  library. 
Charles  W.  Dilke. 


'THE      FIRST      HALF       OF      THE 
SEVENTEENTH    CENTURY.' 

I  am  sorry  that  Mr.  Grierson  condemns 
my  review  of  his  book  in  The  Athenceum  of 
the  8th  inst.  on  account  of  its  "  tone  and 
intention."  I  tried  (asl  said)  to  like  his  book ; 
and  I  have  tried  to  see  the  justness  of  his 
retort.  I  am  certainly  of  opinion  that  there 
is  too  much  space  given  to  Dutch,  and  that 
the  excess  must  convey  a  false  impression 
to  the  reader.  But  I  also  said  that  Mr. 
Grierson  is  too  often  inclined  to  judge  other 
literature  by  Dutch  standards  ;  and,  further, 
that  the  lack  of  proportion  is  evident  in  the 
English  chapters,  where,  for  example,  he 
gives  Traherne  an  allowance  beyond 
his  deserts.  I  must  therefore  repeat 
that  by  this  extended  treatment  of  Dutch 
literature,  and  by  the  disproportionate  treat- 
ment of  other  sections,  and  of  the  matter 
within  these,  Mr.  Grierson  lias  not  given  the 
true  European  balance  of  his  "  period." 
When  he  deliberately  draws  one  section 
of  his  work  out  of  scale,  it  is  useless, 
and  impossible,  to  attempt  to  give  the 
whole  in  just  proportion.  Is  it  unfair 
criticism  to  say  that  he  has  not  done  so  ? 
If  he  object  to  the  words  "  wander  back," 
let  me  say  that  there  is  nothing  wrong  in 
"  wandering  back  "  for  the  benefit  of  the 
reader,  provided  the  original  errand  of  the 
wanderer  does  not  suffer. 

I  am  rebuked  at  some  length  because  I 
would  have  the  author  write  "  Marini " 
instead  of  "  Marino."  I  am  aware  that 
there  is  authority  for  the  latter  form  (Mr. 
Grierson  might  have  quoted  Dr.  Johnson)  ; 
but  there  are  conventions  of  scholarship 
which  deserve  respect.  Spenser's  name  was 
spelt  with  a  c  and  Ben  Jonson  often 
intruded  an  h  ;  but  Mr.  Grierson,  I  am  sure, 
does  not  commend  these  forms  to  his  pupils, 
It  is  a  more  serious  matter,  and  a  side-light 
on  Mr.  Grierson's  accuracy,  when  lie  corrects 
me  by  r  f erring  me  to  D'Ancona  and  Bacci. 
The  '  Manuale  '  does  not  use  the  form 
Marino  (see  vol.  iii.  pp.  374-85  passim,  and 
Index  ;  vol.  v.  General  Index,  edit.  1897). 
My  Menghini  is,  unfortunately,  not  at  hand, 
but   D'Ancona   and   Bacci   quote   the   title 


in  their  bibliogrgphy  as  '  La  vita  e  le  opere 
di  Giambattista  Marini  '  (1888). 

For  the  confusion  of  Luigi  da  Porto  with 
Giam.  della  Porta  Mr.  Grierson  has  himself 
admitted  the  responsibility. 

The  Reviewer. 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold  on 
the  14th  and  15th  inst.  the  following  important 
books  and  MSS. :  Charles  Lever's  Correspondence 
and  Memoranda,  Notebooks,  and  other  MSS., 
1852-72,  18.)/.  Catnach  Press  Ballads,  &c,  75/. 
Robinson  Crusoe,  1719,  86/.  Keats's  original  MS. 
of  the  Poem  'Cap  and  Bells,'  24  11.  (1819),  290/. 
Lilford's  Birds,  1885-97,  44/.  Nash's  A  Counter- 
cuffe  to  Martin  Junior,  1589,  18/.  Autograph 
Letters  and  Correspondence  of  Marshal  Turenne, 
1643-9,  222/.  Audubon's  Birds  (150  plates  only), 
1827-30,  33/.  Sir  T.  Browne's  Religio  Medici, 
seventeenth-century  MS.,  50/.  Gould's  Birds  of 
Great  Britain,  1873,  50/.  10*.  Napoleon  I. ,  Original 
Autograph  Draft  of  his  Proclamation  to  the 
French  Army  in  Italy,  January  18th,  1797  (battle 
of  Rivoli),  130/.  The  Battell  of  Alcazar,  a  play 
by  George  Peele,  1594,  60/.  Shakspe  are's  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,  1600,  250/.  :  Merchant  of 
Venice,  1600,  380/.  ;  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  1600, 
60/.  ;  A  Yorkshire  Tragedy,  1619,  100/.  ;  King 
Lear,  1608,  300/.  ;  The  Whole  Contention,  and 
Pericles,  1619,  89/.  ;  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  1634, 
50/.  ;  Fourth  Folio,  1685,  80J.  Vinciolo's  lin- 
gerie, 1587,  20/.  Douland's  Andreas  Ornitho- 
parcus,  1609,  29/.  Autograph  Signature  of  Admiral 
Frobisher,  in  an  Italian  edition  of  Machiavelli's 
works,  1584,  49/.  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field, 2  vols.,  1766,  92/.  Prieres  durant  la  Messe, 
MS.  by  Rousselet,  pupil  of  Jarry,  beautifully 
written,  c.  1700,  85/.  Horae  ad  Usum  Romanum, 
printed  on  vellum,  Pigouchet  for  Vostre,  Paris, 
1498,  146/.  Hubbard's  Troubles  with  the  Indians 
in  New  England,  with  the  rare  original  map, 
1676-7,  100/.  Holograph  Letter  of  Sir  W. 
Raleigh,  1600,  80/.  Dean  Swift's  Original  Letters, 
Poems,  Essays,  &c.  (33),  510/.  Blake's  Ten 
Original  Drawings  in  Colours  to  illustrate  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost,  2,000/.  ;  Fifty  -  Three  Original 
Sketches  of  Various  Subjects,  155/.  Thirty-Nine 
Original  Drawings  by  Richard  Burney,  98/.  Horse 
ad  Usum  Sarum,  MS.,  XIV.  Cent.,  with  Minia- 
tures (110  11.  only),  390/.  Le  Miroir  Historiale 
de  Vincent  de  Beauvais,  MS.  on  vellum,  with 
550  fine  miniatures,  Saec.  XIV.,  1,290/.  Keats 
Relics,  560/. 


In  the  January  Blackwood  an  article  on 
'  The  Growth  of  the  Cruiser '  applies  the 
lessons  of  naval  history  to  our  present 
needs ;  and  •  The  Foreign  Office  of  the 
First  Two  Georges,'  by  Mr.  Basil  Williams, 
contains  much  curious  and  entertaining 
matter.  '  Chins  and  Character '  are  in- 
vestigated by  Dr.  Louis  Robinson,  and 
there  is  a  further  instalment  of  '  Drake  : 
an  English  Epic,'  by  Mr.  Alfred  Noyes. 
Mr.  Charles  Whibley  describes  Chicago, 
and  an  article  on  the  late  Earl  of  Lytton 
gives  extracts  from  his  letters  to  the 
Blackwoods. 

With  the  present  year  the  connexion 
of  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen  with  The  Gentleman's 
Magazine  terminates,  and  the  December 
number  will  be  the  last  to  appear  under 
his  editorship.  Short  as  lias  been 
Mr.  Bullen's  connexion  with  the  maga- 
zine, it  has  served  to  raise  it  to  a  high 
position  in  restoring  to  it  a  pleasantly 
archaeological  flavour. 

Lord  Hugh  Cecil  will  contribute  an 
article  on  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  to 
the    January    number    of    The    Dublin 


804 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


Review,  where  also  Mr.  T.  W.  Russell, 
M.P.,  will  tell  '  The  Story  of  an  Agrarian 
Revolution.'  Other  articles  include  '  The 
Liturgy  of  Toledo,'  by  Dr.  William 
Barry ;  '  Rene  Bazin's  Apology  for 
French  Catholics,'  by  Mr.  Reginald 
Balfour ;  '  Lord  Acton  and  The  Rambler ' ; 
and  '  Robert,  Earl  of  Lytton.'  The  poem 
of  the  number  will  come  from  Katharine 
Tynan. 

Mr.  Murray  has  in  the  press  a  new 
series,  the  aim  of  which  is  to  trace  the 
growth  of  English  literature  and  the 
causes  to  which  its  force  and  wealth  are 
due,  introducing  just  so  much  biography 
and  incident  as  may  serve  to  link  the 
narrative  to  the  history  of  the  country. 
The  first  volume  will  deal  with  the  six- 
teenth century  and  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth,  and  will  be  accompanied  by 
three  graduated  volumes  of  extracts  for 
classes  in  schools.  The  authors  are  Mr. 
E.  W.  Edmunds,  of  Luton  Secondary 
School,  and  Mr.  Frank  Spooner,  Director 
of  Education  for  Bedfordshire. 

'  John  Glynn,'  which  Messrs.  Macmillan 
will  publish  early  in  the  new  year,  is  a 
story  of  social  work  in  the  East  End  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Paterson,  who  has  made  use 
of  his  twenty  years'  experience  as  an 
official  of  the  Charity  Organisation 
Society. 

The  same  firm  have  in  active  prepara- 
tion a  new  book  by  Mr.  B.  L.  Putnam 
Weale.  It  is  called  'The  Truce  in  the 
East;  and  the  Aftermath,'  and  forms  a 
sequel  to  '  The  Reshaping  of  the  Far 
East,'  published  about  a  year  ago.  The 
main  point  of  the  new  book  is  to  show 
that  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Manchuria 
and  Korea  offers  little  prospect  of  peace 
for  any  length  of  time. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Rye  has  been  appointed 
Goldsmiths'  Librarian  of  the  University 
of  London,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Haward, 
who  has  resigned.  Mr.  Rye  was  formerly 
librarian  to  Mr.  F.  D.  Mocatta,  and  is 
the  son  of  Mr.  W.  Brenchley  Rye,  late 
Keeper  of  Printed  Books  at  the  British 
Museum. 

A  tombstone  of  polished  granite  has 
just  been  erected  by  Ibsen's  family  over 
his  grave  in  Christiania.  A  miner's  hammer 
is  carved  on  it,  while  a  big  slab  in  front  of 
the  stone  covers  the  grave  itself,  inscribed 
with  Ibsen's  name  only. 

Mr.  D'Arcy  Power,  F.S.A.,  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  writes  : — 

"  I  shall  feel  greatly  obliged  if  any  of 
your  readers  having  a  copy  of  one  of  the 
three  books  mentioned  below  will  tell  me 
to  whom  it  was  given  by  the  author  (Dr. 
Walter  Baily,  of  New  College,  Oxford). 
The  inscription  will  be  found  in  each  case 
immediately  above  the  preface,  and  the 
autograph  is  at  the  end  of  the  preface. 
In  the  preface  of  No.  2  I  should  like  to  know 
how  the  spaces  arc  filled  in.  Ts  the  printer's 
signature  at  the  foot  of  the  first  page  of  the 
preface  a2  or  a  iiii  ? 

"  1.  A  brief e  Treatise  concerning  the 
preservation  of  tho  eiesight,  &c.     1586. 

"  2.  A  brief e  discourse  on  certaine  bathes 
of  medicinall  waters  in  the  County  of  War- 
wick neere  unto  a  village  called  Newnham 
Regis.     1587. 


"3.  A  discourse  of  the  Three  kinds  of 
Peppers,  &c.     1588." 

The  death  is  reported  on  Friday  in  last 
week  of  Mr.  Charles  Hamilton  Aide,  a 
man  whose  wide  range  of  accomplish- 
ment probably  prevented  his  taking  a 
permanently  high  place  in  any  line.  He 
was  prolific  as  a  novelist  for  more  than 
forty  years.  His  methods  would  now  be 
considered  old-fashioned,  but  his  writing 
was  pleasant,  and  tinged  by  the  real 
knowledge  of  good  society  which  many 
novelists  lack.  His  hero  and  heroine 
remained  to  the  end  too  free  from  human 
frailties  to  be  convincing.  He  wrote  a 
good  deal  of  verse  in  various  manners, 
with  great  facility,  but  did  not  attain 
the  note  of  sincerity  which  makes  for 
permanence  of  impression.  We  notice 
his  work  for  the  theatre  under  '  Drama.' 

A  cheap  reissue  of  Mr.  J.  Meade 
Falkner's  '  History  of  Oxfordshire '  is 
announced  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  It 
presents  a  history  of  the  county  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  giving 
special  attention  to  the  history  of  the 
University,  with  which  the  chronicle  of 
the  county  is  closely  interwoven. 

We  pointed  out  on  September  8th  some 
essential  weaknesses  in  the  changes  of 
spelling  advocated  by  President  Roosevelt. 
At  the  end  of  last  week  the  newspapers 
reported  that  there  was  an  overwhelming 
vote  against  the  "  reformed  "  spelling  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  that  the 
President  had  sent  a  cancellation  of  his 
previous  order  on  the  subject  to  the 
public  printer. 

The  first  volume  of  Zola's  letters  will 
be  published  early  next  year. 

At  the  request  of  the  Bishops  of  London 
and  Southwark  the  editors  of  '  The 
English  Hymnal'  have  decided  to  issue 
an  abridged  edition  of  their  book,  which 
is  to  be  ready  early  in  the  new  year. 

Some  unpublished  letters  of  Garrick, 
edited  by  Prof.  George  P.  Baker,  will 
appear  in  two  instalments  in  an  early 
number  of  The  Atlantic  Monthly.  The 
same  periodical  will  also  publish  during 
next  year  a  description  of  a  motor  tour 
in  France  from  the  pen  of  Mrs.  Wharton, 
the  novelist. 

To  Putnam's  Monthly  for  1907  Parlia- 
mentary sketches  will  be  contributed  by 
Mr.  Henry  Lucy,  and  literary  articles  by 
Mr.  G.  S.  Street  and  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson. 

Since  the  completion  of  Child's  monu- 
mental work  on  the  ballads  it  has  been 
supposed  that  his  collection  of  three 
hundred  and  five  comprised  the  whole 
number  recoverable.  But  in  his  "  Third 
Series  "  of  '  Popular  Ballads  of  the  Olden 
Time,'  to  be  published  this  week  by  Mr. 
Bullen,  Mr.  Frank  Sidgwick  claims  to 
have  discovered  a  new  ballad,  entitled 
'  The  Jolly  Juggler.' 

A  movement  has  been  started  to  erect 
a  memorial  to  the  Irish  writer  Gerald 
Griffin  in  his  native  city  of  Limerick.  The 
memorial  will  take  the  form  of  a  new 
school  for  boys,  under  the  management 
of  the  Christian  Brothers,  with  a  statue 


of  Griffin  in  a  niche  facing  the  Cathedral. 
It  may  be  recalled  that  Griffin  entered 
the  Order  of  the  "Christian  Brothers  after 
he  had  won  literary  fame  by  the  publica- 
tion of  •  The  Collegians.' 

Notes  and  Queries  has  this  week  much 
interesting  matter  on  Christmas  lore  and 
custom,  including  the  old  Mumming  Play 
and  Morris  Dances. 

We  '; slighted"  French  feminisme  last 
week  by  describing  the  first  laureate  of 
this  year's  "  Prix  Vie  Heureuse  "  as 
a  man.  The  winner  is  a  lady,  as 
may  be  seen  from  the  portrait  in  Les 
Annales  Politiques  et  Litteraires. 

A  proposal  has  been  set  on  foot  for  the 
foundation  in  Dublin  of  an  Arts  Club,  open 
to  both  ladies  and  gentlemen,  with  features 
of  special  advantage  to  workers  in  art,  in 
music,  and  in  literature.  No  institution 
of  'the  kind  exists  at  present  in  Dublin. 
The  premises  will  include  a  studio.  A 
club  dinner  once  a  month,  to  be  followed 
by  a  concert,  exhibition  of  drawings,  or 
lectures,  is  proposed ;  and  the  subscription 
for  original  members  is  to  be  a  guinea. 
The  Honorary  Secretaries  are  Mrs.  James 
Duncan  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Strickland  who 
may  be  addressed  at  28,  Clare  Street, 
Dublin. 

The  Prix  Goncourt  for  1906,  of  the 
value  of  5,000  francs,  has  been  awarded 
to  the  brothers  Jerome  and  Jean  Tharaud 
for  their  book  with  the  title  '  Dingley, 
l'illustre  Ecrivain,'  which  at  the  third 
ballot  obtained  six  out  of  ten  votes. 
The  prize-winners  are  natives  of  Poitou, 
and  their  book,  which  contains  only 
about  150  pages,  is  described  as  "  une 
etude  de  Pimperialisme  anglais  incarne 
dans  un  romancier  tel  que  Rudyard 
Kipling,  si  Ton  veut." 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  general 
interest  to  our  readers  this  week  is  Part  XL 
of  the  Calendar  of  the  Manuscripts  of  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury,  preserved  at  Hatfield 
House  (2s.  I0d.). 


SCIENCE 


OUR    LIBRARY    TABLE. 

Rambles  on  the  Riviera.  By  Eduard 
Strasburger.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — This  is  a 
very  seasonable  and  delightful  "  flower 
book."  When  the  garden  is  dead  in  England 
and  the  winter  fogs  and  the  darkness  of  the 
"  lang  nights  "  set  in,  wise  lovers  of  sunshine 
and  flowers  naturally  visit  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  garden  of  Sir  Thomas 
Hanbury  at  La  Mortola.  Sir  Thomas  has  laid 
botanists  and  pleasure-seekers  alike  under 
one  more  obligation  by  suggesting  the 
translation  of  the  '  Streifziige  an  der  Riviera  ' 
by  the  genial  Professor  of  Botany  at  the 
University  of  Bonn.  Messrs.  O.  and  B. 
Comerford  Casey  have  translated  these 
holiday  notes  admirably,  and  tho  87  coloured 
illustrations  by  Louise  Reusch,  representing 
chiefly  the  wild  spring  flowers  of  the  Riviera, 
form  a  valuable  record.  Those  who  read 
German  know  the  '  Streifziige '  as  the 
Baedeker  of  the  Riviera  botanist.  The 
Professor,  indeed,  in  this  diary  of  his  holiday 
rambles  approaches  each  place,  each  villa, 
each  wall  on  the  Riviera,  with  the  eyes  of  an 
enthusiast.     Nice   interests   him,   not   as   a 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


805 


scene  of  gaiety  and  a  paradise  of  shops,  but 
as  the  glad  possessor  of  a  flower-market  ; 
and  the  "  system "  that  appeals  to  him 
at  Monte  Carlo  is  the  system  of  Nature. 
But  the  botany  is  pleasantly  interspersed 
with  reflections  on  scenery  and  history  and 
the  sea ;  and  at  Grasse  we  are  regaled 
with  a  delightful  essay  on  perfumes.  The 
book  is  printed  at  Munich. 

In  his  Brier-Patch  Philosophy  (Ginn)  Mr. 
W.  J.  Long  has  given  us  a  book  somewhat 
different  from  his  previous  animal  studies, 
but  equally  well  worth  reading.  It  is  an 
exposition  of  the  powers  of  thinking  and 
reasoning  possessed  by  animals.  Mr.  Long 
challenges  the  views  of  the  psychologist  of 
the  study,  impugns  the  accuracy  of  M. 
Maeterlinck's  book  on  the  bee,  and  treats 
the  virtues  and  vices  of  animals  with  admir- 
able detachment.  With  all  the  author's 
dicta  we  cannot  agree.  On  the  last  page, 
for  instance,  he  says  that  "  Nature  deceives 
nobody,  nor  does  she  long  tolerate  any  de- 
ception." Nature,  if  it  suits  her  purpose, 
deceives  steadily,  e.g.,  she  lures  insects  by 
false  pretences  of  honey  into  the  grass  of 
Parnassus.  Mr.  Long,  has,  as  usual,  his 
accomplished  illustrator,  Mr.  Copeland,  and 
together  they  have  produced  a  fascinating 
book  which  might  rank  either  as  science  or 
literature. 

Studies  in  Pathology.  Edited  by  William 
Bulloch.  (Aberdeen,  University  Press.) — 
These  '  Studies  in  Pathology  '  are  issued  as 
a  Festgabe  to  celebrate  the  Quatercentenary 
of  the  University  of  Aberdeen  and  the 
twenty-fifth  year  of  the  occupancy  of  the 
Chair  of  Pathology  by  Prof.  Hamilton.  The 
volume  contains  eighteen  papers  dealing 
with  subjects  of  original  research  undertaken 
by  the  Professor  and  his  pupils.  There  is 
a  eulogium  of  the  Professor,  and  an  account 
of  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  Sir  Erasmus 
Wilson  Chair  of  Pathology  which  he  fills  so 
worthily.  All  the  papers  were  specially 
written  for  the  present  occasion,  and  the 
cost  of  production  has  been  paid  by  the 
contributors.  The  result  is  a  very  satis- 
factory volume,  which  will  increase  the  fame 
of  the  Pathological  Chair  at  Aberdeen,  whilst 
it  reflects  credit  upon  Dr.  Bulloch,  the  editor, 
and  upon  Mr.  Anderson,  the  general  editor 
of  the  "  University  Studies,"  of  which  it 
forms  No.  21.  Good  bibliographies  are 
appended  to  several  of  the  communications, 
and  there  is  a  sufficient  index. 

Dr.  H.  Overton  Hobson,  the  Medical 
Director  of  the  Baths  at  Helwan  under  the 
Egyptian  Government,  has  followed  the 
example  (and  benefited  by  the  statistics)  of 
his  predecessor  Dr.  Page  May  in  issuing  a 
useful  guide  Helouan,  an  Egyptian  Health 
Resort,  and  How  to  Reach  It,  with  35  Illus- 
trations and  two  maps  (Longmans).  It 
belongs  to  the  class  of  books  that  are  not 
books,  so  we  need  only  say  that  it  contains 
all  the  information  which  the  intending 
visitor  should  require  as  to  routes,  climate, 
accommodation,  bath  apparatus  and  charges, 
objects  of  interest,  sports,  and  above  all  the 
golf-links,  which  are  admittedly  the  best  in 
Egypt.  The  local  rules  for  the  royal  game 
include  the  remission  of  a  penalty  for  a 
second  stroke  if  the  "  ball  strikes  the  tele- 
graph wire  "  ;  and  the  special  character  of 
the  greens  is  indicated  by  the  request  that 
no  heels  shall  be  worn,  and  that  ladies 
shall  not  wear  long  skirts,  for  fear  of  destroy- 
ing the  surface.  It  should  be  added  that 
a  stay  at  Helwan  is  beneficial  not  only  to 
patients  for  whom  the  sulphuro-saline  baths 
are  prescribed,  but  also  to  all  delicate  people 
who  need  the  pure  invigorating  air  of  the 
desert  with  a  temperature  that  from  Novem- 
ber to  the  end  of  March  ranges  from  C0°  to 
70°  Fahr.  between  9  a.m.   and   9  p.m.,   an 


average  of  eight  hours  of  sunshine  in  the  day, 
and  virtually  no  rainfall.  The  photographs 
are  excellent,  and  the  baths  look  not  only 
inviting,  but  oven  sumptuous.  The  place  has 
vastly  improved  in  the  past  ten  years. 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

At  the  Congress  of  German  Physicists 
lately  held  at  Stuttgart,  Prof.  Hallwachs 
read  a  paper  on  what  he  called  photoelectric 
fatigue,  or  the  faculty  which  metals  illu- 
minated by  ultra-violet  light  possess  of 
emitting  radiations  capable,  for  a  limited  time 
only,  of  discharging  an  electroscope,  and 
then  ceasing  to  do  so  until  restored  by 
repose.  Sir  William  Ramsay  and  Dr. 
Spencer  in  their  recent  paper  on  the  subject 
(see  The  Athenceum,  October  27th)  went  at 
some  length  into  this  apparent  "  fatigue," 
and  thought  that  it  showed  some  corre- 
spondence with  the  characteristic  valencies 
of  the  metals,  and  was  due  to  the  fact  that 
it  was  only  the  more  lightly  bound  electrons 
on  the  surface  that  were  released  under  the 
impact  of  the  light.  Prof.  Hallwachs,  on 
the  contrary,  thinks  that  it  is  due  to  the 
clogging  action  of  the  ozone  which  is  formed 
in  considerable  quantities  when  the  reaction 
takes  place  in  air.  He  has  found  the  same 
phenomenon  present  when  the  discharge 
occurs  in  a  closed  recipient,  and  in  this 
case  he  would  attribute  it  to  the  absorption 
or  occlusion  of  gases  in  the  surface  of  metals. 
It  is  evident  that  the  last  hypothesis  would 
carry  him  very  far,  but  it  seems  at  first  sight 
to  be  invalidated  by  the  careful  cleaning  of 
the  surface  of  the  metal  under  observation 
which  has  been  enjoined  as  necessary  to 
the  success  of  the  experiment. 

Meanwhile  Dr.  Le  Bon,  by  whom  the 
phenomenon  was  first  noticed,  is  denying 
that  such  things  as  electrons  exist.  In  a 
series  of  articles  just  begun  in  the  Revue 
Scientifique,  he  asserts — following  therein 
Prof,  de  Heen — that  the  conception  of 
electrons  is  purely  metaphysical,  and  has 
hitherto  been  as  disastrous  in  physics  as 
its  predecessors  the  doctrines  of  phlogiston 
and  caloric.  According  to  him,  the  atoms 
of  matter  are  merely  tiny  whirls  or  vortices 
in  the  ether,  and  owe  their  apparent  rigidity 
to  nothing  but  the  enormous  velocity  with 
which  their  whirling  movement  is  endowed. 
He  seems  to  found  this  hypothesis  chiefly 
on  the  fact  that  an  apparently  unlimited 
quantity  of  electricity  or  magnetism  can 
be  emitted  by  a  strictly  limited  quantity  of 
matter,  electricity  being,  according  to  him, 
only  a  semi-material  form  of  matter  on  its 
way  back  to  the  ether.  Hence,  he  argues, 
the  final  cause  of  the  phenomena  that 
present  themselves  to  our  senses  is  not 
matter,  but  energy.  He  illustrates  this 
thesis  by  instances  drawn  from  what  are 
generally  called  the  elementary  experiments 
in  electrostatics,  which  have,  in  fact,  been 
allowed  to  remain  entirely  unexplained  by 
contemporary  physicists.  Incidentally  he 
shows  a  curious  experiment  in  which  the 
charge  communicated  by  a  rod  of  ebonite 
excited  by  friction  becomes  either  positive 
or  negative  according  to  the  shape  of  the 
recipient.  The  articles  in  question  will  bo 
published  shortly  in  book  form,  and  in  French 
and  English  simultaneously. 

Prof.  Godlewski  (of  Lemburg)  has  an  article 
in  the  November  number  of  Le  Radium  in 
which  he  seeks  to  prove,  on  slightly  different 
grounds  from  Prof.  Rutherford,  that  the 
Alpha  particles  emitted  by  all  radio-active 
bodies  are  identical,  and  shows  that  helium 
is  produced  by  actinium  as  well  as  by 
radium.  As  this,  too,  is  admitted  by  Prof. 
Rutherford_and  by^its  first   observer,  j_M. 


Debierne,  it  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  fact 
"  definitely  acquired  by  science."  But  those 
who  would  argue  from  it  that  helium  is  in 
fact  the  Alpha  particle,  and  as  such  the  only 
component  of  radio-active  substances  other 
than  the  metal  itself,  should  be  reminded 
that  Messrs.  S.  Kitchin  and  W.  G.  Winterson 
have  lately  discovered  at  Arendal.in  Norway, 
some  specimens  of  malacone,  which  is  a 
silicate  of  zirconium,  and  disengages  on 
heating  a  radio-active  emanation  apparently 
differing  from  that  of  radium,  together  with 
quantities  of  argon  as  well  as  helium.  This 
is  the  first  time  that  a  radio-active  substance 
has  been  found  to  contain  argon  ;  and  in 
view  of  the  relatively  high  atomic  weight 
(38)  of  this  gas,  the  problem  of  radio-activity 
becomes  much  more  complicated. 

Prof.  A.  Pannenoek  has  made  a  com- 
munication to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
Amsterdam  in  which  we  are  warned  of  the 
danger  of  drawing  arguments  on  the  con- 
stitution of  matter  from  the  colours  of  the 
stars.  He  gives  reasons  for  thinking  that 
it  is  the  absorbing  power  of  our  atmosphere 
which  makes  the  stars  appear  red,  and 
that  the  falling  -  off  in  heat  merely 
lessens  the  light.  At  the  same  meeting 
a  paper  was  read  by  Prof.  W.  H.  Julius 
on  the  solar  spectrum,  in  which  it  was  stated 
that  in  the  writer's  opinion  the  Fraunhofer 
lines  are  not  only  absorption  lines,  as  Kirch- 
hoff  discovered,  but  also  dispersion  bands, 
which  would  alter  our  opinion  as  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  light  in  the  spectra  of  the  fixed 
stars.  He  draws  from  this  the  conclusion 
that  the  intra-stellar  spaces  are  filled  with 
radiations  of  different  kinds,  varying  with 
the  different  kinds  of  light  which  strike  them. 

M.  Branly,  the  inventor  of  the  coherer, 
has  lately  been  giving  much  attention  to 
the  problem  of  wireless  "  telemechanism," 
as  he  calls  the  operating  of  machinery  at 
a  distance  by  the  action  of  Hertzian  waves. 
In  a  late  communication  to  the  Academie 
des  Sciences  he  claims  to  have  accomplished 
this  in  such  a  manner  that  it  cannot  be  inter- 
fered with  by  similar  waves  from  another 
transmitter.  The  process  is  too  complicated 
to  be  described  without  the  use  of  diagrams, 
but  does  not  involve  the  use  of  what  is  called 
syntonization.  In  an  article  in  the  Revue 
Oenerale  des  Sciences  M.  de  Lamarcodie  points 
out  that  there  are  several  ways  of  applying 
this  to  the  steering  of  crewless  balloons,  of 
which  he  seems  to  most  favour  the  method 
of  M.  Torres.  He  also  mentions  the  system 
of  M.  Lalande,  an  engineer  who  has  adapted 
it  to  the  direction  of  torpedoes. 

The  learned  Jesuit,  Father  Gill,  has  a 
curious  article  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  drawing  attention 
to  a  possible  connexion  between  earth- 
quakes and  volcanoes,  as  illustrated  by 
the  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  followed  by  the 
great  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April 
last.  By  the  use  of  a  top  filled  with  steel 
balls  taken  from  ball-bearings,  he  was  able 
to  enunciate  the  law  that  a  rotating 
body,  containing  matter  capable  of  shifting 
its  position,  tends  to  keep  itself  in  a  state 
of  regular  revolution  about  its  axis,  owing  to 
the  way  in  which  the  movable  matter  auto- 
matically dispone-  itself  with  reference  to 
the  axis  of  the  body.  He  finds  that  this 
disposition  is  generally  equidistant  from 
the  axis,  so  that  if  three  balls  are  dropped 
into  the  cavity  of  the  spinning  top  they  will 
arrange  themselves  at  the  circumference  in 
the  form  of  an  equilateral  triangle,  but  that 
until  they  have  done  so  the  top  will  spin 
with  a  wobbling  motion.  Now  the  fact  that 
earthquakes  are  accompanied  by  temporary 
displacements  of  the  earth's  poles  has  been 
noted  by  Prof.*  Milne  and  others.'  Hence, 
Father  Gill  argues,  the  displacement  of 
large    masses    of    matter    caused    by    the 


806 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


eruption  of  Vesuvius  on  the  8th  of  April  led 
to  the  earthquake  at  Formosa  a  week  later, 
and  to  the  San  Francisco  catastrophe  on 
the  18th,  after  which  the  earth  recovered 
its  normal  stability. 

Dr.  A.  Letienne  in  his  annual  review  of 
the  progress  of  medicine  reminds  us  that  the 
microbe  of  whooping-cough  has  been  isolated, 
and  is  a  small  ovoid  bacterium  which  does 
not  appear  to  produce  spores.  According  to 
the  researches  of  Dr.  H.  de  Rothschild, 
chloroform  taken  internally  is  a  fairly  certain 
cure  for  the  complaint,  at  any  rate  in  child- 
hood. Out  of  nine  cases  in  which  he  tried 
it,  two  patients  were  cured  at  once  ;  three 
experienced  immediate  relief,  followed  by 
steady  recovery ;  while  four  were  only 
cured  at  the  expiration  of  a  fortnight,  which 
might  have  happened  without  the  drug. 
Dr.  J.  de  Nittis,  on  the  other  hand,  thinks 
that  the  disease  is  best  treated  by  a  free 
usage  of  arsenic,  which  he  declares 
exercises  a  specific  effect  on  the  microbe. 
The  Pasteur  Institute  is  making  investiga- 
tions into  the  affair,  and  hopes  shortly  to 
produce  a  prophylactic  serum. 

Two  cases  of  fatal  dysentery  reported  to 
the  Academie  de  M6decine  seem  to  be  fairly 
traceable  to  the  handling  of  Japanese  silks. 
Dr.  Widal  and  Dr.  Martin,  who  treated  the 
two  cases,  draw  attention  to  the  risk  of 
infection  in  such  circumstances,  and  recom- 
mend that  all  Oriental  tissues  which  show 
signs  of  having  been  in  use  before  importa- 
tion should  be  subjected  to  antiseptic  treat- 
ment. F.  L. 


SOCIETIES. 


British    Academy. — Dec.    \2. — The    Dean    of 

Westminster  in  the  chair. — Prof.  A.   Souter  read 
a  paper  on  '  The  Commentary  of  Pelagius  on  the 
Epistles  of  Paul :  the  Problem  of  its  Restoration.' 
The  oldest  extant  literary  work  by  a  native  of  our 
country  is  a  brief  Latin  commentary  on  the  Epistles 
of  St.  Paul.     The  author  of  this  commentary,  by 
name   Pelagius,    was   either    of    Irish    or   British 
descent.     He  went  to  Rome  before  the  close  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  published  his  work  before  410. 
It  is  quoted  by  contemporaries,  St.  Augustine  and 
Marius  Mercator,  and  a  little  after  the  author's 
death  by  the  so-called  Prredestinatus.    Cassiodorus 
in  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century  appears  to  have 
possessed  it  as  an  anonymous  work,  and  he  tells  us 
that  he  purged  it  of  "Pelagian  poison  "  in  the  part 
dealing  with  Romans,  and  left  his  pupils  to  do  the 
same  with  the  rest  of  the  commentary.     No  manu- 
script commentary  has  survived  bearing  the  name 
of  Pelagius,  but  various  commentaries  exist  which 
have  evidently  some  connexion  with  it.     In  1516 
Amorbach  published  in  the  appendix  to  an  edition 
of  the  works  of  St.  Jerome  a  commentary  falsely 
attributed  to  that  father,  which  he  had  found  in 
an   old   and   almost   illegible  Merovingian    manu- 
script.   As  some  of  the  quotations  mentioned  above 
appeared  in  it,  Catarin  (who  died  1552)  and  Bellar- 
mine  (1613)  maintained  that  it  was  the  commentary 
of  Pelagius.     Gamier  (1673),   noting  the  absence 
from  it  of  some  of  these  quotations,  explained  their 
absence  by  the  theory  that  our  Pseudo-Jerome  is 
Cassiodorus's  revision  of  Pelagius  ;  and  this  opinion 
ruled   until  recent  times,  Klasen  alone  (in  1885) 
having  denied  Pelagius's  authorship.     Already  in 
the  seventeenth   century  it  had   been   noted  that 
two  other  commentaries — that  first  published  under 
the  name  of  Primasius  in  1537,  and  that  of  Sedulius 
Scottus — had  made  large  use  of  the  same  material 
as  appeared  in  Pseudo-Jerome.     Heinrich  Zimmer 
in  his  'Pelagius  in  Irland '  (Berlin,  1901)  inaugu- 
rated a  new  era  in  the  investigation  of  the  subject. 
In    various    MSS.    of   Irish   provenance   he    found 
glosses  attributed  to  Pelagius,  most  of  which,  but 
not  all,  appear  in  Pseudo- Jerome.     He  also  dis- 
covered at  St.  Gall  an  anonymous  commentary  on 
Paul's  Epistles,  which  was  catalogued  in  the  ninth 
century  as  a  Pelagius,  and  contains  a  long  quota- 
tion known  from  St.  Augustine  and  Marius  Mer- 
cator, but  absent  from  Pseudo-Jerome.     Internal 
evidence  shows,  however,  that  it  has  been  corrupted 
by  interpolation,  &c.,  and  that  it  cannot  be  regarded 
as  a  puro  Pelagius,     Pseudo-Primasius,  and  not 


Pelagius,  he  considers  to  have  been  the  commentary 
which   Cassiodorus   took   and  revised.      Amongst 
other   services  to   the  study  of   the  problem,   he 
gives  a  detailed  examination  of  the  various  sources 
for  the  reconstruction   of  the   commentary,   and 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  Pseudo-Jerome  and 
Pseudo-Primasius  represent  the  continental  tradi- 
tion of  Pelagius  as  opposed  to  the  Irish  tradition, 
represented  by  the  St.  Gall  MS.  and  the  glosses, 
&c,  which  he  had  collected.     C.  H.  Turner  (1902), 
in  an  appreciative  notice  of  Zimmer's  book,  objected 
only  to  his  view  of  the  Pseudo-Primasius  commen- 
tary,  and   suggested   that  it  was  the  revision  of 
Cassiodorus,  and  not  the  commentary  which  Cassio- 
dorus revised.     Riggenbach  (1905)  points  out  that 
Zimmer  omitted  one  source  for  the  commentary  of 
Pelagius,   namely,   Zmaragdus's    '  Expositio   Libri 
Comitis,'  a  compilation  of  the  early  ninth  century. 
Hellmann  (1906)  makes  a  special  study  of  Sedulius 
Scottus's  borrowings  from  Pelagius,  and  modifies 
Zimmer's  classification  of  authorities,  proving  that 
Pseudo- Jerome  and  the  St.  Gall  MS.  stand  closely 
related  as  one  group  over  against  all  other  autho- 
rities.    He  also  shows  that  these  latter  authorities 
provide  a  purer  text  than  the  former.    The  original 
commentary  remained  unfound.     At  this  point  the 
writer's   investigations   began.      He   showed   that 
the  commentary  was  always  anonymous,  in  what- 
ever form,  except  Jerome's.     He  believes  he  has 
at  last  found  a  MS.  of  the  original  commentary  in 
Karlsruhe  (Augiensis  CXIX.,  of  the  ninth  century, 
anonymous).    He  showed  that  this  MS.  was  written 
out  by  five  scribes,  and  is  a  copy  of  an  original 
which  is  more  likely  to  have  been  a  fifth-  than  a 
sixth-century  MS.     It  is  almost  devoid  of  corrup- 
tion, has  almost  perfect  orthography,  has  no  inter- 
polations,   contains    all   the   quotations  found   in 
St.  Augustine  and  Marius  Mercator,  and  is  con- 
siderably shorter   than  any  rival  claimant.     It  is 
of  such  a  character  as  to  explain  the  phenomena  in 
all  the  adaptations  of  it.     It  lacks  virtually  all  the 
explanations  which  appear  in  the  Pseudo-Jerome 
introduced  by  Item,  but  has  plenty  of  alternative 
explanations,  generally  introduced  by  sire.     It  is 
written  in  very  pure  Latinity,  and  the  comments 
are  based  on  the  Vulgate  text,  for  which  this  MS. 
should    be    regarded    as    a   (if    not    the)   leading 
authority.      Pseudo-Jerome,  which   can  be  much 
purified  in  text  by  reference  to  the  manuscripts, 
especially  Clm.  13038  (sivc.  X.),  is  an  expansion  of 
this  commentary  in  Romans,  1  and  2  Corinthians, 
and  Galatians,  by  the  addition  of  further  explana- 
tions introduced  by  Item.   Its  compiler  also  modified 
the  language  somewhat,  and  the  form  of  the  cita- 
tions of  Scripture.     Pseudo-Primasius  is  proved  to 
be  Cassiodorus's  revision,  because  it  contains  those 
very  extracts   from  St.  Augustine   to   Simplician 
which  Cassiodorus  himself  saj's  he  had  added  to 
his  revision  of  the  Pelagian  commentary.     There 
is  a  hitherto  unnoticed  commentary  contained  in 
the  anonymous  Paris  Bibliotheque  Nationale  653 
(sa?c.    IX.),   which  the  writer   sought    to  identify 
with  the  Corbie  MS.  of  Pelagius  which  disappeared 
from  that  monastery  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  MS.  was  written  by  an  insular  hand  in  Caro- 
lingian    minuscules.      The    commentary   there    is 
considerably  longer  even  than  in  Pseudo-Jerome, 
and    appears  at  times   as  if  it  were  built  out  of 
Pelagius  and  Pseudo-Jerome  together,  for  in  the 
notes  to  1  Cor.  xiii.  there  are  three  instances  where 
the  same  note  on  one  verse  appears  twice  in  the 
same  words.     It  contains  two  long  extracts  from 
lost  works  of  Pelagius,  apparently  homilies,  other- 
wise unknown.     In  this  he  is  brought  into  alterca- 
tion with  Jerome.     Both  are  named  at  the  head  of 
these  extracts  in  both  cases  (on  Gal.  v.,  Phil.  ii.). 
The  peculiarities  which  the  citations  of  Sedulius 
and  Zimmer's  glossed  manuscripts  sometimes  share 
make  it  probable  that  Sedulius  is  borrowing  from 
the  original  source  of  these,  which  may  turn  out  to 
be  of  the  type  of   the  Paris  MS.     Sedulius  occa- 
sionally copied  out  Zmaragdus,  as  the  same  souroes 
in    the   same  order  could   hardly  have  been   acci- 
dentally cited  by  both.     An  edition  of  the  Pelagius 
commentary  is  in  preparation  for  the  series  "Texts 
and  Studies,"  edited  by  the  Dean  of  Westminster 
(Cambridge  Press). 


siderable  discrepancies,  many  of  the  star-places 
being  affected  by  errors  of  greater  amount  than 
would  be  considered  tolerable  in  the  Astrographic 
Catalogue.  The  Algiers  measures  especially  showed 
evidence  of  a  large  "magnitude  equation,"  the 
cause  of  which  was  extremely  obscure.  —  Prof. 
H.  H.  Turner  gave  an  account  of  the  first  volume 
of  the  Oxford  Astrographic  Catalogue,  which  had 
just  been  published,  containing  measures  of 
rectangular  co-ordinates  and  diameters  of  star- 
images  on  plates  with  centres  in  Decl.  -f-31°.  The 
Catalogue  will  be  completed  in  seven  volumes,  with 
a  further  volume  containing  the  discussion. — Mr. 
H.  F.  Newall  read  some  notes  on  spectroscopic 
observations  of  the  sun  recently  made  at  Cambridge 
Observatory.  The  earlier  observations  were  made 
with  the  25-inch  equatorial,  and  the  later  ones  with 
a  fixed  horizontal  telescope,  into  which  the  light 
was  thrown  by  a  coelostat  and  auxiliary  mirror. 
A  powerful  diffraction  grating  was  used.  The 
author  gave  an  account  of  preliminary  experi- 
ments, described  the  instruments  employed,  and 
showed  some  of  the  results  in  photographing  the 
bands  and  flutings  in  the  spectra  of  sunspots. — 
Mr.  A.  C.  D.  Crommelin  read  a  paper  on  the 
approaching  return  of  Halley's  comet.  He  pointed 
out  that  before  the  last  return  of  the  comet  in  1835 
no  fewer  than  five  independent  determinations  of 
its  orbit  had  been  made,  but  that  there  were  only 
two  investigations  of  its  orbit  for  the  next  return. 
These  differed  by  2-7  years,  Dr.  Angstrom  pre- 
dicting the  perihelion  passage  for  1913  08,  while 
Pontecoulant's  calculations  gave  1910'37.  This 
discrepancy  of  2 '7  years  was  serious,  and  it  is 
much  to  be  desired  that  the  perturbations  of  the 
comet  should  be  independently  computed. — Photo- 
graphs of  the  spectrum  of  Mira  Ceti  taken  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Sid  greaves  in  1897  and  1906  were  thrown 
on  the  screen.  Marked  differences  in  the  relative 
intensities  of  the  hydrogen  lines  were  shown  by  the 
photographs. 

Geological. — Dec.  5. — Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Capt.  H.  Alford,  S.  C. 
Bailey,  B.  A.  Baker,  Asok  Bose,  M.  B.  Cotsworth, 
S.  R.  Haselhurst,  D.  R.  Home,  H.  C.  Jones,  W.  J. 
Lakeland,  F.  M.  Lavanchy,  G.  Pilgrim,  W.  E.  F. 
Powney,  and  A.  B.  Thompson  were  elected 
Fellows.  —  The  following  communications  were 
read  :  '  On  the  Geological  Conditions  which  have 
contributed  to  the  Success  of  the  Artesian  Boring 
for  Water  at  Lincoln,'  by  Prof.  E.  Hull, — and 
'  Notes  on  the  Raised  Beaches  of  Taltal,  Northern 
Chile,'  by  Mr.  0.  Hardey  Evans. 


Astronomical. — Dec.  14.— Mr.  W.  H.  Maw, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  A.  R.  Hinks  read  a 
paper  on  the  photographic  places  of  stars  published 
in  the  Paris  Eros  circular.  He  had  compared  the 
places  obtained  at  Paris,  Bordeaux,  Catania,  San 
Fernando,  Toulouse,  and  Algiers,  and  found  con- 


Asiatic—  Dec.  11.—  Sir  C.  J.  Lyall,  V.P.  in  the 
chair. — The  paper  entitled  'The  Tablet  in  Cunei- 
form Script  from  Yuzghat,'  by  Dr.  T.  G.  Pinches, 
was  a  resume  of  two  monographs — one  by  himself, 
and  the  other  by  Prof.  Sayce — describing  this 
important  document,  which  was  acquired  in  the 
spring  of  1905  by  the  Institute  of  Archaeology  at 
Liverpool.  Though  the  document  measures  only 
6  in.  by  4J  in. ,  it  has  no  fewer  than  ninety -four 
lines  of  writing,  divided  nearly  equally  between 
the  obverse  and  the  reverse.  The  text  is  written 
in  paragraphs,  eighteen  in  all  (reckoning  the  two 
which  consist  of  a  single  line  only)  ;  and  as  we 
have  less  than  a  quarter  of  the  original  document, 
the  amount  of  inscription  which  the  tablet  bore 
when  intact  can  easily  be  estimated.  From  the 
style  of  the  writing  it  should  date  from  about 
1400  B.C.  As  was  recognized  from  the  first,  the 
language  is  similar  to  that  of  the  letters  from 
Arzawa  in  the  Tel  el-Amarna  collection  at  Berlin. 
Though  the  tablet  cannot  be  translated  with  cer- 
tainty, the  portions  to  which  a  meaning  can  be 
assigned  suggest  that  it  is  of  the  nature  of  a  long 
letter  sent  from  one  prince  to  another,  accompanied 
by  presents  to  the  temples  of  the  gods  of  the  land. 
As  in  other  inscriptions  from  the  same  district, 
certain  words  are  expressed  by  means  of  the  ideo- 
graphs of  the  Babylonians  and  Assyrians,  and 
though  this  deprived  the  student  of  the  pronuncia- 
tion in  the  languago  of  the  tablet,  they  Mere  of 
importance  in  that  they  enabled  the  subject,  and 
in  some  cases  the  drift  of  the  whole,  to  be  seen, 
helping  the  determination  of  the  remaining  words. 
Prof.  Sayce  had  attempted  a  translation  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  inscription,  the  drift  of  whioh, 
paragraph  by  paragraph,  Dr.  Pinches  gave. 
According  to  his  decipherment,  the  text  referred 
to  a  man  named  Hahhimas,  "  the  chief,"  and  to 
'•  forests  and  gardens,"  with  other  property,  "for 


^°  4130,  Dec.  22,  1908 


THE    AfHEN^UM 


807 


conveyance."  A  portion  of  this  was  registered  by 
that  person  for  dedication  to  Sandes  or  Hadad. 
Prof.  Sayce  regards  the  fifth  column  as  referring 
to  the  marriage  of  the  daughter  of  Hahhimas. 
Afterwards,  on  the  reverse,  there  is  a  reference  to 
the  moon-god  (Sin  in  Babylonian),  to  priests  and 
priestesses,  and  to  "  the  woman  of  the  land  of 
Annas,"  though  Dr.  Pinches  regards  this  as  being 
simply  a  proper  name — "  the  woman  Annannas." 
Other  deities  referred  to  are  the  sun-god,  Zagaga 
(one  of  the  Babylonian  gods  of  war),  Lamas  (the 
Babylonian  protecting  spirit  often  rendered 
"colossus"),  Telibinu(s),  Gulas,  Hasammilias,  and 
apparently  the  Sumero-Akkadian  goddess  Mah. 
The  occurrence  of  the  words  ianzi  and  ias  in  this 
inscription  had  caused  Dr.  Pinches  to  compare  the 
Kassite  vocabulary,  as  far  as  it  is  known,  in  which 
these  words  mean  respectively  "king"  and 
"  country "  ;  and  an  important  point  was  that 
ias  is  used  for  "country"  in  one  of  the  letters 
from  Arzawa.  In  addition  to  this,  the  word- 
terminations,  as  far  as  they  could  be  compared, 
were  the  same,  and  there  was  apparently  a  likeness 
in  the  possessive  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second 
persons  singular.  The  general  opinion  is  that  the 
language  of  all  these  documents  is  Aryan,  and  if 
so,  it  is  the  oldest  example  of  Indo-Germanic 
speech  known.  Prof.  Sayce  is  strongly  of  opinion 
that  it  is  either  Hittite  or  a  dialect  thereof,  so  that 
the  language  of  the  Hittites  would,  in  that  case,  be 
Aryan  also. — Referring  to  the  Kassite  words 
Surias  and  Burias  or  Ubrias,  the  sungod  and  the 
windgod  (the  Babylonian  Samas  and  Addu  or 
Hadad),  Sir  Charles  Lyall  mentioned  the  Sanskrit 
Siirya  and  the  Greek  Boreas,  which,  if  in  any  way 
related,  would  imply  that  the  suggestion  that 
Kassite  was  likewise  an  Aryan  language  was 
correct.  Dr.  Thornton  and  Prof.  Hagopian  also 
took  part  in  the  discussion.  The  tablet  will  be 
published  by  the  Institute  of  Archreology  at 
Liverpool. 

Society  of  Antiqi-aries. — Dec.  13. — Sir  Henry 
H.  Howorth,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  C.  T.  Martin 
read  a  paper  on  clerical  life  in  the  fifteenth  century 
as  illustrated  by  proceedings  of  the  Court  of  Chan- 
cery preserved  at  the  Public  Record  Office.  These 
proceedings  mostly  relate  to  disputes  between 
parsons  and  their  parishioners,  and  the  grounds 
of  dispute  are  various.  Where  the  parish  is  the 
complaining  party,  in  one  case  the  parson  is  accused 
of  setting  up  an  image  in  such  a  position  that  some 
of  his  congregation  cannot  see  the  performance  of 
divine  service ;  in  other  cases  he  is  accused  of 
recovering  stolen  goods  through  the  confession 
of  the  thieves,  and  refusing  to  return  them  to  the 
owners  without  a  reward  ;  or  of  making  money 
out  of  bequests  to  provide  vestments  or  plate  for 
his  church.  Where  the  bill  is  put  in  by  the  parson, 
his  complaint  is  usually  of  false  accusation  of  pecu- 
lation of  some  kind,  orof  misbehaviour  with  the  femi- 
nine members  of  his  flock  or  his  school.  One  priest 
gives  a  detailed  account  of  a  plot  by  his  enemies 
to  get  up  a  case  of  this  kind  against  him  by  sending 
a  woman  to  call  upon  him.  There  were  also  some 
references  to  the  practice  of  witchcraft,  especially 
to  the  control  exercised  over  a  person's  well-being 
through  enchanted  images  made  to  represent  him. 
— Mr.  W.  Dale  read  a  paper  on  '  Neolithic  Imple- 
ments from  the  County  of  Hampshire,'  illustrated 
by  lantern-slides  and  an  exhibition  of  implements. 
Mr.  Dale  said  that  Hampshire  had  yielded  to  him 
Neolithic  implements  almost  of  every  kind,  and  he 
divided  his  exhibit  into  "  roughly  chipped  celts," 
"  carefully  chipped  celts,"  "celts  partly  polished," 
and  "  celts  entirely  polished."  He  also  showed  a 
quantity  of  broken  celts,  some  of  which  had  been 
roughly  trimmed  at  the  fractured  part,  so  as  to 
permit  the  cutting  end  to  be  put  back  into  the 
stick  in  which  it  was  haf  ted.  Amongst  the  polished 
celts  was  a  very  fine  one  of  greenstone,  which  Mr. 
Dale  said  looked  like  an  import  from  Brittany. 
The  arrow-heads  included  one  of  the  leaf  shape, 
which,  though  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  was  not 
more  than  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick.  With  the 
exception  of  the  simple  flake  and  perhaps  the 
scraper,  the  author  thought  the  roughly  chipped 
celt  was  the  most  common  implement  of  Neolithic 
times,  and  spoke  of  the  great  number  he  had  found. 
He  did  not  think  there  was  any  proof  that  they 
were  used  for  tilling  the  soil  ;  indeed,  lie  was  not 
aware  there  was  any  evidence  that  Neolithic  man 
in  Britain  knew  and  cultivated  cereals.  He  also 
said  that  he  knew  of  no  evidence  of  the  Palteolithic 


age  running  into  the  Neolithic  period.  In  our  own 
country  the  evidence  was  all  on  the  opposite  side, 
and  pointed  to  a  great  physical  break  between  the 
two  periods,  which  must  represent  a  long  interval 
of  time.  There  were  added  to  the  exhibition  a 
series  of  stone  tools  from  North  America,  and  a 
stone  implement  ready  haf  ted  which  came  from 
New  Guinea,  and  was  once  the  property  of  Charles 
Darwin. 

British  Archaeological  Association. — Dec.  12. 
— Mr.  C.  H.  Compton  in  the  chair. — A  paper  was 
read  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Tooker  on  '  Waltham  Abbey  : 
its  Architecture  and  History.'  The  paper  was 
illustrated  by  a  capital  series  of  limelight  views, 
embracing  the  chief  points  of  the  work  at 
Waltham,  and  also  slides  of  Durham,  Lindisfarne, 
&c.  The  estate  in  the  days  of  Canute  belonged 
to  one  Tovi,  who  held  the  office  of  Staller  under 
that  king.  After  his  death  it  went  to  his  son  Athel- 
stan,  but,  from  whatever  cause,  during  the  reign  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  the  Crown  was  in  possession, 
and  Waltham  was  conferred  on  Harold  at  some  date 
subsequent  to  the  year  1053.  The  date  of  the  con- 
secration of  Harold's  building  was  fixed  by  infer- 
ence, and  the  various  features  of  the  ruins  were 
discussed,  comparisons  being  stated  with  Durham 
and  Lindisfarne. — The  Chairman  said  he  had  taken 
a  great  interest  in  the  question  of  Waltham  Abbey, 
more  particularly  from  the  historical  point  of  view. 
— Mr.  J.  G.  Clift  congratulated  Mr.  Tooker  on  his 
paper,  and,  while  not  in  entire  accord  with  all  that 
had  been  said,  fully  agreed  that  the  work  shown  in 
the  slides  could  not  be  assigned  to  an  earlier  date 
than  the  first  part  of  the  twelfth  century.  Mr. 
Clift  also  pointed  out  that  the  question  of  wide- 
jointed  and  fine-jointed  masonry,  upon  which  Mr. 
Tooker  relied  so  strongly,  was  open  to  exceptions, 
and  said  that  his  arbitrary  division  between  the  use 
of  the  axe  and  chisel  could  not  be  maintained,  for 
it  must  have  been  a  matter  of  gradual  evolution, 
and  no  exact  date  could  be  assigned  to  the  change, 
which  must  have  spread  gradually  through  the 
country. — Mr.  R.  H.  Forster  remarked  upon  the 
number  of  times  the  legendary  supernatural  move- 
ment of  relics  in  a  given  direction  had  taken  place. 
— Mr.  Kershaw  also  made  a  few  remarks. 


Linnean.—  Dec.  6.— Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Col.  J.  W.  Yerbury 
was  admitted  a  Fellow. — The  following  were 
elected  Fellows :  Mrs.  H.  I.  Adams,  the  Rev. 
A.  J.  Campbell,  Mr.  J.  Drummond,  Mr.  J.  S. 
Gardiner,  Mr.  J.  J.  Lister,  Mr.  J.  Mastin,  Mr.  J. 
Clark-Newsham,  Mr.  M.  A.  Phillips,  Miss  H. 
Richardson,  Miss  C.  B.  Sanders,  and  Mr.  W.  H. 
Young. — The  General  Secretary  having  explained 
the  foundation  and  constitution  of  the  Linnean 
Medal  in  1888,  the  President  handed  to  Mr.  H.  C. 
Grueber,  Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins  and 
Medals  in  the  British  Museum,  a  silver  copy  of 
the  said  medal,  for  the  National  Collection  under 
his  charge. — Mr.  Grueber,  in  acknowledging  the 
gift,  referred  to  the  difficulty  his  department 
experienced  in  procuring  specimens  of  modern 
medals,  which  were  usually  restricted  in  number 
and  rarely  came  into  the  market. — The  Rev.  H. 
Purefoy  FitzGerald  exhibited  specimens  and  a 
water-colour  drawing  of  Sicgesheckia  orientalia, 
Linn.,  which  has  been  recently  described  as  a 
valuable  external  curative  agent  in  skin  diseases. 
—Mr.  A.  0.  Walker  exhibited  cut  specimens  of 
Choisya  ternata,  H.  B.  K. ,  which  were  now  in  full 
flower  in  his  garden  near  Maidstone.  These 
bushes  had  flowered  normally  last  May,  but  the 
present  flowering  he  attributed  to  the  drought  of 
last  season  acting  as  a  resting-period  to  vegetation. 
— The  Rev.  J.  Gerard  and  Mr.  W.  G.  Freeman 
took  part  in  the  discussion. — Dr.  A.  T.  Mastcrman 
showed  an  abnormal  specimen  of  the  common  dab 
with  three  eyes,  which  had  been  obtained  from 
the  Dogger  Bank. — The  first  paper  read  was  by 
Prof.  A.  J.  Ewart  on  'The  Physiology  of  the 
Museum  Beetle,  Anthrtmis  museorum  (Linn.), 
Fabr.'  The  mischief  wrought  by  this  species  in 
the  National  Herbarium  at  Melbourne  is  great, 
and  is  only  kept  in  check  by  systematic  use  of  a 
chamber  impregnated  by  the  vapour  of  carbon- 
bisulphide,  in  which  the  plants  are  placed  for 
several  days  at  a  time.  The  use  of  corrosive  sub- 
limate is  not  advisable,  owing  to  the  grave  danger 
to  health  in  a  dust-forming  atmosphere. — The 
second  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Bunion, 
entitled  '  Note  on  the  Origin  of  the  Name  Chcrmes 


or  Kermes.' — The  President,  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R. 
Stebbing,  and  the  General  Secretary  contributed 
some  remarks  on  the  paper. — The  last  paper  was 
on  the  Biseayan  Plankton  brought  home  by  Dr. 
G.  H.  Fowler,  who  read  in  abstract  a  paper, 
forming  Part  X.  of  the  Reports  on  Biseayan  Plank- 
ton collected  by  H.M.S.  Research  in  1900,  in  which 
Messrs.  E.  W.  L.  Holt  and  L.  W.  Byrne  gave  an 
account  of  the  fishes  captured.  —  An  animated 
discussion  followed,  in  which  the  President,  Mr. 
L.  W.  Byrne  (visitor),  and  Mr.  A.  0.  Walker  took 
part. 

Meteorological. — Dec.  19. — Mr.  R.  Bentley, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Admiral  J.  P.  Maclcar 
read  a  paper  on  'The  Guildford  Storm  of 
August  2nd,  1906.'  This  storm  showed  some  very 
curious  and  interesting  features,  in  the  remarkable 
violence  of  the  wind,  rain,  and  hail  within  a  small 
area,  and  the  suddenness  with  which  it  burst. — ■ 
Mr.  R.  Inwards  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Metric 
System  in  Meteorology.'  He  confined  his  remarks 
to  the  advisability  of  adopting  some  uniform 
system  for  observers  all  over  the  globe. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — Dec.  18. — 
Sir  Alexander  Kennedy,  President,  in  the  chair.—' 
The  paper  read  was  '  Mechanical  Considerations  in 
the  Design  of  High-Tension  Switch-Gear,'  by  Mr. 
H.  W.  E.  Le  Fanu. 


Society  of  Biblical  Archeology. — Dec.  9. — 
Mr.  C.  J.  Ball,  Lecturer  in  Assyriology  at  Oxford, 
noticed  some  interesting  points  of  contact  between 
Sumerian  and  Chinese  in  the  matter  of  ideas, 
beliefs,  and  modes  of  speech.  Thus  the  curious 
compound  designation  of  a  deity  as  Ama-Aa, 
"mother-father"  (Assyrian  abu-ummu,  "father- 
mother"),  of  another  deity,  was  shown  to  be 
parallel  to  the  use  of  the  '  Shi'  (II.  v.  iv.  1),  where 
we  read:  "  Yu-yu  yao  t'ien,  Yiie  fa-ma  to'ie  !" 
("Ofar  far-off  Heaven,  Called  the  Father-mother !"). 
It  was  also  shown  that  T'ai-po,  or  dialectically 
T'e-bah,  the  Chinese  name  of  the  planet  Venus, 
corresponds  both  in  sound  and  meaning  with  Dil- 
Bad,  the  "Announcing"  Star,  which  is  the  old 
Babylonian  name  of  the  same  planet.  A  further 
remarkable  proof  of  connexion  was  recognized  in 
the  fact  that  both  in  Babylonian  and  Chinese  the 
planet  changes  sex.  According  to  a  Babylonian 
tablet  in  3  R,  Ishtar  is  male  from  sunrise  to  sunset, 
but  female  from  sunset  to  sunrise.  The  Chinese 
invert  this,  and  regard  Nu-Ts'ien  Sing,  Venus  the 
morning-star,  as  wife  of  T'ai-Po  Shang-Kung,  who 
is  the  same  planet  as  evening-star. 


Mathematical. — Dec.  13. — Prof.  W.  Burnsida, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  B.  De  and  W.  II. 
Macaulay  were  elected  Members. — The  following 
papers  were  communicated  :  '  The  Diophantine 
Equation,  xn-  JV?y"=«,'  by  Major  P.  A.  MacMahon, 
— '  On  the  Form  of  the  Surface  of  a  Searchlight 
Reflector,'  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Jackson, — 'The  Potential 
Equation  and  Others  with  Function  given  on  the 
Boundary,'  by  Mr.  L.  F.  Richardson  (communicated 
by  Mr.  A.  Berry), — '  On  the  Limits  of  Real 
Variants,'  by  Mr.  J.  Mercer  (communicated  by 
Dr.  E.  W.  Barnes),  —  and  '  The  Asymptotic 
Expansion  of  Integral  Functions  defined  by 
Generalized  Hypergeometric  Scries,'  by  Dr. 
Barnes. 

MEETINGS   NEXT   WEEK. 

Tutus.  Royal  Institution,  :!.  — '  Signalling  to  a  Hiftanro,  from  Primf 
ti\c  Man  to  ltailiotelegnii'hy,'  Leoture  I.,  Mr.  W.  Duildoll. 
(Juvenile  Lectors.) 

S\T.  Royal  Institution,  3.—' Signalling  to  a  I>i\tanee.  from  Primi- 
tive Man  to  Hndiotulegrai'liy,  Lecture  LI.,  Mr.  W.  Dud.lell. 
(Juvenile  Lecture.] 


%timzt  (Gossip. 

The  death  on  the  14th  inst.  is  announced, 
in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of  his  age.  of 
Frof.  J.  A.  C.  Oudemans.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam in  December,  1827,  he  studied  at 
Leyden,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
chief  of  the  survey  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indian  Islands  and  of  the  triangulation  of 
Java.  Returning  to  Europe  in  1875,  he 
was     made    Professor     of     Astronomy     at 


808 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


Utrecht,  where  his  literary,  as  well  as 
observational,  works,  were  very  numerous 
and  important.  He  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  London 
in  1883. 

Prof.  Albbecht  Thaeb,  whose  death  at 
the  age  of  seventy-eight  is  announced  from 
Giessen,  was  widely  known  as  an  eminent 
authority  on  agricultural  matters.  He  had 
acquired  a  thorough  practical  knowledge 
of  his  subject,  and  had  studied  the  English 
methods,  before  taking  up  liis  work  at  home. 
In  1871  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Agriculture  at  Giessen,  and  filled  this  post 
till  his  retirement  in  1901.  Among  his 
numerous  writings  are  '  System  der  Land- 
wirtschaft  '  and  '  Wirtschaftsdirektion  des 
Landguts. ' 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  Michie  Smith, 
Director  of  the  Kodaikanal  and  Madras 
Observatories,  Bulletin  No.  VII.,  containing 
a  list  of  the  solar  prominences  observed  at 
Kodaikanal  during  the  second  half  of  1905, 
together  with  an  abstract  of  the  results 
for  the  whole  year,  which  shows  a  slight 
diminution  in  the  number  of  those  pheno- 
mena. 

According  to  Dr.  Stromgren's  ephemeris, 
Thiele's  comet  (g,  1906)  will  be  moving  next 
week  nearly  in  an  easterly  direction  through 
the  northern  part  of  the  constellation 
Bootes,  its  apparent  place  at  the  end  of  the 
month  being  approximately  R.A.  15h.  9m., 
N.P.D.  30°  38',  within  the  boundary  of 
Draco,  and  the  brightness  about  half  what 
it  was  at  the  time  of  discovery.  (In  our 
'  Science  Gossip  '  last  week  for  "  by  Ursse 
Majoris  "  read  £Ursae  Majoris.) 

Hebr  Ebell  publishes  in  No.  4141  of  the 
Astronomische  Nachrichten  the  elements  of 
the  orbit  of  Metcalf's  comet  {h,  1906), 
which  prove  that  it  is  moving  in  an  ellipse 
of  7-59  years'  period.  The  perihelion 
passage  took  place  on  the  5th  inst.,  and 
the  ephemeris  shows  that  at  the  end  of  the 
year  the  comet's  distance  from  us  will  be 
the  same  as  that  of  the  sun,  increasing,  and 
that  the  brightness  is  now  less  than  half 
what  it  was  at  the  time  of  discovery,  so  that 
it  is  beyond  the  reach  of  any  but  very 
powerful  telescopes. 

Three  more  small  planets  have  been 
discovered  photographically  by  Mr.  Metcalf, 
of  Taunton,  Mass. — two  on  the  14th,  and 
one  on  the  19th  ult. 

We  have  received  the  eleventh  number 
of  vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  delta  Societa 
degli  Spetlroscopisti  Italiani,  containing  an 
article  by  Dr.  Hasselberg,  of  Pulkowa,  on 
the  life  and  work  of  the  late  great  Swedish 
spectroscopist,  Prof.  Thalen  of  Upsala  ;  and 
a  continuation  of  the  spectroscopical  images 
of  the  solar  limb  observed  by  the  late  Prof. 
Tacchini  at  Rome  to  the  end  of  February, 
1880.  " 


FINE   ARTS 


The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  :  a  Complete 
Dictionary  of  Contributors  and  their 
Work  from  Us  Foundation  in  1769  to 
1904.  By  Algernon  Graves.  Vol.  VII. 
(H.  Graves  and  Bell  &  Sons.) 

Mr.  Graves's  seventh  volume,  which 
brings  the  alphabetical  sequence  from 
Sacco  to  Tofano,  has  been  kept  back 
by  circumstances  which  called  for  general 
sympathy.  If,  however,  there  has  been 
a  few  weeks'  delay  in  the  publishing, 
there  has  apparently  been  none  in  the 
printing,  for  we  understand  that  nearly 


the  whole  of  the  eighth  and  concluding 
volume  is  in  type.  Many  booksellers  and 
collectors  hesitated  to  subscribe  to  this 
great  single-handed  work  at  its  begin- 
ning, from  the  not  unreasonable  fear  that 
it  might  never  be  finished  ;  and  it  must  be 
admitted  that  an  incomplete  work  of  this 
kind  is  a  sore  trial  to  those  who  have  sub- 
scribed. Fortunately,  nothing  can  now 
prevent  this  '  Dictionary  '  from  reaching 
its  natural  termination. 

Although  not  so  interesting  as  some  of 
the  previous  volumes,  the  present  instal- 
ment has  many  points  of  importance.     It 
includes  only  one  President  of  the  Royal 
Academy,    Sir    Martin    A.    Shee,    whose 
pictures — at  all  events,  his  earlier  ones — 
were  a  good  deal  better  than  his  poetry, 
but    whose    art    as    a    portrait    painter 
has    been    considerably  damaged   by  the 
frightful  fashions,  both  male  and  female, 
which  it  was  his  misfortune  to  transmit  to 
posterity.     Shee  was  exhibiting  from  1789 
to  1845,  and  so  covered  the  very  best  and 
the   very   worst   periods   of   English   art. 
Some  of  his  earlier  work  has  been  ascribed 
to  a  far  greater  artist,  Hoppner  ;    and  we 
know  of  at  least  one  fine  family  group,  fre- 
quently exhibited  as  by  Romney,  which 
we  have  strong  reasons  for  believing  to  be 
by  Shee.     It  is  not  easy  to  realize  that 
Shee's   great  rival,   Lawrence,   only  pre- 
ceded him  by  two  years  as  an  exhibitor  at 
the    Royal    Academy,    yet    such    is    un- 
doubtedly  the   case.     Every   season   the 
saleroom     shows     how     completely    the 
fame  of  Shee  is  overshadowed  by  that  of 
Lawrence,    for   even   fifth  -  rate   portraits 
by  the   latter   sell  for    much  more  than 
infinitely    finer    pictures    by    Shee.     Mr. 
Graves's  nine  columns  of  Sir  Martin  Shee's 
exhibits    show    that    the    President    was 
extremely    fortunate    in    the    matter    of 
wealthy  and  influential  patrons  after  he 
succeeded  Romney  in  Cavendish  Square 
and  his  election  as  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy.     Before  that — i.e.,  1798 
— his  sitters  were  not  so  much  "  mixed  " 
as  of  a  minor  type.     We  find,  for  instance, 
that  cantankerous  railer  at  English  art, 
Anthony  Pasquin,  a  few  second-rate  actors 
and  actresses,   with   an  occasional  army 
officer,  and  a  good  many  "  gentlemen  " 
whose  names,  even  where  the  industry  of 
Mr.  Graves  has  revealed  their  identities, 
do  not  convey  much  to  readers  of  to-day. 
Shee's  first  royal  portrait,  the    Duke  of 
Clarence,  exhibited  in  1800,  and  painted 
for  the   merchants   of   Liverpool,   was   a 
social  triumph  which  served  as  a  magnifi- 
cent advertisement  for  him. 

One  meets  with  many  well-known  and 
honoured  names  in  English  art  in  turning 
over  Mr.  Graves's  pages.  We  have  here  the 
Sandbys,  the  Stanfields,  Dominic  Serres, 
James  Sant  (whose  exhibits  from  1840  to 
1904  occupy  nearly  ten  columns),  the 
Shelleys,  the  Sass  family,  James  Stark, 
J.  S.  Sargent,  Linley  Sambourne,  Henry 
Singleton  (who  exhibited  from  1784  to 
1839),  Sir  John  Soane,  and  Joseph  Severn 
(whose  famous  portrait  of  Keats  was  exhi- 
bited at  the  Academy  of  1819).  The  whole 
volume  seems  to  be  dominated  by  the 
great  Smith  family,  which  takes  up  some 
80    columns.     Many  of    the    Smiths    are 


represented  by  only  one  or  two  exhibits, 
and  no  one  will  envy  the  compiler  the 
thankless  task  of  disentangling  their 
names.  Mr.  Graves  has  apparently  ap- 
pealed to  the  living  representatives"  of 
some  of  the  exhibitors,  and,  notably  in  the 
case  of  Anker  Smith,  the  details  which 
he  has  thus  obtained  render  his  entries  of 
unusual  value.  There  is  still  a  good  deal 
of  doubt  and  confusion  surrounding  the 
identities  of  some  of  the  other  Smiths,  which 
perhaps  some  enterprising  member  of  that 
family  will  one  day  satisfactorily  solve. 
We  meet  with  an  anachronism,  for  in- 
stance, in  the  case  of  Charles  Smith,  who 
exhibited  from  1789  to  1829,  according 
to  Mr.  Graves.  This  is  obviously  the 
man  who,  according  to  the  '  D.N.B.,'  died 
in  1824  ;  there  is  a  gap  in  the  exhibits 
entered  under  his  name  from  1823  to  1829, 
and  there  can,  we  think,  be  no  doubt  that 
the  Charles  Smith  of  1829  whose  residence 
is  given  as  32,  York  Place,  Edinburgh  (and 
one  of  whose  two  exhibits  is  a  portrait  of 
David  Wilkie),  is  a  distinct  person  from 
the  Charles  Smith  who  is  said  to  have 
died  in  1824. 

We  have  marked  for  brief  comment 
some  scores  of  Mr.  Graves's  entries.  Mile. 
Duvernay,  whose  portrait  by  F.  Salabert 
was  in  the  Academy  of  1837,  was  the  famous 
dancer  who  married  Mr.  Lyne  Stephens. 
We  have  noticed  in  previous  volumes  por- 
traits of  Capt.  Manby  and  pictures  of  his 
famous  invention  for  saving  the  life  of 
shipwrecked  sailors  and  passengers  :  in 
this  volume  there  is  a  picture  of  his  inven- 
tion by  F.  Sartorius,  exhibited  at  the 
Academy  of  1808  ;  yet  the  grave  of  this 
Manby,  one  of  the  real  benefactors  of  the 
human  race,  is  in  a  most  shocking  state 
of  dilapidation  and  neglect  at  Hilgay, 
Norfolk.  Miss  Sass's  '  Fusia  Coccinia,' 
R.A.  1805,  should  be  called  Fuchsia  coc- 
cinea.  Saxon's  portrait  of  Sir  Richard 
Phillips,  Sheriff  of  London  (R.A.  1808), 
reminds  one  of  another  portrait  of  the 
same  personage,  from  the  pen  of  George 
Borrow,  whose  delineation  is  certainly 
less  flattering.  A  little  lower  down  in  the 
same  column  (p.  37)  we  have  a  picture  of 
the  '  Entrance  to  Paris  by  the  Barriere  de 
Chichy  '  ;  we  should  have  thought  that 
no  English  visitor  to  Paris  could  pass  such 
an  obvious  slip  for  Clichy.  A.  C.  Sealy's 
"  Tresca,"  Scilly  (p.  68),  is  an  error  for 
Tresco  ;  and  surely  "  platting  straw  "  on 
p.  69,  a  solitary  exhibit  of  Sebastiani  de 
Brocilla,  should  be  "  plaiting  straw." 

It  seems  a  pity  that  Mr.  Graves  did  not 
submit  his  entry  of  the  exhibits  of  Mr. 
C.  W.  Sherborn  to  that  artist,  as  the 
"  ex-libria  "  and  "  book-plate  "  exhibits 
from  1886  to  1904  are  very  irritating 
obscurities  :  probably  Mr.  Sherborn  would 
have  been  pleased  to  supply  the  names  of 
owners  of  the  various  book-plates,  and 
bring  joy  to  the  hearts  of  hundreds  of 
collectors.  The  compiler  appears  to  have 
made  a  blunder  in  connexion  with  the 
first  entry  of  D.  Skeaf  (p.  148),  1807.  To 
753*  he  adds,  "  In  the  index,  but  no  such 
number  in  the  Catalogue."  If  Mr.  Graves 
will  look  again  at  his  catalogue  of  the  R.A. 
for  that  year,  p.  31,  he  will  probably  find 
at  the  bottom  of  that  page  three  "  star  " 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^IUM 


80£ 


entries,  one  of  which  is  "  753*  A  View 
in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  D.  Skeaf." 
The  same  mistake  is  made  with  the  other 
two  "  star  "  entries  of  pictures  by  J.  N. 
Sartorius  and  W.  P.  Sherlock,  and  leads 
us  to  suppose  that  his  catalogue  is  im- 
perfect :  they  are  certainly  in  our  copy. 
Stavely's  group  of  children  in  the  1788 
Academy  is  annotated  "  Mrs.  Fuljames's 
family  "  ;  this  is  doubtless  a  misprint 
for  Foljambe  ;  and  "  Rue-de-Penthiure, 
Paris  "  (p.  302)  is  probably  meant  to  be 
Rue  de  Penthievre.  Walter  F.  Tiffin, 
who  figures  here  (pp.  394-5)  as  a  minia- 
ture painter,  is  probably  best  known  to-day 
as  the  author  of  an  entertaining  little  book 
entitled  '  Gossip  about  Portraits,'  pub- 
lished in  1866  by  Bohn  ;  and  Sir  William 
Tite  (who  exhibited  at  the  R.A.  from  1817 
to  1860)  is  now  chiefly  remembered  as  the 
makers  of  a  splendid  library. 

Foreign  exhibitors  do  not  make  a  big 
show  in  this  volume,  although  a  number 
of  ladies  with  foreign  names  seem  to 
have  married  Englishmen.  Italian  sculp- 
tors and  German  artists  (or  Englishmen 
with  aggressively  German  names,  e.g.  the 
two  Scharfs)  apparently  preponderate. 
We  have  noticed  a  few  French  artists. 
Philip  Sadee  and  E.  A.  Sain  were  each 
represented  in  the  1874  Academy  by  a 
single  work,  and  exhibited  no  more. 
James  Tissot  contributed  from  1864 
to  1881,  Ary  Scheffer  from  1851  to 
1856  ;  and  the  late  Fritz  Thaulow — a 
French  artist  by  training,  though  not  by 
birth — was  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
Academy  from  1899. 

The  frontispiece  to  the  new  volume  is  a 
portrait  of  Frederic,  Lord  Leighton. 


Under  the  Syrian  Sun  :  The  Lebanon, 
Baalbek,  Galilee,  and  Judcea.  By  A.  C. 
Inchbold.  With  40  Full  -  Page  Coloured 
Plates  and  8  Black-and- White  Drawings  by 
Stanley  Inchbold.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) — 
The  chief  merit  of  this  book  lies  in  the 
coloured  plates,  most  of  which  are  interest- 
ing, while  a  few  are  of  great  beauty.  Here 
and  there  the  artist  does  not  seem  to  have 
reckoned  with  the  conditions  of  reproduction, 
as  in  his  '  Moab  Hills  from  Mount  Zion,' 
where  the  glow  of  sunset  on  the  mountain 
wall  has  a  look  of  skin  eruption  far  from  the 
mystic  flush  we  remember  like  a  vision ; 
and  he  has  an  eye  for  the  striking  rather 
than  the  typical,  which  takes  something 
from  the  value  of  his  work  as  illustrative 
of  Syria.  His  '  Rain  Effect  over  the  Dead 
Sea  and  Jericho,'  though  highly  successful, 
is  not  particularly  Syrian.  '  Sunset  over 
the  Mediterranean  from  Mount  Carmel  ' 
(a  rare  harmony  in  mauve)  and  '  The  Mediter- 
ranean from  the  Mountains  of  Lebanon  ' 
(Joseph's  coat  for  colours)  both  seem  false- 
hoods here  from  being  exceptional,  though 
in  no  way  exaggerating  the  wonders  of 
Eastern  sun  set.  In  fact,  Mr.  Inchbold 
has  indulged  in  such  an  orgy  of  strong 
effects  that  we  see  little  in  his  work  of  that 
enigmatic  aloofness,  near  austerity,  consist- 
ing in  the  rigidity  of  apparently  soft  out- 
lines, which  is  the  main  characteristic  of 
Syrian  landscape,  and,  chilling  at  the  outset, 
gradually  fascinates  the  observer.  It  is 
present,  however,  in  his  '  Sea  of  Galileo 
and  Mount  Hermon,'  and  seen  s  intensely 
realized  in  '  The  Wilderness  of  Judsra,'  just 
after    sunset,   which    we    think     the    finest 


picture  here,  as  it  is  emotionally  the  most 
rt  strained. 

At  Jerusalem  and  Baalbek  Mr.  Inchbold 
has  made  good  choice  of  subjects,  though 
one  or  two  are  hackneyed — objectionably 
so  '  The  Tower  of  Antonia,'  which  admits 
of  no  new  treatment.  There  is  but  one 
coloured  plate  in  the  book  to  which  we  take 
unqualified  exception — a  bird's-eye  view 
of  Nazareth.  It  is  inartistic  and  downright 
ugly.  The  reproduction  of  all  these  water- 
colours  seems  excellent. 

The  letterpress,  oddly  unconcerned  with 
the  pictures,  is  a  lady's  account  of  her 
travels — pleasant,  but  much  too  wordy — 
interspersed  with  a  lot  of  trite  and  often 
worthless  information,  which  simply  embodies 
the  commonplaces  of  social  intercourse  in  a 
land  where  every  one  sets  up  for  an  autho- 
rity. We  cannot  help  fidgeting  at  lectures 
on  abstruse  Eastern  matters  airily  delivered 
by  an  author  who  writes  of  "  El-Hassein 
and  El-Hossein,  sons  of  Ali."  Had  she 
taken  her  task  less  didactically  it  would 
have  been  much  better,  for  the  East  is 
hardly  to  be  conveyed  by  explanation, 
and  her  spirited  little  description  of  a  camel 
jumping  a  ditch  is  worth  more  in  this  con- 
nexion than  her  long  treatise  on  the  Druze 
religion.  For  this,  frnong  other  reasons, 
she  ranks  in  this  work  below  the  artist. 

A  book  from  Mr.  Walter  Crane  is  one  of 
the  pleasures  of  the  Christmas  season. 
This  time  it  is  Flowers  from  Shakespeare's 
Garden  (Cassell),  pictured  with  the  author's 
usual  fantastic  grace,  which  makes  human 
figures  out  of  the  varying  forms  of  petals, 
or,  where  that  is  not  possible,  clothes  the 
figure  in  a  dress  of  the  flower  mentioned. 
We  do  not  think  the  marjoram  successful  ; 
for  in  this  case  the  flower,  used  by  Shak- 
speare  for  the  warm  tints  of  human  hair, 
is  represented  as  almost  colourless.  Wood- 
bine and  larkspur  and  eglantine  have  pro- 
vided excellent  fantasy,  and  Mr.  Crane  is 
generally  well  inspired.  His  nettle  warrior 
is  a  characteristic  example  of  his  ingenuity 
and  taste. 


THE     GOUPIL    GALLEBY    SALON. 

This  exhibition,  with  which  Messrs. 
Marchant  have  inaugurated  their  new  suite 
of  galleries,  reflects,  on  the  whole,  credit 
upon  its  organizers.  To  furnish  so  spacious 
an  annexe  to  their  premises,  they  have  had 
to  cast  their  net  wide,  and  it  were  too  much 
to  pretend  that  every  capture  they  have 
made  is  desirable.  Yet  the  collection  is 
distinctly  in  advance  of  what  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  in  the  way  of  modern  pictures 
in  dealers'  galleries  :  amongst  much  that 
is  ordinary  and  a  little  that  is  impudent  and 
meretricious,  we  find  a  core  of  painting  of 
genuine  merit  and  variety. 

The  opening  pictures  of  the  show  are  not 
happily  chosen  for  predisposing  the  critical 
to  favourable  consideration.  Mr.  Bertram 
I'riestman's  Valley  of  Llaningen  almost  wins 
you  with  its  agreeable  colour,  but  fails  with 
the  sky,  which  has  movement  of  a  kind, 
though  not  that  complex  order  in  movement 
which  belongs  to  celestial  arrangements.  Mr. 
J.  B.  K.  Duff's  The  Flock  is  the  best  work 
of  this  painter  we  have  seen,  meritorious  in 
its  sustained  observation  of  the  beasts,  but 
marred  somewhat  by  the  vague  human 
forms.  Mr.  Jamicson's  St.  Sulpice  is  a 
more  refreshing  pluncmenon  in  this  kind 
of  exhibition,  with  its  ringing  colour  and 
bold  initiative.  It  is  not  very  subtle 
painting,  but  very  welcome  within  the  Bond 
Street  half-mile  radius:  it  is  much  better 
than  his  Versailles,  with  the  discordant 
bands  of  red  in  the  distance  that  are  notice- 
able elsewhere  in  the  exhibition. 


Mr.  Shackleton  approaches  colour  from  i 
the  side  of  processes.  Boused  to  its  study 
not  so  much  by  the  beauty  of  nature  as 
by  that  of  certain  forms  of  art,  he  would 
seem  to  have  analyzed  the  methods  by  which, 
say,  a  late  Turner  was  made,  and  to  have 
endeavoured  to  reproduce  that  pigmental 
phenomenon  in  an  exaggerated  form,  so  as 
to  wring  from  it  its  utmost  of  possible 
iridescence.  His  Wind  and  Spray  convinces 
us  of  the  approximate  correctness  of  his 
intuition ;  almost  thus,  no  doubt,  did 
Turner  work  as  regards  management  of 
his  pigments.  None  the  less  is  the  picture 
excruciating  in  colour,  and  wanting  in  re- 
straint. The  technical  side  of  colour  has 
doubtless  been  neglected  among  us,  but  this 
use  of  colour  at  its  most  exciting  pitch — 
which  was  made  possible  in  Turner  by  a- 
lifetime  of  close  study  of  the  colour-structure 
of  Nature,  so  that  in  the  veriest  orgy  of 
brilliance  he  instinctively  observed  the 
spirit  of  modesty  and  reticence  that  belongs 
to  her  creations — is  in  a  high  degree  unsuited 
for  adoption  ready-made  by  one  who  has 
not  gone  through  the  earlier  stages  of  such 
an  apprenticeship.  In  the  hands  of  such 
a  one  it  produces  something  invertebrate 
and  "  J8mmy,"  wanting  in  easy  subordina- 
tion of  parts. 

I  Very  different  from  such  an  attempt  to 
capture  a  full-blown  art  by  violent  attack 
on  it  from  one  of  its  aspects  is  the  harmonious 
art  of  Mr.  James  Aumonier.  It  seems  to 
have  sprung  naturally  from  his  love  of 
Nature,  and  from  this  centre  to  have 
developed  evenly  in  every  direction,  not 
spasmodically  with  exaggerated  attention 
to  any  one  side  of  art,  but  with  something 
of  the  natural  opening  of  a  plant  ;  and  in 
such  an  unusually  fine  example  asj£  his 
Sunlight  on  the  Douns,  in  the  second  room,. 
we  see  in  the  very  tooth  of  his  paint  a 
similarly  delicate  fibrous  growth,  quiet  and 
sustained.  The  serene  superiority  of  this 
mature  and  well-rounded,  yet  spontaneous 
artover  theneighbouring  pictures  is  manifest : 
Mr.  Laidlay's  garish  and  theatrical  picture, 
which  is  hung  disastrously  to  balance  it,, 
looks  as  though  placed  there  by  way  of  a 
joke,  so  impossible  is  it  to  consider  it 
seriously  alongside  the  deep  reality  of  Mr. 
Aumonier's.  Mr.  Jose  Weiss,  even  in  his 
best  contribution  to  the  show,  becomes 
recognizable  as  but  a  well-trained  dealer's- 
painter  ;  while  to  hang  a  picture  by  Mr. 
F.  Spenlove-Spenlove  en  the  same  wall 
seems  to  imply  a  want  of  perception  of 
essential  differences.  Alone  of  the  pictures 
in  this  room  Mr.  Buxton  Knight's  rich  and 
forcible  Harwich  survives  to  some  extent 
the  vicinity  of  one  of  the  quietest  and  least 
obtrusive  pictures  in  the  collection. 

In  the  third  gallery  Mr.  Austen  Brown's 
little  picture  At  1'aslure  is  truthful,  if  a 
trifle  melodramatic,  and  interesting  to  com- 
pare with  the  tame  and  frittering  rendering 
of  a  similar  subject  by  Mr.  Arnesby  Brown 
opposite.  Balancing  the  latter,  Mr.  Clausen 
at  least  uses  in  l<  rcible  fashion  the  broken 
colour  which  with  Mr.  Brown  is  but  a  device 
for  spreading  the  interest  ev<  nly  over  the 
canvas.  This  moderate  achievement  is  all 
that  we  can  claim  for  the  second-rate 
examples  here  shown  of  the  work  of  M.  lo 
Sidaner,  whose  name  impcees  sometimes 
unnecessarily  <n  English  critics.  Compare 
the  mechanical  vibration  of  his  paint  in 
these  pictures  with  the  subtler  quality  in 
Mr.  Aumonier's  work.  Much  to  be  preferred 
to  such  scientific  thrills  is  the  unctuous 
impasto  of  Mr.  Lambert's  Th*  <Hjt,  where 
he  si  ows  <  nee  n  <  re  a  certain  genius  for  the 
handling  of  paint.  Mr.  Peppercorn's  Stud- 
land  Ccmmon  suffers  from  a  monotony  in. 
the  quality  of  the  edges,  the  glassy  quality 
of  his  forcgroimd  of  gorse  being  obtrusively- 


810 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


false.  Mr.  Priestman's  A  Mile  from  the  Town 
fails  once  more  in  the  sky.  Here  is  a  want 
of  continuity  in  his  comparison  of  form,  a 
lack  of  the  keen  eye  for  rhythm  which  makes 
Mr.  Aumonier's  sky  (visible  through  the 
doorway,  and  so  useful  as  an  object  of  com- 
parison) a  mass  of  drifting  vapour  not  only 
moving  from  end  to  end,  but  also  moving 
in  varied  fashion,  not  of  a  piece.  With  all 
its  simplicity  it  makes  you  feel  the  per- 
spective and  depth  of  the  sky,  whereby  the 
nearer  clouds  seem  to  move  faster  than 
the  distant  ones,  as  well  as  the  elasticity  of 
the  clouds  themselves,  trailing  and  dragging 
on  their  course.  The  flock  of  sheep,  too,  in 
Mr.  Aumonier's  picture  is  a  fine  example  of 
sustained  rhythm. 

The  water-colours  in  the  remaining  gallery 
reach  a  higher  average  of  excellence  than 
the  oil  paintings.  Mr.  George  Thomson 
might  be  better  hung,  but  his  two  drawings 
have  the  truthfulness  and  reserve  we 
expect  of  one  of  the  first  water-colour 
painters  of  the  day.  By  comparison  Mr. 
Sims  is  determined  to  please,  no  matter 
how.  His  '  Arabian  Nights  '  subject  (in  a 
mixed  medium,  principally  pastel)  is  a 
medley  of  scraps  of  detail  of  every  sort 
that  may  be  regarded  as  romantic.  It  is 
preposterously  clever  and  undeniably  attrac- 
tive, but  one  trembles  for  the  future  of  a 
painter  who  holds  himself  so  little  in  hand. 
Mr.  Walter  Russell's  tlglise  St.  Nicholas, 
Miss  Ethel  Walker's  portrait  of  Mrs.  Beau- 
mont, Mr.  James's  Roses,  the  interior  by 
Mr.  Winter  Shaw,  and  the  drawings  by  Mr. 
Lambert  are  all  worthy  of  notice.  Sir 
William  Eden's  sketches  display  a  sense  of 
style  rather  remarkable  in  amateur  work. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  ART  GALLERY. 

Hebe  is  another  gallery  which  suggests 
that  some  day  the  innocent  purchaser  may 
frequent  the  shops  of  dealers  without  having 
foisted  upon  him  the  "  upholsterer's  picture." 
Three  fine  flower  pieces  by  Fantin-Latour 
and  a  low-toned  landscape  by  Mr.  James 
Aumonier  are  the  principal  attractions, 
and  by  comparison  with  these  full-blooded 
pictures  of  such  varied  merit,  some  of  the 
other  things  are  a  little  slight  in  character. 
Mr.  Becker's  lithographs  may  be  taken  as 
typical  of  such  work.  They  are  strong, 
telling  sketches,  but  hardly  sufficiently 
considered  to  call  for  multiple  existence. 
The  Lost  Sheep  is  the  best.  A  beautiful 
study  of  drapery  by  Albert  Moore  is  very 
restful  among  these  somewhat  strident 
i  black-and-white  drawings. 


SALES. 

Messes.  Christie  sold  on  the  15th  inst.  the 
following.  Drawings :  M.  Maris,  A  View  of  a 
Town,  with  an  old  chateau,  105/.  Birket  Foster, 
Cologne,  Sunset,  SOL  ;  A  Road  Scene,  with  cot- 
tages and  sheep,  173/.  T.  S.  Cooper,  A  Group 
of  Cattle  on  the  Bank  of  a  River,  105/.  Pictures  : 
R.  Ansdell,  Goatherds,  Gibraltar  :  Looking  across 
the  Strait  into  Africa,  199/.  H.  Fantin-Latour, 
Chrysanthemums  in  a  Vase,  102/.  T.  S.  Cooper, 
The  Old  Clachan  of  Aberfoil,  in  the  Rob  Roy 
C  luntry,  131/. 

I'll'-  same  firm  sold  on  the  17th  hist,  a  picture 
by  T.  S.  Cooper,  Four  Cows  in  a  Pasture:  Even- 
ing, for  117/. 


Jfint-^rt  (gossip. 

At  the  Leicester  Galleries  in  the  first 
week  of  the  new  year  an  exhibition  of  15 
pictures  by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Shannon,  and 
75  water-colours  of  the  South  Downs  by 
Miss  Ruth  Dollman,  will  be  opened.  At 
<the  same  place  in  the  first  week  of  February 


an  exhibition  will  be  held  of  the  works  of  the 
late  James  Charles,  of  whom,  it  may  be 
remembered,  we  spoke  recently  at  some 
length. 

One  of  the  best-known  pictures  in  the 
Irish  National  Portrait  Gallery  in  Dublin 
is  *  The  Muster  of  the  Irish  Volunteers  in 
College  Green  in  1779,'  painted  by  Wheatley, 
and  exhibited  at  the  Society  of  Artists  in 
1780.  A  companion  picture,  representing 
the  interior  of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons, 
painted  by  the  same  artist  in  the  same  year, 
was  shown  at  the  Dublin  Exhibition  of  1853, 
after  which  it  disappeared.  It  has  now 
been  recovered, '  along  with  another  contem- 
porary picture  by  Nicholas  Kenny,  painted 
for  Henry  Grattan,  M.P.,  and  representing 
the  episode  of  the  Declaration  of  Rights  in 
the  Irish  Parliament  in  1782.  It  is  expected 
that  one  or  both  of  these  pictures  will  be 
acquired  for  the  Irish  national  collection.      | 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Louis 
Cosme  Demaille,  the  sculptor,  who  was 
born  at  Gigondas  (Vaucluse)  on  March  21st, 
1837,  and  studied  under  Emile  Lecomte. 
He  entered  the  111  cote  des  Beaux- Arts  in 
October,  1862,  and  began  to  exhibit  at  the 
Salon  of  1863,  his  first  contribution  being 
'  Hercule  etouffant  les  Serpents '  ;  and  he 
continued  to  exhibit  there  until  this  year, 
when  he  sent  a  portrait  of  the  late  Dr. 
Beraud,  Senator  for  Vaucluse,  and  '  La 
Fourmi,'  a  statuette  in  terra-cotta.  He 
obtained  medals  in  1866  and  in  1885. 

The  interesting  collection  of  Greek  and 
Roman  coins,  and  pictures  by  Old  Masters, 
and  the  library  belonging  to  the  late  Canon 
Harford  are  to  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Knight, 
Frank  &  Rutley  shortly  after  Christmas. 
The  Canon  was  a  well-known  collector,  and 
his  house  in  Dean's  Yard  was  a  veritable 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK, 

Madame    Charles    Cahier :     Miss     Lydia 
Obree. 

We  recently  noticed  the  highly  successful 
debut  of  Mile.  Maria  Gay,  the  Spanish 
artist,  at  a  performance  of  '  Carmen ' 
at  Covent  Garden.  Engagements  in 
South  America  will  prevent  her  from 
being  in  London  during  the  regular  opera 
season,  but  it  is  said  that  she  will 
form  one  of  the  attractions"of  the  autumn 
season  of  the  Naples  company.  Another 
singer,  Madame  Charles  Cahier,  who 
gave  a  second  recital  at  Bechstein  Hall 
on  Monday  afternoon,  has  already  won 
favour.  She  has  a  fine  voice  of  contralto 
quality  and  of  wide  compass,  and  in  her 
rendering  of  Italian,  French,  German, 
and  English  songs  proved  not  only  that 
she  has  been  well  trained,  but  also  that 
she  understands  and  feels  the  music  she 
interprets.  In  the  '  Sapho '  stanzas 
and  in  the  aria  "  0  pretre  de  Baal " 
from  Meyerbeer's  '  La  Prophete '  there 
was  a  strong  display  of  dramatic  power, 
and  we  are  not  surprised  to  learn  that 
she  will  probably  appear  at  Covent  Garden 
next  season.  In  rendering  Lieder  she  was 
excellent.  She  sang  two  songs  by  Antonio 
Caldara,  a  contemporary  of  Handel ;  and 
if  that  composer  wrote  many  arias  as  fine 
and  as  emotional  as  "  Come  raggio  di 
sol,"   it   would  be  well    to   rescue    them 


from  the  oblivion  into  which  they  have 
fallen. 

While  speaking  of  vocalists,  we  may 
make  good  an  omission.  Miss  Lydia  Obree, 
a  new  soprano,  appeared  at  the  last 
concert  given  by  Mr.  Thomas  Beecham 
with  well-deserved  success,  and  after- 
wards at  Mr.  Darbishire  Jones's  third 
recital  on  the  11th  inst.,  and  by  a 
sympathetic  voice  and  refined  style  she 
confirmed  first  impressions. 


Bechstein  Hall. — Herr  BusonVs  Piano- 
forte Recital. 
Herr  Busoni  gave  a  pianoforte  recital 
at  Bechstein  Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon. 
He  first  played  the  twenty-four  Chopin 
Preludes.  All  of  them  were  rendered  in 
masterful  style,  yet  in  some  numbers  one 
felt  that  the  reading  showed  the  indi- 
viduality of  Herr  Busoni  more  than  that 
of  Chopin.  An  interpreter  is  bound  to 
show  something j  of  his  own  ideas, 
otherwise  the  reading  of  a  work  would  be 
colourless,  but  they  should  never  seem  to 
override  those  of  the  composer.  The 
performance  of  Beethoven's  Sonata  in 
F  minor,  Op.  57,  was  also  fine,  though 
surely  the  middle  movement  was  some- 
what hurried  and  exaggerated  in  sentiment. 
Like  all  great  artists,  Herr  Busoni  pro- 
bably often  gives  a  reading  of  a  passage 
or  movement  of  which,  on  reflection,  he 
disapproves.  His  command  of  the  key- 
board enables  him  to  render  justice  to 
big  works  ;  and  when,  as  is  the  rule  rather 
than  the  exception,  intellect  and  emotion 
coalesce,  the  influence  he  exerts  over  hia 
audience  is  supreme. 


JEusiral  (iosstp. 

The  last  "  Twelve  o' Clock  "  concert  of 
the  year  was  held  at  the  /Eolian  Hall  on 
Friday  of  last  week.  Miss  Mathilde  Verne 
gave  a  notably  clear  and  spirited  perform- 
ance of  the  part  for  the  principal  instrument 
in  Schumann's  Pianoforte  Quintet,  and 
received  efficient  support  from  Madame 
Beatrice  Langley,  Miss  Dorothy  Bridson, 
Miss  Cecilia  Gates,  and  Miss  May  Mukle. 
Madame  Langley  played  in  good  style 
Tschaikowsky's  Suite  for  violin,  especially 
the  expressive  '  Melodie. '  A  melodious 
'  Fantasy  '  by  Mrs.  Bredt-Verne,  for  paino, 
violin,  and  'cello,  was  also  included  in  the 
programme.  Mr.  Hamilton  Earle  was  the 
vocalist. 

Mr.  York  Bowen  included  in  the  pro- 
gramme of  his  pianoforte  recital  at  the 
Eolian  Hall  yesterday  week  a  Sonata  in 
B  flat,  No.  4,  by  Carlo  Albanesi.  This  work, 
performed  for  the  first  time  in  London, 
contains  pleasing  material,  sound  workman- 
ship, and  writing  grateful  to  a  pianist  ;  but 
there  is  little  in  the  character  of  the  music 
to  persuade  us  that  the  composer  best  dis- 
plays his  talent  in  so  exacting  a  form.  Mr. 
York  Bowen's  programme  deserves  praise; 
all  the  numbers  were  unfamiliar,  with  the 
exception  of  Chopin's  b  minor  Sonata. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Cart  read  a  paper  on 
'  Spanish  Music '  before  the  members  of  the 
Musical  Association  on  the  11th  inst.  at 
Messrs.  Broadwood's.  The  subject  was  one 
of  peculiar  interest,  because  so  little  has  been 
written  about  it  in  the  English  language, 
and  the  lecturer  regretted  that  the  time  at 
his  disposal  admitted  of  only  a  brief  outline. 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


811 


Some  musical  illustrations  formed  a  special 
attraction,  notably  a  quartet  for  strings 
written  at  the  age  of  sixteen  by  J.  C.  Arriaga, 
a  promising  composer,  who  was  born  at  Bilbao 
in  1808,  but  who  died  when  only  twenty 
years  old.  He  studied  at  the  Paris  Con- 
servatoire, and  Cherubini  thought  highly 
of  his  gifts.  The  quartet  was  performed 
under  the  leadership  of  Seiior  Arbos. 

Mb.  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland  has  com- 
pleted the  third  volume  of  his  edition  of 
Grove's  '  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians,' 
which  covers  the  letters  M-P,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  this  instalment  will  be  ready  early  in 
February. 

In  the  Allgetneine  Musik-Zeitung  of 
December  there  is  an  article,  signed  R.  F., 
on  the  correspondence  between  Robert 
Franz  and  the  Baron  Arnold  von  Senfft- 
Pilsach,  which  is  on  the  eve  of  publication. 
Among  the  extracts  given  is  one  dated 
August  loth,  1880,  in  which  mention  is 
made  of  an  appreciative  "  brilliant  notice," 
Athenaeum,  August  7th,  concerning  the 
writer's  editions  of  the  works  of  Handel 
and  Bach.  The  notice  in  question  was 
from  the  pen  of  Prof.  Ebenezer  Prout. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hull. 
Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Royalty. — On  the  Side  of  the  Angels:  a 
I  Modern  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By  W.  L. 
f  Courtney. 

Though  produced  in  tentative  fashion  by 
a  body  calling  itself  the  Pioneers,  and 
with  the  ostentation  of  mystery  affected 
by  such  institutions,  Mr.  Courtney's  new 
<lrama  offends  no  prejudice,  and  shocks 
no  convention.  Except  that  the  dialogue 
possesses  qualities  that  justify  it  in 
claiming  to  be  literature,  it  is  hardly  to 
be  distinguished  from  the  average  of  the 
more  serious  dramatic  effort  of  the  day, 
and  it  steers  clear  of  such  problems, 
gloomy  or  controversial,  as  appeal 
ordinarily  to  the  supporters  of  stage 
societies.  In  one  respect  only  does  it 
offend  the  unwritten  laws  by  which  the 
modern  stage  is  supposed  to  be  governed. 
It  is  as  regards  its  hero  a  study  of 
pathology,  and  presents  actions  which, 
except  on  the  theory  of  disease  and 
consequent  irresponsibility,  would  be 
inconceivable  or  unacceptable.  So  com- 
pletely a  thing  of  the  day  is,  however, 
the  disease  from  which  the  hero  suffers 
that  to  prohibit  its  exposition  on  the  stage 
would  be  unduly  to  limit  the  dramatic 
field,  and  unjustly  to  handicap  the 
dramatist. 

A  nervous  subject,  a  free  liver,  and  ^a 
self-indulgent  man,  Major  Ralph  Haw- 
storne  is  seeking  recuperation  in  a  quiet 
village  in  Wharfedale.  The  house  he 
occupies  is  that  of  his  old  nurse,  Mrs. 
Mayhew,  whose  young  and  attractive 
daughter  Grace  is  nursing  him  back  into 
convalescence,  and  in  so  doing  earning  his 
gratitude  and  affection.  All  that  is 
necessary  to  his  recovery  is  repose  and 
<juietude,  and  these  things  are  ensured  by 
the  watchful  vigilance  of  Grace  and  the 


care  of  his  medical  attendant  Dr.  Raleigh. 
This  happy  state  of  affairs  is  interrupted 
by  the  arrival  of  a  visitor,  Lady 
(Enid)  Rolleston,  whose  appearance  is 
greeted  by  the  invalid  with  little  en- 
thusiasm. Her  acquaintance  with  him 
dates  from  happy  days  at  Simla, 
where,  after  the  fashion  of  frequenters  of 
that  pleasant  resort,  they  divided  their 
time  between  amateur  acting  and  a 
sufficiently  pronounced  style  of  flirtation. 
It  is  with  the  hops  of  renewing  these 
delights  that  Lady  Rolleston,  now  happily 
widowed,  seeks  out  the  Major,  and  invites 
him  to  join  the  12th  of  August  shooting 
party  of  her  brother,  the  Hon.  Guy 
Daneborough,  in  whose  neighbouring 
house  she  is  a  resident.  This  tempting, 
but  dangerous  offer  appeals  to  the  invalid, 
and  its  acceptance  is,  with  due  restrictions 
as  to  care,  permitted  by  Dr.  Raleigh. 
Much  to  Grace's  consternation,  accord- 
ingly, the  Major  betakes  himself  to  Ottley 
St.  Mary's.  The  result  is,  indeed,  scarcely 
a  success.  Yielding  to  the  temptations 
with  which  he  is  beset,  Major  Hawstorne 
falls  into  old  habits  of  indulgence,  and  in 
the  malaise  thus  produced,  takes  to 
injections  of  cocaine,  an  Indian  habit 
from  which  he  has  been  slowly  recovering, 
but  the  pernicious  influences  of  which 
instantly  and  terribly  reassert  themselves. 
His  sufferings  are  intensified  by  the  receipt 
of  intelligence  of  his  total  loss  of  fortune. 
At  this  point  Lady  Rolleston  interferes. 
Madly  in  love  with  the  Major,  she  offers  to 
marry  him,  pay  his  debts,  and  secure  his 
future.  An  offer  so  magnanimous  cannot 
be  spurned.  As  he  is  in  love  still  with 
Grace,  the  species  of  engagement  in  which 
he  is  involved  with  her  Ladyship  adds  to 
the  worries  of  the  Major,  who,  indulging 
in  champagne  after  cocaine,  grows  terribly 
wild  and  excited,  behaves  shockingly, 
and  compels  the  hostess  to  send  for 
Dr.  Raleigh.  Deaf  to  all  intercession 
on  the  part  of  her  ladyship,  Dr.  Raleigh, 
who  comes  attended  by  Grace  Mayhew, 
now  developed  into  a  full-fledged  nurse, 
insists  upon  removing  the  patient,  who, 
carefully  tended  and  deprived  of  narcotics, 
is  progressing  towards  recovery.  In  the 
absence  of  his  protectors  Lady  Rolleston 
finds  her  way  to  him,  and,  fully 
realizing  the  baseness  of  her  proceedings, 
offers,  in  case  he  will  be  hers,  to  supply 
him  with  the  cocaine  for  which  he  craves. 
Followed  by  the  doctor,  Grace  appears. 
Their  arrival  stops  the  execution  of  the 
diabolical  compact,  and  Grace  is  left  in 
possession  of  her  lover,  whose  infirmity  of 
purpose  casts  some  doubt  upon  her 
maintenance  of  her  prize. 

Not  a  particularly  sympathetic  person 
is  the  hero,  who  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Norman  McKinnel  finds  an  admirably 
powerful  interpreter.  Finely  contrasted 
are  the  characters  of  Lady  Rolleston, 
played  with  much  breadth  and  firmness 
by  Miss  Granville,  and  Grace,  represented 
tenderly  and  brightly  by  Miss  Lilian 
Braithwaite.  Admirable  sketches  of  types 
of  to-day  were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Playfair,  Mr.  A.  Vane  Tempest,  Miss 
Agnes   Thomas,   Miss   Florence   Haydon, 


Miss  Mabel  Beardsley,  and  other  artists ; 
and  the  whole  as  exposition  deserved 
the  highest  praise.  A  suggestion  of  the 
'  Peau  de  Chagrin '  of  Balzac  arose,  but 
was  dismissed.  The  whole,  as  has  been 
said,  is  brilliant  as  literature.  It  is 
powerful,  though  not  wholly  convincing, 
as  drama.  It  was  received  with  much 
favour,  and  should  appeal  to  a  public 
more  general  than  that  to  which  it  was 
submitted. 


"Besides  Prof.  Campbell's  translation  of 
Sophocles,  his  JEschylus  in  English  verse 
is  now  also  available  in  "  The  World's 
Classics "  (Frowde).  The  text  has  been 
revised  in  accordance  with  recent  critical 
study,  and  a  capable  version,  with  notes  in 
some  cases  a  little  old-fashioned,  but  gene- 
rally sound  and  interesting,  is  within  the 
reacli  even  of  the  poor  man  who  has  to 
think  about  his  pence.  It  is  an  extra- 
ordinary instance  of  the  cheapening  of  good 
books,  of  which  many  people  should  avail 
themselves. 


Dramatic  (Gossip. 

The  decision  come  to  at  a  representative 
meeting  of  actors  held  on  Tuesday  afternoon 
at  the  Garrick  Theatre,  under  the  presidency 
of  Mr.  John  Hare,  that  the  subscription  for 
a  statue  to  Sir  Henry  Irving  should  be  con- 
fined to  those  connected  or  associated  with 
the  stage,  was  virtually  unanimous.  That 
it  should  be  so  is  honouring  to  the  actor's 
craft.  Its  confinement  to  that  body  will 
impose  upon  it  a  financial  responsibility 
which  there  is  no  doubt  will  be  gladly  met. 
A  full-length  portrait  statue  of  the  actor, 
as  suggested  by  Mr.  Pinero,  is  obviously  in 
the  case  of  Irving  an  ideal  memorial.  Such 
mementoes  are,  however,  costly,  and  a 
heavy  demand  is  made  upon  a  not  particu- 
larly wealthy  or  well-paid  profession.  Quite 
worthy  is  the  sentiment  that  imposes  on  tho 
actors  the  desire  to  confine  the  commemora- 
tion to  themselves.  It  is  sentiment  wholly, 
however,  and,  in  case  of  any  not  to  be 
expected  shortcoming  in  receipts,  a  national 
appeal  is  not  to  be  discouraged.  Most  of 
our  monuments,  such  as  they  are,  are  national. 
We  gather  that  the  distinguished  body  in 
whose  hands  the  matter  rests  do  not  invite 
counsel,  which  we  will  not  intrude  upon 
them.  They  may  be  trusted  to  see  that 
the  task  of  commemorating  tho  great  actor 
is  put  into  competent  hands. 

The  wave  of  dramatic  production  at 
present  spreading  over  Ireland  has  reached 
Belfast,  where  two  new  plays  were  recently 
performed  in  the  Examination  Hall  of  the 
Queen's  College  by  tho  -Ulster  Literary 
Theatre  Company.  "'  The  Turn  of  the  Road,' 
by  R.  Mayne,  is  a  peasant  drama  with  a 
distinctively  northern  setting  ;  '  The  Pagan,' 
by  Lewis  Purcell,  a  comedy  of  the  heroic 
age,  with  a  sixth-century  Blanche  Araory 
as  heroine. 

For  the  third  time  '  Peter  Pan,'  by  Mr. 
Barrie,  constitutes  the  holiday  attraction  at 
the  Duke  of  York's.  .Miss  Pauline  Chase 
replaces  Miss  Nina  Boucicault  as  Peter  Pan  ; 
Mr.  Marsh  Allen.  Mr.  Gerald  Du  Maurier  as 
Mr.  Darling  ;  and  Miss  Sibyl  Carlisle,  Miss 
Dorothea  Baird  as  Mrs.  Darling.  Miss 
Hilda  Trevelyan  retains  her  character  of 
Wendy;  and  Mr.  Gerald  Du  Maurier 
reappears  as  the  Pirate  Captain,  and  Mr. 
George  Shelton  as  Smee. 


812 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4130,  Dec.  22,  1906 


'  Alice  ln  Wonderland  '  was  revived 
on  Thursday  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's,  for  a 
series  of  afternoon  performances, 

Owing  to  the  great  success  of  the  previous 
performances,  the  English  Drama  Society 
announced  for  yesterday,  to-day,  and  next 
Monday  a  repetition  of  their  representations 
of  the  Chester  Mystery  Plays  at  the  Blooms- 
bury  Hall,  Hart  Street. 

Mb.  Hamilton  Aide,  whose  death  is 
announced,  contributed  several  dramas  to 
the  stage.  The  best  known  of  these  was 
'  Philip,'  a  play  founded  in  part  upon 
Balzac,  and  produced  for  Irving  at 
the  Lyceum  on  February  7th,  1874. 
On  June  12th,  1875,  Aide  contributed 
to  the  Court  '  A  Nine  Days'  Wonder,'  a 
four-act  comedy  drama  strongly  influenced 
by  French  modes  of  thought.  '  Dr.  Bill,' 
adapted  from  '  Le  Docteur  Jo-Jo,'  was 
played  at  the  Avenue  on  February  1st,  1890. 

1  Petjnella  ;  or,  Love  in  a  Dutch 
Garden,'  by  Laurence  Housman  and  H. 
Granville  Barker,  is  announced  for  imme- 
diate publication  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen. 
This  charming  Pierrot  play,  produced  in 
1904,  was  revived  at  the  Court  Theatre  last 
summer  with  success.  For  the  book  Mr. 
Housman  has  designed  a  frontispiece,  en- 
graved on  wood  by  Miss  Housman. 

Mr.  Edwin  Danvers,  who  died  at  Hay- 
ward's  Heath  Asylum  on  the  12th  inst., 
enjoyed  in  the  sixties  much  popularity  in 
burlesque  at  the  Royalty  and  the  Strand. 

Mr.  Cosmo  Gordon  Lennox  is  commis- 
sioned to  adapt  for  Mr.  George  Alexander 
'  Le  Voleur,'  the  three-act  play  of  M.  Henry 
Bernstein,  which  constitutes  the  latest 
success  at  the  Renaissance.  The  proper 
title  of  the  original  is  '  La  Voleuse,'  which, 
however,  has  been  J  avoided  as  giving  away 
the  story.  Its  heroine,  a  married  woman 
who  steals  for  the  sake  of  supplying  herself 
with  fashionable  dresses,  was  a  fine  creation 
of  Madame  Simone  le  Bargy. 

'  Poliche,'  a  four-act  comedy  of  M. 
Henri  Bataille,  produced  at  the  Theatre 
Francais,  seems  hardly  suited  to  that  august 
establishment,  but  won  a  success,  principally 
due  to  the  presentation  of  the  hero  by  M. 
de  Feraudy. 

Frau  Vierna,  a  Munich  actress,  obtained 
at  the  Berliner  Theater  a  triumph  as  the 
heroine  of  '  Liselott,'  a  four-act  comedy  of 
Herr  Heinrich  Stobelzer.  Liselott  is  the 
German  Princess  Elizabeth  Charlotte,  wife 
of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  brother  of  Louis  XIV. 
She  was  called  by  the  Parisians  the  Princess 
Sauerkraut,  but  by  her  substitution  of  French 
for  German  dress  and  manners  recovers  the 
waning  love  of  her  Gallic  spouse. 


MISCELLANEA. 


'NATIVE    RACES    OF    AUSTRALIA.' 

On  behalf  of  the  general  reader,  whose 
wants  I  endeavour  to  supply  by  my  book 
on  the  natives  of  Australia,  I  must  protest 
against  your  reviewer's  insinuation  that  a 
lack  of  interest  in  foot-notes  implies  a 
leaning  towards  inexactness.  I  discern  no 
inecb.sary  relation  between  these  two  senti- 
ments. 

I  conceive  that  the  use  of  references  in 
foot-notes  is  to  permit  the  reader  to  check 
the  statements  by  reference  to  the  original 
authorities.  I  do  not  imagine  that  the 
general    reader   will   do   this,    even   if   your 


reviewer's  conception  of  bis  intelligence  is 
unduly  low. 

To  add  foot-notes  which  will  not  be 
utilized  is  to  sacrifice  some  pages  of  valuable 
space.  As  in  my  preface  I  promise  the 
more  inquisitive  spirits  a  bibliography  of 
the  whole  of  the  literature,  even  the  most 
exact  and  exacting  reader  may,  I  submit, 
feel  satisfied  with  his  opportunities  for 
verifying  my  statements. 

Northcote  W.  Thomas. 

%*  With  all  deference  to  Mr.  Thomas, 
we  cannot  admit  that  he  is  so  good  a  judge 
of  the  general  reader  and  of  popular  litera- 
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references  is  to  lead  a  few  of  the  more  in- 
telligent "  general  readers  "  to  special  study 
in  authorities  on  their  own  account.  They 
might  follow  up  such  clues,  though  they 
might  be  bewildered  by  the  mass  of  a  large 
bibliography. 


To  Correspondents.— W.  and  N.— T.  J.  C-S.— J.  P.  P. 
— Received. 

H.  K.  P.  —Not  suitable  for  us. 

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THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — '  The  Christmas  Boys  ' — Christmas  Memories — John  Manners  and  Dorothy  Vernon — 
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or  Hood  ? — Echidna. 

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Changes — "Poor  Dog  Tray" — "Police-office":  "  Police-court  "—Royal  Society  of  St.  George — 
Johnson's  Poems — Jacques  Droz  and  his  Spectacle  Mecanique — "Near  the  church  and  far  from 
God  " — Kirke  White — Houses  of  Historical  Interest— Victor  Claude  Perrin,  Duke  of  Belluno — ■ 
E.  C.  Brewer's  School  at  Mile  End — Madame  Tussaud's  Waxworks  at  Camberwell. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Purchas  His  Pilgrimes'— "The  Photogravure  Series"  — 'The  Complete 
Poetical  Works  of  Oliver  Goldsmith ' — '  Sea  Songs  and  Ballads' — '  The  Complete  Poetical  Works 
of  Thomas  Hood  ' — '  The  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic ' — "The  World's  Classics" — '  An  Introduc- 
tion to  Comparative  Philology' — 'Classic  Tales' — 'Pilgrimage  to  Al  Madinah  and  Mecca' — 
'  The  Poems  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe '— '  Who 's  Who,  1907.' 


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at  Siresa — Foote — "Connection" — The  Admirable  Crichton — Maria  Sibylla  Merian — Soul  and 
Eyes — Dickens  and  Salisbury  Plain — Dickens  and  Mr.  Winkle's  Duel — Riming  Deeds — "Local 
Option"— S.  P.  Q.R. 

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St.  George's  Chapel  Yard — Admirals  Sir  W.  Hewett  and  M.  Ainslie  and  Capt.  Burgoyne — 
Carlyle  on  Religion — "Poor  Dog  Tray  " — Chief  Justice  in  Eyre. 

REPLIES  : — First  Female  Abolitionist — Maynards  of  Curriglas — March  25  as  New  Year's  Day — Sub- 
titles for  Shakespeare's  Plays — "  Podike  " — Clippingdale — Manor  Court  Rolls:  Wyndrynge — 
Hatchments — Courtesy  Titles  and  Remarriage — The  Great  House,  Cheshunt — Split  Infinitive 
in  Milton — 'Death  and  the  Sinner'  —  Blake's  Songs  —  Stanhope  Aspinwall — "Probleme  de 
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1603 — Littlemonelight :  Place-Name — "  Naseby  Old  Man  " — Post  Boxes — Byron's  '  Don  Juan' — 
Milton's  '  L' Allegro'  —  "Touching  wood"  —  West  Indian  Military  Records  —  "Brumby" — 
Anthony  Bacon  at  the  Court  of  Navarre. 


NOTES  ON    BOOKS:  — 'The  Cambridge  Modern  History '—' Anacreon ' 
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Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  h  BRADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZ1ES  Edinburgh. -Saturday.  December  W,  Ilt06. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Jrrarnal  nf  (KngltsI)  anir  JFnragn  1  toattra,  JJoence,  the  JFntx  £>tt&f  $tostr  atti  tb*  JBnmuu 


No.  4131. 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  29,  1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

KK(JISTKRKn  AS  A   NKWSPAPET?. 


JJrolri&tmt  Institutions. 

■VTEWSVENDORS'  BENEVOLENT  AND 

-Ll  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Founded  1839. 

Funds  exceed  27,000?. 

Office :  15  and  16,  Farringdon  Street,  Londou,  E.O. 

Patron : 

The  Bight  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY.  K.G.  K.T. 

President : 

The   LORD   GLENESK. 

Treasurer : 

THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 

OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1S39  in  the  City  of 
London,  under  the  Presidency  of  the  late  Alderman  Ilarraer,  for 
granting  Pensions  and  Temporary  Assistance  to  principals  and 
assistants  encaged  as  vendors  of  Newspapers. 

MEMBERSHIP.— E\ery  Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  whether  Publisher,  Wholesaler.  Retailer,  Employer,  or 
Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 
■enjoy  its  beuefits  upon  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
Uuineas  for  life,  provided  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
JJi  irspaners,  and  such  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 
o(  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 

PESWONS.— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty-six,  the  Men 
receiving  'l-'A.  and  the  "Women  20?.  per  annum  each. 

The  "  Uoyal  Victoria  Pension  Fund,"  commemorating  the  great 
advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  provides  20?.  a  year  each  for  Six  Widows  of 
Newsvendors. 

Tbe  "  Francis  Fund"  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25?.,  and  One 
Woman  20?..  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  H,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Athtnaum.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  "Horace Marshal)  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  employes  of  that  firm  have  primary 
jight  of  election  to  its  benefits. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  25?.  per  annum  for 
*  'in-  man,  in  perpetual  and  grateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who 
died  May  12.  1899. 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rulcsgoverning  election  to  all  Pensions 
are,  that  each  Candidate  shall  have  been  1 1 1  :>  Member  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  not  less  than  ten  years  preceding  application  ;  12)  not  less  than 
fifty-five  years  of  age  ;  (3)  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Newspapers  for  at  least 
ten  years. 

RELTEP.— Temporary  relief  is  given  in  cases  of  distress,  not  only 
to  Members  of  the  Institution,  but  to  Newsvendors  or  their  servants 
who  may  be  recommended  for  assistance  by  Members  of  the  Institu- 
tion. Inquire  is  made  in  such  cases  by  visiting  Committees,  and 
i'li' if  is  awarded  in  accordance  with  the  merits  and  requirements  of 
each  case,  W.  W1LKIE  JUNES,  Secretary. 


THE    BOOKSELLERS'    PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1837. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,000?. 
A     UNIQUE     INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty-five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
•Guineas  (or  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  : — 

F 1 RST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 
SECOND,  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

'I'll  1 I1D.  Medical  Advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
POt  RTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  (Abbots  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire) for  aged   Members,   with  garden  produce,  coal,   and   medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  bouse  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Langley 

for  the  use  of   Members  and  their  families  for   holidays  or   during 

convalescence. 

SIXTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  or  widows  and  young  children. 

EIGHTH.  The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  benefits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

For  further  information  apply  to   the   Secretary    Mr.   GEORGE 
LARNER,  2S,  Paternoster  Row.  E.O 


(S  ideational. 

LAW         S    0    C    I    E    T    Y. 


VT1 


II    E 


Tb.-  COUNCIL  offers  for  award  in  JULY  NEXT  TEN  STUDENT- 
SHIPS  of  the  annual  value  of  501.  each,  tenable  on  condition  of 
pursuing  under  proper  supervision  Courses  of  Legal  Studies  approved 
jv  the  Council. 

For  Conies  of  the  Regulations  and  Forms  of  Entry,  apply  at  the 
Office  of  THE  LAW  SOCIETY,  L06,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C, 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— A  BYE -ELEC- 
TION will  be  held  on  JANUARY  14.  15,  18.  to  FILL  UP  ONE 
RESIDENTIAL  and  <t.\E  NONRESIDENTIAL  SCHOLARSHIP. 
for  particulars  i ly  to  THE  BURSAR,  Little  Dean's  Yard.  West- 
minster. 

GARRATT'S  HALL,  BANSTEAD.  Ladies' 
School ;  Beautiful  Grounds,  Forty  five  Acres  ;  570  ft.  above 
sea  level,  among  the  pine  trees  of  Surrey  ;  cultured  and  refined  home, 
with  Education  on  modern  lines. 

CHURCH  EDUCATION  CORPORATION. 
CHEItW'ELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Ti-a<  hers.  Principal—  Mi-s 
•  \tiierine  l.  liol'li.  M.A..  late  Lecturer  in  Education  in  the 
Manchester  University.  Students  are  prepared  for  the  oxford,  the 
Cambridge,  and  the  Condon  Teachers' Diploma,  and  for  the  Higher 
Froebel  Certificate.  S|--  lal  Short  Courses  for  Teaehers  visiting 
Oxford  In  the  Spring  and  Summer  Terms. 

BUKtiAKIKS  and  SCHOLARSHIPS  to  he  awarded  in  the  8pring 
jnd  Summer  Terms.— Apply  to  the  Princiixil 


KING'S  COLLEGE  LONDON. 
(University  of  London.) 
EVENING  CLASS  DEPARTMENT. 
Courses  are  arranged  for  the  Intermediate  and  Final  Examina- 
tions for  the  B.A:  and  B.Sc.  Degrees  of  the  University  of  London. 
Students  taking  the  full  Course  pay  Composition  Fees,  and  rank  as 
internal  Students  of  the  University.  There  are  also  classes  in 
Architectural  and  Engineering  Subjects. 

EVENING  CLASSES  are  also  held  for  Mechanical  and  Electrical 
Engineering,  Architecture  and  Building  construction,  Drawing, 
Mathematics,  Physics,  and  all  Science  Subjects. 

For  full  information  and  Prospectus, apply  to  the  Dean  (Mr.  R.  W.  K. 
EDWARDSI,  or  to  the  SECRETARY',  King's  College.  Strand, 
London,  W.< '. 


KINGS       COLLEGE,        L  O  N  1)  ON. 
(University  of  London,  i 
DEPARTMENT  FOR  TRAINING  TEACHERS  FOR 
SECONDARY  SCHOOLS. 
The  Course,  which  is  intended  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
Teachers'  Registration  Council,  is  both  Practical  (including  properly 
directed  work  in  a  Secondary  School  I  and  Theoretical  Ipreparing  for 
the  London  Teachers'  Diploma  and  the  Certificate  of  the  Teachers' 
Training  Syndicate!. 
The  Course  occupies  a  year,  beginning  in  October  or  January. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  SECRETARY,  King's  College, 
Strand. 


BEFORE       SELECTING       A       SCHOOL 
Parents  should  consult 
Messrs.  TRUMAN  &  KN'IGHTLEY,  Educational  Agents, 
who  upon  receipt  of  requirements  will  supply  (free  of  charge) 
Prospectuses  and  reliable  information  eoneerning  the  best 
SCHOOLS,  PRIVATE  TUTORS,  and  EDUCATIONAL  HOMES 

for  Boys  and  Girls  in  England  and  on  the  Continent. 
Messrs.  Truman  k  Knightley  are.  in  a  large  number  of  cases,  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  tlic  Principals  and  responsible  for  the  staffs  of 
the  Schools  recommended  by  them,  and  are  thus  able  to  supply  in- 
formation which  Parents  would  find  difficult  to  obtain  elsewhere.— 
Address  li.  Holies  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  London,  W. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relatir*  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments, 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nenh-w  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  36.  aackvilla  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations   Uarant. 

UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE      OF      WALES, 

U  ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  of 
AGRICULTURE  at  the  above  College. 

Applications,  together  with  70  printed  copies  of  Testimonials, 
must  reach  the  undersigned,  from  whom  full  particulars  may  be 
obtained,  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  January  19,  1007. 

J.  H.  DAVIES,  M.A.,  Registrar. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE,  RAKER  STREET.  LONDON,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN   MATHE- 
.M  A-TICS. 

The  Lecturer  will  be  required  to  give  full  time,  and  to  undertake 
the  organization  of  the  Department. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  Testimonials,  should  be  sent,  not  later 
than  JANUARY  111,  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  information  can  be 
obtained.  ETHEL  T.  M.  KNIGHT,  Secretary. 

PRAMMAE       SCHOOL,       KIRTON 

VJT  (Near  BOSTON,  LINCOLNSHIRE'. 

WANTED,  HEAD  MASTER,  to  commenceduties  in  MAY  NEXT 

Graduate  of  sonic  University  in  the  United  Kingdom,  duly  qualified 
to  instruct  Classes  in  Science  Subjects,  candidates  must  be  between 
the  ages  of  25  and  ^.-Applications,  with  copies  of  three  recent 
Testimonials,  to  reach  me.  the  undersigned,  not  later  than  .ia.mj- 
ARY  14.     Personal  canvassing  is  :i  disqualification.     Particulars  upon 

application                   JOHN  H.  TOGLEY.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 
6,  Bridge  Street.  Boston  December  24, 1808.  


C 


I  T   Y        OF        SHEFFIELD. 

EDU(  ATION  COMMITTEE. 
PUPIL  TEACHER  CENTRE.  HOLLY  STREET. 
Owing  to  promotion  of  present  occupant,  the  poet  of  SCIENCE 
MASTER  will  SHORTLY  BECOME  vacant 

Science  Degree  and  ir 1  Laboratory  experience  essential. 

Salary  I40t'  i"  l*H    (according   to   ''M"''7i;;"-l,;f..,»^''  '"■'' 
annum  to  3001.     Do  lies  to  commence  at  end  of  .IA.M  All.  18W. 

Application  Forms  nm  be  obtained  from  the   undersigned,  and 
&toMtM^^tl^t^JAOT^WMbfffl,  Secretary. 

Education  Office.  Sheffield.  December 21,  1806. 


E 


SSEX        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 

CHELMSFORD    HIGHER  EDUCATION]  advisory 

I  OHMTTTEE. 

county   HIGH   school   FOB  GIRLS,  CHELMSFORD. 

REQUIRED  after  EASTER. THREE  ASSISTANT MISTRESSES. 
Principal  Subjects  Mathematics.  History,  and  French  respectively. 
F..r  Tea.  hers  with  a  University  Degree  oi  equivalent,  and  .  M'.  rieni  • 
or  training  the  initial  Salary  would  be  lm/  per  annum.-  Appln  aliens 
must  be  made  on  Form-,  which  will  be  supplied  and  must  be  -cut  in 
not  later  than  JANUARY  D,  1807,  to  J.  II.  NtCHOLA--.  Secretary, 
County  Offices,  Chelmsford, 

December  20,  WOO. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Glass  matter. 


E 


AST   RIDIX<;    EDUCATION  AUTHORITY. 


PUPIL-TEACHER  CENTRES. 
The  AUTHORITY  require  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT  MIS- 
TRESS for  their  PUPIL  TEACH ER  CENTRES  at  HULL  an-f 
DRIFFIELD.  The  person  appointed  must  be  well  qualified  to  give 
instruction  in  Nature  Study  and  Geometry.  A  Graduate  preferred. 
Salary  140'.  — Applications  to  be  made  on  Forms  to  tx- obtained  from 
THE  CLERK.  Education  Authority,  County  Hall.  Beicr'.cy. 


G 


AIN8  BOROUGH      PUBLIC     LIBRARY. 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  L1P.RARIAN  and  SECRE- 
TARY at  the  above  INSTITUTION. 
Salary  801.  per  annum 

Applications,  endorsed  "  Librarianship,"  should  'x?  forwarded  to 
THE  CHAIRMAN,  Public  Library,  Gainsborough,  not  later  than 
FRIDAY.  January  4.  Pin?,  and  must  be  accompanied  by  copies  of  not 
more  than  tbree  recent  Testimonials. 


T 


HE     UNIVERSITY     OF     SHEFFIELD. 


The  COUNCIL  of  the  UNIVERSITY  OF  SHEFFIELD  is  about  to 
appoint  a  LI  RRA  III  A  N,  who  must  have  high  academic  qualifications. 
Copies  of  not  more  than  three  Testimonials,  and  the  names  of  two 
References,  must  be  sent,  by  JANUARY  23,  i;i07,  to  the  Begtstm 
from  whom  full  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Regfctr.tr. 


Situations   WianUb. 

WANTED,  by  a  LADY,  post  as  SUB-EDITOR, 
or  Secretary  to  Literary  Man,  where  her  experience  of 
Revision  for  the  Press  —  acquired  on  a  Literary  J  .n-nal  of  the 
highest  class— Research  Work,  &c,  might  be  utilize-!.  Two  years 
with  leading  Journalist.  French.  Latin.  Shorthand, 'i;  .---Writing. 
Excellent  Testimonials.  London  preferred.  —  E.  F..  Box  VJ09. 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chan  •  r.v  Lane,  E.C. 


JKisaUaruoits. 


HIGH-GLASS  -MONTHLY  JOURNAL  FOR 
DISPOSAL.  Established  some  years.  Well-paring  advert isu- 
meiits.  Small  sum  required  for  Goodwill,  Rights,  and  Effects  trom 
an  IMMEDIATE  PURCHASER. -For  particulars  apply  to  P.  E.  H. 
■Jit,  Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  London. 

FRANCIS    FLACE.-FOK   SALE,  a  PORTION 
of  the   late   (i.  J.  HOLYOAxTJE'S    LIBRARY,   consisting  of 

70  Volumes  of  Tracts  on  Sociological  Subjects  brought  together  by 
FRANCIS  PLACE,  including  several  written  by  himself—  For  lurthei 
particulars  apply  to  E.  H.  M.,  :.,  Dartmouth  Park  Road,  N.W. 

SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH.  129, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials— A.  B  .  Box  1062,  AthensBOm  Press,  13,  Bream  o  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  Ec  

OOK-PLATES. 

Median al  and  Modem  Styles  Designed  and  Engraved. 

Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  free. 

THOMAS  MOPING.  Engraver,  Stationer,  Printer.  *c. 
257,  High  Holborn,W.O. 


B 


W 


HAT 


D  '   Y     E         L    A    C    K! 


Ask  Miss  MILLARD,  of  Teddington,  Middlesex,  for  any  Bo 
issued  since  theadvent  ol  printing  however  rare  or  plentiful'  up  to 
the  very  last  work  published  ;  also  <■•'  any  curio  or  objei  t  of  interest, 
under  the  canopy  of  heaven,  for  she  pride,  herself  on  being  enabled, 
nine  times  out  of  ten.  to  supply  these  wants,  she  ha-  the  -  . 
asuemblage  of  Miscellaneous  Bijouterie  [n  the  world,  and  b>  always  a. 
ready,  willing,  and  liberal  buyer  for  prompt  .ash 


TO  LET,  WAREHOUSES  and  OFFICES,  at  low 
rental,  within  live  minutes  of  Fleet    Street— Apply   Rox  UBS, 
Athena-uui  Press.  1  :.  Bream  -  Buildings,  '  b.  ii.  cry  Lai, 


8 wt-WLvittTZ,  &c. 

TYPE-WRITING,   9<!.   per    1,000  words.      All 
kinds  of   MSS  .   STORIES,   PLAYS    ,'.      accurately  TYPED. 

Oarbons,  id.  per  1.000.    Best  references.— M,  Kinl,  KlmsicK  run- 

borough  Hill.  Wealdstonc.  Harrow. 

A  UTHORS,MSS.,NOVELS,STORIE8,PLAYS, 

x\_  ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  a' curacy.  M..  per 
1000  words.  Clear  Carton  Copies  guaranteed.  References  t.)  wefl- 
k'nown  Writers.-M.  STUART,  Allendale.  KymU-rley  Road,  Harrvw 


818 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


SELECTIONS  FROM  THE 

AUTOTYPE     COMPANY'S 
PUBLICATIONS 

(PERMANENT  MONOCHROME  CARBON). 

THE    OLD   MASTERS.     From  the 

principal  National  Collections,  including  the 
National  Gallery,  London,  the  Louvre,  Dres- 
den, Florence,  &c. 

MODERN     ART.      A  numerous 

Collection  of  Reproductions  from  the  Royal 
Academy,  the  Tate  (Jallery,  the  Walker  Art 
Gallery,  the  Luxembourg,  &c. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.    The  chief  Works 

of  this  Artist  are  copied  in  Permanent 
Autotype. 

ROSSETTI,     BURNE-JONES.       A 

Representative  Series  of  Works  by  these 
Painters. 

ETCHINGS   AND  DRAWINGS  by 

REMBRANDT,  HOLBEIN,  DURER, 
MERYON,  &c. 

Prospectuses  of  above  issues  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 


FULL  PARTICULABS  OF  ALL  THE  COMPANY'S 
PUBLICATIONS  ARE  GIVEN  IN 

THE    AUTOTYPE    FINE-ART 

CATALOGUE.  ENLARGED  EDITION,  with  hun- 
dreds of  Miniature  Photographs  and  Tint  Blocks  of 

Notable  Autotypes.  For  convenience  of  reference  the 
publications  are  arranged  Alphabetically  under  Artists' 
Names.    Post  free,  One  Shilling. 


A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

THE  AUTOTYPE  FINE- ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
LaDguagesl.  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY.  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

TYPE-WRITING.—  MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC  and 
•f  all  descriptions.  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  SO, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.,  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  and 
all  kinds  of  TYPE-WRITING  carefully  and  accurately  done  at 
home  (Remington).  9d.  per  1.000  ;  Duplicating  from  3s.  ed.  per  100.— 
M.  L.,  18,  Edgeley  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 


TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
— Mis«  E.  M.  TIGAR,  64,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W. 
Establiihed  1884. 


Jbrtljors'   Agents. 

THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 
The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  foi 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi 
nouials  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BUKGHES.  34.  Paternoster  Row 


MR.  GEORGE  LxYRNER,  Accountant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  too  Bookselling.  Publishing,  Newspaper, 
l'l-isting,  and  Stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
(sheets  ami  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.  All  Business 
i.irricd  out,  undci-  Mr.  learner's  personal  supervision.— 28.  29,  and  30 
PAcraoster  Row,  E.U.,  Secretary  to  thu  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution. 


\  THEN/EUM  PRESS.— JOHN  EDWARD 
XV.  I'RA  Wis,  Printer  of  the  Athenomn,  Notes  and  Queries,  &<•.,  it 
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N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


821 


SA  TURD  A  Y,  DECEMBER  29,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Life  and  Letters  of  York  Powell 821 

A  Literary  History  ok  Persia  822 

The  Austi.man  Theory  of  Law  823 

Abyssinia  of  To- bay .824 

New  Novels  (A  Beggar  on  Horseback  ;  Rhoda  in 
Between ;  The  Stain  on  the  Shield ;  Scoundrel 
Mark;  Andrew  Goodfellow ;  The  Man  Apart;  A 

Serpent  iu  his  Way)  825—826 

Anthologies .  826 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Great  Days  of  Versailles  ; 
"  The  Tudor  and  Stuart  Library  "  ;  Under  the  Sun  ; 
Gilchrist's  Blake  ;  A  Country  Gentleman  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century  ;  Early  Registers  of  Exeter ; 
Catalogue  of  Derbyshire  Charters ;  Shelley's 
'  Hellas '  in  French  ;  Byron  in  Russian  ;  Seeing 
France  with  Uncle  John  ;  Night  Fall  in  the  Ti- 
Tree  ;  Burton's  Pilgrimage  to  Mecca  ;  Don  Juan  ; 
The  Meaning  of  History  ;  Sports  and  Pastimes  for 

Young  People)        827—831 

List  of  New  Books 831 

Literary  Gossip        !.    831 

Science— At  the  Back  of  the  Black  Man's  Mind'; 
The  Lower  Niger  and  its  Tribes  ;  The  Faery- 
Year  ;  The  Evolution  of  Culture  ;  Side- 
Lights  on  Astronomy  ;  Science  Year-Book  ; 
Chemical  Literature;  'Electricity  of  To- 
bay  ' ;    Societies  ;     Meetings    Next    Week  ; 

Gossip  832—836 

Fine  Arts  —  French  Art  from  Watteau  to 
Prub'hon  ;  Thomas  Stotiiakd  ;  Eighteenth- 
Century  Colour  Prints;  Fair  Women  in 
Painting  and  Poetry  ;  Drawings  of  New 
College,  Oxford;  Gods  and  Heroes  of  Old 
Japan:  The  National  Gallery— Foreign  Cata- 
logue ;  ARCHJiOLOGICAL  Notes  ;  Gossip  . .  836—840 
Music— Music  anb  Musicians;  Gossip;  Perform- 
ances Next  Week         840—841 

Drama— The  Westminster  Play;  Gossip    ..      841—842 
Miscellanea—  "Pettitoes  "  ;    'Native  Races  of 

Australia' 842 

Index  to  Abvertiseks       ..    842 


LITERATURE 

— ♦ — 

Frederick  York  Powell :  a  Life,  and  a 
Selection  from  his  Letters  and  Occasional 
Writings.  By  Oliver  Elton.  2  vols. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

The  uncompromising  frankness  and  cou- 
rage of  York  Powell's  opinions  were  his 
most  dominant  marks  in  life,  and  rightly 
are  not  extenuated  in  Prof.  Elton's  able 
biography.  Any  life  which  did  not  at 
once  emphasize  this  characteristic  would 
be  futile  and  worthless,  and  would  have 
been  to  York  Powell  himself  abhorrent. 
He  doubted  if  the  truth  could  be  told  in  a 
biography,  in  which  doubt  he  was  pro- 
bably justified.  But  what  a  biography 
can  at  least  aim  at  is  to  avoid  giving  a 
false  impression  of  the  subject.  Mr. 
Elton  has  most  skilfully,  and  with  the 
utmost  sympathy,  succeeded  in  painting 
Powell  as  he  lived,  to  his  habit  and 
manner  : — 

"  Bob  [R.  A.  M.  Stevenson]  used  to  say 
that  he  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  a 
religion  of  bo  alien  a  character  as  Christianity, 
full  of  nasty  Jewish  remnants,  and  that  he 
refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  their 
old  God  and  X.  Commandments,  and  if  he 
wanted  Commandments  or  Gods  he  would 
make  them  himself  :  which  seems  to  me  a 
very  reasonable  and  historic  view." 

Unless  this  unconventional  and  militant 
figure  were  presented  in  all  its  rebellious- 
ness, the  whole  purport  and  design  of  the 
biography  would  fail.  Mr.  Elton  has 
chosen  frankness,  and  he  is  discreet  in  his 
frankness  by  being  bold.  The  result  is 
that  a  real  portrait  emerges  from  these 
chapters  and  letters — the  portrait  of  a 
man  who  lived  life,  "  every  grain  of  it," 
and  enjoyed  the  living,  and  gave  thanks. 
By  the  irony  of  circumstance  this  man  was 


associated  for  thirty  years  of  his  life  with 
a  collegiate  foundation  of  the  most 
orthodox  kind,  and  latterly  held  high 
place  therein,  and  moved  and  worked 
and  talked  freely  among  companions  to 
whom  his  views  must  have  represented 
heresy  and  anarchy,  at  the  least. 
His  connexion  with  Christ  Church  does 
credit  to  the  college  and  to  Oxford,  and 
well  deserves  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Elton. 
He  was  introduced  to  Liddell  and  Christ 
Church  by  Dean  Kitchin,  and  the  orthodox 
dignitary  and  the  iconoclast  became  and 
continued  firm  friends.  It  was  very 
characteristic  of  Powell  to  have  dedicated 
subsequently  one  of  his  Icelandic  trans- 
lations to  the  joint  memories  of  Dean 
Liddell  and  the  fisherman  at  Sandgate 
whom  he  had  loved  as  a  boy.  Mr.  Elton 
explains  this  Oxford  connexion  thus. 
Christ  Church,  he  thinks, 

"  is  itself  impregnable  in  its  social  and 
doctrinal  ideas,  and  far  beyond  compromise  ; 
it  has  none  of  the  uneasiness  of  the  half- 
believer.  Also  it  looks  first  of  all  at  per- 
sonal qualities,  not  at  opinions.  It  meets 
tact  with  tact,  and  assumes  that  gentlemen 
do  not  say  anything  to  jar  on  one  another's 
convictions."  j 

Never  was  Don  less  donnish,  and  lovers 
of  aphorism  may  reconcile  as  best  they 
can  this  strange  association  with  the  old 
claim  that  it  is  movements  and  not  men 
that  Oxford  produces. 

Yet  it  is  not  at  all  clear  that  York 
Powell  was  not  responsible,  in  part'  at 
least,  for  a  movement.  He  will  always 
be  remembered  as  the  colleague  of  Gud- 
brand  Vigfusson  in  his  great  work  of 
opening  up  to  students  the  literature  of 
Iceland.  Vigfvtsson,  the  foremost  Scandi- 
navian scholar  of  his  time,  was  dependent 
upon  York  Powell  for  the  introduction 
of  his  work  to  England.  Powell  had 
long  been  drawn  to  the  Northern  sagas, 
and  he  drifted  naturally  into  the  associa- 
tion. The  two  scholars  spent  years  in 
co-operation,  and  the  fruits  of  their  work 
remain  for  the  enjoyment  and  edification 
of  students  to-day.  Their  scheme  was 
ambitious,  and  was  almost  completed 
when  Powell  died.  It  consisted  of  (1)  a 
sketch-history  of  Icelandic  literature, 
realized  in  the  '  Prolegomena  '  to  '  Stur- 
lunga  Saga '  ;  (2)  an  '  Icelandic  Prose 
Reader '  ;  (3)  the  '  Corpus  Poeticum 
Boreale,'  a  complete  collection,  with 
commentary  and  translations,  of  the  best 
classical  writings  in  Icelandic  verse  ;  (4)  a 
complete  library  of  Northern  prose.  Only 
a  portion  of  the  fourth  was  finished  in 
'  Origines  Islandicse,'  published  sixteen 
years  after  Vigfusson's  death  and  one 
year  after  Powell's.  Mr.  Elton's  verdict 
on  the  '  Corpus  '  is  : — 

"  Without  the  expert's  claim  to  iudnre  it 
with  authority,  one  may  call  it  a  book  that 
did  noble  solid  service,  and  is  left  standing, 
despite  distinct  and  admitted  faults,  and 
despite  that  advance  of  Northern  scholar- 
ship which  is  due  so  greatly  to  its  authors 
themselves." 

Vigfusson  did  not  hesitate  to  acknowledge 
his  extreme  indebtedness  to  his  young 
colleague.  After  the  publication  of  the 
'  Corpus  '  he  wrote  : — 


"  Mr.  Powell  has  been  a  friend  indeed  to 
me  ;  we  have  worked  together  Like  brothers, 
in  constant  intercourse  of  thought,  and 
schemes,  and  ideas,  approving  or  rejecting. 
The  translations  are  all  essentially  Powell's, 
and  have  idiomatic  and  good  English." 

Mr.  Elton  rightly  speaks  of  Powell  as 
an  artist  in  translation.  He  was  pro- 
bably the  best  translator  of  his  generation, 
as  may  be  seen  not  only  in  his  Icelandic 
versions,  but  also  in  the  renderings  from 
French  verse  included  in  the  second 
volume  of  this  memoir.  The  facility  and 
agility  of  his  mind  were  amazing,  and 
accounted  for  his  multifarious  interests. 
His  taste  was  catholic,  and  he  was  enabled 
to  throw  himself  deftly  into  any  literary 
pursuit.  He  was,  we  are  told,  chagrined 
that  he  became  in  time  a  legend  of 
omniscience.  He  knew  many  languages, 
and  was  interested  in  all.  When  he  was 
appointed  Regius  Professor  of  Modern 
History  at  Oxford  he  was  not  known  as 
an  historian,  but  his  selection  abundantly 
justified  Lord  Rosebery.  An  amusing 
story  is  told  of  his  appointment  : — 

"  Lord  Rosebery 's  offer  came  in  an  enve- 
lope which  in  the  expert  opinion  of  Mr. 
Heath,  Powell's  devoted  little  elderly  dim- 
eyed  '  scout,'  unmistakably  contained  a 
tradesman's  bill.  It  therefore  did  not  invite 
attention.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  put 
behind  the  clock  (another  version  says  in  a 
top-boot),  along  with  other  bills,  and  lay 
unopened  for  a  fortnight.  Then  an  inquiry 
from  the  Premier's  private  secretary  brought 
the  document  to  light." 

The  bulk  of  Powell's  work  is,  of  course, 
to  be  found  in  his  published  books  and 
papers,  of  which  a  full  bibliography  is 
given  here.  Mr.  Elton  has,  however, 
augmented  the  list  by  a  collection  of 
papers  in  his  second  volume.  An  objec- 
tion is  open  to  these  that  they  are  in  the 
nature  of  "  scrapbook "  articles.  Most 
of  them  appeared  in  current  magazines 
and  papers,  and  undoubtedly  represented 
his  journahstic  work.  Mr.  Elton  defends 
his  action  in  reprinting  this  very  vigorously, 
and  in  a  way  persuasively.     He  writes  : — 

"  Most  book  notices  serve  their  turn,  but 
do  not  call  to  be  republished.  But  often 
Powell  does  not  review  the  book  in  hand : 
he  writes,  out  of  his  own  lore  and  enthusiasm, 
on  the  subject  of  the  book.  This  was  com- 
plained of  ;  but  it  is  well  for  us,  since  his 
words  did  not  die  with  the  occasion.  And 
often  they  are  not  even  a  formal  study  of 
the  subject.  They  are  like  his  letters  or 
his  talk  :  they  give,  better  than  any  tiling, 
the  impressions  of  his  talk,  which  no  one 
ever  reported  ;  and  in  that  way  they  are 
still  fresh.  They  differ  from  his  talk  in  that 
they  are  not  rapidly  prepared  or  improvised  ; 
they  are  responsibly  written  down.  They 
remain  apercus,  inspiring  overtures,  sudden 
swift  panoramas,  sallies  on  historic  persons 
and  on  life  at  large.  The  seed  is  not  sown 
in  long  straight  furrows  for  the  regular 
harvest,  but  wind-drifted  into  wayside 
clumps  and  woody  corners,  which  are  rarely 
visited  and  easily  forgotten  and  overgrown, 
unless  some  gathering  is  made  of  what 
flowered  there." 

It  is  impossible  not  to  have  some 
sympathy  with  this  argument,  but  at  the 
same  time  it  is  equally  impossible  not  to 
feel  that  many  of  the  subjects  of  criticism 
included  here  are  inadequate  in  a  dignified 


822 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


biography,  and  that  their  inclusion 
would  have  been  resented  by  Powell 
himself. 

To  his  friends  it  is  as  a  man  that  Powell 
will  most  impressively  live,   and  to  his 
acquaintances   as    an   influence.     Among 
the  many  appreciations  of  him  by  widely 
various  people  included  by  Mr.  Elton  is 
one  by  Mr.   Herbert  Fisher,   who  offers 
the  confession  that  it  was  Powell's  influ- 
ence  that   made   him   an  historian.     To 
his  popularity  and  his  work   at  Oxford 
many  hands   testify.     He  had  innumer- 
able facets  which  he  presented  automatic- 
ally in  different  company.     His  interests 
were  as  divergent  as  life  ;    his  prejudices 
were   as   extreme   as   his   prepossessions. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  better  Mr.  Elton's 
patiently    sympathetic    analysis    of    his 
character.      '  I  am  tolerant,"  he  said  once, 
"  and  I  have  a  childlike  ferocity."     This 
was   remarkably   true.     His   nature   was 
not  to  be  understood,  except  by  a  realiza- 
tion of  his  divided  blood.     He  came  of 
mingled   Welsh   and   English   stock,    and 
he   mingled   the   masculine   Anglo-Saxon 
with   the   feminine   temperament   of   the 
Celt.     There   is   an   appreciation   of   him 
in   this   memoir   by   an   old   friend,    Mr. 
■J.   B.  Yeats,   which  states  that  he  was 
■deficient   in   reasoning  power.     So  far  as 
his  work  was  concerned,   he  brought  to 
play  upon  it  that  logical  mind  which  he 
liked  to  attribute  to  the  Welsh  tempera- 
ment ;    but  in  his  own  emotional  world 
he  was  never  guided  by  pure  reason.     He 
was  swayed  always  and  first  of  all  by 
the  wildings  of  his  imagination  and  his 
affections.     One    of    his    prejudices    was 
directed    against    educated    women,    yet 
he  himself  had  much  of  the  temperament 
which  is  associated  with  women.     He  was 
at  times   as  unreasonable  as   a  woman, 
as  prejudiced,  as  obdurate,  and  as  emo- 
tional.    His  friends  could  do  no  wrong  ; 
his  enemies  no  right.     He  had  a  bitter 
theoretical    dislike    of  American  civiliza- 
tion and  Jews.     His  paganism  was  pro- 
nounced.    He    was    essentially    shy    and 
modest,   in  spite  of   the  audacity  of  his 
casual   opinions.        He    was    content    in 
company    to    play    with    a    small    child 
in    a     corner,     from     which     now     and 
then     his     all-embracing     laugh     would 
emerge — "  a   laugh,"    as   Mr.    Elton    de- 
scribes it,  "  loud  and  far-spreading,   but 
mellow  and  happy."     He  was  the  most 
easily  entertained  and  occupied  man  that 
had   existed   since    the   Flood.     He   was 
slow  in  extending  his  friendship,  but  often 
extended  it  where  his  friends  least  ex- 
pected   it.     At     Oxford    Lewis     Carroll 
used   to   speak   of   his   dinner   guests   as 
"  Powell's    assassins."     He    was    fondest 
of  the  company  of  artists  and  men  of 
letters,  and  he  had  a  weakness  for  sailors, 
whom  he  challenged  in  his  dress.     But 
above  all  life  appealed    to   him  in  every 
aspect,  and  the  richness  and  significance 
of  life  it  was  that  entertained  him  to  the 
end.     In  his  earlier  days  he  had  been  an 
unorthodox  Liberal,  to  whom  Gladstone 
was  a  pis  aller.     In  his  later  years  he 
became  a  strong  imperialist.     His  belief 
in  Home  Rule  also  weakened  materially, 
until  it  is  doubtful  if  he  had  any  more 


than  an  academic  interest  in  it  as  a  solu- 
tion. He  was  the  author  of  a  grave 
warning  on  democracy,  here  reprinted 
from  the  preface  of  an  American  book. 
But  he  was  certainly  no  Tory,  as  he  is 
called  by  more  than  one  writer  in  these 
volumes.  His  politics  were  always 
eclectic,  but  particularly  so  in  his  later 
period.  He  accepted  the  chairmanship 
of  the  Tariff  Reform  Union  at  Oxford, 
but  he  was  a  rebel  at  heart,  and  he  had 
nothing  in  common  with  orthodox  Tory- 
ism. Only  those  who  knew  him  intimately 
realize  how  remarkable  a  man  passed 
away  that  May  day  in  1904.  Of  these 
Mr.  Elton  is  undoubtedly  one,  and  from 
an  appreciation  which  is  rich  on  every 
page  with  a  just  and  sympathetic  under- 
standing of  the  man's  nature  we  extract 
this  brilliant  attempt  at  a  summary  : — 

"  Powell's  talk  remained  always  swift 
and  opulent,  and  his  transitions  equally 
quick,  so  that  it  was  hard,  except  for 
definite  business,  to  get  him  to  thresh  any- 
thing out  at  one  sitting.  His  ideas  ran 
with  shuttle-speed,  by  paths  of  their  own, 
from  one  end  of  the  world  to  the  other.  He 
disliked  systems  of  philosophy  as  such,  not 
any  particular  system.  He  was  through 
life  considerate  of  the  creed  of  those  with 
whom  he  was  speaking.  Later,  he  became 
a  sterner  critic,  and  full  of  spurts  of  scorn 
and  indignation  when  he  was  sure  of  his 
company.  Through  this  mixture  of  gifts, 
pursuits,  impulses,  and  literatures  seething 
in  his  brain,  he  became  harder  to  understand 
the  more  one  knew  him ....  We  shall  see 
that  he  had  a  few  simple  and  immovable 
principles  of  belief  and  ethics.  But  other- 
wise it  often  looked  as  though  nothing  was 
ever  final  with  Powell.  The  margin  of 
unsolved  matters  on  which  he  was  open  to 
fresh  light  was  to  the  day  of  his  death 
enormous. .  .  .His mind  kept  more  alive  and 
free  than  that  of  any  others,  and  up  to  a 
later  time  of  life ....  Even  in  youth .... 
beneath  his  splendid  spirits  and  catholic 
sympathy,  we  seem  to  trace  this  mental 
habit,  which  prevented  him  from  ever 
becoming  the  slave,  like  most  of  us,  of  his 
ideas  :  a  habit  that  was  the  spring  of  his 
life,  and  part  of  the  secret  of  his  power." 

We  need  not  tell  those  who  knew  Powell 
that  the  letters  of  his  with  which  the  book 
is  crowded  are  as  free  and  delightful  as  he 
himself  was. 


A  Literary  History  of  Persia  from  Firdawsi 
to  Sa'di.  By  Edward  G.  Browne. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

In  the  first  volume  of  this  work,  which 
appeared  four  years  ago,  Prof.  Browne 
carried  the  literary  history  of  the  Persians 
from  its  beginnings,  represented  by  the 
'  Avesta '  and  the  Achsemenian  inscrip- 
tions (600-330  B.C.),  down  to  the  close  of 
the  tenth  century  of  our  era,  when  modern 
or  post-Muhammadan  Persian  literature, 
which  had  been  gradually  developing  in 
proportion  as  the  empire  of  the  Caliphs 
declined,  was  on  the  point  of  being 
awakened  to  new  life  by  the  genius  of 
Firdawsi.  Whereas  in  the  period  covered 
by  the  introductory  volume  Persian 
writers  used  the  Zend,  the  Pehlevi,  and 
after  the  Arab  conquest  almost  exclusively 
the  Arabic  language,   they  began   about 


850  a.d.  to  employ  for  literary  purposes 
the    modern    language    of    Persia,    which 
has  undergone  hardly  any  change  during 
the  last  thousand  years  ;  so  that  Firdawsi, 
for  example,  is  less  archaic  in  relation  to 
Persian  authors  of  our  own  time  than  is 
Shakspeare    compared    with    Tennyson  : 
indeed,  the  difference  might  be  indicated 
with  tolerable  exactness  if  for  Shakspeare 
we  substituted  William  Morris.     Accord- 
ingly the  book  now  before  us  may  be  said 
to  open  the  history  of  Persian  literature 
as  the  term  is  commonly  understood.     It 
deals,  moreover,  with  the  Golden  Age  of 
that  literature,  extending  from  1000  a.d. 
or    thereabouts    to    the    terrible    Mongol 
invasion,    which    culminated,    as    is    well 
known,  in  the  sack  of  Bagdad  and  the 
murder   of  the  last   Abbasid  Caliph,   a-1 
Musta'sim  Billah,  in  1258.     Notwithstand- 
ing its  brevity,  this  period  includes  most 
of  the  great  poets  whom  Persia  has  pro- 
duced, and  it  is  so  full  of  interest  that  the 
five  hundred  and  forty  pages  which  the 
author  devotes  to  it  cannot  be  regarded 
as  an  excessive  allowance.     His  readers, 
at  any  rate,  will  not  complain  ;    for  the 
various  aspects  of  the  subject  are  treated 
in  a  masterly  manner,  and  with  an  irre- 
sistible  enthusiasm   that   lends   freshness 
even  to  abstruse  technicalities  of  rhetoric 
and  vexed  questions  of  chronology.     Com- 
pilations of  this  kind  are  not  generally 
remarkable    for    original    views    and    for 
important  additions  to  the  sum  of  existing 
knowledge  ;  but  those  who  are  acquainted 
with  Prof.  Browne's  numerous  and  epoch- 
making  contributions  to  Oriental  scholar- 
ship do  not  need  to  be  told  that  his  latest 
work   contains   an   immense   quantity   of 
new  information,  hitherto  buried  in  rare 
and  inaccessible  manuscripts,  concerning 
the   history   and   literature   of   mediaeval 
Persia.     At  the  same  time  he  has  fully 
utilized  the  materials  collected  by  European 
Orientalists,   e.g.,   Zhukovski   on  Anwari, 
Khanikof    on    Khaqani,    and    Bacher   on 
Nidhami.     Thus  he  combines  in  a  very 
unusual  degree  the  diverse  merits  of  the 
explorer  who  enlarges  the  boundaries  of 
science,  and  of  the  popular  historian  who 
sets  the  ascertained  facts  in  due  order, 
explains  their  significance,  and  brings  them 
into  connexion  with  general  ideas.     As  a 
pioneer    and    investigator    Prof.    Browne 
has  achieved  the  most  brilliant  success, 
and  this  is  his  true  character,  which  he 
does  not  attempt  to  conceal ;    therefore 
we  can  easily  forgive  the  disconnectedness 
and  lack  of  uniformity  for  which  he  claims 
the   reader's   indulgence.     These   defects, 
as  he  justly  observes,  arise  largely  from 
the  circumstance  that  his  book 

"  was  written  chiefly  during  vacations,  and 
that  two  months  or  more  often  elapsed 
between  the  completion  of  one  chapter  and 
the  beginning  of  the  next.  Under  present 
conditions  the  University  of  Cambridge  is 
far  from  being  the  best  place  in  the  world 
for  quiet,  steady,  regular  work." 

Of  the  great  Persian  poets  who  are  dis- 
cussed in  this  volume  few  except  Firdawsi 
and  Sa'di  are  known  even  by  name  to 
Western  readers.  Prof.  Browne's  opinion 
of    the  famous    '  Shahnama  '     or   '  Book 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


823 


•of  Kings '  is  distinctly  unfavourable. 
He  finds  fault  with  the  unnecessa- 
rily monotonous  similes  —  pointing  out, 
what  is  perfectly  true,  that  every  hero 
•appears  as  "  a  fierce,  war-seeking  lion," 
"  a  crocodile,"  "  a  raging  elephant,"  and 
the  like  ;  and  when  the  hero  moves  swiftly, 
he  moves  "  like  smoke,"  "  like  dust," 
•or  "  like  the  wind."  Such  repetitions, 
however,  are  characteristic  of  the  epic 
style,  and  in  keeping  with  its  sim- 
plicity. Firdawsi  in  this  respect  is  no 
worse  than  Homer.  Nor  can  we  agree 
with  Prof.  Browne  when  he  says  that  the 
'  Shahnama  '  defies  satisfactory  transla- 
tion. 

The  unadorned  majesty  of  its  ideas  is, 
no  doubt,  harder  to  translate  adequately 
than  the  many-coloured  lyric  and  romantic 
poetry  of  the  Persians  ;  but  in  sympathetic 
hands  the  '  Shahnama  '  offers,  we  think, 
far  less  difficulty  than  the  Arabian 
'  Mu'allaqat '  or  '  Suspended  Poems,'  in 
which  whole  passages  are  absolutely 
incongruous  with  European  taste,  and 
hopelessly  unadaptable  for  literary  repro- 
duction. Although  we  must  dissent  from 
Prof.  Browne's  criticism  of  this  (in  our  judg- 
ment) nobly  imaginative  poem,  the  author 
■of  which  is  to  Persia  all  that  Homer  was  to 
•Greece,  let  us  hasten  to  add  that  he  has 
anade  the  best  apology  in  his  power  by 
frankly  admitting  "  a  constitutional  dis- 
ability to  appreciate  epic  poetry  in  general." 
He  prefers — and  so  do  we — the  mystic, 
philosophical,  and  didactic  poets,  like 
Jalaluddin  Rumi,  Nasir-i  Khusraw,  and 
iSa'di.  Of  them  he  writes  con  amore,  and 
therefore  with  the  happpiest  results. 
What,  for  instance,  could  be  more  just 
and  discriminating  than  his  observations 
on  the  ethics  of  Sa'di  as  exhibited  in  the 
'  Gulistan,'  or  than  the  following  conclu- 
sion ? — 

"  Indeed,  the  real  charm  of  Sa'di  and  the 
secret  of  his  popularity  lies  not  in  his  con- 
sistency, but  in  his  catholicity  ;  in  his  works 
is  matter  for  every  taste,  the  highest  and 
the  lowest,  the  most  refined  and  the  most 
coarse,  and  from  his  pages  sentiments  may 
be  culled  worthy  on  the  one  hand  of  Eck- 
hardt  or  Thomas  a  Kempis,  or  on  the  other 
x>i  Caesar  Borgia  and  Heliogabalus.  His 
writings  are  a  microcosm  of  the  East,  alike 
in  its  best  and  its  most  ignoble  aspects,  and 
it  is  not  without  good  reason  that,  wherever 
the  Persian  language  is  studied,  they  are, 
and  have  been  for  six  centuries  and  a  half, 
the  first  books  placed  in  the  learner's  hands." 

Nasir-i  Khusraw,  poet,  traveller,  and 
Isma'ili  missionary,  is  a  figure  of  great 
interest,  and  a  special  favourite  of  Prof. 
Browne,  who  has  given  a  fascinating 
account  of  his  life,  character,  and  opinions. 
Like  the  famous  Arabian  freethinker 
Abu  'l-'Ala  al-Ma'arri,  he  is  not,  perhaps, 
among  the  first  poets  of  his  race,  but  he  is 
unquestionably  one  of  the  most  stimulat- 
ing and  attractive.  There  appears,  by 
the  way,  to  be  no  evidence  that  Nasir-i 
Khusraw,  though  he  stayed  three  days  in 
Ma'arra  in  the  year  1047,  ever  saw  Abu 
'l-'Ala :  he  relates  the  common  talk  of 
the  town,  and  merely  says  that  when  he 
arrived  there  "  this  man  was  still  alive." 
Prof.    Browne's    researches    have    finally 


disproved  the  theory  that  Nasir-i  Khusraw 
the  poet  and  Nasir-i  Khusraw  the  traveller 
were  two  different  persons.  He  was,  as 
his  writings  show,  a  singularly  versatile 
genius,  and  his  '  Diwan  '  in  particular 

"  reveals  throughout  a  combination  of 
originality,  learning,  sincerity,  enthusiastic 
faith,  fearlessness,  contempt  for  time- 
servers  and  flatterers,  and  courage  hardly 
to  be  found,  so  far  as  I  know,  in  any  other 
Persian  poet." 

We  may  quote  a  specimen  of  his  verse 
from  the  series  of  valuable  translations 
which  Prof.  Browne  has  given  us  : — 

God's  gracious  Word  in  truth  is  an  Ocean  of  speech, 

I  ween, 
Teeming    with  gems    and  jewels,   and    pearls  of 

luminous  sheen. 
Bitter  to  outward  seeming,  like  the  sea,   is   the 

Scripture's  page, 
But  precious  as  pearls  of  price  is  the  Inward  Sense 

to  the  sage. 
Down  in  the  depths  of  the  Ocean  are  gems  and 

pearls  galore ; 
Seek  then  a  skilful  diver,  and  bid  farewell  to  the 

shore. 
Wherefore  hath  God  bestowed  in  the  depth  of  the 

Ocean's  brine 
All  these  pearls  of  price,  and  jewels  so  rare  and 

fine? 
Wherefore  if  not  for  the  Prophet,  who  made  the 

Inward  Sense 
The  portion  of  Wisdom's  children,  but  the  Letter 

a  Rock  of  Offence  ? 
A  handful  of  salt-stained  clay  hath  the  Diver  offered 

to  thee 
Because  in  thine  heart  he   beheld  but  envy  and 

enmity. 
Strive  from  the  Outward  Form  to  the  Inward  Sense 

to  win 
Like  a  man,  nor  rest  content  like  an  ass  with  a 

senseless  din. 

Probably  many  readers  of  this  volume 
will  first  of  all  look  out  Omar  in  the  Index, 
and  will  be  astonished  to  find  nothing  to 
the  point  beyond  one  solitary  reference 
to  a  celebrated  club,  whose  members, 
"  because  they  have  not  read  their 
'  Chahar  Maqala,'  bestow  on  the  rose  a 
worship  to  which  the  peach-tree  and  pear- 
tree  have  a  better  claim."  Prof.  Browne, 
however,  has  not  forgotten  the  old  astro- 
nomer, but  spells  his  name  'Umar  Khay- 
yam in  accordance  with  the  scientific 
system  of  transliteration  which  he  has 
consistently  adopted.  While  recalling  the 
fact  that  in  one  of  the  earliest  biographical 
notices  that  have  come  down  to  us  Omar 
is  stigmatized  as  "  an  unhappy  philosopher, 
atheist,  and  materialist,"  Prof.  Browne 
wisely  refrains  from  attempting  to  dis- 
cuss the  poetry  which  passes  for  his, 
since  Zhukovski  has  demonstrated  that, 
although  he  certainly  wrote  many  qua- 
trains, "  it  is  hardly  possible,  save  hi  a 
few  exceptional  cases,  to  assert  positively 
that  he  wrote  any  particular  one  of  those 
ascribed  to  him.'** 

The  greatest  Persian  poets  (among 
whom  Omar  Khayyam  is  not  to  be 
numbered)  belong  not  to  Persia  alone, 
but  also  to  the  civilized  world — a  fact 
that  should  be  well  weighed  by  some 
Arabists  who  apparently  regard  Persian 
literature  as  a  childish  play,  or,  at  best, 
a  mere  stepping-stone  to  the  higher  things 
of  Arabic.  This  view  is  sufficiently  re- 
futed by  the  present  work,  which  bears 
ample  witness  to  the  gifts  of  intellect  and 
imagination  that  pre-eminently  distinguish 


the  Persian  race.  We  have  the  deepest 
admiration  for  the  poetry  of  the  Arabs, 
but  Imru  'u  '1-Qays,  Abu  'l-'Atahiya,  and 
Ibnu  '1-Farid  cannot,  for  large  human 
interest,  be  placed  on  the  same  level  as 
Firdawsi,  Sa'di,  and  Jalaluddin  Rumi ; 
nor  can  they,  however  skilfully  translated, 
attain  to  an  equal  popularity  in  the  West. 
There  are,  of  course,  some  poets,  scarcely 
less  renowned  in  Persia,  whose  fame  will 
always  be  purely  national.  Such  a  one 
is  the  accomplished  panegyrist  Anwari, 
and  also  his  contemporary  Dhahir,  of 
whom  it  is  said  in  a  well-known  verse  : — 

Steal  the  Divan  of  Dhahir  of  Faryab  even  if  you 
find  it  in  the  Ka'ba. 

Prof.  Browne  has  taken  the  trouble  to 
read  through  the  works  of  this  poet,  and 
his  verdict  does  not  justify  the  above 
encomium. 

Leaving  the  historical  background  en- 
tirely out  of  consideration,  we  have 
touched  on  only  a  very  few  of  the  innu- 
merable literary  topics  suggested  by  this 
extraordinarily  rich  and  thoughtful  book. 
If  space  allowed,  it  would  be  a  pleasure 
to  draw  attention  to  the  author's  original 
treatment  of  Persian  rhetoric,  which  is 
most  ingeniously  illustrated  by  paral- 
lels derived  from  Puttenham's  '  Arte  of 
English  Poesie,'  the  '  Ingoldsby  Legends,' 
Morgan's  '  Macaronic  Poetry,'  and  similar 
works  ;  and  to  copy  one  or  two  delightful 
maxims  of  Persian  morality  from  the 
diverting  '  Qabus-nama  '  by  Kay-Ka'us, 
the  prince  of  Tabaristan,  who  bids  his 
son  be  famous  as  a  speaker  of  truth,  "  so 
that,  if  at  some  time  thou  shouldst  tell 
a  lie,  men  may  accept  it  as  true  from 
thee."  Prof.  Browne's  translations  in  verse 
are  generally  excellent,  but  it  is  a  pity  that 
they  are  now  and  then  marred  by  the  use 
of  such  false  rhymes  as  "  claw "  and 
"  war,"  "  explore  "  and  "  saw,"  which 
must  distress  a  sensitive  ear.  Altogether 
this  book  is  a  monument  of  ripe  learning 
and  bounteous  exposition.  Parts  of  it 
may  be  stiff  reading  for  the  non-Orientalist, 
but  serious  students  of  Persian  literature 
will  not  wish  it  shorter  by  a  single  page, 
and  will  be  impatient  for  the  concluding 
volume  in  which  Prof.  Browne  hopes  to 
bring  his  history  down  to  modern 
times. 


The  Austinian  Theory  of  Law.     By  W. 
Jethro  Brown.     (John  Murray.) 

If  we  are  not  prepared  to  say  that 
Prof.  Brown's  work  is  the  most  useful 
contribution  to  sound  political  think- 
ing  which  has  appeared  in  English  for 
ten  years,  we  certainly  know  of  none 
comparable  to  it.  In  the  first  place, 
Prof.  Brown  puts  the  student  right  in 
front  of  Austin,  and  that  is  always  a 
good  thing,  however  much  we  may 
regret  the  limitations  of  that  great  man. 
To  know  Austin,  as  most  people  do,  only 
through  the  pale  reflection  of  Abdy's 
analysis  or  somebody  else's  account  is 
to  miss  much  of  him  that  is  most  worth 
having.  No  other  book  bears  so  strong 
an  impress  of  personality  as  those  eleven 
lectures    on    '  Jurisprudence,'    which    are 


824 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°  4131,  Dec.  29,  190G 


intended  to  be  purely  scientific,  and  have 
none  of  the  graces  of  style,  except  such 
as  resulted  from  the  writer's  determina- 
tion to  make  people  see  what  he  meant  and 
nothing  else.  The  fact  is  that  Austin, 
whatever  place  we  allow  him  as  a  thinker, 
was  most  emphatically  a  man,  and  to 
read  his  serious,  positive  sentences  once 
more  is  like  meeting  an  old  friend  :  shall 
we  say  it  has  that  mingled  bitter  sweet  of 
emotion  which  belongs  to  an  interview 
in  middle  life  with  one's  old  headmaster  % 
The  clear  and  masculine  intelligence  of 
Austin  is  always  bracing,  and  before  we 
can  criticize  him  it  is  at  least  needful 
to  grasp  what  we  have  to  lay  hold  of. 
Moreover,  apait  from  its  scientific  merits, 
Austin's  system  is  one  of  the  very  best 
of  mental  gymnastics,  and  the  writer 
of  these  lines  has  the  utmost  cause  to 
remember  with  gratitude  the  advice  of  a 
man  great  in  ways  which  would  not  have 
interested  John  Austin  :  "  The  more 
Austin  you  read,  the  better."  We  doubt 
whether  a  better  beginning  can  be  made 
towards  a  philosophy  of  law  than  to  study 
the  '  Lectures  on  Jurisprudence.'  But 
it  is  only  a  beginning.  Every  one  who 
has  even  a  bowing  acquaintance  with  the 
subject  knows  that  the  unhistorical 
dogmatism  of  Austin  has  been  severely 
handled  by  Sir  Henry  Maine  and  others. 
Most  of  us  are  aware  that  his  conceptions 
of  law  as  command  is  treated v  by  some 
as  superficial ;  and  the  extreme  difficulty 
of  fitting  the  facts  of  life  on  to  the  Pro- 
crustean bed  of  theory  was  never  more 
apparent  than  in  regard  to  the  definition 
of  "  Positive  Law."  The  difficulty  to-day 
is  not  to  criticize  Austin,  but  to  sym- 
pathize with  him.  Any  one,  who  knows 
now  Hooker's  gracious  and  serene  intel- 
ligence embodied  the  views  of  generations 
of  thinkers  from  Ulpian  down  to  his 
own  time  in  the  first  book  of  the  'Polity' 
will  be  irritated  by  Austin's  curt  dismissal 
of  his  description  as  "  fustian  "  ;  and 
Austin's  treatment  of  all  his  adversaries 
had  that  hard,  unsympathetic,  intellectual 
bigotry  eminently  characteristic  of  the 
Utilitarian  school.  It  is,  however,  only 
fair  to  remember  that  if  Austin  was  hard 
on  his  opponents,  he  was  just  as  severe 
towards  his  own  errors.  Nothing  is  more 
comic  than  the  violence  of  logical  fury 
with  which  in  one  lecture  he  demolishes 
a  blunder  of  definition  he  had  made  in 
that  previous. 

We  are  praising  this  book  not  for 
the  sake  of  Austin,  but  for  that  of  Prof. 
Brown.  His  numerous  notes  and  ex- 
cursus furnish  exactly  what  the  student 
requires.  They  are  an  admirable  sum- 
mary of  nearly  all  that  has  been  said  in 
criticism  of  Austin,  and  not  merely  a 
summary.  The  author  gives  his  own 
critical  opinion,  by  no  means  always 
favourable  to  Austin,  but  preserving,  in 
our  opinion,  almost  invariably  the  true 
balance.  On  international  and  customary 
law,  on  the  question  whether  command 
is  essential  to  the  notion  of  law,  and  on 
nearly  every  topic,  we  find  ourselves  in 
agreement  with  the  editor. 

What,  however,  we  specially  commend 
here     is     his  ^iteration     of    two     views 


which,  a  little  novel  at  present,  are,  we 
are  convinced,  going  to  hold  the  future. 
The  first  of  these  is  the  attribution  of 
sovereignty  to  the  State  itself,  and  not 
to  the  governmental  organ,  even  when 
that  is  legally  omnipotent.  This  really 
avoids  the  confusion,  which  Austin  himself 
made,  between  legal  and  political  sove- 
reignty ;  while  in  regard  to  Federal 
States  and  written  Constitutions  it  escapes 
the  endless  and  sophistical  reasonings  by 
which  alone  it  is  possible  to  place  the 
sovereign  power  at  all.  To  some  extent 
this  notion  was  held  by  Bodin,  who  dis- 
tinguishes between  the  status  reipublicce 
and  the  ratio  gubernandi ;  while  the 
doctrine  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  people, 
i.e.,  the  community,  as  found  in  Althusius 
and  even  Jesuit  writers,  and  developed 
by  Rousseau,  if  it  be  not  identical  with 
that  of  Prof.  Brown,  undoubtedly  pre- 
pared the  way  for  it. 

Secondly,  the  excursus  on  the  State, 
with  its  emphasis  on  the  true  personality 
of  communities,  strikes  us  as  the  most 
valuable  thing  in  the  book.  We  are  not 
sure  that  to  readers  of  Prof.  Maitland 
and  Gierke  the  essay  will  present  any- 
thing new.  But  it  works  out  with 
concise  lucidity  the  reasons  for  believing 
that  the  corporate  person  is  not  a  legal 
fiction,  that  "it  is  a  representation  of 
psychical  realities  which  the  law  recognizes 
rather  than  creates."  Recent  events, 
such  as  the  judgments  in  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  cases,  have  shown  the  practical 
importance,  and  even  danger,  of  a  failure 
to  recognize  this  truth,  although,  as  is 
pointed  out,  it  is  a  truth  already  implicit 
in  many  legal  rules. 

Lastly,  we  must  congratulate  Prof. 
Brown  on  his  insistence  that  the  whole 
subject  can  only  be  rightly  treated  by 
striving  for  a  definition  of  law,  not  of 
"  a  law,"  which  is  what  Austin  attempted. 
Realizing  as  he  does  that 
"  Law  in  its  totality  is  the  voice  of  the 
organized  community  speaking  to  all  persons 
subject  to  its  control,  and  affirming  a  rule 
of  life  which  men  may  accept  with  the  con- 
sciousness that  the  might  of  the  community 
is  behind  them," 

Prof.  Brown  is  able  to  see  that  law  is  not 
merely  a  command,  but  also  a  unity  and  a 
living  growth.  The  recognition  of  this 
truth  will  deeply  influence  all  that  is 
written  on  the  subject  of  scientific  juris- 
prudence for  a  long  while  to  come.  As 
Prof.  Brown  says, 

"  Every  rule  of  law  takes  its  meaning  from 
the  totality  of  law,  and  legal  science  should 
aim  at  giving  to  the  student  such  an  appre- 
ciation of  that  totality  as  will  enable  him 
to  realize  the  inner  significance  of  particular 
rules." 

We  fancy  this  has  a  bearing  wider  than 
the  legal  one. 


Abyssinia  of  To-day  :  an  Account  of  the 
First  Mission  sent  by  the  American 
Government  to  the  Court  of  the  King  of 
Kings  (1903-1904).  By  Robert  P. 
Skinner,  Commissioner  to  Abyssinia. 
(Arnold.) 
There  is  nothing  remarkable  about  the 
United  States  mission  to  Abyssinia,  except 


its  lateness.  Since  more  than  half  of  the- 
small  trade  of  the  country  is  with  America, 
it  was  natural  that  President  Roosevelt 
should  be  advised  to  place  American 
merchants  on  the  same  footing  as  those 
of  other  nations,  and  the  treaty  concluded 
by  Mr.  Skinner  in  1903  simply  obtains 
"  most-favoured-nation  "  terms  from  the 
ever-complaisant  Negus.  The  curious 
point  is  that  it  was  not  done  long  ago. 
It  was  natural,  too,  that  Mr.  Skinner 
should  wish  to  put  his  experiences  on 
paper.  Nobody  who  is  anybody  (tor 
express  ourselves  Hibernically)  ever  goes 
anywhere  in  these  days  without  making 
"  copy  "  of  it  in  some  form  or  other,  and 
Mr.  Skinner's  "  copy  "  is  not  the  worst 
we  have  seen.  He  writes  fairly  well,, 
though  sometimes  with  an  effort  at 
"  smartness  "  which  sits  ill  upon  him  ; 
and  his  residence  at  Marseilles  as  Consul- 
General  for  the  United  States  has  taken 
off  most  of  the  raw  edge  of  democracy. 
He  is,  in  fact,  a  sound  democrat,  but  his 
is  democracy  without  blatancy.  He 
seems  even  to  have  felt  a  passing  tempta- 
tion to  put  on  a  fancy  uniform  on  the 
occasion  of  his  reception  by  the  Emperor 
Menelik  ;  but  "  the  shadow  [he  means 
the  shade]  of  Benjamin  Franklin  loomed 
up  before  us,  and  we  adhered  rigidly  to 
the  spirit  and  letter  of  the  statute." 
There  is  an  amusing  photograph  of  the 
Commissioner  and  his  Secretary  of  Mission, 
attired  in  the  orthodox  evening  dress  of 
American  diplomacy,  as  they  rode  their 
mules  in  the  full  glare  of  the  sun,  surrounded 
by  a  grinning  escort  of  truculent  Abys- 
sinians.  Mr.  Skinner  is  even  betrayed 
into  a  panegyric  of  the  much-abused 
top-hat : — 

"  Indeed,  after  a  brief  experience  among 
Oriental  people,  fond  of  display  in  every 
form,  I  am  fully  convinced  that  the  old 
American  doctrine  in  favour  of  dignity 
without  ostentation  can  be  made  to  respond 
to  any  public  service  as  satisfactorily,  if 
not  more  so,  than  [sic]  belated  attempts  to 
imitate  the  gaudy  externals  to  which  our 
laws  and  traditions  are  equally  opposed. 
Indeed,  J  am  not  sure  that  our  shiny  silk 
hats  were  not  more  effective  than  any  other 
article  of  costume  worn  that  day.  They 
were  certainly  a  novelty  at  Addis-Ababa. 
During  our  sojourn  at  the  capital  I  was  told 
that  one  of  the  provincial  kings  had  requested 
of  a  distinguished  European  traveller,  as 
the  most  precious  gift  which  he  could  receive, 
the  silk  hat  which  the  latter  had  brought 
from  Paris.  The  king  wore  the  hat  there- 
after on  State  occasions,  but  only  after 
having  sent  it  to  the  Court  jeweller,  who 
surrounded  the  rim  with  a  row  of  emeralds." 

This  was  gratifying,  but  we  suspect 
that  the  handy  company  of  United  States 
marines,  who  formed  his  escort,  impressed 
the  Abyssinians  more  than  even  the  Com- 
missioner's silk  hat.  The  stern  demo- 
cratic spirit  shone  forth  again,  however, 
when  it  came  to  leave-taking  :  "  It  is 
scarcety  necessary  to  observe  that  the 
American  Republic  is  not  addicted  to 
gift  giving  or  receiving.  We  therefore 
brought  no  elephant — the  King  of  Eng- 
land had  sent  a  trained  elephant  to  the 
Emperor  just  before  our  arrival."  In 
striking  contrast  to  this  tremendous  bribe 
on  the  part  of  His  Majesty,  Mr.  Skinner 


N°4131,  t)Ec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


825 


offered  only  a  "  signed  portrait  of  President 
Roosevelt,"  together  with  a  typewriter 
"  which  the  manufacturers  had  asked  to 
have  offered,"  and  a  magazine  rifle,  with 
which  Menelik  instantly  blazed  away 
in  full  Court,  to  the  great  alarm  of  the 
Household.  There  may  be  a  difference 
in  degree  between  a  portrait  of  the  Presi- 
dent and  an  elephant,  but  the  principle 
involved  appears  to  be  the  same,  and 
the  Commissioner  perhaps  assumes  more 
virtue  than  the  occasion  required. 

The  book  falls,  like  omnis  Gallia,  into 
three  divisions.  One  third  is  filled  with 
an  account  of  the  journey  of  nineteen 
days  or  275  miles  from  the  railway 
terminus  at  Dire  Dawah  to  the  capital, 
and  of  this  we  need  only  say  that  it  con- 
tains nothing  that  is  not  familiar  to  readers 
of  many  books  of  Abyssinian  travel, 
whilst  it  has  none  of  the  freshness  or 
intimate  familiarity  of  the  late  Capt. 
Wellby's  charming  narrative.  The  Ame- 
ricans managed  their  Danakil  drivers 
badly,  and  overpaid  their  men,  insomuch 
that  "  when  our  party  disbanded,  some 
of  our  servants  were  employing  servants 
of  their  own,  and  I  suppose  that  if  we  had 
remained  long  enough  these  servants  of 
servants  would  have  been  doing  the  same 
thing."  As  Mr.  Skinner  truly  remarks, 
the  Abyssinian  "  is  not  fond  of  work,  but 
is  capable  of  obtaining  work  from  others." 

The  next  third  of  the  book  treats  of 
the  reception  and  doings  of  the  Mission 
at  Adis  Ababa,  where  they  enjoyed 
"  boundless  hospitality  under  the  flag  of 
every  nation  represented  officially  in  Ethiopia 
We  ate  caviare  and  drank  vodka  with  M. 
Leschine,  macaroni  and  Asti  spumante  with 
Major  Ciccodicola,  foie  gras  and  champagne 
with  M.  Roux,  and  roast  beef  and  port  with 
Mr.  Clerk," 

who  (in  the  absence  of  Sir  John  Harring- 
ton), of  the  whole  diplomatic  body, 
seems  to  have  provided  the  only  whole- 
some nutriment.  If  foie  gras  and  caviare 
were  scarcely  filling,  the  Mission  could 
not  complain  of  the  unsubstantial  cha- 
racter of  the  Emperor's  menu,  where 
they  did  "  valiant  service  through  thirteen 
courses,"  in  spite  of  the  dishes  being 
"  invariably  seasoned  with  some  sort  of 
concentrated  fire  which  seemed  to  race 
through  the  system  and  scarify  the  whole 
alimentary  canal.  The  Emperor  nodded 
cheerfully  over  our  difficulties,  and  recom- 
mended copious  drafts  of  a  fine  musty  old 
tedj  [mead]  to  relieve  the  situation." 

The  picture  of  Menelik  is  the  same  as 
usual  :  an  alert,  intelligent,  kindly  man, 
fully  alive  to  the  needs  of  his  country 
and  the  value  of  European  intercourse, 
and  railways,  roads,  and  telephones,  and 
quite  able  to  hold  his  own.  His  trusted 
European  advisers,  MM.  Chefneux  and 
Ilg — the  latter  was  absent  during  Mr. 
Skinner's  brief  visit — are  practical  men 
of  considerable  ability,  and  some  stories 
told  of  the  Swiss  councillor  are  character- 
istic. Any  discussion,  such  as  that  in 
chap.  xi.  of  '  The  Ethiopian  Problem,' 
must  necessarily  be  out  of  date,  since  the 
whole  matter  turns  upon  the  railway  and 
French  influence,  and  this  has  been  the 
subject  of  diplomatic  negotiations  since 
Mr.  Skinner's  book  was  written. 


The  last  third  of  the  book  is  obviously 
compilation.  A  writer  who  records  that 
"  the  speed  with  which  our  party  crossed 
the  country,  transacted  its  business,  and 
returned,  is  still  a  matter  of  wonderment 
in  Ethiopia,"  can  scarcely  complain  if 
we  decline  to  accept  his  generalizations 
as  authoritative  on  matters  of  Abys- 
sinian religion,  history,  manners,  law, 
morals,  art,  and  economics.  He  took 
nineteen  days  to  "  cross  the  country," 
spent  nine  days  in  the  capital,  and 
returned  to  the  railway  in  nineteen  more. 
In  this  space  of  time  it  was  naturally 
difficult  to  acquire  encyclopaedic  informa- 
tion. There  was  time,  however,  to  work 
up  enthusiasm.  Mr.  Skinner  is  eager 
for  some  one  to  explore  the  history  and 
civilization  of  this,  to  him,  unknown 
land — as  if  no  one  had  ever  studied 
Ethiopic  or  explored  Axum  : — 

"  We  devote  millions  to  the  uncovering 
of  ancient  cities  dead  [referring,  we  presume, 
to  the  brilliant  discoveries  at  Nippur],  and 
we  neglect  an  ancient  civilization  living,  a 
civilization  which  found  its  inspiration  in 
Solomon's  Court,  and  which,  preserving  its 
Christian  faith  through  1,600  years,  and 
during  many  centuries  cut  off  from  all 
contact  with  the  outside  world,  hands  itself 
down  to  us  in  all  essential  respects  identical 
with  that  which  prevailed  in  Bethlehem 
2,000  years  ago." 

We  do  not  like  to  take  the  glow  off  that 
sentence,  but  we  really  must  remind  Mr. 
Skinner,  with  all  deference  for  his  evident 
admiration  for  the  Queen  of  Sheba,  and 
without  disputing  the  many  interesting 
aspects  of  Abyssinian  antiquities,  that 
legend  is  not  necessarily  history,  and  that 
"  Bethlehem  2,000  years  ago  "  had  nothing 
whatever  in  common  with  the  civilization 
that  "  hands  itself  down  "  at  Adis  Ababa 
to-day.  Even  the  Magi  did  not  know 
the  glories  of  tedj.  Mr.  Skinner  very 
properly  makes  no  pretence  to  being  a 
scholar ;  it  is  wise  to  leave  such  matters 
to  those  who  are  better  informed.  Even 
an  American,  however  "  bright,"  needs 
a  little  more  than  nine  days  in  order  to 
grasp  the  history  and  "  essentials  "  of  a 
"  civilization."  The  photographs,  espe- 
cially the  portraits  by  M.  Bertolini,  are 
exceptionally  good.  There  is  no  index — 
but  there  is  not  much  that  needs  one. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


A     Beggar     on     Horseback.     By     S.     R. 
Keightley.     (John  Long.) 

We  have  often  had  the  Irish  adventurer 
in  fiction  since  Thackeray  rendered  him 
memorable,  but  we  do  not  remember  in 
recent  novels  so  entertaining  a  deluder 
as  Mr.  Keightley's  hero.  Rody  Blake  was 
indeed  a  beggar,  though  he  belonged  to 
the  Blakes  of  Galway  ;  yet  he  made  a 
roval  progress  in  debts  and  duns,  subject 
to  one  or  two  nasty  falls.  At  last  he  got 
entangled  in  a  plot  to  kidnap  an  heiress, 
but  so  innocently  that  you  are  not  sur- 
prised to  find  him  emerging  with  credit 
and  the  lady.  We  hope  he  made  a  more 
economical  husband  than  he  did  a  bachelor. 
But  we  leave  him  making  an  impression 


on  the  world  at  Bath.  For  all  this  hap- 
pened in  the  old  days  when  duels  were 
righteous,  and  there  was  a  debtor's  prison, 
and  love  laughed  at  locksmiths.  Then 
any  one  who  had  kissed  the  blarney-stone 
was  the  master  of  his  hands,  and  a 
"  blatherskite  "  was  destined  to  come  off 
well  in  this  rough  contest  we  call  life. 
Rody  is  a  likeable  fellow,  and  has  not  too 
much  vanity  and  egoism  to  alienate  us  ; 
while  the  crowd  of  the  Blakes  make  fun 
and  laughter  for  us  ;  so  we  can  safely 
pronounce  '  A  Beggar  on  Horseback  '  a 
pleasant  book. 

Rhoda  in  Between.     By  E.  R.  Punshon. 

(John  Lane.) 
The  author,  though  evidently  capable 
of  better  things,  seems  here  to  have  aimed 
simply  at  melodrama  of  the  impossible 
and  sensational  description,  and  from 
that  point  of  view  has  on  the  whole 
achieved  success.  Touches  of  nature  and 
humour  are  not  wanting,  and  the  plot  has 
interest,  and  is  not  at  first  sight  too  obvious. 
The  heroine,  from  whose  alternations 
between  a  shop  in  the  Hackney  Road  and 
the  choicest  Belgravian  circles  the  book 
derives  its  slightly  inconsequent  title,  is 
human  and  likeable,  though  incredibly 
superior  to  her  environment  and  up- 
bringing. Her  father,  a  gentlemanly 
person  of  predatory  and,  incidentally, 
homicidal  instincts,  is  a  good  enough 
specimen  of  the  aristocratic  adventurer  of 
fiction.  In  the  interests  of  the  simple 
life  we  rejoice  to  find  Rhoda  arrayed  for 
a  smart  dinner-party — apparently  with 
dazzling  effect — in  that  modest  fabric, 
nun's  veiling. 

The  Stain  on  the  Shield.     By  Mrs.  Darent 

Harrison.  (John  Long.) 
This  is  a  novel  in  all  respects  much  above 
the  average.  The  action,  with  occasional 
interludes  in  Scotland,  takes  place  mainly 
in  France,  and  in  the  scenes  laid  in  the 
latter  country  we  are  brought  into  con- 
tact with  some  of  the  most  prominent 
questions  of  the  day,  religious,  social,  and 
political.  As  regards  characterization, 
the  Scotch  woman  doctor  and  her  ingenue 
of  a  niece  seem  to  us  most  fully  realized  ; 
but  the  tragic  actress  has  at  least  the 
merit  of  originality,  and  the  hero — a 
French  millionaire  of  ancient  lineage — 
pleases,  if  he  does  not  always  convince  us, 
while  some  of  the  minor  personages  are 
drawn  with  much  humour  and  discrimina- 
tion. The  family  life  of  France,  with  its 
blended  charm  and  constraint,  and  the 
bewildering  maze  of  French  politics,  are 
presented  with  an  assured  and  artistic 
touch. 

Scoundrel  Mark.  By  Frank  Dilnot.  (Black- 
wood &  Sons.) 
"Scoundrel  .Mack"  is  a  burglar  who 
has  no  time  to  listen  to  gurgling  brooks. 
He  gives  away  his  breakfast,  visits  the 
sick,  and  confesses  to  crimes  which  he  did 
not  commit.  Finally  he  steps  from  his 
dead  self  to  the  altar  with  the  relative  of  a 
viscount.     In  fiction  all  things  are  possible, 

9 


826 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NH131,  Dec.  29,  i§06 


including  the  amendment  of  our  criminal 
law  which  allows  Mr.  Dilnot's  clergyman, 
after  committing  two  murders,  to  cleanse 
his  soul  by  ministering  to  lepers.  People 
who  are  veritably  "  children  of  larger 
growth  "  will  relish  this  very  naive  story. 


Andrew  Goodfellow.     By  Helen  H.  Wat- 
son.    (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Mrs.  Watson  has  started  her  career  as  a 
novelist  with  a  pleasant  old-world  romance, 
which  almost  defies  a  critic  by  its  lack  of 
definite  virtues  and  vices.  It  wants 
strength,  but  it  has  sweetness.  Perhaps 
the  worst  criticism  we  can  offer  is  that 
it  is  unnecessarily  tragic  in  its  conclusion. 
The  story  of  Susan  Drake,  who  made  a 
runaway  match  with  a  gay  young  naval 
officer  of  title,  and  was  afterwards  de- 
serted by  him,  is  sufficiently  conventional 
in  the  bare  outline  to  suggest  weariness  ; 
but  Mrs.  Watson  by  her  atmosphere 
redeems  her  stale  plot.  The  beautiful 
daughter,  who  is  really  Lady  Dorothy 
Lovell,  falls  into  the  clutches  of  a  schem- 
ing young  man,  but  is  enabled  to  escape, 
only  to  lose  the  man  she  really  loves.  It 
is  correct  to  say  of  this  sort  of  story  that 
it  is  fragrant  with  old-time  roses  or  some- 
thing of  that  sort.  Without  going  so  far 
as  that,  we  think  it  prettily  handled  and 
successfully  rendered.  It  is  a  tale  of 
1805,  and  the  scene  is  old  Plymouth, 
which  comes  pleasantly  into  the  atmo- 
sphere. 

I1  he    31  an    Apart.     By     Ralph     Straus. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) 

The  story  Mr.  Straus  has  to  tell  is  as  old 
as  civilization.  Though  he  treats  it  as  if 
he  thought  it  novel,  he  does  not  succeed 
in  conveying  a  fresh  impression.  The 
central  figure  in  the  book  is  a  young  man 
— rather  a  young  bear,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
despite  the  author's  flattering  indulgence 
of  him — fresh  from  one  of  the  universities, 
at  which  he  had  taken  a  leading  part  in 
forming  one  of  those  societies  which  spring 
up  wherever  young  men  are  gathered, 
as  a  sort  of  protest,  from  those  who  do 
not  yet  understand  it,  against  the  existing 
order  of  things.  These  societies  more 
often  than  not  die  a  natural  death  in  due 
course,  from  lack  of  funds  to  pay  the 
refreshment  bill,  or  something  of  that 
sort.  The  hero  of  this  story,  however, 
carried  his  attitude  of  protest  into  the  out- 
side world  ;  and,  as  he  persisted  in  making 
both  his  protest  and  his  want  of  savoir- 
faire  painfully  apparent,  lie  naturally 
became  what  the  author  calls  a  "  man 
apart."  His  life  was  futile,  his  end 
sensational.  Mr.  Straus  has  still  much 
to  learn  as  a  novelist. 


A    Serpent    in    his    Way.     By    Suzanne 
Somers.     (John  Long.) 

The  action  of  this  novel  is  supposed  to 
take  place  some  thirty  years  ago,  but  the 
characters  and  incidents  are  such  as  we 
commonly  associate  with  fiction  of  a 
much  earlier  period.  The  lawful  heir  to 
an  estate  is,  on  the  pica  of  some  irregularity 


in  the  marriage  of  his  parents,  dispossessed 
by  a  wicked  uncle,  who,  in  addition, 
nearly  murders  him.  His  sister,  after 
suffering  cruel  persecution  —  first  from 
some  French  nuns  on  the  score  of  religion, 
and  then,  on  account  of  her  good  looks, 
from  two  abnormally  ugly  and  spiteful 
cousins — is  rescued  by  an  aristocratic 
lover  (who  never  travels  without  his 
"  man  ") ;  and  virtue  and  vice  in  the  end 
duly  receive  their  respective  rewards. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  Ireland,  and  the 
author,  not  content  with  an  extraordinary 
account  of  the  national  speech  and  cus- 
toms, has  assigned  to  her  heroine's  abode 
the  name  of  a  notable  Irish  "  show-place." 


ANTHOLOGIES. 


The  Pilgrims'  Way.  By  A.  T.  Quiller- 
Couch.  (Seeley  &  Co.)— 'The  Pilgrims' 
Way  '  has  a  more  serious  purpose  than  is 
usually  associated  with  anthologies,  the 
selections  of  prose  and  verse  which  Mr. 
Quiller-Couch  has  chosen  being  definitely 
arranged  with  a  view  to  their  suitability  to 
the  different  stages  of  life's  journey,  beginning 
with  childhood  and  ending  with  death. 
These  selections  are  charming  in  themselves, 
and  they  cover  a  wide  range  of  literature, 
extending  from  the  Bible  to  the  work  of  such 
very  modern  authors  as  Mr.  Laurence 
Binyon  and  Maeterlinck.  Some  prose  writers 
naturally  lend  themselves  to  this  fragmentary 
treatment  better  than  others,  and  Mr. 
Quiller-Couch  has  been  perhaps  more  success- 
ful in  his  choice  from  the  older  writers,  such 
as  Bunyan,  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  Charles 
Lamb,  than  in  the  gems  which  he  has 
snatched  from  more  modern  authors,  and 
which  seem  occasionally  to  demand  their 
context.  The  poets  of  all  ages  have  been 
drawn  upon  with  great  felicity,  and  the  whole 
makes  a  most  attractive  little  volume  which 
should  prove  a  welcome  fellow-traveller. 

Sound  literary  judgment,  scholastic  expe- 
rience, and  a  knowledge  of  the  best  English 
writers  of  all  ages  are  employed  with  happy 
results  in  the  making  of  Miss  Kate  Warren's 
Treasury  of  English  Literature  (Constable 
&  Co.).  The  book  was  designed  to  serve 
primarily  as  companion  to  Mr.  Stopford 
Brooke's  '  Primer,'  with  which  it  conjointly 
forms  an  illustrated  guide  to  the  vast  wonder- 
land of  our  native  literature.  A  special 
feature  is  the  relatively  large  room — nearly 
one-third  of  the  volume — given  to  theOld  and 
Middle  English  specimens,  which  are  furnished 
with  translations  or  glossaries  at  the  foot 
of  the  page.  In  allotting  space  Miss  Warren 
observes  on  the  whole  a  just  proportion, 
though  some  might  object  that  Spenser 
(31  pp.)  has  been  unduly  favoured  at  the 
expense  of  Chaucer  (24  pp.).  No  doubt 
Spenser  is  pre-eminently  the  poet  of  youth. 
Here,  as  in  other  features  of  her  work — for 
example,  in  her  chariness  towards  amatory 
verse — Miss  Warren's  concern  for  her  girl- 
pupils  declares  itself.  It  is  perhaps  to  this 
carefulness  that  Campion  owes  the  rather 
cramped  accommodation  here  assigned  to 
him.  Could  no  corner  have  been  found  or 
made  for  '  Jack  and  Joan,'  and  for  that 
magical  sonnet  "  Thrice  toss  those  oaken 
ashes  in  the  air  "  ?  But  it  is  easy  to  pro- 
pose additions  or  substitutes — not  so  easy 
to  decide  between  rival  and,  perhaps,  seem- 
ingly equipollent  claims ;  and  we  readily 
understand  the  perplexity  of  the  editor,  who, 
"viewing  the  work  as  a  whole,  now  that  it  is 
finished,  would  liko  to  do  it  all  over  again, 
making  many  changes."  Notwithstanding, 
Miss  Warren  must  bo  congratulated  on  her 


laborious  and  conscientious  work,  than 
which,  for  its  size,  no  anthology  more  repre- 
sentative, or  more  stimulating  to  the  young 
student,  has  appeared. 

An  Anthology  of  Australian  Verse.  Edited 
by  Bertram  Stevens.  (Macmillan.) — Per- 
haps Mr.  Stevens,  in  his  apparently 
careful  selection  from  the  verse  written  by 
Australians,  has  not  chosen  the  best  work 
of  the  writers.  It  may  even  be  that  there 
are  better  writers  unrepresented  in  his 
anthology.  But  taking  the  book  as  it 
stands,  with  its  confident  hope 
"  that  this  selection  from  the  verse  that  has  been 
written  up  to  the  present  time  will  be  found  a  not 
unworthy  contribution  to  the  great  literature  of 
the  English-speaking  peoples," 

we  are  forced  to  conclude  that  Australia  has 
as  yet  not  done  justice  to  herself  in  poetry. 
That  this  should  be  so  is  as  disappointing 
as  it  is  surprising.  What  we  had  some 
reason  to  expect  is  what  is  affirmed  by  one 
of  the  writers  in  this  anthology  : — 

Not  as  the  songs  of  other  lands 

Her  song  shall  he 
Where  dim  her  purple  shore-line  stands 

Above  the  sea ! 
As  erst  she  stood,  she  stands  alone  ; 
Her  inspiration  is  her  own. 

Now  this  is  precisely  what  is  missing. 
Local  colour  we  find,  vivid  description,  a  love 
of  the  open  air  and  jjarticularly  of  horses, 
a  feeling  for  wild  life  and  wild  nature  ;  but 
all  this  comes  to  us,  not  with  an  inspiration 
of  its  own,  but  second  hand — through 
Thomas  Moore  and  Mrs.  Hemans  in  the 
earlier  pages,  through  Mr.  Swinburne  in 
many  of  the  best  of  the  later  pages.  "Poetic 
diction  "  is  to  be  found  on  every  page,  even 
on  those  pages  which  are  meant  to  be 
realistic  ;  sentimentality  deluges  even  the 
ballads  of  the  backwoods  ;  rhetoric  comes 
between  the  eyes  and  the  things  they  see. 
From 

The  love  in  her  eyes  lay  sleeping, 
As  stars  that  unconscious  shine, 

Till,  under  the  pink  lids  peeping, 
I  wakened  it  up  with  mine, 

which  is  diluted  Moore,  to 

They  are  rhymes  rudely  strung  with  intent  less 

Of  sound  than  of  words, 
In  lands  where  bright  blossoms  are  scentless, 

And  songless  bright  birds, 

which  is  Swinburne  spoilt,  there  is  not  a 
cadence  which  does  not  immediately  call 
up  the  recollection  of  the  cadence  which  it 
echoes.  These  men  with  this  new  world 
before  them,  this  free  life  about  them — -with, 
in  some  cases,  their  own  vagabond  natures 
and  audacities  of  existence — fall  back  on 
old  times  for  whatever  they  have  to  say, 
and  poetize  in  the  midst  of  slang.  Their 
songs  are  always  facile,  they  ride  well  in  the 
saddle,  their  verse  swings  along  rapidly 
enough  ;  but  we  are  never  safe  from  a  line 
like  this  of  Kendall's  : — 

But  forgive  the  baby's  father  now  that  baby  is  asleep. 
How  is  it  that  these  open-air  people  have  no 
muscles  in  their  verse  ?  They  are  constantly 
reminding  us  of  the  more  feminine  side  of 
Tennyson,  and,  if  they  echo  Browning,  turn 
most  naturally  to  '  Evelyn  Hope '  for  a 
model. 

Oddly  enough,  some  of  the  best  verse  in 

the    volume    is    written    by    women,    never 

wholly  good,  but  at  times  touched  with  a 

finer  feeling  than  that  of  the  men.     It  is  a 

woman,  however,  who  thoughtlessly  brings 

in  a  sudden  sharp  criticism  on  all  the  lighter 

work  found  here   by  putting  as  a  motto  to 

a  piece  of  her  own  these  three  lines  from 

Suckling  : — 

She  'a  pretty  to  walk  with, 

And  witty  to  talk  with. 

And  pleasant,  too,  to  think  on. 

No    one  would  think  of  picking  thoso  throe 

linos    out    of    English    literature    as    being 

specially  characteristic  of  that  literature  at 

its  best.     Yet,  found  by  chance  in  a  volume 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


827 


which  professes  to  contain  the  best  that  has 
been  produced  in  Australia  during  the 
hundred  years  of  its  existence,  they  instantly 
challenge  the  whole  three  hundred  pages, 
and  meet  no  single  line  of  the  same  order. 
How  is  it  that  even  the  most  lively  and  actual 
f  of  these  writers — Victor  Daley  or  A.  B. 
Paterson,  for  instance — who  can  say  certain 
things  with  so  much  emphasis  and  straight- 
forwardness, can  never  say  them  with  just 
that  easy  perfection  which  in  Suckling 
identifies  him  as  of  the  true  lineage  ? 

A  Sailor's  Garland.  Arranged  by  John 
Masefield.  (Methuen.)  —  Mr.  Masefield's 
work  deserves  serious  consideration.  As  a 
people  we  do  not  devote  half  the  attention 
to  the  literature  of  the  sea  that  our  national 
traditions  would  justify.  Mr.  Masefield 
holds  an  honourable  place  among  the  modern 
writers  who  should  help  us  to  remedy  this. 
His  introduction  shows  him  at  his  best  : — 

"  We  cannot  wonder  that  the  pc.ets  have  said  so 
little  that  is  beautiful  about  the  sailor.  There  is 
little  to  say  about  him  ;  and  that  little,  to  a 
perceptive  person,  is  ver)*  readily  apparent.  The 
poetic,  or  sea-bear  sailor,  who  bawls  and  drinks 
and  raps  you  out  oaths  and  bangs  upon  the  tables 
with  his  cudgel,  is  always  to  be  found.  One  can 
tind  him  on  blue-water  ships  at  the  present  time  ; 
and  where  he  exists  he  is  the  best  man  in  the 
vessel.  He  is  not  fitted  to  command,  but  he  is 
excellent  before  the  mast.  He  has  hardly  changed 
since  Chaucer's  time.  One  could  find  a  dozen  like 
Chaucer's  shipman  in  anj'  dock  in  Liverpool  or 
New  York  or  Sydney  or  San  Francisco.  He  no 
longer  wears  '  faldyng,'  or  rough  Irish  frieze,  but 
he  is  never  without  a  knife  (as  he  will  tell  you 
himself  in  a  coarse  proverb),  and  he  is  tanned  by 
the  wind  and  the  sun,  and  he  is  'a  good  felawe,'  a 
good  comrade,  a  stand-by  in  any  sudden  trouble." 

But,  while  he  is  of  opinion  that  poets  have 
not  in  the  past  written  much  that  is  beautiful 
on  sailors,  Mr.  Masefield  holds  that  of  late 
we  have  had  some  beautiful  poetry  of  the  sea. 
He  has  the  modern  mind,  and  has  been  very 
strongly  appealed  to  by  the  most  recent 
work  in  this  direction  : — 

"  Our  early  poets  have  told  us  of  the  sea's 
terrors,  and  our  early  ballad-singers  have  told  us 
of  our  sea  victories.  It  has  been  the  task  of 
modern  poets,  Mr.  Binyon,  Mr.  Bridges,  Mr. 
Kipling,  Mr.  Newbolt,  and  Mr.  D.  C.  Scott,  to 
tell  us  of  the  magical  attractions  of  the  sea,  and  to 
set  before  us,  in  ringing  and  strenuous  verses,  the 
nubility  of  those  who  have  made  the  seas  our 
heritage." 

The  obvious  criticism  of  an  anthology  is  a 
statement  as  to  its  omissions,  with  a  question 
as  to  the  suitability  of  sundry  items  which  it 
includes.  In  the  present  case  there  is  nothing 
we  would  rather  see  away.  The  selection 
is  good  and  wise,  one  we  should  like  to  see 
in  the  forecastle,  as  well  as  in  the  saloon,  of 
every  British  ship  afloat.  There  is  hardly 
a  verse  here  to  the  merit  of  which  some 
member  of  a  ship's  "  crowd  "  would  not 
rise  ;  and  the  majority  of  the  poems  would 
delight  the  hearts  of  the  whole  crew,  when 
read  aloud  in  dog  watches,  or  in  sunny 
afternoon  watches  below. 

As  to  omissions,  an  author's  note  disarms 
the  critic  by  indicating  that  certain  poems 
by  Mr.  Swinburne,  Tennyson,  Mr.  A.  F. 
Brady,  the  Australian  poet,  and  others,  are 
not  the  only  selections  which  have  been 
perforce  omitted  from  this  collection,  on 
account  of  the  editor's  inability  to  obtain 
the  requisite  permission.  This  is  to  be 
regretted.  It  may  be  that  W.  E.  Henley's 
work  has  fallen  under  the  same  category, 
for  he  certainly  might  figure  here  with 
advantage. 

Headers  who  know  tho  sea  intimately  will 
take  most  interest  in  the  last  thirty  pages, 
an  admirable  collection  of  sea  chanties,  with 
some  useful  notes.  No  reader  ought  to  miss 
such  interesting  folk-lore  and  true  poetry 
as  is  to  be  found  in  chanties  like  *  Lowlands  ' 


with  its  haunting  refrain  of  '  My  Lowlands 
a-ray."  We  wonder  rather  at  the  omission 
of  old  favourites  like  '  Roll,  Alabama,  Roll'; 
but  the  editor  refers  apologetically  to  lack  of 
space.  He  makes  no  mention  of  '  John 
Brown's  Body,'  or  '  Georgia  '  ;  but  this 
may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  though  he  has 
spent  weary  hours  at  ships'  pumps,  he  has 
never  been  fortunate  enough  to  hear  a 
pumping  chanty.  The  present  writer  has 
pumped  to  both  the  last-named  songs, 
and,  unless  memory  betraj-s  him,  to  '  Shen- 
andoah,' another  chanty  not  given  here. 

Sea  Songs  and  Ballads,  selected  by  Chris- 
topher Stone  (Frowde),  has  an  introduc- 
tion by  Admiral  Sir  Cyprian  Bridge,  who 
suggests  that  some  of  the  songs  would  make 
good  substitutes  for  the  music-hall  ditties 
which  now  find  favour  at  "  sing-songs  " 
on  board  His  Majesty's  ships.  The  volume 
contains  no  examples  of  the  chanties 
referred  to  above.  Regarding  these  songs, 
Sir  Cyprian  Bridge  makes  the  remarkable 
statement  that  "  the  merchant-seamen's 
chanty  is  less  often  sung  than  it  used  to  be, 
but  it  may  still  be  heard  on  board  coasters." 
The  reviewer  has  been  on  board  many  deep- 
sea  sailing  vessels,  and  he  has  never  known 
one  in  which  chanties  were  not  sung  every 
day.  On  board  coasters,  on  the  other  hand, 
one  hears  a  good  deal  more  of  the  plain  yo- 
ho-ing  on  ropes  than  of  anything  approaching 
the  true  chanty,  beloved  of  merchant  seamen 
in  deep-sea  ships  the  world  over.  The 
Admiral  also  says  that  the  old  informal  fore- 
castle concert  has  now  disappeared,  and 
given  place  to  a  much  more  elaborate  affair, 
with  programmes  and  so  forth,  called  a 
"  sing-song."  The  very  word  surely  suggests 
informality.  But,  whether  or  not  this  is 
true  of  the  royal  navy,  it  emphatically  is  not 
true  of  the  merchant  service,  where  fore- 
castle "  concerts  "  never  have  been  known, 
and  where  the  most  informal  sort  of  "  sing- 
song " — called  by  that  name,  too — is  an 
everyday  occurrence  in  fine  weather  during 
second  dog-watches.  We  do  not  think  that 
the  songs  and  ballads  contained  in  this  book 
are  likely  to  find  great  popularity  in  either 
of  the  sea  services  ;  but  a  few  of  them  have 
been  popular  among  sailors  and  are  likely 
to  continue  so.  On  the  other  hand,  all  that 
is  given  here  deserves  preservation.  The 
modern  poem  at  the  end  of  the  book  is  by 
no  means  the  best  that  W.  E.  Henley  wrote 
about  the  sea,  but  probably  its  old-time 
flavour  recommended  it  to  Mr.  Stone,  who 
has  done  his  work  of  selection  carefully  and 
well. 

The  Golden  Staircase  :  Poems  for  Children. 
Chosen  by  Louey  Chisholm.  (T.  C.  &  E.  C. 
Jack.) — The  compiler  of  this  collection  has 
approached  her  pleasant  task  in  a  commend- 
ably  catholic  spirit,  and  the  result  comes 
within  a  measurable  distance  of  success. 
Entirely  successful  it  is  not — as  how  few 
anthologies  are — and  this  may  partly  arise 
from  the  compiler's  over-modest  estimate 
of  the  childish  imagination.  Throughout, 
in  spite  of  the  many  noble  and  luminous 
examples  included,  there  is  a  tendency  to 
play  down,  as  it  were,  to  lower  levels  of 
thought  and  fancy  ;  or,  we  might  rather  say, 
to  eschew  much  of  a  stimulatinc  character 
in  favour  of  the  comparatively  common- 
place. The  compiler's  view,  as  stated  in  a 
gracefully  worded  preface,  is  that 
"if  you  talk  to  a  child,  you  will  find  that  an 
insight  into  the  working  of  his  little  mind,  an 
appreciation  of  his  likes  and  dislikes,  will  stand 
you  in  better  stead  than  a  profound  knowledge  of 
your  subject.'' 

But  if,  on  the  other  hand,  you  realize  that 
the  mind  of  childhood,  especially  on  the 
imaginative  sides  is  one  of  the  shyest  and 


most  elusively  mysterious  of  created  things, 
and  that  talk  will  not  infallibly  illumine  its 
inmost  recesses,  the  matter  becomes  less 
obvious.  Poetry,  like  heaven,  lies  about 
most  of  us  in  our  infancy,  and  the  dim  appeal 
of  undefined  or  unreasoned  beauty,  whether 
of  sight,  sound,  or  sense,  remains  with  us 
like  half-forgotten  music  or  perfume,  a 
country  of  dreams  to  which  we  vaguely  turn 
through  clearer-sighted,  if  less  romantic 
years.  One  of  the  most  commendable 
features  in  this  collection  is  its  wealth  of 
humour,  both  old  and  new,  as  evinced  by  the 
inclusion  of  the  immortal  '  Jemima  '  and 
several  charming  moralities  from  Jane  and 
Ann  Taylor,  together  with  many  other  light- 
wares.  The  selections  from  '  Struwwelpeter  ' 
seem  incongruous,  torn  from  their  native 
archaic  glories  of  the  illustrator's  art  :  and 
the  anthology  is  somewhat  over-weighted 
with  verses  from  little-known  and  incon- 
siderable bards,  while  many  of  the  older  poets, 
such  as  Cowper  and  Longfellow,  might  have 
been  far  better  represented.  However,  there 
is  a  good  deal  to  be  grateftil  for  :  a  sprinkling 
of  Stevenson  and  Mr.  Kipling,  and  a  few 
fine  traditional  ballads,  together  with  much 
else,  well  worth  having.  It  seems  a  pity, 
with  so  lavish  a  hospitality  to  dispense,  that 
the  treatment  of  Procrustes  should  have  been 
meted  out  to  Macaulay's  '  Lay  of  Horatius,' 
and  that  Christina  Rossetti  is  merely  repre- 
sented by  two  poems  in  the  devotional  sec- 
tion. The  pictures  by  M.  S.  Spooner,  which 
are  somewhat  after  the  style  of  Miss  Jessie 
Wilcox  Smith,  are  beautiful  in  colour  and 
design,  and  the  volume  is  sumptuously 
bound  and  printed. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Sainte-Beuve  used  to  regard  the  novel 
with  melancholy  interest  as  a  late  and 
inferior  form  of  literature  which  was  des- 
tined to  displace  all  other  forms.  "  Every- 
thing will  go  into  it,"  he  said  to  one  so 
the  De  Goncourts,  "it  is  so  vast  and  of 
adaptable."  In  France,  however,  the  art  of 
fiction  seems  to  have  lost  somewhat  of  its 
popularity.  The  reaction  began,  perhaps, 
on  the  decline  of  the  realistic  movement. 
In  such  works  as  the  '  Debacle  '  the  frame- 
work of  the  novel  had  been  stretched  to  the 
utmost  in  an  attempt  to  combine  the  qualities 
of  a  work  of  imagination  with  the  qualities 
of  a  work  of  history.  It  was  impossible 
for  the  novelist  to  go  any  further  in  the 
direction  of  realism  without  ceasing  to  be  a 
novelist,  and  after  having  excited  this  keen 
and  general  interest  in  facts  he  had  to  make 
way  for  the  historian.  Happily  for  the 
French  historian  the  history  of  his  country 
has  been  converted  by  the  French  memoir- 
writer  into  an  uncommonly  attractive 
matter  of  study.  In  the  picturesque  inci- 
dents of  the  Napoleonic  period,  in  the 
brilliance  and  gaiety  of  the  eighteenth- 
century  regime,  and  in  the  stately  life  of  the 
age  of  Louis  XIV.,  he  was  able  to  find 
subjects  more  engaging  than  any  that  the 
French  novelists  of  the  younger  generation 
could  invent.  The  result  was  that  there 
was  created  in  France  a  relish  for  light 
historical  reading,  which,  spreading  to 
England,  has  strengthened  our  inten  st  in 
works  of  biography  and  prevented  the 
taste  for  fiction  from  becoming  inordinate. 
That  tho  present  fashion  for  entertaining 
sketches  of  an  historical  kind  is  of  French 
origin  is  shown  by  the  subject-matter  of 
most  of  these  books.  Like  The  Great  Days 
of  Versailles,  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Bradby,  which 
Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  have  just  published, 
they  deal  mainly  with  some  famous  period 
in  French  history  for  which  ample  matter 


828 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4131,  Dec.  29.  1906 


of  illustration  exists  in  the  works  of  the 
memoir  writers  of  the  age.  Mr.  Bradby  has 
founded  his  study  of  French  Court  life  in  the 
latter  years  of  Louis  XIV.  on  the  writings  of 
that  scandal-monger  of  genius,  Saint-Simon. 
While  exercising  generally  an  admirable 
discretion  in  regard  to  the  wilder  statements 
of  his  authority,  he  has  not  always  overcome 
the  temptation  to  accept  the  most  picturesque 
and  least  credible  interpretation  of  events. 
He  examines,  for  instance,  at  some  length 
the  grounds  for  the  suspicion  that  Henrietta 
of  England  was  poisoned  by  her  husband, 
but  he  does  not  care  to  spoil  the  story  by 
adducing  all  the  evidence  on  the  other  side, 
which  goes  to  prove  that  her  death  was  due 
to  peritonitis.  That  is  a  characteristic 
defect  of  the  picturesque  way  of  writing 
history.  On  the  whole,  however,  Mr. 
Bradby' s  book  is  a  scholarly  and  agreeable 
piece  of  light  historical  reading  ;  but  we 
trust  that  he  has  not  abandoned  the  art  of 
fiction  entirely  for  this  kind  of  work.  A 
novelist  with  a  gift  for  humour  is,  after  all, 
a  writer  of  higher  merit  than  a  conscientious 
compiler  of  anecdotal  history. 

The  Defence  of  the  Realme.  By  Sir  Henry 
Knyvett.  With  an  Introduction  by  Charles 
Hughes.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) — This 
little  State  Paper,  drawn  up  for  submission 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  is  now  printed  for  the 
first  time  from  the  MS.  in  the  Chetham 
Library,  Manchester.  It  throws  a  certain 
amount  of  light  on  the  county  musters  of  the 
period,  and  on  the  measure  of  free  action 
allowed  to  an  energetic  local  potentate,  and 
is  not  without  merit  as  a  piece  of  plain, 
straightforward  writing.  Mr.  Hughes,  as  is 
his  wont,  has  devoted  much  trouble  to  elu- 
cidating the  various  points  raised,  but  his 
astonishment  at  the  Manchester  Court  Leet's 
order  for  archery  in  1628  is  unfounded — it 
acted  in  pursuance  of  a  proclamation  re- 
issued by  the  Privy  Council  in  that  year  for 
the  enforcement  of  33  Hen.  VTII.  The  use  of 
the  bow  and  pike  was  enjoined  even  in 
1633  by  a  royal  order.  In  connexion  with 
the  MS.  quoted  on  p.  74  we  may  refer  Mr. 
Hughes  to  the  printed  orders  for  musters 
for  the  troops  in  the  Low  Countries  issued  by 
Elizabeth  on  December  31st,  1590.  Kny- 
vett's  scheme  for  quick  formation  of  his 
troops  depended  a  good  deal  on  a  discipline 
which  was  rarely  found  in  the  armies  of  that 
day,  and  his  descriptions  throw  much  light 
on  the  weaknesses  which  brought  about 
astounding  reverses  of  fortune.  The  MS. 
justifies,  indeed  requires,  emendation  in 
several  places.  The  volume  is  very  plea- 
sant to  read  and  handle,  and  "  The  Tudor 
and  Stuart  Library,"  of  which  it  forms 
part,  with  its  Oxford  type,  Oxford  printing, 
and  reminiscences  of  Oxford  binding,  is  one 
which  has  great  claims  on  the  lover  of  fine 
books.  Other  volumes  are  '  Howell's  De- 
vises '  ( 1581 ),  Pepys's  '  Memories  of  the  Royal 
Navy.'  edited  by  a  Cambridge  historian  and 
scholar  who  has  paid  special  attention  to 
Pepys  ;    and  Evelyn's  '  Sculptura.' 

Mr.  Perceval  Landon,  whose  '  Lhasa  ' 
is  d<  servedly  popular,  has  now  collected 
twenty-five  chapters  "  written  in  the  course 
of  annual  wanderings  over  India  during  the 
last  five  years,"  and  has  had  them  published 
by  Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett  in  a  volume 
called  Under  the  Sun.  From  the  title,  it  is 
clear,  nothing  new  may  be  expected  ;  yet 
there  is  much  that  is  fresh.  The  chapters 
are  mainly  impressions  of  many  Indian 
cities,  and  they  are  generally  correct  and 
just ;  the  writer  is  faithful  as  to  local  colour, 
and  not  less  trustworthy  as  to  local  smells, 
which  are  often  more  insistent,  if  less  in- 
sisted on  by  descriptive  writers. 

Every  province  in  India,  including  Burma, 
is  represented,   and  of  the  less  frequented 


places  we  may  mention  the  Khaibar  Pass  ; 
Jammu,  the  winter  home  of  the  Maharajas 
of  Kashmir  ;  Bikanir,  in  the  desert  the 
nursery  of  riding  camels  ;  and  Buddh  Gaya, 
the  Holiest  of  Holies  to  the  greatest  number 
of  men,  for  there 

"  the  most  Blessed  Master  received  enlightenment 
and  the  knowledge  that  at  last  upon  him  had  fallen 
that  divinity  which  ten  thousand  years  before  had 

vanished  from  the  earth There,  in  the  very  spot 

where   the   Buddha  sits  upon  the  altar there, 

two  thousand  four  hundred  years  ago,  Prince 
Gautama,  beneath  the  leaves  of  the  famous  pipal 

received  in  humility  and  awe  the  annunciation 

that  God  was  now  born  again  in  this  world  and  in 

his  own  person." 

The  pipal,  we  may  add,  is  the  Ficus  religiosa. 

Here,  the   author  being    one  of  but   three 

white   men    present,    the   Tashi    Lama,    on 

December  22nd,  1905,  revisited 

"  the  spot  on  which,  by  the  unswerving  belief  of 

Northern   Buddhism,  he  himself,  Buddha,  and  no 

other,  had  received  enlightenment  more  than  two 

thousand  years  ago." 

The  author  justly  refers  to  this  as  one  of  the 
most  interesting  days  of  his  life. 

As  to  the  rest  of  the  book,  errors  are  in- 
separable from  work  by  an  author  who  has 
not  spent  most  of  his  life  in  the  country, 
but  they  are  unimportant.  A  tree  he  calls 
bebel  is  probably  the  acacia,  babul  in  Hindu- 
stani, and  kikar  in  Panjabi.  The  origin  of 
the  Sikhs  as  told  in  the  chapter  '  Amritsar  ' 
requires  recasting  ;  it  would  lose  nothing 
in  picturesqueness  if  it  conformed  more 
strictly  to  tradition.  The  final  chapter 
purports  to  describe  the  later  days  of  Nana 
Sahib,  and  nothing  inherently  improbable 
is  set  forth.  Altogether  the  book,  which  is 
well  illustrated  and  printed  in  clear  type, 
should  appeal  to  a  considerable  public. 

The  Life  of  William  Blake.  By  Alexander 
Gilchrist.  Edited  with  an  Introduction  by 
W.  Graham  Robertson.  (John  Lane.) — 
Mr.  Lane  has  issued  in  one  volume,  with 
the  reasonable  omission  of  the  poems  and 
prose  now  easily  accessible  elsewhere,  the 
first  edition  of  Gilchrist's  '  Life  of  Blake,' 
now  out  of  copyright.  This  first  edition  of 
1863  is  not  so  full  or  so  valuable  as  the 
second  of  1880,  which  is  still  in  print.  Nor 
does  Mr.  Lane's  reprint  contain  the  plates 
which  gave  its  special  value  to  the  first 
edition.  He  has  added  a  number  of  illus- 
trations, done  in  half-tone,  some  of  them 
from  designs  which  have  not  been  reproduced 
before.  These  are  of  great  interest.  The 
reproduction,  however,  of  '  Jacob's  Ladder  ' 
does  not  compare  well  with  the  reproduction 
of  the  same  water-colour  in  Mr.  Russell's 
edition  of  Blake's  '  Letters.'  On  the  other 
hand,  the  facsimile  of  the  handwriting  is 
perhaps  better.  The  drawing  by  Robert 
Blake  is  of  great  interest.  Very  interesting, 
too,  is  Mr.  Graham  Robertson's  account  of 
Blake's  method  of  colour  printing,  which, 
however,  is  printed  as  if  it  were  a  part  of 
Gilchrist's  life,  without  any  indication  of 
authorship.  It  is  not  often  that  one  finds 
an  editor  forgetting  to  claim  credit  for  his 
own  work.  The  same  careful  hand  is  to  be 
found  in  a  few  useful  foot-notes,  one  of 
which,  in  spite  of  the  statement  that  no 
attempt  has  been  made  to  bring  the  work 
up  to  date,  embodies  the  dates  of  birth  of 
the  Blake  family  printed  in  The  Athcnanmi 
of  April  28th  last. 

Sir  William  Heathcote  of  Htjrsley, 
the  friend  of  Keble  and  member  for  Oxford 
University,  deserved  to  be  commemorated 
in  a  biographical  memoir.  The  task  has 
been  accomplished  by  Miss  F.  Awdry,  under 
the  title  of  A  Country  Oentleman  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  (The  Wykeham  Pross\  in 
oxcollent  taste,  though  with  a  tendency  to 
lapse  into  sentimontalism  and  italics.  Heath- 


cote belonged  to  that  type  of  politician  of 
which  Sir  Robert  Tnglis  was  the  most  cha- 
racteristic, and  Sir  Walter  Barttelot  perhaps 
the  last  representative.  A  thoroughgoing 
Tory,  he  regareled  O'Connell  as  a  traitor 
who  ought  to  have  been  put  to  death  if  it 
was  possible  to  convict  him  ;  he  had  little 
patience  with  the  "  so-called  Conservatism  " 
of  Peel,  and  in  1857  lamented  "  the  tyranny 
now  prevalent  in  England  of  the  government 
of  the  worst  and  most  unprincipled  of  English 
society,  viz.,  the  so-called  Middle  Classes." 
Sir  William  was  happily  spared  the  ascend- 
ancy of  the  so-called  working  classes.  The 
country  gentlemen  of  that  school  may  have 
been  narrow,  but  they  maintained  an  un- 
deviating  standard  of  duty.  In  spite  of  ill- 
health  anel  an  encumbered  estate,  Heathcote 
devoted  himself  to  county  affairs  and  to  the 
interests  of  his  church  and  university.  It 
cannot  exactly  be  counted  a  virtue  that  he 
preferred  farms  to  lie  vacant  rather  than  be 
occupied  by  Dissenters.  Still,  he  was  essen- 
tially a  charitable  man,  who  could  always 
be  trusted  to  support  a  good  object,  and  who 
brought  to  the  management  of  the  Hamp- 
shire County  Hospital  or  the  Hursley  parish 
schools  business  talents  of  a  liigh  order. 
Heathcote  believed  in  a  legal  training,  and 
it  certainly  developed  in  his  case  a  judicial 
habit  of  mind,  which  he  brought  to  bear 
upon  ecclesiastical  problems,  such  as  the 
reconstitution  of  the  Irish  Church.  He 
was  frequently  consulted,  and  counted  for 
more  in  the  workings  of  public  affairs  than 
his  speeches  can  have  indicated.  His 
correspondence  with  Keble  is  a  little  dis- 
appointing, but  the  squire  and  parson  of 
Hursley  must  have  met  too  often  to  have 
had  occasion  for  much  writing.  Miss 
Yonge,  his  neighbour  at  Otterbourne,  Sir 
John  Awdry,  and  Sir  John  Taylor  Coleridge 
were  among  the  well-known  persons  with 
whom  Sir  William  Heathcote  cultivated  a 
close  intimacy ;  and  though  he  regarded 
the  Liberalism  of  the  future  Lord  Coleridge 
with  positive  horror,  it  did  not  deter  him 
from  extending  to  the  son  the  affection  he 
felt  for  the  father. 

The  Episcopal  Registers  of  Exeter. — Thomas 
de  Brantijngham,  1370-1394.  Part  II.  Edited 
by  F.  C.  Hingeston-Randolph.  (Bell  & 
Sons. ) — Prebendary  Hingeston-Randolph  has 
done  far  more  careful  and  patient  work  for 
the  elucidation  of  the  history  and  adminis- 
tration of  the  Church  of  England  during  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  than 
any  other  scholar,  whether  clerk  or  layman. 
He  has  now  completed,  in  eight  large  and 
closely  printed  volumes,  the  registers  of  the 
bishops  of  the  great  diocese  of  the  West 
from  1257  to  1419.  It  is  only  those  who 
have  closely  studied  mediaeval  diocesan 
records,  or  who  have  themselves  attempted 
the  faithful  transcript  of  even  a  few  folios, 
who  can  form  any  true  estimate  of  the  labours 
accomplished  by  this  veteran  student.  The 
work  is  far  more  than  a  mere  transcript 
or  a  faithful  digest  of  common  forms  :  the 
introductions  and  occasional  notes  are  of 
much  value,  whilst  the  series  of  thorough 
indexes  are  priceless  for  reference  to 
special  subjects  or  places.  This  volume 
for  instance,  concludes  with  indexes  during 
Bishop  Brantyngham's  time  (1)  to  the  institu- 
tions to  benefices  in  Devon,  (2)  to  benefices 
in  Cornwall,  (3)  to  the  incumbents  of  parishes, 
(4)  to  the  patrons  of  benefices,  (5)  to  licensed 
oratories  and  chapels,  and  (6)  to  names  of 
manors  ;  and  all  these  in  addition  to  a  com- 
prehensive general  index.  Another  useful 
feature  is  an  itinerary  of  this  hardworking 
bishop  right  through  his  episcopacy. 

In  this  volume,  which  completes  Brant- 
yngham's register  from  1385  until  his  death 
in  1394,  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  the 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


829 


industry  of  the  bishop  and  his  suffragans 
in  holding  ordinations  in  various  parts  of 
his  wide  diocese,  not  infrequently  even  in 
remote  villages.  In  the  very  first  year 
recorded  in  this  volume  ordinations  were  held 
in  churches  or  chapels  of  the  following  places  : 
Bodmin,  Clyst,  Cadynbeke,  Crediton,  Exeter 
(St.  Pancras),  Holsworthy,  Ilfracom.be,  Laun- 
ceston,  Lawhitton,  Liskeard,  Nympton,  Oke- 
hampton,  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Tavistock,  and 
Tawton.  In  many  of  these  cases  the  ordi- 
nation was  held  merely  for  the  purpose  of 
admitting  youths  to  the  first  tonsure.  This 
is  a  matter  of  interest  in  connexion  with 
the  charge  made  against  our  mediaeval 
bishops  of  neglecting  the  rite  of  confirma- 
tion. Canon  Hingeston  -  Randolph  says 
emphatically — and  no  one  is  a  more  com- 
petent witness — that  such  a  charge  cannot 
be  sustained.  Numerous  incidental  refer- 
ences to  this  rite  can  generally  be  found  in 
our  old  episcopal  registers,  though  there  was 
no  necessity  to  make  such  entries.  Thus  in 
February,  1379,  Brantyngham  commissioned 
Bishop  John  Ware  to  act  as  his  suffragan 
"  ad  confirmandum  pueros  [boys  and  girls 
come  under  the  term]  baptizatos  in  civitate 
et  diocesi  Exonie  ac  precipue  in  Archidia- 
conatu  Cornubiensi."  A  renewal  of  his 
commission  in  1380  mentions  "  ad  cele- 
brandum  ordines,  necnon  ad  confirmandum 
pueros  "  ;  whilst  the  commission  of  1385 
names  "  ad  quoscunque  pueros  non  con- 
firmatos  confirmandum."  Moreover,  it  was 
a  bishop's  duty,  whenever  conferring  the 
first  tonsure,  to  satisfy  himself  that  the 
candidate  had  been  already  confirmed,  or 
otherwise  first  to  administer  that  rite.  That 
Bishop  Brantyngham  did  not  neglect  this 
duty  is  obvious,  for  in  one  year,  when  four 
candidates  for  the  tonsure  were  presented 
to  him  from  the  distant  island  of  Jersey,  it 
is  specially  entered  that  he  confirmed  them 
before  admitting  them  to  the  first  step  of 
orders. 

During      his      episcopate      Brantyngham 
granted  upwards  of  three  hundred  licences 
for    the    celebration    of    divine    service    in 
chapels  and  oratories.     Many  of  the  former 
were  in  small  townships  or  scattered  hamlets, 
and  served  as  general  chapels  of  ease.     Such 
was  the  licence  granted  in  1391  to  the  in- 
habitants   of    Polperro,    in    the    parish    of 
Lansallos,  on  the  south  coast  of  Cornwall, 
to  have  celebrations  by  fit  priests,  at  their 
own  expense,   in  the   chapel   of   St.    Peter. 
The     large     majority,    however,     of     these 
licences    were    granted    to    landowners    for 
chapels    or    oratories    within    their    manors, 
which  would  for  the  most  part  be  open  to 
their    tenants    as   well    as   their   household. 
On  the  same  folio  of  the  register  as  the  just- 
cited  licence  to  the  people  of  Polperro  occur 
two  examples  of  such  licences  to  individuals. 
Sir  John  Ratheney  and  Alice  his  wife  were 
authorized  to  have  celebrations  in  the  chapel 
of  St.  Nicholas,  within  their  manor  of  Tyne- 
teyn,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Tudy  ;   in  this  case, 
as  the  chapel  bore  a  name,  it  had  probably 
been    consecrated    at    some    previous    time, 
and    was    no    mere    small    oratory    forming 
part   of  the  actual   manor-house.     But   the 
very  next  entry  is  of  a  different  kind,  for 
it  is  a  grant  to  Simon  Mareys,  of  the  parish 
of  Wyke  St.  Mary,  to  have  celebrations  in  a 
chapel  or  oratory  or  other  honourable  place 
within  his  manse  of  Mareys.     Those  who  are 
ready  to  sneer  at  all  mediaeval  church  uses 
are  in  the  habit  of  looking  upon  these  private 
licences,     which    were    general    throughout 
England  in  the  latter  half  of  the  fourteenth 
century,    as    signs    of    slackness    and    lazy 
observance  of  the  Church's  demands.    Canon 
Hingeston-Randolph,     however,     does     well 
to  point  out  that  the  actual  records  do  not 
favour  any  such  notion  ;    for  the  licences, 


which  were  not  granted  recklessly  or  indis- 
criminately, were  for  short  periods  and  deter- 
minable at  the  bishop's  pleasure,  and  care- 
fully provided  for  the  privileges  of  the  parish 
church  and  for  attendance  there  at  the  great 
festivals.  It  is  far  more  probable,  particu- 
larly as  each  such  licence  imposed  a  con- 
siderable money  fine  on  the  lord  in  the  way 
of  providing  suitable  oratory  fittings  and 
the  stipend  of  a  chaplain,  that  this  signifi- 
cant movement  represented  a  wave  of  pious 
devotion  consequent  on  the  shock  of  the 
Black  Death. 

This  last  portion  of  Bishop  Brantyng- 
ham' s  register  contains  various  references 
to  national  affairs,  particularly  in  connexion 
with  the  public  prayers  that  were  ordered 
to  be  used  in  times  of  war  or  emergency. 
On  July  27th,  1385,  the  orders  of  Archbishop 
Courtenay  were  issued  to  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Exeter  and  to  the  four  arch- 
deacons by  their  diocesan  enjoining  all  the 
clergy,  religious  and  secular,  to  pray  for  a 
happy  issue  of  the  expedition  against  Scot- 
land, and  for  the  peace  of  the  Church  and 
kingdom,  in  masses  and  sermons,  and  espe- 
cially in  processions  (litanies)  on  Wednes- 
days and  Fridays,  and  promising  forty  days' 
indulgence  to  all  the  faithful  devoutly 
participating  in  such  services.  Like  orders 
were  issued  to  the  officials  of  the  diocese 
on  July  11th,  1386,  in  connexion  with  the 
expedition  to  Spain  by  John,  King  of  Castile 
and  Duke  of  Lancaster,  undertaken  by  the 
counsel  and  consent  of  Richard  II.  On 
May  2nd,  1387,  similar  mandates  for  prayer 
were  issued  in  connexion  with  the  war  with 
France,  particularly  for  the  success  of 
Richard,  Earl  of  Arundell,  the  English 
admiral,  who  was  preparing  to  resist  the 
anticipated  invasion.  A  mandate,  in  very 
similar  terms,  was  issued  on  June  27th,  1388, 
again  inviting  prayers  for  the  English 
admiral,  who  was  then  in  niari  contra  hostes  ; 
it  is  stated  in  this  document  that  the  threa- 
tened landing  of  the  enemy  had  actually 
been  effected  in  several  places. 

There  are  various  references  to  the  dio- 
cesan's visitations  of  religious  houses,  and 
in  the  case  of  Tavistock  there  are  two  cases 
of  long  injunctions  resulting  from  minor 
irregularities.  But  on  the  whole  it  is  clear 
that  the  monastic  system  was  working  well, 
and  there  is  not  a  single  instance  of  any 
grave  scandal  among  the  religious  throughout 
the  volume.  In  the  case  of  an  incontinent 
vicar-choral  of  the  chapel  of  Bosham — of 
which  the  Bishop  of  Exeter  was  dean — 
the  penance  enjoined  by  the  bishop's  com- 
missary involved  the  fasting  on  every  Friday 
for  a  year  on  bread  and  vegetables  and  beer, 
and  the  saying  each  week  of  the  whole 
psalter  in  the  choir  of  the  chapel.  Bosham, 
a  parish  in  Sussex,  is  famous  for  the  dealings 
of  the  devil  with  "Bosham  great  bell." 

The  general  contents  of  the  latter  part  of 
the  register  of  the  energetic  bishop  are 
much  diversified,  being  concerned  with  such 
matters  as  the  appointment  of  confessors 
for  different  deaneries,  the  coinage  of  tin, 
non-resident  incumbents,  assaults  on  clergy 
and  the  murder  of  a  vicar,  the  manumission 
of  serfs,  the  theft  of  jewels  deposited  by 
Margaret,  Countess  of  Devon,  in  the  church 
of  the  Friars  Minors,  Exeter,  the  grammar 
school  at  Crediton,  and  the  order  by  the 
bishop  for  a  library  to  be  built  at  Exeter 
Cathedral. 

Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Derbyshire 
Clvarters.  Compiled  by  I.  H.  .leaves.  (Bem- 
rose  &  Sons.) — This  catalogue  of  Derbyshire 
charters  in  public  and  private  libraries  and 
muniment  rooms,  compiled  by  Mr.  .leaves, 
of  the  British  Museum,  for  Sir  Henry 
Bemrose,  a  well-known  Derbyshire  biblio- 
graphist   and    collector,    represents   a    vast 


amount  of  labour.  It  includes  abstracts 
of  nearly  three  thousand  ancient  charters 
or  deeds,  which  cover  a  period  extending 
from  the  early  twelfth  century  to  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  are  drawn 
from  thirty-four  different  sources.  The 
arrangement  adopted  is  to  group  them 
under  the  various  places  to  which  they  refer, 
in  chronological  order  ;  whilst  an  excep- 
tionally full  set  of  indexes  renders  them 
easy  of  access  to  those  who  may  be  desirous 
of  consulting  them  for  genealogical  purposes. 
A  considerable  number  of  these  charters, 
of  which  faithful  abstracts  are  supplied, 
are  in  the  collection  made  by  Sir  Henry 
Bemrose.  The  Additional  and  other  charters 
of  the  British  Museum  yield  a  large  number. 
Certain  privately  printed  catalogues  or 
transcripts  are  also  utilized.  But  the  par- 
ticular value  of  these  pages  to  genealogists, 
topographers,  or  general  antiquaries  lies  in 
the  fact  that  a  considerable  number  of 
charters  in  the  hands  of  gentlemen  of  the 
county,  the  owners  of  old  landed  estates, 
are  now  for  the  first  time  brought  forth  for 
general  use.  Such  are  the  deeds  belonging 
to  Mr.  Bowles,  of  Wirksworth ;  Col.  Coke,  of 
Brookhill  ;  Miss  De  Rodes,  of  Barlborough 
Hall ;  Mr.  Drury  Lowe,  of  Locko;  Sir  Edward 
Every,  of  Egginton  ;  Mr.  Coke,  of  Longford  ; 
Mrs.  Mundy,  of  Markeaton  ;  Mr.  Okeover, 
of  Okeover  ;  Mr.  Chandos-Pole-Gell,  of 
Hopton  ;  General  Coke,  of  Trusley  ;  and 
Sir  R.  Wilmot,  of  Chaddesden.  All  these 
have  been  personally  examined  and  ab- 
stracted by  Mr.  Jeayes.  Lord  Scarsdale's 
valuable  early  deeds  are  also  included, 
though  it  is  not  stated  that  these  were 
transcribed  in  full,  and  privately  printed, 
some  years  ago. 

Disappointment  is  expressed  in  the  preface 
that  the  collections  of  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, the  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  Sir  Francis 
Burdett  are  not  included.  We  happen  to 
be  in  a  position  to  know  that  the  unexplored 
stores  of  the  muniment  room  at  Hardwick 
are  full  of  interest  in  records  and  papers, 
as  well  as  in  charters.  Mr.  Jeayes  holds  out 
some  hope  that  the  pith  of  these  three  col- 
lections may  form  the  subject  of  "  another 
volume  equal  in  bulk  to  the  present  one,  if 
its  reception  be  such  as  to  encourage  a 
continuation  of  the  enterprise."  Should 
that  be  the  case,  there  are  several  minor 
collections  in  the  county  which  ought  to  be 
inspected.  We  notice,  for  instance,  no 
reference  to  the  charters  in  the  hands  of  the 
trustees  of  Repton  School  and  Etwall 
Hospital  ;  and  at  least  two  small  collections 
in  private  hands  in  North  Derbyshire  are 
unchronicled. 

Another  serious  deficiency  that  might  be 
remedied    in    a    second    volume,    which    wo 
sincerely   hope   will    before   long   be   forth- 
coming, is  the  absurdly  insufficient  summary 
of  two  full  and  interesting  monastic  char- 
tularies  of  Derbyshire,   which  lie   ready   to 
Mr.  Jeayes's  hands  at  the  British  Museum 
— we  refer  to  the  chartularies  of  the  abbeys 
of  Dale  and  Darley.     Mr.   Jeayes  sums  up 
these  in  this  volume  in  a  couple  of  lines, 
merely    stating    that    the    former    contains 
copies  of  about  500  charters,  and  the  latter 
about  900  charters.     This  is  the  less  excus- 
able  as   Dr.    Cox    printed   abstracts   of   the 
first    of    these,    covering    70    pages    of    the 
Derbyshire   .\icho?ological  Journal,  in   1902; 
and  copies  of  the  rubricated  headings  of  the 
latter,   in   the  same  journal,   in    1904.      Per- 
mission to  include  or  revise  these  could  have 
been  doubtless  obtained;    and  at  the  leasl 
genealogists   and   topographers  would   have 
been   glad   of  references  to  these  papers,   if 
no  original  analysis  was  to  be  given.     It  is 
difficult  to  understand  on  what  grounds  they 
are  ignored. 


830 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


The  indexes  are  so  well  done  that  it  may 
seem  somewhat  ungracious  in  any  way  to 
gird  at  them.  Nevertheless  it  would  cer- 
tainly have  been  better  if  they  had  all  been 
run  into  one,  instead  of  being  separated  into 
persons,  places,  and  subjects.  This  old- 
fashioned  triple  form  of  index  is  now  com- 
monly condemned  by  the  best  experts. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  improve  on  the 
indexes  of  places  and  names  ;  but  if  we 
were  to  have  an  "  index  of  matters,"  it 
might  with  advantage  have  been  done  with 
more  care  and  after  a  more  extended  fashion. 
For  instance,  under  the  head  of  '  Crosses  ' 
it  is  careless  to  include  "  Breadsall,  480, 
481  "  ;  on  reference  to  those  numbers  it  is 
found  that  the  charters  in  question  are 
witnessed,  amongst  others,  by  "  William  ad 
Crucem  "  ;  but  there  is  no  manner  of 
warrant  that  this  William  was  living  by  a 
cross  in  Breadsall,  or  even  by  any  cross  then 
standing.  The  last  letter  of  the  alphabet 
of  this  short  index  is  commemorated  by 
"  Zacheus,  St.,  charter  dated  on  the  Feast 
of,  1255."  No  other  of  the  scores  of  saints 
whose  feasts  are  used  in  the  dating  of  other 
charters  are  thus  honoured  ;  apparently 
the  compiler  was  determined  to  have  at 
least  one  "  Z  "  entry,  and  therefore  turned 
Zacheus  into  a  "  matter  "  ! 

Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  :  Hellas,  Drame 
lyrique.  Traduit  en  Prose  francaise,  avec 
le  Texte  en  regard  et  des  Notes,  par  Maurice 
Castelain.  (Hachette  et  Cie.) — The  subject 
of  '  Hellas  '  is  at  least  tangible  enough  to  be 
worth  presenting  in  a  form  divorced  from 
verse  for  the  benefit  of  the  French-speaking 
world.  The  splendours  of  style  in  the  blank 
verse  and  the  exquisite  beauty  of  the  lyric 
choruses  of  course  find  nothing  approaching 
an  echo.  Mr.  Castelain  has  none  the  less 
done  a  useful  thing  in  carefully  comparing 
the  subject  and  treatment  of  the  '  Persse  ' 
of  ^Eschylus  with  those  of  '  Hellas  '  ;  and 
his  notes  are  sympathetic  and  more  than 
merely  intelligent.  He  shows  himself  to 
be  a  competent  scholar  in  handling  the  text, 
although  we  do  not  always  agree  with  him 
in  his  conclusions  on  the  material  before  him. 
In  looking  through  the  textual  notes  we 
have  been  most  unfavourably  struck  by 
that  on  line  98,  in  which  the  translator 
inclines  to  suspect  a  corruption,  affection 
for  affliction  .*- — 

AVith  an  orphan's  affection 
She  followed  thy  bier  through  Time  ; 

And  at  thy  resurrection 
Reappeareth,  like  thou,  sublime  ! 

Apart  from  the  destruction  of  the  rhyme, 
the  sense  would  in  our  opinion  suffer  if 
Greece  were  represented  as  following  the 
bier  of  Freedom  with  an  orphan's  affliction 
instead  of  an  orphan's  affection. 

Biblioteka  velikikh  pisatelei  pod  redaktsei 
S.  A.  Vengerova  (The  Library  of  Great 
Authors,  under  the  Editorship  of  S.  A. 
Vengerov). — Byron.  3  vols.  (St.  Peters- 
burg.) —  The  great  influence  of  Byron  to 
this  day  on  the  Continent  cannot  be  ques- 
tioned. He  and  Shakspeare  are  the  two 
English  poets  who  have  most  impressed  the 
foreign  public.  Byron  has  in  each  European 
country  created  a  school — we  say  nothing  of 
Anglo  -  American  and  Hispano  -  American 
poets.  His  influence  from  the  time  of  Goethe 
onwards  is  well  illustrated  by  the  article  in 
the  present  volume  on  the  development  of 
Byronism  and  the  romantic  school  in  Russia 
by  Mr.  Kotliarevski.  The  same  subject  is 
handled  more  or  less  in  the  work  of  the 
Acadomician  Mr.  A.  N.  Veselovski  on  the 
Russian  poet  Zhukovski. 

Leaving,  however,  the  question  of  the 
importance  of  Byron  in  the  history  of 
European  literature,  we  must  turn  to 
the    work    before  us.      We    have    here    a 


variorum  translation  of  Byron  offered  to 
the  Russian  public,  like  the  Shakspeare 
which  appeared  two  years  ago.  The  success 
of  Byron  in  Russia  was  so  great  that  many 
versions  of  his  poems  appeared  soon  after 
their  publication  in  England,  such  as  '  The 
Prisoner  of  Chillon,'  rendered  by  Zhukovski, 
the  great  champion  of  the  romantic  move- 
ment, and  '  The  Bride  of  Abydos  '  by  the 
blind  poet  Kozlov.  '  Don  Juan  '  was  also 
soon  presented  in  a  Slavonic  dress,  and 
a  prize  was  offered  for  the  translation  of  some 
portions  of  it  by  the  Russian  Academy. 
Many  of  the  lyrics  have  been  repeatedly 
rendered  into  Russian  by  poets  of  consider- 
able eminence,  such  as  Lermontov.  Gerbel 
in  his  '  Specimens  of  English  Poets  '  gives 
an  excellent  translation  of  the  fine  lyric 
"  There  be  none  of  beauty's  daughters," 
and  we  are  glad  to  have  another  spirited 
version  in  vol.  i.  by  Mr.  Constantino  Bal- 
mont,  who  has  done  so  much  to  familiarize 
his  countrymen  with  the  works  of  Shelley. 
Mr.  Valerii  Briusov  and  Mr.  Baltrushaitis 
furnish  versions  of  other  lyrics.  As  a  rule 
the  short  poems  in  these  volumes  are  ex- 
cellently translated.  We  may  call  special 
attention  to  the  '  Hebrew  Melodies.'  '  The 
Destruction  of  Sennacherib '  was  ren- 
dered by  A.  Tolstoi,  author  of  some  good 
poems  and  a  dramatic  trilogy.  The  occa- 
sional verses  of  Byron  also  are  generally  well 
translated.  The  celebrated  lay  to  the  Maid 
of  Athens  has  been  repeatedly  attempted, 
having  appeared  in  a  Malo-Russian  ver- 
sion by  the  Orientalist  Krimski.  The 
beauties  of  some  of  these  poems  evaporate  ; 
it  was  Gerard  de  Nerval  who  compared  the 
translation  of  a  lyric  to  moonbeams  packed 
in  straw — du  clair  de  lune  empaille.  The 
celebrated  ode  to  the  Greeks  in  '  Don  Juan  ' 
loses  some  of  its  fire.  The  Russian  language, 
like  German,  is  hampered  by  its  inflections, 
which  prevent  the  monosyllabic  condensa- 
tion of  the  English. 

Naturally  the  most  difficult  works  to 
translate  are  the  humorous,  such  as  '  Beppo  ' 
and  '  Don  Juan.'  Here,  however,  we  get 
some  very  good  verses,  and  the  ottava  rima 
suits  Slavonic  idioms.  It  is  as  successful 
in  Russian  as  in  the  '  Benyowsky  '  of  the 
Polish  poet  Slowacki  and  the  '  Krest ' 
('  The  Baptism  ')  of  the  Slovenish  poet  Pre- 
seren,towhom  a  monument  has  recently  been 
erected  at  Laibach.  Mr.  Vengerov  has  made 
good  use  of  the  latest  edition  of  Byron  by 
Messrs.  Coleridge  and  Prothero.  Mr.  Anichkov 
gives  us  Byron's  Parliamentary  speeches,  and 
two  reviews.  The  latter  are  perhaps  hardly 
worth  preserving.  He  does  not  give  the 
pamphlet  dealing  with  the  controversy  with 
Bowles  about  Pope  ;  but  probably  it  would 
have  little  interest  for  a  Russian. 

The  three  volumes  are  well  illustrated  by 
portraits  and  views  of  buildings  and  land- 
scapes. Many  of  the  portraits  are  copied 
from  Mr.  Murray's  new  edition.  The  pictures 
of  the  Byron  family  are  especially  interest- 
ing— those  of  his  mother,  his  daughter 
Ada,  and  Augusta  Leigh,  his  half  -  sister. 
There  are  also  several  portraits  of  Byron, 
some  of  which  are  unfamiliar.  The  like- 
nesses of  Lady  Byron  show  a  rather  affected- 
looking  woman,  in  no  senso  a  beauty.  Miss 
Chaworth  and  "  Ianthe "  have  perpetual 
attractions.  The  friends  of  Byron  and  his 
literary  contemporaries  also  appear.  In  the 
case  of  two  portraits  mistakes  have  arisen. 
To  the  comic  poetaster  Fitzgerald,  whoso 
mock-heroics  are  so  happily  ridiculed  in 
the  '  Rejected  Addresses,'  has  been  awarded 
the  scornful  physiognomy  of  the  translator 
of  Omar  Khayyam  ;  and  the  portrait 
given  as  that  of  '  Monk  '  Lewis  seems 
to  be  that  of  G.  H.  Lewes.  These  are 
very    natural    mistakes    for    foreigners    to 


make  ;    but  they  should  be  remedied  in  the 
next  edition. 

The  poems  are  introduced  by  short  essays, 
which  are  cleverly  and  incisively  written. 
They  show  how  great  an  influence  Byron  has 
had  over  the  Slavonic  mind.  The  remarks 
on  the  absence  of  a  really  dramatic  element 
in  Byron  are  jiist,  and  certainly  his  plays 
are  little  read  now.  The  translation  of 
'  Sardanapalus  '  is  beautifully  illustrated  in 
colours,  and  we  may  here  allude  to  the 
coloured  portrait  of  the  Empress  Catherine 
which  ornaments  a  part  of  '  Don  Juan.'  It 
is  a  likeness  which  has  not  been  published 
before. 

The  '  Hours  of  Idleness  '  are  reviewed  in  a 
merciful  spirit  of  criticism,  and  rightly.  We 
must  not  be  too  severe  on  the  juvenile  efforts 
of  great  poets.  The  introduction  by  Mr.  Vese- 
lovski to  the  able  translation  of  '  Childe 
Harold  '  contains  much  thoughtful  writing, 
and  seems  to  give  the  proper  point  of  view 
for  the  foreign  reader.  It  was  a  period  of 
sentimentalism  and  pose,  and  the  sufferers 
from  Weltschmerz,  like  mendicants  by  the 
roadside,  showed  their  self-inflicted  wounds 
to  get  the  sympathy  of  the  bystanders. 
Byron's  fantastic  ladies — the  heroines  of 
his  tales — seem  to  belong  to  a  past  age  ; 
Stothard  and  Westall  represent  a  theatrical 
period  of  art,  and  Byron  has  not  been  much 
selected  for  recent  illustration  by  eminent 
artists. 

At  the  present  time  great  stress  is  laid,  and 
deservedly,  upon  the  faithful  reproduction 
of  nature  by  the  poets,  and  tried  by  this 
standard,  Byron  has  always  seemed  to  us 
eminently  worthy  of  praise.  No  one  who  has 
travelled  in  Greece  and  Turkey  can  fail  to 
be  struck  with  the  accuracy  of  his 
pictures  of  Oriental  scenery  and  life.  Obeying 
a  genuine  impulse  of  his  nature,  he  broke 
through  the  conventional  treatment  of  the 
sea  by  authors,  and  laid  his  hand — to  use 
his  fine  and  manly  metaphor — upon  its  mane 
in  a  way  in  which  no  poet  had  done  before. 

We  hope  that  these  handsome  volumes  will 
meet  with  a  cordial  reception  from  the 
editor's  countrymen.  Mr.  Vengerov  has 
equipped  himself  with  all  the  necessary 
baggage,  and  has  enlisted  the  co-operation 
of  the  best  Russian  writers.  Among  the 
various  contributors  no  one  has  worked 
more  conscientiously  and  efficiently  than 
Mr.  Eugene  Anichkov,  who  gives  an  excel- 
lent life  of  Byron,  and  shows  his  thorough 
familiarity  with  the  social  surroundings  of 
the  poet,  including  Shelley. 

Seeing  France  with  Uncle  John,  by  Anne 
Warner  (Gay  &  Bird),  is  a  humorous  account 
of  the  trials  of  two  American  girls  at  the 
hands  of  their  Uncle  John  on  a  hurried  tour 
in  North- Western  France.  There  are  several 
good  sketches,  by  May  Wilson  Preston,  of 
bits  of  town  architecture.  It  can  confidently 
be  recommended  to  admirers  of  Mr.  Jerome 
K.  Jerome. 

Night  Fall  in  the  Ti-Tree,  by  Violet  Teague, 
is  a  queer  book  of  a  few  verses  with  some 
pictures  in  a  Japanese  fantastic  style,  which 
exhibit  the  rabbit  with  a  certain  wilful 
charm.  Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  publishes  the 
paper-covered  volume,  which  is  printed  by 
hand  in  Melbourne. 

Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  have  added  to  their 
"  York  Library  "  a  new  edition  of  Burton's 
Personal  Narrative  of  a  Pilgrimage  to  Al- 
Madinah  and  Meccah,  edited  by  Lady 
Burton.  Mr.  Stanley  Lane  Poole  contributes 
an  introduction  admirable  for  its  fairness 
towards  the  great  linguist  and  traveller,  who 
has  suffered  often  from  unwise  apologists. 
Tn  his  books  of  travel  more  than  his  transla- 
tions, lies  Burton's  title  to  enduring  fame ; 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


831 


and  we  welcome  the  publication  in  cheap 
and  tempting  form  of  one  of  those  records 
of  high  daring  and  endurance  which  deserve 
to  be  read  by  every  Englishman. 

Mr,  Murray  has  sent  us  Don  Juan,  a 
revised  and  enlarged  issue  with  illustrations 
in  one  volume.  The  editor,  Mr.  Ernest 
Hartley  Coleridge,  has  done  his  duty 
admirably,  and  affords  a  full  commentary 
on  the  sources  and  references  of  the  poem. 
We  find  fourteen  stanzas  of  a  Seventeenth 
Canto,  and  are  warned  against  many  spurious 
attempts  to  supply  additions  to  the  poem 
as  Byron  left  it. 

A  new  edition  of  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison's 
collection  of  essays,  The  Meaning  of  History, 
and  other  Historical  Pieces,  has  appeared  in 
the  delightful  form  of  the  "  Eversley  Series  " 
(Macmillan).  As  we  pointed  out  in  a  long 
review  of  the  book  (December  8th,  1894), 
it  is  in  many  ways  delightful  and  stimulating, 
though  not  a  learned  or  profound  piece  of 
work,  while  some  of  it  is  not  history  at  all. 

A  Book  of  Sports  and  Pastimes  for  Young 
People  (Pearson)  is  a  companion  volume  to 
the  same  publishers'  '  Book  of  Indoor 
Games,'  under  the  same  editorship,  that  of 
Mr.  J.  K.  Benson.  We  have  dipped  into 
the  344  pages  in  many  places,  and  always 
with  profit  and  instruction.  It  is  not  only 
young  people,  happily,  who  may  be  seized 
with  the  desire  to  make  an  acetylene  lamp 
or  to  take  photographs,  though  we  fear 
fancy  mice,  follow-my-leader,  and  colour 
tops  must  still  be  confined  to  the  young. 
But  the  beauty  of  Mr.  Benson's  book  is  its 
appeal  to  all  ages  of  sportsmen.  Here  one 
may  learn  how  to  play  football,  bridge, 
bowls,  polo,  and  various  card  games  :  how 
to  conjure,  to  fence,  to  keep  dogs  and  birds, 
to  make  yachts,  and  to  use  a  motor-cycle. 
In  short,  nothing  is  wanting  to  make  the 
volume  a  worthy  vade-mecum  for  the  school- 
boy of  variable  tastes. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Catholic  Directory,  1907, 1/6  net. 
Clergy  Directory  and  Parish  Guide,  1907,  4/6 
Gumming  ( J.  E.),  The  Book  of  Esther,  its  Spiritual  Teaching, 

■II 
Religion  of  the  Spirit,  by  an  Unorthodox  Churchman,  2/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Fleming  (J.  S.),  The  Old  Castle  Vennal  of  Stirling. 
Power  (M.),  Wayside  India,  Introduction  by  P.  F.  Gordon, 

21/ 
Rose  (E.  W.),  Cathedrals  and  Cloisters  of  the  South  of 

France,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Clark  (A.  G.),  Poems,  1/ 
Cruttwell  (R),  First  Words  of  an  Idler,  1/6 
Davis  (L.),  The  Goose  Girl  at  the  Well,  3/6 
Henryson  (R.),   Poems,   edited  by  G.   G.   Smith,   Vol.    II. 

(Scottish  Text  Society.) 
Heywood(T.),  The  Royal'l  King  and  Loyal]  Subject,  edited 

by  K.  W.  Tibbals.    (University  of  Pennsylvania.) 
Hymni  Latini,  1/  net. 

Macmeikan  (J.  K.),  Twilight  and  Darkness,  1/6 
Ross(R.),  Fables,  2/6 
Rossetti  (D.  G.),  Early  Poems,  Gd. 

Smith  (A.),  The  Main  Tendencies  of  Victorian  Poetrv,  5/net. 
Vergil,  .Eneid,  translated   by  J.  Rhoades,   New   Edition, 

3/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Reports  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  and  of  the  Super- 
intendent of  the  Library  Building  and  Grounds,  June, 

1906. 

History  and  Biography. 
Barine  (A.),  Princesses  and  Court  Ladies,  12/6 
Barnicott(R.),  Plymouth  in  History,  1/ net. 
Besant(Sir  W.),  Mediaeval  London:  Vol.  II.,  Ecclesiastical, 

30/  net. 
Clark  (J.  W.),  The  Riot  at  the  Great  Gate  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  February,  1610/11,  2/6  net. 
Dod's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,  1907,  10/6  net. 
Fisher  (H.  A.  L.),The  History  of  England,  1485-1547,  7/8  net. 
Glossop  (R.),  Sunshine  and  Battle-Smoke:   Reminiscences 

of  a  War  Correspondent,  3/6  net. 
Lauder,  Harry,  at  Home  and  on  Tour,  6rf. 
Le  Forestier's  (F.)  Autobiography  and  Voyages,  edited  by 

H.  Derby.    (Boston,  US.) 
McCormick  (A.),  The  Tinkler-Gypsies  of  Galloway. 
Miller  (H.),  My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters,  Introduction 

by  W.  M.  Mackenzie,  3/6 
Orkney  and  Shetland  Old-lore,  No.  I.,  10/6  yearly. 


Records  of  the  Sheriff  Court  of  Aberdeenshire,  edited  by  D. 

Littlejohn  ;  Vol.  II.,  1598-1649.     (Spalding  Club.) 
Records  of  the  Virginia   Company  of  London,   edited  by 
S.  M.  Kingsbury,  2  vols.     (Library  of  Congress.) 
Geography  and  Travel. 

Browne  (A.  S.),  French  Law  and  Customs  for  the  Anglo- 
Saxon,  Second  Edition,  2/6  net. 

M.P.  Atlas,  showing  the  Commercial  and  Political  Interests 
of  the  British  Isles  and  Empire,  25/  net. 

Philip  (A.  .!.),  Gravesend,  1/net. 

Topliff(S.),  Letters  from  Abroad  in  the  Years  1828  and  1829, 
edited  by  E.  S.  Bolton,  2dols. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 

Ruff's  Guide  to  the  Turf,  Winter  Edition,  7/6 

Spencer  (F.),  The  A  B  C  of  Progressive  Whist,  1/ 
Philology. 

Journal  of  Philology,  V,d.  XXX.  No.  60,  1/6 
Science. 

Beebe  (C.  W.),  The  Log  of  the  Sun. 

Derbyshire's  Rapid-Simplex  Calculator  for  all  Railway 
Goods  and  Passenger  Traffic,  &C,  5/ 

Fauna  and  Geography  of  the  Maldive  and  Laccadive  Archi- 
pelagoes, edited'  by  J.  S.  Gardiner,  Vol.  II.  Sup- 
plement II.,  8/6  net. 

Geological  Survey,  Summary  of  Progress,  1905,  1/ 

Pearson  (K.)  and  Blakeman  (J.),  Drapers'  Company 
Research  Memoirs:  Biometric,  Series  III.,  5/ 

Stupart  (R.  F),  Report  of  the  Meteorological  Service  of 
Canada  for  1904. 

Vinton's  Agricultural  Annual,  1907,  G<7. 

Withers  (J.  W.),  Euclid's  Parallel  Postulate,  4/6  net. 
Juvenile  Books. 

Nursery  Song-Book,  edited  and  harmonized  by  H.  K. 
Moore,  3/6 

General  Literature. 

Carter  (J.  E.),  The  Offenders,  6/ 

Clarke  (E.  M.),  The  Potter's  Vessel,  6/ 

Cobbett  (M.),  Wayfaring  Notions,  edited  by  A.  Cobbett,  6/ 

Dicksee(L.  R.)  and  Blain  (H.  E.),  Office  Organization  and 
Management,  5/  net. 

Eliot  (G.),  The  Mill  on  the  Floss,  New  Edition,  3/6  net. 

Englishwoman's  Year  Book  and  Directory,  1907,  edited  by 
E.  Janes,  2/6  net. 

Fingerpost  (The),  a  Guide  to  the  Professions  and  Occupa- 
tions of  Educated  Women,  1/6 

Henland  (C),  The  Mind  of  a  Friend  :  an  Autograph  Album, 
10/6  net. 

Mathieson's  Handbook  for  Investors,  1907,  2/6  net;  Mining 
Highest  and  Lowest  Prices,  1/ 

Oulton  (S.  C),  The  Turn  of  the  Tide,  5/ 

Pemberton  (C),  The  Weird  o'  It,  3/6 

Sandford  (G.),  The  Gipsies'  Queen,  and  A  Double  Shuffle,  3/6 

Stock  Exchange  Christmas  Annual,  edited  by  W.  A.  Morgan, 
5/  net. 

Winter  (J.  S.),  The  Love  of  Philip  Hampden,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 
Fine  Art  and  Arclueology. 
France  (A.),  Histoire  comitpie,  illustr^e  par  E.   Chahine, 
lOOfr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Baudelaire  (C),  Lettres,  1841-00,  7fr.  50. 
Bourget(P.),  Une  Nuit  de  Noel  sous  la  Terreur,  lOfr. 
Lecanuet  (R.    P.),   L'Eglise   de   France  sous    la  troisieme 

Republique,  5fr. 
Renard  (G.),  La  Republique  de  1848,  5fr. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Dacier  (E.)  et  Knecht  (J.),  En  Canoe  sur  la  Meuse,  5fr. 

Education. 
Panthier   (A.),    Enquete    historique    sur    l'Enseigneinent 
nianuel  dans  les  Ecoles  non  techniques,  3fr.  50. 
Science. 
Souvestre  (P.),  Histoire  de  1' Automobile,  15fr. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Beral  (P.),  Le  Mirage,  3fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Almanach  Hachette,  2fr. 
Bovet  (Madame  de),  Mademoiselle  l'Aniinile,  illustre   par 

Tofani,  5fr. 
Chabrier-Rieder  (Madame  C),  Pauvre  petit  Fre'dy  I  illustre' 

par  Dutriac.  3fr.  50. 
Lenormand  (H.  R.),  Le  Jardin  sur  la  Glaee,  8fr.  50. 
Mael  (P.),  Le  Forban  noir,  illustre'  par  Vogel,  lOfr. 
Medine(F.),  L'eternelle  Atteute,  3ir.  50. 
Tharaud  (J.  et  J.),  La  Ville  et  les  Champs,  1870-71,  8fr.  50. 

***  All  Boohs  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
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sending  Books. 


Dr.  Postgate  has  a  dignified  '  Vale- 
dictory Lecture'  in  The  Classical  Rtviav 
for  December,  in  which  he  rebukes 
scholars  and  teachers  for  not  supporting 
the  journal.  As  he  points  out,  various 
advisers  favour  various  inelu-uons  and 
exclusions,  and 

"  they  may  be  soothed  by  the  assurance, 
tendered  in  all  sincerity,  that  The  Classical 
Review  has  hut  reflected  the  spirit  and  in- 
terests of  the  time." 

This   will   hardly  satisfy   those  who   can 


point  to  a  distinct  contraction  of  theme 
and  scope  in  the  Review  since  its  be- 
ginning. But  we  look  forward  with  hope 
to  the  new  scheme,  and  we  ask  all  who 
have  the  interest  of  classical  studies  at 
heart  to  give  it  a  fair  trial.  That  there 
is  a  public  even  for  the  despised  art  of 
Greek  and  Latin  verse  is  shown  by  the 
success  of  the  versions  in  The  Saturday 
Westminster. 

Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton  will  contribute 
an  introduction  to  a  handsome  edition  of 
the  Book  of  Job  to  be  published  next 
spring  by  Mr.  S.  Well  wood.  It  will  be 
printed  on  hand-made  paper,  and  rubri- 
cated throughout. 

We  hear  with  deep  regret  of  the  death 
at  fifty-six  of  Prof.  Maitland  on  Friday  in 
last  week,  and  hope  next  week  to  have  a 
special  article  on  his  work.  The  Professor 
had  been  in  bad  health  for  some  years. 

Dr.  Peterson,  of  McGill  University, 
Montreal,  has  now  completed,  and  the 
Oxford  University  Press  will  shortly  pub- 
lish, his  critical  text  of  Cicero's  orations 
against  Verres.  Ever  since  his  discovery, 
in  1901,  of  the  Codex  Cluniacensis,  now 
in  Lord  Leicester's  library  at  Holkham, 
Dr.  Peterson  has  devoted  his  leisure  to 
further  research  on  the  subject  of  the  MSS. 
of  the  Verrines,  and  much  new  material 
lias  thus  been  made  available.  The 
revised  text  will  mark  a  considerable 
advance  on  all  previous  editions. 

Prof.  Grierson  writes  : — 

"  If  the  reviewer  of  '  The  First  Half  of 
the  Seventeenth  Century  '  will  turn  to  the 
article  on  Marino  in  the  latest  (1904)  edition 
of  the  '  Manuale  '  of  D'Ancona  and  Bacci 
(vol.  hi.  pp.  380-92  ;  General  Index,  p.  31), 
he  will  find  that  they,  like  other  scholars, 
have  adopted  the  older  form  of  the  name  as 
the  more  correct." 

The  publication  of  Mind:  a  Quarterly 
Rrviciv  of  Psychology  and  Philosophy,  has 
been  transferred  from  Messrs.  Williams  & 
Norgate  to  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.,  who 
will  issue  the  number  to  be  published  in 
January. 

By  the  death  of  Principal  Rainy  the 
United  Free  Church  of  Scotland  loses  one 
of  its  foremost  men.  Dr.  Rainy  was  a 
man  of  much  personal  charm,  and  his 
good  sense  and  serenity  of  temper  made 
him  in  the  best  sense  a  Moderator  of  his 
Church.  His  works  include  'The  Bible 
and  Criticism  '  (1878),  an  edition  of  '  The 
Epistle  to  the  Philippians '  (1892),  and 
'  The  Ancient  Catholic  Church  '  (1901). 

Two  books  by  reverend  authors  have 
recently  gained  the  distinction  of  being 
placed  on  the  Index  :  the  Abbe  Lefranc's 
'  Conflits  de  la  Science  et  de  la  Bible,'  and 
the  Abbe  Albert  Houtin's  '  La  Question 
Biblique  au  Vingtieme  Siecle.' 

The  African  Society's  Journal  for 
January  will  contain  the  first  instalment 
of  '  Notes  on  the  Bahima  of  Ankole,'  by 
Major  Meldon,  lately  in  command  at 
Mbarara,  and  now  of  the  Nile  Province, 
Uganda;  and  an  interesting  address  on 
'The  Progress  of  Uganda,'  delivered  by 
Mr.  George  Wilson,  C.B.,  at  the  dinner  of 
the  Society  held  on  November  7th. 


832 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


We  have  on  previous  occasions  re- 
peatedly called  attention  to  the  excellent 
work  done  by  the  Berlin  Oriental 
Seminary.  Its  Transactions  for  the 
current  year  are  just  to  hand.  The 
number  of  persons  who  take  advantage 
of  its  lectures  and  classes,  though  from 
the  nature  of  the  case  limited,  steadily 
increases,  being  479  for  the  winter  session 
of  1905-6,  and  242  for  the  ensuing  summer 
session.  Twenty -nine  ladies  attended 
lectures  in  the  former  period,  and  ten  in 
the  latter ;  but  it  is  not  stated  what  sub- 
jects they  took  up.  A  feature  of  special 
interest  is  the  cultivation  of  African 
languages,  of  which  the  following  are 
taught :  Arabic  (the  Maghribi  dialect), 
Amharic,  Ethiopic,  Hausa,  Ephe  (Ehwe), 
Duala,  Herero,  and  Swahili.  The  lecturer 
in  the  last-named  subject  is  Dr.  Velten, 
assisted  by  two  natives. 

The  State  Archives  in  Berlin  have 
recently  acquired  184  hitherto  unknown 
letters  from  Frederick  the  Great  to 
Voltaire,  belonging  to  the  period  1740-77. 

We  should  have  thought  that  '  Pick- 
wick '  had  been  finally  illustrated  by  this 
time,  but  we  notice  that  The  Book  News 
Monthly  of  Philadelphia  speaks  of  '  Mr. 
Pickwick's  Christmas,'  "  illustrated  in 
color  and  pen-and  ink  drawings  by  George 
Alfred  Williams,"  as  "  one  of  the  finest 
volumes  of  the  season."  From  the  sketch 
reproduced  it  is  clear  that  the  artist  has 
not  had  the  temerity  to  depart  from  the 
accepted  figure  of  Pickwick,  though  he  has 
produced  a  Winkle  on  the  ice  who  is 
strangely  old  and  dignified. 

Some  high  prices  were  paid  for 
Americana  at  the  sale  of  General  Penny- 
packer's  library  in  Philadelphia  early 
this  month.  Bradford's  '  Laws  of 
Pennsylvania,'  1714,  first  edition,  sold 
for  725  dols.  Apparently  the  only 
other  copy  of  this  rare  work  sold  at 
auction  was  that  in  the  Judge  Wynne 
ffoulkes  sale  in  December,  1903,  which 
realized  47?.  Plockhoy's  '  Way  to  the 
Peace  and  Settlement  of  these  Nations,' 
1659,  of  which  no  other  copy  is  known 
in  the  United  States,  was  purchased  for 
265  dols.  by  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania.  Another  work  by  Plock- 
hoy,  written  in  Dutch  and  dated  1662 
(of  which  apparently  only  three  copies  are 
known),  sold  for  420  dols.,  having  been 
bought  for  90  dols.  at  the  Barlow  sale.  A 
fine  copy  of  the  1750  reprint  of  Thomas 
Holme's  rare  first  map  of  Pennsylvania, 
printed  in  London  in  1690,  went  to  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Library  at  200  dols. 

We  learn  from  the  Boston  Transcript 
of  the  12th  inst.  that  the  three  Shelley 
notebooks  formerly  belonging  to  Dr. 
Garnett,  the  sale  of  which  on  the  6th 
inst.  for  3,000/.  we  have  already  recorded, 
were  purchased  by  Messrs.  B.  F.  Stevens 
on  behalf  of  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co., 
and  that  they  "  were  probably  bought  for 
Frederic  R.  Halsey,  the  owner  of  the 
finest  Shelley  collection  in  this  country." 
We  further  learn  from  the  same  source 
that  the  copy  of  the  second  edition  of 
Spenser's   'Shepheardes  Calender,'    1581, 


sold  at  Messrs.  Hodgson's  on  Novem- 
ber 29th  for  180/.,  was  purchased  for 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  There  were,  we 
learn,  only  two  other  examples  of  this 
edition  in  America,  and  one  of  these  had 
the  last  leaf  in  facsimile.  The  copy  of 
the  original  Latin  edition  of  Drake's 
second  voyage,  Ley  den,  1588,  which 
realized  340/.  at  the  Sutherland  sale,  was 
also  bought  for  Messrs.  Dodd.  Lamb's 
'  Tale  of  Rosamund  Gray,'  sold  at  Sotheby's 
on  July  24th,  now  belongs  to  Mr.  John  A. 
Spoor,  of  Chicago. 

The  Revue  de  Paris  for  December  con- 
tains a  new  and  unpublished  series  of 
letters  of  Gambetta  (1873-82),  communi- 
cated by  numerous  friends. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
Intermediate  Education,  Ireland,  Rules 
and  Programme  of  Examinations  for 
1908  (7c/.)  ;  and  Return  of  Non-Provided 
Schools,  Gloucestershire  and  Herefordshire 
(7c/.). 


SCIENCE 


At  the  Back  of  the  Black  Man's  Mind  f  or, 
Notes  on  the  Kingly  Office  in )  West 
Africa.  By  R.  E.  Dennett.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

The  Lower  Niger  and  its  Tribes.  By 
Major  A.  G.  Leonard.  (Same  Pub- 
lishers.) 

Every  year  it  is  becoming  harder  to 
produce  an  anthropological  work  of  first- 
rate  value.  Demand  and  supply  conspire 
to  raise  the  standard.  On  the  one  hand, 
advancing  science  discovers  that  there  is 
far  more  "  at  the  back  of  the  black  man's 
mind  " — as  Mr.  Dennett's  striking  title 
has  it — than  is  revealed  to  casual  obser- 
vation, or,  indeed,  to  any  observation 
short  of  such  as  is  joined  to  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  aboriginal  language  and 
(what  is  even  harder  to  acquire)  the  status 
of  an  initiated  member  of  the  tribe.  On 
the  other  hand,  there  are  actually  forth- 
coming works  that,  relatively  at  all  events, 
satisfy  these  conditions.  Englishmen  in 
regard  to  the  Australians,  and  Americans 
in  regard  to  their  own  Indians,  are  found 
who  can  speak  with  the  authority  alike 
of  competent  linguists  and  of  fully  con- 
stituted initiates. 

Suppose,  however,  as  must  often  be 
the  case,  that  the  observer  gathers  his 
information  without  mastering  the  lan- 
guage and  without  establishing  the  right 
to  full  confidence  on  the  part  of  the  natives, 
he  may  even  in  this  case,  by  strict  atten- 
tion to  method — as  Dr.  Rivers,  for 
instance,  has  recently  shown — furnish 
material  of  high  importance.  Method 
here  will  consist  pre-eminently  in  exhibit- 
ing the  exact  source  and  nature  of  the 
evidence  on  which  each  statement  rests. 
It  may  be  tiresome  to  do  this,  and  may 
not  suit  the  ends  of  the  semi-popular 
writer.  Still,  done  it  must  be,  if  science 
is  to  make  serious  use  of  what  is  offered. 
Anthropology  is  becoming  more  and  more 
selective  in  its  manipulation  of  data  ;  and 
even  so  it  is  not  yet  selective  enough,  or, 


in  other  words,  had  better  throw  half  its 
authorities  into  the  fire. 

Now  here  are  two  books  about  West 
African  custom  as  it  verges  on  religion, 
written  by  men  who  have  resided  many 
years  in  the  country,  and  have  made  a 
genuine  effort  to  adopt  the  native  stand- 
point— to    "  think    black  " — being    aided 
thereto  by  a  knowledge  of  the  languages 
not   easy    to   gauge   exactly,    but   at   all 
events  considerable.     Has  either  of  them 
attained    the    high    standard    demanded 
nowadays  of  such  works  by  the  scientific 
anthropologist  ?     Without  saying  roundly 
"  no,"  we  are  inclined  to  insist  that,  with 
a  little  more  sense  of  method,  the  value 
of    their   contribution    to    science    might 
have  been  doubled.     The  head  and  front 
of  their  offending  is  that  they  fire  their 
facts  at  us  "  out  of  a  pistol."     Only  here 
and  there  can  we  detect,  and  that  mostly 
by  guesswork,  the  precise  grounds  of  their 
contentions.     Mr.  Dennett  writes  of  Bavili 
religion  as  it  centres   round  the   sacred 
office  of  king,  or  Maluango,  and  seems  to 
have  been  fairly  intimate  with  Maniluemba, 
the  Maluango  elect.     Did  he  get  most  of 
his  information  from^him  ?     If  so,  why 
does  he  not  tell  us  whether  this  is  so,  and 
what  in  so  many  words   the    ruler  elect 
said  ?     Major  Leonard  occasionally  men- 
tions his  informant ;    but  his  renderings 
of  that  worthy's  dicta  are  loose  in  the 
extreme.     Thus    the    statement    of    one 
Ephraim    Agha,    a    native    of    Onitsha, 
placed  before  the  reader  "  in  the  entire 
and  original  sense  in  which  it  was  given 
to   me,"    affirms,    amongst   other   things 
regarding  witchcraft,  that  "  the  popular 
estimate  of  it  is  formulated  on  a  false 
and  hypothetical  basis  "  ;   that  it  is  "  the 
outcome   of   lost   hope   and  irretrievable 
despair — the   final   struggle,    in   fact,    of 
afflicted    spirits    struggling,    as    it    were, 
against  the  inevitable  "  ;    that  "  notwith- 
standing its  evident  possession  of  certain 
destructive  engines,  which  by  sleight  of 
hand  are  dexterously  administered  into 
the  human  organism,  many  of  its  preten- 
sions     are     physically     impossible."      If 
Ephraim  Agha  said  these  things,  or  any- 
thing equivalent  to  them,  he  had  acquired 
the    art    of    "  thinking    white "    with    a 
vengeance.     Indeed,   from   the   last   sen- 
tence, there  is  reason  to  suppose  him  a 
reincarnation  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

To  pass  on  to  the  novi  aliquid  we  are 
taught  always  to  expect  ex  Africa,  there 
are  to  be  found  in  Mr.  Dennett's  book 
hints  and  ghmpses  of  a  far  richer  and 
deeper  type  of  religion  than  the  fetichism 
hitherto  ascribed  to  any  West  African 
people.  We  term  it  "  religion "  ad- 
visedly, for  the  Bavili  (a  branch  of  the 
Fjort,  Bantus  of  the  Luango  and  North 
Congo  Coast)  themselves  distinguish  be- 
tween magic  (ndongo)  and  something 
distinct  and  better,  which  they  express 
by  the  term  nkici.  To  translate  this 
"  fetich,"  as  is  the  modern  way,  is  en- 
tirely inadequate.  The  "  holy  "  of  the 
old  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  is  nearer 
the  mark,  though  undoubtedly  the  word 
applies  inter  alia  to  the  fetich  image.  It 
stands  for  "  the  mysterious  inherent 
quality  in  things  that  causes  the  Bantu 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


833 


to  fear  and  "respect."     What  may  be  the 
etymology  of  nkici  (or,  without  the  prefix, 
kid)    we    are   not     told.     In    one   place, 
however,    bakid     ("  personal "    plural    of 
nkici)    is  rendered   "  speaking  powers  "  ; 
whilst,  if  we  remember  right,   on  a  de- 
scriptive card  attached  to  the  image  in 
the  Pitt-Rivers  Museum  which  Mr.  Den- 
nett figures  in  his  frontispiece  kid  is  com- 
pared with   the   Greek   Aoyos.     It   seems 
just  possible,  then,  that  something  spoken, 
i.e.,  charm  or  spell,  is  the  original  meaning 
of  the  word.     Now  the  official  representa- 
tive, as  it  were,  of  that  which  is  holy  is 
the  nkid  d  (personal  plural,  bakid  bad),  d 
meaning  "  land  "  or  "  earth."     Mr.  Den- 
nett translates  "  powers  on  earth,"  regard- 
ing the  holy  beings  in  question  as  inter- 
mediaries of  a  supreme  god,  Nzambi,  of 
whom    later.     Is    this    version    sound  1 
Such  an  opposition  of  earth  to  heaven  is, 
from    the   uncontaminated   native's   lips, 
at  least  suspicious.     Why  should  not  the 
meaning  be  "  powers  of  the  land  "  ?     The 
bakid  bad  would  seem  to  be  par  excellence 
holy   powers   connected  with   tie   sacred 
groves.     Thus    they    are    literally    land- 
owners.    Together  with  the  groves,  how- 
ever,   there   rank   as   bakid   bad   sacred 
lands  and  rivers  (making  a  single  group 
together),    sacred    trees,    sacred   animals, 
omens,  and  the  seasons — six  divisions  in 
all.     Correspondingly  the  king,  as  being 
himself   nkici   ci,    has    six    sacred   titles. 
Mr.  Dennett  also  discovers  six  categories 
running  right  through  Bavili  thought,  so 
that  the  idea  of   "  earth,"  for  instance, 
covers    the    notions    of    solids,     justice, 
reason,  intelligence,   essence,  seed,  herbs 
and  grass,  hands,  stomach,  heart,  mother- 
hood.    No  explanation  is  forthcoming  of 
this    sixfold   way    of    looking    at    things. 
The  nearest  we  know  to  it  is  those  Zufii 
We-ma-we,    or    "  fetiches,"    described   by 
Mr.   Cushing,   namely,   the  six  beasts  of 
prey  that  preside  over  the  six  regions  of 
the    world    and    the    medicine    powers 
emanating  therefrom.      Far  in  the  back- 
ground in  both  cases  we  suspect  a  classi- 
fication  on   fines   of   human   relationship 
such   as   occurs   in   many   an   Australian 
tribe,  whereby  everything  in  the  universe 
comes   under   one    or    another   category, 
so  that,  for  instance,  a  bullock,  wallaby, 
owl,  crayfish,  and  what  not,  have  to  lie 
down  together  beneath   the  sign   of  the 
Wereo  or  ti-tree  totem.     But  Mr.  Dennett 
does    not    stop    here.      "  After   years    of 
study,"    he   tells   us,    he   has   discovered 
24  sacred  animals,   24  sacred  trees,  and 
so  on,  and  conjectures  that  each  at  one 
time  had  its  sacred  grove.     (But  wherefore, 
seeing   that   elsewhere   he   tells   us   that, 
though  a  tree  is  nkici  to  its  grove,  it  is  not 
itself  nkici  ci  ?)     Hence  he  works  out  a 
grand  total  of  144  bakid  bad  that  must 
formerly     have     been     recognized.     This 
seems,  we  confess,  a  trifle  too  elaborate, 
especially    when    we    take    into    account 
native  methods  of  counting.     So  also  does 
the  derivation   of  Nzambi,   the  supreme 
god,  from  imbi,   "personal  essence  "  (?), 
and  zia,  "  fours,"  the  fours   being,  if  we 
understand  him  right,  those  whereof  the 
six  groups  added  together  make  24.     Of 
this  supreme  being  we  learn  that  the  native 


is  usually  held  not  to  respect  or  fear  him 
very  much,  saying,  "  He  is  good  too  much," 
though  Mr.  Dennett  himself  thinks  that  it 
is  just  the  native's  respect  and  fear  that 
make  him  keep  so  silent  about  the"  god. 
But  what  man,  white  or  black,  could  work 
up  any  enthusiasm  for  such  an  egregious 
philosopheme  as  the  Essence  of  Fours  ? 

Whilst  Mr.  Dennett's  book  suffers  from 
too  little  synthesis,  Major  Leonard's 
suffers  from  too  much.  The  latter  stands 
back  from  his  facts  and  generalizes  to  his 
heart's  content,  throwing  about  terms 
such  as  "  naturism,"  "  totemism,"  and  so 
on,  with  slight  regard  for  scientific  usage. 
But  his  facts,  not  his  theories,  will  be 
valued  most  by  the  expert.  If  only  the 
first-hand  evidence  were  distinguished 
from  the  rest,  and  were  stated  without 
gloss  or  colour  !  Thus  a  most  interesting 
and  important  case  of  obsession  bordering 
on  possession  is  excellently  described  as 
actually  witnessed.  Would  that  the 
author  had  utilized  his  undoubted  literary 
ability  to  provide  us  with  more  of  these 
descriptive  passages  !  The  loose  render- 
ing of  the  statements  of  natives  has  already 
been  referred  to.  It  is  a  great  pity  that 
their  literal  accuracy  may  be  impugned, 
for  they  often  deal  with  very  important 
subjects,  those  relating  to  burial  and 
beliefs  about  the  next  world  being,  in 
particular,  of  the  greatest  interest.  Major 
Leonard's  book,  in  short,  is  a  rich  quarry, 
but  the  stone  that  is  to  serve  for  building 
purposes  must  be  selected  with  some  care. 
Finally,  we  may  note  that  Major  Leonard 
agrees  with  Mr.  Dennett  in  thinking  that 
there  is  something  behind  the  so-called 
fetichism  of  the  West  African.  The 
fetich,  he  maintains,  is  a  mere  emblem. 
But  what  precisely,  and  in  terms  of  native 
thought,  is  this  something  behind  ? 
Major  Leonard  seems  on  the  whole  con- 
tent to  answer,  "  Ancestral  Spirits."  We 
suspect  that  this  answer  (in  which 
Prof.  Haddon  in  his  Preface  appears  to 
acquiesce)  by  no  means  takes  us  to  the 
bottom  of  the  matter. 


The  Faery  Year.  By  G.  A.  B.  Dewar. 
(Alston  Rivers.) — Mr.  Dewar  is  a  signal 
witness  to  the  truth  of  his  own  faith.  His 
preface  urges  upon  us  the  duty  and  the 
privilege  and  the  pleasure  of  observing 
Nature  ;  and  it  is  by  observing  Nature  and 
setting  down  his  observations  that  he  has 
developed  his  own  literary  powers.  His 
style  and  the  general  attractiveness  of  his 
work  have  vastly  improved.  We  noticed 
the  improvement  in  a  previous  book,  '  The 
Glamour  of  the  Earth  '  ;  but,  although  the 
form  and  medium  of  this  latest  book 
are  more  difficult,  it  takes  a  higher  rank 
even  than  '  The  Glamour  of  the  Earth.' 
His  claim  for  these  sketches  of  the  flying 
year  is  that  they  are  spontaneous.  That  is 
true,  for  undoubtedly  in  reading  them  we 
feel  that  the  author  has  drawn  straight 
from  the  pictures  and  thoughts  in  his  mind 
on  a  particular  day.  But  the  writing  has 
that  considered  orderliness  which  makes  for 
style  and  improves  spontaneity.  He  is 
never  pretentious  or  over-ambitious,  but 
is  content  to  explain  himself  naturally  and 
fully,  and  that  makes  the  best  style  of  all. 
Take  the  felicitous  opening  of  a  January 
eve  : — 


"  Over  traffic,  glare,  and  confusion  I  saw  Venue 
burning  in  the  amber;  at  a  greater  height  came 
Jupiter,  travelling  in  the  awful  blue,  which  was 
undecked  by  the  smallest  fragment  of  cloud  and 
unstained  by  the  afterglow.  By-and-by  Venus, 
low  in  the  west,  might  easily  have  been  mistaken 
for  one  of  the  lights  of  the  city.  This  pageant  of 
planets,  once  seen  from  a  city  in  mid-winter,  is 
unforgetable  ;  but  it  is  still  better  to  watch  Venus 
and  Jupiter  swinging  west,  when  we  are  on  the 
march  at  dusk,  or  in  the  secret  wood." 

Mr.  Dewar  is  fond  of  contemplating  the 
spacious  firmament  on  high,  and  gets  a 
certain  impressive  effect  out  of  it.  He  is 
also  devoted  to  the  birds  of  the  air,  and  is  a 
notable  fisherman.  If  his  knowledge  is  not 
universal,  there  is  still  plenty  of  time  left 
to  him  to  increase  it,  much  as  he  deplores 
the  brevity  of  life  in  which  to  observe.  The 
year  flutters  by,  and  leaves  us,  alas  ! 
insatiate.  There  is  no  pause  in  Nature, 
and  if  you  do  not  seize  the  moment  it  is 
gone.  We  are  glad  to  see  how  sound  Mr. 
Dewar  is  on  the  subject  of  birds  which  are 
supposed  to  be  pestilential  to  farmers.  He 
is  duly  appreciative  also  of  the  willow-wren, 
and  he  sees  the  good  in  the  barefaced 
starling.  The  making  of  cock-wrens'  nests 
remains  a  mystery  ;  but  might  it  not  have 
originated  in  a  deceptive  ruse  ? 

The  Evolution  of  Culture,  and  other  Essays. 
By  the  late  Lieut. -General  A.  Lane-Fox 
Pitt-Rivers.  Edited  by  J.  L.  Myres.  With 
an  Introduction  by  Henry  Balfour.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) — On  the  score  of  piety 
no  less  than  on  the  score  of  practical  use- 
fulness this  handy  reprint  of  General  Pitt- 
Rivers's  valuable  papers  is  heartily  to  be 
commended.  The  editor  is  the  energetic 
secretary  of  the  newly  constituted  Committee 
for  Anthropology  at  Oxford.  He  may  be 
supposed  to  have  more  immediately  in  his 
eye  the  needs  of  candidates  for  the  diploma 
in  Anthropology.  Comparative  technology 
will  constitute  approximately  a  third  part 
of  their  course  of  study.  Hence  it  is  highly 
necessary  that  these  essays — for  a  long  time 
hard  to  obtain — should  be  made  readily 
accessible,  constituting  as  they  do  the  best 
possible  introduction  to  practical  work  under 
Mr.  Henry  Balfour's  guidance  at  the  Pitt- 
Rivers  Museum.  We  have  here  substantially 
all  that  the  founder  of  the  museum  gave  to 
the  world  concerning  matters  technological. 
As  his  was  the  first  amongst  ethnological 
collections,  private  or  even  public,  built  up 
systematically  with  a  definite  object  in  view 
— namely,  the  application  of  the  idea  of  de- 
velopment to  the  products  of  human  handi- 
work— so  these  writings  of  his  were  the  first 
to  enunciate"?  the  principles  according  to 
which  ethnological  material  should  be  classi- 
fied and  arranged. 

In  all  practical  respects  the  method  he 
inaugurated  still  holds  its  own.  On  one 
point  of  theory,  however,  his  views  may  be 
challenged.  Where  we  have  spoken  of 
"  the  idea  of  development,"  he  would  boldly 
have  said  "  the  idea  of  evolution."  "  The 
principles  of  variation  and  natural  selection," 
he  writes  in  1875,  "  have  established  a  bond 
of  union  between  the  physical  and  culture 
sciences  which  can  never  be  broken.  History 
is  but  another  term  for  evolution."  What 
this  means  may  be  seen  from  a  paper  pub- 
lished in  the  previous  year,  which  tries  to 
show  that  associations  of  ideas  relating  to 
certain  forms  of  tool  or  weapon  and  the 
purposes  for  which  they  were  useful  were 
transmitted  by  inheritance.  Thus  there 
arose 

"the  tendency  on  the  part  of  offspring  to 
continue  to  select  and  use  these  particular  forms, 
more  or  less  instinctively — not,  indeed,  with  that 
unvarying  instinct  which  in  animals  arises  from 
the  perfect  adaptation  of  the  internal  organism  to 
external  condition,  but  with  that  modified  instinct 


834 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


which  assumes  the  form  of  a  persistent  con- 
servatism. " 

Now  the  days  are  long  past  when  so  naive 
a  belief  in  the  inheritance  of  acquired  cha- 
racteristics could  win  general  assent  from 
men  of  science  ;  yet  we  notice  that  Mr. 
Henry  Balfour  in  his  Introduction  is  for 
retaining  the  use  of  the  term  "  evolution  " 
in  connexion  with  the  development  of 
human  arts  : — 

"  To  me  the  word  appears  to  be  eminently 
appropriate,  and  I  think  it  would  be  exceedingly 
difficult  to  find  one  which  better  expresses  the 
succession  of  extremely  minute  variations  by 
means  of  which  progress  has  been  effected." 
But  here  the  crucial  point  of  the  objection 
seems  to  be  missed.  The  point  really  raised 
is  whether  physical  evolution  by  means  of 
variation  and  eliminative  natural  selection 
is,  or  is  not,  for  the  working  purposes  of 
science,  one  and  the  same  process  as  the 
so-called  "  evolution  "  of,  say,  the  musical 
bow,  by  means  of  what  Mr.  Balfour  names 
"  variations  "  and  of  preferential  human 
selection,  conscious  or  subconscious.  If 
they  are  distinct  processes — and  no  one 
but  the  most  bigoted  Lamarckian  could 
be  found  to-day  to  deny  that  they  are 
— then  why  need  we  cling  to  these 
antiquated  terminologies  ?  If  the  terms 
''evolution,"  "variation,"  and  ''natural 
selection"  are  appropriated  by  the  physicists, 
then  surely  it  is  not  beyond  the  power  of  the 
English  language  to  provide  a  separate  set  of 
terms  to  express  distinct  ideas — for  example, 
"elaboration,"  "  modification,"  and  "human 
selection."  Primarily  it  may  be  a  question 
of  words  ;  but  verbal  ambiguities  are 
notoriously  productive  of  confused  thinking. 
All  the  same,  we  sympathize  with  Mr.  Bal- 
four. "  Evolution  "  is  a  grand  word,  and 
it  is  extremely  annoying  that  it  should  have 
been  "  bagged." 

Side-Lights  on  Astronomy  and  Kindred 
Fields  of  Popular  Science  :  Essays  and 
Addresses.  By  Simon  Newcomb.  (Harper 
&  Brothers.) — Prof.  Newcomb  is  the  author 
of  a  large  number  of  works  on  astronomy, 
nearly  all  of  which  have  been  noticed  in  our 
columns  ;  the  first  appeared  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago  under  the  title  '  Popular 
Astronomy.'  We  may  say  of  them  what 
Cicero  said  of  the  orations  of  Demosthenes, 
that  the  best  is  the  longest.  The  latter 
epithet  does  not  apply  to  the  publication 
now  before  us,  which  is,  as  the  full  title 
implies,  somewhat  miscellaneous  and  dis- 
cursive in  character.  Most  of  the  essays 
which  it  contains  have,  in  fact,  appeared 
at  different  times  in  various  reviews  and 
periodicals.  Pressed  by  the  publishers  to 
reproduce  them  in  permanent  form,  the 
author  felt  bound  to  justify  the  flattering 
request  by  thoroughly  revising  the  material 
and  bringing  it  up  to  date.  The  first  essay, 
on  '  The  Unsolved  Problems  of  Astronomy,' 
formed  an  article  in  McClure's  Magazine, 
and,  owing  to  the  great  inter*  st  of  the  sub- 
ject, the  concluding"paragraph  may  here  be 
quoted  : — 

"Intelligent  men  have  sometimes  inquired  how, 
after  devoting  so  much  work  to  the  study  of  the 
heavens,  anything  can  remain  for  astronomers  to 
find  out.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that,  although  they 
were  never  learning  so  fast  as  at  the  present  day, 
yet  there  seems  to  be  more  to  learn  now  than  there 
ever  was  before.  Great  and  numerous  as  are  the 
unsolved  problems  of  our  science,  knowledge,  is 
now  advancing  into  regions  which,  a  few  years 
ago,  seemed  inaccessible.  Where  it  will  stop  none 
can  say." 

There  is  a  very  interesting  chapter  on 
'  The  Astronomical  Ephemeris  and  the 
Nautical  Almanac '  ;  but  in  it  occurs  a 
curious  instance  of  how  difficult  it  is  to 
bring  thoroughly  up  to  date  an  article 
written  long  ago.     At  p.  215  we  read  : — 


"  An  exception  to  this  is  a  great  work  on  the 
theory  of  the  moon's  motion,  on  which  Prof.  Airy 
is  now  engaged." 

Prof.  (Sir  George)  Airy  died  in  1892,  and 
his  work  on  the  so-called  numerical  lunar 
theory  was  never  completed,  nor  is  any  one 
likely  to  take  it  up  on  the  same  lines.  The 
astronomer  who  has  done  most  in  our  own 
day  towards  perfecting  the  lunar  theory  is 
Dr.  E.  W.  Brown,  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, now  Professor  of  Applied  Mathe- 
matics at  Haverford  College,  Pennsylvania. 

The  chapters  on  '  Making  and  Using  a 
Telescope,'  on  '  Life  in  the  Universe,'  and 
on  '  The  World's  Debt  to  Astronomy,'  are 
full  of  good  stuff ;  whilst  those  on  '  The 
Mariner's  Compass  '  and  '  Can  We  make  it 
Rain  ?  '  and  the  concluding  one,  '  The  Out- 
look for  the  Flying  Machine  '  (in  which  the 
distinction,  often  overlooked,  between  dis- 
covery and  invention  is  dwelt  upon),  show 
that  Prof.  Newcomb  has  not  devoted  his 
whole  attention  to  astronomy.  There  are  a 
few  good  illustrations  and  a  full  index.  A 
frontispiece  gives  an  excellent  portrait  of 
the  author,  to  whom  astronomy,  especially 
in  America,  owes  so  much,  and  whose  books 
are  of  enduring  and  world-wide  interest. 

We  have  received  the  Science  Year- 
Book  for  1907  (King,  Sell  &  Olding),  which 
is  rightly  described  as  a  '  Diary,  Directory, 
and  Scientific  Summary.'  It  is  a  model 
of  neat  arrangement,  and  we  strongly 
commend  it  to  all  scientific  men.  The 
ordinary  public,  indeed,  might  go  far  before 
finding  so  excellent  a  diary  for  everyday  use. 


CHEMICAL    LITERATURE. 

A  History  of  Chemistry.  By  F.  P.  Armit- 
age.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — This  little  volume 
will  be  a  welcome  addition  to  the  lioraries 
of  many  students  of  chemistry  who  may 
have  neither  the  opportunity  nor  the  time 
to  consult  larger  books.  No  small  yet  com- 
prehensive history  of  chemistry,  in  our  own 
language,  seems  to  have  been  published  since 
that  of  Dr.  Thomas  Thomson,  of  Glasgow 
University,  about  three-quarters  of  a  century 
ago.  That  some  knowledge  of  the  history 
of  the  science  is  necessary  to  the  true  under- 
standing of  chemistry  is  fairly  obvious, 
otherwise  the  lines  of  development  of  chemical 
theories,  and  even  chemical  terms,  will  be 
but  imperfectly  understood.  Also  the  in- 
sight such  a  history  gives  into  the  reasoning 
of  the  master  minds  who  have  attacked  the 
problems  of  chemistry  must  be  of  great 
value,  and  a  knowledge  of  their  mistakes 
is  a  help  to  the  investigator,  whilst  the  fact 
that  they  too  had  human  foibles  ard  failings 
is  at  least  of  interest.  We  notice  that  Mr. 
Armitage  favours  the  derivation  of  the  word 
"  chemistry  "  from  x7//"'"'  ^he  land  of 
Khem  or  Egypt,  though  the  evidence 
appears  equally  strong  that  it  comes  from 
yvfieia,  pouring  or  infusion,  \v/i(><i,  juice, 
and  was  first  applied  to  pharmaceutical 
chemistry  ;  possibly  both  roots  assisted  in 
the  formation  of  the  word.  The  author 
gives  but  very  few  pages  to  alchemy  and 
iatro-chemistry.  and  in  chap.  ii.  goes  on  to 
the  time  from  Boyle  to  Lavoisier  and  the 
establishment  of  quantitative  methods.  A 
rapid,  but  excellent  sketch  of  the  develop- 
ment of  chemistry  and  chemical  theories 
follows,  down  to  the  time  of  Canniz/.aro's 
reform  of  atomic  weights,  and  the  statement 
of  the  periodic  law  by  Newlands  and  Men- 
deleeff.  We  hope  that  in  a  new  edition 
Mr.  Armitage  will  continue  his  story  down 
to  a  later  year.  Tho  book  is  well  written, 
and  tho  details  judiciously  pruned  ;  it 
shows  how  old  conceptions  have  beer  given 


new  life  by  increased  knowledge,  and  how 
many  able  minds  have  worked  with  varying 
success  to  form  pictures  of  the  intimate 
construction  of  matter,  and  the  relations  of 
its  different  forms  to  each  other. 

Some  Founders  of  the  Chemical  Industry  : 
Men  to  be  Remembered.  By  J.  Fen  wick 
Allen.  (Sherratt  &  Hughes.) — This  book 
consists  of  short  biographical  sketches  of 
eight  of  the  notable  and  remarkable  men 
who  founded  the  alkali  trade  and  allied 
industries,  chiefly  in  Lancashire.  These 
notices  were  published  in  The  Chemical 
Trade  Journal  in  1889,  but  it  is  well  that 
they  should  exist  in  a  more  accessible  form. 
The  writer,  "  after  careful  consideration," 
has  "  thought  it  expedient  to  make  no 
alterations  in  the  original  articles,  but  to 
republish  them  just  as  they  appeared."  It 
would  have  been  better,  we  think,  if  he  had 
devoted  a  little  time  to  burnishing  up  his 
work  before  reproduction. 

The  first  mar  selected  for  notice  is  William 
Gossage  (1799-1877),  who  undoubtedly  was 
a  man  of  genius  and  insight,  and  but  for 
engineering  difficulties,  much  greater  in 
his  day  than  now,  would  have  solved  both 
the  problems  of  sulphur  recovery  in  the 
Le  Blanc  process  and  the  ammonia-soda 
process,  which  finally  was  mastered  by 
Solvay.  Gossage's  firm  is  best  known  for 
its  soap  works  and  for  its  manufacture  of 
water-glass.  Another  name  to  conjure  with 
in  the  St.  Helens  district  is  Gamble.  The 
founder  of  the  firm  was  Josias  Christopher 
Gamble  (1776-1848),  who  was  a  Presby- 
terian minister,  but  became  interested  in 
chemistry  from  attending  lectures  of  Dr. 
Cleghorn  at  Glasgow,  and  on  being  trans- 
ferred to  a  ministry  at  Belfast  sought  to 
prepare  a  solution  of  chlorine  to  bleach  the 
linen  there  made.  He  and  his  descendants 
have  done  very  much  for  the  welfare  of 
St.  Helens. 

The  other  men  who  are  noticed  are  James 
Muspratt  (1793-1886),  Andreas  Kurtz  (1781- 
1846),  Henry  Deacon  (1822-76),  James 
Shanks  (1800-67),  Christian  Allhusen  (1806- 
1890),  and  Peter  Spence  (1806-83).  Muspratt, 
like  Gossage,  was  apprenticed  to  a  chemist 
and  druggist,  and  hence  obtained  the  bias 
which  directed  his  future.  In  early  life 
he  tried  to  join  the  army,  and  did  join  the 
navy,  but  left  it  rather  suddenly,  apparently. 
He  may  be  correctly  called  the  founder  of 
the  alkali  industry  in  Lancashire.  He  was 
a  friend  of  Liebig,  and  his  son  Sheridan 
wrote  Muspratt's  '  Dictionary  of  Chemistry.' 
Kurtz  spent  most  of  his  youth  in  France, 
coming  to  England  in  1815.  For  some  years 
he  made  pigments  in  Manchester,  and  in 
1842  reluctantly  took  over  some  alkali  works 
in  St.  Helens,  afterwards  the  Sutton  Alkali 
Works.  He  was  a  good  investigator  and 
inventor.  Deacon  was  apprenticed  to  a 
firm  of  engineers ;  this  gave  him  great 
advantages  in  later  life.  He  also  had  the 
privilege  of  attending  lectures  by  Faraday. 
He  was  manager  to  Pilkington's  Glass  Works 
about  1848,  and  afterwards,  for  a  time, 
partner  with  William  Pilkington  in  alkali 
works  at  Widnes.  He  too  tried  manfully, 
but  unsuccessfully,  to  work  an  ammonia- 
soda  process.  His  well-known  chlorine 
patent  was  taken  out  in  1868.  Shanks  was 
managing  partner  of  Crossfields  Brothers 
&  Co.,  and  seems  to  have  received  his  impetus 
to  chemical  manufacture  from  Dr.  Ure,  of 
Glasgow  University.  He  is  best  remembered 
by  "  Shanks'  vats  "  used  in  lixiviation.  All- 
husen was  rather  a  man  of  business  and  a 
financier  than  a  chemist  or  a  manufacturer, 
and  would  have  succeeded  in  any  going 
concern.  He  took  over  some  small  chemical 
works  in  1840  ;  and  in  1871  the  Newcastle 
Chemical     Works    Company,     with    which 


f64l3l,  Dec.  20,  1906 


THE    AtHEN^UM 


835 


his  name  is  chiefly  associated,  was  regis- 
tered. Spence  was  apprenticed  to  a  grocer 
in  Perth,  and  was  always  an  industrious 
student.  After  trials  and  failures  to  make 
a  living  he  obtained  a  situation  in  some  gas 
works  at  Dundee,  and  the  interest  aroused 
by  processes  of  gas  purification  started  him 
on  his  chemical  career.  In  1834  he  tried  to 
make  Prussian  blue  and  prussiate  of  potash 
from  gas  lime  ;  in  1845  his  important  patent 
for  making  copperas  and  alum  from  shale 
was  taken  out.  He  was  always  trying  to 
utilize  waste  material,  and  among  his  other 
big  efforts  were  the  attempts  to  make  use 
of  Redonda  phosphate,  and  of  the  "  blue- 
stone  "  of  Parys  Mountain,  Anglesey,  which 
contains  zinc,  lead,  copper,  and  silver  in 
too  small  quantities  for  economic  treatment. 
He  was  more  fortunate  in  his  treatment  of 
bauxite. 

Such  are  the  men  selected  as  types  of  the 
pioneers  of  chemical  industry.  The  sketches 
of  their  lives  here  given  are  slight,  but  will 
form  useful  materials  for  a  more  compre- 
hensive history  of  the  subject,  and  we  feel 
thankful  to  the  author  for  placing  this  amount 
of  information  on  record.  Nearly  all 
his  heroes  were  men  of  imagination  and 
of  strenuous  effort,  and  they  mostly  taught 
themselves  to  overcome  difficulties  such  as 
no  longer  exist  for  the  better-equipped 
manufacturer  of  to-day. 

The  volume  is  dedicated  to  the  memory 
of  William  Keates,  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
copper  smelting  in  Lancashire,  and  a  portrait 
is  supplied  of  him  as  well  as  of  each 
of  the  eight  chemical  manufacturers  named 
and  two  or  three  of  their  successors. 

Practical  Methods  of  Inorganic  Chemistry. 
By  F.  Mollwo  Perkin.  (Constable  &  Co.)— 
The  author  is  of  opinion  that  in  the  training 
of  chemists,  whilst  due  attention  is  given 
to  the  preparation  of  organic  compounds, 
too  little  attention  is  paid  to  the  preparation 
of  inorganic  compounds.  No  doubt  Dr. 
Perkin  is  right,  although  in  the  older  days 
of  the  College  of  Chemistry,  and  of  some 
other  laboratories,  this  certainly  was  not  the 
case  :  we  remember  that  formerly,  when  the 
object  of  having  a  curriculum  drawn  up  was 
not  simply  to  rush  tlirough  it,  preparations 
of  elements  and  compounds,  also  a  full 
course  of  qualitative  analysis,  formed  part 
of  the  teaching.  That  such  preparatory 
work  with  inorganic  materials  is  eminently 
desirable,  and  indeed  necessary  in  a  proper 
course,  all  will  agree.  The  author  has  com- 
posed this  book  in  order  to  encourage  such 
teaching,  and  we  certainly  hope  it  will  help 
towards  the  desired  end.  We  cannot,  how- 
ever, give  his  work  unqualified  praise  ;  it 
seems  to  have  been  rather  hastily  put 
together,  and  contains  statements  -which 
would  have  been  corrected  or  made  clearer 
on  a  more  careful  revision.  For  example, 
the  phenomenon  of  crystals  "  creeping  up  " 
the  side  of  a  crystallizing  dish  (p.  8)  is  hardly 
the  same  as  that  commonly  called  efflores- 
cence ;  on  p.  10  a  diagram  is  given  to  show 
the  strength  of  certain  acids  at  different 
specific  gravities;  on  p.  11  an  example  is 
given  to  illustrate  the  use  of  this,  but  un- 
fortunately the  explanation  does  not  agree 
with  the  curves  in  the  diagram  ;  two  mis- 
takes seem  to  have  been  made,  but  in  any 
case  the  description  is  confused  and  contus- 
ing. Also  here  the  symbol  N  for  normal, 
as  applied  to  the  strength  of  solutions,  is 
used,  but  not  explained  ;  and  the  difference 
between  percentage  strength  of  acid  by 
weight  and  grams  in  100  c.c.  is  not  made 
clear.  On  p.  13  a  "  tarred  "  filter  paper  is 
spoken  of;  on  p.  16  Nil,  is  printed  for 
NH.i  ;  on  p.  73  a  figure  occurring  on  the 
previous  page  is  explained  with  the  use  of 
letters   B,  C,  and  D,  but  there  are  no  such 


letters  on  the  figure  as  printed  ;  on  p.  145 
the  symbol  for  oxygen  is  converted  into  10, 
thus  the  sentence  reads,  "  These  numbers 
are  calculated  by  taking  10=16."  Some  of 
these  blemishes  would  be  very  confusing  to 
the  ordinary  student. 

Elementary  Chemistry  :  Progressive  Lessons 
in  Experiment  and  Theory.  Part  IT.  By 
F.  R.  L.  Wilson  and  G.  W.  Hedley.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) — The  first  part  of  this 
book,  dealing  with  mensuration  and  ele- 
mentary physics,  we  have  already  noticed. 
The  present  volume,  Part  IT.,  fully  sustains 
the  standard  and  promise  of  its  predecessor  : 
it  deals,  in  a  clear  and  logical  way,  with 
combustion,  the  gases  of  the  air,  the  classi- 
fication of  materials,  diffusior,  equivalent 
weights,  electrolysis,  the  atomic  theory,  and 
with  some  of  the  important  compounds  of 
carbor,  nitrogen,  and  sulphur.  The  experi- 
ments are  well  selected  and  well  arranged, 
and  the  student  is  taught  by  the  setting  of 
problems,  and  of  questions  bearing  on  the 
experiments  he  lies  performed,  to  think  out 
the  reasons  for  doing  the  experiments  and 
for  taking  the  various  precautions,  and  is 
also  guided  towards  drawing  correct  infer- 
ences from  the  results  obtained.  The  book 
deserves  success,  and  we  hope  it  will  bo 
adopted  in  other  public  schools  than  those 
represented  by  the  two  authors. 


'ELECTRICITY    OF    TO-DAY.' 

In  reply  to  your  remark  a  fortnight  since 
that  I  make  an  obvious  slip  in  saying  that 
"  electricity.  .  .  .does  not  directly  affect  any 
of  our  sensory  organs,"  I  would  submit  that 
in  the  case  of  electric  shock  the  sense  organ 
of  touch  is  only  acted  upon  indirectly.  We 
are  not  sensible  of  electricity  until  electrical 
energy  has  been  transformed  into  some  other 
form  of  energy — in  this  case  into  mechanical 
energy  in  muscular  contraction.  I  would 
refer  you  to  Sir  Oliver  Lodge's  standard 
work  'Modern  Views  of  Electricity,'  in  which, 
at  p.  374,  first  line,  he  states:  "  We  have  a 
special  sense  organ  for  appreciating  light, 
whereas  we  have  none  for  electricity." 

Chas.  R.  Gibson. 


SOCIETIES. 


Royal  Numismatic. — Dec.  20.— Sir  John  Evans, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Alfred  C.  Boyd  was 
elected  a  Fellow.  —  The  President  exhibited  a 
.series  of  aurei  of  the  Roman  emperors  Postumus, 
Laelianua,  Victorinus,  Tetricus  the  Elder,  and 
Claudius  II.,  all  in  mint  condition. — Mr.  Percy 
Webb  showed  two  votive  silver-plated  Roman 
coins  found  in  a  well  in  Capri.  One  was  a  denarius 
with  head  of  Apollo  and  Jupiter  in  a  quadriga, 
struck  circ.  B.c.  84,  similar  to  coins  issued  by  the 
moneyers  GargiliuB,  Ogulnius,  and  Vergilius;  the 
other  piece  was  a  Viotoriatus  of  the  usual  type, 
struck  between  b.c.  227  and  -JIT.— .Mr.  H.  W 
Monckton  exhibited  a  series  of  groat  oi 
Hemy  VI.,  Edward  IV.,  and  Henry  VII.  The 
piece' of  Edward  1 V.  was  of  the  London  mint, 
and  had  the  legend  "  l)i  -Cracia":  those  of 
Henry  VII.  were  of  the  first  tBsae,  with  mint- 
marks  ruse  and  lis  on  rose.  —  Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence 
showed  some  gioats  (a  portion  of  a  find)  of 
Richard  II.  Henry  VI.  Mr.  F.  A.  Walters  ex- 
hibited a  halt-groat  of  the  heavy  issue  of  Henry 
IV.,  of  which  only  two  other  specimens  appear 
to  '"'  known  ;  and  Sir  Augustus  Prevost  a  medal 
of  Louis  XVI.  recording  the  abolition,  by  the 
Assembly,  of  all  the  royal  privileges.  —  Mr. 
<;.  F.  Hill  read  a  paper  on  a  recent  find  of 
Roman  silver  coins  from  Grovely  Wood.  Wilts. 
The  coins  were  mostly  of  the  second  half  of  the 
fourth  century,  oovering  a  period  from  about 
A.i).  345  to  395,  and  consisted  of  29(5  silique  and 
3  double-siliquae.     Mr,    Hill  gave  an  account   of 


other  hoards  of  this  class  which  had  been  found  in 
England,  and  discussed  at  some  length  the  weights 
of  the  siliquae.  Some  silver  rings  and  ornaments 
also  formed  part  of  the  hoard. — Mr.  Arthur  S. 
Yeanies  read  a  paper  on  a  penny  of  Henry  I. 
struck  at  Romney,  in  Kent.  It  is  of  the  very 
rare  type  showing  on  the  obverse  the  bust  of  the 
king  holding  a  sceptre,  and  on  the  reverse  the 
moneyer's  name,  "Wilfrid  on  Runic, "'  in  two 
concentric  circles,  and  with  a  cross  in  the  centre. 
This  coin  is  of  importance,  as  it  settles  beyond 
question  the  fact  that  Romney  had  a  mint  in 
operation  during  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  the 
existence  of  which  had  been  doubted. 


Zoological. — Dec.  11. — Dr.  H.  Woodward,  V.P., 
in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  exhibited  a  drawing 
by  Mr.  Carton  Moore-Park,  of  Martha,  the  young 
gorilla  that  had  recently  died  in  the  Society's 
menagerie. — Mr.  H.  B.  Fantham  exhibited  original 
drawings  of  "Trypanosoma"  balbianii  (Certes), 
showing  apparent  cilia,  which  might,  however,  be 
only  threads  of  the  sheath  or  undulating  mem- 
brane which  had  become  ruptured. — The  Secretary 
exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Dr.  C.  G.  Seligmann,  two 
skulls  of  the  domestic  sheep,  one  of  which  was  of  a 
normal  male  and  the  other  of  a  male  castrated  in 
youth. — Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  exhibited  some  ex- 
amples of  the  earthworm  [Bt  nhamia  joknstoni)  from 
Mount  Ruwenzori. — Mr.  J.  L.  Bonhote  exhibited 
one  of  the  innermost  secondaries  of  the  knot 
[Tringa  canutus),  taken  from  a  bird  in  his  aviaries. 
— Mr.  R.  I.  1'oeock  exhibited  the  tail  of  a  crested 
porcupine  to  show  the  peculiar  structure  of  the 
epulis  which  constituted  the  animal's  so-called 
"rattle." — A  communication  from  Messrs.  J. 
Rennie  and  H.  Wiseman  contained  an  account  of 
the  Ascidians  of  the  Cape  Verde  marine  fauna 
collected  by  Mr.  Cyril  Crossland,  and  recorded  the 
occurrence  of  ten  species  of  Ascidise  Simplices,  of 
which  three  were  described  as  new. — Mr.  F.  E. 
Beddard  communicated  a  paper,  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
L.  K.  Crawsha}-,  on  variations  in  the  arterial 
system  of  certain  species  of  Anura. — A  communi- 
cation was  read  from  Mr.  Guy  A.  K.  Marshall, 
containing  descriptions  of  fifty-three  new  species 
of  African  Coleoptera  of  the  family  Curculionidae. 
— A  paper  by  Mrs.  0.  A.  Merritt  Hawkes,  on  the 
cranial  and  spinal  nerves  of  Chlamydoselachua 
anguineus,  was  read. — In  a  communication  regard- 
ing two  mammals  obtained  by  Major  Powell-Cotton 
in  the  Ituri  Forest,  Mr.  R.  Lydekkcr  referred  a 
dark-coloured  cat's  skin  to  a  race  of  Felts  chrt/80- 
thrix,  and  also  described  a  giant  elephant-shrew  as 
new.  In  a  second  paper  he  described  the  skull  of 
a  Bruang,  or  Malay  bear,  from  Tibet,  which  he 
proposed  to  regard  as  representing  a  distinct  race. 
— In  continuation  of  his  paper  on  South  Indian 
Nudibranchs  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1906,  pp.  636-91), 
Sir  Charles  Eliot  presented  a  supplementary 
account  of  the  radulae  of  various  species,  based  on 
microscopic  slides  prepared  by  Alder  and  Han- 
cock, which  had  just,  been  discovered  in  the  Han- 
cock Museum  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  These  slides 
confirmed  many  of  the  identifications  suggested  in 
the  first  paper. 


Historical.  —  Dec.  •JO.— The  Rev.  W.  Hunt, 
President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mrs.  Lomas,  Miss 
MoArthur,  the  Rev.  W.  Home,  and  Mr.  E.  E. 
Kitchener  were  elected  Fellows.  A  paper  was 
read  by  Sir  Henry  lloworth  on  '  Julius  Caesar,  his 
Early  Friends,  Enemies,  and  Rivals,'  dealing  with 
the  dc\  olution  of  power  in  Rome  into  a  single  hand 
since  the  days  oi  ( '.  Marius.— Mr.  J.  Foster  Palmer 
spoke  upon  the  murder  oi  tic  di'  tator  regarded  as 
a  political  blunder  which  tended  to  confirm 
1         nism  for  the  future. 


Fabaday.  — Dec.  11.— Dr.  T.  M.  Lowry  in  the 
chair. — Dr.  A.  C.  C.  Cutnming  read  a  paper 
entitled  'Contributions  to  the  Study  of  Strong 
Electrolytes.1  He  also  read  in  abstract  a  paper  on 
'The  Electrochemistry  of  Lead.' — A  paper  by  Mr. 
R.  W.  Vioarey  on  'Storage  Batteries  and  their 
Electrolytes '  was  read  in  abstract  1>\  the  Secretary, 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

M'.v     London   [nititation.    L— 'Volcanoes    Mr.   W.   n.   Garrison, 

(Juvi  i 
Ton,    Ron]    Institution, 3.— 'Signalling  to  a  Distance,  from  Priml- 

thr  Man  to  Radiotelegraph;,  Lecture  III..  Mi.  W'.  Duddvll. 

tJuwnik  Lcuiuc..' 


136 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°"4181,  Dec.  29,  1906 


AVld.     Royal  Institution.  3.-' Signalling  to  a  Distance,  from  Primi' 
tive  Man  to  Radiotelegraph?,'  Lecture  IV.,  Mr.  W.  Dudilell. 

(Juvenile  Lecture.) 

—  Society   of   Arts,    5.—' Perils  anil   Adventures   Underground, 

Lecture  I.,  Mr.  H.  Brough.    (Juvenile  Lecture.) 
Fni.       Geographical,  3. :i0.—' Japan  and  the  Japanese  as  I  Saw  Them,' 
Miss  A.  L.  Murcutt.    (Juvenile  Lecture. I 

—  London  Institution.  4.— 'The  Fire  Belt  around  the  Glohe,'  Mr. 

W.  H.  Garrison.    (Juvenile  Lecture.) 
Sat.       Royal  Institution.  :i.  — 'Signalling  to  a  Distance,  from  Primi- 
tive Man  to  Radiotelegraphy,'  Lecture  V.,  Mr.  W.  Duddell. 
(Juvenile  Lecture.) 


Rennet  (Sossip. 

Herr  Albert  von  Le  Coq,  who  during 
the  last  two  years  has  been  conducting  a 
scientific  expedition  for  the  Prussian  Govern- 
raen  in  Chinese  Turkestan,  arrived  in  Kash- 
mir last  month.  His  principal  work  has 
been  the  discovery  of  records  of  sand- 
buried  cities  near  Turfan.  He  has  brought 
back  with  him  twenty-five  chests  full  of 
such  records,  including  highly  artistic  paint- 
ings on  stucco,  manuscripts  in  ten  different 
languages,  one  of  which  is  described  as  wholly 
unknown.  During  part  of  his  journey  Herr 
von  Le  Coq  was  accompanied  by  Capt. 
J.  D.  Sherer,  R.A.  ;  and  not  far  from 
Khotan  he  met  Mr.  David  Fraser,  of  The 
Times. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Berlin  Geographical 
Society  last  week  Dr.  Frobenius  gave  a  full 
account  of  his  recent  journey  in  the  Kassai 
region.  He  also  announced  that  he  pro- 
posed to  visit  the  Niger  basin  next  year 
for  the  purpose  of  completing  his  ethno- 
graphical studies.  Dr.  Frobenius  explored 
the  Quili  and  Sankuru,  tributaries  of  the 
Kassai,  as  well  as  the  main  stream  ;  and  one 
of  his  discoveries  was  that  several  cataracts 
described  by  Wissmann  and  other  explorers 
of  twenty  and  twenty-five  years  ago  had 
modified  their  shape,  owing  to  the  force  of 
water  carried  over  them.  He  has  little  to 
say  in  favour  of  the  natives,  who  are  chiefly 
cannibals  ;  but  one  tribe  has  attained  a 
certain  degree  of  civilization.  They  can  at 
least  do  metal  work  and  pottery,  and  they 
allow  their  women  some  rights  and  liberty. 

The  Lalande  Prize  of  the  French  Academie 
des  Sciences  is  this  year  awarded  jointly  to 
two  astronomers  of  the  Lick  Observatory, 
Messrs.  Aitken  and  Hussey,  for  their  labours 
on  the  subject  of  double  and  multiple  stars, 
and  observations  of  the  faint  satellites  of 
Jupiter  and  Saturn.  The  Valz  Prize  is 
given  to  Dr.  J.  Palisa,  of  Vienna,  for  his 
numerous  planetary  discoveries  and  his 
ecliptic  charts  ;  and  the  Janssen  Medal  to 
Prof.  Ricco,  Director  of  the  Catania  Obser- 
vatory, for  his  long-continued  and  important 
labours  on  spectroscopic  astronomy,  espe- 
cially as  applied  to  solar  phenomena. 

The  death  took  place  on  the  24th  ult., 
in  the  sixty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  of  Dr. 
Fredrik  Anderson,  who  was  formerly  an 
assistant  at  the  Lund  Observatory.  After 
his  appointment  as  principal  teacher  of 
mathematics  and  physics  at  Halmstad  (the 
chief  town  of  the  district  of  Halland,  in 
Sweden,  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Cattegat) 
in  1874,  he  continued  to  take  an  active 
part  in  the  calculation  of  planetary  and 
cometary  orbits. 

The  earth  will  be  in  perihelion  on  the 
morning  of  the  2nd  prox.  The  moon  will 
be  new  at  5h.  57m.  (Greenwich  time)  on  the 
morning  of  the  14th,  and  full  at  lh.  45m. 
in  the  afternoon  of  the  29th.  She  will  be 
in  perigee  on  the  morning  of  the  13th, 
after  which  exceptionally  high  tides  may  be 
expected.  A  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  will 
take  place  on  the  14th,  the  central  line  of 
which  will  pass  over  Turkestan,  not  far  from 
Samarkand,  where  the  duration  of  totality 
will  exceed  two  minutes.  At  Madras 
nearly  half  the  sun  will  be  obscured  about 


an  hour  before  noon.  This  will  be  followed 
by  a  large  partial  eclipse  of  the  moon  on  the 
29th,  which  will  be  invisible  in  Europe, 
and  best  seen  in  Eastern  Asia,  Australasia, 
and  Western  America.  The  planet  Mercury 
will  be  visible  in  the  morning  during  the 
early  part  of  the  month,  passing  from  the 
constellation  Scorpio  into  Sagittarius.  Venus 
will  be  at  her  greatest  brilliancy  as  a  morning 
star  on  the  4th  in  the  constellation  Scorpio  ; 
she  is  moving  in  nearly  an  easterly  direction, 
and  will  pass  about  ten  degrees  due  north 
of  Antares  on  the  10th.  Mars  rises  a  little 
earlier  each  morning,  and  will  be  due  south 
at  7  o'clock  at  the  end  of  next  month,  in 
the  constellation  Libra.  Jupiter  is  in  the 
western  part  of  Gemini,  and  brilliant  all 
night — due  south  at  11  o'clock  on  the 
10th  prox.,  and  at  10  o'clock  on  the  24th. 
Saturn  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Aquarius, 
and  sets  now  at  Greenwich  about  9  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  earlier  each  night  ;  he  will 
be  near  the  crescent  moon  on  the  17th, 
their  conjunction  having  taken  place  in  the 
afternoon. 

Circular  No.  122  of  the  Harvard  College 
Observatory  announces  the  discovery,  by 
Miss  Leavitt,  of  thirty-six  new  variable  stars 
situated  in  the  constellation  Centaurus  or 
very  near  it.  These  have  been  found  by 
examination  of  plates  taken  with  the  1-inch 
Cooke  lens,  considered  more  suitable  for 
discovering  the  brighter  variables  because, 
on  account  of  the  long  exposure  of  the  plates 
with  the  24-inch  Bruce  telescope,  the  images 
taken  therewith  are  so  large  that  only 
striking  variations  can  be  noticed.  Most 
of  the  changes  detected  in  these  thirty-six 
do  not  exceed  a  range  of  one  magnitude. 


FINE   ARTS 


French   Art   from    Watteau   to   Prud'hon. 
By  J.  J.  Foster.     Vol.  II.     (Dickinsons.) 

Continuing  the  plan  adopted  in  the  first 
volume,  which  opened  with  an  ably  written 
introduction  by  M.  Robert  de  la  Sizeranne, 
the  second  portion  of  '  French  Art  from 
Watteau  to  Prud'hon  '  contains  by  way 
of  preface  a  dissertation  upon  French 
society  from  1700  to  1730,  the  introduction 
in  this  case  being  the  work  of  M.  Alfred 
Rebelliau.  Whilst  it  is  impossible  to 
deny  that  this  is  a  brilliant  essay  upon 
the  social  life  of  the  period,  we  cannot 
help  expressing  our  regret  that  it  should 
speak  so  little  of  French  art.  Its  aptly 
turned  phrase  and  illustrative  anecdote 
cannot  fail  to  attract  the  general  reader, 
but  as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  would  have 
been  more  suitable  at  the  beginning  of  a 
work  on  French  literature  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  as  may  be  judged  from 
passages  such  as  the  following: — 

"  In  these  social  organisations  thus  recon- 
structed two  new  forces  rose  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  eighteenth  century — men 
of  letters  and  women ....  No  doubt  literary 
works  such  as  '  Telemaque '  and  others 
achieved  a  lasting  and  profound  success,  but 
it  was  the  works  themselves  which  wielded 
this  influence,  not  the  men  who  wrote  them 
.  .  .  .The  man  of  letters  was  still  reminded 
of  his  old  condition,  of  his  status  of 
'  domestic'  Letters  grew  in  importance, 
but  the  man  of  letters  was  not  to  become 
emancipated  in  his  person  nor  a  real 
power  in  himself  until  about  1730,  ^with 
Marivaux,  Duclos,  and  Montesquieu,  ""  and 
the  Voltaire  of  the  '  Lettres  Anglaises ' 
and  Zaire." 


It  is  difficult  to  see  what  all  this  or  the 
statement  which  fofiows  that  "  the  second 
power  of  the  eighteenth  century  is  woman" 
has  to  do  with  the  subject  of  French  art ; 
nor  is  our  wonderment  lessened  by  the 
numerous  scraps  of  historical  gossip  (such 
as  that  the  Grand  Prior  of  Malta  had 
never  gone  to  bed  for  forty  years  other- 
wise than  dead  drunk)  with  which  the 
introduction  abounds. 

The  rest  of  this  volume  does  deal  with 
French  art,  the  various  articles  being  the 
work  of  those  fitted  to  write  on  the  subject. 
Mr.  0.  M.  Hueffer  is  responsible  for  the 
sections  treating  of  the  Coypels  and  of 
Drouais  and  his  family.  To  the  latter 
painter,  we  think,  more  space  than  nine 
pages  might  have  been  devoted,  for  he 
has  bequeathed  to  us  an  important  record 
of  the  French  Court  in  the  later  years 
of  Louis  XV.  As  Mr.  Hueffer  says, 
Francois  Hubert  Drouais  was  seen  at  his 
best  in  his  pictures  of  children  and  young 
girls  ;  but,  this  being  admitted,  why  are  no 
reproductions  of  his  work  in  this  style 
included  amongst  the  illustrations  (for 
the  most  part  excellent)  which  adorn  this 
volume  ?  There  are  in  this  country 
several  paintings  of  the  kind  which  would 
have  been  easily  available,  and  we  are 
not  consoled  for  their  absence  by  the  three 
examples  of  Drouais's  work  given.  Why 
also  are  these  illustrations  described  as 
the  work  of  C.  J.  Drouais  ?  One  of  the 
illustrations,  however,  it  must  be  added 
— that  of  Marie  Antoinette  from  the 
picture  in  the  Jones  collection — has  been 
excellently  reproduced,  and  its  importance 
well  justifies  its  inclusion  amongst  the 
three  spoken  of  above,  for  the  head  served 
as  a  study  for  the  painter's  portrait  of  the 
queen  as  Hebe,  now  in  the  collection  at 
Chantilly. 

To  the  three  generations  of  Coypels — 
who,  if  not  pre-eminently  important  as 
painters,  were  at  least  industrious,  capable, 
honourable,  and  likeable,  providing,  in- 
deed, "  a  sufficiency  of  morals,"  according 
to  Mr.  Hueffer — far  more  space  is  devoted  ; 
but  in  our  opinion  the  most  important 
portions  of  this  second  volume  are  those 
describing  the  life  and  work  of  Francois 
Boucher,  whom  M.  Funck  -  Brentano 
rightly  ranks  as  first  amongst  decorative 
painters.  Boucher  nevertheless  might  well 
have  aspired  higher.  Endowed  with  an 
almost  inexhaustible  fertility  of  imagina- 
tion, and  instinctively  expressing  the 
ideas  of  the  time  in  which  he  lived,  he 
might,  had  his  disposition  been  other  than 
it  was,  have  been  much  more  than  a 
decorator,  witness  the  beautiful  small 
picture  of  Madame  de  Pompadour  on  her 
chaise  longue,  now  in  the  Scottish  National 
Gallery — in  all  probability  a  study  for  a 
great  full-length  portrait.  '  La  Femme 
au  Manchon,'  now  in  the  Louvre,  and  the 
pastel  of  Madame  Baudoin,  Boucher's 
daughter,  which  belongs  to  M.  Le  Moyne, 
are  other  admirable  specimens  of  the 
painter's  work  in  portraiture  cited  by 
M.  Brentano.  Boucher,  indeed,  had  two 
manners— the  "  decorative  "  style  and 
the  "  finished  "  ;  but  it  was  the  first 
which  easily  triumphed.  He  might  have 
been    a    pre-eminent    painter    of    genre 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


837 


subjects,  as  is  proved  by  that  beautiful 
little  picture  '  La  Marchande  de  Modes  ' 
in  the  Museum  at  Stockholm,  concerning 
which  M.  Brentano  forgets  to  add  that 
there  is  a  small  copy  of  it  at  Hertford 
House. 

The  value  of  Boucher's  paintings  is 
in  some  instances,  however,  impaired  by 
reason  of  his  fondness  for  discarding 
models.  As  he  told  Reynolds,  he  con- 
sidered them  unnecessary,  and  this  habit, 
together  with  the  designing  of  tapestry, 
in  which  neither  high  finish  nor  laboured 
precision  is  required,  caused  his  brush 
insensibly  to  lose  the  delicate  gradations 
necessary  for  flesh  tints,  besides  accustom- 
ing him  to  paint  with  a  somewhat  un- 
certain rapidity. 

Of  Mr.  Foster's  sketch  of  Louis  Tocque, 
the  husband  of  Nattier's  daughter,  it 
will  suffice  to  say  that  it  is  adequate, 
though  we  think  that  more  stress  might 
have  been  laid  upon  the  influence  which 
the  methods  of  Largilliere  exercised  over 
Tocque — methods,  it  may  be  added, 
which  the  latter  never  thoroughly 
mastered. 

Chardin,  as  Mr.  Frederick  Wedmore 
puts  it,  was  certainly  "  a  wonderful  stay- 
at-home."  The  pleasures  of  happy  imi- 
tation were  enough  for  him,  and,  immor- 
talized by  his  brush,  "  the  prose  of  life 
became  poetry  in  Chardin's  hands." 
On  the  whole,  the  account  of  Chardin 
and  his  art,  besides  being  well  written,  is 
also  illuminating ;  but  why  is  there  no 
mention  of  the  works  of  this  master 
possessed  by  M.  Groult,  or  no  reference 
to  the  brilliant  and  spirited  portrait  of 
Chardin  in  the  same  collection  ?  These 
are  serious  omissions.  Mr.  Wedmore 
appears  to  be  prejudiced  against  this 
rich  gallery,  for  he  once  more  ignores  it 
when  dealing  with  Latour.  The  section 
of  the  book  devoted  to  this  great  master 
of  pastel  is  illustrated  by  three  somewhat 
inferior  and  uninteresting  reproductions, 
no  example  from  the  famous  Museum  of 
St.  Quentin,  which  contains  the  painter's 
own  collection,  being  given. 

In  more  than  one  instance  the  selection 
of  illustrations  has  been  unhappy.  Not- 
ably is  this  the  case  with  regard  to  Joseph 
Vernet,  who,  if  treated  at  all,  should  have 
been  illustrated  by  the  best  things  obtain- 
able. 

Perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  portion 
of  this  book  is  that  devoted  to  Pater, 
which,  in  addition  to  a  full  description  of 
this  artist's  life  and  methods,  contains 
some  admirable  criticism  of  his  work. 
Says  the  writer,  M.  Eugene  Langevin  : — 

"  The  most  slovenly  part  of  his  com- 
positions is  the  landscape.  He  has 
three  or  four  formulas  for  lus  background, 
of  which  the  following  is  the  most  ever- 
lastingly recurring :  two  unequal  masses 
of  trees,  the  larger  casting  a  shadow  ; 
the  principal  group  of  figures  bear  some 
piece  of  decorative  architecture  in  a  park  or 
in  front  of  the  pedestal  of  some  lascivious 
deity ;  in  the  distance  a  village  steeple 
composed  of  a  little  yellow  lightly  outlined 
in  brown.  The  foliage  resembles  ostrich 
feathers,  the  colour  of  roast  chicory,  or 
pieces  of  cotton-wool  mou»ted  on  very 
crooked  stems,  in  sheafs  ;  his  distances 
are  often  incredibly  opaque." 


Pater's  execution  without  doubt  was 
frequently  mechanical,  which  is  not  sur- 
prising in  view  of  the  great  number  of 
his  paintings.  Careless  of  inspiration, 
he,  unlike  his  master  Watteau,  painted  un- 
ceasingly, with  the  sole  object  of  a  prompt 
sale.  In  view  of  the  consuming  avarice 
which  is  known  to  have  been  the  chief 
characteristic  of  this  painter,  it  is  impossible 
to  regard  as  anything  more  than  a  flight 
of  poetic  fancy  the  statement  of  M. 
Langevin  that 

"  occasionally,  however,  the  remembrance 
of  Watteau  and  the  love  of  art  imparted 
a  more  noble  fire  to  this  fever  ;  lie  would 
then  prepare  his  compositions  in  some  degree, 
and  execute  them  more  carefully  ;  he 
would  think  of  fame." 

There  is  little  evidence  that  Pater  thought 
much  about  anything  except  making 
money. 

For  the  six  pages  in  which  M.  Henri 
Frantz  gives  a  very  short,  but  brilliantly 
written  account  of  Carle  Van  Loo  there 
can  be  nothing  but  praise — at  the  same 
time,  the  illustrations  might  have  been 
more  carefully  chosen,  and  '  Une  Halte 
de  Chasse  '  might  well  have  taken  the 
place  of  the  '  Mariage  de  la  Vierge,'  a 
picture  which  is  not  distinguished  by 
any  conspicuous  originality  or  charm. 

The  reproductions  throughout  the  book, 
as  has  been  hinted,  are  hardly  up  to  the 
standard  of  those  which  embellished  the 
preceding  volume.  This  remark,  we  may 
add,  applies  to  both  selection  and  execu- 
tion. 


Tliomas  Stothard,  B.A.  :  an  Illustrated 
Monograph.  By  A.  C.  Coxhead.  (A.  H. 
Bullen.) — A  posthumous  book  has  always 
a  pathetic  interest,  which,  to  some  extent, 
disarms  criticism.  In  this  case  we  may 
say  at  once  that  the  late  Mr.  Coxhead's 
'  Stothard  '  is  excellent  in  its  way  and  so  far 
as  it  goes.  As  a  guide  to  collectors  of  books 
illustrated  by  him,  it  will  suffice  until 
Stothard  becomes,  like  Blake,  the  object 
of  a  "  cult."  It  was  evidently  a  labour  of 
love,  and  the  outcome  of  wide,  though  not 
profound,  research.  But  it  is  not  a  mono- 
graph, except  in  a  limited  sense  of  the  word. 
It  is  virtually  confined  to  the  artist's  work 
as  a  book-illustrator.  Whether  he  executed 
five  or  six  thousand  designs,  as  stated  in  the 
obituary  notice  in  The  Athenceum,  or 
whether  Mrs.  Bray's  estimate  of  ten  thou- 
sand is  the  more  correct,  it  is  impossible  to 
say  ;  but  even  taking  the  lower  estimate, 
we  have  a  work  of  which  any  artist  might 
reasonably  be  proud.  It  seems  strange  that 
so  prolific  and  popular  a  man  should  have 
had  to  wait  for  close  on  three-quarters  of  a 
century  for  a  record  like  this.  Mrs.  Bray's 
1  Life,'  published  in  1851,  is  an  attractive 
volume  as  an  illustrated  book,  but  as  a 
work  of  reference  it  is  almost  useless,  although 
it  gives  (what  Mr.  Coxhead  omits)  a  list  of 
Stothard's  exhibits  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  a  reprint  of  the  catalogue,  with  prices 
and  purchasers'  names,  of  the  sale  at  Messrs. 
Christie's  in  June,  1834. 

Stothard  did  more  to  raise  the  level  of 
book-illustration  than  almost  any  other 
artist  of  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century  ;  he  found  it  sunk  deep  in  the 
imbecilities  of  such  men  as  Haymnn,  and 
struck  a  new  note  with  his  own  conceptions. 
His  designs  to  Rogers's  poems  are  among 
the  most  charming  things  of  the  kind  ever 
done.     Mr.  Coxhead's  book  gives  a  generous 


selection  of  reproductions  from  the  various 
books  which  Stothard  illustrated,  and  these 
range  from  the  work  which  he  did  for 
Harrison's  Lady's  Poetical  Magazine  of  1781 
to  that  executed  a  short  time  before  his- 
death,  the  same  ideals  being  maintained, 
tliroughout.  Some  of  Mr.  Coxhead's  de- 
scriptions of  the  plates  are  open  to  improve- 
ment. In  the  account  of  Stothard's  work 
for  the  Marquis  of  Exeter  at  Burghley  (here 
twice  spelt;  Burleigh)  House  no  mention  is 
made  of  the  half-length  portrait  of  the 
artist  by  himself.  We  think  it  is  incorrect 
to  surmise  that  the  paintings  which 
the  artist  executed  for  Col.  Thomas- 
Johnes  at  the  new  house  at  Hafod  were 
"  probably  dispersed."  We  believe  that 
the  estate,  with  the  house  and  its  contents,, 
was  purchased  en  bloc  by  a  wealthy  peer, 
and  that  the  collection  of  pictures  was  trans- 
ferred to  one  of  lus  residences.  The  "  young 
lady,  who  seems  to  have  been  an  only  child 
(p.  13)  of  Col.  Johnes,  died  in  London  on 
July  4th,  1811,  at  the  age  of  twenty  seven. 
Reference  is  made  on  p.  150  to  Stothard's 
illustrations  to  Hayley's  '  Triumphs  of 
Temper,'  1788.  Stothard's  share  in  this 
work  has  never  been  fully  explained, 
and  the  whole  affair  has  a  very  unpleasant 
aspect  of  plagiarism.  There  are  seven  illus- 
trations, and  of  these  the  first,  a  girl  in 
mob-cap,  and  the  fourth,  a  girl  reclining 
in  a  boat  propelled  by  Apathy,  are  certainly 
the  "  invention  "  of  Romney,  and  are  more 
or  less  fancy  portraits  of  Miss  Sneyd.  Hayley 
doubtless  obtained  Romney 's  permission  for 
Stothard  to  copy  them  for  reproduction  as 
plates  to  his  exceedingly  dull  poem  "  ;  but 
it  is  strange  that  Romney 's  name  should, 
have  been  entirely  suppressed. 

While  grateful  for  this  work  with  regard 
to  Stothard's  book-illustrations,  we  are 
sorry  that  the  author  did  not  go  a  little 
further  and  include  Stothard's  pictures, 
but  for  which  he  would  never  have  been 
elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
where  he  exhibited  from  1778  to  1822.  His 
pictures  are  not  now  much  sought  after, 
but  when  characteristic  examples  do  occur 
in  the  auction-room  they  sell  at  fairly  good 
prices,  as  was  seen  at  the  Louis  Huth  sale 
at  Christie's  in  May,  1905,  when  eight  of  the 
charming  scenes  done  for  the  'Decameron' 
brought  175  guineas,  and  a  set  of  four  others,, 
inspired  by  the  same  book,  210  guineas, 
It  would  not  be  difficult  to  draw  up  a  long 
and  interesting  list  of  pictures  and  drawings 
in  various  public  and  private  collections. 
The  National  Galleiy  and  South  Kensington 
are  both  well  supplied  with  examples  of 
Stothard,  but  there  are  hundreds  scattered 
in  various  collections  in  England.  A  care- 
ful search  in  catalogues  would  reveal  an 
amazing  number  which  have  faded,  for  the 
time  being,  out  of  sight.  Mr.  Coxhead 
devotes  a  whole  chapter  to  Stothard's  illus- 
trations to  Walton  and  Cotton's  '  Complete 
Angler,'  published  by  Pickering  in  1836, 
two  years  after  the  artist's  death  ;  but  he 
apparently  did  not  know  that  the  exquisite 
drawings  for  theso  illustrations  were  sold 
at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  on  November  26th, 
1890.  The  series,  23  in  number,  included 
one  which  was  not  reproduced  ;  all  th© 
drawings  were  larger  than  the  reproductions, 
which,  charming  as  they  are,  give  but  a 
faint  idea  of  the  beauty  of  the  originals  ; 
in  one  instance,  '  Amwell  Hill,'  the  figures 
in  the  foreground  do  not  appear  in  the 
engraving.  We  may  also  mention  (for  the 
benefit  of  future  writers  on  Stothard)  that 
the  same  auctioneers  sold  on  July  23rd, 
1857,  four  of  the  artist's  sketch-books,  a 
volume  with  autograph  copies  of  some  of  his 
correspondence  and  diary  during  his  journey 
to  France,  and  eleven  memorandum  books 
with  autograph  collections  towards  the  live& 


838 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


•  of   different  artists  from  the  earliest  period, 
:  arranged  chronologically . 

Eighteenth  -  Century  Colour  Prints.  By 
Julia  Frankau.  (Macmillan.) — The  author 
knows  her  subject  thoroughly,  and  writes 
with  all  the  enthusiasm  of  the  collector.  She 
disclaims,  however,  any  pretence  to  en- 
lighten the  expert,  andAappeals  only  to  the 
beginner  and  amateur. 

With  regard  to  this  :  essay,  we  think 
that  she  would  have  been  well  advised 
to  recast  it.  It  served  well  enough  as  a 
text  for  the  reproductions  which  appeared 
with  it  in  her  more  ambitious  book,  but  by 
itself  it  reads  very  "  thin."  The  lives  of  all 
the  engravers  dealt  with  by  Mrs.  Frankau 
have  been  written,  and  for  the  most  part 
better  written  than  they  are  here.  The 
collector,  whether  beginner  or  advanced, 
wishes  to  know  something  tangible  about 
the  things  he  collects,  and  a  series  of  tabu- 
lated list  of  titles,  sizes,  dates,  artists,  and 
engravers  of  colour  prints  would  have 
supplied  a  real  want  until  some  competent 
person  compiles  a  catalogue  raisonne  in  the 
manner  of  Chaloner  Smith  or  Mr.  Whitman, 
or  such  as  Mrs.  Frankau  has  produced  her- 
self in  connexion  with  J.  R.  Smith  and  the 
two  Wards.  Too  much  is  said  of  the  lives 
of  the  men  who  fall  within  the  scope  of  her 
book  ;  their  sordid  histories  have  but  little 
to  do  with  their  art. 

Mrs.  Frankau  brings  out  one  curious 
feature  in  connexion  with  printing  in  colours, 
and  that  is  that  nearly  every  person  who 
practised  it  in  England  and  on.  the  Continent 
claimed  to  have  invented  it.  More  remark- 
able even  than  this  is  the  fact  that  the 
principles  of  the  art  set  forth  by  one  of  the 
earliest  craftsmen,  J.  C.  Le  Blon,  in  his 
'  Colorito  ;  or,  the  Harmony  of  Colouring 
in  Painting,'  published  in  English  and 
French  during  the  fifties  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  are  almost  identical  with  those 
observed  by  Mr.  Carl  Hentschel  in  his 
"  Three-Colour  Printing  Process."  There 
are  in^Mrs.  Frankau's  book  a  good  many 
points  to  which  exception  may  be  taken. 
The  Royal  Academy  never  "  snubbed 
Romney  "  (p.  160)  ;  it  was  the  other  way 
about.  Morland's  "  idiosyncrasies  "  (p.  168) 
were  chiefly  in  the  way  of  beer  and  low 
company,  and  these  could  have  had  nothing 
to  do  with  Bartolozzi's  engravings  of  his 
pictures.  Miss  Farren  (Countess  of  Derby) 
seems  to  have  incurred  Mrs.  Frankau's 
dislike,  but  there  is  overwhelming  contem- 
porary evidence  in  favour  of  this  charming 
woman.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the 
so-called  Bartolozzi  engraving  after  Law- 
rence's famous  picture  recently  on  loan  at 
Messrs.  Agnew's,  is  the  work  of  Charles 
Knight.  All  that  Bartolozzi  did  to  it,  if 
ho  did  anything,  was  to  make  a  few  minor 
additions.  This  was  made  clear  in  The 
Magazine  of  Art,  1886  (p.  143)  ;  both  the 
late  Mr.  Tuer  and  Mrs.  Frankau  take  this, 
the  only  reasonable,  view.  We  are,  how- 
ever, unconvinced  that  Knight  was  a  pupil 
of  Bartolozzi  (p.  204),  although  we  have 
seen  this  asserted  by  other  writers.  There 
is  some  confusion  in  connexion  with  the 
statement  (p.  223)  that  Reynolds's  portrait 
of  Francis  George  Hare,  engraved  as 
'  Infancy  '  by  Thew,  was  "  purchased  at 
Christie's  in  1872  "  by  the  present  owner, 
Mr.  Bischoffsheim.  The  picture  sold  in 
1872  was,  according  to  Messrs.  Graves  and 
Cronin,  purchased  for  "  the  New  York 
Museum  r'  for  2,300  guineas  ;  but  it  does 
not  appear  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  in  that  city.  The  fact  is 
there  are  many  versions  of  this  picture,  one 
of  the  finest  belonging  to  Baron  Alphonse 
de  Rothschild.  Russell's  group  of  '  Mrs. 
Topharn  and  her  Children  '   (p.  231)  is  in- 


correctly named,  as  Mrs.  Wells  was  never 
married  to  Major  Topham,  and  generally 
in  the  matter  of  spelling  names  the  book  is 
very  careless. 

Fair  Women  in  Painting  and  Poetry.  By 
William  Sharp.  New  Edition.  (Seeley  & 
Co.) — The  writing  round  the  subjects  of 
famous  pictures  is  overdone,  and  perhaps 
to  any  one  merely  glancing  down  a  book- 
seller's list  this  little  volume  on  '  Fair 
Women '  (illustrated  with  reproductions 
of  the  pictures  at  the  Grafton  Exhibition  of 
that  title)  will  seem  but  another  example 
of  the  particular  form  of  bookmaking  that 
the  last  half-dozen  years  has  most  lavishly 
produced.  To  such  a  one,  if  the  name  of 
William  Sharp  as  author  has  not  already 
enlightened  him,  it  is  but  fair  to  drop  a  hint 
that  we  have  here  the  exception  that  proves 
the  rule.  The  dullest  hack  work  becomes 
interesting  in  the  hands  of  an  artist,  and  this 
little  essay  is  carried  off  with  a  lightness, 
a  variety  of  artifice,  that  commands  admira- 
tion. The  author  is  never  at  a  loss.  With 
what  ingenuity  he  devises  a  form,  a  sort  of 
medley,  that  fits  his  scattered  and  various 
subject-matter  !  This  little  feu  d?  esprit  will 
be  read  long  after  we  have  forgotten  all 
about  the  laboriously  collected  exhibition 
it  was  written  to  celebrate,  so  inevitably  does 
art  survive  the  occasion  that  calls  it  forth.     | 

Draivings  of  New  College,  Oxford.  By 
T.  Martine  Ronaldson.  (Oxford,  Blackwell.) 
— New  College  men  at  least  will  welcome 
Mr.  Ronaldson's  drawings,  which,  beginning 
with  the  approach  from  New  College  Lane, 
and  ending,  less  appropriately,  with  the 
old  Tower  seen  from  the  terrace  above  the 
new  buildings,  represent  very  skilfully 
familiar  scenes.  When  all  is  good  it  is 
difficult  and  rather  unprofitable  to  discrimi- 
nate, but,  if  we  had  to  select,  we  should 
give  the  palm  to  the  three  drawings  of  the 
Cloisters,  the  interior  view  of  which  lends 
itself  specially  to  this  kind  of  treatment. 
An  adequate,  though  rather  affectedly 
written  abstract  of  the  history  of  the  college, 
by  Mr.  C.  Leonard  Woolley,  is  prefixed- 


Gods  and  Heroes  of  Old  Japan.  By  Violet 
M.  Pasteur.  Decorated  by  Ada  Galton. 
(Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) — Among  the  gift-books 
of  the  present  season  this  elaborately  got-up 
volume  ought  to  find  a  prominent  place. 
The  stories  of  the  gods  and  heroes  are 
sufficiently  well  told,  in  a  fairly  Japanese 
style — though  with  lapses  into  mere  Western- 
ism  which  show  that  they  are  not  directly 
taken  from  the  native  texts  of  the  '  Sacred 
Writings  '  and  '  Ancient  Histories  '  of  Japan 
— and  are  in  themselves  interesting,  to 
those  especially  who  have  a  real  sympathy 
with  old  Japan.  Every  page  is  decorated 
with  designs  in  faint  grey  which  have  more 
or  less  relation  to  the  text,  and  are  fairly 
good  imitations  of  native  art — chiefly  that 
of  Hokusai  and  Korin  ;  and  there  are  in 
addition  four  full-page  illustrations  in  colour, 
of  which  the  one  entitled  '  The  Heavenly 
Floating  Bridge  '  pleases  us  best,  though  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  the  Floating  Bridge 
(ukihashi)  was  not  a  hanging  ladder,  hanging 
from  the  sky  to  give  the  gods  access  to  earth 
and  means  of  return  to  their  original  home. 


THE    NATIONAL    GALLERY: 

FOREIGN    CATALOGUE. 

ii. 

Three  of  the  new  attributions  in  this 
volume  call  for  special  mention.  The  most 
important  concerns  the  picture  now  named 
'  Portrait  of  a  Poet '  (No.  636),  some  two 
years  ago  transferred  from  Palma  Vecchio 


to  Titian,  but  here  so  catalogued  for  the 
first  time.  The  name  of  the  former  artist 
thus  disappears  from  the  Catalogue,  but 
we  may  express  the  hope  that  a  characteristic 
and  unassailable  work  by  Palma  may  yet 
be  added  to  the  collection.  The  uncer- 
tainties of  attribution  and  identification 
which  have  accompanied  this  portrait  in 
the  past  deserve  notice.  It  was  described 
in  the  Annual  Report  of  1860,  the  year  it 
was  purchased,  as  '  Titian :  Portrait  of 
Ariosto.'  By  1892  it  was  catalogued  '"as 
1  Palma  :  Portrait  of  a  Poet.'  In  the  issue 
of  1901  it  was  stated  that  "  this  portrait  of 
an  unknown  personage  was  formerly  as- 
cribed to  Titian  and  supposed  to  re- 
present Ariosto.  It  has  long  since  been 
recognized  as  a  fine  work  by  Palma."  In 
the  present  edition  it  is  given  to  Titian, 
while  we  are  reminded  that  "  this  portrait 
of  an  unknown  personage  was  formerly 
ascribed  to  Palma."  To  increase  the  con- 
fusion, the  foot-note  added  in  190 Instill  says 
that  "  more  recently  it  has  been  ascribed 
to  Giorgione."  As  foot-notes  in  the 
Gallery's  Catalogues  often  forecast  future 
attributions,  are  we  to  conclude  that  in 
some  future  edition  the  picture  may  be 
accepted  unhesitatingly  as  a  Giorgione — to 
whom  already  too  many  pictures  in  the 
building  are  allotted — and  that  then  our 
"  Poet  "  may  be  described  merely  as  "an 
Unknown  Personage  "  ?  No  reason  has,  so 
far  as  we  can  trace,  ever  been  officially  given 
for  these  various  conflicting  assertions.  If 
the  authorities  do  not  think  it  advisable 
to  communicate  to  the  press  the  grounds 
upon  wliich  they  ascribe  or  reascribe  the 
paintings,  they  might  surely  publish  their 
latest  decision  on  the  notice-board — a 
concession  of  later  years.  Are  we  justified 
in  assuming  that  the  information  insuffi- 
ciently conveyed  in  the  foot-note  has  refer- 
ence to  the  conclusions  ingeniously  put 
forward  by  Mr.  W.  Fred  Dickes  in  The 
Magazine  of  Art  in  1893,  in  which  he  assigned 
the  panel  to  Giorgione  ?  In  that  case  it 
might  have  been  added  that  Mr.  Dickes 
identified  the  portrait  as  that  of  Prospero 
Colonna.  Again,  if  the  compiler  of  the 
Catalogue  has  appropriated  the  deductions 
of  Mr.  Herbert  Cook,  his  book  on  Giorgione 
should  have  been  quoted. 

The  '  Madonna  Enthroned,  with  Saints ; 
and  the  Doge  Giovanni  Mocenigo  in  Adora- 
tion,' which  has,  ever  since  its  acquisition 
in  1866  been  labelled  •  Carpaccio,  is  now 
assigned  to  Lazzaro  Bastiani.  No  reason, 
however,  for  this  change  of  attribution  is 
given.  We  are  informed  that  a  "  photo- 
graph of  a  rare  print  of  this  picture  "  hangs 
in  the  small  Octagon  Room.  This  photo- 
graph, nevertheless,  continues  to  be  labelled 
Carpaccio. 

Another  new  attribution  is  that  of  the 
'  Portrait  of  a  Cardinal '  (No.  1048).  It 
has  recently  been  altered  from  the  vague 
ascription  of  "  Italian  School,  XVI.  Century," 
to  "  Scipione  Pulzone  (Gaetano)." 

It  is  often  thought  that  museum  catalogues 
are  dull  reading.  The  one  now  under  review 
shows  plainly  that  "  the  faculty  of  jjcomic 
perception "  is  not  lacking  at  Trafalgar 
Square.  Perhaps  the  best  instance  of  this 
is  the  statement,  now  thirty  years  old,  made 
in  connexion  with  Solario's  '  Portrait  of  a 
Venetian  Senator '  (No.  923),  that  "  he 
wears  no  part  of  his  beard."  This  is,  we 
suppose,  a  peculiar  way  of  saying  that  he 
is  clean  shaven  !  Again,  we  are  told  that 
on  the  back  of  the  '  Two  Saints  '  (No.  707), 
attributed  to  the  German  School,  and  in 
reality  by  the  Bartholomiius  Meister,  is 
"  A  Painting  of  Two  Saints,  a  young  man 
holding  a  chalice  with  a  serpent  in  it  in  his 
hand,  and  a  queen  with  a  naked  child  in  her 
arms  and  a  pear  in  her  hands."     Obviously, 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


839 


St.  John  the  Evangelist  and  the  Madonna 
and  Child  ! 

The  Index,  which  is  supposed  to  deal  with 
"  the  names  of  the  masters  of  the  Pictures 
in  the  National  Gallery,  Foreign  Schools," 
may  prove  useful  for  reference  to  the  autho- 
rities ;  it  is  none  the  less  mystifying  and 
irritating  to  the  guileless  visitor,  whose 
interests  are  rarely  considered.  It  includes 
some  twenty  pictures  (mostly  inferior  works 
of  the  Flemish  and  Dutch  Schools)  which 
are  omitted  from  the  body  of  the  Catalogue, 
and  yet  are  included  in  the  Appendixes, 
where  they  are  starred.  With  good  luck 
and  much  time  the  persevering  visitor  may 
discover,  near  the  end  of  the  book,  an 
intimation  to  the  effect  that  "  those  marked 
with  a  star  have  been  temporarily  removed." 
With  this  he  will  probably  be  satisfied, 
although  no  date  of  removal  is  given  and 
nothing  is  said  as  to  their  present  where- 
abouts. It  is,  perhaps,  worth  stating  that 
No.  920,  by  Roelandt  Savery,  and  No.  203, 
by  Guilliam  van  Herp,  have  been  "  tem- 
porarily removed  "  since  1898.  A  case  of 
"  permanent  loan,"  evidently  !  There  is 
no  apparent  reason  why  such  loans  should 
not  be  starred  in  the  Index  as  well  as  in  the 
Appendix,  and  a  foot-note  supply  in  each 
case  the  facts  as  to  the  present  place  of  the 
pictures.  The  public,  having  bought  the 
Official  Catalogue,  has  surely  a  right  to  expect 
the  full  facts  to  be  accurately  stated.  The 
titles  contained  in  the  Index,  Appendixes, 
and  the  body  of  the  Catalogue  are  frequently 
at  variance.  An  instance  of  this  is  No.  1085, 
which  has  hitherto  been  included  among 
the  unknown  pictures  of  the  German  School. 
It  has,  rather  late  in  the  day,  been  given  to 
the  Flemish  School  (p.  210)  ;  this,  however, 
does  not  prevent  its  parading  with  its  former 
attribution  in  the  Index  (p.  xix)  and  in  the 
Appendix  (p.  708).  In  the  meantime  it 
continues  to  hang  with  its  old  label  in 
the  German  Room  !  How  can  it  there  be 
of  any  practical  use  to  the  unsuspecting 
art  student  ? 

Lippo  di  Dalmasio's  '  Madonna  and  Child  ' 
is  wrongly  given  as  No.  742  under  the  notice 
of  that  artist,  although  in  the  Index  and  on 
the  frame  it  is  correctly  numbered  752. 

Apparently  the  Trustees  or  their  repre- 
sentatives occasionally  lose  sight  of  a  picture. 
They  seem  to  be  officially  unaware  that  Van 
Dyck's  '  Portrait  of  the  Artist '  (No.  877), 
which  is  fully  described  on  p.  181,  and  is 
included  in  the  Index  and  Appendix,  has 
ever  since  March,  1901,  been  on  loan  to  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  has  figured 
in  the  Catalogue  of  that  institution  for  over 
three  years.  Where  is  No.  225,  Pippi's 
'The  Beatific  Vision  of  the  Magdalene,' 
which  still  holds  its  ground  in  three  places 
in  the  Catalogue  ?  Also,  where  are  we  to 
look  for  No.  661,  "After  Raphael,"  'The 
Madonna  di  san  Sisto,'  which  is  fully  de- 
scribed on  p.  534,  is  given  in  the  Appendix, 
though  not  starred,  and  is  duly  included  in 
the  Index  ?  In  the  Annual  Report  of  1861 
it  was  said  to  have  been  "  removed  during 
the  alterations."  Although  it  measures 
8  ft.  by  6  ft.,  and  could  not  easily  be 
missed,  we  have  not  seen  it  for  a  very  long 
time. 

A  serious  omission  from  the  Catalogue 
is  '  The  Portrait  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwards,' 
by  Fantin-Latour  (No.  1952).  It  is  un- 
fortunate that  this  picture — one  of  the  very 
few  representative  French  pictures,  ancient 
or  modern,  which  the  Gallery  possesses — 
should  be  entirely  overlooked  by  the  Cata- 
logue. We  have  heard  it  suggested  that 
this  omission  is  possibly  intentional,  with  a 
view  to  its  probable  removal  to  the  National 
Gallery  of  British  Art  to  join  the  '  Study 
of  Flowers  '  by  the  same  artist.  We  find 
it  difficult  to  accept  this  view,  and,  in  any 


case,  the  fact  that  the  picture  has  been  at 
Trafalgar  Square  for  two  years,  was  still 
there  when  the  new  Catalogue  was  issued, 
and  is  to-day  described  on  the  notice- 
board,  should  have  ensured  its  inclusion. 

Domenico  Veneziano's  '  Madonna  ' 
(No.  1215),  which  has  for  two  years  been 
removed  from  the  Gallery,  is  fully  described 
on  p.  160  ;  we  were,  however,  under  the 
impression  that  it  had  been  permanently 
withdrawn  from  public  exhibition  because 
the  transference  of  the  painting  to  canvas 
had  resulted  in  a  considerable  loss  to  the 
picture. 

A  further  article  will  conclude  our 
remarks  on  the  state  of  this  Catalogue. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

The  '  Alte  Testament  im  Lichte  des  alten 
Orients,'  of  Dr.  Alfred  Jeremias,  who  is, 
among  other  things,  a  Lutheran  pastor  at 
Leipsic,  has  received  somewhat  severe 
criticism  at  the  hands  of  M.  Adolphe  Lods 
in  the  jCurrent  number  of  the  Revue  de 
VHistoire  des  Religions.  Dr.  Jeremias,  who 
seems  to  get  a  good  deal  of  his  Assyriology 
from  the  views  of  Dr.  Winckler,  puts  forward 
the  theory  that  the  appearance  of  the  very 
numerous  Babylonian  features  in  the  religion 
of  the  early  Israelites  is  due  not  to  conscious 
or  unconscious  borrowing,  but  to  the 
existence  all  over  the  East  of  culture  based, 
for  the  most  part,  on  astrology  in  its  widest 
sense,  from  which,  as  from  a  common  source, 
both  Babylonians  and  Hebrews  derived  their 
beliefs.  M.  Lods  points  out  the  extreme 
unlikelihood  that  a  tribe  of  nomads,  as  .by 
their  own  showing  the  Israelites  were, 
ignorant  alike  of  commerce,  industry,  or 
any  of  the  other  features  of  city  life,  should 
have  preserved  this  hypothetical  culture 
intact,  while  at  the  same  time  observing  many 
savage  customs  which  the  Babylonians  had 
long  since  laid  aside.  He  therefore  concludes 
that  Dr.  Jeremias's  arguments  have  a  logical 
result  directly  opposite  to  that  which  their 
author  would  draw  from  them,  and  that 
if  the  abstract  and  complex  culture  that  he 
supposes  ever  did  exist  in  the  ancient  East, 
it  was  not  "  des  bedouins  encore  plus  ou 
moins  barbares  "  who  would  have  been 
affected  by  it.  The  article  is  closely 
reasoned  and  well  worth  reading. 

In  the  same  review  may  be  found  a  search- 
ing criticism  by  M.  Jean  Reville  of  two  short 
treatises  on  the  ancient  religions  of  the  East, 
by  Prof.  Karl  Marti,  of  Tubingen,  and  Dr. 
Winckler  respectively.  The  first  of  these 
sustains  the  view  that  the  teaching  of  the 
Prophets  is  at  once  the  most  original  and 
the  most  valuable  part  of  the  Hebrew  reli- 
gion, and  that  it  was  evolved  without  foreign 
influence  among  the  federation  of  nomad 
tribes  which  afterwards  became  the  Hebrew 
nation.  But  he  thinks  that  these  nomads 
were  never  in  Mesopotamia,  and  came  direct 
from  the  north  of  Arabia  to  settle  among  a 
friendly  population  in  Canaan,  where  they 
became,  in  fact,  civilized.  Neither  in  this 
nor  in  his  exalted  view  of  the  religion  of 
Jehovah  does  M.  Reville  agree  with  him, 
but  contends  that  the  distinctive  religion 
of  the  Hebrews  must  have  been  born  before 
their  federation.  The  other  essay,  by  Dr. 
Winckler,  is  little  more  than  a  restatement — 
with  all  the  tendency  to  wild  and  fantastic 
theorizing  characteristic  of  this  author — of 
the  Pan-Babylonian  hypothesis  of  Dr. 
Jeremias.  This  is  unhesitatingly  condemned 
by  M.  Reville,  who  points  out  that  Abraham, 
Isaac,  and  Jacob  are  shown  to  us  in  the  Old 
Testament  as  chiefs  of  tribes  rather  than,  as 
Dr.  Winckler's  theory  would  seem  to  require, 


religious  reformers.  He  also  goes  out  of  his 
way  somewhat  to  insist  that  there  were 
prophets  of  Baal  as  well  as  prophets  of 
Jehovah. 

M.  Maspero  has  this  year  continued  his 
most  valuable  reviews  of  Egyptological 
books  up  to  a  later  date  than  usual.  Among 
others  may  be  noticed  his  praises  of  the 
'  Beschreibung  der  agyptischen  Sainmlung 
des  Niederlandischen  Reichmuseums  der 
Altertumer  in  Leyden  '  of  Profs.  Holwerda 
and  Boeser,  and  of  the  '  Denkmaler  agypt- 
ischer  Skulptur  '  of  the  Baron  von  Bissing. 
He  is  hardly  so  enthusiastic  with  regard  to 
Dr.  Sethe's  '  Beitrage  zur  altesten  Ge- 
schichte  Aegyptens,'  since  he  (so  to  speak) 
reserves  judgment  on  most  of  the  hypotheses 
of  the  brilliant  Gottingen  professor,  remark- 
ing that  as  the  evidence  is  not  sufficient  to 
allow  of  any  logical  conclusion  being  drawn 
from  them,  the  hypothesis  "  for  "  is  no 
stronger  than  the  hypothesis  "  against."  As 
for  English-speaking  Egyptologists,  he  refers 
very  favourably  to  Mr.  Newberry's  book  on 
'  Scarabs  '  (see  The  Athenaeum,  No.  4U89), 
only  regretting  that  the  author  has  not 
exhausted  the  collection  of  the  Cairo  Museum 
nor  translated  all  the  legends.  On  Dr. 
Breasted's  '  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,' 
which  we  hope  to  review  at  length  here 
when  their  publication  is  complete,  he  says, 
with  great  truth,  that  the  author  seems  to 
have  pledged  himself  to  notice  no  documents 
not  already  dealt  with  by  German  scholars^ 
and  that  if  he  had  paid  more  attention  to 
the  works  of  Egyptologists  of  other  nation- 
alities, he  would  have  avoided  some  mistakes. 
Yet  on  the  whole  he  approves  of  this  very 
useful  publication,  and  thinks  the  translations 
given  sufficient.  All  the  above  notices  are 
to  be  found  in  the  Revue  Critique. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Egypt  Explora- 
tion Fund  was  so  far  satisfactory  that  it 
showed  that  the  Council  have  succeeded 
for  the  time  in  overcoming  the  difficulties 
in  the  way  of  future  exploration.  This  was 
largely  due  to  the  munificence  of  an  American 
gentleman,  who  presented  them  with  1.000J. 
to  continue  Dr.  Naville's  work  at  Deir  el- 
Bahari,  and  of  an  anonymous  contributor  of 
5001.  Yet  signs  were  not  wanting  that 
public  interest  is  falling  off,  and  it  certainly 
behoves  the  Council  to  set  their  house  in 
order  while  there  is  yet  time.  There  seems 
much  reason  for  the  view  that,  with  the  extra- 
ordinary increase  in  the  area  of  cultivable 
land  in  Egypt,  the  search  for  antiquities 
buried  in  the  soil  becomes  every  year  more 
difficult,  and  it  is  even  said  that  another 
ten  years  will  make  it  impossible.  Hence 
nothing  but  the  steady  support  of  a  large 
body  of  regular  subscribers  can  enable  the 
Council  to  cope  with  the  competition 
springing  up  on  all  sides,  and  such  windfalls 
as  those  just  recorded  cannot  be  expected 
to  recur  every  year.  It  may  also  be  noticed 
that  the  accounts  show  that  Dr.  Naville 
and  most  of  his  assistants  have  for  some 
time  past  been  giving  their  services  gratuit- 
ously, and  it  is  exceedingly  unlikely  that  an 
unlimited  supply  of  persons  at  one.-  so 
skilful  and  so  disinterested  will  be  found  in 
the  future.  The  Archaeological  Report  for 
the  last  season,  under  the  editorship  of  Mr. 
F.  LI.  Griffith,  is  as  full  and  as  carefully 
done  as  usual.  Most  of  the  facts  mentioned 
in  it  have  already  found  their  way  in  brief 
into  these  columns  ;  but  it  should  be  noted 
that  Mr.  Weigall  promises  a  speedy  publica- 
tion of  his  notes  on  Mr.  Garstang's  Nubian 
excavations  and  the  light  they  throw  on  the 
so-called  "  Pan-grave  "  people,  which  he 
describes  as  fairly  startling. 

M.  Salomon  Heinach  has  been  entertaining 
the  Academie  des  Inscriptions,  of  which  he 
is  secretary,  with  an  "explanation"  of  the 
myth    of    Hippolytus.     The    name    means, 


840 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


according  to  him,  "  torn  in  pieces  by  horses," 
and  refers  to  a  ritual  murder  such  as  we 
find  in  the  stories  of  Adonis,  Orpheus, 
Pentheus,  and,  in  his  view,  Act  aeon.  He 
thinks  that  originally  the  worshippers  killed 
a  horse,  tore  it  in  pieces,  ate  its  flesh  raw, 
and  then  clothed  themselves  in  horseskins 
and  called  themselves  "  horses,"  as  do  some 
of  the  Red  Indians  at  the  present  day.  The 
purpose  was,  on  the  same  authority,  the 
resurrection  of  Hippolytus  ;  and  he  draws 
a  parallel  between  the  wailing  for  Hippolytus 
celebrated  annually  by  the  girls  of  Troezen, 
and  the  mourning  for  Adonis  of  their  sisters 
of  Byblos.  There  may  be  something  in  the 
theory,  but  the  worst  of  this  sort  of  explana- 
tion is  that  it  can  be  fitted  to  almost  any- 
thing, and  the  wise  generally  distrust  a  key 
which  will  unlock  many  doors. 

The  most  important  find  of  the  year,  from 
the  point  of  view  of  Christian  archaeology, 
is  undoubtedly  that,  by  Drs.  Grenfell  and 
Hunt  of  a  vellum  leaf  containing  45  lines 
of  a  hitherto  unknown  Gospel.  It  describes 
a  visit  of  Jesus  to  the  Temple,  and  His 
dispute  with  a  Pharisee  there  on  the  failure 
of  Jesus  and  His  disciples  to  perform  the 
ordinary  ritnal  of  purification  It  not  only 
describes  these  ceremonies  at  length,  but  also 
shows  a  much  greater  mastery  of  the  Greek 
language  than  thatdisplayed  in  theSynoptics, 
and  is  said  to  be  both  picturesque  and  vigor- 
ous in  its  phraseology.  It  is  not  yet  decided 
whether  it  will  be  published  separately  or 
will  go  into  Drs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt's  annual 
volume.     It  was  found  at  Behnesa. 


JFitu-Jlrt  (gossip. 

Next  Saturday  the  seventh  show  of  the 
International  Society  will  be  opened  to  the 
press  at  the  New  Gallery,  and  on  the  Monday 
following  the  evening  reception  will  take 
place.  Mr.  Francis  Howard  has  been 
elected  honorary  secretary  in  succession  to 
Mr.  T.  Stirling  Lee. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  we  are  invited  to  view 
next  Tuesday  an  exhibition  entitled  '  Child- 
hood,' by  Mr.  L.  Leslie  Brooke.  It  will 
remain  on  view  till  January  26th. 

Next  year  we  shall  put  the  notice  of 
exhibitions  in  Fine  Arts  into  a  calendar 
such  as  appears  under  Music  of  '  Perform- 
ances Next  Week.' 

In  The  Burlington  Magazine  for  January 
London's  four  new  public  buildings — the 
War  Office,  the  Central  Criminal  Court,  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  and  the  Science 
School  at  South  Kensington — are  discussed 
by  Mr.  E.  Arden  Minty,  while  a  short  edi- 
torial article  calls  attention  to  the  artistic 
contrast  between  our  new  public  works  and 
certain  large  buildings  recently  erected  by 
private  enterprize.  Five  illustrations,  in- 
cluding a  photogravure  frontispiece,  accom- 
pany an  article  by  Prof.  Holmes  on  the 
landscape  of  Harpignies  ;  and  a  note  on 
one  of  Hokusai's  '  Thirty-Six  Views  of  Fuji ' 
is  illustrated  by  a  colour  print.  Mr.  Claude 
Phillips  claims  for  Palma  Vecchio  not  only 
the  '  Faun  '  attributed  to  Correggio  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  Alte  Pinakothek  of  Munich, 
but  also  the  '  Tempesta  di  Mare '  which 
the  authorities  of  the  Accademia,  Venice, 
ascribe  to  Paris  Bordone  and  restorers  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  Mr.  S.  Montagu 
Pea  i  tree  discusses  the  altarpiece  ascribed  to 
Lucas  Moser  in  the  church  of  St.  John, 
Nuremberg,  in  connexion  with  his  two 
panels  in  the  church  of  Tiefenbronn,  Baden, 
all  three  pictures  being  reproduced.  Prof. 
Baldwin  Brown  analyzes  the  little-read 
technical  portion  of  Vasari's  '  Lives  of  the 


Painters  '  ;  Miss  Louisa  F.  Pesel  continues 
her  studies  of  embroidery,  dealing  on  this 
occasion  with  those  of  the  islands  in  the 
^Egean  ;  and  Prof.  W.  R.  Lethaby  contri- 
butes a  note  on  the  probable  Eastern  origin 
of  knotted  ornamentation.  The  section 
on  art  in  America  largely  concerns  the  pro- 
posed gift  of  their  treasures  to  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  by  the  well-known  collectors 
Mr.  John  G.  Johnson,  Mr.  William  M. 
Elkins,  and  Mr.  P.  A.  B.  Widener. 

The  collections  just  referred  to  con- 
sist of  about  250  pictures,  of  which  only  one 
half  are  by  modern  artists.  The  greater 
part  of  the  old  masters  are  described  as 
chefs-d'oeuvre,  and  among  the  names  of 
the  artists  we  notice  Van  Eyck,  Rogier  van 
der  Weyden,  Memlinc,  Teniers,  Rubens, 
Van  Dyck,  Frans  Hals,  Ruysdael,  Hobbema, 
and  Rembrandt.  Mr.  Widener's  collection 
consists  of  sculpture  by  artists  of  the  Re- 
naissance period. 

An  interesting  discovery  has  been  made 
in  the  ancient  Palace  of  the  Popes  at  Avignon 
which  was  for  some  time  utilized  as  barracks. 
In  a  room  which  once  served  as  the  bed- 
chamber of  the  Popes  a  series  of  interesting 
mural  paintings  has  been  revealed.  These 
frescoes  appear  to  date  from  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  so  far  are  admirably  pre- 
served. Only  a  portion  has  yet  been  re- 
covered, but  it  is  hoped  to  recover  the 
whole. 

It  is  announced  from  Antwerp  that  the 
birth  in  Germany  of  Rubens  is  now  proved 
by  a  family  tree  of  the  painter,  which,  how- 
ever, is  unsigned.  This  document  shows 
that  Rubens  was  born  at  Cologne,  and 
remained  there  until  he  was  ten  j  ears  old. 

The  Antiquary  for  January  will  contain 
among  others  the  following  articles  :  '  Wil- 
liam Herbert,  Earl  of  Pembroke  :  a  Sequel 
to  the  Battle  of  Danesmoor,'  by  Mr.  J.  G. 
Wood  ;  '  A  Sussex  Hill  Fort,'  illustrated, 
by  Dr.  W.  Martin ;  '  Old  Eton  College 
Songs,  with  the  Music  of  some  of  the  Old  Airs,' 
by  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Green  ;  '  Aspenden  Church, 
Herts  :  a  Full  and  Illustrated  Account,'  by 
Mr.  W.  B.  Gerish  ;  '  Samuel  Butler's  Country,' 
by  Mr.  Hubert  J.  Daniell  ;  and  an  illustrated 
note  on  '  Inscribed  Roman  Fibulas,'  by  Mr. 
T.  Sheppard. 

The  first  part  of  Prince  d'Essling's  great 
work,  '  Les  Livres  a  Figures  Venitiens  de  la 
Fin  du  XVe  Siecle  et  du  Commencement 
du  XVI0,'  is  announced  for  publication  in 
March  next.  The  work  will  be  completed 
in  four  volumes  folio,  with  numerous  illus- 
trations, including  many  in  colours.  The 
edition  is  limited  to  300  copies  at  500  francs 
the  set,  and  subscriptions  will  be  taken  only 
for  the  set.  The  work  promises  to  be  of  a 
monumental  character — one  of  the  most 
sumptuous  of  its  kind  ever  produced. 


MUSIC 


MUSIC  AND  MUSICIANS. 

The  Music  of  the  Masters,  edited  by  Wakeling 
Dry  :  Beethoven,  by  Ernest  Walker ; 
Wagner,  by  Ernest  Newman  ;  Tchai- 
kovski,  by  E.  Markham  Lee.  (Philip 
Wellby.) 

Living  Masters  of  Music,  edited'  by  Rosa 
Newmarch  :  Giacowo  Puccini,  by  Wake- 
ling  Dry  ;  Theodor  Leschetizky,  by  Annette 
Hullah.     (John  Lane.) 

The  Master  Musicians,  edited  by  Frederick 
Crowest :  Tchaikovsky,  by  Edwin  Evans. 
(Dent  &  Co.) 

The    author     of    the     first    volume     has 
written      a      thoughtful     little      book      on 


Beethoven's  music.  There  are,  how- 
ever, just  one  or  two  points  concerning 
which  a  word  is  necessary.  With  refer- 
ence to  the  famous  premature  horn  entry 
of  the  theme  in  the  '  Eroica,'  we  read  that 
"  the  passage  has  been  called  absurd  and 
actually  altered  by  men  as  great  as  Wagner 
and  Berlioz."  Berlioz  did  consider  that 
passage  absurd,  but  from  what  he  says  in 
'  A  travers  Chants  '  we  much  doubt  whether 
he  ever  altered  it.  As  to  Wagner,  when 
rehearsing  the  work  in  London  in  1855  he 
found  that  the  passage  had  been  altered, 
and  restored  the  original  text.  It  is  difficult 
to  understand  why  our  author,  speaking  on 
the  vexed  question  of  programme  music, 
describes  Beethoven's  well-known  remark 
to  Neate  as  cryptic  ;  he  even  doubts  whether 
the  composer  meant  it  seriously.  Two 
"  unintentional  slips "  of  the  composer's 
pen  in  the  '  Choral '  Symphony  are  pointed 
out ;  the  first  one  mentioned  on  p.  175, 
however,  we  cannot  regard  in  that  light. 

Mr.  Newman's  book  is  written  for  the 
"  plain  man  whose  interest  is  primarily  in 
Wagner  as  a  musical  dramatist."  The 
author  considers,  indeed,  that  "  a  work  of 
art  has  to  stand  or  fall  by  the  amount  of  art 
there  is  in  it,  irrespective  of  Avhat  social  or 
moral  lesson  can  be  drawn  from  it."  Wagner's 
operas  and  music-dramas  are  certainly  suffi- 
ciently great  and  strong  to  excite  interest 
merely  as  works  of  art ;  but  to  know  what 
he  tried  to  express  by  them  surely  adds 
to  that  interest.  Mr.  Newman  truly  remarks 
that  in  his  operas  from  '  Rienzi '  to  The 
Ring  '  we  find  "  just  Wagner  himself  "  ;. 
hence  to  study  their  inner  meaning  must 
help  us  to  understand  both  the  man  and 
his  music.  In  this  small  book,  at  any  rate, 
our  author  has  merely  described  the  plots  of 
the  various  works  with  a  few  musical  illus- 
trations and  comments  ;  and  all  this  he  has 
done  in  a  clear,  terse  style,  avoiding  technical 
jargon. 

In  the  two  Tscha'ikowsky  books  there  is 
not  much  that  is  new.  They  are,  however, 
both  good,  and  the  criticisms  on  the  various 
works  are  reasonable.  The  one  by  Mr. 
Markham  Lee  deals  exclusively  with  the 
music  ;  and  the  account  of  the  composer's 
operas,  the  least  known  of  his  works  in  Eng- 
land, shows  that,  with  one  or  two  exceptionsr 
they  would  probably  only  meet  with  a 
succes  oVestime.  Mr.  Evans  devotes  the 
first  portion  of  his  book  to  the  composer  as 
man,  the  material  being,  of  course,  drawn 
from  Modest  Tscha'ikowsky 's  comprehensive 
life  of  his  brother.  In  speaking  of  the  operas 
Mr.  Evans  makes  a  good  suggestion,  viz., 
that  as  detached  scenes  from  '  Mazeppa  * 
and  '  Joan  of  Arc  '  have  been  successfully 
given  by  Mr.  Wood  at  the  Promenade  Con- 
certs, some  of  the  best  scenes  in  those  works 
ought  to  be  performed  in  the  concert-room  ; 
for,  like  Mr.  Lee,  Mr.  Evans  sees  no  prospect 
of  their  being  produced  here  on  the  stage. 
Mr.  Evans  also  refers  to  Nicholas  Rubin- 
stein's harsh  judgment  of  the  Pianoforte  Con- 
certo in  b  flat  minor,  as  "  worthless  and 
absolutely  unplayable,"  and  considers  that 
judgment  "  absolutely  incomprehensible." 
But,  as  Mr.  Lee  remarks,  we  now  hear  that 
work  with  "  the  awkward  and  unsuitable 
passages  of  the  original  form  "  afterwards 
modified  by  the  composer,  who  no  doubt 
felt  that  tho  Rubinstein's  criticism,  if  harsh, 
was  not  altogether  unjust. 

Giacomo  Puccini  is  at  the  present  day  the 
most  successful  Italian  composer  for  the 
stage.  To  write  the  life  of  a  "  living  master' ' 
is  no  easy  matter.  We  are  too  near  him  to 
sum  up  his  art-work  ;  and  as,  in  all  pro- 
bability, it  is  far  from  complete,  so  at  best 
our  judgment  can  only  be  partial.  Puccini 
is  a  composer  young  enough  and  strong 
enough  to  outrival  all  his  previous  efforts. 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


841 


The  accounts  of  earlier,  and  in  London  un- 
known operas,  '  Le  Villi  '  and  '  Edgar,' 
naturally  form  attractive  reading.  Mr. 
Dry  makes  a  few  remarks  on  each  opera,  and 
occasionally  quotes  opinions  expressed  by 
other  critics.  Personal  intercourse  with  the 
composer  has  enabled  the  writer  to  give 
point  and  life  to  his  narration  of  certain 
events  in  the  life  of  Puccini. 

Theodor  Leschetizky  is  another  famous 
name,  and  Miss  Annette  Hullah's  account  of 
him  will  be  eagerly  read  by  all  students  of  the 
pianoforte,  in  the  hope  of  learning  the  secret 
of  his  great  success  as  a  teacher.  Leschetizky 
'  Methods  '  have  been  published,  but  in  this 
book  we  are  told  that  Leschetizky  has  no 
method  ;  what  suits  one  pupil  will  not  suit 
another.  The  secret  of  the  man  is  in  himself 
— in  his  knowledge,  experience,  enthusiasm, 
and  in  the  particular  study  be  makes  of  the 
character  and  natural  ability  of  each  pupil 
who  comes  to  him.  The  book,  however, 
contains  much  that  is  useful  and  interesting. 
and  it  is  well  worth  the  attention  of  all  who 
play  the  pianoforte. 

Musical  Reminiscences  and  Impressions. 
By  John  Francis  Barnett.  (Hodder  & 
Stoughton.) — The  author  of  this  book  is 
the  nephew  of  John  Barnett,  whose  opera 
'  The  Mountain  Sylph,'  though  written 
over  eighty  years  ago,  is  not  entirely  for- 
gotten. His  nephew  has  composed  various 
works,  among  which  '  The  Ancient  Mariner  ' 
and  '  Paradise  and  the  Peri ' — produced  at 
the  Birmingham  Festivals  of  1867  and  1870, 
and  since  performed  by  many  choral  societies 
— are  the  most  notable.  Mr.  Barnett  won 
the  King's  Scholarship  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  and  made  his  debut  at  the  New  Phil- 
harmonic in  1853,  playing  Mendelssohn's 
d  minor  Concerto  under  the  direction  of 
Spohr.  The  names  of  the  two  composers 
gives  one  a  fair  idea  of  the  musical  atmo- 
sphere of  those  days.  But  young  Barnett 
"went  to  Leipsie,  where  Arthur  Sullivan, 
Writer  Bache,  Carl  Kosa,  and  also  Grieg 
were  his  fellow-students.  There  he  heard 
Liszt,  Madame  Schumann,  and  Joachim, 
and  his  views  concerning  his  art  must  have 
been  enlarged.  An  interesting  account  is 
given  of  a  meeting  with  Jansa  the  violinist, 
Lady  Halle's  first  teacher.  He  resided  for 
a  long  time  in  Vienna,  and  is  said  to  have 
taken  part  in  Beethoven's  quartets  when 
they  were  tried  over  at  the  composer's  house. 
Our  author  mentions  a  failure  of  memory 
which  happened  to  him — fortunately  at 
rehearsal — while  playing  a  concerto  ;  also 
an  occasion  when  a  similar  thing  happened 
to  Von  Biilow,  whose  memory  was  really 
prodigious.  Probably  most  musicians  will 
agree  that  playing  without  book  "  should  not 
be  attempted  in  ensemble  music."  in  1883 
Schubert's  Symphony  in  E  was  produced  at 
the  Crystal  Palace  under  Sir  (then  Mr.) 
August  Manns.  The  composer  left  only  a 
sketch,  but  the  task  of  completing  it  was 
assigned  to  Mr.  Barnett  by  the  late  Sir 
George  Grove ;  and  he  now  gives  some 
interesting  details  concerning  his  achieve- 
ment of  this  very  delicate  piece  of  work. 

Mr.  Barnett's  art-career  has  extended  over 
half  a  century,  and  the  contents  of  his  chatty 
book  show  that  he  has  come  into  contact 
with  many  celebrated  composers,  singers, 
and  instrumentalists. 

The  Indebtedness  of  Handel  to  Works  of 
■  other  Composers.  By  Sedley  Taylor.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) — Handel's  borrow- 
ings have  been  the  subject  of  comment  and 
discussion  from  the  days  of  Burney.  Samuel 
Wesley  declared  that  the  composer  estab- 
lished "  a  Reputation  wholly  constituted 
upon  the  spoils  of  the  Continent "  ;  Dr. 
Crotch  in  one  of  his  Oxford  lectures  named 
many    of    the    composers    whom    Handel 


despoiled,  and  in  his  organ  arrangements  of 
choruses  by  Handel,  pointed  directly  to 
sources  whence  the  composer  borrowed. 
Then  the  late  Dr.  Chrysander  published 
various  works  showing  how  largely  Handel 
was  indebted  to  other  composers.  Prof. 
Prout,  too,  while  examining  one  of  the 
Handel  autograph  books  in  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum,  Cambridge,  containing  sketches 
and  entries  of  various  kinds,  found  the  clue 
to  a  work  by  Graun  from  which  Handel  made 
extensive  borrowings.  To  tell  of  all  the 
men  who  have  exposed  the  "  grand  old 
robber,"  as  the  composer  was  once  named 
by  Prof.  Prout,  would  need  much  space.  In 
the  book  before  us  Mr.  Sedley  Taylor  has 
selected  the  most  notable  of  Handel's 
pilferings,  and  as  they  are  placed  im- 
mediately under  the  original  sources, 
students  are  enabled  to  see  their  nature  and 
extent.  Great  is  the  convenience  of  such  a 
method,  for  some  of  the  sources  are  not 
easily  accessible,  and  in  the  case  of  Graun 
mentioned  above  the  music  has  never  been 
published. 

So  far  as  is  known,  the  use  Handel  made 
of  other  composers  is  unique,  and  it  has 
always  remained  a  mystery  why  a  com- 
poser who  evidently  had  a  ready  pen  should 
have  adopted  such  a  method.  Some  have 
exonerated  him  from  blame  because  he 
adorned  all  he  touched.  In  many  cases  this 
is  no  doubt  true,  but  in  others  he  copied 
almost  note  for  note ;  while  except  for 
mere  changes  in  values,  such  as  four  quavers 
in  place  of  a  minim  to  fit  the  words,  the 
borrowing  of  a  Kerll  canzona  was  strictly 
literal.  The  two  are,  of  course,  given  in  Mr. 
Taylor's  book.  Our  author,  by  the  way, 
complains  that  Hawkins's  version  of  that 
canzona  is  inaccurate.  But  Mr.  Taylor's 
version  is  not  free  from  error.  We  will 
mention  only  one  passage — bars  3  and  4 
after  the  double  bar.  Here  the  tenor  part 
in  the  second  bar  is  left  out,  and  therefore 
the  notes  of  that  part  in  the  first  bar  get 
mixed  up  with  the  alto  entry  of  the  theme 
in  the  second.  Handel  knew  his  Kerll 
better ;  his  version  of  those  two  bars  is 
correct. 


JKusual  Gossip. 

'  Gunlod,'  an  opera  which  Peter  Cor- 
nelius left  unfinished,  was  completed  by 
Lassen,  performed  some  years  ago  at  Weimar, 
but  most  unfavourably  criticized.  A  new 
version  of  the  work  by  Waldemar  v.  Baussern 
was  produced  on  the  15th  inst.  at  Cologne, 
and,  it  is  said,  with  marked  success. 

Richard  Strauss's  latest  work  is  a  setting 
of  Klopstock's  '  Bardengesang '  for  three 
choirs  and  two  orchestras,  and  it  is  to  be 
performed  in  February  by  the  Dresden 
Lehrergesangverein  under  the  direction  of 
Friedrich  Brandes. 

Le  Menestrel  of  the  23i*d  inst.  states  that 
Mascagni  has  expressed  the  wish,  by  tele- 
gram to  Signor  Sonzosrno,  to  set  to  music 
the  libretto  "  La  Fcsta  del  Grano  "  of  Signor 
Fausto  Salvatori,  which  recently  won  the 
prize  of  1,000/. 

The  Norwegian  composer  Schclderup  has 
written  some  incidental  music  to  '  Brand,' 
which  was  recently  performed  at  Dtisseldorf. 


Sin. 
Ti  >:s. 


PERKORMAM  ES   NEXT  WEEK. 

Bonds;  Society  Concert,  ■<  30,  Queen  •  11..!! 
Sunday  League  Concert,  ~.  Queen's  Hall. 

New  Vear  Conreit,  'i.  Queens  Hall. 
Royal  Choral  Society,  *.  Albert  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE    WESTMINSTER    PLAY. 

This  year,  as  every  one  knows,  the  play 
chosen  was  the  '  Phormio  '  of  Terence.  It 
is  adapted  as  few  plays  are  to  the  purposes 
of  a  school  performance  ;  and  all  the  actors 
being  word-perfect,  a  more  complete  and 
scholarly  representation  could  hardly  bo 
wished  for  by  the  most  critical  spectator. 
The  play  itself  has  a  somewhat  complicated 
plot,  but,  as  compensation,  it  affords  more 
than  the  usual  number  of  parts  of  primary 
importance  in  the  story.  The  two  old  men, 
the  two  young  men,  Geta,  Phormio.  and 
Nausistrata — each  of  these  has  a  great  dual 
to  do  and  say.  Each  was  represented  with 
a  careful  appreciation  of  the  part  played 
by  the  character  in  the  total  life  of  the  draiaa. 
The  traditional  English  method  of  pronuncia- 
tion was  adhered  to,  but  one  noticed  with 
much  pleasure  that  there  was  no  carelessness 
of  elocution  on  that  account.  Much  might 
be  said  as  to  the  different  levels  of  dramatic 
merit  attained  by  the  actors.  Some  cha- 
racters "  lend  themselves  "  more  freely  to 
the  dramatic  result  than  others.  Except, 
perhaps,  in  Nausistrata,  the  play  demands 
consistent  and  conscientious  acting  rather 
than  brilliancy.  It  was  the  best  feature  of 
the  play  this  year  that  such  characters  as 
Demipho  and  Chreines — the  old  men  who 
might  easily  be  dwarfed  into  mere  foils  tor 
the  other  characters — were  by  care  and 
thoroughness  made  to  appear  as  the  autiior 
clearly  intended  that  they  should — as  cha- 
racters which  do  not  merely  help  the  story 
on,  but  also  add  an  interest  that  enriches 
without  encumbering  tin?  whole.  The  same 
may  be  said,  though  in  lesser  degree,  of 
the  "  young  men  "  parts.  Antipho  and 
Pha^dria.  These  were  acted  with  restraint 
by  Mr.  Mason  and  Mr.  Williams,  both  of 
whom  pronounced  their  words  nicely  and 
without  exaggeration — a  great  matter  when 
representing  characters  of  a  somewhat 
milky  type.  The  three  lawyers  who  give 
such  cold  comfort  to  Demipho  by  their 
evasive  and  conflicting  answers  to  liis 
questions  are  in  the  unhappy  position  of 
having  to  make  their  mark  in  a  very  short 
time,  and  this  accounts  for  a  certain  exagge- 
ration, especially  on  the  part  of  Crito.  It 
must  be  said  of  these  old  characters,  how- 
ever, that,  difficult  as  it  is  for  the  best  of 
mature  actors  to  counterfeit  the  gestures 
and  deportment  of  the  aged,  and  doubly 
difficult  as  it  must  be  for  schoolboys,  there 
were  no  noticeable  lapses  in  tins  respect. 
Occasionally  Demipho  would  walk  more 
firmly  than  ho  should  or  turn  more  suddenly 
than  might  have  been  expected  ;  but  this 
much  might  be  said  of  some  experienced 
players  at  our  theatres.  Several  of  the 
most  amusing  parts  of  the  play  are,  of 
course,  in  the  hands  of  Geta  and  Phormio. 
As  Geta,  Mr.  Macklin  was  excellent.  All 
the  humorous  asides  and  repartees  were 
made  the  most  of.  This  must  have  been 
exceptionally  difficult  in  view  of  the  ap- 
plause with  which  they  were  invariably 
received:  hut  Geta  was  good-humoured 
throughout,  and  was  not  to  be  daunted  in 
his  jests  by  an  audience  that  was  eager  to 
show  how  fully  they  were  understood. 
Phormio — the  '*  parasite  "  whose  trickery 
gains  the  day  and  goes  almost  unreproaehed 
-  was  in  equally  capable  hands.  Mr. 
Waterfield  was  easy  and  '' de'il  ma'  care" 
to  perfection.  He  gave  his  part  the  in- 
souciance it  required,  and  brought  about 
the  undoing  of  Chreines  in  the  best  style  of 
knavery. 

We  have  left  the  two  women's  parts  to 


842 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


the  last  They  naturally  attract  the  most 
attention,  and  the  actors  of  Sophrona  and 
Nausistrata — the  old  nurse  and  the  injured 
wife  of  Chremes — far  outstripped  our  expecta- 
tions. Mr.  Benvenisti  had  undoubtedly 
the  best  part,  and  he  made  the  most  of  it. 
Hearing  the  scuffle  between  Demipho, 
Chremes,  and  Phormio  outside  her  house, 
she  comes  upon  the  stage,  and  is  told  by 
Phormio  of  that  other  wife  at  Lemnos. 
Thereafter  there  is  to  be  no  peace  for 
Chremes  !  Mr.  Benvenisti  was  so  pointed 
and  ingenious  in  his  shrill  denunciation  that 
the  play  ended  with  roars  of  laughter. 

We  have  no  space  to  commend  the  ad- 
mirable Prologue,  whose  speech  recounted 
the  merits  of  the  school  and  the  fame  of 
some  of  its  scholars  who  have  recently  died. 
The  Epilogue  dealt  largely  in  puns  and 
modern  allusions  of  a  witty  "character.  The 
so-called  "  suffragettes,"  the  canned-meat 
scandal,  Chinese  labour,  and  other  matters — 
not  even  the  Poplar  Guardians  were  omitted 
— came  in  for  their  meed  of  jests — jests 
which  were,  in  Latin,  the  result  of  almost 
diabolical  ingenuity.  The  whole  perform- 
ance was  one  of  which  even  a  great  school 
might  justly  be  proud. 


Dramatic  (gossip. 

Christmas  week,  long  the  busiest  of  the 
year,  has  gradually  become  dedicated  to 
entertainments  belonging  to  the  season,  and 
Boxing  Day  this  year  witnesses  the  produc- 
tion of  no  novelty  except  pantomimes,  of 
which,  so  far  as  the  West  End  is  concerned, 
Drury  Lane  has  a  virtual  monopoly.  At 
the  outlying  suburban  and  country  theatres 
pantomime  of  the  conventional  kind  holds 
sway,  without  any  attempt  at  novelty 
of  treatment  or  change  of  theme.  To 
avoid  collision  with  this  popular  form 
of  entertainment  the  production  at  His 
Majesty's  of  '  Antony  and  Cleopatra,'  the 
solitary  dramatic  event  of  the  expiring  year, 
was  deferred  till  Thursday. 

Of  a  Drury  Lane  pantomime — that  is, 
of  the  burlesque  introduction  which  has 
ended  by  monopolizing  the  name — it  may 
be  said,  in  the  words  of  Alphonse  Karr, 
"  Plus  ca  change,  plus  e'est  la  meme  chose." 
Whatever  the  subject,  it  remains  a  vehicle 
for  modern  song,  quip,  and  allusion,  for 
scenic  splendour,  and  for  a  lavish  display 
of  female  charms.  As  regards  decorative 
beauty  the  new  Drury  Lane  annual  is  all 
that  can  be  desired  :  the  dresses  of  Signor 
Cornelli  are  ravishing  ;  the  scenes  by  Messrs. 
Emden,  Bruce  Smith,  and  McCleery  are 
models  in  their  way  ;  and  the  whole  will  in 
time  be  fairly  amusing.  Some  attempt  at 
adhering  to  the  original  legend  is  made. 
Sindbad  is  carried  by  the  Ore  to  the  Valley  of 
Diamonds,  but  is  followed  there  by  his  wife, 
who  poses  as  the  Empress  of  the  Sahara, 
and  by  his  daughter  Ruby  :  he  suffers 
torment  from  the  Old  Man  of'  the  Sea,  and  is 
made  the  sport  of  monsters  of  the  ocean  and 
the  desert.  Meanwhile  we  hear  much  about 
motor-cars,  and  more  about  suffragettes. 
To  appreciate  the  humour  of  the  songs 
requires  a  familiarity  with  the  music-halls 
which  is  apparently  a  common  possession. 
Instead  of  the  transformation  scene,  once  a 
familiar  feature  in  similar  productions,  the 
opening  ends  with  a  scene  of  a  durbar,  in- 
troducing some  marvellous  artificial  ele- 
phants. In  no  respect  is  the  piece  distin- 
guishable from  its  predecessors,  and  it  may 
hope  for  a  vogue  such  as  they  enjoyed. 

In  order  to  permit  of  the  reappearance  at 
the   New    Theatre    of   Mr.    and    Mrs.    Fred 


Terry  m  Dorothy  o'  the  Hall.'  '  Amasis  ' 
will  on  the  closing  night  of  the  year  be  trans- 
ferred from  that  house  to  the  Criterion. 

'  Little  Red  Riding  Hood,'  by  Mr. 
Newman  Maurice,  was  presented  at  Terry's 
Theatre  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  Miss 
Gladys  Archbutt  being  Red  Riding  Hood, 
Mr.  Guy  Williams  the  Wolf,  and  Miss  Lilv 
Harold,  Robin  Hood. 

'  The  Electric  Man  '  was  transferred 
with  the  original  cast,  to  the  Shaftesbury 
Theatre  on  Wednesday  afternoon.  Arrange- 
ments are  in  progress  for  the  production  in 
Berlin  of  a  German  version,  the  hero  of  which 
will  be  played  by  Herr  Bozenhard. 

M.  Gaston  Mayer's  French  season  at  the 
Royalty  will  begin  on  January  21st  with 
the  production  of  '  Le  Marquis  de  Priola  '  of 
M.  Emile  Henri  Laved  an,  the  principal  parts 
being  played  by  M.  Le  Bargy  and  Madame 
Dorziat. 

Mr.  George  Alexander  has  secured  a 
new  play  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Pagan,  the  author  of 
the  Adelphi  piece  '  The  Prayer  of  the  Sword.' 

When,  on  Saturday  next,  '  The  Bondman  ' 
of  Mr.  Hall  Caine  is  transferred  to  the 
Adelphi  Theatre,  Miss  Lily  Hall  Caine  will 
succeed  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  as  Greeba, 
and  Mr.  Walter  Hampden,  Mr.  Alexander 
as  Michael.  In  other  respects  the  cast  will 
be  the  same  with  which  it  was  originally 
produced. 

Mr.  Arthur  Botjrchler  will  give  during 
the  approaching  year  further  afternoon 
presentations  at  the  Garrick  of  •  Macbeth,' 
with  himself  as  Macbeth  and  Miss  Violet 
Vanbrugh  as  Lady  Macbeth. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  has  played  in  Chicago 
his  father's  great  part  of  Matthias  in  '  The 
Bells.'     Miss  Dorothea  Baird  was  Annette. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  have  secured  from 
Miss  Winifred  Dolan  a  new  comedy  in  three 
acts,  which  in  February  next  they  will  pro- 
duce at  Brighton. 

A  proposal  is  afoot  to  bring  over  in  April 
for  one  week  Dr.  Otto  Brahm  and  the 
company  of  the  Lessing  Theater,  one  of  the 
best  of  the  German  companies. 

What  is  called  "  a  star  Harlequinade  " 
was  introduced  on  the  22nd  inst.  into  '  The 
Belle  of  Mayfair '  at  the  Vaudeville.  In 
this  Miss  Billie  Burke  was  Columbine  ;  Mr. 
Farren  Soutar,  Harlequin  ;  Mr.  Sam  Walsh, 
Pantaloon  ;  and  Mr.  Arthur  Williams' 
Clown.  In  addition  to  these  well-known 
characters  Mr.  Charles  Angelo  appeared  as  a 
Swell,  Mr.  Courtice  Pounds  as  a  Policeman, 
Miss  Louie  Pounds  as  a  Fairy  Princess,  and 
Miss  Camille  Clifford  as  a  Pompadour. 

The  new  number  of  the  Rivista  delle 
Biblioteche  (August-October),  issued  this 
week,  gives  an  interesting  and  exhaustive 
bibliography  of  Moliere  in  Italian,  compiled 
by  Dr.  Cesare  Levi,  and  covering  eleven 
double-column  pages.  The  earliest  and 
most  complete  edition  of  Moliere  in 
Italian  is  that  of  Nicola  di  Castelli,  printed 
in  four  volumes  at  Leipsic  in  1698.  The 
next  complete  translation  was  that  of 
Gaspare  Gozzi,  Venice,  1756-7,  also  in  four 
volumes.  Dr.  Levi  enumerates  31  plays  by 
Moliere  which  have  been  translated  and 
published,  either  in  separate  form  or  in 
collected  editions,  the  earliest  of  these  being 
apparently  Leoni's  version  of  '  Le  M6decin 
Volant'  ('  Trufaldino,  Medico  Volante'), 
printed  at  Bologna  in  1668.  The  appear- 
ance of  this  play  at  the  head  of  Dr.  Levi's 
list  is  rather  remarkable,  for  the  French 
version  was  one  of  "  deux  pieces  inedites  " 
of  Moliore  published  by  Desoer,  Paris,  in 
1819. 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


MISCELLANEA. 


"  PETTITOES." 

I  po  not  wonder  that  this  singular  wore? 
is  said,  in  '  N.E.D.,'  to  be  of  uncertain  origin  • 
yet  Dr.  Murray  practically  gives  the  whole 
story  in  an  excellent  note.  All  that  I  do. 
is  to  supply  the  references  to  Palsgrave  and 
Godefroy. 

The  original  phrase  is  the  Old  French 
petite  oe,  or  petite  oie,  the  giblets  of  a  goose 
quoted  by  Godefroy  (Supplement,  s.v.  oe) 
from  Rabelais,  bk.  iii.  9.  This  phrase  was 
loosely  and  figuratively  used,  and  could 
even  mean  "  accessories  "  generally.  The 
modern  form  is  petite  oie. 

But  it  was  also  used  as  one  word,  and 
even  in  the  plural,   with  a  final  s.     Thus  ' 
Palsgrave    has :      "  Garbage    of    a    foule 
petitoyer     And    Cotgrave    has:     "  Petitose 
[i.e.  petitoes],  the  garbage  of  fowle,  an  old 
word."     As    it    was    a    general    word    for 
"garbage,"   it  was  in  England  applied  to  • 
the  pig,  but  at  first  (as  Dr.  Murray  so  well 
points    out)    included     "the    heart,     liver, 
lungs,  &c,  not  only  of  the  pig,  but  of  calves v 
sheep,  and  other  animals."     At  last  a  popular 
etymology  derived  it  from  toes,  and  restricted 
it   to    "pig's   trotters."     Cf.    "giblets   and 
petitoes,"  Beaumont, '  Woman  Hater.'Act  I. 
sc.  ii. 

^  Finally,  s.v.  oye,  Cotgrave  exprpssly  says  : 
"  La  petite  oye,  the  giblets  of  a  goose  ;  also, 
the  belly,  and  inwards  or  intralls  [sic],  of 
other  edible  creatures."  A  pig  is  such  ; 
and  the  whole  story  gives  an  admirable 
lesson  in  semantics.      Walter  W.  Skeat. 


'NATIVE   RACES    OF   AUSTRALIA/ 

Nothing  could  be  more  foreign  to  my 
mind  than  to  make  an  insinuation  that  Mr. 
Thomas  has  "  a  leaning  towards  inexact- 
ness," revealing  itself  in  a  lack  of  foot-notes. 
On  the  contrary,  his  exactness  offers,  at  pre- 
sent, the  best  hope  for  a  more  distinct  and 
scientific  knowledge  of  the  problems  of 
Australian  anthropology.  My  quarrel  is 
with  "  the  general  reader,"  whose  dread  of 
foot-notes  is  passionate  and  notorious. 

The  Reviewer. 


To  Correspondents.— B.  H.  B.— R.  L.  N.  J  — H  B  Bl 
-W.  H.  H.-N.  W.  T. -Received. 

C.  A.  M.tP.— W.  R.— Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearances  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— « — 

Authors'  Agents       818- 

Autotype  Co 818 

Bagster  &  Sons         819 

Bell  &  Sons 820* 

Braoshaw's  Guides 843 

Catalogues       81S 

Educational 817 

Hurst  &  Blackett 820' 

Insurance  Companies         819 

Long         844 

Macmillan  &  Co 820' 

Magazines,  &c 81S 

Miscellaneous 817" 

Notes  and  Queries 819 

Provident  Institutions 817 

Sales  by  Auction      818 

Situations  Vacant 817 

Situations  Wanted 81T 

Type-Writers,  &c 817: 


N°4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


843 


B  R  A  D  S  H  A  W'S      GUIDE. 

SPECIAL      EDITION. 

TWO    SHILLINGS    NET. 

Printed  upon  Superior  Paper,  bound  in  Scarlet  Cloth,  and  with  additional  Maps  illustrating  the  Districts- 
covered  by  the  principal  Railway  Companies. 


LONDON. 
BIRMINGHAM. 
BRADFORD. 
BRISTOL. 


Also  SPECIAL  TABLES  dealing  with  the  following  Places:— 

LEICESTER.  NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. 

LIVERPOOL.  NOTTINGHAM. 

MANCHESTER.       SHEFFIELD. 


EDINBURGH. 
GLASGOW. 
HULL. 
LEEDS. 


These  Tables  indicate  the  Routes  to  and  from  some  of  the  Chief  Towns  in  the  Kingdom,  with  Single,. 
Return,  and  Week-end  Fares,  Distances,  Shortest  Time  of  Journey,  and  Quickest  Train. 

Also  List  of  Towns  having  more  than  one  Station,  with  distances  apart. 


Orders  may  be  sent  through  any  Bookseller  and  Station  Bookstall,  or  to 

HENRY     BLACKLOCK    &    CO.,     LIMITED 

(Proprietors  and  Publishers  of  Bradshaw's  Guides), 
BRADSHAW  HOUSE,  SURREY  STREET,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C. ; 

AND    ALBERT     SQUARE,     MANCHESTER. 


"  Invaluable  to  all  concerned  in  the  promotion,  construction,  or 
administration  of  railways,  both  at  home  and  abroad." — Telegraph. 

1905.    FIFTY-SEVENTH  EDITION.    Post  free,  12s. 

BRADSHAW'S 
RAILWAY    MANUAL 

(RAILWAYS,  CANALS,  AND  CARRIAGE  AND  WAGON 
COMPANIES), 

SHAREHOLDERS'  GUIDE  AND  DIRECTORY 

OF 

Railway  Officials  and  Manufacturers  of  Railway  Supplies. 

Affords  full  and  reliable  information  respecting  the  history  and 
financial  position  of  Railways  in  all  parts  of  the  World.  It  gives, 
briefly,  the  past  history  and  present  condition  of  every  line  open  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  and  other  sections  dealing  with  Waterways  and 
Carriage  and  Wagon  Companies  are  also  added. 

FIFTY    YEARS'    RAILWAY    STATISTICS. 

One  of  the  leading  features  is  the  introduction  of  statistics 
showing  the  revenue  and  expenditure  of  each  of  the  principal  Railway 
Companies  over  a  period  of  fifty  years. 

650  pp.  with  numerous  Maps. 

BRADSHAW  HOUSE,  SURREY  STREET,   STRAND,  W.C. ; 
AND  AT  MANCHESTER. 


"There    seem    to   be   no   particulars    concerning   our  navigabl& 
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Westminster  Gazette. 

BRADSHAW'S  CANALS  AND 

NAVIGABLE  RIVERS 
OF  ENGLAND  AND  WALES: 

A  Handbook  of  Inland   Navigation  for   Manufacturers, 
Merchants,  Traders,  and  others. 

Compiled,  after  a  Personal  Survey  of  the  Whole  of  the  Waterways, 

BY 

HENRY  RODOLPH  DE  SALIS,  Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. 

Director,  FELLOWS,  MORTON  &  CLAYTON,  Ltd.,  Canal  Carriers. 

Gives  in  a  succinct  form  full  information  as  to  the 
advantages  and  possibilities  of  inland  navigation,  and 
contains  all  information,  other  than  financial,  neces- 
sary to  owners  of  waterside  premises,  business  houses, 
and  others  who  for  business  or  political  reasons  are 
interested  in  the  subject. 

The  contents  have  been  arranged  by  the  author 
after  an  inspection  of  the  whole  of  the  waterways, 
amounting  to  a  mileage  travelled  of  over  14,000  miles. 

400  pp.  royal  8vo,  bound  in  cloth,  with  Map, 
post  free,  ONE  GUINEA  net,  from 

BRADSHAW  HOUSE,  SURREY  STREET,   STRAND,  W.O. ; 
AND  ALBERT   SQUARE,   MANCHESTER. 


844 

THE    ATHENiEUM                          N° 4131,  Dec.  29,  1906 

MR. 

JOHN 

LONG'S    NEW    BOOKS. 

Mr.    JOHN   LONG   has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  that  he  has  now  commenced  the  publication  of  his    New   Year   Novels. 

The  following  are  the  first  eighteen :— 

SIX      SHILLINGS     EACH. 

THE  WORLD  AND  DELIA.     By  Curtis  Yorke,  Author  of  <  The  Girl  in  Grey,'  &c. 

THE  DUST  OF  CONFLICT.     By  Harold  Bindloss,  Author  of  <  The  Cattle  Baron's  Daughter,'  &c. 

THE  LUCK  OF  THE  LEURA.     By  Mrs.  Campbell  Praed,  Author  of  «  The  Other  Mrs.  Jacobs,'  &c. 

THE  YOKE.     By  Hubert  Wales,  Author  of  that  daring  novel  *  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Villiers.' 

AMAZEMENT.     By  James  Blyth,  Author  of  <  Juicy  Joe,'  &c. 

THE  HOUSE  IN  THE  CRESCENT.     By  Adeline  Sergeant,  Author  of  '  An  Independent  Maiden,'  &c. 

A  BEGGAR  ON  HORSEBACK.     By  S.  E.  Keightley,  Author  of  <  Barnaby's  Bridal,'  &c. 

THE  GIRLS  OF  INVERBARNS.     By  Sarah  Tytler,  Author  of  <  The  Bracebridges,'  &c. 

THE  STAIN  ON  THE  SHIELD.     By  Mrs.  Darent  Harrison,  Author  of  f  Master  Passions.' 

FROM  THE  HAND  OF  THE  HUNTER.     By  L.  T.  Meade,  Author  of  '  The  Heart  of  Helen,'  &c. 

THE  PENNILESS  MILLIONAIRE.     By  David  Christie  Murray,  Author  of  <  The  Brangwyn  Mystery,'  &c. 

THE  MISTRESS  OF  AYDON.     By  K.  H.  Forster,  Author  of  '  The  Arrow  of  the  North,'  &c.     8  Illustrations. 

THE  DUKE'S  DILEMMA.     By  Sir  William  Magnay,  Bart.,  Author  of '  The  Red  Chancellor,'  &c. 

THE  DUCHESS  OF  PONTIFEX  SQUARE.     By  G-.  W.  Appleton,  Author  of  <  The  Silent  Passenger,'  &c. 

IZELLE  OF  THE  DUNES.     By  C.  Guise  Mitford,  Author  of  ■  The  Spell  of  the  Snow,'  &c. 

THE  TWO  FORCES.     By  E.  Way  Elkington,  Author  of  '  Adrift  in  New  Zealand,'  &c. 

TWO  WOMEN  AND  A  MAHARAJAH.     By  Mrs.  C.  E.  Phillimore. 

THE  SECOND  EVIL.     By  Sadi  Grant. 


RECORDS  OF  AN  OLD  VICARAGE.     By  Kobert  Yates  Whytehead,  M.A.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  6s. 

Tbe  Londo: 
oasis  of  channin: 


Tbe  London  Evening  News,  in  a  three-quarter^  column  review,  says  : — "  In  a  singularly  dull  literary  season  this  delicious  chronicle  of  village  life  of  England  past  is  a  veritabl 
ing  reflection  and  anecdote,  and,  if  I  judge  aright,  should  prove  one  of  the  most  successful— and  justly  successful— books  that  have  appeared  for  many  months." 


A  COLOSSAL  SUCCESS.    SALES  APPROACHING  200,000  COPIES. 
THE  SALE  OF  THIS  BOOK  HAS  BEEN  SUPPRESSED  IN  GERMANY.     EDITION  AFTER  EDITION  IS  BEING  PRODUCED  TO  MEET  THE  EXTRAORDINARY 

DEMAND  FOR  IT  IN  THIS  COUNTRY. 

THE   CONFESSIONS  OF  A  PRINCESS 

BEING  THE   ASTOUNDING   REVELATIONS  OF   MANNERS  AND    MORALS  IN   EUROPEAN   COURTS. 

Crown  Svo,  cloth,  6s. 

WHEN  YOU  READ  THESE  REVIEWS  YOU  MUST  READ  THE  BOOK. 

"This  book  is  well  done  and  very  readable."—  Daily  Telegraph.  "  The  book  is  not  only  an  amazing  revelation  of  life  in  German  Court  circles,  but  also  of  a  romantic  woman's 
temperament.  The  wonderful  confessions  of  a  wonderful  woman  ;  a  weak,  wayward,  self-willed,  irresponsible  womxn ;  but,  withal,  not  an  unlovable  or  essentially  unwomanly  woman." 
—  Weekly  Dispatch.  "This  book  is  bound  to  be  popular.  It  is  risque,  without  being  indecent,  cynical  in  general  tone,  but  in  places  extremely  passionate.  It  is  exceedingly  well 
written." — Glasgow  Herald.  "  That '  The  Confessions  of  a  Princess '  is  a  very  readable  book  no  one  who  even  glances  through  it  will  be  disposed  to  deny,  and  every  one  who  does  look 
through  it  will  certainly  want  to  read  every  word." — London  Opinion.  The  late  Editor  of  the  Saturday  Review  writes  :  "The  book  gives  one  an  extraordinary  impression  of  reality  ;  it 
is  true,  truer  even  than  the  shorthand  account  of  a  trial  in  our  Divorce  Court.  I  have  enjoyed  the  book,  and  I  will  maintain  before  all  and  sundry  that  it  is  a  good  book,  an  excellent 
book,  a  book  that  had  to  be  written." 

THE    CHEAPEST    AND    BEST    SERIES    OF    THE    CLASSICS    EVER    PUBLISHED. 

Truth  says  :— "  A  series  which  in  itself  affords  one  good  answer  to  the  twaddle  of  the  Times  about  books  being  too  dear.    These  volumes,  well  printed  and  nicely  bound  in  cloth  at 
■  6d.  net  or  in  leather  at  Is,  net  are  really  marvels  of  cheapness." 

"  Certainly  wonderful."— Athenanim.  "  Will  outbid  all  rivals." — Bookman. 

JOHN   LONG'S   CARLTON   CLASSICS. 

IH-ices  :  Artistic  cloth,  gilt,  6d,  net ;  leather,  gilt  top,  gold  blocked  back  and  side,  Is.  net.    Length,  from  160  to  620  pages,  set  in  the  clearest  of  new  type,  and  printed  on  the  best 
paper.     Each  Volume  contains  a  Biographical  Introduction  by  the  Editor,  Mr.  HANAFORD  BENNETT. 

1.  THE  FOUR  GEORGES.  W.  M.  Thackeray. 

2.  CHILDE  HAROLD'S  PILGRIMAGE.  Lord  Byron. 

3.  MUCH  ADO  ABOUT  NOTHING.  Shakespeare. 
1.  WARREN  HASTINGS.  Lord  Macaulay. 

5.  THE  LIFE  OF  NELSON.  .  Robert  Southey. 

6.  TALES  (Selected).  Edgak  Allan  Poe. 

7.  CHRISTABEL,  and  other  Poems.  S.  T.  Coleridge. 

8.  A  SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY.  Laurence  Sterne. 

9.  THE  BLESSED  DAMOZEL,  and  other  Poems. 

Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti. 

10.  ON  HEROES  AND  HERO  WORSHIP.  Thomas  Oarlyle. 

11.  SONNETS  AND  POEMS.  Shakespeare. 


14.  ESSAYS  (Selected).  Joshph  Addison. 

15.  HIS  BOOK.  Artemus  Ward. 

16.  THE  DUNCIAD,  and  Other  Poems.  Alexander  Pope. 

17.  ENGLISH  HUMORISTS  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 

W.  M.  Thackeray. 

18.  THE  JUMPING  FROG,  and  other  Sketches.  Mark  Twain. 

19.  SONGS-  Robert  Burns. 
2ol  ESSAYS  (Selected).  Leigh  Hunt. 

21.  LETTERS  OF  JUNIUS.  Anonymous. 

22.  HUMOROUS  POEMS.  Thomas  Hood. 

23.  CONFESSIONS  OF  AN  ENGLISH  OPIUM  EATER. 

12.  RASSELAS.  Samuel  Johnson,  j  Thomas  Dh  Qcincey. 

13.  SONNETS  AND  POEMS.  Edmund  Spenser.  |  24.  A  VOYAGE  TO  LILIPUT.  Dean  Swift. 

OTHER  VOLUMES  TO  FOLLOW. 
■  '  The  above  24  Beautiful  Volumes  form  an  unique  New  Y ear's  Gift,  and  any  Bookseller,  or  the  Publisher,  on  receipt  of  I3s.  for  the  cloth  binding,  or  25s.  for  the  leather,  will 
send,  carriage  paid,  carefully  packed,  to  any  address.    Order  early,  as  the  demand  is  very  great.    Postage  on  single  Volumes,  lid. 


MR.  JOHN  LONG'S  GENERAL  CATALOGUE  IS  NOW  READY,  AND  WILL  BE  SENT  POST  FREE  TO  ANY  ADDRESS. 


London:  JOHN  LONG,  13  and  14,  Norris  Street,  Haymarket. 


Editorial  Communications  should  he  addressed  to  "  THE  EDITOR  "—Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS  "—at  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lan(\  H.O. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  0.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Breams  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C.,  and  Printed  by  .1.  EDWARD  FRANCIS.  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.O. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZIE8  Ediuburgh.-Saturda.T  December  29.  1908. 


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