The Philippine journal of science ... v. 1- 76, no. 1. Jan. 1906-1941

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Alvin J. Cox, M. A., Ph. D.

GENERAL EDITOR

Section C. Botany

E. D. MERRILL, M. S.

EDITOR

WITH THE COOPERATON OF

W. H. BROWN, Ph. D. ; E. B. COPELAND, Ph. D. ; C. F. BAKER, A. M.
F. W. FOXWORTHY, Ph. D; R. C. McGREGOR, A. B.

Volume IX

1914

With 15 Plates and 14 Text Figures

•0

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING

1914

DATES OF ISSUE

No. 1, pages 1 to 96, April 13, 1914.
No. 2, pages 97 to 190, June 22, 1914.
No. 3, pages 191 to 292, June 27, 1914.
No. 4, pages 293 to 390, November 25, 1914.
No. 5, pages 391 to 494, January 30, 1915.
No. 6, pages 495 to 495, March, 1915.

CONTENTS

No. 1, February, 1914

PaKc.

CoPELAND, E. B. New Papuan ferns 1

Ames, 0. The orchids of Guam 11

Merrill, E. D. An enumeration of the plants of Guam 17

No. 2, April, 1914

Merrill, E. D. An enumeration of the plants of Guam (concluded).. 97

Sydow, H. and P. Fungi from northern Palawan 157

No. 3, June, 1914

Merrill, E. D. Charles Budd Robinson, ji- 191

Robinson, C. B. The geographic distribution of Philippine mosses.... 199

Campbell, D. H. The genus Macroglossum Copeland 219

COPELAND, E. B. New Sumatran ferns 227

Graff, P. W. Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 235

Hubbard, F. T. A new species of Rottboellia 257

OSTENDELD, C. H. New or noteworthy aquatic plants 259

Merrill, E. D. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, X 261

No, 4, August, 1914

Merrill, E. D. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, X (concluded) 293

Bennett, A. The Potamogetons of the Philippine Islands 339

Bresadola, G. and Sydow, H. Enumeration of Philippine Basidiomy-
cetes 345

Merrill, E. D. Plantae Wenzelianae, II 353

No. 5, September, 1914

Gates, F. C. The pioneer vegetation of Taal Volcano 391

Copeland, E. B. Hawaiian ferns collected by M. I'Abbe U. Faurie.. 435
Merrill, E. D. Sertulum Bontocense: New or interesting plants
collected in Bontoc Subprovince, Luzon, by Father Morice Vano-

verbergh, II 443

Merrill, E. D. Notes on Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 461

No. 6, November, 1914

Gates, F. C. Swamp vegetation in the hot springs areas at Los

Banos, Laguna, P. 1 495

Merrill, E. D. Dilleniaceae novae 517

Merrill, E. D. Meliaceae novae 531

Errata 543

Index 545

iii

1

Cljarles; Jgubb ^obin^on, ft., a. JS., m^ B,

^ictou, iJoba S)aitia, 05ttofaer 26. 1 87 1

jasfsiiitant ISotanisft. Igurrau of Science
l^ecember tije fiftf), ninetEcn tunbrelJ anb tfjirteen

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IX FEBRUARY, 1914 No. 1

NEW PAPUAN FERNS

By Edwin Bingham Copeland

(From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los

Banos, P. I.)

The following paper is based on material supplied by the Rev.
Copland King of Ambasi, Papua.

CYATHEA FUSCA Baker.

King S83.

This is certainly nearly related to King's Nos. 181, 246 and 277, of which
the last is the type of C. Kingii Rosenstock. No. S83 is merely bipinnatifid,
while the others are bipinnate with lobed pinnules. The diagnosis of C
fusca (Malesia 3: 31) reads: "frondibus amplis bipinnatifidis ; pinnulis
sessilibus lanceolatis; segmentis tertiariis oblongis obscure crenulatis."

Whether we have here one polymorphous species or several closely re-
lated species cannot be determined from the material in hand.

CYATHEA (ALSOPHILA) WOODLARKENSIS sp. nov.

Trunco haud alto, vero gracile sed cum tectura densa et per-
manente radicum et basium stipitum 8 cm crasso ; stipite pallide
brunneo, pube minuta palhda transeunte et pilis validis subnigris
eis Dryopteridis ferocis similibus basibus duris persistentibus
vestito; fronde bifinnatifida, rhachi ut stipes; pinnis permultis
sessilibus Hneari-lanceolatis, usque ad 40 cm longis, 3-4 cm latis,
valde attenuatis, fere ad costam pinnatifidis, costa pilosa; seg-
mentis numerosissimis, subfalcatis, integris, obtusis, 2 cm
longis, 3 mm latis, costula sparse pilosula, lamina glabra,

122968

2 The Philippine Jownal of Science vm

tenui-coriacea, inferne pallida ; venis utroque latere ca. 30, omni-
bus simplicibus, plerisque fertilibus, soris medialibus, nudis;
sporangiis paucis, castaneis.

Woodlark Island, King 284.

A remarkably distinct species. "Tree fern. It did not grow above the
surrounding tangle of Stenochlaena palustris and other species."

CYATHEA SCABRISETA sp. nov.

Alsophila prof unde tripinnatifida pubescentia trif orme ; rhachi
fulva, squamulis minutis ad basin fimbriatis albis deciduis vestito,
deinde nitido et propter baseos setarum hispida; setis mox deci-
duis, e basibus vinosis ad apices albidas pallescentibus, dentibus
minutissimis nigro-rubis ciliatis ; inter setas descriptas aliis rnino-
ribus pallidioribus deciduis ; pinna 60 cm longa, 18 cm lata, brevi-
stipitata, abrupte acuminata, rhachi obscure sordida superne
fusco-velutina, inferne minute furfuracea et sparse hispida gla-
brescente; pinnulis horizontalibus infimis brevipedicellatis, 2 cm
latis, proximis, abrupte in caudam 1 cm longam serratam
contractis, fere ad costam pinnatifidis, costa superne appresso-
ciliata, subtus squamulis albidis plerisque dissectis rarius lanceo-
latis fere integris vestita; segmentis 2.5 mm latis, obtusis,
plerisque subfalcatis, minute serratis interdum obscure biserratis,
subcoriaceis, subtus pallidis, superne atroviridibus, costa et
rarius venis squamulis bullatis pallidis, et sparsius aliis sordidis
angustis plerumque fissis ornatis: venis utroque latere ca. 12,
fere omnibus furcatis; soris medialibus, sporangiis cum pilis
brunneis multis mixtis.

Papua, without definite locality, King. UU^.
Related to Cyathea crinita (Hooker).

DRYOPTERIS BIPINNATA sp. nov.

Thelypteris gregis D. immersae : rhizomate inviso ; stipite recto,
30 cm alto, gracile sed valido, brunneo cum pede nigro, sub oculo
nudo glabro, sub lente sursum rhachique dense minute pubescen-
tibus; fronde 30 cm alta, 17 cm lata, abrupte longe acuminata,
deorsum bipinnata; pinnis horizontalibus, rectis vel rarius
subfalcatis, acuminatis, inferioribus brevipedicellatis haud dimi-
nutis, aliis sessilibus, costis ubique minute pallide setosis ; pinnulis
liberis paucis, infimis (rhachi proximis) brevipedicellatis, brevi-
bus; segmentis pinnae multis, utroque latere 20-30, proximis,
apice crenulatis aliter integris, oblique acutis, ca. 7 mm longis,
2 mm latis, papyraceis ; venis subtus setis paucis brevibus obsitis,
alibi glabris; venis simplicibus, utroque latere ca. 10, omnibus

IX. c. 1 Copeland: Neiv Papuan Ferns 3

saepe fertilibus ; soris submarginalibus, subimmersis, parvis,
orbicularibus ; indusio minute dense hirsute, persistente.

Loane, King U07.

Evidently near D. Schultzei Brause, but much smaller, axes not yellow,
sori small and indusium persistent.

DRYOPTERIS ANGUSTA sp. nov.

Nephrodium gracilius gregis D. sagittifoliae ; caudice erecto,
breve, radicibus et stipitibus dense vestito; stipitibus paucis
confertis, validis, 3-4 mm crassis, 3-5 cm ad auriculas infimas vel
30 cm ad pinnas foliaceas altis, deorsum paleis paucis instructis,
glabrescentibus, sursum rhachibusque dense albido-pilosis, pinnis
reductis sensim ad auriculas vix quam paleis majoribus decres-
centibus ornatis ; f ronde vera lanceolata, ca. 65 cm alta, 15 cm lata,
utrinque angustata, acuminata, pinnata; pinnis sessilibus, basi-
bus dilatatis, deinde ad apicem acutam integram angustatis,
inframedialibus maximis horizontalibus, 75 mm longis, supra
basin 1 cm latis, ca. ad mediam laminam pinnatifidis, inferiori-
bus paullo deflexis et superioribus adscendentibus, supremis
integris, pinnis pinnatifidis utroque latere ca. 40; segmentis
contiguis, 2 mm latis, obliquis; lamina herbacea, minute pilosa;
venis utroque latere ca. 6, fere omnibus fertilibus, 2 vel 3 anas-
tomosantibus, simplicibus, soris medialibus; indusio parvo, pilis
et glandulis ambabus deciduis ornato, sporangiis nudis.

Papua, locality not stated, King 408.

Differs from D. sagittifolia (Bl.) O. K. in being thinner, and more slender
throughout.

DRYOPTERIS OBLANCEOLATA sp. nov.

Meniscium, folia simplice oblanceolata ; rhizomate 2 mm cras-
so, paleis castaneis lanceolatis dense obtecto ; stipitibus confertis,
1-3 cm altis, pilis et paleis vestitis ; fronde 25-30 cm alta, 3 cm
lata, acuminata, deorsum attenuata, deinde truncata, rarius
auriculis parvis 1-paribus subtensa, crenata, subcoriacea, costa
setacea excepta glabra; venulis ca. 6-paribus, fere omnibus et
interdum venula secundaria excurrente soriferis; indusio inviso
et verisimiliter carente.

Taupota, King S94. coll. Rev. P. C. Shaw.

A very distinct species of the simplicifolia group.

DRYOPTERIS UNIAURICULATA sp. nov.

D. lineatae (Bl.) C. Chr. affinis; rhizomate 3 mm crasso,
lignoso, ad apicem paleis parvis lanceolatis fusco-nigris vestito;
stipitibus confertis, ca. 20 cm altis, basibus nigris, sursum

4 The Philippine Journal of Science lou

fuscis, superne pilis falcatis vestitis infeme minute et sparse
pilosis infra laminam auricula una minuta praeditis; fronde
pinnata, segmento apicale maximo, usque ad 20 cm alto, 4 cm
lato, acuminato, basi truncato vel cordato, plerumque crenato;
pinnis saepius utrinque uno, alternantibus, 4-8 cm longis, 2-3
cm latis, obtusis vel acutis, basi truncatis, subcoriaceis, lamina
glabra; venulis in segmento majore ca. 8-paribus, infeme minute
pilosis, conspicuis; soris usque ad 7-paribus, versus costam
proximis et interdum confluentibus, versus marginem distanti-
bus, orbicularibus, indusio pilis multis centralibus substitute,
sporangiis nudis.

Loane, King ^06.

The single auricle, below the developed pinnae, is found on the four
fronds sent to me, but will probably prove not to be a constant character;
but the species is distinguishable from D. lineata in several other ways.
D. Bakeri is very distinct. D. mirabilia Copel., of Borneo, is much broader,
with opposite pinnae and surface minutely pustulose, as in D. lineata; D.
tmiauriculata has it smooth.

TECTARIA GYMNOCARPA sp. nov.

Species gregis T. cicutariae, venatione Pleocnemiae soris ut
videtur nudis ; stipite 35 cm alto, castaneo, deorsum paleis paucis
anguste lanceolatis fere 1 cm longis vestito; fronde 30-40 cm
alta et lata, deltoidea, subtripinnata ; pinnis suboppositis, infimis
deltoideis 15 cm latis, sequentibus biparibus apud baseos bipin-
natis, sequentium paucarum segmentis serratis subacutis; venis
hirsutis, lamina fere glabra, membranacea; venis secus costas
fortissimas anastomosantibus, aliter liberis; soris plerisque sub-
marginalibus, 1 mm vel ultra latis, superficialibus ; indusio nullo
vel fugace.

Loane, King 401.

In spite of the venation, this is not a near relative of T. leuzeana, but is
near the so-called Pleocnemia membranacea of Beddome. Rosenstock's P.
leuzeana var. lobato-crenata is described as with very hairy lamina, and his
P. membranacea var. novoguineensis, as having much more reticulate veins.

TECTARIA KINGIi sp. nov.

Pleocnemia parva, gracile, deltoidea ; stipite 4 cm alto, castaneo,
deorsum paleis anguste linearibus 1 cm longis sparsis vestito;
fronde 30-35 cm alta et lata, deltoidea, tripinnata ; pinnis infimis
deltoideis, sequentibus 1-3-paribus profunde bipinnatifidis, su-
periorum profunde pinnatifidarum segmentis lanceolatis obtusis
pinnatifidis deinde serratis, supremis integris ; venis tomentellis,
lamina superne glaberrima, inferne fere glabra; venis more

ix.c, 1 Copeland: New Papuan Ferns 5

T. leuzeanae anastomosantibus ; soris parvis, multis, plerisque
submarginalibus ; indusio persistente.

Woodlark Island, Kiiig i02.

Distinguished from TECTARIA SUBAEQUALE n. comb. {Aepidium
subaequale Rosenstock, Fedde's Repert. 13 (1913) 176) by the form of
the frond, and from this and other related species by the fine dissection
of the frond. The color is that of T. leuzeana.

ATHYRIUM FIMBRISTEGIUM sp. nov.

Stipite alto, 5 mm crasso, atropurpureo-castaneo, glabrescente,
inerme; fronde 80 cm alta. ca. 50 cm lata, tripinnatifida, rhachi
furfuracea, glabrescente; pinnis altemantibus, brevistipitatis,
inferioribus 25-30 cm longis, usque ad 12 cm latis, acuminatis,
rhachibus praecipue in furca minute furfuraceis; pinnulis hori-
zontalibus, brevissime stipitatis, valde acuminatis, usque ad 13
mm latis, profunde pinnatifidis; segmentis ca. 2 mm latis, sub-
falcatis, integris vel obscure serrulatis, obtusis vel subacutis,
glabris, herbaceis; venulis simplicibus, utroque latere usque ad
8; soris costularibus, plus minus ad mediam laminam protensis,
infimis exceptis simplicibus ; indusio tenue, laete brunneo, lacero-
lobato.

King S86, without definite locality.

A member of the A. silvaticum (Bl) Milde group, but the ultimate divi-
sions much finer and sori relatively longer. Diplazium arborescena Sw. is
reported from Kaiser Wilhelmsland (Schumann and Lauterbach; Flora der
deutschen Schutzgebiete, p. 125), but is otherwise unknown from this part
of the world; it has more ample ultimate divisions and light-colored axes.
Athyrium australe (R. Br.) Presl, var. muricatum, is reported in the same
work; it also is less finely divided and otherwise distinct.

"DIPLAZIUM BULBIFERUM Brack." ?

Loane, King 397; Mamba, King 398.

Can be separated, though not too sharply, from Athyrium pinnatum
(Blanco) Copel., including the D. bulbiferum of the Philippines. .

ADIANTUM KINGII sp. nov.

Stipitibus confertis, purpureo-atris, nitidis, usque ad 10 cm
altis, basibus pilis atropurpureis dense vestitis; fronde ubique
glaberrima, bipinnata, parte apicale usque ad 10 cm alta, pinnis
pinnatis paucis; pinnulis pedicellatis, usque at 10 mm longis,
7 mm latis, infimis plerumque minoribus, trapeziformibus, vel
minoribus obovatis vel suborbicularibus, coriaceis, leviter pauci-
lobatis, marginibus basi- et rachiscopicis integris, aliis minute
dentatis; venis flabellatis, liberis; soris paucis, 1-5 mm latis;
indusiis plus minus 1 mm latis, duris, ad venulas sporangiferis.

Tamata, King AiO.

5 • The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

POLYPODIUM SUBRETICULATUM sp. nov.

Eupolypodium, rhizomate brevi-repente, paleis laete brunneis
ovato-lanceolatis dense vestito; stipitibus proximis, 1-2 cm altis,
validis, setis purpureo-castaneis ca. 2 mm longis vestitis; fronde
usque ad 25 cm alta et 12 mm lata, utrinque sensim attenuata,
Integra vel subintegra, coriacea, pilis fere nigris sparsis vestita
vel in vetustate calva; venis furcatis venulis liberis, vel 2-4
ramos emittentibus et venulis hie illuc baud saepe anastomosan-
tibus; soris irregulariter 2-o-seriatis, superficialibus, orbicu-
laribus vel oblongis.

Taupota, King 395, coll. Rev. P. C. Shaw.

This suggests P. congenerum and P. diplosorum Christ, both of which,
on the more ample fronds, have sori in plural rows or scattered. The oc-
casional anastomosis of veins is also correlated with the ampleness of the
entire froud, and is occasionally seen in the various species of the group.
Loxogramme is a group derived form Eupolypodium with entire fronds;
its fronds are in general more ample than in any of the parent group, and
reticulate venation is a fixed character.

POLYPODIUM SHAWII sp. nov.

Eupolypodium gregis P. obliquati Bl., praecipue P. multicaudo
Copel. simile ; fronde forma insigniter dilatata, ca. 25 cm alta, 15
cm lata; segmentis rhachin versus sterilibus et 4-4.5 mm latis,
deinde in partem intercalatam vel usque ad apicem attingentem
f ertilem 2.5 mm latam plus minus abrupte angustatis ; soris per-
multis, parvis, valde immersis, ore receptaculi piano.

Taupota, King U2U, coll. Rev. P. C. Shaw.

POLYPODIUM TENUISSIMUM sp. nov.

Goniophlebium verum pinnis angustissimis ; rhizomate calca-
reo, paleis angustis sat deciduis vestito ; phyllopodio 3 mm alto,
valido; stipite 20 cm alto, 3 mm crasso, deorsum minute et
decidue paleaceo, sursum rhachique glabris, nitidis, castaneis;
fronde verosimiliter ultra 1 m alta, ca. 20 cm lata, alis acros-
copicis pinnarum exceptis glabra; pinnis remotis, sessilibus,
basibus leviter dilatatis truncatis, usque ad 14 cm longis et
maximis scilicet fronde mea carentibus, supra basin 3-5 mm
latis, acuminatis, minute et argute serratis, papyraceis; venis
areolam unam inconspicuam includentibus ; soris parvis, immer-
sis, permultis.

Mount Tuan, King S91.

An immediate relative of P. subauriculatum BL, with 'exceedingly slender
pinnae, separated by five times their own breadth. A Philippine fern called
by Christ P. subauriculatutn integrum, has pinnae almost as narrow, but
closer together, shorter, entire and thicker. My specimen of P. tenuissimum

IX. CI Copelaml: New Papuan Feins 7

has about 80 cm of frond with the apex missing and the lower pinnae
fallen off.

POLYPODIUM GLOSSOPHYLLUM sp. nov.

Phymatodes foliis integris ; rhizomate repente ca. 5 mm crasso,
paleis nigris nitidis anguste lanceolatis adpressis 4 mm longis
dense vestito; stipitibus ca. 1 cm altis, validibus, castaneis, nudis;
fronde 60-90 cm alta, ca. 7 cm lata supra mediam latissima,
utrinque angustata, apice acuta, ad basin ipsam plerumque ab-
rupte contracta, integra, coriacea, glabra, inferne glauca; costa
infeme tereta, superne plana; venis angulo lato distantibus;
rectis, fere ad marginem attingentibus, 1 cm inter se distantibus ;
arealis primariis 4 vel 5-seriatis, baud conspicuis; soris inter
venas biseriatis vel subirregulariter adspersis, plusquam 1 mm
latis, rotundis, superficialibus.

Mount Gewagewa, alt. 300 m, King S88.

A member of the group leading to P. musifolium Bl., related to P. lingtiae-
forme Mett., P. mindanense Christ and P. neo-guineense Copel., charac-
terized by the glaucous nether surface and hardly acuminate tip.

POLYPODIUM SUBGEMINATUM Christ.

I have regarded this species as not sufficiently distinct from P. Phyma-
todes (Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 89), but Mr. King satisfies me that
they are different. The man in the field sees both resemblances and dif-
ferences which never show in the herbarium. P. subgeminatum is said to be
always uniform in size, while P. Phymatodes varies much on the same
plant, both in size and in form. It does this everywhere, but the variation
shown by King's specimens is remarkable, even for this species.

POLYPODIUM TENUINERVE sp. nov.

Phymatodes membranacea soris uniseriatis; rhizomate late
repente, 2.5 mm crasso, paleis appressis castaneis lanceolatis
4-5 mm longis vestito ; phyllopodio brevissimo ; stipitibus badiis,
usque ad 20 cm altis, gracilibus ; fronde 35 cm alta, 20 cm lata,
brevi-decurrente, ad alam angustam (ca. 2 mm latam) pinna-
tifida, glabra, membranacea, viride; segmentis utroque latere
ca. 7, maximis fere 20 cm longis 1-2 cm latis, valde acuminatis,
rhachin versus paullo angustatis, integris vel subundulatis ; venis
tenuibus irregularibus, areolas conspicuas non eff ormantibus ;
soris utroque latere costae uniseriatis rarissime cum soris extra-
serialibus, leviter immersis, maximis 1 mm latis sed depressione
minore.

Cape Nelson, King 36^.

In the immediate group of P. Phymatodes, from all forms of which
species it differs in texture and in the fine sori. P. flaccidum Christ is a
coarser fern, much more decurrent, with the segments remote and con-
nected by a very broad wing.

8 • The Philippine Journal of Science i^u

POLYPODIUM TUANENSE sp. nov.

Phjnnatodes palmato-pinnatifida, venatione P. myriocarpi, P.
euryphyllo affinis ; rhizomate longe-repente, 4 mm crasso, basibus
nigris brunneo-marginatis peltatis fere orbicularibus palearum
quarum partes superiores caducae dense vestito ; phyllopodio sub-
nullo; stipitibus curvis, ca. 10 cm longis, 1 mm crassis, glabris;
fronde glabra, papyracea, brevi-decurrente, ultra 20 cm alta et
lata, in segmentum unum terminale et utroque latere 2 minora
profunde pinnatifida ; segmentis lanceolatis, acuminatissimis, in-
tegris, terminale ca. 2 cm, lateralibus 1-1.5 cm latis ; venis seriem
unam areolarum magnarum circumdantibus, aliter irregularibus
et sat inconspicuis ; soris minutis, irregulariter dispersis nee non
praecipue in lineam submarginalem instructis, superficialibus.

Mount Tuan, King S8U. This number is also borne by Cyathea wood-
larkensis. I presume that this is Drynaria acuminata Brack., but this
name is not valid for it in Polypodium. P. Kingii is broader and shorter,
more coriaceous and hardly at all decurrent, and has large sori.

AGLAOMORPHA Schott

It is only two years since I revised this genus *, including Dryostachyum
and a new Bornean fern, and recognizing three sections, which in appear-
ance, but not in essentials, are very distinct. In the meantime two closely
related New Guinea ferns have been brought to light, which in my opinion
will best be regarded as constituting still another section of Aglaomorpha
as interpreted by me. This demands a still further modification of the
generic diagnosis, to include ferns with the fronds completely dimorphous,
instead of those with a specialized fertile upper portion. The alternative
is to create a new genus. It seems to me to be altogether undesirable to
include these ferns in Polypodium unless this is done with the entire group.

HOLOSTACHYUM subgenus novum

Aglaomorpha, soris pluriseriatis, frondibus sterilibus et ferti-
libus omnino dimorphis.

AGLAOMORPHA (HOLOSTACHYUIVI ) BUCHANANI sp. nov.

Species Polypodio Schlechteri Brause (melius Aglaomorphae,
vide infra) affinis, segmentorum marginibus parallelibus baud
e basi sensim angustatis, abrupte brevi-acuminatis, segmentis
fertilibus rhachin versus abrupte valde dilatatis.

Gewagewa, King Jltl2. Dedicated, at Mr. King's request, to his host at
Gewagewa.

'Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 140.

IX, c, 1 Copeland: Neiv Papuan Ferns 9

AGLAOMORPHA ( HOLOSTACHYUM ) SCHLECHTERI (Brause) Copel.
comb, nov,

Polypodium Schlechteri Brause in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 54,
fig. S, c.

Kaiser-Wilhelmsland {Schleckter 16614).

Brause's diagnosis shows the sori to be "magni, rotundati vel oblongi,
numerosi, bi- vel triseriales in utroque costae latere". The figure shows
them all round and not in evident rows. I believe the text to be the more
accurate, especially since in King's plant the sori occupy the areolae, and in
free fruit assume the shape of the latter.

AGLAOMORPHA HIERONYMI (Brause) Copel. comb. nov.

Dryostachyum Hieronymi Brause in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 65.

Kaiser- Welhelmsland (Schlechter 17850). Closely related to Aglaomor-
pha pilosa (J. Sm.) Copel.

The Phiuppine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 1, February, 1914.

THE ORCHIDS OF GUAM

By Oakes Ames
{From the Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Euatov, Mase., U. S. A.)
COELOGYNE Lindley
COELOGYNE GUAMENSIS sp. nov.

Herba valida. Pseudobulbi usque ad 8 cm longi, circiter 3
cm in crassitudine, vaginis imbricatis tecti, bifoliati. Folia
oblongi-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, in petiolum sulcatum fasti-
giata, circiter 40 cm longa, usque ad 7 cm lata, nerviis 3-5,
prominentibus, lamina in sicco chartacea ; petiolus 5-6 cm longus,
rigidus. Scapus basi nudus in pseudobulbo adulto hysteranthus,
pauciflorus, 25 cm longus. Bracteae inflorescentiae condupli-
catae, lanceolatae, acutae, circiter 5 cm longae, mox deciduae.
Flores succedanei, ad numerum 7, circiter 4 cm longi. Pedi-
cellus cum ovario 2 cm longus. Sepala lateralia oblonga, acuta,
carinata, 4 cm longa, circiter 7 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale simile.
Petala linearia, 4 cm longa, 3 mm lata. Labellum 3-lobatum,
manifeste bilamellatum, 3.5 cm longum; lobi laterales erecti,
obtusi, e basi labelli usque ad apicem loborum lateralium 12
mm; lobus medius ex isthmo brevi cuneato-dilatatus, suborbicu-
laris, 1.6 cm latus. Lamella in disco utrinque undulata, ex ipsa
basi labelli in basim lobi medii, interposita lamellula Integra
(non undulataj medio in disco desinente. Gynostemium 2 cm
longum.

In damp places, Guam Experiment Station 195, collected under the direc-
tion of J. B. Thompson, January, 1912.

The material on which the description is based consists of three specimens
and a single flower. It appears to belong to the section Speciosae.

LI PAR 1 8 Richard

LIPARIS GUAMENSIS sp. nov.

Herba terrestris 60 cm alta, gracilis. Folia 3, anguste lanceo-
lata, acuminata, acuta, membranacea in sicco, 5 ad 22 cm longa,
usque ad 2.5 cm lata, ad basim vaginantia. Pedunculi elongati,
8 ad 30 cm longi. Sepala lateralia elliptica, subacuta, late fal-
cata, 4 mm longa, 2.5 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale lineari-oblon-

11

12 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i<

gum, obtusum, convexum, 7 mm longum, circiter 1.5 mm latum.
Petala linearia, 5.5 ad 6 mm longa, convexa. Labellum valde
reflexum, rigidum, crassum, oblongum, retusum, apiculatum,
prope basim bicallosum, 3.5 ad 4 mm longum, 2.5 mm latum.
Columna arcuata, subgracilis.

R. C. McGregor 638, hills southeast of Piti, altitude 300 meters, October,
1911. The flowers are described by the collector as pale-yellow and brown.

CALANTHE R. Brown

CALANTHE TRIPLICATA (Willem.) Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907)
Bot. 326.

Orchis triplicata Willem. in Usteri Ann. Bot. 18 (1796) 52.

McGregor 575, H. L. W. Costenoble 116i, July, 1906, common name ce-
bello halumtano=-wi\d onion.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region.

EULOPHIA R. Brown
EULOPHIA MACGREGORII sp. nov.

Aff E. sqiialidae Lindl. Herba terrestris, rhizomate tuberif ero.
Tubera subglobosa, circiter 2 cm in diametro, approximata.
Folia lineari-lanceolata, acuta, membranacea, acuminata, plicata,
20 cm longa, usque ad 17 mm lata. Scapi erecti, circiter 30 cm
longi, racemi laxi, pauciflori. Bracteae inflorescentiae lineares,
scariosae, usque ad 2 cm longae, pedicelli cum ovario elongati.
Sepala lateralia oblonga, subfalcata, acuta, 5-nervia, 2 cm longa.
5 mm lata, subcoriacea. Sepalum dorsale subsimile, oblongi-
lanceolatum, 1.8 cm longum. Petala membranacea, ovato-lanceo-
lata, acuta, nervosa, 2 cm longa, 7.5 mm lata. Labellum subin-
tegrum, ovatum, obtusum, glabrum, 1.9 cm longum, 1 cm latum.
Calcar conicum, obtusum, 3 mm longum. Columna clavata,
crassa.

R. C. McGregor 6S1, hills southeast of Piti, altitude 300 meters, October,
1911.

The material submitted for study consists of two specimens in flower.
The smooth, subentire lip resembles very closely in outline the lip of
Eulophia squalida Lindl. Flowers dark cream-colored.

EULOPHIA GUAMENSIS sp. nov.

Herba terrestris. Caules circiter 8 cm alti, crassi, intemodii
2 ad 2.6 cm longi. Folia longepetiolata, lamina lanceolata, acumi-
nata, acuta, plicata, 8 ad 30 cm longa, circiter 3.5 cm lata. Scapi
circiter 37 cm longi, graciles, quam folia longiores. Bracteae
inflorescentiae lineares, scariosae, usque ad 1 cm longae. Flores
numerosi. Pedicellus cum ovario 1.5 cm longus. Sepala later-
alia oblongi-lanceolata, subfalcata, circiter 9 mm longa, 3 mm

IX. c, 1 Ames: Orchids of Guam 13

lata. Sepalum dorsale oblongi-lanceolatum, acuminatum, acu-
tum, 1 cm longum. Petala ovato-lanceolata, subfalcata, 3-nervia,
9 mm longa, circiter 3.5 mm lata. Labellum quadrilobum, ad
apicem retusum, apiculatum, 7 mm longum, 12 mm latum. Ad
basim labelli prope columnam callus bilobus. Calcar scroti-
forme, 2 mm longus. Columna 3 mm longa.

R. C. McGregor 376, growing in thickets on hillsides at Piti, October,
1911, flowers pale-green and yellow lined inside with wine-red.

BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars

BULBOPHYLLUM GUAMENSE sp. nov.

Herba epiphytica. Pseudobulbi pyriformes, in aicco rugosi,
circiter 2.5 cm longi, monophylli. Folium ellipticum vel oblon-
gum, coriaceum, lamina 10 ad 15 cm longum, 2.6 ad 3.8 cm latum.
Scapi elongati, circiter 26 cm longi. Bracteae inflorescentiae
deciduae, carinatae, cymbiformes, acutae, circiter 12 mm longae,
quam pedicello longiores. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceo-
lata, acuminata, acuta, carinata, circiter 1.5 mm longa, as basim
5 mm lata, ad apicem cuspide munita. Sepalum dorsale lanceo-
latum, 11 mm longum, ad apicem cuspide munitum. Petala
minuta, 3 mm longa, 1.5 mm lata, 1-nervia, quadrata, quadri-
dentata, ad apicem in caudam integerrimam abrupte attenuata.
Labellum crassum, lanceolatum, 1 cm longum. Columna crassa,
superne 2-alata, alls utrinque in brachium erectum, acutum,
productis.

R. C. McGregor 495, on trees, Upi road, October, 1911, flowers g^een;
H. L. W. Costenoble 1176, September, 1906, common name cebello halumtano
=wild onion; Guam Experiment Station 2SS, March, 1912, collected under
the direction of J. B. Thompson.

BULBOPHYLLUM PROFUSUM Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot.
128, 137.
McGregor 565, Upi road, on tree trunks, flowers pale-green, October, 1911.
Philippines.

DENDROBIUM Swartz

DENDROBIUM (§ DESMOTRICHUM ) SCOPA Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1842)
Misc. 55; Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 52.

Guam Experiment Station 307, February, 1912, epiphytic on tree trunks,
collected under the direction of J. B. Thompson, color of the flowers not
noted, but in dried specimens pale-yellow.

Dendrohium scopa Lindl. is a Philippine species closely related to D.
angulatum Lindl. and D. comatum Lindl., from both of which it diflFers
chiefly in the details of the labellum. It is also closely allied to D. calopogon
Reichb. f. and D. Hasseltii Reichb. f. (Xen. Orch. 1. 109 I & II), species which
Kranzlin upholds but which J. J. Smith in "Die Orchideen von Jara" refers
to the synonymy of D. ang^datum Lindl. I have compared a flower of the

14 The Philippine Journal of Science isu

Guam plant with a flower from a Philippine specimen (Lyon 110, Hb. Ames
1085 It) and find that the only differences of importance are in the characters
of the terminal lobe of the labellum. One of the marked peculiarities of
Dendrohium scopa is the elongated, oblong, connecting plate between the
lateral lobes and the fringed apex of the lip; this peculiarity is found in
the Guam plants. However, the fringe of the labellum of the Guam plants
is composed of broader, somewhat shorter, and more branched segments
than the fringe of the Philippine plant used for comparison. The same dif-
ference is observable between the fringe of the lip in the Guam plant and
the fringe as figured by Lindley in the colored drawing which accompanies
the type of Dendrohium scopa Lindl.

DENDROBIUM (§ GRASTIDIUM) GUAMENSE sp. nov.

Caules conferti, 60 cm alti, ad basim teretes, prope apicem
leviter complanati. Foliorum vaginae plerumque cylindraceae,
arte adpressae, quam internodia paulum breviores vel sublon-
giores, 2-3 cm longae, infra medium caulem circiter 5 mm in
diametro, in longitudinem striatae, rugosae, rigidae. Folia dis-
ticha, oblongi-lanceolata, sensim angustata ad apicem, ad basim
rotundata, subcoriacea, sicca multistriata, usque ad 10 cm longa,
7- 15 mm lata, ad apicem inaequaliter bilobum, obtusum, vaginis
persistentibus caulem obtegentibus. Racemi a caulibus foliatis
orti, biflori, foliis multo breviores, squamis 4 conchiformibus
chartaceis basi vestiti. Pedicellus cum ovario 6 cm longus.
Sepala lateralia mentum obtusum 4 mm longum formantia, elon-
gata, triangulari-lanceolata, e basi curvata, acuminata, prope
apicem subcaudata, acuta, extus leviter carinata in medio, 12
mm longa, prope medium 2.5 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale lineari-
lanceolata, ad apicem incrassatum, subcaudatum, concaviuscu-
lum, circiter 1-4 cm longum, 2 mm latum. Petala lineari-
lanceolata, utrinque angustata, acuminata, acuta, subcaudata,
ad basim pergracilia, circiter 12 mm longa, prope medium vix
2 mm lata, ad basim 0.5 mm lata. Labellum unguiculatum.,
trilobatum, lobi laterales breves, trianguli, acuti, vix 1 mm lati ;
lobus medius triangulari-lanceolatus, acutus, 4 mm longus, ad
basim 3 mm latus, irregulariter dentatus, labellum toto ambitu
ovato-lanceolatum, 9 mm longum, usque ad 4 mm latum. Labelli
discus in lobo medio lineis tribus papillosis; lamella satis alta,
vix undulata, ab ungue labelli medium fere in discum decurrens.
Stelidia gynostemii obtusa.

Guam Experiment Station i.50, July, 1912, collected under the direction
of J. B. Thompson.

Dendrohium giiamense is closely related to D. dactylodes Reichb. f. A
specimen preserved in the United States National Herbarium, collected by
H. L. W. Costenoble, appears to be conspecific with D. guamense. This
specimen is accompanied by a colored sketch which represents the flower as
white with a yellow labellum (Costenoble 1177).

IX, c. 1 Ames: Orchids of Guam 15

PHREATIA Lindley
PHREATIA (§ EUPHREATIA) THOMPSONII sp. nov.

Caules valde abbreviati, circiter 1.5 cm alta, vaginis foliorum
persistentibus obtegentibus. Folia 4, disticha, vaginantia, va-
ginae longius persistentes, complanatae, laminae foliorum ple-
rumque lineari-oblongae, saepe lineares, ad apicem inaequaliter
bilobae, obtusae, infra medium sensim angustatae, repente sul-
catae, in sicco chartaceae, 8 cm longae, 4-8 mm latae, rarissime
3 cm longae, 3 mm latae in plantae exiguae. Tota planta usque
ad 12 cm alta. Racemi laterales ex axillis inferioribus, multiflori,
ascendentes vel erecti, foliis multo breviores, rarissime folia
aequantes. Pedunculi graciles usque ad 8 cm longi, paene usque
ad basim florigeri, inter basim et bracteam floris infimi 3-brac-
teatus, bracteis tubularibus, acuminatis, acutis. Flores albidi,
minuti, 1-2 mm distantes in racemo cylindraceo. Bracteae in-
florescentiae lanceolatae, abrupte acuminatae, 1-nervae, circiter
2 mm longae pedicellis longiores, in sicco chartaceae, dependentes.
Sepala lateralia oblique triangulari-ovata, acuta, vix 1.5 mm
longa, vix 1 mm lata, textura membranacea, manifeste 1-nervia,
concaviuscula, mentum brevem obtusum formantia. Sepalum
dorsale oblongum, acutum. Petala triangulari-lanceolata, sepalis
multo minora, 1 mm longa, vix 0.75 mm lata. Labellum con-
caviusculum, vix unguiculatum, obovatum, ad apicem late
retusum, manifeste 3-nervium. Discus glaber. Gynostemium
minutissimum.

Guam Experiment Station 321, collected at Mukfuk, under the direction
of J. B. Thompson, January 19, 1912, an epiphyte, growing on tree trunks;
H. L. W. Costenoble 117 Jt, May, 1906.

Closely related to Phreatia minutiflora Lindl., but in part distinguish-
able from it by the different habit. The short peduncles give the plant a
characteristic appearance. In most of the specimens examined the tip of
the raceme hardly exceeded the middle of the leaves. A few diminutive
plants were collected in which the raceme about equals the leaves.

LUISIA Gaudichaud

LUISIA TERETI FOLIA Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 427, t. 37.

McGregor S60, without flowers but undoubtedly this species, the type of
which was from Guam.

Widely distributed in Malaya and Polynesia.

SACCOLABIUM Blume
8ACC0LABIUM GUAMENSE sp. nov.

Herba epiphytica, carnosa. Caules circiter 6 cm longi, rad-
icantes. Folia conferta, coriacea, ad apicem inaequaliter biloba,
anguste elliptica vel oblonga, 4.5- 10 cm Ignga, 2 cm lata, in

15 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

sicco rigida, ad basim fastigiata, vix petiolata, pedunculis multo
longiora, vaginis persistentibus caulem obtegentibus. Pedunculi
abbreviati valde incrassati, axillares, circiter 2.5 cm longi, in
sicco 2 mm in crassitudine. Bracteae inflorescentiae squami-
formes, 1 mm longae, pedicellis breviores. Racemi pauciflori,
flores in pedunculo paene usque ad basim dispositi, circiter 8 mm
in diametro, submembranacea. Sepala lateralia ovata, acuta,
extus ad apicem cuspide munita, 4 mm longa, 2.5 mm lata.
Sepalum dorsale anguste ellipticum, obtusum, concaviusculum.
Petala 3-nervia, oblongi-lanceolata, 4 mm longa, usque ad 2 mm
lata. Labellum saccatum, 4 mm longum, antice irregulariter et
inaequaliter incrassatum. Gynostemium brevissimum.

Guam Experiment Station 203, collected under the direction of J. B.
Thompson, January, 1912.

The labellum, from the material at hand, appears to have been semiglob-
ular when fresh with the anterior margin fleshy and irregularly thickened.
The interior of the labellum is smooth; at least it is free from conspicuous
calli or keels.

TAENIOPHYLLUM Blume

TAENIOPHYLLUM sp. aff. T. obtusum Bl. ?

Costenoble 1175, May, 1906, local name amot otdan.

There are no flowers with the specimen in the United States National
Herbarium. A colored sketch shows linear-oblong petals of a pale-greenish
color, the labellum white, with an obtuse spur. A lateral view of the flower
shows the lateral sepals to be triangular, at the base united with the petals
and the upper sepal to form a short funnel-shaped tube. In this lateral
view the spur or sac is shown to be cylindric. The peduncles are rough as
are the triangular acute bracts of the zig-zag rachis. The general habit
of the plant suggests Taeniophyllum obtusum Bl, (T. Zollingeri Reichb. f.
Xen. Orch. t. 77).

The Phiuppine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 1, February, 1914.

AN ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS OF GUAM

By E. D. Merrill -

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratoi-y, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

In the year 1905 Mr. W. E. Safford published his comprehen-
sive and valuable work entitled "The Useful Plants of Guam" '
in which is discussed the island and its characteristics, geo-
graphic position, geology, meteorology, agriculture, vegetation,
types of plant formations, historical notes dealing with the
discovery of the island, and a lengthy discussion of its aboriginal
and modern inhabitants. It is, hence, unnecessary to consider
any of these matters in detail here except merely to state that
Guam is the largest island of the Marianne group which extends
from 20° 30' N to 13° 14' N, and from 143° 46' E to 146° 31'
E ; that it is of volcanic origin ; that its length is about 46 kilo-
meters, its width from 11 to 14 kilometers in the wider parts,
and about 7 kilometers in the central portion ; and that its present
population is about 10,000 inhabitants. It is about 1,900 kilo-
meters east of the Philippines.

The town of Agana, the largest settlement on the island,
as located by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, is
13° 28' 30" N, 144° 45' E. The highest point on the island is
Jumullong Manglo, in the southwestern part, which has an
altitude of 391 meters.

Originally Guam was undoubtedly covered with a continuous
forest of one type or another, but this has, since its settlement
by man, to a large degree been destroyed. In its place are now
found cultivated and fallow lands, waste places, areas covered
with thickets of second growth shrubs and trees, and very large
areas that are covered with coarse grasses. As in the Philip-
pines, and in Malaya and Polynesia generally, the origin and

' Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines.

* The Useful Plants of the Island of Guam with an Introductory Account
of the Physical Features and Natural History of the Island, of the Char-
acter and History of its people, and their Agriculture. Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 1-416, plates 1-70.

122968 2 17

]^g The Philippine Journal of Science 19 n

continued presence of these grass-covered areas is due primarily
to man, a matter which I have previously discussed in detail.^

Mr. Safford is authority for the statement that the existing
forests in Guam consist almost entirely of strand trees, such as
Hernandia, Terminalia, Artocarpus, Ficus, Calophylliim, Herit-
iera, and Barringtonia, intermingled with lianas, epiphytes, and
few shrubs. Recent collections in Guam, however, have added
such arborescent genera as Eugenia, Aglaia, Elaeocarpus, Poly-
althia, Cynometra, Melochia, Gymnosporia, Flacourtia, Decasper-
mum, and Tarenna. This leads one to suspect that the forest
flora is really rather complex, at least in those parts of the island,
toward the north end, where the original vegetation has not
been so much disturbed as in the more densely populated regions.
The character of the vegetation, however, has been profoundly
altered by man as indicated by the very high percentage of
introduced species.

Guam was discovered by Magellan on March 6, 1521, during
his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe. After the founda-
tion of the city of Manila in the Philippines, regular traffic was
established between there and the west coast of Mexico, the
Spanish posessions in the Pacific being governed as dependencies
of New Spain. The galleons sailed annually, first from Nativi-
dad but later from Acapulco in Mexico for Manila. Guam was a
port of call for all ships on the outward, but not on the return
voyage. This fact is of considerable importance in connection
with the matter of the early transmission of weeds and economic
plants from Mexico to the Marianne Islands and the Philippines.

No comprehensive botanical exploration of Guam has ever
been undertaken. The first collections were those of Thaddeus
Haenke and Luis Nee, botanists of the Malaspina Expedition,
who were in Guam from February 12 to 24, 1792. In November,
1817, Adalbert von Chamisso, botanist of the Romanzoff Expedi-
tion, made a very short visit to Guam and collected a few plants
there. A little more than a year later Freycinet's Expedition
arrived and Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre, botanist of the expedi-
tion, spent about eight months in a botanical exploration of
Guam and the neighboring Islands of Rota and Tinian. Gaudi-
chaud probably made the largest single collection to date in the
botanical exploration of Guam but, as noted by Safford, on the
return voyage to France his collections were saturated with sea
water and badly damaged ; doubtless very many of his specimens

'Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 149-151.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Pla)its of Guam 19

were entirely destroyed. During d'Urville's visit to Guam in
1828 in the "Astrolabe" botanical collections were made by
Lesson, and during his second visit to the island in the "Astro-
labe" and "Zelee" in 1839, additional collections were made by
Hombron. I have found no record of any other botanical collec-
tions made in Guam since 1839 up to the time of the American
occupation at the close of the last century, except a few references
to Marianne Islands plants collected by Marche in 1889. Mr.
Safford informs me that he made no comprehensive botanical
collections during his period of residence in Guam from August,
1899, to August, 1900. Some material was collected at that time
by Mr. Alvin Seale and is now deposited in the Bishop Museum at
Honolulu.

The first botanical material I received from Guam was a
small collection of 25 specimens made, at my suggestion, by
Mr. J. B. Thompson, director of the Guam Experiment Station,
November, 1910. A year later Mrs. Joseph Clemens brought
to Manila a collection of 37 species collected by her in Guam
during the few hours stop of the U. S. Army transport at
Agaiia, November 27, 1911, on which she was a passenger.
In September, 1911, at the suggestion of Mr. Thompson, Mr.
R. C. McGregor of the Bureau of Science went to Guam for
the purpose of making botanical collections. Mr. McGregor
remained there from October 2 to October 26, in that time collect-
ing 282 numbers, most species represented by several duplicates.
At the same time he trained a native collector who continued the
work intermittently under Mr. Thompson's direction from No-
vember, 1911, to July, 1912; this native collector secured a total
of 480 numbers. In all I have had for examination about 824
numbers of Guam plants, on which the following enumeration
is primarily based.

In his "Useful Plants of Guam" Safford enumerates about
386 species, and his list includes not only the plants that are
of greater or less economic use, but all species, whether useful
or not, that were known by him to occur in Guam. The list is
based on the comparatively small collections made by Safford,
on his copious notes, on some botanical material secured from
residents of Guam subsequent to his departure, and especially
on the published references to Guam plants based on the collec-
tions of Haenke, Nee, Gaudichaud, Hombron, Chamisso, and
Lesson. Some species were admitted as representatives of the
flora without the examination of Guam material ; for example,

20 The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

Cananum indicum. In compiling the enumeration of Guam
plants given below, I have included most of those species enumer-
ated by Safford, even when I have seen no Guam botanical
material representing them. The list has been increased from
about 386, enumerated by him, to about 550, not including the
cellular cryptogams in either case. It is anticipated that future
botanical exploration of Guam will yield many additional species,
and it will not be at all surprising should the list of ferns and
seed-plants eventually be greatly extended.

The flora of Guam is essentially Malayan, practically all the
indigenous genera found in the island being of wide Indo-Ma-
layan distribution and no single genus being endemic. The
nearest approach to an endemic genus is Saffordiella, which,
aside from its Guam station, is also found in the Island of Yap,
in the Carolines, and which will doubtless be found later in other
islands of both the Marianne and the Caroline groups. Of the
total of 545 species of pteridophytes and spermatophytes found
in Guam, indigenous and introduced, 462, or about 86 per cent,
are also found in Malaya; while 475, or 89 per cent, are found
in other parts of Polynesia and Micronesia; and 415, or about
76 per cent, in continental Asia.

As to floristic alliances, no special ones are indicated by the
Guam flora as we now know it. We have, so far as known,
Lygodium semihastatum, Halophila ovata, Bulbophyllum pro-
fusum, and Carex fuirenoides known only from Guam and the
Philippines, and Saffordiella hennigseniana, Panax macrophylla,
and Ixora triantha known only from Guam and the Island of Yap
in the Carolines. The Philippine Archipelago and the Caroline
group are the natural alliances of the Guam flora and a certain
number of species confined to Guam and to one or the other of
the above groups are to be expected especially in view of the
fact that more than 80 per cent of the species found in Guam are
also found in the Philippines and probably nearly as many ex-
tend to the Carolines.

Taking into consideration its rather isolated position, and
considering also the total number of species know^n from Guam,
the percentage of endemism is surprisingly low. But about 61
species, or only 11 per cent, are endemic, that is, confined to
Guam. If, however, we exclude from consideration those species
that manifestly have been introduced into Guam by man, and
for a large part within the historical period, the showing is
rather different. I consider that no less than 314 species, or
about 58 per cent of the total number of species known from

IX. CI Men'ill: Plants of Gimm 21

Guam, have been introduced into the island purposely or inad-
vertently by man. Excluding these 314 species from considera-
tion, the endemism is then about 27 per cent. This percentage,
however, is very small when compared with that of the Philip-
pines, where, including all introduced species, the endemism is
about 40 per cent; the Philippines, however, are very much closer
to other large land masses than is Guam, which, while in part
explaining the richness of the Philippine flora, does not explain
its high percentage of endemism in comparison to the low en-
demism of Guam.

From a geological standpoint Guam is undoubtedly recent,
a claim that is substantiated by its very poor indigenous flora,
but 225 species being known from Guam that can be considered
truly indigenous, and by its very low percentage of endemism,
11 per cent, if we take into consideration the introduced species,
and but 27 per cent, if we consider only the indigenous species.

It has been seen that the flora of Guam is a relatively poor
one, at least so far as we at present know it, especially for an
island of its size located in the rainy tropics. Its low percentage
of endemism is especially noticeable in view of its rather isolated
location. Both of these features are readily explained, however,
on the recent origin hypothesis.

Perhaps the most interesting feature of the Guam flora is the
introduced elem.ent, and as this was not discussed in detail by
Saflford, some attempt will here be made to analyze the con-
stituents of the introduced flora, the origin of the species, and
the time and method of their introduction. As Guam was a
regular stopping place for the Acapulco-Manila galleons, for a
period of nearly three hundred years, a study of the introduced
element is of especial interest in view of the fact that Guam has,
without doubt, served as a center of distribution for American
weeds to the other islands of Micronesia and Polynesia, even
as the Philippines served the same end for parts of the Malayan
region and of tropical Asia. A discussion of the vegetation in
relation to the weed flora may explain certain problems regard-
ing pantropic weeds and their origin, and especially in regard to
the occurrence in Polynesia of certain weeds that are generally
considered to have been of American origin, but which were
found in Polynesia in the last half of the eighteenth century,
by the first botanists who visited this part of the world.

The introduced element in the Guam flora may be divided into
four groups or time periods. The first of these is the prehistoric
period, of many centuries duration, in which Guam was peopled

22 The Philippine Journal of Science lai*

by its aboriginal inhabitants who introduced the economic plants,
such as yams, breadfruit, bananas, coconut, certain aroids, rice,
etc., that were found by the Europeans to be generally distrib-
uted in Polynesia. In the comparatively slight intercommuni-
cation between Guam and other islands during this period,
doubtless many of the weeds of general Indo-Polynesian distrib-
ution which have originated in the Old World were introduced.

The second period is relatively much shorter and extends
from the discovery of Guam by Magellan in 1521 to some years
after the discontinuance of the Acapulco-Manila galleons in
1815. The plants introduced during this period were mainly
of American origin, including such economic species as the
sweet potato, maize, tobacco, tomato, cacao, maguey, chico, pine-
apple, arrow-root, custard apple, peanut, cassava, papaya, pep-
pers, and various other plants of value for food, fibers, medicine,
and ornamental purposes. At the same time a great many
weeds of American origin were introduced including a few that
are to-day found nowhere outside of tropical America except in
Guam, and still others that outside of tropical America are
known only from Guam and the Philippines. During this in-
terval of about three hundred years Guam was in regular com-
munication with Mexico, as for most of the period there was an
annual ship between Acapulco and Manila via Guam. On the
return voyage, however, the ships took a northern route and
did not touch at this port. Ships from Manila to Guam were
apparently dispatched at very irregular intervals. Undoubt-
edly some, perhaps many, of the weeds of oriental origin
were introduced into Guam from the Phihppines during this
period, for such economic plants as the mango, tamarind, coffee,
santol, some of the citrus fruits, the pomegranate, nipa palm, and
various ornamental plants were introduced from Manila by the
Spaniards.

The last "nao," as the Acapulco-Manila galleons were called,
was dispatched from Manila in 1811 and from Acapulco in 1815.
These were government ships, but after 1815, when they were
definitely discontinued, commerce was opened to private individ-
uals and the ports of San Bias, Mexico ; Guayaquil, Ecuador ; and
Callao, Peru, were opened to the Manila trade. There is no
doubt that Guam still continued to be a port of call for the west-
bound ships from the above ports. However about 1824, with
the independence of the Spanish colonies in America, this com-
merce practically ceased.

The third period is still shorter and extends from about 1815

IX. CI Memll: Plants of Guam ' 23

to 1898, at which time Spanish control of the PhiHppines and
Guam ceased. For a large part of this period most of the com-
munication between Guam and the outside world was through
Manila. Yrora the standpoint of introduced species it is prob-
ably a period of comparatively few introductions, these mostly
from Manila, and chiefly ornamental plants with, perhaps, some
weeds. After the opening of the Suez Canal a considerable
number of ornamental plants were introduced into the Philip-
pines from Singapore, including a number of American origin,
and some of these in turn were introduced into Guam from
Manila.

The fourth period is the shortest and dates from the American
occupation in 1898 to the present time. It has been charac-
terized mainly by the introduction of economic species, most of
which have been brought to Guam from the Hawaiian Islands,
as Guam is a regular stopping place for United States Army
transports between Honolulu and Manila on the outward, but
not on the return voyages.

As already indicated but 61 of the total of 550 species enu-
merated from Guam, are, so far as is known at present, endemic.
Somewhat over one-half of the total number of species, 280, or
51 per cent, are of pantropic distribution, having extended their
habitat to the tropics of both hemispheres through natural causes,
or have been purposely or inadvertently transmitted from one
hemisphere to the other by man. In the case of 55 of those
pantropic species, including some weeds whose original homes
have not been determined, and such species of natural distri-
bution, as aquatics, strand plants, etc., it is impossible to say in
which hemisphere they may have originated. Of the remainder,
however, 113 are definitely or fairly definitely of American
origin, and 112 have probably originated in the eastern hemi-
sphere.

Considering these 280 pantropic species from the standpoint
of methods of distribution, about 50 have presumably been dis-
seminated by natural causes, that is by wind, water, or migratory
birds ; 156, including the cultivated plants, have purposely been
distributed by man; while about 74, mostly weeds, have been
inadvertently distributed by man.

So far as the present vegetation of Guam is concerned, man
has been an exceedingly important factor in the extension of the
number of species found in the island. I consider that man,
with his activities as a disseminator of plants, is responsible for
the present occurrence in Guam of 314 of the 550 known species;

24 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

of 193 of the 471 known genera; and of 36 of the 107 known
families. That is, 36 families, 193 genera, and 314 species are
represented in the Guam flora only by purposely or inadvertently
introduced plants. In many other families and genera, which
have some indigenous representatives, the percentage of intro-
duced species is high and of indigenous ones is low.

It is evident that Guam has ocupied a very important place in
the dissemination of weeds of American origin to the islands of
the Pacific, both in Micronesia and in Polynesia, during the
second or galleon period. We know that in this period some
scores of American economic plants and weeds were introduced
into the Philippines from Mexico,^ and we now know more defi-
nitely just how many were then introduced into Guam. That
many of them were thoroughly established there over one hun-
dred twenty years ago is proved by the fact that some were
then collected in Guam by Nee and by Haenke, and at a some-
what later date by Lesson, Chamisso, and Gaudichaud. Most of
the species of American origin were introduced into Guam dur-
ing the period of the Manila-Acapulco galleons, or before the
year 1815. It is interesting to note that many of these species
are now dominant in Guam in suitable habitats ; that is, the open
country, waste places, fallow fields, deserted clearings, along
trails, etc. Then too, while most of the weeds of American
origin are now found in all tropical countries, a considerable
number are found outside of tropical America only in the Philip-
pines, in the Philippines and Guam, or in Guam alone. I
have elsewhere discussed this matter, so that it is unnecessary
to enter into details here, but it is significant of the effect of
ancient trade routes on the vegetation of a region, even when
the communicating countries are separated by the breadth of
the Pacific, when we find for the most part confined to Guam and
the Philippines, or to one or the other of the above, such Amer-
ican weeds as Malachra fasciata Jacq., Hyptis capitata Jacq.,
(now in Java), Hyptis spicigera Lam., Elephantopus mollis
HBK., Elephantopus spicatus Aubl., (now in Hongkong), Ipo-
moea triloba L., (now in Singapore, Java, and Mauritius),
Blechum hrownei Nees, (now in Formosa), Anredera scayidens
Moq., Ammannia coccinea Rottb., Rotala ramosior Koehne, Alter-
nanthera frutescens R. Br., Portulaca pilosa Linn., Gliricidia
sepium Steud., Schrankia quadrivalvis Merr., Parosela (Dalea)

* Merrill, E. D. Notes on the Flora of Manila with Special Reference
to the Introduced Element. Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 197-202.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 25

glandulosa Merr., Sida glomerata Cav., and Mitracarpum hirtum
DC. (also in the Society Islands). It is not at all strange, when
we consider the old Acapulco-Guam-Manila trade-route, that we
should find in Guam to-day certain American weeds that did not
reach the Philippines, or if they did that they have not persisted
here, such as Sida glomerata, Mitracarpum Jiirtum (also in the
Society Islands), and Ammannia coccinea. Mitracarpum, a
genus confined to America, was extended to Guam by the de-
scription of Mitracarpum torresiarium Cham. & Schlecht., which
is a synonym of M. hirtum, DC. ; the occurrence of a species of
Mitracarpum, in Guam was doubted by K. Schumann & Lau-
terbach,'' who surmised that the Guam record was due to
a mixture of labels. That the species was actually collected in
Guam by Chamisso cannot be doubted, for it still persists there
and is represented in our recent collections from the island.
K. Schumann "^ had previously recorded it from the Society
Islands.

In connection with a general discussion of the vegetation in
and about Manila in Luzon ^ I have already considered at length
the question of those plants of pantropic distribution and its
significance. In considering only those plants found in and
about Manila it was found that out of a total of 1,007 species no
less than 425 were of greater or less distribution in the tropics
of both the eastern and western hemispheres. I came to the
conclusion that of these 425 species of pantropic plants but about
90 were distributed from one hemisphere to the other by natural
agencies; that about 242 were purposely transmitted and that
92 were accidentally distributed by man. As to origins, so far
as this matter could be determined at the time, 177 were con-
sidered to have originated in tropical America, 138 in the tropics
of the Old World, and 109 were considered doubtful as to origin,
including the 90 species of presumably natural distribution and
certain weeds and weed-like plants regarding whose native coun-
tries I could arrive at no definite conclusion. Very many of
these weeds or weed-like plants, now of wide tropical distribu-
tion, have certainly been transmitted from one hemisphere to the
other by man, but are now so ubiquitous that it is difficult or
impossible, from their present distribution, definitely to deter-
mine of which hemisphere they are natives. The list includes

•Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1901) 589.
'Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4* (1891) 146.
' Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 145-208.

26 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

such species as Urena lobata L., Bidens pilosa L., Eclipta alba
Hassk., Solanum nigrum L., Merremia iimbellata Hallier, Hewit-
tia sublobata O. Ktze., Melochia corchorifolia L., Abelmoschus
moschaUis Medic, Sida retvsa L., 5. rhombifolia L., S. acuta
Biirm., S. cordifoUa L., Phyllanthus niruri L., P. urinaria L.,
Euphorbia prostrata Ait., E. thymifolia L., E. hirta L., Oxalis
repens Thunb., Teramnus loMialis Spreng., Desmodium trifiorum
DC, Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC, Cleome vi,scosa L., Portu-
laca oleracea L., Mollugo oppositifolia L., M. lotoides L., Amaran-
thus spinosus L., A. viridis L., Alternanthera sessilis R. Br., Com-
melina nudifiora L., and numerous grasses and sedges. While
some of these, such as Portulaca oleracea L., and. some of the
grasses and sedges, may have been distributed from one hemi-
sphere to the other by natural means, there is very little doubt but
that the most of them have been transmitted across the Pacific
or the Atlantic by man within historical times, and in this period
since the circumnavigation of the globe by Magellan in 1521. I
am now inclined to the opinion that most of the species enumer-
ated above are natives of the eastern hemisphere, but have no
definite data to this effect except in the case of a few species such
as Hibiscus abelmoschus Medic.

In my consideration of the pantropic plants found in and about
Manila, I made a detailed tabulation of the species, but do not
consider it necessary or expedient to make such a tabulation for
the Guam plants of similar distribution. The enumeration of
such plants found in Guam would, to a very large degree, simply
duplicate those found in and about Manila. The Guam flora
adds to the list of pantropic plants considered in my previously
mentioned paper, about 24 species, nearly all of which are found
in the Philippines but not in or near Manila. The additions
are Asplenium caudatum Forst., Nephrolepis hirsutula Presl,
Gleichenia linearis Clarke, Lycopodium cernuum L., Psilotum
nudum Griseb., Potamogeton luceyis L., Fimbristylis compla7iata
Link., F. puherula Michx., F. spathulacea Rottb., Chenopodium
album L., Entada phaseoloides Merr., Caesalpinia glabra Mill.,
Dodonoea viscosa Jacq., Sida glomerata Cav., Ammannia coccinea
Rottb., Ximenia americana L., Ipomoea gracilis R. Br., Oestrum
diumum Lam., Physalis lanceifolia Nees, Heliotropium cura^sa-
vicum L., Hyptis pectinata Pois., Geophila herbacea 0. Ktz.,
Adenostemma viscosum Forst., and Mitracarpum hirtum DC.
At least sixteen of the twenty-four will fall in the category of
those plants that have been spread from one hemisphere to the
other through natural causes. Of the remaining eight, two are

IX. CI Merrill: Plants of Guam 27

definitely natives of the eastern hemisphere, Adenostemma vis-
cosum and Chenopodium album, while six are equally definitely
of American orig-in, Sida glomerata, Aynmannia coccinea, Ces-
trum diunium, Phy salts lancei folia, Hyptis pectinata, and Mi-
tracarpum. hirtum, and with the possible exception of Cestrum
diwnum were all accidentally introduced into Guam.

The original vegetation of the Polynesian islands is mainly of
Malayan origin, and like aboriginal man, the present species of
plants, or their ancestors, entered the Archipelago from the west.
Most of the original food plants of the Polynesian people were
carried with them from island to island in their migrations, or
in their later intercommunication between islands and groups
of islands, and with very few exceptions are manifestly of
Asiatic or Malayan origin. The coconut is a striking exception,
for this is probably of American origin.

Seemann"' has briefly considered the weed flora of Polynesia,
but I do not agree with him in his conclusions. He states:

"Polynesia, situated as it is between three great continents, presents a
most interesting problem with regard to its weeds, which, however, cannot
be satisfactorily solved until the whole flora shall have been properly
worked out ; but we make an attempt to deal ■with it so far as Viti is con-
cerned. There we have 64 species, which may be regarded as troublesome
weeds. Some of these are diffused throughout the tropics; but the bulk of
them (48) are common to America, only 16 being strictly confined to the
Old World, principally Asia. It may be argued that several of those found
in America are also common to Asia, or that Asia is their true native
country; but even admitting this reduction, it must be conceded that the
bulk of the weeds of Viti is of American origin, or at all events, is now
found in America. This is the more sing-ular as the majority of the
species of these Islands, as far as they are not endemic, is Asiatic. Poly-
nesia seems to have acted as a bridge by means of which the weeds of the
Old World crossed over to the new, and those of the New World to the Old;
and the fact that American weeds show a greater disposition than Asiatic
to spread in Viti must be held to prove, if my theory be sound, that Viti
is to American weeds altogether virgin ground.

Seemann confined his list of weeds strictly to those plants
that are characterized by their ability to spread on land cultivated
or otherwise disturbed by man, and definitely excluded all strand
plants, aquatics, and marsh plants. His list of weeds, then, is
not directly comparable to my list of pantropic species. Of
his list of 64 species, 48 are credited by him as occurring in
America, but this must now be raised to at least 50. In analyz-
ing his list of Vitian weeds, however, I find not more than 12
that I consider to be definitely of American origin, about 32

' Flora Vitiensis (1865) XVI.

28 The Philippine Jourrml of Science 1914

that are equally definitely of oriental origin, and about 20 re-
garding whose origin there is at least a reasonable doubt, but
which are probably for the most part natives of the Old World.
I consider that the pantropic species, for the most part, at least,
have been transmitted from one hemisphere to the other through
the agency of man. Admitting that at least 50 of Seemann's list
of Vitian weeds are now found in the tropics of both the Old
and New Worlds by no means proves that these weeds have
originated in America. I believe that it is safer to conclude
that the most of the weeds enumerated by Seemann have origi-
nated in the Old World, that many have been introduced into the
New World, and that their presence in Polynesia is due to their
introduction into that region through the Polynesians themselves
in their migrations from island to island before the advent
of the Europeans, and, at a more recent date, by the increase
in intercommunication after the advent of the Europeans in Poly-
nesia.

That Polynesia has acted as a bridge by means of which the
weeds of the Old World have passed over to the New and vice
versa impresses me as being improbable, at least for any great
number of species. That most of the pantropic weeds can be
distributed over fairly long distances by the means of winds,
migratory birds, and some, perhaps, by water, must be admitted,
but it is hardly conceivable that the majority of them can pass
unaided such a great expanse of water as the eastern Pacific. I
am of the opinion that only those species are capable of being
transmitted very great distances, by water, that have very special
adaptations for dissemination by ocean currents, that is, floating
seeds or fruits, that not only retain their buoyancy for many
weeks or months, but whose seeds also retain their germinating
power for equally long periods when immersed in salt water.
Guppy ^ has given considerable attention to this matter, and an
examination of the lists of species whose seeds and fruits he
investigated,^" as to buoyancy or non-buoyancy, shows that among
all the species of pantropic weeds investigated a single one,
Eclipta alba Hasak., has seeds that float for many months. All
the other weeds and weed-like plants which he investigated have
seeds or fruits that sink at once or within a day or two, those
tested being in such genera as Ahrus, Ageratum, Canna, PhyU
lanthus, Portulaca, Urena, Argemone, Triumfetta, Tephrosia,
Bidens, Cassia, Commelina, Ipomoea, Jussiaea, Sida, and Wal-

• Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific 2 (1906) Seed Dispersal.
" L. c. 529-533.

IX. CI Merrill: Plants of Guam 29

theiia. Guppy has effectively proved that it is quite impossible
for the average weed seed, unaided, to be transmitted by ocean
currents even for short distances.

Seemann concluded that the reason why American weeds
showed a greater tendency to become dominant in Polynesia than
Asiatic ones was because to American weeds Polynesia is alto-
gether virgin ground. In the first place I differ from him in
that I consider the majority of the weeds enumerated to be of
oriental, not American origin ; and secondly, and what is of still
greater importance, that if we assume the Polynesian islands
originally to have been covered with continuous forests before the
advent of man, then, as man has destroyed the forests, the islands,
by the provision of proper habitats, would become just as much
virgin territory to Asiatic as to American weeds.

Whitford " and myself '- have argued that for the Philippines
the Islands were originally entirely covered with forests of one
type or another before the advent of man. It is at once manifest
that a country covered with continuous forests w^ill present no
habitats, or at least very limited areas, where the sun-loving
weed flora can thrive or even persist. It is also manifest to
any one familiar with the forests of the Malayan region that the
vegetation of the forested areas is entirely different from that
of the more or less open country, and that the weeds and weed-
like plants that are dominant in the settled areas are normally
absent in the forests; even in second-growth forests that are
only a few years old. It is argued that the present vast ex-
panses of territory in the Philippines, including the areas in
cultivation, the second growth forest, and the enormous stretches
of country that are covered with coarse grasses, primarily owe
their existence to the presence of man, and that man, through
destructive methods of clearing the ground for agricultural pur-
poses, has provided the proper habitats for the weeds and weed-
like plants, which, when once introduced, have spread with great
rapidity and have become dominant in the open areas. The
presence of the vast areas of grass-covered, unproductive lands
in the Philippines, as well as the second-growth forests and the
cultivated areas is certainly due to the continued presence of man.
It is equally certain that if man were removed the country would
eventually become reforested, and this would cause the entire or

"The Forests of the Philippines. For. Bur. (Philip.) Bull. 10' (1911)
12.

" Notes on the Flora of Manila with Special Reference to the Introduced
Element. Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 148-151.

30 ^/ic Philippine Journal of Science i»i4

nearly entire extinction of the weeds and weed-like plants that
cannot, unaided by man, compete with the indigenous vegetation.

In the Philippines, and this is probably true of the entire
Malayan and Polynesian regions, the average weed cannot grow
in the forested areas, and is equally excluded from the grass-
covered areas, especially the vast tracts of land that are covered
with the lalang or cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) , and other
coarse forms such as Saccharum spontaneum, Themeda, etc.
Few weeds are found in thickets, and those that do occur in such
places are soon exterminated as the thickets develop into forested
areas. In a well developed and long established "cogonal," as
these grass-covered areas are called in the Philippines, prac-
tically the only species found over immense areas is the grass,
Imperata cylindrica. In some places certain other plants are
found intermixed to a slight degree, but weeds proper, that is
those plants that are more or less dependent for their continued
existence on land cultivated or otherwise disturbed by man, are
entirely lacking or appear only along trails leading through the
"cogonales." These weeds are for the most part pantropic in
distribution, and are excluded by natural conditions from im-
mense areas comprised under several types of vegetation, such
as the primeval and second-growth forests, to a large degree the
thickets, and the open grass-covered areas. They are dominant
in fallow lands, in and about cultivated areas, along roads and
trails, in deserted clearings that have recently been in cultiva-
tion, in clearings recently made, and in waste places in the
vicinity of towns and dwellings. A very few thrive along the
gravel bars in the beds of streams, and still fewer are found
widely scattered in the grass-covered areas.

The vegetative condition of Guam, before the advent of man,
was undoubtedly a continuous forest. The same is undoubtedly
true of the Hawaiian Islands. In discussing this matter with
Mr. J. F. Rock, botanist to the Board of Agriculture and Forestry
at Honolulu, who is thoroughly conversant with the vegetation
of the group and with the prevailing conditions in Hawaii, he
expressed the opinion that the entire land area, except where
the vegetation was temporarily destroyed by volcanic eruptions,
and the peaks of the higher mountains, was, before the advent
of man, quite covered with continuous forests. One great factor
in the recent destruction of the forest vegetation in Hawaii has
been domestic and wild cattle, gcats, and horses. These, intro-
duced by man, have destroyed the underbrush and seedlings in
the forests, and above all have injured the trees by breaking

IX, c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 31

the bark, thus providing the proper habitat for the ravages
of certain endemic beetles which eventually kill the trees.
These beetles have increased to an enormous extent in recent
years due to the increase in breeding places, in turn directly
due to introduced animals, so that the forests are suffering not
only from the destruction of the undergrowth and young trees
by the animals themselves, but the mature trees in many cases
are succumbing to insect attacks primarily due almost entirely
to the injuries inflicted to the trees by animals. With these
checks on the indigenous forest vegetation must be included the
introduced Lantana camara, Pa-'^palnm conjugatiim, and other
species, which over vast areas occupy the entire country, even
in the forests, and eff'ectually check the reproduction of the
native species by preventing the growth of seedlings. In some
areas forest fires have also been exceedingly destructive.

In discussing the forest vegetation of the Island of Hawaii,
Mr. Rock '•' gives us a picture of the very recent destruction of
a vast forest area extending over 1,000 feet in altitude:

"Between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation the forest has disappeared and
only stragglers of tree ferns can be found standing, though ten times as
many are lying dead on the ground and overgrown with all possible weeds,
which the ranchmen have imported with their grass seeds. Among them
is the composite climber, Senecio mikanioides, an awful pest, which has
become well established on Hawaii. At 3,000 feet a few Koa trees can be
found, together with Naoi, and here also was found a single native palm,
Pritchardia sp., windswept and half dead. If one considers the natural
condition in which this palm flourishes, as for example in the dense tropical
rain forests in Kohala, and then looks at the single plant all alone in a
field of Paspalum conjugatum, as the accuser of man the destroyer, it
stands a witness to the fact that there, surrounding it, was once a beautiful
tropical jungle."

That great areas in the Hawaiian Islands were denuded of
their forest covering by the natives before the advent of the
Europeans must, of course, be admitted, but we are witnessing
to-day in this group of islands a great and rapid decrease in
the forested areas due to causes for which man is primarily
responsible. What is to-day taking place in Hawaii may be
applied to the past history of any of the inhabited islands in
the Malayan and Polynesian regions. We have to take into
consideration not only the ravages of man in preparing the land
for agricultural purposes, but also the possible effects of in-
troduced plants and animals on the vegetation, the matter of
introduced insects, the question of rapid increase of indigenous

" The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands (1913). 26.

32 The Philippine Journal of Science vm

destructive insects due to disturbances of the balance of nature,
and various other factors.

It is considered most probable that the islands of the whole
Polynesian region, before the advent of man, like the Philippines,
Guam, and the Hawaiian Islands, were entirely covered with
forests, and that as a corollary none of the weeds and weed-like
plants, now so abundant, were originally found in the region.
If this assumption, as to the original vegetation of the group,
be true, then Polynesia would be just as much a virgin territory
to Asiatic weeds as to those of America. Any weed, adapted
to the climatic conditions, once introduced, would thrive and
multiply rapidly due to the fact that the open areas, occupied
by but few species, had been prepared by man.

Guppy^* points out that the Polynesian weeds arrange them-
selves into two groups, the "aboriginal" weeds, comprising those
that existed in the islands at the time of Captain Cook's expe-
ditions in the latter half of the eighteenth century, and the
"white man's" weeds that have since been introduced. He states
regarding the 64 weeds enumerated by Seemann that at least
37 of them were found in the islands of the Pacific when the
botanists of Cook's voyages, Banks, Solander, the Forsters, and
Nelson, made their collections (1768-79). Guppy^^ gives a list
of the 37 species collected by the above botanists under the head
of aboriginal weeds of which but 23 are now of rather universal
distribution in the tropics of both hemispheres. The remainder
are for the most part confined to, or at least natives of, the
tropics of the Old World. Analyzing more in detail the 23
"aboriginal" weeds, now of pantropic distribution, according to
my present knowledge of weeds, their origin, and distribution,
I conclude that but 5 are manifestly of American origin, that
9 are equally definitely of Asiatic origin, and that 9 are doubtful
as to origin but probably Asiatic. More in detail, I believe that
Teucrium inflatum Willd., Ageratum conyzoides L., Ipomoea bona-
nox Boj., Waltheria americana L., and Phy satis angulata L. are
of undoubted American origin; Cassia sophera L., (?) Cardios-
permum halicacabiim L., Abrus precatorius L., Hydrocotyle asia-
tica L., Siegesbeckia oHentalis L., Vandellia Crustacea Benth.,
Achyranthcs aspera L., Eleusine indica Gaertn., and Adeno-
stemma viscosum Forst., to be in all probability of Asiatic origin ;
and in my list of species that are doubtful as to origin, but
probably Asiatic, I place Sida rhombifolia L., Geophila reniformis

" Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific 2 (1906) 415.
" L. c. 604.

IX, c. 1 Merrill : Plants of Guam 33

0. Ktz.,Urena lobata L., Commelina nudiflora L., Phdseolus ade-
nanthus Mey. (P. truxillensis H. B. K.), Bidens pilosa L., Eclipta
alba Hassk., Solanum nigrum L., and Oxalis corniculata L.

On my basis of origins of these pantropic weeds we have to
account for the presence of but very few "American" weeds in
Polynesia before the region was visited by the botanists of
Cook's voyages. Many of the species enumerated by Seemann
and by Guppy are either confined to the tropics of the Old
World, or are of pantropic distribution originating in the Old
World, and would be apt to be distributed through Polynesia by
the Polynesians themselves. It is conceivable that some of the
species were distributed from one hemisphere to the other by
natural causes, but it is considered that a prehistoric pantropic
distribution for most of the species is exceedingly improbable.
In Guppy's and Seemann's lists we have to account for the
presence in Polynesia, before the middle of the eighteenth cen-
tury, of such species as Ageratum conyzoides, Waltheria amer-
icana, Ipomoea bo7ia-nox, Physalis angnlata, and Teucrium in-
flatum if I am correct in my deduction that these are of American
origin.

Cook's voyages of discovery in the last half of the eigteenth
century were by no means the first visits by Europeans to Poly-
nesia. The seeds of such plants as those enumerated above,
as well as many others, may very readily have been disseminated
by some of the earlier Spanish, Dutch, English, and French
explorers, such as Alvarez de Mendano (1567), Drake (1577),
Cavendish (1586), Mendana de Neyra (1595), Van Noort
(1598), Quiros (1605), Spilbergen (1616), Schouten and Le
Maire (1615), Hermite (1625), Dampier (1686), Cowley (1685),
Clipperton (1691), Rogers (1710), Roggewein (1721), Anson
(1742), B>Ton (1764), and Bougainville (1767), who came into
the Pacific from the American side with from one to several
ships each. The Acapulco-Manila galleons must also be taken
into consideration in the introduction of American weeds into
the islands of the Pacific, the sailings of which extend over a
period of approximately three hundred years from the beginning
of European colonial history in Polynesia and the Philippines,
a period preeminently characterized by an interchange of
economic species and weeds between the eastern and western
hemispheres.

We know from Captain Cook's own statements that he took
with him into the Pacific live stock consisting of horses, cattle,
sheep, goats, and domestic fowls for distribution to the Poly-

122968 3

34 T'he Philippine Journal of Science isu

nesians as presents, and in connection with this matter it is
well to note that at every island where a protracted stop was
made the live stock was placed on shore to recuperate, and that
on leaving- an abundant supply of forage was collected for the
subsistence of the animals in the passage from one group of
islands to another. At each stopping place abundant food sup-
plies were provided for the officers and crews of the ships,
consisting of living animals, yams, fruits, rice, and other edible
products. It is difficult to imagine a more ideal method of trans-
mitting weeds and weed-like plants from one island to another
than by these means. It is interesting to note in this connection
that Captain Cook was by no means the first" navigator to
transmit living animals to the Pacific for he states that goats
had been left in the Society Islands by some previous expedition.^'
The practice of early voyagers taking with them live stock either
for distribution, or for food during the voyage, seems to have
been a very common procedure. Considering the number of
expeditions to Polynesia from the American side of the Pacific,
before Cook's voyages, and the long period covered, it is by
no means difficult to conceive that through these early voyages
a considerable number of American weeds may have been dis-
tributed to the islands of the Pacific. In fact it would be very
strange if not more than the 5 or 6 indicated above were not
then introduced into Polynesia. In this connection Guam must
also be considered, for Guam very definitely received a number
of American weeds at an early date, and these weeds, while
incapable of being transmitted across the Pacific by natural
means, still may very readily have been transmitted from island
to island in Micronesia and so from island to island in Polynesia
through such agencies as winds, migratory birds, and some,
perhaps, by ocean currents. From 1521, the date of the dis-
covery of Guam, to 1815, that island for most of the period as
already indicated, was in annual communication with Mexico,
and the interval from 1521 to 1768, the date of Captain Cook's
first voyage to the Pacific is a comparatively long period, during
which sufficient time certainly elapsed to allow certain weeds,
with special means for dissemination, to become fairly widely
distributed in Polynesia.

Take for example any weed of American origin that became
established in Guam at an early date, or shortly after the arrival
of the Spaniards in 1521. It may have reached neighboring

"Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean on Dis-
covery (1781) 122, 186.

IX. c, 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 35

islands by winds, water, or migratory birds. On the other hand
it may have been transmitted from island to island inadvertently
by man. Now it is conceded that intercommunication between
the diflerent groups of islands in Polynesia in prehistoric times
was probably rare, and maybe for the most part accidental.
Some intercommunication, however, did exist. There was prob-
ably little or no regular communication between Micronesia and
Polynesia in this period, but the accidental method cannot be over-
looked. Fishing and trading boats, more or less stocked with
food, are frequently blown out to sea by storms, and are not
infrequently cast up on distant islands. That by this method
Polynesia was originally colonized admits of little doubt, and
through such intercommunication some economic plants and
some weeds have undoubtedly been transmitted from one group
of islands to another. That such occurrences are comparatively
frequent also admits of no doubt. In my first period of residence
in the Philippines, five years, two cases occurred in which small
native boats blown to sea in the Caroline Islands were cast up
in the eastern coast of the Philippines, one in Luzon and one in
Mindanao, in one case with most of the occupants surviving,
in the other with most of them dead from thirst and starvation.
The distance travelled by these small boats was from 860 to
1,300 kilometers. Not a typhoon season passes in the Philip-
pines but in which small native boats are blown out to sea,
frequently never being heard from, at other times picked up by
passing vessels, and at other times eventually reaching distant
shores. This is to-day happening all over Polynesia, and such
incidents have been frequent in the history of Polynesia for at
least two thousand years. As a method of distribution of plants
over comparatively short distances this must certainly seriously
be considered.

In connection with the weed-flora of Polynesia it is of some
interest to consider the period that the islands of the Pacific
have been inhabited, although this question cannot definitely be
settled. What peoples, if any, were the predecessors of the
Polynesians is not known. Some authorities '' place the en-
trance of the Polynesians into the Pacific at such a remote age
that the event cannot even approximately be fixed, either by
tradition or otherwise. Formander,'* however, has traced the
history of the Hawaiians to the fifth century, and concludes that
the Polynesian migration from the Indian Archipelago may

" Encycl. Brit. ed. 11, 22 (1911) 23.

"An Account of the Polynesian Race 1 (1878) 168.

36 The Philippine Journal of Science im

approximately be assigned to the first or second centuries of our
era. At any rate the absence of Sanskrit roots in the Polynesian
languages indicates that the Polynesians were never in direct or
indirect contact with Sanskrit peoples. It is apparently quite
safe to assume that the Polynesians have occupied the islands of
the Pacific for at least two thousand years, perhaps longer.
This period is sufficiently long for man to have wrought great
changes in the character of the vegetation of the different islands,
to have destroyed the original forest over large areas, and to
have provided the proper habitats for the light-loving weed-flora.

Safford's work on the flora of Guam is an alphabetic arrange-
ment of all the species known to him from that island. There
is no summary by families and genera, so that it is rather diffi-
cult to gain an adequate idea of the constituent species of the
flora from an examination of his work. In nomenclature Saf-
ford's work follows the American Code which is based on strict
priority and admits of no generic list of nomina conservanda.
The idea of generic types was also applied with some surprising
results, and, in at least some cases, the type adopted does not
appear to me to be the logical one. For the nomenclature
adopted in Saff'ord's work Mr. W. F. Wight is primarily respon-
sible, and is the authority for most of the changes of names
included. In this rather popular work, and one that is strictly
alphabetic, it is rather curious to note not only new combinations
and new specific names, but also new generic names and even one
new family name. It hardly seems probable, especially in view
of the fact that there were available three properly constructed
family names already, Lamiaceae (1836), Nepetaceae (1843),
and Salvidceae (1879), that the new name, MentJmceae, proposed
for the Labiatae, will meet with general acceptance. The pro-
posal of the name Menthaceae, under these circumstances, appears
to me to l)e entirely unwarranted, and quite at variance with the
principle of priority.

In the following enumeration the nomenclature has been
worked out on the basis of the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature, and accordingly the accepted generic and specific
names will in some instances be found at variance with those
used by Mr. Wight in Safford's work. The author is responsible
for the identifications ,of most of the specimens cited in the
present paper, the ma:i:;erial examined, as noted above, being the
collections of Mrs. C'iemens, Mr. Thompson, Mr. McGregor, and
a native collector working under Mr. Thompson's direction, a
total of 824 numbers. For purposes of comparison I have had

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 37

not only the rich Philippine collections of the Bureau of Science,
but also the extensive series of specimens from tropical Asia,
Malaya, and Polynesia, belonging to that institution, including
a nearly complete set of Volken's Caroline Islands plants. The
Palmae have been examined by Beccari, the Pandanaceae by
Martelli, some of the Cyperaceae by Kiikenthal, the Musci by
Brotherus, the Hepaticae by Stephani, the Piperaceae by DeCan-
dolle, and the Orchidaceae by Ames. In a few other cases I
have received aid in the identification of certain specimens, this
assistance being acknowledged in the text under the individual
species. The enumeration of the Fungi is the work of Mr. Paul
W. Graff of the Bureau of Science. Dr. E. B. Copeland has
named some of the ferns.

The first and most complete set of the botanical material from
Guam is deposited in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science,
and a nearly complete set has been deposited in the office of the
Guam Experiment Station. The remaining duplicates have been
distributed to various specialists and to institutions with which
the Bureau of Science is in exchange relations. In the following
enumeration the material secured through the native collector
employed by the Guam Experiment Station is indicated as G. E.
S., followed by the number of the collection. The recent collec-
tions have yielded a total of about forty-five new species, and one
new genus.

While engaged in reading the proof on this paper I received,
through the kind offices of Mr. W. R. Maxon of the U. S. National
Museum, and of Mr. W. E. Safford, 162 additional specimens of
Guam plants for study. This material was collected in Guam by
Mr. Safford, by Mr. Alvin Seale, and by Mr. H. L. W. Costenoble.
This collection adds a few genera and species to the list I had
prepared for publication, and these additions have been included
in the present paper.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

THALLOPHYTES

FUNGI

(By P. W. Graff)

The few fungi known from Guam have been gathered only
incidentally by collectors of other plants. The chief collection,
and perhaps the only one, previously reported, was that made
by Gaudichaud in 1819. Safford gives the list as follows : Auri-
cularia auricula-judae (L.) Schrot., Fomes scabrosus (Pers.)
Fr., Polypoitis kamphoeveneri Fr. (Polyporus mariannus Pers.).

38 The Philippine Journal of Science isu

PohjsUctus sanguineus (L.) Mey., Polystictus xanthopus Fr.
{Polystictus saccatus Pers.), and Schizophylhim alneum (L.)
Schrot. To this list Saccardo adds Hirneola ampla (Pers.)
Fr. Another short list, apparently based on the same col-
lection, was published by K. Schumann & Lauterbach in "Die
Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiet in der Sudsee" (1901). This
list consists of but five names, Auricularia axiHcula-judae (L.)
Schrot., Polyporus kamphoeveneH Fr., Polystictus sanguineus
(L.) Mey., P. xanthopus Fr., and Schizophyllum alneum (L.)
Schrot.

The following list includes an inumeration of all known species.
Most of these, as one might expect from their being only inci-
dental collections, are common and widely distributed tropical
forms.

PHYLLACHORA Nitschke
PHYLLACHORA AFZELIAE Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 277.
On leaves of Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Kuntze (Afzelia bijuga A. Gray).
G. E. S. S2k. Recently described from the Philippines.

HIRNEOLA Fries

HIRNEOLA AURICULA-JUDAE (Fr.) Berk. Outl. (1860) 289; Fr. Hym.
Eur. (1874) 695.

Exidia auricula- judae Fr. Syst. Myc. 2 (1823) 321.

Tremella auricula Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1157.

G. E. S. SGJf, McGregor 588, October, 1911.

Of very general distribution in the tropics and warmer parts of both
hemispheres.

HIRNEOLA AMPLA (Pers.) Fr. Fung. Nat. (1848) 26.

Auricularia ampla Pers. ex Gaudich. in Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 177.
Coll. Gaudickaud ex Sacardo Syll. Fung, 6 (1888) 765.

POLYPORUS Micheli

POLYPORUS MARIANNUS Pers. ex Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 173.

Coll. Gaudichaud.

Schumann and Lauterbach place this as a synonym of Fomes lignoaus
(Klot.) Bres. These authors make no statement of having seen or made
comparisons with Gaudichaud's specimen, which is probably in the Paris
Museum of Natural History. If the reduction is correct, then Persoon's
name is the older. His description is, however, rather meagre and hardly
more than sufficient to show a possible relationship.

FOMES Fries

FOMES LIGNOSUS (Klot.) Bres. in Hedwigia 53 (1912) 60.

Polyporus lignosus Klot. ex Fr. Epicr. (1838) 471.

Fomes kamphoeveneri Fr. Nov. Symb. Myc. (1851) 69.

Coll. Gaudichaud. Found in Tahiti, Mauritius, Australia, Philippines
and Cuba.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 39

FOMES NUBILUS Fr. Epicr. (1836-38) 491, var. ALBO-LI M BATUS
Cooke.

G. E. S. 26ti; McGregor 589, October, 1911. Reported from Guinea and
the Congo.

FOMES SCABROSUS (Pers.) Fr. Epicr. (1836-38) 469.
Poly poms scabrosus Pers. ex Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826).
P. fuaco-badius Pers. 1. c.
Coll. Gaiidichaud.

POLYSTICTUS Fries

POLYSTICTUS AFFINIS (Fr.) Nees in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 13:
18, pi. 4, /. /.

Polyporus affinis Fries Epicr. (1836-38) 447.

McGregor 590, October, 1911. Of very general distribution throughout
the tropics.

POLYSTICTUS OCCIDENTALIS (Kl.) Fr. Nov. Symb. (1851) 90.
Polyporus occidentalis Kl. in Linnaea 7 (1832) 486.
G. E. S. SOJ. Of very general tropical distribution.

POLYSTICTUS SANGUINEUS (L.) Mey. Flor. Esseq. (1818) 304.

Boletus sanguineus L. Spec. PI. Ed. 2 (1763) 1646.

G. E. S. SOO. Universal in the tropics. It is very probable that this and
P. cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr., of the temperate zones, should be considered
but forms of the same species.

POLYSTICTUS XANTHOPUS Fr. Obs. 2 (1815-18) 255.

Coll. Gaudichaud. Found throughout the tropics.
TRAMETES Fries
TRAMETES CORRUGATA (Pers.) Bres. in Hedwigia 51 (1912) 316.

Polyporus corrugatus Pers. ex Gaud, in Bot. Frey. Voy. (1826) 172.

G. E. S. 301. Found in East India, Ceylon, Borneo, Java, Philippines,
West Africa, Cuba, Brazil, and Australia.

HEXAGON I A Fries

HEXAGON lA BIVALVIS (Pers.) Bres. in Hedwigia 51 (1912) 318, var.
PULCHELLA (Lev.) Bres. in Hedwigia 53 (1912) 73.
Hexagonia pulchella Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 2 (1844) 200.
G. E. S. i23. Reported from Java, Malacca, Mauritius, and the Phil-
ippines.

SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fries

SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE Fr. Syst. Myc. 1 (1821-32) 333.

Agaricus alneus L. Fl. Suec. (1745-55) n. 1242.

Schizophyllum alneum (L.) Schrot. ex Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles. 3
(1887) 383.

G. E. S. 425. Distributed throughout the tropic and temperate zones.

LENTINUS Fries
LENTINUS VELUTINUS Fr. in Linnaea 5 (1830) 510.

G. E. S. If25. Reported from Cuba, Brazil, Guayana, Demerara, and
the Philippines.

40 The Philippine Journal of Science i»i*

PHOMA Fries
PHOMA LUSITANICA Thiim. Contr. Myc. Lusit, 335.

Vicinity of Piti, McGregor U06a, October, 1911, on twigs of Glossogyne
tenuifolia (Less.) Cass. Collected previously by Moller in Lusitania.

Spores 2x4 m in perithecia averaging 95 m wide and 130 m high,
including the projection of the ostiole.

CLADOSPORIUM Link

CLADOSPORIUM CLEMENSIAE Graff sp. nov.

Hypophyllis, caespitulis erumpentibus, fuscis; hyphis ramosis,
flexuosis, septatis; hyphis fertilibus sparsis, erectis, septatis,
fuscis, simplicibus, 4-5.5 x 100-150 ij. ; conidiis concoloribus, ellip-
ticis oblongis subcyHndraceisve, continuis dein 1-3-septatis, leni-
ter constrictis, 7.5-11.5 x 23-35 /a.

Found in great quantities on the under surface of the leaves,
occasionally on the upper. The spots appear dark brown in color.
Vegetative hyphae irregularly branching, light in color, septate.
Fertile hyphae irregularly scattered, very few in a cluster, seldom
more than three or four, erect, simple, fuscous, with the upper
portion sometimes pale, septate with septa rather close, 4-5.5 x
100-150 iJL. Conidia of the same color as the darker portion of
the hyphae upon which they are borne, dark brown, elliptical,
oblong to subcylindrical, continuous at first then 1 to 3 septate,
becoming slightly constricted at the septa, 7.5-11.5 x 23-35 fx.

Agana, Mary Srong Clemens s. n., November 27, 1911, on leaves of
Eragrostis tenella (L.) R. & S.

CLADOSPORIUM FASCICULATUM Corda Icon. Fung. Cog. (1842) 15,
pi. i, fig. 216.
Piti, Thompson j^a, November, 1910, on Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum
Willd. Reported from both Europe and Asia.

BRYOPHYTES

HEPATICAE

Mr. Safford records four species from Guam, page 292, as follows:

Hygrolejeunea aordida (Nees) Schiffn.

Caudolejeunea recurvistipula (Gott.) Schif{n.= Dicranolejeunea recur-
vistipula.

Frullania gaudichaudii Nees & Mart.

Frullania nodulosa (R. Bl. & N.) Nees.

To this last may be added the following species, all determined by Herr
F. Stephani of Leipzig, from our recent collections:

Frullania apicuiiioba Steph., McGregor 597.

Frullania dapitana Steph., McGregor 600.

Frullania secundiflora Mont., G. E. S. 193.

DIcranolejeunea recurvistipula (Gott.), McGregor 595.

Radula javanica Gott., McGregor 59 Jt.

Thysananthus angustiformis Tayl., McGregor 598.

\

IX. c. 1 Men'ill: Plants of Guam 41

MUSCI

Mr. Safford, page 327, enumerates nine species of mosses from Guam,
collected by Gaudichaud and reported by Schwaegrichen in Bot. Freyc.
Voy. (1826) 226-229. In a number of cases I cannot, from the literature
available here, refer these to their genera as understood to-day. The follow-
ing is Safford's list:

Bartramia uncinaXa = Philonotis ?

Hypnum cupressiforme.

Hypnum delicatulum = r/mirfm7«.

Hypnum recurvans Schwa.egT.=Rhaphidostegium recurvana Jaeg.

Hypnum 8caturiginum=r£'c^ropof/iec-«/m scaturiginum Jaeg.

Macromitrium urceolatum Schawegr.

Neckera undu\ata = Neckeropsis lepineana.

Octoblepharum albidum Hedw.

Syrrhopodon rigescens.

From the known ranges of these species, it seems to be evident that a
number are erroneously identified. The following species, all determined
by Dr. V. F. Brotherus, are represented in our Guam collections:

Neckcpopsis lepineana (Mont.), McGregor 625.
Macromitrium semipeliucidum D. & M., McGregor 626.
Syrrhopodon revolutus D. & M., McGregor 623.
Thuidium piumulosum (D. & M.), McGregor 622.
Ectropothecium marlannarum Broth, sp. nov. (McGregor 627).

PTERTDOPHYTES
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

TRICHOMANES Linnaeus

TRICHOMANES HUIVIILE Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 84.

McGregor 398, G. E. S. 208, on trees, Upi road, and Yigo.

Hawaiian Islands to the Carolines, Polynesia, New Zealand, and Aus-
tralia.

TRICHOMANES JAVANICUM Blume Enum. (1828) 224.

G. E. S. 27, damp places, banks of small streams.

Tropical Asia to the Liu Kiu Islands southward to Australia and
Polynesia.

CYATHEACEAE

ALSOPHILA R. Brown

AL80PHILA EXTENSA (Forst f.) R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 42.

Polypodium extensum Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 83.

Alaophila haenkei Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1825) 68.

Cyathea marianna Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 265.

Not represented in our collections, but described by both Presl and
Gaudichaud from Guam material. The reduction of both species to Also-
phila externa R. Br., is after Christensen, Index Filicum.

New Guinea, Celebes, and Polynesia.

42 The Philippine Journal of Science i»h

POLYPODIACEAE

ACROSTICHUM Linnaeus

ACROSTICHUM AUREUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 106; Saiford 174.
G. E. S. 158, locally known as lagngayao.
Along the seashore, tropics of both hemispheres.

ANTROPHYUM Kaulfuss

ANTROPHYUM PLANTAGINEUM (Cav.) Kaulf. Enum. (1824) 197.
Hemionitis plantaginea Cav. Descr. (1802) 260.
G. E. S. 325, on trees, Yigo.
India to Polynesia.

ASPLENIUM Linnaeus

ASPLENIUM CAUDATUM Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 80.
McGregor 573.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

ASPLENIUM MACROPHYLLUM Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800' (1801) 52.
McGregor 535, Mrs. Clemens s. n.
India to the Mascarene Islands and Polynesia.

ASPLENIUM NIDUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1079.

Neottopteris nidus J. Sm. Hook. Gen. (1842) t. 113B.

Mrs. Clemens s. n.

Tropical Africa and Asia, to Polynesia.

ASPLENIUM LASERPITIIFOLIUM Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 310.
McGregor 548.
Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

ASPLENIUM ADIANTOIDES (Linn.) C. Chr. Index Fil. (1905) 99.

Trichomanes adiantoides Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 99.

Asplenium falcatum Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 306.

Admitted on the authority of Safford, who records it as Asplenium fal-
catum Lam.

Tropical Asia to Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia.

ASPLENIUM MONANTHES Linn. Mant. (1767) 130.
Asplenium monanthemurn Murr. Syst. ed. 14 (1784) 933.

Admitted on the authority of Safford who records it as yl. monanthemurn
Linn., but there is probably some error in identification or in localization
of the specimens on which the Guam record was based.

Tropical Africa and America, Hawaii.

ASPLENIUM NITIDUM Sw. Syn. (1806) 84, 280.

Admitted on the authority of Safford; India to Malaya.
BLECHNUM Linnaeus
BLECHNUM ORIENTALE Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1077.

McGr«gor 386.

Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

ix.c. 1 Merrill: Pki7its of Guam 43

CHEILANTHES Swartz
CHEILANTHES TENUIFOLIA (Burm. f.) Sw. Syn. (180G) 129, 332.
Trichomanes tenuifolium Burm. f. Fl. Ind. (1768) 237.
McGregor 405.
Tropical Asia to New Zealand and Polynesia.

CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux

CYCLOPHORUS ADNASCENS (Sw.) Desv. in Berl. Mag. 5 (1911) 300;
Safford 236, pi. 47.
Polypodmm adnascens Sw. Syn. (1806) 25, 222, t. 2, f. 2.
McGregor 496.
Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

DAVALLIA Smith

DAVALLIA SOLIDA (Forst. f.) Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800' (1801) 87;
SaflFord 256.
Trichomanes solidum Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 86.
McGregor S77.
Malaya to northern Australia and Polynesia.

DRYOPTERIS Adanson

DRYOPTERIS CUCULLATA (Blume) Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2
(1907) Bot. 194.
Aspidium cucullatum Blume Enum. (1828) 151.
McGregor 477, G. E. S. 182.
Mascarene Islands and Malaya.

DRYOPTERIS GONGYLODES (Schkuhr) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891)
811.

Aspidium gongylodes Schkuhr Kr. Gew. 1 (1809) 193, t. SS.
Safford 1003, in the U. S. National Herbarium.
Pantropic.

DRYOPTERIS DISSECTA (Forst. f.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891)
812.
Polypodium dissectum Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 812.
Safford 1003, Safford & Scale 1088.
India to Madagascar, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

DRYOPTERIS PARASITICA (Linn.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891)
811.
Polypodium parasitiaim Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1090.
Admitted on the authority of Safford.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

DRYOPTERIS HAENKEANA (Presl) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891)
812.

Nephrodium haenkeanum Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 46.

The type was from the Marianne Islands, presumably from Guam,
collected by Haenke. It is credited with wide distribution in Malaya and
Polynesia. From the description I suspect that it is but a form of D.
cucullata, enumerated above.

44 The Philipvine Jouinal of Science i»i4

DRYOPTERIS (NEPHRODIUM) DEPAUPERATA Copel. sp. nov.

Rhizomate erecto, breve; stipitibus dense confertis, plerisque
ca. 5 cm altis, stramineis, caduce paleaceis, rhachibusque pilis
hyalinis minutis vestitis; fronde 20 ad 25 cm alta, 4 cm lata,
utrinque angustata; pinnis alternantibus, patentibus, stipitatis,
lanceolatis, obtusis, integris vel crenulatis, basi suboblique cunea-
tis acroscopice paullo dilatatis, herbaceis, costa pilis paucis mi-
nutis ornata, aliter glabris, inferioribus sensim abbreviatis, in-
fimis oblongis, 5 mm longis; venis seriem unam areolarum
includentibus ; soris utroque latere costae uniseriatis, medialibus ;
indusio baud uniforme, saepius reniforme.

Guam Experiment Station 25, in damp places along river banks at
Tolijuice, November, 1911; a very distinct species,

HUM ATA Cavanilles

HUMATA HETEROPHYLLA (Sm.) Desv. Prodr. (1825) 323.

Davallia heteropkylla Sm. in Mem. Acad. Turin. 5 (1783) 415; SafTord
295, pi 63.

Humata pinnatifida Cav. Descr. (1802) 273.

McGregor 267.

Malaya and Polynesia. As pointed out by Safford, the genus takes its
name from the town of Umata or Humata in Guam.

HYMENOLEPIS Kaulfuss

HYMEN0LEPI8 SPICATA (Linn, f.) Presl Epim. (1861) 159.
Acrostichum spicatum Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 444.
Belviaia spicata Mirb. Hist. Nat. Veg. 5 (1802?) 473.

McGregor 369.

Tropical Asia to Madagascar, Malaya, and Polynesia.

NEPHR0LEPI8 Schott

NEPHROLEPIS ACUTI FOLIA (Desv.) Christ in Verb. Nat. Ges. Basel.
11 (1905) 243.
Lindsay a acutifolia Desv. Prodr. (1827) 312.
G. E. S.. A63.
Tropical Africa through Malaya, Burma, etc., to Australia.

NEPHROLEPIS HIRSUTULA (Forst. f.) Presl Tent. (1836) 79.
Polypodium hirsutulum Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 81.
McGregor 539.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

ODONTOSORIA Fee

ODONTOSORIA CHINENSI8 (Linn.) J. Sm. in Bot. Voy. Herald (1857)
430.

Trichomanea chinense Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1099.

G. E. S. 122.

Tropical Asia to Madagascar and Polynesia.

IX. c, 1 MernU: Plants of Guam 45

ODONTOSORIA RETUSA (Cav.) J. Sm. in Bot. Voy. Herald (1857)
430.

DavaUia retusa Cav. Descr. (1802) 278.
Admitted on the authority of SaflFord.
Malaya and PoljTiesia.

POLYPODIUM Linnaeus
POLYPODIUM PHYMATODES Linn. Mant. (1771) 306.

Phymutodea phymatodes Maxon ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 352, pi. 62.

Mrs. Clemens a. n., McGregor Jt62.

Tropical Africa and Asia to Australia and Polynesia.

POLYPODIUM PUNCTATUM (Linn.) Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800' (1801)
21.
Acrostichum punctatum Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1524.
Microsori-um irioides Fee Gen. (1850-52) 268.
McGregor 555, Mrs. Clemens s. n.
Tropical Africa, Asia, through Malaya to Polynesia.

SCHIZOLOMA Gaudichaud

SCHIZOLOMA ENSI FOLIUM (Sw.) J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841)
414.
Lindsaea etisifolia Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800-' (1801) 77.
McGregor ^08.
Tropical Africa and Asia to Polynesia.

PTERIS Linnaeus

PTERIS BIAURITA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1076.
Admitted on the authority of Safford.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

PTERIS QUADRIAURITA Retz Obs. 6 (1791) 38.
Admitted on the authority of Safford.
Same range as the preceding (?), with which it is frequently confused.

PTERIS TRIPARTITA Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800' (1801) 67.
Pteris margiyiata Bory Voy. 2 (1804) 192.
Admitted on the authority of Safford.
Tropical Africa and Asia to Polynesia.

TECTARIA Cavanilles

TECTARIA CRENATA Cav. Descr. (1802) 250.

G. E. S. 201.

Widely distributed in Malaya.

VITTARIA Smith
VITTARIA ELONGATA Sw. Syn. (1806) 109, 302; Safford 398.
McGregor i87.
Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

46 The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

PARKERIACEAE

CERATOPTERIS Brongniart

CERATOPTERIS THALICTROIDES (Linn.) Brongn. Bull. Soc. Philom.
(1821) 186, pi.
Acroatichum thalictroides Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1488.
Admitted on the authority of Safford.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

GLEICHENIACEAE

GLEICHENIA Smith

GLEICHENIA LINEARIS (Burm. f.) Clarke in Trans. Linn, Soc. Bot.
1 (1880) 428.
Poly-podium lineare Burm. f. Fl. Ind. (1768) 235, t. 67, f. 2.
Gleichenia dichotoma Hook. Sp. Fil. 1 (1846) 12; Safford 283, pi. 50.
McGregor i?9.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

MARATTIACEAE

ANGIOPTERIS Hoffmann

ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA (Forst.) Hoffm. Comm. Soc. Reg. (Jott. 12
(1796) 29, t. 5; Safford 183, pi. 32.
Polypodium evectum Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 81.
G. E. S. i78.
Polynesia; its other range uncertain.

SCHIZAEACEAE

LYGODIUM Swartz

LYGODIUM SCANDENS (Linn.) Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800= (1801)
106; Safford 314.
Ophioglossian scandens Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1063.
McGregor U03.
Tropical Africa and Asia to Australia and Polynesia.

LYGODIUM SEMIHASTATUM (Cav.) Desv. Prodr. (1827) 203^

Ugena semihastata Cav. Ic. 6 (1801) 74, t. 59Jf, f. 1.

McGregor 363.

Originally described from Philippine and Guam material, and very
distinct from Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.) Sw., to which it has been
erroneously reduced. It is probably the basis on which Lygodium circin-
natum has been credited to Guam.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

OPHIOGLOSSUM Linneaus
OPHIOGLOSSUM PENDULUM Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1518.
Ophioderma pendulum Presl Suppl. (1845) 56.
G. E. S. 278, locally known as leston.
Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

ix.c, 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 47

LYCOPODIACEAE

LYCOPODIUM Linnaeus
LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1103; Safford 313.
Lycopodiian marianum Willd. Sp. PI. 5 (1810) 31.
McGregor 478.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

LYCOPODIUM PHLEGMARIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1100; Safford 313.
pi. 57.
Lycopodium mirabile Willd. Sp. PI. 5 (1810) 11.

G. E. S. 256, locally known as desoplena and as cordon de San Francisco.
Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

SELAGINELLACEAE

SELAGINELLA Spring

SELAGINELLA BELANGERI (Bory) Spring Monog. Lycopod. 2 (1850)
242; Hieron. in Hedwigia 50: 21, 51: 270.

Lycopodium belangeri Bory in Belang. Voy. Bot. 2: no. 16, t. 2, f. 3.

G. E. S. 17 U, rocky places near the sea at Adilog.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region. I am indebted to Dr.
G. Hieronymus for the identification of the specimen cited.

PSILOTACEAE

PS I LOT UM Swartz
PSILOTUM NUDUM (Linn.) Griseb. Syst. Veg. Karaib. (1857) 130.
Lycopodinyn nudum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1100.
McGregor 465, G. E. S. 170.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

SPERMATOPHYTES
CYCADACEAE

CYCAS Linnaeus
CYCAS CIRCINALIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1188; Safford 252, pi 8, 14.
G. E. S. 406, Mrs. Clemens s. n., locally kno^vn as fadang.
Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World, especially near
the seashore.

PINACEAE

This family is unknown from Guam except as represented by the intro-
duced and cultivated Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, G. E. S. 433.

PANDANACEAE
PAN DAN us Linnaeus
PAN DAN US KAFU Martelli in Webbia 4 (1913) 19, t. 19, f. 1-3.

Pandanus fragrans W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb.
9 (1905) 344, pi. 7, non Brongn.

McGregor 584, locally knowTi as kafu. Endemic.

48 The Philippine Journal of Science im.

PANDANU8 GUAMENSIS Martelli 1. c. 16, t. Jt2, f. 4-6.

McGregor 577, 580, 582, G. E. S. iO, locally known as akaom.

This form was first indicated to me by Martelli as a variety of Pandanua
tectorms Sol. It is, in all probability, the form credited to Guam by Saflford
(page 344) as Pandanua tectoriiis Parkinson.

PAN DAN US DUBIUS Spreng. Syst. 3 (1826) 897; Safford 343.

McGregor 581, 583, locally known as pahong.

Near the sea, Java to the Caroline and Marianne Islands southward to
the New Hebrides.

In addition to the above species, I have the following material, mostly
leaf specimens, none of it in condition for determination: G. E. S. 68,
cultivated, locally known as paingot; McGregor 5U7, a long-leaved sylvan
species, leaves brittle; McGregor 578, locally known as agac, "its leaves
distinguish it from the other species by having a glaucous bloom on both
surfaces; the fiber plant here, said never to produce fruit" (McGregor);
McGregor 579, in forests, Upi road, with very immature fruits.

Pandamis fragrans Gaudich Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1843) t. 22, f. 10, is
enumerated by Martelli" as a distinct species.

I suspect that it is the same as the species indicated by Martelli as
Pandamis kafu, enumerated above. Gaudichaud's material was from
Guam. If Pandanus fragrans Gaudich. be considered a valid publication,
then this name has priority and should be retained.

FREYCINETIA Gaudichaud

FREYCINETIA MARIANNENSIS sp. nov. § Oligostigma.

Species F. maximae simillima et affinis, differt foliis breviori-
bus angustioribusque, baud vel obscurissime reticulatis, supra
sensim angustatis, baud abrupte acuminatis, denticulis minori-
bus, fructibus brevioribus, circiter 1 cm longis.

Apparently scandent, robust (stems not seen). Upper and
inner leaves 25 to 35 cm long, 4.5 to 6 cm wide in the lower part,
gradually narrowed upward to the slenderly acuminate apex, the
longitudinal nerves distinct, close, the transverse reticulations
none or obscure, the midrib on the lower surface and the margins
finely sharply denticulate, the lower 3 to 4 cm of the leaf without
teeth. Mature leaves not seen, apparently much longer then
those described. Male inflorescence: Heads 3, cylindric, about
5 cm long, 1.3 cm in diameter, their peduncles 2 to 3 cm long.
Female heads, in fruit, in threes, cylindric, 11 cm long, about 4
cm in diameter, their peduncles stout, 5 cm long,' about 8 mm in
diameter, smooth. Fruits linear, 1 to 1.2 cm long, less than 2
mm in diameter, very numerous, crowded, longitudinally sulcate-
striate, somewhat contracted below the truncate apices, the stig-
mas 2, rarely 3.

"Webbia 4 (1913) 14.

IX, c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 49

Guam Experiment Station 197, Pago road, January 1912, locally known
as fianiti; Costenoble 1200, in U. S. National Museum.

A species very similar to the Philippine Freycinetia maxima Merr., and
manifestly closely allied to that species. The fully matured leaves, how-
ever, were not collected, but the upper inner ones differ much in shape
from those of F. )na.xiina Merr., being gradually narrowed upward to the
slenderly acuminate apex, not abruptly acuminate, nor are they inflated
at the base and with broad thin margins in the basal part as in the
Philippine species. The fruits are somewhat smaller.

POTAMOGETONACEAE

DIPLANTHERA Thouars

DIPLANTHERA UNINERVIS (Forsk.) Aschers. in Engl. & Prantl. Nat.
Pflanzenfam. Nachtv. 1 (1897) 37; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenreich
31 (1907) 152.
Zostera uninervis Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. (1775) 159.

Halodule uninervis Aschers. in Boiss. Fl. Orient. 5 (1884) 24; Safford
290.

Diplanthera tndentata Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat. II 9 (1838), t. 4, /. B.
McGregor H8.

In shallow salt water, from the Red Sea and tropical East Africa to
Polynesia.

POTAMOGETON Linnaeus

POTAMOGETON MARIANNENSIS Cham. & Schlecht. in Linnaea 2 (1827)
228.

Potamogeton natayis Linn. var. marianyiensis Nolte in K. Schum. &
Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1901) 162; Graebner in Engl.
Pflenzenreich 31 (1907) 45; Safford 360.

G. E. S. 231, Agaiia River, January, 1912.

Duplicates of this number have been examined by both A. W. Bennett
and C. H. Ostenfeld, who agree on the identification. The status of the
species, however, is doubtful. Dr. Ostenfeld writes that it is certainly
not a variety of natans where it was placed by Nolte and by Grabner and
expresses the opinion that it probably belongs to the fluitayis group in the
neighborhood of Potamogeton nodoaus Poir. {P. fluitans subsp. americanus
C. & S.), and provisionally suggests that its proper place should be as a
variety of Potamogeton fluitans Roth.

POTAMOGETON LUCENS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 126, var.

Potamogeton gaudichaudii Cham. & Schlecht. in Linnaea 2 (1827) 199.

Potamogeton zizii W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 260, non Koch.

McGregor h21t, in fresh water, Agaria River, October, 1911, sterile.

Duplicates of this number have been examined by both A. W. Bennett
and C. H. Ostenfeld, who agree on the identity of the specimen with
Potamogeton gaudichaudii Cham. & Schlecht. I have, however, reported
the species under Potamogeton lucens Linn., following Mr. Bennett" who

'"Ann. Conserv Jard. Bot. Geneve 9 (1905) 93.

122968 4

50 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

has examined the type collection in the Delessert Herbarium at Geneva.
Dr. Ostenfeld also considers the recently collected specimen to represent
a small leaved form of P. lucens Linn., and definitely states that it is not
Potamoget(m malainus Miq. (P. mucronatus Presl, non Schrad.), as Graeb-
ner suggests.

RUPPIA Linnaeus

RUPPIA MARITIMA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 127; Safford 365.
Growing in brackish water, fide Safford.
Widely distributed in all warm countries.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

EN H ALUS Richard

ENHALU8 ACOROIDES (L. f.) Rich, ex Chatin Anat. PI. Aquat. (1862) 15,
t. 6.
Stratiotes acoroides Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 268.

McGregor 5U, G. E. S. J^57.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region in salt water.

HALOPHILA Thouars

HALOPHILA OVATA Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 430, t. 40, f. 1.

Halophila ovalis W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 290, non Hook.

Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, and otherwise known only from Luzon.
Ostenfeld*^ considers it to be specifically distinct from the more widely
distributed Halophila ovalis Hook.

GRAMINEAE

MAYDEAE
ZEA Linnaeus
ZEA MAYS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 871; Safford 402.

G. E. S. 103, commonly cultivated, locally known as mais.

A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all worm countries.

CO IX Linnaeus
COIX LACHRYMA-JOBI Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 972; Safford 245.
G. E. S. 188, locally known as hilen.
Tropics of both hemispheres, probably a native of India.

ANDROPOGONEAE
DIMERIA R. Brown

DIMERIA CHLORIDIFORMIS (Gaudich.) K. Schum. & Lauterb. Fl.
Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1901) 165; Safford 257.
Andropogon chloridiformis Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 412.
Haplachne pilosissima Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 235, t. 38.
Dimeria pilosissima Trin. M6m. Acad. Petersb. VI 2 (1833) 336.
G. E. S. 139, in meadows.
A very characteristic species known only from Guam.

"Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 68.

IX. c, 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 51

DIMERIA ORNITHOPODA Trin. Fund. Agrost. (1820) 167, t. H.

G. E. S. 2Jt7, on banks of streams.

India to Japan southward to Australia; the Guam specimens belonie: to
the variety tenera (Trin.) Hack.

MISCANTHUS Andersson

MISCANTHUS FLORIDULUS (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.
Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Sudsee (1901) 106.

Saccharum floHdulum Labill. Sert. Austr. Galed. (1824) 13, t. 18.

Miscanthus japonicus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 107 p. p.

Xiphagrostis floridida Coville ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 400, pi. 69.

McGregor 391, G. E. S. 356, locally known as nete or neti.

Formosa to Australia and Polynesia.

In the original description of the genus Miscanthvs four of the five
species are true members of the genus, as generally interpreted. The first
species g:iven by Andersson happens to be a representative of the genus
Erianthus, for which reason Coville would refer the genus Miscanthus to
Erianthus as a synonym, and has proposed the new generic name Xipha-
grostis for Miscanthus of authors, not of Andersson. If an arbitrary rule
be adopted by which the first species cited must be adopted as the generic
type, then Coville is correct, but I prefer to interpret the genus by the
majority of the species, which in this case is clearly four to one. I have
accordingly retained Miscanthus in the sense that Andersson manifestly
intended it.

SACCHARUM Linnaeus

SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 54; Safford 366.

G. E. S, i45, the common sugar cane, locally known as tupo or tupu.

Cultivated in all tropical countries, probably a native of south-eastern
Asia.

POLLINIA Trinius

POLLINIA GLABRATA (Brongn.) Trin. in Bull. Acad. Petersb. 1 (1836)
70.
Eulalia glabrata Brongn. Bot. Duperry Voy. (1829) 93, t. 19.

Thompson 2U-

Otherwise known from New Caledonia and the Society Islands.

ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus

ISCHAEMUM RUGOSUM Salisb, Ic. (1791) 1, t. 1.
G. E. S. 213.
India to Malaya.

ISCHAEMUM DIGITATUM Brongn. Bot. Duperry Voy. (1829) 70, t. IS,
var. POLYSTACHYUM (Presl) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889)
233.
Ischaemum polystachyum Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 328.
Andropogon mariannae Steud. Synopsis (1854) 382.
The type of the variety was collected in Guam by Haenke. The species
is rather common in the Philippines and extends to the Moluccas and
New Hannover.

52 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

iSCHAEMUM CHORDATUM (Trin.) Hack, ex Warb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
13 (1891) 260.

Spodiopogon chordatus Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI 2 (1833) 302.

The type was from the Marianne or Caroline Islands, and the species is
known also from New Guinea.

ISCHAEMUM LONGISETUM sp. nov. § Euischaemum.

Culmis caespitosis, circiter 50 cm alt., glabris; foliis glabris,
lanceolatis, usque ad 12 mm latis; racemis binis, 6 ad 10 cm
longis, crassis, articulis pedicellisque 3-angulatis, dense longe
I'ulvo-villosis, glumis omnibus laevis, spiculis pedicellatis magnis,
longe aristatis; spiculis sessilibus 7 mm longis, arista 3 ad 3.5
cm longa.

A tufted perennial grass, nearly glabr()us, except the inflor-
escence, about 50 cm high, the culm simple, terete, 1.5 mm in
diameter or less, the sheaths rather lax, overlapping, sometimes
sparingly ciliate-pilose at their apices; ligule truncate, about 1
mm long; leaf -blades chartaceous, smooth, glabrous, narrowly
lanceolate, 8 to 12 cm long, 7 to 12 mm wide, sharply acuminate,
base gradually narrowed, sessile or subsessile, each culm with 3
or 4 leaves, the upper gradually shorter, the uppermost sheath
usually leafless. Spikes 2, stout, 6 to 10 cm long, long-exserted,
the rachis, rachillas, and pedicels of the sessile spikelets densely
fulvous-villous with long, rather stiff hairs. Joints of the rachis
and the pedicels of the spikelets distinctly 3-angled, 3 to 4 mm
long, the angles all ciliate-villous, the hairs 2 to 4 mm long.
Sessile spikelet lanceolate, about 7 mm long, with a very long
awn. First glume coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, shining, lan-
ceolate, about 7 mm long, 2 mm wide, margins in the lower one-
half prominently inflexed, the upper one-half on the back obscure-
ly 5- or 6-nerved, here also manifestly laterally 2-winged, or
keeled, the wings or keels narrow, ciliate-hispid, acuminate, the
acumen minutely divided. Second and third glumes similar to
the first in texture, enclosed by it, the second up to 9 mm long,
long and slenderly acuminate, the third shorter. Fourth glume
hyaline, its awn 3 to 3.5 cm long, stout, scabrid, twisted, some-
what geniculate. Pedicellate spikelets with pedicels about as
long as the joints of the rachis, somewhat thickened upward,
3-angled, the angles villous; callus stout, villous, nearly 1 mm
long. First glume coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, shining, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 mm long, obscurely 5- or 6-nerved
in the upper part, distinctly laterally keeled. Second and third
glumes similar to the first in texture, about as long but much
narrower. Fourth glume hyaline, its awn slender, twisted,
nearly straight, scabrid, 1.7 to 2 cm long.

IX.C. 1 Meii-ill: Plants of Guam 53

R. C. McGregor 502, Cabras Island, October, 1911.

A species apparently belonging in the same group with Ischaevium
murimivi Forster, but apparently undescribed. Its rather stout, fulvous-
villous spikes and its very long awns are characteristic.

ANDROPOGON Linnaeus

ANDROPOGON ACICULATUS Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 22; Safford 183.
McGregor 4S1, Mrs. Clemens 8. n., G. E. S. 212.
India to China southward to Australia and Polynesia.

ANDROPOGON CONTORTUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1045.
McGregor 41S, hills back of Piti.
Widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.

ANDROPOGON HALEPENSI8 (Linn.) Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1 (1804) 89, var.
PROPINQUUS (Kunth) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
336.
Holcm halepensis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1047.
Andropogon propinquus Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 502.
McGregor ^91, from cultivated specimens.
The species in both hemispheres, the variety from Ceylon to the Moluccas.

ANDROPOGON SORGHUM (Linn.) Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1 (1804) 88.
Holcus sorghum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1047.
McGregor 5 IS, from cultivated specimens.
Cultivated in all warm countries.

ANDROPOGON CITRATUS DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. (1813) 78.

Cymbopogon citratus Stapf in Kew Bull. (1906) 322, 357, cum lamina.

Andropogon nardxcs Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 183,
non Linn.

I have seen no Guam specimens of this gi'ass, but from Saflford's notes
there is no doubt but that the plant determined as Andropogon nardus is
A. citratus DC. It is widely cultivated in the Indo-Malayan region.

PANICEAE

PASPALUM Linnaeus

PA8PALUM 8CR0BICU LATUM Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 29; Saflford 347.
Paspalum kora Willd.; Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 216.
Paspalum cartilagineum Presl 1. c.
McGregor 519, Thompson 12.
Widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.

PASPALUM CONJUGATUM Berg, in Act. Helvet. 7 (1772) 129, t. 8.

G. E. S. 29Jk.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in both hemispheres.

(In addition to the above there is also one collection of the American
Paspalum dilatatum Poir., McGregor 516, from cultivated specimens, re-
cently introduced) .

54 The Philippine Journal of Science lai*

DIGITARIA Heister

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS (Linn.) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2 1 (1772) 52.

Panicum sanguinale Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 57.

G. E. S. 220, apparently the form described by Thwaites as the variety
australis.

Warmer parts of both hemispheres, variable.

DIGITARIA CILIARIS (Retz.) Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 85.
Payiicum ciliare Retz. Obs. 4 (1786) 16.

G. E. S. 2U.

Widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, frequently
considered merely a variety of the preceding.

DIGITARIA STRICT A Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 409, non Roth
(1821).

Paniaim gaudichaudii Kunth. Rev. Gram. (1830) 385, t. 106; Safford 346.

The type of this was from Guam, and it is not otherwise known. From
the descriptions available I suspect that it is but a form of some one of
the closely allied species, D. consanguinea Gaudich., D. mio'obachne Presl,
etc., and have accordingly refrained from transferring Kunth's specific
name, the valid one of the species, to Digitaria.

DIGITARIA MARIANNENSI8 sp. nov.

Planta parva, prostrata, ramosa, ciliato-pilosa ; foliis anguste
lanceolatis, 1 ad 2 cm longis, numerosis ; ramis florif eris erectis,
circiter 5 cm altis; spicis binis, 1.5 ad 2.5 cm longis, rhachibus
undulatis; spiculis biseriatis, sessilibus, oblongo-lanceolatis, 2.5
mm longis, glumis 1 et 2 obsoletis, 3 plus minusve pilosis, circiter
9-nerviis, margine inflexis, dense ciliato-pilosis, 4 (florif eris)
anguste lanceolatis, glabris, laevis, acuminatis.

A small, prostrate, branched, rather densely ciliate-pilose plant,
the stems very slender, rooting at the nodes and sending up
erect, short, simple, flowering branches about 5 cm in length,
the creeping stems up to 40 to 50 cm in length, their intemodes
2.5 cm long or less, glabrous. Sheaths ciliate-pilose, rather loose,
mostly shorter than the internodes; ligules membranaceous,
truncate, about 0.5 mm long; leaf -blades narrowly lanceolate, 1
to 2 cm long, 2.5 to 4 mm wide, acuminate, base somewhat
narrowed, both surfaces ciliate-pilose with long white hairs.
Spikes in pairs, somewhat exserted, slightly pubescent, 1.5 to
2.5 cm long, few-flowered, usually appressed to each other, their
rachises undulate, 0.5 mm wide. Spikelets 2-seriate, sessile,
closely appressed to the rachis, alternate in the undulations,
oblong-lanceolate, 2.5 mm long. First and second glumes en-
tirely obsolete. Third glume (first and only empty glume for
this species) oblong-elliptic, somewhat pilose, obtuse or somewhat
acute, about 2.2 mm long, 1 mm wide, 9- to 10-nerved, the

IX, CI Mei-rill: Plants of Guam 55

margins inflexed, thin, enwrapping the flowering glume, promi-
nently ciliate-pilose. Flowering glume glabrous, smooth, shin-
ning, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about 2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm
wide, the palea as long as the glume but narrower. Caryopsis
oblong, 1 to 1.2 mm long.

R. C. McGregor 372, Cabras Island, October, 1911.

A most peculiar species on account of the reduction of its empty glumes,
although manifestly belonging in the genus Digitaria. The first and second
glumes are entirely obsolete, while the third enwraps the flowering glume
by its thin margins. Aside from its peculiar floral character, the species
is well characterized by its slender, pi-ostrate, branched stems, which root
at the nodes, its ciliate-pilose pubescence, its small leaves, and its very
short spikes.

ISACHNE R. Brown

ISACHNE MILIACEA Roth in Roem. & Schult. Syst. 2 (1817) 476.

Panicum minutulum Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 410.

laachne minutula Kunth Rev. Gram. 2 (1829) t. 117; Safford 287.

McGregor UOh, wet places, hills back of Piti.

Widely distributed, tropical Asia to Polynesia. The type of Gaudichaud's
species was from Guam, and McGregor's specimen manifestly represents the
same form. I can see no valid reason for considering it distinct from
laachne miliacea Roth, which is the older name.

PANICUM Linnaeus

PANICUM AMBIGUUM Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI 3= (1835) 243.
McGregor i88, G. E. S. 206.
India to the Liu Kiu Islands southward to Malaya and Polynesia.

PANICUM COLONUM Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 870.

Echbwchloa coloia Link Hort. Berol. 2 (1833) 209; Safford 265.
Thompson 13, McGregor 520, G. E. S. Ilt6, 322, local name chaguan agaga.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

PANICUM DISTACHYUM Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 183; Safford 345.
G. E. S. 263.
India to Malaya and Polynesia.

PANICUM ISACHNE Roth Nov. PI. Sp. (1821) 54.

G. E. S. 126, in meadows.

Mediterranean region to India. I am at loss to account for this species
in Guam unless it be an accidentally introduced plant. It is quite the same
as our Indian material representing Roth's species.

PANICUM LU20NIENSE Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 308 ?

G. E. S. 162.

The specimen is larger than the Luzon form, nearly erect, unbranched,
and with slightly larger spikelets. It seems to be a luxuriant form of
P. luzonienae Presl.

Malay Peninsula and the Philippines.

(In addition to the species above considered, there are in the collections

56 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

two recently introduced and cultivated species, Panicum maximum Jacq.,
common Guinea grass, McGregor U90, and Panicum molle Sw., McGregor

OPLISMENUS Beauvois

OPLISMENUS COMPOSITUS (Linn.) Beauv. Agrost. (1812) 54.
Panicum compoaitum Linn. Sp. PI. (1763) 57.
Tiwmpson H, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 198.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

SETARIA Beauvois

SETARIA FLAVA (Nees) Kunth Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 46.

Panicxim flavum Nees ex Trin. Gram. Panic. (1826) 162.

Setaria glauca var. aurea (Hochst.) K. Sch. in K. Sch. & Laut. FL
Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1901) 223.

Chaetochloa glauca var. aurea W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 223.

McGregor 383, G. E. S. 15,61.

Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

CENCHRU8 Linnaeus
CENCHRUS ECHINATUS Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1060.
McGregor U70.
A native of tropical America, now naturalized in other tropical regions.

STENOTAPHRUM Trinius

STENOTAPHRUM SUBU LATUM Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 3 (1835) 190; Steudel Syn. (1864) 118; Safford 377.

This species was described from Guam material, but I have seen no
specimens that agree with the descriptions available. For a time I con-
sidered it probable that Trinius' species was the same as Monertrva repens
Beauv., but this is apparently not the case, although the grass enumerated
by Safford, judging by the native name cited, probably is Monerma and not
Stenotaphrum.

Mascarene Islands to New Caledonia and the islands off the northeast
coast of Australia.

ORYZEAE

ORYZA Linnaeus
ORYZA SATIVA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 333; Saflford 339.

G. E. S. 2h8 (long awned variety), 27 U (short awned variety), 271 (awn-
less variety), known respectively as jae malaquid, fae guam, and fae
papin angle.

Cultivated in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.

AGROSTIDEAE
SPOROBOLUS R. Brown
SPOROBOLUS INDICU8 (Linn.) R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 170.
Agrostis indica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 63.
Thompson 7, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 87.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

ix.c. 1 Meit'Ul: Plants of Guam 57

SPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS (Linn.) Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 67.
Agrostis virginica Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 63.
G. E. S. 117, locally known as jatopa.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres especially near the sea.

CHLORIDEAE

CYNODON Persoon

CYNODON DACTYLON (Linn.) Pers. Syn. 1 (1804) 85.
Payiicum dactylon Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 58.

Capriola dactylon O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 764; Safford 212.
G. E. S. 237, locally known as grama.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

DACTYLOCTENIUM Willdenow

DACTYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIACUM (Linn.) Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol.

(1809) 1029; Safford 255.
Cynorosus aegyptius Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 72.
Thompson U, McGregor AS5, G. E. S. 161.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

ELEUSINE Gaertner ^

ELEUSINE INDICA (Linn.) Gaertn. Fruct. 1 (1788) 8; Safford 268.
Cynosurus indicus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 72.
Thompson 8, G. E. S. 23, 284.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

FESTUCEAE

PHRAGMITES Trinius

PHRAGMITES KARKA (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nomen. 2 (1840) 324.

Arundo karka Retz. Obs. 4 (1786) 21.

Trichoon roxburghii W. F. Wight ex Saflford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
9 (1905) 390.

McGregor 473.

Tropical Africa and Asia to Malaya and Australia.

ERAGROSTIS Host

ERAGR0STI8 TEN ELLA (Linn.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. 2 (1817) 576.
Poa tenella Linn. Sp PI. (1753) 69.
Eragrostis plumosa Link Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 192.
McGregor 373, 434, Tlwmpson 10, Mrs. Clemens s. 7i.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (Linn.) Beauv. Agrost. (1812) 71; Safford 286.

Poa pilosa Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 68.

Admitted on the authority of Safford; widely distributed in the warmer
parts of both hemispheres.

58 The Philippine Jotimal of Science i9i*

CENTOTHECA Desvaux

CENTOTHECA LATI FOLIA (Linn.) Trin. Fund. Agrost. (1820) 141.

Holais latifolius Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1305.

Centotheca lappacea Desv. in Nuov. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2 (1810) 189;
SaflFord 222.

McGregor 357, Thompson 22, G. E. S. 89, IS If.

Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

HORDEAE
MONERMA Beauvois
MONERMA REPENS (Forst.) Beauv. Agrost. (1812) 117.
Rottboellia repen8 Forst. Prodr. (1797) 9.

McGregor 527, G. E. S. 120, along the seashore, local name las-dga.
Along the seashore, Ceylon to Australia and Polynesia.

BAMBUSEAE

BAMBUSA Schreber

BAMBUSA BLUMEANA Schultes f. Syst. Veg. 7' (1830) 1343.
Bambos blumeana Safford 194.
McGregor 5U2, locally known as pio titoca.
Of wide distribution in Malaya, mostly cultivated.

BAMBUSA GLAUCESCEN8 (Willd.) Sieb. ex Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc.
26 (1868) 89, in syn.

Ludolphia glaucescens Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Mag. 2 (1801) 441.

Bambtisa nana Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 199.

McGregor 5^3, in flower.

An introduced species, a native of China; now cultivated in many
tropical countries.

BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. in Wendl. Collect. PI. 2 (1810) 26, t. U7.

McGregor 5^1, sterile, G. E. S. 37 U, in flower, locally known as pio
palaoan.

Tropics of both hemispheres.

This is unquestionably the species that Safford enumerates (p. 195)
without specific name, as he cites the same native name that Mr. Thomp-
son has recorded for the flowering specimen. At the same time it is also
undoubtedly the species that Gaudichaud mentioned, as growing in Guam,
under the name of Bambusa antndinaria Willd. My identification of the
specimen has been verified by Mr. Gamble.

CYPERACEAE

CAR EX Linnaeus

CAR EX FUIRENOIDES Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 412; Safford
215.

Carex densiflora Presl Rel. Haenk. 2 (1828) 214; Safford 214.

G. E. S. 279, February, 1912, in flower.

The species is known only from Guam, with a variety in the Philippines.
The types of both Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. and C. densiflora Presl were

ix.c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 59

from Guam, and the latter has been reduced to Gaudichaud's species by
Kxikenthal. Presl's description applies very closely to the specimen cited
above, so that I consider that there is no doubt but that Carex denaiflora
is an exact synonym of C. fuirenoides Gaudich, as the specimen cited above
has been determined by Kiikenthal.

CYPERU8 Linnaeus

CYPERUS COMPRESSUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 46.
McGregor S81, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 38.
Tropics of the world.

CYPERUS DIFFORMIS Linn. Cent. PI. 2 (1756)* 6; Safford 254.
G. E. S. Jf5, 2S6.
All tropical countries.

CYPERUS FLABELLIFORMIS Rottb. Descr. Nov. PI. (1773) 42.
G. E. S. 210, probably from cultivated specimens.
A native of Africa, now cultivated in most warm countries.

CYPERUS ROTUNDUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 45; SaflFord 254.
McGregor Uh^, 529, along roadsides.
Throughout the tropics.

CLADIUM P. Browne

CLADIUM GAUDICHAUDII W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 230.

Baumea mariacoides Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 417.

Cladium mariscoides F.-Vill. Novis. App. Fl. Filip. (1882) 309, non Torr.

G. E. S. 258, from high land at Asan, January, 1912.

A species known only from Guam; allied to the Hawaiian Cladmni
meyenii (Kunth) Benth. & Hook. f.

Dr. Stapf of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England writes me
that he has come to the conclusion that Cladium is better treated as re-
stricted to the American Cladiutn jamaicense and its immediate allies, and
that Baumea and Vincentia deserve generic rank, in which case this species
should be known as Baumea mariacoides Gaudich.

CLADIUM AROMATICUM sp. nov. § Eucladium.

Caespitosum, tenerum, circiter 60 cm altum; foliis angustis,
usque ad 40 cm longis, numerosis, in siccitate teretibus, glabris,
laevis; paniculis laxis, 10 ad 25 cm longis, ramis primariis
paucis, distantibus, adscendentibus ; spiculis oblongo-lanceolatis,
brunneis, rectis, 5 mm longis, floribus | 1 vel 2; nuculis sub-
globosis, erostratis, sessilibus,

A densely tufted, glabrous, slender plant about 60 cm high,
the stems about 1 mm in diameter, the roots, when fresh, rather
strongly aromatic, the root-stock rather stout, the basal sheaths
somewhat inflated, rather broad, reddish-brown. Leaves mostly
basal, numerous, slender, apparently flat when fresh, involute
and terete when dry, 30 to 40 cm long, less than 1 mm in

QQ The Philippine Journal of Science i»i4

diameter, glabrous, smooth, those of the stem similar to the
basal ones, usually 2 or 3, the uppermost passing into bracts.
Panicles rather narrow, 10 to 25 cm long, the primary branches
few, distant, 6 cm long or less, ascending. Spikelets oblong-
lanceolate, compressed, brown, 5 mm long, in pairs from sheath-
ing bracts, their pedicels 2 to 5 mm long, the bracts 3 to 5 mm
long or longer, long-acuminate. Empty glumes 2, subsimilar,
lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm long, the second one some-
what keeled and wider at the base than the first. Third and
usually the fourth glume each with a perfect flower, the glumes
about 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide at the base, acuminate, fifth and
sixth glumes about 3 mm long, each, or only the fifth, with a
male flower. Ovary small, ovoid; style 1 to 2 mm long, the
arms 3, slender, 3 mm long. Stamens 3 ; filaments 2.5 mm long ;
anthers linear-oblong, 2.5 mm long, apiculate. Young nutlet
globose, sessile, apex rounded, not at all beaked, about 1 mm
in diameter, somewhat verruculose.

R. C. McGregor U92, hills southeast of Piti, altitude about 300 meters.

A species manifestly allied to the Philippine Cladium filiforme Merr., but
larger, with larger panicles, quite glabrous leaves which are not scabrid,
and straight, not at all falcate spikelets.

DIPLACRUM R. Brown

DIPLACRUM CARICINUM R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 241.
G. E. S. 2^5, on banks of streams.
India to China southward to Australia.

ELEOCHARIS R. Brown

ELEOCHARIS CAPITATA (Linn.) R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 225; Safford 267.

Scirpus capitatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1758) 48.

McGi-egor 393, G. E. S. 7h, 102, in meadows.

Widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.

The specimens greatly resemble certain specimens in the Herbarium of
the Bureau of Science determined as Eleocharis atropurpurea, but in essen-
tial characters agree with the descriptions of E. capitata. There is very
little doubt but that it is the same species that was reported from Guam
by Presl " as Eleocharis atropurpurea.

ELEOCHARIS PLANTAGINOIDEA (Rottb.) W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 268.
Scirpits plantaginoides Rottb. Descr. & Ic. PI. (1773) 45, t. 15, f. 2.
Eleocharis plantaginea R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 224.
McGregor i69, in marshes.
Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World.

" Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 196.

IX, c. 1 Meii'ill: Plants of Guam gl

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl

FIMBRISTYLIS DIPHYLLA (Retz.) Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 289; Safford
176.

Scirpus dipltyllus Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 15.

Fimbi-istylis affinis Pre.sl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 191 (type from Guam).
Fi7nbristylis inariayina Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. (1826) 413 (type
from Guam.)

G. E. S. 233, 2i6, McGregor 518, Thompson 6. Here I also refer Thomp-
son 5, a form with a congested, subglobose inflorescence.
Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

FIMBRISTYLIS COMPLANATA (Retz.) Link Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 292;
Safford 276.

Scirpus co7nplatiatus Retz. Obs. 5 (1879) 14.

G. E. S. 2hl, McGregor 4il, 537, all forms with congested, subglobose
inflorescences, hut the structure of the spikelets as in typical Fimhristyli*
complanata.

Warmer part.s of both hemispheres.

FIMBRISTYLIS GLOBULOSA (Retz.) Kunth Enum. PI. 2 (1837) 231;
Safford 277.

Scirpus globidosus Retz. Obs. 6 (1791) 19.

Fiynbristylis torresiana Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 413 (type
from Guam).

Fiynbristylis globulosa Kunth var. torresiana C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 645.

I have .seen no Guam specimens of this species; India to Malaya and
Polynesia.

FIMBRISTYLIS MAXIMA K. Schum. Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 24.

McGregor ^94, hills southeast of Piti, altitude about 300 meters.

A species known only from Yap, Caroline Islands, and New Guinea.
The Guam specimen very closely matches Volken's Yap plant, but other-
wise looks like a form of Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl with ample inflo-
rescences.

FIMBRISTYLIS MILIACEA (Linn.) Vahl Enum. PI. 2 (1806) 287; Saf-
ford 277.
Scirpus miliaceus Linn., Syst, ed. 10 (1759) 868.
Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 418.
McGregor 517, G. E. S. 12, Thompson 11, in meadows.
Widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.

FIMBRISTYLIS SPATHACEA Roth Nov. PI. Sp. (1821) 24; Safford 277.

Fimbristylis glomerata Nees in Linnaea 9 (1834) 290.

McGregor 37h, G. E. S. 187.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

02 The Philippine Journal of Science isu

FIMBRISTYLIS PUBERULA (Michx.) Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 289; Safford
277.
Scirpus puberultis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 (1803) 31.
Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, but I suspect that the identification
may be wrong, although the species is credited to the warmer parts of
both hemispheres.

FUIRENA Rottboell

FUIRENA UMBELLATA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. PI. (1773) 70, t. 19, /. S ;
Safford 278.
McGregor 399, October, 1911, hills southeast of Piti.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

KYLLINGA Rottboell

KYLLINGA BREVI FOLIA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. PI. (1773) 13, t. U, /• J.

McGregor 399, G. E. S. 232.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

KYLLINGA MONOCEPHALA Rottb. 1. c. t. i, f. 4; Saflford 303.

McGregor 440, Mrs. Clemens s. n., Thompson 1, local name chaguan
lemae.

Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

MARISCUS Gaertner

MARI8CUS STUPPEUS (Forst. f.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908)
Bot. 398.
Cyperus stuppeus Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 89.
Mariscus albescens Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 415.
Cyperus pennatus Lam. 111. 1 (1791) 144; Safford 254.
Mrs. Clemens s. n., McGregor 418, along the seashore.
Tropical shores from India to Polynesia.

MARISCUS CYPERINUS (Retz.) Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 377.
Kyllinga cyperina Retz. Obs. 6 (1891) 21. .
McGregor 418, near Agaiia.
Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

RYNCHOSPORA Vahl

RYNCHOSPORA CORYMBOSA (Linn.) Britton ip Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 11 (1892) 84; Safford 366.
Scirpits corymbosus Linn. Cent. PI. 2 (1756) 7.
Rynchospora aurea Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 229.
McGregor 461, in open wet places.
Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

RYNCHOSPORA RUBRA (Lour.) Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 17 (1903)
180.
Schoenus ruber Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 52.
Rynchospora wallichiana Kunth Enum. 2 (1837) 289.

McGregor 412.

Tropical Africa and Asia to Japan south to Australia and Polynesia.

IX. CI Menill: Plants of Guam g3

SCIRPUS Linnaeus
8CIRPUS ERECTUS Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6 (1804) 671.
G. E. S. 215, along banks of streams.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

8CLERIA Bergius
SCLERIA LAXA R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 240.

McGregor >,9S, G. E. S. 173.

The determination has been made from the description only, and I am
not satisfied that it is correct. Australia.

SCLERIA MARGARITIFERA Willd. Sp. PI. 4 (1805) 312.

McGi-egor 540.

Apparently quite the same as Volken's Yap specimen, so named. Aus-
tralia and Polynesia.

TORULINIUM Desvaux

TORULINIUM FERAX (Rich.) Ham. Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. (1825) 15.
Cyperus jerax Rich, in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 (1792) 106.
G. E. S. 305.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

PALMAE
ARECA Linnaeus
ARECA CATHECU Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1189; Safford 187, pi S5.
G. E. S. 18i, SSJt, locally known as pugua.

Of prehistoric introduction in Guam; widely distributed in the Indo-
Malayan region, cultivated in other tropical countries.

ARENGA Labillardi^re
ARENGA GAMUTO (Houtt.) comb. nov.

Saguertcs ganmto Houtt. Handl. 1 (1773) 410, t. k, /. 2.

Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb. in Verh. Batav. Genoot. 1 (1779) 351;
Safford 268.

Arenga saccharifera Labill. Mem. Inst. Paris. 4 (1801) 209.

Occasionally cultivated, introduced from the Philippines fid^ Safford.

Widely distributed in the Malayan region.

COCOS Linnaeus
COCOS NUCIFERA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1188; Safford 233, pi. S3, Sk.
McGregor 570, G. E. S. 373, locally known as niyog.

All tropical countries of prehistoric introduction in Guam ; probably of
American origin.

COELOCOCCUS H. Wendland

COELOCOCCUS AMICARUM (Wendl.) W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 244, pi. 45, 46.

Sagus amicarum Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 36 (1878) 115.

Coelococctis carolinensis Dingl. in Bot. Centralbl. 32 (1887) 349.

G. E. S. 257.

Occasionally planted, recently introduced fide Safford. A native of the
Caroline Islands.

64 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

HETEROSPATHE ScheflFer

HETEROSPATHE ELATA Scheflfer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 1 (1876) 162.

G. E. S. 129, SJto, locally known as palma braha.

The material is fraginentary, and Doctor Beccai-i, who has examined
all the Guam material, has referred it to the genus only. It seems to
me to represent the same species as the common form, which is frequently
found in cultivation in the Philippines, Heterospathe data Scheff. The
species undoubtedly has been introduced into Guam from the Philippines.
Moluccas and the Philippines.

NIPA (Nypa.) Wurmb.

NIPA FRUCTICANS Wurmb in Verb. Batav. Genoot. 1 (1779) 350; Saf-
ford 335.

G. E. S. 180, locally known as nipa.

Introduced from the Philippines, fide Safford; widely distributed along:
tidal streams in the Indo-Malayan region.

In addition to the palms enumerated above, the following species are
cultivated, all recently introduced; Dlctyosperma alba Wendl. & Drude
{G. E. S. 92, A21), Latania loddigesii Mart . ? (G. E. S. 272, iOl), Sabal
adansonii Guerns. {G. E. S. 107, SAA), Phoenix sylvestris (Linn.) Roxb.,
and Phoenix dactylifera Linn. (Safford p. 350).

The palm flora of Guam is represented only by purposely introduced
species. The coconut and the betle nut palms are of prehistoric introduc-
tion, but all the otheis have been introduced within historic times.

ARACEAE

ALOCASIA Necker

ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA (Linn.) Schott in Schott & Endl. Melet.
(1832) 18; Safford 179.

Arum macrorrhizum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 965.

G. E. S. 100, locally known as papao apaca; Costenohle 1198, locally
known as papao atulong.

A species of wide distribution in the Indo-Malayan region, frequently
confused with Alocasia indica Schott, which Safford also reports from
Guam. I am at the present time of the opinion that Alocasia indica
Schott is really not specifically distinct from the older Alocasia macrorrhiza
Schott, although kept separate in Engler's monograph and by other authors.

COLOCASIA Schott

COLOCASiA ESCULENTA (Linn.) Schott in Schott & Endl. Melet. (1832)
18.
Arum esculentum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 965.
Colocasia antiquorum Schott 1. c.

Caladium calocasia W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 206.
G. E. S. 55, cultivated by the natives, locally known as sune.
Cultivated in all tropical countries, where native uncertain.

ix.c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 65

CYRTOSPERMA Griffith

CYRTOSPERMA CHAMI8S0NIS (Schott) comb. nov.

Arisacontia chamissonis Schott in Bonplandia 5 (1867) 129.

Cyrtosperma edule Schott in Bonplandia 9 (1861) 267; En^l. Pflanzen-
reich 48 (1911) 17.

G. E. S. 66, in wet places, Agana, locally known as baba.

New Guinea to the Caroline and Marianne Islands southward and east-
ward to Fiji, in cultivation.

The Marianne Islands specimen collected by Gaudichaud and cited by
Engler was probably from Guam; Safford records the species under its
native name, baba, thinking it probably a species of Alocasia.

As to its proper specific name, if, as Engler intimates, the use of
Apereoa esculenta Moerenhout (1837) does not constitute a valid publica-
tion, then there is no reason why the specific name chamissonis should not
be adopted.

CALADIUM Ventanat

CLADIUM BICOLOR Vent. Jard. Gels. (1800) t. SO.

Coatenoble 1182, locally known as corazon de Santa Maria; cultivated.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

TYPHONIUM Schott

TYPHONIUM CU8PIDATUM (Bl.) Decne. Herb. Timor. (1835) 39.

Arum ciispidatum Blume Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 101.

Coatenoble 118S, from behind the Government House, Agana, locally
known as pantaki.

India to the Philippines and Malaya, probably introduced into Guam
from Manila.

FLAGELLARIACEAE

FLAGELLARIA Linnaeus

FLAGELLARIA INDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 333.

G. E. S. 8, local name bejuco halom-tana.
Tropical Asia to Malaya.

BROMELIACEAE

ANANAS Adanson

ANANAS 8ATIVU8 Schult. Syst. 7' (1830) 1283.

Bromelia ananas Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 285.

Ananas ananas Karst Deutsch. Fl. (1880-83) 446; Safford 183.

Cultivated, fide Safford; a native of tropical America, now cultivated
in all tropical countries.

122968 5

QQ The Philippine Journal of Science lau

COMMELINACEAE

ANEILEMA R. Brown

ANEILEMA MALABARICUM (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912)
Bot. 232.
Tradescantia inalaharica Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 412.
Aneilema nudiflorum R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 271.
G. E. S. 167, 217, in waste places.
India to the Liu Kiu Islands southward to Malaya.

COM M ELI N A Linnaeus
COMMELINA NUDIFLORA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 41; Saflford 247.
G. E. S. 115, in waste places.
In all tropical countries, where native uncertain.

COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 41; Saflford 246.
Common in grass lands, fide Safford.
Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World.

CYANOTIS D. Don

CYANOTIS AXILLARIS (Linn.) D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 46;
R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7 (1829) 1154.
Commelina axillaris Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 42.
McGregor 55^.
India to China southward to tropical Australia.

CYANOTIS CRISTATA (Linn.) D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 46.

Comvielina cristata Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 42.

Zygomenes cristata W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 404.

Admitted on the authority of Safford's enumeration; of very wide dis-
tribution in the tropics.

ZEBRINA Schnizlein

ZEBRINA PENDULA Schnizl. in Bot. Zeit. 7 (1849) 870.

McGregor 571.

A native of tropical America, probably of recent introduction.

LILIACEAE

ALLIUM Linnaeus
ALLIUM CEPA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 300; Safford 179.
The onion is frequently planted in Guam, fide Safford.

ALLIUM SATIVUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 296; Safford 179.
Garlic is commonly cultivated, fide Safford.

Dl AN ELLA Lamarck

DIANELLA ENSIFOLIA (Linn.) DC. in Red. Lil. (1802) t. 1; Safford
256.
Dracaena enaifolia Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 63.
McGregor 52S, hills back of Piti,
India to Malaya and Polynesia.

IX.C, 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam g7

CORDYLINE Royen

CORDYLINE TERMINALIS (Linn.) Kunth Abh. Acad. Berl. (1820) 20.

Asparagus terminalis Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 450.

Taetsia terminalw W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat Herb.
9 (1905) 382.

McGregor 385.

Cultivated in all tropical countries, probably a native of Malaya or
Polynesia.

SANSEVIERIA Thunberg

SAN8EVIERIA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2 (1799) 159.

Aloe hyacinthoides var. zeylanica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 321.

Cordyline hyacinthoides W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 249.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fide Safford.

Probably a native of Africa, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

(The common asparagus (Asparagus officinalis Linn.) is represented
in the collections by a single specimen, G. E. S. 116, from recently intro-
duced and cultivated plants.)

AMARYLLIDACEAE
AGAVE Linnaeus
AGAVE VIVIPARA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 323; Safford 176.
McGregor 576 (leaf only), G. E. S. k7S (bulbils only).
I have follow^ed W. F. Wight in the determination of the Guam plant
as Agave vivipara Linn., but at the same time it appears also, from my
fragmentary material, to be quite the same as Agave cantata Roxb. In-
troduced from Mexico.

CRINUM Linnaeus

CRINUM ASIATICUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 292; Safford 251.

McGregor 637, along the seashore.

An indigenous species of very -wide distribution in the Indo-Malayan
region.

CURCULIGO Gaertner

CURCULIGO ORCHOIDES Gaertn. Fruct. 1 (1788) 63, t. IS.

McGregor ^38, hills back of Piti.

India to Malaya.

I suspect that this is the species reported by Safford (pag:e 295), as
Hypoxis aurea Lour.

HYMENOCALLIS Salisbury

HYMEN0CALLI8 LITTORALIS (Jacq.) Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. 1
(1812) 338.
Pancratium littorale Jacq. Select. Stirp. Amer. (1763) 99; Safford 342.
McGregor 632. Introduced from Mexico.

P0LIANTHE8 Linnaeus

POLIANTHES TUBER08U8 Linn. Sp. PI. (1758) 316; Safford 858.
A native of tropical America, cultivated in Guam fide Safford.

6g The Philippine Journal of Science i»u

2EPHYRANTHE8 Herbert

ZEPHYRANTHE8 ROSEA Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10 (1824) t. 821.
Atamoeco rosea Greene in Pittonia 3 (1897) 188; Safford 192.
A native of tropical America, cultivated in Guam, fide Safford.

TACCACEAE

TACCA Forster

TACCA PINNATIFIDA Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 70, t. SS; Saflford 880.
McGregor 51Jf.
Eastern Africa to ]?olynesia, especially near the sea.

DIOSCOREACEAE

DiOSCOREA Linnaeus

DI08C0REA ALATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1763) 1083; Safford 259, pi JtS.

G. E. S. 5, 82, local names dago, dago apaca. The identifications of both
specimens cited have been made by Mr. Burkill.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region in cultivation.

DIOSCOREA ACULEATA Linn, in Stickm. Herb. Amb. (1754) 23 (non
Sp. PI. (1753) 1033 ?); Safford 259, var. TILIAEFOLIA (Ktinth)
Prain & Burk. in Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1913) 1594.

Diosccrea fasciculata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 801; Safford 260.

Dioacorea fasciculata var. lutescens F.-Vill.; Safford 1. c.

Dioscorea spinosa Safford 262, pi U9, non Roxb.

McGregor 293.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region, the tubers some times
with a crown of spiny underground stems (wild forms), or without such
stems (cultivated forms).

DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1033.
Dioscorea saliva Linn. 1. c; Safford 1033.

McGregor 396.

Widely distributed in warm countries, cultivated and wild.

Safford includes also Dioscorea glabra Roxb., and D. papuana K. Schum.,
as growing in Guam, but the former is more probably a misidentification
for Dioscorea bulbifera Linn., and the latter a misidentification for D. acu-
leata Linn.

MUSACEAE

MUSA Linnaeus

MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1043; Safford 328.

Of prehistoric introduction, as indicated by Safford.

Cultivated in all tropical countries, where native uncertain, but probably
tropical Asia.

MUSA TEXTILIS Nee in Anal. Cienc. Nat 4 (1801) 123; Safford 330.

Introduced from the Philippines, and of very local occurrence, fide
Safford.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 69

ZINGIBERACEAE

ZINGIBER Adanson

ZINGIBER OFFICINALE Rose, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 (1807) 348.

Zingiber zingiber Karst. Fl. Deutsch. 1 (1905) 488; Safford 403.

Amomum zingiber Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1.

Admitted on the authority of Safford; a native of tropical Asia, now
cultivated in all hot countries.

ZINGIBER ZERUMBET (Linn.) Rose, in Smith Exot. Bot. 2 (1805) 105,
t. 112; Safford 403.
Amomum zerumbet Linn.

McGregor S61.

A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in Malaya and Poly-
nesia.

CURCUMA Linnaeus

CURCUMA LONGA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 2; Safford 252.

G. E. S. H5, with the local name mango halomtano, which, according to
Safford, properly belongs to Canna indica.

A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed as a cultivated plant,
frequently naturalized.

CANNACEAE

CANNA Linnaeus

CANNA INDICA Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1; Safford 212.

McGregor 528, along roadsides.

In all tropical countries, unquestionably a native of tropical America.

CANNA FLACCIDA Salisb. X IRIDIFLORA Ruiz. & Pav.

McGregor 358, U80, from cultivated specimens.

Indentical with the form commonly cultivated in the Philippines known
as bandera espanola; undoubtedly a hybrid between the indicated species.

MARANTACEAE

MARANTA Linnaeus

MARANTA ARUNDINACEA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 2; Safford 818.

G. E. S. S, locally known as aroru or sagu.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in cultivation.

DON AX Loureiro

DONAX CANNAEFORMIS (Forst. f.) Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 45 (1907) 243.

Thalia cannaeformia Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 1.

Actoplanea cannaeformia K. Schum. in Engl. Pflanrenreich 11 (1902) 34.
G. E. S. 90, Costenoble 1152, locally known as sanban.
Philippines to Java and New Guinea.

70 The Philippine Journal of Science 3»u

ORCHIDACEAE

BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars

BULBOPHYLLUM GUAMENSE Ames supra 13.
McGregor U95, Coatenoble 116^.
Endemic.

BULBOPHYLLUM PROFUSUM Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot.
128, 137.
McGregor 565.
Otherwise known only from the Philippines.

CALANTHE R. Brown

CALANTHE TRIPLICATA (Willem.) Ames in Philip, Journ. Sci. 2 (1907)
Bot. 326.
Orchis triplicata Willem. in Usteri Ann. Bot. 18, (1796) 62.
McGregor 575, Coatenoble 1164.
Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region. •

LI PARIS Richard

LIPARIS GUAMENSIS Ames supra 11.
McGregor 6SS.
Endemic.

EULOPHIA R. Brown

EULOPHIA MACGREGORII Ames supra 12.
McGregor 631.
Endemic.

EULOPHIA GUAMENSIS Ames supra 12.
McGregor 376.
Endemic.

LUiSIA Gaudichaud

LUISIA TERETI FOLIA Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 427, t. S7 ;
Safford 311.
McGregor 311.
Widely distributed in Malaya and Polynesia, type from Guam.

NERVILIA Comraerson

NERVILIA ARAGOANA Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 422, t. SS;
Safford 331.

Type from Guam, collected by Gaudic}iaud.
Malaya to Samoa.

PHREATIA Lindley

PHREATIA THOMPSOnI Ames supra 15.
G. E. S. 321, Costenohlb ii7i.
Endemic.

ix,c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 7J

COELOGYNE Lindley

COELOGYNE GUAMENSIS Ames supra 11.
G. E. S. 195.
Endemic.

SACCOLABIUM Blume

SACCOLABIUM GUAMENSE Ames supra 15.
G. E. S. 20S.
Endemic.

DENDROBIUM Swartz

DENDROBIUM SCOPA Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1842) Misc. 56; Ames supra
13.
G. E. S. S07.
Otherwise known only from the Philippines.

DENDROBIUM GUAMENSE Ames supra 14.
G. E. S. Jf50.
Endemic.

TAENIOPHYLLUM Blume

TAENIOPHYLLUM sp. aff. T. obtusum Bl. ?; Ames supra 16.

Costenoble 1175.

Perhaps this is the same species as that credited to Guam by Gaudichaud
as Vanilla fasciola (Forst. f.) Ga.udich. = Taeniophyllum fasciola (Forst. f.
Redchb. f. in Seem. Fl. Vit. (1868) 296 (Epidendrum fasciola Forst. f.
Prodr. (1786) 60); Safford 381.

CASUARINACEAE

CASUARINA Linnaeus

CASUARINA EQUiSETIFOLIA Linn. Amoen. Acad, 4 (1759) 143 {equise-
folia) ; Safford 220.

McGregor 5S8, G. E. S. 431, locally known as gago.

A species of wide distribution in Malaya and Polynesia, now cultivated
in many other tropical countries.

W. F. Wight credits the combination Casuarina equisetifolia to Stickman
rather than to Linnaeus, and cites Stickman's Herbarium Amboinense
(1754) as the place of publication; there is no such combination made in
Stickman's paper, who cites only Rumpf's name Casaarina litarea, and in a
footnote states "Generis proprii, sing-ularis arbor, Equiseti Structura". In
Linnaeus Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 143 the name appears as Casuarina equi-
sefolia with a reference to volume 3, plate 57 of Rumphius' Herbarium
Amboinense.

PIPERACEAE

PIPER Linnaeus

PIPER GUAHAMENSE C. DC. Prodr. 16' (1869) 336; SaflFord 854.
G. E. S. S87, locally known as pupulo aniti.
Endemic, unless identical with the Polynesian Piper methysticum.

72 The Philippine Journal of Science ish

PIPER BETLE Linn. Sp. PL (1763) 28; Safford 353, pi 6S.
Piper mariaymum Opiz in Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1825) 159.
G. E. S. 190, locally known as pupulo.
Throughout the Indo-Malayan region, in cultivation.

PIPER POTAMOQETON I FOLIUM Opiz in Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828)
156.
Collected in Guam by Haenke, and known only from that Island, unless
the plant was erroneously localized, as many of Haenke's were.

PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pavon

PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 1 (1816) 64.

G. E. S. SS4.

A native of tropical America, now in most tropical countries.

PEPEROMIA GUAM AN A C. De Candolle sp. nov.

Caule glabro, foliis alternis modice petiolatis glabris, limbo
elliptico-lanceolato basi et apice acute, 5-nervio; pedunculis ter-
minalibus axillaribusque glabris petioles superantibus, spicis
adultis limbos paullo superantibus glabris densifloris filiformibus,
bracteae pelta orbicular! centre breviter pedicellata, antheris
ellipticis filamenta brevia superantibus, evario emerso ovato
paulle infra apicem stigmatifero, stigmate glabro, bacca globosa
sessili glandulis asperulata. Caulis inferne e nodis radicans,
2 mm crassus. Limbi in sicco membranacei crebre et minute
pellucido-punctulati ac parce pellucido-punctati, usque ad 3.5 cm
longi et 2.5 cm lati. Petioli 5 mm, pedunculi fere 10 mm longi.
Spicae adultae 3.8 cm longae.

Along the Piti-Agat road, R. C. McGregor 629, October, 1911, locally
known as podpod palauan.

The diagnosis of the following species from the neighboring island of
Saipan has kindly been supplied by Mr. DeCandolle:

PEPEROMIA SAIPAN A C. DeCandolle sp. nov.

Caule glabro, foliis alternis modice petiolatis, limbo elliptico-
lanceolato basi acute apice obtusiusculo utrinque glabro juniors
margine ciliato, 5-nervie, petiole glabro ; pedunculis terminalibus
glabris petioles fere aequantibus, spicis quam limbi paulle bre-
vioribus glabris filiformibus densifloris, bracteae pelta orbiculari
centro breviter pedicellata, antheris rotundatis filamenta fere
aequantibus, evario emerso globose summo apice stigmatifero,
stigmate glabro, bacca globosa sessili glandulis asperulata.
Caulis fere 1 mm crassus. Limbi in sicco membranacei crebre
et minute pellucido-punctulati ac parce pellucido-punctati, 3.3
cm longi 2 cm lati. Petioli 5 mm longi. Spicae 2 cm longae.

Marianne Islands, Saipan, Fritz (herb Berol.). N. v. Popudpud, medici-
nisch; Zunge und Kopfweh.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Gvum 73

MORACEAE

ARTOCARPUS Forster

ART0CARPU8 COMMUNIS Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 191; Safford 189.
pi 7, 27, S6.
Artocarpus incUa Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 411.

McGregor 428, G. E. S. 377, seeded variety known as dugdug; G. E. S.
171, S89, seedless variety known as lemae; McGregor 429, G. E. S. 443,
seeded variety, its leaves with very narrow lobes and wide deep sinuses,
known as dugdug cahilao.

Widely distributed, especially in cultivation, in Malaya and Polynesia,
cultivated in other tropical countries.

ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 412.

Artocarpus mariannenais Tr6c. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 8 (1847) 114, ex
descr.

G. E. S. 207, locally known as nanca, its Tagalog name in the Philippines.
A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in cultivation.

MORUS Linnaeus

MORUS ALBA Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 986.

G. E. S. 177, locally known as seda, the Spanish name of silk.

A native of subtemperate Asia, now cultivated in all warm countries.

FICUS Linnaeus

FICU8 TINCTORIA Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 76.

G. E. S. 67, Cabras Island, locally known as hodda.

Along the seashore, especially on cliffs, Luzon and (?) Formosa south-
ward and eastward through Polynesia.

FICUS MARIAN NEN8IS sp. nov. § Urostigma,

Species F. infectoriae simillima et ut videtur affinis. Arbor
alta, glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis chartaceis,
oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm longis, breviter obtuse acumi-
natis, basi rotundatis, obscure 3-plinerviis, nervis primariis
utrinque circiter 10, tenuibus, petiolo 1.5 ad 2 cm longo; recep-
taculis axillaribus, solitariis vel binis, subglobosis ad leviter
obovoideis, 8 ad 10 mm diametro, breviter pedunculatis, brac-
teolis prominentibus, connatis.

A species starting as an epiphyte, eventually assuming a
tree-like habit, tall, quite glabrous. Branches and branchlets
terete, brownish, smooth or somewhat striate when dry. Leaves
alternate, oblong-elliptic, 9 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide,
entire, somewhat brownish-olivaceous when dry, shining, of
about the same color on both surfaces, smooth, the apex shortly
blunt-acuminate, the base rounded, usually abruptly so, some-
times very slightly cordate, rather obscurely 3-plinerved, the

74 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science uu

basal pair of nerves not much different from the lateral ones;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, not
much more prominent than are the intervening secondary ones,
anastomosing, the reticulations rather close, not puncticulate ;
petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long; bud-scales lanceolate, acuminate, about
7 mm long. Receptacles axillary, solitary or in pairs, in the
axils of leaves or on the branchlets in the axils of recently fallen
leaves, apparently fleshy, globose to somewhat obovoid, 8 to 10
mm in diameter, their peduncles stout, 2 to 3 mm long, each
receptacle subtended by 3 bracts which are connate by their
margins below, forming an involucre about 6 mm in diameter,
the lobes broadly rounded, short.

McGregor S8U (type) , UOO, 56U, Mrs. Clemens s. ru, locally known aa nunu.

Probably as closely allied to Ficus infectoria as to any other species,
but distingfuished by its short-peduncled, somewhat larger receptacles, its
petioles scarcely jointed. It greatly resembles Fictis carolinensis Warb.,
from Island of Yap, but in that species the bracts are free, not connate.
This is apparently the first species enumerated by Safford, p. 275, without
specific name.

FICUS SAFFORDII sp. nov. § Urostigma.

Arbor glabra; foliis subcoriaceis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis,
utrinque puncticulatis, usque ad 8 cm longis, basi late rotundatis,
leviter cordatis, apice breviter obtuse acuminatis, nervis pri-
mariis utrinque circiter 10; receptaculis axillaribus, sessilibus,
globosis, 5 ad 6 mm diametro.

A glabrous tree, size not indicated, apparently starting as an
epiphyte, later assuming a tree-like form, quite glabrous.
Branches and branchlets terete, dark reddish-brown, somewhat
lenticellate, somewhat wrinkled when dry. Leaves alternate,
subcoriaceous, smooth, entire, ovate to oblong-ovate, 5 to 8
cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the base broadly rounded, usually very
shallowly cordate, the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, the
upper surface dark-colored when dry, slightly shining, rather
densely pale-puncticulate under a lens, the lower surface a little
paler, slightly shining, also puncticulate ; primary lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, not much more prominent
than are the secondary ones, the reticulations rather close, not
prominent; petioles 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; bud-scales lanceolate,
acuminate, about 1 cm long. Receptacles axillary, globose,
sessile, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, one in each axil, on the ultimate
branchlets, usually in the axils of leaves, more rarely in the
axils of fallen leaves, each subtended by two broadly ovate,
rounded, 2.5 to 3 mm long bracts which are nearly free, their
margins slightly connate below.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 75

R. C. McGregor AH, Cabras Island, October, 1911. G. E. S. 251 may be
referable here, or may represent a very closely allied species; the material
is not in good condition.

Apparently sufficiently well characterized by its small, sessile 2-bracteate
receptacles, and its comparatively broad, puncticulate leaves.

FICUS TENUISTIPULA sp. nov. § Uroatigma.

Arbor glabra; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, sub-
coriaceis, usque ad 8 cm longis, apice breviter obtuse acuminatis,
basi rotundatis, distincte sed leviter cordatis, 3- vel obscure 5-
nerviis, in siccitate brunneis, subtus obscure puncticulatis, nervis
primariis utrinque ciiciter 8, reticulis densis, distinctis; stipulia
membranaceis, usque ad 5 cm longis; receptaculis axillaribus,
solitariis, sessilibus, globosis, circiter 6 mm diametro, basi 3-
bracteatis, bracteis 2 ad 3 mm diametro, late rotundatis, deorsum
plus minusve connatis.

A glabrous tree, apparently starting as an epiphyte. Branches
terete, distinctly wrinkled when dry, grayish or reddish-gray,
the internodes short, the branchlets similar but not so thick.
Leaves somewhat crowded, alternate, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
subcoriaceous, rather dark-green when dry, slightly shining,
smooth, of about the same color on both surfaces, the lower
surface obscurely puncticulate, 5 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm
wide, entire, apex shortly blunt-acuminate, base very slightly
narrowed, rounded, distinctly but slightly cordate, distinctly
3-nerved, sometimes with an additional pair of much shorter
nerves, the margins entire; lateral nerves about 8 on each side
of the midrib, rather distinct, straight, slender, anastomosing,
the secondary nerves fainter, the ultimate reticulations rather
dense, distinct, slightly f oveolate on both surfaces under a lens ;
petioles 7 to 10 mm long; stipules membranaceous, deciduous,
up to 5 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, acuminate, brown when dry,
the bud-scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 8 mm long. Re-
ceptacles solitary, axillary, sessile or subsessile, globose, about
6 mm in diameter, subtended by an involucre of three broadly
rounded bracts which are 2 to 3 mm in diameter and more or
less connate by their margins below.

R. C. McGregor S95, Upi road, October, 1911.

A species in the Ficus indica group, characterized by its comparatively
small, narrow leaves, its sessile, solitary, rather small receptacles, and
especially by its very long, narrow, deciduous stipules.

FICUS PHILIPPINENSIS Miq. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7 (1848) 435 ?

Safford & Scale lOH, locally known as taguete or tagete.

A species described from the Philippines, but which, rightly or wrongly,
has been reduced to the Malayan Ficus decaisnei Steud. The same species

76 The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

has been more recently described as F. confv^a by Mr. Elmer. The Guam
specimens are sterile, but agree very closely with our Philippine material.
In addition to the species enumerated above, what I take to be Cecropia
palmata Willd. is represented in the collection (G. E. S. S90), from a
cultivated plant at the Experiment Station; a native of tropical America,
recently introduced.

URTICACEAE

BOEHMERIA Jacquin

BOEHMERIA NIVEA (Linn.) Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 499.

Urtica nivea Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 985.

Boehmeria tenacissima (Roxb.) Gaudich. 1. c. 500; Safford 200.

G. E. S. 205, indicated as widely distributed, but probably introduced,
although Safford claims it to be indigenous.

A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in cultivation.

I do not consider that the differences between Boehmeria nivea and B.
tenacissima are sufficiently distinct to warrant separating them. The Guam
plants belongs, undoubtedly, to the latter form. See Robinson, Philippine
Journal of Science 7 (1911) Botany 4.

ELATOSTEMA Forster

ELATOSTEMA STENOPHYLLUM sp. nov.

Erectum, glabrum, simplex, 15 ad 25 cm altus ; foliis altemis,
lanceolatis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, usque ad 6 cm
longis, apice obtusis vel acutis, basi leviter inaequalibus, acutis,
obscure 3-pliiierviis, margine leviter distanter crenato-dentatis ;
inflorescentiis $ solitariis, breviter pedunculatis, subglobosis, 5
ad 6 mm diametro; floribus 4-meris.

A simple, erect, glabrous, rather slender plant 15 to 25 cm
high, the stems and leaves with numerous cystoliths. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, chartaceous, 3 to 6
cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, about equally narrowed at both
ends, the apex blunt or acute, not at all acuminate, the base
somewhat inequilateral, gradually narrowed, acute, not at all auri-
culate, the margins slightly and distantly crenate-serrulate ;
nerves 3, slender, the basal pair leaving the midrib shortly above
the base, anastomosing with the distant lateral nerves above;
stipules narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 4 mm long. Stam-
inate inflorescences axillary or in the axils of fallen leaves,
solitary, their peduncles about 2 mm long, the heads depressed-
globose, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, the involucral bracts green,
oblong to suborbicular, about 3 mm long. Male flowers nu-
merous, the subtending bracteoles usually 3, narrowly obovate-
oblong, rounded-truncate, very obscurely ciliate at the apex;
pedicels slender, 3 mm long. Calyx-lobes 4, oblong-elliptic, apicu-

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Chiam 77

late-acuminate, about 2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Anthers 4, about
1 mm long. Rudimentary style none.

Guam Experiment Station 159, November, 1911, river bank at Tolijuice,
locally known as tepon agugu.

A speciea well characterized by its rather slender, simple, erect, stems,
and its small, relatively very narrow, lanceolate leaves which are sub-
equally narrowed at both ends, acute or obtuse, not acuminate, slightly
inequilateral at the base.

ELATOSTEMA CALCAREUM sp. nov.

Erectum, glabrum, simplex, usque ad 60 m altus; foliis al-
ternis, sessilibus vel brevissime petiolatis, membranaceis, nitidis,
usque ad 15 cm longis, inaequilateraliter oblongis, leviter fal-
catis, basis uno latere acutis, altero auriculato-rotundatis, apice
sensim plus minusve obscure acuminatis; inflorescentiis $
axillaribus, solitariis, depresso-globosis, 5 ad 7 mm diametro,
subsessilibus vel breviter pedunculatis ; floribus 4-meris, brac-
teolis obtusis.

Apparently erect, somewhat fleshy when fresh, the stems
simple, unbranched, up to 60 cm high, the basal part somewhat
decumbent. Leaves alternate, distinctly inequilateral, sub-
falcate, oblong, membranaceous, green and shining when dry,
10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, the apex gradually and not
at all prominently acuminate or merely acute, the base strongly
inequilateral, one side acute, the other rounded-auriculate, the
lobe about 5 mm wide, prominently 3-plinerved, the nerves reach-
ing the apex or nearly so, anastomosing with the distant, few,
lateral ones, both surfaces with numerous cystoliths, the lower
surface somewhat paler then the upper; petioles very short or
none; stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm long.
Staminate heads axillary, solitary, depressed-globose, 5 to 7 mm
in diameter, many-flowered, the peduncles 1.5 mm long or less,
the heads sometimes sessile or subsessile ; involucral bracts green,
broadly ovate, mostly acute, 3 to 4 mm long. Bracteoles at least
5 subtending each flower, very narrowly oblong, obovate, obtuse
or truncate, not spurred, minutely ciliate at their apices, about
3 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the inner ones thinner than the outer.
Flowers (buds only) 4-merous, the calyx-lobes membranaceous,
elliptic, obtuse or very obscurely and shortly apiculate, 2 mm
long.

R. C. McGregor lfS2, on damp limestone cliflFs near the sea at Madqui,
October, 1911.

Well characterized by its simple erect stems, its alternate, fairly ample,
shining, inequilaterally-oblong, slightly acuminate leaves which are prom-
inently inequilateral at the base.

78 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

FLEURYA Gaudichaud

FLEURYA iNTERRUPTA (Linn.) Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 497.

Urtica intcrrupta Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 985.

Schychowyska interrupta W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 371.

Safford & Seale 106S, locally known as palilolia. Tropics of both hemis-
pheres, probably a native of the Old World.

FLEURYA RUDERALIS (Forst. f.) Endl. in Ann. Wien. Mus. 1 (1836)
187, t. 13.

Urtica ruderalis Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 66.

Schychoivskya rnderalis W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 371.

McGregor 419, Mrs. Clemens s. n.
Malay Archipelago to Polynesia.

PIPTURUS Weddell

PIPTURUS ARGENTEUS (Forst. f.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16* (1869)
235".
Urtica argentea Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 65.
G. E. S. 110, locally known as amahadyan.
Malay Archipelago to Polynesia.

PROCRIS Commerson

PROCRIS PEDUNCULATA (Forst. f.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16' (1869) 191.
Elatostenia peduncidatuni Forst. f. Prodr. (1776) 105, t. 5S.
Sciophila torresiana Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 493.
Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud; Malay Archipelago to Polynesia.

Pellionia divaricata Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 494; Safford 248,
is without description, fide Weddell, and is therefore a nomen nudum and
has no standing.

OLACACEAE

XI MEN I A Linnaeus
XIMENIA AMERICANA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1193; Safford 399.
G. E. S. S75, locally known as piut or piod.
Along the seashore in the tropics of both hemispheres.

BALANOPHORACEAE

BALANOPHORA Forster

BALANOPHORA PENTAMERA Van Tiegh. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IX 6 (1907)
151.

Planta dioica, glabra, in vivo rubra, pedunculis crassis, erectis,
10 ad 15 cm alta, bracteis imbricatis, late ellipticis, concavis,
rotundatis, 1.5 ad 3 cm longis; capitulis $ ellipsoideis, 4 ad 5
cm longis, circiter 2 cm diametro, inflorescentiis $ racemosis,
floribus superioribus (alabastro) subsessilibus vel sessilibus,
dense confertis, inferioribus pedicellatis, pedicello 1 cm longo;

ix,c. 1 Men'ill: Plants of Guam 79

sepalis 4, rariter 3, 5 mm longis, reflexis; staminibus 4 connatis,
antheris 3 ad 4 mm longis.

A dioecious, rather stout plant, when fresh bright-red (Mc-
Gregor), orange-scarlet (Safford), the whole plant waxy and
translucent (Safford), when dry dark-brown, the peduncles and
bracts shining. Roots not seen. Peduncles rather stout, includ-
ing the inflorescences 10 to 15 cm high, when dry and somewhat
flattened out about 1 cm wide, shining. Bracts dark-brown,
imbricate, or those of the female rather scattered, broadly elliptic-
concave, rounded, 1.5 to 3 cm long, coriaceous, those of the
male plant about twice as large as those of the female, much
closer and decidedly imbricate. Female inflorescences ellipsoid
or narrowly ellipsoid, 4 to 5 cm long, about 2 cm in diameter,
apex rounded, with innumerable minute flowers. Ovary nar-
rowly ovoid, 0.3 mm long, the styles slender, 1 mm long, smaller
than the rather prominent, narrowly obovoid-clavate bracteoles,
the thickened parts of which are 0.4 mm in diameter, rounded,
narrowed below into a slender stalk, the whole about 1 mm long.
Male flowers racemose, in bud crowded in a dense ovoid head,
sessile, the lower ones opening first, in anthesis pedicelled, the
pedicels 8 to 10 mm long, somewhat spreading, about 1 mm thick,
the upper flowers (in bud) congested and sessile when the lower
ones of the same raceme are in anthesis. Calyx-lobes 4, rarely
3, reflexed, coriaceous, oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat keeled
on the back, about 5 mm long, 2.5 to 2.8 mm wide. Anthers
as many as the calyx-lobes, entirely united, the anther mass
ellipsoid, 3 to 4 mm long, rounded, about 3 mm in diameter,
when fresh white in contrast to the red color of the plant.

R. C. McGregor 566, staminate flowers, Piti-Agat road, October, 1911,
G. E. S. 227, near Piti, January, 1912.

This species was very briefly characterized by Van Tieghem, but his de-
scription is very inadequate. The type was from the Marianne Islands,
collected by Marche in the year 1889. I at first considered our Guam ma-
terial to represent a distinct species, as Van Tieghem describes Balanophora
pentamera as having usually 5-merous flowers, but sometimes with 6 or
even 7 sepals, which does not agree with our specimens. The probabilities
are, however, that a single species is represented, and while letting my
description stand, I have adopted Van Tieghem's specific name.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus

ARISTOLOCHIA ELEQANS Mast, in Gard. Chron. II 24 (1885) 301.

Occasionally cultivated, fide Safford.

A native of tropical America, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

80 The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

POLYGONACEAE
POLYGONUM Linnaeus

POLYGONUM BARBATUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 362.

G. E. S. 17, locally known as mavfiaca.

I can see no reason for distinguishing this form from the widely dis-
tributed and somewhat variable Polygonum barbatum Linn. It is doubtless
the species recorded by SafFord p. 358, as possibly being the above species.

Tropical Asia to Malaya.

ANTIGONON Endlicher

ANTIQONON LEPTOPUS Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. (1841) 308,
t. 69.
G. E. S. 228, locally known as cadena de amor.
A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in cultivation.

CHENOPODIACEAE
CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus

CHENOPODIUM ALBUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 219; Safford 224.

G. E. S. U6, a weed.

Widely distributed in the temperate and tropical regions of both hemis-
pheres, probably originally European.

CHENOPODIUM AMBR0810IDE8 Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 219; SaflFord 224.

G. E. S. 3U9, locally known as apaaotes.

A native of Mexico, now vndely distributed in the warmer parts of both
hemispheres.

AMARANTHACEAE
ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus

ACHYRANTHES ASPERA Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 204; Safford 174.

G. E. S. 188.

A weed of wide tropical distribution, probably originating in the eastern
hemisphere. It is suspected that the specimen collected in the Marianne
Islands (and probably in Guam) by Gaudichaud, and reported by Moquin**
as Achyranthea fruticosa, is A. aspera Linn.

AMARANTHUS Linnaeus

AMARANTH US SPIN0SU8 Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 991; Safford 180.
G. E. S. 293, "widely distributed".
All tropical countries, where native uncertain.

AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 989.

G. E. S. 362, local name enmosa viaja.

The distribution and status of this species is uncertain due to the very
complicated synonymy. The Linnean designation Amaranthus tricolor has

'•DC. Prodr. 13' (1849) 314.

IX, CI Merrill: Plants of Guam 81

priority over Amaranthiis gangeticus L. and A. melancholicus L., to both
of which it has been reduced by various authors. Probably in cultivation
or naturalized in most tropical countries.

AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1405; Safford 181.

G. E. S. 287 , local name caleies apaca.

All tropical countries, where native uncertain.

In addition to the above species Saffoi-d reports also Amaranthus oleraceus
Linn., apparently collected in Guam only by Gaudichaud. It may be the
form commonly cultivated by Chinese gardeners in various parts of the
orient as a pot herb.

ALTERNANTHERA Forskal

ALTERNANTHERA VERSICOLOR Kegel in Gartenflora (1869) 101.

G. E. S. 295, local name cucharita.

Apparently a recent introduction from Manila where it is commonly
cultivated and where it is known by the same Spanish name. Apparently
a native of tropical America.

CELOSIA Linnaeus

CELOSIA CRISTATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 205.

G. E. S. S53, native name christangaijo.

A form so suspiciously like Celosia argentea Linn., that I am impressed
with the idea that Celosia cristata Linn, is only a derived form of C.
argentea, modified by cultivation. Cultivated in all tropical countries, un-
doubtedly originating in tropical America.

GOMPHRENA Linnaeus

GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 224; Safford 284.
G. E. S. 153, 179, native names buton apaca, buton agaga,
A native of tropical countries, now cultivated or naturalized in all

warm countries.

NYCTAGINACEAE

BOERHAAVIA Linnaeus

BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 3; Safford 201.

G. E. S. 265.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, probably originally
American.

BOUGAINVILLAEA Commerson

BOUGAINVILLAEA SPECTABILIS Willd. Sp. PI. 2 (1799) 348.
G. E. S. 837, from cultivated plants.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

MIRABILIS Linnaeus

MIRABILIS JALAPA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 177; Safford 325.
McGregor Jt5U, G. E. S. 219, in gardens.
A native of Mexico, now cultivated in all warm countries.

122968 6

82 The Philippine Jownal of Science wu

PI SON I A Linnaeus
PISONIA GRANDIS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 422.

Pisonia inermis Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 397, non Jacq.

Pisonia excelsa W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 856, non Blume.

G. E. S. 56 (in flower), 393 (in fruit), locally known as amumo.

Widely distributed in Polynesia.

This has been interpreted after Seeman Flora Vitiensis 195. The Guam
plants have prominently armed fruits, while P. excelsa Blume as I under-
stand it, and as it occurs in the Philippines, has unarmed ones.

AIZOACEAE
MOLLUGO Linnaeus
MOLLUGO PENTAPHYLLA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 89.
Mollugo stricta Linn. 1. c. ed. 2 (1762) 131.
G. E. S. 1,18, May 1912, in waste places.
India to Japan southward to Malaya and Polynesia.

SESUVIUM Linnaeus
SE8UVIUM PORTULACASTRUM Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1759) 1058.

Portulaca portulacaatrum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 446, Herb. Amb.
(1754) 28.

G. E. S. 223, along the seashore, local name chara.

Tropical and subtropical seashores of both hemispheres.

Mr. W. F. Wight ^* credits the name Sesuvium portulacastrmn to Stick-
man rather than to Linnaeus, citing Stickman's Herbarium Amboinense
(1754), page not indicated, as the place of publication. The species appears
in Stickman's paper as Portulaca portulacastrum, on page 28, not as
Sesuvium. Sesuvium portulacastrum, however, does appear in Linnaeus'
reprint of Stickman's paper," but in this case the authority is Linnaeus,
not Stickman.

PORTULACACEAE

PORTULACA Linnaeus

PORTULACA OLERACEA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 445; Safford 359.
G. E. S. 226.
In all temperate and tropical regions.

PORTULACA QUADRIFIDA Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 73; Safford 359.
McGregor 635.
Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

CERATOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 992.
McGregor i25, Agana River.
In fresh water in the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres.

=* Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 373.
"Linn. Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 136.

ix.c, 1 Mei^rill: Plants of Guam 83

MENISPERMACEAE

TIN08P0RA Miers

TIN08P0RA HOMOSEPALA Diels in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot.
158.
McGregor 536, G. E. S. U79.
Known only from Guam.

ANONACEAE

ANONA Linnaeus

ANONA MURICATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 536; Safford 184, pi. SS.
G. E. S. 275, 3U6, locally known as laguand.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

ANONA SQUAMOSA Linn. 1. c. 537; Safford 185, pi. Si.
G. E. S. 365, locally known as atis.
Distribution the same as A. muricata.

ANONA RETICULATA Linn. 1. c. 537; Safford 184.
G. E. S. 430, McGregor 510, locally known as anonas.
Distribution the same as A. muricata.

CANANGIUM Baillon

CANANGIUM ODORATUM (Lam.) Baill. ex King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
61' (1892) 41; Koord. & Val. Boomsoort Java 9 (1903) 279; W. F.
Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 209.

Uvaria odorata Lam. Encycl. 1 (1785) 595.

Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 130.

G. E. S. lUO, locally known as ilang-ilang, its Philippine name.

Of wide distribution in the Indo-Malayan and Polynesian regions, often
only in cultivation. Undoubtedly introduced into Guam from the Philip-
pines.

W. F. Wight makes the new combination Canangium odoratum in 1905,
overlooking the fact that the transfer of the specific name to Canangium
has been made at least twice previous to that date.

POLYALTHIA Blume

POLYALTHIA MARIANNAE (Safford) comb. nov.

Papualthia mariannae Safford in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 2 (1912) 19,
fig. 1, 2.

G. E. S. 209, distributed as Orophea, Costenoble s. n., Palomo 1180, the
last two in the U. S. National Herbarium.

After an examination of the flowering material loaned to me by Mr.
SaflFord, I can see no particular reason for considering this species other
than a representative of the genus Polyalthia. My original Guam material
consisted of fruiting specimens only, and at the time it was studied I decided
that is was probably a species of Orophea. The flowers, however, impress
me as being those of typical Polyalthia.

84 T'he Philippine Journal of Science i^u

LAURACEAE

CASSYTHA Linnaeus

CASSYTHA FILIFORM IS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 35; Safford 219.
McGregor 4U, G. E. S. A52.
Tropics of both hemispheres, especially near the sea.

PERSEA Plumier

PERSEA AMERICANA Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
Persea gratissima Gaertn. Fruct. 3 (1805) 222.
G. E. S. 259, in flower, February, 1912.
The avocado, recently introduced, a native of tropical America.

HERNANDIACEAE

HERNANDIA Linnaeus

HERNANDIA PELTATA Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 15' (1864) 263; Saflford
293.
G. E. S. 65, 398, locally known as nonag or nonac.
Widely distributed along the shores of the Indian and Pacific oceans.

CRUCIFERAE

BRASSICA Linnaeus

BRA8SICA JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6 (1859) 609;
Safford 202.

Sinapis juncea Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 668.

G. E. S. 178, in gardens, local name mostaza.

A native of Asia, now widely distributed in all warm countries, wild
or cultivated.

Safford enumerates also Brassica napa Linn., the turnip, and B. oleracea
Linn., the cabbage, but states that neither thrives in Guam.

RAPHANUS Linnaeus

RAPHANUS SATIVUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 669.
G. E. S. 315, cultivated.
Cultivated in all warm countries.

CAPPARIDACEAE

CAPPARIS Linnaeus

CAPPARI8 CORDIFOLIA Lam. Encycl. 1 (1785) 609; Merr. in Philip.
Joum. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 235.

Capparis mariana Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 1 (1797) 109; Safford 212.

G. E. S. 280, native name acaparas (corruption of Spanish alcaparro).

An endemic form, considered by K. Schumann to be only a variety of
the European Capparis spinoaa Linn.

IX.C. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 85

C LEO ME Linnaeus

CLEOME VISCOSA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 672; Safford 231.
McGregor 482, G. E. S. 286, locally known as mongoa paloma.
A pantropic weed of uncertain origrin.

MORINGACEAE

MORINGA Burman

MORINGA OLEIFERA Lam. Encycl. 1 (1785) 398.

Guilandina moringa Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 381.

Moringa moringa MilLsp. Field Columb. Mus. Bot. 1 (1902) 490; Safford
327 pi 58.

G. E. S. 320, 342, locally known as marunggai.

Probably a native of India, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

CRASSULACEAE

BRYOPHYLLUM Salisbury

BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM (Lara.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 40'
(1871) 52; Safford 203.
Cotyledon pinnata Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 171.
G. E. S. 361, local name siempre viva de Manila.
In all tropical countries, probably a native of the eastern hemisphere.

ROSACEAE

This family is represented only by introduced and cultivated species,
two species of the rose, reported by Safford, page 365, Rosa indica Linn.
(G. E. S. 327), and Rosa damascena Mill. (G. E. S. 101). To the two
representatives of the family recorded by Safford may now be added the
loquat, a native of Japan, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., G. E. S. 51.

LEGUMINOSAE

MIMOSOIDEAE

ENTEROLOBIUM Martius

ENTEROLOBIUM SAM AN (Jacq.) Prain ex King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
66' (1897) 252.

Mimosa saman Jacq. Fragm. (1800-09) 15, t. 9.

Pithecolobium saman Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3 (1844) 216;
Safford 357.

G. E. S. 382, from cultivated specimens, first introduced by Mr. Safford.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in cultivation.

PITHECOLOBIUM Martius

PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE (Roxb.) Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.
3 (1841) 216; Safford 356.
Mimosa dulcis Roxb. PI. Coromand. 1 (1795) 67, t. 99.
G. E. S. 262, 388, locally known as camuchili.
A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in cultivation.

gg The Philippine Jouimal of Science 1914

ALBIZZIA Durazzini

ALBIZZIA LEBBECK (Linn.) Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3 (1844)
87.
Mimosa Uhbeck Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 516.
G. E. S. 380, from cultivated specimens.
A native of tropical Africa or Asia, now widely distributed in cultivation.

ACACIA Willdenow

ACACIA FARNESIANA (Linn.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4" (1805) 1083; SaflFord
173.

Mimosa fameaiana Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 521.

G. E. S. 216, locally known as aroma, also its common name in the
Philippines.

A native of tropical America, now in all warm countries.

LEUCAENA Bentham

LEUCAENA GLAUCA (Linn.) Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4 (1842)
416; Safford 308.
Mimosa glauca Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 520.
McGregor ^55, G. E. S. 335, locally known as tangan-tangan.
A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

ADEN ANTH ERA Linnaeus

ADENANTHERA PAVONINA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 384; SaflFord 175.
G. E. S. 354, locally known as colales or culalis.
A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in cultivation.

ENTADA Adanson

ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (Linn.) comb. nov.

Le7is phaseoloides Linn, in Stickman Herb. Amb. (1754) 18; Amoen.
Acad. 4 (1859) 128; Safford 308, pi. 56.

Mimosa entada Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 518.

Mimosa scandens Linn. 1. c. ed. 2 (1763) 1501.

Entada scandens Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4 (1842) 332.

McGregor ^99, G. E. S. 366, locally known as bayog.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

Under our present rules of botanical nomenclature Lens phaseoloides
supplies the oldest valid specific name for this species, that supplied by
Miiiwsa entada Linn. (1753) being invalidated by the rule forbidding
duplicate binomials. The publication of Lens phaseoloides in 1754 is valid,
the only question in regard to it being whether Linnaeus is its author,
or Stickman. Mr. W. F. Wight has proposed to adopt not only the specific
designation phaseoloides, but would also replace the generic name Entada
by Lens. While strictly considered Lens may be the oldest generic desig-
nation, still there are very serious objections to its use as I have already
pointed out.** As to the genus Lens the species Lens phaseoloides may be
interpreted as its type only through a peculiar combination of circumstances.

'•Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 33.

IX. c. 1 Mernll: Plants of Guam 87

The generic disignatioh Lens (Tourn.) Linn, dates from 1735, and man-
ifestly Lena pluiaeoloides, then entirely unknown to botanists, could not be
its type. It so happens, however, that the combination Lens phaseokndes
is the first one to be made in the genus after the establishment of binomial
nomenclature. Lena (1735) was based on European species entirely differ-
ent generically from the plant under discussion, and only our rules which
state that binomial nomenclature shall commence with the publication of
the Species Plantarum (1753), the genera to be interpreted by edition 5
of the Genera Plantarum (1754) permit the illogical typification of the
genus Lc7j8 by the species Leyis phaseoloides. If there is any need of a
generic list of nomina conservanda, the present case should certainly be
included. The author is in sympathy with the idea of generic types, but
in this case the proposition to consider Lens phaseoloidea the type of the
genus Lens impresses me as exceedingly illogical, for the species was entirely
unknown to botanists, at least under this name, until about 20 years after
the genus was originally proposed.

CAESALPINIOIDEAE

CYNOMETRA Linnaeus

CYNOMETRA BIJUGA Spanoghe in Linnaea 15 (1841) 201; Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. 1^ (1855) 78.

McGregor U71t, G. E. S. U, 31A.

Frequently confused with Cynonietra ramiflora Linn., from which it is
apparently specifically distinct; widely distributed in tropical Asia, extend-
ing from India to Malaya and the Caroline Islands.

TAMARINDUS Linnaeus

TAMARINDUS INDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 34; Safford 383, pi 66.
G. E. S. H8, USIf, locally known as camalindo.
A native of tropical Africa, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

I NTS I A Thouars

INTSIA BIJUGA (Colebr.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 192; SaflFord
297, pi 54.
G. E. S. 323, U5, locally known as ifil or ifit.
Near the sea, eastern Africa through Malaya to Polynesia.

BAUHINIA Linnaeus

BAUHINIA MONANDRA Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 42' (1873) 73.

G. E. S. 136, locally known as mariposa.

Probably a native of tropical America, now found in most tropical
countries in cultivation. This is probably the species mentioned by Safford
(p. 196), without specific name.

BAUHINIA TOMENTOSA Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 375.

G. E. S. 72, 381, locally known as viariosa or flor de niariposa.

A native of India, now widely distributed in cultivation. This is prob-
ably the second species mentioned by Safford (p. 197) as resembling the
figure of Bauhinia blancoi in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas.

A third species is represented in the collection, from cultivated plants,
but the material is not in condition for determination.

88 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

CASSIA Linnaeus
CASSIA ALATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 377.

Herpetica alata Raf. Fl. Tellur. (1838) 123; Safford 293.

G. E. S. 50, locally known as acapulco.

A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

CASSIA FISTULA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 377; SafFord 217.
G. E. S. 402, locally known as canafistula.
A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in cultivation.

CASSIA MIMOSOIDES Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 379; Safford 218.

Admitted on the authority of Safford, as it is not represented in our
Guam collections; India to Japan southward to Australia.

CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 377; Safford 218.

McGregor iSS.

A native of tropical America, now a weed in all tropical countries.

CASSIA SOPH ERA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 379; Safford 219.
G. E. S. Jf9, locally known as amot-tomaga.
Same distribution as the preceding.

CASSIA TORA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 376; Safford 219.

G. E. S. 63, McGregor ^86, Thompson 16, locally known as amot-tomaga
carabao.

Same distribution as the two preceding.

DELONiX Eafinesque

DELONIX REG I A (Boj.) Raf. Fl. Tellur. 2 (1836) 92; Safford 256.
Poinciana regia Boj. in Hook. Mag. 56 (1829) t. 28 8 j^.
G. E. S. Jt08, locally known as arhol del fuego.
A native of Madagascar, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

CAESALPINIA Linnaeus

CAESALPINIA GLABRA (Mill.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1910)
Hot. 54.

Guilandina glabra Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) No. 8.

Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 362, non Guilandina bonduc
Linn.

G. E. S. H2, locally name pacao.

Tropics of the world.

CAESALPINIA CRISTA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 380.

Guilandina crista Small Fl. Southeast. U. S. (1904) 591; Safford 288,
pi. 51.

Admitted on the authority of Safford who cites the same native name
as that given for the preceding species.

Range of the preceding species.

IX. c. 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 89

CAE8ALPINIA PULCHERRIMA (Linn.) Sw. Obs. (1791) 166.

Poinciana pulcherrima Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 880; Safford 858.

G. E. S. 29, ill, locally known as caballero.

A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries, cultivated
or wild.

CAESALPINIA SAPPAN Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 381.

Biancaea sappan Todaro Hort. Bot. Pan. 1 (1876) 3; Safford 198.

McGregor 365, G. E. S. 863.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region and in other tropical
countries.

PELTOPHORUM Vogel

PELTOPHORUM INERME (Roxb.) Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3,
pi. S35, ex F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 69.
Caesalpinia inermis Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 867.
Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth. Fl. Austral. 2 (1864) 279.
G. E. S. 413, origin not indicated, but probably from cultivated specimens.
Widely distributed in the Malayan region, frequently cultivated for
ornamental purposes.

PAPILIONATAE

SOP MORA Linnaeus

80PH0RA TOMENTOSA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 373; Safford 376.
G. E. S. 81, 225, along the seashore.
Tropics of both hemispheres near the sea.

CROTALARIA Linnaeus

CROTALARIA QUINQUEFOLIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1758) 716; Safford 251.
McGregor 557, local name cascabeles or cascanetas.
Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region.

CROTALARIA SALTIANA Andr. Bot. Rep. (1811) t. 648.

Crotalaria striata DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 131.

G. E. S. 296, 419.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, probably a native
of tropical America.

MEDICAGO Linnaeus

MEDICAGO DENTiCULATA Willd. Sp. PI. 3 (1803) 1414.

G. E. S. 229, in meadows.

A native of Europe, now widely distributed in the north temperate zone
and apparently of recent introduction in Guam.

(Mr. Safford records alfalfa, Medicago sativa Linn., with the statement
that attempts to introduce it have been unssuccessful.)

INDIGOFERA Linnaeus

INDIGOFERA SUFFRUTICOSA Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) No. 2.
Indigo f era anil Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 272; Safford 296.
McGregor iS6, hills back of Piti.
A native of tropical America, now in the tropics of both hemispheres.

90 The Philippine Jourtml of Science 1914

INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 751; Safford 296.

Admitted on the authority of Safford, not represented in our Guam
collections; widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

TEPHROSIA Persoon

TEPHROSIA MARIANA DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 263.

Cracca mariana O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 175; Safford 250.

The type was from the Marianne Islands, probably Guam; the species is
not represented in our collections.

SESBANIA Scopoli

SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA (Linn.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 316.

Robinia grandiflora Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 722.

Agati grandiflora Desv. Journ. Bot. 1 (1813) 120, t. A, f. 6; Saflford 175.

G. E. S. 168, 269, locally known as caturay, its Tagalog name in the
Philippines.

Mascarine Islands, tropical Asia, Malaya, and Polynesia, frequently
only planted.

AESCHYNOMENE Linnaeus

AESCHYNOMENE INDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 713; Safford 175.
G. E. S. 36Jt.
Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World.

ARACHIS Linnaeus

ARACHIS HYPOGAEA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 741; Safford 186.
G. E. S. 9, locally known as cacahuate or cacaguate.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all warm countries.

ZORNIA Gmelin

ZORNIA DIPHYLLA (Linn.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 318; Safford 404.
Hedysarum diphyllum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 747.
Safford & Seale 1123.
Widely distributed in the tropics, probably a native of tropical America.

DESMODIUM Desvaux

DE8M0DIUM GANGETICUM (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 327.

Hedyaarum gangeticum Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 746.

Meibomia gengetica O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 196; Saflford 321.

McGregor U52, Thompson 23, G. E. S. 113, Mrs. Clemens s. n., locally
known as tomates aniti.

Through the tropics of the Old World, introduced in the West Indies.

DESMODIUM HETEROPHYLLUM (WiUd.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 334.
Hedyaarum heterophyllum Willd. Sp. PI. 3 (1800) 1201.
G. E. S. 319, locally known as apsotn or agsom.
Tropical Asia to Malaya.

i

i

i

IX. c. 1 Mei^'iU: Plants of Guam 91

DESMODIUM TRIFLORUM (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 334.
Hedysarum triflorum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 749.

Meibomia triflora 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 197; Safford 321.
McGregor 506.
Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

DESMODIUM UMBELLATUM (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 325.
Hedysarum iimhcllatum Linn. Sp. PI. 2 (1753) 747.
Meibamia umbellata O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 197.
McGregor 4S9, G. E. S. Jf37, locally known as palaga hilitai.
Mascarene Islands to tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

ALYSCICARPUS Necker

ALYSCICARPUS NUM M ULARIFOLIUS (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 358.

Hedysarum nummidari folium Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 746.

McGregor 362, G. E. S. 121.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region, introduced in tropical
America.

DALBERGIA Linnaeus f

DALBERGIA CONDENATENSIS (Dennst.) Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bang.
70' (1901) 49.
Cassia condenatensis Dennst. Schl. zum Hort. Malabar. (1818) 32.
Dalbergia torta Grab, in Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 5873.
G. E. S. 75, S70.
India to China southward to Australia and Polynesia near the sea.

DERRIS Loureiro

DERRIS TRIFOLIATA Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 433.

Derris uliginosa Benth. PI. Jungh. (1852) 252.

McGregor 503, along the seashore, Cabras Island.

Along the seashore, eastern Africa, India, through Malaya to Polynesia.

INOCARPUS Forster

INOCARPUS EDULIS Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 66, t. 33.
Bocoa edulis Baiil. Adansonia 9 (1868-70) 237; Safford 199.
G. E. S. 77 in flower, 399 in fruit, locally known as buoy.
Malay Archipelago to Polynesia, frequently only planted.

A BR US Linnaeus

ABRUS PRECATORIUS Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1767) 472.

Glycine abrus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 753.

Abrus abrus W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 171, pi. SI.

G. E. S. 135, Mrs. Clemens s. n., locally known as calales halomtana.

Probably a native of India, now in all tropical countries.

92 The Philippine Journal of Science 1014

CLITORIA Linnaeus

CLITORIA TERNATEA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 753; Safford 232.
G. E. S. 252, 1S5, locally known as paokeke.
Tropics of the world, probably a native of tropical America.

TERAMNUS Swartz

TERAMNUS LABIALIS (Linn, f.) Spreng. Syst. 3 (1826) 235.
Glycine labialis Linn. f. Suppl. (1774) 325.
G. E. S. 363, locally known as chaguan cacayuates.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

ERYTHRINA Linnaeus

ERYTHRINA INDICA Lam. Encycl. 2 (1785) 391; Safford 269.
G. E. S. 357, locally known as gaogao.
Along the seashore, tropical Asia to Malaya and Polynesia.

STRONGYLODON Vogel

STRONGYLODON LUCIDUS (Forst.) Seem. Fl. Vit. (1865-68) 61.
Glycine lucida Forst. Prodr= (1786) 51.
McGregor 553, Upi road, in forests.
Ceylon to Polynesia.

MUCUNA Adanson

MUCUNA GIGANTEA (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 405.
Dolichos giganteus Willd. Sp. PI. 2 (1801) 1041.

Stizolobium giganteum Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. (1827) 281; Safford 378.
McGregor 656, G. E. S. HO, locally known as bayogo dikiki.
Near the sea, tropical Asia to Polynesia.

MUCUNA PRURIENS (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 405.

Dolichos pruriens Linn, in Stickm. Herb. Amb. (1754) 23.
Stizolobium pruriens Medic. Vorles. Churpf. Phys. Ges. 2 (1787) 399;
Safford 378.

Admitted on the authority of Safford; a species otherwise definitely
known only from the Philippines and the Moluccas.

CANAVALIA DeCandolle

CANAVALIA LINEATA (Thunb.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 404.
Dolichos lineatus Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 280.
Canavalia obtusifolia DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 404; Safford 211.
G. E. S. 127, 1U7, along the seashore.
Throughout the tropics along sandy beaches.

CANAVALIA TURGIDA Grah. in Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 5534; Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. 1' (1855) 215.
G. E. S. 358, locally known as ladosung tasai.
Near the sea, India to Malaya and Polynesia.

IX. c. 1 Men'iU: Playits of Guam 93

CANAVALIA MEGALANTHA sp. nov.

Species C. turgidae Grab, simillima et ut videtur affinis, differt
caulibus distincte lignosis, circiter 1 cm diametro, floribus ma-
joribus, 4 ad 4.5 cm longis.

A woody vine, entirely glabrous, the stems terete, firm, 7
to 10 mm in diameter, brownish, lenticellate. Leaflets mem-
branaceous, the terminal one broadly ovate, about 12 cm long,
10 cm wide, acuminate, base rounded, the lateral leaflets similar
but strongly inequilateral, broader on one side of the midrib
than on the other. Flowers rose-pink, racemose, the racemes
solitary, 10 cm long or more, axillary and from the woody
stems, comparatively few-flowered, flower-bearing nearly or quite
to the base, the nodes swollen, the pedicels 5 mm long or less.
Calyx 1.5 cm long, the upper lip considerably longer than the
lower one, retuse or cleft into two broadly rounded lobes 5 to
8 mm wide, the lower lip with three, oblong-ovate, acuminate
teeth about 3 mm long. Corolla rose-pink. Standard 4 to 4.5
cm long, the limb obovate, about 2 cm wide, prominently retuse;
wings as long as the keel, 5 to 7 mm wide, rounded ; keel curved,
the petals up to 9 mm wide. Stamens all perfect. Fruit un-
known.

R. C. McGregor 552, in forests, Upi road, October, 1911.

Manifestly a representative of the genus Canavalia, and in vegetative
characters quite like Canavalia turgida Grah. It is distingfuished by its
woody stems, its short racemes which are flower-bearing to the base, and
especially by its unusually large flowers.

CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 404; Safford 211.

Dolichos ensifonnis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 725.

Admitted on the authority of Safford, who states that it is common in
thickets and hedges. Tropics of the world.

CANTHAROSPERMUM Wight & Arnott

CANTHAROSPERMUM SCARABAE0IDE8 (Linn.) Baill. in Bull. Soc.
Linn. Paris 1 (1883) 384.

Dolichos scarabaeoides Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 726.
Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth PI. Jungh. (1852) 245.
McGregor 451, G. E. S. 270.
Mascarene Islands to India, China, and Malaya.

PHASEOLUS Linnaeus

PHA8E0LUS ADENANTHUS G. W. F. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq (1818) 239.
G. E. S. 379, locally known as acdncan caldtun.
Tropics of the world.

94 The Philippine Journal of Science i'jh

PHA8EOLUS LUNATUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 724; Safford 360 (var.
inamoenua) .
McGregor 388, G. E. S. 285.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all warm countries.

PHASEOLUS RADIATU8 Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 725.

Phaseolus mungo W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 350, non Linn.

G. E. S. 211, locally known as mongos.

Cultivated in all tropical countries.

ViGNA Savi

VIGNA LUTEA (Sw.) A. Gray Bot. Wilkes U. S. Explor. Exped. 1 (1854)
452; Safford 397.
Doliclios luteus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3 (1806) 1246.
G. E. S. 78, il5, locally known as acdncan iimlulasa.
Along the seashore in the tropics of both hemispheres.

VIGNA SINENSIS (Linn.) Endl. ex Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. (1848) 386;
Safford 396.

Admitted on the authority of Safford who states that it is commonly

cultivated in Guam. Cultivated in all warm countries.

DOLICHOS Linnaeus

DOLICHOS LABLAB Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 725; Safford 264.
G, E. S. 276, U12, local names cheribilla apaca, chuchumeco.
Cultivated in all tropical countries.

PACHYRRHIZUS Richard

PACHYRRHIZUS EROSUS (Linn.) Urb. Symb. Antill. 4 (1905) 311.
Dolichos erosua Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 726.

Cacara erosa O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL 1 (1891) 165; Safford 205.
G. E. S. 230, locally known as hicamas.
A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

PSOPHOCARPUS Necker

PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 403.
Dolichos tetragonolobus Linn, ex Stickm. Herb. Amb. (1754) 23.
Botor tetragonoloba O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL 1 (1891) 162; Safford 202.
G. E. S. 130, locally known as seguidillas.
Widely distributed in cultivation in the Indo-Malayan region.

CAJANUS DeCandoUe

CAJANUS CAJAN (Linn.) Millsp. Field Columb. Mus. Bot. 2 (1900) 53.

Cytisus cajan Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 739.

Cajanus indicus Spreng. Syst. 3 (1826) 248.

Cajan cajan Millsp. 1. c; Safford 206.

McGregor 370.

Cultivated in all tropical countries, introduced into Guam in 1772, fide
Safford.

IX.C, 1 Merrill: Plants of Guam 95

OXALIDACEAE

AVERRHOA Linnaeus
AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 428; Safford 192, pi. S7.
G. E. S. 24, locally known as bilimbines.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

OXALIS Linnaeus

0XALI8 REPEN8 Thunb. Oxal. (1781) 16; B. L. Rob. in Journ. Bot. 44
(1906) 391.

Oxalia corniculata W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 341, non Linn.

G. E. S. 164, locally known as agsom or apsom.

Widely distributed in the warmer regions of both continents, frequently
confused with the closely allied Oxalis corniculata Linn.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

TRIBULUS Linnaeus

TRIBULU8 CISTOIDES Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 387; Safford 390.

Not common, fide Safford, and according to his information of recent
introduction.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in the tropics of
both hemispheres.

(To be concluded.)

i

^7,

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IX APRIL, 1914 No. 2

AN ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS OF GUAM

By E. D. Merrill

• (From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory,

Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

(Concluded.)
RUTACEAE

CITRUS Linnaeus

I have found it to be practically impossible to classify the material of
the cultivated forms of this genus with any degree of satisfaction, and the
difficulties have been well stated by Mr. Safford. There are a number of
distinct forms in Guam, probably for the most part, if not all, introduced.

CITRUS DECUMAN A (Linn.) Murr. Syst. ed. 13 (1774) 580; Safford
228.

Citrus aurantium var. decumana Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1101.

G. E. S. IfSJIt, il, locally known as cahet magas.

Throughout the Indo-Malayan region, cultivated in other hot countries.

This species I consider to be one of the very few distinct ones in the
genus. I do not consider it to be at all closely allied to the orange {Citrus
aurantium L.).

CITRUS AURANTIUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 783; Safford 226.

G. E. S. S96, McGregor il5, locally known as cahet.

Cultivated in all tropical and subtropical countries, variable in fruit
characters, a native of tropical Asia.

Mr. Safford records the variety sinensis Linn., and the subspecies sapon-
acea Safford from Guam. I cannot determine how Citrus sinensis can be
distinguished from C aurantium, and believe it to be only a form developed
by cultivation. The subspecies saponacea is said by Mr. Safford to be wild
in Guam, and to have non-edible fruits. I have seen no specimens of this
form, but would suspect its alliance to be with Citrus hystrix rather than
with C. aurantium.

125572 97

98 The Philippine Journal of Science ; ■-•!/.

CITRUS HYSTRIX DC. Cat. Hort. Monspel. (1813) 97.

To this species I refer G. E. S. U2, locally called Ihnon china, a form
with depressed-globose fruits, McGregor 511, locally called limon ademelo,
a form with globose-ovoid fruits, and McGregor il6, locally called alangha.
It is suspected that the first one, G. E. S. U2, is the form recorded by
SafFord as CiUnis hergamina W. & A.

Citrus hystrix DC. is widely distributed in India and Malaya.

CITRUS MEDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 782.

G. E. S. 4-3, locally known as setlas, McGregor Jfl7, locally known as
limon iyat. The former is probably typical C. medica, the latter has fruits
quite like those of the ordinary lemon and is probably the var. limon Linn.,
recorded by Safford with the local name litnon real.

Cultivated in all warm countries.

CITRUS NOBILIS Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 466.
Recorded from Guam by Safford.
A native of southern China, now cultivated in all warm countries.

CITRUS LIMA Lunan Hort. Jamaic. (1814) 451.

CitriLS hystrix DC. var. acida (Roxb.) Eng-l. in Engl. & Prantl Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 3* (1896) 200.

Citrus acida Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 390.

The lime is recorded from Guam by Safford; I have seen no specimens
from that Island. A native of tropical Asia, now in all tropical countries.

TRIPHASIA Loureiro

TRIPHASIA TRIFOLIA (Burm. f.) P. Wils. in Torreya 9 (1909) 33.

Limonia trifolia Burm. f. Fl. Ind. (1768) 103.

Limonia trifoliata Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 237.

Triphasia trifoliata DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 536; Safford 391.

McGregor 521, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 273, 372, locally known as
limon de china.

A native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in the tropics of the
Old World, introduced in other regions.

BURSERACEAE

CANARIUM Linnaeus

Mr. Safford records an introduced species known as brea blanca, but does
not state that he saw specimens, taking at least a part of his data from
Olive y Garcia's list of Guam trees. Mr. W. F. Wight has worked out the
species as "Canarium indicu^n Stickman Herb. Amb. (1754)", to which he
reduces Canarium commune Linn. (1767). The combination Canarium ind-
icum is not made in the original edition of Stickman's paper (1754), where
the species of Canarium are listed on pages 9 and 10, but only under the
Rumphian names, although it does appear in the reprint, Amoen. Acad. 4
(1769) 143. It seems far more likely to me that the tree knovni as "brea
blanca" in Guam has been introduced from the Philippines and is Canarium
ovatum Engl. (C pachyphyllum Perk.), a species allied to, but apparently
distinct from Canarium comm,une Linn.

IX, c, 2 MerriU: The Plants of Guam 99

MELIACEAE
AGLAIA Loureiro
AGLAIA MARIANNENSIS sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor 5 ad 7 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
dense ferrugineo-lepidotis, vetustioribus subglabris; foliis 20 ad
30 cm longis, foliolis 5 ad 9, oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque
ad 15 cm longis, acutis vel obscure acuminatis, basi acutis ad
rotundatis, vetustioribus subglabris vel subtus obscurissime
lepidotis; paniculis folia subaequantibus ; floribus 5-meris,
numerosis, racemose dispositis, breviter pedicellatis, tubus stam-
ineus liber.

A tree 5 to 7 m high, the young branchlets, leaves, and inflo-
rescence for the most part densely brown-lepidote. Branches
about 5 mm in diameter, terete, grayish or brownish, glabrous,
the petiolar scars scattered, large, the growing parts densely
brown-lepidote. Leaves alternate, 20 to 30 cm long, mostly 3-
jugate, sometimes with two pairs of leaflets, sometimes with 4
pairs, besides the terminal leaflet, the petiole and rachis lepidote,
becoming nearly glabrous. Leaflets oblong to oblong-elliptic,
10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, chartaceous, when very young
somewhat lepidote, in age becoming glabrous or nearly so, a few
prominent scales usually persisting on the midrib and lateral
nerves, the lower surface sometimes very minutely cinereous-
subfurfuraceous, paler than the upper one, the apex acute or
somewhat acuminate, the base acute to rounded, often inequilat-
eral; lateral nerves 10 to 14 on each side of the midrib, distinct;
petiolules 7 to 10 mm long. Panicles in the upper axils, narrowly
pyramidal, often as long as the leaves, always more than one-half
as long, all parts rather densely brown-lepidote. Flowers nu-
merous, racemosely arranged on the ultimate branchlets, their
pedicels 0.5 to 1.5 mm long. Calyx brown-stellate-lepidote, the
lobes 5, oblong-ovate, acute, 1 to 1.2 mm long. Petals 5, gla-
brous, orbicular to obovate, concave, 1 to 1.5 in diameter. Sta-
minal tube quite fr3e from the petals, very shallowly cup-shaped,
glabrous, about 1 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm high, obscurely 5-
toothed. Stamens 5, alternating with the teeth of the staminal
tube, protruded, the anthers about 0.3 mm long. Fruit ellip-
soid to obovoid, densely brown-stellate-lepidote, about 1.5 cm
long and nearly as thick.

Guam Experiment Station U65, July, 1912 (type), McGregor 5A6, October,
1911, Mrs. Clemens s. n., November, 1911, locally known as mapunao.

A species apparently closely allied to the Malayan Aglaia adoratissima
Blume, which it greatly resembles in appearance and vegetative characters.
The very shallow staminal tube is apparently characteristic.

100 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

SAN DOR I CUM Cavanilles

SANDORICUM KOETJAPE (Burm. f.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 7
(1912) 237.
Melia koetjape Burm. f. Fl. Ind. (1768) 101.

Sandoricum indicum Cav. Diss. 4 (1787) 359, /. 202, 203; Safford 369.
G. E. S. 471.
Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region, introduced in Guam.

MELIA Linnaeus

MELIA AZEDARACH Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 384; Safford 322.
McGregor 4^6.
A native of tropical Asia, now cultivated in all warm countries.

XYLOCARPUS Koenig

XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM Koen. Naturf. 20 (1784) 2; Safford 400,
McGregor USl, Cabras Island, along the seashore.
Along the seashore, India to Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

MALPIGHIACEAE

GALPHIMIA Cavanilles

GALPHIMIA GLAUCA Cav. in Anal. Hist. Nat. 1 (1799) 37.
G. E. S. 277, apparently from recently introduced plants.
A native of Mexico, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

EUPHORBIACEAE

ACALYPHA Linnaeus

ACALYPHA INDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1003; Safford 173.
G. E. S. 80.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

ALEURITES Forster

ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (Linn.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4' (1805) 590; Safford
177.

Jatropha violuccana Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1006.

G. E. S. 86, 331, locally known by its Philippine (Tagalog) name
lumbang.

India to Polynesia, introduced in tropical America.

CLAOXYLON A. Jussieu

CLAOXYLON MARIANNUM Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15' (1866) 783;
Safford 230.

G. E. S. 7, U7Uy local name cator.

The type was collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, and the species is not
known from any other region. It is very closely allied to several other
species of the Malayan region.

IX, c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 101

CODIAEUM A. Jussieu

CODIAEUM VARIEGATUM (Linn.) Blume Bijdr. (1825) 606.
Croton variegatum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1199.
Phyllaurea variegata W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

9 (1905) 352.
G. E. S. 105, from cultivated specimens.

Widely distributed in cultivation, where native uncertain, but probably
Malaya or Polynesia.

EUPHORBIA Linnaeus

EUPHORBIA ATOTO Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 36; Safford 270.
G. E. S. 131.
Along the seashore, tropical Asia to Australia and Polynesia.

EUPHORBIA GAUDICHAUDII Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 7; Safford 270.

McGregor kUS, G. E. S. 378, similar to E. serralata Reinw., but more
robust.

A species known only from Guam.

EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 453.

G. E. S. 97, McGregor 471, the fonner from gardens, the latter from
roadsides.

A native of North America, now widely distributed in cultivation and
as a naturalized plant.

EUPHORBIA HIRTA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 454; Safford 271.
Euphorbia pilulifera Linn. I. c.
G. E. S. 189, Thompson 9, McGregor U09, locally known as golondrina.

EUPHORBIA PROSTRATA Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 (1789) 139.
G. E. S. U.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

EUPHORBIA THYMIFOLIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 454.

G. E. S. 255.

Tropics of both hemispheres.

{Euphorbia ramosissima Hook. & Arn. is credited to Guam by Boissier,"
but Index Kewensis is authority for the statement that the species as there
interpreted by Boissier is Euphorbia sparrmannii Boiss.)

EXCOECARIA Linnaeus

EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA Linn. Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 122; Syst. ed.
10 (1759) 1288; Safford 271.

Var. ORTHOSTICHALIS Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15' (1866) 1221.

McGregor 561, 567, G. E. S. 392, along the seashore.

India to Malaya and Polynesia (the species), the variety in Guam, New
Caledonia, and Tonga,

The combination Excoecaria agallocha is not made in the original edition
of Stickman's Herbarium Amboinense (1754) as claimed by Mr. Wight

"DC. Prodr. 15= (1862) 14.

102 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

in SafFord's work, but simply appears under Rumpf's name Arbor excoecans
with the additional statement: "Dioica triandra tricocca."

GLOCHIDION Forster

GLOCHIDION MARIANUM Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 65; Safford
283.
Phyllanthus gaudichaudii Muell.-Arg. var marianus Muell.-Arg. in DC.

Prodr. 15= (1866) 300.
McGregor 459, U7, G. E. S. 35, U80, locally known as chosga.
Originally described from specimens collected in Guam by Gaudichaud,
reported also from Tonga by Mueller, with a variety from Samoa.

JATROPHA Linnaeus

JATROPHA CURCAS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1006; Safford 301, pi 55.

McGregor 531.

A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

JATROPHA MULTIFIDA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1006; Safford 301.
G. E. S. 282, locally known as Santa Ana.
Distribution of the preceding.

MACARANGA Thouars

MACARANGA THOMPSONII sp. nov, § Dimorphanthera.

Frutex vel arbor, partibus vetustioribus glabra vel subglabra;
ramulis teretibus, laevis, circiter 1 cm diametro, partibus ju-
nioribus adpresse villosis; foliis aiternis, late rotundato-ob-
ovatis ad suborbicularibus, usque ad 20 cm diametro, integris,
apice brevissime abrupte acuminatis, basi late rotundatis vel
subtruncatis, alte peltatis, palmatim 9- vel 10-nerviis, supra
glabris, nitidis, subtus pallidioribus, glandulosis; inflorescentiis
$ axillaribus, paniculatis, usque ad 16 cm longis, ebracteatis,
pubescentibus ; floribus numerosis, glomeratis, sessilibus vel
subsessilibus, staminibus circiter 5.

A shrub or small tree, in age nearly glabrous. Branchlets
terete, smooth, glabrous, reddish-brown, about 1 cm in diameter,
marked with prominent petiolar scars and the scars of fallen
stipules, about 5 mm apart, the tips rather densely appressed-
pubescent. Leaves more or less crowded at the ends of the
branchlets, alternate, broadly peltate, subcoriaceous, broadly
obovate to suborbicular, 15 to 20 cm in diameter, entire, the
apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, the base broadly rounded
to subtruncate, palmately 9- or 10-nerved, the nerves prominent,
the lateral nerves above the basal pair about 6 on each side of
the midrib, the primary reticulations prominent, subparallel,
the upper surface smooth, glabrous, shining, somewhat oliva-
ceous-brown when dry, the lower surface much paler, with

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 103

numerous, scattered, pale-yellow glands in small pits, when young
more or less pubescent on the nerves and reticulations, in age
nearly glabrous; petioles 10 to 14 cm long; stipules lanceolate,
nearly glabrous, acuminate, 2 to 3 cm long, deciduous. Male
panicles axillary, about 16 cm long, narrowly pyramidal, many-
flowered, the lower branches 3 cm long or less, the upper
gradually shorter, the bracts wanting. Flowers sessile or sub-
sessile, glomerate, densely arranged on the ultimate branches.
Sepals 2 or 3, oblong to obovate, 1 to 1.2 mm long, obtuse or
acute, somewhat pubescent. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments 1 to 1.2
mm long ; anthers 3- and 4-locellate, small, about 0.2 mm long.

Guam Experiment Station U72, no data recorded with the specimen.

The first representative of the genus to be reported from the Marianne
Islands, well characterized by its very broad, widely peltate, entire, glan-
dular, nearly glabrous leaves, and its ebracteate staminate panicles.
Named in honor of Mr. J. B. Thompson, Director of the Guam Experiment
Station, through whose interest much of our Guam botanical material has
been secured.

MALLOTUS Loureiro

MALLOTUS MOLUCCANUS (Linn.) Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 24 (1865)
185, var. GLABRATUS Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15* (1866) 958.

Croton moluccamim Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1005.

Echinus sp. Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 265.

McGregor 402, G. E. S. 298, locally known as alom or alum.

Widely distributed in the Malayan region.

As to the propriety of retaining the above specific name for this species,
there may be some doubt, for Croton moluccaymm Linn., as to the first
citation given by Linnaeus, is Givotia rottleriformis Griff.,-'' as to the second,
apparently, and as to the specimen in the Linnean Herbarium it is Mallotus
moluccanus Muell.-Arg. I have retained the Linnean species in the sense
that Mueller and other authors have interpreted it.

MAN I HOT Tournefort

MANIHOT UTILISSIMA Pohl PI. Bras. Ic. 1 (1827) 32, t. 24.

Jatropha manihot Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1007.

Manihot maniliot Karst. Deutsch. Fl. (1880-83) 588; Safford 316.

G. E. S. 249, 250, locally known as mendioka amarilla, and mendioka
saipan.

A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

PHYLLANTHUS Linnaeus

PHYLLANTHUS MARIANUS Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 17; DC
Prodr. 15' (18G6) 357; Safford 351.

McGregor 427, at Agana.

A species known only from Guam.

"Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 4 (1898) 51.

104 The Philippine Journal of Science ish

PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 981; Safford 351.
G. E. S. 152, locally known as maigo lalo.
Warmer parts of both hemispheres.

PHYLLANTHUS SAFFORDII sp. nov. § Paraphyllanthus.

Planta lignosa, 20 ad 30 cm alta, suberecta vel adscendentibus,
ramulis parce puberulis exceptis glabra; caulibus teretibus,
simplex, 3 ad 4 mm diametro; ramulis densissime confertis,
usque ad 9 cm longis, tenuibus; foliis numerosis, confertis, im-
bricatis, distichis, oblongis, acuteis vel acuminatis, coriaceis, 5
ad 12 mm longis, penninerviis, margine valde incrassatis;
floribus solitariis, 6-meris, $ breviter pedicellatis, staminibus
3, liberis, antheris verticaliter dehiscentibus, $ sessilibus, ovario
glabro.

An erect or ascending, simple undershrub 20 to 30 cm high,
the stems terete, unbranched, their lower parts prostrate, 3 to
4 mm in diameter, woody, dark-colored, marked with numerous
scars of fallen branchlets, the branchlets densely crowded at
the apices of the stems, slender, up to 50 on each plant, 6 to 9
cm long, somewhat puberulent or pubescent. Leaves numerous,
crowded, distichous, imbricate, oblong, coriaceous, shining, some-
what pale when dry, 5 to 12 mm long, 1.5 to 2.5 mm wide,
sharply acuminate, base obtuse, slightly inequilateral, the mar-
gins very prominently thickened, cartilaginous, both surfaces
very minutely puncticulate ; lateral nerves about 9 on each side
of the midrib, not prominent, ascending; petioles 0.2 mm long;
stipules 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, filiform-acuminate from a somewhat
enlarged base. Flowers of both sexes on the same plant, both
6-merous, solitary, axillary. Male flowers : Pedicels 0.5 mm long.
Sepals 6, obtuse, oblong to narrowly oblong-obovate, 1 to 1.2 mm
long. Glands 6, free, subglobose. Stamens 3, free or nearly
so; anthers subglobose, 0.2 mm long, dehiscing vertically.
Female flowers sessile, the sepals oblong, obtuse, 1.2 mm long,
0.5 mm wide. Ovary glabrous, broadly ovoid to depressed-glo-
bose, 0.5 mm long; styles 3, spreading, distinctly united at the
base but not columnar, each cleft, the arms spreading, recurved,
short. Disk prominent, truncate, cup-shaped or saucer-shaped,
glabrous, 0.4 mm high. Capsule depressed-globose 2.2 mm in
diameter, glabrous, shining, longitudinally 6-sulcate, smooth,
dehiscing into three 1-celled cocci, the seeds minutely longitu-
dinally striate.

R. C. McGregor i76, hills back of Piti, altitude about 100 meters, Octo-
ber, 1911 (type) ; Safford & Seale 1121, May, 1900.

Characterized by its simple, rather stout, short, woody stems, its densely

IX. c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 105

crowded branchlets, and its crowded, imbricate, minutely puncticulate, small,
coriaceous leaves which have cartilaginous margins. It is dedicated to
Mr. W. E. Safford, author of the "Useful Plants of Guam."

PHYLLANTHUS SIMPLEX Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 29.

G. E. S. US, McGregor UIO, also collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, but
not recorded by Mr. Safford.

Tropical Asia to Malaya and Polynesia.

PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 982; Safford 352.

G. E. S. 108.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres. (Mr. Safford
also records Phyllanthus nivosus Bull, from Guam, from plants introduced
by himself from Honolulu.)

RICINUS Linnaeus

RICINUS COMMUNIS Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1007; Safford 364.
G. E. S. 291, locally known as agaliya.
In all warm countries, cultivated or wild, probaly a native of Africa.

ANACARDIACEAE
ANACARDIUM Linnaeus

ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 383; Safford 182.

G. E. A. 218, 368, local name casoy.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in most tropical
countries in cultivation.

MANGIFERA Linnaeus

MANGIFERA INDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 200; Safford 315.

G. E. S. 283, local name manga, as in the Philippines from which group
it was probably introduced into Guam by the Spaniards.

MANGIFERA ODORATA Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 417.

G. E. S. 20 Jf, near Piti, known as the "Saipan Mango," indicating its
introduction from the neighboring island of Saipan. Widely distributed in
Malaya.

CELASTRACEAE

GYMNOSPORIA Benth. & Hook. f.
GYMNOSPORIA THOMPSONII sp. nov.

Frutex inflorescentiis parcissime puberulis exceptis glaber,
inerme; foliis ellipticis vel ovato-ellipticis, chartaceis vel sub-
coriaceis, obtusis vel rotundatis, basi acutis, usque ad 9 cm longis,
margine distanter leviter crenatis, nervis utrinque circiter 7,
tenuibus; floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis vel depauperato-
cymosis, 5-meris; capsulis obovoideis, 8 ad 10 mm longis, 3- vel
4-angulatis, 3- vel 4-locellatis, seminibus exarillatis.

A shrub, quite glabrous except the minutely puberulent in-

IQg The Philippine Journal of Scie7ice lou

florescence. Branches unarmed, terete, grayish or brownish.
Leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 6
to 9 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, somewhat brownish and slightly
shining when dry, the apex obtuse to broadly rounded, the base
acute, margins distantly and not prominently crenate; lateral
nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, slender, anastomosing,
the reticulations slender; petioles 5 to 8 mm long, sometimes
minutely puberulent. Flowers mostly in axillary fascicles, some-
times in few-flowered cymes, the pedicels and axis, when present,
minutely puberulent. Flowers white, 5-merous, about 6 mm
in diameter, their pedicels in anthesis about 6 mm long, up
to 12 mm long in fruit, jointed, few to rather many in each
axil. Calyx-lobes 5, broadly elliptic, rounded, about 1 mm
long, margins irregularly lacerate-ciliate. Petals oblong-elliptic,
rounded, about 3 mm long, 1.7 mm wide, margins minutely crenu-
late. Ovary glabrous, much narrowed above, the style arms 3 or
4; cells 3 or 4; ovules two in each cell. Capsules in general
obovoid, somewhat 3- or 4-angled and slightly sulcate, acute or
obtuse, 8 to 10 mm long, about 8 mm wide, the seeds exarillate.

McGregor 394, 530, October, 1911, Upi road, in forests; G. E. S. 88
(type), Apurgan; Costenoble 1189, July, 1906, locally known as luluhut.

Probably as closely allied to the Philippine Gymnosporia spinosa Merr.
& Rolfe as to any other known form, differing in being quite unarmed and
in its entirely different inflorescence, the flowers being chiefly fascicled,
cymes rarely present.

SAPINDACEAE

ALLOPHYLUS Linnaeus

ALLOPHYLUS TIMORENSIS Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 130.

McGregor U97, and, with some doubt, McGregor 389, from Cabras Island.
Widely distributed along the seashore, Malaya to Polynesia.

ALLOPHYLUS HOLOPHYLLUS Radlkofer sp. nov.

Frutex; rami teretes, glabriusculi, juveniles subfusci, dein
cinerascentes, sparsim lenticellosi ; folia 3-foliolata, mediocria,
sat longe petiolata; foliola lateralia ovato-lanceolata, basi inae-
qualia (latere interiore angustiore breviore), breviter petio-
lulata, intermedia ex oblongo sublanceolata, basi subacuta petio-
lulis longioribus insidentia, omnia obtusiuscule acuminata, inte-
gerrima, rigidiuscule membranacea, nervis lateralibus sat crebris
oblique patulis, utrinque prominule reticulato-venosa, glaberrima
nee nisi glandulis microscopicis clavatis inspersa, viridia, nitida,
punctis pellucidis lineoliformibus crebris minutis notata; thyrsi
axillares, solitarii, ad rhacheos basin ramis 2, rarius 1 tantum,

IX. c, 2 Merrill: The Plmits of Guam 107

instruct! (summi eramosi), folia dimidia paullo superantes,
rhachi quam pedunculus paullo longiore pilis brevibus patulis
dense cano-puberula, sat dense cincinnigera, cincinnis 2-3-floris
(summis ad flores singulos reductis) ; flores mediocres, glabri,
albi, longiuscule pedicellati, pedicellis minutim patule pubescen-
tibus; fructus — (non suppetebant) .

Rami 3-4 mm crassi. Folia petiolo 4 cm longo adjecto ca. 15
cm longa; foliola cum petiolulis 4-10 mm longis 7-11 cm longa,
3-4.5 cm lata. Thyrsi 6-7 cm longi, ramis 3-4 cm longis.
Alabastra diametro 1.5-2 mm. Sepala glabra, margine glandu-
loso-ciliolata ; petala (alabastri) suborbicularia, breviter ungui-
culata, intus bisquamulata, ungui squamulisque densissime
villosis; discus in glandulas 4 subtruncatus productus, glaber;
stamina villosa; pistillum (floris <5 ) rudimentarium, bicoccum,
puberulum.

Guam Experivient Station Jt70.

Obs. Affinis AUophylo timorensi Bl. em., a quo differt habitu graciliori,
foliolis margine integerrimis, rhachi thyrsorum pedicellisque dense puberulis.

DODONAEA Linnaeus

DODONAEA VISCOSA Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. (1760) 19; Safford 263.
McGregor Jt60, G. E. S. S2B.
Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus

CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 366; Safford
214.
Admitted on the authority of Safford, not represented in our collections.
All tropical countries.

BALSAMINACEAE

IMPATIENS Linnaeus

I M RATI ENS BALSAM INA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 938; Safford 296.

G. E. S. 9Jt, locally known as camantigui, its Tagalog name in the
Philippines.

A native of India, now cultivated in various forms in all warm countries.

RHAMNACEAE

COLUBRINA Richard

COLUBRINA ASIATICA (Linn.) Brongn. in Ann. Sci. Nat. I 10 (1827)
369; Safford 246.
Ceanothus asiatic^is Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 196.
G. E. S. 52, McGregor 507, locally known as gososo.
Tropical Africa, Asia, Malaya to Australia and Polynesia, near the sea.

]^Qg The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

ZIZYPHUS Tournefort

ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA (Linn.) Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789) 319; Safford 403.

Rhamnus jujuba Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 194.

G. E. S. 165, locally known as manzanita.

An introduced species in Guam; widely distributed in Tropical Asia and
in Malaya, chiefly in cultivation.

Mr. Skeels"^ has recently proposed to take up the name Zizyphus mau-
ritiana Lam. for this species, claiming that Zizyphus jujuba Lam. is in-
validated by Zizyphus jujuba Mill. (1768), a matter that I am unable to
check on account of lack of literature.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus
ELAEOCARPUS JOGA sp. nov. § Dicera.

Arbor alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque exceptis
glabra; foliis chartaceis, oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad
10 cm longis, apice obtusis, basi cuneatis, margine crenatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 10, distinctis, subtus in axillis valde
glandulosis; racemis axillaribus et in ramis defoliatis, 5 ad 8
cm longis, circiter 15-floris; floribus 5-meris, 1.5 cm longis, pe-
talis usque ad medio laciniatis, subglabris; ovario 5-loculare;
fructibus ovoideis, 1.5 cm longis, 1-locellatis.

A tree, from 5 to 10 m in height fide McGregor, but accord-
ing to Perez, after Safford, yielding logs up to 14 meters
in length. Branches terete, grayish or reddish-gray, with pro-
minent scattered petiolar-scars, nearly smooth, glabrous, the
branchlets sparingly appressed-pubescent with pale, shining
hairs. Leaves numerous, crowded on the branchlets, charta-
ceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide,
the apex obtuse, base gradually narrowed, cuneate, margins
crenate, when young both surfaces with scattered, appressed,
shining hairs, becoming quite glabrous, the upper surface
brownish-olivaceous when dry, shining, the lower a little paler;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender,
distinct, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct, the axils of the
veins on the lower surface with very prominent glands; petioles
5 to 10 mm long, pubescent, becoming glabrous. Racemes nu-
merous, axillary and on the branches below the leaves, 5 to 8
cm long, about 15-flowered, rachis, pedicels and sepals sparingly
appressed-pubescent with pale hairs. Flowers white, 5-merous,
about 1.5 cm long, their pedicels 8 to 12 mm long. Sepals lan-
ceolate, acuminate, about 11 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Petals

"U. S. Dept. Agr. Bureau Plant Industry Bull. 208 (1911) 67.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 109

about 1.5 cm long, 5 to 6 mm wide, narrowly obovate, pubescent
only on the margins in the lower one-third, the upper one-half
split into 4 or 5 primary, rather narrow divisions, these in turn
trifid or dichotomously divided into 3 or 4 slender laciniae, the
base gradually narrowed, acute or obtuse. Stamens about 30;
filaments short; anthers linear, scabrid, about 4 mm long, one
cell obtuse, the other a little longer (less than 1 mm), and tipped
with several short, stiff, white hairs, not apiculate. Ovary ovoid,
pubescent, 5-celled; ovules several in each cell; style about 1.5
cm long somewhat pubescent below. Fruit blue, ovoid, smooth
when dry, subacute or somewhat apiculate, about 1.5 cm long,
the pulp scanty, the endocarp thick, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

R. C. McGregor 533 (type), 1^57, October, 1911, Upi road, in forests,
G. E. S. Jt68, locally known as joga or yoga.

This is undoubtedly the species that Mr. Safford discusses (pag'e 401),
under the native name yoga. It is apparently a very distinct and charac-
teristic form, but I do not know any species of the section to which it is
especially closely allied. The numerous, compai-atively small, obtuse, prom-
inently glandular leaves, and the rather large flowers with nearly glabrous
petals are characteristic features.

TILIACEAE

CORCHORUS Linnaeus

CORCHORUS ACUTANGULUS Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 104.

G. E. S. 176, McGregor 532, locally known as bilimhines chaca.

Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World, introduced in the
West Indies.

GREWIA Linnaeus

GREWIA MARIANNENSIS sp. nov.

Species G. malococcae Linn. f. simillima et afRnis, differt foliis
basi distincte inaequilateralibus, ramulis inflorescentiisque ad-
presse hirsutis, baud stellato-tomentosis.

A shrub or small tree, the branchlets, inflorescences, and the
leaves on the midrib and nerves of the lower surface appressed-
hirsute, not at all stellate-pubescent, although the stiff hairs are
sometimes somewhat fascicled. Branches terete, slender, red-
dish-brown or brownish. Leaves alternate, ovate to elliptic-
ovate, chartaceous, 10 to 15 cm long, 4.5 to 8 cm wide, the apex
sharply acuminate, the base slightly but distinctly inequilateral,
somewhat narrowed and abruptly rounded, rarely slightly cor-
date, the margins crenate-serrate, the upi>er surface quite
glabrous, shining, the lower a little paler, shining, very sparingly
appressed-hirsute on the midrib and lateral nerves, the lower
axils prominently bearded; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long, slightly
appressed-hirsute. Inflorescence axillary, solitary or two or

\1Q The Philippine Journal of Science lyn

three in each axil, appressed-hirsute, 2 to 3 cm long, few-flowered,
usuallj'- with but three flowers which are umbellately arranged,
the peduncle 1.5 cm long or less, the pedicels about one-half
as long; bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, appressed-hirsute,
about 7 mm long, deciduous. Sepals 5, elliptic-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, 11 to 12 mm long, 4 to 4.5 mm wide, acute, appressed-
hirsute. Petals narrowly ovate, about 3 mm long, 2 mm wide,
acute, the scale suborbicular, ciliate, prominent. Stamens indef-
inite; anthers about 0.5 mm long; filaments 4 to 5 mm long.
Ovary densely hirsute.

Guam Experiment Station 133, November, 1911, at Tuition.

A species manifestly closely allied to the Polynesian Grewia malococca
Linn, f., and perhaps not specifically distinct. I have seen no complete
description of this species, and my conception of it is based largely on a
Samoan specimen so named, Vaupel 2U7.

GREWIA MULTI FLORA Juss. in Ann. Mus. Paris 4 (1804) 89, t. -47,
/. 1; Saflford 287.

Admitted on the authority of Safford, but his specimens should be com-
pared with the preceding species.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region.

TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus
TRIUMFETTA SEM ITRILOBA Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. (1760) 22.

Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 109, locally known as dadangsi.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, a native of tropical
America.

It is strongly suspected that the species recorded by Safford (p. 393)
as Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., based on the reference of Triumfetta
lappula to Guam, by Gaudichaud, is Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq., and not
T. rhomboidea Jacq.
TRIUMFETTA PROCUMBENS Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 35; Safford 392.

Triumfetta fabreana Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 478.

G. E. S. 85.

Islands of the Sulu Sea to Australia and Polynesia.

TRIUMFETTA TOMENTOSA Boj. Hort. Maurit. (1837) 43; Safford 393.
Credited to Guam by Safford, but the record must be considered a very
doubtful one.

BOMBYCACEAE

CEIBA Gaertner

CEIBA PENTANDRA (Linn.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2 (1791) 244, t. 133, f. 1;
Safford 221, pi. i2.

Bombax pentandrum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 511.

Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 479.

G. E. S. 299, native name algodon de Manila.

In all tropical countries, where native uncertain, but probably originating
in tropical America.

IX, a 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam HI

MALVACEAE

ABELMOSCHUS Medicus

ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (Linn.) Moench. Meth. (1794) 617; Saf-
ford 171.

Hibiscus esculentus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 696.
G. E. S. 199.

The okra is probably a native of tropical America, now cultivated in all
warm countries.

ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS Medic. Malv. (1787) 46.
Hibiscus abehnoschus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 696.
McGregor ^57, G. E. S. 405, locally known as camang.
Probably a native of tropical Asia, now in all tropical countries.

ABUTILON Tournefort
ABUTILON INDICUM (Linn.) Sweet Hort. Brit. (1826) 54; Safford 172.

Sida indica Linn. Cent. PI. 2 (1756) 26.

G. E. S. 175, locally known as malbas or matbas.

The specimen reported from Guam as "Sida maura Link" (manifestly a
misprint for Sida mauritiana) by Endlicher (Ann. Wien. Mus. 1 (1836)
132; Safford 374), belongs here. Dr. Ulbrich has kindly examined the
material in the Berlin herbarium, and although not finding Chamisso's
specimen, he finds other plants, so named, and indicated as "ex Herb. Link,"
which are the same as Abutilon indicum Sweet.

Probably a native of tropical Asia, now in all tropical countries.

GOSSYPIUM Linnaeus

GOSSYPIUM BRASILIENSE Macf. Fl. Jam. 1 (1837) 72; Watt Cotton
Plants (1907) 295, pi. 49, 50.
Gossypium barbadense W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.

Herb. 9 (1905) 285, non Linn.
G. E. S. 285, locally known as algodon.

From the Philippine native names and other data given by Safford there
is no doubt in my mind but that the species he included as Gossypium
barbadense is reallj' G. brasiliense Macf.

GOSSYPIUM ARBOREUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 693; Safford 285.

The determination of the Guam material is probably incorrect. There
are no Guam specimens in our collection agreeing with the figures and
descriptions of this species, and it is quite unknown from the Philippines.
G. E. S. 83, 397, two collections apparently representing the same species,
may be the same species as the plant referred to G. arboreum Linn, by
Safford, but I have no means of determining the fact; they represent a
species quite different from Gossypium arboreum Linn., which I am unable
to determine with satisfaction.

HIBISCUS Linnaeus

HIBISCUS MUTABILIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 694; Safford 294.
G. E. S. 260, locally known as mapola.
A native of tropical Asia, now in all tropical countries.

112 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 294; Safford 294.
McGregor 359, 360, G. E. S. i35, single and double flowers.
A native of tropical Asia, now cultivated in all warm countries.

HIBISCUS TILIACEUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 694.

Pariti tiliaceum A. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. 1 (1825) 256; Safford 347,

pi. 61.
McGregor U66, G. E. S. 332, 384, locally known as pago.
Along the seashore in the tropics of both hemispheres.

MALACHRA Linnaeus

MALACHRA CAPITATA Linn. Syst. ed. 12 (1767) 458.
G. E. S. 28, locally known as pagago.
A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

MALACHRA FASCIATA Jacq. Coll. 2 (1797) 352.

G. E. S. 154., along small streams.

A native of tropical America, now very common in the Philippines. The
Guam form is identical with the common Philippine Malachra fascicata
var. lineariloba (Turcz.) Giirke.

SI DA Linnaeus

SIDA ACUTA Burm. f. Fl. Ind. (1768) 147; Safford 374.

G. E. S. 155, locally known as escobilla aduTnelon, the typical form,
G. E. S. 806, Thompson 25, locally known as escobilla papagu, atypic.

All tropical countries, where native uncertain.

The specimens last cited, with the native name escobilla papagu represent
a form somewhat different from typical Sida acuta Burm. f. Mr. E. G.
Baker of the British Museum has kindly examined a duplicate of one of the
specimens and informs me that in his opinion it is only a form of Sida
carpiyiifolia L. (=Sida acuta Burm. f.).

SIDA GLOMERATA Cav. Diss. 1 (1785) 18, t. 2, f. 6; Safford 374.

Admitted on the authority of Safford who quotes Gaudichaud. It is
strongly suspected, from the native name cited by Gaudichaud, escobilla
papagu, that the form enumerated by him as Sida glomerata Cav., is really
the form that I have above referred to Sida acuta Burm. f., and not Cava-
nilles' species.

SIDA RHOMBI FOLIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 684; Safford 375.

G. E. S. 156, 200, locally known as escobilla dalili and as escobilla apaca.
All tropical countries, where native uncertain.

THESPESIA Solander

THESPESIA POPULNEA (Linn.) Soland. ex Corr. in Ann. Mus. Paris 9
(1807) 290, t. 8, f. 2; Safford 388.

Hibiscus populneus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 694.

Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 132, Uh2, locally known as banalo, also its
most common Philippine name.

Widely distributed in the tropics along the seashore.

IX. c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 113

URENA Linnaeus

URENA LOBATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 692, var. SINUATA (Linn.) Gagnep.
in Lecomte Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1 (1910) 414.
Urena sinuata Linn. 1. c; Safford 394.

Thompson 17, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 185, 221, locally known as
dadangsi, dadanese, and dadangsi apaca.

Tropics of the World, where native uncertain. I can see no reason for
considering Urena sinuata Linn, to be specifically distinct from Urena
lobata Linn.

STERCULIACEAE

HERITIERA Dryander

HERITIERA LITTORALIS Dry. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 (1789) 456; Saflford
282, pi. 52.

G. E. S. 16, 91, locally known as ufa.

Along the seashore, tropical Asia to Polynesia.

MELOCHIA Linnaeus

MELOCHIA ODORATA Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 302; Forst. f. Prodr. (1786)
47.

Mrs. Clemens s. n., November 27, 1911.

New Caledonia to Polynesia.

The specimen agrees very closely with Balansa S9S from New Caledonia,
differing in a few slight characters, such as its calyces being hirsute rather
than velutinous. In both the seeds are quite wingless. The type of
Melochia odorata was from the Island of Tanna, near New Caledonia.

MELOCHIA HIRSUTISSIMA sp. nov. § Visenia.

Frutex, omnibus partibus dense hirsutis ; foliis cordato-ovatis,
coriaceis, usque ad 8 cm long'is, acuminatis, basi late rotundatis
cordatisque, margine dentato-serratis ; floribus 8 ad 9 mm longis,
capsulis ovoideis, acuminatis, non sulcatis, hirsutis, seminibus
anguste obovoideis, obscure 3-angulatis, angulis rotundatis, baud
alatis.

A shrub, size not indicated, densely hirsute with long, pale or
brownish, more or less shining hairs. Branches terete, very
dark-brown, older ones glabrous or nearly so, the younger
branchlets very densely hirsute, pale-brownish or grayish-brown.
Leaves cordate-ovate, coriaceous, 5 to 8 cm long, 3 to 5.5 cm
wide, base broadly rounded, rather shallowly cordate or sub-
truncate, apex shortly acuminate or merely acute, margins rather
finely serrate-dentate, both surfaces of the same color, uniformly
hirsute with mostly simple, spreading, rather pale, more or less
shining hairs which are for the most part on the midrib, nerves,
and reticulations, the upper surface in young leaves with inter-
mixed, softer, stellate hairs; basal nerves 3, the lateral
nerves above the base usually 4 on each side of the midrib; pe-

125572 2

114 2"^^ Philippine Journal of Science isu

tioles densely hirsute, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Panicles cymose, in
the upper axils, forming, a terminal, leafy inflorescence, densely
pale-hirsute, the peduncles 10 cm long or less, the flower-bearing
parts of each cyme 5 cm long or less, the flowers rather densely
disposed. Bracteoles very broadly ovate, deciduous, prominently
cillate-hirsute with long spreading hairs, acute or acuminate, 2
to 2.5 mm long, nearly as wide. Calyx somewhat campanulate,
hirsute, 6 to 7 mm long, divided to below the middle into 5,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat spreading, acuminate lobes
about 4 mm long, 2 mm wide. Petals membranaceous, glabrous,
narrowly oblong-obovoid to obovoid-subspatulate, 8 to 9 mm long,
3 mm wide, apex truncate-rounded, narrowed in the lower one-
half, the lower 3 mm 0.5 to 1 mm wide. Stamens 4 to 5 mm
long; filaments thin, flat, about 1 mm wide; anthers 1.5 mm
long. Ovary ovoid, densely hirsute; styles slender, about 3 mm
long, hirsute below, glabrous above. Capsule at maturity ovoid,
hirsute, not at all sulcate or ridged, about 7 mm long, acute
or acuminate, composed of 5 cocci which dehisce ventrally, each
coccus with two, terminal, slender, hirsute, 1 to 1.5 mm long
awns. Seeds not at all winged, brown, smooth, narrowly obovoid,
obtuse, about 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm thick, 3-angled in cross-
section, the angles rounded.

R. C. McGregor ^56, hills back of Piti, altitude about 100 meters.

A species allied to Melochia odorata Linn. f. and to M. aristata A. Gray,
characterized by its comparatively small, densely hirsute leaves, as well as
by its densely hirsute branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences.

THEOBROMA Linnaeus

THEOBROMA CACAO Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 388; Safford 385, pi 67.

G. E. S. 317, locally known as cacao.

A native of tropical America, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

WALTHERIA Linnaeus

WALTHERIA AMERICANA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 673; Safford 398.

Waltheria indica Linn., 1. c.

Waltheria elliptica Cav. Diss. 6 (1788) 316, t. 171, f. 2.
McGregor U07, G. E. S. 123, locally called escobilla sabana.
A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

GUTTIFERAE

CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus

CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 513; Safford 208.

G. E. S. 186, 41i, locally known as daog or daok.

Along the seashore, tropical Africa and Asia, through Malaya to Aus-
tralia and Polynesia,

IX. c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 115

OCHROCARPUS Thouars

OCHROCARPUS EXCELSUS (Zoll. & Mor.) Vesque in DC. Monog. Phan.
8 (1893) 525.

Calophylliun excelsuyn Zoll. & Mor. Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neerl. Ind. 2

(1845) 582; Hassk. & Zoll. in Flora (1847) 641.
Ochrocarpus obovalis Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 335,

pi. 59.

Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. It? 6.

Along the seashore, Java, Christmas Island and Borneo to New Guinea,
Fiji, and the Admiralty Islands.

I can see no reason for considering Ochrocarpus obovalis (Miq.) Safford
to be specifically distinct from 0. excelsus Vesque. Our Guam material
presents both obovate and elliptic leaves on the same branchlets. It man-
ifestly represents quite the same species as Ridley 68 from Christmas Island
(south of Java), distributed as Ochrocarpus ovalifolius Anders.

BIXACEAE

BIX A Linnaeus

BIXA ORELLANA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 512; Safford 199, pi 39.
McGregor J^26, G. E. S. 128, locally known as achiote or achote.
A native of tropical America, now found in all tropical countries.

FLACOURTIACEAE

PANGIUM Reinwardt

PANGIUM EDULE Reinw. Syll. Ratisb. 2 (1828) 12; Safford 345.
G. E. S. 73, locally known as rawel or raudl.
Widely distributed in the Malayan region.

FLACOURTIA Commerson

FLACOURTIA INTEGRIFOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, inermis, dioica, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra;
foliis chartaceis, integris, ellipticis, usque ad 8 cm longis, nitidis,
apice late rotundatis, basi subacutis ad rotundatis, 2-glandulosis,
nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, tenuibus; inflorescentiis s axillaribus,
parce pubescentibus, paucifloris, floribus fasciculatis vel in race-
mis dispositis, longe pedicellatis; sepalis 4, parce pubescentibus,
2 ad 3 mm longis.

A small, unarmed, dioecious, nearly glabrous tree, the branches
terete, wrinkled when dry, brownish or grayish, somewhat lenti-
cellate. Lreaves alternate, elliptic, chartaceous, 5 to 8 cm long,
2.5 to 5 cm wide, entire, sometimes with incipient glandular
teeth at the ends of the veins, the margins slightly recurved, apex
broadly rounded, sometimes slightly retuse, the base subacute
to rounded, with two glands at or near the insertion of the

116 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

petiole, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous when dry, shining,
the lower a little paler, shining; lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each
side of the midrib, distant, slender, anastomosing, the reticu-
lations slender, fine ; petioles about 5 mm long, sometimes a little
puberulent. Male flowers in axillary, solitary or sometimes
fascicled racemes, or the uppermost ones in fascicles, the racemes
few-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, slightly pubescent; pedicels 5 to
7 mm long, jointed below to the very short, 1 mm long branch,
each branch bearing a single flower, and each subtended by an
ovate, 1 mm long bract. Sepals 4, imbricate, ovate, somewhat
pubescent, obtuse to acute, 2 to 3 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide.
Stamens indefinite; filaments 1 to 2 mm long; anthers broadly
elliptic-ovoid, somewhat curved, 0.8 to 1 mm long.

Guam Experiment Station Jf66, July, 1912.

A species differing from most of those in Flacourtia and allied genera
in its quite entire leaves. It more closely resembles certain species of
Scolopia in facies than it does Flocourtia, but by definition goes in the
latter genus.

CARICACEAE

CARICA Linnaeus

CARICA PAPAYA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 377; Safford 215.
McGregor 335, G. E. S. ^20, the common papaya.
A native of tropical America, now found in all tropical countries.

CACTACEAE

NOPAL E A Salm-Dyck

NOPALEA COCHIN ELI FERA (Mill.) Salm-Dyck Cact. Hort. Dyck. ed. 2

(1845) 64.

Opuntia cochinelifera Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) no. 6.

Opuntia sp.; Safford 338.

G. E. S. 26J!f, locally known as lengua de vaca, also its common name in
the Philippines.

A native of Mexico, now cultivated and sometimes spontaneous in other
tropical countries.

Safford records an undetermined species of Opuntia from Guam, citing
the same native name, which is probably Nopalea cochinelifera. The
specimens I have examined are in flower, and the generic identification is
correct.

THYMELAEACEAE

WIKSTROEMIA Endlicher
WIKSTROEMIA ELLIPTICA sp. nov. § Eurvikstroemia.

Species W. indicae affinis, differt foliis majoribus, ellipticis,
vel ovato-ellipticis, usque ad 6 cm longis et 3 cm latis, utrinque

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 117

rotundatis vel apice acutis, ramulis adpresse fulvo-hirsutis, haud
glabris.

A shrub, glabrous except the deciduously pubescent branch-
lets which are distinctly appressed-hirsute with fulvous hairs
when young. Branches terete, reddish-brown, wrinkled when
dry, the internodes rather short. Leaves opposite, elliptic or
ovate-elliptic, chartaceous, dark-olivaceous when dry, lower sur-
face a little paler, glabrous, 4 to 6 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide,
rounded at both ends or the apex somewhat acute; primary
lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, rather distinct,
the reticulations lax, rather distinct on the lower surface; pe-
tioles 2 mm long or less. Fruit ovoid, fleshy, red, about 8 mm
long.

R. C. McGregor 437, October, 1911, hills back of Piti, altitude about
100 meters.

A species resembling in appearance Wikstroemia indica Mey., but distin-
guished by the characters indicated in the diagnosis. It seems to be even
more closely allied to W. rotundifolia Decne., but its branchlets are hirsute,
not puberulent.

LYTHRACEAE

AMMANNIA Linnaeus

AMMANNIA COCCINEA Rottb. PI. Hort. Univ. Havn. Progr. Descr. (1773)
7.
G. E. S. 67, S60, 4.62, along small streams, locally known astetema.
Introduced from Mexico; widely distributed in North and South America.

LAGERSTROEMIA Linnaeus

LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1076; Safford 305.
G. E. S. 436, locally known as melindres.
A native of tropical Asia, now cultivated in all warm countries.

LAWSONIA Linnaeus

LAWSONIA INERMIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 349; Safford 306.

G. E. S. 340, locally known as cinnamomo.

A native of Africa or south-western Asia, now cultivated in all warm
countries.

PEMPHIS Forster

PEMPHIS ACIDULA Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 68, t. 34; Safford 348.
McGregor 563, G. E. S. 59, 448, along the seashore, local name nigas.
Eastern Africa, through tropical Asia and Malaya to Polynesia.

118 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

PUNICACEAE

PUNICA Linnaeus

PUNICA GRANATUM Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 472; Safford 362.
G. E. S. 79, locally known as granada.
A native of south-eastern Asia, now cultivated in all warm countries.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

BRUGUIERA Lamarck

BRUGUIERA CONJUGATA (Linn.) comb. nov.

Rhizophora conjugata Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 443, non aliorum!

Rhizophora gymnorhiza Linn. 1. c.

Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam. Illustr. 2 (1797) t. 397; Safford 202, pi. UO.

G. E. S. 339, locally known as mangling lake.

Along tidal streams on tropical shores from eastern Africa to India,
Japan, and Polynesia.

If we follow the rules of nomenclature, as to priority, the acceptance of
the Linnean specific name conjugata for this species is unavoidable, although
it has only place priority over Rhizophora gymnorhiza in the original
publication. Trimen " states : "There is no specimen in Herman's Herb.,
but his drawing is unmistakably this species [Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam.]
and it is the whole foundation for Linnaeus's Rhizophora conjugata, which
name has been since always applied to another plant, R. Candelaria DC,
to which this bears a strong resemblance in foliage."

Rhizophora conjugata {R. gymnorhiza), is not always easily distin-
guished from R. eriopetala W. & A., and various authors have by no means
always described the same species under the name Bruguiera gymnorhiza.
Blume's " description of Bruguiera gymnorhiza applies unmistakably to
typical B. eriopetala W. & A. I have little doubt but that the correct name
for the species now going under the name of Bruguiera eriopetala W. & A.
is B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir., which dates from 1790.

RHIZOPHORA Linnaeus

RHIZOPHORA CANDELARIA DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 32; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
2 (1894) 151.

Rhizophora conjugata Auct., non Linn.

McGregor 368, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

Along tidal streams from tropical east Africa to Polynesia.

There is apparently no question as to the validity of the above specific
name for the present species. It was based on two references, the first to
Rheede Hort. Malabar, 6 : t. 3U, the second to Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 3 :
t. 71 , 72, of which the former must be interpreted as the type. Blume "
however, refers Rumpf's plates to R. mucronata Lam., and Rheede's to R.
conjugata=:R. candelaria DC. Rumpf's figures are unusually crude, and it
is quite impossible to determine which of the two species they represent.
His description seems to me to include both.

"Fl. Ceyl. 2 (1894) 154.
"Mus. Bot. 1 (1849) 136.
"Mus. Bot. 1 (1849) 133, 134.

IX, c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 119

RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA Lam. Encycl. 6 (1804) 189; Safford 364,
pi. 64.

G. E. S. JtOlf, locally known as mangle.

Distribution of the preceding; readily distinguished by its much longer,
several flowered peduncles.

COMBRETACEAE

TERMINALIA Linnaeus

TERMINALIA CATAPPA Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 128; Safford 385.

McGregor Jf96; said by Safford to be very common, not only along the
seashore but also inland, locally known as talisai.

Of wide distribution in the tropics of the eastern hemisphere, introduced
into tropical America.

TERMINALIA SAFFORDII sp. nov. § Catappa.

Arbor ut videtur alta, ramulis junioribus inflorescentiis ex-
ceptis glabra vel subglabra; foliis breviter petiolatis, late obo-
vatis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 13 cm longis, apice rotundato-
truncatis vel latissime rotundatis, basi angustatis, obtusis, subtus
2-glandulosis ; fructibus 1.5 ad 2 cm longis, 6 ad 8 mm diametro,
oblongo-ovoideis vel lanceolato-ovoideis, glabris, acuminatis,
leviter compressis, non carinatis.

A tree, size not indicated. Branches rather stout, the ultimate
ones about 7 mm in diameter, glabrous, the branchlets marked
with scars of fallen petioles more or less densely fulvous-pubes-
cent. Leaves very broadly obovate, 10 to 13 cm long, 8 to 10
cm wide, subcoriaceous, the apex broadly rounded or rounded-
truncate, narrowed below, the base obtuse or rounded, shining,
the upper surface entirely glabrous, the lower slightly paler,
glabrous, or the midrib more or less fulvous-villous, and with
a gland near the insertion of the petiole on each side of the
midrib ; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, rather
slender, spreading, laxly anastomosing, the reticulations slender,
distinct; petioles fulvous-pubescent, 10 to 12 mm long. Racemes
in the upper axils, simple, in fruit up to 8 cm long, more or
less pubescent. Fruits oblong-ovoid to lanceolate-ovoid, smooth,
glabrous, 1.5 to 2 cm long, 6 to 8 mm wide, slightly compressed,
not at all keeled or winged, acuminate, base obtuse, when dry
brownish and somewhat glaucous.

Guam Experiment Station A^O, July 1912, locally known as talisai ganee.

The foliage is somewhat similar to that of Terminalia catappa L., but
the leaves are much smaller and relatively broader. The fruits are en-
tirely different, somewhat resembling those of the Philippine Terminalia
edulis. It may be most closely allied to the Polynesian Terminalia lito-
ralis Seem.

120 The Philippine Journal of Science isu

LUMNITZERA Willdenow

LUMNITZERA LITTOREA (Jack.) Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calc. (1846) 39;
Safford 312.

Pyrrhanthus littoretis Jack Malay Miscel. 2 (1822) 57.

Laguncularia jmrpurea Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 481, t. lOJt.

Lumnitzera pedicellata Presl Rel. Haenk. 2 (1830) 23.

McGregor ^67, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 383, locally known as nana.

The species is very widely distributed along tropical shores from India
to Polynesia.

The types of both Lumnitzera pedicellata Presl and Laguncularia pur-
purea Gaudich. were from Guam, and I can see no reason whatever for
maintaining Presl's species as a distinct one. The material cited agrees
with his description, and also agrees with our ample material of Lumnitzera
littorea (Jack) Voigt, from Malaya and from the Philippines.

LECYTHIDACEAE

BARRINGTONIA Forster

BARRINGTONiA ASIATICA (Linn.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng, 45*
(1876) 70.

Mammea asiatica Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 731.

Barringtonia speciosa Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 76, t. 38; Safford 196,
pi. 38.

McGregor 560, G. E. S. 333, locally known as puting.

Along the seashore from Ceylon to Polynesia.

The Guam material is referable to the species described by Linnaeus as
Mammea asiatica; that it is identical with Forster's Barringtonia speciosa
admits of very little doubt in spite of Miers' conclusions to the contrary.

BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (Linn.) Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 634;
Safford 196.
Eugenia racemosa Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 471.

G. E. S. 137, 22U, 297, locally known as langat, langasat, and langaasag.
Near the sea from India to Malaya and Polynesia.

MYRTACEAE

DECASPERMUM Forster

DECASPERMUM PANICULATUM (Lindl.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
46» (1877) 6L

Nelitris paniculata Lindl. Collect. Bot. (1821) 16.

McGregor Ull, hills back of Piti.

Bengal to Formosa southward to Malaya and Australia, eastward to
the Marianne and Caroline Islands; very closely allied to the Polynesian
Decaspermum fruticosum. Forst.

EUGENIA Linnaeus

EUGENIA JAVANICA Lam. EncycL 3 (1789) 200.
G. E. S. ^6i, locally known as macupa.
Very widely distributed in tropical Asia and Malaya in cultivatioji.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 121

EUGENIA MALACCENSIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 470.

Caryophyllus malaccensis W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 217.

Recorded by SafFord, but it is suspected that the identification is erro-
neous, and that the plants he referred to Eugenia {Caryophyllus) malac-
censis are E. javanica. Mr. Safford cites the native name macupa for his
plant. India to Malaya and Polynesia, in cultivation.

EUGENIA THOMPSON 1 1 sp. nov. § Jambosci.

Ut videtur arbor alta, glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus;
foliis brevissime petiolatis, coriaceis, usque al 18 cm longis, ni-
tidis, oblongo-ovatis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, basi late rotundatis
cordatisque, sursum angustatis, apice acutis vel obtusis, nervis
utrinque circiter 10 ; inflorescentiis paniculatis, fasciculatis, cauli-
floris, 12 ad 20 cm longis; floribus plerumque in triadibus dis-
positis, calycibus infundibuliformibus, 8 ad 10 mm longis.

Apparently a tall tree, quite glabrous. Branches and branch-
lets terete, reddish-brown or sometimes grayish-red, mostly
smooth. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, 10 to 18 cm long, 3 to 6.5 cm wide, the base rather
abruptly and broadly rounded, distinctly cordate, narrowed above
to the acute or obtuse apex, the margins somewhat recurved,
upper surface brownish-olivaceous, shining, the lower somewhat
paler, dull or but slightly shining; lateral nerves about 10 on
each side of the midrib, distant, anastomosing, the reticulations
lax ; petioles stout, 3 mm long or less. Flowers in panicles which
are fascicled on the trunk, the panicles 10 to 20 cm long, narrowly
pyramidal, the lower branches 5 to 7 cm long, the upper shorter,
all opposite, 3 or 4 pairs to each panicle, mostly spreading.
Flowers for the most part in threes at the ends of the ultimate
branchlets, their pedicels short, 1 to 3 mm long. Calyx funnel-
shaped, 8 to 10 mm long, the lobes 4, very broad and short,
not prominent. Petals 4, free, orbicular-reniform, rounded, 6
to 7 mm in diameter, prominently glandular. Stamens indefi-
nite; filaments 6 to 8 mm long; anthers 1 mm long. Fruit
when dry about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, truncate, black,
base rounded, ovoid-ellipsoid.

Guam Experiment Station ^69, no data recorded.

A striking species on account of its fascicled, rather ample, cauline
panicles, and its very shortly petioled leaves which are broadly rounded
and distinctly cordate at the base, and gradually narrowed upward to the
acute or obtuse apex.

EUGENIA DECIDUA sp. nov. § Eueugenia.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra vel subglabra; foliis deciduis,
ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, chartaceis, usque ad 4 cm longis, obtuse

122 The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

acuminatis, basi acutis ad rotundatis, puncticulatis, nervis utrin-
que 6 vel 7, distantibus, tenuibus, anastomosantibus, reticulis
laxissimis; floribus 4-meris, fasciculatis, axillaribus terminali-
busque, longe et graciliter pedicellatis, sepalis reflexis, 4 mm
longis, petalis quam sepalis duplo longioribus.

A shrub or small tree, nearly glabrous, the leaves deciduous,
the new ones appearing just before or with the flowers.
Branches terete, light-gray, the branchlets of the same color,
slender. Leaves subfasciculate at the tips of very short branch-
lets, oblong-ovate to ovate, membranaceous, puncticulate, 2 to
4 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide, olivaceous when dry, somewhat
shining, the base acute to rounded, the apex rather broadly
obscurely blunt-acuminate; nerves about 6 on each side of the
midrib, very slender, obscure, anastomosing, the reticulations
almost none, very lax; petioles 2 to 4 mm long. Flowers ap-
parently white, fascicled with the leaves on the very short
branchlets, axillary and terminal, their pedicels very slender, 1
to 1.5 cm long, few to rather many flowers together. Sepals 4,
reflexed, rounded, somewhat pubescent, membranaceous or char-
taceous, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the calyx-tube narrowly funnel-
shaped, obscurely sulcate. Petals 4, oblong-obovate, membra-
naceous, apex rounded, narrowed below, 8 mm long, 4 mm wide.
Stamens many, in several series; filaments slender, 3 to 6 mm
long; anthers broadly elliptic, 0.8 mm long. Ovary 2-celled,
ovules numerous, on the central placenta.

Guam Experiment Station Ml, July, 1912, no native name known.

A species rather remotely allied to the Philippine Eugenia loheri C. B.
Rob., well characterized by its thin leaves and their deciduous character,
its long-pedicelled, fascicled or falsely fascicled flowers, its elongated, nar-
rowly obovate-oblong petals, and its reflexed sepals.

EUGENIA PALUMBIS sp. nov. § Eueugenia.

Frutex, partibus junioribus calycibusque exceptis glabra;
ramis ramulisque teretibus, tenuibus, brunneis; foliis subcoria-
ceis, in siccitate pallidis, ellipticis vel ovato-ellipticis, utrinque
subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice obtusis, usque ad
5.5 cm longis, brevissime petiolatis, subtus puncticulatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 6, tenuibus, obscuris; floribus axillaribus, soli-
tariis, brevissime pedicellatis, haud 1 cm diametro.

A small shrub, quite glabrous except the younger branchlets
and the calyces. Branches and branchlets slender, terete, pale-
brownish, the largest ones seen but 2 mm in diameter. Leaves
subcoriaceous, the very young ones membranaceous, elliptic to
ovate-elliptic, 3.5 to 5.5 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, about

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 123

equally narrowed to the acute base and to the obtuse apex, the
margins slightly recurved, when dry pale, dull or very slightly
shining, uniformly colored on both surfaces, the lower surface
puncticulate with minute scattered glands ; petioles slender, 3 mm
long or less; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib,
very slender, obscure, obscurely anastomosing, reticulations very
lax, indistinct. Flowers axillary, solitary, their pedicels stout,
about 2 mm in diameter. Calyx-tube broadly funnel-shaped,
pubescent externally, short, the lobes 4, broadly ovate, rounded,
chartaceous, 3 to 3.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, prominently gland-
ular, margins, below, slightly pubescent. Stamens indefinite;
filaments 2 to 3 mm long; anthers 0.7 mm long. Petals not seen.

H. L. W. Costenoble 1173 collected at Tumbun, August, 1906, locally
known as agatelang, sheet No. 653738 U. S. National Herbarium.

A species well characterized by its small, axillary, solitary, very shortly
pedicelled flowers. It is dedicated to the Reverend Jose Palomo, for many
years a resident of Guam, who supplied Mr. SafFord with much information
regarding the island, as well as some botanical material.

EUGENIA COSTENOBLEI .sp. nov. § Eueugenia.

Arbor parva (vel frutex) partibus junioribus floribusque ex-
ceptis glabra; ramis ramulisque tenuibus, teretibus, pallidis;
foliis coriaceis, late ellipticis ad elongato-ellipticis, usque ad 9 cm
longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice acu-
minatis, in siccitate nitidis, supra pallide olivaceis, subtus palli-
dioribus, haud vel obscurissime glandulosis, nervis utrinque 7 vel
8, non prominentibus ; floribus axillaribus, solitariis, longissime
pedicellatis, pedicellis 2.5 ad 4.5 cm longis, apice 2-bracteolatis ;
floribus sub anthesin circiter 2.5 vel 3 cm diametro, calycibus
tubo utrinque tomentoso.

A shrub or small tree, the young branchlets, young leaves
and the flowers more or less pubescent. Branches and branch-
lets slender, terete, pale, the latter sometimes slightly com-
pressed, usually appressed-pubescent. Leaves elliptic to elon-
gate-elliptic, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, the younger ones softly
pubescent, the adult ones entirely glabrous, 6 to 9 cm long, 3
to 4.5 cm wide, about equally narrowed at both ends, the base
acute, the apex rather prominently but bluntly acuminate, the
upper surface shining, pale-olivaceous, the lower much paler,
dull, not glandular; lateral nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the
midrib, not prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, ob-
scure; petioles 4 mm long or less. Flowers axillary, solitary,
long-pedicelled, the pedicels usually somewhat pubescent, in age
glabrous, each with a pair of lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent

124 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

bracteoles at the apex, these bracteoles about 4.5 mm long, 2.5
mm wide at the base, gradually narrowed upward, closely ap-
pressed to the calyx. Calyx-tube broadly funnel-shaped, densely
tomentose outside, the limb also pubescent within, about 4 mm
high, 5 mm in diameter, the lobes chartaceous, glandular, broadly
elliptic-ovate, rounded, up to 8 mm long and 6 mm wide. Petals
4, deciduous, free, obliquely ovate-reniform, rounded, about 1.5
cm long. Stamens indefinite, the filaments slender, up to 12
mm long; anthers 1 to 1.2 mm long.

H. L. W. Costenoble 1172, collected at- Hilaan, August, 1906, locally
known as aabang, sheets Nos. G5373G, 653737 U. S. National Herbarium.

Well characterized by its pubescent younger parts, and especially by its
solitaiy, axillary, long-peduncled flowers, the calyx-tube being densely
tomentose outside and the somewhat produced limb pubescent on the inside.

Another species of the genus, apparently also undescribed, is represented
by G. E. S. 359, but the specimens are not quite mature.

PSIDIUM Linnaeus

PSJDIUM GUAJAVA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 470; SafFord 361.
McGregor 525, G. E. S. Sh7, UU7, locally known as a6as.
A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in all hot countries.

SAFFORDIELLA genus novum

Genus Baeckeae simillima et affinis, differt fructibus carnosis,
baccatis, indehiscentibus.

SAFFORDIELLA BENNIGSENIANA (Volkens) comb. nov.

Leptospermum hennigsenianum Volkens in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 30 (1902)
470.

McGregor U75, October, 1911, hills back of Piti, altitude about 100 meters,
a shrub, one meter or less in height, with white flowers.

Leptospermum hennigsenianum, Volkens is rather imperfectly described,
and was based on two specimens from Yap, Caroline Islands (Volkens 277,
370), both of which are represented in the herbarium of the Bureau of
Science. In habit the plant strongly resembles both Baeckea and Lepto-
spermum. The leaves, however, are always opposite, a character not indi-
cated by Volkens, and a character that at once excludes the plant from
Leptospermum. The ovary is 3-celled, with two superposed ovules in each
cell. The stamens are 1-seriate, not, or at least very obscurely, arranged
in groups. The flowers are solitary and each has, immediately below the
calyx, two, linear, 3 to 4 mm. long bracteoles.

The striking character of the plant, and the one depended on in char-
acterizing it as a new genus, is its soft, fleshy, berry-like fruit, which is
crowned by the calyx-lobes, and which is entirely indehiscent. When
mature the fruit is rather bright-red, and the pericarp is very soft and
fleshy. Each contains three, subglobose, hard, seeds or seed-like cocci about

IX. c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 125

1.5 mm in diameter, embedded in the soft pulp of the berry. All species
of Leptospermum and Baeckea have dry, dehiscent capsules.

The genus is dedicated to Mr. William Edwin Safford, author of the
eminently useful work entitled "The Useful Plants of the Island of
Guam." "

MELASTOMATACEAE

MEDINILLA Gaudichaud

MEDINILLA ROSEA Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 484, t. 106; Safford
320.

McGregor 500, G. E. S. 160.

This species is the type of the genus Medinilla and is definitely known
only from Guam.

MELASTOMA Linnaeus

MELASTOMA MARIANUM Naud. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 13 (1849) 276;
Safford 322.
McGregor iSO, G. E. S. 350.
Known only from Guam.

OENOTHERACEAE

JUSSIAEA Linnaeus

JUSSIAEA LINIFOLIA Vahl Eclog. Amer. 2 (1798) 32.
G. E. S. 5^, locally known as titimo.
Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

ARALIACEAE

POLYSCIAS Forster

POLYSCIAS GRAN Dl FOLIA Volkens in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 30 (1902) 471.

McGregor 266, at Agafia.

A species previously known only from the Island of Yap in the Carolines,
and exceedingly closely allied to the Philippine Polyscias cumingiana (Presl)
Harms (Paratrophia cumingiana Presl, Panax cumingiana Rolfe) , which
in turn is possibly not distinct from Polyscias rumphiana Harms {Panax
pinnatum Lam.), but which can only be deteiTnined when extensive collec-
tions from Amboina are available for study. The species in facies very
strongly resembles Anompanax philippinensis Harms, but differs in essential
floral characters.

NOTHOPANAX Miquel

NOTHOPANAX FRUTICOSUM (Linn.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1' (1855) 765;
Safford 333.

Panax- fruticosum Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1513.

Commonly cultivated, fide Safford, as it is in the entire Indo-Malayan
and Polynesian regions.

"Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium 9 (1905) 1-416,
plates 70.

\2Q The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

NOTHOPANAX COCHLEATUM (Lam.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. V (1855) 766;
Safford 333.

Aralia cochleata Lam. Encycl. 1 (1783) 224.

Introduced and cultivated, fide Safford; common in cultivation in the
Indo-Malayan region generally.

NOTHOPANAX GUILFOYLEI (Cogn. & March.) Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 242.

Aralia guilfoylei Cogn. & March. PI. Ornem. 2 (1874) t. 58; Safford 186.

Cultivated for its variegated foliage, fide Safford; cultivated in most
wai-m countries, where native uncertain, probably Polynesia.

UMBELLIFEREAE

CENT ELLA Linnaeus

CENTELLA ASIATICA (Linn.) Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11' (1879) 287;
Safford 221.
Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 234.
Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. A6.
Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

FOENICULUM Tournefort

FOENICULUM VULGARE Gaertn. Fruct. 1 (1788) 105, t. 23, f. 5.

Foeniculum foeniculum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. (1880-83) 837; Safford 277.

Often cultivated by the natives, fide Safford; cultivated in all warm
countries.

Ordinary parsley (Apium petroselivium Linn., Petroselinum petroselinum
Karst.; Safford 349) is occasionally cultivated, but does not thrive, fide
Safford.

MYRSINACEAE

DISCOCALYX Mez
DISCOCALYX MEG AGAR PA sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, glaber, ramulis teretibus, crassis; foliis
oblongo-oblanceolatis, chartaceis, usque ad 20 cm longris, acumina-
tis, basi longe angustatis, cuneatis, margine integris, utrinque
reticulatis; paniculis tenuibus, usque ad 10 cm longis, angustis,
in ramis brevibus specialibus dispositis; floribus 5-meris, 5 mm
diametro, petalis sepalisque valde glandulosis; fructibus sub-
globosis, circiter 1 cm diametro, in siccitate striatis.

An erect glabrous shrub, apparently dioecious. Branches and
branchlets terete, rather stout, marked with large petiolar scars,
somewhat brownish. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, oblong-
oblanceolate, entire, 15 to 20 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide,
narrowed above to the somewhat acuminate apex, and gradually-
narrowed from about the middle to the cuneate base, the lamina
merging gradually with the petiole, both surfaces somewhat
reticulate, shining when dry, the lower a little paler than the

IX, c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 127

upper ; primary lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib,
rather slender, curved-ascending, obscurely anastomosing; pe-
tioles stout, 1 cm long or less. Panicles arranged near the apices
of special branches, these branches up to 3 cm long, usually
marked with large petiolar scars, bearing near their apices sev-
eral reduced leaves and several slender panicles, the reduced
leaves mostly less than 6 cm long and 1 cm wide, the panicles 5 to
10 cm long, narrow, rather many flowered. Male flowers pink or
white, 5-merous, about 5 mm in diameter, their pedicels 4 to
5 mm long. Calyx 5 mm in diameter, prominently punctate,
shallowly 4- or 5-lobed, the lobes not reaching the middle, broadly
ovate, obtuse or rounded, glabrous. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes
united for about their lower one-fourth, elliptic-ovate to oblong-
elliptic, rounded, 2 to 2.5 mm long, prominently glandular. An-
thers about 1 mm long, not glandular. Rudimentary ovary about
1.5 mm long, narrowly oblong, glandular. Fruit subglobose,
bright red when mature, nearly or quite 1 cm in diameter, slightly
longitudinally ridged when dry.

R. C. McGregor 558, October, 1911, in forests, Upi road, locally known
as ohid or otot.

A well marked species more closely allied to the Philippine Discocalyx
cybianthoides Mez than to the Marianne D. ladronica Mez. but very dif-
ferent from both. The type of the latter species may have been from
Guam, as it was collected in the Marianne Islands by Gaudichaud. This
is undoubtedly the plant recorded by Safford p. 295 as Icacorea sp.

No representative of the Primulaceae is known from Guam. Lysimachia
viauritiana Lam. cited from the Marianne Islands by Pax & Knuth," coll.
Gaudichaud, may have been from Guam, but was probably from Tinian
or Rota. At any rate it will probably be found in Guam.

SAPOTACEAE

ACHRAS Linnaeus
ACHRAS SAPOTA Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 470.

Sapota zapotilla Coville ex SaflFord in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905)

369.
G. E. S. 76, locally known as chico.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

SIDEROXYLON Linnaeus

SIDEROXYLON GLOMERATUM Volkens in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 31 (1902)
472.

G. E. S. 477.

Quite identical with Volken's species which was described from speci-
mens collected in Yap, Caroline Islands, a duplicate of the type being in
the herbarium of the Bureau of Science. Very close to .S. ferruginenm
Hook. & Arn.

"Engl. Pflanzenreich 20 (1905) 275.

128 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

OLEACEAE

J ASM IN UM Linnaeus

JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 9; SaflFord 300.
G. E. S. 369, locally known as hasmin.
A native of India, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

JASMINUM MULTIFLORUM (Burm. f.) Roth Nov. Sp. PI. (1824) 6.
Nyctanthes multiflora Burm. f. Fl. Ind. (1768) 5, t. S, f. 1.
G. E. S. 310, from cultivated plants.
A native of India, now widely distributed in cultivation.

JASMINUM SAMBAC (Linn.) Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 (1789) 8; Safford 300.

Nyctanthes sambac Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 6.

Cultivated, fide Safford; probably a native of India, now cultivated in
all tropical countries.

JASMINUM MARIANUM DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 307; Safford 300.
McGregor 562, Upi road.
A species known only from Guam.

LOGANIACEAE

GENIOSTOMA Forster

GENIOSTOMA MICRANTHUM A. DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 27.

McGregor 52U, 53U.

A species known only from Guam, described from specimens collected
by Gaudichaud, the record overlooked by Safford.

APOCYNACEAE

ALLAMANDA Linnaeus

ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 214.

G. E. S. UOS, cultivated. Apparently recently introduced as it is not
enumerated by Safford.

A native of tropical America, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

ALYXIA Banks

ALYXIA TORRESIANA Gaudich. Freyc. Voy. Bot. (1826) 451.
Gynopogon torresianua K. Schum. & Laut.; Safford 289.

G. E. S. 32, at Libugan.

A species known only from Guam, unless the Philippine Alyxia luzo-
niensis Merr. proves to be identical; the two species are very closely allied.

CARISSA Linnaeus

CARISSA GRANDIFLORA (E. Mey.) A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 335.

Arduina grandiflora E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Austr. (1835-87) 190.

G. E. S. SIS, a species recently introduced from the Hawaiian Islands,
cultivated only. A native of South Africa.

IX, c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 129

CERBERA Linnaeus

CERBERA LACTARIA (G. Don) Ham. ex DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 353; Vale-
ton in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 12 (1895) 245, t. 26, f. 1-5.

Tanghinia lactaria G. Don in Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 3 (1839) 461.

G. E. S. 196, McGregor 568, along the seashore, locally known as chuti
or chiute.

I have followed Valeton in holding this as a species separate from the
Indian Cerbera odollam Gaertn., although it is not certain whether or not
the distinguishing characters indicated by him are entirely constant. The
abundant Philippine material distributed within the past ten years as
Cerbera odollam Gaertn., is all referable to C. lactaria Ham., as inter-
preted by Valeton. The species appears to be distributed from eastern
Malaya to Polynesia.

A strict interpretation of the generic type of Cerbera, that is, the first
species cited by Linnaeus, would probably apply the generic appellation
Cerbera to the plants now placed in the genus Thevetia. Linnaeus de-
scribed three species, Cerbera ahouai, C. manghas, and C. thevetia in the
first edition of his Species Plantarum; the first and last are species of
Thevetia, while Cerbera manghas is in part the same as C. odollam Gaertn.,
and in part Tabemaemontana dichotorna Roxb. I believe that Cerbera
manghas Linn, should be retained as the oldest name for the species com-
monly known as C. odollam Gaertn., in spite of the fact that Linnaeus'
species was a mixture.

NERIUM Linnaeus

NERIUM INDICUM Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) no. 2.

Nerium odorum Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 (1789) 297.

Nerium oleander Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 331, non
Linn.?

G. E. S. 106, 391, locally known by its Spanish name adelfa.

A species widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan region in cultivation;
the Guam specimens appear to me to be referable to Nerium indicum Mill.
{N. odorum Soland.), rather than to N. oleander Linn.

LOCH N ERA Reichenbach

LOCH N ERA ROSEA (Linn.) Reichenb, Consp. (1828) 134.

Vinca rosea Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 944; Safford 310.

G. E. S. lOA, 371, McGregor S6U, cultivated in gardens, locally known
by its Spanish name chichirica.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in the tropics of
the world in cultivation and as a naturalized plant. To be consistent with
the American code of nomenclature, the designation of this plant should
be Ammocallis rosea (Linn.) Small, rather than Lochnera rosea (Linn.)
Reichenb. under which name Mr. Wight recorded it from Guam.

OCHROSIA Jussieu

OCHROSIA MARIANNENSIS A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 357; Safford 336.

G. E. S. 290, locally known as langiti.

A species known only from Guam, the above being apparently its
second collection. It belongs in the section Lactaria. A duplicate of
No. 290 has been critically compared with the type in the DeCandolle
herbarium by C. DeCandolle, who writes that they are identical.

125572 3

130 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

OCHROSIA OPPOSITI FOLIA (Lam.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 4' (1895) 156.

Cerbera oppositifolia Lam, Encycl. 1 (1783) 62.

G. E. S. 125, McGregor 569, locally known as fago.

Madagascar through Malaya to the Admiralty Islands and Guam.

This species, as interpreted by K. Schumann, is of wide distribution,
and has numerous synonyms. Cerbera oppositifolia Lam., if correctly inter-
preted, supplies the oldest valid specific name. It is based entirely on
Lactaria salubris Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 2: 255, t. 8i, which is also the
type of Ochrosia salubris Blume. Valeton " has queried the correctness
of K. Schumann's interpretation of Lactaria salubris, retaining Ochrosia
borbonica Gmel. and 0. salubris Blume as distinct species under the section
Echinocaryon, and 0. oppositifolia Lam. (as a synonym of O. elliptica
Labill.) under the section Lactaria. Material from Amboina is essential
in order properly to interpret Lactaria salubris from which Ochrosia salu-
bris and 0. oppositifolia must in turn be interpreted. While the Guam
material does not agree especially well with Rumpf's figure of Lactaria
salubris as to vegetative characters, the outline and size of the fruit
agrees very well. The Guam material certainly belongs in the section
Echinocaryon.

TABERNAEMONTANA Linnaeus

TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA (Linn.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Syst. Veg. 4 (1819) 427.

Nerium divaricatuni Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 209.

G. E. S. S95, the form with double flowers, from cultivated plants,
apparently a recent introduction from Manila or from Honolulu.

Widely distributed in the tropics in cultivation, where native uncertain.

THEVETIA Linnaeus

THEVETIA PERUVIANA (Pers.) comb. nov.

Cerbera peruviana Pers. Syn, PI. 1 (1805) 267.

Cerbera thevetia Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 209.

Thevetia nereifolia Juss. ex Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1840) 680.

Thevetia thevetia Millsp. in Field. Columb. Mus. Bot. 2: 83.

G. E. S. 12i, cultivated, apparently of recent introduction as it is not
recorded by SaflFord.

A native of tropical America, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus

ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 215; Safford 191.

McGregor i6Jf, Thompson 15, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

This pantropic weed, originating in tropical America, is apparently
common in Guam.

"Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 12 (1895) 226.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 131

DISCHIDIA R. Brown

DISCHIDIA PUBERULA Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 631; Safford 263.

An endemic species known only from the original collection made in
the Marianne Islands, presumably in Guam, by Gaudichaud.

TELOSMA Coville

TELOSMA ODORATISSIMA (Lour.) Coville in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 384.

Cynanchum odoratissimum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 166.
Pergularia odoratissima Sm. Ic. Pict. (1790-93) t. 16.

An introduced and cultivated species in Guam, fide Saflford, as in the
Philippines, known as mil-leguas in both places. In 1907 Mr. N. E. Brown
proposed the generic name Prageluria for Pergularia auct., non Linnaeus,
at that time being ignorant of the fact that Coville had already published
the new name Telosma.

CONVOLVULACEAE

CALONYCTION Choisy

CALONYCTION ALBUM (Linn.) House in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 31 (1904)
591.
Ipomoea alba Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 161.
Ipomoea longiflora R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 591.

G. E. S. 166, along the seashore, Cabras Island, locally known as alaihai-
tasi.

Tropics of both hemispheres, near the seashore, perhaps introduced in
tropical America.

IPOMOEA Linnaeus

IPOMOEA BATATAS (Linn.) Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6 (1804) 14; Safford
297.
Convolvulus batatas Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 154.
G. E. S. 222, commonly cultivated.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all warm countries.

IPOMOEA CONGESTA R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 485; Safford 298.
McGregor 501.
Luzon to northern Australia and Polynesia.

IPOMOEA GRACILIS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 484; House in Ann. N. Y.

Acad. Sci. 18 (1908) 248.
Ipomoea denticulata Choisy in Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6 (1833) 467,

non R. Br.
Ipomoea choisyana W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905)

298.
McGregor JfJfO, G. E. S. 96, 254, local names lagun, lagun tase.
Along the seashore in the tropics of both hemispheres.

132 The Philippine Journal of Science i*^*

IPOMOEA HEDERACEA (L.) Jacq. Collect 1 (1786) 124.

Pharbites hederacea Choisy Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6 (1833) 440;
Safford 349.

Convolvulus hederaceus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 154.

Admitted on the authority of Safford, who cites fofgu as its local name;
frequently confused with the very closely allied Ipomoea nil Roth.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in both hemi-
spheres.

IPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE (Linn.) Roth Nov. PI. Sp. (1821) 109; Safford
299.
Convolvulus pes-caprae Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 159.

McGregor 545, G. E. S. 71.

Along the seashore in the tropics of both hemispheres.

IPOMOEA REPTANS (Linn.) Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3 (1813) 460.

Convolvulus reptans Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 158, p. p.

G. E. S. U8, in wet places, local name cancan, which is also its Tagalog
name in the Philippines.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres.

IPOMOEA TRILOBA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 161.

Ipomoea mariannensis Choisy in Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6 (1833) 468;
Safford 299.

McGregor ^50,

A native of tropical America, introduced into Guam and the Philippines
at an early date from Mexico, now also found in Singapore, Java, and
Mauritius.

There is not the slightest doubt but that Ipomoea mariannensis Choisy,
the type of which was from Guam, is quite identical with the Linnean
species, and it is accordingly here reduced.

MERREMIA Dennstaedt

MERREMIA GEM ELLA (Burm.) Hallier f. ex Koord in Meded. Lands
Plantent. 19 (1898) 544; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
120.

Convolvulus gemellus Burm. Fl. Ind. (1768) 46.

G. E. S. 18, locally known as nyetcor.

India to Malaya.

MERREMIA HEDERACEA (Linn.) Hallier f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. ,18
(1894) 154.
Convolvulus hederaceus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 154.
Thompson 20, November, 1910.
India to Malaya.

OPERCULINA Manso

OPERCULINA TUBEROSA (Linn.) Meissn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 7: 212.
Ipomoea tuberosa Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 160.

McGregor 551, near Agaria.

Apparently a recent introduction, as it is in the Philippines; a native
of tropical America.

IX. c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 133

OPERCULINA PELTATA (Linn.) Hallier f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 16
(1892) 549; Safford 338.

Convolvulus peltatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1194.

Common in rocky places near the sea, fide Saflford; eastern Malaya to
Polynesia.

QUAMOCLIT Tournefort

QUAMOCLIT PENNATA (Desr.) Boj. Hort. Maurit. (1837) 224.

Convolvulus pennatus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3 (1791) 667.

Quamoclit quamoclit Britt. in Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 3 (1898) 22.

G. E. S. 172, locally known as cebello del angel.

A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in all warm coun-
tries.

STICTOCARDIA Hallier f.

STICTOCARDIA CAMPANULATA (Hallier f.) comb. nov.

Ipomoea campanulata Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 160.

Convolvulus tiliaefolius Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3 (1791) 544.

Rivea tiliaefolia Choisy in Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6 (1833) 407.

Argyreia tiliaefolia Wight Ic. 4 (1850) 12, f. 1358; Safford 188.

Stictocardia tiliaefolia Hallier f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1893) 159.

Rivea campanulata House in Muhlenbergia 5 (1909) 72.

G. E. S. 93, local names alalag, abubo.

A species of wide distribution in the Indo-Malayan region, introduced
in other tropical countries.

In adopting both the generic and specific name of this species much
depends on interpretation of types, and differences in interpretation accounts
for many of the synonyms cited above. Dr. House claims that the actual
type of the genus Rivea is the same species that Hallier more recently
selected as the type of the genus Stictocardia, but there may be a difference
as to interpretation for Choisy includes in Rivea, in its original place of
publication, more than the single species Rivea tiliaefolia, judging from
Index Kewensis. I am, hence, content to retain Stictocardia in the sense
that Hallier proposed it, but I do not accept his specific name tiliaefolia,
which is antedated by Ipomoea paniculata Linn. Hallier** states that the
specimen in the Linnean herbarium under Ipomoea campanulata is Thes-
pesia populnea Corr., and in this he is certainly correct. B. Daydon Jack-
son, Secretary of the Linnean Society, informs me that the specimen is
named campanulata by Linnaeus himself, and that Sir J. E. Smith has
pencilled on the sheet "Hibiscus populneus J. E. S." The species is checked
off in Linnaeus' personal, interleaved copy of his Species Plantarum indi-
cating that the specimen was in the herbarium if not before the Species
Plantarum was published, at all events a very few months afterwards.
However, as to the actual type, the first reference under Ipomoea campanu-
lata is to Adamboe Rheed Hort. Malabar. 1 1 : 115, t. 56 which is Sticto-
cardia tiliaefolia = Stictocardia campanulata, and to which the first part of
Linnaeus' description manifestly applies. The last part of the description
apparently applies to Thespesia populnea Corr. I maintain that the species
is to be typified by Rheede's figure, not by the specimen in the Linnaean

"Meded. Rijks Herb. 1 (1910) 26.

134 The Philippine Journal of Science wi*

herbarium. It is to be noted, however, that Trimen," a very careful worker,
retains the species Ipomoea campanulata Linn., without discussion, generi-
cally as well as specifically distinct from Argyreia tiliaefolia Wight.

BORAGINACEAE

CORDIA Linnaeus

CORDIA SUBCORDATA Lam. Illustr. 1 (1791) 421, No. 1899; Safford
248.
G. E. S. 151.
Eastern Africa through Malaya to Polynesia, along the seashore.

HELIOTROPIUM Linnaeus

HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 130; Safford 291.

G. E. S. 13, ^75, locally known as herhena or berbana.

A weed in all tropical countries, probably a native of the eastern hemi-
sphere.

HELIOTROPIUM OVAL I FOLIUM Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 38,
var. DEPRESSUM (Cham.) comb. nov.
Heliotropium coromandelinum Retz. var. depressum A. DC. Prodr. 9

(1845) 542.
Heliotropium gracile R. Br. var. depressum Cham, in Linnaea (1829)

457.
Thompson 2, McGregor 390.

The type of the variety was from Guam, but the record was overlooked
by Safford in preparing his enumeration.

HELIOTROPIUM CURASSAVICUM Linn. Sp. Pi. (1753) 291; Safford
291.
Common on sandy seashores, fide Safford. I have seen no Guam spec-
imens.

HELIOTROPIUM PERUVIANUM Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 187; Safford
292.
Said by Safford to be commonly cultivated in gardens of the natives.

TOURNEFORTIA Linnaeus

TOURNEFORTIA ARGENTEA Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 133; SaflFord 389.

McGregor 505.

Common along the seashores of the Indian and Pacific oceans in the
tropics.

VERBENACEAE

CALLICARPA Linnaeus
CALLICARPA PAUCINERVIA sp. nov.

Species C. erioclonae simillima et affinis, differt nervis latera-
libus minus numerosis, 5 utrinque, indumento stellari, haud
ramoso.

"FL CeyL 3 (1851) 22L

IX, c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 135

A shrub or small tree, the branchlets, inflorescences, and
lower surfaces of the leaves very densely stellate-pubescent with
pale or yellowish indumentum, the hairs simply stellate, not at
all plumose-stellate. Branches terete, grayish, older ones
glabrous. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, chartaceous to sub-
coriaceous, 9 to 11 cm long, 4 to 5.5 cm wide, rather abruptly
narrowed below to the distinctly decurrent-acuminate base, the
apex somewhat acuminate, the margins crenulate in the upper
two-thirds, the upper surface, when dry, very dark-brown, shin-
ing, the reticulations impressed, rather close, ultimately glabrous
except for the stellate hairs along the midrib and lateral nerves,
the lower surface pale yellowish-brown or somewhat straw-
colored, uniformly and densely stellate-pubescent, the glands, if
present, entirely obscured by the indumentum; lateral nerves 5
on each side of the midrib, prominent, curved-ascending, anas-
tomosing; petioles densely stellate-pubescent, 10 to 12 mm long.
Cymes axillary, one in each axil, peduncled, the peduncles 7 mm
long or less, dichotomously branched, the whole cyme 2 cm
long and wide or somewhat less, all parts densely stellate-pubes-
cent. Flowers numerous, rather crowded. Calyx densely stel-
late-pubescent, obovoid, truncate or minutely 4-toothed, base
acute, about 1.5 cm long and nearly as wide. Corolla 3 mm long,
glabrous, the lobes 4, broadly elliptic-ovate, rounded, about 1.3
mm long. Stamens exserted; anthers ellipsoid, waxy-glandular
on the back with small yellow glands, about 1.2 mm long. Fruit
depressed-globose, glabrous, 2 mm in diameter.

Guam Experiment Station 292, in rocky places at Asan, January, 1912.

A species much resembling the Philippine Callicarpa erioclona Schauer,
and probably as closely allied to that species as to any other. It differs
notably in its much fewer-nerved leaves.

CLERODENDRON Linnaeus

CLERODENDRON COMMERSONII (Poir.) Spreng. Syst. 2 (1825) 758.
Volkameria commersonii Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 8 (1808) 688.
Clerodendron nereifolium Wall. Cat. (1829) No. 1789.
Clerodendron inerme W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
9 (1905) 231, non Gaertn.

McGregor Jt63, G. E. S. HI, hS2, locally known as lodugao.

The Guam species is the form named by Wallich Clerodendron nerei-
folium, which is retained by most authors as distinct from Clerodendron
inerme Gaertn. Poiret's name is the older and is here retained. The
species extends from Burma and the Malay Peninsula to southern China,
Formosa, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

136 'The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

PREMNA Linnaeus

PREMNA GAUDICHAUDII Schauer in DC. Prodr. 11 (1847) 631; Saflford
360.

G. E. S. 150, 4i9, Captain Bisset s. n., locally known as ahgao.

Otherwise known only from the Caroline Islands (Yap, Volkens), orig-
inally described from Guam material.

PREMNA MARIANNARUM Gaudich. 1. c. 362; Safford 361.

Originally described from Guam material, and known only from that
island; not represented in our recent collections.

STACHYTARPHETA Vahl

STACHYTARPHETA JAMAICENSIS (Linn.) Vahl Enum. 1 (1804) 206.

Verbena indica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 27.

G. E. S. 289.

A native of tropical America, now a weed in the tropics of both hemi-
spheres.

VITEX Linnaeus

VITEX NEGUNDO Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 638; Safford 397.

Collected in Guam by Lesson and by Gaudichaud, recorded by Endlicher
as Vitex incisa Lam. It is not represented in our recent collections.

VITEX TRI FOLIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 638; Safford 397.

G. E. S. ^39, McGregor 37 9.

Along the seashore, tropical Africa and Asia to Japan and Polynesia.

Recently introduced plants of this family are common teak, Tectona
grandis Linn, f., represented by G. E. S. 253, in flower and fruit, and the
American Duranta repens Linn., represented by G. E. S. 163.

LABIATAE

COLE us Loureiro

COLEUS BLUM El Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. (1832) 56.

G. E. S. 60.

A native of the Malay Archipelago, now cultivated in all warm coun-
tries.

HYPTIS Jacquin

HYPTIS CAPITATA Jacq. Coll. 1 (1786) 102.

Mesosphaerum capitatum O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1791) 525; Safford

342.
Hyptis mariannarum Briq. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Planzenfam. 4'"

(1897) 343.
Hyptis capitata Jacq. var, mariannarum Briq. in Ann. Conserv. Jard.

Bot. Geneve 2 (1898) 225.
G. E. S. 64, Thompson 18, locally known as botones.

A native of tropical America, found in the Orient only in Guam and in
the Philippines.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 137

HYPTIS PECTINATA (Linn.) Poir. Ann. Mus. Paris 7 (1806) 474, t. SO.

Nepeta pectinata Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1099.

Mesosphaerum pectinatum O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 525; Safford
324.

Collected in Guam by Lesson and by Gaudichaud, but not represented in
our more modern collections.

A weed of tropical American origin, now widely distributed.

HYPTIS SPICIGERA Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789) 185.

G. E. S. 58.

A weed of American origin, now also widely distributed in the Philip-
pines.

HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS (Linn.) Poir. in Ann. Mus. Paris 7 (1806) 472,
t. 79, f. 2.
Ballota suaveolens Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 815.
G. E. S. IJfU, Thompson 19, locally known as mumutun.
A weed of tropical American origin, now in most tropical countries.

HYPTIS sp.

G. E. S. 183, a form allied to Hyptis suaveolens, but apparently differ-
ent; it bears the same native name.

MENTHA Linnaeus

MENTHA ARVENSIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 577; Safford 323.
Cultivated in gardens, fide Safford.
A native of Europe, now cultivated in most warm countries.

OCIMUM Linnaeus

OCIMUM BASILICUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 597; Safford 336.

G. E. S. 98, in waste places.

Widely distributed in all tropical countries.

OCIMUM CANUM Sims Bot. Mag. (1824) t. 2U52; Safford 336.
Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, fide SaflFord.
Widely distributed in the tropics.

OCIMUM SANCTUM Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 85; Safford 337.

McGregor U22.

Tropics of both hemispheres.

SOLANACEAE
CAPSICUM Linnaeus

CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 214; Safford 214.

McGregor 522.

A native of tropical America, now distributed in all warm countries.

CAPSICUM ANNUUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 188; Safford 213.

Recorded by Safford, with the varieties cerasiforme Irish, and grossiim

Sendt. A native of tropical America, exceedingly variable, cultivated in
all warm countries.

138 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

CESTRUM Linnaeus

CESTRUM NOCTURNUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 191; Safford 222.
G. E. S. 261, locally known as dama de noche.
A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in cultivation.

CESTRUM DIURNUM Linn. 1. C.

Cestrum pallidum W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 223, non Lam.

McGregor ^20, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

A native of tropical America, now introduced in various other tropical
countries.

I have little doubt as to the correctness of the identification, for the
specimens agree with a series of American forms, so named, in the her-
barium of the Bureau of Science, but do not agree with our West Indian
material of Cestrum pallidum Lam. Mr. Safford states that it is of compar-
atively recent introduction in Guam, but that it has been distributed all
over the island by fruit eating birds. He also states that he was not quite
certain as to the identity of the plant that was referred to C. pallidum
Lam.

DATURA Linnaeus

DATURA FASTUOSA Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 932; Safford 256.

G. E. S. 19, locally known as a las doce.

Widely distributed in tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya, and Polynesia, said
to have been introduced in tropical America.

Var. ALBA (Nees) C. B. Clarke in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1883) 243.
Datura alba Nees In Trans. Linn. Soc. 17 (1834) 73.
G. E. S. 20, with the same native name as the preceding.
Distribution of the species, by some authors considered to be specifically
distinct.

LYCOPERSICUM Hill

LYCOPERSiCUM ESCULENTUM Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) No. 2.
Solarium lycopersicum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 185.
Lycopersicon lycopersicon Karst. Deutsch. Fl. (1880-83) 966; Safford

312.
G. E. S. 181, locally known as tomate.
A native of tropical America, now in all warm countries.

NICOTIAN A Linnaeus

NICOTIAN A TABACUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 180; Safford 331.
G. E. S. 338, locally known as chupa.
A native of tropical America, now cultivated in all warm countries.

PHYSALIS Linnaeus

PHYSALIS LANCEI FOLIA Nees in Linnaea 6 (1831) 473.

McGregor 512, G. E. S. 202, Mrs. Clemens s. n., locally known as tomates
caputi.

A native of south America, introduced in Guam and in the Philippines.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 139

PHYSALIS ANGULATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 183; Safford 353.

G. E. S. 336, McGregor 508, locally known as tomate chaca.

Widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, probably a native
of tropical America.

Mr. Safford records Physalis viinima Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 183, from
Guam (p. 353), under the same native name as indicated on the specimens
I have referred to P. angulata Linn. I have seen no Guam material that
I vv^ould refer to P. minima Linn., which is a very pubescent plant. I sus-
pect that Mr. Safford's Physalis angulata is the species I refer to P. lancei-
foiia, and his P. minima is the species I refer to P. angulata.

SOLAN UM Linnaeus

SOLAN UM NIGRUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 186.

G. E. S. i38.

Temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres.

SOLANUM MELONGENA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 186; Safford 375.
G. E. S. SI, locally known as berenghenas, commonly cultivated.
Cultivated in all warm countries.

SOLANUM GUAMENSE sp. nov.

Frutex vel suffrutex erectus, ramosus, inerme, stellato-tomen-
tosus ; f oliis valde inaequalibus, ovatis ad elliptico-ovatis, integris
vel obscure repandis, obtusis vel acutis, minoribus 1 ad 3 cm
longis, majoribus 4.5 ad 12 cm longis; inflorescentiis axillaribus
extra-axillaribusque, circiter 4 cm longis, paucifloris, dichotomis,
floribus 5-meris circiter 12 mm diametro, pedicellatis ; fructibus
carnosis, globosis, glabris, circiter 6 mm diametro.

An erect shrub or undershrub, or at least suffrutescent,
branched, the branches terete, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, dark-
colored when dry, older ones glabrous, the intemodes short, the
younger ones densely stellate-pubescent with straw-colored or
grayish indumentum. Leaves exceedingly variable in size, al-
ternate or the small ones subfasciculate, chartaceous, in general
ovate to elliptic-ovate, uniformly and rather densely stellate-
pubescent on the lower surface, less densely pubescent on the
upper surface, the indumentum pale or straw-colored, the apex
blunt or acute, the margins entire or in the larger leaves ob-
scurely repand, the base broadly rounded to somewhat acute,
usually slightly inequilateral ; larger leaves 5.4 to 12 cm long, 3.5
to 8 cm wide, the lateral nerves 4 to 6 on each side of the midrib,
distinct, laxly anastomosing, the petioles stellate-pubescent, 1
to 3.5 cm long ; smaller leaves 1 to 3 cm long and about as wide.
Inflorescence axillary and extra-axillary, stellate-tomentose,
cymose, rather lax, 3 to 4 cm long, dichotomous, rather many-
flowered. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx funnel-shapped, 2.5 mm
long and about as wide at the throat, pubescent, the teeth

140 '^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

broadly ovate, less than 0.5 mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped,
about 12 mm in diameter, pubescent externally, the tube about
3 mm long, the lobes oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, about 5 mm long. Anthers free, oblong, blunt, 2.5 mm
long; pedicels in fruit stellate-tomentose, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Calyx,
in fruit, stellate-pubescent, divided at least one-half to the base
into 5, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, 3 mm long
lobes. Fruit globose, fleshy, about 5 mm in diameter, the peri-
carp thin, glabrous, the seeds numerous, flattened, subelliptic
to somewhat reniform, about 2 mm long.

Guam Experiment Station 138, H6 (type), on rocks near the sea, Cabras
Island, locally known as herenghenas halomtana.

The alliances of the species are not clear to me, but it apparently belongs
to the group with Solanum verbascifolium Linn.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

B AGO PA Aublet

BACOPA MONNIERA (Linn.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam.
4'" (1891) 77; Safford 193.
Gratiola monniera Linn. Cent. PI. 2 (1756) No. 120.
Herpestis monniera HBK. Nov. Gen, Sp. PI. 2 (1817) 366.

G. E. S. 10.

Tropics of both hemispheres.

BONNAYA Link & Otto

BONNAYA VERONICAEFOLIA (Retz.) Spreng Syst. 1 (1825) 42.

Gratiola veronicae folia Retz. Obs. 4 (1786) 8.

G. E. S. 112.

Widely distributed in tropical Asia and Malaya.

LIMNOPHILA R. Brown

LIMNOPHILA FRAGRANS (Forst. f.) Seem. Fl. Vit. (1865-73) 180.

Ruellia fragrans Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 44.

Limnophila serrata Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 448, t. 57, f. 2.

Ambulia fragrans Drake Fl. Polyn. Franc. (1892) 140; Safford 181.

G. E. S. 169, in wet places; Volkens 329 from the Caroline Islands,
distributed as Lhidei'nia scabra Wettst., is Limnophila fragrans.

Luzon to Australia and Polynesia.

LIMNOPHILA INDICA (Linn.) comb. nov.

Hottonia indica Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 919.

Limnophila gratioloides R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 442.

Ambulia indica W. F. Wight ex Saflford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 181.

Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud; tropical Africa and Asia to Aus-
tralia.

IX, c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 141

LIMNOPHILA SESSI LI FLORA Blurae Bijdr. (1826) 750 ?
G. E. S. 53, with the native name lumut.
Tropical Asia and Malaya.

VANDELLIA Linnaeus

VANDELLIA PYXIDARIA (All.) Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersb. 20
(1875) 449.
Lindemia pyxidaria All. Misc. Taur. 3 (1755) 178.
G. E. S. 238.
Widely distributed, southern Europe to Polynesia.

BIGNONIACEAE

CRESCENTIA Linnaeus
CRESCENTIA ALATA HBK. Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3 (1818) 158; Safford 250.

G. E. S. 4, locally known as hikara, a corruption of its ancient Mexican
name.

A native of western Mexico, from there introduced into Guam and the
Philippines, now very rare in the latter group.

PEDALIACEAE

SESAMUM Linnaeus

SE8AMUM ORIENTALE Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 634; Safford 373.
Somewhat cultivated, fide Safford.
A native of tropical Asia, now cultivated in all warm countries.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

UTRICULARIA Linnaeus

UTRICULARIA BIFIDA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 26.
McGregor 380, G. E. S. 2UU.
Widely distributed in tropical Asia and Malaya.

UTRICULARIS NIVEA Vahl Enum. 1 (1805) 203.
McGregor 382.
India and Ceylon to southern China and Malaya.

AGANTHACEAE

BARLERIA Linnaeus
BARLERIA CRISTATA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 636.

G. E. S. 268, February, 1912, cultivated, and apparently a very recent
introduction.

India, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

BLECHUM P. Browne
BLECHUM BROWN El Juss. in Ann. Mus. Paris 9 (1807) 270.

G. E. S. 2Jt2, McGregor 356, Clemens s. n., apparently common.

This American species is now very common in the Philippines, and is
also found in Formosa. It has been reported from the Marianne Islands,

ati.

142 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

presumably from Guam, by Nees," but is not mentioned by Safford. One
of the numerous American weeds that reached the Marianne Islands and
the Philippines through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons in
early colonial days.

GRAPTOPHYLLUM Nees

GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM (L.) Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 139; Saflford
285.
Justicia picta Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 21.

G. E. S. 312, 352, 367, forms with both the dark-purplish leaves, and
with variously mottled ones. Apparently cultivated only, as in most coun-
tries where it is found.

HEMIGRAPHIS Nees

HEMIGRAPHIS COLORATA (Blume) Hallier f. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat.
Cur. 70 (1897) 204.

Ruellia colorata Blume Bijdr. (1826) 795.

G. E. S. SJfS, cultivated in gardens.

Undoubtedly introduced from Manila, where it is commonly cultivated.
Malaya; now cultivated in other tropical countries.

ODONTONEMA Nees

ODONTONEMA NITIDUM (Jacq.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 494.

Justicia nitida Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. (1760) 11.

G. E. S. 5Jt, 308, 309, from cultivated plants.

Apparently of recent introduction from Manila, where it is commonly
cultivated. The native name in Guam is given as San Francisco, a name
commonly applied, in the Philippines, to various shrubs with variegated
leaves. It is suspected that this is the species Safford mentions as "an
Eranthemum with dark-purple foliage," page 173. A native of tropical
America, now cultivated in other tropical countries.

THUNBERGIA Linnaeus

THUNBERGIA ALATA Boj. in Hook. Exct. Fl. (1823-27) t. 177.

G. E. S. 281, apparently of recent introduction, possibly from Manila
where it is not uncommon. A native of tropical Africa, now naturalized
in many other tropical countries.

RUBIACEAE

BIKKIA Reinwardt

BIKKIA MARIANNENSIS Brongn. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 13 (1866) 42.
Cormigonus mariannensis W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 249.

G. E. S. U07, McGregor 63J^, rocky places near the sea.
Known only from Guam.

"DC. Prodr. 11 (1847) 466.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 143

COFFEA Linnaeus

COFFEA ARABICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 172; Safford 244.
G. E. S. JtOO, McGregor 515, locally known as cafe.
A native of southeastern Asia, now cultivated in all tropical countries.

COFFEA LIBERICA Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 (1876) 171, t. 24; Safford
245.
G. E. S. 2JtS.
A native of tropical Africa, recently introduced in Guam.

GEOPHILA D. Don

GEOPHILA HERBACEA (Jacq.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 300; K.
Schum. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4* (1891) 119.
Psychotria herbacea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. (1760) 16.
Geophila reniformis D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. (1825) 136.
Carintha herbacea W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9

(1905) 216.
McGregor 397.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

GUETTARDA Linnaeus

GUETTARDA SPECIOSA Linn. Sp, PI. (1753) 991; Safford 288.

McGregor 550, G. E. S. 119, Mrs. Clemens 8. n., locally known as panao.
Along the seashore in the tropics of both hemispheres.

HEDYOTIS Linnaeus
HEDYOTIS MEGALANTHA sp. nov.

Herba erecta, ramosa, glabra, usque ad 70 cm alta, ramis
ramulisque quadrangulatis, in siccitate sulcatis; foliis membra-
naceis vel chartaceis, oblongo-ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis, usque ad
11 cm longis, basi acutis ad rotundatis, apice breviter acuminatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 6; paniculis terminalibus, foliaceis, am-
plis, divaricato-ramosis ; floribus 4-meris, sepalis oblongo-ovatis,
circiter 4 mm longis, leviter accrescentibus, persistentibus ;
corolla circiter 14 mm longa.

An erect, branched, glabrous, smooth herb, or apparently some-
times suffrutescent, at least 70 cm high, the stems and branches
4-angled but not winged, when dry somewhat sulcate. Leaves
oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, membranaceous to chartaceous,
mostly 9 to 11 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide, those on the panicles
reduced, base rounded to acute, apex shortly acuminate, both
surfaces shining, greenish or yellowish-brown, the lower surface
with scattered cystoliths; lateral nerves about 6 on each side
of the midrib, slender, curved-ascending, reticulations very lax ;
petioles about 1 cm long ; stipules short, broad, pectinately divided
into 10 to 15, stiff, linear-oblong, 3 to 4 mm long lobes. In-

«

144 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

florescence a lax, divaricately branched, more or less leafy panicle
terminating the stems, the upper leaves much reduced, ovate,
cordate, sessile, 3 cm long or less, these subtending the branches,
similar but much smaller ones subtending the branchlets, the
whole inflorescence 30 cm long or more, rather lax. Flowers
4-merous, disposed in small lax or rather dense cymes at the
ends of the branchlets. Calyx-tube broadly funnel-shaped,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent, about 2 mm long, the lobes
4, oblong-ovate, about 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, obtuse or acute,
somewhat accrescent and persistent in fruit, the whole calyx
somewhat urceolate. Corolla white, the tube cylindric, 12 to 14
mm long, about 3 mm in diameter, quite glabrous but with
scattered cystoliths, the lobes 4, spreading or reflexed, oblong-
ovate, obtuse or acute, 3 mm long. Filaments 4 mm long, ex-
serted; anthers 2 mm long. Style very slender, 2.5 cm long.
Capsule somewhat globose or obovoid, 3 mm in diameter, crowned
by the somewhat spreading calyx-lobes which are 6 mm long,
3 mm wide, subcoriaceous. Seeds black, sharply 3-angled,
about 1 mm long.

R. C. McGregor i58, hills back of Piti, altitude about 100 meters, October,
1911.

A striking species on account of its comparatively large flowers, its
ample, lax, divaricately branched panicles, and its large, persistent, some-
what spreading calyx-lobes.

HEDYOTIS MARIANNENSIS sp. nov.

Suffruticosa, ut videtur erecta, ramosa, glabra, ramis ramu-
lisque teretibus vel ramulis in siccitate nigris, obscure 4-angu-
latis ; f oliis membranaceis, oblongis vel oblongo-ellipticis, nitidis,
usque ad 12 cm longis, apice breviter acuminatis, basi acutis,
breviter petiolatis, nervis utrinque circiter 5, tenuibus, obscuris ;
inflorescentiis terminalibus, pedunculatis, 6 ad 9 cm diametro,
laxis vel subconf ertis ; floribus 4-m-eris; corolla circiter 6 mm
longa, glabra.

An erect, somewhat branched suftrutescent or woody plant,
quite glabrous, the older branches terete, grayish-brown in color,
3 to 5 mm in diameter, sometimes marked with 4, slender, longi-
tudinal lines, the branchlets nearly black when dry, somewhat
4-angled, or with 4 lines, sometimes nearly terete. Leaves
oblong-elliptic, membranaceous, shining, brownish or olivaceous
when dry, of the same color on both surfaces, apex shortly and
sharply acuminate, base acute; lateral nerves about 5 on each
side of the midrib, slender, obscure, ascending, the reticulations
very lax, not prominent; petioles 5 mm long or less, usually

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 145

somewhat winged by the decurrent lamina ; stipules short, wide,
ending in a prominent but stout and blunt apiculus, sometimes
with two very short, obscure lateral appendages, not laciniate.
Inflorescence terminal, peduncled, usually, however, with two
basal branches which are scarcely longer than the peduncle of
the inflorescence proper, the whole inflorescence up to 12 cm
long, dark-colored or nearly black when dry, lax, or the flowers
somewhat crowded, 6 to 9 cm in diameter, the bracts subtending
the primary branches linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 7 mm
long. Flowers numerous, 4-merous, white, quite glabrous.
Calyx black when dry, the tube funnel-shaped, 1.5 mm long, with
4, short, triangular-ovate, acute, 0.5 mm long teeth. Corolla
nearly black when dry, the tube 4 mm long, slightly enlarged up-
ward, the lobes 2.5 mm long, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate. Anthers oblong-lanceolate, 1.8 mm long, the
filaments very short. Capsule turbinate, 3.5 mm in diameter,
base somewhat acute, apex truncate, the crowning teeth not
prominent.

R. C. McGregor 572 (type), Cabras Island, October, 1911, G. E. S. 2S9,
January, 1912, on rocks at Asan.

A species apparently well characterized by its obscurely nerved, short-
petioled leaves, its nearly entire, not at all pectinate stipules, its small
calyces, and its distinctly dark color in drying.

IXORA Linnaeus

IXORA TRIANTHA Volkens in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 31 (1902) 476.

McGregor S87, 5JfS, Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. 95, 99, 33.

Quite the same as Volken's Caroline Islands specimens, the species
otherwise known only from the Island of Yap.

MITRACARPUM Zuccarini

MITRACARPUM HIRTUM (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 572; Safford 325.

Spermacoce hirta Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 148.

Mitracarpum torresianum Cham. & Schlecht. in Linnaea 3 (1828) 360.

McGregor 485.

A native of tropical America, introduced into Guam through the medium
of the Acapulco-Manila galleons; reported also from Samoa. The credit-
ing of M. torresianum C. & S. to Guam was not due to any mixing of labels,
as suggested by K. Schumann and Lauterbach.

M OR IN DA Linnaeus

MORI N DA INDICA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 176; Safford 326.
Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. U53, locally known as lada.
Tropical Asia and Africa to Poljmesia.

125572 4

146 . The Philippine Journal of Science ini

MORINDA GLANDULOSA sp. nov.

Species M. iimbellatae affinis, differt floribus fructibusque
majoribus, foliis subtus in axillis venarum valde glandulosis.

A scandent shrub, quite glabrous except for the villous throats
of the corollas, and the somewhat villous glands. Branches
terete, light-gray, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, somewhat rugose or
lenticillate. Leaves oblong, elliptic-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate,
chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 7 to 10 cm long, 2,5 to 4 cm wide,
about equally narrowed at both ends, the apex broadly acuminate,
acute, or obtuse, the base acute or somewhat decurrent-acumi-
nate, somewhat brownish-gray when dry, uniform in color and
shining on both surfaces ; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of
the midrib, slender, arched-anastomosing, the reticulations lax,
not prominent, on the lower surface each axil usually with a
prominent, round to elliptic gland 1 to 2.5 mm long, villous within ;
petioles 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; stipules wide, truncate, about 2 mm
long, deciduous. Heads laxly um.belled at the tips of the branch-
lets, about 4 in each umbel, sometimes additional solitary ones
in the upper axils, the heads, in anthesis, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter,
rather dense, globose, their peduncles slender, 1 to 2 cm long.
Flowers sessile, apparently white. Calyces densely crowded,
the limbs slightly produced, truncate or minutely denticulate,
about 1.5 mm in diameter. Corolla-tube cylindric, not con-
stricted, about 2 mm long, stout, glabrous externally, with 5 or
6 lobes, the lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 3 to 3.5 mm long, 1.5 to
1.8 mm wide, glabrous, the throat densely villous. Anthers
narrowly elliptic-oblong, 2 to 2.3 mm long. Style 2.5 mm long,
the sigmas stout, 1 mm long. Fruit fleshy, globose, when dry
and somewhat flattened out, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, the pyrenes
numerous, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 mm long, somewhat
horny.

Guam Experiment Station 37, in fruit, November, 1911, 876 (type), in
flower, March, 1912, Tumon Road.

The prominently glandular leaves are apparently characteristic.

OLDENLANDIA Linnaeus

OLDENLANDIA BIFLORA Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 119.

Oldenlandia paniculata Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1667; SafFord 338.

G. E. S. 62, llA, Thompson 2.
Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

OLDENLANDIA CORYMBOSA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 119.
G. E. S. 89.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plavts of G2(am 147

OLDENLANDIA ALBIDO-PUNCTATA sp. nov. § Gonotheca.

Species O. pteritae afRnis, differ! foliis plus minusve distincte
albido-punctatis, inflorescentiis laxis, floribus baud subcapita-
tis, calycibus vix vel obscurissime alatis, lobis distinctis, ovatis,
acuminatis, circiter 2 mm longis.

An erect, branched, glabrous, rather diffuse, annual plant 20
to 30 cm high, the stems and branches slender, terete, or the
ultimate branchlets obscurely 4-angled. Leaves narrowly oblong-
obovate to oblong-elliptic, 1.5 to 2 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide,
rather coriaceous, apex usually rounded, sometimes obscurely
apiculate, base acute, both surfaces usually distinctly puncticulate
with white dots (apparently short cystoliths) the lateral nerves
very slender, two or three pairs, ascending, obscure, some-
times obsolete; petioles 2 mm long or less; stipules very broad,
abruptly acuminate, the acumen 2 to 3 mm long, sometimes
shortly trifid. Inflorescence, the whole upper part of the plant,
a lax, leafy panicle, the ultimate branchlets (peduncles) bearing
the flowers 2 to 5 cm long, the flowers solitary, in pairs, or in
threes, the bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 2 mm long,
the pedicels 1 to 2 mm long, in fruit up to 3 mm long. Calyx
urceolate, in anthesis 2.5 mm long, the lobes 4, ovate, acuminate,
prominently reticulate, 1.5 mm long, accrescent in fruit.
Corolla-tube 1.5 mm long, villous within. Anthers 0.8 mm long.
Capsules somewhat compressed, obovoid, about 4 mm long and
wide, narrowed below into the stipe, very obscurely 4-winged, the
wings, or mere lines, in pairs, lateral, sometimes entirely absent
in the upper two-thirds, and evident only in the narrowed basal
part of the capsule, the persistent calyx-lobes ovate, reticulate,
acuminate, 2 mm long, divided nearly to the base of the calyx-rim.
Seeds numerous, somewhat angled-globose, brown, pitted, 0.4 to
0.5 mm in diameter.

R. C. McGregor 375, Cabras Island, October, 1911.

In appearance similar to Oldenlandia biflora Linn. (O. paniculata Linn.),
but with much larger flowers and capsules. The structure of its flowers
and capsules place it very near Oldenlandia pterita (Blume) Miq., but it
seems to be specifically distinct in its smaller capsules, which are very
obscurely or scarcely winged, and in its deeply cleft calyx-limb, the lobes
extending nearly to the apex of the capsule.

MUSSAENDA Linnaeus
MUSSAENDA FRONDOSA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 177; Safford 330.

Admitted on the authority of Safford. If correctly interpreted the
species extends from India to Polynesia, but it seems probable that several
closely allied but distinct species are involved in the present conception of
Mussaenda frondosa. Guam material should be compared critically with
Ceylon material, the type of the species being from Ceylon.

148 l"^^ Philippine Journal of Science isu

PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus

PSYCHOTRIA MARIANA Bartl. ex DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 522; Safford 362.

G. E. S. S6, Mrs. Clemens s. n., McGregor 526, locally known as aploc-
hating or aploghating.

Known only from the Marianne Islands, represented also by Volkens Ul,
from the Island of Tinian, distributed as Grumilea.

PSYCHOTRIA MALASPINAE sp. nov.

FYutex glaber; foliis chartaceis, usque ad 9 cm longis,
acuminatis, basi angustatis, acutis, oblongo-obovatis ad obovato-
lanceolatis vel subellipticis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, tenuibus,
anastomosantibus, in siccitate utrinque subconcoloribus nitidis-
que, olivaceis et plus minusve rubro-brunneis ; inflorescentiis
subterminalibus, brevibus, paucifloris, circiter 2.5 cm longis;
fructibus circiter 7 mm longis, oblongo-obovoideis, pericarpio
carnoso; pyrenis rugosis, leviter longitudinaliter carinatis, vix
sulcatis.

A glabrous shrub, the branches terete, reddish-brown, the
younger branchlets slender, with manifest cystoliths. Leaves
chartaceous, oblong-obovate to obovate-lanceolate or subelliptic,
6 to 9 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, the apex distinctly acuminate,
base more or less narrowed, acute, when dry olivaceous and
usually more or less tinged with reddish-brown, prominently
shining and of about the same color on both surfaces; lateral
nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, slender, not prominent,
anastomosing, the reticulations very lax, slender; petioles 7 to
10 mm long; stipules very early deciduous. Inflorescence soli-
tary, subterminal or in the uppermost axils, slender, few-flowered,
about 2.5 cm long, the primary branches usually three only, the
flowers white, sessile or subsessile in threes on the ultimate
branchlets. Calyx somewhat turbinate, truncate or with 4 or 5
very minute teeth, somewhat narrowed below, about 2 mm long.
Corolla (from mature buds) 3 mm long, 4-lobed, the throat villous
inside. Anthers 1 mm long. Fruit 7 to 8 mm long, oblong-
obovoid, smooth, the pericarp fleshy, apparently red, the apex
truncate or rounded, base narrowed, acute, the pyrenes hard,
plano-convex, oblong-elliptic, 6 mm long, 4 mm wide, prominently
rugose, very obscurely longitudinally keeled, not at all sulcate.

McGregor 559, Upi Road, October, 1911, in flower (type) ; Asinan,
Costenoble 1181 (in U. S, National Herbarium), July, 1906, in fruit,
locally known as aplokhaHng palaoan.

A species somewhat resembling the Caroline Psychotria arbuscula Vol-
kens, the Polynesian P. insularis A. Gray, and the Malayan P. viridiflora
Reinw., but quite distinct from all. It seems to be most closely allied to
the latter. Dedicated to Alessandro Malaspina, commandant of the cor-

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 149

vettes "Atrevida" and "Descubierta" which comprised the Malaspina Ex-
pedition, the first scientific exploring expedition to reach Guam and the
Philippines.

RANDIA Linnaeus

RANDIA RACEMOSA (Cav.) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 108; Maxim, in
Bull. Acad. Petersb. 29 (1884) 167.

Stylocoryna racemosa Cav. Ic. 4 (1797) 45, (. 368.

G. E. S. 6, Mrs. Clemens s. n., locally known as sumac or sumag.

The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, extend-
ing nortward to the Liu Kiu Islands. Its other range is obscured by
complicated synonj-my, but I suspect that it is of wide distribution in the
Malayan and Polynesian regions. I can see no reason for not referring
here Ridley 37, from Christmas Island, south of Java, Koorders 30059 from
Java, both distributed as Randia densiflora, and Volkens UO, from Tinian
Island, Mariannes, distributed as "Randia nov. spec." Randia densiflora
(Roxb.) Benth. is certainly very closely allied, and perhaps R. racemosa
must be reduced to that species. Equally closely allied is Randia graffei
Reinike, of Polynesia, at least as represented by Volkens 502 and 5S6 from
Yap, and Vaupel Hi from Samoa. Stylocoryne coffaeoides A. Gray, a
widely distributed Polynesian species, should also be critically compared.

By some botanists the specific name racemosa would be considered to
be invalidated by Randia racemosa Roxb., but in the uncertain state of
the synonymy of our species, I prefer to make no change.

TAR EN N A Gaertner
TARENNA GLABRA sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra; ramis teretibus, ramulis
distincte quadrangulatis ; foliis oblongis vel ovato-oblongis, niti-
dis, usque ad 12 cm longis, acutis vel obtusis, basi acutis, nervis
utrinque 7 vel 8 ; inflorescentiis terminalibus, corymbosis, multi-
floris ; floribus 5-meris, corollae tubo 3 ad 4 mm longo, intus
villoso, extus glabro; fructibus globosis, in siccitate nigris,
nitidis, seminibus circiter 16.

A shrub or small tree, quite glabrous except the corolla-tube
which is villous inside. Branches terete, brownish or brownish-
gray, the branchlets about as thick as the ultimate branches,
distinctly 4-angled, the internodes about 1 cm long. Leaves
chartaceous, oblong to ovate-oblong, 8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm
wide, about equally narrowed to the acute or obtuse apex and to
the acute base, when dry dark-olivaceous, or the upper surface
nearly black, smooth and shining, the lower surface very slightly
paler than the upper; lateral nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the
midrib, rather prominent on the lower surface, curved, anasto-
mosing, the reticulations slender, very lax; petioles 1 to 2 cm
long; stipules very early deciduous. Inflorescence terminal, gla-
brous, corymbose, many-flowered, about 5 cm long, 8 cm wide, the
lower branches subtended by lanceolate, leaf -like bracts (reduced

k».

150 I'h^ Philippine Journal of Science i9h

leaves). Flowers apparently white, 5-merous. Calyx cylindric,
cup-shaped, glabrous, 2 mm long, about 1.5 mm in diameter, with
5, short, blunt, teeth. Corolla-tube 3 to 4 mm long, cylindric,
externally glabrous, internally villous, the lobes 5, glabrous,
oblong or narrowly oblong, obtuse, about as long as the tube.
Anthers lanceolate, 3 mm long, exserted. Style and stigma 10
to 11 mm long. Fruit globose, black when dry, shining, peri-
carp somewhat wrinkled, 2-celled, about 8 seeds in each cell, the
seeds irregular, more or less angular and compressed, about 2
mm long.

Guam Experiment Station 26, November, 1911, at Tolijuice.

A species manifestly allied to Tarenna asiatica O. Ktze., and appar-
ently also to Stylocoryne sambucina A. Gray, but distinguished from both
in being entirely glabrous except for the corolla-tube which is villous
inside.

I have followed De Dalla Torre and Harms in adopting Gaertner's
generic name Tarenna, for those species which have been described chiefly
as Webera and Stylocoryne, but I am by no means certain that these
authors are correct in their distribution of the synonyms between Tarenna
and Randia. I suspect that Cupi Adanson is the oldest, and therefore by
rules of priority, the correct generic name at least for those species of
Webera, Stylocoryne, and Taremia that have several ovules in each cell.
It is based entirely on Cupi Rheede Hort. Malabar. 2: 37, pi. 23 which is
the type of Rondeletia asiatica Linn. De Dalla Torre and Harms, how-
ever, refer Cupi of Adanson to Randia, but I do not think that Rheede's
plate and description justifies this disposition of it, and consider that it is
rather Tarenna than Randia. Webera Schreber cannot be considered, for
it is invalidated by Webera of Hedwig, a valid genus of mosses. The
genus Cupia DC. (1830) is typified by the first species cited, C. corymbosa
DC, which is based on Cupi of Rheede, and the species is hence a synonjrm
of Tarenna asiatica (Linn.) O. Ktze. King has taken exception to the
generic name Tarenna on the basis that Gaertner described the flowers as
4-merous, rather than 5-merous, and he therefore revives the genus Stylo-
coryne Cav. for those species with 5-merous flowers and several-seeded
fruits.*' However, Stylocoryne Cavanilles is invalid, as it is a manifest
synonym of the genus Randia. Trimen, however, considers Tarenna
zeylanica Gaertn. to be an exact synonym of Webera corymbosa Willd.=
Tarenna asiatica O. Ktze., in spite of the discrepancy in the number of
floral-parts.

CUCURBITACEAE

BENINCASA Savi

BENINCASA HISPIDA (Thunb.) Cogn. in DC. Monog. Phan. 3 (1881)
513.
Cucurbita hispida Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1874) 322.
Benincasa cerifera Savi Bibl. Ital. 9 (1818) 158; Safford 197.
G. E. S. 157, locally known as condor.
Cultivated in the tropics of both hemispheres.

"Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 72' (1903) 198.

IX. c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 151

CUCURBITA Linnaeus

CUCURBITA MAXIMA Duch. in Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 15L
G. E. S. 22, locally known as calamasa.
Cultivated in all warm countries.

CUCUMIS Linnaeus

CUCUMIS SATIVUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1012.

G. E. S. 2, McGregor ^53, cultivated, locally known as pepino.

LAGENARIA Seringe

LAGENARIA LEUCANTHA (Duch.) Rusby in Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 6:

43.
Cucurbita lexicantha Duch. in Lam. Encycl. 2 (1782) 150.
Cucurbita lagenaria Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1010.
Lagenaria lagenaria Cockerell in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 19 (1892) 95;

Saiford 304.

G. E. S. 355, 394, locally known as tagoa.
Cultivated in all tropical countries.

LUFFA Adanson
LUFFA CYLINDRICA (Linn.) Roem. Syn. Pepon. 2 (1846) 63.
Momordica luff a Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1009.
Momordica cylindrica Linn. 1. c.

G. E. S. 409, the wild form, locally known as pacliodag.
A native of the tropics of the Old World, now wild or cultivated in all
tropical countries.

MELOTHRIA Linnaeus

MELOTHRIA GUAMENSIS sp. nov. § Sole^ia.

Herba scandens, monoica, glabra; foliis membranaceis, reni-
formi-ovatis vel suborbiculari-ovatis, usque ad 7 cm latis, basi
profunda cordatis, apice acuminati=;, margine distanter apicula-
to-dentatis, nitidis, supra punctis scabridis notatis ; floribus s
racemosis, campanulatis, 8 ad 10 mm longis ; f ructibus subglo-
bosis, glabris, circiter 1 cm diametro, seminibus compressis,
crassis, elliptico-obovoideis, 4 mm longis.

A slender, climbing, glabrous, monoecious herb, the stems
striate or sulcate, 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Leaves membrana-
ceous, reniform-orbicular to orbicular-ovate, 6 to 7 cm wide, 6 to
9 cm long, somewhat acuminate, base deeply cordate, the sinus
broad, the basal lobes very broadly rounded, the margins rather
distantly apiculate-dentate, very slightly undulate between the
teeth, when dry rather dark-green, the upper surface with nu-
merous, small, whitish, scabrid dots, the lower surface not at
all scabrid, showing the positions of the dots only; tendrils
slender, simple, up to 15 cm in length; petioles 3 to 5 cm long.
Male flowers racemose, the racemes axillary 3 to 4 cm long,

152 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

few-flowered, lax, the pedicels slender, about 5 mm long.
Perianth campanulate, 8 to 10 mm long. Calyx 5 mm long, the
teeth ovate, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse,
5 mm long, 3 mm wide, margins slightly short-ciliate, the corolla-
tube villous inside. Stamens 3; filaments glabrous 2 mm long;
anthers orbicular, one about 2 mm in diameter, the other two 1.5
mm in diameter, apices rounded-truncate, short-ciliate, the con-
nectives broad. Fruit fleshy, globose, about 1 cm in diameter,
glabrous, somewhat glaucous and much wrinkled when dry.
Seeds numerous, flat, thickened, elliptic-obovate, rounded, base
subacute, about 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, and 0.5 mm thick, the
margins obscurely thickened.

Guam Experiment Station 11, Tumon, November, 1911.

A species in vegetative characters strongly resembling Melothria mucro-
nata Cogn., but not closely allied to that species. Its distinguishing char-
acters are its being monocious, its comparatively large male flowers, its
lax, few-flowered racemes, and its globose fruits. It does not appear to
be very closely allied to any described species.

MOMORDICA Linnaeus

MOMORDICA CHARANTIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1009; Safford 326.
G. E. S. 21, McGregor 4.68, locally known as almagoso.
In all tropical countries, cultivated and wild.

GOODENIACEAE

SCAEVOLA Linnaeus

SCAEVOLA FRUTESCENS (Mill.) Krause in Engl. Pflanzenreich 54
(1912) 125.

Lobelia frutescens Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) no. 1.

Scaevola koenigii Vahl Symb. 3 (1794) 36.

Lobelia koenigii W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9
(1905) 310.

McGregor UOl, G. E. S. 8Jt, local name nanaso.

Mr. W. F. Wight, on the principle of generic types, has referred this
species to Lobelia, and proposes to refer the species of Lobelia of modem
authors to Rapuntium, but Mr. Wight's proposition has not been considered
by Dr. Krause in his recent monograph of the Goodeniaceae. I have dis-
cussed the matter previously, and prefer to retain the species under Scae-
vola. Both of the Guam specimens have softly velutinous leaves.

Along the seashore, India to Polynesia.

COMPOSITAE

AGERATUM Linnaeus

AGERATUM CONYZOIDES Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 839; Safford 176.
McGregor ^84, G. E. S. 1.
A native of tropical America, now in all tropical countries.

IX, c, 2 Merrill: The Plants of Guam 153

ADENOSTEMMA Forster

ADENOSTEMMA VISCOSUM Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 90, t. ^5 ; Safford
175.
Collected in Guam by Chamisso, fide Safford 1. c.
A pantropic weed, its original home uncertain.

ARTEMISIA Linnaeus

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 848; Safford 188.

McGregor j^23.

A native of Europe, now widely distributed in temperate and tropical
countries.

BLUMEA DeCandoUe

BLUMEA MOLLIS (D. Don) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot.
395.
Erigeron molle D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 172.
G. E. S. SJtl, in waste places.
India to tropical Africa, China, Malaya, and Australia.

CHRYSANTHEMUM Linnaeus

CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 889; Safford 225.
G. E. S. 326, with the local name yerba de Santa Maria.
Widely distributed, in cukivation, in all warm countries.

COREOPSIS Linnaeus

COREOPSIS TINCTORIA Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Philadel. 2 (1821) 114.

G. E. S. SI 6, a cultivated form apparently referable here, of recent
introduction.

A native of North America, now widely distributed in cultivation.

COSMOS Cavanilles

COSMOS SULPHUREUS Cav. Ic. 1 (1791) 56, t. 79 ?

McGregor i^2, G. E. S. 267, SUS, cultivated; apparently recently intro-
duced.

A native of Mexico, now widely distributed in warm countries.

ECLIPTA Linnaeus

ECLIPTA ALBA (Linn.) Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. (1848) 528; Safford 266.
Ytrhesina alba Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 902.
G. E. S. SO, locally known as titirna.
In all warm countries, where native uncertain.

ELEPHANTOPUS Linnaeus

ELEPHANTOPUS MOLLIS HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 4 (1820) 26.

Thompson 21, McGregor ^81^ G. E. S. U7 , in waste places.

This form with white flowers is very distinct from Elepkantopus scaber
Linn, which has purplish flowers. It is a native of Mexico, and is known
in the Orient only from Guam, the Philippines, and Celebes; it occurs in
all parts of the Philippines in the settled areas.

154 ^'^<^ Philippine Journal of Science lai*

ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 814; Safford 268.
Admitted on SafFord's record which is undoubtedly correct.
Widely distributed in the tropics, a native of tropical America.

ELEPHANTOPUS SPICATUS Aubl. PI. Guin. 2 (1775) 808; Safford 268.

G. E. S. 111.

A native of Mexico, now common in the Philippines and Guam, and
found also in southern China.

GLOSSOGYNE Cassini

GLOSSOGYNE TENUIFOLIA (Less.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51 (1857) 475;
Safford 284.

Bidens tenuiflora Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. (1824) 44, t. U5.

McGregor ^06, G. E. S. UUU, slopes back of Piti.

Southern China and Formosa southward to New Caledonia, Australia,
and Fiji.

{Lactuca sativa Linn., the common lettuce, is admitted by Safford, but
it is dependent on seeds imported from year to year and does not thrive.)

SYNEDRELLA Gaertner

SYNEDRELLA NODI FLORA (Linn.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2 (1791) 456, t. 171;
Safford 380.
Verhesina nodiflora Linn. Cent. PL 1 (1755) 28.

Mrs. Clemens s. n., G. E. S. H9.

A weed in all tropical countries, originating in tropical America.

VERNON I A Schreber

VERNONIA CINEREA (Linn.) Less, in Linnaea 4- (1829) 291; Safford
396.

G. E. S. 70.

A weed of pantropic distribution, probably a native of the eastern hemi-
sphere.

VERNONIA PATULA (Dry.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot.
439.
Conyza patula Dry. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 (1789) 184.
Vernonia chinensis Less, in Linnaea 6 (1831) 105, 674.
Vernonia villosa W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 396.

G. E. S. Jt56.

India to Formosa and Malaya.

WED ELI A Jacquemont
WEDELIA BIFLORA (Linn.) DC. in Wight Contrib. (1834) 18.
Verhesina biflora Linn. Sp. PL, ed. 2 (1763) 1271.
Wollastonia scabriuscula DC. ex Dene, in Nuov. Ann. Mus. Paris 3

(1834) 414; Prodr. 5 (1836) 547.
Stem7nodontia biflora W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905)

377.
Collected in Guam by Haenke, and reported from there by DeCandolle
as Wollastonia scabHivscula DC.

Tropical Asia to Polynesia, especially along the seashore.

IX. c. 2 Merrill: The Plants of Gnm 155

WEDELIA CANESCENS (Gaudich.) comb. nov.

Verhesina canescens Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 463.

Wedelia chamissonis Less, in Linnaea 6 (1831) 161.

Wollastonia canescens DC. Prodr. 5 (1836) 547.

Stemmodontia canescens W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 9 (1905) 377, pi. 63.

McGregor 50U, G. E. S. ^56.

A species manifestly allied to Wedelia biflora DC., but much more pubes-
cent. Known only from Guam, but with a closely allied form in Samoa
{Vaupel 96). Possibly the form that has been credited to Guam as W.
biflora DC.

WEDELIA ARGENTEA (Gaudich.) comb. nov.

Verbesina argentea Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 463; Safford 395.

G. E. S. 351, March, 1912.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but is probably specifically
distinct. Dr. F. Gagnepain has kindly looked up Gaudichaud's type speci-
mens in the Paris Museum of Natural History and states that while the
two species are allied they are probably distinct. He states that Verbesina
canescens has its leaves covered with appressed hairs but the hairs suffi-
ciently distant so that the surface of the leaf can be seen, while V. argentea
has much more numerous hairs that entirely cover the surface; that in
V. canescens the teeth of the leaves are larger, more sharply pointed, and
the petioles much longer and more slender than in V. argentea which has
small teeth, and short petioles. Abundant material from Guam may show
intermediate characters, but so far as our material goes two closely allied
species appear to be represented. The type was from Guam and the species
is known only from that Island.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 2, April, 1914.

FUNGI FROM NORTHERN PALAWAN

By H. and P. Sydow
{Berlin, Germany)

The fungi here recorded were collected by Mr. E. D. Merrill
during the months of April and May, 1913, the dry season, in
the northern part of Palawan Island, a region previously unex-
plored botanically. Up to the present time but a single paper
dealing with the fungi of this island has been published. This
was written by ourselves and entitled "Fungi from the Island
of Palawan."^ The fungi listed in this paper, however, were
all gathered in the southern and central part of the island.

As will be seen from an examination of the following enu-
meration, the region is exceedingly rich in Pyrenomycetes, in-
cluding Dothideaceae and Microthyriaceae, while it is poor in
Uredineae, Ustilagineae, and Discomycetes. We wish to express
our thanks to Messrs. G. Bresadola, H. Diedieke, and F. Theissen
for valuable suggestions regarding critical species.

ANTHRACOPHYLLUM Cesati

ANTHRACOPHYLLUM NIGRITA (Lev.) Kalchbr.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8850, 8904, April and May, 1913. On dead
fallen branches in forest.

PAN US Fries

PAN US RUDIS Fr. (syn. Lentinus chaetophorus Lev.).

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8848, 8863, April and May, 1913. On rotten
logs in thickets.

LENTINUS Fries

LENTINUS BAVIANUS Pat. (ut videtur, exemplar vetustum).
Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8865, May, 1913. On rotten logs.

LENTINUS JAVANICUS Lev.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8858, 8881, May, 1913. On rotten logs in
forest.

LENZITES Fries

LENZITES STRIATA (Lev.) Fr.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8727, April, 1913. On dead logs in forest.

'Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1912) 1533-1547.

157

158 ^^6 Philippine Journal of Science ism

FAVOLUS Fries

FAVOLUS CUCULLATUS Mont.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8975, April, 1913; Taytay, Merrill
8758, April, 1913. On rotten logs in forest.

GANODERMA Patouillard

GANODERMA OCHROLACCATUM (Mont.) Bres.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8896, May, 1913. On dead mangrove {Bru-
guiera) trees.

POLYSTICTUS Fries

POLYSTICTUS DISCI PES Berk, (vetustus).

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8893, May, 1913. On prostrate rotten logs.

TRAMETES Fries

TRAMETES STRIGATA (Berk.) Bres.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 88J,6 p. p., April, 1913. On dead logs in
thickets.

TRAMETES BADIA (Berk.) Bres.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 88Jt6 p. p., April, 1913. On dead logs in
thickets.

HEXAGON I A Fries

HEXAGONIA BIVALVIS (Pers.) Bres.

Palawan, Lake Mangao, Merrill 89^5, April, 1913. On dead fallen trees
in forest.

HEXAGONIA API ARIA Pres. f. Wightii Klotzsch.

Palawan, Silanga, Merrill 8922, May, 1913. On dead logs in forest.

STEREUM Persoon

STEREUM AUSTRALE (Kalchbr.) Bres.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8862, May, 1913. Terresterial in old clearing,

SEPTOBASIDIUM Patouillard

SEPTOBASIDIUM SUBOLIVACEUM Syd. sp. nov.

Longe lateque effusum, papillas hemisphaericas vel depresse
hemisphaericas majusculas 2-5 mm longas 2-4 mm latas et 1-2
mm altas formans, subolivaceum, molliusculum, baud rimosum,
nee ad marginem fimbriatum, ex hyphis dilute olivaceis ramosis
(ramis rectangulariter vel fere rectangulariter distantibus) 2.5-
3.5 /i, crassis parcissime septatis, articulis inde praelongis, com-
positum; hyphis basidiiferis superne pallidis, subhyalinis, 2-2.5
IJL crassis; basidiis cylindraceo-clavatis, plerumque curvatis, 25-
35 jLt longis 6-8 /^ latis, 2-4-septatis, pallide brunneolis usque
subhyalinis; sporis non visis.

IX. c, 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan 159

Palawan, Taj'tay, Merrill 8761, April, 1913. On living stems of Schizos-
tachyum.

The fun^s lives on scale insects and under every papilla of the fungus
one or a few coccides are to be found.

CYATHUS Hallier

CYATHUS ELMERI Bres.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 9075, May, 1913. On earth, in dense bamboo
thickets.

PHYSARUM Persoon

PHYSARUM BOGORIENSE Racib.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill S916, May, 1913. On dead leaves.

ARCYRIA Wiggers

ARCYRIA DENUDATA (L.) Sheldon.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill, 8914, 8915, 8917, May, 1913. On dead sticks.

FULIGO Haller

FULIGO CINEREA (Schw.) Morg.

Palawan, Taj'tay, Merrill 8913, May, 1913. On dead leaves and sticks.

AECIDIUM Persoon

AECIDIUM BLUMEAE P. Henn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8740, April, 1913. On leaves of Blumea
balsavtifera.

AECIDIUM RHYTISMOIDEUM B. et Br.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8969, April, 1913. On leaves of
Diospyros discolor; Mt. Capoas, Merrill 9093, April, 1913. On leaves of
Diospyros.

USTILAGO Persoon

USTILAGO ANDROPOGONIS-ACICULATI Petch.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill, S 185, May 10, 1913. On Andropogon acicu-
latus.

MELIOLA Fries

MELIOLA AGLAIAE Syd. sp. nov.

Amphigena, plagulas orbiculares minutas 2-4 mm latas tenu-
issimas atras formans ; mycelio hyphis radiantibus laxuiscule
ramosis septatis fuscis 6-8 /x crassis composito; hyphopodiis cap-
itals sat numerosis, solitariis vel saepius in longa serie perfecte
oppositis bicellularibus, oblongis, 12-16 /x longis, 7-8.5 fx latis,
cellula, basali brevi vel brevissima, superiore late rotundata;
hyphopodiis mucronatis rarioribus, usque 18 /* longis; setis my-
celicis numerosis, subrectis vel lenissime falcato-curvatis, 350-
700 fi longis, inferne 7-9 ^ crassis ad apicem acutis, inferne
opacis, superne dilutioribus et pellucidis, septatis; peritheciis

160 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

paucis in quaque plagula, globosis, 120-150 /a diam., vix verru-
cosis; ascis 2-3-sporis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque late rotunda-
tis, non vel vex constrictis, fuscis, 34-38 fx long-is, 14-17 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 888Jt, May, 1913. On leaves of Aglaia.

MELIOLA MERREMIAE Rehm.

Palawan, Mt. Capoas, Merrill 9090, April, 1913. On leaves of Mer-
remia nymphaeifolia; Merrill 9085, April, 1913. On leaves of Merremia
viti folia.

MELIOLA CANARII Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8816, April, 1913. On leaves of Canarium;
Mt. Capoas, Merrill 9088, April, 1913. On leaves Canarium.

PARODIELLA Spegazzini

PARODIELLA GRAMMODES (Kze.) Cke.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8897, May, 1913. On leaves of Desmodium
capitatum.

BALLADYNA Raciborski

BALLADYNA MELODORI Syd. sp. nov.

Amphigena, saepius epiphylla, plagulas primitus orbiculares
3-10 mm diam. atras opacas tandem confluentes et magnam
folii partem obtegentes formans; mycelio ex hyphis valde irre-
gulariterque ramosis fuscis vel obscure brunneis 5-9 n crassis
saepius binis trinis lateraliter connatis torulosis irregularibus
composito; hyphopodiis alternantibus, irregulariter distributis,
continuis, globulosis usque oblongis, fuscis, 8-12 fj. longis, 6-9
IX latis; setis mycelicis numerosis, erectis, rigidis, 80-110 /x
longis, basi 4-8 /x crassis, apicem versus attenuatis et acutis, ad
apicem 2-2.5 fi crassis, obscure brunneis, opacis, continuis;
peritheciis numerosis, sessilibus vel brevissime stipitatis, glo-
bosis usque ovatis vel breviter piriformibus, 50-65 yu, altis, 40-48
fi latis, nonvascigeris, pariete indistincte parenchymatico sordide
olivaceo-brunneo vel sordide flavo-brunneo tenaci; ascis globosis
vel subglobosis, 40-50 /x longis, 35-40 /x latis, aparaphysatis ;
spordiis oblongis, utrinque late rotundatis, medio 1-septatis et
constrictis, levibus, primitus hyalinis, tandem olivaceo-brunneis,
bi- tristichis, 17-19 ft longis, 4-4.5 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8885 (type). May, 1913. On leaves of Melo-
dorum; same locality, Merrill 8795, April, 1913. On leaves of Melodorum.

BALLADYNA VELUTINA (Berk, et Curt.) v. Hoehn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8792, 8891, April and May, 1913. Both on
leaves of Gardenia glutinosa; Taytay, Merrill 8887 p. p., May, 1913. On
leaves of Plectronia, in society with Asterinella palawanensis Syd.; Lake
Manguao, Merrill 897U, April, 1913. On leaves of Gardenia.

IX, c. 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan 161

DIMEROSPORINA v. Hoehnel
DIMEROSPORINA DINOCHLOAE Syd. sp. nov.

Epiphylla, maculas minutas parum perspicuas rotundatas
2-4 mm latas tandem confluentes atro-griseas formans; subiculo
superficiali, parce evoluto, ex hyphis brevibus cellulos (cellulis
ca. 8-12 n longis vel latis) conidia helminthosporioidea obclavata
4-6-septata non constricta flavidulo-fuscidula 55-75 fi longa 11-14
/A lata crasse tunicata (membrana 2-3 /x crassa) generantibus
composite, fusco, ubique setis numerosis erectis rectis vel vix
flexuosis apice semper obtusis atro-olivaceis 100-220 /u, longis 9-11
fi latis septatis (articulis 15-25 fi longis) obsito; pycnidiis nume-
rosis, primitus globulosis, dein obovatis, stipitatis, spermatia mi-
nutissima hyalina 2 fx longa 1 [j. lata includentibus ; peritheciis
eadem forma et magnitudine ac pycnidiis, pedicello brevi crasso
5-20 fi longo 5-10 /x lato suffultis, primitus globoso-clausis, dein
obovatis, et imperfecte ostiolatis, 40-50 /x diam,, contextu tenaci
olivaceo-fuligineo ex cellulis 6-8 /j. diam. composito; ascis
sporidiisque nondum maturis.

Palawan, Mount Capoas, Merrill 9089, April, 1913. On leaves of Dino-
chloa scandens; Taytay, Merrill 8736, April, 1913. On leaves of same host.

We regret not to have seen mature perithecia. They seem to include
more than one ascus, hence we have placed the fungus in the genus Dimeros-
porina.

HENNINGSOMYCES Saccardo

HENNINGSOMYCES PH ILIPPINENSIS Syd. sp. nov.

Plagulas epiphyllas opacas atras perexiguas 150-300 /j. tan-
tum latas vel etiam confluendo majores et usque 2-3 mm diam.
metientes formans; mycelio superficiali, matrici arete adnato,
ex hyphis longuisculis remote septatis (articulis 20-50 fj. longis)
obscure olivaceo-brunneis vel atro-olivaceis parum ramosis
5-7.5 fx crassis tenuiter tunicatis composito ; peritheciis ad latera
hypharum mycelii sessilibus vel brevissime stipitatis, plerumque
perfecte globosis et 60-70 ix diam., haud ostiolatis, contextu te-
naci minute parenchymatico atro-olivaceo, setis paucis (2-6)
rectis vel parum flexuosis ad apicem obtusis concoloribus vel
pallidioribus plerumque 20-50 jx longis et 5-6 yu. latis obsitis ; ascis
paucis in quoque perithecio, ellipticis, ovatis vel oblongis,
subsessilibus, 45-50 fx longis, 22-25 fx latis, octosporis, aparaphy-
satis vel indistincte paraphysatis ; sporidiis tristichis vel conglo-
batis, oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, medio vel circa medium
1-septatis et leniter constrictis, ex hyalino brunneis, levibus,
20-25 fx longis, 7.5-8 fx latis.

125572 5

152 The Philippine Journal of Science wu

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 882S, April, 1913. On living leaves of Mo-
rinda.

Besides the mature perithesia numerous small bodies looking like hypho-
podia are situated on the hyphae. We believe that these bodies represent
only very young perithecia.

HENNINGSOMYCES PUSILLIMUS Syd. sp. nov.

Hypophylla, plagulas orbiculares vel irregulares 1-2 cm diam.
griseo-fumosas formans; mycelio tenuissimo, ex hyphis longius-
culis non vel parce ramosis remote septatis (articulis 30-50 /x
longis) dilute olivaceo-brunneis tenuiter tunicatis baud hypho-
podiatis 2.5-3.5 fi crassis composite ; peritheciis in mycelio dense
sparsis, hyphis superficialiter insidentibus, una vel pluribus hy-
phis suff ultis, globosis vel ovato-globosis, sessilibus vel centro bre-
vissime stipitatis, 30-45 /x diam., baud ostiolatis, contextu tenaci
obscure olivaceo-brunneo minute parenchymatico ex cellulis 4-5
fi diam. compositio, superne setis paucis (4-8) erectis rectis vel
subrectis continuis apice acutis fuscis (3-5) in quoque perithe-
cio, globosis usque ovato-globosis, crassiuscule tunicatis, 20-24
fi diam., non vel indistincte paraphysatis, octosporis; sporidiis
oblongis, circa medium 1-septatis, vix constrictis, 12-15 fi longis,
3.5-4 ft latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8882, May, 1913. On leaves of Adina.

EUTYPA Tulasne

EUTYPA BAMBUSINA Penz. et Sacc.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8731^, April, 1913. On dead Dinochloa scan-
dens. Same locality, Merrill 8762, 8770, April, 1913. On dead Schizostcv-
chyum; same locality, Merrill S 187, May, 1913. On dead Schizostachyum.

EUTYPELLA Nitschke
EUTYPELLA spec.

Stromatibus ramos plus minus aequaliter circumdantibus,
rotundatis, pulvinatis, 1-1.5 mm diam., peridermio superne
rupto cinctis, cortice immersis, atris; peritheciis 3-8 in quoque
acervulo, globulosis, 300-450 /a diam collo brevi; ostiolis vix vel
parum prominulis, distincte 4-sulcatis; ascis anguste cyHndra-
ceis, p. sp. 25-35 ix longa, 4-4.5 ^ lata, octosporis; sporidiis allan-
toideis vel subrectis, hyalinis, in cumulo pallide flavidis, 7.5-9
fi longis, 1.5-2 IX latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8871, May, 1913. On dead stems of Desmo-
dium umhellatum.

We think that the fungus here described is the same as Diatrype rus-
sodes B. et Br., which certainly will prove to belong to Eutypella. However
we cannot say if our identification is correct as the original description of
Diatype russodes is too poor, hence we do prefer not to name our specimen.

IX, c. 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan 163

EUTYPELLA REHMIANA (P. Henn. et E. Nym.) v. Hoehn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8757, April, 1913. On dead stems of Cala-
mus; Taytay, Merrill 8876, May, 1913, On dead Pandanus Merrillii; Tay-
tay, Merrill 8898, May, 1913. On dead Areca.

The species is incorrectly described by Hennings, hence we give a new
diagnosis of the fungus.

Stromatibus gregariis, erumpenti-superficialibus, discretis et
rotundatis vel subinde pluribus aggregatis et e mutera pressione
irregularibus, matricis laciniis cinctis, semigloboso-pulvinatis,
1-1.8 mm longis, 0.7-1.25 mm latis, opacis, nigris, asperulis,
intus albido-flavis ; peritheciis 10-30 in quoque stromate, parie-
tibus tenuibus, plerumque globosis, 100-150 /m diam., ostiolis vix
vel lenissime prominulis; ascis clavato-cylindraceis, apice rotun-
datis, parte sporifera 22-28 /la longa, 5-6 (j. lata, longe stipitatis,
aparaphysatis, octosporis; sporidiis allantoidiis, hyalinis, 8-10
n longis, 1.5 fi latis.

PERON EUTYPELLA Berlese
PERONEUTYPELLA GRAPHIDIOIDES Syd. sp. nov.

Stromatibus sparsis vel aggregatis, forma valde irregularibus,
rotundatis vel elongatis, saepe etiam trigonis vel irregularibus
conflentibus, Graphidis habitum subinde aemulantibus, 0.75-2
mm longis, confluendo subinde usque 3 mm longis, cortice exte-
riore immersis, peridermium elevantibus ab eoque arete cinctis,
atris, ostiolis fere solis erumpentibus; peritheciis in singulo
stromate numerosis (15-60), globulosis vel e mutua pressione
angulatis; ostioles inter se liberis, cylindraceis, apice rotundatis,
non sulcatis, 300-800 /j. longis, 100-120 /i latis ascis jam elapsis;
sporidiis allantoideis vel subrectis, hyalinis, 3.5-4.5 n longis, 1
fi latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 872k, April, 1912. On dead bark of Termi-
nalia catappa.

PERONEUTYPELLA COCOES Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8747, April, 1913. On dead husks of Cocos
nucifera.

PERONEUTYPELLA ARECAE Syd. sp. nov.

Stromatibus plerumque dense gregariis, 0.5-1.25 mm diam.,
e basi irregulariter orbiculari subpulvinatis, immersis, epider-
midem pustuliformiter elevantibus et ejusdem laciniis arete
cinctis, ostiolis fere solis erumpentibus, atris, carbonaceis; peri-
theciis in singulo stromate 5-20 (plerumque 8-10), 200-300 ^
diam., collo pro situ plus minus longiore instructis; ostiolis inter
se hberis, cylindraceis,. apice rotundatis, non sulcatis, 300-600
/x longis, rectis; ascis anguste clavatis, superne rotundatis, sub-

164 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science lou

sessilibus, p. sp. 10-20 /m longa, 4-6 /x lata, octosporis; sporidiis
irregulariter distichis vel conglobatis, allantoideis, rectis vel
leniter curvatis, hyalinis, 5-7 /^ longis, 1 /* latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8859, May, 1913. On dead Areca catechu in
forests.

In external appearance this species agrees entirely with Peroneutypella
Cocoes Syd., differing only in the somewhat larger sporidia and the host.

DIDYMELLA Saccardo
DIDYMELLA ACUTATA Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis epiphyllis, subepidermicis, plus minus aequaliter
sparsis, saepe aequali distributione folia tota obtegentibus, de-
presso-globosis, 120-170 fi diam., atris, epidermide quasi clype-
iformiter denigratula tectis, contextu opaco paremchymatico ex
cellulis 8-10 /A diam. composite; ascis variabilibus, saepe cur-
vatis, clavatis vel subsaccatis sursum plerumque angustioribus,
ad apicem incrassatis, 85-120 fi longis, 10-17 /u, latis, octosporis,
parcissime paraphysatis ; sporidiis plerumque distichis, raro
tristichis, fusoideis, medio 1-septatis, non constrictis, utrinque
acutissimi acuminatis et quasi acute apiculatis, hyalinis, 28-38
/x longis 6-8 fji latis.

Palawan, Lake Maguao, Merrill 8953, April, 1913. On dead fallen
leaves of Orania.

DIDYMELLA PANDANICOLA Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis amphigenis, aequaliter distributis, plerumque 2-4
densius aggregatis et cuticula nigrificata maculiformi tectis, ap-
planato-globosis, 150-170 fx diam., atris; ascis cylindraceo-clava-
tis, subsessibus, 75-95 fx. longis, 14-16 fx latis, octosporis, parcis-
sime paraphysatis ; sporidiis distichis, fusiformibus, medio 1-sep-
tatis, non constrictis, hyalinis, utroque apice seta 8-10 /n longa
1 /x lata auctis, 28-33 /a longis (sine setis), 7-8 fx latis.

Palawan, Silanga, Merrill 8918, May, 1913. On dead leaves of Pan-
darius.

MERRILLIOPELTIS P. Hennings

MERRILLIOPELTIS PARVULA Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis sparsis vel saepius laxe seriatim ordinatis, rotun-
datis, minutis, 0.12-0.18 mm diam., subinde fere confluentibus et
substromatice positis, epidermide elevata et subinde clypeifor-
miter denigrata obtectis, lenticularibus, ostiolo globoso minimo
prominente; ascis cylindraceis, teneris, 100-130 fi longis, 8-10 n
latis, octosporis; paraphysibus filiformibus, perpaucis; sporidiis
distichis vel fere distichis, fusiformibus, rectis, rarius leniter
curvatis, medo 1-septatis, non constrictis, utroque apice longe
acutissimis, hyalinis, 45-54 ix longis, 3.5-4.5 fj. latis.

IX. c, 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan 165

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8961 (type), S960, 8956, April, 1913.
All specimens on dead fallen petioles of Orania.

MERRILLIOPELTIS CALAMI P. Henn.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8951 p. p., April, 1913. On dead

Calamus.

DIDYMOSPHAERIA Fuckel

DIDYMOSPHAERIA MINUTELLA Penz. et Sacc.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8755, April, 1913. On dead Dinochloa scan-
dens; Silanga, Merrill 8933, 89 Ul, May, 1913. On dead Schizostachyum.

OPHIOBOLUS Riess
OPHIOBOLUS LICUALAE Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis sub epidermide bullatim elevata dense aggregatis,
greges 0.5-5 mm latos et longos formantibus, baud immersis,
sed epidermide tandem ab papillulis minutis perforata tectis,
e basi lata obtuse conoideis, 130-160 p. altis, 60-125 /x crassis,
atris, ad basim hyphis paucis circumdatis, contextu obscure
fusco parenchymatico ex cellulis 6-8 p. diam. composito; ascis
fasciculatis, cylindraceis, subsessilibus, filiformiter paraphysatis,
90-120 p longis, 10-12 p latis; sporidiis parallelis, filiformibus,
rectis vel leniter curvatis, 2-4-septatis, guttulatis, hyalinis, 70-85
p longis, 2.5 p latis.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8946 (type), April, 1913 and Taytay,
Merrill 8730, April, 1913. Both on dead petioles of Licuala spinosa.

ANTHOSTOMELLA Saccardo
ANTHOSTOMELLA BICINCTA Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis densiuscule sparsis, omnino immersis, atris, glo-
bosis, 350-425 p diam., epidermidem atro-nitidulam leniter ele-
vantibus, coriaceo-mollibus ; ascis cylindraceis, apice obtusis,
100-125 p longis, 13-16 p latis, octosporis, poro jodi ope coeru-
lescente; paraphysibus leniter mucosis; sporidiis recte monos-
tichis, continuis, ellipsoideis, utrinque rotundatis, ex hyalino mox
fuscis, centro zona latiuscula (2-4 p lata) dilutiore vel subhya-
lina cinctis, praeterea strato mucoso 1.5-2.5 p lato distinctissimo
circumdatis, 15-18 p longis, 9-10 fi latis (sine muco).

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8879, May, 1913. On dead petiole of Caryota.

The fungus might be considered as belonging to the Massariaceae, resem-
bling Massariopsis (see Rehm in Annal. Mycol. 4: 269), from which it
differs only in the unicellular sporidia. We place our fungus, however,
to Anthostomella, as numerous other similar exotic species have been
described under Anthostomella. Perhaps this genus must later be divided.

The sporidia of the new species are surrounded by a very distinct and
comparatively large mucous layer. They are at first hyaline, soon becom-
ing brownish and then showing a very distinct, clear, nearly hyaline band
around the center in the same way as are often shown the conidia of
Anthostomella.

Igg The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

ANTHOSTOMELLA COCOINA Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis plerumque dense dispositis, subinde maculiformiter
confertis, immersis, epidermidem denigratam hemsphaerice ele-
vantibus, semper tectis, modo papilla minuta poro perspicua per-
tusa tandem prominente globosis, glabris, atris, 200-300 p. diam. ;
ascis cylindraceis, apice rotundatis, 75-95 /x longis, 6-7 p. latis,
octosporis; sporidiis monostichis, ellipsoideis, utrinque rotun-
datis vel leniter attenuatis, continuis, fuscis, exappendiculatis,
8-10 fx. longis, 3.5-5 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8892, 9077, May, 1913. On dead petioles and
leaf rachis of Cocos nucifera.

ROSELLINIA De Notaris

ROSELLINIA TRUNCATA Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis in glomerulos irregulares 2-5 mm longos vel con-
fluendo majores sine ordine denseque dispositis, rarius solitariis,
subiculo copioso crasso persistenti ex hyphi fuscis septatis 3-5
fi crassis composito insidentibus, globoso-conicis, in maturitate
ad verticem distincte truncatis ibique subinde etiam leniter
depressis, distincte nitideque papillatis, ca. 1 mm diam. subinde
binis connatis et fere confluentibus, atris, glabris, levibus; ascis
jam resorptis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, continuis,
fuscis, 15-17 fx longis, 7.5-8.5 fi latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8782, April, 1913. On fallen branches in
forest.

ROSELLINIA COCOES P. Henn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8911, May, 1913, and Lake Manguao, Merrill
8966, April, 1913. On very old fallen petioles of Orania.

ROSELLINIA PERUSENSIS P. Henn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8768, April, 1913. On decorticated logs.

AMPHISPHAERIA Cesati et De Notaris

AMPHISPHAERIA PALAWANENSIS Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis sparsis vel binis trinis coalitis, per corticem fissum
prorumpentibus ab eoque cinctis, lenticulari-conoideis, atris,
glabris, 1 mm diam., distincti nitiduleque papillulatis ; ascis
crasse cylindraceis, apice rotundatis, 170-250 p longis, 18-25 fx
latis, octosporis, copiose paraphysatis ; sporidiis monostichis,
ellipsoideis vel oblongo-ellipsiodeis, utrinque medio 1-septatis et
constrictis, castaneo-brunneis, 30-35 p longis, 15-16 p latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 88iS, April, 1913. On dead twigs of Uncaria.

IX, c, 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palaiuan 167

MELANOMMA Nitschke et Fuckel
MELANOMMA PHILIPPIN ENSE Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis sparsis, soltariis, subsuperficialibus, e basi lata
conoideis, 0.5-1 mm diam., atris, carbonaceis, distincte papillatis,
glabris, opacis; ascis .cylindraceis vel cylindraceo-clavatis, apice
obtusis et incrassatis, 140-180 /z long-is, 17-22 /x latis, octosporis ;
paraphysibus copiosissimis, filiformibus, 1 fj. crassis; sporidiis
oblique monostichis usque subdistichis, in superiore asci parte
saepe recte monostichis, fusiformibus, utrinque obtuse attenuatis,
primo 1-septatis, dein 3-septatis, ad septum medium tantum
constrictis, dilute fuscis, 30-38 ix longis, 10-11 ^ latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 9076 (type), May, 1913. On very old pros-
trate logs; same locality, Merrill 8756, April, 1913. On dead stump; Malam-
paya Bay, Merrill 89^0, May, 1913. On dead logs; Lake Manguao, Merrill
8955, April, 1913. On dead decorticated Fagraea fragrans.

NUMMULARIA Tulasne

NUMMULARIA GLYCYRRHIZA (Berk, et Curt.) Sacc.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8950, April, 1913. On dead trees in
forest.

NUMMULARIA URCEOLATA Rehm.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8731, April, 1913. On dead trees.

HYPOXYLON Bulliard

HYPOXYLON CULMORUM Cke.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8841, April, 1913. On dead Dinochloa scan-
dens; Taytay, Merrill 8912, May, 1913. On dead Schizostachyum; Lake
Manguao, Merrill 8964. On dead Schizostachyum.

Sporidia 13-18 fj. long, 7-9 ix broad. In the larger stromata
the loculi do not always occupy all parts of them. They often
leave a part of the stroma sterile and flat. The smallest stro-
mata usually contains one loculus only. Hypoxyloyi Chusqiiiae
P. Henn. certainly does not differ from H. culmorum Cke.

HYPOXYLON MARGINATUM (Schw.) Berk.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8765, 8767, April, 1913. On fallen branches;
Lake Manguao, Merrill 8965, April, 1913. On fallen branches.

HYPOXYLON SUBEFFUSUM Speg.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8978, April, 1913. On dead logs in
forest.

LORANTHOMYCES v. Hoehnel

LORANTHOMYCES SORDIDULUS (Lev.) v. Hoehn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8990, May, 1913. On leaves of Loranthus.

Igg The Philippine Jouiifial of Science lau

GIBBERELLA Saccardo

GIBBERELLA CREBERRIMA Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8732, April, 1913. On living stems of Scleria.

PHYLLACHORA Nitschke

PHYLLACHORA CONNARI Syd. sp. nov.

Stromatibus sparsis, innatis, in utraque foliorum pagina cons-
picuis, minutis, rotundatis vel angulatis, non confluentibus, 1-3
mm longis, atris, in epiphyllo planis opacis, in hypophyllo ob
loculos prominulos parum nitidulos rugulosis; loculis 10-40 in
quoque stromate, globosis; ascis cylindraceo-clavatis, subsessili-
bus, 70-88 IX longis, 10-13 ju, latis, octosporis; sporidiis oblique
monostichis usque distichis, oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, saepe
superne angustioribus, continuis, hyalinis, 16-18 /x longis, 3.5-4
fi latis.

Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 8936, April, 1913. On leaves of
Connartis.

PHYLLACHORA OCHNAE Pat. et Har.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8835, April, 1913. On leaves of Ochna.

PHYLLACHORA LUZONENSIS P. Henn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8800, 8989, 907A, April and May, 1913. On
leaves of Millettia; same, locality, Merrill S 18^, May 9, 1913. On leaves
of Millettia; Lake Manguao, Merrill 8973, April, 1913. On leaves of Mil-
lettia.

PHYLLACHORA JAPENSIS (P. Henn.) Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8813, April, 1913. On leaves of Derris; Lake
Manguao, Merrill 8968, April, 1913. On leaves of Derris.

Phyllachora Lagunae Rehm in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 396, is
the same as P. japensis. Another synonym is Auerswaldia derridis P.
Henn. in Hedwigia 47 (1908) 255, which is incorrectly described.

PHYLLACHORA PTEROCARPI Syd.

Palawan, base of Mt. Capoas, Merrill 9084, April, 1913. On leaves of
Pterocarpus indicus.

PHYLLACHORA PONGAMIAE (B. et Br.) Petch {Phyllachora Pongamiae
P. Henn.)
Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 8938, May, 1913. On leaves of Pon-

gamia mitis (P. glabra).

PHYLLACHORA APOENSIS Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8888, May, 1913. On leaves of Ficus.

PHYLLACHORA INFECTORIA Cke.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8982, April, 1913. On leaves of Ficus.

i

V

IX, C, 2

H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan

169

PHYLLACHORA SPOROBOLI Pat.

Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 89S5, April, 1913. On leaves of
Sporoholus.

PHYLLACHORA TJANGKORREH Rac.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8791, 9073, April, 1913. On leaves of Dino-
chloa scatidens.

MICRODOTHELLA Syd. gen. nov. Dothideacearum.

(Etym. micros minutus, quasi Dothideacea minuta.)

Stromata minuta, convexa, basi stromatum in epidermide sita,
atra, radiatim contexta, 1-2-loculigera. Asci ovati usque oblongi,
plerumque octospori, paraphysati. Sporidia elliptica vel oblon-
ga, continua, hyalina.

Fig. 1. Microdothella culmicola Syd. a. Longitudinal section through part of a stroma
(X 370) ; b, very young stroma seen from above (X 370) ; c, two asci (X 370) ; d,
two sporidia (X 625).

MICRODOTHELLA CULMICOLA Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 1.)

Stromatibus sparsis vel hinc inde aggregatis, subinde binis
confluentibus, minutis, 200-450 /a diam., rotundatis, leniter con-
vexis, atris, cum basi in epidermide sitis in hypodermidem hyphas
paucas solitarias fuscas tantum emittentibus, centro opacis, ad
marginem dilute fuscis, ex hyphis radiantibus 2-3 /x. latis remote
septatis (articulis 10-18 n longis) maeandrice curvatis contextis;
loculis 1-2 in quoque stromate, poro rotundo 15-20 fx lato tandem
apertis; ascis primitus globulosis, mox ovatis vel oblongis, apice
rotundatis, sessilibus, octosporis, rarius 4-sporis, 35-55 fi longis,
18-22 fj. latis, paraphysatis; sporidiis plerumque distichis, ellip-

170

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1914

soideis vel oblongo-ellipsoideis, continuis, hyalinis, 17-20 /u, longis,
8-9 /Lt latis.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8952, April, 1913. On dead culms of
Ischaemum (type) ; Silanga, Merrill 8932, May, 1913. On dead culms of
Chloris incompleta.

Fig. 2. Heterodothis leptotheca Syd. a. Longitudinal section through a stroma (X 160) ; b,

longitudinal section through a stroma (X 370) ; c, part of the yellow-brown stroma

seen from above ( X 370 ) ; d, longitudinal section through a stroma with loculus

(X 370) ; e, pycnidiospores (X 620) ; /, three ascospores (X 620) ; ff, two asci with

paraphyses (X 620).

HETERODOTHIS Syd. gen. nov. Dothideacearum.
(Etym. heteros diversus et Dothis, pro Dothideacea.)

Stromata plana, subcrustacea, hypostromate in epidermide
evoluto, heterogenee contexta, contextu partim atro opaco, partim
flavo-brunneo. Loculi minuti, numerosi, discreti, e stromate atro

IX, c, 2 H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palaivan 171

formati. Asci cylindracei, octospori, paraphysati. Sporidia
didyma hyalina. Pycnidiosporae bacillares, continuae, hyalinae.

HETERODOTHIS LEPTOTHECA Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 2.)

Stromatibus sparsis, quo ad formam et magnitudinem varia-
bilibus, saepe ambitu orbicularibus et 2-6 mm diam., tenuibus,
subinde valde irregularibus, planis, atris, hypostromate in epi-
dermide evoluto et ejus cellulas dense ambiente, plus minus
distincte humiliterque costatis, contextu heterogeneo, partim atro
opaco indistincte celluloso, partim flavo-brunneo ex cellulis 5-8
fjL longis et 3-4 /.i latis regulariter seriatis composito; loculis
numerosis in quoque stromate, discretis, globulosis vel applanato
globulosis, minutis, 100-150 fj. diam., extus nitidulis, e stromate
atro formatis et partibus stromatis flavo-brunnei obtectis, ascis
sessilibus, cylindraceis, apice obtusis, 38-45 fx longis, 4-5.5 fi
latis, octosporis; paraphysibus filiformibus, ascos longe superan-
tibus, hyalinis, vix 1 ^ crassis; sporidiis distichis, cylindraceis,
utrinque obtusis, medio 1-septatis, non constrictis, hyalinis, 10-13

Fig. 3. Palawania grandis (Niessl.) Syd. Longitudinal section through a stroma with under-
lying hypostroma (X 130).

fi longis, 2.5 fi latis ; pycnidiosporis bacillaribus, continuis, utrin-
que obtusis, hyalinis, 4 /x longis, 1-1.5 /a latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 87U, April, 1913. On living leaves of Gly-
cosmis cochinchinensis.

The fungus is strongly characterized by the peculiar composition of the
stromata. These are very flat, usually rounded, but sometimes confluent
and quite irregular in outline. A good hand lens shows that they are more
or less distinctly costate on the surface. They are composed of two kinds
of tissue: a yellow-brown one whose cells are arranged in regular lines, and
a dark-black one surrounding the yellow stroma (6). The dark stroma por-
tions which extend into the epidermis and fill up the space between the
cells, divide and so form the loculi which remain covered by parts of the
light stroma (d). On the same stromata asci- and pycnidiospore bearing
loculi are to be found which do not differ from each other.

PALAWANIA Syd. gen. nov. Dothideacearum.
(Etym. ab insula Palawan.)

Stromata ascigera superficialia, minuta vel confluendo majus-
cula, atra, carbonacea, intus plurilocularia, pluristratosa, radia-

172

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1914

tim contexta, hypostromate sub epidermide bene evoluto, per
stomata erumpente et stromata ascigera formante, strato basali
tenui. Loculi discreti, baud ostiolati, strato obtegente tandem
poro rotundo disrumpente. Asci elliptic!, sessiles, copiose para-
physati, octospori. Sporidia didyma, fusca.

PALAWAN I A GRANDIS (Niessl.) Syd. comb. nov. (Fig. 3.)

Microthyrium grcmde Niessl. in Rebenh. Fg. eur. no. 2467.

Seynesia grandis Wint. in Hedwigia (1886) 107.

Seynesia calamicola P. Henn. et E. Nym. in Warb. Monsunia (1899) 160.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8739, 8757, 879Jt, April, 1913. All on dead
petioles and rachis of Calamus; Merrill 8808, on dead leaf-rachis of Oncos-
pervia horrida; Merrill, 8872, on dead Flagellaria indica; Merrill 88i7, on
dead stems of Drynaria quercifolia.

We have compared the Palawan specimens with the types of Microthy-

FiG. 4. Falawania cocoes Syd. a, Longitudinal section through a part of the superficial ascus-
bearing stroma, showing one loculus (X 250) ; b, margin of the stroma seen fi'om
above (X 250) ; c, ascus with paraphyses (X 275) ; d, sporidium (X 450).

rium grande and Seynesia calamicola, and have found that all these repre-
sent the same fungus. Theissen, to whom we are much indebted for the
accompanying figure of this fungus, drawn after the Palawan specimen on
Calamus, has taken up the fungus as a doubtful Seynesia in Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. (1912) 23 extr., but because of the poor specimen seen by him at
that time. Falawania grandis is nearly related to the following P. cocoes,
but differs in its external appearance, and the somewhat longer and less
septate (articles 8-15 m long) hyphae.

The specimens growing on Calamus must be considered as typical. The
forms growing on the other hosts mentioned seem not to differ.

PALAWAN I A cocoes Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 4.)

Stromatibus ascigeris tota longitudine matrici adnatis, super-
ficialibus, minoribus rotundatis vel oblongis et 0.3-1 mm longis,
saepe plus minus confluentibus et tunc multo majoribus, usque 8

IX, c, 2 H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan 173

mm longis, atris, opacis, carbonaceis, pluristratosis, in medio
crassis, marginem versus tenuioribus, radiatim ex hyphis fuscis
3.5-4.5 fi latis crebre septatis (articulis 6-9 /x longis) rectis vel
fere rectis contextis, ad ambitum integris vel lenissime crenatis,
hypostromate sub epidermide bene evoluto, strato basali tenui
f usco, hypothecio fibroso ; loculis in stromatibus minoribus duobus
vel paucis, in stromatibus majoribus copiosioribus, discretis, baud
confluentibus, non ostiolatis, sed strato obtegente tandem poro
rotundo disrumpente, ascis ellipsoideis, sessilibus, apice rotun-
datis et incrassatis, 50-75 /x longis, 20-26 fj. latis, octosporis;
paraphysibus numerosissimis, hyalinis, filiformibus, sursum
saepe leniter mucoso conjunctis; sporidiis distichis usque tristi-
chis, oblongo ellipsoideis, utrinque obtusis vel leniter attenuatis,
medio vel circa medium 1-septatis et leniter constrictis, ex hya-
line fuscis, 22-24 fi longis, 8-10 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 87GU, April, 1913. On dead spathes of Cocos
nucifera.

This new genus is related to Hysterostoynella and Polystomella, differing
from the former by the presence of paraphyses, and from the latter by the
colored sporidia. The hypostroma of both species, P. grandis and P. Co-
coes, consists of fuliginous, many septate hyphae running deeply in the
tissue, creeping upward between the sclerenchyma bundles and forming
thick effused balls beneath the epidermis. The hypostroma breaks through
the stomata of the epidermis and so forms superficial ascus-bearing stro-
mata. The latter are adnate with their whole base to the substratum.
They are either small or more or less confluent and large, and are pluris-
tratose like the shell of an oyster so that the center is very thick and
carbonaceous. The margin is entire or very slightly crenate in P. Cocoes,
and sometimes more fimbriate-dentate in P. grandis. The loculi have no
ostioles, but the covering stratum is finally cracked and a round opening
formed over them. The ripe sporidia are somewhat longitudinally plicate
in P. Cocoes.

STIGMATODOTHIS Syd. gen. nov. Dothideacearum.

(Etym. stigma punctum et Dothis, quasi Dothideacea exigua.)

Stromata subcuticularia, exigua, 1-loculigera, carbonacea,
superne pluristratose et irreguariter radiatim contexta, baud
ostiolata sed superne tandem poro rotundo aperta, strato basali
tenuissimo, hypostromate parco per epidermidem profunde in
contextu matricis penetrante massam compactam baud formante.
Asci ovato-oblongi, 8-spori. Paraphyses baud typicae, cellulo-
sae, submucosae. Sporidia transverse pluriseptata hyalina.

STIGMATODOTHIS PALAWANENSIS Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 5.)

Stromatibus amphigenis, sparse vel laxe gregariis, baud macu-
licolis, rotundatis, depresse hemisphaericis, 130-170 /* diam.,
atris, pro ratione facile secedentibus, sed inter cuticulam et

174

The Philippine Journal of Science

1914

epidermidem ortis, tota basi in pariete exteriore epidermidis
sessilibus, primitus cuticula dein rupta et plus minus evanes-
cente obtectis, carbonaceis, superne pluristratose irregulariterque
radiatim contextis, baud ostiolatis, sed tandem poro rotundo
apertis, hypostromate inter epidermidis celluas in contextu
matricis profunde penetrante, strato basali tenuissimo piano
brunneolo; ascis ovato-oblongis, sessilibus, tenuiter tunicatis,
apice rotundatis, 26-30 fx longis, 14-16 fi latis, octosporis; para-
physibus baud typicis, cellulosis, submucosis, sporidiis tristichis,
clavulatis, superne rotundatis, deorsum angustioribus, transverse
3-septatis, non constrictis, rectis vel lenissime in aequilateris
hyalinis, 14-17 /x longis, 3.5-4 y^ crassis.

Fig. 6. Stigmatodothis palawanensis Syd. a. Longitudinal section through a stroma, showing
an empty loculus at the left with the cuticula above (X 260) ; b, margin of a stroma
with hypostroma creeping between the epidermal cells, seen from above (X 250) ;
c, ascus (X 600) ; d, sporidium (X 250).

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8909, May, 1913. On living leaves of Dendro-
bium.

This minute fungus can only be placed among the Dothideaceae. The
hypostroma forms cords of brown hyphae which deeply penetrate between
the epidermis cells into the tissue of the leaves, but never forming thick
balls. The stromata are formed beneath the cuticula and are at first wholly
covered by the cuticule which soon is ruptured and then partly falls away.
It is not easy to make a good longitudinal section through a fertile stroma,
as the fungus and the overlying cuticule are too brittle in this stage of
development. Hence our figure shows only a section through an undevel-
oped stroma without asci.

ACTINODOTHIS Syd. gen. nov. Dothideacearum.

(Etym. actin radius et Dothis, quasi Dothideacea radiatim contexta.)

Stromata superficialia, orbicularia, discoidea, lenissime con-
vexa, carbonacea, pluristratosa, radiatim contexta; 1- plurilo-

IX. C. 2

H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan

175

cularia (loculis discretis baud ostiolatis tandem apertis), parte
marginali stromatis piano libero ex hyphis radiatibus dendritice
ramosis composito, hypostromate in vel sub epidermide parce
evoluto ; asci ovati usque oblongi, bispori, aparaphysati ; sporidia
oblonga, pluriseptata, fusca.

ACTINODOTHIS PIPERIS Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 6.)

Stromatibus epiphyllis, singulis subinde hypophyllis, sine
maculis, sparsis, superficialibus, ambitu semper orbicularibus,
1.5-3 mm diam., discoideis, lenissime convexis, parte marginali

Fig. 6. Actinodothis Piperis Syd. a. Longitudinal section through the central part of a
stroma, showing a loculus (X 250) ; b, part of the margin of the stroma (X 260) ;
c, two sporidia (X 475).

piano quasi alatis, carbonaceis, opacis, radiatim contextis, centre
ex hyphis crebre septatis compositis, parte marginali libero
matrici baud adnato ex hyphis radiantibus valde dentriticeque
ramosis (ramulis obtusis) fuscis 7-12 fi latis septatis (articulis
9-15 fi longis) composito ; loculis 1 vel pluribus, sive paucis (2-4) ,
sive copiosioribus (usque 15) in quoque stromate, discretis, haud
confluentibus, non ostiolatis, sed tandem superne spertis, minutis ;
hypostromate in vel sub epidermide parce evoluto, filiformi,
hypothecio pallido strato basali tenui brunneolo; ascis ovatis vel

176 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

oblongo-ovatis, apice obtusis, bisporis, aparaphysatis, 42-50 /x
longis, 20-26 fi latis ; sporidiis parallele positis, oblongis, utrinque
late rotundatis, 3-4-septatis, ad septa leniter constrictis, fuscis,
33-40 IX longis, 12-15 /* latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8819 (type), April, 1913. On living leaves
of Piper; same locality, Merrill 8851, April, 1913, On leaves of Piper;
Mt. Capoas, Merrill 9092, April, 1913. On leaves of Piper.

The genus is related to Polystomella, differing chiefly by the pluricellular,
colored sporidia and the scantily developed hypostroma.

AULACOSTROMA Syd. gen. nov. Dothideacearum.

(Etym. awZax = sulca et stroma.)

Stromata sub parte exteriore epidermidis evoluta, dein erum-
pentia, Crustacea, plana, atra, peripherice in hyphas radiantes
ramosas bulbillulas axillares gerentes dissoluta. Perithecia elon-
gata, linearia, rima longitudinali aperta, radiatim contexta, nucleo
mucoso. Asci subglobosi vel ovati, paraphysati, octospori. Spo-
ridia ex hyalino f usca, didyma.

AULACOSTROMA PALAWANENSE Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 7.)

Epiphyllum plagulas primitus minutas orbiculares mox con-
fluentes multo majores et irregulares formans, subinde folia
exteriore epidermidis evoiuto, atro, grumuloso, piano, crustaceo,
ad ambitum in hyphas radiantes abeunte; hyphis longiusculis,
alternatim ramosis, fuscis, rectis vel irregulariter flexuosis, re-
mote septatis, 4-5.5 jx crassis, in axillis bulbillulas irregulares vel
oblongas concolores vel parum obscuriores gerentibus ; peritheciis
plus minus numerosis in quoque stromate, laxe vel densiuscule
dispositis, ab reliquis epidermidis ruptae obtectis, linearibus,
atris, 0.3-1.2 mm longis, 150-220 /* latis, rectis vel varie curvatis
aut geniculatis, rima longitudinali apertis, contextu atro-fusco,
marginem versus fusco ex hyphis rectis vel subrectis remote sep-
tatis (articulis 15-25 ii longis) 2.5-3.5 fx crassis ad apicem dicho-
tomo-partitis composito, nucleo hyalino-viridulo mucoso; ascis
subglobosis, ovatis vel ovato-oblongis, sessilibus, apice rotundatis,
48-55 IX longis, 25-35 /a latis, octosporis; paraphysibus superne
hyalino-viridulis 1.5-2 /^ crassis, mucosis; sporidiis distichis vel
tristichis aut conglobatis, ellipsoideis vel oblongo-ellipsoideis,
utrinque late rotundatis, medio 1-septatis, constrictis, ex hyalino
fuscis, levibus, 20-25 ix longis, 10-12 /i, latis; pycnidiosporis in
peritheciis similibus evolutis, sessilibus, cylindraceis, utrinque
obtusis, continuis, hyalinis, 8-12 fx longis, 2-2.5 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill S 175, 8751, April, May, 1913. On leaves of
Pandanus MerrilUi.

IX, C, 2

H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan

177

At first the fungus forms small round colonies surrounded by the radiat-
ing hyphae. The colonies soon become larger, irregular, very often con-
fluent and spreading over the entire leaf-blade. In the larger colonies the
surrounding hyphae are only scarcely, if at all, visible, because they more
or less disappear in age. The hyphae are branched, bearing axillary bulbils
the structure of which we have not been able to make out. The stromata
develop beneath the outer portion of the epidermis (see fig. 2). When the
stromata increase in size the spidermis is broken and pieces of it are to be

Fig. 7. Aulacostroma palawanense Syd. a. Stroma seen from above (X 6) ; b, longitudinal
section througrh a very young: stroma showing its position beneath the outer
layer of the epidermis (X 370) ; c, longitudinal section through a mature peri-
thecium (X 370) ; d, ascospore (X 640) ; e, branched hyp ha with axillary
bulbils (X 370).

found on the mature perithecia. The cells of the epidermis themselves are
only sparsely filled with hyphal threads. The asci become blue-tinted with
potassium iodide.

There are two fungi described from leaves of Pandanus, viz. Aulogrcu-
phuni Pandani Cke. and A. intricatum Berk, et Br., which are similar to
the Philippine fungous and seem to belong to the same genus. We have
seen the types of both species, which are preserved in the Kew Herbarium.
Aulacographum Pandani differs in having smaller perithecia which are

125572 6

178 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

arranged in the midst of the stromata, while A. intricata has the same
perithecia, but a much less developed stroma.

We have placed A^dacostroma among the Dothideaceae but it might per-
haps better be considered as belonging to the Hysteriaceae. The limits
between these two families, however, are not clear and they very much
need a revision.

DICTYOTHYRIUM Theissen

DICTYOTHYRIUM GIGANTEUM Syd. sp. nov.

Peritheciis plerumque hypophyllis, sparsis, sine maculis,
omnino superficialibus, sine mycelio, atris, opacis, rotundatis,
500-700 ft diam., carbonaceis, planis, centrum versus lenissime
elevatis, poro rotundato distinct© 25-35 /a lato instructis; con-
textu centrali omnino opaco obscure atro-coeruleo, peripheric©
laxiore dilutiore amoene coeruleo usque hyalino ex hyphis tenuis-
simis 1-1.5 fi latis dense ramosis et maeandrice conjunctis com-
posito ; ascis subsaccatis, ad basim latis, apicem versus plerumque
angustioribus, sessilibus, crasse tunicatis (praecipue ad apicem),
90-125 IX longis, 35-45 ix latis, 2-4-sporis, copiosissime filiformiter
paraphysatis ; sporidiis oblongo-cylindraceis, utrinque late rotun-
datis, ad septum constrictis, hyalinis, intus densissime granulosis,
65-100 /x longis, 16-18 ^ latis, loculis sive aequalibus, sive quoad
longitudinem inaequalibus.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8773 p. p., April, 1913. On leaves of Meme-
cylon lanceolatuvi, in society with Morenoella Memecyli Syd.; same locality,
Merrill 8811, April, 1913. On leaves of Memecylon.

MICROPELTELLA Sydow
MICROPELTELLA MERRILLII Syd, sp. nov.

Peritheciis amphigenis, sine maculis, sparsis, superficialibus,
facile secedentibus, opace atro-coeruleis, lenticulari-scutatis,
250-420 IX diam. marginem versus coerulee pellucidis ibique ex
hyphis 1-1.5 fx latis maeandrice denseque conjunctis contextis,
praeterea margine hyalino cinctis, ostiolo distincto rotundato
20-25 IX lato; ascis fusoideo-clavatis, sessilibus, aparaphysatis,
60-75 IX longis, 14-18 ix latis, plerumque octosporis ; sporidiis dis-
tichis, tereti-clavulatis, apice late rotundatis, deorsum attenuatis,
rectis vel leniter curvatis, 3-4-septatis, ad septa parum con-
strictis, hyalinis, 24-30 ^ longis, 4-6 ix latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8725 (type), April, 1913. On leaves of Schef-
fiera; same locality, Merrill 87U6, 875U, 8820, April, 1913. On leaves of
Glycosmis cochin chinensis and Celastrus paniculatus.

STEPHANOTHECA Syd. gen. nov. Hemisphaeriacearum

(Etym. Stephanos corona et theca ascus.)

Perithecia dimidiato-scutata, sed haud inversa, omnino super-
ficialia, subiculo nuUo, minuta, centro substipitato matrici affixa,

IX. C. 2

H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan

179

irregulariter radiatim contexta, ex hyphis brevissime parenchy-
matice septatis composita, atra. Asci ad marg-inem perithe-
ciorum tantum evoluti et in strato dilutiore siti, ovati usque
oblongi, octospori, aparaphysati. Sporidia oblonga, hyalina,
pluriseptata, loculis paucis longitudinaliter septatis.

STEPHANOTHECA MICROMERA Syd. spec. nov. (Fig. 8.)

Peritheciis sparsis, sine maculis, omnino superficialibus, subi-
culo nullo, atris, 200-300 jx diam., ambitu orbicularibus, baud

c:> C3 CZ3 '=^ ^=3 O cizj ciP

Tio. 8. Stephanotheca viicromera Syd. a, Perithecium seen from above (X 110) ; b, margrin
of the perithecium with ascus-bearing portion (X560); c, longitudinal section
through the fungus (X 320) ; d, sporidia (X 1200).

inversis, centro elevato praeditis, subtus quasi brevissime crasse-
que pedicellatis, irregulariter radiatim contextis, contextu ex
hyphis brevissime parenchymatice septatis crasse tunicatis
(articulis 2-3 /t longis et 2-2.5 /j. latis) obscure fuscis marginem
versus dilutioribus usque subhyalinis compositio; ascis ad
marginem peritheciorum in strato diluto sitis, ovatis usque oblon-
gis, sessilibus, supeme rotundatis, 20-28 /u, longis, 14-19 ix latis,
octosporis, aparaphysatis, quoque asco in loculo proprio site;

180 1'^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

sporidiis 2-4-stichis, oblongo-clavulatis, apice late rotundatis,
basim versus attenuatis, 3-5-septatis, non constrictis, cellula una
alterave saepe semel verticaliter aut oblique septata, 11-16 fi
long-is, 4.5-5.5 /x latis.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8979, April, 1913. On living leaves
of Taxotrophis ilicifolia.

Stephanotheca micromera represents a most peculiar fungus quite dis-
tinct from any other known to us. It forms small, black, superficial,
rounded bodies provided with an elevated center above. A very small and
thick foot decends from the central portion to the epidermis. The peri-
thecia are composed of irregular radiating hyphae divided by numerous
septa into many thick-walled and dark cells. Toward the margin the cells
become lighter coloured. Around this dark body, which is entirely sterile,
the ascus-bearing stratum is developed. This stratum is very clear and
nearly hyaline. Every ascus is lying in its own cavity or chamber with
a distinct fibrose-cellulose wall, hence the whole body might perhaps better
be called stroma than perithecium. At first sight one might believe that
the ascus-bearing portion is quite naked. However we are inclined to think
that a very thin, nearly hyaline pellicle covers this portion. The young
sporidia are 1-septate; somewhat later they become 3-5-septate and in full
maturity many of them are irregularly and vertically or obliquely septate.

ASTERINA Leveille
ASTERiNA NODULIFERA Syd. sp. nov.

Amphigena, saepius epiphylla, plagulas minutas 2-4 mm diam.
opacas formans; mycelio radiante, ex hyphis rectiusculis oppo-
site- vel alternatim ramosis obscure brunneis opacis 6-10 p. latis
non hyphopodiatis sed regulariter globoso-nodulosis (nodos 10-15
/i crassis) composite; peritheciis inversis, in centro plagularum
laxe dispositis, rotundatis, 250-340 fx diam., plano-conoideis,
tandem stellatim dehiscentibus, radiatim contextis, ex hyphis
brunneis subrectis vel flexuosis 3-4 p. crassis (articulis 10-14 p.
longis) compositis; ascis globulosis usque ovatis, 40-55 p longis,
38-44 p latis, aparaphysatis ; sporidiis octonis, oblongis, utrinque
late rotundatis, ad septum non vel vix constrictis, totis 30-35 fx
longis, levibus, ex hyalino brunneis, cellula superiore globosa
11-13 /A diam., inferiore cylindracea 20-24 /* longa et 10-12 p.
lata.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8901, May, 1913. On leaves of Angelesia
splendens.

The species is nearly related to the Brazilian Asterina Schroeteri (Rehm)
Theiss., from which it differs by the thicker hyphae, and the sporidia, the
lower cell of the latter being only twice as long as the upper cell.
A. Couepiae P. Henn. is also a very nearly related species which, however,
has thinner hyphae and somewhat smaller sporidia and perithecia.

IX, c, 2 H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan 181

ASTERINA DILLENIAE Syd. sp. nov.

Epiphylla, plagulas orbiculares 2-5 mm latas atro-griseas for-
mans; mycelio radiante, ex hyphis longiusculis ramosis obscure
castaneo-brunneis regularibus remote septatis crasse tunicatis
7-9 fjL latis composito; hyphopodiis baud numerosis, alternantibus
vel unilateralibus, continuis, globulosis, truncatis vel breviter
cylindraceis, castaneo-brunneis, rotundatis vel parum lobatis
aut angulatis, 10-15 fx longis, 9-11 ^ latis; peritheciis sparsis,
planis, inversis, rotundatis, 140-200 ^ diam., stellatim dehiscen-
tibus, contextu subatro opaco ex hyphis 4-5 /i, crassis composito ;
ascis globosis usque ovatis, paraphysatis, 40-60 ti longis, 35-45 /x
latis, octosporis; sporidiis conglobatis, oblongis, utrinque late
rotundatis, medio 1-septatis et constrictis, ex hyalino fuscis,
verrucosis, 20-25 jx longis, 10-12 ^ latis.

Palawan, Tajrtay, Merrill 877U, April, 1913. On leaves of Dillenia.

ASTERINA LOBULIFERA Syd. sp. nov.

Epiphylla, plagulas tenuissimas irregulares primitus minutas
dein plus minus confluentes griseo-atras formans ; mycelio ex
hyphis rectis vel rectiusculis fuscis ramosis septatis 4-6 yx crassis
composito; hyphopodiis numerosis, alternantibus, totis 10-16 /x
longis, cellula basali plerumque brevissima vel usque ad 6 /i
longa, cellula superiore grosse 2-4-lobata et 10-12 fx lata; peri-
theciis densiuscule dispositis, tenuibus, rotundatis, 100-140 /x
diam., inversis, mox stellatim dehiscentibus, contextu ex hyphis
obscure fuscis 3-3.5 fx crassis rectis crebre septatis (articulis
8-10 /x longis) regulariter strato simplici composito; ascis glo-
bosis, aparaphysatis, 25-30 /x longis, 20-25 /x latis, octosporis;
sporidiis conglobatis, oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, medio 1-
septatis, parum constrictis, levibus, ex hyalino fuscis, 16-18 fx
longis 7-8.5 fx latis ; pycnidiosporis simul praesentibus continuis,
fuscis, centro zonula hyalina cinctis, 15-18 /x longis, 8-10 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8737, April, 1913. On leaves of Glochidion.

The species comes very near to Asterina lobata Syd. which, however,
differs by its smaller hyphopodia, the flexuose hyphae, and the more con-
spicuous colonies.

ASTERINA PEMPHIDIOIDES Cke.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8738, 8788, April, 1908. On leaves of Euge-
nia; summit of Mt. Capoas, Merrill 9082, April, 1913. On leaves of Euge-
nia; Taytay, Merrill S 179, May 3, 1913. On leaves of Eugenia.

ASTERINA ELMERI Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8891, April, 1913. On leaves of Champereia
manillana.

\g2 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

ASTERINA SPISSA Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8821, April, 1913. On leaves of Jasminum
bifarium.

ASTERINELLA Theissen

ASTERINELLA PALAWANENSIS Syd. sp. nov.

Plagulas hypophyllas atras 0.5-1.5 cm diam., orbiculares for-
mans; mycelio ex hyphis tenuibus 3-5 /x crassis dilute fuscis
parce septatis sed copiose anastomosantibus et saepe lateraliter
conjunctis flexuosis composito, hyphopodiis nullis; peritheciis
sparsis, rotundatis, applanato-convexis, atris, opacis, 200-350 /j,
diam., ad ambitum fimbriatis, contextu opaco; ascis ovatis vel
oblongis, brevissime stipitatis, 45-55 fi longis, 24-34 fx latis,
octosporis; paraphysibus numerosis, ascos superantibus, 1 fi
crassis; sporidiis distichis, oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, medio
1-septatis et constrictis, levibus, ex hyalino fuscis, 18-24 /x longis
7-8.5 fx latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8887 p. p., May, 1913. On leaves of Plec-
tronia, in society of Balladyna velutina.

ASTERINELLA RAMULIGERA Syd. sp. nov.

Amphigena, plagulas griseo-atras mediocres vel majusculas
0.5-3 cm latas irregulares formans; mycelio laxiusculo, ex hy-
phis longis fuscis 6-8 fi crassis remote septatis ramosis haud
hyphopodiatis, sed cum ramulis novellis copiosis 20-30 fi longis
ad apicem lobatis et hyphopodia erecta simulantibus obsitis com-
posito; peritheciis sparsis, ambitu orbicularibus, inversis,
140-200 fx diam., non vel parum fimbriatis, stellatim dehiscenti-
bus, contextu obscure brunneo, ex hyphis ca. 3 fx crassis crebre
septatis (articulis 7-10 ix longis) composito; ascis globulosis vel
ovatis, aparaphysatis, tenuiter tunicatis, 35-48 fx longis, 30-40
^ latis, octosporis, sporidiis oblongis, utrinque late rotundatis,
medio 1-septatis et constrictis, ubique verrucosis, ex hyalino fus-
cis, 20-26 fx longis, 10-12 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8793, April, 1913. On living leaves of Micro-
desmis casearifolia.

ASTERINELLA CALAMI Syd. sp. nov.

Hypophylla, irregulariter distributa, magnam folii partem
occupans; mycelio perparco, ex hyphis fuscis parce ramosis
septatis (articulis 10-12 /x longis) 3-5 ix latis rectiusculis com-
posito; hyphopodiis nullis; peritheciis inversis, irregulariter
sparsis, planis, ambitu irregulariter rotundatis 250-420 fx diam.,
contextu ex hyphis toruloso-flexuosis copiose anastomosantibus
fuscis 3-4 fx crassis composito, centro subatro opaco ; ascis ovato-
globosis, paucis tantum visis ; sporidiis ellipsoideo-oblongis, utrin-

IX, c, 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan 183

que rotundatis, medio 1-septatis et constrictis, levibus, obscure
brunneis, 34-36 ^ longis, 15-17 tx. latis.

Palawan, Mount Capoas, Merrill 9081, April, 1913. On living leaves of
Calavius.

Differs from Asterina globidifera (Pat.) by the absence of nodules in
the hyphae.

L EM BOS I A Leveille

LEMBOSIA NERVISEQUIA Syd. sp. nov.

Amphigena, praecipue nervos sequens, plagulas atras plus
minus elongates confluentes formans; mycelio parco, ex hyphis
fuscis vix septatis 5-7 ^ crassis anastomosantibus flexuosis com-
posite; hyphopodiis nullis vel saltem non visis; peritheciis den-
siuscule dispositis, primitus rotundatis 200-300 ^ diam., dein
elongatis 300-550 fx longis, 150-180 /a latis, rima longitudinal!
dehiscentibus, contextu centrali atro-fusco opaco, marginem ver-
sus fusco ex hyphis rectis 4-4.5 /* crassis (articulis 8-11 /x lon-
gis) composite; ascis gleboso-ovatis, parce paraphysatis, 50-58
fjL longis, 40-46 ^u, latis, octosporis; sporidiis conglobatis, ellipsoi-
deis, utrinque late rotundatis, medio 1-septatis, vix vel leniter
constrictis, minutissime verruculosis, ex hyalino sordide olivaceis,
23-26 ^l longis, 12-13 fx latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8789, April, 1913. On living leaves of Litsea.
LEMBOSIA INCONSPICUA Syd. sp. nov.

Epiphylla, plagulas tenuissimas vix conspicuas 2-8 mm latas
formans; mycelio ex hyphis dilute fuscis dense ramosis septatis
irregularibus 3-4 fi crassis composite; hyphopodiis rarissimis,
continuis, brevissimis ; peritheciis sparis vel laxe aggregatis,
anguste eblongis usque linearibus, plerumque 150-350 ^ longis
et 100-150 IX. latis, subinde valde elongatis et tunc usque 1 mm
longis, tenuibus, rectis vel subrectis, epace atris, rima lengitu-
dinali latiuscula apertis, contextu epace atre ex hyphis tenuibus
rectis vel subrectis ca 2 /x crassis composite; ascis ovatis, apice
late rotundatis et incrassatis, sessilibus, 26-32 /u, longis, 14-20 jn
latis; paraphysibus cepiesis, superne leniter incrassatis, obtusis,
ad apicem 2-2.5 p. latis, hyalinis; sporidiis ectonis, conglobatis,
elongato-evatis, levibus, ex hyaline tandem fuscis, 11-15 /x longis,
3.5-5 IX. latis, leculo superiere globuloso, inferiore augustiore et
longiere, ad septum non vel vix constrictis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill S 176, April 10, 1913. On leaves of Guioa.
MORENOELLA Spegazzini
MORENOELLA MEMECYLI Syd. spec. nov.

Peritheciis hypophyllis, in mycelio parcissime eveluto ex hyphis
ramosis vix vel parce septatis fuscidulis 3.5-4.5 ;u, crassis levibus

184 The Philippine Journal of Science i9n

composito baud hyphopodiato (hyphopodiis saltern non visis)
insidentibus, superficialibus, primitus orbicularibus, tendem
elongatis, 200-450 /x longis, 120-160 /* latis, plerumque rectis,
rima latiuscula debiscentibus, contextu opaco ex bypbis radian-
tibus obscure brunneis 3-3,5 /a crassis crebre septatis" (articulis
7-9 ix longis) composito; ascis subglobosis vel ovatis, rarius
leniter elongatis, aparapbysatis, 35-55 /x longis, 26-35 /x latis,
octosporis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, medio 1-sep-
tatis, leniter constrictis, levibus, ex byalino fuscis, 20-23 ii
longis, 8-10 /x latis, cellula superiore parum latiore quam
inferiore.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8773 p. p., April, 1913. On leaves of Meme-
cylon lanceolatum, in society with Dictyothyrium giganteum Syd.

HYSTEROSTOMELLA Spegazzini

HYSTEROSTOMELLA TETRACERAE (Rud.) V. Hoehn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8750, April, 1913. On leaves of Tetracera

sarmentosa.

RHYTISMA Fries

RHYTISMA LAGERSTROEMIAE Rabh.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 89If9, April, 1913. On leaves of Lagers-
troemia speciosa.

A L DON A Raciborski

ALDONA STELLA NIGRA Rac.

Palawan, base of Mount Capoas, Merrill 9086, April, 1913. On leaves
c± Pterocarpus indicus.

PARMULARIA Leveille
PARMULARIA JAVANICA (Pat.) Sacc. et Syd.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill S 186, May 28, 1913. On leaves of Nipa frut-

ICQ/TtS

GLONIUM Muhlenberg
GLONIUM BAMBUSINUM Syd.

Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 8939, May, 1913. On dead logs in
forest; Lake Manguao, Merrill 89^7, April, 1913. On rotten logs.

Many of the perithecia are 0.5-1 n'im long, as in the type specimen on
Bambusa, some, however, are up to 2 mm long.

TRYBLIDIELLA Saccardo
TRYBLIDIELLA MINDANAOENSIS P. Henn.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8825, April, 1913. On dead branches of Po-
metia pinnata.

PHOMOPSIS Saccardo

PHOMOPSIS ARECAE Syd. sp. nov.

Pycnidiis dense sparsis, aequaliter distributis, diu epidermide
tectis, tandem vertice prominulis, globosis, minutissimis, 75-100
IX diam., atris, contextu opaco indistincto ex cellulis crasse tuni-

IX, c, 2 H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan 185

catis composito; sporulis aliis anguste ellipsoideis vel subfuso-
ideis, utrinque attenuatis, hyalinis, plerumque guttulatis, 8-10
p. longis, 2-2.5 fx latis ; aliis filiformibus, rectis vel parum curvatis,
hyalinis, 18-24 ii longis, 1 fx. latis.

PAM.WAN, Silanga, Merrill 8930, 89S^, May, 1913. On dead petioles and
leaf-rachis of Areca cathechu.

DIPLODIA Fries

DIPLODIA COCOCARPA Sacc. var. MALACCENSIS Tassi.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8830, April, 1913. On pericarp of mature
coconut.

CENTHOSPORA Greville

CENTHOSPORA GARCINIAE Syd. sp. nov.

Stromatibus hyphophyllis, sine maculis, plerumque plus minus
aequaliter sparsis, minutis, 250-400 fj. diam., globoso-conicis,
profunde immersis, vertice tantum prominulis, atris, intus ple-
rumque imperfecte locularibus, subinde distincte bilocularibus ;
basidiis indistinctis, brevibus; sporulis bacillaribus, continuis,
hyalinis, 4.5-6 /x longis, 1-1.3 /x latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill S 177, April 22, 1913. On fallen leaves of
Garcinia; Taytay, Merrill 8777, April, 1913. On leaves of Garcinia; Lake
Manguao, Merrill 89^3, April, 1913. On leaves of Garcinia.

PHELLOSTROMA Syd. gen. nov. Sphaeropsidearum.

(Etym. phellos suber et stroma.)

Stromata subsuperficialia, magna, hypoxyloidea, extus atra,
intus ferruginea, suberosa, loculis monostichis omnino immersis
praedita, contextu hyphoso circa loculos parenchymatico. Spor-
ulae e strato interiore loculorum hyalino oriundae, continuae,
ellipsoideae vel oblongae ; basidia nulla.

PHELLOSTROMA HYPOXYLOIDES Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 9.)

Stromatibus subsuperficialibus, hypoxyloideis, magnis, sparsis
vel pluribus aggregatis, primitus rotundatis et ca. 2-3 mm diam.,
tandem majoribus irregularibus confluendo usque 1 cm longis et
latis, saepe parum lobatis vel plicatis, 1-3 mm altis, extus atris
glabris vix rugulosis, intus ferrugineis, suberosis, contextu
fibroso ex hyphis fuscidulis 2.5-3.5 ^ crassis, circa loculos paren-
chymatico ex cellulis 9-11 fi diam. composito; loculis monosti-
chis, omnino immersis, globulosis, ovatis vel ellipticis, 130-180 fi
diam., nucleo albo; sporulis e .strato interiore loculorum hyalino
oriundis, continuis, ellipsoides vel ellipsoideo-oblongis, utrin-
que rotundatis, 1-2-guttulatis, hyalinis, 7-9 ft longis, 3 fx. latis;
basidiis nullis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 889^, May, 1913. On dead Areca in forests.

Igg The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

ISCHNOSTROMA Syd. gen. nov. Leptostromatacearum.

(Etym. ischnos tenuis et stroma.)

Pycnidia in stromate effuso tenui omnino superficiali radiatim
contexto atro immersa vel potius ab eodem obtecta, pariete
ubique evoluto, compluria in quoque stromate, minuta, intus
ubique sporuligera. Sporulae filiformes, hyalinae, e strato tenui
fibroso hyalino oriundae. Basidia nulla.

ISCHNOSTROMA MERRILL!! Syd. sp. nov. (Fig. 10.)

Stromatibus epiphyllis, singularis subinde etiam hypophyllis,
sparsis vel plus minus aggregatis, maculiformibus, orbicularibus,
1-5 mm diam., subinde confluentibus, omnino superficialibus,

Fig. 9.

PhelloKtroma hypoxyloides Syd. a. External appearance of the fungus (X2) ; 6,
longitudinal section through a stroma (X 10) ; c, tissue of the stroma (X 380) ; d,
spores (X 1300).

tenuissimis, atris, opacis, ex hyphis radiantibus rectis vel parum
flexuosis remote septatis fuscis 2.5-3.5 /x latis marginem versus
laxioribus radiato-fimbriatis et ramosis composito; pycnidiis
stromate obtectis, numerosis in centre stromatum, hemisphaeri-
cis vel depresso-globosis, 70-90 fj. diam., centro poro rotundo
apertis, pariete ubique evoluto, ad basim ex una serie celiularum
regularium dilute brunnearum composito ; basidiis nullis ; sporu-
lis e strato tenui hyalino fibroso oriundis, breviter filiformibus,
continuis, saepe biguttulatis, rectis vel leniter curvatis, hyalinis,
15-18 /A longis, 1-1.5 /x latis.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill S 180, April 27, 1913. On living leaves
of Talauma.

XX. c, 2 H. and P. Sydow: Fungi from Palawan

PYCNOTHYRIUM Diedicke

187

PYCNOTHYRIUM PANDANI Syd. sp. nov.

Pycnidiis densiuscule sparsis, plerumque aequaliter distributis,
superficialibus, orbicularibus, 300-400 ^ diam., tenuibus, atris,
contextu radiato, ex hyphis crebre septatis (articulis 4-6 fx
longfis) 4 fi crassis strato simplici composito fusco ; basidiis nullis ;
sporulis elongatis, subfiliformibus, continuis, minute guttulatis,
rectis vel subrectis, hyalinis, 15-17 fj. longis, 1.5-2 fi latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8766, 88JtJt, April, 1913. Both specimens on
dead leaves of Pandanus tectorius, on seashore.

Fig. 10. IschixostToma merriUii Syd. a, LonKitudinal section throuKh a stroma showing one
loculus (X 370) ; b, part of the margrin of the stroma (X 400) ; c, spores (X 650).

ASCHERSONIA Montagne
ASCHERSONIA MACULARIS Syd. sp. nov.

Stromatibus epiphyllis, in maculis flavo-brunneolis usque 1 cm
diam., plus minus distincte circinatim congestis, minutis, 100-200
(JL diam., globulosis, margine albido alatis, ochraceis; pycnidiis
omnino immersis; basidiis obtusis, 12-16 fi longis, 1.5-2 fi latis;
sporulis oblongis, utrinque obtusis, continuis, hyalinis, 5-6 /*
longis, 2-2.5 ix latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8855, May, 1913. On living leaves of Mischo-
carpus.

188 The Philippine Journal of Science im

COLLETOTRICHUM Corda
COLLEJOTRICHUM ARECAE Syd. sp. nov.

Acervulis erumpenti-superficialibus, sparsis vel maculiformiter
aggregatis, minutissimis, 100-150 ^i diam., atris, rotundatis; setis
sparsis, erectis vel curvatis, opace castaneis, continuis, 35-65 /a
longis, ad basim 4 /x crassis, sursum angustioribus ; conidiis cylin-
draceis, utrinque rotundatis, continuis, 12-16 p. longis, 4-5 ix latis.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 8958 p. p., April, 1913. On dead leaf-
sheaths of Areca aff. A. cathecu, in forests, in society with Zygosporium
oscheoides Mont.; Silanga, Merrill 8919, May, 1913. On dead sheaths of
Areca cathecu.

PESTALOZZIA De Notaris

PESTALOZZtA PALMARUM Cke.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 87Jf3, April, 1913. On leaves of Cocos nuci-
fera; Taytay, Merrill S 182, May 3, 1913. On leaves of Cocos nucifera.

CONIOSPORIUM Link

CONIOSPORIUM PUNCTIFORME Sacc.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8775, April, 1913. On leaves of Dinochloa
scandens; same locality, Merrill 8900, May, 1913. On dead leaves of Schi-
zostachyum.

ZYGOSPORIUM Montagne

ZYGOSPORIUM OSCHEOIDES Mont.

Palawan, Lake Mangnao, Merrill 8958 p. p., April, 1913. On dead leaf-
sheaths of Areca aff. A. cathecu, in forests, in society vath Colletotrichum
Arecae Syd.

The specimen at hand is very well developed. It forms irregular, nearly
black, often confluent, thin colonies up to 2 cm in length. The fertile
hyphae are straight, brown, 35-50 m long, at the base about 3 a^ broad, taper-
ing upward, but on the top enlarged and hyaline, usually 1 -septate in the
lower portion. The conidia are broadly elliptic, 10-12 m long, hyaline or
nearly so.

CERCOSPORA Fresenius

CERCOSPORA LICUALAE Syd. sp. nov.

Caespitulis sparsis, maculis effusis arescentibus insidentibus,
minutis; hyphis fasciculatis, rectis, erectis, subrigidis, fuscis,
pluriseptatis (articulis 15-35 /a longis), 100-180 /x longis, 4-4.5
ij. crassis; conidiis acrogenis, anguste obclavatis, ad apicem sub-
flagellatis, spurie 3-5-septatis, dilutissime olivaceis, 75-110 /x
longis, 5-7 IX latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 87^8, April, 1913. On leaves of Licuala spi-
nosa.

CERCOSPORA NICOTIANAE Ell. et Ev.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8903, May, 1913. On leaves of Nicotiana ta-
bacum.

IX. c, 2 H. and P. Sydoiv: Fungi from Palawan 189

CERCOSPORINA Spegazzini
CERCOSPORINA HELICTERIS Syd. sp. nov.

Maculis amphigenis, orbicularibus, 1-4 mm diam., olivaceo-
viridulis; caespitulis hypophyllis, in tomento folii absconditis,
minutissimis, olivaceis; hyphis pallide olivaceo-fuscidulis, 50-70
/i longis, 4-6 /I latis; conidiis cylindraceis, utrinque obtusis vel
leniter attenuatis, 3-6-septatis, non constrictis, hyalinis, 30-50
/x longis, 2.5-3.5 ^i latis.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8907, May, 1913. On leaves of Helicterea
hirstita.

STIGMELLA Leveille

STIGMELLA PALAWANENSIS Syd. sp. nov.

Amphigena, saepius hypophylla, plagulas griseas primitus
minutas mox confluendo majores irregulares formans; hyphis
longiusculis, dilute fuscis, ramosis, remote septatis, hyphopodia
numerosa saepe conferta et saepe etiam longa serie omnino
opposita semiglobosa continua concoloria 7-9 fx lata gerentibus,
conidiis in ramulis acrogenis inaequaliter globosis vel subcu-
boideis 20-24 p. diam., cruciatim vel radiatim septatis, atrobrun-
neis, opacis, levibus, ex cellulis 4-8 compositis; cellulis singulis
8-10 ^i diam.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8832, April, 1913. On living leaves of Celas-
trus paniculatus.

Differs from Stigtnella manilensis Sacc. by the thinner and longer hy-
phae provided with numerous hyphopodia, and by the smaller conidia.

STILBELLA Lindau

STILBELLA CINNABARINA (Mont.) Lindau.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8878, May, 1913. On dead twigs of Brug-
uiera caryophyllacea in mangrove swamp.

EXOSPORIUM Link

EXOSPORIUM CALOPHYLLI Syd. sp. nov.

Sporodochiis sparsis, per corticem erumpentibus ab eoque fisco
cinctis, rotundatis, applanato-globulosis, pulvinatis, 0.25-0.3 mm
diam., atris, contextu cellulose obscure olivaceo; sporophoris
brevibus, 8-14 /t longis; conidiis oblongo-fusiformibus vel sub-
clavulatis, dilute fuscidulis vel olivaceo-fuscidulis, in maturitate
3-4-septatis, con constrictis, levibus, crasse tunicatis, 32-38 fi
longis, 11-13 fj. latis,

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 8784, April, 1913. On dead twigs of Calo-
phylluvi inophyllum.

[Vol. IX, No. 1, including pages 1 to 96, was issued April 13, 1914.]

z;.'^-

OBITUARY

Cftarles^ ^uhh i\obmson, ^v.

W}sil)tVt&i it has occurred in the wise and unknowable provi>
dence of God that Charles Budd Robinson, M. A., Ph. D., for
many years a botanist of the Bureau of Science of the Govern-
ment of the Philippine Islands, should, in the peaceful pursuit
of his profession and in his zealous endeavors to augment the
sum of human knowledge, be struck down by the hands of ignor-
ant and savage natives in the Island of Amboina, Dutch East
Indies, and there done to death on the fifth day of December,
nineteen hundred and thirteen; and

W^\)tttHi Charles Budd Robinson was held in the highest
esteem by every member of this institution alike for his scientific
ability and lovable personality; therefore, be it

B^tS^Olbeb, That we, the members of the staff of the Bureau of
Science, desire to express hereby our very deep sorrow at the loss
which we so keenly feel; a loss which not only bereaves us per-
sonally, but leaves the cause of science the poorer and his aged
parents the more desolate because of his well-known filial attach-
ment and care; and be it further

3^tSiOlbCl)i, That we extend to Doctor Robinson's father, mother,
and sister our most sincere sympathy; and be it further

3i^tSfolbttl» That a copy of these resolutions be sent to Doctor
Robinson's parents, a copy be engrossed and hung in the library
of the Bureau of Science, copies be sent to the Bureau of Civil
Service and to the archives of the Bureau of Science for file,
and that they be published in the forthcoming number of The
Philippine Journal of Science as evidence of the love and appre-
ciation which we have for him and the reverence in which we
shall ever hold his memory.

For the staff of the Bureau of Science.

ALVIN J. COX,
H. D. GIBBS,
[L. S.] MERTON L. MILLER,

CHARLES S. BANKS,
ELMER D. MERRILL,
JOSE GUERRERO,

Committee.

At Manila, Philippine Islands, this twenty-fourth day of Feb-
ruary, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and
fourteen.

hi

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IX JUNE, 1914 No. 3

CHARLES BUDD ROBINSON, Jr.^
By E. D. Merrill

The devotees to the study of natural history can be numbered
by thousands and tens of thousands, but in this day and age the
thought of the possibility of violent death, in the pursuit of field
work, comes to practically none of them. On June 17, 1913, Dr.
C. B. Robinson left Manila for Singapore, en route to Java and
Amboina, for the purpose of making a botanical exploration of
the Island of Amboina. Among his many friends and associates
in Manila, no one considered for a moment the question of
personal danger in the undertaking, from the fact that Amboina
was thoroughly known, entirely peaceful, for centuries under
the control of the Portuguese and the Dutch, and was and is still
thoroughly safe, so far as any country can be so considered.
The news of the murder of Doctor Robinson, which flashed over
the wires on the 22d of December, came as a distinct shock to
all who had been in any way associated with him and to the
scientific world at large.

Charles Budd Robinson, jr., was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia,
October 26, 1871, and at the time of his death, December 5, 1913,
was somewhat over 42 years of age. His early education was
obtained in the public schools of Pictou and at Pictou Academy.
In 1887 and again in 1889 he won bursaries at Dalhousie Univer-
sity, Halifax, and received his master's degree from this univer-
sity in the year 1891. In 1897-98 he was a student at Cambridge
University, and during the following year was a fellow of Christ's

* Abstract of an address given at a memorial meeting of the Science
Club at the Bureau of Science, February 21, 1914.

126079 191

192 'l^^^G Philippine Journal of Science idu

College, Cambridge. From the time of his graduation from
Dalhousie University to the time he entered Cambridge Univer-
sity he was a teacher, first in the academy at Kentville, Nova
Scotia, and afterv^^ards in Pictou Academy in his native town. On
his return from England in 1899, he again took up his profession
as a teacher in Pictou Academy, where he remained until 1903.
In this year, he went to New York and entered Columbia Univer-
sity as a postgraduate student in botany, at the same time holding
a position as laboratory assistant at the New York Botanical
Garden. He received the degree of doctor of philosophy in botany
from Columbia University in 1906, and was immediately ap-
pointed assistant curator of the herbarium at the New York
Botanical Garden. His productive work as a botanist commenced
with this year.

Among his duties at the New York Botanical Garden was the
arrangement and determination of the large and valuable collec-
tions made by Mr. R. S. Williams in various parts of the Philip-
pines during the years 1903 to 1905, which led to his developing
great interest in Philippine botanical problems and eventually
to his accepting the position of economic botanist in the Bureau
of Science, in March, 1908. For more than three years he was
busily engaged on various problems presented by the Philippine
flora as a mere glance at the appended bibliography will show.
In August, 1911, he resigned from the Philippine service and
returned to New York, again accepting an appointment at the
New York Botanical Garden. Our correspondence continued,
however, as he retained an intense interest in everything per-
taining to the Philippine flora, and this led to his accepting
reappointment in the Philippine service. He returned to Manila
for his second tour of duty in December, 1912.

Several times during his period of Philippine service we dis-
cussed the desirability of a thorough botanical exploration of
the region to the south of the Philippines, especially on account
of the rather striking floristic relationships between the Philip-
pines and Celebes. At various times the subject of Amboina
was also brought up as we had occasion to interpret Philip-
pine species by reference to the work of Rumphius, and any bot-
anist who has had much experience in interpreting species by
Rumphius' figures alone will fully appreciate the difficulties
involved.

During his absence in the United States the idea of a botanical
exploration of Amboina had been taking form, and in a letter
addressed to Doctor Robinson in Singapore we asked him
seriously to consider undertaking the project. Tn April, 1913,

IX, c, 3 Me7iill: Charles B. Robinson, Jr. 193

the proposed exploration was approved.- He had become in-
tensely interested in the possibilities offered by the Amboina
proposition, declined a very attractive offer from the New York
Botanical Garden, and entered with great enthusiasm on the
final work in preparation for the trip to Amboina. This in-
volved a thorough examination of Rumphius' "Herbarium Am-
boinense" and the preparation of several thousand index cards,
which were arranged under different heads and cross referenced,
involving all the native names cited by Rumphius, the Latin
names of plants to which the Rumphian figures and descriptions
had been referred to by various authors, and these arranged
under different heads so that everything was accessible for
ready reference. To this work he devoted most of his energies
for over two months, and frequently worked in the office until
late at night, in order that, once in Amboina, he could determine
with as little delay as possible those species that most needed
attention in the field and at the same time connect his current
collections with the work of Rumphius.

Both Doctor Robinson and myself considered the exploration
of Amboina to be one of the most important botanical under-
takings in the entire Malayan region, not that any large per-
centage of novelties was to be expected, but on account of the
bearing that the Amboina collections would have on delimiting
and definitely settling the status of many species of the older
authors that were wholly or partly based on Rumphius.

Our plan for exploring Amboina was not the first one. The
late Dr. J. G. Boerlage of the Botanical Garden, Buitenzorg,
selected Amboina in 1900 as the scene of his first and only trip for
purposes of botanical exploration in the Malay Archipelago, for
the sole reason that it was a classical locality in the botany of the
Archipelago and that many of the Rumphian species could not
clearly be understood without material from the places in which
they were originally collected by Rumphius. Doctor Boerlage's
trip, like Doctor Robinson's, had a most unfortunate ending, for
after about a month in Amboina he contracted a fever from
which he died on August 24 at Ternate, w^hile on his return to
Java.2

Doctor Robinson arrived in Amboina on July 15, 1913, and
immediately commenced his botanical exploration, utilizing the
town of Amboina as a base and gradually extending his opera-

' Merrill, E. D. The Botanical Exploration of Amboina by the Bureau
of Science, Manila. Science N. S. 38 (1913) 499-502.

'Treub, M. Natuurk. Tijdschr.. Ned. Ind. 60 (1901) 396-412; Verslag.
's Lands Plantent. Buitenz. 1900 (1901) 21-25.

194 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

tions to various parts of the island. At first he made trips alone,
but later almost invariably took with him the Javanese assist-
ant, Mardjoeki, supplied by the botanical garden at Buitenzorg,
and usually also one or two natives of Amboina. He soon came
to be widely known among the natives, who named him Tuan
Doctor Kembang (literally, "the flower doctor") . His relations
with both the Europeans and the natives were most cordial.

In view of the peculiar nature of his death, peculiar in that
his murder was so entirely unexpected and unlooked for, it has
been considered advisable to give the following data, for the
most part taken from the official report prepared by the assistant
resident of Amboina, Mr. Van Dissel, and submitted by the
resident of Amboina, Mr. H. J. A. Raedt van Oldenbarnevelt,
to his Excellency Governor-General Idenburg of the Netherlands
East Indies :

Doctor Robinson left the town of Amboina on the morning of December
5, unaccompanied, for the purpose of making a botanical excursion through
the country to the south of the town through Amahoesoe, Eri, Silalei, Latoe-
halat, Aerlo, and Seri, back to Amboina, a distance of about 21 miles,
stating that he would return that evening. His failure to return that
night excited no special comment, but on the following day the native
Javanese assistant, Mardjoeki, instituted a search on his own account
which proved to be fruitless. The matter was, after a few days' delay,
reported to the police authorities who at once instituted a most vigorous
search. The general impression at first prevailed that Doctor Robinson
had met with some accident, as he was, in the course of his work, in the
habit of frequenting remote places. As in many parts of Amboina the
ground is full of covered and hence invisible holes and crevices and as
the island was considered entirely safe, so far as the natives were concerned,
this belief was only natural.

The report of the disappearance of Doctor Robinson having been received
with so many days' delay, the finding of the right clue was rendered difficult
during the first days of the investigation by misleading and most fantastic
and contradictory reports, this despite the tireless search made by the
police with the active cooperation of the populace in all parts of the terri-
tory where one might expect to find the body of Doctor Robinson, for all
thought of finding him alive had been abandoned. Finally, a mere chance
gave rise to the suspicion that there had been foul play.

A Boetonese, who had stated that he had met Doctor Robinson, on closer
examination gave contradictory replies, whereupon the magistrate who was
investigating the affair suspected that the witness knew more than he had
stated regarding the disappearance of Doctor Robinson. This man soon
confessed that Doctor Robinson had not met with an accident, but that
he had been murdered. However, due to the distance that Doctor Robinson
had traveled and the difficult nature of the country, several days elapsed
before the matter was completely cleared up.

Having left Amboina in the morning, Doctor Robinson arrived at noon
on December 5 between the hamlets Aerlo and Seri, at a settlement of

IX, c. 3 Merrill: Charles B. Robinson, Jr. 195

Boetonese gardeners, which was established several years ago and which
consists of about thirteen houses. This settlement is, via Seri, about 9
miles from Amboina.

A young Boetonese who had climbed a coconut tree to get some coconuts,
on starting to descend, saw Doctor Robinson standing at the foot of the
tree. Doctor Robinson spoke to him, but the boy, apparently frightened
at seeing a European in such a remote spot and dressed in such an unusual
fashion, slid down the tree and hurried to the settlement. Here he caused
excitement among the people by telling them that he was being pursued by
a European. Doctor Robinson, who had followed the boy, then arrived at
the settlement and asked for a drink, whereupon a woman handed him a
glass of water. He then left in the direction of Seri,

From certain statements made by the boy, it is to be deduced that the
people of the settlement were in great fear that Doctor Robinson would do
them some harm. In the Moluccas there is a current rumor that in the
months of November and December, year after year, strange people wander
about who for some reason must cut off a human head — the notorious
potong kalapa (Malay for decapitator). Finally, the headman of the
settlement, armed with an ax, followed Doctor Robinson, saying to one of
his countrymen: "There goes a dangerous European who wants to cut off
our heads; I am going to kill him."

Overtaking Doctor Robinson, as he was passing over a small bridge, he
struck him down with his ax. He then called for help, whereupon five
Boetonese came running up, among them the man to whom the headman
had said the words above quoted, and gave the dying Robinson the finishing
blows. This must have taken place at about 3 o'clock in the afternoon.

The murder having been committed on the open road, the body was,
from fear of discovery, conveyed to a remote place. The natives then
waited until evening, when the body was wrapped in coconut leaves, weighted
with stones, and sunk in the sea at a long distance from the shore.

This misfortune would never have happened to Doctor Robinson had he
been accompanied by somebody. A few months previously I personally
earnestly advised Doctor Robinson not to go out alone," but I acknowledge
that the reason for my advice was not the fear that he might be murdered,
but that he might meet with some accident while in a remote spot, on
account of the peculiar nature of the soil of Amboina.

I can well imagine how natives living in a remote spot, like the Boetonese
already mentioned, and already unreasonably afraid of Europeans, should
have been much frightened by the aspect of Doctor Robinson, who was
dressed in khaki, who wore a felt hat, and carried a kind of a hunting
knife, looking quite different from the Europeans that one meets here.
According to my mind. Doctor Robinson was the victim of superstitious
fear which was caused by his sudden and unexplained appearance in this
remote place. The natives killed him just as they would have killed a
dangerous reptile. The murder had scarcely been committed when reflec-
tion followed, and in order to cover up the traces of their deed they sunk
the body in the sea without looting it.

Further the report states that all of Amboina had been deeply-
impressed by the sad occurrence, as Doctor Robinson had gained
the affection of the entire European community; that when the
criminals were brought to the town of Amboina the natives

196 ^'^^ Philippine Joinmal of Science im

gathered and reviled them, acting as if they desired to lynch
them.

A man of great intellectual ability, broad training, and untiring
energy. Doctor Robinson had already established his reputation
as a painstaking and careful botanist. The long list of papers
published between the years 1906 and 1914 gives but a vague
idea of the actual amount of work involved in their preparation.
His interest in botany was intense, and most of his other in-
terests were subordinated to it. It would be difficult to find a
man more thoroughly devoted to his work or who showed a
keener interest in it. Day after day, early and late, he could
be found at work, frequently working until far into the night.
His entire botanical collections made in Amboina, comprising
many thousands of specimens, are now at the Bureau of Science,
and it is characteristic of the dead botanist and of his work
that his notes were completely written up each day and that his
material was carefully arranged. His progress report, written
from day to day in Amboina and for the most part written late
in the evening, comprises at least 115,000 words, and it is to be
noted under date of November 30 that late in the evening, after
having walked more than 25 miles, he was busily engaged in
writing up his report for the day.

Doctor Robinson was unmarried. He is survived by his aged
parents and a sister. He was particularly devoted to his parents,
and this devotion seemed to be his one great interest in life other
than his beloved botany. It is the irony of fate that this upright,
talented, trained, and energetic man should meet his end at the
hands of a few superstitious and ignorant Malays, toward whom
he had only the kindliest feelings.

The appended bibliography will serve to give some idea of the
amount of work accomplished by Doctor Robinson in the few
years that he devoted to botany as a profession.

THE BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS OF CHARLES BUDD ROBINSON, JR.

1. The Chareae of North America. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 (1906)

244-308.

2. The History of Botany in the Philippine Islands. Journ. N. Y. Bot.

Gard. 7 (1906) 104-112.

3. Some Features of the Mountain Flora of the Philippines. Journ. N. Y.

Bot. Gard. 8 (1907) 113-117.

4. Some Affinities of the Philippine Flora. Torreya 7 (1907) 1-4.

5. Ipomoea triloba L. in the Philippines. Torreya 7 (1907) 78-80,

6. Botrichiums in Sand. Torreya 7 (1907) 219, 220.

7. The Seaweeds of Canso; being a Contribution to the Study of Eastern

Nova Scotia Algae. Further Contrib. Canad. Biol. (1907) 71-74.

IX. c, 3 Merrill: Charles B. Robinson, Jr. 197

8. Contributions to a Flora of Nova Scotia, I. Dull. Pictou Acad. Sci.

Assoc. 1 (1907) 30-44.

9. Alabastra Philippinensia, I. Bull. Ton: Bot. Club 35 (1908) G3-75.

10. Sugar-cane Smut (Ustilago sacchari). PhiliiJ. Agr. Review 1 (1908)

295-297.

11. Alabastra Philippinensia, II. Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 175-

218.

12. Perrottet and the Philippines. Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 303-

306.

13. Philippine Chloranthaceae. Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 69-70.

14. Philippine Phyllanthinae. Philip. Joiirn. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 71-105.

15. Philippine Boraginaceae. Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 687-698.

16. A Preliminary Revision of Philippine Myrtaceae. Philip. Journ. Sci.

4 (1909) Bot. 331-407.

17. Philippine Urticaceae. Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 465-453; 6

(1911) Bot. 1-33, pi. IS.

18. Philippine Hats. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 93-131, pis. 4-11.

19. Botanical Notes on the Island of Polillo. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911)

Bot. 185-228.

20. Urticaceae from the Sarawak Museum. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911)

Bot. 291-298.

21. Philippine Urticaceae, II. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 299-314.

22. Alabastra Philippinensia, III. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 319-

358.

23. Philippine Bryophytes and Lichens. Bryologist. 15 (1912) 32, 33.

24. Roxburgh's Hortus Bengalensis. Philip. Journ, Sci. 7 (1912) Bot.

411-419.

25. The Geographic Distribution of Philippine Mosses. Philip. Journ. Sci.

9 (1914) Bot. 199-218.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany,
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914,

THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PHILIPPINE MOSSES

By C. B. Robinson

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

Practically all collections of Philippine bryophytes, through
whose determination the literature on the subject has been com-
piled, have been made by persons who themselves had made no
special study of the groups concerned. Their interest, often
none the loss keen, has been derived and twofold, in order that
the flora of the Islands might more perfectly be ascertained, and
that light might be thrown on various questions of more general
application. .

Prolonged efforts, often of a highly intensive nature, have been
made to solve problems relating to the higher groups of plants,
and although those who are most closely in touch with this work
realize perhaps better than any others how far this task is from
completion, yet enough has been ascertained to permit a number
of generalizations to be formulated with regard to the general
relationships of the flora, so far as flowering plants and ferns
are concerned.

The Archipelago consists of a very large number of islands,
the two largest, Luzon and Mindanao, respectively, the most
northern and the most southern of the large islands, having
each an area approximately that of the State of Kentucky, or
slightly more than that of Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland,
taken together. The islands of second rank form an irregular
row between these two, with a westward extension, the area of
Samar, the most eastern and the largest of these, being about
one-eighth that of Luzon. North of Luzon are two groups of
much smaller islands, the Batanes and Babuyanes, whose flora
has been suflficiently investigated to show that it is typically
Philippine,^ although Formosa is little more distant than the
nearest point on Luzon. The Philippines link geographically
with northeastern Borneo along two nearly parallel lines, one
from southwestern Luzon through Mindoro, Palawan, Balabac,

* Merrill, E. D. On a collection of plants from the Batanes and Babu'
yanes Islands. Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 385-442.

199

200 ^^^^ PhUi^ypiyie Journal of Science isu

and smaller islands, the other from southwestern Mindanao
through a long chain of fair-sized islands, of which Basilan,
Jolo, and Tawi Tawi are the most important. Unfortunately the
southwestern corner of the Archipelago is still almost unknown
botanically ; but there is at present a strong balance of evidence
to favor the view that somewhere or other there is a definite
break between the floras of Borneo and of the Philippines as a
whole. Statements have to be guarded, as so little is known of
Borneo, but while the plants of the two regions are generally
similar, there appears to be a very small percentage of specific
identity. If the smaller islands near Borneo should prove to
resemble it in their flora, and the trivial evidence at hand tends
in that direction, it will merely prove that botanically the^y
belong with the larger island, and that the political and botanical
boundaries of the Philippines and Borneo are not the same.

Whether or not this proves i% be the case, it is thoroughly
established that with regard to flowering plants, there is such
a thing as a definite Philippine flora, containing an unusually
high percentage of endemic species; that its aflfinities are
primarily Malayan; moreover, that there is a strong Himalayan
element, especially in northern Luzon, although some of the
species so considered extend also to Malaya; that there is a
small but very definite Australian element; and finally a most
important Pacific alliance. All of these points, except the last,
have been fully discussed in papers previously published. -

If any outside area can be indicated as more nearly similar
botanically to the Philippines than is any other, the present
evidence is strongly in favor of Celebes. In spite of this, it is
certain that mere proximity is not the only factor, for whether
the determining basis be the number of identical species or the
general resemblance of the flora as a whole, the Philippines
come closer to the Malay Peninsula and to Java than to Borneo
or Annam, to Samoa than to Formosa.

It might then be supposed that when botanical boundaries
come to be dravni within the PhiUppines, the separate islands
would be found to have quite distinctive floras. This is not

' See Rolfe, R. A. On the Flora of the Philippine Islands, and its prob-
able Derivation. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1886) 283-316; Merrill, E. D,
New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, V. Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 169^246; Merrill, E. D. The Malayan, Australian and Polynesian
elements in the Philippine Flora. A^m. Jard. Bot. Bidtenz. Suppl. 3 (1910)
277-306; Copeland, E. B. The Comparative Ecology of San Ramon Poly-
podiaceae. Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 1-76; Copeland, E. B. The
Ferns of Mount Apo. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 791-851.

IX, c, 3 Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 201

the case. It is perfectly true that hundreds of species are
known each from a single island, on which there is at present
every reason to believe that they are endemic ; but this is equally
true of localities on a single island. It appears to be well estab-
lished that the general course of migration of plants and human
beings into the Philippines has alike been from the southwest
and the south; on the other hand, there are good reasons in
discussing the floral provinces of the Philippines for starting
nearly at the north.

Much of northern Luzon is highly mountainous, the so-called
Mountain Province being separated from the China Sea on the
west by a narrow coastal plain and terminated on the east by
the valley of the Cagayan River. Very many species are known
or known in the Philippines only in this region ; many others
occurring there are also found on the tops of the mountains
farther south, such as Mariveles, Banajao, or even Apo. Still
others have a more continuous distribution, following down the
ranges of the eastern or the western coast or both, their range
terminating at Mariveles, or in the hills of Rizal, eastern Laguna,
or Tayabas, or extending still farther to the south. It is open
to discussion whether such species are to be regarded as more
properly belonging to the Mountain Province but with more
southern extension, or whether the opposite is the case.

Apart from the Mountain Province, there are two rather
distinct but by no means absolutely separate plant-provinces, in
close correlation with the distribution of rain throughout the
year. The eastern coast of Luzon shares with the greater part
of the Visayan or central islands and with the southern islands
a very equable rainfall, the dry season being comparatively
short; the western side of Luzon has a prolonged dry season.
The ranges of mountains forming the divide lie much nearer
to the eastern coast than to the western, but are broken in
various places, so that the division is far from complete. The
general result is that there are two fairly definite areas of
distribution in accordance with these facts, although the dif-
ference is not so great, nor the lines so sharply drawTi, as in
various other countries, as for instance between the northern
and southern slopes of certain of the islands of the West Indies.

It has seemed to be of some general value to determine whether
the facts believed to have been established for the flowering
plants hold equally true for the lower groups, and for several
reasons the mosses have been selected for the comparison.
Thanks to the courtesy of Doctor V. F. Brotherus, who has had
a wealth of material from all parts of the world for comparison,

202 I'he Philippine Journal of Science 1914

we not only have identifications of practically all of our moss
collections, except the most recent, but know the range of those
species which are not confined to these Islands. There still
remain a considerable number of species obtained in the Philip-
pines by previous collectors, which are not represented in this
herbarium, and as for the purposes of the present paper, the
localities assigned to them are too indefinite, they are not herein
considered, further than to say that what investigation has been
possible regarding them indicates that if their exact localities
had been specified, they would not materially affect the conclu-
sions based on those actually at hand. The latter number 351
species, with a qualification to be considered later. It might
fairly be questioned whether collections obtained by persons
whom a bryologist might consider mere amateurs, form a suffi-
cient basis for conclusions. The best answer that can be made,
without entering into details, is that the facts are nowhere more
definite than in the case of the species most conspicuous to the
eye.

There is one very great difference between the moss and the
phanerogamic floras of the Philippines. Great areas of the
lower levels have been wholly or largely denuded of their original
vegetation by human agencies, and the plants now found there
are well nigh identical in every part of the Archipelago, and a
high proportion of these must be considered as introductions,
deliberate or more often accidental. Thus the investigations for
the Flora of Manila^ showed that over 1,000 species of flowering
plants and ferns are represented within the chosen limits. It
is probable that a complete moss flora for the same area would
not reach a dozen species, except for temporary and accidental
introductions in association with orchids or ferns from the
provinces.

Moreover, just as the phanerogamic flora of Manila is almost
exactly that of every other town in the Philippines, so is the
moss flora of those towns as poor as is that of Manila, except
in both these groups of plants when there is primeval forest
within easy access. Not only the endemic but also the indig-
enous elements among the flowering plants found in the vicinity
of the towns are proportionally much smaller than in the Philip-
pines as a whole. On the other hand, the entire moss flora can
be considered as indigenous, Barbula orientalis (Willd.) Broth,
being probably the only species open to suspicion. In the ulti-

' Merrill, E. D. A Flora of Manila. 1-490. Manila, 1912; Notes on
the Flora of Manila with special reference to the Introduced Element.
Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 145-208.

IX, c, 3 Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 203

mate analysis, of course, many species must be considered to
have been introduced.

One consideration that should always be kept at least sub-
consciously present in discussing the relationships of floras, is
that a species has not necessarily had its origin in nature at the
place or even in the country from which it was first described,
not even if that place or country has supplied its specific name.
Yet it is difficult to avoid a mental bias in this direction, above
all when a species has been known for a long period of time
only from the general region where it was first discovered,
especially as it is practically always very difficult and usually
impossible to get definite evidence as to its actual place of origin.
In the case of species of mosses of wide distribution, this can
only be a matter of inference.

This inevitably colors the whole of the present discussion, for
the ascertained moss flora of the Philippines has multiplied five-
fold in the last ten years, and among these added species are
ver>" many that have been known for long periods of time from
other regions. They are thus spoken of as Malayan, or as
whatever else they appear to be, and there is the less general
objection to this, in that the Philippines are known to be of
comparatively recent geologic origin. Yet there have originated
here, so far as present knowledge permits statement, no less than
five endemic genera of mosses and numerous endemic species.
It is by no means impossible, therefore, that here also may be
the original home of many other species, that have been first
collected in or described from other groups of islands, and will
herein be discussed as if they more properly belonged to the
latter.

Nothing is more conspicuous to even the most careless ob-
server, who climbs any of the higher mountains of the Philip-
pines, than to find that at a certain elevation, differing on different
mountains, the trees become more or less dwarfed, and are
clothed with mosses and hepatics. This is so distinctive that
this class of vegetation has received the name of "mossy forest."
The lower limit of this formation depends roughly on the humid-
ity, and is higher as a rule on the higher mountains. A very
large proportion of our mosses occur within this zone ; the range
of others extends to sea level. They are epiphytic or terrestrial,
in somewhat strong contrast to the hepatics and lichens, very
few are epiphyllous, and these not truly so, extending over the
surface of leaves because they happen to find them along their
line of growth.

As a preliminary to detailed discussion, it is desirable to

204

The Philippine Journal of Science

1914

enumerate the known and published species of Philippine mosses
by families, distinguishing between those known from the Moun-
tain Province only, those that have not been found in the Moun-
tain Province, and those that occur both there and elsewhere
within the Archipelago, For this purpose, Nueva Vizcaya was
considered as within the Mountain Province, which is not true
politically ; but this proved to affect only a single species, Weisia
flavipes Hook. f. & Wils., which has, however, one of the most
striking areas of distribution of any of the species herein dis-
cussed. It may further be remembered that more than half of
the Mountain Province collections come from Benguet, and that
practically all of the remainder are from Bontoc and Lepanto.

Family.

Total species in Philippines.

Endemic. |

!

I^'ound in
Mountain
Province

only.

Not found

in the
Mountain
Province.

Found in
both areas.

Mountain
Province.

Not in
Mountain
Province.

Found in
both areas.

3

2

1

2

9

1
4
1
5
5

si 11 3

.1 i 2

12 3 ; 2

2 1 2 1 1 1 1

10
1

15
1

1
1 i 3

Pottiaceae - - -

2
4

4| 1
3 6

1
1

1

Funariaceae ! 1

Bryaceae ' 15

1
4
1

1
7

5
1

1
1
1

.1

2

1 1

2
3

Bartramiaceae ' 8

Buxbaumiaceae

1 1

6

5
1

2 1

2 1 2

Da wsoniaceae

Cryphaeaceae 2

Prionodontaceae

1

1
1

liii

Cyrtopodaceae

! i 1

Ptychomniaceae

Myuriaceae

1

1 1

2 - . -1 1 1

Spiridentaceae .--

2

,

Neckeraceae

17
3
2

12
3

16
3

el 8 i 1

2 1 1 1

1
3

1 1

Hookeriaceae

HypopteryKiaceae

Rhacopilaceae

3

12

3

2

1

2

12

3

1

1
3

1 2

1

Leskeaceae

4
30

1
19

4

9.

Hypnaceae . . . .

8 7

17 i 4' '

Leucomiaceae - .

1 1

Sematophyllaceae

Brachytheciaceae

Hjrpnodendraceae

4
2

4
2

3

1

7

1
3

1

5

Total .,..

111 164

76

51 j 72

13

IX, c, 3 Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 205

It would be expected, and so it proves, that those species whose
range within the .Philippines is widest, especially if they be
found ahke in the Mountain Province and elsewhere, should
be also the most widely distributed without the Philippines.
Perhaps, rather, it may be held surprising that even among
these the percentage of endemism reaches 17, while for those
that are found in the Mountain Province only, or not in the
Mountain Province at all, the percentage of endemism is 46 and
44 respectively. For the whole number of species considered,
351, the percentage of endemism is 39. This is in rather singular
agreement with the estimate made by Mr. Merrill in the case
of the flowering plants of the Philippines.* The mosses, there-
fore, agree most emphatically with the phanerogams in that a
remarkably high proportion are confined to the Philippines.
High as these figures are, they are not fair to the endemic
element. There are in this herbarium collections bearing 27
additional specific names, apart altogether from such as can be
relegated to synonymy, and apparently except in one instance
Doctor Brotherus has considered these to be new species, at
least on preliminary examination. The sole exception may be
a clerical error for a Malayan species not otherwise enumerated
here. Should this supposed status prove correct, the percentage
of endemism for Philippine mosses becomes 43; for the species
confined to the Mountain Province, 48; for those not yet found
in the Mountain Province, 50; for those in both regions, 18.

Considering only the 136 endemic species indicated in the
above table, which are distributed amongst 78 genera in 27
families, the percentage of these found only in the Mountain
Province is 37.5 ; not in the Mountain Province, 53 ; in both areas,
9.5. Should the 26 above referred to all prove new species,
these percentages will become 35, 56, and 9 respectively.

Five, genera are endemic, Merrilliobryum (Fnbroniaceae)
Elmeriohryum and Plagiotheciopsis (Hypnaceae) , Pseudorcelo-
ptis (Polytrichaceae) , and Porotrichodendron (Lembophyllaceae) .
The first two of these are known only from the Mountain Prov-
ince, the third from Davao in southeastern Mindanao, the fourth
from Cagayan Province in the extreme north of Luzon but not in
the Mountain Province, and the last, not included in the previous
summary because it has not been found by recent collectors,
appears from the specific name of its only species to be from
near Majayjay, Mount Banajao.

On investigating the 63 non-endemic species found both in

* Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 171.

206 ^^^^ Philippine Joui^nal of Scierice lou

the Mountain Province and elsewhere in the Philppines, it is
at once apparent that they are very largely Malayan, but that
to the west many extend to Cej'^lon, or to the Himalayas or other
mountains of India; that a smaller number extend to Japan, or
to Polynesia; and that other species have a wide or very wide
distribution.

Outside of the Philippines, Hypnodendron forrtiosicum Card,
is known only from Formosa; Trematodon drepanellus Besch.
only from Formosa and Japan ; Pseudospiridentopsis horrida
(Mitt.) Fleisch. only from Bhotan and Formosa; Dicranodon-
tium dictycyon (Mitt.) Jaeg. only from Sikkim. Every one of
the other 59 species is found in at least one of the islands ex-
tending from Sumatra to New Guinea. Even if the latter island
be considered to lie outside the limits of Malaya, only two species,
Spiridens longifoUus Lindb. and Calyptothecium philippinense
Broth, would thereby be excluded. But such exclusion is not
advocated here, quite the opposite, and at the other extremity
of Malaya, the Peninsula would have been included, had there
happened to be any species that would thereby have been added
to the Malayan list. Fifteen of the remaining 57 species are
not found outside of these limits, hence the exclusively Malaj^^an
element ^vill be stated as 17. Two of these, Trematodon acutus
C. M. and Philonotis secunda (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. Jav., were
known only from Java; Warburgiella mipressinoides C. M. only
from Batjan; Schistomitrmm nieutvenhuisii Fleish. only from
Borneo. Every one of the remaining eleven is known from
islands west of Celebes, but five only range to the east of that
island.

Species found within the Malay Archipelago and not to the
west or north of Sumatra, but which extend to New Caledonia
or to Polynesia, number 7, one of which is also found in Tas-
mania, another in New Zealand. Five other species found in the
Malay Archipelago are also in Ceylon but not elsewhere; nine
others are also in India or in Ceylon and India, but with no
additional distribution, except that one has been collected in
Malacca. Two others range from Ceylon or southern India to
Australia or Polynesia ; two occur only in the Malay Archipelago
and Tonkin ; these other Malayan species extend to India or
Ceylon, or both, and also to China ; seven others with the distri-
bution of these last are also in Japan or Formosa, one of the
seven even extending to North America. The remaining seven
are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.

When the 60 non-endemic species found in the Mountain Prov-

IX. c, 3 Rohiiison: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 207

ince come to be considered, their distribution proves to be quite in
different proportion from that of the species more widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines, as just detailed. The habitat of
the former being at once more northern and on an average more
elevated than that of the latter, it would be expected that they
would show more northern alliances. It must be remembered,
however, with respect to elevation, that while the Mountain
Province as a geographic unit is on an average of much greater
height than any other large area in the Philippines, from the
standpoint of moss collections the difference is definitely less,
as so many of these have been obtained here only on the tops of
the mountains farther south.

The actual figures obtained from these 60 species are that only
12 are exclusively Malayan, that 22 are not Malayan, while the
remaining 26 are found both in Malaya and elsewhere; with
this additional qualification, that in many cases among the 26
the species are more typical of regions west or north of Malaya
but extend into the latter, whereas in the cases previously con-
sidered nearly all were more typically Malayan but extended
to other countries.

The exclusively Malayan species are Trematodon paucifolius
C. M., Dicranella coarctata (C. M.) Bryol. Jav., Leiomela java-
nica (Ren. & Card.) Broth., Pogonatum junghuhnianum (Doz. &
Molk.) Bryol. Jav., and Fabronia curvirostris Doz. & Molk., these
five reported outside of the Philippines only from Java; Braun-
felsia dicranoicles (Doz. & Molk.) Broth., only from Java and
New Guinea; Pohlia leptocarpa (Bryol. Jav.) Fleisch. only from
Java and Borneo; Barbella rutilans (Bryol. Jav.) Broth, and
Oxyrrhynchium muelleri (Brj''ol. Jav.) Broth, from Java and
Sumatra ; while Leucobryiim scalare C. M., Macromitrium angus-
ti folium Doz. & Molk., and Taxithelium lindbergii (Bryol. Jav.)
Ren. & Card, are of wider distribution within the Archipelago
bwt do not exceed its limits, except that the first of the three
is also reported from Singapore.

Of the 26 species found both in Malaya and elsewhere, two,
Bryum argenteum L. and Ceratodon stenocarpus Bryol. Eur.,
have a very wide distribution, and Anoectangium euchloron
(Schw.) Mitt, has been reported from tropical America, tropical
west Africa, and Java. Five others extend to the east or south
of New Guinea, and three of these five also to the west or north
of Sumatra; yet only one of them, Pilopogon exasperatus
(Brid.) Broth., seems to be widely distributed in the group,
extending also to Ceylon and Hawaii. Glyptothecium sciuroides

208 l'^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

(Hook.) Hampe is reported from New Zealand, Tasmania,
eastern Australia, and New Guinea, but not otherwise except
from Java and the Philippines. The other three have been
found in Malaya only in Java, but Trachyloma tahitense Besch.
has also been collected in Ceylon and Tahiti ; Brachymeiiium
coarctatum (C. M.) Bryol. Jav. in New Caledonia and New
Zealand; Philonotis turneriana (Schw.) Mitt, in the Himalayan
region, Khasia, and the Hawaiian Islands.

Of the remaining 18, Pogonatum spinulosum Mitt, occurs in
Java and China, and Hypopterygitim ceylanicum Mitt, in Ceylon,
Sumatra, and Java. All of the others are found both in India
and Malaya, and only Philonotis mollis (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol.
Jav. fails to reach either to the Himalayan region, or to Khasia,
or to both, ranging to the east as far as Java. Calyptothecium
tumidn/m (Dicks.) Fleisch. has the widest distribution of these,
Nepal to Ceylon and New Guinea. Taking the Himalayan region
as one limit of distribution, Trachypodiopsis crispatula (Hook.)
Fleisch. reaches Ceylon, Yunnan, and Halmaheira; Pinnatella
alopecuroides (Hook.) Fleisch. to Ceylon and Sumbawa; Anomo-
bryum cymbifolium (Lindb.) Broth, to Amboina; Sphagnum
cuspidatulum C. M., Acrocryphaea concavifolia (Griff.) Bryol.
Jav., Papillaria fuscescens (Hook.) Jaeg., and Meteoriopsis
reclinata (C. M.) Fleisch. to Ceylon and Celebes, the last of
these also to Formosa. Homaliodendron ligulae folium (Mitt.)
Fleisch. gets no farther into Malaya than Sumatra, but reaches
Ceylon, Formosa, and Japan ; the remaining six find their Mala-
yan limit in Java. Fissidens anomalus Mont, and F. schmidtii
Broth, extend to Ceylon, Brachymenium exile (Doz. & Molk.)
Bryol. Jav., and Bryum ramosum (Hook.) Mitt, to Ceylon and
Formosa; RhaphidostegiuTn tristiculum (Mitt.) Jaeg. to Ceylon
and Indo-China; while Mnium succulentum Mitt, has not been
reported from Ceylon and on the continent finds its greatest
eastern extension in Assam.

Twenty-two non-endemic Mountain Province mosses are not
found in any part of Malaya, and of these the species of widest
distribution is that which would be least expected in the Philip-
pines, for Pohlia eloyigata Hedw. is found in the colder regions
or the mountains of Europe and North America; in the Cau-
casus; in the Himalayas, Yunnan, Amur region, and Japan, in
Asia; in Algeria and on Kilimandjaro, in Africa; and on Ker-
geulen Land in the Antarctic. In the one Philippine locality
where it has been collected, it is not unusual for a thin film of
ice to form on standing water during the nights of the cooler
months of the year, but snow is unknown there as elsewhere in

IX, c, 3 Robinson: Distribution of Fhilippi7ie Mosses 209

the Archipelago. It is not, however, the point of greatest
elevation, even in the Mountain Province.

The next most singular case is that of Weisia flavipes Hook,
f. & Wils., for it is otherwise known only from New Zealand,
Tasmania, and eastern Australia; the genus, however, having
no apparent preference for any particular quarter of the globe.
Two other cases of far-reaching northern distribution are
Brothera leana (Sull.) C. M. and Plagiothecium neckeroideum
Bryol. Eur., both found in the Himalayas and Japan, the former
also in Manchuria and North America, the latter in southwestern
Austria and in Switzerland,

Trachypus humilis Lindb. is otherwise known only in Japan ;
Pohlia scabridens (Mitt.) Broth, and Pilotrichopsis dentata
(Mitt.) Besch. only in Japan and Formosa; Meteorium helmin-
thocladum (C. M.) Fleisch. in Japan, Formosa, and eastern
China; and Catharinaea flaviseta (Mitt.) Broth, from Japan
and the Himalayas.

None of the rest occur in Japan, but all are found in the
mountains of India, and seven of them there only, except the
Philippine locality. These are Philonotis falcata (Hook.) Mitt.,
P. griffithiana (Wils.) Mitt., P. speciosa (Griff.) Mitt., Pogonatum
nudiusculum Mitt., Trachypus subbicolor C. M., Rhacopilum
schmidii (C. M.) Jaeg., and Stereodon deflexifoliiis (Mitt.)
Broth. Bartramidida roylei (Hook, f.) Bryol. Eur., Ctenidium
lychnites (Mitt.) Broth., and Pogonatum microstomum (R. Br.)
Brid. extend to Ceylon, the last of these also to Yunnan; Fissi-
dens areolatus Griff, and Leptohymenium tenue (Hook.) Schw.
from the Himalayas to Burma; and lastly Erythrodontium jula^
ceum (Hook.) Par. to Mysore in one direction and to Yunnan
and Tonkin in the other.

It therefore appears that among the non-endemic Mountain
Province mosses, the species not found in Malaya, and those
found in Malaya and elsewhere, are approximately equal in
number, and that each of these is about twice as many as the
purely Malayan species. In the species found both in the
Mountain Province and elsewhere in the Philippines, the number
of non-Malayan species was very small, and those found both
in Malaya and elsewhere were two and a half times as many as
those confined to Malaya.

The 92 non-endemic species which have not been found in
the Mountain Province give results altogether at variance with
those found only in that region, and differ from these which
have been collected in both regions in one very important respect,
while they are in most thorough agreement with them in

210 The Philivvme Jour-nal of Science ii)u

another. For the species known only from outside Malaya are
but 4, those from Malaya alone are 48 ; and 40 are both Malayan
and extra-Malayan. The purely Malayan species are over half
of the total number, or 52 per cent, as contrasted with 20 and
27 per cent in the case of the Mountain Province and the more
generally distributed species, respectively.

The four species which have not been found in Malaya are
Sphagnum japonicum Warnst., known only from the most
northern province of Luzon and from Japan, the Philippine
form sufficiently different from the type to be considered by
Warnstorf as an endemic variety; Neckeropsis crinita (Griff.)
Fleisch., found in the Province of Nueva Ecija in Luzon, and in
Assam, Ceylon, and Tonkin; Pseudoleskeopsis decurvata (Mitt.)
Broth., from Mount Mariveles and Japan ; and Dawsonia superba
R. Br., from Mount Malindang in northeastern Mindanao, and
in eastern Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.

It further appears from this, that if the line of demarcation
of the floral provinces were artificially drawn at the latitude of
Manila, every single species of this group from south of the line
would have other Malayan distribution, with the sole exception
of one known at present from the Australian region only.

There were also four non-Malayan species among those found
both in the Mountain Province and elsewhere. In every one of
these, the Philippines supply the most southern known station for
the species. In the case of Hypnodendron formosicum Card., that
limit is Mount Canlaon, in Negros; for Trematodon drepanellus
Besch. it is Mount Abangan, in Mindoro; for Pseudospiriden-
topsis horrida (Mitt.) Fleisch., it is Zambales; for Dicranodon^
tium dictycyon (Mitt.) Jaeg., Mount Banajao in Luzon. It is
thus apparent that among all the non-endemic species, the
Australasian representative above mentioned in the only non-
Malayan species found in Mindanao; that only one other non-
Malayan species has been found elsewhere than in Luzon;
that even if that island be included, there are only eight
non-endemic non-Malayan species in the Philippines, except in
the Mountain Province. Up to this point, the results are very
definitely in accord with those found by Doctor Copeland for the
ferns, but in the case of the latter group, there is no reversal
of affinities in the Mountain Province as with flowering plants
and mosses. For, in the mosses, the percentage of strictly
Malayan non-endemic species is only 20, and while an additional
43 per cent are found both in Malaya and elsewhere, an attempt
has already been made to show that many of these species are
only secondarily Malayan. At the lowest possible estimate, 37

IX, c. 3 Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 211

per cent of the Mountain Province species are not Malayan at all.

Returning to the 88 species not found in the Mountain Province
which are on record from Malaya, only one, Bryum coronatum
Schw., is found in both hemispheres; one other, HolomitHum
vaginatum Brid., has been collected in southern and eastern
Africa, Java, and Tahiti. The extreme range of the remaining
86 is from Ceylon or India to Polynesia; none of them have
been found in Australia, Tasmania, or New Zealand.

Only two extend to Japan, Homaliodendron scalpellifolium
(Mitt.) Fleisch., otherwise known from the Moluccas to Ceylon
and Tonkin, and Leucobryiim boivHngii Mitt., Himalayas and
Ceylon to Celebes, also in Hongkong and Formosa. One other
reaches the Liu Kiu Archipelago, Thuidium glaucinum Broth.,
whose southeastern limit is New Mecklenburg; while Disticho-
phyllum mittenii Bryol. Jav. is scattered from Ceylon to Formosa
and New Caledonia.

Aerobryopsis lanosa (Mitt.) Broth, is the only one of the
remainder to reach China; Rhynchostegium celebicum (Bryol.
Jav.) Jaeg. and R. mencdense (Bryol. Jav.) Jaeg. are confined
to the Philippines, Celebes, and Tonkin. Three species, Hypno-
dendron reinwardtii (Hornsch.) Broth., Trichosteleum hamatum
(Doz. & Molk.) Jaeg., and Syrrhopodon albo-vaginatus Schw.
are Malayan except for an extension to Polynesia; the other six
species which reach Polynesia are not only in Malaya, but also
in Ceylon or India or both. These are Leucobryum sanctum
Hampe, Leucophanes cayididum (Hornsch.) Lindb., Syrrhopodon
muelleri (Doz. & Molk.) Lac, Callicostella papillata (Mont.)
Jaeg., Thuidium plumulosum (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. Jav., and
Taxithelium papillatum (Harv.) Broth. Trismegistia rigida
(Reinw. & Hornsch.) Broth, and Macromitrium salakanum C. M.
extend from New Caledonia to Sumatra, and to Java,
respectively.

Twenty others occur in India, Ceylon, or Burma, and in one
to several of the islands of the Malay Archipelago. This list
comprises Symblephans reinwardtii Broth., Dicranoloma blumei
(Nees) Ren., Leucobryum angustifolium Wils., Syrrhopodon
ciliatus Schw., S. tristichus Nees, Macromitrium fasciculare
Mitt., Bryum compressidens C. M., Racelopus pilifer Doz. &
Molk., Myurium rufescens (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Fleisch., DaU
tonia angustifolia Doz. & Molk., Chaetomitrium papillifolium
Bryol. Jav., Thuidium trachypodum (Mitt.) Bryol. Jav., Ectro-
pothecium cyperoides (Hook.) Jaeg., Tnsmegistia lancifolia
Harv.) Broth., Taxithelium nepalense (Schw.) Broth., Vesicular-
via reticulata (Doz. & Molk.) Broth., Meiothecium jagori (C. M.)

212

The Philippine Journal of Science

1914

Broth., M. microcm-piim (Harv.) Mitt., Trischosteleum boschii
(Doz. & Molk.) Jaeg., and Hypnodendron arborescens (Mitt.)
Lindb.

There still remain 48 species, these entirely confined to the
Malay Archipelago, with the exception in a very few cases of
an extension into the lower end of the Malay Peninsula; these
are here held to be exclusively Malayan. It is perhaps rather
an index of the comparative intensity of botanical exploration
than of anything else, to say that exactly one-third of these have
only been collected in one island outside the Philippines, and
that in ten cases that island is Java. Labuan is credited with
two; and Borneo, Celebes, the Great Natunas, and New Guinea
with one each. Thirty-one of the remaining thirty-two have
been reported from islands west of Celebes, nineteen from
Celebes or islands to the east. It is apparent from these figures
that eighteen are found in both of these divisions, and that only
one fails to occur west of Celebes, its actual distribution being
New Guinea, Ceram, and the east coast of Luzon. This would
seem to indicate that the focus of distribution lies to the west
of Celebes, but the same statement is so emphatically true of
botanical exploration that it may be premature to attempt a final
judgment.

The following table shows concisely the contrast in the three
sets of Philippine species, as developed above in greater detail.

Non-endemic Philippine mosses occurring in
the Philippines in —

Also in

Malaya,

but not

elsewhere.

Not in
Malaya.

Both in
Malaya and
elsewhere.

Mountain Province only

Not in Mountain Province

Mountain Province and elsewhere

77

30

108

It is therefore contended that the facts just detailed not merely
throw light on the relationships of the Philippine flora, but
afford ample justification for the segregation of the Mountain
Province as an area to be treated apart from the rest of the
Archipelago. Its selection was not arbitrary. The Mountain
Province, as such, is a political division, created because its
inhabitants, while differing amongst themselves in various ways,
possess many characteristics in common which tend to differ-
entiate them from the rest of the peoples of the Philippines,
nowhere more strikingly than from their nearest neighbors.
But they have preserved, acquired, or developed these differ-
ences, because the geographic difficulties of the region held them

IX. c, 3 Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 213

largely isolated from the peoples of the less elevated provinces.
Moreover, choice of this particular portion of the Philippines
was made, because the study of flowering plants had led to the
formation of certain theories regarding their distribution in the
Archipelago, which were briefly stated at the beginning of this
paper.

It would be entirely fair to object that exploration is not yet
sufficiently advanced, and that it is probable that further investi-
gation will modify these figures. It is freely conceded, that had
there been no very obvious tendency, it would have been perilous
to base conclusions on such work as has yet been done. But the
results are their own justification, and while they will unques-
tionably be modified in scores of details, by exploration outside
tlie Philippines as well as within them, an examination of the
actual cases renders it quite as probable that the contrasts will
be intensified as that they will be weakened.

So far, then, as the moss flora can be taken as a criterion, it
seems clear —

1. That the percentage of endemism in Philippine species is
very high.

2. That the Mountain Province is botanically a natural sub-
division of the Philippines.

3. That the flora of the rest of the Philippines is overwhelm-
ingly Malayan.

4. That the flora of the Mountain Province can not be
considered strictly Malayan, but is related to it in much the
same way as is that of Sikkim, Nepal, or Khasia.

It remains to be seen whether the ascertained distribution of
the moss flora afl^ords any support to two other propositions
briefly stated at the outset for flowering plants; whether any
species whose focus of distribution in the Philippines appears
to be the Mountain Province extend to the south along definite
lines, in general those of the various ranges or broken ranges
of mountains; and secondly, whether floral subprovinces can be
established for the rest of the Philippines.

From both of these inquiries, the species found only in the
Mountain Province must be excluded, but with an important
reservation. If it be well established that the great mountain
mass, nearly at the north of the Islands, has a flora in rather
definite contrast to that not only of less elevated areas but even
of the summits of the mountain farther south, it would logically
follow that it could constitute a focus of distribution, from which
more adaptible species could reach other localities.

But, on this point, the data for drawing conclusions are

214 The Philipvine Journal of Science ioh

scanty. There are 76 species found both in the Mountain
Province and elsewhere in the Philippines, but 63 of these are
known outside the limits of the Archipelago, and all except four
of these 63 are Malayan and therefore less in consonance with
the ascertained affinities of the flora of the Mountain Province
than with that of the rest of the Philippines. However, our
present knowledge of the Philippine distribution of these 59
Malayan species is, that there extend to the Mountain Province
from, or less likely extend from the Mountain Province to:

Eastern Luzon, but not the more southern islands 9

Western Luzon but not the more southern islands 2

Both eastern and western Luzon, but not the more southern islands.... 2

Eastern but not western Luzon and more southern islands 8

Western but not eastern Luzon and more southern islands 6

Eastern and western Luzon and more southern islands 8

Southern islands but not in Luzon .south of Mountain Province 24

There is some room for argument that the Philippine center
of distribution of at least the first thirteen of these is the Moun-
tain Province, but their Malayan distribution would throw sus-
picion on any such conclusions, and it should be more profitable to
confine attention to the four non-Malayan and the thirteen endemic
species found both in the Mountain Province and elsewhere.

With respect to the four, the presumption is strong that their
spread has been from the north, for the ascertained areas of
distribution are Formosa, Mountain Province, Canlaon; Japan,
Formosa, Mountain Province, Mindoro ; Bhotan, Formosa, Moun-
tain Province, Zambales; and Sikkim, Mountain Province, Bana-
jao, respectively. The thirteen will be listed, as in practically
every case, it will be open to question whether they have migrated
to the Mountain Province from more southern hills or have
taken the opposite route.

Species.

Ascertained distribution outside of the
Mountain Province.

Braunfelsia huonensis Broth.
Pilopogon subexasperatus Broth.
Trichostomum subduriusculum (C. M.) Broth.
Schlotheimia wallisii C. M.
Pogonaturn albo-marginatum (C. M.) Jaegr.
Pilopogon spurio-eirraUim Broth.
Symphysodontella subulata Broth.
Entodon longidens Broth.
Ectropothecium assimile Broth.
Ectropotkecium micropyxis Broth.
Ectropothecium subintorquatum Broth.
Vesicularia campylothecium Broth.
Meiothecium attenuatum Broth.

Zambales.

Zambales, Banajao.

Butuan.

Zambales, Banajao.

Zambales, Abu, Mariveles, Lanao.

Banajao.

Negros.

Apo, Lanao.

Rizal, Maquiling, Butuan, Bukidnon.

Maquilingr, Butuan,

Maquilins, Canlaon, Zamboang-a.

Lagnina.

Laguna.

IX. c, 3 Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses 215

From a general consideration of the species of the genera
concerned, as well as of the Philippine localities cited, it would
appear that Trichostomum subduriuscnlum and Entodon longi-
dens offer no conclusive evidence in either direction, while the
three species of Ectropothecium, Symphysodontella subulata, Ve-
sicidaria campylothecium, and Meiothecium attenuatnm have
more likely originated farther south and thence migrated to the
Mountain Province.

Similar arguments render it probable that the remaining five
originated in the Mountain Province, and have spread thence
to a greater or less extent, along two lines of distribution. Two
are known both from Banajao and the mountains of Zambales,
and it is much less probable that they passed directly from
either of these to the other than that they have reached both
from Benguet. Moreover, one other is known only in the Moun-
tain Province and on Banajao; neither of the others is known
from Banajao, but both occur in Zambales, one of the latter
extending through what is the same and a continuation of the
same range to Abu and Mariveles, and to a far-off station in
Mindanao.

It is admitted that very little has been proven on this head,
but it is to be remembered that nothing would be more de-
structive of one of the main points here sought to be established,
than the discovery that any very high proportion of the species
which seem to have originated in the Mountain Province had
migrated to the south.

When the essential of the east-west coast theory of distribu-
tion is understood, its inherent probability will be universally
conceded. For it is no more than this. Can the plants of the
Philippines be divided into two physiological groups, those which
can withstand a long-continued period of drought, and those
which can not? Briefly, the answer is in the aflirmative, but
complications are at once introduced by plants which prefer the
one set of conditions but tolerate the other, and by the ascer-
tained fact that the humidity of any part of the Philippines
is high even in its dry season. The facts are capable of another
explanation. Both groups of plants may prefer the one set of
conditions, presumably in at least most cases the more even
distribution of rain. Under such conditions, the one group may
be superior to the other in the struggle for existence. When
confronted with less desirable conditions, that group may no
longer be able to compete on favorable terms, and thus will yield
supremacy to their rivals. From a purely floristic point of
view, it is of little consequence which of these furnishes the better

216 ^/^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

explanation of the facts, or whether both contain elements of
truth. In either case, the same species might be found in regions
of quite dissimilar rain-distribution ; so that the contrast between
such I'egions, if based on the mere presence and absence of
species, would have to be between plants with strong preference.
It is sufficiently assured that there are certain trees, for example,
that grow under both sets of conditions, but much better under
one. But it is obvious that it is impossible for very definite
statements to be made on this point for more than a very few
of the forest species.

What the theory seeks is to establish a correlation between the
rainfall and the geographic distribution of species. In northern
Luzon, the narrow western coastal plain is separated from the
broad Cagayan Valley and the east coast by the whole mass of
the Mountain Province, but the hills taper down to the north,
and the plant evidence is that in the extreme northwest, namely
in at least the northern part of the Province of Ilocos Norte,
there is an extension of species found on the east coast but not
in the more southern provinces of western Luzon. On this point
the mosses in this herbarium furnish no evidence, for not one
species has yet been collected in either Ilocos Norte or Ilocos
Sur, and not many in Union. Their total is probably small.
Nor are there many from the Batanes Islands, nor from Cagayan,
nor Isabela, but some of these have proven of considerable
interest. There is nothing from the east coast until just north
of the latitude of Manila, the intervening country being to-day
about the least accessible region in the Philippines. Then follows
the best known portion, bryologically, of eastern Luzon, Infanta,
Polillo, San Antonio in Laguna Province, and especially two
of the hills of the Banajao group, Banajao proper, and the lesser
Banajao or Lucban. It is again to be remembered, also, that
the mosses differ from the great majority of the species of
flowering plants, in that the latter have been collected at all
levels, whereas the former have mostly come from high eleva-
tions, especially the "mossy forest," where the humidity is great,
at all seasons and on all slopes.

In practice, therefore, all that can be ascertained here is
whether the mosses known from the western provinces of Ilocos
(none) , Union, Pangasinan (none) , Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan,
Zambales, Bataan, and Cavite seem to differ from those of In-
fanta, Polillo, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, and Albay on the
east, and whether either of these groups seems to show any
preference for extension into the Visayan and the southern
islands, or outside the Archipelago. Rizal Province is not a

IX. C. 3

Robinson: Distribution of Philippine Mosses

217

natural division, from a botanical point of view; the species
from near Manila have been counted as definitely west coast;
those from the northeastern part of the province have been
counted as east coast when they have also been found in other
localities, whether east or west; when this was their only Philip-
pine station of record, they were omitted altogether, as were those
of Nueva Ecija and Batangas (one only), this omission indi-
cating uncertainty in the mind of the writer as to the exact
point at which the dividing line should be drawn. Bryologically,
Bulacan may prove to be east coast, as the hill country in its
eastern part, almost uninhabited, will yield far more species
should collections be made there than can the much better known
and populous plain to the west.

The figures are as follows, but it should be noted that the
totals do not correspond to the sum of the separate columns,
for while the first three columns are mutually exclusive, the
second must and the third may be included in the fourth. Also
species are included in the total that do not appear in any
of the other columns, for example when a species is known only
from Benguet and Zambales.

Species of mosses found in the west-
ern provinces above named, but
not in the eastern

Species found in the eastern prov-
inces, but not in the western

Species found in both eastern and
western provinces

Endemic | tR,'?k?1°?,?„ to more
'Ph.hppine gouthern

Philippine
locality.

Istation, but
joutside dis-
tribution.

f^..^^ j:„„ I With extra-'
^.''.'t:?f:2^i Philippine!
distnbu-

islands i

within Phik

ippines. I

tion and {
one or more
Philippine
stations.

Total.

22 32

!

46 i 70

!

18 24

In view of what has previously been stated, this diflference
seems surprising, but while the details are much more likely to
be modified by future collections than in any of the cases pre-
viously considered, it is highly probable that there will remain
a very considerable number of species known only from one or
the other slope.^ The figures do appear to argue strongly against
one opinion based upon flowering plants, namely that the species
of eastern Luzon are the more likely to be found in the more
southern islands, and are also more likely to extend without the

See Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 190, 191.

218 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

Archipelago. In view of the supposed reason for the distinc-
tion of the two floras, this is a point of some importance. Before
a final opinion can be formed, it will be necessary to have fairly
full collections from critical districts, such as the Angat country
in Bulacan and Mount Maquiling in Laguna: the latter are
being obtained.

A side result suggested but not fully stated in the above table
is that the number of endemic species in the Mountain Province
is nearly twice that of the rest of Luzon taken together; for
the number credited to the latter consists of the 21 in the first
column of the table, 6 others from Rizal and Cagayan, and a
single species endemic in two adjoining localities on the eastern
slope. This disproportion may not prove permanent.

It has been seen that the study of moss distribution gives the
same result on all main points of inquiry as had already been
held for flowering plants; but that it only partly agrees with
those obtained for the ferns. So many weeds and other undoubt-
edly introduced species have had to be enumerated among the
flowering plants that their apparent percentage of endemism
has been materially lowered; so that among so-called native
species the mosses really have a slightly greater tendency to
extend to other regions. But as all species are taken as origi-
nating at a single point, this practically amounts to saying, that
in the Philippines, natural and artificial introduction, taken to-
gether, have brought about practically identical results in the
case of the groups here contrasted. Probably also the average
range of the moss species is greater than that of the phanerogams,
but the question hardly permits more than vague opinion.

The Phiuppine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914.

THE GENUS MACROGLOSSUM COPELAND

By Douglas H. Campbell
(Stanford University, California, U. S. A.)

In 1909, Professor E. B, Copeland described a new Marattia-
ceous fern, to which he gave the name Macroglossum Alidae.
The specimen was collected near Bau, in Sarawak, Borneo, where
in February, 1913, the writer collected at the original station
abundant material for a morphological study of this interesting
fern. After leaving Borneo, a visit was made to Buitenzorg,
and in the famous botanical garden there a single fruiting speci-
men of what was taken to be the same plant as Macroglossum
Alidae, was growing. This specimen was labeled Angiopteris
Smithii Raciborski, and inquiry showed that it was the type of
that species. It had been growing in the garden for about
twenty years, but its origin was unknown. It was conjectured
that the plant had been sent from either Borneo or Sumatra,
but no record of its origin was extant.

Material from this plant was shown to Professor Copeland
who thought it was identical with the Sarawak species ; but the
sporangia were immature, and a careful comparison of mature
sporophylls of the two plants has shown that they are not iden-
tical, although doubtless closely related. It is also evident that
the genus Macroglossum cannot be united with Angiopteris.
Raciborski's AngiopteHs Smithii must therefore be transferred
to the genus Macroglossum.^

The two species of Macroglossum closely resemble each other
in habit, but the Buitenzorg plant was considerably smaller than
the larger specimens of M. Alidae. The leaves of the latter were
about 4 meters in length, while those of M. Smithii scarcely
reached 3 meters.

A comparison of Macroglossum. with Angiopteiis shows a
number of notable differences. The habit of the plants is quite
unlike, the upright simply pinnate leaves of Macroglossum being
more numerous than the broad-spreading bipinnate leaves of

' MacrogloGsum Smithii (Raciborski) Campbell (Angiopteris Smithii
Raciborski in Bull. Int. Acad. Cracov. (1902) 54).

219

220

The Philippine Journal of Science

1914

most species of Angiopteris. In habit Macroglossuyn much re-
sembles the larger species of Danaea, although much larger than
these. In its simply pinnate leaves it also recalls Archangiop-
teris, with which it closely agrees also in the structure of the
sporangium. The pinnae, which in M. Alidae may exceed 50
cm in length, have entire margins, while in all of the species of
Angiopteris that were examined, the margin of the pinnules is
more or less strongly serrate.

J^2l\ -^

Fig. 1. A, a cross section of the leaf-lamina of Macroglossum Alidae, traversing three sori.
X 25 ; in, indusial hairs ; m, mucilage ducts. B, a similar section of the leaf of M.
Smithii. C, a similar section of the leaf of Angiopteris evecta ( ?).

The anatomy of the lamina is very different in Macroglossum
and Angiopteris. The material of Angiopteris used for compar-
ison, was a species collected at Peradeniya, Ceylon, under the
name of A. evecta. Sections through the sori show that the
lamina of the leaflet at this point is at least three times as thick
in Macroglossum as in Angiopteris, although the sporangia them-
selves are smaller (fig. 1). The palisade tissue is extremely
conspicuous in Macroglossum, while in Angiopteris it is much
less developed although there is a good deal of difference in this
respect in different species. Traversing each vein in Macro-

IX, c, 3 Campbell: Macroglossum Copeland 221

glossum is a conspicuous mucilage duct (m), which is wanting
in the leaf of Angiopteris. A striking feature in Macroglossum
is the development of a conspicuous ridge separating the elon-
gated sori, so that the latter are sunk in a sort of trough, very-
much as is the case in Danaea. This is especially marked in
M. Alidae, where only the upper portion of the sporangium is
free. In Angiopteris (fig. 1, C), the sporangia are entirely
exposed.

In Macroglossum there is a conspicuous indusium composed
of branching hairs, which form a fringe on either side or the
sorus. In M. Alidae these hairs reach nearly or quite to the
summit of the sporangia, and are very much like those found
in Archangiopteris.- These indusial hairs are much less devel-
oped in Angiopteris.

Fic. 2. Surface cells of the sporangium seen from the side ; the tannin cells are shaded.
A, MacroglossuTn Alidae; B, M. Smithii; C, Anfriopteris.

The elongated sorus of Macroglossum presents a quite different
appearance from that of Angiopteris. On account of the sub-
mersion of the sorus between the ridges referred to, the sporangia
project only slightly above the level of the leaf-surface, and
they are so closely crowded as to be scarcely distinguishable,
even with a lens, so that the sorus closely resembles superficially
the elongated solid synangium of Danaea. The individual spo-
rangia are smaller, but much more numerous than in Angiopteris
where there are usually from 6 to 15 sporangia in each sorus.
In Macroglossum Alidae there may be more than 60 sporangia
in the sorus.

Seen in median section (fig. 2, C) the sporangium of Angiop-
teris is nearly circular in outline, being strongly convex both
dorsally and ventrally. In MacroglossuTn (fig. 2, B) a simi-
lar section is nearly pear-shaped, the sporangium being much
less convex dorsally than in Angiopteris, and having the ventral
surface almost flat.

'Christ & Giesenhagen, Pteridographische Notizen, Flora 86 (1899).

126079 3

222

The Philippine Jouvjial of Science

1914

In both genera the superficial dorsal cells of the sporangium
are dark brown in color, due to the presence of dense cell-
contents which probably contain tannin, and which stain very
strongly with safranine (fig. 3). In A7igiopteris these tannin
cells cover the entire dorsal surface, but in Maci'oglossum Alidae
they are absent from the dorsal region for nearly half the height
of the sporangium. M. Smithii is intermediate between Angiop-
teris and M. Alidae in this respect.

Similar brown cells are also found upon the inner or ventral
face of the sporangium in Angioptens, forming a band on each
side of the line of dehiscence, and extending to the base of the
sporangium. In MacroglossuTn Synithii two patches of these
cells occur on either side of the line of dehiscence near the apex

B

Fig. 3. A, median sections of the sporanpia of Macroglossttm Alidae: B, Macroglossum
Smithii; C, Anffiopt.eris evecta (?) ; an, arnulus ; t, tapetum. The tannin cells are
shaded. X about 75.

of the sporangium, but in M. Alidae they are entirely wanting
on the ventral face of the sporangium. (Fig. 3, A.)

In Aiigiopteris a conspicuous annulus (fig. 4, C, an) of lig-
nified cells occupies the apex of the sporangium. In Macro-
glossum Smithii, a similar, but much less evident annulus occurs ;
but in M. Alidae, this is almost entirely wanting.

These differences, i. e., the fonn and anatomy of the leaf;
the structure and arrangement of the sporangia and indusium,
would seem amply sufficient to separate Macroglossum from
Angiopteris. Of the two species M. Alidae m.ay be considered
to be less specialized in regard to the sporangium. The num-
ber, arrangement and structure of the sporangia are more like
Archangiopteris than like Angiopteris, and on the whole, Macro-
glossum may be considered to be most nearly related to the
former genus. Like Archangiopteris there are suggestions of
a possible relationship with Danaea; but the entirely separate

IX, C, 3

Campbell: Macroglossum Copeland

223

sporangia in both genera forbid their close association with
Danaea, and indicate their inclusion in the family Angiopterideae.
The most obvious difference between M. Alidae and M. Smithii
is in the number of sporangia in the sorus, this being about
twice as great in M. Alidae where there may be upwards of 60.
Some of the smaller sori in M. Smithii are scarcely longer than
is sometimes found in Angiopteris. The sporangia of M. Alidae

Fig. 4. Apex of the sporangium showing the annulus, an. A, Macroglossum Alidat; B, M.
Smithii; C, Angiopteris. X 250.

are somewhat smaller and more crowded, so the resemblance
of the sorus of this species to Danaea is specially marked.
(Plate I, A) .

The leaf -lamina in M. Alidae is somewhat thicker than in
M. Smithii, and there are in M. Alidae obscure pseudo-nerves
between the veins, which are absent in M. Smithii. Finally the
true annulus in the sporangium of M. Smithii, and the less
developed indusium, distinguish it from M. Alidae.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE

Plate I. A, part of a pinna of Macroglossiivi Alidae, about natural size;
B, C, Macrogloseum Smithii, showing the much smaller size of
the sori.

225

ll-l-

226

The Phiuppine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914.

NEW SUMATRAN FERNS

By E. B. COPELAND

(From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines,
Los Banos, P. I.)

Mr. Cecil J. Brooks, to whose zeal and skill as a collector
much of the recently acquired knowledge of the fern flora of
Borneo is due, is now living at Lebong Tandai, Benkoelen, Su-
matra. From this locality he recently sent me for determi-
nation a most interesting collection of 111 specimens from which
the following fourteen are described as new. There are also
a considerable number of other additions to the known flora of
Sumatra. The study of the collection leaves me with the opinion
that the floras of Borneo and Sumatra are much more closely
related than has hitherto been supposed.

The numbers accompanying the following descriptions are
those attached to the specimens by Mr. Brooks. The locality
is given on all labels as "Lebong Tandai, Benkoelen."

MARATTIA CAUDATA sp. nov.

Rhachi castanea vel atrocastanea, glabra, fere laeve: pinnis
suboppositis, usque ad 50 cm longis, stipitatis, stipite 4-7 cm
longo; rhachi laeve, atrocastanea, exalata; pinnulis suboppositis,
maximis superioribus, usque ad 15 cm longis, 12-15 mm latis,
basi cuneatis, stipitatis, stipite 2-3 mm longo nigro, serratis vel
deorsum integris, apice in caudam ca. 2 cm longam 1.2 mm
latam sursum solummodo serratam angustatis, papyraceis, gla-
bris; venis fere omnibus simplicibus, opacis; soris margine
remotis, loculis 6-8-paribus, indusio atro-fusco.

No. Jtl. "In thick jungle on steep bank of stream. A large fern."
The remarkably caudate pinnules give this species a very distinct appear-
ance.

TRICHOMANES PULCHERRI M UM sp. nov.

Rhizomate late repente, 3-4 mm crasso, dense et breviter
nigro-piloso, in ala frondis quaeque frondes reductas 1 vel 2
dissectas segmentis setaceis emittente: stipite 10-20 cm alto,
castaneo, glabrescente, sursum rhachique angustissime alatis;

227

228 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

fronde ultra 30 cm alta, oblonga, acuminata, 4-5-pinnatifida
rhachi decidue puberula, castanea, lamina viride diaphana, prae-
cipue ad costas pilis longis paucis adspersa; segmentis ultimis
vix 0.5 mm latis, ad apices plerumque retusis; venis spuriis
nullis; indusio anguste turbinato-cylindrico, exalato, margine
subbilabiato et paullo dilatato, receptaculo exserto.

No. 26. Scandent on base of trunks in shady jungle.

A remarkably beautiful fern; related to Trichomanes speciosum Willd.,
and superficially much like T. aphlebioides Christ, of New Guinea. The
larger frond sent me wants the upper part; it was probably 60 cm high.

DRYOPTERIS PALEATA sp. nov.

D. Hallieri (Christ) C. Chr. affinis et similis, rhachi ubique
paleis magnis lanceolatis, et indusiis persistentibus pilosis dis-
tincta; pinnis insigniter ciliatis, sterilibus 30 cm longis, 4 cm
latis, fertilibus gracilioribus, apicibus venarum interdum in
sinubus confluentibus.

Nos. 136, fertile, and 68, sterile, compose the type specimen.
Related to Dryopteris Hallieri, as already stated, and also to D. crinipes
(Hooker) O. K., the veins of which regularly anastomose.

TECTARIA (PLEOCNEMIA vel ARCYPTERIS) OLIVACEA sp. nov.

Stipite fere 1 cm crasso, deorsum paleis filiformibus rufo-
castaneis crinitis densissime vestito, sursum nitido, castaneo;
fronde magna, rhachibus nitidis ; pinnae infimae desunt ; sequen-
tibus ca. 60 cm longis, 20 cm latis, brevistipitatis, acuminatis,
inferioribus stipitatis, basi cordato-truncatis, 1.5 cm latis, ultra
mediam laminam pinnatisectis, glabris, papyraceis, superne
castaneo-viridibus, subtus olivaceis; lobis falcato-oblongis, ob-
tusis, integris; venis inconspicuis, interdum more Pleocnemiae
seriem unam areolarum efformantibus, saepius areolas irregu-
lares paucas margini vel sinu propiores includentibus ; soris
medialibus, utroque latere costulae 5-7, nudis.

No. 172.

This can easily be mistaken for Tectaria leuzeana, from which it differs
in superficial view in the exceeding fineness of the basal scales and in the
less cut pinnules; the slightly different venation is correlated with the pre-
ceding character. The naked sori would make this an Arcypteris, but the
appearance is rather that of Pleocnemia.

TECTARIA (DIGRAMMARIA) ELLIPTICA sp. nov.

Stipite 50 cm alto, sordide nigro-brunneo, deorsum paleis
paucis lanceolatis adsperso; fronde ultra 50 cm alta, 35-40 cm
lata, abrupte acuminata, apice pinnatifida, alibi bipinnatifida ;
pinnis 5-8-paribus, sessilibus vel superioribus adnatis, infimis
quam sequentibus brevioribus et latioribus, baud deltoideis sed

IX. c, 3 Copelajid: Neiv Sumatran Feims 229

potius basi basiscopica abscissa; pinnis medialibus usque ad
25 cm longis, 6 cm latis, valde acuminatis, ad partem utroque
latere costae ca 1 cm latam integram lobatis, herbaceis, in
sinubus minute ciliatis, aliter glabris; lobis falcatis, 5-8 mm
latis, integris ; venis inconspicuis, anastomosantibus, in segmentis
series areolarum utroque latere costulae 1 vel 2 includentibus ;
soris medialibus, nudis, plus minus elongatis.

No. 81. "In shady jungle by stream."

Intermediate between Tectaria ambigua (Presl) and T. gigantea (Blume).

TECTARIA SINGAPORIANA (Wall.) Copel.
Aspidium singaporianum Wall. (1827).
No. 89.

LEPTOCHILUS OVATUS sp. nov.

Fronde sterile lata, venarum ramis prope marginem praestan-
tioribus; frondis fertilis stipite 35 cm alto, gracile, lamina
anguste ovata, vix 6 cm longa, 2.5 cm lata; aliter L. decurrenti
Bl. similis.

No. 155. "Scandent near base of small trees, in moist shade."
ATHYRIUM BROOKSII sp. nov.

Species gregis A. Swartzii (Bl.) {Diplazii Sivartzii Bl. Enum.
(1828) 191) rhizomate erecto ; stipitibus rhachibusque inermibus
nudis stipite 20-35 cm alto; fronde 30 cm alta, ovata, pinnata,
pinna terminale inciso-serrata non hastata, aliis argute grosse-
serratis; pinnis suboppositis, utroque latere ca, 5, stipitatis,
acuminatis, basi rotundatis baud truncatis, coriaceis, glabris,
sterilibus 15 cm longis, 3.5 cm latis; venis versus sinus anas-
tomosantibus; soris laminam fere obtegentibus.

No. 103.

A decidedly distinct member of the group of "Diplazum proliferum."

ASPLENIUM (THAMNOPTERIS) OBLANCEOLATUM sp. nov.

Rhizomate 2 mm crasso, radicibus profunde obtecto; stipite
subnullo; fronde 40-60 cm alta, 4 cm lata, anguste oblanceolata,
acuta, deorsum sensim longe attenuata, glabra, viride, subcoria-
cea; costa utraque facie prominente, inferne obscure carinata;
venis erecto-patentibus, infra marginem anastomosantibus ; soris
brevibus, a costa vix ^ ad marginem protensis, indusio nitido,
integro, persistente.

No. 28. "On trunk."

In form of frond approaching broad forms of Asplenium colubrinum
Christ, from which it differs in being broader, especially upward, and in
the shorter and less spreading sori.

230 I'he Philippine Journal of Science lou

MICROLEPIA BROOKSII sp. nov.

Pinnis infimis ca. 30 cm longis, 13 cm latis, acuminatis; pin-
nulis gracili-stipitatis, deltoideo-lanceolatis, argute acuminatis;
segmentis orbiculari-oblongis, rotundatis, infimo acroscopico
maximo plus minus inciso excepto proximis et interdum imbri-
catis, integris, sparsius puberulentibus, aliter ut M. trichosticha
J. Sm.

No. 105.

The peculiar form of the pinnules and segments distingfuishes this from
Microlepia Speluncae as well as from M. trichosticha. The latter has the
pinnae much longer but hardly wider at the base, the pinnules less dilated
at the base and relatively broad above and less sharply acuminate, and the
lobes narrower, farther apart and only the smaller ones near the apex
entire. The enlarged base of the trichomes is not a very good distinctive
character.

HUMATA INTERMEDIA C. Chr.

No. 39.

Already published as from Borneo and Perak. The Sumatra plant is
identical with one determined as this species, from Pahang.

DAVALLiA SUMATRANA sp. nov.

Rhizomate repente, ca. 7 mm crasso, dense paleaceo; stipite
50-60 cm alto, castaneo; fronde 80 cm vel ultra alta, 50-60 cm
lata, vix tripinnata, apice invisa, rhachi per 75 cm non alata;
pinnis stipitatis, infimis 35 cm longis, 15 cm latis, deltoideo-lan-
ceolatis, acuminatis, rhachi sursum alata, pinnis sequentibus
paullo brevioribus; pinnulis stipitatis, infimis 8 cm longis, 3.5
cm latis, acuminatis, pinnatifidis ; segmentis infimis ala angustis-
sima connexis, pinnatifido-lobatis, lobo infimo acroscopico maxi-
mo; segmentis sequentibus lineari-oblongis obtusis, serratis vel
crenatis, coriaceis, glabris, olivaceis ; venulis simplicibus, venulis
spuriis nullis ; soris multis, haud marginalibus, immersis ; indusio
plerumque plus quam 1 mm lato et minus quam 1 mm alto, trun-
cato, laete brunneo cum basi nigra.

No. 1U7. "A very large fern."

I imagine that this is the "D. decurrens" reported from Sumatra by van
Alderwerelt, who describes the indusium as "as long as broad." The real
Davallia decwrrens of Hooker has the indusia distinctly longer than broad,
and notably small. Of Hooker's figures, Sp. Fil, 1, Plate XLIV B, 2 is
correct, but 3, representing a single sorus, is defective, the upper part of
the indusium being gone. It is possible that D. lobbiana Moore is D. suma-
trana, but it is described as very much smaller and less cut, but as bearing
copious sori.

PTERIS FURCANS Baker.

No. 20. "Common on newly cut soft rock."

Hitherto known only from Borneo. The Sarawak plants are more slender,
but not otherwise distinguishable.

IX. c, 3 Copeland: New Sumatraji Ferns 231

PTERIS BROOKSII sp. nov.

Species gregis P, quadriauritae pinnis ovato-lanceolatis decur-
rentibus anguste pectinatis; stipitibiis usque ad 60 cm altis,
stramineis, deorsum paleis paucis castaneis horizontalibus ves-
tito, sursum minute f urf uraceo, glabrescente ; fronde 40 cm alta,
25 cm lata, pinnata cum pinna utroque latere infima furcata,
rhachi sub manu molle sub lente minutissime asperula, strami-
nea; pinnis usque ad 7 utroque latere, usque ad 16 cm longis,
ca. 4 cm latis, cum cauda Integra 2-3 cm longa 2 mm lata ter-
minantibus, stipitatis cum stipite alato, fere ad costam supeme
setigeram pectinatis, herbaceis, laete viridibus; segmentis inte-
gris, obtusis, rectis, ca. 2.5 mm latis, proximis, glabris, media-
libus vel inframedialibus longissimis, fere ad apices fertilibus;
venis furcatis.

No. 96. "On rocks in deep shade."

Decidedly distinct from other forms in this very comprehensive group.

MONOGRAMMA TRICHOIDEA J. Sm.

No. 119. On smooth trunk of palm.

The published range is "The Philippines and Borneo." I have also a
specimen from Pahang.

MONOGRAMMA INTERMEDIA Copel.
No. 1S5.
Previously known from Negros.

VITTARIA (TAENIOPSIS) SESSILIS sp. nov.

Rhizomate breve, paleis fere nigris e base 1 mm lato ovato
in setam angustissimam integram 7-8 mm longam angustatis
dense vestito ; frondibus conf ertis, usque ad 35 cm altis, ca. 7
mm latis, usque ad rhizoma 2-3 mm latis, coriaceis, glabris,
costa immersa ; soro intramarginale, immerso ; paraphysium ca-
pitibus lineari-cyathif ormibus ; sporis reniformibus.

No. 183.

So many species of Vittaria have been inadequately described that it is
difficult to be certain that any apparently new form is not one of them.
In Euvittaria it would be possible to identify this plant satisfactorily; but
it is unmistakably and obviously a Taeniopsis, and in this group its broad
base is in itself diagnostic.

PROSAPTIA SEMICRYPTA sp. nov.

Rhizomate brevirepente ; stipitibus 1-2 cm altis, deorsum vel
ubique nigris, minute pilosis; fronde 20-40 cm alta, usque ad
8 cm lata, deorsum abrupte angustata, costa infeme pilis sparsis
caducis ornata, aliter glabra nee enim ciliata, herbacea, ad alam
0.5 mm latam pinnatifida; pinnis costam versus abrupte dila-

232 The Philippine Journal of Science isu

tatis, aliter linearibus, usque ad 4 cm longis, 2-2.5 mm latis,
acutis, leviter crenatis ; soris subremotis, submarginalibus, versus
marginem apertis; parvis.

No. 93 (type), No. UO. On trunks and bases of trunks.

In position of sori, this is similar to Prosaptia ancestralis Copel. of Min-
danao, but is very much more delicate and finely cut. Although it seems
to me to be distinctly a Prosaptia, I have tried to find a name for this plant
in Polypodiuni; but the only species it would seem even possibly to be is
P. brevifrons Scort. in van Alderverelt's Handbook, p. 600; and a diagnosis
of this has never been published. Prosaptia semicrypta is distinct in several
respects from Polypodium repanduluni Mett.

LOXOGRAMME FORBESIl sp. nov.

Rhizomate 3 mm crasso, radicibus pilosissimis more Antro-
phyi aquam conservantibus dense obtecto; stipite 1 cm alto, ni-
gro, valido ; f ronde ca. 60 cm alta, 10 cm lata, oblanceolata,
acuminata, deorsum ad pedem fusco-siccam truncatam sensim
angustata, Integra vel minute crenulante, glabra, vix coriacea,
infra pallida, costa superne tereta, subtus deorsum carinata;
venis, pede sicca excepta, inconspicuis ; soris multis, a costa
fere ad marginem protensis, prope costam curvis.

No. 121. On trunk.

I suppose this to be Raciborski's var. Forbesii of L. blumeana Presl, but
am quite unable to regard it as a variety of that species. The widened
base has the same biological significance as those of Polypodium musifolium
and P. linguaeforme and Asplenium Nidus. The texture is thinner and the
veins more evident than in large forms of L. blumeana, and the appearance
of the sori is very distinct. I have made Brooks' plant the type of the
species in order to avoid any possible doubt as to the plant which the name,
as a specific one, fits.

LOXOGRAMME BROOKSII sp. nov.

Species unica generis foliis vero lanceolatis; rhizomate late
repente, 1 mm crasso, paleis parvis angustis vetustate deciduis
vestito; stipitibus distantibus, 1 cm longis; fronde uniforme,
lanceolata, 12-20 cm alta, 10-12 mm lata, infra mediam latissi-
ma, deinde utrinque angustata, valde acuminata, deorsum vix
in alam decurrente, integra, coriacea ; costa praecipue superne
prominente; venis omnino inconspicuis, in parte majore frondis
seriem unam solummodo includentibus ; soris brevibus, erecto-
patentibus, non imbricatis, leviter immersis nee non superne
elevatis.

No. 12Jf.

The fronds of Loxo gramme lanceolata are usually widest above the middle;
they are also much more decurrent than this plant, and have longer and
broader sori, which are more elevated above the upper surface.

IX, c. 3 Copeland: New Sumatran Ferns 233

POLYPODIUM (PHYMATODES) CRASPEDOSORUM sp. nov.

Rhizomate repente, 1 mm crasso, paleis e basi minuta peltata
anguste setiformibus, 6 mm longis, rubidis, apicem versus pal-
lescentibus; stipitibus 4-6 cm altis, 0.5 mm crassis, glabris;
frondibus subdimorphis, sterile 10-12 cm alta, 6-8 mm lata,
utrinque angustata, obtusa, Integra, margine angustissime car-
tilaginea coriacea, fertile 12-20 cm alta, ca. 4 mm lata, costa
gracile, superne elevata et minute sulcata, subtus tereta; venis
omnino occultis, tenuissimis, irregularibus, areolarum series 1-3
utroque latere includentibus ; soris submarginalibus, leviter
immersis et superne paullo praestantibus, plerisque oblongis
et margini parallelis.

No. isi^.

Differs from all other species known to me with sori near the margin,
Diblevima samarense, Polypodium revolutum, etc., in the setaceous clothing
of the rhizome, and from each species in several other respects; apparently
a very distinct novelty.

The Phiuppine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914.

PHILIPPINE BASIDIOAIYCETES, II

By Paul W. Graff

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory,
Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

HYMENOMYCETES
TREMELLINEAE

HIRNEOLA Fries

HIRNEOLA POLYTRICHA Mont, in Bel. Voy. Ind. Or. Crypt. 154, sub
Exidia Fr. ex Wahl. F. Nat. (1848) 2G.
Exidia purpurascens Jungh. Plant. Java Crypt. (1845) 25 fig. 3.
Aurindaria polytricha Sacc. Misc. 1 : 12.
Batanes Islands, Bur. Sci. 3879 Fenix, May-June, 1907.
Distributed through the American and Asiatic tropics and the islands of
the Pacific.

GUEPINIA Fries

GUEPINIA RAMOSA Curr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1 (1876) 127.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 1682i Curran, March, 1909: Prov-
ince of Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci, 5258 McGregor, September,
1908: vicinity of Manila, Merrill 8597, February 10, 1913, on bamboo fence
posts.

Previously reported from India.

GUEPINIA SPATHULARIA (Schw.) Fr. Blench. (1828) 32.

Merulius spathularia Schw. in Schr. Nat. Ges. Leip. 6: 20.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Morong, Bur. Sci. H52 Ramos, August, 1906.

Previously reported from the American tropics and Ceylon. Probably of
general tropical distribution.

THELEPHOREAE

STEREUM Persoon

6TEREUM HIRSUTUM (Willd.) Fr. Epicr. (1838) 549.
Thclephora hirsuta Willd. Flor. Ber. Prod. (1787) 397.
Auricularia reflexa Bull. Hist. Champ. France (1791-1798) 274.
Auricularia aurantiaca Schum., var. cristulatum Quel. Champ. Jura. 3

(1873) pi. 1, fig. 15.
Leyte, Wenzel 12, September 30, 1913, on log in forest at an elevation
of 60 m.

Of general tropical distribution,

235

236 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

CLADODERRIS Persoon

CLADODERRIS DENTRITICA Pers. ex Fr. Fung. Natal (1848) 22.

Thelephora dendritica Pers. ex Gaud. Bot. Frey. Voy. (1826) pi. 1, fig. U;
Fr. Epicr. (1838) 536.

Actinostroma crassum Klotz. ex Meyen Beitr. Bot. (1843) 237.

Cladoderris crassa Fr. Fung. Natal. (1848) 22.

Beccariella insignls Ces. Myc. Born. (1879) 9, pi. k-

Luzon Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1189 Ramos, July, 1906.
Mindanao, District of Davao, Sibulan River, Copeland, April 27, 1904, on
decaying wood.

It is very probable that Cladoderris elegans (Jungh.) Fr., should also
be included in the list of synonyms or, at least, be classed as a variety of
C. dendritica. There is a very slight difference between the two; the most
marked one being in the presence of a greater number of warty or papillate
excresences on the hymenial folds.

Reported from Ceylon, India, Borneo, Cuba and Brazil. Probably of very
general tropical distribution.

POLYPOREAE

POLYPORUS Micheli

POLYPORUS BENGUETENSIS (Murr.) comb. nov.

Coltrichia benguetensis Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 391.

Polystictus benguetensis Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 312.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Elmer 60^7, March, 1904, on dead Pinus
insularis; Baguio, Merrill 5003, October-November, 1905, on earth above
prostrate logs of Pinus insularis.

Broken surface pileus shining golden yellow-brown, poriferous layer of
the same color as the upper surface, brown and quite distinct from the
flesh of the pileus. This species should be placed in the genus Polyporus
without question.

Known only from the Philippines.

FOMES Fries

FOMES FASTUOSUS (Lev.) Cooke in Grevillea 14 (1886) 18.

Polyporus fastuosus Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 2 (1844) 190.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax, Bur. Sci. l^S6i McGregor,
March-April, 1912: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Copeland H5,
January 30, 1906; Lamao, For. Bur. 15568 Curran, November, 1908: Prov-
ince of Rizal, Antipolo, For. Bur. 70U Curran, May, 1907. Mindoro, Mount
Halcon, Merrill 61 U, November, 1906. Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin,
Bur. Sci. U171 Fenix, June-July, 1907. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp
Keithley, Clemens, June-July, 1907.

On comparing the material in the Bureau of Science herbarium it is
found that Pyropolyporus fastuosus (Lev.) Murr., this name having been
first used and published by Murrill for Philippine material,^ is a misnomer.
The specimen given that name by him is in reality Fomes spadiceus (Berk.)

'Murrill in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 179.

IX. c, 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 237

Cooke. The name Pyropolyporus fastuosus, therefore, becomes a synonym
for Fomes spadiceus rather than F. fastuosus.
Previously collected in Malacca.

FOMES KORTHALSII (Lev.) Cooke in Grevillea 14 (1886) 19.

Polyporus korthalsii Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 5 (1846) 133.

Pyropolyporus subextensus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908)
413.

Fomes subextensus (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 288.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 8732 McGregor, June,
1909. Negros, For. Bur. 1911 D Curran, September, 1909, on dead Skorea.
Mindanao, District of Davao, Mt. Apo, Elmer 10646, May, 1909: Lake
Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens, September, 1907 (cotype of
Pyropolyporus subextensus Murr.)

The typical material of Pyropolyporus subextensus Murr., proves on
comparison to be Fomes korthalsii (Lev.) Cooke rather than a distinct
species.

Previously collected in Sumatra.

FOMES LAMAOeNSIS (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912)
287.

Pyropolyporus lamaoensis Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907)
479.

Pyropolyporus williamsii Murr. 1. c. 479.

Fomes williamsii (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 289.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 16710 Bacani, March, 1909:
Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 12878 Fenix, November-December, 1910:
Province of Rizal, Montalban, Merrill 5089, March, 1905; Bosoboso, For.
Bur. 9526 Curran, February, 1908: Province of Bataan, Lamao, For. Bur.
15593 Curran, November, 1908, For. Bur. 19210, 19218 Curran, November,
1909. MiNDORO,. For. Bur. 12235 Rosenbluth, April-June, 1908; Mt. Halcon,
Merrill 6120, November, 1906. Babuyanes Islands, Bur. Sci. ^177 Fenix,
June-July, 1907. Negros, Gimagaan River, Copeland 15, January, 1906,
For. Bur. 19109 Curran, September, 1909. Mindanao, District of Davao,
Catalonan, Copeland 922, April, 1904: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Cle-
mens, s. n., July, 1907: Province of Agusan, Mt. Urdaneta, Elmer 13679,
September, 1912. Polillo, Bur. Sci. 10552 McGregor, October-November,
1909.

As Pyropolyporus lamaoensis Murr., appears first in publication this
name has precedence over P. williamsii Murr., though it is based on an
immature specimen of the species described further on in the article under
the latter name. The description, therefore, of P. lamaoensis should be
emended by being made to agree with MurriU's diagnosis of P. williamsii.

Collected only in the Philippines.

FOMES PACHYPHLOEUS Pat. in Journ. Bot. (1889) 257, pi 8; Bres. in
Bull. Soc. Myc. (1890) 41.

Elfvingia elmeri Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 476.

Ganoderma elmeri Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 295.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 19222, 192^0 Curran, November-
December, 1909; Moron, For Bur. 6^19 Curran, February, 1907, on Parkia
roxburghii; Lamao, For. Bur. 15587 Curran, November, 1908, on dead Al-
bizzia procera; Mt. Mariveles, Elmer 6961, November, 1904 (Type number

126079 4

238 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

of Elfvingia elmeri Murr.), For. Bur. 19253 Curran, January, 1910, on
Albizzia retusa. Culion, Merrill 3570, December, 1902, on decaying portion
of a living tree. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Clemens s. n.,
July, 1907. POLILLO, Bur. Scl 10526, 105 5 A McGregor, October-November,
1909.

Collections of this species have been made in Cameroon and in the Fiji
Islands.

FOMES ROSEO-ALBUS (Jungh.) Bres. in Hedwigia 53 (1912) 57.

Polyporus roseo-albus Jungh. Plant. Jav. Crypt (1845) 43.

Fomes ynortuosus Fr. Nov. Symb. Myc. (1851) 64.

Polyporus endapalus Berk, in Journ. Linn. Soc. 13 (1873) 163.

Polyporus caliginosus Berk, in Journ. Linn. Soc. 16 (1878) 46.

Coriolopsis copelandi Mutt, in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 35 (1908) 392.

Polystictus copelandi Sacc. & Trot. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 322.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, Copeland 1U7, February, 1904:
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 12H Ramos, July, 1906. Mindanao,
District of Davao, Copeland 71U, March 28, 1904 (Type number of Corio-
lopsis copelandi Murr.) ; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Bur. Sci. 21319, 21320,
21321 Clemens, June, 1907.

This is a rather common species of Fomes in the Philippines and Murrill's
Coriolopsis copelandi must be referred to it without question.

Reported from Malacca and other portions of the Asiatic tropics.

FOMES SPADICEUS (Berk.) Cooke in Grevillea 14 (1886) 20.

Polyporus spadiceus Berk, in Ann. Nat. Hist. I 3 (1839) 388.

Pyropolyporus fastuosus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 479.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 19233 Curran, December, 1909;
Lamao, For. Bur. 15585 Curran, November, 1908: Province of Nueva Ecija,
Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci. 52^0 McGregor, September, 1908. Mindanao, Zam-
boanga, For. Bur. 8972 Whitford & Hutchinson, January, 1908.

Curran 19233, named by Murrill, Pyropolyporus fastuosus (Lev.) Murr.,
proves, on an examination of the material of the same collection retained
in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, to be not Fomes fastuosus Lev.,
but F. spadiceus (Berk.) Cooke, or, according to Murrill's classification,
should have been called Pyropolyporus spadiceus (Berk.). It differs from
F. fastuosus in that the context is yellow-brown instead of brown, and is
much thinner. The pore layers are also thinner and the top has a slightly
dull velvety appearance rather than being shiny-velvety. There is an evi-
dent relationship between this species and Polystictus spadiceus (Jungh.)
Fries.

Previously collected in India.

FOMES SUBCHINONEUS (Murr.) comb. nov.

Tyromyces subchioneus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 406.

Polyporus subchioneus Sacc. & Trott. SylL Fung. 21 (1912) 278.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 1074, April 20, 1904
(Cotype of Tyromyces subchioneus Murr.)

This species should be transfered to Fomes rather than Polyporus as
was done by Saccardo and Trotter. The cotype specimen preserved in
the herbarium of the Bureau of Science shows the presence of three distinct
pore layers.

So far, only reported from the Philippines.

IX. c. 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 239

FOMES UNGULIFORMIS (Murr.) comb. nov.

Tyromyces unguliformis Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 35 (1908) 406.

Polyporus unguliformis (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912)
277.

Balabac, Tamburot, Bur. Sci. 533 Mangubat, March-April, 1906, (Co-
type of Tyromyces uiiguliformis Murr.)

The cotype material of this species, like that of the preceding, has sev-
eral pore layers and, hence, belongs in the genus Fomes.

Reported only from the Philippines.

POLYSTICTUS CERVINO-GILVUS (Jungh.) Fr. Nov. Symb. (1851) 94.

Polyporus cervino-gilvus Jungh. Flor. Crypt. Jav. (1838) 45, pi. 9.

Trametes dermatodes Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ill, 2 (1844) 196.

Polyporus dermatodes Lev. Bot. Voy. Bonite, (1846) 180, pi. 138, fig. 2.

Polyporus peradeniae Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 14 (1875) 51.

Hexagonia vitellina Ces. in Nap. Accad. Atti 8 (1879) 8.

Coriolopsis dermatodes Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 466.

Coriolopsis mellco-flavus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 393.

Polystictus melleo-flavus Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 324.

Luzon, Subprovince of Ifugao, Bur. Sci. 20035 McGregor, February,
1913: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 20280, 20292 McGregor, Jan-
uary, 1913: Province of Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci. 5239 McGregor,
September, 1908: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 2158 Ramos, Feb-
ruary 1907; Jalajala, Bur. Sci. 11958 Robinson, October 27, 1910: Province
of Bataan, Lamao, For. Bur. 15584. Curran, November, 1908, 19216 Curran,
November, 1909. Mindoro, Bulalacao, Bur. Sci. 6669 Robinson, March
14-24, 1909. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Copeland
492, 733, May, 1904; Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9238 Whitford and Hutchinson,
January, 1908, on dead wood (cotype of Coriolopsis melleo-fiavus Murr.).

The pore bearing surface of this fungus changes its color w^ith age.
In young growing specimens it is of a lemon-yellow color while later it
becomes tawny or reddish brown to dull brown. The specimens described
by Murrill as Coriolopsis melleo-flavus had been gathered while growing
and were well preserved, hence his new name for the species, and his reason
for creating it.

Collected previously in Borneo, Java, and Ceylon.

POLYSTICTUS DEALBATUS (B. & C.) Saccardo Syll. Fung. 6 (1888)
218.

Polyporus dealbatus B. & C. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II, 12 (1853) 432.

Polyporus mutabilis B. & C. 1. c. 433.

Polyporus petaliformis B. & C. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10 (1868) 307.

Polyporus polygrammus B. & C. 1. c. 307.

Polyporus ravenelii B. & C. in Grevillea 1 (1872) 38.

Polystictus cretatus Cooke in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 13 (1878) 137.

Polyporus cervicoiins Cooke in Grevillea 17 (1889) 59.

Microporellus dealbatus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 32 (1905) 483.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 8203 Curran & Merritt, Novem-
ber-December. 1907. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens
8. n. July, 1907.

240 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

Saccardo publishes this as Polystictus dealbatus but fails to give the
authority for the change from Polyporus as published by Berkeley and
Curtis.

Reported mainly from the American tropics.

POLYSTICTUS FUNALIS Fr. Epicr. (1838) 459.

Funalia funalis Pat. Tax. Hymen. (1900) 95.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Elmer 6355, May, 1904, on fallen logs.

This species has also been reported from here as Polystictus mons-veneris
Jungh. Previous collections have been made in Madagascar, Guinea, and
Brazil.

POLYSTICTUS INQUINATUS Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ill 5 (1846)
140.

Microporellus subdealbatus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907)
471.

Polystictus subdealbatus Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 309.

Polystictus subdealbatus Bres. in Hedwigia 53 (1912) 65.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, Merrill 3511, October, 1903, on
prostrate logs (Cotype of Microporellus subdealbatus Murr.). Mindanao,
District of Zamboanga, Quinital, For. Bur. 9226 Whitford & Hutchinson,
January, 1908.

Previously reported from India.

POLYSTICTUS MELEAGRIS (Berk.) Cooke in Grevillea 14 (1886) 79.

Polyporus meleagris Berk, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 16 (1878) 42.

Coriolus clemensiae Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 394.

Polystictus clemensiae Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 318.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Camatauiogan, For. Bur. 16875 Bacani,
February, 1909: Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Bur. Sci. 9670 Robinson,
February 28, 1910, on dead w^ood; Paete, For. Bur. 96ii Currant, March,
1908: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 19228 Curran, November, 1909; Lamao
River, Copeland 185, 2U7 , February, 1904. Negros, Gimagaan River, Cope-
land 10, January 6, 1904, on a decaying log. Mindanao, Lake Lanao,
Camp Keithley, Clemens s. n. September-October, 1907 (cotype of Coriolus
clemensiae Murr.) : Province of Surigao, Caraga, Merrill 5J!f60, October 6,
1906: District of Davao, Copeland i.58, 925, March, 1904. POLILLO, Bur.
Sci. 6860 Robinson, August, 1909, Bur. Sci. 10539 McGregor, October-
November, 1909. Lumbacan, Merrill 5281, October 7, 1906, on dead Calo-
phyllum inophyllum.

On comparison of the cotype material of Coriolus clemensiae Murr.,
with the specimens of Polystictus meleagris (Berk.) Cooke, in the herba-
rium of the Bureau of Science there can be no doubt of their being ident-
ical.

Previously collected on the Island of Aru by the Challenger Expedition.

POLYSTICTUS MURINUS (Lev.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6 (1888) 226.
Polyporus murinus Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ill 2 (1844) 185.
Coriolus murinus Pat. Tax. Hymen. (1900) 94.
Coriolus currani Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 395.
Polystictus currani Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 319.

IX, c. 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 241

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 16639 Curran, February, 1909,
Bur. Sci. 7593 Ramos, March 1909: Subprovince of Ifugao, Payauan, Bur.
Sci. 20039, 20052 McGregor, February, 1913: Province of Laguna, Los
Baiios, Bur. Sci. 9669 Robinson, February 2-8, 1910; Mt. Maquiling, For.
Bur. 8965, Curran & Merritt, October 23-24, 1907 (Cotype of Coriolus
currani Murr.) ; San Antonio, For. Bur. 132^2 Curran, March, 1912; Paete,
For. Bur. 96JfO Curran, March, 1908: Province of Tayabas, Mauban, For.
Bur. 9591, 9592 Curran, March, 1908; Dapdap Point, Bur. Sci. 13122 Fox-
worthy, March, 1911; Mt. Pular, Bur. Sci. 19398 Ramos, January, 1913.
Negros, Gimagaan River, Copeland 5, January 6, 1904.

A comparison of the cotype material of Coriolus currani Murr., with
authentically named specimens of Polystictus murinus Lev., discloses their
identity and the necessity of reducing Murrill's species to a synonym of
the latter.

Previously reported from Java.

POLYSTICTUS SPADICEUS (Jungh.) Fries Nov. Symb. Myc. (1851).

Polyporus spadiceus Jungh. Flor. Crypt. Java (1838) 54, pi. SO.

Polystictus microcyclus Zipp. ex Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill, 2 (1844)
188.

Polystictus tabacimis Mont, ex Gay Hist. Fisica Pol. Chile 7 (1845) 361,
pi. 7, fig. 6.

Fomes substygius B. & Br. ex Cooke Praec. Polyp, n. 522.

Polystictus xerampelinus Kalchbr. in Grevillea 4 (1876) 72.

Cycloporellus microcyclus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 468.

Polystictus substygius Bres. in Hedwigia 53 (1912) 66.
. Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Bur. Sci. 759U Ramos, March, 1909: Prov-
ince of Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax, Bur. Sci. H371 McGregor, March-April,
1912: Subprovince of Ifugao, Bur. Sci. 20037 McGregor, February, 1913:
Province of Benguet, Sablang, Bur. Sci. 128^8 Fenix, November-December,
1910: Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 1860 Ramos, January, 1907, Bur. Sci.
lSJf59 Ramos, February, 1911; San Isidro, Bur. Sci. 8U Foxworthy, January,
1906; Montalban, Merrill 5086, March, 1906: Province of Laguna, Mt.
Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 15956, 15981 Graff, February 23-28, 1912; Paete,
Bur. Sci. 10065 Ramos, July, 1909: Province of Bataan, Lamao, For. Bur.
15570 Curran, November, 1908; Mt. Mariveles, Merrill 3707, January, 1904,
on prostrate logs, Copeland 166, January, 1906: Province of Tayabas,
Mt. Malaraya, For. Bur. 8960 Curran & Merritt, November, 1907; Lagui-
manoc, Merrill i023, March, 1913. Negros, For. Bur. 13739, 19108 Curran,
September, 1909, on decaying logs. Negros, Dumaguete, Elmer 10019,
April, 1908. Mindanao, District of Lanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley,
Mrs. Clements, s. n., July-September, 1907 : Subprovince of Butuan, Weber
12S7, 1271, March-July, 1911; District of Davao, Mt. Apo, Elmer 1060U,
May, 1909: PoLlLLO, Bur. Sci. 6836 Robinson, August, 1909.

This species is exceedingly common throughout the Archipelago. Some
slight variation is found in the upper surface, which may be velvety or
nearly lack the short tomentum, and in the texture, which may be thin
and flexible or somewhat rigid. These differences, however, are not so
great but that all forms may be found in a single collection when repre-
sented by a number of specimens. From an observation of material col-
lected in quantity and from a number of localities there can be no doubt

242 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

but that the various isolated specimens known specifically as P. bpadiceus,
P. microcyclus, P. tabacinus and P. substygius really belong to the same
species. P. callimorphus Lev. is a near relative.

Previously reported from Chili, Juan Fernandez, New Zealand and Java.

POLYSTICTUS SPADICEUS (Jungh.) Fr. var. BARBATUS (Murr.)
comb. nov.

Cycloporellus barbatus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 397.

Polystictus barbatus Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 321.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 8208 Curran & Merritt, Novem-
ber-December, 1907.

It hardly seems warranted to make a distinct species of this fungus as
in microscopic and macroscopic characters the fruiting surface and context
are identical with that of P. spadiceus (Jungh.) Fr. The distinction occurs
in that the specimens of this collection, as the name given it implies,
possess a long tomentose covering on the upper surface. This surface is
also somewhat darker. The tomentum varies from short hairs at the outer
margin, up to 3 mm in length near the place of attachment of the pileus.
In typical specimens of P. spadiceus the upper surface varies in character
from short-tomentose to smooth and appears velvety rather than hairy.

Collected only in the Philippines.

POLYSTICTUS SUBVERNICIPES (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21
(1912) 320.

Coriohis subvernicipes Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 397.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 21IfJt Ramos, February,
1907, on Cassia fistula (cotype of Coriolus subvernicipes Murr.), Bur. Sci.
21U5 Ramos, February, 1907, on Mangifera altissima.

This species is published by Saccardo and Trotter as P. subverniceps, an
error in the spelling of the specific name.

Reported only from the Philippines.

POLYSTICTUS VINOSUS Berk, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II, 9 (1852) 196.

Nigroporus vinosus Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 32 (1905) 361.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablang, Bur. Sci. 1286U Fenix, November-
December, 1910: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 21i8 Ramos, Feb-
ruary, 1907: Province of Bataan, Mt. Mariveles, Merrill 3695, January 1,
1904. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n., June,
October, 1907.

The previous collections of this fungus were made in Cuba, which spe-
cimens were made the type of Murrill's genus Nigroporus. This is not the
same as Polyporus badius Jungh., as reported by Bresadola in Hedwigia
53 (1912) 54, but quite distinct. As Murrill states for the Cuban material,
"the species is easily recognized by by its wine-colored context." The same
characterization holds true for the Philippine specimens. Besides this, in
the Philippine collections, the pore surface of the young growing specimens
is also of the same color ; changing later to brown. The pileus of P. badius
is considerably thicker than that of P. vinosus and is striate to fibrillose-
striate while the latter shows no signs of striae. The pores of P. vinosus
measure but 100 m while those of P. badius are 285 m across. Both species
are well represented in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science.

IX. c. 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, I J 243

TRAMETES Fries

TRAMETES ELMERI (Murr.) comb. nov.

Tyromyces elmeri Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 475.

Polyporus elmeri Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 279.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mt. Mariveles, Elmer 695J!t, November, 1904
(cotype of Tyromyces elmeri Murr.).

The habit of this fungus is very similar to that of the resupinate forms
of Trametes corrugata (Pers.) Bres.

Reported only from the Philippines.

DAEDALEA Persoon

DAEDALEA I M PON ENS Cesati in Nap. Accad. Atti. 8 (1879) 7.

Funalia philippinensis Murr. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34 (1907) 469.

Polystictus philippinensis Sacc. & Trott. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 321.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, Copeland 157, January 29, 1904,
For. Bur. 19189 Curran, November, 1909.

A slight tendency is shown in some specimens toward a Polystictus type
of pore. The labyrinthine type, however, is usually strongly pronounced.

Previously collected by Beccari in Sarawak, Borneo.

LASCHIA Fries

LASCHIA (FAVOLASCHIA) CALMICOLA P. Henn. & E. Nym. in Warburg
Monsunia 1 (1899) 13.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, Bur. For. 20607 Curran, December,
1909.

This material averages slightly larger than that originally described
from Java, being 2.5 to 5 mm wide, 2 to 5 mm long and with a stipe 1.5
to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm thick.

AGARICINEAE
LEPIOTA Fries
LEPIOTA CEPAESTIPES (Sow.) Quel. Champ. Jura 1 (1873) 73.

Agaricus cepaesfipes Sow. Engl. Fungi (1797) pi. 2.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 21327 Graff, July 21, 1913, growing in grass
on a lawn. Bur. Sci. 21326 Graff, July 23, 1913, growing at the base of a
clump of bamboo.

Spores 5.5 x 7.5 m with very large, usually single, guttulae averaging 2.5
x3.8 M. Basidia broad clubshaped, 11.5x15 m, with four sterigmata, 3.8
M long. Stipe stuffed at first, later becoming hollow.

Collected previously in the warmer parts of Europe, India and Brazil.

LEPIOTA ESCULENTA (Mass.) Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fung. 16 (1902) 2.

Chlorophyllum esculentum Mass. in Kew Bull. (1898) 135.

Lepiota chlorospora Copel. in Ann. Myc. 3 (1905) 28; Govt. Lab. Publ.
28 (1905) 143.

Luzon, Manila and vicinity, Bur. Sci. 168H, 20979 Graff, August, 1912,
growing on lawn.

It hardly seems sufficient reason for designating L. esculenta and L.
chlorospora two distinct species when there is no more difference than the

244 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

fact that the annulus was movable in the material from which the original
diagnosis was written in the case of the former species and fixed in the
latter. While fixed in the growing specimens it tends frequently to become
loosened in the Philippine material as it dries. The specimens collected
about Manila also show a considerable variation in the number of flocculent
scales on the upper surface of the pileus. In some collections made they
are numerous while in others they are almost entirely lacking.

First described from material collected in British Guiana. Found so
far only in the American tropics and the Philippines.

LEPIOTA FUSCO-SQUAMEA Peck in Rep. State Mus. New York, 25: 50.

Luzon, Manila, Merrill 9170, July 24, 1913, growing in lawn.

Cap 3 to 4 cm in diameter, stipe 4 to 5 cm long and 4 mm thick, basidia
9.5 by 24.5 m, spores 5 by 11.5 t^.

Previously collected in the United States.

LEPIOTA MANILENSIS Copel. in Ann. Myc. 3 (1905) 29; Govt. Lab. Publ.
28 (1905) 145.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 21325 Graff, July 30, 1913, in grass by road-
side.

Mature spores of these specimens average 7.5 by 11.5 m, slightly larger
than those of Copeland's collection but none reach the size given as the
dimension of the largest found by him. The stipe is stuffed at first but
may become hollow at maturity.

Reported only from the Philippines.

LEPIOTA PULCHERRIMA nom. nov.

Lepiota Candida Morg. in Journ. Myc. 12 (1906) 202, non Copel.

Luzon, vicinity of Manila, Sanchez 56, September, 1913, growing on
lawn.

Unfortunately Morgan's name is antedated by L. Candida Copel., and,
what is still more unfortunate, the type of Copeland's species has been lost.
There can be little doubt but that this collection represents a form of Mor-
gan's species, the only difference being in the size of the spores, those of
the Manila specimens measuring 4.5 to 5.5 by 7 to 8 m while Morgan's
figures are 3 to 4 by 5 to 7 m, and in the surface of the pileus and stipe
which are more floccose than fibrillose. Copeland's species is described as
shining, almost naked and with spores measuring 6 by 9.5 m. The "strongly
fusiform lower third of the stipe" is characteristic of both Copeland's and
Morgan's specimens as well as the other material under discussion. The
spores of this collection average half way between the other two in size
while the surface of the pileus of L. Candida Morg., is intermediate in
character between Copeland's species and this last Manila collection. It
seems possible that, could Copeland's species be reestablished, his name
would be the proper one for this fungus. Until this can be done, however,
it will be necessary to consider them as two distinct species.

Collected previously in the United States.

LEPIOTA REVELATA B. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 11 (1871) 510.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 2132i Graff, July 24, 1913, growing on lawn.
Collected previously in Ceylon.

IX, c, 3 Graff: Philippme Basidiomycetes, II 245

LEPIOTA SULPHOPENITA sp. nov.

Solitaria vel pauci-caespitosa ; pileo primo globoso dein e cam-
panulato expanse, sulphuric, minute-flocculoso, unicolor vel raro
centre umbone aurantiaco-flocculoso, membranaceo-carnoso, 5 ad
6 cm diam., came tenui sulphuric, margine striato-sulcato ; la-
mellis liberis, sulphureis, membranaceis ; stipite cylindraceo, basi
elongato-bulboso praedita, sulphuric flccculcsa, cave, 8 ad 10 cm
Icngis, 7 ad 10 mm latis; annulo membranaceo, secedente; sporis
ovatis, pallide luteis, uniguttulatis, apiculatis, 5.5 /x latis, 11.5 /i
longis.

Plants grcwing sclitary or gathered in tufts cf a few. Pileus
at first globose, then developing from campanulate to broadly
expanded, sulphur yeflcw, covered with fine floccose scales which
may disappear in older specimens, for the most part cf one color
throughout, rarely found with the center of the cap of an or-
ange color, thin-fleshy, 5 to 6 cm in diameter, margin deeply
striate-furrowed, flesh yellow. Stipe cylindric with an elon-
gate bulbose base, sulphur yellow, floccose, hollow, 8 to 10 cm
long, 7 to 10 mm broad. Annulus thin and separating easily
from the stipe. Spores ovate, pale yellow, uniguttulate, apicu-
late, 5.5 by 11.5 /t.

Luzon, Manila, Merrill 8U17, September, 1912, growing on decaying
wood.

TRJCHOLOMA Fries

TRICHOLOMA TENUIS sp. nov.

Pileo carnoso, convexo, piano dein concavo, centrum badio-
fusco evade circa marginem albi, margine striato-sulcato, floc-
coso ; flocculis sparsis, badio-f uscis ; came tenue, 2 mm crassa,
alba; stipite pilei concolori, carnoso-fibrilloso, solido dein cavo,
5 cm longo, basi vix incrassatulo 8 mm, medio 5 ad 6 mm;
lamellis albis, adnatis, 5 mm latis; basidiis longo-clavatis, 7.5
fi latis, 38 /i, longis; sporis ellipsoideis ad irreguliter ellipsoideis,
3.5 /A latis, 7.5 fx longis, uniguttulatis, hyalinis.

Plants growing solitary. Pileus fleshy, convex to expanded
and concave in old specimens, odor slight, of a red-brown color
in the center with striae of the same color extending outward
toward a sulcate margin, in the outer half of the radius of the
cap the red-brown of the center becomes diminished to white.
Over the white portion are scattered a few flocculent reddish-
brown scales. The cap averages about 6 cm in diameter. The
flesh is thin, about 2 mm in thickness, white. Margin thin and
becoming more or less irregularly lacerated. Stipe of a similar
color to the center of the pileus but somewhat diluted, fleshy-

246 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science wu

fibrous, inner portion fibrous becoming hollow at maturity, 5
cm long, diameter varying gradually from 8 mm at the base to
6 mm near the middle and 5 mm at the top. Lamellae white,
varying in length, 5 mm broad at the center and rounding off
at both ends; to a thin margin on the outside and being slightly
adnate at the inner extremity. Basidia long, narrow, club-
shaped, 7.5 by 38 /a. Spores elliptic to irregularly-elliptic, 3.5
by 7.5 n, uniguttulate, colorless.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 21660 Graff, August 5, 1913, in grass on lawn.

MARASMIUS Fries

MARASMIUS CAPILLIPES Sacc. F. Ven. Ser 5: 162.

Luzon, Manila, Merrill 8399, October 2, 1912, on decaying roots of
Streblus asper.

Previously reported from Italy.

MARASMIUS ERUMPENS Mass, in Kew Bull. (1898) 119.

Luzon, Manila, Sanchez 57, September 5, 1913, on dead tree branches.
Previously collected in Borneo.

MARASMIUS PATOUILLARDI Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fung. 14 (1890) 113.

Ma/rasmius nigripes Pat. in Journ. Bot, (1897) 337, not Schw.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, For. Bur. 20606 Curran, December,
1907, on dead twigs. Babuyanes Isands, Bur. Sci. 3929 Fenix, June, 1907.

Collected previously in Tonkin.

MARASMIUS SICCUS Schw. in Schrift. Nat. Ges. Leip. 6: 677, ex Fries
Epicr. (1838) 382.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Paete, Bur. Sci. 10066 Ramos, July, 1909.
Collected previously in the United States.

LENTINUS Fries

LENTINUS LAGUNENSIS Graff in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 302.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 16839 Ramos, June,
1912, in forest; Mt. Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16696 Brown, October, 1912, in
forest.

This second collection of the species has all the characteristics of the
first except size, the specimens averaging somewhat smaller. Height 10 to
12 cm, pileus 6 to 8 cm in diameter, stipe 5 to 6 cm high and 4 to 8 mm
thick.

Known only from the Philippines.

LENTINUS MACGREGORII sp. nov. (Plate IL)

Pileis carnoso-membranaceis, lentis, infundibuliformis vel
crateriformis, fuscis vel fulvis, nitidis, glabris, nudis, 6 ad 8.5
cm latis; margine acuto, involute; stipite brevi, solido, duro,
centrale vel subexcentrico, 10 ad 15 mm longo, 7 ad 10 mm
crasso, melleo-albicante, annulo siccate f uligineo praedito ; lamel-
lis decurrentibus, membranaceis, inaequalibus, concoloribus ;

IX, c. 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 247

basidiis clavatis, 5 ad 19 /n; sporis hyalinis, 2 ad 2.6 /i, sphaero-
ideo-ellipsoideis.

Pileus fleshy, thin, tough, flexible, funnel shaped to crateri-
form, tawny to dark brown, smooth, with a shining surface,
slightly fibrillose-striate, 6 to 8.5 cm in diameter. Margin acute,
somewhat involute, thin. Stipe short, solid and hard, central
to subexcentric, 10 to 15 mm long, 7 to 10 mm thick, yellowish,
somewhat bulbous, to which part slight remanants of a veil
remain attached and below which the stipe is attenuated into a
root-like prolongation. Lamellae decurrent, membranaceous,
unequal, of the same color, as the stipe. Basidia clavate, 5 by
19 IX. Spores hyaline, 2 by 2.6 /x, round-ellipsoid.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. HS7U
McGregor, March-April, 1912.

LENTINUS PRAERIGIDUS Berk, in Hook. Kew Card. Journ. 6 (1854) 132.

Lentinus kurziatuis Berk. & Curr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1 (1876)
120, pi. 20, fig. 2.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin, Bur. Sci. ^179 Fenix, June-July, 1907.
Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. H373
McGregor, March-April, 1912: Province of Zambales, Subic, For. Bur. 7028
Curran, May, 1907: Province of Rizal, Mt. Paimlan, Bur. Sci. 13^66 Ramos,
February 3, 1911, on dead tree; Montalban, Merrill 509^, March, 1906:
Province of Bataan, Lamao, For. Bur. 19232 Curran, December, 1909;
Mt. Mariveles, Merrill 3703, 3710, January 1, 1904, Bur. Sci. 16765 Graff,
April, 1912. Mindanao, Subprovince of Butuan, Weber 126U March-July,
1911.

Previously collected in India.

LENTINUS STRIGOSUS (Schw.) Fr. Elench. 1 (1828) 47.

Agaricus strigosus Schw. in Schrift. Natur. Ges. Leip. 1 (1822) 89.

Panus rudis Fr. Epicr. (1836-1838) 398.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 881,8, 8863, April and May, 1913, on rotten
logs in thickets. Mindanao, District of Cotabato, PoUok Harbor, Cope-
lamd 330, March 2, 1904.

Collected previously in the United States, Cuba, Guinea, Ceylon, and
Madagascar. Probably to be found growing throughout the tropics.

LENTINUS WOODII Kalchbr. in Grevillea 9 (1881) 136.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 16851 Schultze, September 14, 1912, growing
on lawn.

Previously collected in Natal.

NAUCORIA Fries
NAUCORIA PEDIADES Fr. Syst. Myc. 1 (1821) 290; Hym. Eur. (1874)
260.
Agaricus pusillu^ SchaefF. Fung. Bav. Pal. Ic. (1762-1774) pi. 203.
Agaricus pumilus Pers. Myc. Eur. 3 (1822-1828) 163.
Agaricus arvalis Fr. Epicr. (1836-1838) 197.
Agaricus semiorbicularis Vent. Stud. Micol. (1842) 467, pi. H2, fig. 1.

248 3^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

Luzon, Manila, Copeland 1358, July 2, 1904, growing on lawn. Bur. Set.
22007 Graff, December 21, 1913, Bur. Set. 22008 Graff, December 27, 1913,
growing on lawn.

Found in Europe, Abyssinia, Ceylon, Australia, Siberia and the United
States.

NAUCORIA SEMIORBICULARIS (Bull.) Quel. Champ. Jur. 1 (1873) 132.

Agaricus longipes Scop. Flora Carn. (1760-1772) 446.

Agaricus seviiorbicularis Bull. Hist. Champ. France (1791-1798) 467,
pi. U22, fig. 1.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Copeland 773, May 27,
1904, growing in sand near the sea.

Collected in Europe, northern Africa, India and the United States.

GALERA Fries

GALERA SILIGINEA Fr. Obs. Myc. 2 (1815-1818) 168; Hym. Eur. (1874)
267.
Agaricus foraminulosus Bull. Hist. Champ. France (1791-1798) 304, pi.

535, fig. 1.
Agaricus tener Pers. Syn. Met. Fung. (1801-1808) 386.
Agaricus pilosellus Pers. 1. c. 387.
Luzon, Manila, Merrill 8^.05, July 29, 1912.
Previously collected in Europe, Ceylon, and northern India.

AGARICUS Linnaeus
AGARICUS BOLTON I Copel. in Ann. Myc. 3 (1905) 27; Govt. Lab. Publ.
28 (1905) 144.
Mindanao, District of Davao, Copeland ^33, April, 1904, growing in
meadows.

This number is Copeland's type material and is in the herbarium of
the Bureau of Science. The species has only been collected in the Philip-
pines.

AGARICUS LU20NENSIS sp. nov.

Pileo carnoso, convexo-expanso, centre badio, 7 ad 9 cm diam. ;
margine tenuo, albo, fibrilloso; fibrillis badiis, minutis; came
albo; stipite solido, fibrilloso, albo vel albo-brunneo, 9 cm longo,
6 ad 9 mm crasso, basi subbulboso, levi supra annulo flocculoso;
annulo membranaceo, certo in parte superiore; lamellis albis,
6 mm latis, obtusis, margine laceratis; basidiis clavatis, 5.5 fx
latis, 9 [X longis; sporis brunneis, ellipticis, 2.5 ad 3 jn latis, 5
ad 5.5 fx longis, guttulatis.

Plants solitary, odor slight. Pileus fleshy, convex to ex-
panded, clothed completely, except for the solid red-brown
center, with delicate red-brown fibrils, the outer two-thirds
showing the white flesh of the cap between, soft, smooth, with
a thin margin, 7 to 9 cm in diameter. Flesh white, 5 mm^ thick.
Margin with, usually, remanants of the membreanaceous veil
attached. Stipe varying in diameter from 9 mm just above the

IX. c, 3 Graff: Philippme Basidiomycetes, II 249

slightly swollen base to 6 mm at the insertion into the pileus,
long, solid, fibrous throughout, white to light brown, smooth
except above the annulus where it is slightly flocculent. Annu-
lus well up on the stipe, membranaceous, persistant. Lamellae
white but appearing very dark at the maturity of the fungus
because of the color of the ripe spores, 6 mm broad, both ends
obtuse, margin minutely notched and showing the white color
of the gills even at maturity. Basidia club-shaped, 5.5 by 19 /x.
Spores dark brown, small, elliptic, 2.5 to 3 by 5 to 5.5 /x, often
uniguttulate.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Set. 21661 Graff, August 7, 1913.

AGARICUS PERFUSCUS Copel. in Ann. Myc. 3 (1905) 28; Govt. Lab.
Publ. 28 (1905) 145.

Luzon, Manila, Copeland 1353, June 25, 1904, growing on lawn.

A comparison of the date of collection with the date of publication of
the species leads one to think that this collection may be Copeland's type
material. There is nothing on his label, however, to indicate this. The
material agrees very nicely with his description and there can be no doubt
but that the species is a good one.

The species has only been collected in the Philippines.

STROPHARIA Fries
STROPHARIA RADICATA sp. nov.

Pileo carnoso, compacto, ex hemisphaerico expanso, glabro,
subviscido, fulvo, margine demum substriato, 2.5 ad 3.5 cm
latis ; lamellis adnatis, mollis, ex albido nigro-f uscentibus ; stipite
aequali, gracili, flexuoso, albido-fusco, striato, farcto subinde
demum fistuloso, 3.5 ad 6.5 cm longo, 3 ad 4 mm lato, attenuate
radicato, radicis 1 ad 2.5 cm longis; annulo membranaceo, plus
minusve persistente; sporis ellipsoideis, e flavido- vel purpureo-
brunneis, 6.5 ad 7.5 /n latis, 7.5 ad 9.5 ix longis.

Pileus fleshy, from subglobose to expanded, smooth, somewhat
viscous and shiny, tawny with occasionally a reddish-brown
center, margin becoming at length slightly sulcate-striate, 2.5
to 3.5 cm in diameter. Gills soft and pliant, adnate, changing
from pale to dark brown. Stipe cylindrical, slender, flexible,
fibrous, light brown, striate, at first stuffed but soon becoming
hollow, 3.5 to 6.5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, the lower
end attenuated into a root-like growth from 1 to 2.5 cm long.
Annulus membranaceous, persisting usually but occasionally at
length falling away. Spores ellipsoid, changing as they ripen
from yellow- to purple-brown, 6.5 to 7.5 by 7.5 to 9.5 fi.

Luzon, vicinity of Manila, Merrill 8390, October 3, 1912, growing in
beach sand.

250 The Philippine Journal of Science is'u

COPRINUS Persoon

COPRINUS CONFERTUS Copel. in Ann. Myc. 3 (1905) 25; Govt. Lab.
Publ. 28 (1905) 142.
Luzon, vicinity of Manila, Copeland s. n., June 23, 1909, on horse dung.
This species has only been collected in the Philippines.

COPRINUS DELIQUESCENS (Bull.) Fr. Epicr. (1838) 249; Elench. Fung.
1 (1828) 43; Hym. Eur. (1874) 327.
Agaricus deliquescens Bull. Hist. Champ. France (1798) pi. 558, fig. 1;

Weinm. Hym. Cast. Petro. (1836) 273.
Luzon, Manila, Merrill 8391, July 29, 1912.
Collected in southern Europe.

COPRINUS FIMBRIATUS B. & Br. in Journ, Linn. Soc. 11 (1871) 561.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 21329 Jones, July 24, 1913, on dead leaf bases
of Cocos micifera.

Previously collected in Ceylon.

COPRINUS FLOS-LACTUS sp. nov.

Solitariis vel agregatis; pileo hemispherico dein plano-ex-
panso, 2.5 ad 4 cm lato, brunneo-flos-lacto, plicato-sulcato, flocce
sparcis praeditis, margine integro vel late fisso; lamellis griseis
dein nigris, a stipite leviter adherentibus, dein libris, 3 mm latis,
obtusis; stipite tenaci cylindraceo, 2.5 ad 3.5 cm longo, 3 ad 4
mm crasso, lucidulo-albo, cavo, fibrilloso, basi incrassato; sporis
ovoideo-pyriformibus, atro-brunneis, levibus, 3.5 ad 5.5 /x latis,
7.5 ad 11.5 fi longis, vacuolatis; basidiis clavatis, 9 ^ latis, 23 /*
longis; sterigmatibus 4 fi longis.

Plants solitary to gregarious. Pileus hemispheric, with age
becoming flatly expanded, 2.5 to 4 cm in diameter, a light creamy
brown in color, remanants of a universal veil remain as a few
scattered floccose scales, sulcate, the margin entire at first but
splitting later. While young the cap is crisp and brittle, crum-
bling on being handled, and on becoming mature tends more
toward drying up than deliquescing. Lamellae pale-gray at
first, later changing through grayish-brown to dark brownish-
black and black. The darkening begins first at the margin of
the pileus and slowly advances toward the center, edge of the
gills usually remaining conspicuously white even at maturity,
slightly adherent to the stipe at first then becoming free after
the pileus has become expanded, 3 mm broad at the broadest part,
somewhat obtuse at either end. Stipe cylindrical and of an
equal diameter throughout, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm thick,
shining white, hollow, fibrillose, with an unthickened base.
Spores from ovoid to pyriform, very dark brown at maturity,

IX. c. 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 251

smooth, 3.5 to 5.5 by 7.5 to 11.5 /i, vacuolate, usually with a
single vacuole. Basidia clavate, 9 by 23 fi. Sterigmata 4 ^
long.

Luzon, vicinity of Manila, Bur. Set. 2200S Graff (type), December 21,
1913, on recently burned over ground, Bur. Sci. 22005 Graff, December 22,
1913, on ground containing a quantity of coal ashes, Btir. Sci. 2200U Graff,
December 26, 1913, on burned over ground.

COPRINUS NEBULOSUS ZoU. in Flora (1847) 305.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 22006 Graff, December 20, 1913, on moist soil.

Pileus from 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter when expanded, gills adnate, stipe
5 to 7 cm long and 1 to 1.5 mm thick, spores 6.5 to 9 by 11.5 to 13 m, dark
brown.

COPRINUS PLICATILIS (Curt.) Fr. Epicr. (1836^1838) 252; Hym. Eur.
(1874) 331.

Agaricus plicatilis Curt. Flor. Lond. (1828) pi. 200.

Agaricus striatus Bull. Hist. Champ. France (1798) 552.

Agaricus pulcher Pers. Syn. Fung. (1801) 404.

Luzon, Manila, Brown & Graff s. n., February 4, 1912, growing on horse
dung.

This fungus has been reported previously from tropical Africa.

COPRINUS STERCORARIUS Fr. Epicr. (1836-1838) 251; Hym. Eur.
(1874) 330.
Luzon, Manila, Brown & Graff s. n., February 4, 1912, on horse dung.
Previously collected in Europe, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales,
and Queensland.

PANAEOLUS Fries

PANAEOLUS PAPILIONACEUS (Fr.) comb. nov.

Agaricus papilionaceus Fr. Syst. Myc. 1 (1821) 301.

Agaricus equinus Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung. Lus. (1805) 3.

Agaricus campanulatus L. Fl, Suec. 2 (1755) 1213.

Agaricjis carbon Batsch Elench. Fung. (1783) 6.

Agaricus varius Pers. Icon. Desc. Fung. (1800) 40.

Panaeolus campanulatus Berk. Outl. Br. Fung. (1860) 175.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Aparri, For. Bur. 171^3 Curran, March,
1909, growing on carabao dung: vicinity of Manila, Merrill 5008, September,
1905, growing on lawn.

Of wide tropic and subtropic distribution. Reported from North Amer-
ica, Australia, Borneo, Ceylon, Madagascar and northern Africa.

GASTEROMYCETEAE

NiDULARIACEAE

CYATHUS Haller

CYATHUS MONTAGNEI Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 1 (1844) 70.
Cyathus byssisedus Tul. 1. c.

Nidularia byssisedus Jungh. in Verh. Bat. Genoot. Kunst. Vett. 17 (1838).
Cyathus elmeri Bres. in Hedwigia 51 (1912) 324.

252 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 16805 Graff, October, 1912, on decaying bamboo:
Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Baker 511, coll. Raimundo, December
1, 1912. Leyte, Province of Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7229, January, 1906 (cotype
of C. elmeri Bres.). Palav^^an, Taytay, Merrill 9075, May, 1913, on earth
in dense bamboo thickets.

This species has been previously collected in Cuba, South America, Aus-
tralia, Borneo, Java, and Ceylon.

CYATHUS PLICATUS (Fr.) Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 1 (1844) 76.

Nidularia plicata Fr. in Linnaea 5 (1830) 523; Berk, in Hook. Lond.
Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 639.

Cyathus poeppigii Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 1 (1844) 77.

Cyathus plicatulus Poepp. Plant. Cubenses Exs. n. 47.

Cyathus sulcatus Kalch. in Grevillea 10 (1881) 107.

Luzon, Manila, Biir. Sci. 5285 McGregor, October 26, 1908, Merrill 6685,.
July 1909, Bur. Sci. 168^7 McGregor, July 10, 1910. Mindoro, Alag River,
Merrill 559Jf, November, 1906. Panay, Iloilo, Copeland S3, January 2,
1904, on dead bamboo. Negros, Gimagaan River, Copeland SJf, January
6, 1904. POLILLO, Bur. Sci. 10532 McGregor, October-November, 1909.

Collected in North and Central America, Brazil, North and Central
Africa and Natal.

LYCOPERDACEAE

TYLOSTOMA Persoon
TYLOSTOMA EXASPERATUM Mont, in Ann. Sci. Nat. II 8 (1837) 362.

Schizostoma exasperatum Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 5 (1846) 165.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 8716 McGregor, June, 1909,
at an altitude of about 2,100 m.

Spores echinulate, 6 to 10 a^, averaging a little larger than those described
by Montagne. It is very evident, though this specimen is not quite mature,
that it belongs to the group Schizostoma, as limited by Ehrenberg.

Previously the collections of this species have been limited to the West
Indies.

GEASTER (Micheli) Fries

GEASTER HYGROMETRICUS Pers. Syn. Fung. (1801-1808) 135; Fr.
Syst. Myc. 3 (1832) 19.
Geaster medius Mich. Nov. PI. Gen. (1729) 220, pi. 100, fig. 5.
■ Lycoperdon stellatum Scop. Flora Carn. 2 (1760-1772) 489.
Geaster vulgaris Corda Icon. Fung. 5 (1837-1842) 64, pi. i, fig. i2.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao, Copeland s. n., August, 1904, For.
Bur. 13555 Alvarez, August, 1909.
Of very general distribution.

GEASTER SACCATUS Fr. Syst. Myc. 3 (1832) 16.

Lycoperdon coronatum Plum. Des. Plant. Amer. (1793) pi. 169, fig. 9.

Geaster capensis Thiim. Mycoth. Univ. (1875-1884) no. 715.

Negros, Gimagaan River, Copeland 32, January 6, 1904, growing on soil
in the forest.

Collected previously in North and South America, Cuba, Ceylon, Aus-
tralia, Tasmania, and Africa. It is evidently of very general distribution
throughout the tropics and the warmer temperate regions.

IX, c, 3 Graff: Philippine Basidiomycetes, II 253

BOVISTELLA Morgan

BOVISTELLA ASPERA (Lev.) Lloyd in Mycol. Notes 23 (1906) 285.
Bovista aspera Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 5 (1846) 162.
Lycoperdon asperum Speg. in Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires II 3 (1899)
195.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 21659 Graff, September 12, 1913, growing among
moss on stone walls.

Peridium 8 to 15 mm broad. Spores globose, 4 m in diameter, with slender
appendages which vary in length from 6 to 10 m. Capillitium long and
branching, 4 /^ wide, tapering toward the ends. Spores and capillitium olive
to olive-yellow at maturity.

Previously collected in Brazil and Chili.

CALVATIA Fries

CALVATIA LILACINUM (Mont. & Berk.) comb. nov.

Bovista lilacina Mont. & Berk, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4 (1845) 64.

Lycoperdon Hlacinum Speg. in Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, II 3 (1899)
110.

Luzon, Manila, Copeland 1352, June 10, 1904, growing on a lawn. Min-
danao, District of Zamboanga, Zamboanga, Copeland 332, March 1, 1904,
growing in a meadow.

Probably of very general tropic and subtropic distribution as the species
has been reported from North and South America, Central and South Africa,
Siberia and Ceylon.

LYCOPERDON Tournefort

LYCOPERDON PUSILLUM Batsch Elench. Fung. 2 (1789) 228; Fr. Syst.
Myc. 3 (1832) 33.

Lycoperdon furfuraceum Schaeff. Fung. Bav. Palat. Icon. 3 (1770) pi.
29U.

Lycoperdon bovista Bolt. Hist. Fung. (1788-1791) pi. 117, fig. C.

Lycoperdon cepiforme Bull. Champ. France (1791-1798) pi. U35, fig. 2,
non Chev.

Bovista pusilla Pers. Syn. Fung. (1801) 138.

Lycoperdon pratense Schum. Enum. Plant. Sael. 2 (1803) 193.

Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt. Mon. Lycop. (1842) 183, pi. 2, fig. 8.

Globaria furfuracea Quel. Champ. Jura. 3 (1873) 370, pi. 3, fig. 6.

Utraria furfuracea Quel. Enchir. (1886) 241.

Lycoperdon todayense Copel. in Ann. Myc. 3 (1905) 25; Govt. Lab. Publ.
28 (1905) 141.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 11003 Brown & Graff, December 5, 1911, growing
on lawn, Merrill s. n., January, 1904, on earth, Copeland 1351, April 12,
1904, on lawn. Basilan, Bur. Sci. 9981 Robinson, June 12, 1910.

There is no distinction, in Lycoperdon todayense Copel., sufficient to
warrant a specific separation from the much described L. pusillum Batsch.
The separation of the fertile gleba from the sterile base seems to be more
or less constant in the Philippine material but is not a character of sufficient
importance, all other things being equal, to warrant the creation of a new
species.

126079 6

254 '^f^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

From the localities in which this fungus has been collected it is evidently
of very general tropic and subtropic distribution. It has been collected in
North America, Europe, South Africa, Siberia, Ceylon and Java.

SCLERODERMA Persoon

SCLERODERMA VULGARE Fr. Syst. Myc. 3 (1832) 46.

Lycoperdon viajus Vail. Bot. Paris (1727) 122, pi. 16, fig. 8.

Lycoperdon cervinum Bolt. Hist. Fung. (1788-1791) 116.

Lycoperdon aurantium Bull. Champ. France (1791-1798) 158.

Scleroderma aurantmni Pers. Syn. Fung. (1801) 153.

Scleroderma citrinum Pers. 1. c. 153.

Lycoperdon tessulatum Schum. Enum. Plant. Sael. 2 (1803) 191.

Scleroderma squamatum Chev. Fl. Gen. Paris (1827) 357.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin, Bur. Sci. ^17U Fenix, June-July, 1907.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mt. Mariveles, Merrill 3689, January 1, 1904,
on damp earth.

Previously reported from North America, Europe, Algiers, Australia,
and New Zealand.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE

(Photograph by Cortes)

Plate II. Lentinus macgregorii Graff sp. nov. Bur. Sci. 1US7U McGregor
(Type).

255

b'^ •

Cbaff: Basidiomycf.tks. II. 1

I Phil. Journ. Sci.. IX. C, No. 3.

PLATE II. LENTINUS MACGREGORIl GRAFF.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914.

A NEW SPECIES OF ROTTBOELLIA

By F. Tracy Hubbard
(Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.)

In a small collection of grasses made near Taytay, northern
Palawan, May 15 to 31, 1913, and sent to me through the courtesy
of Mr. E. D. Merrill, there was an extremely interesting and
rather anomalous new species of Rottboellia. After a critical
study of the material I was unable to convince myself as to its
generic status so I sent a specimen of it to Mrs. Agnes Chase of
the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, who was
noncommittal in her reply ; consequently I sent a specimen to Dr.
E. Hackel who pronounced it a "distinct new species, somewhat
anomalous in the genus Rottboellia." I beg to express my
thanks to both specialists.

ROTTBOELLIA TRIFLORA sp. nov.

Perennis, ad basin plicata, aliquando caespitosa, 30 ad 50 cm
altitudine, radicibus fibrosis. Culmi basin versus vaginis im-
bricatis plus minusve obtecti, foliis breviores vel ea superantes,
canaliculati, infra nodos dense barbatos pubescentes aliter gla-
bri, ramis floriferis 3-7-nis. Vaginae inferiores breviter ad-
presseque pubescentae, superiores aliquando subglabrae, ad folii
junctionem cum annulo pubescente munitae, marginibus ciliatis.
Ligula fibrillosa, circa 2 mm longa. Folia erecta, inflorescentiis
breviora vel saepe eas superantia, rigidiuscula, linearia, longe
acuminata, basin versus conduplicata et angustata aliter plana,
12 ad 30 cm longa, 3 ad 9 mm lata ; lamina subtus glabra vel saepe
breviter pubescens, supra glabra. Racemi cylindracei, 3.5 ad
6 em longi, circa 2 ad 3 mm in diametro, graciliter pedicellati,
flavidi-viridi vel sordide violascentes. Articuli recte disjungen-
tes, disjunctis apice foramine profunde excavatis, in parte in-
feriora racemi trispiculati cum spiculis duobus sessilibus her-
maphroditis a spiculo libere pedicellate sterile et valde reducto
separatis, in parte superiori racemi normaliter bispiculati, arti-
culi spiculis sessilibus breviores, glabri. Spiculae sessiles 3.5 ad
5 mm longae, 1.5 mm latae, rhacheos cavum apice superantes,
cum callo annuliformi dense breviter barbato; gluma prima
acuta marginibus, paullum incurvatis, dorso cum pills rigidulis

257

258 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

e tuberculis distinctis orientibus instructa, intus plurinervis;
gluma secunda paullo brevior, elliptico-ovata, chartacea, margi-
nibus ciliolatis; lemma sterile vacuum, hyalinum, gluma secunda
circa aequans; lemma fertile et palea hyalina quam lemma
sterile breviora. Spiculae pedicellatae ad squamas duas mem-
branaceas circa 0.5 mm longis reductae.

Only collection seen, near Taytay, northern Palawan, Philippine Islands,
May 15-31, 1913, G. Ledesma. Type in herb. Hubbard, duplicate type
deposited in the Gray Herbarium, in the United States National Herbarium,
in the Herbarium of the Bureai* of Science, and in the Herbarium of Dr.
Edward Hackel.

Rottboellia triflora belongs in the subgenus Coelorhachis of Hackel's
treatment of Rottboellia ^ and is allied to R. glandulosa Trin. but is very
distinct in the 3-spikeleted internodes of the lower portion of the racemes.
Doctor Hackel in his letter to me, in regard to the position of this species
in the genus, says: "The new species seems to have the same relation to
the older ones (especially Rottboellia glandulosa) , as has Ophiurus laevis
Benth. (0. perforatus Trin.) to O. monostachyus Presl, and others. In
Ophiurus laevis the disposition of the spikelets is, at least in the lower
part of the spike, the same as in your new Rottboellia, and the only diifer-
ence consists in the pedicels of the rudimentary spikelets being adnate to
the rachis. Ratzeburgia differs from your new Rottboellia chiefly in the
thin rachis of the compressed spike. Your new species points to the view
that the differences between Rottboellia, Ophiurus, and Ratzeburgia are of
less weight than we thought."

' DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 278-313.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY AQUATIC PLANTS

By C. H. Ostenfeld
{Copenhagen, Denmark)

In a miscellaneous collection of aquatic and subaquatic plants
submitted to me by the Bureau of Science, the following novelties
were found. The bulk of the collection was from the Philip-
pines, but it contained also a set of the aquatic plants collected
by the late Dr. C. B. Robinson in the vicinity of Nha-trang,
Annam, Indo-China, in March, 1911. A single species is based
on the Annam material, the others being Philippine.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

OTTELIA Persoon
OTTELIA PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov.

Planta submersa mediocris, 6 ad 15 cm alta. Foliorum petioli
laminis longiores. Laminae ovatae vel cordato-ovatae, 4 ad 7
cm longae, 2 ad 3.5 cm latae, apicibus obtusiusculis. Flores
foliis breviores, petiolis 2 ad 7 cm longis. 8patha ca. 2 cm longa,
oblonge ovata, fructifera ovata, alls bene evolutis usque 5 mm
latis crispis ornata. Sepala oblonge obovata, obtusa, ca. 7 mm
longa, nervis obsoletis. Petala alba. Stamina stigmataque ca.
6 mm longa. Semina dense hirsuta ut in 0. alismoidi.

Differt ab O. alismoidi statura minore, foliorum laminis ovatis,
ab 0. japonica spathae alls latis crispisque etc.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax, Bur. Sci. IIUIU McGregor,
March, 1912 (type in the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum of Copen-
hagen, cotype in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science, Manila), locally
known as tangila and used as a potherb. Mindoro, Bulalacao, Bur. Sci.
6679 Robinson, March, 1909.

CALDESIA Parlatore

CALDESIA SAGITTARIOIDES sp. nov.

Caules f.oriferi 10 ad 20 cm alti, erecti, verticillatim racemosi,
foliis aequilongi vel breviores. Foliorum nutantiorum laminae
late ovatae, 1.5 ad 1.8 cm latae, 2.5 ad 3 cm longae, acutiusculae,
7-nerviae ; foliorum emersorum laminae hastatae vel late sagit-
tiformes, 1.8 ad 2 cm latae, 2 ad 3 cm longae, 9-11-nerviae; lobi

259

260 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

basilares 1 ad 2.5 cm longi, divergentes, angusti acutique. Se-
pala subrotunda, marginibus membranaceis. Petala alba (?),
sepalis longiora. Stamina 6. Ovaria 9, oblique obovata vel obo-
vato-reniformia, dorso costis obtusis subtuberculatis instructa,
unispermia; stylus ovario subaequilongus, usque 1 mm longus,
erectus. Fructus maturi ignotus.

DifFert a C. parnassifolia cui proxima prasertin foliis hastatis
sagittiformibus, ovariis costis subtuberculatis.

Indo-China, Annam, Nha-Trang and vicinity, C. B. Robinson 1168,
March 11-26, 1911 (type in the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum of
Copenhagen, cotype in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science, Manila).

NAJADACEAE

NAJAS Linnaeus
NAJAS FOVEOLATA A. Br., var. AURICULATA var. nov.

A typo differt foliorum dentibus majoribus, vaginis longi us
auriculatis, spathis apice paullulum laceratis.

Luzon, Provinces of Albay-Camarines, For. Bur. 12262 Curran, June,
1908 (type in the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum of Copenhagen,
cotype in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, Manila),

POTAMOGETONACEAE

POTAMOGETON Linnaeus

POTAMOGETON NIPPONICUS Makino 111. Fl. Japan 1 (1891) 2, t. 56;
Graebn. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 31 (1907) 89.

This rare species seems to be represented by specimens collected by Mary
Strong Clemens in Lake Lanao, Mindanao, No. 215, February, 1906, s. n.,
April, 1906. The specimens are sterile, however, and accordingly the iden-
tification is not absolutely certain. Mr. A. W. Bennett agrees with the
above identification of the material.

The Phiuppine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS

By E. D. Merrill'

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory,
Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

The tenth paper under the above title consists of the descrip-
tions of new species in the following families: Gramineae, Cy-
peraceae, Moraceae, Loranthaceae, Olacaceae, Hernandiaceae,
Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Buxaceae, Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Ster-
culiaceae, Theaceae, Dilleniaceae, Lecythidaceae, Flacourtiaceae,
Araliaceae, and Ebenaceae. The genus Worcesterianthiis of the
Olacaceae, is proposed as new, while the genera Buettneria and
Fh'Tniana are new to the Philippine flora. A few species of
older authors have been recorded from the Archipelago for the
first time and a few changes in nomenclature are proposed.
A total of eighty-six species are described as new. The last
number of the series appeared in the year 1912.-

GRAMINEAE

ISACHNE R. Brown
ISACHNE CONFERTA sp. nov.

Planta parva, prostrata, ramosa, ramis floriferis erectis vel
suberectis, 6 ad 8 cm longis ; foliis numerosis, lanceolatis, acumi-
natis, circiter 2 cm longis, subtus leviter pilosis, supra scabridis ;
paniculis exsertis, angustis, 1 ad 2 cm longis, vix 5 mm latis,
ramis paucis, erectis, 4-1-floris; spiculis confertis, circiter 1.8
mm longis, plus minusve purpureis; glumis sterilibus tenuiter
7- vel 9-nerviis, supra leviter hispidis; glumis fertilibus ellip-
soideis vel elliptico-oblongis, inferioribus glabris, 1.6 mm longis,
superioribus I brevioribus, apice minute cihatis.

A small, slender, prostrate, branched plant, rooting at the
nodes, the flowering branches erect or suberect, 6 to 8 cm long.
Sheaths ratKer lax, longer than the internodes, glabrous; ligule
a ring of short white hairs. Leaves lanceolate, about 2 cm long,
2.5 to 3 mm wide, narrowed to the acute base and the acuminate

' Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines.
'Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 259-357.

261

262 ^^'^ Philippine Journal of Science vn\

apex, the lower surface somewhat pilose with scattered white
hairs, the hairs arising from minute papillae, the upper surface at
first papillate and sparingly pilose, becoming scabrid. Panicles
exserted above the upper leaves, the peduncles 1.5 cm long or less,
narrow, 1 to 2 cm long, less than 5 mm wide, the branches ap-
pressed, the lower ones 6 mm long or less and usually 4-flowered,
the upper ones shorter, the uppermost usually bearing solitary
spikelets. Spikelets crowded, about 1.8 mm long, more or less
tinged with purple. Empty glumes about 1.8 mm long, slenderly
7- or 9-nerved, slightly hispid externally in the upper part, obtuse.
Flowering glumes two, the lower one elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
quite glabrous, 1.6 mm long, the upper one ellipsoid, slightly
ciliate near the apex, usually about one-third shorter than the
lower one.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican River back of San Antonio, Bur.
Set. HOlJt Ramos, June, 1912, on stones along the river.

A rather characteristic species, distinguishable by its very narrow,
dense panicles. It is perhaps most closely allied to Isachne pauciflora Hack.,
but is distinguished by its narrow leaves and glabrous flowering glumes.

DIMERIA R. Brown

DIMERIA CILIATA sp. nov.

Caespitosa, erecta, vaginis foliisque pilis longis albis mollibus
instructis; racemis digitatis vel subfasciculatis, 4 ad 6, tenuibus,
usque ad 12 cm longis, rhachibus circiter 0.7 mm latis, triangu-
laribus, glabris vel leviter pubescentibus ; spiculis 4 mm longis,
glumis I et II carinatis, carinis longe ciliato-pilosis.

A densely tufted, erect, perennial grass 50 to 80 cm high, the
culms slender, the sheaths and leaves rather densely clothed with
long, soft, white hairs, some longer (5 mm) and somewhat stiff er
ones intermixed with the shorter and softer ones, the nodes
bearded. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base slightly or
not narrowed, 8 to 15 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, softly ciliate-
pilose on both surfaces; ligule about 1 mm long, truncate. In-
florescence long-exserted, of 4 to 6 digitate or fasciculately
arranged racemes, the racemes slender, 7 to 12 cm long, at first
pale, soon turning pale-brownish, the rachis 3-angled and some-
what flattened, about 0.7 mm wide, glabrous or slightly pubescent,
the internodes 2 to 4 mm long. Spikelets 4 mm long ; first glume
somewhat boat-shaped, keeled, 4 mm long, acute or 6btuse, prom-
inently ciliate-pilose with long white hairs on the keel; second
glume similar but lanceolate, and also prominently ciliate-pilose
on the keel ; third glume shorter, hyaline, the awn slender, about
10 mm long.

IX. c, 3 Merrill: Noteivorthij Philippine Pla7its 263

Palawan, Taytay, in open swampy places at sea level, Merrill 9320, May
28, 1913.

A species allied both to Dimcria chloridiforinis K. Schum. & Lauterb.,
of the Marianne Islands, and to the Indian Dinieria fuscescens Trin., diflfer-
ing from the former in its smaller spikelets and narrower, not ciliate
rachises, and from the latter in its prominently ciliate-pilose sheaths and
leaves and its prominently ciliate-pilose keels of the empty glumes.

ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus

ISCHAEMUM GLAUCESCENS sp. nov. § Eziiscftaewum.

Species /, aristato affinis, ditfert planta majoribus, 1 ad 3 m
longis, plus minusve glaucescens, racemis usque ad 15 cm longis,
spiculis majoribus, 8 mm longis, glumis I spiculae sessilis in i
inferiore prominente transverse rugosis, rugis 4 vel 5, elevatis.

A rather coarse, wiry, perennial grass reaching a height of
from 1 to 1.5 m, the stems long-prostrate, scarcely or only
slightly branched, reaching a total length of from 2 to 3 m,
about 5 mm in diameter, hard, more or less glaucous under the
sheaths. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, glab-
rous, 15 to 20 cm long, about 1 cm wide, acuminate, base grad-
ually narrowed, acute or obtuse, not at all cordate ; sheaths about
as long as the internodes, rather loose; ligule truncate, 2 to 3
mm long. Racemes two, closely appressed, 12 to 15 cm long,
long-exserted, the joints of the rachis about 6 mm long, 3-angled,
bearded on the outer angle. Sessile spikelets about 8 mm long,
lanceolate; first glume coriaceous, 8 mm long, 2 mm wide,
glabrous, somewhat glaucous, acuminate, margins incurved
throughout, borders in upper part minutely scabrid, the dorsal
part in the lower one-half with 4 or 5 prominent transverse
ridges; second glume coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled,
7 mm long; third glume hyaline, lanceolate, acuminate, 7 mm
long; fourth glume similar to the third, a little shorter, cleft
to the middle, bearing in the cleft a twisted, geniculate, 12 to 13
mm long awn. Anthers 3 mm long. Pedicellate spikelets
dimidiate, their pedicels 2.5 mm long, stout, 3-angled, bearded
on the outer angle, the first glume lanceolate, 8 mm long, 3
mm wide, acute or acuminate, coriaceous, one side rather broadly
winged, the wing short ciliate-toothed ; second glume somewhat
lanceolate, 6 to 7 mm long, acuminate, the remaining ones
somewhat shorter, hyaline.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill OUoS, April 23, 1913, gregarious along
the more or less swampy grassy borders of the lake in the openings of
narrow valleys, with or without streams of water, areas submerged during
periods of high water in the lake, altitude about 50 meters. The grass
is abundant in suitable habitats, and is utilized by the crocodiles in build-

264 1'^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

ing their nests. One nest examined by members of our party, containing
numerous eggs, consisted of a large mound made entirely of sand and this
grass very closely packed.

The species is manifestly allied to Ischaemum aristatum Linn., but diflfers
in so many characters that it has been considered advisable to treat it as
a distinct form.

ISCHAEMUM PUBESCENS sp. nov. § Euischaemum.

Species /. aristato affinis, differt foliis pilosis, spiculis paullo
minoribus, glumis I spiculae sessilibus utrinque nodulis 2 obs-
curis praeditis, dorso parce piloso.

An erect perennial grass about 1 m high, the sheaths and
leaves rather softly pilose with long white or pale hairs, the
nodes rather densely ciliate-bearded, the internodes, under the
sheaths, somewhat glaucous, about 3 mm in diameter. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, 10 to 18 cm long, 8 to 12 mm wide, acu-
minate, base of the upper ones truncate, of the lower ones
narrowed, margins scabrid, both surfaces softly pilose with
scattered, long hairs; sheaths rather lax, pilose; ligule brown,
cleft, somewhat pubescent, 2 to 3 mm long. Kacemes binate,
closely appressed, 8 to 10 cm long, long-exserted, rather promin-
ently white-ciliate, the joints 3-angled, bearded on all angles, 4
mm long. Sessile spikelets oblong, obtuse, about 5 mm long, 1.8
mm wide, the callus bearded ; first glume coriaceous, obtuse, mar-
gins inflexed throughout, with two, broad, obscure undulations
(scarcely nodules) near each side in the lower part, the back
usually with very few, scattered, ciliate hairs; second glume
lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat keeled, 5 mm long; third and
fourth glumes hyaline, the fourth cleft to the middle, bearing in
the cleft a geniculate, somewhat twisted, scabrid awn about
13 mm long. Pedicellate spikelets dimidiate, 5 to 6 mm long,
the. pedicels stout, 2 mm long, bearded ; first glume widely winged
on one side, springly ciliate-pilose on the back, smooth, the
wing obscurely denticulate.

DUMARAN, Bur. Sci. 21639 Escritor, August, 1913.

Similar to Ischaemum aristatum, Linn., and manifestly allied to that
species. It is characterized, however, by its prominently pilose leaves and
sheaths, its white-ciliate racemes, and the first glume of the sessile spikelets
with very obscure marginal undulations which can scarcely be called
nodules; the very short rachis-joints, and the bearded callus is also charac-
teristic.

CYPERACEAE

ELEOCHARIS R. Br.

ELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2 (1817) 154; Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 628, et in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36
(1903) 225.

IX. c, 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 265

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Merrill 7665, May, 1909, on seepage
slopes about rice paddies, altitude about 1,450 m.

Not previously reported from the Philippines, an additional •distinct
northern type in the flora of northern Luzon. Widely distributed in North
America, throughout Europe and northern Asia, extending southward only
in China.

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl
FIMBRISTYLIS CAPITULIFERA sp. nov. § Trichelostylis.

Planta perennis glabra, subrigida, usque ad 40 cm alta; foliis
numerosis, angustis, culmo brevioribus ; spiculis omnibus sas-
silibus, capitato-congestis, capitulis umbellato-dispositis ; glumis
numerosis, 5-nerviis, oblongis, subobtusis, marginibus latis, sca-
riosis; nucibus compressis vel plano-convexis, minutissime stria-
tis, circiter 0.7 mm longis; stylo trifido.

A glabrous, somewhat rigid, apparently densely caespitose,
glabrous, perennial plant 20 to 40 cm high. Leaves very nu-
merous, sheathing the bases of the stems, subrigid, flat or nearly
so, 1 to 2 mm wide, 8 to 18 cm long. Culms terete, striate,
exserted, rather slender. Inflorescence umbellate, consisting of
a central sessile head and from 3 to 6 peduncled ones, each head
with from 10 to 20 sessile, densely disposed spikelets 3 to 6 mm
in length. Glumes numerous, oblong, about 2 mm long, some-
what keeled, closely 5-nerved in the median portion, wuth broad,
somewhat scarious and thin margins, apex somewhat obtuse,
usually apiculate. Nut obovate, brown, about 0.7 mm long,
somewhat compressed or plano-convex, not trigonous, minutely
striate; style glabrous, slender, about 2 mm long, 3-fid.

Batanes Islands, Batan, Bur. Sci. 3575 Fenix, Bur. Sci. 10203 McGregor,
Bur. Sci. 3171, 3172, 3173 Mearns. Babuyanes Islands, Babuyan Islands,
Bur. Sci. 3926 Fenix. Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. U0h2 Fenix (type).

This species was previously recorded by me under the name of Fimbris-
tylis spathacea Vahl, to which it does not seem to be closely allied. It is
well characterized by its spikelets being all sessile and disposed in dense
heads, the qentral head sessile, the others peduncled; the rays of the umbel
vary from 1 to 4 cm in length. The species belongs in the section Triche-
lostylis, and is probably as closely allied to Fimhristylis junciformis Kunth
as to any other species. It differs from Kunth's species in its much smaller
umbels, the spikelets much more numerous in each head, none of them
being solitary, and in the style being quite glabrous, not villous below the
fork.

FIMBRISTYLIS PALUDOSA sp. nov. § Trichelostylis.

Densissime caespitosa, erecta, glabra, efoliosa, 60 ad 100 cm
alta, culmis distincte 3- vel 4-angularibus ; umbellis decompositis,
2 ad 4 cm longis; spiculis numerosis, ovoideis, 2.5 ad 3.5 mm
longis, brunneis, glumis usque ad 10, ovatis, acutis vel obtusis,

266 ^'^^ Philippme Journal of Science -.5)14

obscure carinatis; nucibus obovoideis, triangularibus, laevibus
vel obscurissime transverse lineatis ; stylo 3-fido.

A densely caespitose, leafless, perennial plant 0.6 to 1 m high
from stout rhizomes, the lower parts of the culms with 3 or 4
rather loose, imbricate sheaths, the lower ones ovate to oblong-
ovate, 1 to 2 cm long, the upper one up to 10 cm long, the mouth
oblique, with a broad, browTi, membranaceous margin. Culms
prominently 3- or 4-angled, rather stiff. Inflorescence termi-
nal, 2 to 4 cm long, open, umbellately decompound, subtended
by one or two, lanceolate, acuminate, leaf-like, 1 cm long bracts.
Spikelets numerous, not fascicled, usually one sessile median one
and two lateral pedicelled ones on each ultimate branchlet, 2.5
to 3.5 mm long, brown, ovoid, the pedicels scabrid; glumes 10
or fewer, brown, ovate, acute or obtuse, obscurely keeled.
Stamens 3. Nut obovoid, 3-angled, white, 0.8 to 1 mm long,
smooth or veiy obscurely transversely lineate; style-arms 3.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Williams 12S9 (type), May, 1904,
Elmer 6^97, June, 1904, Phil. PL 551 Merrill, June, 1911.

Apparently a very characteristic species allied to Fimbristyiis iniliacea
Vahl, F. quinquangularis Kunth, etc.. but differing in its leafless stems,
large rhizomes, smooth or nearly smooth nuts, and other characters.

FIM BR I STY LIS PINETORUM sp. nov. § Trichelostylis.

Erecta, glabra, culmis e rhizomate crasso, solitariis, gracilibus,
20 ad 40 cm altis, basi f oliosis ; foliis paucis, subsetaceis, usque ad
13 cm longis; inflorescentiis simpliciter umbellatis; spiculis pau-
cis, 3 ad 7, brunneis, oblongo-ovoideis, 6 ad 11 mm. longis; nucibus
obovoideis, verruculosis, albidis, 1 ad 1.2 mm longis, obscure
triangularibus ; stylo trifido.

A solitary, erect, slender, perennial plant from stout, woody
rhizomes, the rhizomes clothed with membranaceous, lanceolate,
usually brownish scales or sheaths, usually about 1 cm long.
Culms striate, 20 to 40 cm high, the base with several imbricate
leafless sheaths, and at or near the base 2 to 4 leaf-bearing
sheaths, the sheaths oblique, their margins membranaceous, the
leaves linear or setaceous, involute when dry, 1 to 1.5 mm wide,
4 to 13 cm long. Inflorescence usually a simple umbel, rarely
compound, 2 to 3 cm long, the subtending bract lanceolate, acu-
minate, usually less than 1 cm long. Spikelets oblong-ovoid,
brown, many-flowered, 6 to 11 mm long, 3 to 7, one sessile, the
others mostly slenderly pedicelled, the pedicels 1 to 2 cm long.
Glumes ovate, concave, keeled, glabrous, acute to obtuse, often
retuse, the margins thinner and paler. Stamens 3. Nut white,
obovoid, 1 to 1.2 mm long, obscurely 3-angled, apex broadly

IX, c. 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 267

rounded or subtruncate, verruculose, not at all reticulate. Style-
arms 3.

Luzon, Bengruet Subprovince, Bapuio, Merrill 766^ (type) , Phil. PL,
658 Merrill, June, 1911, scattered on slopes amone: various grasses in thin
pine forests, altitude about 1,550 m.

A species apparently well characterized by its solitary, not at all caes-
pitose stems, \\oody rhizomes, narrow leaves, usually simple inflorescence
of few spikelets, and verrucose, not at all reticulate, white, obscurely trian-
gular nuts. It is allied to Fimbristylis monticola Steud., and to F. pierotii
Miq., of India, the latter extending to Japan.

MAPANIA Aublet

MAPANIA PALUSTRIS (Hassk.) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1882) 309; C. B.
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1894) 681.

Pandanophylhtvi palustre Hassk. in Tijdschr. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind. 10
(1843) 119; Boeck. in Linnaea 37: 138; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng
38:' 78.

Lcpironia paluatris Miq. 111. Fl. Archip. Ind. (1871) 63, t. 25.

Mindanao, Agusan Subprovince, Waloe, in muddy places along small
streams in forests, Merrill 7298, October, 1910.

Except for F.-Villar's previously unverified record, not before reported
from the Philippines; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

There is some doubt as to the proper specific name for this plant, for
Clarke, /. c, states that Hasskarl's description calls for a bifid style and
3 to 5 spikelets, which does not apply to Mapania palustris; however, these
statements may have been based in part on erroneous observations. Miquel
definitely states that the number of spikelets in a head is variable, and his
drawing shows a 2-cleft style. It is not clear, that in case Mapania palus-
tris is distinct from Pandanopkyllum palustre Hassk., why the specific name
is retained, for if not based on Hasskarl's description, then it was based
on a later one under the same name by Boeckler or Kurz. It seems only
reasonable to suppose that Boeckler and Miquel were familiar with type or
typical material of Hasskarl's Pandanophyllum palustre, and under the
circumstances it seems best to retain the specific name palustris, at least
until opportunity is had to examine Hasskarl's type. Incidentally Clarke
credits Bentham with authorship of the combination Mapania palustris;
this is incorrect, for Bentham did not make the actual transfer, but only
indicated Pandanophyllum to be a synonym of Mapania. F.-Villar appears
to be the first to make the actual transfer of the species.

MAPANIA GRACILL:MA Kukenthal & Merrill sp. nov,

Rhizoma breve, lignosum, crassum. Culmi laterales scapi-
formes, 5-10 cm alti, gracillimi, obtusanguli, striati, asperi, basi
vaginis nonnullis lanceolatis fuscis nervosis tecti et in medio
vagina unica aequali obsiti. Folia culmos longe superantia, 4-5
mm lata, plane utrinque attenuata, marginibus aculeato-scabra,
coriacea, glaucescentia. Spica parva, primo lineari-ellipsoidea
demum ovata, densa, 5 mm longa, 4 mm lata, bracteae squami-
formes. Spiculae baud numerosae oblongae. Squamae late

268 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

ovatae, apice rotundatae, rufae. Squamellae 4 squama longiores,
2 exteriores navicularis in carina valde setulosae. Nux ellip-
soideo-lageniformis, 2 mm longa, medio turgidula, straminea,
laevis, sessilis, erostrata. Stylus brevissimus. Stigmata 3 vel 4.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River Mountains back of San
Ramon, Merrill 8205.

Omnium Mapaniarum gracillima, foliis pro ratione angustissimis spicaque
minima ab omnibus affinibus bene distinguenda. Squamellas non nisi 4
observari, sed forsan 6 adsunt, quarum duae jam elapsae.

8CH0ENUS Linnaeus

SCHOENUS FALCATUS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 232; Benth. Fl. Austral. 7
(1878) 372; Clarke ex Hemsl. in Journ Linn. Soc. Bot. 36 (1903)
261.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Bur. Sci. 5036 Ramos, December, 1907.

Not previously reported from the Philippines; tropical Australia and
Queensland, Borneo, and Formosa.

The specimens differ from the species, as described by Bentham, in having
somewhat smaller panicles, and in some of the flowering-glumes being dis-
tinctly retuse. A distinct Australian type, the fifth species of the genus
to be found in the Philippines.

SCIRPIODENDRON Zippel

SCIRPIODENDRON GHAERI (Gaertn. f.) comb. nov.

Chionanthus ghaeri Gaertn. f. Fruct. 1 (1788) 190, t. 29, fig. a-e; Boerl.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1896) 246.

Scirpiodendron costatum Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 38' (1869) 85;
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1904) 684; Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 2 (9107) Bot. 422.

Scirpiodendron sulcatum Miq. 111. Fl. Archip. Ind. (1871) 65, pi. 28.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Abulug River, For. Bur. 19612 Curran,
January, 1911. PoLiLLO, Bur. Sci. 102^9 McGregor, October, 1909. Pa-
lawan, San Antonio Bay, Merrill 5257, October, 1906; Taytay, Phil. Pi.
1295 Merrill. MINDANAO, District of Zamboanga, Malasugat, Merrill Slli,
December, 1911.

Chionanthus ghaeri Gaertn. f., which was described and figured from
detached fruits alone, remained a doubtful species until the year 1896, when
Boerlage was able to determine its identity from examination of the orig-
inal material used by Gaertner in describing and figuring it. Gaertner's
name is by far the earliest one for the species, and there is no reason why
it should not be adopted.

MORACEAE

ARTOCARPUS Forster
ARTOCARPUS OVATI FOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 40 m alta, stipulis parce brevissime pubescen-
tibus exceptis glabra; foliis coriaceis, ovatis, integris, usque ad
30 cm longis, acutis vel breviter acute acuminatis, basi acutis

IX. c, 3 Merrill: Notcirortliy Philippine Plants 269

vel subrotundatis, nervis prominentibus, utrinque circiter 8;
stipulis membranaceis, caducis, lanceolatis, 10 cm longis; fruc-
tibus globosis vel subglobosis, circiter 6 cm diametro (imma-
turis), anthocarpiis numerosissimis, apicibus subovoideis, obtusis,
vix 2 mm longis, dense ceraceo-furfuraceis.

A tree about 40 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Branches dark
reddish-brown, smooth, the ultimate ones nearly 1 cm in diame-
ter, marked with slender annular rings less than 1 cm apart.
Leaves ovate, coriaceous, glabrous, 10 to 30 cm long, 7 to 20 cm
wide, entire, the apex acute or very shortly and acutely acum-
inate, or apiculate-acuminate, base acute or somewhat rounded,
both surfaces slightly shining, of about the same color and
somewhat brownish when dry ; lateral nerves about 8 on each side
of the midrib, prominent, spreading, curved only near their tips,
the ultimate reticulations slender, subparallel; petioles 3 to 5
cm long; stipules caducous, lanceolate, acuminate, membrana-
ceous, 10 cm long, outside sparingly pubescent with very short,
somewhat appressed hairs. Flowers unknown. Immature
fruits globose or subglobose, about 6 cm in diameter (immature),
composed of very numerous, slender anthocarps, the projecting
tips of the anthocarps ovoid or subovoid, about 2 mm long,
rounded or obtuse, about 2 mm in diameter, densely covered with
waxy-furfuraceous scales.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, in forests. Bur. Sci. 150U0
(type), 20530 Ramos, June, 1912, February, 1913, fruits yellow.

A very characteristic species, manifestly, however, in the same group
as Artocarpus communis Forst. In texture and venation the leaves re-
semble those of Forster's species, but are always quite entire. In being
almost glabrous the present species differs also from Artocarpus communis
Forst. The waxy-furfuraceous tips of the anthocarps is characteristic.

FICUS Linnaeus

FICUS CAMARINENSIS sp. nov. § Urostigma.

Arbor alta, glabra, ramis ramulisque rugosis; foliis alternis,
oblongo-ellipticis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, laevis, usque ad 23 cm
longis, integris, apice abrupte tenuiter acute acuminatis, basi
rotundatis, 3-plinerviis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 10 ad
12, subpatulis, prominentibus, anastomosantibus ; petiolo 2.5 cm
longo; receptaculis axillaribus, solitariis, sessilibus, ellipsoideis,
in siccitate brunneis, 3 ad 3.5 cm longis, bracteis 3, reniformibus,
3 mm longis, 5 mm latis.

A tall tree, quite glabrous except the bud-scales which are
appressed-hirsute. Branches and branchlets prominently rugose
when dry, somewhat lenticellate, with distinct stipular scars, the
latter 5 to 6 mm in diameter. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous,

126079 6

270 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

brown and shining when dry, smooth, oblong-elliptic, 14 to 23
cm long, 7 to 11 cm wide, entire, 3-plinerved, base rounded, apex
abruptly and usually slenderly acutely acuminate, the acumen
1.5 to 2 cm long; primary lateral nerves prominent, spreading,
straight, 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing near
the margin, the reticulations rather lax, anastomosing between
each two lateral nerves into less distinct secondary nervs ; petioles
2.5 cm long; bud-scales lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 cm long,
appressed-hirsute. Receptacles axillary, solitary, sessile, ellip-
soid, brown when dry, smooth or somewhat warted, 3 to 3.5
cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, the apex rounded, the umbil-
icus distinct. Basal bracts 3, reniform, brown, coriaceous, 3
mm long, 5 mm wide. Gall flowers numerous, their perianth
segments usually 3, about 2 mm long. Male flowers few and
chiefly near the orifice, anthers 1 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Niog, Phil. PL 15U7 Ramos, December
17, 1913, locally known as balete.

A species well characterized by its large, ellipsoid, sessile, solitary, axil-
lary receptacles. Its alliance is apparently with Ficus forstenii Miq. (F.
vidaliana Warb.) from which it differs in its much larger receptacles and
larger leaves.

FICUS PRODUCTA sp. nov. § Sycidium.

Frutex erectus, circiter 2 m altus, foliis utrinque ramulisque
scaberulis; foliis alternis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 18 cm longis,
oblongis ad oblongo-obovatis vel ovato-ellipticis, aequilateralibus,
basi 3-nerviis, acutis vel obtusis, apice longe tenuiter caudato-
acuminatis, margine irregulariter grosse dentatis vel dentato-
serratis, baud lobatis, in siccitate subviridis, nervis utrinque
circiter 8, subtus cum reticulis valde prominentibus ; receptaculis
axillaribus, solitariis vel in paribus dispositis, subglobosis vel
leviter obovoideis, scabridis, pedunculatis, 8 ad 10 mm diametro.

An erect shrub about 2 m high, scabrid. Branches terete,
slender, pale-brownish when dry, glabrous, the branchlets
scabrid. Leaves alternate, rather prominently scabrid in both
surfaces, otherwise glabrous, oblong to oblong-obovate or even
ovate-elliptic, 12 to 18 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, equilateral, the
base shortly 3-nerved, acute or obtuse, the apex rather abruptly
long and slenderly caudate-acuminate, the acumen 2 to 3.5 cm
long, narrow at the base, entire, acute or apiculate, the margins
rather coarsely dentate or dentate-serrate, not lobed, the teeth
irregular, mostly 5 mm apart or more, both surfaces when dry
somewhat greenish, shining, scabrid, the lower very slightly paler
than the upper ; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent on the lower surface, anastomosing, the reticula-

IX, c, 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 271

tions very prominent, the lower surface more or less punctic-
ulate ; petioles about 1 cm long, scabrid. Receptacles orange-red,
scabrid, solitary or in pairs, axillary, subglobose to somewhat
obovoid, 8 to 10 mm in diameter, their peduncles 5 to 7 mm long,
scabrid, the apical bracts small, ovate, about 1 mm long, the
wall of the receptacle ciliate-hispid inside. Perfect female
flowers numerous, the perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, membranaceous, about 2 mm long, prominently
ciliate-hispid in the upper part, one about twice as broad as the
other three and cleft to about the middle, the narrower three
often somewhat spatulate. Ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, obtuse, sube-
quilateral, about 1.2 mm long, the styles distinctly lateral, 1.2
to 1.8 mm long.

Mindanao, Subprovince of Butuan, Veruela, C. M. Weber 1132 (type),
June 19, 1911, in thickets; Talacogon, Bur. Sci. 1131 Weber, July 20, 1911,
among abaca plants.

A species in the ulmifolia group, but with equilateral leaves which are
abruptly, long and slenderly caudate-acuminate, and with somewhat smaller
receptacles than in F. xilmifolia Lam., under which name the specimens
were distributed. Its closest ally is Ficus euphlebia Merr., which has less
prominently acuminate, more distinctly and closely toothed leaves which
are acute or merely obtuse at the base, not rounded; in the present species
the interior of the receptacle and the perianth-segments are also promi-
nently ciliate-hispid with stiff white hairs.

FICUS GRANDIDENS sp. nov. § Covellia.

Arbor circiter 6 m alta, ramulis adpresso-hirsutis exceptis
glabra; foliis oblongis vel late oblongis, subcoriaceis vel charta-
ceis, usque ad 23 cm longis, glabris, laevis, nitidis, acuminatis,
basi acutis, margine grosse irregulariter sinuato-lobato-dentatis,
dentibus vel lobis 1 vel 2 utrinque; receptaculis obovoideis,
pedunculatis, in fasciculis densis hemisphericis caulinis dispo-
sitis.

A tree 5 to 6 m high, quite glabrous except the appressed-
hirsute younger branchlets. Branches terete, smooth, grayish-
brown, the ultimate ones about 4 mm in diameter. Leaves
oblong or broadly oblong, subcoriaceous or chartaceous, glabrous,
smooth, 14 to 23 cm long, 5 to 11 cm wide, narrowed more or less
at both ends, apex acuminate, base acute, the margins very coarse-
ly sinuate-lobed or -toothed, the lobes or teeth 1 or 2 on each side,
obtuse or acute, the upper surface shining, dark-colored when
dry, the lower surface slightly shining, paler; nerves 5 or 6 on
each side of the midrib, prominent, usually brownish when dry,
anastomosing, the reticulations distinct, rather slender; petioles
1 to 2 cm long ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 12 mm long,
subpersistent. Fruits fascicled on stout protuberances on the

272 The Philippine Jownal of Science in*

trunk, forming very dense, hemispheric masses 8 to 10 cm in
diameter. Receptacles obovoid, often more or less compressed-
angular by pressure of contiguous ones, 10 to 12 mm in diameter,
green, glabrous or nearly so, the umbilicus about 3 mm in
diameter; peduncles slender, 1.5 to 2 cm long, with three small
bracteoles at the apex. Fertile female flowers numerous, their
pedicels up to 1.5 mm in length; perianth short, sheathing the
pedicel below, truncate, about 1 mm long. Ovary ovoid, 1.5
mm in diameter; style lateral.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River Mountains back of San
Ramon, Merrill 8089, November 28, 1911, in forests, altitude about 800 m.

A species manifestly closely allied to Ficus rubrovenia Merr., and very
similar to that species, differing in its somewhat appressed-hirsute, not
glabrous, branchlets, and its very coarsely lobed-toothed, not merely undu-
late leaves.

FICUS RIVULARIS sp. nov. § Eiisxjce.

Frutex circiter 4 m altus ramulis minute puberulis exceptis
glaber; foliis alternis, lanceolatis vel anguste lanceolatis, leviter
falcatis, usque ad 25 cm longis, utrinque angustatis, apice longe
tenuiter caudato-acuminatis, basi acutis, integris, subcoriaceis,
laevis, subtus albido-punctatis, ner-vis utrinque circiter 20 ; recep-
taculis axillaribus, solitariis, obovoideis, 1 ad 1.5 cm diametro,
pedunculatis, bracteis circiter 2 mm longis.

An erect, nearly glabrous shrub about 4 m high. Branches
terete, slender, reddish-brown, glabrous, the younger branchlets
somewhat puberulent. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, lanceo-
late to narrowly lanceolate, 12 to 25 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide,
somewhat falcate, narrowed at both ends, the apex very slenderly
caudate-acuminate, the acumen up to 4 cm in length, minutely
apiculate, the base equilateral, usually acute, rarely slightly
obtuse, minutely cucullate on the upper surface, the margins
quite entire, somewhat revolute, the upper surface smooth, gla-
brous, shining, rather pale or somewhat olivaceous when dry,
the lower surface somewhat paler, or brownish, distinctly white-
puncticulate under a lens; lateral nerves about 20 on each side
of the midrib, rather distinct, anastomosing, the ultimate retic-
ulations distinct, angular, about 1 mm in diameter; petioles 5
to 10 mm long; membranaceous, deciduous, linear-lanceolate or
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Receptacles
axillary, solitary, obovoid, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, glabrous,
somewhat narrowed at the base into a very short pseudo-stalk,
their peduncles slender, 5 to 10 mm long, with three, ovate,
obtuse, 2 mm long bracts at the summit. Gall flowers very num-
erous, in general obovoid, sessile or shortly pedicelled, about 2.5

IX, c, 3 Merrill: Noteicorthy Philippine Plants 273

mm long-, the perianth brown, chartaceous or coriaceous, irreg-
ularly 3-lobed, the lobes short, the perianth itself glabrous, about
2 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17806 Curran (type), January,
1912, Bur. Sci. 7399 Ramos, March, 1909: Province of Tayabas, Piapi,
For. Bur. lOlSi Curran, March, 190;!(, all the specimens indicated as grow-
ing on the banks of rivers, and frcm their "stenophyllous" leaves, appar-
ently in places subject to submergence in times of floods or high water.

The specimens have been previously referred to Ficus linearifolia Elmer,
with which they have very little relationship, except some resemblance in
leaf-form, and manifestly the present species belongs in an entirely different
section from Elmer's species. The very narrow, entire, slenderly caudate-
acuminate, somewhat falcate leaves which are white-puncticulate beneath
are characteristic.

FICUS LAGUNENSIS sp. nov. § Eusyce.

Frutex scandens, glaber, vel ramulis parcissime ciliato-hirsu-
tus ; foliis alternis, ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, coriaceis, in siccitate
plus minusve brunneis, usque ad 20 cm longis, acuminatis, basi
late cordatis, integris; nervis utrinque circiter 7, subtus cum
reticulisque valde prominentibus ; receptaculis axillaribus, soli-
tariis vel fasciculatis, obovoideis, glabris, pedunculatis, circiter
7 mm diametro.

A scandent shrub, the young branchlets sometimes emitting
rootlets, glabrous or nearly so. Branches terete, brown, wrin-
kled when dry, glabrous or with few scattered long hairs. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate, 10 to 20 cm long,
5 to 10 cm wide, entire, the apex acuminate, the base broadly
rounded, cordate, the upper surface glabrous, shining, the
nerves impressed, the lower surface very prominently reticulate,
glabrous or with very scattered hairs along the midrib and pri-
mary nerves; lateral nerves 7 on each side of the midrib, very
prominent, the anastomosing, primary reticulations subparallel ;
petioles 1.5 to 3 cm long, somewhat ciliate-pubescent or glabrous;
stipules lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous, about 1.5 cm long.
Receptacles axillary, solitary or fascicled, obovoid, glabrous,
smooth, about 7 mm in diameter, their peduncles 5 to 8 mm in
length.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican River, back of San Antonio, Phil.
PI. 1123 Ramos, September 17, 1912, in forests.

A species very similar to and manifestly closely allied to Ficus pro-
pinqua Merr., and to Ficus viilosa Bl., perhaps even too closely allied to
the former to be distinguished as a true species. Its glabrous receptacles
and leaves distinguish it from Blume's species, while from the Philippine
F. propinqua it is distinguishable by its longer peduncled, obovoid, not glo-
bose receptacles, its glabrous or nearly glabrous leaves, and its only slightly
hirsute branchlets.

274 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science )9i4

FICUS WEBERI sp. nov. § Sycidium.

Frutex circiter 4 m altus, ramulis stipulis et subtus foliis ad
nervos plus minusve brunneo-hirsutis ; foliis alternis oppositis-
que, oblongo-ovatis ad obovato-oblongis, chartaceis, 10 ad 20 cm
longis, acuminatis, basi acutis, truncatis, vel leviter cordatis,
subaequilateralibus vel leviter inaequilateralibus, nervis utrinque
circiter 10; stipulis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, usque ad
3 cm longis; receptaculis axillaribus, sessilibus, ovoideis, sub-
glabris, circiter 1.5 cm longis, basi 3-bracteatis.

An erect shrub about 4 m high. Branches terete, brown,
hirsute with spreading brownish hairs. Leaves alternate, a
few also opposite, chartaceous, brown and slightly shining when
dry, paler beneath, oblong-ovate to obovate-oblong, 10 to 20
cm long, 6 to 10 cm wide, the upper surface smooth and glabrous,
the lower hirsute with spreading, scattered, brown or pale hairs
along the midrib and lateral nerves, apex rather slenderly and
abruptly acuminate, base acute but more often truncate or
slightly cordate, usually somewhat inequilateral, one side some-
times acute and the other rounded, margins slightly crenulate;
nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent, the
reticulations rather lax; petioles hirsute, 1 to 3 cm long; stipules
narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2 to 3 cm long, hirsute on
the back, subpersistent. Receptacles green, axillary, sessile,
ovoid, about 1.5 cm long, glabrous or nearly so, the base with
three, triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5 mm
long bracts. Male flowers not seen.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Veruela, Weber 1002, in second growth
forests, June 19, 1911.

A species probably most closely allied to Ficus carpenteriana Elm., but
differing from that species in its much broader leaves, nearly glabrous
receptacles, and other characters.

FICUS WORCESTER! sp. nov. § Sycidium.

Arbor parva, erecta, glabra, circiter 4 m alta, ramulis teretibus ;
foliis alternis, circiter 20 cm longis, chartaceis, in siccitate palli-
dis, utrinque leviter scabridis vel laevis, concoloribus, equilate-
ralibus, apice abrupte subcaudato-acuminatis, basi acutis vel
obtusis, 3-nerviis, margine integris vel leviter obscure undulatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 10, distinctis; petiolo 1.5 ad 4 cm longo;
receptaculis axillaribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, pedunculatis,
subglobosis, aurantiacis, 1 cm diametro.

A small, erect, glabrous tree about 4 m high, the branches
terete, smooth, somewhat straw-colored. Leaves alternate, char-
taceous, very slightly scabrid on both surfaces or smooth, slightly

IX. c, 3 Merrill: NotewoHhy Philippine Plants 275

shining, of the same color on both surfaces when dry, and rather
pale-yellowish-green, about 20 cm long, 8 to 10 cm wide, oblong,
the apex rather abruptly subcaudate-acuminate, the acumen 1 cm
long, the base equilateral, acute or obtuse, shortly 3-nerved, the
margins entire or slightly and obscurely undulate ; lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent, straight, some-
what anastomosing, the reticulations subparallel, distinct, rather
lax; petioles 1.5 to 4 cm long. Receptacles axillary, solitary or
somewhat fascicled, orange-red when mature, globose, about 1
cm in diameter, their peduncles 8 to 10 mm long, ebracteolate
or with small bracteoles near the base.

Cavilli Island, Sulu Sea, Merrill 7178, September 24, 1911.

Common in thickets near the sea on both Cavilli Island, and the neigh-
boring smaller islet known as Arena Island. Apparently allied to Ficus
uhnifolia Lam., F. hlepharostoma Warb., and similar forms, distinguishable
at once by its smooth or nearly smooth leaves. Dedicated to the Honorable
Dean C. Worcester, formerly Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine
Government, tf> whom I am indebted for opportunity botanically to explore
Cavilli Island.

FICUS HEMICARDIA sp. nov. § Sycidium.

Arbor parva, erecta; foliis oblongis, brevissime petiolatis,
scabris, inaequilateralibus, 10 ad 30 cm longis, valde oblique
cordatis, uno latere angustatis altero latissime rotundatis; re-
ceptaculis ovoideis vel subglobosis, circiter 11 mm diametro,
hispidis, pedunculatis, solitariis vel binis in axillis foliorum vel
in ramis vel caulis fasciculatis.

An erect tree, apparently of small size. Branches terete,
light-gray, glabrous. Leaves varying greatly in size, 10 to 30
cm long, 3 to 11 cm wide, oblong, very harsh and scabrous on
both surfaces, not pubescent, somewhat shining when dry, oblong,
strongly inequilateral, margins coarsely dentate, apex rather
prominently acuminate, base very strongly obliquely cordate,
one side very much narrower than the other, narrowly rounded,
the other broadly rounded, the sinus narrow; petioles stout, 5
mm long or less ; lateral nerves very prominent as are the coarse
reticulations, 6 or 7 on each side of the midrib above the base,
the basal nerves radiating, the narrow side of the leaf usually
with one, the broad side with four. Receptacles ovoid or sub-
globose, about 11 mm in diameter, hispid with scattered, spread-
ing, white, bristle-like hairs, solitary or in pairs in the axils of
the leaves, or solitary or fascicled on the larger branches and
on the trunk near its base, th peduncles hispid, about 4 mm
long, with 2 or 3, ovate, acute, 1.5 m.m long bracts near the apex.
Male flowers not seen. Fertile female flowers pedicelled, the

276 y^c Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

perianth lobes hyaline, equaling or a little longer than the ovary
which is about 1.1 mm in length; style sublateral, 1.5 mm long.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Mount Hilong-Hilong, Weber 1001,
March 11, 1911, altitude about 130 m, on rocky slopes near streams.

The species is allied to Ficus fiskei Elm., differing in its short-petioled,
differently shaped leaves and hispid fruits, and also to F. odorata Merr.,
differing from that species especially in its smaller fruits that are not
densely hirsute. It is one of the most strongly marked species of the
genus known from the Philippines, well characterized by its harsh, inequi-
lateral, prominently and obliquely cordate, subsessile leaves. The recep-
tacles are borne in the axils of the leaves on the ultimate branches, on
the large branches below the leaves, and on the trunk of the tree near its
base, a varied distribution that is quite unusual in the genus, although
occasionally one finds the allied Ficiis odorata Merr. with most of its
receptacles in the leaf-axils, and a few supplementary ones near the base
of the trunk.

FICUS CAMIGUINENSIS sp. nov.

Species F. paucinerviae Merr. similis et ut videtur afRnis,
differt foliis majoribus, receptaculis minoribus glabris.

A small tree about 6 m high. Branches terete, wrinkled and
brownish when dry, the ultimate ones about 5 mm thick. Leaves
alternate, somewhat crowded at the ends of the branchlets,
chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, subelliptic or elliptic-ovate,
greenish and shining when dry, narrowed to the acute or obtuse
base, the apex shortly and slenderly caudate-acuminate, the
acumen 1 cm long or less, 14 to 22 cm long, 8 to 13 cm wide,
entire, the uper surface glabrous, the lower one more or less
white-ciliate on the nerves and reticulations; basal nerves a
single pair, extending to about the middle of the leaf, straight,
prominent; lateral nerves above the basal pair 4 or 5 on each
side of the midrib, ascending, straight, prominent, the reticu-
lations distinct, subparallel; petioles ciliate-pubescent, 3 to 4.5
cm long ; stipules caducous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 8 mm
long, densely appressed-pubescent, the stipular scars prominent.
Receptacles mostly in pairs in the axils of fallen leaves, sometimes
solitary, sometimes somewhat fasciculate, numerous, their pe-
duncles 4 to 8 mm long, with three prominent bracts at the apex
or somewhat below the apex, glabrous, yellow, globose, about
8 mm in diameter.

Camiguin de Mindanao, in mossy forests probably above an altitude of
1,200 m, Phil. PL 1197 Ramos, March 24, 1912.

Apparently a distinct species, at least not matched in our extensive
collections. I have also been unable to refer it to any of the numerous
Malayan species of which the descriptions are available here. It is similar
to Ficus paucinervia Merr. (F. integrifolia Elm.), apparently closely allied
to it, aJid certainly belongs to the same section of the genus.

IX, c, 3 Merrill: Noteicorthy Pliilippine Plants 277

LORANTHACEAE

LORANTHIS Linnaeus
LORANTHUS LUCIDUS sp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Frutex parasiticus, subscandens, glaber, ramis ramulisque te-
retibus; foliis oppositis vel suboppositis, usque ad 12 cm longis,
breviter petiolatis, oblongo-ovatis ad lanceolatis, utrinque valde
nitidis, longe acute acuminatis, basi late rotundatis cordatisque
rariter subobtusis; inflorescentiis terminalibus et in axillis supe-
rioribus, 5 ad 10 cm longis, floribus 6-meris, circiter 1.6 cm longis,
in triadibus dispositis, lateralibus pedicellatis, intermedio sessile,
triadibus racemose dispositis.

A parasitic shrub, apparently somewhat scandent along its
host, glabrous, the branches stout, terete, gray, slightly lenti-
cellate, the younger ones somewhat reddish-brown, smooth.
Leaves opposite or subopposite, coriaceous, oblong-ovate to lan-
ceolate, normally 8 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, broadly
rounded and prominently cordate at the base, exceptionally lan-
ceolate, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, and subobtuse at the base, prominently
shining on both surfaces, gradually narrowed upward to the
long and sharply acuminate apex; lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each
side of the midrib, slender, indistinct; petioles 3 to 7 mm long.
Inflorescence terminal and in the uppermost axils, 5 to 10 cm
long, the axis and lateral branches gray, obscurely furfuraceous,
composed of racemosely disposed triads. Lateral branches of
the panicles (peduncles of the triads), spreading, 1 cm long or
less, each bearing a central sessile fertile flower, and two lateral
flowers, each flower subtended by a broadly ovate, acute or acu-
minate bracteole as long as the calyx, the pedicels of the lateral
flowers 4 to 5 mm long. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx subcylindric,
3 mm long, truncate, the rim not produced, very minutely and
obscurely 6-denticulate. Corolla about 1.3 cm long, the basal
part somewhat inflated, about 3 mm in diameter, the lobes united
for the lower 2 mm, narrow, very slender upward, the reflexed
part above the insertion of the stamen spatulate, 5 mm long.
Filament very slender, 3 mm long; anther narrowly oblong,
continuous, 2 mm long. Fruit very soft and fleshy, ovoid, about
8 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio (Dahican River), Bur. Sci.
1664.7 Ramos, September 16, 1912, parasitic on Worcesteranthus, in forests.

A species in the same group with Loranthus ahemianus, L. acuminatis-
simns, L. saccatus, and L. ovatifolius, differing from the first three in its
very much smaller flowers, and other characters, and from the latter in its
very different vegetative and floral characters.

278 ^^^ Philippine Joujiial of Science im

LORANTHUS FRAGILIS sp. nov. § Dendropthoe.

Frutex parasiticus, glaber, ramis ramulisque crassis, teretibus,
fragilis; foliis late ovatis, crasse coriaceis, nitidis, usque ad 15
cm longis, ovatis, sessilibus vel, subsessilibus, obtusis, basi late
rotundatis vel leviter cordatis; inflorescentiis in axillis superio-
ribus, floribus omnibus sessilibus, 6-meris, pallide flavidis, circiter
2.4 cm longis, in triadibus brevissime pedunculatis racemose
dispositis.

A species in the alliance with LoratitJius secundiflorus Merr.,
and L. mindanaeyisis Merr., distinguished at once by its sessile
or subsessile, broadly rounded or subcordate leaves. Branches
up to 1 m in length, stout, terete, smooth and shining when dry,
grayish-brown, very brittle when fresh, branches 1 cm in diam-
eter breaking very readily. Leaves ovate, subopposite, thickly
coriaceous, pale greenish-olivaceous when dry, shining, 9 to 15
cm long, 5.5 to 9 cm wide, apex rounded or obtuse, base broadly
rounded or somewhat cordate, sessile or subsessile, the lateral
nerves not prominent, 6 or 7 on each side of the midrib. Inflores-
cence in the upper axils, usually fascicled, about 4 cm long, the
flowers 6-merous, all sessile in triads on very short peduncles
which are racemosely disposed. Flowers pale-yellow, their sub-
tending bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long, the peduncles
bearing the triads of flowers very stout, about 2 mm long. Calyx
oblong-ovoid, truncate, 3.5 to 4 mm long. Corolla about 2 cm
long, the petals 6, united for the low^er 2 to 3 mm, the reflexed
parts of the petals above the insertion of the anthers 5 mm long.
Filaments 1.5 long; anthers continuous, linear, 2.5 mm long.

Palawan, Taytay, on Vernonia in forests at sea level, May 31, 1913,
Merrill 92US.

A species well characterized by its brittle stems, its thickly coriaceous
leaves, which are almost fleshy and very brittle when fresh, and which
are sessile or subsessile, broadly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base.
Its inflorescence is of the type found in Loranthus secundiflorus Merr., and
L. mindanaensis Merr., that is, the flowers sessile in triads, the triads
shortly peduncled and racemosely disposed.

LORANTHUS LEYTENSIS sp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Frutex parasiticus, inflorescentiis puberulis exceptis glaber;
foliis oppositis, alternis, vel subverticillatis, petiolatis, crassissime
coriaceis, oblongis, usque ad 6 cm longis, acutis, nervis lateralibus
obsoletis. Inflorescentiis axillaribus, pedunculatis, floribus 5-
meris, circiter 3.3 cm longis, in triadibus umbellatim dispositis.

A stiff, parasitic shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence, the
branches stout, reddish-brown or grayish, terete, the ultimate
branchlets about 3 mm in diameter, the nodes often thickened,

IX, c, 3 Merrill: NoteivortJiy Philippine Plants 279

the internodes not elongated. Leaves opposite, alternate, or
somewhat whorled at the lower nodes, thickly coriaceous, opaque,
oblong, 4 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, acute, the base rounded,
obtuse, or acute, usually brownish when dry, slightly or not at
all shining, the lateral nerves obsolete ; petioles about 1 cm long.
Inflorescence axillary, solitary, umbellate, the peduncles about
2 cm long, all parts more or less gray-puberulent, each peduncle
bearing about 8, umbellately arranged, 5 mm long, primary
branches, each branch bearing at its apex a triad of one middle
sessile flower and two lateral, very shortly pedicelled flowers,
each flower subtended by a broadly ovate, concave, obtuse, 1 to
1.5 mm long bracteole, the pedicels of the lateral flowers 2 mm
long or less. Flowers 5-merous, reddish or yellowish, about
3.3 cm long. Calyx 3 mm long, puberulent, truncate, the limb
scarcely produced. Corolla cylindric in bud, the lobes quite
united below, forming a 4 mm long tube, the reflexed parts of
the lobes above the insertion of the stamens narrowly oblong,
obtuse, 5 to 6 mm long, 1 mm wide. Filaments 4 mm long;
anthers continuous, oblong, 1.5 mm long.

Leyte, Mount Ibuni back of Dagami, Bur. Sci. 13243 Ramos, August 22,
1912, growing in the tops of trees.

A species in the same group with Loranthus haenkeanus Presl, and mani-
festly closely allied to that species. It is distinguishable by its very much
smaller, differently shaped leaves.

LORANTHUS HOPEAE sp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Frutex inflorescentiis minute puberulis exceptis glaber; ramis
ramulisque teretibus, bi- vel trichotomis, rigidis ; f oliis oppositis,
crasse coriaceis, sessilibus, ovatis, in siccitate pallidis, nitidis,
usque ad 9 cm longis, apice rotundatis, basi late cordatis ; inflores-
centiis axillaribus, solitariis, brevibus, paucifloris; floribus extus
puberulis, 5-meris, circiter 17 mm longis.

A parasitic shrub usually less than 50 cm in length, glabrous
except the minutely grayish-puberulent inflorescence. Branches
and branchlets terete, stiff, brownish or grayish, smooth, di- or
trichotomously branched, more or less divaricate, the ultimate
branchlets about 2 mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, sessile,
ovate, thickly coriaceous, pale and equally shining on both sur-
faces when dry, smooth, 5 to 9 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, apex
broadly rounded, base broadly cordate, often prominently so;
lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, very obscure
or nearly obsolete. Inflorescence solitary, axillary and at the
nodes, minutely puberulent, 2.5 cm long or less, with few, usually
4, lateral branches which are less than 1 cm in length, each
bearing at its apex 2 or 3 sessile flowers, the bracteoles puber-

280 ^^'^ Philippine Jommal of Science i9i4

ulent, reniform, about 2.5 mm wide, 1.5 mm long, rounded.
Flowers 5-merous, orange, the tips of the petals glaucous. Calyx
cylindric, 5 mm long, puberulent, the limb slightly produced,
very obscurely crenulate or entire. Corolla 12 mm long, puber-
ulent externally, slightly inflated, cylindric, the lobes united for
the basal 3 to 4 mm, forming a tube, the reflexed part above
the insertion of the anthers oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm long.
Anther lanceolate, sessile, 2 mm long.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, coast opposite Olutanga Island, For.
Bur. 13297 Foxworthy, De Mesa, & Villaviil, May 18, 1912, on Hopea sp.,
altitude about 20 meters,

A very characteristic species, recognizable by its opposite, sessile, coria-
ceous leaves which are rounded at the apex and cordate at the base, its
few-flowered, axillary, puberulent inflorescences, and puberulent flowers.
In leaf-form it is quite similar to Loranthus merrillii Elm., but is entirely
different in its inflorescence.

LORANTHUS DEMESAE sp. nov. § Dendrophtkoe.

Frutex glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis oppositis,
sessilibus, coriaceis, nitidis, usque ad 10 cm longis, ovatis
vel late elliptico-ovatis, apice acutis vel leviter acuminatis, basi
rotundatis, reticulatis ; nervis utrinque circiter 10, tenuibus ; in-
florescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, brevibus, paucifloris; floribus
circiter 2 cm longis 6-meris; corolla inflata, infra cylindrica,
supra acute 6-angulata.

A glabrous parasitic shrub the branches and branchlets terete,
brownish or somewhat grayish, smooth. Leaves opposite, ses-
sile, coriaceous, shining when dry, brownish-olivaceous, of about
the same color on both surfaces, 6 to 10 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide,
the apex acute or somewhat acuminate, the base rounded ; lateral
nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, not promi-
nent, the reticulations rather fine, the lateral nerves anastomosing
near the margin. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, few-flowered,
the rachis 5 mm long or less, the flowers 2 or 3 (rarely more?).
Calyx oblong-cylindric, truncate, 3 mm long, 1.8 mm in diameter.
Corolla red, about 18 mm long, much inflated, 6 mm in diameter,
the lower one-half cylindric, the upper part sharply and promi-
nently 6-angled, the tube two-thirds to three-fourths as long as
the corolla, the lobes about 4 mm wide at the base, narrowed to
the insertion of the anthers and there 2 mm wide, thence
gradually narrowed to the acute or obtuse apex, the reflexed
portion above the insertion of the anthers 5 to 6 m.m long,
lanceolate. Anthers oblong, 2 mm long, much more slender than
are the thick, cylindric, 2.5 mm long filaments.

IX. c, 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 281

Mindanao, District of Zamboan^a, Talisay, on tall trees, altitude 40 to
50 meters. For. Bur. 1S788 Foxworthy, DeMesa, & Villamil, June 19, 1912.

A species well characterized by its ovate, sessile leaves which are acute
or acuminate at the apex and rounded at the base, by its axillary, very
short, few-flowered inflorescences, and its much inflated corollas which are
cylindric below and sharply and prominently 6-angled above.

LORANTHUS LAGUNENSIS sp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Frutex glaber; foliis coriaceis, ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis,
brunneis, oppositis, breviter petiolatis, usque ad 11 cm longis;
floribus 6-meris, sessilibus, circiter 1.7 cm longis, in fasciculis
axillaribus vel lateralibus dense confertis, fasciculis vix involu-
cratis, circiter 8-floris.

A glabrous shrub, the branches verj' stout, rough, brownish
or grayish, the ultimate ones about 5 mm in diameter, lenticel-
late. Leaves opposite, thickly coriaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate,
6 to 11 cm long, 3,5 to 6.5 cm wide, brown when dry and some-
what shining on both surfaces, the lower a little paler than the
upper, the apex obtuse, the base usually acute; lateral nerves
about 7, very obscure or subobsolete, the reticulations entirely
obsolete; petioles stout, about 5 mm long. Inflorescence of
solitary, sessile, axillary or at the nodes, very dense, non-in-
volucrate fascicles, about 8 flowers in each fascicle. Flowers
sessile, subtended by a solitary bracteole which is reniform,
rounded, about 2 mm wide and 1.5 to 2 mm long. Calyx globose
or ovoid, 2 mm long, truncate. Corolla about 1.5 cm long, the
tube 1.5 mm long, the lobes 6, linear, narrow, the reflexed part
above the insertion of the stamens thick, obtuse, 4 mm long.
Anthers linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, 3.5 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican River back of San Antonio, Bur.
Sci. 1506It Ramos, June, 1912, host not indicated.

A species apparently in the group with Loranthus haenkeanus PresI,
in spite of the differences in the characters of the inflorescence in the
species. If the fascicles were involucrate the species might well be placed
in the section Lepiostegeres, but there is quite no indication of an involucre
in the material examined.

LORANTHUS FENICIS sp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Frutex parasiticus, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber, ramis ramu-
lisque teretibus; foHis altemis, ovatis, opacis, crasse coriaceis,
usque ad 10 cm longis, acutis vel acuminatis, basi late rotundatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 5, obscuris vel obsoletis; pedunculis
solitariis, axillaribus, floribus umbellatim dispositis; floribus
5-meris, circiter 3.3 cm longis, extus puberuiis, in triadibus
dispositis, omnibus sessilibus.

A species manifestly allied to Loranthus haenkeanus, differing

282 ^^^6 Philippine Journal of Science lou

in its few-flowered umbels and in its flowers all being sessile, the
lateral ones of each triad not pedicelled. Branches stout, terete,
grayish or reddish-brown, the branchlets grayish-brown, terete,
rather slender, the internodes 1 to 3 cm long. Leaves alternate,
thickly coriaceous, opaque and rather pale or brownish when dry,
ovate, 5 to 10 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, the apex acute or acumi-
nate, the base broadly rounded; lateral nerves usually about 5
on each side of the midrib, obscure, sometimes obsolete ; petioles
about 8 mm long. Umbels solitary, in the axils of leaves on the
larger branches, gray-puberulent, the peduncles about 1.5 cm long,
the primary umbellately arranged branches few, about 6 mm
long, each bearing at its apex a triad of three sessile flowers, the
subtending bracteoles triangular-ovate, acute, 2.5 mm long,
puberulent. Calyx pubescent, narrowly obovoid, 4 mm long, the
limb slightly produced, obscurely and broadly 5-toothed. Corolla
puberulent, in bud cylindric, the tube about 6 mm long, the lobes
5, about 1.5 mm wide, the part above the insertion of the stamens
narrowly oblong, 6 to 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, acute. Fila-
ments 4 to 5 mm long; anthers continuous, oblong, obtuse, 2 to
2.5 mm in length.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Baganga, Bur. Sci. 15852 Fenix, August
20, 1912, the flowers green and purplish.

LORANTHUS MARITIMUSsp. nov. § Dendrophthoe.

Frutex epiphyticus inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; ramis
ramulisque teretibus; foliis alternis oppositisque, oblongis, in
siccitate pallidis, utrinque concoloribus, opacis, usque ad 8 cm
longis, petiolatis, nervis obsoletis vel subobsoletis ; inflorescentiis
e ramis vetustioribus, pedunculatis, umbellato-subcapitatis,
pedunculatis ; floribus circiter 3.3 cm longis, 5-meris.

A parasitic shrub glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches
stout, terete, reddish-brown, the branchlets terete, slender, gray-
ish, the ultimate internodes 2 mm in diameter or less, up to 3
cm in length, frequently much shorter. Leaves oblong, alternate,
opposite or subopposite, coriaceous, uniformly pale when dry,
opaque, 5 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, the apex rounded or
obtuse, the base acute; midrib prominent below, frequently
evanescent below the apex, the lateral nerves entirely obsolete
or very faint and about 3 on each side of the midrib, ascending ;
petioles about 5 mm long. Inflorescence from the larger
branches, lateral, not axillary, scattered along the internodes,
the peduncles 1.5 to 2 cm long, all parts gray-puberulent. Pri-
mary branches umbellately arranged at the apex of the pedun-

IX. c, 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 283

cle, 3 mm long or less, stout, rather numerous, each bearing a
terminal triad of 3 sessile flowers, the three bracteoles broadly
ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm long, connate below, the persistent calyces
after the fall of the corollas appearing like a rather lax globose
head. Calyx puberulent, narrowly obovoid, truncate, 3.5 mm
long, the limb very slightly produced. Corolla cylindric in bud,
3 cm long, purplish and green, puberulent externally, the lobes
5, united below and forming a cylindric tube about 6 mm long,
the lobes about 1 mm wide below, the reflexed part above the
insertion of the stamens linear-oblong, obtuse, 7 mm long, 1
mm wide. Filaments 6 mm long; anthers continuous, oblong,
obtuse, 2.4 mm long.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Tamano, Bur. Sci. 1582^ Fenix, August
16, 1912, on trees along the seashore.

A species manifestly in the same group with Loranthus haenkeanus Presl,
but only distantly allied to that species. It is characterized by its inflores-
cences being scattered along the older branches, not axillary, rather dense,
and its flowers all sessile, the two lateral ones not at all pedicelled as in most
of the forms in this group.

LORANTHUS ALTERNIFOLIUS sp. nov. § Lepiostegeres?

Frutex glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus, tenuibus, brunneis,
internodiis elongatis; foliis alternis, usque ad 11 cm longis,
anguste oblongis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, subcoriaceis, nitidis,
petiolatis, apice obtusis, basi acutis ; floribus 6-meris, axillaribus,
fasciculatis, sessilibus, 2 cm longis, fasciculis in alabastro in
bractea solitaria inclusis.

A glabrous shrub, the branches elongated, slender, terete,
smooth or somewhat striate, dark-brown when dry, the inter-
nodes 3 to 9 cm long, the ultimate branchlets 1.5 mm in diameter.
Leaves subcoriaceous, brittle when dry, olivaceous, of about the
same color and shining on both surfaces, 7 to 11 cm long, 2 to
3 cm wide, narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the apex
rounded, the base gradually narrowed, acute ; lateral nerves very
slender, obscure or subobsolete, 6 or 7 on each side of the midrib ;
petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. Flowers in sessile, axillary, solitary fas-
cicles at the nodes, 9 sessile flowers in each fascicle, in bud entirely
enveloped by a single, brown, coriaceous or subcoriaceous bract,
which bursts irregularly and falls at anthesis. Bracteoles sub-
tending the flowers one to each calyx, orbicular or reniform,
about 2 mm long. Calyx 2 mm long and about 2.5 mm in
diameter, truncate. Corolla yellow, 6-merous, 18 mm long,
cylindric, slightly gibbous, more or less inflated, the lobes united
below forming a 5 mm long tube, the free portions 2 mm wide

284 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

below, gradually narrowed upwards to the acute apex, the parts
above the insertion of the anthers lanceolate, 5 mm long.
Anther sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 mm long.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga opposite the Island of Olutanga, in
forests, altitude 30 meters, For. Bur. 13295 Foxivorthy, DeMesa, & Villamil,
May 17, 1912.

A characteristic species probably belonging in the section Lepiostegerea,
although the involucre enclosing the buds is composed of a single bract.
Its comparatively narrow leaves which are rounded or obtuse at the apex
and acute at the base, as well as its 9-flowered, axillary, sessile fascicles
are its distinguishing features.

LORANTHUS WORCESTERI sp. nov. § Macrosolen.

Glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus, griseis; foliis oppositis,
sessilibus, anguste oblongis ad late ovatis, nitidis, obtusis, basi
obtusis, late rotundatis, vel distincte late cordatis, nervis utrin-
que 4 ad 8, laxis, irregularis, tenuibus ; inflorescentiis axillaribus,
pedunculis solitariis (vel fasciculatis) , 3 ad 5 mm longis, 2-floris,
floribus sessilibus, 6-meris, circiter 2 cm longis.

A glabrous, parasitic shrub, the branches and branchlets terete,
glabrous, light-gray, the bark slightly wrinkled when dry.
Leaves opposite, sessile, exceedingly variable in size, narrowly
oblong to broadly ovate, 6 to 11 cm long, 2 to 7 cm wide, pale
when dry, shining on both surfaces, the apex obtuse or rounded,
the base obtuse, broadly rounded, or broadly and distinctly cor-
date ; nerves 4 to 8 on each side of the midrib, slender, irregular,
anastomosing, the reticulations lax. Peduncles axillary, solitary
or few in each axil, 3 to 5 mm long, each bearing at its apex
two sessile flowers, each flower subtended by an ovate, obtuse,
3 mm long bract and two similar but smaller, free, orbicular,
1.5 mm long bracteoles. Calyx cylindric, about 7 mm long, the
limb produced about 1.5 mm, slightly spreading, thin, truncate.
Corolla pink and yellow, the lobes 6, very slightly united below,
the buds cylindric, in anthesis more or less swollen above the
base, lobes 6, about 1.5 cm long, 2.5 mm wide above the base,
then narrowed to 1,5 mm at the insertion of the anthers, the
produced part above the anthers narrowly oblong, obtuse or
acute, very thick, 6 to 7 mm long, about 1.8 mm wide and thick.
Anthers sessile, linear, 5 mm long.

Mindanao, Bukidnon Subprovince, near Sumilao, Bur. Sci. 15673 Fenix,
August, 1912.

A species with much the floral and inflorescence characters of Lorantkus
geminatus Merr., but not closely allied to that species, being at once distin-
guishable by its very diversely shaped sessile leaves. Named in honor of the
Honorable Dean C. Worcester, formerly Secretary of the Interior of the Phil-

IX. c. 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 285

ippine Government, through whose invitation I was able to send a collector
with him on his southern trip of inspection in 1912.

LORANTHUS ELMERI sp. nov. § Macrosoleii.

Frutex parasiticus, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis
oblongo-ovatis, crassissime coriaceis, oppositis, breviter petiolatis,
usque ad 14 cm longis, sursum angustatis, obtusis vel obscure
acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis lateralibus obscuris, utrinque cir-
citer 7; racemis brevissimis, paucifloris, axillaribus, solitariis
vel fasciculatis, baud 1 cm longis; floribus 6-meris, circiter 1.8
cm longis, basi bracteis bracteolisque 2 ornatis, pedicellis circiter
1.5 mm longis.

A parasitic shrub, quite glabrous, the branches and branchlets
gray or grayish-brown, stout, terete. Leaves opposite, very
thickly coriaceous, oblong-ovate, 8 to 15 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm
wide, brownish-olivaceous when dry, the upper surface shining,
narrowed upward to the acute or obscurely acuminate apex, the
base acute; lateral nerves very faint, about 6 on each side of the
midrib ; petioles stout, 4 to 8 mm long. Inflorescence of axillary,
solitary and fascicled, very short, few-flowered racemes, the
racemes 1 cm long or less. Flow^ers 6-merous, their pedicels 1
to 1.5 mm long, each bearing at its apex one, broadly ovate, acute,
1.5 mm long bract and two smaller but similar bracteoles which
are usually more or less connate. Calyx ovoid, about 3 mm
long, truncate. Corolla 1.5 cm long, the tube about 6 mm
long, 3.5 mm in diameter, somewhat inflated and obscurely
angled, the lobes 6, rather abruptly narrowed, about 1 mm wide
below the insertion of the stamen, the reflexed parts thickened
upward, 7 mm long, acute or obtuse; filament about 3.5 mm
long; anther continuous, 2 mm long.

Palawan, Mount Pulgar, Elmer 12749 (type), 13138, March and May,
1911, both distributed as Loranthus mirabilis Huerk & Muell.-Arg., a
species that is quite different and which belongs in an entirely different
section.

The alliance of Loranthus elmeri is with L. ampullaceus Roxb. It is
readily distinguished, however, by its very short racemes.

LORANTHUS SERIATUS sp. nov. § Heteranthus.

Frutex parasiticus glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus, inter-
nodiis elongatis; foliis oppositis, breviter petiolatis, oblongo-
ovatis, coriaceis, opacis, usque ad 12 cm longis, apice breviter
obtuseque acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis lateralibus obscuris,
circiter 6 utrinque, subobsoletis ; floribus 5-meris, circiter 2,5
cm longis, in triadibus breviter pedunculatis dispositis, triadibus

126079 7

286 ^^'^ Philippine Journal of Science \m

in raniis seriatim dispositis et ad nodos f asciculatis ; petalis
intus ad basim ligulatis.

A parasitic glabrous shrub, the branches and branchlets
terete, reddish-brown, smooth except where the flowers are
borne, the internodes 10 to 15 cm long, the ultimate branchlets
about 2 mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong-
ovate, 8 to 12 cm long, about 5 cm wide, greenish-olivaceous on
both surfaces when dry, not shining, the apex shortly and obtusely
acuminate, the base acute, sometime a little decurrent; lateral
nerves slender, very obscure, nearly obsolete, about 6 on each
side of the midrib; petioles 3 to 5 mm long. Flowers red,
5-merous, the peduncles of the double triads stout, 2 mm long,
fascicled at the nodes and also numerous ones seriately arranged,
along one side of the branches along the internodes. Flowers
6 on each peduncle, sessile in two triads, each flower subtended
by a reniform-orbicular, rounded, obscurely pubescent, 2 mm
long bracteole. Calyx cylindric, 3.5 to 4 mm long, the limb
produced about 1 mm, truncate, minutely ciliate-pubescent.
Buds cylindric. Petals 5, free, 1.8 mm wide below, 1.5 mm
wide above, 2 to 2.2 cm long, the reflexed part above the insertion
of the stamens 6 to 7 mm long, each petal with a membrana-
ceous, reflexed, ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long, ligule-like organ on the
inner side attached about 3 mm above the base. Filaments
about 2 mm long; anthers continuous, linear, 3 to 4 mm long.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Mount Pulongbato, Bur. Sci. 16^24
Reillo, September 28, 1912.

A very characteristic species, distinguishable by its peculiarly arranged
flowers, the flowers sessile in double triads on very short peduncles which
are fascicled at the nodes and serially arranged along one side of the
internodes. The peculiar ligule-like growth on the inner surface of the
petals shortly above the base is characteristic, both of the present species
and of the very similar and closely allied Loranthus cauliflorus Merr.
Loranthus seriatus is distinguished from L. cauliflorus by its very obscurely
veined leaves and its flowers in double triads, that is, 6 flowers in two
triads sessile at the apex of each peduncle, not with three flowers only as
in the latter species.

LORANTHUS FALCATI FOLIUS sp. nov. § Heteranthus.

Frutex scandens, glaber, ramulis teretibus; foliis oppositis,
usque ad 16 cm longis, brevissime petiolatis, oblongo-lanceolatis,
leviter falcatis, coriaceis, opacis, acuminatis, basi acutis vel obtu-
sis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, obscuris, subobsoletis ; floribus
5-meris, ad nodos fasciculatis, sessilibus, circiter 2.5 cm longis,
alabastro cylindraceo.

A scandent, parasitic, glabrous shrub, the stems long-climbing
on the host, the branches and branchlets terete, the latter reddish-

IX, c, 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 287

brown or grayish, 3 mm in diameter or less, the internodes 5 to
8 cm long. Leaves opposite, subsessile or very shortly petioled,
oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 16 cm long, 3 to 6 cm w^ide, somewhat
falcate, not shining, coriaceous, the apex acuminate, the base
obtuse or acute, brownish or greenish when dry; lateral nerves
subobsolete, about 8 on each side of the midrib, very obscure;
petioles 2 mm long or less. Flowers 5-merous, axillary, sessile,
fascicled, 12 or less at each node, red below, yellow above, the
buds rather slender, cylindric, outside very obscurely pubescent
with very short scattered hairs. Calyx 3.5 to 4 mm long, straight
or somewhat curved, the limb produced about 2 mm, membrana-
ceous, somewhat spreading, truncate, margins minutely ciliate-
pubescent. Petals 5, quite free, 1.5 mm wide below, very
slightly narrowed upward, the apex obtuse, the reflexed portion
above the insertion on the stamens linear-oblong, about 8 mm
long, 1 mm wide. Filaments 4 mm long; anthers continuous,
linear, 2 mm long.

Mindanao, Bukidnon Subprovince, Sumilao, on trees in forests, Bur. Sci.
157U6 Fenix, August 3, 1912.

A species well characterized by its scandent habit, its opposite, subsessile,
subfalcate, obscurely nerved, coriaceous leaves, and its quite sessile, axillary,
fascicled flowers. It is perhaps as closely allied to Loranthus cuernoaensis
Elm. as to any other species, but is very different from that form.

LORANTHUS M EDINILLICOLA sp. nov. § Heteranthus.

Frutex scandens, parasiticus, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber;
ramulis teretibus, tenuibus; fohis verticillatis, lanceolatis vel
ovato-lanceolatis, coriaceis, acuminatis, usque ad 10 cm longis,
nervis utrinque 4 vel 5, obscuris ; inflorescentiis axillaribus, soli-
tariis, pedunculatis, subumbellatis, paucifloris; floribus 4-meris,
circiter 3 cm longis.

A slender, nearly glabrous, scandent, parasitic shrub, the
branches and branchlets rather slender, terete, light-gray or
brownish, mostly smooth, the ultimate branchlets 2 mm in
diameter or less. Leaves whorled, usually 4 at each node, the
internodes 4 to 8 cm long, the leaf -blades coriaceous, lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 10 cm long, 1 to 3.4 cm wide, narrowed
below to the acute base and above to the rather slenderly acumi-
nate apex, rather dull when dry; lateral nerves 4 or 5 on each
side of the midrib, slender, obscure, ascending; petioles 4 to 8
mm long. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, the peduncle slender,
1.5 to 2 cm long, sparingly pubescent, bearing at its apex 4 or
more subumbellately arranged branchlets, each branchlet bear-
ing two, spicately arranged, sessile flowers, the branchlets pubes-
cent, about 4 mm long. Flowers sessile, 4-merous, bright yellow

The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

above, reddish toward the base, about 3 cm long, the basal
bracteole narrowly ovate, 1 mm long or less. Calyx narrowly
funnel-shaped, pubescent, about 3 mm long, the throat about
2.5 mm wide, the limb produced, truncate, obscurely 4-toothed.
Petals 4, entirely free, about 2.8 cm long, 2 mm wide, pubescent
externally. Filaments 5 to 6 mm long; anthers continuous,
narrowly oblong, obtuse, 3.5 mm long. Fruit not seen, said by
the collector to be white.

Luzon, Subprovince of Ifugao, Mount Polis, Bur. Sci. 198^2 McGregor,
February 10, 1913, on MediniUa.

Apparently most closely allied to Loranthus acutiis Engl., but with much
larger flowers than that species. It also resembles L. polillensis C. B. Rob.,
in some respects, but has smaller leaves, and more numerous, pubescent
flowers.

OLACACEAE

WORCESTERIANTHUS genus novum

Flores unisexuales. Calyx parvus, 5-dentatus, vix auctus.
Petala 5, angusta, puberula. Fl. s : Petala valvata. Stamina
petala duplopluria, alternatim inaequalia, filamentis gracilis;
antherae orbiculari-ovoidae, rimis intus dehiscentibus. Ovarium
rudimentum cylindricum, elongatum, puberulum, Fl. 9 : Petala
imbricata. Stamina vel staminodia nulla. Ovarium ovoideum,
glabrum vel basi pubescens, 2-loculare, loculis 1-ovulatis, ovula
pendula. Stigma sessile, breviter 2-lobata. Drupa ovoidea vel
subovoidea, 2-locellata, carne crasse coriacea vel sublignosa, pu-
tamine crustaceo. Arbor dioica, parva, glabra vel subglabra.
Folia alterna, ovata vel oblongo-ovata, penninervia, integerrima.
Flores parvi, axillari, breviter pedicellati, i numerosi, 9 subso-
litari.

WORCESTERIANTHUS CASEARIOIDES sp. nov.

Arbor parva, usque ad 12 m alta, partibus junioribus floribus-
que exceptis glabra; foliis alternis, glabris, ovatis ad oblongo-
ovatis, chartaceis, in siccitate nitidis, pallidis, usque ad 15 cm
longis, basi acutis vel subrotundatis, apice acuminatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 5, distantibus, laxe anastomosantibus, promi-
nentibus; floribus parvis, 5-meris, $ circiter 3 mm longis $
paullo longioribus; fructibus solitariis, glabris, circiter 1.5 cm
longis, acutis.

A small tree reaching a height of about 12 m, glabrous except
the young branchlets and the flowers, dioecious. Branches gray,
terete, slender, the young ones very obscurely angled, the growing
tips finely grayish-puberulent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.

IX. c. 3 Merrill: Noteivorthy Pliilippine Plants 289

ovate to oblong-ovate, chartaceous, 9 to 15 cm long, 4 to 7 cm
wide, entire, the base slightly inequilateral, acute or somewhat
rounded, the apex blunt-acuminate, the acumen broad, short,
both surfaces shining when dry, rather pale and of about the
same color, or the upper surface somewhat olivaceous; lateral
nerves about 5 on each side of the midrib, very prominent on
the lower surface, curved or curved-ascending, distant, promi-
nently looped-anastomosing, the reticulations fine, distinct; peti-
oles about 5 mm long. Flowers greenish-white, small, axillary,
shortly pedicelled, the males numerous fascicled, the females
solitary or subsolitary. Male flowers: Calyx shallowly cup-
shaped, about 1.3 mm long, somewhat pubescent, shallowly and
acutely 5-toothed, the teeth broad. Petals 5, free, valvate,
alternating with the calyx-teeth, narrowly oblong, puberulent on
both surfaces, acute or obtuse, about 3 mm long, 1.2 mm wide.
Stamens 10, all fertile, 5 long ones alternating with 5 short ones,
inserted in a single row on the rather obscure, ferruginous-
pubescent disk; longer filaments 2.3 mm long, the shorter ones
1.5 mm long, glabrous, slender; anthers broadly ovoid or orbic-
ular-ovoid, 0.5 mm long. Rudimentary ovary stout, cylindric,
puberulent, 2.5 mm long, truncate. Female flowers 5-merous,
sohtary or subsolitary, their pedicels 2 mm long. Calyx about
as in the males. Petals lanceolate, puberulent, imbricate, acute
or somewhat acuminate, about 4 mm long, 1.6 mm wide. Rudi-
mentary stamens or staminodes wanting. Ovary ovoid or
narrowly ovoid, glabrous except the ferruginous-pubescent base,
narrowed above to the sessile stigma, 2-celled, each cell with a
solitary apical ovule. Stigma 2-lobed, curved or spreading, ses-
sile, about 2 mm long. Fruit ovoid, acute, about 1.5 cm long,
glabrous, the pericarp thick, very coriaceous or almost woody, the
putamen crustaceous, 2-celled, cells 1-seeded. Mature seeds not
seen.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, between San Antonio and Paete, Bur. Set.
H9Jt3 (type), 165^1 Ramos, the former with male flowers, June, 1912, the
latter with nearly mature fruits and few female flowers, September, 1912:
Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 18U36 Alvarez, February, 1909, in fruit.

This apparently represents a very distinct generic type, and one pre-
viously not described. It belongs in the Tribe Olaceae, and apparently
near Ximenia Plum., and Scorodocarpus Becc, although not at all closely
allied to either. The alternate leaves, dioecious flowers, the males fasci-
cled and the females solitary, the 10 stamens, 5 short ones alternating with
5 longer ones, and the absence of staminodes or reduced stamens in the
female flowers are distinguishing characters.

The first specimen received, in fruit, was tentatively referred by me
to the Olacaceae, but later was transferred to the Flacoiirtaceae, but with
no further attempt to determine it, on account of the similarity of its

290 Tlie Philippine Journal of Science iftu

leaves to a specimen named Erythrospermuin phytolaccoides Gardn., in
the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science. The next coJlection received,
with male flowers, that I have made the type, was hurridly determined and
erroneously referred to Casearia solida Merr., which in leaf-characters and
in the position and size of its flowers it rather closely resembles; the dupli-
cates of this number were distributed as Casearia solida Merr. The next
collection yielded female flowers and nearly full grown, but immature,
fruits, and a study of all the available specimens shows that it is well
worthy of being described as a new genus. There appears to be nothing
in the Olacaceae that very closely approaches it, although there is no
doubt whatever in my mind but that it properly belongs in this group.

The genus is dedicated to the Honorable Dean C. Worcester, for many
years Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Government, in recogni-
tion of his interest in and great services to the advancement of the scientific
work in the Philippines.

HERNANDIACEAE

HERNANDIA Linnaeus

HERNANDIA OVIGERA Linn. Amoen. Acad. 4 (1757) 125; Meissn. in DC.
Prodr. 15' (1864) 262; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 182.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Mount Pulongbato, Bur. Sci. 16U2
Reillo, Sept. 20, 1912. Camiguin de Mindanao, Bur. Sci. 17^24 Ramos,
April, 1912.

This species was based on Arbor ovigera Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 3: 103,
pi. 123, and is characterized by its leaves not being peltate. In other
respects it is very similar indeed to Hernaudia peltata Meissn., and it
seems to be doubtful whether or not the two are really distinct. In the
Philippines Hernandia peltata Meissn., is common and widely distributed
along the seashore, and this seashore form apparently always has peltate
leaves, although sometimes but slightly so, as in Copeland 13S1 from the
strand at Tagalaya, Davao, Mindanao. At any rate, if the type of Her-
nandia sonora L. be interpreted as the American species, which seems to
be the logical course to follow, H. ovigera L. is the oldest name for the
oriental form, should H. peltata Meissn. and H. ovigera L. be united.
Hernandia ovigera L. has already been reported from the Philippines by
F.-Villar, but the record has not previously been verified.

Both specimens cited above are from the interior forests, not from the
coast; Hernandia peltata Meissn. is confined to the beach forests.

Malay Archipelago, Java to Amboina.

ILLIGERA Blume
ILLIGERA MEGAPTERA sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis 3-folio-
latis, foliolis oblongo-ovatis ad ovato-ellipticis, coriaceis, nitidis,
usque ad 15 cm longis, breviter acuminatis, basi late rotundatis,
integris, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, prominentibus ; fructibus 3.5
cm longis, cum alis 10 ad 12 cm latis.

Scandent, glabrous except the inflorescence, the stems
terete, at least 5 mm diameter, dark-colored when dry, striate.

IX, c, 3 Merrill: Noteworthy Philippine Plants 291

Leaves 3-foliolatc, their petioles 9 to 12 cm long. Leaflets
oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, coriaceous, entire, 13 to 15 cm
long, 8 to 9 cm wide, apex shortly acuminate, base broadly
rounded, pale-olivaceous when dry, both surfaces equally shining ;
lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, prominent, the
reticulations distinct; petiolules 1.5 to 2 cm long. Flowers not
seen, the infructescence at least 20 cm long, subferruginous-
pubescent, the mature fruits 3.5 cm long, including the wings 10
to 12 cm wide, the wings brown, shining, elliptic-ovate, broadly
rounded, firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 3.5 to 4 cm wide.

Mindanao, Butuan Subproyince, Bur. Sci. 21511 Escritor, August, 1913,
locally known as caba^aba.

Very characteristic on account of its relatively large leaflets and its
very large fruits, the broad long wings being rather remarkable.

ILLIGERA RETICULATA sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, subglaber; foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis coria-
ceis, late ovatis, acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel leviter cordatis,
usque ad 11 cm longis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, subtus cum
reticulis prominentibus ; fructibus 3.5 cm longis, 3-alatis, alis
lateralibus coriaceis, nitidis, late ovatis, rotundatis, circiter 4
cm longis, altero 1 ad 1.5 cm longis latisque.

A scandent shrub, nearly glabrous (flowers unknown).
Leaves 3-foliolate, the petioles about 8 cm long; leaflets broadly
ovate, coriaceous, about 11 cm long, slightly acuminate, entire,
base rounded or somewhat cordate, pale when dry, the lower
surface bearded in the axils; lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side
of the midrib, prominent, the reticulations lax, also prominent;
petiolules 2 cm long. Panicles ample, in fruit glabrous. Fruits
about 3.5 cm long, 3-winged, the lateral wings broadly ovate,
coriaceous, rounded, shining, about 3.5 cm long and 3 cm wide,
the other one much reduced, 1 to 1.5 cm long and wide and
confined to the lower one-half of the fruit, the opposite side
with a mere keel, not at all winged.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 7?fil Curran
& Merritt, October 24, 1907, on trees, open cogon slopes, altitude 160 meters.

A species well characterized by its prominently reticulate leaves and its
comparatively large, 3-winged fruits, the lateral wings very large, the
other very much reduced, and the fourth represented by a mere ridge or
keel.

ILLIGERA ELLIPTIFOLIA sp. nov.

Frutex scandens inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis trifolio-
latis, foliolis ellipticis, 7 ad 13 cm longis, utrinque rotundatis,
in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, nervis utrinque circiter 6; infruc-
tescentiis laxis, amplis, circiter 20 cm longis, dense olivaceo- vel

292 The Philippine Journal of Science i9u

subfeiTugineo-pubesccntibus; fructibus junioribus circiter 8 cm
longis, bialatis, alis chartaceis, circiter 2 cm longis, ovatis,
rotundatis.

A scandent shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence. Stems
terete, about 5 mm in diameter, nearly black when dry. Leaves
3-foliolate, the petioles up to 12 cm long; leaflets entire, sub-
coriaceous, elliptic, 7 to 13 cm long, 4 to 7.5 cm wide, rounded at
both ends, pale and somewhat shining when dry, the petiolules
1 to 2.5 cm long; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib.
Inflorescence lax, subpyramidal, about 20 cm long, the branches
few, scattered, the lower ones up to 9 cm long, all parts rather
densely olivaceous- or subferruginous-pubescent with short hairs.
F'lowers unknown. Fruits (immature) about 3 cm long,
2-winged, the wings rather thin, ovate, rounded, about 2 cm
long.

Mindanao, Agrusan SubprOvince, in forests along streams southeast of
Nasipit, altitud about 20 meters, For. Bur. 20571 Miranda, September, 1913.

Well characterized by its lax, rather densely pubescent panicles, its two-
winged fruits, and its elliptic leaflets.

ILLIGERA CARDIOPHYLLA sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, glaber (floribus ignotis) ; foliis 3-foliolatis,
foliolis late ovatis, coriaceis, 9 ad 12 cm longis, base late
rotundatis cordatisque, apice late, abrupte, obtuse acuminatis;
fructibus 3 cm longis, 4-alatis, alis coriaceis, late rotundatis,
glabris, lateralibus 3.5 cm longis, ceteris triplo brevioribus.

A scandent glabrous shrub (flowers unknown). Branches
terete, black when dry, 4 to 5 mm in diameter. Leaves 3-foIio-
late, the petioles 8 to 10 cm long; leaflets broadly ovate, coria-
ceous, 9 to 12 cm long, nearly or quite as wide, olivaceous and
somewhat shining when dry, base broadly rounded, rather
prominently cordate, apex abruptly, shortly, and obtusely acu-
minate; lateral nerves 5 to 6 on each side of the midrib, the
reticulations lax, not prominent; petiolules 1.5 to 2 cm long.
Panicles in fruit 15 cm long, glabrous or nearly so; fruits
glabrous, 4-winged, about 3 cm long, the lateral wings coria-
ceous, rounded, broadly ovate, about 3.5 cm long, the other two
about one-third as long as the lateral, ones.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin, Bur. Sci. 4082 Fenix, June 28, 1907, in
thickets near old clearings.

The characteristic features of this species are its broadly ovate, rather
prominently cordate leaves and its comparatively large, 4-winged fruits.

(To be concluded)

[Vol. IX, No. 2, including pages 97 to 189, was issued June 23, 1914]

t/tv

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IX AUGUST, 1914 No. 4

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, X

By E. D. Merrill *

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of

Science, Manila, P. I.)

( Concluded )
RUTACEAE

ATALANTIA Correa
ATALANTIA MARITIMA sp. nov.

Species A. distichae (Blanco) Merr. affinis, differt foliis ellip-
ticis baud prominente acuminatis, margine - leviter crenulatis
vix integris.

An unarmed shrub or small tree 2 to 6 m in height, glabrous
except the inflorescence, or the younger branchlets sometimes
slightly pubescent. Branches terete, slender, usually reddish-
brown when dry, the branchlets greenish or straw-colored and
more or less angled or compressed near the nodes. Leaves
alternate, subcoriaceous or coriaceous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic,
shining, rather pale when dry and of nearly the same color
on both surfaces, 5 to 10 cm long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide, subequally
narrowed at both ends, the base acute, the apex obtuse and dis-
tinctly retuse, not gradually narrowed to an acumen, the margins
above distinctly but distantly crenulate, not entire, glandular-
punctate beneath; lateral nerves very numerous, close; petioles
5 to 10 mm long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 6 cm long,
pubescent, many-flowered, narrow, the lower branches 2 cm long
or less, the panicles usually larger in fruit and up to 11 cm in
length. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx pubescent, cup-shaped, about

* Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines, Manila,
P. L

129553 293

294 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

3 mm in diameter, 5-lobed, the lobes orbicular-reniform, rounded,
about 2 mm long and somewhat wider than long, pubescent.
Petals 5, about 6 mm long, glandular-punctate, oblong-obovate,
rounded. Stamens 10, 2-seriate; filaments flattened, free, the
longer ones about 5 mm long, the shorter 4 mm in length ; anthers
ovoid, rounded at both ends, 1.3 mm long. Disk annular,
surrounding the base of the ovary. Ovary glabrous, ovoid or
globose; style thick, cylindric. Fruit globose, yellow, glabrous,
about 8 mm in diameter, fleshy, with a single seed.

Apo Island, Mindoro Strait, Bur. Sci. 178 Bermejos (type), November,

1905. TiCAO, For. Bur. 1060 Clark, May, 1904. Panay, Capiz, Copeland
107, January, 1904. Bohol, Tagbilaran, Bur. Sci. 1278 McGregor, July,

1906. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. H69, 9270
Withford & Hutchinson, February, 1908. Palawan, For. Biir. 3796 Curran,
February, 1906, Bur. Sci. 623 Foxworthy, March, 1906.

The species is manifestly closely allied to Atalantia disticha (Blanco)
Merr., from which it may be easily distinguished by its very differently
shaped leaves vi^hich are not gradually narrowed upward to an acuminate
apex and which are distinctly crenulate, not entire. All the specimens are
indicated as growing in thickets or forests at the edge of the beach, on
beach-cliffs, or near mangrove swamps. The Visayan name in Ticao is
indicated by Clark as carucabagao.

CLAUSENA Burmann
CLAUSENA GRANDIFOLIA sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 ^n altus, vix aromaticus, glaber vel subglaber;
foliis usque ad 40 cm longis, foliolis 11 ad 15, chartaceis vel
subcoriaceis, 9 ad 15 cm longis, oblongo-ovatis ad obiongis,
inaequilateralibus, acuminatis; paniculis circiter 20 cm longis
angustis, leviter pubescentibus ; floribus parvis, 5-meris; fruc-
tibus globosis, carnosis, 7 ad 10 mm diametro.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, glabrous except the slightly puberulent
younger parts and the inflorescence, not aromatic. Branches
terete, stout, brownish-gray. Leaves alternate, 25 to 40 cm long,
the petioles and rachis minutely puberulent, becoming glabrous ;
leaflets 11 to 15, alternate, oblong-ovate to oblong, the larger
ones up to 15 cm long and 6 cm wide, the smaller ones about
10 cm long and 3 to 4 cm wide, those in the upper part of the
rachis longer than the lower ones, chartaceous to subcoriaceous,
strongly inequilateral, entire, acuminate, base rounded to acute,
rather pale, shining, and of about the same color on both sur-
faces when dry ; lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, distant, irregular, anastomosing, the reticulations
lax; petiolules about 3 mm long. Panicle terminal, narrowly
pyramidal, about 20 cm long, somewhat puberulent, the lower

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 295

branches 7 cm long or less, the upper gradually shorter. Flowers
apparently numerous, somewhat crowded at the apices of the
branchlets, 5-merous, the pedicels very short. Calyx shallow,
1.5 mm in diameter, 5-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, acute. Petals
5, imbricate, elliptic-ovate, 2.5 mm long, glandular, glabrous.
Stamens 10, somewhat 2-seriate; anthers oblong, 1 to 1.2 mm
long, much longer than the filaments which are somewhat
enlarged below. Ovary cylindric, prominently rugose, glabrous,
5-celled. Fruit globose, fleshy, up to 1 cm in diameter,
with from 1 to 3 seeds; seeds about 7 mm long, the cotyledons
thick, plano-convex.

Palawan, Mount Capoas, Merrill 9544, April 21, 1913, on talus slopes,
steep forested ridge, altitude about 800 meters.

A species well characterized by its unusually large leaves and leaflets.

EVODIA Forster
EVODIA LAXIRETA sp. nov,

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra; foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis
coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, nitidis, anguste oblongo-obovatis, usque
ad 12 cm longis, 3 ad 5 cm latis, obtusis, basi sensim angustatis,
cuneatis; nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 10, prominentibus,
reticulis laxis, distinctis; inflorescentiis in axillis superioribus,
anguste paniculatis, circiter 5 cm longis; coccis 1 vel 2, ovoldeis
vel ellipsoideis, circiter 4 mm longis.

A shrub or small tree, quite glabrous (flowers not seen) ;
branches terete, pale-brownish, shining, rather stout, wrinkled
when dry. Leaves 3-foliolate, the petioles 2.5 to 5 cm long;
leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous,
when dry prominently shining and of about the same color on both
surfaces, 9 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, entire, the apex obtuse,
below gradually narrowed to the acute or cuneate base; lateral
nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent, anas-
tomosing, the reticulations lax, the nerves and reticulations
about equally prominent on both surfaces; petioles about 1.5 cm
long. Panicles solitary, in the upper axils, narrowly pyramidal,
about 5 cm long, shortly peduncled, the branches few, the lower
ones 1.5 cm long or less. Fruit of 1 or 2 cocci, the cocci ovoid to
ellipsoid, rounded, about 4 mm long.

Mindanao, Bukidnon Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 21407 Escritor, July 27,
1913, locally known as pamintang gubat.

Thus species may prove to belong to the genus Melicope when the flowers
are known. In general it resembles Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr., but
differs in its thicker leaves which are prominently and laxly reticulate
on both surfaces.

296 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

EVODIA CAMIGUINENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor parva partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque villosis;
foliis trifoliolatis, foliolis anguste oblongis, anguste oblongo-
obovatis, vel oblongo-oblanceolatis, utrinque angustatis, apice
acuminatis, usque ad 9 cm longis, nitidis, glabris, vel subtus ad
costa parce villosis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, paniculatis,
pallide subdense villosis, quam folia multo brevioribus.

A small tree, the branches light-gray, shining, glabrous, sub-
terete or very obscurely 4-angled, the younger parts slightly
villous. Leaves 3-foliolate, their petioles 1 to 3.5 cm long,
sparingly villous, becoming nearly glabrous, glandular; leaflets
narrowly oblong, narrowly oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceo-
late, chartaceous or submembranaceous, green and shining
when dry, of nearly the same color on both surfaces, 6 to 9
cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, narrowed at both ends, the apex
rather distinctly acuminate, the base acute, the upper surface
quite glabrous, the lower one glabrous or slightly villous along
the midrib, prominently glandular-punctate with very numerous,
small, dark-colored glands; petiolules 3 to 5 mm long; lateral
nerves about 12 on each side of the midrib, very slender, anas-
tomosing, distinct but not prominent. Panicles axillary, nar-
rowly pyramidal, rather prominently villous-pubescent with
pale hairs, 5 to 7 cm long, open, rather lax, the branches spread-
ing, the lower ones 2 cm long or less, the upper ones gradually
shorter. Female flowers: Pedicels 1.5 to 2 mm long, pubescent.
Sepals 4, oblong-ovate obtuse, pubescent, about 1.2 mm long.
Petals 4, oblong, obtuse, about 2.4 mm long, 1.2 wide. Stami-
nodes 4, very slender, 1 mm long. Ovary densely villous; style
slender, 1.5 mm long, villous below. Male flowers and fruits
not seen.

Camiguin de Mindanao, Bur. Sci. lJf66A Ramos, April, 1912.

A species distinguishable by its rather narrow leaflets, but more espe-
cially by its open, narrowly pyramidal panicles which are prominently
villous with pale hairs. It has somewhat the appearance of the Asiatic
Evodia pteleaefolia (Champ.) Merr., but is quite distinct from that species.

EVODIA VILLAMILII sp. nov.

Arbor alta, glabra, gemmis inflorescentiisque exceptis glabra;
foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis subcoriaceis, oblongis ad oblongo-
ellipticis, usque ad 22 cm longis, in siccitate pallidis, breviter
acuminatis, basi angustatis, plus minusve decurrento-acuminatis,
subsessilibus vel brevissimme petiolulatis, nervis utrinque cir-
citer 20, prominentibus ; inflorescentiis axillaribus, 5 ad 8 cm
longis, breviter pedunculatis, dense multifloris, floribus rosaceis,
4-meris, circiter 5 mm longis.

IX. c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 297

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the buds and the
inflorescence. Branches stout, oHvaceous. Leaves opposite,
their petioles 5 to 10 cm long, the leaflets 3. oblong to oblong-
elliptic, or sometimes narrowly elliptic-obovate, subcoriaceous,
pale and somewhat shining when dry, 15 to 22 cm long, 6 to 12
cm wide, the apex somewhat acuminate, the acumen short, the
base narrowed, usually somewhat decurrent-acuminate, sessile or
the petiolules very short; lateral nerves about 20 on each side of
the midrib, prominent. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary,
densely many flowered, peduncled, somewhat pubescent cymes 5
to 8 cm long. 6 to 11 cm in diameter, all parts more or less gray-
pubescent. Flowers pink, their pedicels pubescent, 5 mm long.
Sepals 4, orbicular-reniform, rounded, 1.5 mm in diameter.
Petals 4, pink, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acute, 5 mm long, 3 mm
wide, appressed-pubescent inside. Stamens 4 ; filaments 6 to
7 mm long, glabrous, the upper 1 mm much narrowed and
abruptly inflexed ; anthers versatile, oblong, 2 mm long. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed, densely villous, the cells 2-ovuled ; style glabrous,
6 mm long; stigma punctiform. Cymes in fruit about 7 cm in
diameter, rather dense, the cocci cartilaginous, about 5 mm long,
the seeds jet black, shining, ellipsoid, about 3 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 20653 (type),
S0880 Villamil, October, 1913, February, 1914, in forests, altitude 300 to
350 meters, the former in flower, the latter in fruit and from the same
tree; also C. F. Baker Uh^, November, 1912, detached inflorescence only.

A very striking species not closely allied to any other known Philippine
form, readily recognizable by its short, dense, hemispheric, many flowered,
short-peduncled cymes, the flowers retaining their pink color long after
being dried.

EVODIA TERN ATA (Blanco) comb. nov.

Orixa ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1S37) 62, ed. 2 (1845) 45, ed. 3, 1: 84.

Evodia robusta F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 34, non Hook. f.

Evodia triphijUa Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 68, non DC.

For this Philippine form that has been confused with two different
species, Evodia robusta Hook. f. and E. triphylla DC, it appears necessary
to establish a new name, for it is apparently a distinct and valid species.
I have rather arbitrarily typified the species by Blanco's Orixa ternata,
transferring his specific name to the proper genus. It is, however, impos-
sible definitely to determine whether or not the material referred here,
and below described, is really the species Blanco described, due to his im-
perfect description. So far as his description goes, it applies, not only in
the characters ascribed by him to the species, but also in its time of
flowering. It is, moreover, the only form known to me to which Blanco's
Orixa ternata can be referred. F.-Villar's reduction of Orixa ternata to
Evodia robusta Hook. f. is manifestly incorrect, for the latter species does
not occur in the Philippines. The following description is typified by Lei-
berg 6133.

298 ^^'^ Philippine Joiwnal of Science i9u

A shrub or small tree 2 to 4 m high, glabrous except the in-
florescence and the younger parts. Branches rather stout,
smooth, more or less compressed, usually brownish when dry,
the growing tips more or less pubescent. Leaves opposite,
3-foliolate, their petioles 4 to 9 cm long; leaflets chartaceous, 10
to 18 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, elliptic, oblong, or oblong-obovate,
of about the same color on both surfaces, shining when dry, oli-
vaceous or yellowish-brown, the apex distinctly acuminate, the
base acute; lateral nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib,
rather slender, distinct, anastomosing ; petiolules 3 to 8 mm long.
Panicles axillary, narrowly pyramidal, slightly pubescent,
about 9 cm long, the branches distant, spreading, the lower
ones about 2 cm long on staminate inflorescences, on female
ones, in fruit, the panicles up to 15 cm long, and the lower
branches 5 cm in length. Male flowers: Pedicels short. Sepals
4, slightly pubescent, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, about 1 mm long.
Petals 4, elliptic-oblong, acute, 2.5 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide,
glabrous. Stamens 4; filaments 2.5 to 3 mm long; anthers
elliptic-oblong, 1.2 mm long. Rudimentary ovary densely villous.
Female flowers not seen. Cocci subellipsoid, 5 mm long, the
shining black seeds 2.5 to 3 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Leiberg 6133, July, 1904,
with d" flowers, For. Bur. 2055 Borden, For. Bur. H.7U Ahem's collector,
both in fruit, August, 1904: Province of Rizal, Bur. ScL 13601 Ramos,
August, 1911, in fruit: Province of Cagayan, Claveria, Bur. Sci. 10732
McGregor, August, 1909, with immature c? flowers.

The species is perhaps as closely allied to Evodia glabra Blume as to
any other, but has quite different leaves and venation. It resembles quite
closely the Asiatic material referred to Evodia pteleaefolia (Champ.) Merr.,
but is specifically distinct.

EVODIA SUBCAUDATA sp. nov.

Species quoad foliis inflorescentiisque E. tematae (Blanco)
Merr. simillima differt foliolis subcaudato-acuminatis, nervis
lateralibus magis numerosis, floribus hermaphroditis.

A shrub or small tree the branches, branchlets, inflorescences,
petioles and lower surfaces of the leaflets on the midribs and
lateral nerves rather softly pubescent with short grayish hairs.
Branches and branchlets terete, or the tips of the latter a little
compressed. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate, their petioles 4 to 9 cm
long, those of the same pair of leaves unequal in length. Leaflets
membranaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, or obovate-elliptic,
subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the slenderly sub-
caudate-acuminate apex, the acumen 1 to 1.5 cm long, the termi-
nal leaflet up to 15 cm long and 6 cm wide, the lateral ones

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 299

somewhat smaller, all entire, the upper surfaces smooth, glabrous,
shining, the lower slightly paler, pubescent on the midrib and
lateral nerves, minutely glandular-punctate; lateral nerves 17 to
20 on each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing, the retic-
ulations slender, rather lax ; petiolules 2 to 3 mm long. Panicles
axillary, pubescent, solitary, about 8 cm long, narrowly pyramidal,
the lower branches 2.5 cm long or less, densely many flowered.
Flowers 4-merous, perfect, their pedicels 1 to 1.2 mm long, the
bracteoles less than 0.5 mm in length. Sepals ovate, acute, pubes-
cent, about 0.8 mm long. Petals oblong, obtuse or acute by the
inflexed tips, 2 mm long. Stamens 4 ; filaments 2 mm long, the
oblong anthers 1 mm in length. Ovary depressed-globose,
4- lobed, minutely pubescent, the cells 1-ovuled; style 2 mm long.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 15922 Fenix, August, 1912.

A species quite similar in general appearance to the Philippine Evodia
ternata (Blanco) Merr., redescribed above, and probably most closely
allied to that form, differing in some vegetative details, much more pubes-
cent, more slenderly acuminate leaflets with more numerous nerves, and
especially in its perfect, not dioecious flowers. As to the Asiatic forms
it is apparently most closely allied to Evodia pteleae folia (Champ.) Merr.,
but is abundantly distinct.

LUNASIA Blanco
LUNASIA MOLLIS sp. nov.

Species L. amarae affinis, differt partibus junioribus inflores-
centiis foliisque subtus molliter stellato-pubescentibus.

A shrub or small tree, the branchlets stout, yellowish-brown,
densely stellate-pubescent with short, yellowish-brown hairs, the
same type of indumentum on the inflorescence, petioles, and lower
surfaces of the leaves. Leaves oblong-obovate, subcoriaceous, 18
to 24 cm long, 6 to 10 cm wide, entire, the upper surface green,
shining, glabrous except for the more or less stellate-pubescent
midrib, the lower surface pale, rather densely stellate-pubescent,
prominently glandular-punctate, the apex rounded, obtuse, or
very obscurely, broadly, and obtusely acuminate, narrowed below
to the abruptly rounded base; lateral nerves 15 to 17 on each side
of the midrib, prominent, spreading, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions rather lax ; petioles 4 to 5 cm long ; inflorescence a very
narrow panicle, solitary, axillary, denselj' stellate-pubescent, 7 to
15 cm long, none of the branches (in young bud) exceeding 1 cm
in length, but perhaps longer in age. Young buds densely stel-
late-pubescent, globose. Open flowers and fruits not seen.

Cebu, Limusan, Bur. Sci. 11026 Ramos, on dry hills, March 14, 1912.
This proposed new species, although represented by immature material,
certainly belongs in the genus Lunasia, and is so different from our common

300 ^^'^ Philippine Jomiial of Science 1914

and variable Lunasia amara Blanco, that I have no hesitation whatever
in describing it as new. Lunasia amara Blanco is distinctly lepidote, not
at all stellate-pubescent. L. mollis may be more closely allied to L. babu-
yanica than to L. amara, for L, babuyanica is more or less stellate-pubescent,
although not all to the degree of L. mollis; there are also vegetative
differences.

LUNASIA OBTUSIFOLIA sp. nov.

Species L. amarae afRnis differ! foliis apice late rotundatis vel
obtusis, vix acuminatis, baseque distinct cordatis vix acutis.

A shrub, the young branches, petioles, and inflorescence densely
pale-lepidote. Leaves oblong-obovate, membranaceous, shining,
of nearly the same color on both surfaces or the lower one a
little paler than the upper when dry, 8 to 17 cm long, 4 to 8 cm
wide, entire or the upper part very obscurely undulate, the apex
broadly rounded or obtuse, narrowed from about the middle or
somewhat above to the distinctly cordate base, the base 1 to
1.5 cm wide, the lobes rounded, the sinus narrow, shallow, both
surfaces with few, scattered, pale, lepidote scales when young,
in age glabrous or nearly so, glandular-punctate; lateral nerves
up to 15 on each side of the midrib, spreading, prominent,
slenderly anastomosing, the reticulations slender, lax, not prom-
inent; petioles 3 to 6 cm long. Male panicles up to 30 cm in
length, narrow, their branches few, the lower ones up to 3 cm
in length, the flowers straw-yellow, in scattered, small, globose
heads. Sepals about 0.5 mm long. Petals oblong-ovate, acute
or acuminate, about 2 mm long. Filaments about 0.5 mm long.
Female flowers and fruits not seen.

BOHOL, Tagbilaran, on beach cliffs, Bur. Sci. 1273 McGregor, July 12,
1906.

A species decidedly similar to and manifestly very closely allied to
Lunasia amara Blanco, differing in its broadly rounded or obtuse, not
acuminate leaves which are also distinctly cordate and not acute at the
base; another distinguishing character is its elongated male panicles, some
of which greatly exceed the leaves in length, while in Lunasia amara
Blanco the panicles are shorter than the leaves.

LUNASIA MACROPHYLLA sp. nov.

Species L. amarae affinis, differt foliis multo majoribus, usque
ad 45 cm longis, coriaceis, integerrimis, nervis usque ad 45
utrinque.

A shrub about 2 m high, the younger parts, petioles, and in-
florescence densely pale-lepidote. Leaves pale when dry, coria-
ceous, shining and of about the same color on both surfaces, the
upper surface glabrous, minutely and obscurely beaded along the
reticulations, the lower surface very sparingly lepidote, the apex

IX, c, 4 Meti'ill: Philippine Plants, X 301

prominently acuminate, narrowed from the upper two-thirds to
the acute or abruptly obtuse base, the margins quite entire;
lateral nerves, at least on larger leaves, up to 45 on each side
of the midrib, very prominent, faintly anastomosing near the
margins, the reticulations slender, not very prominent; petioles
stout, thickened at their apices, about 10 cm long. Male pani-
cles axillary, in young bud narrow, spike-like, the linear bracts
about 5 mm long. Open flowers and fruits not seen.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9299 Whitford
& Hutchinson, January 7, 1908, in dipterocarp forests, altitude about 50
meters.

A species distinguishable by its very large, quite entire., coriaceous leaves
which have about 45 pairs of very prominent lateral nerves.

LUNASIA NIGROPUNCTATA sp. nov.

Species L. amarae simillima et afRnis, differt foliis subtus valde
nigro-punctatis, capsulis vix rostratis.

A shrub about 4 m high, the branches, branchlets, petioles,
and inflorescences densely pale-lepidote, somewhat shining.
Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly obovate-
oblancolate, 22 to 25 cm long, 5.5 to 6.5 cm wide, rather gradually
narrowed from above the middle to the acute or somewhat obtuse
base, the apex broadly blunt-acuminate, the margins irregularly
undulate or slightly repand, the upper surface dark-olivaceous
when dry, shining, glabrous, or with scattered lepidote scales
along the midrib, the lower surface much paler, with scattered
lepidote scales, and with numerous, black, shining, round glands
which are distinct to the naked eye, 1 to 4 glands to each ultimate
reticulation; lateral nerves about 25 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, anastomosing; petioles 5 to 6 cm long. Inflorescences
axillary, solitary, apparently narrowly paniculate, in fruit 6
cm long or less. Capsules usually of three cocci, by abortion
sometimes reduced to two, rarely to one, densely lepidote, pale,
shining, the individual cocci obovoid, base rounded, apex trun-
cate, about 12 mm long, 9 to 10 mm wide across the top, concen-
trically wrinkled when dry, the outer corner scarcely rostrate, or
very shortly so.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Baler, Bur. Sci. 21188 Escritor, June, 1913.

A species manifestly closely allied to Lunasia amara Blanco which it
strongly resembles, but from which it differs in its rather remarkable black
glandular-punctate leaves and in its scarcely rostrate capsules. In Lunasia
amara, while the leaves are glandular-punctate, the glands are never black
and shining as in the present species, while the capsules are very promi-
nently rostrate on the upper outer angle of each coccus.

302 ^''^ Philippine Journal of Science im

LUNASIA AMARA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 783.

This species is common in forests and of very wide distribution in the
Philippines. It is exceedingly variable in its vegetative characters, but
seems to be decidedly constant in floral and fruit characters. The normal
form has nearly entire leaves, usually distinctly, often prominently, acumi-
nate. In his original description Blanco describes the leaves as "serpen-
teadas," which is best translated as undulate, and many of our specimens
show this character. The extreme repand form, however, is so distinct,
that were no intergrades present most botanists would not hesitate to
describe it as new. I had even written up a diagnosis of the form as a
new species, but distinct intergrades being present, and no characters other
than vegetative ones being detected by which to distinguish the forms, I
have considered it best to indicate the repand-leaved type as a variety.

Var. RE PAN DA var. nov.

A typo differt f oliis prominente undulato-repandis vel repandis.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Bur. Sci. 7S2B Ramos: Province of Nueva
Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 11264, 1118U McGregor, For. Bur. 11,876 Darling, For.
Bur. 15825 Curran & Merritt. Mindanao, District of Davao, B^ir. Sci.
15842 Fenix, August, 1912 (type).

The first two specimens cited have very large leaves, up to 45 cm in
length, but the others have medium-sized or small leaves, those on the
type being less than 15 cm in length.

LUVUNGA Hamilton

LUVUNGA SCAN DENS (Roxb.) Hamilt. in Wall. Cat. (1832) no. 6382.

Limonia scandens Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 380.

Palawan, Malampaya Bay, Binaloan, Merrill 9405, May, 1913, forested
slopes, altitude 20 meters.

India to the Malay Peninsula and Indo-China; new to the Philippines.

MELIACEAE
AGLAIA Loureiro
AGLAIA BERNARDOI sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor alta partibus junioribus subtus foliolis inflorescentiis-
que dense stellato-pubescentibus ; f oliis circiter 70 cm longis;
foliolis circiter 15, oblongis, membranaceis vel chartaceis,
acuminatis, basi cordatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, supra glabris,
subtus densissime brunneo-stellato-pubescentibus ; paniculis ju-
venilibus quam folia multo brevioribus, floribus numerosis,
sessilibus, in ramulis glomeratim dispositis.

A tree reaching a height of 20 meters, the younger parts,
inflorescence, petioles, rachis, and lower surfaces of the leaves
densely stellate-pubescent with pale-brownish hairs, or some-
times ferruginous in color. Ultimate branches terete, 8 to 10
mm in diameter. Leaves alternate, about 70 cm long, the leaflets
about 15, oblong, membranaceous or chartaceous, 10 to 15 cm

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 303

long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, acuminate, base cordate, the upper
surface brown when dry, strongly shining, glabrous or slightly
stellate-pubescent along the midrib; lateral nerves straight,
parallel, distinct, 20 to 27 on each side of the midrib ; petiolules
pubescent, about 3 mm long. Panicles axillary, when young
less than one-half as long as the leaves, peduncled, vStellate-
pubescent, about 25 cm long, the primary branches less than 4 cm
long, densely many flowered, the flowers glomerate. Flowers
5-merous, sessile, the buds globose, 1.5 mm in diameter, the calyx
densely stellate-pubescent externally. Petals 5, orbicular, gla-
brous, rounded, about 1 mm long. Staminal tube depressed-
globose, free from the petals, truncate, the anthers inserted at
the base, reaching the orifice but hardly protruding, 0.6 mm
long.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Gattaran, in open forests, altitude about
20 meters, For. Bur. 15205 Bernardo, May 27, 1912.

A species manifestly belonging in the group with Aglaia argentea Blume,
but entirely distinct from that species in its floral, vegetative, and indu-
mentum characters.

AGLAIA TRUNCIFLORA sp. nov. § Euaglaia?

Arbor circiter 18 m alta ramulis inflorescentiis petiolis subtus
foliisque ad costa dense stellato-tomentosis ; foliis imparipinnatis,
foliolis 7, ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 25 cm longis,
subcoriaceis, basi obtusis vel subrotundatis, apice abrupte sub-
caudato-acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 17; paniculis cauli-
nis, circiter 25 cm longis, fructibus ellipsoideis, circiter 2 cm
longis.

A tree about 18 m high, the branches, branchlets, inflorescence,
petioles, rachis, petiolules, and midribs on the lower surfaces of
the leaflets densely stellate-tomentose with brown hairs, not at
all lepidote. Branches terete, the ultimate ones about 4 mm in
diameter. Leaves alternate, rather distant, about 45 cm long;
leaflets 7, the lower pair less than one-half as large as the
upper ones, ovate, the others elliptic to oblong-elliptic, up to 25 cm
long, and 10 cm wide, rather pale-brownish when dry, the upper
surface glabrous and slightly shining, the lower surface of the
same color, nearly glabrous except for the stellate-tomentose
midribs, the base obtuse or rounded, the apex abruptly subcau-
date-acuminate, the acumen narrow, blunt, about 1.5 cm long;
lateral nerves about 17 on each side of the midrib, very prominent
on the lower surface, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations
lax, indistinct; petiolules stout, about 8 mm long. Panicles
from the trunk, stellate-tomentose, 20 to 25 cm long. Flowers
not seen (5-merous). Fruit ellipsoid, brown when dry, minutely

304 ^^^<^ Philippine Journal of Science leu

stellate-tomentose with brown hairs, rounded at both ends,
about 2 cm long, the persistent calyx with 5 short teeth.

Leyte, Dagami, in forests along streams, Mount Ibuni, Bur. Sci. 152SS
Ramos, August 21, 1912.

A species probably allied to Aglaia cauliflora Koord., of Celebes, which
is inadequately described. The Philippine form agrees with Koorders's
species in the peculiar character of its cauline inflorescence, which although
not uncommon in other genera of the Meliaceae, is exceedingly rare in
Aglaia. It differs in its stellate-tomentose, not lepidote, indumentum, its
smaller leaves, 7 instead of 5 leaflets, and slightly larger fruits.

DYSOXYLUM Blume
DYSOXYLUM ROSTRATUM sp. nov. § Eudysoxylum.

Arbor alta, partibus j unioribus inflorescentiisque brunneo-pube-
rulis exceptis glabra ; foliis alternis, circiter 40 cm longis ; foliolis
10, alternis, oblongis, coriaceis, nitidis, rectis, subaequilateralibus,
acuminatis, in siccitate brunneis, nervis utrinque 8 ad 11, subtus
valde prominentibus, reticulis obscuris, tenuibus, laxis; inflores-
centiis brunneo-puberulis, paniculatis, multifloris, in axillis
superioribus, circiter 20 cm longis; floribus 4-meris, circiter 7
mm longis, petalis glabris, liberis; tubo utrinque villoso; ovario
pubescente ; f ructibus 1-locularibus, ad 4 cm longis, valde inaequi-
lateralibus, apice lateraliter rostratis.

A tall tree, the younger parts and the panicles appressed
brown-puberulent, otherwise glabrous. Branchlets less than 1
cm in diameter, brown, wrinkled, the older parts glabrous.
Leaves alternate, about 40 cm long, the rachis at first puberulent,
soon entirely glabrous; leaflets 10, .alternate or subalternate,
oblong, coriaceous, brown when drj^ straight, subequilateral or
entirely equilateral, the apex rather prominently acuminate, the
acumen blunt, the base rounded to acute or somewhat decurrent,
the upper surface shining when dry, the lower slightly paler, also
shining; lateral nerves 8 to 11 on each side of the midrib, promi-
nent on the lower surface, impressed on the upper surface, not
anastomosing, the reticulations very slender, lax, obscure,
often nearly obsolete; petiolules 1.5 to 2 cm long, when young
grayish-puberulent. Panicles in the upper axils, forming a sub-
terminal inflorescence, all parts brown-puberulent, about 20 cm
long, oblong in outline, the lower branches 5 to 7 cm in length,
the flowers numerous, white, racemosely arranged on the ultimate
branchlets, 4-merous, their pedicels 2.5 to 4 mm long. Calyx
disk-shaped or shallowly saucer-shaped, about 3 mm in diameter,
irregularly but often rather prominently 4-toothed, some of the
teeth often apiculate-acuminate. Petals 4, entirely free, glab-
rous, about 7 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, obtuse. Staminal-tube

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Playits, X 305

somewhat villous on both surfaces, cylindric, 6 mm long, 10-
toothed, the teeth distinct, short. Anthers 10, sessile, included,
about 1 mm long. Disk cup-shaped, villous, about 1.5 mm high.
Ovary ovoid, somewhat pubescent, the style glabrous, about 2.5
mm long. Fruit in general obovoid, falcate, 3 to 4 cm long,
2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, 1-celled, with a single large seed, the tip
of the fruit projecting laterally as a stout, more or less strongly
recurved beak 1 to 1.5 cm long.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Papot, near San Antonio, Phil. PL 1U7S
Ramos (type), February 26, 1913, in forests; Dahican River, Bur. Sci.
16552 Ramos, September, 1912, in fruit.

Apparently in the same group with Dysoxylum alliaceum Blume. The
inequilateral, 1-seeded, rostrate fruit is very characteristic.

DYSOXYLUM EUPHLEBIUM sp. nov. § Eudysoxylum.

Arbor alta, glabra, ramulis crassis, 1 ad 1.5 cm diametro;
foHis 20 ad 40 cm longis, circiter 7-jugis, alternis, foliolis alter-
nis vel supoppositis, coriaceis, nitidis, oblongo-ovatis, late obtuse-
que acuminatis, inaequilateralibus, plus minusve falcatis, usque
ad 12 cm longis, nervis utrinque circiter 9, valde prominentibus,
reticulis obsoletis; paniculis ramosis, anguste pyramidatis, dense
multifloris, folia subaequantibus, terminalibus ; floribus 4-meris,
circiter 8 mm longis, petahs glabris, tubo libero, utrinque villoso,
ovario pubescente.

A tall tree, entirely glabrous except the staminal tube and
the ovary. Branchlets stout, terete, brownish, much wrinkled,
1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, marked with very large petiolar scars.
Leaves alternate, 20 to 40 cm long, about 7-jugate, the rachis
and petiole brown and somewhat longitudinally rugose when dry.
Leaflets thickly coriaceous, oblong-ovate, more or less falcate,
inequilateral, 8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, apex shortly and
bluntly broad-acuminate, base rounded to acute, brownish-oliva-
ceous when dry, the upper surface very strongly shining, the
lower of about the same color but dull; lateral nerves about 9
on each side of the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface,
not anastomosing, the reticulations obsolete; petiolules about 5
mm long. Panicles in the uppermost axils forming a terminal
inflorescence, the individual ones narrowly pyramidal, often as
long as the leaves, the branches spreading, the lower ones about
8 cm long, densely many-flowered, the flowers crowded, shortly
pedicelled or subsessile, 4-merous. Calyx disk-like or shallowly
saucer-shaped, obscurely toothed, about 3 mm in diameter.
Petals 4, oblong, obtuse, 8 mm long, 3 mm wide, glabrous, quite
free. Staminal-tube cylindric, 7 to 8 mm long, somewhat villous
inside and outside, truncate. Anthers 10, sessile, 0.8 mm long.

306 ^^'^ Philippine Jouimal of Science 1914

included. Disk cylindric, truncate, about 1.5 mm high, villous.
Ovary sparingly appressed-pubescent ; style glabrous, 7 mm long.
Fruit (immature) globose or obovoid, about 3 cm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Gumihan, near San Antonio, Phil. PI. lUOU
Ramos (type), February 27, 1913, in forests; between San Antonio and
Paete, Bur. Sci. 15102 Ramos, June, 1912.

A species manifestly in the group with the Malayan Dysoxyhim, allia-
ceum Blume, but differing from that and allied forms in many characters.
The strongly shining leaves, with prominent primary nerves and entirely
obsolete reticulations, and the densely flowered panicles are characteristic.
The dried flowering specimens have a strong, very disagreeable odor that
is characteristic of various parts of many species in the genus.

TURRAEA Linnaeus
TURRAEA MEMBRANACEA sp. nov. § Euturraea.

Arbor parva, circiter 5 m alta ; f oliis membranaceis, ovatis vel
oblongo-ovatis, utrinque angustatis, acuminatis, usque ad 9 cm
longis, nervis utrinque circiter 7, vetustioribus glabris vel sub-
glabris; racemis axillaribus, brevissimis, paucifloris; floribus 5-
meris, circiter 2.5 cm longis, tubo apice 10-laciniato, ovario glabro,
5-loculare; fructibus 5-locellatis, valvis valde recurvatis, crassis-
sime coriaceis, 12 mm longis.

A small tree 4 to 5 m high, deciduous, the branchlets, young
leaves, and inflorescence more or less pubescent, in age nearly
glabrous. Branches slender, terete, glabrous, brown or reddish-
brown, the branchlets gray-pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate,
membranaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate, subequally narrowed to
the acute base and to the acuminate apex, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to
4 cm wide, when young slightly pubescent on both surfaces, at
least on the midrib and nerves, in age nearly or quite glabrous,
slightly shining ; lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib,
prominent; petioles about 1 cm long, pubescent. Racemes axil-
lary, very short, pubescent, few-flowered, the flowers appearing
with the new leaves, the rachis of the racemes 5 mm long or
less. Flowers yellowish-white, their pedicels slender, 2 cm long.
Calyx cup-shaped, about 3 mm long, pubescent, 5-toothed, the
teeth ovate-acute, about 1.5 mm long. Petals 5, free to the
base, 2 to 2.3 cm long, linear, above somewhat narrowly spatulate,
below 1 mm wide, near the apex 3 to 3.5 mm wide, glabrous.
Staminal-tube glabrous, slender, 2.5 cm long, laciniate-lobed at
the apex, the lobes thin, linear, acuminate, about 2 mm long,
alternating with the anthers ; anthers subsessile, attached appar-
ently at the very apex of the tube, 1.8 mm long. Ovary ovoid,
5-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style slender, exserted 6 to 7 mm beyond
the end of the staminal-tube; stigma about 2 mm in diameter.

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 307

Fruit before dehiscence apparently ovoid, glabrous, splitting into
5 valves, the valves strongly recurved, very thickly coriaceous,
almost woody, ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, about
1.2 cm long, longtudinally keeled along the inside and grooved
along the back. Seeds obovoid, black and shining when dry,
about 6 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Set. 977 Ramos (type), June,
1906, in flower: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Merrill 3913, Oc-
tober, 1904, For. Bur. 9619 Zschokke, October, 1907, both in fruit.

This is in all probability the form that has been credited to the Phil-
ippines by several authors as Turraea pubescens Hellen. The Philippine
record was based on Vidal 165i from Marinduque, which I have examined
in the Kew Herbarium, and which I have noted as being matched by two
of the specimens cited above as well as by Loher 4-6A3 from Arayat. At
the time the Kew material was examined it was noted that the Philippine
material differed from T. pubescens Hellen., in its differently shaped leaves,
glabrous ovary, and larger, quite different fruit. I now have a specimen
of Turraea pubescens in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, Cochin-
china, Pierre 2772, which confirms the above notes. The fruits are remark-
ably different both in texture and in shape, the valves being merely coria-
ceous and not reflexed. It is quite evident from the material at present
available that the Philippine form is specifically very distinct from the
one found in southeastern Asia, and that Turraea pubescens Hellen. does not
extend to the Philippines.

TURRAEA PALAWAN ENSIS sp. nov. § Euturraea.

Suffrutex parvus, circiter 20 cm altus, erectus, partibus junior-
ibus pubescentibus ; foliis membranaceis, oblongis, usque ad 10
cm longis, irregulariter lobatis vel undulato-lobatis, costa nervis-
que subtus pubescentibus; racemis paucifloris; floribus 4 ad 4.5
cm longis.

A species similar and allied to Turraea humilis (Blanco)
Merr., and T. pumila Benn. An undershrub about 20 cm high,
the woody parts slender, reddish-brown, glabrous or slightly
pubescent, not or but sparingly branched, the growing parts
gray-pubescent. Leaves alternate, oblong in general outline,
membranaceous, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, the apex
obtuse, the base decurrent-acuminate, the margins irregularly
lobed or undulate lobed, the lobes usually 3 on each side, the
upper surface glabrous or nearly so, the lower one very slightly
paler then the upper and more or less pubescent on the midrib
and lateral nerves; lateral nerves 4 or 5 on each side of the
midrib, prominent, usually forked, the reticulations very lax;
petioles 2 cm long or less, pubescent. Racemes axillary, solitary,
3-flowered or less, pubescent. Flowers white, 4 to 4.5 cm long,
the bracts linear, 2 to 3 mm long. Calyx pubescent, the lobes
5, linear, acuminate, pubescent, 6 to 8 mm long, about 1 mm

308 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

wide. Corolla slender and tube-like below, the tube-like portion
about 3 cm long and 2 mm in diameter, the lobes 5, oblong,
narrowed at both ends, about 1.5 cm long, 6 mm wide, acute,
narrowed below into the long and slender claws that make
up the tube-like part. Staminal tube slender, glabrous, ex-
serted from the tube-like part of the corolla about 1.5 cm,
the reflexed laciniae at its apex 9 or 10, linear, acuminate, 4
mm long. Filaments filiform, inserted inside the tube, the
oblong anthers sparingly hispid, just exserted, about 1.5 mm
long, blunt at both ends, the apex obliquely apiculate. Ovary
ovoid, pubescent, 5-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; stigma depressed-
globose, 0.5 mm in diameter.

Palawan, San Miguel, near the seashore, Bur. Sci. 15563 Fenix, July
10, 1912.

A species very similar to and manifestly allied to both Turraea humilis
(Blanco) Merr., and to T. pumila Benn., differing from both in its larger
flowers. The latter species was described from Javan specimens, and is at
present unknown outside of that island unless the Philippine T. humilis
proves to be identical. Both F.-Villar and myself have considered the
Philippine and Javan plants to be identical, the former reducing Blanco's
Plagianthus humilis to Turraea ■pumila Benn., while I retained Blanco's
specific name as the valid one, it being the older. It seems, judging from
Bennett's description of T. pumila, that his species is not the same as the
Philippine one described by Blanco as Plagianthus humilis and which I
have transferred to Turraea as a valid species. Turraea humilis (Blanco)
Merr, is known only from Luzon, and it is exceedingly local and rare. It
is represented by the following specimens:

Luzon, Province of Rizal, San Juan del Monte, near Manila, Merrill
6232, June, 1908: Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. H99i. Ramos,
June, 1912.

The leaves are 3 to 6 cm long, ovate or elliptic-ovate, undulate but not
lobed, and the flowers are 3 to 3.5 cm in length.

WALSURA Roxburgh

WALSURA VILLAMILII sp. nov.

Species distinctissima ap omnibus adhuc cognitarum differt
filamentis baud I connatis, foliis 7-foliolatis.

A tree about 13 m in height, nearly glabrous, or the inflores-
cence and younger parts very sparingly pubescent, the growing
parts distinctly brownish-puberulent. Branches glabrous,
brownish-olivaceous, lenticellate. Leaves 7-foliolate, about 50
cm long, the petiole 10 to 15 cm in length, brown when dry.
Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, entire, glabrous,
15 to 20 cm long, 3 to 5.5 cm wide, the apex slenderly subcau-
date-acuminate, the base acute, the upper surface, when dry,
pale-greenish-olivaceous, shining, the lower one glaucescent, the

IX. c. 4 Met-rill: Philippine Plants, X 309

prominent nerves and slender reticulations brown ; lateral nerves
about 16 on each side of the midrib, very prominent on the
lower surface, somewhat curved, anastomosing near the mar-
gins; petiolules 2 to 5 mm long. Panicles terminal and in
the upper axils, brown when dry, very slightly pubescent,
in fruit up to 40 cm long. Immature fruits obovoid, 1 to
1.5 cm long, externally densely covered with a short, dense,
bro\vnish-purple indumentum, the persistent petals oblong,
pubescent, 4 mm long. Staminal tube very short, 0.5 mm long
or less, the filaments flattened, ciliate-pubescent, about 1.5 mm
long, obtuse, the anthers 0.5 mm in length.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, near Margosatubig, in hill forests,
For. Bur. lS76Jf Foxtvorthy, DeMesa, & Villa7nil, May 11, 1912, altitude
about 120 meters, and locally known to the Moros as sasd.

A very distinct and characteristic species, readily distinguished from
all previously described ones by its 7-foliolate leaves and its short staminal
tubes.

BUXACEAE
BUXUS Linnaeus
BUXUS RIVULARIS sp. nov. § Eubuxus.

Frutex circiter 1 m altus, glaber; foliis coriaceis vel sub-
coriaceis, lanceolatis, usque ad 5 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter
angustatis, apice acute acuminatis, basi acutis; racemis axillari-
bus, solitariis, 1 ad 2 cm longis.

A shrub about 1 m high, glabrous, the branches slender, light-
gray, terete, the branchlets distinctly angled. Leaves lanceolate,
2.5 to 5 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, rather pale when dry, of
about the same color and slightly shining on both surfaces,
subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the sharply acum-
inate apex, subsessile or very shortly petioled, often a little fal-
cate; nerves very faint, anastomosing in a distinct marginal
nerve. Racemes axillary, solitary, 1 to 2 cm long, glabrous, male
flowers below, the terminal flower usually female, the pedicels
about 3 mm long, the bracteoles ovate, acute, 1 mm long. Male
flowers: Outer two sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 2.2 mm
long, 1 mm wide, the inner two as long but ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, 1.5 mm wide. Filaments about 2.5 mm long. Rudimen-
tary ovary depressed-globose, entire. Female flowers at the
end of the raceme bearing the male flowers. Bracteoles linear-
lanceolate, the outer 2 sepals ovate, a little longer than the inner
four which are broadly ovate, acute, 2.2 mm long, slightly ciliate-
pubescent, all slightly accrescent in fruit, persistent, and about
3 mm long. Ovary glabrous. Young fruit ovoid, glabrous, 5

129553 2

310 The Philippine Journal of Scierice i»i4

to 6 mm long, crowned by the prominent styles and recurved
stigmas.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Guinatacutan, Bur. Sci. IS 169 Foxworthy
& Ramos, March, 1911, on rocks along the river, altitude 75 to 100 meters,
the flowers white and greenish.

A most characteristic species, recognizable by its small size and its
lanceolate, sharply acuminate leaves. The narrow leaves have doubtless
been developed to meet the exigencies of its habitat, for the plant undoubt-
edly grows in situations subject to overflow during heavy rains. It has
almost exactly the habit and appearance of Atalantia linearis (Blanco)
Merr., and Eugenia mimica Merr., which grow in similar habitats, and in
fact in making the preliminary identifications of the Guinatacutan collec-
tion, the specimens were referred to Atalantia linearis.

Stenophylly, due to habitat, is not as highly developed in the Philippines
as in the neighboring Island of Borneo, and aside from the widely distrib-
uted Hornonia riparia Lour., we have the endemic species Atalantia linearis
Merr., Eugenia mimica Merr., Buxus rivularis Merr., and Ficus rivularis
Merr., and doubtless others remain to be noted. The rather numerous
Bornean forms have been considered by Beccari.*

BUXUS PACHYPHYLLA sp. nov.

Arbor glabra ; foliis crassissime coriaceis, nitidis, oblongis,
usque ad 11 cm longis, 3 ad 5.5 cm latis, basi acutis vel acumina-
tis, apice acute acuminatis, margine valde revolutis; capsulis
axillaribus, solitariis, breviter pedunculatis, ovoideis, circiter 1
cm longis.

A glabrous tree, size not indicated. Branches terete, pale-
olivaceous, the branchlets slender, somewhat sulcate on two sides.
Leaves oblong, very thickly coriaceous, 9 to 11 cm long,
3 to 5.5 cm wide, narrow^ed below to the acute or somewhat
acuminate base and above to the sharply acuminate apex, the
margins strongly recurved, both surfaces shining, the lower
usually a little paler than the upper; lateral nerves slender, up
to 30 on each side of the midrib, irregular, sometimes rather
indistinct and confused with the secondary ones and the reticula-
tions; petioles 5 to 7 mm long. Peduncles solitary, axillary, in
fruit 5 mm long or less, with numerous, spreading bracteoles,
the lower ones smaller than the upper. Flowers not seen.
Capsules ovoid, about 1 cm long, solitarj% smooth, somewhat
glaucous-purple when dry.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Cadig near Guinayangan, Bur. Sci.
20828 Escritor, March 9, 1913.

Well characterized by its very thickly coriaceous leaves, and its solitary,
few, short-ped uncled fruits.

'Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 524.

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Philippiyie Plants, X 311

BUXUS LOHERI sp. nov.

Arbor glabra ; foliis lanceolatis, coriaceis, usque ad 6 cm longis,
utrinque angustatis acuminatisque, in siccitate brunneis, nitidis,
margine revolutis, nervis primariis utrinque 15 ad 20, tenuibus,
obscuris; capsulis terminalis axillaribusque, solitariis vel binis,
circiter 1 cm longis; pedunculo circiter 1 cm longo.

A glabrous tree, size not indicated. Branches terete, pale-
gray or somewhat brownish, the younger branchlets slender, dark
reddish-brown, somewhat angled or sulcate. Leaves lanceolate,
thickly coriaceous, 4.5 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide, when dry
brownish and shining on both surfaces, the lower surface usually
a little paler than the upper, about equally narrowed and acumi-
nate at both ends, the margins strongly revolute; lateral nerves
slender, not prominent, in fact often indistinct, 15 to 20 on each
side of the midrib, irregular, usually more or less confused by
the secondary' ones. Flowers unknown. Capsules ovoid, about
1 cm long, solitary or in pairs, terminal and in the leaf-axils,
the peduncles about 1 cm long, each with several scattered brac-
teoles, the caljTc, in fruit, about 7 mm in diameter, the lobes 5,
broadly ovate.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban, Loher 6857, February, 1905.

A species probably as closely allied to Buxus rolfei Vid. as to any other
species, but distinguished by its narrow, brown, lanceolate, much smaller,
obscurely nerved leaves.

CELASTRACEAE

GYMNOSPORIA Bentham & Hooker
GYMNOSPORIA NITIDA sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra, inermis; foliis ellipticis ad
oblongo-obovatis, coriaceis, supra valde nitidis, usque ad 7 cm
longis, apice obtusis vel rotundatis, basi acutis, margine crenu-
latis ; capsulis anguste obovoideis vel oblongo-ellipsoideis, circiter
1.5 cm longis, valvis crassissimJs.

A shrub or small tree, quite glabrous, unarmed. Branches
pale-gray, slender, somewhat wrinkled and shining when dry.
Leaves rather thickly coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-obovate, 4 to
7 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, the upper surface strongly shining
when dry, the lower much duller, apex obtuse or rounded, base
acute, margins crenulate; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of
the midrib, slender, not prominent, rather laxly anastomosing;
petioles 8 to 10 mm long. Inflorescence axillary', apparently
cyroose, in fruit up to 3 cm long. Flowers unknown. Capsules

312 ^/'6 PkUippine Journal of Science 1914

narrowly obovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, about 1.5 cm long, 8 to 10
mm in diameter, rounded at the apex, the valves 3, very thick.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, Salasa, For. Bur. 11836 Domingo,
November 20, 1912.

Well characterized by its strongly shining leaves and its very thick
capsule-valves. Not closely allied to Gymnosporia spinosa Merr. & Rolfe,
the only other known Philippine species.

EUONYMUS Linnaeus

EUONYMUS VIBURNIFOLIUS (Juss.) comb. nov.

Aegiphila viburnifolia Juss. in Ann. Mus. Paris 7 (1806) 76; Walp.
Repert. 4 (1844-48) 124; Schauer in DC. Prodr. 11 (1847) 655.

Euonymus philippinensis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 238.

Jussieu's species has long been a doubtful one, for manifestly it could
not belong in the genus Aegiphila which is confined to tropical America.
The type, Commerson, in Herb. Mus, Paris, was from the Philippines. The
original specimen was examined and photographed by the late Dr. C. B.
Robinson in November, 1911, and from an examination of the photograph
and notes I am now able definitely to refer the species to the Celastraceae,
and very definitely to the species I described a few years ago as Euonymus
philivpinensis.

ICACINACEAE

MIQUELIA Meissner
MIQUELIA RETICULATA sp. nov.

Scandens, partibus junioribus subtus foliis inflorescentiisque
leviter breviter hirsutis; foliis oblongis, chartaceis, usque ad 17
cm longis, in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, apice tenuiter acuminatis,
basi rotundatis leviter cordatisque, nervis lateralibus circiter 6,
subtus cum reticulis laxis valde prominentibus ; floribus 9
umbellatis, 4-meris, 3.5 mm longis.

A scandent, apparently woody plant, the branchlets terete,
pale when dry, slender, sparingly hirsute with short hairs.
Leaves oblong, entire, 14 to 17 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, pale and
somewhat shining when dry, the upper surface smooth and
glabrous, the lower prominently reticulate and sparingly hirsute,
the apex slenderly and prominently acuminate, somewhat
narrowed below to the rounded and slightly cordate base; basal
nerves 3 pairs, the lower two pairs very short, the lateral nerves
above the base 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing,
very prominent on the lower surface, the reticulations lax,
prominent ; petioles pale, 1.5 to 8 cm long, very sparingly hirsute.
Female flowers umbellate, on slender, axillary, simple peduncles
at anthesis about 3 cm long, elongated in fruit, about 10 in
each umbel, the pedicels sparingly pubescent, slender, 6 to 8
mm long. Calyx very minute or nearly obsolete. Petals 4,

IX. c, 4 Menill: Philippine Plants, X 313

oblong, 3.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, slightly pubescent outside,
apex acute or obtuse, more or less inflexed. Staminodes none.
Ovary oblong-ovoid, somewhat hirsute, 2 mm long; stigma shal-
lowly cup-shaped, about 1.3 mm in diameter. Fruit narrowly
ovoid, somewhat compressed, about 2 cm long, 1.3 cm wide,
wrinkled when dry, the pseudostipe about 8 mm long, the per-
sistent petals recurved, pulp scanty, the endocarp crustaceous,
coarsely foveolate.

Camiguin de Mindanao, Panatayuan, Bttr. Sci. 1J,67U Ramos, March
28, 1912, in forests, the flowers greenish-yellow.

Quite distinct from our other Philippine species, Miquelia cumingii Baill.,
and readily recognizable by its prominently reticulate leaves and its sparse
pubescence of short, pale, hirsute hairs.

PLATEA Blume

PLATEA PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov.

Platea latifoUa Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 58, non
Blume.

Species P. latifoUae Bl. affinis, differt foHis minoribus, basi
acutis, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque ferrugineo-lepidotis,
vix tomentosis, fructibus minoribus.

A dioecious tree 8 to 20 m high, the branches terete, nearly
black when dry, glabrous, the branchlets densely lepidote, the
scales minute, older ones pale, the younger ones ferrugineous.
Leaves oblong-ovate, coriaceous 7 to 12 cm long, 2.5 to 6.5 cm
wide, the apex rather prominently acuminate, the base acute,
the upper surface dark-colored when dry, glabrous, somewhat
shining, the lower pale, densely lepidote; lateral nerves 10 to
12 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the lower surface,
darker colored than the surface itself, usually anastomosing;
petioles 2 to 3 cm long, more or less lepidote. Male panicles 3
to 6 cm long, narrow, interrupted, the rachis, branches, and
calyces ferruginous-lepidote, the scales somewhat ciliate, not
tomentose, the lower branches 2 cm long or less, the upper ones
reduced to fascicles of flowers. Flowers sessile, glomerate,
numerous, the buds globose or depressed-globose. Calyx about
2 mm in diameter, the sepals nearly free, ovate, acute, about 1
mm long. Petals narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly
united at the base, glabrous, 2.5 to 3 mm long. Anthers broadly
elliptic, about 1.2 mm long. Male racemes axillary, solitary,
about 2 cm long, 3- to 5-flowered, ferruginous-lepidote, the
pedicels very stout, 2 to 3 mm long. Calyx somewhat cup-
shaped, the lobes very broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, about
2.5 mm long, 3 mm wide. Ovary densely stellate-lepidote, the

314 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

thick and short style as broad as the ovary, glabrous. Fruit
narrowly ovoid, gradually narrov^^ed upward to the acute or
obtuse apex, 2.5 to 3 cm long, apparently black when mature,
the pulp scanty, the endocarp hard, deeply longitudinally pitted
and sulcate.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Elmer 6835, November,
1904, in fruit; For. Bur. 2098 Borden, November, 1904, in fruit; Whitford
1202 (type), March, 1905, vi^ith pistillate flowers. Leyte, Dagami, Bur.
Set. 15242 Ramos, August, 1912, in fruit. Camiguin de Mindanao, Bur.
Sci. 14651 Ramos, March, 1912, with staminate flowers. Negros, Cuernos
Mountains, Elmer 977 7, March, 1908, with staminate flowers.

The material from Mount Mariveles, consisting of specimens with pistil-
late flowers and fruits, was originally referred by me to the Javan Platea
latifolia Blume, to which the Philippine form is manifestly closely allied.
On receipt of staminate material all the specimens were reexamined with
the result that it has been considered advisable to describe our local form
as a distinct species. The original description of Platea latifolia Blume
Bijdr. (1826) 647 is quite inadequate, and the later one by Miquel Fl.
Ind. Bat. 1 :* 793 is also too short. Reorders,* however, gives an excellent
and detailed description of the Javan species of the genus, on which my
conception of Platea latifolia Blume is based. Sterile specimens from Java
are also in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science. Platea philippinensis
grows in forests at and above an altitude of 900 meters.

STERCULIACEAE

FIRM I AN A Marsigli
FIRMIANA MERRITTII sp. nov.

Arbor alta; foliis orbiculari-ovatis vel late ovatis, acuminatis,
integris, basi latissime rotundatis, profunde et anguste cordatis,
vetustioribus glabris, usque ad 18 cm longis; folliculis 8 ad 9
cm longis, circiter 4 cm latis, inflatis, chartaceis, laxe reticulatis,
tarde dehiscentibus.

A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m and a trunk diameter
of 90 cm, deciduous. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate,
coriaceous or thickly chartaceous, in maturity glabrous, up to 18
cm long and about as wide, entire, the apex acuminate, the base
very broadly rounded, deeply and narrowly cordate, palmately
7- or 9-nerved, the reticulations distinct; petioles 20 cm long.
Follicles inflated, tardily dehiscent, narrowly oblong-ovate, base
acute, apex obtuse, 8 to 9 cm long, 4 cm wide, the valves laxly
reticulate, glabrous or nearly so, thickly chartaceous, not mem-
branaceous or coriaceous, each containing 1 or 2 seeds.

MiNDOBO, Igsoro River, west coast. For. Bur. 8555 Merritt, February 4,
1908, in forested river flats, altitude about 10 meters.

*Meded. 's Lands Plantent. 33 (1900) 156.

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 315

The first species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, and remark-
able among the few members of the genus in its very tardily dehiscent
follicles. In my material, which consists of fallen leaves and follicles, the
seeds are nearly mature, yet the follicles scarcely show a sign of opening.

MELOCHIA Dillenius

MELOCHIA UMBELLATA (Houtt.) comb. nov.
Visenia umbellata Houtt. Handl. 8 (1777) 309.
Wisenia indica Gmel. Syst. 2 (1791) 515.
Melochia arborea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 524.

Melochia indica A. Gray ex F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 29; K. Sch. in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 9 (1887) 209.

This widely distributed and much-named plant has a peculiarly compli-
cated synonymy, and for the last twenty years has been considered by many
botanists, after K. Schumann, under a specific name that was neither pub-
lished by the original author flouttuyn under Visenia, as V. indica, and
was never transferred to Melochia, as M. indica, by A. Gray until the
transfer was made by F.-Villar and K. Schumann and wrongly credited to
Gray. Houttuyn in 1777 published the species as Visenia um,bellata, and
this is apparently the oldest valid specific name. Gmelin seems to have
made the first use of the specific name indica, for he publishes it as Wisenia
indica with a reference to Christmann and Panzer's German edition of
Houttuyn's work Vol. 6 (1780), where, however, the species appears as
Visenia umbellata. Gmelin, then, simply proposed a new specific name,
indica, to replace that proposed by Houttuyn. Hasskarl ° seems to have
been the first author to credit the combination Visenia indica to Houttuyn,
which he later repeated in his Platae Javanicae Rariores, from whence it
passed into Miquel's Flora Indiae Batavae and other works. K. Schumann
manifestly took up the specific name from Miquel.

Asa Gray never published the combination "Melochia indica (Houtt.)
A. Gray" in the Botany of the Wilkes Expedition as credited to him by
K. Schumann' but simply indicates that: "Visenia cannot be generically
distinguished from Melochia." K. Schumann was, hence, in error both in
taking up the specific name indica, and in crediting its transfer to Melochia
to A. Gray. Vise7iia umbellata Houtt. seems to supply the correct specific
name, under Melochia, for this very common and widely distributed species,
and is accordingly here taken up.

Fernandez-Villar is the first author actually to make the combination
Melochia indica, but his publication of the combination has been entirely
overlooked by later authors, and does not appear in Index Kewensis. In
the Novissima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas
(1880) 29 the name Melochia indica appears, but is erroneously credited
to A. Gray on the authority of Bentham & Hooker f. Gen. PI. 1 (1862)
224. Bentham & Hooker f., however, do not make the transfer, but simply
state: "Cetera omnia Riedleiae conveninunt et monente Grayo Viseniam
pro sectione Melochiae potius quam genere proprio habemus."

Other synonyms of this species are: Visenia tomentosa Miq., Riedleia
tiliaefolia DC, R. velutina DC, Glossospermum velutinum Wall., G. cor-

•Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. 12 (1845) 122.
"Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 9 (1887) 209.

316 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

datum Wall., Alewodendron album Reinw., Melochia velutina Bedd., and
Hypericum pentandrum Blanco.

I am indebted to Sir D. Prain, director, Royal Gardens, Kew, for refer-
ences from the publications of Houttuyn and Gmelin, which are not avail-
able in Manila, and for a memorandum covering the case as to the oldest
specific name for the species.

BUETTNERIA Linnaeus

BUETTNERIA ECHINATA Wall. Cat. (1829) no. 1149; Gagnep. in Le-
comte Fl. Gen. Indo-China 1 (1911) 520.

MiNDORO, near Calapan, Bur. Sci. 21268 Escritor, July, 1913.

The identification has been made after Gagnepain, the Mindoro specimen
agreeing well with Pierre S7U6 from Tay-ninh, Cochin China, so named by
Gagnepain, and with his description of the species. Masters refers the
Wallichian species with doubt to Buettneria crenulata Wall., while Gagne-
pain cites the latter as a synonym of B. echinata. The genus is new to the
Philippines.

Nepal and Burma to Indo-China.

THEACEAE

ADINANDRA Jack
ADINANDRA ROSTRATA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 30 m alta partibus junioribus exceptis glabra;
foliis subcoriaceis, nitidis, oblongo-ovatis vel oblongo-ellipticis,
integris, usque ad 14 cm longis, utrinque angustatis, apice acumi-
natis, basi acutis vel decurrento-acuminatis, nervis utrinque
circiter 14, tenuibus; fructibus axillaribus, solitariis, longe
pedunculatis, ovoideis, 1.5 cm longis, longe caudato-rostratis.

A tree about 30 m high, glabrous except the branchlets (flowers
not seen). Branches terete, brownish, glabrous, the branchlets
sparingly pilose, the tips rather densely so. Leaves entire,
subcoriaceous, the younger ones thinner, oblong-ovate to oblong-
elliptic, 8 to 14 cm long, 3.5 to 6.5 cm wide, narrowed at both
ends, the apex acuminate, the base acute or decurrent-acuminate,
shining, of about the same color on both surfaces and somewhat
yellowish when dry ; lateral primary nerves about 14 on each side
of the midrib, slender, anastomosing, the reticulations rather lax ;
petioles 5 to 10 mm long. Flowers not seen. Fruits axillary,
solitary, their peduncles 4 cm long, the persistent sepals subor-
bicular to subreniform, coriaceous, glabrous, rounded, about
8 mm wide, the outer ones somewhat smaller than the inner,
the fruit ovoid, about 1.5 cm long, 1.2 to 1.4 mm thick, glabrous,
prominently caudate-rostrate, the beak 1 to 1.4 cm long, 3-celled,
the pericarp thick. Seeds two or three in each cell, about 6

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 317

mm long, flattened, reddish-brown, obovate, shining, the cotyle-
dons hippocrepiform.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican River, Phil. 1567 Ramos, September
13, 1912, in forests.

A species characterized by its few, comparatively large seeds, in which
it differs from most species in the genus. It is possible that when flowers
are known it will be necessary to transfer the species to some other genus,
but in general appearance and in all characters, perhaps other than the
seed, it is apparently an Adinandra.

ADINANDRA M AQUILINGENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor parva, ramulis foliisque junioribus pilosis, vetustioribus
glabris vel subglabris ; f oliis coriaceis, 3.5 ad 6 cm longis, nitidis,
oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongo-obovatis breviter acuminatis, basi
acutis, margine in h superiore crenulato-denticulatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 12, tenuibus; sepalis 5, subaequalibus, oblongo-
ovatis, obtusis, 8 mm longis; ovario leviter piloso, 5-loculare.

A tree about 12 m high, the very young branchlets and young
leaves rather softly pilose with appressed hairs, the older parts
glabrous or nearly so. Branches terete, very dark-gray or nearly
black, rather smooth, the branchlets brownish. Leaves coria-
ceous, 3.5 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, oblong-elliptic to
oblong-obovate, the base acute, the apex shortly acuminate, the
margins in the upper one-half crenulate-denticulate, below entire,
both surfaces shining, the lower a little paler than the upper,
yellowish-green when dry; lateral nerves about 12 on each side
of the midrib, slender, distinct but not prominent, about equally
evident on both surfaces, anastomosing ; petioles 3 to 5 mm long.
Flowers axillary, solitary, the pedicels stout, curved, glabrous,
about 2 cm long. Sepals subequal, oblong-ovate, 8 mm long,
5 mm wide, obtuse, somewhat appressed-pubescent. Petals and
stamens not seen. Very immature fruit ovoid, 7 mm long, 5-
celled, sparingly pilose, the style 8 mm long. Ovules very
numerous in each cell, apparently but few developing into seeds.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, in forests on the upper
slopes, altitude probably about 1,000 m, Bur. Sci. 13650 Ramos, September,
1911, from the Batangas side of the mountain.

A species well characterized by its comparatively small leaves.

ADINANDRA CORIACEA sp. nov.

Arbor glabra; foliis integris, oblongo-ellipticis, coriaceis, 12
ad 15 cm longis, basi acutis, apice latissime breviter obtuse
acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 15, distinctis, tenuibus, pe-
tiolo circiter 1 cm longo; fructibus brunneis, ovoideis, laevis,
apiculatis, circiter 1.5 cm longis, 2-locellatis ; seminibus 10 ad

318 The Philippine Journal of Science leu

12, plants, anguste ovoideis, utrinque sulcatis, nitidis, 6 mm
longis; sepalis persistentibus, margine leviter ciliatis.

A glabrous tree, size not indicated. Branches terete, reddish-
brown or grayish, smooth. Leaves coriaceous, entire oblong-
elliptic, 12 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6.5 cm wide, subequally narrowed
at both ends, the base acute, the apex very broadly, shortly, and
bluntly acuminate, the upper surface pale-olivaceous when dry,
the low^er brownish, paler, both slightly shining and very minutely
puncticulate, glabrous; lateral nerves about 15 on each side of
the midrib, slender, rather distinct, about equally prominent on
both surfaces, anastomosing, forming a double row of arches,
the reticulations lax, indistinct; petioles stout, about 1 cm long.
Flowers not seen, the pedicels in fruit stout, 2 to 2.5 cm long,
the persistent calyx lobes coriaceous, at first apparently some-
what pubescent, becoming quite or nearly glabrous, the outer
two smaller than the inner three which are more or less reni-
form, entire or nearly so, somewhat reniform or very broadly
rounded-ovate, about 8 mm wide, margins deciduously ciliate, in
age glabrous or nearly so. Fruit ovoid, about 1.5 cm long,
smooth, brown, somewhat shining, entirely glabrous, 2-celled, the
pericarp rather thick, dry and brittle in texture. Seeds 10 to
12, brown, shining, flattened, narrowly obovoid, rounded at the
apex, about 6 mm long, longitudinally grooved along the middle
of both faces.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Cavinti, For. Bur. 19667 Racelis, August,
1912.

A species manifestly closely allied to the Malayan Adinandra acuminata
Korth., from which it differs in its differently shaped, very broadly and
obtusely acuminate, more numerously nerved leaves, longer petioles, and
other characters.

ADINANDRA LOHERI sp. nov.

Arbor, gemmis petalis staminibusque exceptis glabra; foliis
ellipticis, coriaceis, usque ad 10 cm longis, basi decurrento-acumi-
natis, apice late rotundatis ad brevissime late acuminatis, mar-
gine crenulatis vel denticulato-crenulatis, subtus obscurissime
glanduloso-maculatis, nervis utrinque tenuibus, distinctis, circiter
15; floribus 5-meris; sepalis glabris; petalis extus in partibus
medianus villosis, 1.8 cm longis; staminibus circiter 50, leviter
hirsutis; ovario 5-loculare, glaber.

A tree, quite glabrous except the vegetative buds and some
parts of the flowers. Branches terete, grayish or dark-colored,
the young branchlets reddish-brown, the vegetative buds pale-
villous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, 6 to 10 cm long, 3.5 to 5

IX. c, 4 Meri'ill: Philippine Plants, X 319

cm wide, the apex broadly rounded to broadly and shortly obtuse-
acuminate, base somewhat decurrent-acuminate, margins crenu-
late or crenulate-denticulate, the upper surface smooth and
shining, dark-olivaceous when dry, the lower surface paler,
brown, obscurely glandular-maculate ; lateral nerves about 15
on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct, anastomosing, more
prominent on the lower than on the upper surface; petioles 5 to 7
mm long. Flowers 5-merous, axillary, solitary, the peduncles gla-
brous, curved, stout, about 2 cm long. Calyx glabrous, the lobes
orbicular to orbicular-reniform, broadly rounded, coriaceous,
concave, about 7 mm long, 6 to 8 mm wide, margins sometimes
slightly ciliate, not glandular. Petals obovate, broadly rounded,
about 1.8 cm long, 1.3 cm wide, the exposed median portions of
the back rather densely appressed-pubescent with pale hairs
otherwise glabrous. Stamens about 50; filaments 4 to 8 mm
long, slightly hirsute ; anthers oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, slightly hirsute, 4 mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous,
narrowed upward into the glabrous style, 5-celled, the ovules
indefinite.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Oriud, Loher 560Jt, December, 1905.

A characteristic species, apparently allied to Adinandra lamponga Miq.,
but differing in many details. It is well characterized, among the Phil-
ippine forms, by being nearly glabrous, the only pubescent parts being the
very small vegetative buds, the median parts of the petals, outside, and the
stamens.

ADINANDRA MACGREGORII sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, plus minusve villosa; foliis coriaceis,
ellipticis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 10 cm longis, supra
nitidis, gabris, subtus adpresse villosis, basi acutis ad subro-
tundatis, apice breviter acuminatis, margine distincte minute-
que glanduloso-denticulatis, nervis utrinque 12 ad 15, distinctis;
sepalis extus villosis, petalis late ellipticis, rotundatis, circiter
1.4 cm longis; staminibus 35, antheris parce villosis; ovario
4-loculare, dense pallide villoso.

A tree about 15 m in height, the buds and growing branchlets
very densely appressed-villous with pale hairs, the petioles, lower
surfaces of the leaves, and flowers less densely villous. Branches
terete, grayish, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-
elliptic, 5 to 10 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, apex shortly acuminate,
base somewhat rounded to somewhat acute, margins very
minutely glandular-denticulate, the upper surface olivaceous
when dry, glabrous and shining, the lower much paler, with
scattered, more or less appressed, pale hairs; lateral nerves

320 ^''^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

12 to 15 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct, anasto-
mosing, about equally evident on both surfaces; petioles densely
villous, 3 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, 5-merous, their
peduncles stout, curved, somewhat villous, about 2.5 cm long.
Sepals about 1 cm long, 7 mm wide, coriaceous, ovate, acute or
slightly acuminate, glabrous inside, outside somewhat densely
appressed-villous with pale, short hairs, the margins minutely
glandular-denticulate. Petals broadly elliptic to elliptic-ovate,
rounded, not at all retuse, 1.4 cm long, 1 cm wide, externally
appressed-villous in the exposed median parts, inside and the
broad margins externally glabrous. Stamens 35; filaments
glabrous, 4 to 5 mm long; anthers lanceolate, acuminate, 5 mm
long, very sparingly villous with long stiff hairs on the back.
Ovary ovoid, densely villous, 4-celled, the ovules indefinite; style
stout, about 8 mm long, widened below to the ovary, prominently
villous except near the glabrous apex, cleft into four 1.5 to 2 mm
long arms, the stigmas capitate.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 8^25 McGregor, June,
1909, in forests, altitude above 2,100 m.

A species manifestly allied to Adinandra elliptica C. B. Rob., but distin-
guishable at once by its much larger flowers, as well as by numerous details
in vegetative and floral characters.

ADINANDRA NIGRO-PUNCTATA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, subglabra; foliis coriaceis, ellipticis
ad oblongo-obovatis, 4 ad 7 cm longis, nitidis, basi acutis, apice
late acuminatis vel obtusis, minute retusis, margine minute
glanduloso-denticulatis, subtus glandulis minutis sparsis nigris
instructis, nervis utrinque circiter 7; sepalis 5, subaequalibus,
ellipticis, glabris; staminibus circiter 50, densissime hirsutis;
ovario glabro, 5-loculare.

A tree about 12 m in height, glabrous except the flowers and
the growing tips of the branchlets. Branches stout, terete,
reddish-brown, glabrous, the terminal buds pubescent. Leaves
coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-obovate, 4 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 3
cm wide, the base acute, the apex very broadly and shortly
blunt-acuminate, sometimes merely obtuse, usually minutely
retuse, margins very obscurely and minutely glandular-denticu-
late, in the lower part quite entire, the upper surface somewhat
olivaceous when dry, strongly shining, usually minutely ver-
ruculose, the lower surface a little paler, with small, scattered,
black glands; lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the
midrib, slender, not prominent, about equally evident on
both surfaces; petioles 5 mm long. Flowers axillary, soli-

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 321

tary, white, their pedicels glabrous, stout, about 2 cm long.
Sepals subequal, glabrous, elliptic, broadly rounded, usually
somewhat retuse, 10 mm long, 8 mm wide. Petals broadly ellip-
tic, about 1.8 cm long, 1 to 1.3 cm wide, coriaceous broadly
rounded, slightly retuse, the median exposed parts very densely
pale-hirsute, otherwise glabrous. Stamens about 50; filaments

5 mm long, densely hirsute; anthers ovate-lanceolate, somewhat
acuminate, 4 mm long, densely hirsute. Ovary glabrous, ovoid,
5-celled, ovules very numerous in each cell; style glabrous, 12
mm long, the stigma minute, subcapitate.

Leyte, Dagami, in forests, Bur. Sci. 15S55 Ramos, August 13, 1912.

A characteristic species, distinguishable by its rather large flowers which
are glabrous except for the densely hirsute median parts of the petals exter-
nally and the stamens, subequal broadly elliptic petals, subequal broadly
elliptic sepals, and its vegetative characters; the scattered, minute, black
glands on the lower surface are characteristic.

DILLENIACEAE
DILLENIA Linnaeus
DILLENIA MONANTHA sp. nov. § Wormia.

Arbor glabra, usque ad 12 m alta ; foliis coriaceis, ellipticis ad
obovato-ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm longis, obtusis, acutis, vel
latissime breviter acuminatis, basi acutis, decurrentibus, margine
subintegris vel distanter irregulariter dentatis, nervis utrinque

6 ad 8 ; floribus flavidis, in axillis superioribus, solitariis, circiter
10 cm diametro, sepalis extus cinereo-pubescentibus ; carpellis 5,
leviter hirsutis; staminibus interioribus quam exterioribus mul-
to longioribus, antheris poro terminalibus dehiscentibus.

A glabrous tree reaching a height of 12 m, the branches terete,
rugose, reddish-brown or grayish. Leaves alternate, coriaceous,
rather pale when dry, shining, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 8 to 12
cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, the apex subacute, obtuse, or broadly
and shortly acuminate, the base acute, the lamina decurrent on
the petiole as narrow wings, the margins subentire to distantly
dentate; lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each side of midrib, curved,
anastomosing, distinct; petioles stout, narrowly decurrent-
winged, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Flowers solitary in the upper axils,
yellow, about 10 cm in diameter, their peduncles 2 to 4 cm long.
Sepals 5, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, rounded, concave, coriaceous,
1.5 to 2 cm long, 1 to 1.4 cm wide, outside more or less cinerous-
pubescent. Petals yellow, obovate, membranaceous, about 5 cm
long, 3.5 cm wide. Stamens very numerous, the interior ones up
to 1.8 cm long, the exterior ones gradually shorter, the outermost

322 The Philippine Journal of Science nu

8 to 10 mm long, the anthers opening by terminal pores. Car-
pels 5, slightly hirsute, 7 mm long, oblong, subcyhndric; styles
5, about 1 cm long ; ovules about 16, 2-seriate. Fruit not seen.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 9237 (type), flowering from April 10 to June
and probably later, 1913; Malampaya Bay, Bur. Sci. 21555 Escritor, August,
1913, For. Bur. 4518 Curran, June 21, 1913. Dumaran, Bur. Sci. 216^2
Escritor, August, 1913. Culion, Bur. Sci. 156j!^? Fenix, July 11, 1913.

This species is common at low altitudes in northern Palawan, growing
in thin, second growth forests, and in and along the borders of open cogo-
nales, that is, areas occupied by the cogon or lalang grass (Imperata cylin-
drica) . It is, perhaps, most closely allied to the Malayan Dillenia pulchella
(Jack) Gilg, and among the Philippine species to Dillenia sibuyanensis
(Elm.) {Wormia sibuyanensis Elm.). Its solitary flowers, together with
its somewhat decurrent laminae and its few carpels are striking differential
characters.

LECYTHIDACEAE

BARRINGTONIA Forster
BARRINGTONIA PTERITA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra; foliis ad apices ramulorum plus minusve
confertis, oblanceolatis, sessilibus vel subsessilibus, usque ad 40
cm longis, acuminatis, basi sensim angustatis; racemis circiter
70 cm longis, pendulis; fructibus oblongis, 6 cm longis, longi-
tudinaliter 4-alatis.

A small glabrous tree, 10 m high fide Ramos. Branches terete,
the ultimate ones about 6 mm in diameter, above with rather
prominent petiolar scars. Leaves somewhat crowded at the ends
of the branchlets, oblanceoiate, 20 to 40 cm long, 4 to 8 cm
wide, entire, rather pale when dry, somewhat shining, charta-
ceous, the apex rather sharply acuminate, gradually narrowed
from above the middle to the base, the base 1 cm wide or less,
then abruptly acute or rounded, the petiole none, or stout and
4 mm long or less; lateral nerves about 20 on each side of the
midrib, rather prominent on the lower surface. Racemes pend-
ulous, about 70 cm long, the flowers unknown. Fruit oblong
or narrowly oblong, 6 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, the base acute
the pedicels about 1 cm long, the persistent sepals crowning the
apex about 1 cm in length, the four angles longitudinally winged,
the wings subcoriaceous, about 5 mm wide.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican River back of San Antonio, Bur.
Sci. 1512J Ramos, June, 1912.

A species manifestly allied to Barringtonia racemosa Blume, but at once
distinguishable by its prominently longitudinally 4-winged fruits, in this
character differing from all the previously known Philippine species. Elmer
9168 from Lucban, Tayabas Province, is undoubtedly a small leaved form
of the same species; it was distributed as Barringtonia racemosa Blume.

IX. c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 323

FLACOURTIACEAE

HYDNOCARPUS Gaertner
HYDNOCARPUS CAU LI FLORA sp. nov. § Euhydnocarpus, Oliganthera.

Arbor parva inflorescentiis exceptis glabra ; foliis late oblongis,
chartaceis vel tenuiter coriaceis, usque ad 30 cm long-is, nitidis,
acuminatis, basi late cordato-rotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter
15, valde prominentibus, petiolo vix 1 cm longo; inflorescentiis
fulvo-villosis, usque ad 15 cm longis, anguste paniculatis vel
racemosis, caulinis.

A small tree, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches
slender, terete. Leaves alternate, broadly oblong, chartaceous
or thinly coriaceous, of the same color and shining on both sur-
faces when dry, 23 to 30 cm long, 9 to 12 cm wide, the base
broad, rounded, somewhat cordate, the apex shortly acuminate;
lateral nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib, very
prominent, somewhat curved, anastomosing near the margin,
the primary reticulations rathers lax, the ultimate ones
slender, rather dense; petioles stout, 5 to 8 mm long.
Inflorescence of very narrow raceme-like panicles or of simple
racemes fascicled on the trunk, 5 to 15 cm long, densely fulvous-
villous. Male flowers: Pedicels stout, villous, 3 mm long, the
subtending bracteole densely villous, narrowly oblong, 2 mm
long. Sepals 5, free, concave, villous, rounded, about 5 mm long.
Petals 5, free, imbricate, thinner than the sepals, elliptic,
rounded, 3 mm long, somewhat appressed-pilose on the back,
the basal scale cleft, the lobes reflexed, about 1 mm long. Fila-
ments villous-bearded, 1.5 mm long. Anthers ovoid, 1 to 1.2
mm long. Rudimentary ovarj'^ villous, small. Female flowers
and fruits not seen.

Mindanao, District of Cotabato, Lebak, For. Bur. 11799 Whitford, March,
1912, in dipterocarp forests at low altitudes.

A very characteristic species, its inflorescence looking more like that of
Ryparosa than of Hydnocarpus. The structure of its flowers, however,
place it in Hydnocarpus. It is strongly characterized by its broadly oblong
leaves which are prominently nerved and broadly rounded-cordate at the
base, and especially by its cauline inflorescence.

XYLOSMA Forster f.
XYLOSMA LUZON ENSIS (Presl) comb. nov.

Prockia luzonensis Presl Rel. Haenk. 2 (1835) 94.

Xylosma cumingii Clos. in Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 8 (1857) 252; F.-Vill.
Novis. App. (1880) 13; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 94, Rev.
PI. Vase. Pilip. (1886) 49.

Luzon, without definite locality, Haenke in Herb. Prague (type) : Prov-
ince of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17 IH Curran, For. Bur. 18506 Alvarez, For.

324 ^^^^ Philipjnne Journal of Science i9i4

Bur. 11^758, 1^7^.8 Darling: Province of Ilocos Norte, Cumhig 1250: Prov-
ince of Ilocos Sur, Cuming 1123: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur.
158AU Curran & Merritt: Benguet Subprovince, Elmer 6423: Province of
Pangasinan, For. Bur. 8376 Curran & Merritt: Province of Zambales, Bur.
Sci. 5042 Ramos, Merrill 2916: Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 1893 AherrCa
collector: Province of Tayabas (Principe), Merrill 1018.

This species appears to be common and widely distributed in northern
Luzon. The specimens cited above show considerable variation but are
all apparently referable to a single species. Presl's description was based
on at least two specimens, one in flower, and one in fruit. The type in the
herbarium of the Museum des Konigreichs Bohmen at Prague, consists of a
fruiting and a flowering specimen mounted on the same sheet, and is, at
least in part, identical with the later Xylosma cumingii Clos. The earliest
name is here adopted.

XYLOSMA SULUENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex glaber circiter 5 m altus ; ramulis pallidis, f oliis oblongo-
ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, chartaceis, nitidis, basi acutis,
apice acuminatis, margine integris, usque ad 18 cm longis ; race-
mis axillaribus, solitariis, glabris, quam petiolo paullo longiori-
bus, paucifloris; fructibus globosis, 6 ad 8 mm diametro.

A glabrous shrub about 5 m high, the branches and branchlets
slender, terete, very pale, with few, scattered lenticels. Leaves
oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 9 to 18 cm long, 3.5 to
6 cm wide, chartaceous, shining and of about the same color on
both surfaces, when dry brownish-olivaceous, the base acute, the
apex acuminate, gradually narrowed upward from below the
middle, the base often with one or two small glands on the
margins near the insertion of the petiole ; lateral nerves slender,
ascending, about 10 on each side of the midrib; petioles 8 to 10
mm long. Racemes axillary, solitary, glabrous, 2 cm long or
less, few-flowered. Flowers unknown. Fruits usually about
five to each raceme, globose, 6 to 8 mm in diameter, crustaceous
when dry, smooth, crowned by the very short style, their pedicels
3 to 4 mm long, the subtending bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 1.5
mm long or less. Seeds 4, black, concave, about 4 mm wide.

Ubian Island, Sulu Archipelago, Merrill 5398, October 12, 1906, in
thickets back of the beach.

A species well characterized by its entire leaves with are considerably
larger than are those of our other species, Xylosma luzonensis (Presl)
Merr,

FLACOURTIA Commerson

FLACOURTIA EUPHLEBIA sp. nov.

Frutex spinosus circiter 4 mm altus subtus foliis ad nervos
dense pubescentibus ; foliis oblongis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 18
cm longis, basi acutis vel rotundatis, apice breviter acuminatis,
margine distincte crenato-serratis ; nervis utrinque circiter 10,

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 325

valde prominentibis, anastomosantibus ; fructibus subovoideis,
circiter 1 cm longis, in siccitate circiter 7-sulcatis.

A spiny shrub about 4 m high, the younger branchlets, petioles,
and nerves on the lower surfaces of the leaves more or less
pubescent. Branches terete, reddish-bro\Mi or brown, glabrous,
lenticellate, the younger ones with solitary or paired, sharp,
nearly straight, 5 to 10 mm long spines subtending each leaf, or
the spines often scattered along the branchlet. Leaves oblong,
subcoriaceous, brownish when dry and of about the same color on
both surfaces, 12 to 18 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, the base acute or
somewhat rounded, usually with a pair of glands near the in-
sertion of the petiole, the apex rather abruptly and shortly
acuminate, margins, except near the base, distinctly crenate-
serrate, the midrib and lateral nerves on the lower surface, and
in younger leaves on the upper surface, rather densely brown-
pubescent; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent on the lower surface, straight, looped-anas-
tomosing near the margin; petioles pubescent, becoming nearly
glabrous in age, stout, 4 to 12 mm long. Flowers unknown.
Fruit ovoid, fleshy, edible, acid, about 1 cm long, black, when
dry, and rather distinctly 7-sulcate.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Todaya, Williams 2572, April 4, 1905.

The specimen has been identified as Flacourtia montana Grah., which
species, to a certain degree, it resembles. It is, however, entirely different
in its leaf-venation, and does not agree with any previously described
species of the genus so far as I am able to determine. It is remarkable
for its very prominently veined leaves.

RYPAROSA Blume
RYPAROSA CAULI FLORA sp. nov.

Species R. longipedunculatae Boerl. similis et ut videtur affinis,
differt foliis majoribus, usque ad 35 cm longis, late oblongo-
obovatis, apice late rotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter 9.

A shrub or small tree, apparently glabrous except the more
or less puberulent inflorescence. Branches terete, brownish
when dry. Leaves alternate firmly chartaceous, broadly oblong-
obovate, up to 35 cm long and 17 cm wide, shining when dry,
the upper surface brownish-olivaceous, the lower surface pale
and somewhat glaucous, the base acute, the apex broadly
rounded; nerves 9 on each side of the midrib, curved-ascending,
prominent, the reticulations distinct, rather lax; petioles about
9 cm long, geniculate above. Inflorescence apparently racemose,
the racemes solitary, springing from the trunk or from the
larger branches, up to 35 cm in length, cinereous-puberulent.

129558 3

326 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

Flowers unknown. Immature fruits globose, wrinkled when dry,
subglobose, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, gray-puberulent externally.

TiNAGO Island, Ahem 416, collected by Quadras between February and
May, 1901, locally known as bunganon.

The species above described was previously determined by me as Rypa-
rosa longipedunculata Boerl., but comparison with authentic material from
specimens cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, show that it
is a species quite different from that, although probably closely allied to it.

CASEARIA Jacquin
CASEARIA BREVIPES sp. nov. § Pitumba.

Arbor parva, glabra; foliis oblongis vel late oblongo-lanceo-
latis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, in siccitate brunneis, usque ad 20
cm longis, subintegris vel distanter minuteque glanduioso-dentic-
ulatis, utrinque angustatis, apice longe acuminatis, basi acutis
vel subrotundatis, brevissime petiolatis, nervis utrinque 8 ad
10 ; floribus axillaribus, f asciculatis, 5-meris, pedicellatis. Stami-
nibus 10, staminodeis oblongis, apice capitatis, dense ciliatis.

A small tree, quite glabrous, the branches prominently zigzag,
terete, grayish, rather slender. Leaves oblong to broadly oblong-
lanceolate, 14 to 20 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, subentire or with
widely scattered, minute, gland-like, obscure teeth, chartaceous
to subcoriaceous, when dry somewhat brownish, the upper sur-
face slightly shining, the lower a little paler, narrowed at both
ends, the base acute or somewhat obtuse, rarely somewhat
rounded, equilateral, the apex rather long-acuminate, the acumen
blunt; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib, rather
prominent on the lower surface, somewhat curved-ascending,
anastomosing near the margin, the reticulations distinct; peti-
oles stout, 2 to 3 mm long. Flowers axillary, few, fascicled, on
thickened, prominent, axillary tubercles, 5-merous. Pedicels
glabrous, up to 3 mm long, jointed, each subtended by two
broadly ovate bracteoles about 1 mm long. Sepals 5, broadly
elliptic, rounded, concave, glabrous, membranaceous, 3 to 4 mm
long. Stamens ten, 3 mm long, the tubular part about 1 mm
long, glabrous, the free parts of the filaments and the anthers
each about 1 mm long, the ten, alternating, free staminodes
oblong, shorter than the stamens, the apical parts suborbicular-
capitate, densely ciliate. Ovary narrowly ovoid, about 2 mm
long, narrowed upward to the sessile or subsessile capitate
stigma, glabrous, or with very few scattered hairs. Fruit
unknown.

Basilan, Bur. Sci. 1611S Reillo, August 31, 1912, along streams.

The species is well characterized by its leaves being narrowed at both

IX. c. 4 Merrill: PhilippiJie Plants, X 327

ends, prominently acuminate at the apex and usually acute at the base, the
distant, minute, gland-like marginal teeth, the very short petioles, and the
subcapitate tips of the staminodes.

CASEARIA LOHERI sp. nov.

Arbor parva, 4 ad 6 m alta, partibus junioribus floribusque
exceptis glabra; foliis chartaceis, oblongo-ovatis ad obovatis,
usque ad 18 cm longis, breviter petiolatis, in siccitate brunneis,
integris, basi rotundatis, apice late acuminatis, nervis utrinque
5 vel 6; floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, paucis, 5-meris, extus
leviter hirsutis. Staminibus 10.

A small tree 4 to 6 m high, quite glabrous except the flowers
and the growing tips of the branchlets which are sparingly
hirsute with short, appressed hairs. Branches slender, terete,
smooth, grayish. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-ovate to obovate,
8 to 18 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, entire, the upper surface rather
dark-brown or olivaceous-brown when dry, slightly shining, the
lower somewhat paler, the base usually broad, rounded, some-
times subacute, equilateral or nearly so, the apex with a short,
broad acumen; lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib,
distant, rather prominent on the lower surface, curved or curved-
ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct ; petioles 4 to 7
mm long. Flowers 5-merous, axillary, fascicled and few or sub-
solitary, their pedicels very short, jointed, the subtending brac-
teoles 2, reniform or very broadly ovate, somewhat connate,
broadly acuminate, externally somewhat pubescent with short
hairs. Sepals 5, elliptic, rounded, slightly pubescent externally,
concave, 3.5 to 4 mm long. Stamens 10, their filaments united
below with the alternating staminodes, the tubular part glabrous,
0.8 mm long, the free parts of the filaments slender, glabrous,
1.4 mm long; anthers oblong-ovate 0.8 mm long. Alternating
staminodes shorter than the stamens, oblong, obtuse, 1 to 1.2
mm long, glabrous externally, prominently ferruginous-hirsute
at the apex. Ovary ovoid, 1.2 mm long, ferruginous-hirsute in
the upper one-half, narrowed to the subsessile or sessile capitate
stigma. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, glabrous, fleshy, reddish when
mature, 2 cm long, the valves coriaceous. Seeds about 15,
obhquely obovoid, about 5 mm long, externally densely covered
with roundish, distinct, pale dots. Aril thin, submembrana-
ceous, 8 to 10 mm long, enveloping the seed, the upper part more
or less lacerate.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, San Isidro, Bur. Sci. 1S525 Ramos (type),
August, 1910, in forests. Bur. Sci. 1851 Ramos, January, 1907, in fruit;
Oriud, Loher 6215.

328 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science lau

A species manifestly allied to Casearia fuliginosa Blanco, but readily-
distinguishable by its fewer-nerved leaves. In C. fuliginosa Blanco the
nerves are usually about 10 on each side of the midrib, in C. loheri 5 or 6
on each side. The type was from Rizal Province, not from Laguna Province
as distributed.

CASEARIA SUBCORDATA sp. nov. § Pitumba.

Arbor parva partibus junioribus floribusque exceptis glabra;
foliis coriaceis, oblongis, nitidis, in siccitate brunneis, usque ad
15 cm longis, breviter acute acuminatis, basi abrupte subtrun-
cato-cordatis, leviter inaequalibus, margine serratis, nervis
utrinque circiter 12; floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, ut videtur
numerosis, 5-meris, tenuiter pedicellatis ; fructibus anguste
ovoideis vel ellipsoideo-ovoidis, 1 ad 1.4 cm longis, acutis, in
siccitate leviter 6-sulcatis.

A small tree, nearly glabrous except the younger parts.
Branches terete, lenticellate, grayish-brown or reddish-brown,
glabrous, the younger branchlets distinctly hirsute with short
hairs. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, 8 to 15 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm
wide, the base abruptly and somewhat obliquely subtruncate-
cordate, the sinus shallow, the basal lobes broadly rounded, the
apex shortly but rather sharply acuminate, the margins regularly
and rather finely serrate throughout, brown when dry, the upper
surface strongly shining, the lower a little paler, shining, glabrous
or when young with few short hairs on the lower surface ; lateral
nerves about 12 on each side of the midrib, prominent, some-
what curved, anastomosing, the reticulations fine, distinct;
petioles 5 to 8 mm long, the younger ones slightly pubescent.
Flowers 5-merous, axillary, fascicled, their pedicels slender, 3
to 6 mm long, slightly pubescent. Sepals 5, oblong-ovate, glab-
rous or nearly so, coriaceous, obtuse, 3 mm long slightly accres-
cent and persistent in fruit, somewhat hirsute on the median
portion inside. Stamens apparently 10; filaments 0.5 mm long;
anthers a little longer; staminodes shorter than the stamens,
densely ciliate-hirsute. Ovary narrowly ovoid, glabrous, nar-
rowed upward to the short style, the stigma capitate. Fruit
narrowly ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 1 to 1.4 cm long, glabrous,
numerous, 2 to 6 or more in each axil, shallowly longitudinally
6-sulcate when dry, acute; valves thickly coriaceous. Seeds
about 12 in each fruit, smooth, brown, somewhat inequilaterally
obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 4 mm long; aril fleshy, about 5 mm
long, quite inclosing the seeds, irregularly lacerate and divided.
Peduncles of the fruits about 1 cm long.

Mindanao, Bukidnon Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 15698 Fenix, August, 1912.
A species manifestly very closely allied to Casearia polyantha Merr.,

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 329

which it greatly resembles, but distinguishable by its leaves being truncate-
cordate at the base. Its leaf-form is somewhat similar to that of C. cinerea
Turcz., and C. grewiae folia Vent., but these two species are at once distin-
guished by their pubescence. G. truncata Bl., is also apparently closely
allied.

ARALIACEAE

BOERLAGIODENDRON Harms
BOERLAGIODENDRON HETEROPH YLLUM sp. nov.

Arbor erecta, ramosa, circiter 5 m alta, glabra; foliis palma-
tim 3- ad 7-foliolatis, foliolis valde inaequalis, oblongo-obovatis
vel late oblongo-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inferioribus vix 12 cm
longis, superioribus usque ad 35 cm longis, acuminatis, lobatis
dentatisque, basi sensim angustatis; umbellis densis, floribus sub-
capitato-dispositis, 4-meris.

An erect, branched tree about 5 m high, glabrous, the trunk
about 8 cm in diameter. Leaves chartaceous, palmately 3- to
7-foliolate, or somxetimes some of the leaves very deeply 3-parted,
the lobes extending almost to the base; leaflets very unequal in
size, when 5 or 7 are present the lower two usually 12 cm long
or less, the upper ones larger, the middle one up to 35 cm in
length, oblong-obovate to broadly oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate,
usually lyrately lobed, dentate, the lobes broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, the base gradually narrowed, the petiolules of the middle
leaflets up to 3 cm in length, of the others gradually shorter;
petioles 10 to 25 cm long, the basal part with four or more
somewhat pectinate crests. Umbels terminal, about 30 termi-
nating each branch, forming a dense cauliflower-like inflores-
cence, the peduncles 10 to 15 mm long, each with two lanceolate,
8 to 10 mm long bracts at the apex subtending the two lateral
branches. Central head of each peduncle almost sessile, sub-
capitate, of numerous sterile flowers, their pedicels 3 to 4 mm
long, the ovaries ellipsoid, about 3 mm long. Lateral two um-
bels about 1 cm in diameter, dense, subcapitate, their peduncles
8 to 10 mm long. Flowers numerous, sessile or subsessile,
4-merous. Petals 2 mm long. Anthers about 1 mm long,

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, Mount Hilong-Hilong, Weber 1126,
March 29, 1911, in forests, altitude about 550 m.

A species most closely allied to Boerlagiodendron dementis Merr., of
Mindanao, but at once distinguished by its leaves being palmately compound.

SCHEFFLERA Forster

8CHEFFLERA OBOVATA sp. nov. § Euschefflera, Heptapleurum.

Frutex epiphyticus, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis pal-
matim 5- ad 7-foliolatis, foliolis subcoriaceis, nitidis, obovatis,

330 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

integris, basi angustatis, acutis, apice abrupte caudatis, nervis
primariis utrinque 5 vel 6, quam secondariis reticulisque baud
magis distinctis; inflorescentiis terminalibus, racemis circiter 8,
racemose dispositis, circiter 15 cm longis, fructibus 5-locellatis,
An epiphytic shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches terete, grayish, striate when dry. Leaves alternate,
their petioles 6 to 7 cm long, inflated and clasping at the base,
the leaflets 5 to 7, palmately arranged ; leaflets obovate, subcori-
aceous, 5 to 8 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, entire, narrowed gradually
to the acute or cuneate base, the apex abruptly and prominently
acuminate, the acumen stout, 5 to 8 mm long, acute, the upper
surface shining, the lower dull, of about the same color; lateral
nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, the basal ones sharply
ascending, distinct but not more prominent than are the second-
ary ones and the reticulations, all equally prominent on both
surfaces ; petiolules 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, those of the outer leaflets
somewhat shorter than of the middle ones. Inflorescence ter-
minal, sparingly furfuraceous-pubescent with short pale hairs,
the rachis short, about 2 cm long, stout. Racemes usually about
8, 12 to 15 cm long, bearing numerous fascicled fruits, the pedi-
cels slender, 3 to 4 mm long, usually 2 or 3 fruits in each fascicle.
Fruits reddish-yellow when fresh, glabrous, ellipsoid, when dry
prominently longitudinally 5-sulcate, 5-celled, crowned by the 5,
round, sessile stigmas.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican, Phil. PL 1108 Ramos, September
27, 1912.

A species manifestly allied to Schefflera caudata Vid. (S. acuminatissima
Merr.) from which it differs especially in its quite differentially shaped,
much smaller leaves.

Additional material from the same province {Bur. Sci. 10001, 10973
Ramos), the specimens in flower, is very similar to the species above de-
scribed, but in both the flowers are in racemosely disposed umbels, while
in the type of S. obovata the flowers are merely fascicled, not at all
umbellate.

SCHEFFLERA DEMESAE sp. nov. § Euschefflera.

Frutex scandens, glaber; foliis alternis, palmatim 5-foliolatis,
foliolis chartaceis, usque ad 24 cm longis, integris, nitidis, apice
breviter acuminatis, basi rotundatis, nervis tenuibus, utrinque
usque ad 25, petiolulis valde inaequalibus ; inflorescentiis termi-
nalibus, pedunculatis, floribus 5-meris, racemosis, racemis elon-
gatis, subumbellatim dispositis.

A scandent glabrous shrub, the stem reaching a diameter of
about 3 cm, purplish, the ultimate branches terete, about 5 mm
in diameter, striate when dry, grayish or brownish. Leaves

IX. c. 4 Men-ill: Philippine Plants, X 331

palmately 5-foliolate, their petioles inflated at the base, about
5 cm long. Leaflets oblong- to elliptic-oblong, chartaceous, shin-
ing, 15 to 24 cm long, 7.5 to 9.5 cm wide, entire, the apex shortly
acuminate, the base rounded; lateral nerves slender, about 25
on each side of the midrib, the reticulations distinct ; petiolule of
the central leaflet 7 cm long, of the next two inner leaflets 2.5
to 3 cm long, of the outer leaflets about 1 cm long. Inflorescence
terminal, peduncled, the peduncle up to 15 cm long, usually with
two distant, ovate bracts, the lower one 5 mm long, the upper
one twice as long. Branches of the inflorescence subumbellately
disposed near the apex of the peduncles, usually 6, slender, about
30 cm long, many-flowered. Flowers racemosely disposed, usually
fascicled at the nodes, few in each fascicle, pale-green, their pedi-
cels about 6 mm long. Calyx short, truncate, somewhat disk-like
Petals 5, oblong-ovate or ovate, acute, appendaged at the apex
inside, 3 mm long, 3-nerved. Filaments 2 mm long; anthers
broad, about 1.3 mm long. Fruit not seen.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Siay River, For. Bur. 13396 Fox-
worthy, DeMesa, & Villamil, May 29, 1912, on river banks, known to the
Moros as canoyiucan.

Apparently a very distinct species, characterized by being quite glabrous ;
by its peduncled inflorescence, with its elongated subumbellately disposed
primary branches; and its 5-foliolate, entire, ample leaves with their very
unequal petiolules.

SCHEFFLERA CAUDATI FOLIA sp. nov. § Euschefflera.

Frutex scandens, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis
palmatim 5-foliolatis, foliolis subcoriaceis, nitidis, oblongis ad
oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 10 cm longis, utrinque angustatis,
basi acutis, apice longe tenuiter caudato-acuminatis ; floribus
racemosis, 5-meris, racemis subterminalis, solitariis vel binis,
tenuibus, usque ad 13 cm longis.

A scandent shrub, quite glabrous, the branches and branchlets
terete, when dry light-gray, wrinkled. Leaves scattered, pal-
mately 5-foliolate, their petioles 4 to 8 cm long, inflated at the
base; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to
3.4 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the
slenderly caudate-acuminate apex, entire, the acumen straight
or falcate, up to 2 cm long, the upper surface subolivaceous,
shining, the lower shining, paler than the upper; lateral nerves
5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, rather distinct, anastomosing;
petiolules 1 to 2 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, of one or two
rather slender racemes, the racemes up to 13 cm long. Flowers
5-merous, solitary, in pairs, or somewhat fascicled, their pedicels

332 '^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

about 4 mm long. Calyx small, less than 2 mm in diameter.
Petals 5, oblong-ovate, about 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, blunt,
inflexed-keeled at the apex inside. Anthers about 1.5 mm long.
Fruit 4 to 5 mm long, about 2.5 mm in diameter, oblong, longi-
tudinally 5-sulcate, apparently somewhat fleshy when fresh,
brown when dry.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Mount Isarog, Bur. Sci. 20062 Ramos,
November 8, 1913, on forested slopes.

Probably most closely allied to Schefflera obovata Merr., but with quite
different leaflets.

SCHEFFLERA CRASSI FOLIA sp. nov, § Euschefflera.

Frutex scandens, glaber; foliis palmatis, foliolis 6, oblongis,
coriaceis, nitidis, acuminatis, usque ad 18 cm longis, subtus palli-
dis, nervis reticulisque valde prominentibus ; racemis 3 ad 6 in
ramulis junioribus plus minusve confertis, usque ad 35 cm longis ;
floribus fasciculatis vel solitariis, pedicellatis, 5-meris ; fructibus
ellipsoideis, longitudinaliter 5-sulcatis, 5 ad 6 mm longis.

A scandent shrub, quite glabrous, or the very young parts
sometimes slightly furfuraceous. Branches terete, lightly-gray,
striate or wrinkled when dry. Leaves palmately compound,
scattered, their petioles 5 to 10 cm long, inflated at the base,
clasping the stem. Leaflets 6, oblong, thickly coriaceous, 10 to
18 cm long, 3.5 to 7 cm long, entire, the base rounded to subacute,
apex rather abruptly and prominently acuminate, the acumen
straight or somewhat falcate blunt, up to 2 cm long; upper sur-
face olivaceous, prominently shining, the veins and reticulations
distinct, the lower surface pale, grayish-yellow, the veins and
reticulations very prominent, the lateral nerves about 10 on each
side of the midrib, spreading, anastomosing; petiolules about 3
cm long. Inflorescence terminal, the racemes 3 to 6, arranged
near the apices of the branchlets, the individual racemes up to
35 cm long, dark-brown when dry. Flowers numerous, fascicled
and solitary along the racemes, their pedicels 3 to 4 mm long.
Fruits apparently somewhat fleshy, when dry brown, ellipsoid,
5 to 6 mm long, about 4.5 mm in diameter, longitudinally
5-celled.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Sagnay, on trees in damp forests, Bur.
Sci. 22152 Ramos, December 15, 1913 (type) : Province of Albay, Adumoy
hills, For. Bur. 1238^ Curran, June, 1908, locally known as caranglang.

A species well characterized by its palmately 6-foliolate leaves, the leaflets
very thick and with prominent nerves and reticulations, and its elongated
racemes which are somewhat crowded at the apices of the branchlets. Its
alliance seems to be with Schefflera dementis Merr., but the flowers are
all in strict racemes, not in racemosely arranged umbels.

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 333

EBENACEAE

MABA Forster
MABA EUPHLEBIA sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva (ex Ramos 3 m alta) ; foliis alternis,
breviter petiolatis, oblongis, usque ad 33 cm longis, acuminatis,
basi rotundatis, supra glabris subtus parce pubescentibus ; nervis
utrinque circiter 12, distantibus, valde prominentibus ; floribus
paucis, sessilibus, bracteolatis, fasciculatis, axillaribus; stamini-
bus 12; corolla circiter 1.5 cm longa, extus dense fulvo-hirsuta.

A shrub or small tree (3 m high ex Ramos) , the branchlets and
lower surfaces of the leaves somewhat pubescent, the flowers
densely so, otherwise glabrous. Branches slender, terete, brown
or grayish, Leaves subcoriaceous or thickly chartaceous, oblong,
20 to 33 cm long, 7 to 9 cm wide, somewhat shining when dry,
the upper surface olivaceous, glabrous, the lower pale-brownish,
distinctly pubescent on the midrib and nerves, the base somewhat
narrowed, rounded, the apex acute or acuminate; lateral nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, very prominent, curved,
distinct, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, prominent; petioles
stout, pubescent, about 3 mm long. Flowers few, 2 or 3, rarely
more, in axillary, sessile fascicles, each flower subtended by three
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, about 3 mm long
bracteoles. Calyx about 5 mm long, slightly hirsute, cup-shaped,
3-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, one about
as long as the calyx-tube. Corolla in nearly mature bud about
1.5 cm long, cylindric, 3 mm in diameter below, narrowed above,
outside very densely hirsute-pubescent with appressed fulvous
hairs. Stamens 12, in three series, the anthers linear-oblong,
2 to 3 mm long, the filaments of the inner series about 2 mm
long, of the outer series about 6 mm long, flattened. Female
flowers and fruits not seen.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Tagcauayan, in forests, altitude about
90 meters. Bur. Sci. 13SS5 Ramos, March 15, 1911.

A very characteristic species, distinguishable by its comparatively large,
prominently nerved leaves which are pubescent beneath, and its few, axil-
lary, fascicled, sessile flowers. It is, perhaps, most closely allied to Maba
venosa King & Gamble, of Singapore, but is entirely distinct from that
species as described.

DIOSPYROS Linnaeus

DIOSPYROS TRIFLORA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, floribus exceptis glabra, ramis ramulisque tenu-
ibus, teretibus; foliis oblongis, usque ad 23 cm longis, subcoria-
ceis, supra nitidis, acuminatis, basi acutis, leviter decurrento-

334 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science lou

acuminatis, vel subrotundatis, eglandulosis, nervis utrinque
circiter 9, tenuibus, baud prominentibus ; inflorescentiis $
axillaribus, solitariis, pedunculatis, circiter 2 cm longis, 3-floris;
floribus 5-meris, calycibus cylindraceis, 6 mm longis, leviter
S-dentatis; corolla extus dense pubescens; staminibus 10.

A small tree, glabrous except the flowers. Branches and
branchlets slender, terete, smooth, the latter black, the former
black when dry. Leaves oblong, subcoriaceous, 12 to 23 cm long,
4 to 9 cm wide, the apex distinctly acuminate, the acumen blunt,
the base acute, somewhat decurrent-acuminate, or somewhat
rounded, eglandular, the upper surface very smooth and strongly
shining when dry, the lower surface of nearly the same color
but duller; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib,
slender, not prominent, loosely anastomosing, the reticulations
not prominent, lax; petioles about 8 mm long. Male inflores-
cences axillary, solitary, about 2 cm long, the peduncles 5 to 10
mm long, each bearing three, subumbellately arranged, pedicelled
flowers, ebracteolate. Male flowers 5-merous, their pedicels
pubescent, 2 to 3 mm long, the calyx, in bud, cylindric, black
when dry, slightly pubescent, about 6 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm in
diameter, the base obtuse, somewhat narrowed, the apex trun-
cate and slightly 5-toothed, the teeth acute, 0.5 mm long or less.
Corolla (in young bud) narrower than the calyx, externally
densely gray-pubescent, the tube apparently short, the lobes
elongated, imbricate. Stamens 10, in two series, the anthers
lanceolate, acuminate, up to 3 mm long (immature) . Female
flowers and fruit not seen.

Balabac, Cape Melville, Bur. Scl 15652 Fenix, July 18, 1912, along trails
at low altitudes.

A species well characterized by its 3-flowered, peduncled, solitary inflores-
cences, and its cylindric and truncate, obscurely 5-toothed calyces. It is
apparently allied to the Malayan Diospyros truncata ZoU. & Mor., but has
a peduncled, not fasciculate inflorescence, and quite differently shaped leaves.

DIOSPYROS FASCiCULIFLORA sp. nov.

Arbor parva subtus foliis junioribus ramulis floribusque ex-
ceptis glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis chartaceis vel
subcoriaceis, oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 20 cm
longis, utrinque angustatis, acuminatis; nervis lateralibus cir-
citer 12, subtus valde prominentibus, arcuato-anastamosantibus,
reticulis laxis, distinctis; floribus 4-meris, ferrugineo-pubescen-
tibus, solitariis vel fasciculatis in axillis defoliatis vel in ramis
infra foliis, calycibus post anthesis brevibus, rotatis, circiter 12
mm diametro ; ovario 4-loculare, dense hirsuto ; fructibus 4-locel-

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 335

latis, globosis vel globoso-obovoideis, circiter 2 cm diametro,
seminibus 4, albumine vix ruminato.

A small tree, glabrous except for the flowers, the younger
branchlets, and the lower surfaces of young leaves. Branches
and branchlets terete, slender, dark-gray or brownish-black
when dry, wrinkled, lenticellate, the younger branchlets somewhat
ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves oblong, chartaceous or subcor-
iaceous, 12 to 20 cm long, 3.5 to 8 cm wide, narrowed at both
ends, the apex rather sharply acuminate, the base acute, eglandu-
lar, the upper surface smooth and shining when dry, brownish
or olivaceous, the lower surface usually much paler, slightly
shining, when young rather softly pubescent or puberulent,
often becoming glabrous or nearly so; lateral nerves about 12
on each side of the midrib, very prominent, arched-anastomosing,
the reticulations lax, prominent; petioles up to 1 cm in length.
Female flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils of fallen leaves,
or fascicled on rather prominent protuberances on the branchlets
below the leaves, 4-merous, sessile or very shortly and stoutly
pedicelled. Calyx densely ferruginous-pubescent, the tube very
short, broad, the lobes immediately after flowering orbicular-
reniform, rounded, densely ferruginous-pubescent on both sur-
faces, about 3 mm in diameter, soon accrescent, spreading,
reniform, 5 mm long and 8 mm in diameter, often recurved,
thickly coriaceous. Corolla and stamens not seen. Ovary ovoid,
densely ferruginous-pubescent, 4-celled. Fruit apparently fleshy,
globose or obovoid-globose, when dry about 2 cm in diameter and
often grayish, the pericarp glabrous, wrinkled, the coriaceous
calyx-lobes persistent at the base of the fruit. Seeds 4, one in
each cell, 12 to 15 mm long, about 1 cm wide and thick, the
albumen hard but scarcely bony, smooth, whitish or yellowish
when dry, not at all ruminate.

Basilan, Bur. Sci. 16101 Reillo, August, 1912 (type).

I refer also to this species the following material : Luzon, without definite
locality, Loher 6562, in fruit: Province of Tayabas, Bur. Sci. 10283 Curran,
in fruit. Cebu, Asturias, For. Bur. 6U50 Everett, in fruit. Mindanao,
District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Hallier, in fruit. The only recorded
native name is the Cebuano panangtilong.

DIOSPYROS Ml RAN DAE sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 30 m alta inflorescentiis exceptis glabra; foliis
crasse coriaceis, oblongis, nitidis, utrinque concoloribus, usque
ad 12 cm longis, acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, tenuibus,
vix prominentibus, reticulis densis; floribus 9 5-meris, axilla-
ribus, in racemis brevibus paucifloris dispositis; calycibus in

336 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

alabastra obovoideis, 6 mm diametro, crassissime coriaceis,
longitudinaliter plicatis, lobis renif ormibus ; ovario 10-locellato.
A dioecious tree about 30 m high, glabrous except the in-
florescence. Branches terete, grayish, lenticellate. Leaves
alternate, thickly coriaceous, oblong, 8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5
cm wide, shining and of about the same color on both surfaces,
base rounded or subacute, apex shortly acuminate ; lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, not prominent,
anastomosing, the reticulations slender, dense; petioles about 5
mm long. Female flowers in short, axillary, solitary, few-
flowered, pubescent, spike-like racemes, the whole about 2 cm
long. Flowers 5 or less in each raceme, their pedicels very stout,
jointed, pubescent, about 2 mm long. Calyx in bud, just before
anthesis, obovoid, pubescent, about 6 mm long and wide, with
5 reniform, rounded lobes, very thickly coriaceous, 3 mm long
and 6 mm wide, the lobed portion longitudinally plicate or
folded-plicate, star-shaped in cross-section, pubescent inside.
Corolla-tube 6 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cylindric, basal part gla-
brous, pubescent above, the lobes broadly ovate, spreading in
anthesis, 5, pubescent on both surfaces, about 5 mm long, acute.
Ovary ovoid, densely appressed-pubescent, narrowed upward
into the thick style, ovary and style about 5 mm long, 10-celled.
Staminodes 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, the sterile
anthers linear, about 2 mm long.

Mindanao, District of Cotabato, southeastern ridge of Mount Glan, For.
Bur. 18752 Miranda (type), For. Bur. H2Jf8 Tarrosa, June 6 and May 25,
1912, in forests, altitude 90 to 125 meters, locally known to the Moros as
hantulinay.

A species well characterized by its peculiar calyx which is somewhat
of the type of that of Diospyros affinis Thw. The flowers are said to be
white and fragrant, and the heart-wood is described as black.

DIOSPYROS PLICATA sp. nov.

Arbor dioica, 8 ad 25 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescent-
iisque exceptis glabra; foliis junioribus pubescentibus, vetus-
tioribus glabris, oblongis, usque ad 18 cm longis, coriaceis, nitidis,
subtus pallidioribus, acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 12,
distantibus, patulis, distinctis, anastomosantibus ; floribus 9
axillaribus, fasciculatis, dense fulvo-pubescentibus, 5-meris,
sepahs in anthesis breviter connatis, longitudinaliter plicatis et
horizontaliter undulato-plicatis, accrescentibus et 2.5 cm longis.

A tree 8 to 25 m high. Branches terete, slender, nearly black
when dry, the growing parts, the young leaves, and the flowers
appressed-pubescent. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, 12 to 18 cm

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Philippine Plants, X 337

long, 2.5 to 8 cm wide, shining on both surfaces, the lower
somewhat paler than the upper, the apex blunt-acuminate, the
base acute or rounded ; nerves about 12 on each side of the midrib,
spreading, distant, prominent on the lower surface, looped-
anastomosing, the reticulations very lax, distinct; petioles 3 to
8 mm long. Female flowers 5-merous, axillary, in few-flowered
fascicles, densely fulvous-pubescent. Calyx in bud densely
pubescent, the sepals oblong-lanceolate, longitudinally folded or
plicate, the reflexed margins very prominently horizontally un-
dulate-plicate, free nearly to the base. Corolla cylindric, 6 mm
long in bud, densely pubescent. Ovary densely appressed-hir-
sute, narrowly ovoid, 5- or 6-celled. Young fruit narrowly
ovoid, obtuse, pubescent, about 1 cm long (very young) quite
free from the accrescent, involucre-like calyx. Accrescent
calyx-lobes ovate, somewhat foliaceous, coriaceous, slightly
pubescent, 2.5 cm long, free except at the very base, folded back
longitudinally and also prominently horizontally undulate-
plaited, forming an ovoid involucre surrounding but free from
the fruit, this accrescent calyx 5 cm in diameter when spread.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, near Margosatubig, For. Bur. 13281
Foxworthy, DeMesa, & Villamil, May 11, 1912 (type), in hill forests, altitude
about 120 meters, specimens with young fruit: District of Cotabato, Cabla-
can, For. Bur. 1/^901 Tarrosa, May, 26, 1912, near the seashore; Buluan Point,
For. Bur. 1828U Miranda, May 27, 1912, the last two -with young flowers.

A very striking species, well characterized by its accrescent calyx which
is quite free from the fruit, and which is longitudinally folded or plicate
and at the same time very prominently horizontally undulate-plicate. Its
leaves are very similar to those of our common Diospyros pilosanthera, to
which, however, it is not otherwise at all closely allied.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 4, August, 1914.

THE POTAMOGETONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

By Arthur Bennett
{Croydon, England)

Through the kindness of Mr. E. D. Merrill I have been enabled
to examine the representatives of the genus Potamogeton be-
longing to the herbarium of the Bureau of Science. This has
enabled me to add one species to the flora. For the sake of
convenience I have considered the species in the order that they
appear in Ascherson and Graebner's monograph of the family.^
I have also noted the species of surrounding countries in the
hope that they may eventually be found in the Philippines.
Those species which have actually been found in the Archi-
pelago I have indicated v^^ith an asterisk.

1. POTAMOGETON JAVANICUS Hassk. in Act. Soc. Ind.-Neerl 5' (1856)
26.

Potamiogeton heterophyllus Ham. in WaU. Cat. (1831) no. 5181.

Potamogeton tenuicaulis F. Muell. Frag. Phyt. Austral. 1 (1858) 90
244; 7 (1865) 217.

Potamogeton hybridus Hook. f. & Th. (non Michx.).

Potamogeton parvifolia Buchenau in Abh. Natui*w. Ver. Bremen 7 (1880)
32.

Java, Forbes lOJf! Formosa, Oldham 881,637! Corea, Wilford 968!
China, Maingay 170!

India, Khasia Hills, 6,000 ft. alt.! Himalaya, 7,000 ft.! Sikkim 9,000
ft.! Africa! Australia!

Although Doctor Schinz and I have considered these all to belong to
one species, at the present time I am in doubt as to whether or not this
is true. The figure of the fruit given by Ascherson & Graebner ^ certainly
does not belong to Potamogeton javanicus Hassk. but may have been
drawn by mistake from P. orientalis Hagst. Hasskarl in his description

says "fructus drupacei viridi subrotunda 3-cristata cristis lateralibus

minus promunalis 2 gibbis, intermedia sinuata 3-4 gibba." Buchenau has

"Fructus dorso carinati, basi bituberculata", and Mueller "carpi-

dis dorso tricarinatus et repando-denticulatis."

But in the species of Potamogeton with tubercled fruits, the variation
in this character is great; for instance the range of variation from P. tri-

'EngL Pflanzenreich 31 (1907) 1-184.
* L. c. 47, fig. lU C.

339

340 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

choides Cham & Schlecht. to P. condylo carpus Tausch may be quoted,
and on this Schumann in Flora Brasiliensis 3' (1894) 709 very rightly
puts stress, showing that care is needed and that slight differences must
be taken into account, not as specific, but as endemic, or edaphic variations,
and especially this has to be considered in the Australian species of the
genus.

2. POTAMOGETON CRISTATUS Kegel & Maack Fl. Ussur. (1861) 9, t.
10, f. 3-6.
Potamogeton hybridiis Makino (non Michx.) 111. Fl. Japan 2 (1891)

t.55.
China! Mandschuria! Japan! Formosa, Faurie 528!
The most extraordinary fruited species of the genus.

*3. POTAMOGETON TEPPERI A. Benn. in Journ. Hot. 25 (1887) 178.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Trinidad, Topping 45, January, 1903,
growing in a small lake; Baguio and vicinity. Bur. Sci. 1^110 Robinson,
May, 1911, Elmer 5952, April, 1904, common about margins of a small
pond. China, Province of Yunnan, Abbe Delavay ex M. Franchet! Aus-
tralia, Cygnet River, at Knicks, O. Tepper!

The description of Potamogeton Tepperi needs revision: Stem 18 to 24
inches long, sparingly branched. Leaves, lower, 3 to 44 inches long by
I to 11 in. wide; petioles li inches long with 7 principal nerves and 10
secondary ones. Upper leaves suborbicular. Stipules IJ to 2 inches long,
persistent to time of flowering, acute, with numerous nerves.

As indicated below there are two species confused, or combined, under
the name P. Tepperi. The original plant belongs to the Australian series
of thick leaved species in the floating leaves; some are almost leathery
in consistence while the others placed under P. Tepperi are like the
European species, thin leaved and the nerves generally semiexposed.

4. POTAMOGETON INDICUS Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. 1 (1820) 471.

Potamogeton Roxburghianus Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. Mant. 3 (1827)

367.
Sumatra, Teysmann in herb. Buchenau, Bremen ! Japan, Faurie in
herb. Boissier 7530 ! India ! Thibet ! Upper Burma ! Assam !

*5. POTAMOGETON ANGUSTIFOLIUS Berchtold & Presl Rostlinar 2
(1821) 19.
Potamogeton Zizii Mert. & Koch ex Cham, & Schlecht. in Linnaea 2

(1827) 202.

Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. var. latifolius Mert. & Koch Deutch.

Fl. ed. 3 (1823) 845.
Potamogeton lucens L., var. heterophyllus Fries Nov. Fl. Suec. ed. 2

(1828) 34.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Trinidad, Loher 1597 in herb. Kew. !

Kasmir, C. B. Clarke 29139 ! Himalaya, Strachy & Winterbottom !
China, Yunnan, Abbe Delaway in herb, Paris ! Upper Burma, Abdul
Khalil ex Dr. Prain ! Europe ! N. America ! Cuba ! Madagascar ?

IX, c. 4 Bennett: Potamogetons of the Philippines 341

*6. POTAMOGETON M ALAIN A Miq. 111. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871) 46.

Potamogeton viucronatus Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 245, non Schrad.

Potamogeton japonicus Franch. & Sav. Enum. PI. Jap. 2 (1879) 15
nomen solus.

Potamogeton Wrightii Morong in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 13 (1886)
158, t. 59.

Potamogeton lucens Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 155 (Cuming
1381).

Potamogeton heterocarpus Maxim, in herb, et in litt.

Luzon, "Cuming 1381, July, 1839, Prov. Albay" herb. Prague ! Prov-
ince of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 12249 Curran ! June, 1908, specimen poor
but probably belongs here: Province of Laguna, Lake Bay R. S. Williama
20U ! July, 1905. Merrill 5107 ! March, 1906, Bur. Sci. 11892 Robinson
& Ramos ! October, 1910. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 515,
U8 !

Distribution: Borneo, Motley 671 ! Celebes, Teysmann ex Miquel
1. c, Koorders 1895 in herb. Vienna ! Java, Zollinger 3278, 3778, S78U !
China, Yunnan, Delavay 1887, herb. Paris. ! Formosa, Henry 1203a !
Lien Chau, Graves in herb. Hance 22226 ! LiUKlu, C. Wright 320 !
COREA, Faurie 219 (1906), 690 (1901)! Mandschuria, Litwinow 16^6,
2377, 3350 ! JAPAN, Franchet et Savatier 209 ! Maximowicz "iter secun-
dum" ! India, Bengal, Hamilton; Kashmir, Schlagihveil 4615 !

. Graebner in Das Pflanzenreich gives "Cuba, Wright No. 3714", but my
specimen under than number is P. angustifolius Bercht. & Presl, and
"Jamaica, MacFayden No. AU'\ this I have not seen but I doubt it belong-
ing to P. Malaina; it is more likely to be P. occidentalis Sieber. The
specimens referred to P. malaina from Guatemala, Morong in "PI. Gaut.
3, 189S (J. Donnell Smith)" are P. lucens L. var. Floridanus A. Benn.;
Dr. Hance in Journ. Bot. (1885) 329, A. Bennett 1. c. (1890) 298, (1891)
154, Bull, Herb. Boiss. (1895) 254, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36 (1903) 194.
Potamogeton Gaudichaudii Cham, et Schlecht. in Linnaea 2 (1827) 199
which I formerly queried as malaina, is a lucens form, but certainly not
angustifolia Bercht. & Presl (P. Zizii C. & S.) as considered by W. F.
Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9: 360.

7. POTAMOGETON SUMATRANUS Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860-61)

259, 597.

"Sumatra occid. in fossis prope Padang et prope Padang Pandjang, in
lacu Singkara" Teysmann leg., Vienna herb.!, Zollinger 1801. "In Stooten
Padang, W. R. Sumatra leg. Teysmann No. 1139, herb. Sulp. Kurz." Herb.
Bogor.

An obscure species. Zollinger's specimen at Vienna has one flower spike
only; the structure and shape of the leaves are much as in P. lucens, but in
shape the leaves are very different from those of P. malaina.

8. POTAMOGETON CRISPUS Linn. I have seen specimens from Sumatra,

but failed to note in what collection.

9. POTAMOGETON OXYPHYLLUS Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 3

(1867) 161.
This occurs in Japan! and Corea!

129563 4

342 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

* 10. POTAMOGETON MAACKIANUS A. Benn. in Journ. Bot. 42 (1904) 74.

Potamogeton serrulatus Kegel & Maack in Kegel Tent. Fl. Ussur. (1861)
139, non Schrader, nee. Opiz.

Potamogeton crispus Linn var. serrulatus Schrad. "Japan" ex Science
College, herb. Kew. !

Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes var. japonicus A. Benn. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
4 (1896) 257.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 216, February,
1906, growing with P. malaina.

Distr. UssuRl, Regel & Maack! Mandschuria, Taladschao, Litwinow
SSA6'. COREA, Nai piang, Faurie 693! July, 1901. China, Yangtsee River,
Warburg 59^0 teste Graebner. Formosa, Warburg 10712, teste Graebner.
Japan, Faurie 10712, No. U, US (1897) ! Hakone 1883, herb. Kew.

The Asiatic representative of the North American P. Robbinsii Oakes!
The species stands apart from any other, except P. Robbinsii Oakes, to
which it is the nearest. The fruits are much alike in facies, but the
leaves are quite different. The nerves are mostly 5 (against 18 to 24 in
P, Robbinsii) and the structure of the leaf is totally different. In P.
Robbinsii the marginal and central nerves are continued to the apex, but
in P. Maackianus, on the contrary, the central nerve alone extends to the
apex, the secondary nerves stop short, form an arch at the end, but the
leaf is drawn in and continued beyond to an obtuse end.

* 11. X POTAMOGETON PH ILIPPIN ENSIS nova hybrid:=P. ma/a^r^MS X

m.aackianus.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens, April,
1906.

A duplicate of this specimen previously examined by Dr. Ostenfeld and
myself was thought to come nearest to P. nipponicus Makino, a Japanese
species, but on receipt of the original specimen from the Bureau of
Science and a comparison of it with Makino's species, it became evident
that it could not be so named. Both the supposed parents grow in Lake
Lanao, and, short of the actual production of the hybrid by cultivation,
I think it can only be so referred. Traces of both species are plainly
visible, and of the two, it is doubtless nearer to P. malainus. The very
peculiar intricate branching of the upper part, with the stipules, shows
characters of P. Maackianus. There are no flowers or fruit with the speci-
men. The habit is between that of malaina and that of Maackianus. Stems
branching, and, toward the top, much branched with stiff, densely arranged
patent leaves, with extremely short internodes, the stipules filling up the
spaces. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, the apex with a point drawn out
about 8 mm, 4 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide. Here and there a leaf shows an
approach to the apical condition of those of P. Maackianus. Leaves on the
crowded upper branches 3 cm long, 6 mm wide, mostly incurved and simi-
rigid. Stipules persistent but mostly frayed. Leaves 5-nerved, with a
strong mid-nerve.

* 12. POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 127.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 5951, in shallow stagnant
water, common where found.

The nearest recorded stations seem to be Formosa, Faurie 530 pp. (1903) ;

IX. c. 4 Bennett: Potamogetons of the Philippines 343

COREA, Faurie 22U (1906); Japan, many localities; China, Chihli, David
191 G. Also in Europe, Africa, and North America, but not recorded from
Australia, New Zealand, or Polynesia.

* 13. POTAMOGETON PERVERSUS A. Benn. sp. nov.

Caulis simplex, 1.5 ad 2.5 dm altus. Folia submersa inferora
1 dm longa et 1 ad 3 cm lata. 11-nervia, basi et apice angustata;
superiora lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata. Folia natantia ovata
vel ovato-lanceolata, basi angustata, 13- ad 16-nervia, ca. 7 cm
longa et 3 cm lata, coriacea, longipetiolata (ca. 4-10-5 cm
longa). Stipulae deciduae. Pedunculi 5-7 cm longa. Spicae
2-3 cm longae, densae. Fructus semi-obvali, ventre convexae
cum bulla centralis, dorso semicircularis, carina media subacuta,
lateralibus indistinctus, carinae intermedius striatus, drupa com-
pressa cum dua bulla, bullae connectiva cum striae.

Habit of the European F. polygonifolius Pourr., but the fruit very
different. Four habitats in Australia given for P. Tepperi must for the
present remain uncertain as there is not sufficient material to say to which
of the two species, now separated, they belong; but Mr. Tepper's original
specimens are well matched by the Philippine ones, and this material also
shows more definitely the lower leaves. For some time I have realized that
two species have been confounded under P. Tepperi, but the want of
fruiting specimens with so many so-named, especially the Japanese spec-
imens, has been a bar to separate them. But keeping to the original
specimens from Mr. O. Tepper, it proves to be a far rarer species than
I had supposed, while the numerous other specimens placed under it seem
to conform to one general type, and I now make this a separate species.
P. Tepperi seems to be one of the species that by their much thickened
leaves, form a small section of the genus nearly confined to Australia, but
occuring in Malaya, and more rarely in China; with perhaps an outlier in
Mauritius, but the specimens from Mauritius are too poor to so refer with
any certainty. Many Australian specimens want the lower leaves, hence
they have been simply referred to P. natans, although in fruiting char-
acters they are not allied to that species. Gradually as more perfect
specimens are collected we shall be able to deal with them in a more
definite manner.

An extension of this species may eventually have to be made to North
America. Dr. Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 13 (1886) 145 describing
P. Curtissii from Florida remarks: "Mr. Curtiss also sent what appears
to be a peculiar form of P. natans. It looks exactly like specimens in the
Torrey herbarium ' from India, which are labelled P. natans var." These
are Hooker and Thompson's Khasia Hills plant and are P. perversus !
And I believe that Dr. Small's P. Flotidanus * is the same plant, but in
writing to Dr. Small he told me that there were no duplicates; so it must
remain an open question until specimens can be compared.

Distribution: China, Pekin, Bretschneider 778 ! Ichang, Herny 2366,

= Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 13 (1886) 156.
'Fl. S. E. U. S. (1903) 37.

344 '^he Philippine Journal of Science

3602 ! Hokiang, Faber SlU ! Foumosa, Oldham 6S6 ! Mandschuria
Litwinow 2H5 ! S3 51 ! India, Khasia, Hooker & Thomson ! Kasmir,
C. B. Clarke ! Siberia "ad ostium fl. Lena" Maack ! Japan, Aomori,
Faurie ! Hitroyoshi, Faurie 4305 ! (Many other Japanese specimens
which are too poor to name may belong to this species.) Corean Archipel-
ago, Oldham 824 ! Philippine Islands, Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc,
Vanoverbergh 209, 2684, eight specimens on three sheets, altitude 1,290 me-
ters, the Igorot name ibas.

Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr. Act. Toul. 3 (1788) 325.

Java, Zollinger 3784, teste Graebner in Pflanzenreich 1907.

This is the only record I have of it from Malaya and I should not be
surprised if it were P. perversus. I have not seen the specimens. Hooker
Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 566 gives for this "Singapore ? Wallich." Speci-
mens of P. polygonifolius under the name of P. elegans Wall. No. 5178 are
labelled "Singapur?" in Wallich's herbarium!

Of the species of restricted distribution P. Maackianus extends north to
40°; P. malaimis, north to 46°; and P. Tepperi, to 17° 30'.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 4, August, 1914.

ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE BASIDIOMYCETES

By G. Bresadola and H. Sydow
{Trient, Austria, and Berlin, Germany)

LEN2ITES Fries

LENZITES PLATYPHYLLA Lev.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 160U1 Brown,
February, 1912: Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 12469 Ramos, February, 1911.
Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1240, March-July, 1911.

LENZITES PALISOTI Fries.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 15951 Graff,
February, 1912. Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1282,
March-July, 1911: District of Zamboanga, Bur. Sci. 15820 Fenix, August,
1912. Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15622 Fenix, July, 1912.

LENZITES STRIATA Sw.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Ramos S. 7S, October, 1912.

POLYPORUS Micheli

POLYPORUS OSTREIFORMIS Berk.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 125S, 1284, March-July,
1911.

POLYPORUS DURUS Jungh.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Dapdap Point, Bur. Sci. 13121 Foxworthy
and Ramos, March, 1911.

POLYPORUS ZONALIS Berk.

Luzon, Manila, Sanchez 29, August, 1913: Province of Laguna, Mount
Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16045 Brown, February, 1912.

POLYPORUS RHODOPHOEUS Lev.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 14S54, 14369 McGregor,
March- April, 1912: Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci.
15936 Graff, Bur. Sci. 16043, 16061 Brown, February, 1912.

POLYPORUS NILGHERIENSIS Mont.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 13468 Ramos, February, 1911.

POLYPORUS LUTEO-UMBRINUS Romell.
Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15627 Fenix, July, 1912.

POLYPORUS RAMOSII (Murr.) Bres.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. 14356
McGregor, March-April, 1913.

345

346 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

POLYPORUS RUBIOUS Berk.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 1602U Graff,
February, 1912.

POLYPORUS GRAMMOCEPHALUS Berk.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1225, March-July, 1911.

POLYPORUS BICOLOR Jungh.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16055 Brown,
February, 1912. Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1267, 1269,
March-July, 1911.

POLYPORUS BICOLOR Jungh. f. resupinata.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1239, March-July, 1911.
Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15611 Fenix, July, 1912.

FOMES (Fries) Cooke

FOMES MELANOPORUS (Mont.) Cke.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sd. 16037 Brown,
February, 1912.

FOMES EXOTEPHRUS (Berk.) Bres.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16009 Graff,
Bur. Sci. 16036 Brown, February, 1912.

FOMES RECTI NATUS (Kl.) Gillet.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 15931, 16011
Graff, February, 1912. Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1265,
March-July, 1911.

FOMES SCALARIS Berk.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1270, March-July, 1911.

FOMES WILLIAMSII (Murr.) Bres. {Fomes laviaensis Murr.)

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Kabibihan, Bur. Sci. 13155 Foxworthy and
Ramos, March, 1911 : Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci.
16035 Brown, February, 1912.

FOMES VELUTINUS Bres. nova forma MICROCHAETA Bres. (in F. tenuis-
simum Murr. transiens.)

Differt a typo setulis minoribus (15-21 /x longis, 5-7 /x latis),
sporis pallidioribus, stramineis (3-3, 5 /x longis, 2, 5-3 /x latis)
et hyphis pilei etiam angustioribus (2-3 fi latis).

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 12Jt6, March-July, 1911.

FOMES KORTHALSII (Lev.) Cke. {Pyropolyporus subextensus Murr.)
Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. H.36U

R. C. McGregor, March-April, 1912.

Setulae fulvae, 21-30 m longae, 6-7, m latae. Hyphae pilei 2-4 m crassae,

hymenii 1, 5-3, 5 m crassae.

FOMES ALBO-MARGINATUS (Lev.) Cke.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1258, March-July, 1911.

IX. c, 4 Bresadola and Sydow: Philippine Basidiomycetes 347

FOMES SEMITOSTUS (Berk.) Cke., forma juvenilis.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1218, March-July, 1911.

FOMES WEBERIANUS Bres. et P. Henn., forma juvenilis.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 1S467, M. Ramos, February, 1911.

The specimens agree very well with the type, but the fungrus undoubtedly
is only a form of Polystictus tabaciniis Mont., hence no Fomes.

FOMES LIGNOSUS (Kl.) Bres.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1287, March-July, 1911.

FOMES PACHYPHLOEUS Pat.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. 1US75
McGregor, March-April, 1912.

GANODERMA Karsten

GANODERMA AUSTRALE (Fr.) Pat.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16028 Broxvn,
February, 1912.

GANODERMA TORNATUM (Pers.) Bres.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16033, 16039
Brown, February, 1912: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax,
Bur. Sci. U376 McGregor, March-April, 1912.

GANODERMA SUBTORNATUM Murr.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16025 Graff,
February, 1912. Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15631 Fenix, July, 1912.

GANODERMA AMBOINENSE (Lam.) Pat.

Negros, Bur. Sci. 13731, 19118 Curran, September, 1909. Mindanao,
Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 127U, March-July, 1911. POLILLO, Bur.
Sci. 1053 Jf McGregor, October-November, 1909.

PORIA Persoon

PORIA CRYPTACANTHA Mont.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1268, March-July, 1911.

POLYSTICTUS Fries

POLYSTICTUS AFFINIS (Nees) Fr.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 1595U Graff,
February, 1912: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci.
H367 R. C. McGregor, March-April, 1912. Mindanao, Butuan Subprov-
ince, C. M. Weber 1220, March-July, 1911.

POLYSTICTUS LUTEUS (Bl. et Nees) Fr.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1263, March-July, 1911.

POLYSTICTUS FLABELLIFORMIS Kl. (forma stipite consueto breviori.)
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 15933 Graff,
February, 1912.

348 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

POLYSTICTUS NEPHELODES Lev.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Fo7- Bur. 8963 Curran
and Merritt, October, 1907.

POLYSTICTUS SQUAMAEFORMIS (Berk.) Cke., forma FUSCATA.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Copeland 177a, February, 1904.

POLYSTICTUS BRUNNEOLUS (Berk.) Fr.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Dapdap Point, Bur. Sci. 13122 Foxworthy
and Ramos, March, 1911.

POLYSTICTUS XANTHOPUS Fr.

Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15620 Fenix, July, 1912.

POLYSTICTUS SUBDEALBATUS (Murr.) Bres.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1219, March, 1911.
Est tantum forma junior P. elongati Berk.

POLYSTICTUS MELEAGRIS (Berk.) Cke.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, For. Bur. 132U2 Curran,
March, 1912.

POLYSTICTUS TABACINUS Mont.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 134^59 Ramos, February, 1911; Prov-
ince of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 15956 Graff, February, 1912.

POLYSTICTUS VELLEREUS Berk.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1275, March-July, 1911.

POLYSTICTUS ATYPUS Lev.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1262, March-July, 1911.
MiNDORO, Puerto Galera, Graff S30, June, 1912.

POLYSTICTUS CROCATUS Fr.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. 1A355
McGregor, March-April, 1912,

POLYSTICTUS OCCIDENTALIS (Kl.) Fr.
Luzon, Manila, Sanchez 28, August, 1912.

POLYSTICTUS MEYENII Kl.

Palawan, Bur. Sci. 1561U Fenix, July, 1912.

POLYSTICTUS CON FUN DENS Ces., forma juvenilis.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1227, 12^8, March-July,
1911.

POLYSTICTUS P0LY20NUS Pers.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci. 52U, 52^8, McGregor,
September, 1908.

POLYSTICTUS SPADICEUS (Jungh.) Cke.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1214, 1276, March-July,
1911. Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 15981 Graff,
February, 1912.

IX. c, 4 Bresadola and Sydoiv: Philippine Basidiomycetes 349

POLYSTICTUS ABIETINUS (Dicks.) Fr., forma PALLIDA.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Vanoverbergh 1117, February-March, 1911,
on bark of Pinu.s insiilaris.

POLYSTICTUS FLOCCOSUS (Jungh.) Fr., forma SUBRESUPIN ATA.
Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1259, March-^uly, 1911.

POLYSTICTUS MONS-VENERIS Jungh.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. H365
McGregor, March-April, 1912.

TRAMETES Fries

TRAMETES MUELLERI Berk.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovincia, C. M. Weber 1260, March-July, 1911.
Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Bur. Sci. 7581 Ramos, March, 1909; Province
of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 1582Jt Curran and Merritt, December, 1908.

TRAMETES INCANA Lev.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1260, March-July, 1911.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Graff S157, S158, November,
1912.

TRAMETES CORRUGATA (Pers.) Bres.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16027 Graff, Bur.
Sci. 16062 Brown, February, 1912.

TRAMETES CINNABARINA (Jacq.) Fr.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Bur. Sci. 15819 Fenix, August, 1912.

TRAMETES PALEACEA Fr., forma minor.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci. 52k7 McGregor, September,
1908.

TRAMETES ASPERA (Jungh.) Bres., forma in Trametem strigatam
transiens.
Luzon, Manila, Sanchez 26, 27, August, 1912, Merrill SS%, September,
1912.

TRAMETES STRIGATA (Berk.) Bres.

Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. Magna S81, December, 1909. Mindanao, Dis-
trict of Zamboanga, Biir. Sci. 15816 Fenix, August, 1912.

DAEDAL E A Persoon

DAEDALEA FLAVIDA Lev., forma POLYPOROIDEA.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Bur. Sci. 15821 Fenix, August, 1912.

DAEDALEA PRUINOSA Lev., forma TRAMETOIDEA. {Hexagonia glabra
Lev.)

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 16015 Graff,
February, 1912.

DAEDALEA LURIDA Lev. {Daedalea subconfragosa Murr.)

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Clemens "V", July, 1907.

350 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

ELM ERIN A Dresadola

ELMERINA CLADOPHORA (Berk.) Bres.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Jalajala, Btir. Sci. 11925 Robinson, October,
1910.

ELMERINA SETULOSA (P. Henn.) Bres.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Sablang, Bur. Sci. 12822 Fenix, No-
vember-December, 1910.

HEXAGON I A Fries

HEXAGONIA THWAITESII Berk. (Hexagonia cyclophora Lev.)
Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15610 Fenix, July, 1912.

GLOEOPORUS Montagne

GLOEOPORUS CONCHOIDES Mont. (Thelephora dolosa Lev.)

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, B2ir. Sci. 15952, 15972
Graff, Bur. Sci. 16063 Brown, February, 1912.

LASCHIA Fries
LASCHIA MINIMA Jungh.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1229, "March-July, 1911.

IRPEX Fries
IRPEX FLAVUS KL

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Ramos S7U, S75, October, 1912.

CLADODERRIS Persoon

CLADODERRIS ELEGANS (Jungh.) Fr. (Forma in Clad, infundibuli-
formen transiens.)
Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1283, March-July, 1911.

STEREUM Persoon

STEREUM PURPUREUM Pers.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Vanoverbergh 1117, February-March, 1911.

STEREUM NOTATUM Berk., forma resupinato-pileata.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. H357
McGregor, March-April, 1912.

LLOYDELLA Bresadola

LLOYDELLA AFFINIS (Lev.) Bres. (Stereum Mellisii Berk.)

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1228, March-July, 1911.

VELUTICEPS Cooke

VELUTICEPS PHILIPPINENSIS Bres.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1279, March-July, 1911.

IX, c. 4 Bresadola and Sydoiv: Philippine Basidiomycetes 351

HYMENOCHAETE Leveille

HYMENOCHAETE SUBFERRUGINEA Bres. et Syd. sp. nov.

Pileo dimidiato, sessili, coriaceo-submembranaceo, 2.4 cm
diam., ferrugineo, subtenui, marginato, sericeo-velutino, zonis
angustis concoloribus ; hymenio obscure ferrugineo ; setulis num-
erosissimis, tereti-acuminatis, 40-60 n longis, basi 8-9 ^ latis,
30-35 fi prominentibus, fulvis; hypis contextus 3-4 /x crassis;
basidiis clavatis; sporis non visis.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Biir. Sci. 159A6 Graff, Feb-
ruary, 1912.

HYMENOCHAETE SUBPURPURASCENS (Berk, et Br.) Bres. (Stereum
subpurpurascens Berk, et Br.)
POLILLO, Bur. Sci. 105U5 McGregor, October-November, 1909. "

HYMENOCHAETE ATTENUATA Lev.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. ISUGJt Ramos, February, 1911.

HYMENOCHAETE RHEICOLOR (Mont.) Lev.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 159U8 Graff,
February, 1912.

HYMENOCHAETE DEFLECTENS Bres. et Syd. sp. nov.

Longe lateque effusa, resupinata, fusco-ferruginea, levis, cras-
siuscula; hyphis contextus 3-4 fx crassis; setulis sparsis, varia-
bilibus, flavidis vel flavo-fulvis, 45-65 ii longis, basi 6-8 ^ latis;
ad apicem obtusis; basidiis clavatis; sporis continuis, 8-10 (x.
longis, 4-5 ft latis.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1286, March-July, 1911.

HYMENOCHAETE AMBOINENSIS P. Henn.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 13%62 Ramos, February, 1911.

HYMENOCHAETE PELLICULA Berk, et Br.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. lSi60 Ramos, February, 1911.

HYMENOCHAETE CROCICREAS Berk.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 1261, March-July, 1911.

SEPTOBASIDIUM Patouillard

SEPTOBASIDIUM SUBOLIVACEUM Syd.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 1S465 Ramos, February, 1911, on
bamboo stems.

SEPTOBASIDIUM SUFFULTUM (Berk, et Br.) Bres. {Thelephora suf-
fulta Berk, et Br.)
Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 12U9, March-July, 1911.

352 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science

PTERULA Fries

PTERULA PUSIO (Berk.) Bres., forma major. {Clavaria pusio Berk.)
Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C M. Weber 12S0, March-July, 1911.

AURICULARIA Bulliard

AURICULARIA LOB ATA Sommerf.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Ramos S12S, October, 1912.
AURICULARIA RUGOSISSIMA (Lev.) Bres. {Phlebia rugosissima Lev.)

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Ramos S76, October, 1912.

HIRNEOLA Fries

HIRNEOLA AFFINIS (Jungh.) Bres.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Bur. Sci. 1593 It Graff,
February, 1912.

HIRNEOLA AURICULA-JUDAE (L.) Berk.

Palawan, Bur. Sci. 15608 Fenix, July, 1912.
HIRNEOLA PORPHYREA (Lev.) Fr.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, Bur. Sci. 14.3'58
McGregor, March-April, 1912.

GUEPINIA Fries

GUEPINIA SPATHULARIA (Schw.) Fr.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, C. M. Weber 12H, 1250, March-July,
1911.

LYCOPERDON Tournefort

LYCOPERDON VANDERYSTII Bres.

Luzon, Manila, Merrill "X," January, 1904.

G EASTER Micheli

GAESTER MIRABILIS Mont.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablang, Bur. Sci. 12850 Fenix, November-
December, 1910. Mindanao, Bukidnon Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 157H. Fenix,
August, 1912.

CORA Fries

CORA PAVONSA Web. et Mohr.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio and vicinity. Bur. Sci. 14-107 Rob-
inson, May, 1911.

CORA? GYROLOPHIA Fr.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Merrill 7540, February,
1911.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 4, August, 1914.

PLANTAE WENZELIANAE, II

By E. D. Merrill *

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

The first paper of this series was published in November,
1913 ^ in which twenty-eight species were proposed as new.
One of these, Scleria trigoiia Merr., has been indicated to me
by the Rev. G. Kiikenthal, to whom a specimen was sent, as
being identical with Scleria motleyi C. B. Clarke, the type of
which was from Borneo, but the species also credited to the
Philippines in its original place of publication- ;, Selena trigona
Merr. should then be reduced to .S. motleyi C. B. Clarke.

During the past year Mr. Wenzel has prosecuted his field
work with energy, extending his numbered series to somewhat
over 900. The material, submitted to me for identification, has
presented a high percentage of novelties, and accordingly this
second paper of the series has been prepared. The present
paper contains the descriptions of forty-three species, proposed
as new, with notes on several previously described ones. The
genera Kunstleria of the Leguminosae and Nothophoebe of the
Lauraceae, are credited to the Philippines for the first time. A
representative of the peculiar monotypic genus Trigonopleura,
of the Euphorbiaceae is in the collection, which on further study
may prove to be specifically distinct from the Malaya Peninsula
species ; a specimen of this has been sent to Kew for comparison
with the type.

ZINGIBERACEAE

ALPINIA Linnaeus

ALPINIA WENZELII sp. nov. § Hellenia.

Planta glabra, usque ad 90 cm alta; foliis 5 ad 8, lanceolatis,
tenuiter acuminatis, usque ad 13 cm. longis, 1.6 cm latis; pani-

*Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines, Manila,
P. I.

'Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (191.3) Bot. 363-390.
'L. c. 2 (1907) Bot. 104.

353

354 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

culis circiter 10 cm longis, floribus parvis, vix 1 cm longis,
glabris, bracteis vix 1 mm longis, labellum bis bifidum.

A slender, glabrous, perennial plant up to 90 cm in height,
the stems, including the sheaths, less than 5 mm in diameter.
Leaves 5 to 8 on each plant, chartaceous, lanceolate, up to 13
cm long, 1.6 cm wide, the apex slenderly acuminate, base acute ;
sheaths loose ; ligule obtuse, about 3 mm long. Panicles slightly
exserted, glabrous, about 10 cm long, the basal branch up to 3
cm long, the others much shorter. Flowers rather numerous,
white and flesh-colored, the bracts about 1 mm long, caducous.
Ovary quite glabrous, globose, the calyx-tube above the ovary
cylindric, 5 mm long. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx, the
lobes elliptic, rounded, about 5 mm long. Lip 3 mm long, twice
bifid, the central cleft extending nearly to the base, the lateral
ones much shorter, the outer lobes 1.2 mm wide, the inner ones
0.4 mm wide, all obtuse. Stamen about 5 mm long, the anther
2.5 mm long, connective not produced.

Leyte, Dagami, in forests, altitude 500 meters, C. A. Wenzel 623,
March 11, 1914.

A species closely allied to Alpinia bj'evilabris Presl, differing in its
smaller flowers, glabrous ovary, and much smaller panicles and leaves.

FAGACEAE

CASTANOPSIS Spach
CASTANOPSIS GLABRA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra ; foliis lanceolatis
ad oblongo-lanceolatis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 14 cm longis, in-
tegris, utrinque angustatis, basi acutis, apice longe late acu-
minatis, in siccitate pallidis, utrinque valde nitidis, nervis
utrinque circiter 10, subtus prominentibus, reticulis tenuibus,
obscuris; inflorescentiis axillaribus, spiciformis, 15 ad 20 cm
longis, pubescentibus ; fructibus junioribus obovoideis, dense
cinereo-pubescentibus.

A tree about 7 m high, quite glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches dark reddish-brown, terete, rather slender, even the
ultimate branchlets quite glabrous. Leaves lanceolate to ob-
long-lanceolate, 10 to 14 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, entire,
subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the rather long-
acuminate apex, the acumen rather broad, blunt, prominently
shining on both surfaces, the upper pale or pale-greenish, the
lower much paler than the upper; lateral nerves about 10 on
each side of the midrib, prominent on the lower surface, curved-
ascending, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations obscure;

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 355

petioles glabrous, about 8 mm long. Inflorescence spike-like,
solitary, axillary, 15 to 20 cm long, somewhat cinereous-pubes-
cent, the pistillate flowers scattered, sessile or on very short
pedicels. Very young fruits obovoid, densely cinereous-pubes-
cent, about 7 mm in diameter, densely covered with short, spine-
like processes 2 mm long or less, which, at maturity, are prob-
ably greatlj' elongated as in many other species of the genus.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 737, May 25, 1914, in
forests, altitude about 500 meters.

Apparently most closely allied to Castanopsis philippensis Vid., differ-
ing especially in its much larger leaves, which are entirely glabrous,
and their more numerous nerves.

MORACEAE

CONOCEPHALUS Blume
CONOCEPHALUS DIFFUSUS sp. nov.

Frutex epiphyticus, subscandens, inflorescentiis exceptis gla-
ber; foliis coriaceis, usque ad 22 cm longis, ovatis ad oblongo-
ovatis, integris vel leviter undulatis, acuminatis, basi subacutis
vel obtusis, nervis utrinque circiter 12, valde prominentibus ;
stipulis 4 cm longis, coriaceis, persistentibus, navicularibus, 2-
carinatis; inflorescentiis 9 axillaribus pedunculatis, dichotomis,
circiter 16 cm longis, usque ad 25 cm latis, ramulis junioribus
parce f urf uraceo-pubescentibus ; capitulis numerosis, 5 mm dia-
metro, globosis.

An epiphytic, subscandent shrub, glabrous except the inflor-
escence, the branches terete, grayish-brown, about 8 mm in
diameter. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, coriaceous, dark-colored
when dry, slightly shining, 15 to 22 cm long, 9 to 13 cm wide,
margins entire or slightly undulate, base acute, obtuse, or some-
times somewhat rounded, apex rather abruptly short-acuminate,
the lower surface with cystoliths along the ultimate reticulations,
the upper minutely and rather densely verruculose ; lateral nerves
12 on each side of the midrib, straight, anastomosing near the
margins, the reticulations slender; petioles 4 to 6 cm long;
stipules boat-shaped, falcate, coriaceous, persistent, about 4 cm
long, 2-keeled. Staminate inflorescence diffuse, axillary, soli-
tary, peduncled, dichotomously branched, about 16 cm long, up
to 25 cm wide, the younger parts somewhat furfuraceous-pubes-
cent, the younger inflorescences with subcoriaceous, orbicular,
deciduous bracts up to 1 cm in diameter which enclose the heads.
Heads very numerous, in fruit about 5 mm in diameter, each
with from 15 to 20, somewhat compressed, narrowly ovoid, acute.

356 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science m*

glabrous achenes about 2 mm long, the stigmas obscurely peni-
cillate.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, in forests, C. A. Wenzel 857, in forests,
altitude about 500 m, fruits pink.

A species in the same group with Conocephalus acuminatus Tree, but with
larger, more numerously nerved leaves, and more ample inflorescence.
It is also apparently allied to the species of Conocephalus described by
Weddell, from staminate specimens, as Procris grandis, but that species
has the leaves rounded or subcordate at the base.

Var. OBTUSUS var. nov.

A typo differt foliis orbiculari-ovatis, apice obtusis vel rotun-
datis, vix acuminatis.

Same locality, C. A. Wenzel 908, June, 1914.
ANONACEAE

OROPHEA Blume
OROPHEA WENZELII sp. nov.

Arbor parva partibus junioribus floribusque exceptis subgla-
bra; foliis chartaceis, oblongis, nitidis, usque ad 12 cm longis,
tenuiter acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque adscendentibus,
utrinque 7 ad 9, subtus prominentibus ; inflorescentiis axillaribus,
paucifloris, 1 ad 1.5 cm longis, leviter pubescentibus ; floribus
parvis, petalis exterioribus sepalisque reflexis, petalis interiori-
bus circiter 6 mm longis, longe unguiculatis, patulis,

A tree about 6 m high, the younger parts and inflorescence
more or less pubescent. Branches slender, terete, reddish-brown,
the branchlets, petioles, inflorescences and leaves on the midrib
and lateral nerves beneath sparingly pubescent with brownish
hairs. Leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic, chartaceous, pale-oliva-
ceous when dry, shining, the upper surface glabrous, base acute,
apex rather slenderly acuminate; lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each
side of the midrib, prominent, rather sharply ascending, an-
astomosing, the reticulations slender, subparallel; petioles 2 to
3 mm long. Flowers in depauperate cymes or frequently soli-
tary, the cymes 1 to 1.5 cm long, somewhat pubescent; pedicels
about 5 mm long, with a single broadly ovate, 1.5 mm long
bracteole at about the middle. Sepals broadly ovate, acute,
pubescent, 1.5 mm long, generally reflexed. Outer three petals
ovate-elliptic, 4 mm long, strongly reflexed, obtuse or acute,
somewhat pubescent outside and near the apex inside; inner
three petals about 6 mm long, somewhat spreading, long-clawed,
the claw glabrous, about 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, the limb
thickened, ovate, about 2.2 mm wide, puberulent in the upper

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 357

one-half on both surfaces. Stamens 6, less than 1 mm long.
Carpels 6, pubescent, about 1 mm long.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, in forests, altitude about 500 meters,
C. A. Wenzel 082, May 18, 1914.

Apparently most closely allied to Orophea unguiculata Elm., distin-
guished by its differently shaped leaves, and more numerous, ascending
nerves.

LAURACEAE

BEILSCHMIEDIA Nees
BEILSCHMIEDIA LEYTENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, usque ad 20 m alta; foliis oppositis, coriaceis,
nitidis, oblongo-ovatis vel oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 13 cm
longis, obtusis vel obscure obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis
utrinque circiter 8, subtus distinctis ; paniculis pseudo-terminali-
bus, usque ad 9 cm longis, floribus circiter 4 mm longis; fruc-
tibus anguste obovoideis, 2 ad 2.5 cm longis, apice rotundatis
vel minute apiculatis.

A glabrous tree reaching a height of about 20 meters, the
branches terete, gray or brownish, the terminal buds oblong-
ovoid, swollen below, narrowed above into a stout, acuminate
beak, dark-brown, usually about 1 cm long. Leaves opposite,
coriaceous, sometimes subcoriaceous, shining, oblong-ovate or
elliptic-ovate, 9 to 13 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 wide, obtuse or shortly
and obtusely acuminate, base acute, margins usually slightly
revolute; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib,
distinct, anastomosing, the reticulations rather close, distinct;
petioles 7 to 17 cm long. Panicles in the uppermost axils,
pseudo-terminal, few, comparatively few-flowered, about 9 cm
long. Flowers yellow, 4 mm long, their pedicels about 4 mm
long, racemosely or subumbellately disposed on the ultimate
branchlets. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, about 1.5 mm long,
the lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse, about 2.5 m.m long, 1.2 mm wide,
the inner three a little narrower than the outer ones. Fertile
stamens 9, in three rows, the outer 6 with introrse anthers, the
inner three with extrorse ones, all anthers 2-celled, the innermost
row reduced to subsessile or very shortly stalked, broadly ovoid,
acute staminodes about 1 mm long and wide. Ovary narrowly
ovoid, glabrous, narrowed upward into the short style, the ovary
and style about 1.8 mm long. Fruit narrowly obovoid, dark-
brown, shining, smooth, 2 to 2.5 cm long, 1 to 1.4 cm in dia-
meter, narrowed below, the apex rounded, often with a small
apiculus.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 183, 501 (type), the former in fruit,
June, 1913, the latter with flov*rers and fruit, September, 1913; For.
129553 6

358 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

Bur. 116SS Whitford, with very young fruits. Negros, Faraon, Fo7-. Bur.
1S561 Meyer & Foxtvorthy, August, 1909, in fruit.

A characteristic species, perhaps best recognizable by its peculiar
terminal buds which are present on all the specimens examined.

LITSEA Lamarck
LITSEA WENZELII sp. nov.

Species L. luzonicae affinis, differt foliis angustioribus, subtus
albidis vel griseo-albidis, glabris, apice acuminatis, umbellis fas-
ciculatis, distincte pedicellatis.

A shrub about 5 m high, glabrous except the ferruginous-
pubescent inflorescence, the younger branchlets sometimes slight-
ly pubescent. Branches terete, slender, reddish-brown, smooth.
Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 9 to 15 cm long,
2.5 to 4 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base and the
acuminate apex, the upper surface pale-greenish when dry, shin-
ing, the lower nearly white or grayish-white, quite glabrous;
lateral nerves 9 to 12 on each side of the midrib, curved upward,
prominent on the lower surface, anastomosing; petioles about 1
cm long. Umbels axillary, fascicled, 3-flowered, the peduncles up
to 4 cm long and with the bracts ferruginous-pubescent; bracts
broadly ovate to obovate, 2.5 mm long. Calyx-tube 2.3 mm long,
the pedicels about 1 mm long, the lobes 5, oblong-ovate, acuminate,
1 mm long. Ovary glabrous.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 626, March 12, 1914, in forests, altitude
about 500 meters.

Minfestly closely allied to Litsea luzonica (Bl.) F.-Vill., from which
it is readily distinguished by its leaves being white or grayish-white be-
neath and entirely glabrous.

NOTHOPHOEBE Blume

NOTHOPHOEBE MALABONGA (Blanco) comb. nov.

Ajovea malabonga Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 233.

Laurus hexandra Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 222, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 52, non
Willd. nee Spreng.

Iteadaphne confusa F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 181, non Blume.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 20^.86 Villamil:
Province of Camarines, Ragay, For. Bur. 22662, 226S7 Alvarez, March,
1913. MiNDORO, For. Bur. UOS Merritt, May, 1906. Leyte, Buenavista,
near Jaro, Wenzel SOS, April, 1914. Negros, Bais, For. Bur. 112^2 Everett,
April, 1908.

This species is closely allied to Nothophoebe umbelliflora Blume, and many
of the specimen cited above were placed under that name in the herbarium.
It seems, however, to be sufficiently distinct, and accordingly Blanco's name
is adopted for the Philippine form. There is no doubt as to the identity of
Blanco's species as the material agrees with his description in all essential
characters and in Laguna it is still known as malabonga.

IX, c. 4 Mernll: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 359

ROSACEAE

PYGEUM Gaertner
PYGEUM PUBESCENS sp. nov.

Species P. glanduloso similis et affinis, differ! foliis subtus dis-
tinct pubescentibus, nervis utrinque magis numerosis, utrinque
8 vel 9, spicis multo brevioribus, 2 ad 3 cm longis.

A tree reaching a height of 10 m, the branches terete, dark
reddish-brown, slender, glabrous, obscurely lenticellate, the
younger ones densely brown-pubescent. Leaves entire oblong-
ovate to oblong, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 10 to 15 cm long,
4 to 6.5 cm wide, green or brownish when dry, the upper surface
somewhat shining or dull, glabrous except for the pubescent mid-
rib and lateral nerves, the lower surface paler, rather uniformly
pubescent with scattered hairs, the midrib and nerves more
densely pubescent than the surface otherwise, the apex obtuse
to acuminate, the base acute the rounded, with two prominent
glands, one on each side of the midrib, projecting on the upper
surface, appearing as a small opening on the lower ; lateral nerves
about 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent; petioles pubescent,
4 to 7 mm long; stipules oblong-ovate, pubescent, about 5 mm
long, deciduous. Inflorescence of dense, axillary, solitary, pubes-
cent spikes or spikelike racemes, 2 to 3 cm long. Flowers sessile
or subsessile, crowded, each subtended by a reniform, pubescent
bracteole about 1.5 mm wide. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, about
3 mm long, densely pubescent, with 10 similar or subsimilar lobes
which are oblong, 1.5 mm long, densely pubescent. Stamens 20,
the filaments 2 to 4 mm long. Ovary densely pubescent, nar-
rowly ovoid, narrowed upward into the 3.5 mm long style. Fruit
very broadly ovoid, about 12 mm in diameter, somewhat apiculate,
sparingly pubescent.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 18, S9, 217, SSI, 33S (type), May to July,
1913, in forests, altitude about 60 meters. Samar, Gandara, For. Bur.
128S5 Rosenbluth, February, 1909.

Manifestly closely allied to the more northern Pygeum glandulosum
Merr., differing in its pubescent, more numerously nerved leaves and in
its short spikes. Its closest extra-Philippine ally appears to be the Malayan
Pygeum parviflorum Teysm. & Binn.

LEGUMINOSAE

KUNSTLERIA Prain
KUNSTLERIA PHILIPPIN ENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex alte scandens, partibus junioribus subtus foliis ad costa
nervisque inflorescentiis plus minusve ferrugineo-pubescentibus ;

360 I'h^ Philippine Journal of Science i»i4

foliis usque ad 20 cm longis, foliolis 5, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, 5
ad 12 cm longis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, acuminatis, basi rotundatis
vel leviter cordatis, nervis utrinque circiter 5, prominentibus ; in-
florescentiis paniculatis, terminalibus, quam folia longioribus;
floribus 7 mm longis ; leguminibus oblongis, 8 ad 12 cm longis, 2
cm latis, chartaceis, apice subrotundatis, extus adpresse ferru-
gineo-pubescentibus.

A woody vine reaching a height of 30 m, younger part, nerves
on the lower surface of the leaves, inflorescence, and pods more
or less brown- or ferruginous-pubescent with short hairs.
Branches terete, brown, glabrous. Leaves pinnate, alternate, 12
to 20 cm long, petioles, rachis, and petiolules somewhat pubescent ;
leaflets 5, exstipellate, ovate to oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, when
dry pale, shining, entire, apex somewhat acuminate, base rounded,
sometimes obscurely cordate, 5 to 12 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide;
lateral nerves about 5 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
somewhat curved-ascending, anastomosing, reticulations prom-
inent, lax ; petiolules 5 to 9 mm long. Panicles terminal, rather
narrow, 25 cm long or more, dark brown-pubescent, many
flowered. Flowers pink, rather crowded on the ultimate branch-
lets, 7 mm long, their pedicels not fascicled, nodes not thickened,
the bracteoles oblong-ovate, acuminate, 1.8 mm long, the pedicels
about as long as the bracteoles. Calyx pubescent, 3.5 to 4 mm
long, the upper two teeth nearly united, forming one broad some-
what cleft tooth, the other three narrowly ovate, acute, 1.5 mm
long. Standard 7 mm long and wide, orbicular-reniform,
rounded, base somewhat cordate, the claw 2 mm long, narrowed
downward; wings equaling the standard, claw slender, 2 mm
long, limb oblong, 2.2 mm wide, obtuse, base with a decending,
somewhat incurved auricle, the opposite margin somewhat
ciliate ; keel as long as the standard, the limb oblong-ovate, some-
what falcate, petals somewhat connate, base auricled on one side.
Vexillary filament free, 4 mm long, the other 9 all fertile, united
for the lower 5 mm, the free parts alternating long and short;
anthers 0.5 mm long. Ovary pubescent, sessile or nearly so,
pubescent, including the style 6 mm long, the style curved ; ovules
2. Pods strap-shaped, chartaceous, thin, 6 to 16 cm long, 2 cm
wide, apex broad, somewhat rounded, the valves somewhat retic-
ulate, prominently pubescent with dark-brown, short, somewhat
shining hairs; seeds 2, flat, thin, 2 cm long, 1 cm wide (imma-
ture) , situated in the middle part of the pod, not near the ends.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 818, 836 (type), the former
in bud, the latter with mature flowers, in forests, altitude about 500 m,
June, 1914. Basilan, Bvr. Sci. 16114 Reillo, September, 1912, in fruit.

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 361

The genus is new to the Philippines. So far as known there are five
species in the Malay Peninsula, one extending to Sumatra, and apparently
a few undescribed forms in Borneo.

DERRIS Loureiro

DERRIS LEYTENSIS sp. nov. § Aganope.

Frutex scandens partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque breviter
adpresse hirsutus exceptis glaber; foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis
oblongo-ovatis, subcoriaceis, acutis vel obtusis, basi obtusis ad
rotundatis, usque ad 11 cm longis, in siccitate pallidis, nervis
utrinque 7, prominentibus ; paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque,
folia subaequantibus, multifloris; floribus albis, circiter 7 mm
longis; fructibus ignotis.

A scandent shrub reaching a height of 15 m, the branches
terete, brown, glabrous, the younger ones more or less appressed-
hirsute with short browTiish hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate, the pe-
tioles 4 to 5 cm long, the basal part somewhat thickened, gray,
the rest brown; petiolules gray, 5 to 7 mm long; leaflets ex-
stipellate, oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, shining, pale when dry,
6 to 11 cm long, 2.5 to 5.5 cm wide, acute or obtuse, base acute
to rounded ; lateral nerves 7 on each side of the midrib, prominent
on the lower surface, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the reti-
culations slender. Panicles terminal and in the upper axils,
about as long as the leaves, many-flowered, the branches few, dis-
tant, spreading, all parts appressed-hirsute with short brownish
hairs. Flowers white, about 7 mm long, their pedicels 1 to 1.5
mm long. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat pubescent, 3 mm long
and wide, the upper two teeth more or less connate, the lower
three small. Standard orbicular, 7 mm wide, the claw 1 mm
long, apex refuse, base subacute, not callose; wings equaling the
standard, narrowly oblong-obovate, rounded, the limb 5 mm long,
2.5 mm wide, claw slender, 2.5 mm long, base obscurely auricled
on the broader side ; keel equaling the claw, petals slightly coher-
ent, the claw 3 mm, the limb 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, obscurely
auricled at the base on one side. Vexillary filament free through-
out, 3 mm long, the others united for the lower 2 to 3 mm, glab-
rous. Ovary sessile, oblong, pubescent, including the style 7 mm
long; ovules 2; style pubescent below, glabrous above, more or
less curv'ed.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, in forests, altitude about 500 m, C. A.
Wenzel 8U, June 5, 1914.

A species of the section Aganope, leaflets 3, exstipellate, standard not
callose at the base, the vexillary filament free throughout. It is best
characterized by its 3-foliolate leaves, and its alliance seems to be with
Derris palawanensis Elm.

362 ^^6 Philippine Journal of Science i^u

RUTACEAE

EVODIA Forster
EVODIA CRASSI FOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra; foliis 3-foliolatis,
foliolis coriaceis, oblongis, nitidis, usque ad 18 cm longis, integris,
basi acutis, apice rotundatis, obtusis, vel obscure late obtuseque
acuminatis, nervis utrinque 9 ad 13, subpatulis, distinctis, anas-
tomosantibus ; paniculis axillaribus, 9 ad 14 cm longis, dense mul-
tifloris; floribus albis, confertis, circiter 3 mm longis.

A small tree, entirely glabrous except the younger parts of the
inflorescence. Branches stout, smooth, terete or somewhat com-
pressed, pale yellowish-brown. Leaves 3-foliolate, their petioles
5 to 9 cm long; leaflets coriaceous, brownish or pale-olivaceous
when dry, shining on both surfaces, 10 to 18 cm long, 4.5 to 7.5
cm wide, rounded, acute, obtuse, or broadly and shortly blunt-
acuminate at the apex, base acute, of the central leaflet equila-
teral, of the lateral ones somewhat inequilateral; lateral nerves
9 to 13 on each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing,
somewhat spreading, the reticulations evident on both surfaces;
petiolules 5 to 8 mm long. Panicles axillary, solitary, 9 to 14
cm long, mostly pyramidal, the lower branches up to 6 cm long,
spreading or ascending, glabrous except the ultimate branches
and branchlets which are more or less pubescent. Flowers very
numerous, white, densely crowded at the apices of the ultimate
branchlets, the pedicels pubescent, 2 to 3 mm long. Sepals
broadly ovate, rounded, 1 mm long. Petals ovate, obtuse or
acute, 2.5 cm long. Stamens 4; filaments 3 to 3.5 mm long;
anthers 1.2 mm long. Ovary densely pubescent, ovoid; style
cylindric, stout, about as long as the ovary.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 699 (type) 715, April, 1914,
in forests, altitude about 500 meters.

A species characterized by its comparatively thick leaflets, its ample,
densely many flowered panicles, and in being entirely glabrous except the
younger parts of the panicles, the pedicels, and the ovaries. It approaches
several other Philippine forms in some characters, but does not appear
to be particularly closely allied to any known to me.

MELICOPE Forster
MELICOPE NITIDA sp. nov.

Frutex 5 m altus partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque leviter
pubescentibus exceptis glaber; foliis trifoliolatis, foliolis charta-
ceis vel subcoriaceis, oblongo-obovatis vel elliptico-obovatis utrin-
que valde nitidis, usque ad 15 cm longis, basi acutis, apice rotun-
datis ad abrupte late obtuseque acuminatis; nervis utrinque 11

IX. c, 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 363

ad 14, prominentibus, anastomosantibus, reticulis laxis, distinctis ;
paniculis axillaribus, solitariis, numerosis, pyramidatis, ut videtur
multifloris, usque ad 9 cm longis leviter pubescentibus; coccis
ellipsoideis, 3 ad 3.5 mm longis.

A shrub about 5 m high, the younger parts and the panicles
slightly pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Branches terete, light-
gray. Leaves 3-foliolate, the petioles 3 to 5 cm long; leaflets
chartaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong-obovate to elliptic-obovate,
9 to 15 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, entire, both surfaces strongly
shining, rather pale when dry, the apex rounded to abruptly,
shortly, and obtusely acuminate, base somewhat narrowed, acute,
equilateral; lateral nerves 11 to 14 on each side of the mid-
rib, prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, prominent on
the lower surface ; petiolules 7 to 10 mm long. Panicles axillary,
solitary, numerous, pyramidal, up to 9 cm long, the lower
branches spreading, about 5 cm long, the upper ones gradually
shorter, apparently densely flowered. Flowers unknown. Fruits
numerous, mostly consisting of a single coccus, sometimes of two
which are slightly united at the base, the cocci ellipsoid, brown-
ish-olivaceous, rounded, 3 to 3.5 mm long, the seeds globose,
black, shining.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C A. Wenzel 82 J, in forests, altitude
about 500 meters, June 3, 1914.

A characteristic species distinguishable by its strongly shining, prom-
inently and laxly reticulate leaflets. This was originally described as
an Evodia, but Wenzel 1002, in flower, received just as the last proof was
being read, is identical with the type and is a Melicope.

BURSERACEAE

CANARIUM Linnaeus
CANARIUM WENZELII sp. nov. § Choriandra.

Species C. villoso affinis, difi'ert ramulis, petiolis, subtus foliolis
paniculisque ferrugineo-pubescentibus, foliolis coriaceis, majori-
bus.

A tree about 20 m high, the branchlets, petioles, and inflor-
escence densely ferruginous-pubescent with short hairs which
are more or less deciduous, with similar ones on the midrib and
ner\'^es of the leaflets on both surfaces. Branches terete, the
ultimate ones 5 to 7 mm in diameter, longitudinally striate,
pale-brownish, not marked with scars of fallen leaves. Leaves
alternate, about 40 cm long, the petiole and rachis densely fer-
ruginous-pubescent, the stipules persistent, rather thick, linear-
oblong, curved, acuminate, entire, 1 cm long or less. Leaflets
coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, usually 7, opposite or sub-

364 '^^^ Philippine Journal of Science isu

opposite, the median and upper ones elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
17 to 25 cm long, 7 to 9 cm wide, the lower ones relatively
shorter and broader, entire, prominently acuminate, the base
rounded, usually somewhat inequilateral, the upper surface spar-
ingly short-pubescent with ferruginous hairs on the midrib and
lateral nerves, pale-greenish, the lower surface slightly paler,
more brownish, the pubescence more evident and extending to the
reticulations, the midrib and lateral nerves brown in contrast to
the yellowish-green lower surface ; lateral nerves very prominent
on the lower surface, about 18 on each side of the midrib, curved-
anastomosing close to the margin, the primary reticulations
subparallel, prominent, brownish; petiolules densely brown-
pubescent, about 1.5 cm long. Panicles in the upper axils, nar-
rowly pyramidal, up to 35 cm in length, densely brown-pubescent,
the branches few, scattered, the lower primary ones up to 15 cm
in length. Flowers 4 mm long, sessile, more or less glomerate
or fascicled on the short ultimate branchlets, sometimes irreg-
ularly spicate. Calyx densely ferruginous-pubescent, 2.5 mm
long, divided one-half to the base into three, broadly ovate lobes.
Petals 3, free, obovate to subelliptic, 3.5 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm
wide, thick, somewhat ferruginous pubescent outside in the lower
part. Stamens 6, free, inserted outside of the disk, their fila-
ments 2 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.2 mm long. Disk promi-
nent, thick, glabrous below, villous on the top, usually obscurely
lobed. Perfect flowers and fruits not seen.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 351 (type), S92, August, 1913, in forests,
altitude about 30 meters.

A species manifestly in the alliance with Canarium villosum F.-Vill.
(C. cumingii Engl.), but readily distinguished by its rather dense, dark-
brown indumentum which is composed of short hairs. It is even closer
allied to Canariurn dementis Merr., in which species, however, the indu-
mentum entirely covers the entire lower surface of the leaflets.

CANARIUM PAUCINERVIUM sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 17 m alta, ramulis foliis inflorescentiisque plus
minusve hirsutis; foliis circiter 30 cm longis, foliolis 7, ellipticis
ad oblongo-ovatis, integris, usque ad 13 cm longis, acuminatis,
basi acutis, nitidis, subtus ad costa nervisque dense hirsutis,
nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 8, prominentibus ; infructe-
scentiis terminalibus, paniculatis, circiter 20 cm longis, fructibus
2.5 cm longis, acutis, trigonis, in siccitate valde rugosis, parce
hirsutis.

A tree about 17 m high, the branches terete, lenticellate, brown,
the ultimate ones about 5 mm in diameter, brown-pubescent and
with scattered stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, about 30 cm long,

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Plaritae Wenzelianae, II 365

petioles, rachis, petiolules, nerves and midribs of the leaflets
on the lower surface densely ferruginous-hirsute with spreading
hairs; leaflets 7, firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, elliptic to
oblong-ovate, shining, 8 to 13 cm long, 5 to 6 cm wide, entire,
when dry pale-olivaceous, the upper surface glabrous except
for the somewhat pubescent midrib, base acute, apex rather
abruptly subcaudate-acuminate, the acumen slender, blunt, about
1 cm long; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib,
prominent on the lower surface, curved, anastomosing, the reti-
culations lax, prominent; petiolules 5 mm long; stipules decidu-
ous, not seen. Panicles terminal, about 20 cm long in fruit,
brown-puberulent and with scattered hirsute hairs, the primary
branches few, unbranched. Flowers not seen, apparently few,
racemosely arranged on short pedicels. Persistent calyx-lobes
ovate, acute, 2.5 mm long, coriaceous, ferruginous-pubescent.
Fruit 2.5 cm long about 1.5 cm in diameter, ovoid in outline,
acute, prominently trigonous, when dry prominently wrinkled
and with few, scattered, ferruginous, stiff hairs.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 825, June 3, 1914, in forests,
altitude 500 m.

Apparently belonging in the same group with Canarium ahemianum
Merr., differing in its indumentum, its shorter leaves, fewer leaflets, and
much fewer lateral nerves.

MELIACEAE

AMOORA Roxburgh
AMOORA CUPULIFERA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, inflorescentiis puberulis; foliis circi-
ter 75 cm longis, foliolis circiter 8, oblongo-elliptics, coriaceis,
in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, usque ad 30 cm longis, breviter acu-
minatis, nervis utrinque circiter 16, prominentibus ; inflorescen-
tiis paniculatis, circiter 45 cm longis ; floribus 5-meris, calycibus
cupulatis, 8 mm longis, truncatis, petalis extus pubescens, intus
glabris, 2 cm longis, liberis; tubo cylindraceo, 1.5 cm longo,
5-lobato ; discus nullus.

A tree about 15 m high, the inflorescence, petioles, and to a
slight degree the lower surfaces of the leaflets gray-puberulent.
Leaves ample, about 75 cm long, the rhachis minutely gray-
puberulent; leaflets about 8, oblong-elliptic or oblong, 25 to 30
cm long, 9 to 11 cm wide, coriaceous, pale and somewhat shining
when dry, the upper surface quite glabrous, the lower much paler
and minutely puberulent on the midrib and lateral nerves, the
apex shortly acuminate, the base rounded or somewhat acute;

366 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

lateral nerves about 16 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
scarcely anastomosing, the reticulations lax, obscure; petiolules
stout, 1.5 to 2 cm long, opposite. Inflorescence narrowly pani-
culate, up to 45 cm long, gray-puberulent, the branches distant,
the lower primary ones 7 cm long or less, the upper gradually
shorter, the flowers racemosely arranged. Flowers white, 5-
merous. Calyx cylindric-cup-shaped, about 8 mm long and 7 mm
in diameter, truncate, slightly contracted at the mouth, outside
densely gray-puberulent. Petals 5, about 2 cm long, 3.5 to 4 mm
wide, thick, in anthesis somewhat recurved, densely appressed-
pubescent outside, glabrous within, acute, keeled-thickened and
somewhat appendiculate at the apex inside. Staminal-tube cy-
lindric, about 1.5 cm long, 4 mm in diameter, the basal 4 to 5
mm glabrous, somewhat angled and narrower than the pubescent
upper part, appressed-pubescent inside, 5-lobed, lobes oblong,
3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, truncate, alternating with 5, linear,
2.5 mm long teeth. Anthers 5, inserted at the base of the cleft
between the large lobes, sessile, oblong, 3.8 mm long, included.
Disk none. Ovary narrowly ovoid, pubescent, gradually nar-
rowed upward to the cylindric, pubescent style, the style and
ovary 15 mm long; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 311, August 3, 1913, in forests, altitude
about 60 meters.

A very characteristic species of the section Pseudoguarea, entirely dif-
ferent from all other Philippine forms. The entire, truncate, cup-shaped
calyx, the large leaves, the 5-lobed staminal-tube, and the 2-celled ovary are
characteristic features.

DYSOXYLUM Blume
DYSOXYLUM PALLIDUM sp. nov. § Eudysoxylum.

Arbor circiter 20 m alta, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra; foliis
alternis, circiter 40 cm longis, foliolis circiter 9, in siccitate
pallidis, coriaceis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, inaequilateralibus,
acuminatis, usque ad 13 cm longis, nervis utrinque 7 vel 8, pro-
minentibus, reticulis obsoletis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, usque
ad 15 cm longis, simplex vel leviter ramosis; floribus 4-meris,
circiter 12 mm longis, petalis liberis, extus pubescentibus ; ovario
pubescens, tubus stamineus liber.

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches terete, gray, the ultimate ones 5 mm in diameter.
Leaves alternate, up to 40 cm long ; leaflets alternate, pale when
dry, about 9 to each leaf, coriaceous, alternate, ovate to oblong-
ovate, inequilateral, 7 to 13 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, acuminate,

IX. c, 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 367

base rounded to acute, or rounded on one side and acute on the
other; lateral nerves 7 or 8, prominent, the recticulations obso-
lete; petiolules about 1 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, 15 cm
long or less, stout, unbranched or with one or two short branches
1.5 cm long or less, brown when dry, the younger parts slightly
pubescent. Flowers 4-merous, about 12 mm long, on short stout
petioles. Calyx subcylindric, truncate, 4 mm long and wide,
pubescent externally. Petals 4, free, narrowly oblong, obtuse,
12 mm long, 3 mm wide. Staminal-tube cylindric, glabrous, 10
mm long, 3 mm in diameter, mouth slightly crenulate. quite free ;
anthers 8 or 9, inserted near the apex, 2 mm long, included.
Disk cylindric, 5 mm long, 2 mm in diameter, the mouth some-
what ciliate-pubescent, otherwise entirely glabrous. Ovary and
style continuous, cylindric, 10 mm long, pubescent; stigma capi-
tate; ovary 4-celled.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 771, May 28, 1914, in for-
ests, altitude about 500 meters, flowers flesh-colored.

A species well characterized by its coriaceous, pale, prominently nerved
leaflets in which the secondary veins and reticulations are entirely obsolete.
It apparently belongs in the group with Dysoxylum latifolium Blume ac-
cording to the arrangement of C. DeCandolle.

DYSOXYLUM WENZELII sp. nov. § Eudysoxijlnni.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, pubescens; foliis alternis, usque ad
35 cm longis, foliolis 9 vel 11, oblongis, pallidis, usque ad 11 cm
longis, breviter obtuse acuminatis, base acutis, inaequilateralibus
subtus ad costa nervisque molliter pubescentibus ; inflorescentiis
axillaribus, solitariis, racemiformis, usque ad 9 cm longis; flori-
bus cylindraceis, 9 mm longis, brevissime pedicellatis, 4-meris,
petalis pubescentibus, tubus stamineus liber, glaber, ovario
hirsuto.

A tree about 10 m high, pubescent. Branches terete, 7 mm
in diameter, grayish-olivaceous, glabrous, the younger ones pu-
bescent. Leaves alternate, up to 35 cm long, the petioles, rachis
and leaflets rather softly pubescent with grayish hairs; leaflets
9 or 11, oblong, 9 to 11 cm long, 3.5 to 4.5 cm wide, the apex
broadly and shortly acuminate, base acute or acuminate, strongly
inequilateral, both surfaces pale-grayish when dry, the upper more
or less pubescent on the midrib and nerves, the lower softly
pubescent. Inflorescence solitary, spiciform, axillary and from
the axils of fallen leaves, 7 to 9 cm long, pubescent, rather many
flowered, the branchlets 3 mm long or less, each bearing usu-
ally three flowers, the pedicels pubescent, very short. Flowers
4-merous, 9 mm long, flesh-colored. Calyx shallow, broadly

368 1"^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

4-toothed, pubescent. Petals 4, free, pubescent outside, 3 to 3.5
mm wide, obtuse. Staminal tube cylindric, 7 mm long, glabrous,
truncate, the stamens 8, inserted below the apex, the anthers
sessile, less than 1 mm long. Disk shallow, glabrous, crenulate,
1.5 mm high, about 2 mm in diameter, free. Ovary hirsute;
style 5 mm long, hirsute below, glabrous above.

Leyte, Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 6^2, March 21, 1914, in forests, altitude
about 500 meters.

In C. DeCandolle's arrangement this species falls in the group with
Dysoxyluni pallens Hiern and D. flavescens Hiern, but is apparently not
closely allied to either. In general aspect it is nearest to the Philippine
Dysoxylum pyi'iforme Merr., but has an entirely different inflorescence
and flowers,

EUPHORBIACEAE

APOROSA Blume
APOROSA LEYTENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 7 m alta, ramulis inflorescentiisque dense pubes-
centibus; foliis chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, usque ad 15 cm longis,
oblongis ad elliptico-oblongis vel lanceolato-oblongis, tenuiter
acuminatis, basi rotundatis, integris, subtus ad costa nervisque
pubescentibus, nervis utrinque 8 vel 9, prominentibus ; inflores-
centiis 5 et 9 axillaribus, fasciculatis vel subsolitariis, usque
ad 4 cm longis, spicatis, ovario densissime hirsuto.

A dioecious tree about 7 m high, the branches terete, glabrous,
pale-brown, the branchlets pubescent. Leaves oblong to elliptic-
oblong or even oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous or subcoriaceous,
10 to 15 cm long, 3.5 to 6.5 cm wide, entire, apex rather slenderly
acuminate, base rounded, rather pale when dry, shining, the
lower surface pubescent on the midrib and lateral nen'-es ; lateral
nerves 8 or 9 on each side of the midrib, prominent, anasto-
mosing, the reticulations distinct; petioles pubescent, about 8
mm long. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences axillary, spi-
cate, densely pale ferruginous-pubescent, up to 4 cm long, fas-
cicled or sometimes subsolitary. Female flowers 4-merous, the
calyx teeth broadly ovate, acute, 1 mm long, the ovary narrowly
ovoid densely pale-pubescent, the flowers shortly pedicelled, the
subtending bracteoles up to 1.2 mm long and 3 mm wide.

Leyte, Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 61^ (type) female flowers, 587 male flowers
(very young), March and February, 1914, in forests, altitude 500 to 600
meters.

Apparently most closely allied to Aporosa microcalyx Hassk., among
the Philippines species, differing in its more slenderly acuminate leaves
which are quite entire, and in its very much longer spicate or spike-like
inflorescences.

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 369

CYCLOSTEMON Blume
CYCLOSTEMON ELLIPSOIDEUS sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 3 m altus, glaber; foliis aequilateralibus, vel
subaequilateralibus, integris, oblongis, chartaceis, nitidis, usque
ad 13 cm longis, obtusis vel obscure acuminatis, basi acutis,
breviter petiolatis; nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 5, distan-
tibus, tenuibus; fructibus junioribus ellipsoideis, axillaribus, soli-
tariis, apice rotundatis, 2-locellatis, parce breviter adpresse
hirsutis, pedicellatis, pericarpio coriaceo.

A shrub about 4 m high, quite glabrous except the fruits
(flowers unknown). Branches slender, terete, light-gray.
Leaves equilateral or subequilateral, oblong, chartaceous, rather
pale when dry, shining and of the same color on both surfaces,
9 to 13 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide, narrowed upward to the
obtuse or obscurely acuminate apex and below to the acute base,
entire ; lateral nerves about 5 on each side of the midrib, distant,
slender, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations lax;
petioles 2 to 3 mm long. Flowers unknown. Fruits axillary,
solitary, ellipsoid, when young (seeds undeveloped) the pericarp
coriaceous, externally slightly appressed-pubescent with short
hairs, rounded at both ends, 2-celled, about 1 cm long; pedicels
about 4 mm long.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 828, in forests, altitude
about 500 m, June 3, 1914.

A species characterized by its ellipsoid, pedicelled fruits, its thin pericarp,
and its equilateral or nearly equilateral, entire leaves. It seems to be most
closely allied to Cyclostemon gitingensis Elmer, but its fruits are entirely
different from those of that species.

RHAMNACEAE

VENTILAGO Gaertner
VENTILAGO MULTINERVIA sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis sub-
coriaceis, oblongis, integris, nitidis, usque ad 12 cm longis, obtusis,
subsessilibus vel breviter petiolatis, basi plerumque leviter in-
aequilateralibus, obtusis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, prominenti-
bus ; paniculis terminalibus, usque ad 22 cm longis, leviter pubes-
centibus, pauciramosis ; floribus circiter 3 mm diametro, petalis
obcordatis; fructibus circiter 3.5 m longis, 8 mm latis, leviter
pubescentibus.

Scandent, reaching a height of 15 m, glabrous except the
inflorescence. Branches dark-brown, terete, glabrous. Leaves
oblong, subcoriaceous, pale when dry, shining, 7 to 12 cm long,

370 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i»i4

2.5 to 5 cm wide, entire, apex obtuse, base usually slightly
inequilateral, obtuse, subsessile or shortly petioled ; lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the lower
surface, the reticulations slender, subparallel; petioles 2 mm
long or less. Panicles terminal, each consisting of few elongated
branches, up to 22 cm in length, distinctly pubescent or puberu-
lent with short brownish hairs. Flowers numerous, green, soli-
tary or somewhat fascicled, externally pubescent, the pedicels
1 to 1.5 mm long. Calyx 3 mm in diameter, base acute, teeth
triangular, acute, 1.2 mm long. Petals obcordate, 1 mm long,
base cuneate. Filaments about 1 mm long, the anthers less
than half as long. Young fruit densely pubescent, when mature
or nearly so, including the wing, 3.5 cm long, 8 mm wide,
brown, densely pubescent in the lower part, less pubescent above,
the wing thin, brown when dry, the styles persistent as a minute,
cleft apiculus.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 8U9, in forests, altitude about
600 meters.

A species well characterized by its rather numerously nerved, oblong,
entire leaves. It is not closely allied to any other Philippine form so far
collected.

VITACEAE

TETRASTIGMA Planchon
TETRASTIGMA TRIFOLIOLATUM sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, inflorescentiis parcissime pubescentibus ex-
ceptis glaber; foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis subcoriaceis, in siccitate
brunneis, ellipticis ad oblongo-ellipticis, acuminatis, usque ad 20
cm longis, margine irregulariter dentatis, nervis utrinque circiter
8, reticulis obsoletis vel subobsoletis ; infructescentiis axillari-
bus, circiter 7 cm longis, fructibus junioribus circiter 1.5 cm
longis.

A scandent shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence, the
branches dark-colored w^hen dry, terete, lenticellate. Leaves
3-f oliolate, their petioles about 12 cm long ; leaflets subcoriaceous,
brown when dry, slightly shining, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 14
to 20 cm long, 7 to 10 cm wide, base acute, apex rather promi-
nently acuminate, margins irregularly and rather coarsely
toothed in the upper one-half; lateral nerves about 8 on each
side of the midrib, slender, distinct, the reticulations obsolete or
nearly so ; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 3 to 4 cm long, of the
terminal one, including the prolongation of the rachis 8 cm.
Infructescence axillary, cymose, very slightly pubescent, the

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 371

immature fruits oblong, 1.3 to 1.5 cm long, somewhat inequila-
teral, blunt.

Levte, Dag-ami, C. A. Weuzel .544, February 6, 1914, in forests, altitude
about 500 meters.

A species well characterized by its 3-foliolate leaves and its ample leaflets.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus
ELAEOCARPUS WENZELII sp. nov. § Ganitrus.

Arbor circiter 20 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
exceptis glabra; foliis subcoriaceis, glabris, nitidis, oblongis ad
oblongo-ovatis, breviter acuminatis vel obtusis, basi acutis, usque
ad 15 cm longis, nervis utrinque circiter 12, subtus in axillis
glandulosis; racemis e axillis defoliatis, circiter 8 cm longis;
floribus 5-meris, circiter 7 mm longis, petalis usque ad medio
fissis, laciniis circiter 14 ; ovario 5-loculare.

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the younger parts
and the inflorescence. Branches terete, dark-colored, glabrous,
the very young parts somewhat puberulent. Leaves subcoria-
ceous, oblong to narrowly oblong-obovate, 10 to 15 cm long,
4 to 6 cm wide, the apex shortly acuminate, base acute, margins
distantly and obscurely crenulate, when dry pale-olivaceous,
shining, the lower surface paler than the upper and with promi-
nent glands in the axils of the lateral nerves; lateral nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, prominent; petioles about 1
cm long. Racemes solitary, numerous, in the axils of fallen
leaves, about 8 cm long, appressed-pubescent with short gray
hairs. Flowers yellow and white, numerous, 5-merous, their
pedicels about 8 mm long, sparingly pubescent. Sepals 5, oblong,
lanceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate, somewhat pubescent,
5.5 to 6 mm long, 1.8 mm wide. Petals 5, 7 mm long, 3 mm wide,
narrowed below, divided for the upper one-half into about 14,
slender laeiniae, these more or less irregular, sometimes in pairs,
the lower one-half somewhat pubescent along the back near the
base, and along the margins, otherwise glabrous. Stamens
about 30, the anthers linear, scabrid, 3 to 4 mm long, one cell
slightly longer than the other and with a tuft of few, short
hairs. Ovary densely pubescent, 5-celled; style 5.5 mm long,
slightly pubescent in the lower part.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 365, July 13, 1913, in forests, altitude
about 60 meters.

Closely allied to Elaeocarpus ramifiorus Merr. of Luzon, differing in
its larger flowers and its broader leaves.

372 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

ELAEOCARPUS DOLICHOPETALUS sp. nov. § Ganitrus.

Arbor alta, subglabra; foliis oblongis ad oblongo-lanceolatis,
chartaceis, usque ad 13 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angus-
tatis, leviter acuminatis, margine crenatis, supra glabris, nitidis,
subtus parcissime adpresse pilosis vel glabris, nervis utrinque 9
vel 10, prominentibus ; racemis numerosis, e ramulis defoliatis,
5 ad 7 cm longis, leviter albido pilosis; floribus 5-meris, circiter
1.5 cm longis, sepalis petalisque extus leviter adpresse pilosis;
ovario 5-loculare.

A tall tree, 35 m high fide Wenzel, subglabrous. Branches
terete, lenticellate, dark-colored when dry, the branchlets ap-
pressed pubescent with short hairs. Leaves oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, 10 to 13 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, chartaceous, about
equally narrowed at both ends, apex slightly acuminate, base
slightly decurrent-acuminate, margins crenate, the upper surface
olivaceous when dry, glabrous, shining, the lower somewhat
paler, glabrous, or with few, scattered, appressed, obscure, pilose
hairs; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, prom-
inent, anastomosing, the axils not glandular; petioles 1 to 1.5
cm long. Racemes numerous, on the branches below the leaves,
solitary from the axils of fallen leaves, 5 to 7 cm long, appressed-
pilose with white, shining, scattered hairs. Flowers 10 to 15 in
each raceme, white, 5-merous, about 1.5 cm long, their pedicels
about 1 cm long. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 11 mm
long, 2 mm wide, outside slightly pubescent with scattered white
hairs, margins densely puberulent. Petals about 15 mm long,
3 to 3.5 mm wide, back in the lower one-third sparingly ap-
pressed pubescent with shining white hairs, margins densely
pubescent, the upper two-fifths cut into 4 or 5 primary divisions,
these narrow and bifid or trifid. Stamens about 30; anthers
linear, scabrid, 4 to 5 mm long, one cell slightly longer than the
other and terminated by a bristle. Disk densely gray-pubescent.
Ovary densely pubescent, 5-celled; style glabrous, 1.3 cm long.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 897, June 13, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 meters.

This species much resembles Elaeocarpus wenzelii Merr., but has
much larger flowers. The rather long, comparatively narrow petals are
characteristic.

ELAEOCARPUS AFFINIS sp. nov. § Dicera.

Species E. argenteo similis et ut videtur afRnis, differt racemis
tenuibus, paucifloris, pedunculis longioribus tenuioribusque, rha-
chibus subglabris, floribus minoribus.

A tree about 10 m high, white glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches terete, brownish. Leaves numerous, rather crowded,

IX. c. 4 Mernll: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 373

coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong-, 4 to 7 cm long, 2 to 3 cm
wide, shining, apex blunt-acuminate, base acute, margins coarsely
crenate; lateral nerves 5 to 7 on each side of the midrib, prom-
inent, anastomosing, the axils with prominent glands; petioles
6 to 15 mm long. Racemes axillary, solitary, up to 7 cm in length
the rachis slender, glabrous or only slightly pubescent, usually
about 10-flowered. Flowers 5-merous, 5 to 6 mm long, their
pedicels slender, appressed-pubescent with scattered, shining,
white hairs, 5 to 7 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, obscurely acum-
inate, 5.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, appressed pubescent with
scattered shining hairs. Petals as long as the sepals, slightly
wider, the upper one-third cleft into 6 or 7 slender divisions,
the lower one-half densely silvery pubescent on the back, margins
densely pubescent, inside pubescent along the median line below.
Stamens 15 ; anthers oblong, cells blunt, scabrid, about 2 mm
long. Ovary ovoid very densely silvery pubescent, 2-celled.

Leyte, Masaganap near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 788, in forests, altitude
about 600 meters.

In vegetative characters very closely resembling Elaeocarpiis argenteus
Merr., but quite different from that species in its inflorescence and flowers.

ELAEOCARPUS MOLLIS sp. nov. § Dicera.

Arbor parva subtus foliis partibus junioribus inflorescentiis-
que molliter pubescentibus ; foliis subellipticis, firmiter charta-
ceis, usque ad 10 cm longis, basi acutis, apice breviter late
obtuseque acuminatis, nervis utrinque 6 vel 7, prominentibus ;
racemis axillaribus, circiter 3 cm longis, plerumque 6-floris ; flori-
bus 5-meris, circiter 6 mm longis; ovario 2-loculare; fructibus
2 ad 2.5 cm longis, obovoideo-ellipsoideis, 1-locellatis,

A tree 6 to 8 m high, rather prominently and softly pubescent
with short spreading hairs. Branches terete, brown, glabrous,
the younger ones softly pubescent. Leaves subelliptic, firmly
chartaceous, 6 to 10 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, entire or with
distant obscure teeth, about equally narrowed to the short, blunt,
broadly acuminate apex and to the acute base, the upper surface
olivaceous when dry, pubescent on the midrib and nerves, the
lower surface paler softly pubescent with scattered, spreading,
short hairs; lateral nerves 6 or 7 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, anastomosing, the axils sometimes bearded; petioles
pubescent, 1 to 1.5 cm. long. Racemes solitary, axillary, pubes-
cent with short spreading hairs, about 3 cm long, usually 6-
flowered, the pedicels 5 to 7 mm long. Flowers 5-merous, 5 to
6 mm long. Sepals oblong, acute, about 5 mm long, 1.2 mm
wide, ciliate-pubescent with short spreading hairs. Petals 6

129553 6

374 The Philippine Journal of Science i»i4

mm long, the lower part about 1 mm wide, ciliate on the margins,
glabrous on the back, the median line inside also ciliate, the
upper part glabrous, the upper 2 mm cleft into 6 or 7 primary,
slender divisions, these usually bifid. Stamens 15; anthers
oblong, obtuse, scabrid, the anthers narrowed below, 2 mm long.
Ovary densely pubescent, ovoid, 2-celled ; style 3 mm long, ciliate
in the lower one-half, glabrous above. Fruit obovoid-ellipsoid
to cylindric-ellipsoid, base usually narrowed, apex rounded;
smooth, the pericarp thin, 2 to 2.5 cm long, about 1 cm in dia-
meter, the endocarp bony, rugose, 1-celled.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 698 (type), April, 1914,
in flower; near Dagami, Wenzel J!fl6, September, 1913, in fruit, in forests,
altitude 60 to 500 meters.

This species is closely allied to Elaeocarpus villosiusculus Warb., of
the Philippines, with which the latter number cited above was at first
identified. It differs, however, in its less acuminate leaves and especially
in its sepals not being densely pubescent. It is also allied to Elaeocarpus
teysmannii Koord. & Valeton, of Celebes, but does not approach that species
as closely as does E. villosiusculus Warb.

TILIACEAE

TRICHOSPERMUM Blume
TRICHOSPERMUM LEYTENSE sp. nov.

Arbor parva, circiter 8 m alta, ramulis junioribus foliis in-
florescentiisque plus minusve pubescentibus ; foliis oblongis, char-
taceis, aequilateralibus, usque ad 14 cm longis, prominente
acuminatis, margine serrulato-denticulatis, basi rotundatis, 3-
nerviis, supra glabris vel subglabris, subtus leviter pubescen-
tibus; nervis lateralibus adscendentibus, utrinque 5 vel 6;
infructescentibus axillaribus terminalibusque, paniculatis, cir-
citer 8 cm longis; fructibus 2-valvis, compressis, plus minusve
inflatis, circiter 1.5 cm longis, 2 ad 2.5 cm latis, extus dense
ciliato-pilosis.

A tree about 8 m high, the younger parts, leaves, and inflor-
escence more or less pubescent. Branches glabrous, terete, very
dark reddish-brown or nearly black when dry, the younger
branchlets, inflorescence, and petioles rather densely pubescent
with short, pale-brownish hairs. Leaves oblong, chartaceous,
equilateral, 9 to 14 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, prominently and
rather slenderly acuminate, base broadly rounded, 3-nerved,
margins uniformly and distinctly serrulate-denticulate. The
upper surface somewhat shining, brownish when dry, glabrous
or with few hairs along the midrib and lateral nerves, the lower
surface paler, the midrib, nerves, and reticulations more or less

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 375

pubescent ; lateral nerves, including the basal pair, 5 or 6 on each
side of the midrib, prominent, rather sharply ascending, nearly
straight ; petioles about 1 cm long ; panicles axillary and terminal,
in fruit about 8 cm long, densely pubescent with short brownish
hairs. Fruits subreniform, 2-celled, base truncate, apex slightly
apiculate, compressed but at the same time distinctly inflated,
about 1.5 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm wide, the valves coriaceous densely
and softly pubescent with shining brownish hairs of two types,
short, rather densely matted ones, intermixed with very numer-
ous, long, appressed-sp reading, shining ones. Seeds 1.5 to 2 mm
long, with numerous, long, shining, pale hairs.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 837, June 5, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 m.

A species characterized by its leaves which are entirely or nearly glabrous
above and comparatively slightly pubescent beneath, and its 2-valved, com-
pressed, densely pubescent fruits which are distinctly inflated. It may
belong in the genus I have previously designated as Halconia, which, per-
haps, should be merged with Trichospermum.

DILLENIACEAE

TETRACERA Linnaeus
TETRACERA PH ILIPPI N ENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex scandens ? vel arbor, partibus junioribus inflorescen-
tiisque plus minusve pubescentibus ; f oliis leviter scaberulis, ellip-
tico-ovatis, coriaceis, in siccitate pallidis, fragilis, nitidis,
usque ad 12 cm longis, acutis vel leviter acuminatis, basi
rotundatis vel subacutis, nereis utrinque 11 ad 13, valde pro-
minentibus, margine integris vel sursum obscure subundulato-
crenulatis; paniculis terminalibus, amplis, 20 ad 25 cm longis;
carpellis 3, glabris.

A scandent shrub or a tree, the branches terete, minutely sca-
brid, dark-brown, younger ones sparingly appressed-hirsute.
Leaves coriaceous, pale, shining and brittle when dry, somewhat
scabrid on both surfaces, elliptic-ovate, 8 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to
6 cm wide, entire, or near the apex obscurely undulate-crenulate,
apex acute or somewhat acuminate, base rounded to subacute,
margins sometimes slightly decurrent along the petioles, the
lower surface puncticulate ; lateral nerves 11 to 13 on each side
of the midrib, verj^ prominent ; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Pani-
cles terminal, ample, 20 to 25 cm long, sparingly appressed-
hirsute. Flowers green and white. Sepals 5 or 6, the outer two
much smaller than the inner ones, subcoriaceous, ciliate on the
margins, the inner ones elliptic-obovate, concave, rounded, 6 mm
long. Petals membranaceous, obovate, 5 to 6 mm long, deciduous.

376 ^^^ Philippme Journal of Science i9u

Stamens 3 to 4 mm long. Carpels 3, narrowly ovoid, narrowed
upward into the style, glabrous, including the style 4 mm long.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 812, June 2, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 50 meters, said by the collector to be a tree 15 m high with
the trunk about 50 cm in diameter although the specimens look as though
they were from a vine rather than from a tree. It is characterized by its
rather numerously nerved, entire or nearly entire leaves, its ample pani-
cles, and its glabrous carpels, three carpels in each flower. The leaves
are glandular-puncticulate on the lower surface.

SAURAUIA Willdenow

SAURAUIA WEN2ELII sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 5 m altus, leviter adpresse setosus, partibus
junioribus minute farinosus; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-obovatis
vel oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 27 cm longis, subcaudato-acumi-
natis, basi rotundatis vel leviter cordatis, nervis utrinque circiter
17; injflorescentiis paniculatis, plus minusve foliaceis haud brac-
teatis; floribus cymosis, confertis, circiter 1.5 cm diametro,
ovario 3-locellato.

An erect shrub about 5 m high, the branchlets, inflorescence,
petioles, and to a slight degree the leaves with scattered, ap-
pressed setae, the younger parts somewhat farinose, otherwise
nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-obovate, or oblong-elliptic, co-
riaceous, somewhat olivaceous when dry, shining, the lower
surface a little paler than the upper, the latter entirely glabrous
except for few, appressed, scale-like setae on the midrib and
nerves, the lower surface glabrous except for similar scales, 15
to 27 cm long, 7 to 9 cm wide, rather slenderly subcaudate-
acuminate, base somewhat narrowed, rounded, or slightly
cordate, often a little inequilateral, the margins minutely setose-
denticulate; lateral nerves about 17 on each side of the midrib,
prominent; petioles stout, about 1.5 cm long, appressed-setose.
Inflorescence a pseudo-terminal, somewhat leafy panicle from
the upper axils, about 15 cm long, appressed-setose and somewhat
farinose, composed of few, (about 5) alternate, long peduncled,
many-flowered, rather congested cymes intermingled with more
or less reduced leaves, the leaves on the main rachis up to 7 cm
long, in the partial inflorescence taking the place of bracts and
1 cm long or less. Flowers numerous, white, numerous in each
partial inflorescence which is from 3 to 4 cm in diameter, the
individual flowers in anthesis about 1.5 cm in diameter. Sepals
orbicular-obovate, rounded, about 5 mm in diameter. Petals
broadly obovate, about 6 mm in diameter, rounded, somewhat
united below. Stamens about 20, 1-seriate ; filaments 2 mm long,
the anthers a little shorter. Ovary depressed-ovoid, glabrous,

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 377

about 2.5 mm in diameter, 3-celled; style-arms 3 or 4, about 2
mm long, united for the lower 1 mm.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Weitzel 321^, July, 1913, in forests, altitude about
60 meters.

A comparatively well characterized species on account of its few, ap-
pressed, more or less scale-like setae, its leaves otherwise glabrous, and
its peculiar inflorescence, the few, partial, many-flowered, cymose inflores-
cences being arranged in a more or less leafy panicle.

THEACEAE
ADINANDRA Jack
ADINANDRA LEYTENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 17 m alta, partibus junioribus floribusque ex-
ceptis glabra, ramulis in siccitate distincte verruculosis ; foliis
coriaceis, subellipticis, usque ad 8 cm longis, obtusis, basi acutis
vel decurrento-acuminatis, margine obscure denticulatis, utrin-
que obscure verruculoso-puncticulatis ; nervis utrinque circiter
12, reticulis distinctis ; floribus circiter 3 cm diametro, sepalis 6,
interioribus gradatim majoribus, crasse coriaceis, 2 ad 8 mm
longis, petalis 5, late ovato-ellipsoideis, coriaceis, circiter 15 mm
longis, rotundatis; staminibus circiter 50.

A tree about 17 m high, glabrous except the very youngest
parts and the flowers. Branches terete, brown, glabrous, the ter-
minal buds appressed-hirsute, the younger branchlets distinctly
verruculose as are also the midribs of the leaves on the lower
surface. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, subelliptic, 5 to 8 cm
long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, brownish or subolivaceous when dry, some-
what shining, apex rounded or sometimes merely obtuse, base
narrowed, acute or decurrent-acuminate, margins obscurely
denticulate, both surfaces minutely and obscurely puncticulate
or verruculose-puncticulate; lateral nerves about 12 on each side
of the midrib, rather prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations
distinct; petioles 5 mm long or less. Flowers solitary, axillary,
white, about 3 cm in diameter. Sepals usually 6, thickly coria-
ceous, outer two 3 to 4 mm long, rounded, inner gradually larger,
innermost orbicular, rounded, 7 to 8 mm in diameter, somewhat
pubescent, concave. Petals 5, broadly elliptic-ovate, appressed
pubescent externally, coriaceous, about 15 mm long, 12 mm wide,
concave. Stamens about 50, the filaments united into a 4 mm
long tube, more or less hirsute ; anthers hirsute, lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, 5 mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, the ovules
rather few; style stout, about 6 mm long, slightly hirsute.

Leyte, Masaganap, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 760, May 27, 1914, in
forests, altitude about 600 m.

378 "^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

The alliance of this species is apparently with Adinandra loheri Merr.,
of Luzon, differing in its more hirsute stamens, more prominently reti-
culated leaves, and verruculose branchlets and midribs. The leaves also,
at least when young, present on the lower surface very scattered, short
hairs.

GUTTIFERAE

GARCINIA Linnaeus
GARCINIA OLIGOPHLEBIA sp. nov. § Eugarcinia.

Arbor glabra, circiter 8 m alta; foliis oblongo-obovatis ad
late oblongo-oblanceolatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, acuminatis, basi
angustatis, cuneatis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, adscendentibus ;
floribus c? axillaribus, fasciculatis, sessilibus, 4-meris, circiter
3 mm longis, rubris; antheris 4, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus,
ovarii rudimento nullo.

A glabrous dioecious tree about 8 m high, the branches terete,
brownish, the younger ones greenish-brown. Leaves subcoria-
ceous, oblong-obovate to broadly oblong-oblanceolate, 4 to 7 cm
long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, rather abruptly acuminate, base gradually
narrowed, cuneate; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the
midrib, ascending, rather more prominent on the upper than on
the lower surface; petioles 1 cm long or less. Male flowers
axillary, fascicled, sessile, red, 3 to 7 in a fascicle, about 3 mm
long. Calyx-lobes ovate-elliptic to obovate, 2 mm long, the inner
two somewhat narrower then the outer. Corolla about 3 mm
long. Anthers 4, subsessile, 1 mm long, longitudinally dehiscent,
2-celled, the rudimentary ovary none.

Leyte, Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 632, March 15, 1914, in forests, altitude about
500 meters.

A species similar to and very closely allied to Garcinia rubra Merr.,
differing manifestly in its smaller, fewer-nerved leaves.

BEGONIACEAE

BEGONIA Linnaeus
BEGONIA MEGACARPA sp. nov. § Petermannia 1

Herba glabra, monoica, caulibus scandens, radicantibus, levi-
ter ramosis; foliis in siccitate membranaceis, suboblique late
ovatis, acuminatis, margine repandis, basi late truncatis vel sub-
cordato-truncatis, leviter inaequilateralibus, usque ad 15 cm
longis; floribus fasciculatis, magnis; capsulis obovoideis vel
turbinatis, subaequaliter 2-alatis, basi acutis, apice subrotundato-
truncatis, circiter 3 cm longis.

A glabrous, epiphytic, scandent, sparingly branched herb,

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 379

monoecious, the stems brown when dry, emitting numerous roots
along the lower side, the internodes 3 to 5 cm long. Leaves
alternate, when dry brownish-green, slightly shining, membran-
aceous, subobliquely broadly ovate, 8 to 15 cm long, nearly as
wide, shortly acuminate, margins repand, sometimes also spar-
ingly denticulate, the base broadly truncate or subcordate-trun-
cate, slightly inequilateral; basal nen'es about 6; petioles up to
8 cm long; stipules brown, persistent, ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5
to 2 cm long. Flowers pink and white, in the upper axils, fas-
cicled, numerous male and few female ones in the same fascicle,
the former short-pedicelled, the latter apparently long-pedicel-
led, the fascicles subtended by several large, persistent, brown,
bracts. Male flowers : Sepals 2, membranaceous, broadly elliptic-
ovate, about 12 mm long, 10 mm wide. Petals none. Stamens
about 30, on an elongated torus; anthers narrowly elliptic-
oblong, obtuse, 2 mm long, their filaments shorter. Female
flowers not seen. Capsules obovoid to turbinate, subequally 3-
winged, about 3 cm long, including the wings about 2 cm wide,
the apex rounded-truncate, the base acute, dehiscent near the
wings, the placentae cleft, ovulate on all sides ; peduncles slender,
up to 3 cm long.

Leyte, Dagami, climbing on shrubs in forests, altitude about 60 meters,
C. A. Wenzel 437, September, 1913 (type). Mindanao, Butuan Subprov-
ince, Bunauan, E. H. Taylor, September, 1913.

A very characteristic species well distinguished by its scandent habit,
its fascicled, comparatively large flowers, and its unusually large capsules.
It has no close allies among the Philippine species.

BEGONIA LEYTENSIS sp. nov. § Diploclinium.

Planta scandens, glabra, ramosa, tenuis; foliis usque ad 4 cm
longis, subaequilateralibus, ovatis, chartaceis, acuminatis, basi
rotundatis ad subacutis, 5-nerviis, margine denticulatis ; inflor-
escentiis axillaribus, dichotomis, paucifloris, bracteis s orbi-
cularibus, usque ad 9 mm diametro; capsulis suborbicularibus,
late rotundatis, circiter 1.4 cm diametro, subaequaliter 3-alatis.

A slender, monoecious glabrous, branched, scandent plant,
the stems creeping along the trunks of trees, when dry reddish
or reddish-brown. Leaves small, ovate, chartaceous when dry,
apparently fleshy when fresh, the base subequilateral, rounded
to somewhat acute, apex acuminate, margins with small, distant
teeth, base usually 5-nerved, reticulations obsolete or nearly so;
petioles slender, 1 cm long or less; stipules brown, lanceolate,
acuminate, about 6 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, staminate
and pistillate similar, borne on the same plant, few-flowered, the

380 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

rachis short, dichotomously branched. Male flowers few, pink,
the bracts orbicular, membranaceous, 9 mm in diameter, in pairs,
bracteoles similar and a little smaller, deciduous. Sepals 2, in
nearly mature buds reniform, somewhat cordate, 5 mm long, 6
mm wide. Stamens about 40; anthers obovoid, 0.8 mm long.
Female flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter, the segments 5, ellip-
tic to obovate, rounded; styles 3, dichotomous, the arms spirally
twisted, 2 to 3 mm long. Capsules suborbicular in outline, 1.4
cm in diameter, subequally 3-winged, broadly rounded at both
base and apex, not at all truncate.

LmfTE, Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 580, Februai-y 11, 1914, on trees in forests,
altitude about 500 meters.

A close ally of Begonia aequata A. Gray and B. lagunensis Elmer, but
with rather longer petioles and thicker leaves than the former, and larger
leaves than the latter, the capsules suborbicular, not at all truncate or
subtruncate as in those species.

MYRTACEAE
EUGENIA Linnaeus
EUGENIA WENZELII sp. nov. § Sijzygmm.

Arbor alta, glabra ; f oliis subellipticis, coriaceis, utrinque suba-
equaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice obtuse acuminatis, subtus
verruculoso-puncticulatis, nervis lateralibus tenuibus, obscuris;
inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculatis, usque ad 8 cm longis;
floribus in triadibus dispositis, sessilibus, circiter 1.5 cm longis,
calycis tubo sub anthesin deorsum valde angustatis plus tarde
incrassatis, margine 5-dentatis, dentibus obtusis.

A tall tree, the trunk 2 m in diameter, entirely glabrous.
Branches terete, brown, the branchlets grayish-brown, rather
slender. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, rather pale when dry, sub-
elliptic, 5 to 8 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, subequally narrowed
to the acute base and to the short, broad, blunt acumen, the
lower surface verruculose-puncticulate ; lateral nerves very slen-
der, obscure, the primary ones scarcely more distinct than the
secondary, rather densely arranged; petioles 5 to 8 mm long.
Inflorescence terminal and in the upper axils, cymose-paniculate,
up to 8 cm long, the flowers sessile, disposed in triads on the
ultimate branchlets. Flowers in anthesis slender, 12 to 15 mm
long, the calyx limb cupshaped, 4 mm in diameter, with 5 rather
prominent, blunt, thick teeth, abruptly narrowed into the long
pseudostalk, this in anthesis 1.5 mm in diameter or less, after
anthesis much thickened, 1.5 cm long, 5 to 6 mm in diameter
in the upper third, gradually narrowed to the acute base. Petals

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 381

united, forming a calyptra about 3 mm in diameter which falls
as a whole ; filaments very short.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. .4. Weuzel 770, May 28, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 meters.

A very large tree, its height indicated by Mr. Wenzel as 60 meters, the
trunk 2 meters in diameter. Its alliance is with Eugenia claviflora Roxb.,
E. rosenbluthii C. B. Rob., etc., but it is well characterized by its elongated
flowers, the pseudo-stalk in anthesis narrow, abruptly enlarged at the apex
by the spreading calyx-limb, in young fruit thickened, and gradually
tapering to the acute base.

EUGENIA PUNCTICULATA sp. nov. § Jamhosa.

Arbor glabra, 10 ad 15 m alta; foliis coriaceis, oppositis,
oblongis, usque ad 22 cm longis, subtus valde puncticulatis,
acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis prominentis, utrinque circiter
12, irregularibus, prominente arcuato-anastomosantibus ; panicu-
lis terminalibus axillaribusque, pyramidatis, paucifloris, circiter
10 cm longis; floribus in anthesis circiter 7 cm diametro, petalis
obovatis, circiter 1.3 cm longis.

A glabrous tree 10 to 15 m high, the branches terete, light-
gray or somewhat brownish, slender. Leaves opposite, oblong,
coriaceous, slightly shining when dry, the lower surface a little
paler than the upper and prominently puncticulate, 13 to 22
cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, the base acute, the apex rather pro-
minently acuminate; lateral nerves about 12 on each side of
the midrib, rather irregular, very prominent on the lower sur-
face, some of the secondary ones nearly as prominent as the
primary ones, arched-anastomosing and forming an irregular,
submarginal nerve about 5 mm from the margin of the leaf,
the reticulations slender, rather distinct; petioles about 1.5 cm
long. Panicles terminal, rarely also lateral, pyramidal, open,
comparatively few-flowered, about 10 cm long, the ultimate
branchlets with from one to three flowers each, the pedicels
mostly less than 1 cm long. Calyx in bud obovoid, about 1.5
cm long, narrowed below into a short pseudostalk, ebracteolate,
jointed with the pedicels, the lobes 4, concave, coriaceous, reni-
form or orbicular-reniform, in anthesis spreading, about 1 cm
wide. Petals white, obovoid, about 1.3 cm long. Stamens very
numerous, the filaments 3 to 4 cm in length.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel S8U (type), 369, August, 1913, in forests,
altitude about 60 meters.

Among the numerous Philippine species apparently m.ost closely allied to
Eugenia lutea C. B. Rob., but differing from that species in many char-
acters. Its prominently puncticulate leaves is an evident differential
character.

382 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

MELASTOMATACEAE
MEDINILLA Gaudichaud
MEDINILLA MINI AT A sp. nov. § Eumedinilla.

Frutex epiphyticus circiter 2 m altus, glaber, ramulis crassis,
4-alatis, nodis dense setosis ; f oliis oppositis, sessilibus, coriaceis,
oblongo-ovatis ad obovato-subellipticis, usque ad 33 cm longis,
abrupte acuminatis, basi angustatis, 13-plinerviis, nervis pro-
minentibus, arcuato-adscendentibus, reticulis obsoletis vel sub-
obsoletis; paniculis terminalibus, longe pedunculatis, partibus
floriferis circiter 10 cm longis, pyramidatis, ramis verticillatis,
inferioribus circiter 4 cm longis, superioribus gradatim brevio-
ribus; bracteis rubris, persistentibus, elliptico-ovatis, acutis,
chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, circiter 4 cm longis ; floribus 5-meris,
confertis ; calycibus cupulatis, subtruncatis, circiter 6 mm longis ;
petalis inaequlateraliter oblongis vel oblongo-obovatis, obtusis,
15 mm longis, 5 mmlatis; staminibus 10, subaequalibus, antheris
lanceolatis, acuminatis, 8 and 9 mm longis.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 653, May 12, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 m. May 12, 1914.

A species manifestly allied to Medinilla magnifica Lindl., but with smaller,
much denser panicles, smaller bracts, and larger flowers. From the allied
M. teysmannii Miq., it differs in its large persistent bracts and much
smaller panicles.

SYMPLOCACEAE

SYMPLOCOS Jacquin
SYMPLOCOS PHANEROPHLEBIA sp. nov. § Bobua.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta subtus foliis ad nervis petiolis in-
florescentiisque plus minusve hirsutis vel pubescentibus ; foliis
oblongis, chartaceis, usque ad 11 cm longis, acuminatis, basi
rotundatis, serrato-crenatis, nervis utrinque circiter 6, subtus
valde prominentibus, arcuato-anastomosantibus ; inflorescentiis
axillaribus, brevibus, paucifloris, floribus subfasciculatis vel
in racemis brevibus dispositis; staminibus circiter 25, ovario
3-loculare.

A tree about 10 m. high, the branchlets, inflorescence, and
lower surface of the leaves more or less hirsute or pubescent.
Branches brownish, terete, pubescent, becoming glabrous or
nearly so. Leaves chartaceous, green when dry, oblong, 8 to 11
cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, apex acuminate, base rounded, margins
serrate-crenate, the teeth somewhat glandular, the upper surface
glabrous, shining, the lower a little paler, sparingly hirsute on

IX. c, 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 383

the midrib and nerves, the lateral nerves 6 on each side of the
midrib, impressed on the upper surface, very prominent on the
lower, looped-anastomosing, the reticulations lax, rather pro-
minent; petioles 5 mm long or less. Flowers white, rather
crowded in axillary, short racemes, the whole inflorescence 1.5
cm long or less, pubescent. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse,
about 1.5 mm long. Petals glabrous, elliptic-ovate, rounded,
3 mm long. Stamens about 25, their filaments nearly free, gla-
brous, 3 to 4 mm long. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit ovoid, glabrous,
green, about 8 mm long, crowned by the persistent calyx-tube
and teeth.

Leyte, Dagami and Jaro, in forests, altitude about 500 meters, C. A.
Wenzel 552 (type), 736, February 6 and May 25, 1914.

A species resembling and apparently allied to the Malayan Symplocos
fasciculata Zoll. but its flowers in short, crowded, fascicled, axillary racemes,
not in true fascicles.

SYMPLOCOS MEGABOTRYS sp. nov. § Bobua.

Arbor circiter 25 m alta, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra ; f oliis
subcoriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 20 cm longis, nitidis,
acuminatis, basi acutis ad rotundatis, margine crenatis, nervis
utrinque 8 vel 9 ; paniculis folia aequantibus, axillaribus termin-
alibusque, partibus junioribus pubescentibus ; sepalis petalisque
pubescentibus, staminibus circiter 100, ovario 3-loculare.

A tree about 25 m high entirely glabrous except the inflor-
escence. Branches and branchlets terete, reddish-brown, smooth,
glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 13 to 20 cm
long, 5 to 8 cm wide, shining, brown or yellowish-green when
dry, the apex acuminate, base acute to rounded, margins crenate ;
lateral nerves 8 or 9 on each side of the midrib, prominent;
petioles 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers in ample panicles, the
panicles axillary and terminal, numerous, as long as the leaves,
the branches up to 12 cm in length, the younger parts appressed
cinereous-pubescent, the bracteoles oblong, pubescent, 3 to 4 mm
long. Calyx 3 mm in diameter, pubescent, the lobes broadly-
ovate, obtuse, about 1.5 mm long. Petals elliptic-oblong, rounded,
4.5 mm long, pubescent on both surfaces. Stamens about 100,
somewhat pentadelphous, glabrous. Ovary 3-celled.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 298, June 30, 1913, in forests.

The specimens are in young flower with numerous immature buds some-
what crowded near the ends of the branchlets, and few mature flowers. The
species is most closely allied to Symplocos patens Presl and S. floridissima
Brand, but is readily distinguished from both by its numerous, unusually
long panicles and glabrous branchlets.

384 l'^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9m

LOGANIACEAE

GENIOSTOMA Forster
GENIOSTOMA BREVIPES sp. nov.

Arbor parva, circiter 7 m alta, ramulis junioribus parce pube-
rulis; foliis oblongis, chartaceis, usque ad 11 cm longis, subtus
parce puberulis, basi acutis ad subacutis, apice briviter acumi-
natis, nervis utrinque circiter 6 ; fructibus axillaribus, obovoideis
vel subglobosis, circiter 7 mm diametro, subsessilibus vel breviter
pedunculatis.

A tree about 7 m high, except for the somewhat puberulent
branchlets and the lower surfaces of the leaves glabrous, the
branches terete, slender, light-gray. Leaves oblong, pale-green-
ish when dry, slightly shining, 8 to 11 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide,
the base somewhat rounded to subacute, the apex shortly acu-
minate ; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib, slender,
distinct on the lower surface, obscurely anastomosing, the retic-
ulations lax; petioles about 3 mm long. Flowers not seen.
Fruit axillary, fascicled, obovoid to subglobose, dark-colored
when dry, about 7 mm in diameter, the seeds reddish-yellow;
peduncles 2 mm long or less, the persistent calyx-lobes about
1.5 mm long.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel HI, September 16, 1913, in forests, alti-
tude about 60 meters.

Among the Philippine species most closely allied to Geniostoma philip-
pinense Merr., but in that species the leaves are larger and usually turn
dark-colored in drying, while the pedicels are much longer.

APOCYNACEAE

PARSONSIA R. Brown

PARSONSIA APOENSIS (Elm.) comb. nov.

Aganosma apoensis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 4 (1912) 1445.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 722, May 20, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 m.

The type of this species is Elmer 11719 from Mount Apo, Mindanao,
and an examination of this number shows the plant to be a typical Par-
sonsia, belonging in the group of those species in which the filaments are
straight, not twisted around the style. The species, which is apparently
distinct, is here transferred to its proper genus. It is further character-
ized by having verticellate leaves, most or all of the other species in the
genus having opposite leaves.

IX. c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 385

VERBENACEAE

CLERODENDRON Linnaeus
CLERODENDRON WENZELII sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 1.5 m altus, hirsutus; foliis ovatis ad oblongo-
ovatis, chartaceis, usque ad 15 cm longis, acuminatis, basi corda-
tis, margine distanter denticulatis, supra parce hirsutis, subtus
hirsutis glandulosisque; inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculatis,
paucifloris, calycibus 1.5 cm longis, inflatis, extus pilis longis
atro-purpureis crispatis obtectis; corolla circiter 2 cm longa.

A shrub about 1.5 m high, most parts prominently hirsute.
Branches terete, pale-brownish, rather densely hirsute. Leaves
chartaceous or subcoriaceous, ovate to somewhat oblong-ovate,

9 to 15 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, greenish-olivaceous, slightly
shining, rather sharply acuminate, base cordate, margins dis-
tantly denticulate, the upper surface with scattered, long, weak
shining hairs, the lower surface rather densely hirsute on the
midrib, nerves and reticulations and with numerous, minute,
shining, yellow glands; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of
of the midrib, prominent, the reticulations distinct; petioles 2
to 6 cm long, densely hirsute. Panicles terminal, few-flowered,

10 cm long or less, peduncled, all parts rather densely covered
with dark-purple, crisped, spreading hairs, the bracts linear, 1
cm long or less, the bracteoles similar, smaller. Flowers white.
Calyx somewhat inflated, oblong-ovoid, 1 cm long, at anthesis
about 8 mm in diameter, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about
8 mm long. Corolla-tube cylindric, 2 cm long, 2 mm in diameter,
glabrous below, above with scattered hairs, the lobes spreading,
elliptic to obovate, rounded, 8 to 9 mm long, outside sparingly
hirsute. Exserted parts of the filaments as long as the corolla-
lobes.

Leyte, Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 627, March 12, 1914, in forests, altitude about
500 meters.

A species allied to Clerodendron cumingianuni Schauer, but with an
open, few-flowered panicle, distinctly larger calyx which is covered with
dark-purple crisped hairs, and the corolla-tube less than twice as long as
the calyx.

GESNERIACEAE

CYRTANDRA Forster
CYRTANDRA WENZELII sp. nov. § Polynesiae.

Frutex 2 m altus subtus foliis ramulis junioribus inflorescen-
tiisque f usco- vel ferrugineo-tomentosus ; foliis oblongo-lanceola-
tis, in paribus subaequalibus, usque ad 8 cm longis, utrinque

386 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

ang-ustatis, acuminatis, margine irregulariter undulato-dentatis
vel subintegris, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, subtus valde prominenti-
bus; inflorescentiis axillaribus, pedunculatis, bracteatis, 3-floris,
floribus circiter 3 cm longis, calycis lobis longe caudato-acu-
minatis.

A shrub about 2 m high, closely allied to Cyrtcmdra citrranii
Kranzl., from which it differes in its much smaller leaves.
Branches gray, subterete, glabrous, the younger ones, the lower
surface of the leaves, and the inflorescence prominently brown-
er ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves in equal pairs or one of each
pair somewhat smaller than the other, oblong-lanceolate, firmly
chartaceous, 5 to 8 cm long, 1.3 to 3 cm wide, subequaily nar-
rowed to the acute base and to the acuminate apex, margins
obscurely undulate-toothed or subentire, the upper surface dark-
colored when dry, glabrous, the lower surface with dark-brown
nerves and primary reticulations; petioles 5 to 10 mm long.
Inflorescence axillary, ferruginous-tomentose, 3-flowered, but one
flower developing at a time or the two lateral ones imperfect, the
peduncles about 1.5 cm long, dark-brown, pubescent, the bracts
ovate, tomentose, about 12 mm long, prominently acuminate.
Flowers white, about 3 cm long. Calyx tomentose, 2 to 2.3 cm
long, inflated, the lobes lanceolate, long and slenderly caudate-
acuminate, tomentose, 1.5 to 1.7 cm long. Corolla 3 to 3.2 cm
long, the lower 9 mm cylindric, 3 mm in diameter, then rather
abruptly inflated, the larger lobes suborbicular, about 1 cm in
diameter. Disk cylindric, glabrous, truncate, 2 mm high. Fila-
ments 9 mm long, the connective glandular; anthers 2 mm long.
Ovary densely tomentose; style prominently capitate-glandular;
stigma 2-cleft. Young fruit narrowly ovoid, 1 cm long, hirsute.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 665, May 15, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 meters.

Closely allied to Cyrtandra curranii Kranzl. which it much resembles,
differing in its much smaller leaves and smaller flowers.

RUBIACEAE

NAUCLEA Linnaeus
NAUCLEA WEN2ELII sp. nov.

Species valde peculiaris, foliis subtus ad nervos ramulis junio-
ribus pedunculisque pubescentibus, floribus 6-meris, calycis lobis
aciculatis, 2 mm longis, persistentibus ; frutex 5 m altus, myr-
mecophilus ; foliis coriaceis, late ellipticis ad obovatis, usque ad
17 cm longis, abrupte subcaudato acuminatis, nervis utrinque
circiter 8, cum reticulis valde prominentibus ; capitulis solitariis,
globosis, circiter 3 cm diametro.

IX, c. 4 Merrill: Plantae Wenzelianae, II 387

A shrub about 5 m high, the younger branchlets, the peduncles,
and the lower surfaces of the leaves more or less pubescent.
Branches terete, pale-gray, sometimes compressed at the nodes,
the uppermost internodes sometimes hollow, perforated, some-
what enlarged, and the abode of ants. Leaves coriaceous, broadly
elliptic to obovate, 13 to 17 cm long, 8 to 12 cm wide, brownish-
olivaceous, shining, the upper surface glabrous, with prominently
impressed nerves and reticulations, the lower surface pubescent
with scattered hairs, apex abruptly caudate-acuminate, the
acumen obtuse, 1.5 to 2 cm long, rather slender, the base acute
or abruptly decurrent-acuminate ; lateral nerves about 8 on each
side of the midrib, very prominent as are the primary reticula-
tions; petioles stout, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Heads terminal, solitary,
their peduncles 3 to 4 cm long, prominently brown-pubescent, the
heads in anthesis and in fruit globose, about 5 cm in diameter,
the heads of persistent calyces after the corollas have fallen 1.5
cm in diameter. Calyx tube about 3 mm long, with 6 linear-
acicular, acuminate, stiff, persistent, 2 mm long lobes. Corolla
white, glabrous, 11 mm long, the tube very slender, widened in
the upper part, the lobes 6, pubescent, oblong, obtuse, 2 mm long.
Style 2 cm long; stigma globose, 1 mm in diameter. Capsules
6 mm long, apices pubescent. Seeds numerous, including the
two laciniate wings, nearly 3 mm long. Bracts of the heads on
the peduncles at or below the middle, brown, broadly ovate,
obtuse, 1.5 cm long.

Leyte, Dagami, C A. Wenzel 3^8, July 10, 1913, in forests, altitude about
60 meters.

A most striking species, well characterized by its very prominently nerved
and reticulate leaves, in this character differing from all Philippine species,
in its somewhat pubescent leaves and its pubescent peduncles, and especially
in its 6-merous, not 5-merous flowers, it being the only species of the genus
known to me with 6-merous flowers. In its seed characters it is also aber-
rent in Nauclea, both wings being laciniate.

PLECTRONIA Linnaeus

PLECTRONIA WENZELII sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 17 m alta, P. monstrosae similis et affinis, differt
subtus foliis inflorescentiisque parce pubescentibus, nervis late-
ralibus magis numerosis, utrinque circiter 8.

A tree about 17 m high, nearly glabrous except the sparingly
pubescent lower surfaces of the leaves and the more distinctly
pubescent inflorescences. Branches terete, reddish-brown,
smooth, glabrous, the branchlets usually somewhat compressed
at the nodes, ven,-^ slightly pubescent with scattered hairs.
Leaves membranaceous, 12 to 15 cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide, elliptic-

388 1'he Philippine Journal of Science 1914

ovate to oblong-ovate, rather dull when dry, pale-olivaceous,
nearly uniform in color on both surfaces, acuminate, base
rounded, the upper surface glabrous, the lower with few,
scattered, deciduous hairs; lateral nerves about 8 on each side
of the midrib, prominent, the reticulations lax; petioles about

1 cm long; stipules early deciduous (not seen). Cymes axillary,
solitary, up to 5 cm long, dichotomously branched, many-flowered,
distinctly pubescent. Flowers white, their pedicels pubescent,

2 to 3.5 mm long. Calyx between cup-shaped and urceolate, 2
mm long and wide, the tube pubescent, the limb thin, produced,
obscurely 5-toothed. Corolla-tube 2.5 mm long, the lobes 5,
oblong-ovate, somewhat acuminate, 4 mm long, obscurely glan-
dular-punctate with elongated dashes, the throat villous.
Anthers sessile, 2.5 mm long. Style about 3 mm long; stigma
ellipsoid, 1.8 mm long.

Leyte, Dagami, C. A. Wenzel 899, August 30, 1913, in forests, altitude
about 60 meters.

A species similar to and manifestly closely allied to Plectronia mons-
trosa Rich., from which it differs in its pubescent cymes and slightly pubes-
cent leaves, and in its more numerous lateral nerves.

TIMONIUS DeCandolle

TIMONIUS TRICHOPHORUS sp. nov.

Arbor parva subtus foliis petiolis ramulis junioribus inflo-
rescentiis valde ciliato-hirsutis ; foliis chartaceis, usque ad 12
cm longis, obovatis, obtusis ad rotundatis, basi angustatis, acutis
vel obtusis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, prominentibus ; inflores-
centiis axillaribus, tenuibus, solitariis, circiter 4 cm longis,
longe pedunculatis, furcatis, floribus spicatim dispositis, inflo-
rescentiis sub fructu valde elongatis.

A tree about 7 m high, prominently ciliate-hirsute with long,
spreading, pale or brownish hairs. Branches terete, glabrous,
brown, the branchlets, petioles, inflorescence, and lower surfaces
of the leaves, especially on the midrib and lateral nerves, promi-
nently ciliate-hirsute. Leaves obovate, chartaceous, 6 to 12 cm
long, 5 to 9 cm wide, shining, the lower surface paler than the
upper, apex obtuse to rounded, narrowed below to the acute or
obtuse base ; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
prominent; petioles very densely ciliate-hirsute, 8 to 15 mm
long. Inflorescence axillary, slender, about 4 cm long, the slender
peduncles in anthesis about 2 cm long, densely hirsute, bearing
at the apex two divaricate branches 2 cm long or less, these
branches bearing a series of short pedicelled flowers along the
upper side, pedicels and calyx very densely ciliate-hirsute with

IX, c, 4 Merrill: Plnntae Wenzelianae, II 389

long, spreading, pale hairs. Calyx truncate, about 3.5 mm long.
Infructescence elongated, slender, the peduncles up to 4 cm long,
the branches nearlj^ as long, slender. Fruits ovoid or somewhat
ellipsoid, about 6 mm long, apparently somewhat fleshy when
fresh, somewhat longitudinally striate or sulcate, with few scat-
tered hairs, the apex very densely hirsute, 15- to 20-celled.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 99U, June 13, 1914, in forests,
altitude about 500 m.

A species strongly characterized by its numerous, long, spreading, pale
or brownish, ciliate-hirsute hairs. It is entirely different, in this character,
from all other Philippine species known to me.

WILLIAMSIA Merrill

WILLIAMSIA CAUDATA sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m altus, glaber; foliis usque ad 15 cm longis,
lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, valde caudato-acuminatis, basi
obtusis ad rotundatis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, nervis utrinque
10 ad 12, valde prominentibus ; floribus solitariis, axillaribus,
sessilibus; calycibus circiter 5 mm longis, 4- vel 5- dentatis;
petalis 6, patulis vel subreflexis, lanceolatis, 5 mm longis.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, entirely glabrous except for the throat
of the corolla and for few scattered hairs on the calyx and stipules.
Branches terete, brown or olivaceous, rather slender, the young
branchlets usually verruculose when dry, greenish. Leaves
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 10
to 15 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, gradually narrowed upward to
the long and slender caudate-acuminate apex, base rounded to
obtuse, when dry pale or pale-greenish, somewhat shining; lat-
eral nerves 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib, very prominent
on the lower surface, curved-ascending, anastomosing; petioles
1 to 1.5 cm long; stipules linear to linear-oblong, 1.5 to 2 cm
long, blunt. Flowers white, sessile, axillary, solitary, 6-merous,
the basal involucres two, the upper one much larger than the
lower and as wide as the calyx cup-shaped to somewhat urceolate,
about 5 mm long, with 4 or 5 broad teeth. Throat of the corolla
densely villous ; petals spreading or somewhat reflexed, lanceolate,
acuminate, about 8 mm long. Immature fruits glabrous, ovoid-
urceolate, about 8 mm long.

Leyte, Buenavista, near Jaro, C. A. Wenzel 686, May 18, 1914 (type) ;
also Wenzel 7, June, 1913, from near Dagami. In forests, altitude 60 to
500 meters.

Closely allied to WUlia7)isia sablanensis (Elm.) Merr., with which species
Wenzel 7 was previously identified. The leaves, however, are very different
in shape, prominently caudate-acuminate, and the flowers are 6-merous.

[Vol. IX, No. 3, including pages 191 to 292, was issued June 27, 1914.]

■^il

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IX SEPTEMBER, 1914 No. 5

THE PIONEER VEGETATION OF TAAL VOLCANO

By Frank C. Gates

(From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines,

Los Banos, P. I.)

Eight plates

INTRODUCTION

The classic illustration of the redevelopment of vegetation on
volcanic islands is of course Krakatoa. This island has been
visited by various botanists during the thirty years since its last
eruption, so that the history of its vegetation is well known.
While Taal may offer less of interest than does Krakatoa, it is
important because of the short lapse of time since its latest erup-
tion and because of its ready accessibility.

Taal Volcano is a low mountain, rising from the middle of
Bombon Lake in longitude 120° 59' east and latitude 14° 2' north.
Bombon Lake, frequently called Taal Lake, occupies a basin
about 22 kilometers long and 14 kilometers wide, in Batangas
Province, Luzon, and is some 63 kilometers south of the city of
Manila. Near the middle of the lake are a few islands, mostly
of very small size. The largest of these islands, known as Vol-
cano Island or Taal Island, is about 7 kilometers long and 5.5
kilometers wide. It is the location of the active crater of the
volcano. The surface of the island is very rugged and the active
erosion is rapidly making it more so. In addition to the large
crater in the center of the island smaller craters are present
around it.

The latest eruption of Taal culminated on January 30, 1911,
and resulted in the entire destruction of the villages on the

891

392 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

island as well as some of those on the mainland, with a loss of
about 1,400 lives. Ashes, pumice, small stones, and acid vapors
were thrown across the lake to the mainland, devastating the
country to the west and southwest of the volcano. Ashes were
thrown over large areas of surrounding country, resulting in
the defoliation of the vegetation not otherwise affected. Sev-
eral illustrated accounts of this eruption have been published.^

Since the disaster of 1911, residence on the island has been
forbidden. It is visited regularly, however, by the Filipino
fishermen of the neighboring shores and frequently has been
explored by tourists. The new vegetation has been virtually
uninfluenced by man and is still in virgin condition.

From the summit of Mount Maquiling, at an altitude of 1,010
meters, 34 kilometers to the northeast, no evidence of vegetation
was apparent in September, 1912, but a year later the uniform
ashy color was relieved by areas of grayish green in the ap-
parent center of the island and extending in tongues from the
shore toward the crater rim.

Knowing that the original vegetation was destroyed, it is of
considerable interest to place on record an account of its con-
dition after three years of development. The following trips
were made to the volcano: October 24-26, 1913, in company
with Dr. H. A. Gleason and Mr. B. E. Quick, then visiting from
the University of Michigan, and Mr. J. C. Bundles of the Col-
lege of Agriculture, by way of Baiiadero ; December 19-23, 1913,
in company with E. Quisumbing, V. Sulit, and A. Damo, students
of the College of Agriculture, as collectors, by way of Pansipit;
and April 17-22, 1914, with E. Quisumbing, N. Catalan, and
V. Sulit by way of Banadero.

Mainland vegetation. — The rain of ashes and stones, the pres-
ence of acid vapors, as well as the mechanical effect of the
rush of wind and of tidal waves, all combined to kill the vege-
tation to the ground over wide areas. This was most severe on
the western and southern sides of Bombon Lake and least so
on the northeastern side.^ In the latter place defoliation was
the most prominent result. The vegetation which has since de-
veloped, although largely pioneer and rather poor in species, is

* Saderra Maso, Miguel. The Eruption of Taal Volcano, January 30,
1911. Weather Bureau, Manila (1911) 1-45, Pis. I-VII. English and
Spanish.— Pratt, Wallace E. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Sec. A 63-85, Pis.
I-XIV, figs. 1-3.— Martin, Charles. Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Sec. A
87-91, Pis. I-VII. — Worcester, Dean C. National Geographic Magazine 23
(1912) 313-367.

' See the map in article by Worcester, cited in footnote 1.

IX. c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 393

more diverse than that of the island. Around the shore are the
customary swamp and strand associations, followed by parang ^
shrubs, particularly Acacia faniesiana,* and later by a number
of trees. Near the shore, especially on the south and west, are
large groves of bamboo.

TAAL ISLAND

In October, 1913, the volcano island, itself, was not devoid of
vegetation, but vegetation was very restricted, occuring only
near the shore and part way up some of the slopes.

The physiography of the main body of the island is of unusual
interest. As it is entirely covered with a deposit of loose ashes
and mud and is unprotected by a covering of vegetation, the
heavy tropical rains, which amount to from 1,750 to 2,000 mm
per year, run off with great rapidity. The amount and diversity
of erosion is enormous. The formation of sharp drainage sys-
tems, the development of gorges, and the deposition of fans and
deltas have proceeded to a remarkable degree. The steeper
slopes of the ridges are scarred with small vertical fissures,
which quickly concentrate the rain water in the valleys below.
In rushing to the lake the rain water scours out deep canons.
Of a number of these cafions that were explored the follow-
ing account, taken from a letter written by Doctor Gleason, is
typical :

Beginning as a narrow channel about a meter wide and deep, with flat
bottom and vertical sides, it followed a sinuous course for over a kilometer
to its mouth. As small lateral tributaries joined it, it increased in size
until it became 50 meters wide with vertical turreted walls, 25 meters high.
At intervals the depth is suddenly increased by abrupt drops of 1 to 4
meters, and there the canon walls may approach each other until one's
shoulders touch both sides as he passes through. It is noteworthy that in
such places the width of the canon is always greatest at the bottom,
indicating a rapid growth of the stream system. At the mouth of such
a system it broadens out into a huge fan, in some cases half a kilometer
across, piled with boulders at its head, with smaller debris in the middle,
while at the lake shore the deposits are of sand, fine gravel and pumice.

There are scores of such embryonic river systems, large and
small, on the island. The inner face of the crater is similarly
eroded.

Between the drainage channels, which are perfectly dry ex-

*A local Philippine term indicating thickets and second growth forests.

* The identifications of the seed plants were either made or verified by
Mr. E. D. Merrill, botanist in the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. L; those
of the ferns by Dr. E. B. Copeland of the College of Agriculture, Los
Banos, P. I.

394 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

cept during rains, the ridges may rise as high as 150 meters.
They are covered with ash and mud, although in many places
the erosion has uncovered the original soil or has exposed layers
of coarse cinders or rock.

The active crater is in the center of the island. It is about
2.3 kilometers long and 1.7 kilometers wide at the top. More
than half of the bottom is occupied by a lake, whose elevation
is about 2.5 meters above sea level, the same as that of the
surrounding Lake Bombon. The water of the crater lake is
clear, although dark colored, and salty. Its temperature de-
creased from about 37" C. in October, 1913, to about 32° in
April, 1914. Swimming in it, although much like salt water
bathing, was of course more exciting. Very little steam, if any,
arose from the lake in either October or December, 1913, but
in April, 1914, some steam was noticed arising from a few
places along the shore of the lake, as well as from small vents
in the north crater wall, both inside and outside the crater.
From certain points on the crater rim sulphurous odors are
noticeable, but none were detected in the bottom of the crater.
Steep precipitous walls formed the boundary of the crater on
all sides. At the foot of the walls, especially on the east side,
large quantities of ash and mud have been washed down and have
accumulated. The crater rim is highest on the south and north
sides with altitudes of 304 and 230 meters, respectively. Nearly
all of the west side is low, the minimum elevation being about
95 meters. There are other low points on the east side.

Radiating from the crater rim are steep ridges. The slopes
are about as steep as ashes can maintain. This is steeper than
in sand dunes, on account of the adhesive properties of some of
the constituents of the ash. At the comers of the island are
peaks, which were former centers of eruptive activity, in the
case of Mount Binintiang Malaki, as late as 1707.

Previous to the eruption of 1911, the region outside of the
crater was vegetated from the strand to the rim of the crater.
The vegetation could all be summed up as trees, parang, grass-
land, and culture in various combinations. Some trees over
75 cm in diameter were present even on the crater slope. With-
in the crater a tree of Ficus indica was present. A number
of barrios were located along the shore, particularly in the north-
em part of the island and in their vicinity a number of cul-
tivated plants are even yet to be found.

During the eruption of 1911 the ground was entirely denuded
of vegetation, virtually all of which was completely destroyed.

IX. c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 395

In a very limited number of well protected places the root sys-
tems of a very few plants escaped death.

With so thorough a sterilization of the soil, before vegetation
could reappear the excess of acid had to be leached out of the
soil and seeding accomplished. How much or how soon seeding
took place is not known, but no vegetation appeared during
the dry season immediately after the eruption. During the
first rainy season the protected parts of the northeastern and
northwestern areas began to recover. A few stumps sprouted
and various seeds grew, producing a heterogeneous mixture in
which tree species soon became dominant.

Vegetation began to make its appearance in earnest, on the
island as a whole, in the rainy season of 1912. In the extreme
southern and in the northern parts, the strand became inhabited
first with Ipomoea pes-caprae and a little later often also with
Canavalia lineata. Later in the same rainy season, grass sprang
up over wide areas on the north slope above the shore and
extending upward to about 150 meters. The grass appeared
over most of the area at about the same time, and with no
opposition, rapidly became established and spread in all direc-
tions. Not long after, shrubs and trees, particularly those dis-
tributed by birds, made their appearance in isolated spots and
spread rapidly both with and into the grass.

By December, 1913, vegetation was quite well established on
the northern side of the island to an altitude of about 175 meters.
It consisted largely of grass — entirely dense at lower altitudes,
but thinning and opening out above — parang, and trees. Over
most of the vegetated areas parang was at least incipiently
present, but in the northeastern and the northwestern regions it
was best developed and had already driven out a considerable
amount of grass. At this time there were no plants within the
crater and but one very small patch at a place on the rim. At
the southern end of the island, the strand was fairly well devel-
oped. Grass and a little parang were present on Mount Binin-
tiang Munti ; but between it and the crater, as well as in the
eastern and the western parts of the island, the ground was
without vegetation.

By April of the following year great strides were visible
in the vegetation. On the northern slope virtually all of the
ground except the crests of ridges and the bottoms of the valleys
was vegetated. The proportion as well as the distribution of
parang and trees had materially increased. Grass had con-
tinued its invasion to the crater rim. Although not yet abund-

396 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

ant, its presence on the rim and below it inside the crater
demonstrated that it could live there. To the northeast and
to the northwest trees and parang were rapidly gaining over
the grass. At the southern end of the island both grass and
parang had spread, although they were far from being dense
or widely distributed. Eastward and westward of the crater,
vegetation had put in an appearance and was very sparingly
present near the shore on the sides of gullies.

Bananas were present in October, 1913, in the vicinity of the
former towns, Pirapiraso and Binintiang, and by the following
April were becoming abundant and spreading, while other cul-
tivated plants had appeared in isolated patches. In October,

1913, a few clumps of bamboo were present in some of the
ravines on both sides of Mount Pirapiraso in the northeastern
region. They were slightly more abundant in December, but
by April, 1914, they had increased considerably in size and
were reappearing in other localities both in the northeastern
and northwestern regions.

It is logical to expect that this development will go on, faster
on the northern than on the southern sides, until the slopes are
covered with vegetation, characteristically by trees and shrubs
on the sides of ridges, while the crest is more likely to be occupied
with grass, at least for some time to come, although ultimately
even the crests should became forested. The development of
the standard dipterocarp forest for these altitudes in this region
is possible, although very improbable, for accidents in the shape
of eruptions are likely to intervene before it has had a sufficiently
long time to develop. Dipterocarps are present on Mount Ma-
quiling, 34 kilometers to the northeast, but seeding takes place
during the southwest winds. Even during a typhoon in June,

1914, dipterocarp seeds were carried less than 0.5 kilometer
from a parent tree on the grounds of the College of Agriculture.

REGIONAL DESCRIPTION

Mount Binintiang Munti, a low peak at the extreme southern
end of Taal Island, is characterized by abundant rock outcrop.
Very round-crested steep ridges of what appears to be cooled
lava extend into the lake. The vegetation of the crests of these
ridges is very similar to that of the strand, even at elevations
considerably above lake level. Long runners of Ipomoea pes-
caprae spread over the crest of the ridge and extend upward
to elevations greater than 25 meters. While Canavalia lineata
is not absent, it is conspicuously less abundant. Wedelia biflora
and Vernonia cinerea, a weed, occasionally are present. At

IX, c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 397

the water front the lake has cut back the ridges so that steep
bluffs, exhibiting tilted strata, are ver>' prominant. The faces
of these bluffs are quite generally plantless, except as vines may
hang over from the top. Between the ridges, steep narrow
gullies have been worn down to the lake where they may form
pockets. In December, 1913, the sides of most of these gullies
were vegetated with coarse grasses, Saccharum spontaneum and
Themeda gigantea, sometimes present in sufficient quantity to
form a nearly closed stand. On steeper slopes were isolated
bunches of Themeda. A few common weeds were present in
interstices in the grass areas, while the coming of parang or
wooded conditions was heralded by the presence of a few
clumps of Ficus indica and of Tahernaemontana subglobosa just
below the crests of ridges. By April, 1914, the density had
greatly increased and Antidesma rostratum and Eugenia jam-
bolana had put in their appearance.

The vegetation of the pockets next to the lake was char-
acteristically a jumble of convolvulaceous vines, together with
Momordica ovata and Canavalia lineata- With these vines there
might also be a few weeds. Where the beach had been built up
as a spit in front of the bluffs, Ipomoea pes-caprae extends from
the pockets and occupies a normal strand position. Very rarely
does this Ipomoea respond to the encroaching grass by growing
up into it as other convolvulaceous vines generally do.

On the north side, this peak is a high point in a rim which
nearly surrounds a shallow basin, which except for a dozen
clumps of Saccharum and two stools of Themeda is plantless;
the slopes are essentially so, a few clumps of Saccharum and
an occasional shrub of Ficus indica or Psidium guujava at the
heads of small gullies, representing the progress in revegetation.

Mount Binintiang Munti is connected with the main body of
Taal Island by a wide peninsula, across which is placed Mount
Saluyan, a short ridge somewhat over 50 meters high. On its
moderately gullied sides were relatively very few plants in
October, 1913 — Saccharum spontaneum, Acacia farnesiana, and
Ficus indica. Their density was noticeably increased by the
following April, by which time Tabei'naemontana subglobosa and
Morinda bracteata had also appeared. On the side away from
the volcano are a few stumps of large trees, blown over and
buried, but now being exposed as the mud is being washed away.

North of this ridge is the outlet valley of a basin, separated
from the crater by a razor-back part of the rim and bordered by
steep ridges. A lake may be present during a rainy period.

398 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

Many colored rocks are strewn over the floor. The presence of
a few dead stumps indicates a former vegetation, but at present
the basin is plantless.

Near the shore of Bombon Lake were a few strand plants
and a little farther back an occasional clump of Saccharum
spontaneum. By April, 1914, the strand flora and especially
the flora of the area just back of the strand showed increased
development. In addition to Saccharum, there were shrubs as
follows: Acacia farnesiana (1), Taber7iaemontana subglobosa
(several), Ficus indica (several), Wendlandia luzoniensis (1),
Morinda hracteata (very few), Semecarpus cuneiformis (1),
and a hemiparasitic vine, Cassytha filiformis.

In December, 1913, the whole slope east and southeast of the
crater was plantless, presenting a gully-worn rugged surface
from the rim of the crater to the lake. By April, 1914, how-
ever, a number of plants were established on the strand and
extended a short way up the sides of the gullies. On the strand
was Ipomoea pes-caprae and back of it, in addition to the clumps
of Saccharum, were Ficus indica (several), Acacia farnesiana
(several), Tabernaemontana subglobosa (several), Pandanus
tectorius (2) , Eugenia jambolana (2), Trema amboinensis (1),
and a vine, Rourea erecta (1). Higher were a few clumps of
Saccharum, well scattered to be sure, but exhibiting considerable
advance over the four months previous. As yet shrubs were not
present, and the upper slopes to the very rim of the crater were
plantless.

Northeastward from the crater runs a depression between
two high ridges. In December, 1913, this valley as well as the
ridge on each side was plantless. A narrow precipitous divide
separates this valley from a basin 75 meters below. On this
divide in December, 1913, were a few well scattered plants,
including Saccharum spontaneum, Themeda gigantea, Ficus in-
dica, and two clumps of Pandanus tectorius. By April, 1914,
considerable plant development had taken place. On the ridges,
particularly the western one. Mount Pinag-Ulbuan, there were
a number of plants, some being present clear to the summit
(250 meters). There were more grasses in point of number
of individuals, but most of the vegetational appearance was
given by the shrubs, Ficus indica, Morinda bracteata, Wend-
landia luzoniensis, and Acacia farnesiana.

The basin, formerly an eruptive center, is now the flat bed
of a lake during the rainy season. With the exception of a very
few bunches of Saccharum it was plantless. The walls have
but little vegetation. It consists of bunches of Saccharum with

IX, c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 399

a few bushes of Ficiis indica and Morinda bracteata; and, on
rock ledges near the basin level, some ferns, Onychium siliqu-
losurn and Pteris longifolia, and a few plants of Vandellia
Crustacea.

North of this crater and north of Mount Pinag-Ulbuan is a
valley in which the work of erosion is very strikingly well devel-
oped. Except the deltal fan at the lake, the floor of the valley
is plantless. On its southern slope, which is an outside slope of
the crater, the vegetation was very sparse in December, 1913,
and reached only one-third of the way to the crater rim. By
April, 1914, the vegetation, although by no means dense, was
more abundant and extended clear to the rim of the crater.
Clumps of Saccharum, but particularly, scattered bushes of
Acacia farnesiana, Ficus indica, Morinda bracteata, Trema am-
boinensis, Tabernaemontana subglobosa, and Wendlandia luzo-
niensis, gave a characteristic appearance, which is shown in Plate
VII, fig. 1.

Toward the north, vegetation on Mount Mataas-na-golod con-
sisted nearly entirely of Saccharum in October, 1913, in clumps
about two-thirds of the way to the top. By December it had
reached the top, but still was not dense except at low elevations.
By April, 1914, the entire western, eastern, and northern slopes
of this peak were covered with a closed stand of Saccharum,
except the very crest which was largely bare. On its southern
slope Saccharum was by all odds the characteristic plant, but
there it did not begin to occupy nearly all of the available space.
Shrub and even tree invasion into the Saccharum was progress-
ing rapidly, especially on the north and northeast sides. The
more conspicuous were Acacia farnesiana, Antides77ia ghesaem-
billa, Psidium guajava, Wrightia laniti, Cordia myxa, Tabernae-
montana subglobosa, Macaranga tanarius, Bridelia stipularis,
Ficus nervosa, Albizzia procera, and Callicarpa bla^icoi. A few
convolvulaceous vines were represented but Momordica ovata
was more commonly present.

Between Mount Mataas-na-golod and Mount Ragatan, farther
to the northeast, is a long divide, with its steeper slope toward
the south. This slope was rather densely vegetated with grass
and invading parang, which is true of the whole of Mount Ra-
gatan. South of this, on the deltal flat mentioned above, vegeta-
tion was very scanty, consisting of a few clumps of Saccharum
on higher places in the flat and the regular strand plants near
Lake Bombon.

A long, rather low divide extended northeastward from
Mount Ragatan to Mount Bignay. All of this region, which may

400 'J'he Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

be called the Northeast Cape, is vegetated, mostly with rather
dense vegetation, the densest at present on the island. The
divide between the former towns, Pirapiraso and Bignay, is
covered with two grasses, Imperata cylindrica koenigii and
Saccharum spontaneum. This grass vegetation continues up the
crests of ridges to the peaks. The valleys or gullies and the
steeper slopes in general are more likely to be vegetated with
parang with the tree species quite well developed. A few of the
commoner species are: Trema amboinensis, Pithecolobium
dulce, Bridelia stipularis, Coi'dia myxa, Casearia cinerea, Acacia
farnesiana, Macaranga tanarius, Wrightia laniti, Tahernae-
montana subglobosa, Callicarpa blancoi, Ficus hauili, Mallotus
moluccanus, MeUcope triphylla, Allaeanthus luzonicus, Moringa
oleifera, Litsea glutinosa, Alstonia scholaris, Ficus ulmifolia,
and Streblus asper among the shrubs and trees ; Dioscorea luzon-
ensis, Dioscorea bulbifera, Streptocaulon baumii, Momordica
ovata, Lygodium japonicum, Abrus precatorius, Tournefortia
sarmentosa, Rourea erecta, and Celastrus paniculata among the
vines ; and a few herbaceous weeds, such as Synedrella nodiflora,
Erigeron linifolius, Triumfetta bartramia, Ageratum conyzoides,
and Ricinus communis. In some of the ravines on the west,
but particularly on the east, sides of Mounts Pirapiraso and
Bignay clumps of bamboo, Bambusa blumeana, were present in
October, 1913, but became much more abundant by April, 1914.

Successions are going on rapidly and the grass is as rapidly
being driven from the crests of the ridges by the invading parang
and trees. The northeast slopes are steep, but are well wooded,
having the highest genetic development found on the island.
At the shore the ridges terminate in bluffs. With the sinking
of the shore during the eruption many trees became partially
submerged. Their tops had been torn away by the force of
the eruption and the jagged stumps have been the germinating
ground of several bird-distributed seeds of both Ficus indica
and Macaranga tanarius. The flats between the bluffs are
largely Phragmites-syvamips, now badly overgrown with vines
and rapidly giving way to woody plants. A hemiparasite, Cas-
sytha filiformis, in some places along the shore completely loads
down the Phragmites. Below in the shade its stems are green,
but in the sunlight they are a typical Cuscuta-y eWow.

The northern slope of Mount Ragatan is very largely parang
with a large admixture of grass. The region back of the bay
has a strand flora, quite diversified in species, including Ipomoea
pes-caprae, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia lineata, Vigna lutea,

IX, c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 401

Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea pes-tigiidis, Wedelia biflora, besides
many weeds, Ricinus communis, Heliotropiiim indicum, Vernonia
cinerea, Bidbostylis barbata. Datura alba, and Scoparia dulcis.
Back of this is a widespread Phragmites association, developed
above the level of the lake and rapidly being invaded by shrubs,
Acacia farnesiana and Gliricidia sepium, as well as by the grass
Sacchamm. Farther back the vegetation is largely grass with
invading shrubs. When the slope begins to be pronounced the
amount of grass is much less in proportion to the amount of
woody vegetation. At the foot of the slope are a number of
bananas, relics of former cultivation.

West from Mount Mataas-na-golod to Mount Balantoc is
the north central region, an area essentially vegetated with
grass, nearly all of which is Sacchamm spontaneum, into which
many shrubs and vines have already come and are rapidly be-
coming more numerous, so much so that many ridges which
in October, 1913, were apparently nothing but grass, in April
of the following year presented a very decided shrubby ap-
pearance. Two large deltal flats occur in this part of the island,
both of them sparingly vegetated with the Phragmites associa-
tion. The development of the strand is very poor, but consider-
able debris, together with algae, Vallisneria, Pistia, and Cerato-
phyllum, is continually washed up during the northeast mon-
soon. In October, 1913, the vegetation in this region had spread
only about two-thirds of the way to the crater rim and was
very scattered above one-half way up. By December, in ad-
dition to the clumps of Saccharum found at one spot on the
crater rim, there were other clumps near the rim and the vege-
tation was denser. By April, 1914, there were a considerable
number of scattered clumps of Saccharum on the outer slope
clear to the rim. Clumps were frequent above two-thirds of the
way up (125 meters). Lower down the clumps had become so
close that they gave the appearance of closed vegetation which
shrubs and trees were rapidly invading. In this region was
found a single palm tree, Arenga, and the uncommon moraceous
Artocarpus nitida.

The north and northeast slopes of Mount Balantoc were largely
wooded, although plenty of grass, here Themeda gigantea, was
mixed with the woody species. The slopes terminate at the lake
in abrupt bluffs, which are rapidly being eroded by the lake.
The sinking of the coast has given the lake a better chance to
eat away the bluffs. The vegetation of the eroding bluffs is
essentially of trees; that of the face is virtually nil; while at

402 The Philippine Journal of Science im

the bottom it is very heterogeneous, here frequently existing
where it has fallen only until the next typhoon. Some strand
plants are found in pockets at the shore and some wet ground
beach and meadow plants, such as, Panicum repens, Cynodon
dactylon, and Wedelia bi flora, seem to be flourishing in spite
of the general unfavorable habitat.

Mount Balantoc is a large horseshoe-shaped ridge, highest
(125 meters) farthest east, lying between Mount Binintiang
Malaki and the crater. On the side exposed to the violence of
the eruption, the vegetation at the present time is largely grass
with a few shrubs, such as. Acacia farnesiana, Cordia myxa,
Trema amboinensis, and Tabernaemontana subglobosa. Where
not so exposed, the vegetation consists largely of vines, Strep-
tocaulon baiimii, Momordica ovata, Celastriis paniculata, in
addition to convolvulaceous ones; shrubs and small trees, such
as Cordia myxa, Albizzia jjy^ocera, Tabernaemontana subglobosa,
Acacia farnesiana, Trema amboinensis, Eugenia jambolana,
Psidium guajava, Macaranga tanarius and AntideswM ghesaem-
billa; with rather a small amount of grass in the open places.
On the crest of the ridge are a number of dead trees, blown
over and pointing away from the crater. This is particularly
noticeable on the northern side of the horseshoe. A meager
representation of the weed association, containing Erigeron
linifolius, Ageratum conyzoides, Pterocaidon cylindrostachyum,
and Waltheria americana, may also be present on the crest of
the ridge.

Within the area thus partly encircled, the vegetation is fairly
well developed and contains a number of fair-sized trees. In
addition to the woody species mentioned above are Semecarpus
cuneiformis, Stercidia foetida, Oroxylum indicum, Casearia
cinerea, Wrightia laniti, and Morinda bracteata as well as sev-
eral banana plants.

Forming the northwest corner of Taal Island is a peak,
Mount Binintiang Malaki, whose summit, somewhat over 250
meters, is, with the exception of the southern part of the crater
rim, the highest point on the island. The slopes of this peak
are decidedly steep and are precipitous on the eastern side.
With such steep slopes the gullies are relatively shallow. An
arc-shaped ridge, of which the summit is the highest place,
partly encloses a small basin, the former eruptive center. The
soil of this peak differs from the rest of the island in being
somewhat reddish. The occurrence of Btdbostylis barbata, Van-
dellia pusilla, Polanisia viscosa, and a species of Oldenlandia

IX. c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 403

around small flats on the back of the summit ridge is suggestive
of the strand, although located far above it. Over the greater
part of the slopes, and always on the steeper ones, a coarse grass,
Themeda gigantca, with open well-spaced clumps gives the char-
acteristic appearance. On the sides of the gullies, bushes may
frequently be present and on the northwestern side, away from
the crater, trees of Sterculia foetida, Oroxylum indicum, Albizzia
procera, Acacia faniesiana, Pithecolohium dulce, and WHghtia
laniti, up to 4 or 5 meters in height, occur. The general vegeta-
tion is dense, especially nearer the level of Lake Bombon. A
number of large tree trunks are strewn about on the north-
western side of the peak, which in the apparent absence of anay
(termites) still remain intact.

The low divide (30 meters) which separates this peak from
one end of the horseshoe, Mount Balantoc, contains even now
remnants of the effects of the eruption in the presence of over-
turned clumps of bamboo and the corner posts of houses. In
October, 1913, but three clumps of bananas were seen in this
part of the island and not even a single live clump of bamboo.
In December, while no bamboos were seen, bananas were a little
more plentiful and some were in fruit, but in April, 1914,
bananas were fairly abundant and indicated quite well the posi-
tions of many of the former houses, while a number of clumps of
bamboo had grown to nearly their normal height along two of
the drainage channels not far from the former tow», Panipihan.

To the west on the shore of Lake Bombon and at the foot of
Mount Binintiang Malaki, the strand was rather well devel-
oped and a back strand association, Sesbania, was present.

Between Mount Balantoc and the crater there are two
basins which almost merge into one. Before the last eruption
these were two low craters whose bottoms were below sea level,
but now they are filled to a higher level. Water is retained
after each rain until it evaporates. The lakes are salty. Around
them no living plants were found, although seeds were very
abundant both along the shore and along the stream courses
leading into them. The seeds of Themeda giga7itea, Saccharum
spontaneum, Acacia farnesiana, and Streptocaulon baumii were
recognizable, and those of many other species were present.
The region between these lakes and the crater was exceedingly
scantily vegetated with very well scattered plants of Saccharum
spontaneum and Ficus indica and with two clumps of Miscanthus
sinensis.

The region to the west was plantless even to the shore in

404 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

December, 1913, but in April, 1914, there were beginnings of the
development of the strand associations near the shore. A short
distance from the water on the sides of two gullies were half
a dozen clumps of Saccharum.

South of this, including all the land west of the crater clear
to the shore, and southwest of the crater from a short distance
south of the low ridge south of Mount Balantoc quite to the
southwest corner, the land was plantless through December,
1913. Even by April, 1914, there was but the most meager
representation of Saccharum in the vicinity of Gunao Point and
near the shore south of Mount Tabaro. This was the region
of severest devastation.

The walls of the crater in the center of the island are very
steep, although seldom rising sheer from the bottom to the top.
In many places strata are clearly shown, especially in wet
weather. For geological treatment the reader is referred to
Adams.^ The foot of the crater wall is everywhere hidden by the
masses of ash and mud which have been washed down. The
accumulation of this wash is considerable in the eastern part of
the crater.

The rocky floor of the crater is plantless, as were also the
walls through December, 1913, but in April, 1914, at several
places on the north wall, especially on ledges within the crater
rim even 15 meters from the top, were well developed clumps of
Saccharum, perfectly normal as far as could be seen from the
distance necessarily intervening. Lower on another rock ledge
on the north crater wall was a bush of Ficus indica, apparently
about 1 meter in radius. No other plants were found, but
there were many swallows' nests and kingfishers were frequently
seen. It is demonstrated that plants can grow inside the crater,
although their present distribution is very limited.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEGETATION

Considering dynamic ecology more in detail, the revegetation
of the island is proceeding along two main genetic lines, depend-
ing on the drainage of the soil. A dry ground genetic series
revegetates the shore with strand plants; it revegetates the
slopes first with grasses and later with shrubs and trees. The
second revegetates the damp ground of low places with marsh
plants, mostly herbaceous in nature. The associations belong-
ing to the former series inhabit the ash slopes and the uplands
in general, while those of the latter are limited to the low areas

' Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Sec. A 57-116.

IX. c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 405

near the lake and to some of the deltal flats at the ends of stream
channels.

A third genetic series is very poorly represented in the waters
of Lake Bombon surrounding the island.

THE AQUATIC GENETIC SERIES

This series in which aquatic plants tend to build up the bot-
tom of a body of water is very poorly represented in the im-
mediate vicinity of the volcano at the present day. Prior to
the 1911 eruption it was present in the water around the island,
particularly along the north coast. Along the coast of the main-
land near Baiiadero it is now plentiful and typical.

THE VALLISNERIA ASSOCIATION

The Vallisnena association, completely destroyed around the
island by the eruption, reappeared within a year in the water
along the western part of the north shore at the foot of bluffs.
In December, 1913, the association was well represented along
the coast at the foot of Mount Balantoc, by well-spaced, small,
very red seedlings of Vallisneria gigantea. In most of the shel-
tered coves along the north shore, broken leaves of this species
are washed up on the shore. Four months later, the patch of
Vallisneria had increased materially in size and density. In it
were a few plants of Ceratophyllum demersum and plants of
a floating aroid, Pistia stratiotes, caught by their leaves in shal-
low water. At this time, there were cast upon the shore all
along the north coast and about one-third way down the east
coast quantities of Vallisneria, as well as plants of Ceratophyl-
lum, Pistia and Lemna, and seeds of Sterculia foetida. The
mechanical action of the water, however, was too great for the
establishment of the association. A single small plant of Jus-
sieua repens, a floating or rooted aquatic, was found in one of
the sheltered bays.

The associations which normally succeed this are entirely lack-
ing. The transition between associations of the aquatic series
and the marsh or dryland series is as yet noncontiguous.

THE MARSH GENETIC SERIES

This series of associations, inhabiting wet ground in progres-
sively drier stages to dry ground, is clearly indicated in a few
places on the island, but nowhere is well developed. For the
most part, it occurs at the mouths of deep ravines on deltal
flats which are formed just behind the low narrow shore ridge
pushed up by the waves or in coves along the faces of bluffs.

406 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

The ground is wet on account of its close proximity to the water
table level of Lake Bombon. Later on, more associations may-
become established, but at present only the following can be
satisfactorily recognized and none of them are particularly well
developed :

THE CYNODON ASSOCIATION

This association of grasses, which grows along the shore,
sometimes down into the water, is fairly well represented in a
few places at the foot of bluffs in the western part of the north
shore. It is sparingly present in the bays in the northeast
region and is indicated in a few other places along the shores
of the northern parts of the east and the west coasts.

With the dominant species, Cynodon dactylon, may occasion-
ally be associated Dactyloctenium segyptium, Mariscus stuppeus,
and Ricinus communis, while to a limited extent Panicum repens
and Phragmites vulgaris may be present as invaders.

THE PANICUM REPENS ASSOCIATION

At the foot of the bluffs on the north coast, sometimes project-
ing into the water, is a poor representation of this moist ground
grass association. With it may occur Wedelia biflora and in
one instance Vernonia cinerea and a few seedlings of Muntingia
calabura were observed. This association is apparently not
making much headway for it is subject to being washed away
by the lake during storms, to being buried as a result of erosion
of the bluffs, and to being shaded out of existance by Phragmites
in flats or by shrubs at the foot of the bluff.

THE PHRAGMITES ASSOCIATION

This association of tall marsh grass is represented by plants
of Phragmites vulgaris, openly disposed. Nowhere has the
typical dense growth been attained. Very few plants are to
be found associated with it where the ground is wet to the
surface. This is probably due to the thorough control of the
ground by the very extensive root system possessed by Phrag-
mites. On slightly higher ground invasion into the fairly open
above-ground growth of Phragmites is not difficult, as the abund-
ance and diversity of species testifies. These are Wedelia biflora,
Ricinus communis (many), Ipomoea triloba, Portulaca oleracea,
Canavalia ensiformis, Sida acuta, Triumfetta bartramia, Maris-
cus stuppeus, and Leucas javanica as well as seedlings of Trema
amboincTisis, Macaranga tanariu^. Acacia farnesiana, and Mun-
tingia calabura. Long above-ground runners from plants of

IX, c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 407

Phragmites, radiating in all directions but particularly along
the shore, are tending toward its rapid establishment, but the
presence of seedlings of trees, undoubtedly established, bespeak
the probable early elimination of the Phragmites association in
these situations.

On the deltal flats, the individual plants of Phragmites are
widely spaced, yet secondary species are so nearly absent that
successional tendencies are hardly indicated. It is possible for
the ground to become dominated by Phragmites or by Acacia
farnesiana, which is very abundant in the immediate vicinity,
or in the case of a lowering of the water table level by Sac-
charum spontaneum, the most abundant plant on the island.

Thus the three years since the eruption have resulted in only
a poor representation of this series of associations in spite of
the fact that there is' a large amount of apparently suitable
ground. The excellent drainage developed in the mud and ashes
probably has considerable to do with this.

THE DRYGROUND GENETIC SERIES

In this series belong the associations which vegetate the
drained ground. On this island they are far in the ascendency.
Four formations can easily be recognized, namely, the strand,
the grassland, the shrub, and the tree formations, all normal to
the Philippine area in the Indo-Malayan plant province.

THE STRAND FORMATION

THE IPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE ASSOCIATION

This well-known association has been described previously
for a sea coast locality in the Philippines by Whitford.^ Al-
though the strand on Taal is a fresh water habitat, the structure
of the vegetation is essentially similar to that of the salt water
strand. The two dominant species of this association on Taal
Island are Ipomoea pes-caprae and Canavalia lineata. These
are so similar in growth form and color that it is impossible to
distinguish between them at a distance unless they are in flower.
The plants trail over the ground for long distances, sometimes
more than 45 meters, rooting freely at the nodes. They tend to
extend into the water and maintain a sharp tension line with the
limit of severe mechanical injury by storm waves. In this
respect Ipomoea is hardier than Canavalia. Landward the

*Whitford, H, N., The Vegetation of the Lamao Forest Reserve, Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) 666.

129821 2

408 The Philippine Journal of Science iqh

limit is usually other vegetation, but in case there is no other
vegetation, Canavalia tends to extend inward away from the
water to a very much greater extent than Ipomoea, which is
usually confined to the shore. Exceptions occurred on the lava
ridges of Mount Binintiang Munti, where Ipomoea spread a
considerable distance from the shore, and in a few places on
the eastern side of the island, where unaccompanied with Cana-
valia, Ipomoea spread back several meters and attained an
altitude of about 30 meters on the mud slope.

The ridges which separate the low deltal flats from Lake
Bombon are sometimes vegetated with this association but more
frequently are bare. Except in extremely sheltered coves or
bays, secondary species were absent from this association. In the
bay near Pirapiraso, where Ipomoea was barely holding its own,
there were many secondary species, most of which were weeds,
as Ricinus com.munis, Datura alba, Bulhostylis barbata, Eleusine
indica, Wedelia biflora, Amaranthus spinosus, Ipomoea pes-tigri-
dis, Ipomoea triloba, Hewittia sublobata, Eclipta alba, Leucas
javanica, Portulaca oleracea, Heliotropium indicum, Scoparia
dulcis, Polanisia viscosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Citrullus
vulgaris, Digitaria consanguinea, and seedlings of Acacia farne-
siana. These were all jumbled together, as though many seeds
had started to grow at one time, but the typical adjustments had
not yet taken place.

Over much of the area little successional relationship was ex-
hibited in relation to this association, for the areas occupied by
other plant associations were noncontiguous with that occupied
by this one. The Ipomoea association, therefore, was limited
in extent only by the physiological requirements of the individual
plants. Where the shore was narrow and the upward slope
abrupt, this association was succeeded by the cogon association,
whose grasses quickly shaded the Ipomoea out of existence. Ca-
navalia responded for a while by growing up into the grass,
but ultimately gave way also.

THE SESBANIA STRAND ASSOCIATION

A back strand association, which also occurs along Lake Bay
to the northeast, is present along the west coast of Taal Island
at the foot of Mount Binintiang Malaki and, to a more limited
extent near the foot of Mount Balantoc. Although not extensive
it is entirely normal, consisting of open bushes of Sesbania can-
nabina, with no secondary species here represented. It is readily
and rapidly invading the Ipomoea pes-caprae association back

IX. c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 409

of the line of ordinary storm-wave action, although it has not
yet acquired sufficient density to eliminate Ipomoea. Meager
evidence of further successional relations indicates the develop-
ment of the Themeda consocies of the cogon association, or of the
Acacia consocies of the parang. The extreme intolerance of
Sesbania makes this association very easy to replace by shading.
The presence of two plants of Pandanus tectorius in the back
strand of the southeastern region and one of Enjthrina indica
near Pirapiraso is all that there is at present to indicate the
development of the Pandanus strand association, one which is
quite common on the seacoast strand elsewhere in the Philip-
pines, but no other strand associations were indicated.

THE COGONAL OR GRASSLAND FORMATION

THE COGON ASSOCIATION

This association of grasses in one or another of its consocies
is the most widespread association on the island, although almost
nowhere does it reach its normal density. As this association
is characterized by certain species of grasses, nearly any one of
which may develop to the exclusion of the others in a given
area, the whole association is easily divided into consocies, based
on the specific identity of the grass which dominates. On Taal
Island three of the consocies of this association are definitely
represented, namely, the Saccharum spontaneum, the Themeda
gigantea and the Imperata cylindrica consocies, while there is
a suggestion of a fourth, the Miscanthus consocies, in a very few
places. On the devastated slopes the first two of these have
appeared, the first in greatest abundance, while the third has
made its appearance in the ridges and valleys of the northeast
cape, where the devastation was not so severe.

The Saccharum spontaneum consocies. — The light, silky-
haired, wind-distributed seeds abundantly produced by Saccha-
rum spontaneum were widely distributed over Taal Island by
the northeast monsoon. The sides of ridges, particularly those
facing to the northeast, were first vegetated, the sweep of the
wind and the lack of water preventing seeds from lodging on
the backs or the crests of ridges and the wash of water after
rains preventing them from remaining in the drainage channels.
From these many centers of dispersal, vegetative reproduction,
together with the plants from the excessively abundant crop
of seeds produced on the island in 1913, is fast obliterating the
striking relation of seeding to exposure to wind.

From ash-buried rhizomes one would have expected the ap-

410 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

pearance of a dense stand, even at first, but the grass appeared
in definite, well-separated bunches, by whose development an
ordinary stand is being built up. This is taking place measur-
ably faster at lower elevations, as one would naturally expect,
with the chance to obtain more water through seepage. Inves-
tigation of the root system of a number of plants of Saccharum
seemed to indicate that they were of recent origin and could not
have been developed previous to the eruption.

At higher altitudes Saccharum forms compact, somewhat
dwarfed bunches, widely separated on the sides of the ridges
near the heads of drainage channels. At lower elevations the
bunches occur nearer together until a fairly dense stand occupies
the lower slopes, yet even in these places the great growth
activity has not yet succeeded in obliterating the bunch-grass
habit and covering the ground.

The outposts of Saccharum in both directions indicate that
the consocies is tending to spread both up the ash slope to the
crater rim and out on the flats close to the level of Lake Bombon.
As the ground is so open, it can readily do this and real com-
petition for the ground has hardly begun. Secondary species,
at best very few in this consocies, are even fewer here on Taal,
being more frequently represented by Desmodium triflorum than
by any other. In the ecological center of the area occupied by
this consocies the association of grasses is closed against ecolog-
ically inferior species by the dense gro^vth of the grass. Any
other species growing there must do so in successful competi-
tion against the grass. Quite naturally such species would be
most likely to be shrubs or trees. Such are present, nowhere yet
in very great numbers in most parts of the island, but thoroughly
well scattered and thriving.

As an invading association it has virtually no plants to contend
with, only the edaphic conditions of the situation. Working
toward the crater rim there is no competition and it is merely
a matter of time until the invasion of the slopes is entirely
accomplished. On the flats, where the soil is nearly water-
soaked, Saccharum occupies only little ridges or higher spots in
the flat. In wet ground it cannot displace Phragmites, and con-
sequently reaches its limit. Everywhere else Saccharum is the
most important pioneer species in the open ashy ground. Ul-
timately it should be replaced by shrubs or trees, but for a long
time it will remain represented as part of a mixture, ecologically
inferior to the shrubs and trees, but on the ground ready to take
advantage of any opening afforded.

IX. c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 411

The Themeda gigantea consocies. — Themeda gigantea is a
bunch-grass of fair size, nowhere spreading into a "sod" grass-
land. The area occupied by this species is not nearly so ex-
tensive as that occupied by Saccharu7n. Where the two grasses
occur together, the structure of the vegetation is so open that
there is no visible competition between them. Its distribution on
Taal is rather limited; it occurs in greatest abundance on the
steep slopes of Mount Binintiang Malaki, but is found also on
Mount Balantoc on ridges radiating from the crater toward
the northwest and in the rocky soil of the lake exposure of
Mount Binintiang Munti. It occupies areas which have not been
severely devasted.

The plant itself forms bunches by the development of many
buds from the central rootstock or a very few very short hori-
zontal ones. The leaves which are about 0.5 meter in length
are closely 2-ranked at the base. The many, open, loose, tall
(from 1.5 to 2 meters) flower stems which develop in December,
after the rainy season, give the area the appearance of the
Sorghasti'um nutans bunch-grass prairie in the northeastern
Illinois sand-dune region. The bunches are rather well spaced,
with from 1 to 1.5 meters of open ground between them. Even
with this space between the bunches, when they grow on very
steep slopes it appears from a little distance as if the entire
ground were covered with grass. Apparently this makes a
very open association, but this open association may be due
largely to the extensively developed fibrous root system. Good
control of the space is also evidenced in the scantiness of second-
ary species.

The association is best developed on the southern and western
sides of Mount Binintiang Malaki, preferring the steeper, more
rocky slopes, where it is very frequently associated with reddish
rocks and iron in the soil. Apparently the consocies is in a
relatively static condition, for it does not appear to be invading
the open ground stretching out from the foot of Mount Binintiang
Malaki, although the top of this peak has been reached. A heavy
crop of seeds was set in December, 1913, but results are not yet in
evidence. The seeds are too large to be widely distributed by
ordinary winds, but were found in large numbers in April,
1914, along stream courses and around the salt lake south of
Mount Balantoc.

Succession into Themeda is progressing, particularly on the
northern slopes of Mount Binintiang Malaki, where conditions
are much milder than those on the southern slopes. A number

412 3^^6 Philippi7ie Journal of Science 1914

of shrubs and trees, especially Albizzia procera and Sterculia
foetida, have come in. It appears that the parang and tree
species will keep on increasing in number and importance and
will come to occupy a great deal of the ground now dominated
by Themeda. Unless a dense mountain forest should develop,
however, it seems improbable that Themeda will be driven from
the steepest slopes for a long time.

The Imperata cylindrica consocies. — The third of the important
consocies represented on Taal Island is dominated by cogon
or lalang grass, Imperata cylindrica koeyiigii. This grass is very
abundant on the mainland in all directions from the volcano, and
its very light, very numerous seeds are so easily carried to the
island that it is a wonder that this consocies is not extensively
present on the island, instead of being so limited in distribution.
Although a few individuals of this grass species occur in a
number of habitats on the island, as an association its distribu-
tion is limited to the region back of the bay near Pirapiraso.
Previous to the eruption this grass was fairly abundant in the
parang land. The area that it now occupies, barring fires, will
become parang in the near future, but at present there are
some areas that are characteristically grass. The consocies
occupies the crests of ridges for the most part, although it is
well developed in the wide, shallow valley reaching back from
Pirapiraso, in land that was more or less in cultivation previous
to the eruption.

The structure of the association is in every way typical of
its normal appearance, that is, a compact close "sod" develop-
ment of grass covering the ground, excluding species ecologic-
ally inferior and often ecologically superior ones also. In the
grassland, especially toward the edges are shrubs and small
trees, which clearly indicate the fate of this association under
undisturbed dynamic conditions. In case of the frequent occur-
rence of fires, this association can maintain itself against the
shrubs and trees, which otherwise will soon come to dominate.
Fires may be set more or less willfully either by tourists or
fishermen.

The only open ground within reach of this association is
the beach and the flats, which this association does not ordinarily
invade. Therefore, in so far as the least devastated region of
the volcano is concerned, this consocies is occupying virtually
its maximum area. Further area can be gained only through
accident to the woody vegetation. In the absence of disturbance
the area of this consocies will gradually decrease, possibly to

IX, c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 413

zero, but more likely not quite so far, as there will be several
situations where the grass can hold forth in the parang.

The Miscanthus consocies of mountain cogon. — The develop-
ment of this mountain consocies is only indicated above 160
meters by the presence of a few isolated clumps of Miscanthus
sinensis near the crests of a few of the ridges near the crater
rim. The plants are dwarfed and exhibit other xerophytic
adaptations.

WOODY PLANTS

Vegetation in which the tree type of growth form prevails
is naturally to be expected, sooner or later, over the greater
part of the island. Whitford, dealing with the vegetation of
the Lamao reserve, has grouped both the trees and the shrubs
under the head of a single association, entitled by him the
Bambusa-Parkia formation, consisting of a climax type and a
parang type, the parang type generally derived from the other
by reduction, brought about by disturbing human influences.
He also recognized that the parang might be a developmental
stage from open ground to the Bambusa-Parkia association.

On Taal Island, where only developmental stag;es are present,
many characteristically parang species are present and well
defined successions indicate that the parang can be logically
considered an association.

THE PARANG OR SHRUB-SMALL-TREE FORMATION
THE PARANG ASSOCIATION

This large, heterogeneous, much diversified, conglomerate as-
sociation is a natural one to succeed grass. It is already present
in many localities and actively progressing everywhere. The
association readily splits into a number of consocies, each dom-
inated by a single species. Although at first they seem quite
distinct, many intergradations and mixtures soon take place,
so that separating them as associations would but needlessly
complicate matters. Essentially the association consists of
shrubs and small trees ; the latter may develop to the exclusion
of the others in the course of time. Vines, both woody and her-
baceous, may be present in considerable numbers, but herbaceous
plants are of minor importance. A number of families are re-
presented in parang, but particularly the Euphorbiaceae, Legu-
minosae, Moraceae, and the Apocynaceae, in many of whose
species, except those of the Leguminosae, latex is present. Birds
play an important part in the distribution of the seeds of most

414 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

of these plants. As most birds frequent land which already
has vegetation rather than bare ground, the parang species
are more likely to be found growing in previously vegetated
areas, in spite of the fact that the bare ground seems entirely
suitable. Once the seeds actually effect ecesis, which may often
be difficult in the dense grass, it does not take long for them
to dominate. Height development in either shrubs or trees
cuts off light from the grass, to which the grass can respond
by growing somewhat higher, but soon reaches its limit and
has to give way. The fact that grass dies down to the ground
in the unfavorable season, while shrubs and trees retain their
elevation, makes the struggle ail the more one-sided. Generally
grass can get into a place quicker and obtain a readier start
and so comes to occupy the ground ; but, barring fires, it cannot
hold forth forever where conditions are favorable for the devel-
opment of higher vegetation.

On the slopes of Taal the opportunities for shrub ecesis are
rather great for the grass is in general not dense, and over
large areas decidedly not so. Still most of the invading parang
species do not obtain a foothold in this ground, but seem to
prefer to wait until the grass becomes established and then
drive it out. So shrubs become established in many different
places and furnish many centers of distribution for further in-
vasion of the grassland. With the establishment of shrubs,
larger numbers of birds visit the area and the number of vines
increases very decidedly. In the room afforded under the shrubs
when the grass has been driven out, certain herbaceous plants
find their way and thus the parang association is built up.

As this association now exists on Taal Island it is largely in
the distribution stage, that is, mostly as isolated plants with here
and there little groups. In the northeastern part of the island,
where devastation was least severe, the vegetation obtained an
earlier start and succession is rapidly replacing both the grass
and the parang with species of the Bambusa-Parkia association,
so that at present a large part of the ridges and most of the
valleys are vegetated with woody plants to the exclusion of the
grass. On some of the edges of the ridges even trees from 5
to 6 meters in height have had time to develop. Establishment
of tree covering is going on very much faster with the island
uninhabited, as fire — the greatest accident that normally oc-
curs— is kept at a minimum, thus giving the shrubs a chance.

Greater detail of the parang association follows under the
separate consocies recognized.

Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 415

SHRUB CONSOCIES

The Ficus indica consocies. — This consocies of the parang as-
sociation occurs in the ash of the recently vegetated parts of
the volcano. It appeared during the second rainy season after
the appearance of Saccharum. At present, while it seems to
follow Saccharum, in about as many other places it invades the
open ground. The particular topographical habitats that seem
most suitable for it are the heads of ravines and the steep slopes
of drainage channels, especially near their source. The seeds
are normally avevectant, yet one sometimes wonders just how
they came to be lodged in the particular situations where they
are often found. The seedling develops into a bushy shrub, from
1 to 2 meters in diameter, with very thick, tough, leathery leaves.
From their position the plants obtain little water during the
dry season and the extreme xerophytic adaptations bespeak the
same condition. The peculiar grayish green of the leaves of
Ficus indica makes it possible to locate the heads of the drainage
channels from a distance. The root system is extensive, but
the shoot system is decidedly not in comparison. Everywhere
this species is a pioneer, and one which stands but little com-
petition. Consequently its further distribution is limited to new
fields. Ficus indica was the first of the shrubs to invade the
higher ground and in April, 1914, was the commonest of the
shrubs present on the highest ridges, in addition being the only
'shrub present inside the crater. Occasionally bushes of Psidium
guajava and Ficus ulmifolia appear to be associated with Ficus
indica at lower elevations.

The Tahernaemontana consocies. — A pioneer consocies of small
shrubs which is invading the grassland from many centers of
distribution between altitudes of 15 and 125 meters is charac-
terized by the dominant species, Tabernaemontana subglobosa.
This consocies differs from most of the others in its ability to
invade the crests of ridges, whereas the sides are the usual
points of invasion. The seeds become established both in dense
grass and in the spaces between clumps and the shrubs grow
to a height of 1.5 meters. Although the consocies is best rep-
resented on the fairly steep ash slopes which radiate from the
crater, it is there very likely to be mixed in with other con-
socies. On the crests of ridges it stands out distinctly.

After establishment this species is rather intolerant and so
disappears as taller shrubs or trees invade its areas. Where
fires occur it keeps on by sprouts, thus contributing to the

416 The Philippine Jow^nal of Science 1914

mixture of grassland and parang vegetation that clothes the
northern slopes at lower altitudes.

The Acacia farnesiana consocies. — Readily invading the upper
part of the deltal flats and the lower sides of the ash ridges
in the more devastated areas, as well as the Imperata areas in
the less devastated parts, is a shrub parang consocies dominated
by Acacia farnesiayia. This consocies has started from many
centers of distribution both in grassland and in nonvegetated
areas. It is spreading rapidly, as it is a fast grower, produces
many seeds normally distributed by birds, and is associated with
nitrifying bacteria which make it relatively independent in the
poor soil. Although the leaves are small, the aggregate shade
cast by this species aft^r its branches begin to spread over the
surrounding vegetation soon eliminates the grass and establishes
thicket conditions, which are not easily displaced except by
trees.

The consocies is perfectly typical, containing many individuals
of the dominant species and very little of anything else. In
this area it generally does not enter into pioneer competition
with other parang consocies, but readily invades all grass con-
socies where conditions are at all favorable for the Acacia. Al-
though it mixes with some of the other parang consocies as the
distribution proceeds from the centers, it is not readily dis-
placing any of them, but rather is living conjointly with them.
In spite of the density of the Acacia thicket, there is abundant
opportunity for seedlings of trees to become established. The
gro^vth of these causes the Acacia to become more treelike to
the upper limit of its growth, after which the trees obtain control
of the situation. Like the Tabernaemontana consocies it will
come in on crests of ridges at various elevations, but generally
there it occurs in depressions or potholes or close to the side
of the crest.

The Antidesma consocies. — This consocies of the parang asso-
ciation, a characteristic invader in grassland areas in many parts
of the Philippines, is on Taal but feebly represented as a con-
socies by Antidesma ghesaembilla and Antidesma hunius, asso-
ciated with Callicarpa blancoi, invading grassland on Mount
Mataas-na-golod. These species of plants are represented some-
what more abundantly in the general parang, but apparently
will not be a conspicuous feature in the revegetation of Taal
Volcano.

The Gliricidia consocies. — This easily characterized consocies
of tall shrubs, abundantly present on the mainland, is very poorly

IX, c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 417

represented on the volcano in the vicinity of the former town,
Pirapiraso, by a number of plants of Gliricidia sepium, occurring
in the grassland as parts of the parang association rather than
as a separate consocies. The plants show more than usual
xeromorphy.

The Morinda consocies. — On Taal Island, Morinda bracteata
fills a somewhat different role than customary. In addition
to being one of the dominant species in the general parang,
it characterizes a consocies which invades unvegetated ground in
the eastern and southern parts of the island. In appearance
it differs from Ficiis indica in being dark green. It alternates
with Ficus indica in pioneer parang invasion, but the distri-
bution of Morinda on the island is more limited. It differs from
Ficns indica in readily being assimilated as a unit in general
parang.

TREE CONSOCIES

The Trema consocies. — The Trema consocies is one of a group
of parang consocies in which small trees rather than shrubs
are the dominant species. While this consocies may invade open
ground, and frequently invades grassland, it is particularly suc-
cessful in young thickets. The dominant species, Trema am-
boinensis, is a very rapid grower and a very intolerant tree.
Once started it soon outstrips other trees and then may obtain
dominance in the area. If it were more tolerant, it might
establish itself longer and better, but it seldom lasts more than
one generation as a dominant tree. More usually this tree does
not obtain controlling dominance in a^- area, but is only one
among several trees, coming into notice so particularly on ac-
count of its very rapid growth which gives it a decided start.

The tree seeds abundantly and sprouts easily. Although there
are large numbers of seedlings in certain of the ash-covered
slopes of the northern side of the island the largest trees, many
of which are from 25 to 30 cm in diameter and 7 meters high,
are sprouts which have come up from old trees buried beneath
the ash. This was particularly demonstrated along an erosion
channel which was filled with ash which was later washed away
exposing sprouts 20 cm in diameter from a trunk 35 cm in
diameter. The Trema consocies becomes mixed up with others
before very long and so merges into the general parang, which
may include trees of Trema for a long time.

The Cordia consocies. — The consocies dominated by the tree
Cordia myxa is present on a number of the northern slopes, being
established on the sides of ridges just below the crest, where

418 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

it readily forms groves of trees. It is not usually exclusive, and
tends to become one of a number of dominant trees in a parang
area. As it is fairly tolerant it can drive out less tolerant
species and with its heavy crops of seeds is rapidly pushing into
and superseding the grass areas.

The Pithecolobiitm consocies. — The parang consocies dominated
by Pithecolohium dulce is fairly abundant and widespread on
the island, occurring especially on the crests of ridges. It is
most abundant in the northeastern region, developing as small,
often bushy trees up to about 4 meters high. In April, 1914,
the seed crop was very heavy. Many birds were noticed eating
the sweetish, white, popcorn like arillus surrounding the seeds.

Pithecolohium mixes with Acacia to a considerable extent, but
the Acacia is a pioneer in more different places and particularly
at higher elevations. The shade from Pithecolobium readily
eliminates any grass which is present. This consocies starts
most frequently in rather open grassland but later may mix with
the other consocies in a general parang and persist in the more
xerophytic places.

GENERAL PARANG

As indicated above, the parang association is made up of a
number of shrubs and small trees, forming very mixed vegetation
which may be one of the stages leading up to the development
of forest. The association is present on Taal in its distributional
stages. Wherever shrubs or small trees occur they form units
in parang. As certain species appear in one place and others
in another the result is the development of consocies, the sub-
sequent mingling of which brings about the existence of the
general parang. In addition to those species which may charac-
terize separate consocies are certain shrubs, which on Taal at
least always occur as individuals in the general parang, but do
not characterize consocies. The following list includes all such
species and in addition many invading species of the Bambusa-
Parkia association, which have not yet come to dominate :

Species of plants in the pai-ang association.

DOMINANT SPECIES.

Acacia farnesiana. Breynia cernua.

Antidesma bunius. Breynia rhamnoides.

Antidesma ghesaembilla. Bridelia stipularis.

Antidesma rostratum. Buddleia asiatica.

Atalantia disticha. Callicarpa blancoi.

Blumea balsatnifera. Casearia cinerea.

IX, c. 6 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano

419

Species of plants in the parang association — Continued.

DOMINANT SPECIES— Continued.

Clerodendron minahassae.
Cordia niyxa.
Ehretia microphylla.
Erythrina indica.
Ficus cumingii.
Ficus indica.
Ficus nervosa.
Ficus tinctoi-ia.
Ficns uhnifolia.
Fluggea virosa.
Gliricidia sepiutn.
Glochidion triandrum.
Macaranga tanarius.

Abrus precatorius.
Canavalia ensiformis.
Capparis horrida.
Capparis micracantka.
Celastrus paniculata.
Cissampelos pareira.
Cidsus repens.
Cissus trifolia.
Deeringia baccata.
Derris polyantha.
Dioscorea bulbiferu.
Dioscorea pentaphylla.
Elaeagnns philippensis.
Gymnema pachyglossum.
Hevnttia sublobata.

Morinda hracteata.
Moving a oleifera.
Muntingia calabura.
Phyllanthus reticjilatus.
Pithecolobium duke.
Pipturus arborescens.
Psidiu7n guajava.
Senieca7'pus cuneiforniis.
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Tabernaeinontana snbglobosa.
Trerna amboinensis.
Wendlandia luzoniensis.

VINES.

Ipomoea obscura.
Ipomoea triloba.
Luff a cylindrica.
Lygodium japonicum.
Mezoneurum latisiliquum.
Momordica ovata.
Mo mo rdica cochinchinen sis.
Operculina turpethum.
Pericampylus incanus.
Phaleria cumingiana.
Quisqualis indica.
Rourea erecta.
Streptocaulon baumii.
Tetrastigma harmandii.
Tournefortia sartnentosa.

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES, WEEDS, AND CULTIVATED SPECIES.

Adiantum philippense.
Ageratum conyzoides.
Amorphophallus campanulatus.
Carica papaya.
Commelina nudiflora.
Datura alba.
Desmodium capitatum.
Desmodium scorpiiirus.
Ipomoea batatas.
Lycopersicum esculen turn.
Manihot utilissima.
Miisa sapientum.
Nephrolepis biserrata.

Odontosoria chinensis.
Onychium siliqulosiim.
Pteris longifolia.
Pteris quadriauHta.
Ricinus communis.
Selaginella sp.
Sida acuta.
Sida rhombifolia.
Tephrosia dichotoma.
Triumfetta bartramia.
Vandellia Crustacea.
Waltheria america7ia.

RELIC SPECIES.

Canavalia lineata.
Imperata cylindrica.
Phragmites vulgaris.

Saccharum spontaneum.
Themeda gigantea.

420 2^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

Species of plants in the parang association — Continued.
INVADING SPECIES.

Albizzia procera. Ficus hauili.

Allaeanthus luzonicus. Litsea glutinosa.

Alstonia scholatis. Maesa cumingii.

Arenga sp. Mallotus moluccanus.

Artocarpus nitida. Melicope triphylla.

Bambusa blunieana. Oroxylum indicum.

Ceiba pentandra. Premna naziseosa.

Celtis philippensis. Sterculia foetida.

Cratoxylon blancoi. Vitex parviflora.

Eugenia jambolana. Wrightia laniti.

THE LOW ALTITUDE TREE FORMATION
THE BAMBUSA-PARKIA ASSOCIATION

This very typical association, formerly well represented on
Taal Island especially in the northern part, as well as upon
all the adjacent islands, now occurs on Taal Island on the north-
eastern cape and on Mounts Binintiang Malaki and Balantoc
in the northwestern region. The bamboo growth form — ^tall,
treelike grasses — is a characteristic part of this association. It
mixes, or alternates, with the Parkia type — moderately tall trees
which are either deciduous or have their transpiration surface
materially reduced for a part or all of the dry season. The
bamboo element is represented on Taal by Bambusa blumeana on
the slopes of Mounts Pirapiraso and Bignay in the northeast
and at the foot of Mount Balantoc near Panipihan in the
northwest. The bamboos must have regenerated from root-
stocks beneath the mud and ashes for there has been no recent
seeding of this species. Spreading by purely vegetative means
is very slow. It will take a very long time for the bamboo
thus to occupy the land apparently very suitable for it. Ba7n-
busa readily displaces any of the parang trees, forming a
thicket of such density that but very few secondary species of
minor importance can develop. The bamboo can be displaced
only at higher elevations where conditions are less suitable for it.

While Parkia timoriana, itself, has not yet invaded the island,
its growth form is represented by other species, particularly
Albizzia procera, Oroxylum indicum, Alstonia scholarns,
Wrightia laniti, Eugenia jambolana, Ceiba peyitayidra, Stercidia
foetida, Celtis philippensis, Mallotus moluccanus, and Ficus
hauili. For a complete list of the species so far present the
reader will note the species listed as invading the parang. Some
of these trees invade the grassland and others the parang, but
seldom do any of them invade unvegetated ground. Their re-

IX, c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 421

lation to Bambusa in this area is evidenced by the fact that the
majority of them occur in or near the areas where the bamboos
also occur. Almost all of the species become higher than the
parang species and so can replace parang. Particularly are they
accomplishing this at lower altitudes. They have equal op-
portunity to invade the areas contemporaneously with parang
species. Generally the parang species make faster initial growth,
but many of the trees soon catch up. Between October, 1913,
and April, 1914, it was very evident that species of this asso-
ciation were rapidly invading many new places in the parang
and more than successfully competing with it in areas already
invaded. In the absence of destructive factors, within a few
years the northern part of the island should be vegetated with
the Bamhusa-Parkia association. . From there it will gradually
spread along both sides of the island to the southern corner.

THE WEED ASSOCIATION

The weed association is likely to be found in cultivated
ground, after fires, and in clearings, when such areas are better
represented on Taal, but at present in no place does it assume
the appearance of an association. For the most part the weeds
occur isolated in openings in other vegetation or under the partial
shade of some trees. In the absence of cultivated land and the
abundance of cogonal grasses, weeds have but little chance.
Even when once started their brief life period permits them
dominance only for a short time, and they are readily replaced
by other vegetation. The weed association is represented by
scattered plants of Erigeron linifolms, Ageratum conyzoides,
Syyiedrella nodiflora, Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum, Ama-
ranthus spinosus, Heliotr opium indicum, Blumea sp., Emilia
sonchifolia, Vernonia cinerea, Leucas javanica, Po7'tidaca olera-
cea, Scoparia dulcis, and Datura alba.

CULTIVATED PLANTS

Although not a proper association, there are here grouped a
few plants which have persisted from previous cultivation in the
vicinity of the former towns, Bignay, Pirapiraso, Panipihan, and
Binintiang. For the most part these plants are merely growing
in the parang and in course of time will succumb to it. Of these
cultivated plants, Musa sapientum is the largest and the most
abundantly represented at a number of places near the northern
coast of the island. Small trees of Carica papaya occur in a few
places near former houses. The remaining ones were limited
in distribution to the vicinity of Pirapiraso, Ipomoea batatas

422 '^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

is represented by a few plants which appeared to be commencing
their development in December, 1913. There were a few small
plants of the tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum, three plants of
the peanut, Arachis hypogaea (one with partly ripe fruit), a few
plants of cassava, Mmiihot utilissima, a single plant of rice, Oryza
sativa, and one of sincamas, Pachyrrhizns erosus.

While the Bambusa-ParJcia association may well be considered
the logical climax association for the lower altitudes, it is not
the climax for the higher altitudes on the volcano. There is as
yet no evidence, however, indicating the steps nor the climatic
type of vegetation, toward which succession leads.

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES FOUND ON TAAL ISLAND SINCE THE

ERUPTION OF 1911

PTERIDOPHYTA
POLYPODIACEAE

Adiantum philippense L. 6772. Local in a deep ravine. Mount Ragatan.
Nephrolepis biserrata Schott 7378. Local in ravine, Mount Pirapiraso.
Odontosoria chinensis J. Sm. 6849, 6850, 7341. In ravines.
Onychium siliqulosum (Desv.) C. Chr. 6762, 6880, 7373, 7447. Ravines

or rocky bluffs.
Pteris longifolia L. 6769, 7376, 7450. On rocky bluffs or ravine sides;

not conunon.
Pteris quadriaurita Retz. 6776, 7346. Local in a deep ravine. Mount

Ragatan.
Pteris sp. 6765. In a deep ravine.

SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb) Sw. 6760, 7328, 7435. Local in ravines;
not common.

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella sp. 6758, 6882. Local in a few ravines, north side.

SPERMATOPHYTA
PANDANACEAE

Pandanus tectorius Sol. 6851. Four plants, two of which were found
on the strand and two on an ash ridge.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Vallisneria gigantea Graebn. 6703. Submerged aquatic; northern parts.

GRAMINEAE

Bambusa blumeana Schultes f. 6730, 7457. On bottoms and sides of
ravines, northeast cape and at the foot of Mount Ealantoc.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 6805, 7409, Local on wet strand in the
northern parts.

IX, c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 423

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. 6701. Local on the strand.

Digitaria consanguinea Gaud. 6757, 7362. Local on the strand.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 7400. Local on the strand and in pockets.

Imperata cyVmdrica koenigii Benth. 6733. Fairly well distributed in the
northeastern part.

Miscanthus sinensis Andr. 6863, 7398. Very infrequent in isolated
clumps at higher elevations.

Oryza sativa L. One specimen seen.

Panicum caudiglume Hack. 7335. Bottom of deep valley; rare.

Panicum distachyuvi L. 6792. In grassy parang on Mount Binintiang
Malaki.

Panicum re pens L. 6847. Locally abundant in pockets at bluff ends and
on the strand.

Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 6751, 7462. Local on the strand.

Paspalum sp. 7325. Ravine, foot of Mount Mataas-na-golod.

Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Trin. 6745, 6800. Fairly abundant on low
wet areas at the outer ends of ravines.

Saccharum spontaneunx iyidicnm Hack. 6884, 7363, 7405. A very common
grass, widely distributed in virtually all parts of the island where
any vegetation is present, particularly on all slopes and sides of
ravines; a few plants below the rim of the crater on the inside. The
most abundant plant on the island.

Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. 6705, 6796, 6864, 6881. Locally abun-
dant, especially on Mounts Balantoc and Binintiang Malaki.

CYPERACEAE

Bidbostylis barbata Kth. 6780, 6783, 7349, 7408, 7461. A strand plant;

feund also in similar situations elsewhere on the island.
Cypenis compressus L. 6702. Local on the strand.
Cyperus diffusus Vahl. 7380, 7428. Strand plant.
Cyperus distans L. 6801, 7329, 7360. On the strand and in ravines.
Cypems radiatns Vahl. 6704. Local on the strand.
Mariscus stuppeus (Forst.) Merr. 6825, 6848, 7606. On the strand and

in the Phragmites marsh.

PALMAE
Arenga sp. One tree invading parang in north central region.

ARACEAE

Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Bl. 6855. In parang near Pira-

piraso and one plant in a Phragmites marsh.
Pistia stratiotes L. 7464. Floating aquatic washed up along the shore.

LEMNACEAE

Lemna trisulca Hegelm. Washed up on the shore with Pistia.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina nudiflora L. 6868. Trailing herb; grown up through ash in
a ravine near Pirapiraso.

129821 3

424 ^he Philippine Journal of Science nn

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea bulbifera L. 6815, 6915, 7336, 7431, 7437. Woody vine in

parang, particularly in the northeastern part.
Dioscorea luzonensis Schauer. 6788, 6789, 6831, 6835, 7438. Vine in

parang with the preceding.

MUSACEAE

Musa sapientum L., var.? 6823. Local near former towns in the northern
parts of the island.

ULMACEAE

Trema amboinensis BI. 6711, 6718, 6748, 6770, 6782, 6802, 6877, 6891. A
common parang tree in grassland, well distributed over much of the
vegetated part of the island; many seedlings present, but the largest
trees are sprouts from buried stumps.

MORACEAE

Allaeanthus luzonicus F.-Vill. 7375, 7454. Tree, locally invading the

parang.
Artocarpus nitida Tree. 7459. One tree of this rare species invading

parang in north central region.
Ficus cumingii Miq. 6908, 6909, 6910. Small tree in parang. May be

but a variety of F. uhnifolia.
Ficus hauili Blanco. 6854, 7443. A tree, locally invading parang.
Ficus indica L. 6742, 6862. Common shrub or small tree; characteristically

a first invader of the open ground at the upper ends of gullies and

ravines.
Ficus nervosa Heyne. Small shrub in parang.
Ficus tinctoria Forst. 6816, 6834, 6945, 6948 (?), 6949 (?). A tree in

parang.
Ficus ulmifolia Lam., with its many forms. 6799, 6898, 7331, 7429, 7444,

7337. A common parang tree.
Ficus sp. 7410. A tree in parang on Mount Binintiang Malaki.
Streblus asper Lour. 7389. Small tree, local in parang.

URTICACEAE

Pipturus arborescens (Link) Rob. 6713, 6771, 7324, 7352. A small tree in
the parang and in ravines.

AMARANTHACEAE

Aei'ua lanata (L.) Juss. 6738. A few small plants on the wet strand.
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. 6852. A few plants on the strand.
Amaranthu^ spinostis L. 7384. A few small plants on the strand and in

pockets worn in bluffs.
Deeringia baccata (Retz.) Moq. 6746, 6841. Vine in parang; uncommon.

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca oleracea L. 7355. Local on the strand.

I

IX. c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 425

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum L. 7369. Submerged aquatic, thrown up on the
strand.

MENISPERMACEAE

Cissampelos pareira L. 6726, 7432. A vine in the parang.
Pericampylus incanus Miers. 7357. Vine, scarce in parang.

LAURACEAE

Cassytha filiformis L. 7449, 7467. Hemiparasitic vine, loading down

Phragmites in wet strand.
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. 7351. Tree; local on ridges; north

east.

CAPPARIDACEAE

Capparis horrida L. 7370, 7415. A vine in the parang.
Capparis micracantha DC. 6898. A vine in the parang.
Crataeva religiosa L. 6829, 7416. Tree, invading parang.
Polanisia viscosa (L.) DC. 7393. Weed on the strand.

MORINGACEAE

Moringa oleifera Lam. 6944, 7327. Tree; local in parang on Mount
Ragatan.

CONNARACEAE
Rourea erecta (Blanco) Merr. 6712, 7353, 7372, 7445. Vine in parang.

LEGUMINOSAE

Abrus precatorius L. 6830, 7367, 7441. A vine in the parang.

Acacia famesiana (L.) Willd. 6804, 6839. An abundant parang shrub

on the ash slopes and a very successful invader in grass.
Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. 6735, 6737, 6741, 7424. A tree; locally

abundant in places in the northwest which were not exposed to the

full force of the volcano.
Alyscicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 6793, 6795. A vine in the parang on

Mount Binintiang Malaki.
Arachis hypogaea L. 6764. A few plants in the parang near Pirapiraso,

remnants of former cultivation.
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC, formae. 6820, 7338, 7379, 7463. A

variable vine; in both the grassland and the parang.
Canavalia lineata DC. 6853, 6869, 7466. With Ipomoea pes-caprae; a

characteristic vine on the strand.
Cantharospermum scarabaeoides (L.) Baill. 6731, 6899. A vine; local

in the parang or on bluffs.
Crotalaria sp. 6890. Local on the strand.

Derris polyantha Perk. 7412, 7442. A vine in parang on sides of ridges.
Desmodium pulchellum Benth. 6717, 7350. A shrub, invading grassland;

not common.
Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desf. 6775. Herb, in a ravine.

426 I'he Philippine Journal of Science lau

Desmodiuin triflorum (L.) DC. 6781. Low plant, not uncommon in grass-
land.
Desnwdium sp. 7366. Herb, in parang.

Erythrina iyidica Lam. 7386. Tree, in grass on back strand.
Gliricidiu sepiuvi (Jacq.) Steud. A parang tree; very local in grassland

back of Pirapiraso.
Millettia sp. 7390. One plant on a rock in water, east side of northeast

cape.
Mezonewnim latisiliquum (Cav.) Merr. 7460. A vine invading grassland,

north central part.
Pachyrrhi'^us erosus (L.) Urb. A single plant found.
Pithecolohium dulce Benth. 6708, 6752, 6837, 7458. A common tree, in

parang on ridges.
Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. 6824. Abundant on the back strand in

a place near the foot of Mount Binintiang Malaki.
Tephrosia dichotoma Desf. 6876, 6884, 7339. Occasional in grass and

parang on the sides of ridges.
Vigna lutea (Sw.) A. Gray. 6895, 7465. Local on the strand at the edge

of a bluff.

RUTACEAE

Atalantia disticha Merr. 7470. Tree on island next to Taal.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spr. 6860, 7385, 7456. Small tree, in the parang

on ridges.
Antidesttm ghesaembiUa Gaertn. 6723, 6785, 6827, 6887, 7332, 7334. An

abundant small parang tree.
Antidesma rostratum- Tul. 6914, 6951. Small parang tree on Mount

Binintiang Munti.
Breynia comua (Poir.) Muell.-Arg. 6767. Shrub or small tree, in the

parang.
Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. 7440. A single small tree in

parang.
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Bl. 6814, 6905, 6912, 7345, 7446. Common small

parang tree.
Fiuggea virosa (Willd.) Baill. 6719, 6732, 7348. Small parang tree.
Glockidion triandrum C. B. Rob. 7451. Small tree, in parang.
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. 6836, 6842, 7413. Common small

parang tree; seedlings abundant in places on the strand.
Mallotus moluccmms (L.) Muell.-Arg. 7356, 7426. Tree, invading the

parang.
Manihof utilissima Pohl. A few plants near Pirapiraso.
Phyllantkus reticulaUis Poir. 6753, 7371. A shrub in the parang.
Phyllanthns (erythrotrichus C. B. Rob.?) 7423. A single shrub in

parang.
Ricinus communis L. 6813, 6817, 7359. A common herb on the strand.

Occasionally a tree 3 meters high, in the parang in ravines.

ANACARDIACEAE

Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco. 6729, 7403. A small tree or shrub in
the parang on the sides of ridges.

IX. c. 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano 427

CELASTRACEAE

Celastnis paniculata Willd. 7397, 7420, 7468. Vine on trees and shrubs
on the crests of ridges; not frequent.

VITACEAE

Cissiis trifolia (L.) K. Sch. 6807. Vine in parang.

Cissus repens Lam. 6872. Vine in parang.

Tetrdstigma hartnandii Planch. 7381. A vine in the parang; rare.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Muntingia calahiira L. 6740, 7340. Seedlings on the strand and trees in
the parang on the slopes of Mount Ragatan.

TILIACEAE

Triumfetta bartramia L. 6739, 7358. Weed in the parang and on the
strand.

MALVACEAE

Sida acuta Burm. Seedling in a Phragmites marsh.
Sida cordifolia L. 6833. A weed on an adjacent island.
Sida rkombifolia L. 6777, 7353. Weed in the parang, local.

BOMBACACEAE

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. 7387. A few trees in the parang near
Pirapiraso.

STERCULIACEAE

Sterculia foetida L. 6803. Small to fair-sized trees on the outer sides

of Mounts Binintiang Malaki and Pirapiraso.
Waltheria americana L. 6709, 6725, 7434. Weed in the grassland and

parang.

HYPERICACEAE

Cratoxylon blancoi Bl. 6728, 7399. Tree, sprouting from buried stumps,
local in the northwestern parts.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia cinerea Turcz. 6714, 6830, 6843, 6858, 6888, 7342, 7407. Small
tree; fairly abundant in the parang on sides of ridges.

CARICACEAE

Carica papaya L. 6845. A few scattered plants in ravines in northern
parts of the island in the vicinity of former towns.

THYMELEACEAE

Phaleria cumingiana F.-Vill. 7392. A vine in a parang thicket; infre-
quent.

ELAEAGNACEAE

Elaeagnus philippensis Perr. 6828. Vine in parang; infrequent.

428 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science nu

COMBRETACEAE

Quisqualis indica L. 7419, Vine in the parang; northeast cape.

MYRTACEAE

Eugenia janibolana Lam, 7404, Tree invading parang on the ridges ; one

on Mount Balantoc is a sprout from a 17 cm stump.
Psidium guajava L. 6774, 6911. Common parang tree.

OENOTHERACEAE

Jussieua repens L. 7418. A single plant found floating in a mass of
Vallisneria.

MYRSINACEAE

Maesa cumingii Mez 6763, 7347, 7430. A vine invading parang; seed-
lings present in ravines,

LOGANIACEAE

Bitddleia asiatica Lour. 6721, 6755, 6787, 7377, 7425, Shrub in the pa-
rang; locaL

APOCYNACEAE

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. 7391. Tree in the parang on Mount Ra-

gatan.
Parsonsia (?) 6818. A single small vine in the parang.
Tabemaemontana pandacaqui Poir. 7382, A very few plants on a ridge

to Mount Pirapiraso seem to belong to this species.
Tabemaemontana subglobosa Merr. 6790, 6819, 6821, 6857 (dwarfed),

6873, 6889, 6894, 6907, 7344. Common and widely distributed parang

shrub; invading the Saccharum areas.
Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr. 6759, 6838, 7383, 7411. Tree; invading

parang on sides of ridges,

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Gymnema pachyglossum Schltr. 7368. Vine, in the parang on Mount

Pirapiraso, uncommon.
Streptocaulon baumii Decne. 6743, 6826, 6861, 6892, 6902, 7333, 7436, A

common vine in the grass and parang; widely distributed.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Hewittia sublobata (L, f.) OK. 6773. Vine, local on the strand and in

parang near it.
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir. 6844. A few vines near Pirapiraso,
Ipomoea obscura (L,) Ker, 6810. Vine in parang.
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Roth. 6871. Abundant vine; characteristic of

the strand,
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. 6716, 6744, 6794. Local on the strand and in

pockets in bluffs,
Ipomoea triloba L, Local on the strand in a Phragmites marsh, '
Operculina turpethum (L.) Manso 6870, 7455, Vine; local on the strand.

IX. c, 5 Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcaiio 429

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia myxa L. 6706, 6722, 6786, 6874, 6885, 6901. A common parang

tree; invading grassland.
Heliotropiiim indicum L. 6707, 6811. Weed on the strand.
Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. 6724, 6806, 6879. A vine growing over

strand plants, also in parang on ridges.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe 6727, 6904, 7401. A fairly common shrub in

the parang.
Clerodendron minahassae T. & B. 6809, 6893, 6896, 7427. Shrub; local in

the parang at low elevations in the northwest.
Premna nauseosa Blanco 6797, 7422. Shrub, local in the woods in the

northwest.
Vitex parviflora Juss. 6840. Small tree on Mount Binintiang Malaki near

the lake; not common.

LABIATAE

Leucas javanica Benth. 7330, 7439. Weed; local on the strand.

SOLANACEAE

DaUira alba Nees 6950. Infrequent on the strand and in pockets in

bluffs.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Perhaps remaining from former cultivation

near Pirapiraso.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Lindenbergia philippensis (Cham.) Benth. 6710. A single plant in a
pocket on the face of an eroding bluff. Mount Binintiang Munti.

Scoharia dulcis L. 6734, 6749, 7417. Weed on the strand and on the crests
of a few ridges.

Vandellia Crustacea (L.) Benth. 7374. Weed, local in grassland.

Vandellia pusilla (Willd.) Merr. 6784, (6798?). Local on lava strand.

BIGNONIACEAE

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. 6946, 7395. An occasional tree invading
the parang in the northwest and the northeast.

RUBIACEAE

Morinda bracteata Roxb. 6866, 6867, 6895. Fairly common as isolated
clumps both in the grass and at the heads and edges of erosion gullies.

Oldenlandia sp. 7402. Local on Mount Binintiang Malaki.

Spermacoce hispida L. 6768, 6779, 7452. Local on the strand.

Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. 6856, 7448. Shrub; local on sides of ravines
and on a ridge near the crater rim.

CUCURBITACEAE

Citndhis vulgaris (L.) Schrad. 7388. Local on the strand.

430 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

Luffa cylindrica Roem. 6822. Vine in thickets, Mount Binintiang Malaki.

Momordica charantia L. 6754. Vine; local in the parang.

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. 6878, 6886. Common vine

in both grass and parang.
Momordica ovata Cogn. 6865, 6906, 7354, 7421. With the preceding and

doubtfully distinct from it.

COMPOSITAE

Ageratum conyzoides L. 6766, 6791, 7365. Weed, not uncommon.
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Two seedlings and one small shrub on the

northeast cape in April, 1914.
Blumea sp. 7433. Weed, on crest of a ridge.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. 6715, 6900. Locally abundant on strand.
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. 7326. Weed, present in one locality.
Erigeron linifolius Willd. 6756, 7394. Weed, now present under trees.
Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum C. B. Clarke 7396. Weed, five plants on

crest of Mount Balantoc.
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Weed in parang; not common.
Vemonia cinerea (L.) Less. 7364. Weed, on the strand and adjacent

grassland.
Wedelia biflora (L.) DC. 6778, 6897, 7414. Common on the open strand

and in all the associations living on the strand.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The last eruption of Taal Volcano culminated January 30,
1911, resulting" in the devastation of the island by a rain of hot,
acid, mud and ash. Before revegetation could take place, the
excess of acid had to be leached out of the soil and reseeding take
place. This occupied a little more than a year. With the com-
mencement of the second rainy season revegetation began to take
place rapidly. By the end of the third rainy season, virtually
all of the northern third of the island was vegetated, the densest
vegetation being in the northeastern and northwestern corners.
With the exception of Mount Binintiang Munti in the extreme
southern corner and a very few places near the shore on the
east and the west coast, the rest of the island was bare.

2. While in a few protected situations revegetation consisted
of the sprouting of buried stumps, more than 99 per cent of the
vegetation is the result of seeding.

3. Invasion took place first along the shore by plants with
water-dispersed disseminuls. Soon after, the wind-distributed
seeds of cogon grasses developed, forming grassland, which was
barely established before birds brought in seeds of vines, shrubs,
and small trees, which invaded the grass.

4. With so much available ground, given areas have been in-
vaded by representatives of more than one association. Com-
petition among individuals has led to the localization of succession

IX. C, 5

Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Volcano

431

to many small areas. The extension in all directions from these
centers gives expression to the general succession.

5. As the vegetation back from the shore of the mainland to
the west and southwest was devastated, seeds were not furnished
for dispersal by the southwest winds, wherea.s the northeast
monsoon winds, blowing over area but little affected, furnished
seeds to the northeastern exposure of the island. There revege-
tation has been most pronounced.

6. The structure of the vegetation is quite simple, censisting
of nine associations in three genetic series. The water along
the shore contains aquatic plants, low damp areas are vegetated
with marsh plants, and the strand with strand plants. The
slopes up to the crater are generally vegetated first with grasses
and then with shrubs and small trees (parang). At least at
lower altitudes the parang is being followed by trees and treelike
grasses (bamboo).

7. Progress in revegetation is now very rapid. The following
table gives a summary of the species of higher plants found on
the island up to April, 1914 :

Families.

Genera.

7

25
111

Species.
9

32
138

Pteridophyta ..

3

10
44

Spermatophyta:

Total

57

143

179

Mosses, lichens, algae, and fungi were exceedingly poorly rep-
resented.

8. In contradistinction to Krakatoa, ferns are but a very
minor element, due to the comparative lack of them on the
neighboring mainland, the exceeding dryness of the island, and
the low altitude of the volcano. Taal agrees with Krakatoa in
that water- and wind-distributed species appeared before bird-
distributed species. The time element is much smaller on Taal
because the distances involved are less. The distances from
Taal Island to the nearest points on the mainland are as follows :
North to Talisay, 6.3 km; northeast to Banadero, 7.7 km; east
to Lipa Point, 5 km; south, 13 km; southwest to Pansipit, 7.5
km ; and west to Baiios Point, 3.2 km.

9. On account of the relative accessibility and the government
prohibition against inhabitation the island presents excellent
opportunities to study natural revegatation to its best advantage.

I

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

Plate III

Map showing the revegetation following the eruption of 1911. Map adapted
from Adams, Geological Reconnaissance of Southwestern Luzon. Philip.
Joum. Sci. 5 (1910) Sec. A.

Plate IV

Diagram showing climatic conditions. (From Weather Bureau records.)

Plate V
Diagrams showing the successions exhibited between the plant associations.

Plate VI

Fig. 1. Dead stumps in the top of which seedling trees, Ficus indica and
Macaranga tanarius, are growing. East coast of the northeast
cape. April 21, 1914.

2. The northeast cape from Mount Ragatan, showing Mounts Pirapi-
raso and Bignay covered with parang and trees. Bamboos are
present in the gullies. The valley in the middle of the picture is
vegetated with Iniperata. April 19, 1914.

3. Southward from Mount Bignay. Mount Ragatan on the extreme

right center of the picture, back of it Mount Pinag-Ulbuan,
vegetated with Ficus indica and Morinda bracteata. East of the
latter, in the center of the background, is an old crater. The
vegetation of the foreground is largely Saccharum with a few
shrubs and small trees. April 19, 1914.

Plate VII

Fig. 1. Westward from C 6 on the map. Mount Pinag-Ulbuan with

Morinda and Ficus indica on the left, Mount Mataas-na-g-olod

with Saccharum and parang in the background on the right.

The upper part of the delta in the foreground with clumps of

Saccharum. April 19, 1914.

.^ 2. Southwestward up the valley to the crater rim from the southern

t slope of Mount Mataas-na-golod. Vegetation at low altitudes

V; is Saccharum. On Mount Pinag-Ulbuan, on the left are parang

shrubs in addition to Saccharum. Note also the erosion! April

j^ 20, 1914.

3. Southwestward from Mount Pirapiraso showing a valley with
Imperata. On the other side is Mount Ragatan with parang
and trees, beyond and more to the right is Mount Mataas-na-
golod with Saccharum and parang. Toward the left in the
extreme background is a part of the crater rim. April 19, 1914.

433

I

434 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science

Plate VIII

Fig. 1. A deltal flat in the north central region, showing the sparse devel-
opment of the Phragimtes association. Mount Tibag in the
middle on the right and back of it Mount Binintiang Malaki.
October 25, 1913.

2. Looking northward from near the crater rim toward Mount Tibag

in the north central region. Vegetation almost entirely Saccha-
riim spontanum. October 25, 1913.

3. Eastward from Mount Binintiang Malaki. The horseshoe ridge,

Mount Balantoc, in the foreground, back of it the north central
region. The rounded peak on the left is Mount Mataas-na-golod
and to the right of it is Mount Pinag-Ulbuan. April 18, 1914.

Plate IX

Fig. 1. The foot of Mount Balantoc near the former town of Panipihan.
Vegetation is mostly bamboo and trees. April 1'8, 1914.

2. South fi-om the summit of Mount Binintiang Malaki. Beyond Mount

Balantoc is a basin with a lake. In the background is the crater
with its high southern wall. In the extreme background is Mount
Macolod on the mainland. In the background on the Tight from
the crater are Mounts Tabaro, Saluyan, and Binintiang Munti.
April 18, 1914.

3. From the southern crater rim northwestward across the crater,

showing Mounts Balantoc and Binintiang Malaki. April 20, 1914.

Plate X

Fig. 1. The crest of Mount Balantoc. The heavily vegetated, left-hand side
is away from the crater. Mount Sungay in the extreme back-
ground on the mainland. April 18, 1914.

2. A regenerated tree, Sterculia foetida, on the lower lee slope of Mount

Balantoc near Binintiang. Note also the indications of a former
fence! April 18, 1914.

3. A portion of the crater wall on the northeast showing a shrub of

Ficus indica within the crater. April 20, 1914.

/

Gates: Pioneer Vegetation ok Taal Volcano.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci.. IX, C, No. 5.

PLATE III. REVEGETATION OF TAAL VOLCANO FOLLOWING THE ERUPTION OF 1911.

t

^n

Gates: Pioneer Vegettation of Taal Volcano.]

[Phil Joubn. Sci., IX, C, No. 5.

PLATE V.

DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE SUCCESSIONS EXHIBITED BETWEEN THE PLANT
ASSOCIATIONS ON TAAL VOLCANO, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1914.

The approximate distribution in altitude Is shown by the extent of the lines with reference to
the scale on the left. The relative abundance of the associations at various altitudes is indicated
by the thickness of the lines. Arrows pointing above the horizontal indicate succession to a
higher genetic association.

Gates: Pioneer Vegetation of Taal Voloano.I

[Phii.. JoiRN. Sci.. IX, C. No. 5.

?r-.

^■jp*

^M^

Fig. 2.

<

Gates: PiosKhJt Vkc.ktathin hk Taal Volcano. 1

[Pun.. .loi'RN. Sn.. IX. C. No. 5.

Fig. 2.

Fio. 3.
PLATE VII.

Gates: PioNKKJi Vk(^rtation ok Taai. Volcano,]

(Phil. .Ioi-rn. Scl, IX, C. No. 5.

Gates: Pionekji

NEKJt Vk<;etati'>n "F Taal Volcano.!

[Fh!i.. JoiRS. Sri.. IX. C, No. 5.

k

Fig. 2.

<.•■•«'

Gates: PioNEtx Vegetation ok Taal Volcano.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., IX, C, No. 5.

Fig. 1.

^^^^S^^^^^^L^iEf*^^Cw^jL^^9

4

uf j.^^P'' ■ " '*• ^

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

PLATE X.

I

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 5, September, 1914.

\

HAWAIIAN FERNS COLLECTED BY M. L'ABBe U. FAURIE

By Edwin Bingham Copelano

(From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines,
Los Bancs, P. I.)

More than three years ago, M. I'Abbe Faurie placed in m^''
hands a remarkably complete collection of the ferns of Hawaii,
which he made during the years 1909 and 1910. Partly because
of the pressure of other duties, and partly because I understood
that two other students of ferns were preparing general pub-
lications on the ferns of the Hawaiian Archipelago, I postponed
the careful study of this collection until recently. One of these
works has now been published,' and it is my understanding that
the other work in question has been given up.

The fenis of the Hawaiian Islands have probably received
from Doctor W. J. Hillebrand ■ more careful study than any man
has ever given to those of any other limited area in the tropics.
Lying as they do on a main route of the world's travel, the
Hawaiian Islands have from early times been visited by many
collectors, and for this reason, as well as because of the long
sojourn of Doctor Hillebrand in the islands, their ferns are
particularly well known. On the one hand, the admirable de-
scriptions in Doctor Hillebrand's Flora make the study of these
ferns easier than they would be if they came from almost any
other part of the tropics. On the other hand, the ferns of
Hawaii constitute in themselves a group of phenomenal difficulty.
The isolated position of the Archipelago has resulted, in several
genera, in the development of a flora altogether peculiar and
local. Thus in the ferns, we have two genera, Diellia and Sad-
leria, each with a considerable number of species which have
unquestionably been developed locally from a common ancestor.
In both cases, the ancestor can be fixed with a considerable
measure of certainty and exactness.

' W. J. Robinson, The Ferns of the Hawaiian Islands, BuU. Torrey Bot.
Club 40 (1913).

= W. J. Hillebrand, Flora of Hawaii (1888).

435

436 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science i-ju

The local development of a series of forms, which has taken
place in the two genera just mentioned, has taken place also
in the large genus AsjAenium, apparently from a number of
immigrant ancestral forms, and with the result that the derived
groups have developed until they overlap, and the differentia-
tion of groups, and the assignment of species and forms to the
different groups, is onlj'- possible to a person who has something
like the complete knowledge of the flora which Doctor Hille-
brand possessed.

In both Aspleninm and Sadleria, I have ventured to describe
new species, and in Aspleninm I have raised some of his forms
to specific rank. The most of the species which I describe
as new in this paper are, I believe, plants which Doctor Hille-
brand had not seen. It must be remarked that the Abbe Faurie
is himself a collector of very long experience, that he is a good
student of ferns, and that he devoted himself for about a
year and a half wholly to the collection of the Hawaiian plants.
Even in a land where the ferns have been as well studied as in
Hawaii, it would be very strange if the Abbe Faurie had not
succeeded in finding a number of previously unknown plants.
In fact, knowing as I do the work of Abbe Faurie, I consider
the small number of new spyecies which I can find in this collec-
tion almost as strong a testimonial as is Hillebrand's own work
to the thoroughness with which Doctor Hillebrand has covered
his field. Almost all of the species described by Doctor Hille-
brand, and a wide range of forms which are not treated as
species, are found in the Faurie collection.

It was once raised as an objection to systematic botanical
work even on the Philippine flora, and has since been raised
against work with plants coming from without the Philippines,
that the opportunities for careful work of this kind in a place
as remote as the Philippine Islands are hardly sufficient to
justify the dangers which must result from hasty publication
or publication without proper facilities. For the work with
these Hawaiian ferns, I have had available, in the library of
the Bureau of Science, every publication which I have known
I would like to consult with the exception of the volume on ferns
by Brackenridge in the report of the United States Exploring
Expedition. I have previously consulted the Brackenridge vol-
ume, in the library of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, and
have made some notes from it, but would be very glad to have
had continued access to this work. Hawaiian ferns are rep-
resented in very considerable number in the herbarium of the

IX. c. 5 Copeland: Hawaiian Ferns 437

Bureau of Science and in my own herbarium. These specimens
go back to collectors as old as Gaudichaud, and include a con-
siderable number collected and determined by Hillebrand him-
self. Of recent collections, we have one sent in exchange by
the Bishop Museum to the Bureau of Science ; a collection made
by H. M. Curran, then of the Forestry Bureau of this Govern-
ment, during a visit to the Hawaiian Islands; a few specimens
collected by Doctor Bartsch of the United States Bureau of
Fisheries ; a collection recently sent to me by the Hawaiian Board
of Forestry, and determined at the same time as the Faurie
collection; and the plants which I have been able to collect on
two personal visits to the mountains near Honolulu. In the
older collections, I have fortunately had an especially large rep-
resentation of species of Asplenium, sent to me by the courtesy
of the Royal Botanic Garden at Berlin. Another evidence of
the quality of the Faurie collection is furnished by the fact, that,
among all the other recent collections in my possession, there
is only one fern, the assignment of which to an old and recognized
species is even doubtful.

In this collection there appear three cosmopolitan ferns not
hitherto collected in Hawaii. These are:

ATHYRIUM ESCULENTUM (Retz.) Copel., Kauai.

ADIANTUM CUNEATUM L. & F., Fmane No. 15^, Kauai, Kealea.

PTERIS LONGI FOLIA L., Faurie No. 45, Maui, Wailiku.

The descriptions of the new species, and the other changes
of name which seem to be called for, are as follows :

ATHYRIUM MARGINALE (Hilleb.) Copel. comb. nov.

Asplenium marginale Hilleb. Flora Hawaii (1888) 613.

Diplazmm, C. Chr. Index Filicum (1905) 235.
Faurie No. 291, Oahu, Punaluu, Alt. 800 m.
ATHYRIUM MAUIANUM Copel. sp. nov.

Rhizomate verosimiliter erecto, apice paleis castaneis (haud
nigris) nitidis lanceolatis ca. 6 mm longis m.inute striatis integris
vestito ; stipite 35 cm alto, f usco, glabro ; fronde "polystichoidea,"
50-60 cm alta, 25-30 cm lata, acuminata ; pinnis brevi-stipitatis,
infimis quam sequentibus paullo longioribus, usque ad 20 cm
longis, 3 cm latis, acuminatis, | ad costam pinnatifidis, infimis
solummodo rhachin versus angustatis, aliis e basi truncato vel
subcordato sensim angustatis ; segmentis acroscopicis quam basis-
copicis ubique longioribus, oblongis, obtusis, serrulatis, mem-
branaceis, glabris, sinubus inter lobos angustis; venis sat re-
motis, simplicibus, in dentes desinientibus et ibidem saepe fal-
catis; soris medialibus, brevibus, latis; indusio angusto.

438 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

Faurie No. 296, Maui, Makawao, alt. 800 m.

Differs from Athyrium Fenzlianuvi in the scales, from A. marginale
in the absence of reduced basal pinnules, and from A. deparioides in the
sharp and narrow sinuses. In essential characters it agrees more nearly
with A. kaalaanum, but the two are so extremely unlike in appearance
that, in the absence of intermediates, I cannot combine them. I have tried
to identify this fern with Diplazitim sandwichense Presl, Epim. 85, but

can not reconcile Presl's "pinnis obtusis basi superiore

rotundato truncatis inferiore acutissimis" with my plant.

From the Royal Botanical Garden at Berlin, I have a fragment collected
by Gaudichaud, supposed to be Diplazium sandwichense. It does not fit
Presl's description very perfectly and is more like Athyrium Fenzlianum
than A. mauianum ; the type was collected by Meyen.

ATHYRIUM KAALAANUM Copel. sp. nov.

Species A. japonico (Thunb.) Copel. affinis, rhizomate brevis-
simo, erecto, radices multos emittente ; stipitibus confertissimis,
5 cm altis, basin versus paleis laete brunneis lanceolatis deciduis
vestitis, stramineis et brunneis, carnosis; fronde 10-15 cm alta.
3-5 cm lata, acuminata, basi vix angustata, rhachi gracile sub
lente minute squamosula, parte apicale tertia pinnatifida, infra
eam partem pinnata pinnis adnatis, parte inferiore tertia ad
mediam pinnata pinnis stipitatis; pinnis adscendentibus, liberis
interdum h ad costam pinnatifidis, lanceolatis, obtusis, basi plus
minus truncatis; lobis integris, infimo basiscopico interdum
praestantiore ; lamina glabra, atroviride, membranacea; soris
brevibus, medialibus, oblongis; indusio atrobrunneo angustis-
simo et deinde facile invisu.

Faurie No. 29i, Kauai, Kaala, Nov. 1909.

Unquestionably related to Athyrium japonicum, from which it differs
chiefly in rhizome and indusium. The rhizome of A. japonicum is often
veiy short but still prostrate and the stipes not nearly so crowded as in
this plant. Baker in the Synopsis, p. 235 of the second edition, states that
"a similar plant grows in the Sandwich Islands;" but according to Hille-
brand this reference is to A. Fenzlianum which is really a very distinct
fern. A. kaalaanum may possibly be Hillebrand's var. "de pauper atum" of
A. marginale.

SADLERIA FAURIEI Copel. sp. nov.

Caudice ignoto; stipite 45 cm alto, castaneo, basi paleis fulvo-
castaneis nitidis linearibus 2 cm longis duriusculis dense obtecto,
sursum rhachique glabris; fronde ca. 50 cm alta, 35 cm lata;
pinnis sessilibus, acuminatis, 15-20 cm longis, 20-25 mm latis,
fere ad costam pinnatifidis, infimis paullo brevioribus ; segmentis
approximatis, 4-5 mm latis, plerumque falcatis, obtusis vel acu-
tis, apicem versus minute crenulatis, glabris, coriaceis; venis
inconspicuis ; soris a costa | ad apicem protensis, lineari-oblongis,
paginam baud complentibus.

I

IX. c. 5 Copeland: Hawaiian Ferns 439

Faurie No. 95, Oahu, Kalihi, alt. 600 m.

Nearest to Sadleria cyatheoides, but with broader segments and very
much harsher scales. These have a deep chestnut middle line, and in the
lower part paler margrins.

ASPLENIUM POLYODON Forst.

Faurie No. 22U, Kauai, Holokele, alt. 600 m.; No. S12, Hawaii, Glenwood,
alt. 600 m.

In form this is very like some specimens of Asplenium pseudofalcahim,
but the venation and sori are closer. There is no proliferation, and the
texture is such that it is not to be expected. These specimens agree per-
fectly with specimens from New Zealand, and Samoa, bearing the name
A. falcatum Lam. Our Australian specimens are uniformly more slender.
I use Forster's name because I am not convinced that the Polynesian and
Indian plants are identical. A falcattwi is reported from Java, Borneo,
and Celebes, but our large collections from Java and Borneo do not contain
it. If I knew the plants of Forster and Lamarck to be identical, I would
use Lamarck's name in deference to long usage. If I were using the name
Aspleniuvi adiantoides, it would be in Lamarck's sense.

ASPLENIUM COOKII Copel. sp. nov.

Species gregis A. caudati Forst., rhizomate repente, valido,
paleis atrogriseis; fronde grande, angusta; pinnis incisis, pin-
natifidis vel pinnatis, papyraceis; soris longis (interdum plus
quam 1 cm), divergentioribus.

Faurie No. 232, Kauai, Waimea, alt. 1,000 m, Feb., 1910, Type; bipinnate,
with oblanceolate rather than obovate pinnules, narrowly cuneate below,
and the apices narrowed or rarely truncate, and finely toothed. No. 227,
Hawaii, Glenwood, alt. 600 m, is almost certainly the same, but the rhizome
is wanting.

In my opinion, the following less cut plants may be referred to this
species: Nos. 222, Hawaii, Glenwood, alt. 600 m; 226, Hawaii, Maunakea,
alt. 2,000 m; 217, Maui, Makawao, alt. 700 m; 308, ibidem, alt. 800 m;
229, Molokai, Pakoo, alt. 800 m; and 223, Molokai, Kamalo, alt. 1,000 m.
These represent Asplenium spathulinum of Hillebrand's Flora, p. 604, which
is not a tenable name for the Hawaiian plants. Robinson,^ discussing A.
caudatum, says "Hillebrand separates Knudsen lUl and H8 as A. spathuli-
num on the basis that the pinnae in these specimens are more deeply incised
than in the others." That Hillebrand never intended to separate the two
species on this character alone, or mainly, is sufficiently indicated by his
including under A. caudatum his "var. sectuvi."

I have given to this species the name of the famous explorer who dis-
covered the Hawaiian Islands and met his death there.

ASPLENIUM SECTUM (Hilleb.) Copel. comb. nov.

Asplenium caudatum Forst. var. sectum Hillebrand Flora Hawaii
(1888) 603.
Faurie No. 286, Maui (a monstrosity) ; Nos. 460, i6I, Kauai, Waimea,
alt. 1,000 m.

'Bull. Terr. Bot. Club 40 (1913) 213.

129821 4

440 The Philippine Journal of Science lau

Well described by Hillebrand, and surely related to the Asplenium cau-
datum of Hawaii, but still amply distinct. The upper end of the frond
shows its connection with A. cmidatum, which would hardly be recognized
from the middle and basal parts.

ASPLENIUM MIRABILE Copel. sp. nov.

Rhizomate ignoto; stipite ca. 50 cm alto, glabro, nitido, fere
nigro; fronde oblonga, 1 m alta, utrinque angustata, glabra,
papyracea, rhachi atro-viride ; pinnis stipitatis, utroque latere ca.
35, inferioribus sterilibus ca. 8 cm longis, 1 cm latis, e basibus
subobliquis sensim angustatis, ubique oblique inciso-lobatis, lobis
truncatis emarginatis; medialibus 20 cm longis, 5-8 cm latis,
valde acuminatis, ad alam angustam oblique pinnatifidis; seg-
mentis infimis 6-14 mm longis orbicularibus vel obovatis, plerum-
que truncatis, medialibus 4-7 cm longis, anguste lanceolatis, e
basibus late adnatis sensim angustatis, late serratis, superioribus
anguste oblongis emarginatis; venis vix conspicuis, sat distan-
tibus; soris 5-8 mm longis, in segmentis angustis costulae sub-
parallelis, in segmentis latis divergentibus ;

Faurie No. 2S9, Kauai, Keihia, alt. 300 m, Jan., 1910.

In spite of its nakedness, I am inclined to group this fern with Asplenium
horriduTTi because of the similarity of the lower pinnae. The two agree
in texture and venation. Even the topmost pinnae are much more cut than
those of A. caiidatum.

ASPLENIUM NEPHELEPHYLLUM Copel. nom. nov.

A. dissectum Brack, var. kauaiense Hilleb. Flora of Hawaii (1888)
606.
Faurie No. 266, Kauai, Waimea, alt. 1,000 m.

Aside from the exceedingly narrow ultimate divisions, this differs from
Asplenmm schizophyllum C. Chr. (A. dissectu7n Brack.) in having the
rachises of the pinnae naked, and winged well toward the base. The
texture is thinner (thin-membranaceous) and the more conspicuous veins
do not reach the tips.

ELAPHOGLOSSUM FAURIEI Copel. sp. nov.

Elaphoglossum, E. gorgoneo simile, rhizomate minus crasso
et stipitibus minus confertis, paleis nigris, nitidis, lineari-lanceo-
latis, rectis, rigidis, integris, cellulis earum elongatis regularibus.

Faurie No. 33, Molakai, P^ikoo, alt. 600 m.

The specimen sent me has sterile fronds 15 to 20 cm long and 4 to 5
cm wide, with moderately decurrent base, on stipes 3 to 5 cm long; the
fertile frond is 20 cm long, 2 cm wide, on a naked stipe 20 cm long. The
margin is less evidently distinct in texture than in E. gorgoneum.

ELAPHOGLOSSUM CRASSICAULE Copel. sp. nov.

Species gregis E. gorgonei, rhizomate fere 1 cm crasso, paleis
eis E. Fauriei similibus; stipitibus frondis sterilis 2 cm, frondis

IX, c, 5 Copeland: Hawaiian Ferns 441

fertilis 8-10 cm altis, validis; frondibus plantae in manu frag-
mentariis, parte frondis sterilis 30 cm alta, 7.5 cm lata, usque ad
apicem dilatata, deorsum sensim usque ad pedem fere truncatam
angustata, baud decurrente ; f ronde fertile sensim ad alam brevem
angustata ; venis plerisque infra marginem anastomasantibus,
margine baud byalina.

Faurie No. U27 , Kauai. My specimen probably does not include more
than half of the sterile frond.

The "gorgoneum" group in Hawaii is far from being as simple as might
be supposed from its freedom from specific names. Of these, there seem
to be only two, given to Acrosticimm gorgoneum Kaulf. and Aconiopteris
obtusa Fee. These I believe to be the same plant, although Christ (Mon-
ograph, p. 49) would distinguish them and place them in different groups.
Acrostichum pellucido-marginatum Christ is not a Hawaiian plant, and may
well be a good species. A. Viellardii Mett. (Cf. Hooker. Sp. Fil. 5: 255)
has long, slender petioles and but slightly decurrent blades.

The paleae of Elaphoglossum usually furnish excellent diagnostic char-
acters, and seem never to have received discriminating attention from writers
on the Hawaiin ferns of this group. The E. gorgoneum of Christ's Mon-
ograph has rather broad paleae with crisped or ciliate margins. Fee does
not describe the paleae of A. obtttsa, but his figure indicates that they are
of this type. We have Hawaiian specimens of this plant, collected by
Faurie, Bartsch, the Hawaiian Board of Forestry, Forbes, and Curran.
These paleae are brown, usually dark-brown, in color, and their cells are
for the most part short and irregular. Hillebrand, on the other hand,
describes the paleae as long, stiff, linear-lanceolate and entire. These are
all truer of the two species described above, than of the plants I call E.
gorgoneum. But Hillebrand says the paleae are dark-brown while both
of these species have them very distinctly black.
LINDSAYA MACRAEANA (H. & A.) Copel. comb. nov.

Davalia macraeana H. & A. Bot. Beechey's Voyage (1832) 108.
Odontoloma, Brack. (1854).

The Philippine Journal op Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 5, September, 1914.

SERTULUM BONTOCENSE: NEW OR INTERESTING PLANTS

COLLECTED IN BONTOC SUBPROVINCE, LUZON,

BY FATHER MORICE VANOVERBERGH, 11

By E. D. Merrill'

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory,

Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

The first paper of this series was published in June, 1912,- and
essentially the present contribution is like the first, consisting
chiefly of the descriptions of new species of flowering plants
that have been detected in the material submitted by Father
Vanoverbergh for identification within the past two years.
Seventeen species are proposed as new, in the genera Adel-
meHa, Calophyllum, Croton, Dysoxylum, Flaconrtia, Illigera,
Leea, Loranthus, Psychotria, Pygeum, Ranunculus, Rub'us,
Saurauia, Schefflera, Sophora, and Trichosanthes. Polygala
longifolia Poir. is for the first time credited to the Philippines.

ZINGIBERACEAE

ADELMERIA Ridley
ADELMERIA OBLONGA sp. nov.

Species A. paradoxae (A. bifidae) simillima, differt capitulis
oblongis, cylindraceis, usque ad 15 cm longis, 4 ad 6 cm diametro,
labellum integrum.

About 2 m high, glabrous. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, pale
and shining when dry, 30 to 40 cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide, the
apex slenderly subcaudate-acuminate, base narrowed, acute;
ligule very large and prominent, ovate to oblong-ovate, up to
6 cm long, subcoriaceous. Heads terminal, solitary, simple,
somewhat recurved or nodding, cylindric, oblong, 10 to 15 cm
long, 4 to 6 cm in diameter (when somewhat flattened in drying) ,
rounded, each subtended by one or more reduced leaves. Bracts
coriaceous, imbricate, brown when dry, obovate, about 4 cm long,
2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, rounded-truncate, sometimes slightly retuse,
rather laxly imbricate. Bracteoles utricular, compressed, 3.5

' Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines.
= Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 71-107.

448

444 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

to 4 cm long, laterally keeled, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes
irregular, ovate, acuminate, up to 1.5 cm long, glabrous, each
inclosing two flowers. Calyx tubular, about 3.5 cm long,
glabrous, usually 2-lobed, the lobes ovate, acuminate, irregular,
0.8 to 1.5 cm long. Corolla white, the tube fleshy, slender,
cylindric, about 3.5 cm long, externally usually slightly pubescent
above, the lateral lobes ovate, acuminate, about 12 mm long, 8
mm wide, the upper (inner) one similar but thicker, externally
slightly pubescent. Lip broadly ovate, entire, somewhat acumi-
nate, externally slightly pubescent, about 12 mm long, 10 mm
wide, about 15-nerved, adherent to the stamen below. Stamen
about 8 mm long, 2.6 mm wide, adherent to the lip below, the
connective produced about 1.5 mm, ovate, deeply cleft. Stigma
obovoid, 1.5 mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 3108, April, 1913,
along streams, altitude about 1,500 meters.

The third species of this endemic genus to be found, differing from both
the previously described ones in its much longer, cylindric, oblong, not
globose or ovoid heads. In appearance it most closely resembles ADEL-
MERIA PARADOXA (Ridl.) (Hornstedtia paradoxa Ridl. 1905, Ebneria
bifida Ridl., and Adehneria bifida Ridl. 1909), but in addition to the
characters indicated above differs from that species in its entire lip, and
slightly pubescent corolla. The head, so far as its shape and the bracts
are concerned strongly resembles the inflorescence of Hedychium coronarium
Koenig.

LORANTHACEAE

LOR A NTH us Linneaus
LORANTHUS EUCALYPTIPHYLLUS sp. nov. Dendrophthoe,

Species L. haenkeano affinis, differt foliis lanceolatis, falcatis
vel subfalcatis, longioribus, usque ad 23 cm longis, floribus long-
ioribus, circiter 4 cm longis.

A parasitic shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence, the
branches terete, light-gray, smooth, shining, the ultimate ones 4
to 5 mm diameter. Leaves alternate, rather distant, lanceolate,
subfalcate to strongly falcate, 17 to 22 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide,
very thickly coriaceous, pale, somewhat shining, and of about
the same color on both surfaces when dry, brittle, the base acute
or somewhat acuminate, gradually narrowed above the middle
to the somewhat acuminate apex; lateral nerves about 7 on
each side of the midrib, ascending, very obscure or nearly ob-
solete; petioles 2 to 3 cm long. Inflorescence in the upper axils,
solitary, apparently erect or ascending, a compound umbel about
10 cm in diameter, many-flowered, the peduncle somewhat pu-
berulent, about 3 cm long, the primary branches numerous,

IX, c, 5 Merrill: Sertidum Boatocense, II 445

densely gray-puberulent, 1 cm long or less, each bearing two
lateral, sessile, and one median shortly pedicelled flowers, each
flower subtended by a puberulent, ovate-oblong bracteole 2 mm
long or less. Flowers 5- and 6-merous. Calyx densely pube-
rulent, somewhat cylindric, truncate, narrowed below, about 5
mm long, 2 mm in diameter. Corolla red and yellow, sparingly
puberulent externally, cylindric, 3 to 3.5 cm long, the reflexed
portions of the lobes above the insertion of the stamen about 7
mm long. Anthers lanceolate, about 4 mm long, continuous with
the short filament.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1505, December 4,
1912.

A species in the same group with Loranthus haenkeanus Presl, and
manifestly allied to that species, which it greatly resembles. It differs
in its much narrower, longer, falcate leaves, and in its considerably longer
flowers. The leaves are remarkably like those of some species of Eucalyptus,
in the group with E. tei'eticomia Sm., in shape, texture, and color, from
whence its specific name.

RANUNCULACEAE

RANUNCULUS Linnaeus
RANUNCULUS LAXUS sp. nov.

Caulis erectis, dichotomis, usque ad 50 cm altis, plus minusve
hirsutis; foliis longe petiolatis, 3-sectis, segmentis usque ad 3.5
cm longis, serratis, hirsutis, petiolulatis ; floribus longe pedicel-
latis, flavis, circiter 8 mm diametro, sepalis reflexis; capitulis
subglobosis vel ovoideis, 6 ad 8 mm diametro; carpellis glabris,
laevis, circiter 3.5 mm longis, curvato-apiculatis.

An erect, perennial, dichotomously branched herb about 50
cm in height, the lower part of the stem, the petioles and to
a less degree the leaves more or less hirsute with long, scattered,
spreading hairs, the stems striate, up to 3,5 mm in diameter
below, much smaller above, the branchlets nearly glabrous or
only sparingly appressed-hirsute. Leaves long-petioled, all the
lower ones divided into three, separate, petiolulate segments, the
petioles up to 8 cm long, those of the uppermost leaves much
shorter, the petiolules 4 mm long or less; segments sparingly
hirsute, elliptic-ovate, 2 to 3.5 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide, narrowed
below to the acute base and above to the acute or somewhat
acuminate apex, the margins in the upper one-half coarsely and
irregularly serrate. Uppermost leaves bract-like, lanceolate, not
lobed, about 1.5 cm long. Flow-ers few, yellow, about 8 mm in
diameter, their pedicels 2 to 4 cm long. Sepals oblong, mem-
branaceous, obtuse, reflexed, outside with very few, widely scat-

446 1'^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

tered hairs, 3-nerved, 3 to 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Petals
yellow, oblong-elliptic, rounded, 5-nerved, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm
wide, base somewhat narrowed, the basal scale orbicular, 0.3
mm in diameter, 0.5 mm from the base of the petal. Filaments

1 to 1.5 mm long; anthers elliptic-ovate, 1 mm long. Heads
ovoid to subglobose, 6 to 8 mm in diameter. Achenes compressed,
glabrous, smooth, inequilaterally ovate, 3.5 to 4 mm long, about

2 mm wide, the beak short, more or less curved, less than 1
mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 36 A7, May 24, 1913,
along small streams, altitude 1,650 meters,

A species manifestly closely allied to the Australian Ranuncuhis plebeius
R. Br., and to the New Zealand R. hirtus Banks & Sol., the latter reduced
by some authors to the former. It differs from our material of R. hirtus
Banks & Sol., and from the descriptions of both species in being less
hirsute, in its smaller flowers, and in its somewhat larger achenes. The
second species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, and like
RanunucliLS philippinensis Merr. & Rolfe it finds its closest allies in
Australia and New Zealand and not in the much closer Asiatic region,

HERNANDIACEAE

ILLIGERA Blume
ILLIGERA PUBESCENS sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, omnibus partibus plus minusve pubescen-
tibus; foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis subcoriaceis, ovatis, integris,
usque ad 9 cm longis, basi late rotundatis, apice obtusis vel
latissime breviter acuminatis, nervis utrinque 5, supra parce
hirsuto-scabridis, subtus parce hirsutis; infructescentiis elonga-
tis, fructibus 2-alatis, 2 cm longis, cum alis 4.5 cm latis.

A scandent shrub 3 to 4 m in height, all parts more or less
pubescent, the branches striate, rather softly pilose, terete.
Leaves 3-foliolate, their petioles about 7 cm long, rather densely
pubescent at the somewhat swollen base and at the apex. Leaf-
lets ovate, entire, subcoriaceous, 7 to 9 cm long, 5 to 6 cm wide,
slightly shining when dry, the lower surface somewhat paler
than the upper, the base broadly rounded, the apex obtuse or
very broadly, obscurely, blunt-acuminate, upper surface some-
what hirsute-scabrid, the lower hirsute, especially on the midrib
and nerves; lateral nerves 5 on each side of the midrib, dis-
tinct; petiolules densely pubescent, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Flowers
not seen, but apparently in cymes, each cyme subtended by a
leaf. Inf ructescence leafless, about 40 cm long, forming a rather
narrowly pyramidal panicle, the branches spreading, distant, the

IX, c, 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 447

lower ones up to 12 cm long, all parts rather softly pilose with
pale-brownish hairs. Fruits 2 cm long, 2-keeled, 2-winged, very
sparingly pilose or glabrous, the fruit proper about 5 mm wide,
the wings chartaceous, brown, shining, rounded, the total width
of the fruit with the wings about 4.5 cm, the wings broadly
rounded.

Luzon, Subprovince of Lepanto, near Cervantes, Vanoverbergh 21S5,
November 12, 1912, in thickets along streams.

A species quite different from the other Philippine forms, and ap-
parently not previously described. The pubescence of the leaves and
inflorescence is characteristic. Unfortunately it cannot, in the absence
of flowers, be referred to its proper section.

ROSACEAE

PYGEUM Gaertner
PYGEUM RAMIFLORUM sp. nov.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque dense
f errugineo-pubescentibus ; foliis coriaceis, ellipticis ad oblongo-
ellipticis, usque ad 8 cm longis, breviter acuminatis, basi acutis
ad rotundatis, baud glandulosis, subtus ferrugineo-pubescentibus
ad costa nervisque; inflorescentiis paniculatis, axillaribus, e
ramis defoliatis, 2 ad 3 cm longis, dense multifloris; floribus
6-meris; ovario villoso; staminibus 18 vel 21.

A small tree, 3 m high according to the collector, the young
branches and leaves, petioles, the inflorescences, and the lower
surfaces of adult leaves on the midrib and nerves densely fer-
ruginous-villous. Older branches terete, glabrous, grayish or
brownish. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, 6 to 8
cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, entire, apex shortly acuminate, base
acute to rounded, not glandular, the upper surface becoming
glabrous or nearly so, somewhat shining, the nerves impressed,
the lower surface much paler, brownish, prominently ferruginous-
villous on the midrib and nerves ; lateral nerves about 8 on each
side of the midrib, very prominent; petioles densely pubescent,
about 8 mm long; stipules oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, very
densely pubescent, caducous. Panicles solitary or somewhat
fascicled, axillary, from the older branches (5 to 6 mm in
diameter or more) below the leaves, densely ferruginous-villous,
2 to 3 cm long, branched from the base, rather densely many-
flowered. Flowers yellowish, their pedicels 1.5 to 2 mm long,
the bracteoles elliptic-ovate, concave, 2.5 to 3 mm long, the \>eA-
icels, bracteoles and calyces very densely ferruginous-pubes-

448 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i^u

cent. Calyx funnel-shaped, about 4 mm long, the lobes 6,
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 mm long, the alternating petals oblong
to oblong-obovate, thinner, obtuse, villous, 1 to 1.5 mm long.
Stamens 18 or 21; filaments 3 to 5 mm long, slightly villous
below, glabrous above; anthers 1 mm long. Ovary narrow,
densely villous, tapering above into the style which is densely
villous below and glabrous above, the ovary and style about 5
mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 2820, April 4, 1913,
in forests, altitude about 1,500 meters.

A characteristic species, recognizable by its eglandular leaves which
are comparatively small and few-nerved, and its rather congested, pan-
iculate, short inflorescences which are borne on the larger branches below
the leaves, not on the ultimate branchlets.

RUBUS Linnaeus
RUBUS VANOVERBERGHII sp. nov. § Malachobatus, Alceaefolii.

Frutex scandens, 2 ad 3 m altus, ramulis petiolisque dense
pubescentibus, parce aculeatis; foliis suborbicularibus ad orbi-
culari-reniformibus, usque ad 9 cm longis, chartaceis, pallidis,
late et obscurissime 3- vel 5-lobatis, denticulatis, supra subglabris,
subtus leviter ciliato-pilosis ; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis
vel fasciculatis, racemosis, 3 ad 5 cm longis, paucifloris, dense
fulvo-villosis, sepalis lanceolatis, acuminatis, petalis orbicularis,
6 mm longis.

A scandent shrub 2 to 3 m high. Branchlets and petioles
densely pubescent with soft, elongated, rather pale-brownish
hairs, and sparingly aculeate with short, straight or curved spines
less than 1 mm long. Leaves simple, suborbicular to orbicular-
reniform, chartaceous, pale when dry, 4 to 8 cm long, about as
wide, the base very broadly cordate, the apex rounded, obscurely,
broadly, and shallowly 3- or 5-lobed, the margins sharply den-
ticulate, dull, the upper surface glabrous or slightly pubescent
along the nerves, the lower surface sparingly villous on the nerves
and reticulations, with very few minute spines on the main
nerves, the nerves about 5 from the base, radiate, straight, prom-
inent, the reticulations very distinct; petioles 3 to 4 cm long;
stipules falling early, lanceolate, 6 mm long, somewhat laciniate
at the apex, the divisions few, about 2 mm long. Inflorescence
axillary, solitary or somewhat fascicled, racemose, 3 to 5 cm long,
densely pale-fulvous villous, few-flowered, the bracteoles oblong,
pubescent, 8 mm long divided to about the middle into slender
segments. Calyx densely fulvous, the pedicels short, the seg-

IX, c. 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 449

ments lanceolate, long and slenderly acuminate, somewhat
laciniate, 5 to 6 mm long. Petals white, orbicular, rounded, 6
mm in diameter, the claw short, about 1 mm long. Filaments
3.5 mm long; anthers 1 mm long. Carpels glabrous, inequilat-
erally and narrowly ovoid, the styles 6 mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 2683, Febiniary 13,
1913, in forests, altitude about 1,700 meters.

Not closely allied to any known Philippine species, well characterized
by its obscurely and shallowly lobed, suborbicular, rounded, cordate leaves,
and by its short, few-flowered racemose inflorescence. It is probably as
closely allied to the Malayan Rubus alceaefolius Poir. as to any other
.species.

LEGUMINOSAE

SOPH OR A Linnaeus
SOPHORA PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov. § Eusophora.

Frutex erectus 0.5 ad 2 m altus, pubescens; foliis 10 ad 20
cm longis, foliolis 17 ad 23, oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongis, mucro-
natis, 1.5 ad 4 cm longis; racemis solitariis, subterminalibus, 8
ad 20 cm longis, multifloris ; floribus circiter 12 mm longis, vexilla
violacea, anguste obovata ; staminibus basi plus minusve connatis.

An erect, pubescent shrub 0.5 to 2 m high, the older branches
terete, glabrous, dark-colored, the younger ones densely ferru-
ginous-pubescent. Leaves alternate, 10 to 20 cm long, pubescent,
the rachis densely so; leaflets 17 to 23, opposite, oblong-elliptic
to oblong, 1.5 to 4 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide, narrowed below
to the acute or subacute base and above to the slenderly
mucronate apex, both surfaces prominently pubescent ; the lateral
nerves obsolete or very obscure ; stipules linear, about 7 mm long.
Racemes terminal or opposed to the terminal leaf, solitary, erect,
pubescent, 8 to 20 cm long, many-flowered; pedicels pubescent
3 to 4 mm long; bracteoles linear, pubescent, about 6 mm long.
Calyx campanulate, about 8 mm long, 6 mm in diameter at the
mouth, the teeth broad, base narrowed, pubescent externally.
Standard violet, curved, narrowly oblong-obovate, 5 mm wide, 12
mm long, apex rounded or somewhat retuse, glabrous or nearly
so; wing and keel petals similar, their claws slender, 4 mm long,
their laminas oblong, rounded, about 8 mm long, 3 mm wide,
white. Stamens 10, the vexillary one free, the others more or
less united near the base for the lower 1 to 3 mm, about 10 mm
long; anthers ellipsoid, 1 mm long. Ovary cylindric, densely
villous, about 6 mm long, 1.8 mm in diameter, its stipe 1.5 mm
long; ovules about 10; style, somewhat tapering upward, slanted

450 The Philippine Journal of Science leu

but not curved, glabrous or nearly so. Pod densely subferru-
ginous-pubescent, 8 to 10 cm long, 5 mm in diameter, or less, in
the thicker parts terete or very slightly compressed, long-acumi-
nate, torulose, with from 2 to 4 distant seeds.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1223, 2612 (type),
May, 1912, 1913, on hill sides, altitude about 1,450 meters: Subprovince
of Benguet, Kias trail, Sandkuhl 124, August, 1913.

An ally of Sophora japonica Linn., but with more numerous leaflets.
It differs from most of the species in the genus in its stamens, with the
exception of the vexillary one, being distinctly united at the base.

MELIACEAE

DYSOXYLUM Blume
DYSOXYLUM FLORIBUNDUM sp. nov. % Eudysoxylum.

Arbor circiter 8 m alta, partibus junioribus plus minusve
pubescentibus ; foliis alternis, usque ad 40 cm longis, foliolis 14
ad 24, oblongis, falcatis, acuminatis, subtus parce pubescentibus
vel subglabris, axillis venarum barbatis; paniculis axillaribus,
quam folia brevioribus, angustis, multifloris; floribus 9 mm
longis, 4-meris, tubus stamineus cum petalis ca. ^ coalitis, petalis
extus glabris, intus minutissime puberulis.

A tree about 8 m high, the older parts nearly glabrous.
Branches grayish-puberulent, the yonger parts and the very
young leaves rather densely so. Leaves alternate, 25 to 40 cm
long, the petioles and rachis very minutely pubescent; leaflets
14 to 24, oblong, opposite or subopposite, firmly chartaceous
or subcoriaceous, 6 to 13 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, strongly
falcate, acuminate, the base very strongly inequilateral, acute,
the midrib much nearer the lower margin then the upper, the
upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower a little paler, sparingly
pubescent, bearded in the axils; lateral nerves 10 to 13 on each
side of the midrib, distinct, usually forked, obscurely anasto-
mosing, the reticulations lax, not prominent; petiolules 2 to 3
mm long. Panicles axillary, solitary, 20 to 25 cm long, 4 to
7 cm in diameter, the branches 4 cm long or less, rather densely
many-flowered, slightly pubescent. Flowers 4-merous, greenish-
white, sessile or subsessile, the bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate,
1 mm long or less. Mature buds cylindric, about 9 mm long, 2
mm in diameter. Calyx 2 mm in diameter, 1 to 1.5 mm high,
shallowly cup-shaped, broadly 4-toothed, • slightly pubescent.
Corolla glabrous externally, 4-lobed, the lobes 4 to 5 mm long,
obtuse, recurved in anthesis, the lower one-third to one-half
adnate to the staminal tube, the reflexed part minutely gray-
puberulent inside. Staminal tube cylindric, about as long as the

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 451

petals, slightly enlarged above, truncate, obscurely crenulate,
slightly pilose externally in the exposed part, inside very slightly
pilose-hirsute. Anthers 8, elliptic-oblong, 1.2 mm long, attached
near the apex, included, but their tips nearly reaching the
summit of the tube. Disk cylindric, 4 mm long, somewhat
hirsute, apex obscurely crenulate. Style as long as the calyx-
tube, hirsute below, glabrous above ; stigma depressed-globose, 1
mm in diameter.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, along small streams, altitude
about 1,500 m, Vanoverbergh H70, September 12, 1912.

A species manifestly in the same group with and allied to Dysoxylum
forsteri C. DC. of Australia and Polynesia, and to D. mnelleri Benth., of
Australia, but quite distinct from both.

POLYGALACEAE

POLYGALA LONGIFOLIA Linnaeus

POLYGALA LONGIFOLIA Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5 (1804) 501; Chod. in
Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 31 (1893) 358.

Poly gala leptalea DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 325.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Vanoverbergh 17i5: Province of Nueva
Vizcaya, Bur. Sci. 201S5 McGregor. Mindanao, District of Cotabato, Ma-
kar, Copeland s. n.

Not previously reported from the Philipines. India, Java, and northern
Australia.

EUPHORBIACEAE

CROTON Linnaeus
CROTON COLUBRINOIDES sp. nov.

Species C. caudato afRnis, differt omnibus partibus, floribus
exceptis, glabris vel subglabris.

An erect or suberect shrub about 2 m high, glabrous or nearly
so. Branches terete, glabrous, smooth, grayish-brown, the
younger ones reddish-brown. Leaves broadly ovate, very simi-
lar in shape, size, and appearance to those of Coluhrina asiatica
Rich., subchartaceous, green, shining, 5 to 7 cm long, 3 to 5
cm wide, glabrous, or when young with very minute, scattered,
stellate hairs on the lower surface, the base very broadly trun-
cate-rounded, with two stipitate glands, 5-nerved, the apex
sharply acuminate, the margins distinctly crenate-serrate ; lat-
eral nerves above the base 2 or 3 on each side of the midrib,
reticulations lax; petioles 1.5 cm long; stipules linear, 5 mm long.
Raceme terminal, simple, erect, nearly glabrous, about 12 cm
long, many-flowered. Flowers white, mostly staminate, a few
pistillate ones near the base of the raceme. Staminate flowers
7 to 8 mm in diameter. Sepals elliptic-ovate, acute, 3.5 to 4

452 ^'^<^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

mm long, pubescent only near the apex. Petals oblong to oblong-
oblanceolate, membranaceous, about 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide,
the margins lanate. Disk lanate. Stamens about 12 ; filaments

3 mm long, glabrous; anthers very broad, about 1 mm long
Pedicels glabrous, 5 to 6 mm long. Pistillate flowers in general
similar to the staminate ones. Sepals ovate, acuminate, 5 mm
long. Ovary densely pubescent, broadly ovoid; style-arms about

4 mm long, glabrous.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 3107, April 25,
1913, on hillsides, altitude about 1,300 meters.

A species similar to and manifestly allied to Croton caudatus Geisel.,
diifering especially in being nearly glabrous throughout, with the exception
of the flowers. In vegetative characters the plant very strongly resembles
the widely distributed Coluhrina asiatica Rich., from whence its specific
name.

VITACEAE

LEE A Linnaeus
LEEA EUPHLEBSA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus; foliis decompositis, circiter 50 cm
longis, glabris vel foliolis junioribus subtus ad costa leviter
ciliatis; foliolis numerosis, chartaceis, ovatis ad oblong-lan-
ceolatis, in siccitate brunneis, 5 ad 12 cm longis, caudato-acum-
inatis, basi acutis vel obtusis, nervis reticulisque prominentibus ;
inflorescentiis ad 20 cm diametro, in alabastro minoribus, densis,
pubescentibus ; floribus 5-meris, rubris.

A shrub about 2 m high, except the inflorescence glabrous or
nearly so. Leaves decompound, up to 50 cm long, the lower
pinnae up to 40 cm in length, glabrous or the younger leaves
slightly ciliate on the midribs beneath, eglandular; leaflets
brownish when dry, dull or slightly shining, the lower surface
a little paler than the upper, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 12
cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, chartaceous, the base acute or obtuse,
the apex slenderly caudate-acuminate, the margins prominently
serrate, each third or fourth tooth usually larger than the others ;
petiolules slenderly but distinctly winged, the wings subundulate
or somewhat crisped; lateral nerves 10 to 12 on each side of
the midrib of average and larger leaves, fewer in smaller
leaves, very prominent on the lower surface, anastomosing, the
reticulations slender, subparallel, distinct. Inflorescence in bud
or early anthesis 4 to 6 cm in diameter, dense, densely brown-
pubescent, in full anthesis open, lax, up to 20 cm in diameter,
the branches divaricate, the older parts sometimes nearly glab-
rous. Flowers red, 5-merous, the bracteoles triangular-ovate,

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 453

acuminate, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Pedicels stout, about 1 mm long.
Calyx glabrous, 3 mm in diameter, the lobes broadly ovate, 1
mm long, acute. Petals red, the corolla 4 mm long, the free
parts of the petals oblong-ovate, acute, about 3 mm long. Tube
3 to 3.5 mm long, ovoid to subglobose, 5-lobed at the apex the
lobes entire, rounded. Anthers 1 mm long. Ovary glabrous.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Father M. Vanoverbergh hl^k^ April
to October, 1910, on hillocks, altitude about 1,400 meters.

A species manifestly allied to the widely distributed Leea sambucinn
Willd., from which it is distinguished by its very prominently nerved leaves
and its very narrowly but distinctly winged petiolules.

DILLENIACEAE

SAURAUIA Willdenow
SAURAUIA BONTOCENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, 3 ad 6 m altus, ramulis subtus foliis
inflorescentiisque plus minusve setosis; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-
ellipticis, usque ad 25 cm longis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus
parce setosis, acuminatis, basi obtusis ad rotundatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 18, valde prominentibus ; inflorescentiis e ramis
vetustioribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, paucifloris, depauperato-
paniculatis, bracteatis, 4 ad 6 cm longis; floribus 5-meris, petalis
circiter 15 mm longis.

An erect shrub or small tree, 3 to 6 m high. Branches stout,
terete, brown, glabrous or nearly so, the younger ones rather
densely covered with appressed or somewhat spreading, brown,
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 mm long, setose scales. Leaves alter-
nate, oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, 15 to 25 cm long, 7 to 12 cm
wide, the apex shortly acuminate, base subacute or obtuse to
rounded, margins distantly glandular-serrulate, the upper sur-
face brownish or olivaceous, shining when dry, glabrous or nearly
so, the lower surface somewhat paler, slightly shining, more
or less spinulose-setose, especially near the midrib and the pri-
mary nerves ; lateral nerves about 18 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations very prominent,
rather lax; petioles setose, 1.5 to 4 cm long. Inflorescence from
the axils of fallen leaves on the branches below the leaves
(0.8 to 1.5 cm in diameter), solitary or somewhat fascicled, of
depauperate, bracteate panicles 4 to 6 cm long, more or less
setose, few-flowered. Bracts leaflike, 1.5 to 2 cm long, 8 mm
wide, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, irregularly spinulose-
toothed, concave, prominently reticulate, the bracteoles similar
but smaller and oblong to oblong-spatulate, 4 to 10 mm long;

454 ■* The Philippine Journal of Science 1914

pedicels about 10 mm long. Sepals 5, the outer two elliptic,
rounded, sparingly setose and pubescent externally, about 10 mm
long, 6 mm wide, much thicker than the three interior ones which
are petaloid, broadly obovate, rounded to retuse, about 12 mm
long and 10 mm wide, their margins minutely ciliate. Petals
5, white, very broadly obovate, slightly narrowed below, 15 mm
long, 12 mm wide, glabrous, retuse, about 12-nerved. Stamens
numerous; filaments and anthers each about 3 mm long. Style
2 mm long, the arms 5, 3 mm in length.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh UU5, 2555 (type),
April, 1910 and February, 1913, in forests, altitude about 1,700 meters:
Subprovince of Lepanto, near Mancayan, Bur. Sci., 594-7 Ramos, January,
1909: Subprovince of Abra, Bur. Sci., 7098 Ramos, February, 1909. The
name in Bontoc is deguay; in Abra dogdoguay.

Probably most closely allied to Saurauia macgregorii Merr., but with
very much larger flowers and more numerously nerved leaves. The de-
pauperate panicles from the larger branches with their comparatively large
flowers are characteristic.

GUTTIFERAE

CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
CALOPHYLLUM VANOVERBERGH 1 1 sp. nov. § Apetalum.

Arbor parva partibus junioribus gemmisque exceptis glabra;
foliis crasse coriaceis, utrinque concoloribus nitidisque, oblongis,
usque ad 8 cm longis, obtusis, basi acutis; inflorescentiis axil-
laribus, brevibus, depauperato-paniculatis, paucifloris, sepalis 4,
2 exterioribus 6 mm longis, 2 interioribus subpetaloideis, paullo
majoribus; ovario glabro.

A small tree, 3 m high fide Vanoverbergh, nearly glabrous, the
branches terete, stiff, grayish or olivaceous, glabrous, the very
tips of the branchlets sometimes a little pubescent, the buds
brown- or ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves opposite, thickly co-
riaceous, oblong, 5 to 8 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, strongly shining
and of about the same color on both surfaces when dry, the apex
blunt, the base acute or sometimes a little decurrent; lateral
nerves very close; petioles about 1 cm long, at first slightly
pubescent, soon becoming quite glabrous. Inflorescence axillary,
and terminating short lateral branchlets, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long,
the peduncle very short, usually somewhat ferruginous-pube-
scent, bearing at its apex usually three short branchlets, often
also with additional pedicelled flowers. Flowers white, their
pedicels 5 to 10 mm long. Outer two sepals broadly ovate,
obtuse, concave, about 6 mm long, glabrous or slightly pubescent

IX, c, 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 455

on the margins above, the inner two subpetaloid, narrowly obr
ovate, rounded, 8 mm long, the median parts thicker than the
margins. Petals none. Stamens indefinite; filaments 2 to 3.5
mm long; anthers narrowly obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 1.5 to
2 mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, narrowed into the stout, 2
mm long style.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, in forests, altitude about 1.700 m,
Vanoverbergk 1^66, September 12, 1912.

One of the few species of the § Apetalum known from the Philippines.

FLACOURTIACEAE

FLACOURTIA L'Heritier
FLACOURTIA LANCEOLATA sp. nov.

Frutex 3 ad 4 m altus inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; ramis
ramulisque teretibus, lenticellatis, brunneis; foliis coriaceis,
lanceolatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, in siccitate brunneis, niti-
dis, utrinque angustatis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, nei*vis
utrinque circiter 6, tenuibus; floribus s 4-meris, racemosis,
racemis axillaribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, puberulis, petiolo
aequantibus vel paullo longioribus.

A shrub 3 to 4 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches and branchlets slender, terete, brown, rather densely
lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, 5 to 7 cm long, 1.5
to 2 cm wide, rather dark-brown and shining when dry, of nearly
the same color on both surfaces or the lower surface a little
paler than the upper, subequally narrowed at both ends, the
base acute, the apex rather slenderly acuminate, sometimes
slightly falcate, the margins distantly crenulate; lateral nerves
about 6 on each side of the midrib, slender, ascending, anastom-
osing; petioles puberulent, 3 to 4 mm long. Male racemes axil-
lary, solitary or fascicled, dense, cinereous-puberulent, 7 mm
long or less, the flowers 4-merous (rarely 5-merous ?), greenish,
their pedicels about 3 mm long, jointed, the subtending brac-
teoles lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the pedicels. Se-
pals puberulent, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm long, the
basal appendages prominent. Stamens about 30; filaments 2
to 3 mm long, glabrous. Female flowers and fruits unkown.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergk 13JH, July 19,
1911, in forests, altitude 1,690 m.

A species manifestly allied to Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor., but dis-
tinguishable not only by its much smaller, differently shaped leaves, but
also by its shorter, congested, staminate inflorescences, short pedicels, and
apparently smaller flowers

129821 5

456 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

ARALIACEAE

SCHEFFLERA Forster
SCHEFFLERA CHARTACEA sp. nov. {Heptapleavunt.)

Frutex circiter 2 m altus, ut videtur erectus, glaber vel in-
florescentiis parcissime pubescentibus ; foliis petiolatis, palmatim
5- vel 6-foliolatis, foliolis chartaceis, oblongo-ellipticis vel ob-
longo-obovatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, basi acutis, apice tenuiter
caudato-acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 8; inflorescentiis
terminalibus, paniculatis, folia subaequantibus, gracilis; floribus
5-meris, petalis vix 1.5 mm longis.

A species similar to and apparently closely allied to Schef-
flera luzoniensis Merr. differing especially in its chartaceous,
not coriaceous leaves, much more slender, somewhat longer in-
florescence, and much smaller flowers. Erect, fide Vanover-
bergh, glabrous except the very slightly pubescent inflorescence,
about 2 m high. Branches terete, grayish. Leaves alternate,
palmately 5- or 6-foliolate, the petioles rather slender, 5 to 7
cm long. Leaflets variable in shape, oblong-elliptic to oblong-
obovate, 5 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 4 cm wide, entire, the base acute,
the apex slenderly caudate-acuminate, the acumen 1.5 to 2 cm
long, both surfaces somewhat shining and of about the same
color when dry ; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib,
not very prominent, irregular, more or less confused w^ith the
secondary ones; petiolules 1 to 2 cm long. Inflorescence termi-
nal, paniculate, about as long as the leaves, the common rachis
about 1 cm long, slightly floccose-pubescent with deciduous hairs,
bearing about 4 primary slender branches 12 to 15 cm in length.
Flowers in 4- to 7-flowered, slenderly peduncled, lax umbels
which are racemosely arranged on the main branches of the in-
florescence, the peduncles 1 to 1.8 cm long. Flowers 5-merous,
greenish, their pedicels slender, 3 to 4 mm long. Calyx broadly
funnel-shaped, less than 1 mm long, about 1 mm wide, truncate.
Petals 5, oblong-ovate, acute, 1.3 mm long. Filaments about
1.2 mm long. Ovary 5-celled.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, altitude about 1,750 meters, Va7iover-
berg 1789, December 1, 1912, in forests.

Manifestly closely allied to Schefflera luzoniensis Merr., which it greatly
resembles, differing in its thinner leaves, its lax, slender, inflorescence,
and in its much smaller flowers.

RUBIACEAE

PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus
PSYCHOTRIA BONTOCENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra; foliis oblongis ad late oblongo-oblan-
ceolatis, usque ad 20 cm longis, acutis vel obscure acuminatis,

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 457

basi longe angustatis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, nitidis, nervis
utrinque circiter 20, subtus valde prominentibus ; paniculis ter-
minalibus, longe pedunculatis, multifloris, ramis primariis secun-
dariisque subumbellatim dispositis ; floribus circiter 6 mm longis.
A small tree, 3'm high according to the collector, glabrous
or nearly so. Branches terete, light grayish-brown, the ultimate
ones about 4 mm in diameter. Leaves oblong to broadly oblong-
oblanceolate, 15 to 20 cm long, 6 to 7.5 cm wide, chartaceous to
subcoriaceous, the apex acute or obscurely acuminate, base grad-
ually narrowed and acute or cuneate, the upper surface brown-
ish-olivaceous when dry, somewhat shining, the lower much
paler, shining, sometimes slightly pubescent along the midrib;
lateral nerves 20 on each side of the midrib, very prominent
on the lower surface, curved, anastomosing very close to the
margin, the reticulations slender, subparallel, lax; petioles 2
to 3 cm long; stipules not seen, very early deciduous. Inflor-
escence terminal, up to 18 cm in length, usually about 3 peduncles
from each branchlet, the peduncles 8 to 11 cm long, black when
dry, each bearing 5 umbellately disposed primary branches 1.5
to 3.5 cm in length, the tertiary and the ultimate branchlets
also umbellately arranged. Flowers white, usually about 3 on
each ultimate branchlet, their pedicels 1 mm long or less, the
whole inflorescence black when dry. Calyx cup-shaped, about
2 mm long, truncate or irregularly toothed. Corolla-tube cyl-
indric, villous inside, 4 mm long, the lobes 4, oblong, obtuse,
2 mm long, thickened at the apex inside ; anthers 1 mm long.

Luzon, Subpi-ovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 2610. March 9,
1913, along streams, altitude about 1,500 meters.

A species in the group with Psyckotrm banahaensis Elm., but n')t
closely allied to that species. It is characterized by its long-peduncled,
many-flowered inflorescence with its umbellately arranged branches and
branchlets, and its many-nerved, comparatively large leaves.

PSYCHOTRIA VANOVERBERGHII sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra, circiter 4 m alta, ramis teretibus; foliis
oblongo-ellipticis ad late oblongo-lanceolatis, coriaceis, utrinque
angustatis, usque ad 8 cm longis, obscure obtuse acuminatis, basi
acutis, in siccitate nitidis, virdis vel brunneis, nervns utrinque
circiter 15, tenuibus, vix prominentibus ; inflorescentiis terminal-
ibus, usque ad 4 cm longis, paucifloris; floribus pedicellatis,
circiter 6 mm longis.

A small tree, glabrous throughout. Branches slender, terete,
pale-brownish or grayish, the ultimate ones about 1.5 mm in
diameter. Leaves oblong-elliptic to broadly oblong-lanceolate,
about equally narrowed at both ends, the apex shortly blunt-

458 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

acuminate, the base acute, margins slightly recurved, coriaceous,
5 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, when dry shining on both
surfaces, greenish or brownish, or more often the upper surface
greenish and the lower brownish ; lateral nerves about 15 on each
side of the midrib, slender, not prominent, 'anastomosing, the
reticulations lax, obscure; petioles 5 to 10 mm long; stipules
lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 cm long, early deciduous. In-
florescence terminal, about 4 cm long, with two primary branches
from the base, slender, few-flowered, paniculate, the flowers
disposed in threes on the ends of the ultimate branchlets, their
pedicels about 2 mm long. Calyx cup-shaped, 1.5 long and wide,
truncate or obscurely denticulate. Corolla white, the tube cy-
lindric, 4 mm long, villous inside, the lobes 4 or 5, oblong, obtuse,
3 mm long. Anthers 4 or 5, narrowly oblong, 1.5 mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh llhh, 2818 (type),
March 1911 and April 1913, in forests, altitude 1,300 to 1,600 meters.

A species pi-obably as closely allied to Psychotria loheri Elm. as to any
other form, but distinguished by its much more numerous lateral nerves and
longer inflorescence.

CUCURBITACEAE

TRICHOSANTHES Linnaeus
TRICHOSANTHES VANOVERBERGHI I sp. nov. § Eutrichosanthes.

Scandens, dioica, foliis in ambitu late ovatis, 3- vel obscur-
issime 5-lobatis, usque ad 13 cm longis, scaberulis, subtus villo-
sis, bracteis inflorescentiis s oblongo-spatulatis, integris, circiter
8 mm longis ; floribus 9 spicatis, bracteatis ; seminibus turgidis,
obovoideis, lateraliter haud acute appendiculatis.

A scandent, dioecious, herbaceous plant at least 3 m in height.
Branches rather slender, prominently sulcate, slightly pubescent.
Leaves in outline broadly ovate, 7 to 13 cm long, 5 to 11 cm
wide, rather deeply 3-lobed, sometimes with two additional but
obscure lateral lobes, the margins with scattered, rather slender,
prominent teeth, apex acuminate, tips of the lobes acute to ob-
tuse, sinuses usually narrowly rounded, base prominently cordate,
lobes and sinus rounded, the upper surface somewhat scabrid,
the lower hirsute-villous with rather short, stiff, hairs, the leaf,
when dry, chartaceous, not glandular; petioles 2 to 3 cm long,
pubescent. Tendrils up to 7 cm long, forked. Male racemes
axillary, solitary, long-peduncled, about 10 cm long, few-flowered,
pubescent. Bracts oblong-spatulate, obtuse, about 8 mm long,
3.5 mm wide abx)ve, narrowed below. Calyx-tube and pedicels
about 2.5 cm long, pubescent, slender below, widened above
and about 3 mm in diameter at the throat, the lobes reflexed,

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Sertulum Bontocense, II 459

oblong-ovate, slightly acuminate, 4.5 mm long. Petals oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, the fimbriae slender, up to 15 mm long.
Anthers 3.5 mm long, inserted near the apex of the tube, in-
cluded. Female flowers in axillary, solitary spikes 5 to 7 cm in
length, the flowers somewhat crowded toward the apex of the
peduncle, in general similar to the staminate ones, each sub-
tended by a persistent oblong-obovate to obovate bract 8 to 12
mm in length, entire or coarsely toothed, subpersistent. Fruits
ovoid, about 3.5 cm long, glabrous. Seeds obovoid, turgid, about
6 mm long, nearly as wide, very slightly compressed, apex
rounded, base narrowed, with a prominent longitudinal zone, the
sides broadly rounded, obtuse, not with subacute appendages.

Luzon, Subprovince of Bontoc, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1262, June, 1911,
male flowers, 3662 his (type) , June, 1913, with female flowers and fruits.

A species manifestly allied to Trichosanthes himalensis Clarke, of India,
differing in the shape of its fruits, its different seeds, and its oblong-
spatulate to oblong-obovate, mostly entire bracts.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 5, September, 1914.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE EUPHORBIACEAE, 11

By E. D. Merrill'

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of

Science, Manila, P. I.)

The percentage of novelties in current collections as the botan-
ical exploration of the Philippines progresses still continues
to be rather high, especially in those collections received from
regions previously but slightly or not at all explored botanic-
ally. Two years ago the first paper under the above title was
published," in which one new genus and twenty-six new species
were described. In this second paper of the series thirty-five
new species are proposed, and the majority of the specimens on
which the descriptions are based have been collected within
the past two or three years. Notes are included on some of the
older species, while the genus Tragia is new to the Philippines.
New species are proposed in the following genera: Alcinaean-
thus, Antidesma, Aporosa, Bridelia, Cleidion, Cleistanthus, Co-
diaeum, Cyclostemon, Endospermnm, Galearia, Glochidion, Ho-
malantJms, Mallotus, Phyllanthiis, Tragia, and Trigonostemon.

ALCINAEANTHUS Merrill
ALCINAEANTHUS PARVIFOLIUS sp. nov.

Arbor dioica, ramulis junioribus inflorescentiisque exceptis
glabra; foliis ellipticis ad oblongo-obovatis, 4 ad 6 cm longis,
basi acutis, in pagina superiore 2-glandulosis, apice breviter
acuminatis, margine distanter denticulatis, nervis utrinque 4
vel 5; paniculis $ axillaribus terminalibusque, multifloris, an-
guste pyramidatis, usque ad 5 cm longis.

A dioecious tree, according to the collector 20 m in height,
glabrous except the young branchlets and slightly pubescent
staminate panicles. Branches terete, glabrous, grayish-brown,
the young branchlets somewhat cinereous-pubescent or puber-
ulent. Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, firmly chartaceous, 4
to 6 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, brownish when dry, base acute,

■ Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines, Manila,
P. I.

' Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 379-410.

461

462 ^he Philippine Journal of Science 1914

apex short-acuminate, margin distantly denticulate, glabrous,
slightly shining; lateral nerves 4 or 5 on each side of the midrib,
prominent on the lower surface, the reticulations rather close,
distinct; petioles pubescent, 5 to 7 mm long, with two small
distinct glands on the upper surface at the junction with the
midrib, Male panicles axillary and terminal, many flowered,
pyramidal, slightly pubescent, up to 5 cm long. Flowers small,
yellowish-white, the buds globose, 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter, in de-
tail as in AlcinaeantJws philippinensis Merr.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 20586 Ramos, Feb-
ruary, 1913, in forests.

Manifestly closely allied to Alcinaeantkits philippinensis Merr. from
which its differs chiefly in its comparatively small leaves. It is perhaps
but a variety of that species with greatly reduced leaves.

ANTIDESMA Linnaeus

ANTIDESMA PENTANDUM (Blanco) comb. nov.

Cansjera pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 73, ed. 2 (1845) 53; Meisn.
in DC. Prodr. 14 (1857) 519.

Cansjera rheedii Blanco 1. cc. 73, 52, non Gmel.

Antidesma rostratum Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill 5 (1851) 218; Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. 1' (1859) 426; Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15' (1866) 257;
F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 191; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 143,
Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 240, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) 38, t. 82, /. G.

Antidesma salicifolium Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 233.

Antidesma leptocladum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1806) Suppl. 78,
Fl. Manila (1912) 288, non Tul.

This species is very common in thickets in and about Manila, and very
manifestly is the form described by Blanco as Cansjera rheedii (non
Gmelin), and as C. pentandra. The latter was compared to the former
by Blanco, differing only in its 5, not 4, stamens. As a matter of fact
Antidesma rostratum Tul. = A. pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. has 3, 4, or
5 stamens, 4-merous flowers being much more common than are the 3-
or 5-merous ones. The species flowers about Manila from April to
July, and is locally known as bignay pogo; this name, however, is applied
to several other species. Antidesma rostratum Tul. was based on specimens
collected in or near Manila by Perrottet and by Baume, in Pangasinan
by Callery, with reference to Cuming's numbers 966, 1246, and 1316.
Other than Antidesma ghesaetnbilla Gaertn. and Antidesma bunius Spr.,
it is the only species of the genus known from the vicinity of Manila.
Cansjera pentandra Blanco was erroneously reduced by F.-Villar' to
Antidesma cunmigii Muell.-Arg., an entirely different species, as comparisons
of the descriptions and specimens show. It is a sylvan form not found
near Manila. Later it was reduced by myself * to Antidesma leptocladum
Tul., due to the fact that I had erroneously determined a whole series
of specimens as Antidesma leptocladum which are properly referable to
A. rostratum,z=A. pentandrum. F.-Villar also reduced Cansjera rheedii

'Novis. App. (1880) 190.

'Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 76.

rx. c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae. II 463

Blanco (non Gmelin) to Antidesma ghesaembilla Gaeitn., in which I followed
him, but this also is a manifest error. Antidesma ghesaembilla Gaertn.
is the species Blanco described as Cansjera grossularioides.

Antidesma salicifolium Presl was based on one of the specimens {Cuming
1S16) cited by Tulasne in his original description of Antidesma rostratum.

Antidesma pentandnun (Blanco) Merr. is represented by the following
specimens:

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1S16 (cotype of -4. salicifolium
Presl): Province of Tarlac, For. Bur. 960^, 9606 Zschokke: Province of
Zambales, For. Bur. 6947 Curran: Province of Bulacan, Malinta (for some
years Blanco's home) For. Bur. 6118 Robinson <& Merritt: Province of
Rizal, Merrill 2678, For. Bur. 5198, 5201 Curran, Phil. PI S7 Ramos,
Decades Philip. For. Fl. 175, For. Bur. 462 Ahern's collector: Province
of Laguna, For. Bur. 11717 Whit ford. Baker 128, Elmer: Province of
Bataan, Merrill 2498, Leiberg 6125, For. Bur. 728, 2058, 3034 Borden,
Whit ford IS 16, Bur. Set. 6158 Robinson: Manila, Marave 86, Loher 465 J,
Normal School 64, 188, 189, 233.

Most of the above specimens have been erroneously determined and the
duplicates distributed as Antidesma leptocladum Tul. Its recorded native
(Tagalog) names are bignay pogo, hinayoyo, binayoyo maching, mala-
binayoyo.

ANTIDESMA PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. var. BARBATUM (Presl)
comb. nov.

Antidesma barbatum Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 233.

Antidesma rostratum var. barbatum Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 ' (1866)
257.

This form is certainly not specifically distinct from Antidesma pen-
tandrum, and appears to differ chiefly in its adult leaves being nearly
glabrous. In general its distribution appears to be more northern than that
of the species, for it extends to Formosa. I refer to it the following
specimens many of which have been distributed as Antidesma leptocladum
Tul., some as A. lobbiaum Muell.-Arg.

Formosa, Henry 1144, 1885. Batanes Islands, Batan, For. Bur. 15285
Agudo, Bur. Sci. 3656 Fenix. Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin, Bur. Sci.
S996 Fenix. LuzON, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 16617 Curran: Province
of Isabela, Bur. Sci. 8079 Ramos: Province of Ilocos Norte, Cximing 1246
(cotype) : Province of Zambales, Merrill 2943, 2975, Bur. Sci. 5041 Ramos:
Province of Tayabas, Whitford 556: Province of Albay, Cuming 966.

Native names recorded are vinai (Batangas), malabignay and bolinog
(Zambales).

ANTIDESMA PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. var. LOBBIANUM (Tul.)
comb. nov.

Antidesma rostratum Tul. var. lobbianum Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill
15 (1851) 219, in obs.

Antidesma lobbianum Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15' (1866) 254; Rolfe
in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 215; Vid. Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 230.

Luzon, without locality, Lobb 460, in herb. Kew. (cotype) : Manila,
Mer-nll 3477, Loher 4656.

This form should probably be merged in the species, as it appears
to differ from typical Antidesma pentandrum chiefly in having slightly
larger leaves, which may well be due to habitat only. I have examined

464 '^he Philippine Journal of Science 1914

Lobb's specimen in the Kew Herbarium which is indicated as from Luzon,
and which is exactly matched by Loher J^656. It is a well known fact that
Lobb's labels were badly mixed, and although Tulasne's specimen of this
same number was labeled as from Java, this is no indication that the
specimen came from Java, and the same number will be doubtless found
in other herbaria labelled as from Singapore or from Borneo. The fact
that the species, that is Antidesma pentandrum, is very common in Luzon,
and that it has never been discovered in Java ° up to this time is quite
definite proof that the Kew label for Lobb's plant is correct.

It is strongly suspected that Tulasne's chief reason for separating Lobb's
specimen as a variety of Antidesma rostratum was that the latter came
from Luzon, and that the former he supposed, and so far as his specimen
showed, came from Java. Tulasne is certainly correct in placing the
plant with Antidesma rostratum z=: A. pentandrum, and Mueller is certainly
in error in giving to it specific rank and placing it in the alliance with
Antidesma leptocladum Tul. The floral characters are essentially quite
the same as those of A. rostratum=A. pentandrum.

ANTIDESMA PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. var, ANGUSTI FOLIUM var,
nov.

A typo differt foliis minoribus angustioribusque, lanceolatis, 4
ad 7 cm longis, 1.5 ad 2 cm latis, in ^ superiore angustatis.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Elmer 6327 (type), 6320, the former with
staminate flowers, the latter with pistillate ones, both collected May 23,
and in the same locality and habitat. Williams 9U0 apparently represents
the same form.

This variety appears to me to differ from the species chiefly in leaf-
form, and is characterized by its lanceolate leaves which are rather gradually
narrowed above the middle, and which are decidedly smaller that the
average of those of Antidesma pentandrum.

ANTIDESMA LUZONICUM sp. nov.

Arbor parva glabra; foliis firmiter chartaceis, oblongis ad
oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 8 cm longis, basi acutis vel obtusis,
apice late subrostrato-acuminatis, brevissime petiolatis, nervis,
utrinque circiter 5; floribus 9 paniculatis, panicuiis brevibus,
in axillis superioribus, circiter 2 cm longis ; f ructibus in siccitate
valde rugosis, circiter 3 mm longis, gibbosis, stigmate subla-
teralibus.

A small tree about 8 m high, glabrous. Branches and branch-
lets slender, terete, smooth, grayish or brownish. Leaves firmly
chartaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 5 to 8 cm long, 2.5 to 3
cm wide, shining, narrowed below to the acute or obtuse base
and above to the broadly subrostrate-acuminate apex, the acumen
prominent, blunt, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous, the
lower somewhat paler when dry; lateral nerves about 5 on each
side of the midrib, rather slender, anastomosing, somewhat

°J. J. Smith in Koord. & Valeton Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 12 (1910) 290.

IX, c, 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphoi'biaceae, II 465

curved, the reticulations lax; petioles 2 to 4 mm long. Flowers
not seen. Panicles in fruit 2 cm long or less, in the upper axils,
the branches few, somewhat pubescent, the fruits racemosely
arranged, their pedicels short. Fruit apparently red, fleshy when
fresh, glabrous, when dry wrinkled, about 3 mm long, distinctly
gibbous, the stigma sublateral.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Mount Isarog, Phil. PI. 1555 Ramos,
November 24, 1913, in forests.

Allied to Antidesma pleuricum Tul., from which it differs in its shorter,
much narrower leaves and smaller panicles.

ANTIDESMA CLEMENTIS sp. nov.

Frutex subglaber, inflorescentiis leviter ferrugineo-pubescen-
tibus; foliis chartaceis, oblongis ad late oblongo-lanceolatis,
nitidis, usque ad 15 cm longis, basi acutis vel subrotundatis,
apice subcaudato-acuminatis, nervis utrinque 7 vel 8; inflores-
centiis quam folia longioribus, racemosis, simplex, axillaribus
et e axillis defoliatis, bracteis ovatis, brevibus; floribus 4-meris,
calycis usque ad medium divisis; ovario parce hirsuto; stigmate
terminalibus.

A shrub, nearly glabrous, the inflorescence and the midrib and
nerves on the lower surface of the leaves sparingly ferruginous-
pubescent. Branches and branchlets terete, slender, light-gray,
glabrous. Leaves firmly chartaceous, 8 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to
5.5 cm wide, oblong to broadly oblong-lanceolate, both surfaces
shining, the upper glabrous, dark brownish-olivaceous when dry,
the lower much paler, the base acute to somewhat rounded, the
apex slenderly subcaudate-acuminate, minutely apiculate; lateral
nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct, curved-
anastomosing, the reticulations verj' slender; petioles 4 mm long;
stipules not seen, very early deciduous, apparently very small.
Female racemes slender, solitary, simple, up to 20 cm in length,
sparingly ferruginous-pubescent, in the leaf-axils and in the axils
of fallen leaves. Flowers 4-merous, slightly pubescent, their
pedicels 2 to 3 mm long, the subtending bracteoles ovate, obtuse,
pubescent, about 1 mm long. Calyx-teeth 4, broadly ovate, one-
half as long as the calyx or less. Disk sparingly pubescent.
Stigma terminal. Fruit reddish, narrowly ovoid, somewhat
compressed, glabrous, somewhat rugose when dry, about 5 mm
long.

Mindanao, District of Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 339, 88Jt
(type), the former with nearly mature fruits, March, 1906, the latter
with female flowers and very young fruits, January, 1907, in thickets
along streams.

In vegetative characters this species very closely resembles a series of

466 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

specimens from Singapore distributed from the Botanic Garden as Antidesma
cuspidatum, A. moritzii, and A. fallax, all apparently referable to the first
species. From A. cuspidatum the above species differs in its rather short
calyx-lobes and its short ovate bracteoles. From A. moritzii it differs in
its simple racemes, nearly glabrous leaves, and glabrous branches. Similarly
it differs from A. fallax in its simple racemes very much shorter petioles,
and other characters.

ANTIDESMA CURRANII sp. nov.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque exceptis
glaber; foliis subcoriaceis vel chartaceis, oblongo-ovatis vel
oblongis, tenuiter acuminatis, basi acutis vel subrotundatis, usque
ad 15 cm longis, nutidis, subtus pallidioribus, nervis utrinque
7 ad 9, prominentibus ; inflorescentiis $ axillaribus, paniculatis,
floribus 4-meris, racemose dispositis, calycis ad medium divisis,
lobis oblongis, obtusis; fructibus anguste ovoideis, 4 mm longis;
stigmate terminalibus.

A small tree, glabrous except the branchlets and the inflores-
cence. Branches slender, dark-brown, lenticellate, terete, glab-
rous, the growing branchlets slightly pubescent. Leaves oblong-
ovate to oblong, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous, 9 to 15
cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide, the upper surface rather dark-
colored, the lower much paler, both shining, when dry, the base
acute or somewhat rounded, the apex rather slenderly acuminate ;
lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each side of the midrib, prominent on
the lower surface, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct, rather
lax; petioles 1 to 1.4 cm long; bracteoles oblong, pubescent, 3
mm long. Infructescence axillary, solitary, paniculate, 2 to 3
cm long, sparingly pubescent, the fruits racemosely arranged on
the rather short (1 cm) branches, the bracteoles lanceolate,
acuminate, 1.2 mm long, the pedicels about 1 cm long. Fruit
red, narrowly-ovoid, compressed, glabrous, wrinkled when dry,
4 mm long; stigma terminal; persistent calyx-lobes oblong, ob-
tuse, about 1 mm long, more than one-half the length of the
calyx.

Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Baguio, in stream depressions, For.
Bur. 5087 Curran, August, 1906.

A species in the same group with Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.
{A. rostratum Tul.), but not at all closely allied to that form, and ap-
parently not very close to any other known Philippine species. The short,
paniculate, slightly pubescent, solitary, axillary infructescences, and the
slenderly acuminate leaves are characteristic.

ANTIDESMA OBLIQUINERVIUM sp. nov.

Frutex 3 ad 5 m altus, partibus junioribus leviter villosis vel
pubescentibus ; foliis chartaceis vel submembranaceis, oblongo-
ellipticis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, usque ad 10 cm

IX, c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 467

longis, apice acumiiiatis apiculatisque, basi acutis; nervis latera-
libus utrinque circiter 7, plus minusve obliquis, leviter curvatis,
tenuibus, distinctis; stipulis linearis, circiter 4 mm longis;
inflorescentiis s usque ad 7 cm longis, depauperato-paniculatis,
pubescentibus ; floribus spicatis, 4-meris, calycibus leviter lobatis,
lobis late ovatis; staminibus 4; inflorescentiis 9 simplicibus vel
leviter paniculatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, floribus 4-meris, dis-
tincte pedicellatis, stigmate terminalibus.

A dioecious shrub 3 to 5 m high, somewhat villous. Branches
slender, terete, brownish, glabrous, the younger ones pale or
cinereous-pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 6 to 10 cm long, 2
to 4 cm wide, chartaceous to submembranaceous, subequally
narrowed at both ends, the base acute, apex rather slenderly
and prominently acuminate, the acumen apiculate, the upper
surface brownish or olivaceous when dry, glabrous, or the midrib
slightly pubescent, somewhat shining, the lower surface sparingly
pubescent on the midrib and lateral nerves, paler than the upper
surface, slightly shining; lateral nerves about 7 on each side
of the midrib, slender but distinct, somewhat ascending, anas-
tomosing near the margins ; petioles pubescent, 1 to 3 mm long ;
stipules linear, pubescent, acuminate, about 4 mm long. Stam-
inate and pistillate inflorescences numerous, pale-pubescent, up
to 7 cm long, simple or somewhat panicled, the branches of the
staminate spicate, of the pistillate racemose, the flowers of both
numerous, subapproximate but not crowded. Pistillate flowers :
Calyx cup-shaped, about 1 mm long and thick, divided to about
the middle into 4, ovate, acute somewhat pubescent lobes, the
pedicels glabrous, as long as the lanceolate, acuminate, 1.2 mm
long bracteoles. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; stigma terminal, the
arms three, short. Male flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled,
4-merous, the calyx 0.5 mm long, 4-lobed, lobes short, broadly-
ovate; filaments 4, about 1 mm long; bracteoles 0.5 mm long.

Palawan, Merrill 9294- (type), 9295, May 31, 1914, in forests, altitude
about 150 meters, Taytay-Lake Manguao trail; Taytay, Merrill 9336, May
9, 1913, with very young male flowers; near Puerto Princesa, For. Bur.
21491 Fernandez, May 4, 1914, in forests, altitude about 60 meters.

Apparently allied to Antidesma cuspidatum MuelL-Arg. of the Malay
Peninsula, but with much smaller leaves. It is characterized by its
comparatively small, somewhat obliquely nerved leaves which are acuminate
and at the same time apiculate, its linear stipules, and somewhat panicled
inflorescences, the male flowers spicate, the female i-ecemose.

ANTIDESMA PALAWANENSE sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m altus partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
exceptis glaber; foliis subcoriaceis, nitidis, oblongis vel oblongo-

4gg The Philippine Journal of Science isu

ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm longis, utrinque angustatis, basi acutis,
apice latissime acuminatis, acumine obtusis vel retusis, nervis
utrinque 6, subtus valde prominentibus ; inflorescentiis $ race-
mosis, pubescentibus, densis, terminalibus, solitariis, peduncu-
latis, circiter 4 cm longis ; floribus breviter pedicellatis, 4-meris,
bracteis lanceolatis, acuminatis, 1.5 mm longis, calycis ultra
medium divisis ; stigmate terminalibus.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, glabrous except the younger parts and
the inflorescence. Branches slender, terete, brownish, slightly
lenticellate, glabrous, the branchlets appressed-pubescent with
short hairs. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic,
subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the veiy broadly
acuminate apex, 9 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide, the acumen
short, very blunt or retuse, both surfaces prominently shining,
rather pale, and of about the same color when dry, glabrous;
lateral nerves 6 on each side of the midrib, distant, looped-
anastomosing, very prominent on the lower surface, the reticu-
lations very lax ; petioles 5 to 6 mm long, pubescent when young,
becoming quite glabrous ; stipules lanceolate or narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, pubescent, deciduous, 3 to 5 mm long. Female in-
florescence racemose, terminal, solitary, about 4 cm long including
the peduncle, the flower-bearing part about 3 cm long, somewhat
pubescent or puberulent, densely many flowered, cylindric.
Flowers 4-merous, their pedicels pubescent, 1.2 mm long, the
subtending bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, about 1.5
mm long. Calyx slightly pubescent, the lobes 4, broadly ovate,
acute, 0.8 mm long, slightly pubescent, more than one-half as
long as the calyx. Ovary glabrous, ovoid or narrowly ovoid;
style terminal, 4-cleft.

Palawan, Mount Victoria, along streams, Bur. Sci. 74-9 Foxworthy, March
25, 1906.

A well-marked species probably most closely allied to Antidesma pen-
tandrtim (Blanco) Merr. (A. rosfratum Tul.), but with entirely different
leaves.

ANTIDESMA RAMOSII sp. nov.

Arbor parva plus minusve pubescentibus ; foliis oblongis, usque
ad 15 cm longis, chartaceis vel submembranaceis, brevissime
petiolatis, basi rotundatis vel subrotundatis, apice acuminatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 10, subtus prominentibus ; inflorescentiis
lateralibus terminalibusque, .$ et $ racemosis ; floribus 4-meris,
calycis ad medium divisis; stigmate terminalibus.

A small tree, the branches slender, terete, brownish, lenticellate,
glabrous, the branchlets, inflorescences, and lower surfaces of

IX, c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 469

the leaves softly pubescent with brownish hairs, the branchlets
densely so. Leaves oblong, chartaceous or submembranaceous,
oblong-, 8 to 15 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, more or less narrowed
to the rounded or subrounded base and to the rather prominently
acuminate apex, the acumen sharp or apiculate, the upper surface
subolivaceous when dry, shining, glabrous except for the pube-
scent midrib, the lower surface softly pubescent with scattered
hairs; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, very
prominent on the lower surface, looped-anastomosing, the reticu-
lations lax; petioles pubescent, 2 to 3 mm long. Male racemes
axillary, solitary, simple, slender, about 6 cm long, slightly pu-
bescent, the flowers rather scattered, 4-merous, their pedicels 2
mm long, the bracteoles oblong-ovate, about 0.5 mm long. Calyx
4-lobed, the lobes about one-half as long as the calyx. Stamens
4. Female racemes terminal and in the upper axils, simple
or arranged in a depauperate panicle, 4 to 6 cm long, pubescent.
Pedicels of the fruits 2 mm long. Calyx 4-cleft. Fruit red.
somewhat compressed, narrowly ovoid, about 5 mm long,
wrinkled when dry, glabrous ; stigma terminal.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1002 Ramos, June, 1906
(type) ; Morong, Bur. Sci. 1S72 Ramos, August, 1906, the former -with
staminate flowers, the latter with fruits.

A species probably as closely allied to Antidesma pentandrum {A. ros-
tratum) as to any other form, but quite different from that in its vegetative
characters, shape and pubescent of its leaves, and its more numerous lateral
nerves.

ANTIDESMA SAMARENSE sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 3 m altus, subtus foliis ad costa nervisque
ramulis stipulisque plus minusve brunneo-villosis ; foliis oblongis
ad oblongo-obovatis, usque ad 18 cm longis, nitidis, in siccitate
brunneis, tenuiter acuminatis apiculatisque, basi obtusis; nervis
utrinque circiter 13, prominentibus, subrectis; stipulis brunneo-
villosis, lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, circiter 5 mm longis; in-
florescentiis 6 villosis, densis, spicatis, simplicibus, 2 ad 5 cm
longis ; floribus 4- et 5-meris sessilibus, calycibus prof unde divisis ;
bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis, acuminatis, circiter 1 mm longis.

A shrub about 3 m high, the branchlets, stipules, and leaves
on the midrib and lateral nerves beneath more or less brown-
villous. Branches terete, brown or gray, glabrous, rather slen-
der. Leaves chartaceous, oblong to oblong-obovate, or broadly
oblong-oblanceolate, 9 to 18 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, brown when
dry, the lower surface a little paler then the upper, the apex
rather slenderly and sharply acuminate, slenderly apiculate, base

470 ^^6 Philippine Journal of Science im

narrowed, obtuse; lateral nerves about 13 on each side of the
midrib, prominent, nearly straight, somewhat ascending, curved-
anastomosing near the margin; petioles 5 mm long or less,
brown-villous ; stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat
brown-villous, about 5 mm long, 1 mm wide. Staminate inflor-
escence spicate, 2 to 5 cm long, villous, densely many flowered.
Flowers 4- and 5-merous on the same spike. Calyx deeply
divided, pubescent, the lobes broadly ovate, about 0.8 mm long.
Stamens 4 or 5; filaments 1 mm long; bracteoles oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, pubescent, about 1 mm long.

Samar, Phil. PI. 1665 Ramos, April, 1^14, in forests, altitude about
200 m.

A species quite distinct from any form known to me, belonging in
the same group with Antidestna w,oritzii Muell,-Arg. It is well character-
ized by its somewhat sparse brown undumentum, its brown leaves, its
linear-lanceolate stipules, and its densely flowered simple male spikes.
From A. cumingii Muell.-Arg. it is distinguished by many characters,
notably its very narrow stipules.

APOROSA Blume
APOROSA ALVAREZII sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta subtus foliis ad costa nervisque infruc-
tescentiis ramulisque densissime f errugineo-villosis ; foliis ob-
longis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, integris, usque ad 17 cm
longis, tenuiter caudato-acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel subcor-
datis, nervis utrinque 8 ad 10, prominentibus ; stipulis late acina-
ciformibus, circiter 1.5 cm longis; infructescentibus solitariis
vel binis, axillaribus, brevibus; fructibus ovoideis, circiter 1.5
cm diametro, villosis.

A tree about 10 m high, the younger branches, infructescence
and leaves on the costa and lateral nerves beneath very densely
ferruginous-villous. Branches terete, brown, the older ones be-
coming glabrous. Leaves oblong, entire, chartaceous to sub-
coriaceous, 13 to 17 cm long, about 5 cm wide, the apex slenderly
caudate-acuminate, the acumen 1 to 2 cm long, the base rounded
to subcordate, the upper surface grayish-olivaceous when dry,
pubescent on the midrib, otherwise glabrous, slightly shining, the
lower surface brown, the midrib and nerves densely villous, the
other parts slightly so; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each each side
of the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, curved, anas-
tomosing; petioles densely villous, about 1 cm long; stipules
broadly scimitar-shaped, strongly falcate, up to 1.5 cm long, 6
to 8 mm wide, base broadly rounded, apex slenderly acuminate.
Pistillate inflorescences densely ferruginous-villous, axillary.

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorhiaceae, II 471

solitary or in pairs, apparently short, the rachis in fruit 2 cm
long or less. Fruits few, ovoid, about 1.5 cm in diameter
(immature), rather densely ferruginous-villous, pale-brown
when dry, 2- or 3-celled, the pericarp brittle.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, near Goa, For. Bar. 212^5 Alvarez,
April 5, 1914, in semi-open country, altitude about 300 m. Bur. Sci.
20567 Ramos from San Antonio, Province of Laguna, Luzon, probably
represents the same species, but this specimen is with immature male flowers,
the indumentum somewhat less dense and paler, and the leaves obscurely
undulate-dentate. In other characters, so far as the specimens are
comparable, the two appear to be identical.

A strongly marked species, recognizable by its ferruginous villous
indumentum, its prominent acinaciform stipules, and its ovoid, villous
fruits.

APOROSA BASILANENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta plus minusve pubescentibus ; foliis
oblongis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, usque ad 20 cm longis,
tenuiter acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel obtusis, nervis utrinque
6 ad 8, subtus valde prominentibus, curvato-adscendentibus ; in-
florescentiis 9 ut videtur pedunculatis (floribus non visis), sub
fructu 2 ad 4 cm longis, solitariis vel fasciculatis, ferrugineo-
pubescentibus ; fructibus leviter ferrugineo-pilosis, 2-locellatis,
anguste ellipsoideis, acutis, in siccitate pallide brunneis, stigmate
persistentibus, brevissime stipitatis ; seminibus 2.

A tree about 10 m high, the young branchlets, inflorescence,
and midrib and nerves on the lower surface of the leaves fer-
ruginous-pubescent. Branches terete, brownish or grayish,
glabrous. Leaves firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong
to oblong-elliptic, 12 to 20 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, entire, the
apex slenderly and sharply subcaudate-acuminate, the base
rounded or obtuse, both surfaces rather pale and shining when
dry, the lower paler than the upper which is entirely glabrous,
the lower surface ferruginous-pubescent on the midrib and
lateral nerves; lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent on the lower surface, curved-ascending, anas-
tomosing near the margin, the reticulations distinct; petioles 5
to 8 mm long, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous.
Flowers not seen. Female inflorescences solitary or fascicled,
on the smaller branches in the axils of fallen leaves, ferruginous-
pubescent, the rachis, in fruit, up to 3 cm long, the fruits sub-
spicately arranged, their pedicels very short. Mature fruit pale-
brownish when dry, sparingly ferruginous-pilose with rather
scattered hairs, narrowly ellipsoid, 2 cm long, acute, the pericarp
brittle, tardily dehiscing, 2-celled, 2-seeded, the seeds about 1

129821 6

472 The Philippine Journal of Science isu

cm long, rarely 1-celled, 1-seeded. The subpersistent stigmas
shortly stipitate, recurved, densely papillate, 2 mm long.

Basilan, in forests east of the Cumalarang River, Bur. Sci. 16168
Reillo, September 7, 1912.

A species apparently belonging in the same group with Aporosa arbor ea
Muell.-Arg. and A. arborescens Muell.-Arg., but entirely different from
both. The subcaudate-acuminate apex of the leaves, their venation, and
the narrowly ellipsoid, 2-seeded, pale-brown, acute 2 cm long fruits are
characteristic.

APOROSA ELLIPTIFOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, usque ad 8 m alta; foliis ellipticis, coriaceis,
in siccitate pallidis, plus minusve nitidis, circiter 10 cm longis,
apice latissime brevissime acuminatis, acumine obtusis vel ro-
tundatis, basi acutis; nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 6, dis-
tinctis, grosse reticulato-anastomosantibus ; fructibus ovoideis,
glabris, 8 ad 10 mm longis, sessilibus vel subsessilibus.

A glabrous tree 6 to 8 m high. Branches terete, rather
slender, smooth, gray. Leaves alternate, elliptic, coriaceous, 8
to 11 cm long, 4.5 to 6 cm wide, entire or with very faint
indications of teeth at the ends of the lateral nerves, the apex
very shortly, broadly, and obtusely acuminate, the base acute,
both surfaces pale-green when dry, slightly shining, the lower
somewhat paler than the upper; lateral nerves about 6 on each
side of the midrib, rather prominent on the lower surface,
coarsely looped-anastomosing, the primary reticulations lax, dis-
tinct; petioles about 1 cm long. Flowers not seen. Fruit axil-
lary, sessile or subsessile, solitary or two or three in an axil,
green and purplish when fresh, brown and minutely verruculose
when dry, glabrous, ovoid, 8 to 10 mm long.

Palawan Silanga, Merrill 9609, May 24, 1913, on forested slopes at
low altitudes.

Most closely allied to Aporosa symploco si folia Merr., differing in its rel-
atively much broader, short, broadly and bluntly acuminate leaves, and
in the coarse, prominent, primary reticulations.

APOROSA SI Ml LIS sp. nov.

Species A. friiticosae (Blume) Muell.-Arg. valde affinis, differt
ramulis glabris vel parcissime ciliatis, vix puberuies vel pubes-
centibus, spicis masculinis subinterruptis, calycis laciniis inte-
gris, vix denticulatis, fructibus ut videtur paullo majoribus.

A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 10 m, quite gla-
brous, or the younger branchlets with very few, scattered, ciliate
hairs, the branches terete, reddish-brovra, the branchlets very
slender, olivaceous. Leaves very similar to those of Aporosa
fruticosa, membranaceous to chartaceous, glabrous, oblong to

IX. c. 5 Men-ill: Philippine Euphorhiaceae, II 473

oblong-elliptic or broadly oblong-lanceolate, 12 to 20 cm long,
4 to 7 cm wide, entire, narrowed to the acute base and to the
rather slenderly acuminate apex, the acumen about 1.5 cm long,
usually somewhat falcate, sharp, rather pale when dry, of about
the same color on both surfaces and slightly shining when dry ;
lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, rather prom-
inent, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct ; petioles glabrous,
1 to 2 cm long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, slightly pubescent,
about 4 mm long. Male spikes solitary or fascicled in the axils
of fallen leaves, peduncled, 1 to 2 cm long, cylindric, somewhat
interrupted, 2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous, the flowers fragrant,
bright-yellow. Calyx about 1.5 mm in diameter, the lobes 5,
ovate to obovate, obtuse or rounded, entire. Stamens usually
two. Female flowers not seen, but ovary apparently glabrous,
judging from the young fruits. Fruits yellowish-red, globose,
rather pale when dry, 2 cm in diameter when mature, glabrous,
the pericarp thick, brittle, 3-celled, or by abortion 2-celled, the
persistent stigmas sessile, obovate, forming a crown about 4
mm in diameter at the apex of the fruit.

Negros, Himugaan River, For. Bur. 7279 (type), 725U Everett, May, 1907,
the former with male flowers, the latter with fruit. Luzon, Province of
Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Set. 13519, 15112 Ramos, Augiist, 1910, June,
1912, the latter distributed as Aporosa frutescens Blume.

A species in vegetative characters and its fruits very similar to, and
manifestly closely allied to the Javan Aporosa fruticosa (Blume) Muell.-
Arg., from which it differs in the characters indicated in the diagnosis.
Blume's species is represented in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science
by two Javan specimens collected and named by him, one with male
flowers, and one with fruits.

BR I DELIA Willdenow

BRI DELIA ACUMINATISSIMA sp. nov. § Monospermue.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, floribus exceptis glabra; foliis
oblongis ad late oblongo-lanceolatis, chartaceis, usque ad 18 cm
longis, supra olivaceis, nitidis, subtus pallidioribus, basi acutis
ad rotundatis, apice longe tenuiterque acuminatis, nervis utrin-
que 9 ad 10, ascendentibus, arcuato-reticulatis ; floribus 5
fasciculatis, parce pubescentibus, sepalis anguste lanceolatis,
acuminatis, 2 mm longis, petalis circiter 1 mm longis; fructibus
ovoideis vel ellipsoideis, glabris, circiter 6 mm. longis, 1-locula-
ribus.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous except the sparingly pubes-
cent flowers. Branches terete, slender, light-gray or reddish-
brown. Leaves oblong to broadly oblong-lanceolate, charta-
ceous, 10 to 18 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the base acute to rounded.

474 ^^6 Philippine Journal of Science 1914

the apex long and slenderly acuminate, the acumen usually some-
what falcate, the upper surface olivaceous, shining when dry,
the lower somewhat glaucous, dull, much paler than the upper;
lateral nerves 9 or 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, curved
upward, looped-anastomosing near the margins, the reticulations
fine, distinct; petioles about 8 mm long. Pistillate flowers
numerous, small, densely fascicled in the axils, slightly pubes-
cent. Sepals 5, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 2 mm long.
Petals ovate, about 1 mm long. Immature fruit ovoid or ellip-
soid, glabrous, about 6 mm long, 1-celled, tipped by the style.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Mount Isarog, along streams in forests,
Phil. PI. 1551 Ramos, November 25, 1913.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Bridelia glauca Blume
which extends from Sumatra to Java, the Philippines, and Amboina, The
present form is distinguished by its slenderly acuminate leaves which
are quite glabrous, or at least not more than obscurely puberulent on the
lower surface.

CLEIDION Blume

CLEIDION LANCEOLATUM sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m altus plus minusve breviter adpresse ^lirsutus ;
foliis lanceolatis, chartaceis, usque ad 22 cm longis, utrinque
subaequaliter angustatis, apice acurninatis, basi acutis vei leviter
obtusis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, adscendentibus, pagina su-
periore minutissime albido-punctata ; inflorescentiis $ tenuibus,
usque ad 15 cm longis, axillaribus, solitariis, multifloris ; 9 subae-
quilongis, paucifloris ; fructibus leviter pubescentibus.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, apparently dioecious, the young branch-
lets, inflorescence and younger leaves sparingly appressed-hirsute
with short hairs. Branches slender, terete, light-gray or some-
what brownish. Leaves lanceolate, chartaceous, dull or slightly
shining when dry, lower surface a little paler than the upper,
subequally narrowed to the acuminate apex and to the acute or
somewhat obtuse base, 12 to 22 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, margins
distantly crenate-serrate, the upper surface of the leaf with
numerous, minute, white dots, obscurely verruculose on both sur-
faces ; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, prom-
inent on the lower surface, curved-ascending; petioles 1 to 2 cm
long, somewhat geniculate at the apex. Male inflorescences
slender, axillary, solitary, up to 15 cm long, sparingly appressed-
hirsute, the flowers very numerous, greenish, fascicled, the fas-
cicles more or less distant below, approximate above, each fascicle
subtended by one or more, broadly ovate, 1.5 to 2 mm long, acu-
minate bracts; buds ovoid, glabrous, 1.8 mm in diameter; sepals

IX, c. 5 Merrill: Philip'pine Euphorbiaceae, II 475

3, broadly ovate, about 2 mm long, acute; stamens very many;
anthers 4-celled. Female inflorescences slender, about as long
as the males, axillary, solitary, few-flowered, the flowers long-
pedicelled. Sepals (persistent on young fruit) lanceolate, acum-
inate, about 3.5 mm long. Ovary pubescent ; styles cleft nearly
to the base, the arms pubescent, about 1 cm long. Young fruit
of three cocci, somewhat pubescent, the cocci ellipsoid, about
6 mm long.

Saxiar, Phil. PL 16Jt8 Ramos, April, 1914 (type); For. Bur. 21052
Sherfesee, Cenabre, & Cortes, April, 1914, locally known as dagumay.

A species characterized by its narrow, elongated, lanceolate leaves,
quite different in aspect and in details from the common Cleidion java-
nicum Bl., which is widely distributed in the Philippines and otherwise
the only known species of the genus in the Archipelago. It grows at
low and medium altitudes in thickets and forests near small streams.
Both specimens present staminate and pistillate inflorescences, but in
each case they are on separate branches, apparently taken from separate
plants.

CLEISTANTHUS Hooker f.

CLEISTANTHUS SAWARENSIS sp. nov.

Species ut videtur C. bridelifoliae C. B. Rob. affinis, differt
foliis majoribus, usque ad 14 cm longis, nervis magis numer-
osis, 11 ad 12 utrinque, petiolis densissime ferrugineo-villosis.

A shrub or small tree, the branchlets, petioles, and flowers
densely ferruginous- or fulvous-villous. Branches slender,
terete, light-gray, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, subequally nar-
rowed to the blunt-acuminate apex and to the narrowly rounded
and usually minutely cordate base, chartaceous, 8 to 13 cm long,
2 to 3.5 cm wide, the upper surface rather pale-gray and shining
when dry, quite glabrous, the lower somewhat paler, shining,
the midrib often slightly villous, especially near the base ; lateral
nerves 11 or 12 on each side of the midrib, distinct, anastomos-
ing, curved, the reticulations distinct; petioles densely ferru--
ginous-villous, up to 5 mm long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
pubescent, 3 mm long. Male and female flowers in the same
fascicles, 5-merous, all sessile, the fascicles axillai-y, dense, up
to 1 cm in diameter, with numerous, pubescent, exceedingly
variable, broadly obovate to spatulate bracts and bracteoles 2
to 4 mm long. Female flowers about 5 mm long, pubescent, the
lobes oblong-lanceolate, narrowed upward to the blunt apex, 2.5
to 3 mm long, thick, glabrous inside. Petals ovate, membrana-
ceous, truncate or broadly rounded, about 1 mm long. Ovary
ovoid, densely hirsute with long, stifi", pale hairs, about 2 mm

476 '^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

long; styles 3, united for the lower 0.5 mm, free above, the
free portions glabrous, about 1 mm long, each cleft into two
0.5 mm long, recurved arms. Male flowers (in bud only) ses-
sile, 5-merous, pubescent; anthers 1 mm long.

Samar, Mount Cauayan, Phil. PL 1685 Ramos, April, 1914, in forests,
distributed as "Cleistantkus rohinsonii" (non Elmer).

A species manifestly allied to Cleistantkus hHdelifolius C. B. Rob., dif-
fering in the characters enumerated in the diagnosis.

CODIAEUM Blume
CODIAEUM HIRSUTUM sp. nov,

Frutex monoicus, partibus junioribus subtus foliis petiolisque
longe patule ciliato-hirsutus ; foliis subcoriaceis, oblongo-oblan-
ceolatis, usque ad 34 cm longis, integris, acutis vel obscure
acuminatis, basi longissime gradatim angustatis, nervis utrinque
circiter 20; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis vel binis, usque
ad 1 m longis; floribus $ fasciculatis, circiter 1 cm diametro,
sepalis 6, extus pubescentibus ; staminibus circiter 100.

A monoecious shrub, the very young parts densely ciliate-
hirsute with long, pale, more or less spreading hairs, similar
but fewer hairs on the petioles and lower surface of the leaves,
and usually a few on the upper surface. Ultimate branches
nearly 1 cm in diameter, glabrous. Leaves alternate, subco-
riaceous, oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, entire, about 34
cm long, 7 cm wide in the upper one-fourth, narrowed upward
to the acute or somewhat acuminate apex, and very gradually
narrowed downward to the acute or cuneate base, the upper
surface olivaceous, somewhat shining, sparingly ciliate-hirsute
or nearly glabrous, the lower surface paler, prominently ciliate-
hirsute with stiff, spreading, long, scattered, pale hairs; lateral
nerves about 20 on each side of the midrib, distant, rather
prominent; petioles 5 to 7 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, soli-
tary or two from each axil, up to 1 m in length, somewhat
appressed-hirsute with very short hairs, female flowers in one
raceme, male flowers in others. Male flowers in distant fascicles
along the rachis, white, their pedicels pubescent, 5 to 8 mm
long. Sepals 6, membranaceous, broadly ovate, rounded, about
5 mm long, externally slightly pubescent. Petals very small,
obscure, or perhaps obsolete, scarcely distinguishable from the
disk-glands. Disk-glands about 15, oblong to obovate, 1 mm
long. Stamens about 100, their filaments 2 to 2.5 mm long.
Female flowers and fruits not seen, one rachis, however, pre-
senting numerous axes of the fruits from which the cocci have
fallen.

IX. c. 6 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 477

BiLiRAN, Bur. Sci. 185S9 McGregor, June 14, 1914.

A very characteristic species belonging in the group with Codiaeum
luzonicum Merr. and C. cuneij'olhun Pax & K. Hoffm., from which it is
at once distinguished by its indumentum, its leaves gradually narrowed
downward from the upper three-fourths, and its very long inflorescence
which is up to 1 m in length. The petals, if present, are scarcely dis-
tinguishable from the disk glands.

CYCLOSTEMON Blume
CYCLOSTEMON M AQUILINGENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor glaberrima, circiter 20 m alta ; foliis coriaceis, oblongis
ad oblongo-lanceolatis, nitidis, basi inaequilateralibus, usque ad
20 cm longis, integris, acuminatis, basi uno latere rotundatis
altero angustioribus, acutis, nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter
9, adscendentibus, reticulis utrinque prominentibus ; floribus $
axillaribus, fasciculatis, numerosis, glabris, pedicellatis ; sepalis
circiter 5 mm longis; staminibus 12 ad 15; fructibus glabris,
ellipsoideis, 2.5 ad 3 cm longis, 1-locellatis, pericarpio in siccitate
grosse rugosis.

A tree about 20 m high, entirely glabrous. Branches slender,
terete, brownish-olivaceous. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, 12 to 20 cm long, 3.5 to 6.5 cm wide, brownish-
olivaceous and somewhat shining when dry, the same color on
both surfaces, narrowed upward to the blunt-acuminate apex,
the base inequilateral, one side usually rounded, the other much
narrower and acute; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of
the midrib, rather slender, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the
ultimate reticulations raised, the veinlets slender but distinct
on both surfaces; petioles 5 to 7 mm long. Male flowers nu-
merous, quite glabrous, axillary, fascicled, 10 to 15 in each axil,
their pedicels rather slender, 5 to 7 mm long. Sepals 4, concave,
elliptic-ovate, 4.5 to 5 mm long. Stamens 12 to 15; anthers
about 3 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid, yellow, 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2.5
to 3 cm long, the endocarp rather hard and bony, less than 1
mm thick, the pericarp much thicker, when dry very coarsely
wrinkled.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 19957 Forestry
Students {Baldemor) , Feb. 28, 1913, in flower; For. Bur. 19881, 19957,
20877 (type) Villaviil, July, 1913, Feb., 1914, the latter in flower.

This species grows in forests, ascending to at least 350 meters. It
is well characterized by being entirely glabrous, even to the flowers, by
its entire, somewhat inequilateral leaves, and by its rather large, ellipsoid,
prominently and coarsely wrinkled fruits. Its leaves somewhat resemble
those of C. bordenii Merr., but in floral and fruit characters it is entirely
different.

478 The Philippine Journal of Science vju

CYCLOSTEMON CALCICOLA sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, 5 ad 8 m alta ; foliis coriaceis in siccitate brun-
neo-olivaceis, nitidis, oblongis, inaequilateralibus, usque ad 12
cm longis, acuminatis, basi acutis, margine integris vel leviter
undulato-crenatis, nervis utrinque circiter 12, indistinctis ; fruc-
tibus axillaribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, pedunculatis, ellip-
soideis, in siccitate reticulatis, nitidis, 10 ad 12 mm longis.

A glabrous tree 5 to 8 m high. Branches slender, terete, light-
gray, lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong,
7 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide, inequilateral, straight or very
slightly falcate, one side distinctly narrower then the other,
always acute at the base, the wider side either acute or rounded
at the base, apex rather prominently acuminate, the acumen
blunt, margins entire or obscurely undulate-crenate, when dry
shining on both surfaces, brownish-olivaceous; lateral nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, slender, anastomosing, not
prominent, the ultimate reticulations rather dense; petioles 5
to 7 mm long. Flowers not seen. Fruit axillary, greenish-red
and smooth when fresh, when dry dark-brown, shining, wrinkled,
glabrous, ellipsoid, 10 to 12 mm long, solitary or fascicled,
1-celled, the peduncles about 3 mm long.

Palawan, Taytay Bay, on the small limestone island known as Apulit,
Merrill 9U27, 9US0 (type), May 31, 1913, in dry thickets in crevices and
ravines, steep slopes, altitude about 10 m above sea level.

This species does not appear to be closely allied to any other Philippine
form. It is characterized by its ellipsoid, 1-celled fruits which are quite
glabrous, wrinkled, and shining when dry, and by its rather obscurely
nerved leaves.

CYCLOSTEMON GLOBOSUS sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra; foliis charactaceis vel sub-
coriaceis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, acutis, circiter 5 cm longis,
integris, nitidis, basi rotundatis, equilateralibus vel leviter in-
aequilateralibus, nervis utrinque circiter 6, tenuibus; fructibus
globosis, glabris, 9 ad 12 mm diametro, breviter pedunculatis,
2-locellatis.

A shrub or small tree, quite glabrous, or the petioles minutely
puberulent. Branches slender, terete, cinereous or light-gray,
lenticellate, the branchlets very slender, dark-brown, more pro-
minently lenticellate. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, chartaceous
to subcoriaceous, rather dark-colored when dry, uniform in color
and shining on both surfaces, the apex acute, margins entire,
base rounded, equilateral or slightly inequilateral ; lateral nerves
about 6 on each side of the midrib, slender, equally prominent
on both surfaces, the reticulations rather close, distinct ; petioles

IX, c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 479

about 3 mm long. Flowers not seen. Fruit axillary, solitary
or in pairs, globose, glabrous, rather coarsely wrinkled, brown
when dry, 9 to 12 mm diameter, the pericarp crustaceous; cells
2, each with a single, thick, plano-convex seed about 7 mm in
diameter.

CUYO, Bur. Sci. 21362 Escritor, July 20, 1913.

Allied to Cyclostemon microphyllus Merr., but with smaller glabrous
fruits, its leaves dark-colored when dry, with less prominent nerves and
quite different reticulations.

CYCLOSTEMON MINDANAENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 15 m alta; foliis oblongis, inaequilat-
eralibus, coriaceis, usque ad 18 cm longis, in siccitate nitidis,
flavido-brunneis, integris vel distanter irregulariter crenato-
serrulatis, obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque circiter
6, curvato-adscendentibus ; fructibus axillaribus, fasciculatis,
oblongo-ovoideis, acutis, circiter 2.5 cm longis, in siccitate pal-
lide brunneis, minute verruculosis, 1- vel 2-locellatis.

A tree apparently about 15 m high, glabrous or nearly so.
Branches terete, or somewhat angular, pale when dry, smooth.
Leaves oblong, more or less inequilateral, coriaceous, 12 to 18
cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, entire or distantly and irregularly
crenate-serrulate, gradually narrowed to the blunt-acuminate
apex, the base acute, or acute on one side and somewhat rounded
on the other, yellowish-brown when dry, of about the same color
and strongly shining on both surfaces; primary lateral nerves
about 6 on each side of the midrib, curved-ascending, anastomos-
ing, distinct, the reticulations evident on both surfaces; petioles
5 to 8 mm long. Flowers not seen. Fruits axillary, fascicled,
2 to 4 or more in each axil, oblong-ovoid, acute, base obtuse,
about 2.5 cm long, 10 to 12 mm in diameter, pale-brown when
dry, minutely verruculose, when young sparingly pubescent, 1-
or 2-celled, the pedicels about 1 cm long, when young appressed-
pubescent, becoming quite glabrous.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Lumbiag, For. Bur. 12^58 Tarrosa
(type), July, 1908: District of Davao, Todaya, Elmer 11109.

The specimens were originally placed under Stemonurus, and the dup-
licates of both were probably distributed under this generic name; the
species, however, is a euphorbiaceous plant and undoubtedly belongs in
the genus Cyclostemon. It is well characterized by its strongly shining,
pale leaves and its oblong-ovoid, acute fruits. The Moro name recorded
by Tarrosa is hanaui.

CYCLOSTEMON MINDORENSISsp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parv^a, subglabra; foliis coriaceis, oblongis
ad ovato-lanceolatis, leviter inequilateralibus, rectis, acuminatis,

480 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science im

basi acutis, integris vel subintegris, usque ad 8 cm longis, nervis
lateralibus utrinque circiter 7 cum reticulis aequaliter distinctis ;
fructibus ovoideo-ellipsoideis vel oblongo-ovoideis, leviter pubes-
centibus, 1-locellatis, pedunculatis, 12 ad 15 mm longis.

A nearly glabrous shrub or small tree, the buds, the younger
peduncles, and the fruits more or less pubescent, becoming nearly
glabrous. Branches slender, terete, grayish, lenticellate. Leaves
firmly coriaceous, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, somewhat inequi-
lateral but scarcely falcate, 6 to 8 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide,
gradually tapering upward to the distinctly acuminate apex,
the base acute to obtuse, margins entire or very distantly and
obscurely undulate-crenate, usually recurved, when dry rather
pale and equally shining on both surfaces; lateral nerves about
7 on each side of the midrib, about equally prominent on both
surfaces, irregular, often scarcely more distinct than are the
secondary nerves and the reticulations, the latter as prominent
on the upper as on the lower surface; petioles 2 to 3 mm long.
Flowers not seen. Fruits axillary, solitary or fascicled, ovoid-
ellipsoid to oblong-ovoid, rounded, brown or gray when dry,
slightly pubescent, 12 to 15 mm long, the pericarp scarcely
wrinkled when dry, 1-celled, the peduncles about 1 cm long,
usually slightly pubescent.

MiNDORO, Bur. Set. 21278, 21311 (type) Escritor, July, 1913, the former
from near Calapan, the latter from Naujan.

Probably as closely allied to Cyclostemon monospermus Merr. as to any
other species, but with prominently acuminate, diiferently shaped leaves
and larger fruits.

CYCLOSTEMON PALAWAN ENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus partibus junioribus exceptis glaber;
ramulis tenuibus, teretibus, junioribus plus minusve pubes-
centibus; foliis chartaceis, integris, oblongo-ovatis ad oblongis,
aequilateralibus, usque ad 13 cm longis, obscure latissime obtuse
acuminatis, basi acutis ad rotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter 8;
fructibus axillaribus, depresso-globosis, 2-locellatis, usque ad 11
mm diametro, junioribus plus minusve adpresse hirsutis, peri-
carpio crustaceo.

A shrub about 2 m high, glabrous except the younger parts.
Branches slender, terete, pale-gray, glabrous, the branchlets
more or less pubescent, the growing tips somewhat appressed
ferruginous-hirsute. Leaves firmly chartaceous, olivaceous when
dry, somewhat shining, equilateral or nearly so, oblong-ovate
to oblong, 8 to 13 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, entire, apex slightly
acuminate, the acumen broad, blunt, the base acute to rounded;

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorhiaceae, II 481

lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, slender, curved-
anastomosing, the reticulations evident on both surfaces ; petioles
2 mm long or less, pubescent. Fruits axillary, solitary or in
pairs, depressed-globose, up to 11 mm in diameter, 2-celled, the
pericarp crustaceous, sparingly appressed-hirsute ; pedicels
slender, slightly pubescent, nearly 1 cm long.

Palawan, Lake Manguao, Merrill 9U51, April 27, 1913, on dry forested
ridges, altitude about 80 meters.

Closely allied to Cyclostemon ellipsoideus Merr,, differing in its fewer
nerved leaves and in its depressed-globose not ellipsoid fruits.

EN OOSPERM UM Bentham

ENOOSPERMUM OVATUM sp. nov. § Euendospermum.

Arbor, ramulis circiter 8 mm diametro, solidis ; foliis coriaceis,
non peltatis, ovatis, usque ad 14 cm longis, acutis vel leviter
acuminatis, basi acutis ad late rotundatis, vix cordatis, supra
glabris, junioribus subtus pubescentibus, vetustioribus glabris,
ad apicem petioli biglandulosis ; paniculis quam folia brevioribus,
pubescentibus; fructibus subglobosis, carnosis, 6 mm longis,
seminibus 2.

A tree, size not stated, the branches stout, terete, the ulti-
mate ones 8 mm in diameter, glabrous, reddish-brown or grayish,
marked with large petiolar scars, the growing tips pubescent.
Leaves ovate, coriaceous, 8 to 14 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, entire,
the apex acute or slightly acuminate, the base broadly rounded to
acute, not cordate, the upper surface glabrous, smooth and shin-
ing, brownish or olivaceous when dry, the lower surface paler,
in very young leaves rather softly pubescent with simple hairs,
in age entirely glabrous, with two prominent glands, one on each
side at the juncture of the petiole with the lamina, the base
5-nerved, the lateral nerves above the basal ones about 5 on
each side of the midrib, very prominent, the reticulations prom-
inent; petioles 3 to 7 cm in length. Panicles axillary, 10 to 18
cm long, somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, narrowly pyra-
midal, the lower branches 5 cm long or less, the upper gradually
shorter. Flowers not seen. Fruit subglobose, fleshy, yellow,
about 6 mm long, the seed smooth, broadly ellipsoid, 4 mm long.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovice, near Sumulao, Bur. Sci. 15921 Fenix,
August, 1912.

Evidently a very distinct species but manifestly allied to Endosperimim
horneense Muell.-Arg., of Borneo, from which it differs in its differently
shaped, somewhat larger leaves which are not all cordate at the base,
and which are quite glabrous on both surfaces, and its paniculate, not
racemose inflorescence.

482 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

GALEARIA Zollinger & Moritzi

GALEARIA PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov. § Eugalearia.

Galearia filiformis Merr in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1910) Bot. 280, non Pax.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra, brac-
teis minutis, quam floribus brevioribus, staminibus glabris, pe-
talis glabris, cochleato-concavis, ramulis glabris, tenuibus ; f oliis
chartaceis, usque ad 23 cm longis, oblongis, nervis utrinque cir-
citer 7, subtus valde prominentibus, arcuato-anastomosantibus ;
inflorescentiis puberulis.

A small dioecious tree, reaching a height of 15 m, glabrous
except the inflorescence. Branches and branchlets slender, sub-
terete, reddish-brown. Leaves chartaceous, oblong, 14 to 23 cm
long, 4 to 7 cm wide, pale or somewhat brownish, of about the
same color and somewhat shining on both surfaces when dry,
the apex blunt-acuminate, the base acute, sometimes a little
acuminate, often slightly inequilateral; lateral nerves 7 on each
side of the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, arched-
anastomosing, the reticulations lax, very prominent; petioles 5
mm long or less. Male racemes 10 cm long or more, the rachis
puberulent, the flowers numerous, pedicelled, fascicled at the
nodes, their pedicels puberulent, 2 mm long. Calyx puberulent,
the teeth triangular-ovate, acute, less than 0.5 mm long. Petals
glabrous, oblong, obtuse or acute, 1.5 mm long, cochleate-concave,
keeled inside. Stamens entirely glabrous, the filaments 1 mm
long. Rudimentary ovary obovoid, truncate, 1 mm long, pubes-
cent. Female racemes slender, up to 18 cm long, puberulent,
the flowers numerous, sessile, the subtending bracteoles, as in
the male flowers, linear, less than 1 mm long. Calyx-lobes ovate,
acute, about 1 mm long. Petals elliptic-ovate, acute, glabrous,
1.3 mm long, plane or nearly so, keeled inside. Ovary ovoid,
ferruginous-pubescent, the style-arms about 1 mm long. Fruit
(very immature) about 6 mm in diameter.

Basilan, Bur. Sci. 16319 Reillo (type), September, 1912, growing near
the seashore, pistillate flowers. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port
Banga, For. Bur. 9116 Whitford & Hutchinson, in dipterocarp forests,
altitude 30 meters, December, 1907, staminate flowers; San Ramon, Hallier,
January, 1904 with immature fruits: District of Lanao Camp Keithley,
Mrs. Clemens s. n., June, 1906, May, 1907, staminate flowers.

This species, as the flowers show, is not at all closely allied to Galearia
filiformis (Blume) Pax, as shown by comparison with authentic material
of Blume's species (perhaps a cotype), collected in Java by Blume himself
(ex Herb. Leiden), now in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science.
It is apparently most closely allied to Galearia tvallichii (R. Br.) Hook,
f., of the Malay Peninsula, from which it differs in its larger leaves, glab-
rous rachis, and in other characters.

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorhiaceae . II 483

GLOCHIDION Forster
GLOCHIDION DOLICHOSTYLUM sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion?

Arbor parva, ut videtur dioica, ramulis subtus foliis inflores-
centiis que breviter pubescentibus ; foliis usque ad 20 cm longis,
oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongo-obovatis, subcoriaceis, in siccitate
brunneo-olivaceis, supra minutissime verruculosis, subtus pro-
minente reticulato-venosis, basi rotundatis, apice late acuminatis
apiculatisque, nervis lateralibus subtus valde prominentibus,
utrinque circiter 8; floribus 9 3- ad 5-meris, sessilibus, fascicu-
latis, axillaribus, 3 mm longis; ovarium glabrum, 6-loculare, 0.5
mm longum; columna stylaris cylindrica, 4 mm longa, leviter
hirsuta.

A small, apparently dioecious tree, more or less pubescent.
Branches brown, terete, the ultimate ones much elongated, rather
slender, somewhat brown-pubescent. Leaves distichous, subco-
riaceous, oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, 13 to 20 cm long, 5
to 8 cm wide, brownish-olivaceous when dry, dull or slightly
shining, the upper surface minutely and densely verruculose,
the lower surface prominently reticulate, pubescent on the midrib
and lateral nerves with short, spreading, pale hairs, the base
rather broadly rounded, the apex broadly and shortly acuminate,
the acumen apiculate ; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the
midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, curved, anasto-
mosing; petioles pubescent, about 3 mm long. Female flowers
in small, dense, axillary fascicles, the fascicles 5 mm in diameter
or less, the flowers sessile, 3- to 5-merous; perianth segments
oblong-obovate, acute, or obtuse, short-hirsute on both surfaces,
the larger three about 3 mm long, the other two, when present,
shorter and narrower. Ovary depressed-globose, glabrous, 6-
celled, about 0.5 mm in diameter; style about as thick as the
ovary, cylindric, not constricted above the ovary, sparingly pu-
bescent with short spreading hairs, minutely toothed at the
apex.

Palawan, Binaloan, Malampaya Bay, Merrill 9J,0S, May, 1913, in
forests at low altitudes.

A strongly marked species, characterized by its comparatively large,
prominently reticulate, short petioled leaves, its small dense fascicles of
sessile pistillate flowers, its unequal perianth segments, its small glabrous
ovary, and especially by its greatly elongated cylindric styles.

GLOCHIDION NITIDUM sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion ?

Arbor parva circiter 8 m alta, glabra ; foliis crasse coriaceis,
nitidis, falcatis, oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 13 cm longis, acuminatis
basi acutis, nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 6, prominentibus.

484 1'^^^ Philippine Journal of Science 1914

reticulis laxis; fructibus ovoideis vel ellipsoideis, 1.5 cm longis,
4-locellatis, pericarpio crustaceo, valvis 8, lanceolatis, utrinque
aequaliter angustatis, acutis vel acuminatis.

A tree about 8 m high, entirely glabrous, (flowers unknown).
Branches terete, brownish, glabrous. Leaves thickly coriaceous,
falcate, strongly shining on both surfaces, brownish to yellowish-
brown when dry, acuminate, base acute, up to 13 cm long, 3 to 4.5
cm wide ; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib, prom-
inent on the lower surface, curved, brownish, obscurely anasto-
mosing, the reticulations slender, lax; petioles 3 to 4 mm long.
Flowers fascicled, pedicelled, 5-merous ( ?) , the perianth segments
very short, the pedicels in fruit 3 to 4 mm long. Mature fruit red,
ovoid to ellipsoid, acute at both ends or the base somewhat
rounded, 1.5 cm long, 4-celled, composed of 8 lanceolate crusta-
ceous valves which are equally narrowed at both ends, acute or
acuminate, pale or pink when dry, the younger ones crowned by
a cylindric stylar column about 1 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Set. 2054S Ramos,
March 3, 1913, in forests near swamps.

A species apparently belonging in the same group with, and allied to,
Glochidion subfalcatutn Elm., but with much fewer nerved leaves. In
vegetative characters it greatly resembles Glochidion macrocarpum Blume,
but its fruits are quite different from those of that species.

GLOCHIDION TRICHOPHORUM sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Frutex vel arbor parva, monoica, omnibus partibus prominente
ciliato-hirsutis ; foliis ovatis ad oblongo ovatis, firmiter char-
taceis vel subcoriaceis, usque ad 10 cm longis, brunneis, utrinque
ciliato-hirsutis, base late rotundatis, plus minusve inaequilatera-
libus, apice acute acuminatis apiculatisque ; nervis lateralibus
utrinque circiter 6, prominentibus, reticulis laxis; floribus s
fasciculatis, pedicellatis, hirsutis, 6-meris ; staminibus 3, antheris
connatis, cum connectivo 2 mm longis; floribus 9 sessilibus, 5-
meris, 5 mm longis, columna stylaris cylindraceis, puberulis.

A shrub or small tree, monoecious, prominently ciliate-hirsute
with rather stiff, spreading, brownish hairs. Branches terete,
gray or brownish, glabrous, the branchlets densely brown-ciliate.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, brown when dry, somewhat shin-
ing, the lower surface paler than the upper, 5 to 10 cm long,
2.5 to 4.5 cm wide, rather slenderly and sharply acuminate, the
acumen apiculate, base broadly rounded, distinctly inequilateral,
both surfaces ciliate-hirsute with spreading, pale or brownish,
scattered hairs, those on the lower surface mostly on the midrib
and lateral nerves; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the

IX, c, 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 485

midrib, prominent, anastomosing, curved, the reticulations lax;
petioles densely pubescent, 2 mm long or less. Flowers fascicled,
those in the lower fascicles mostly male, in the upper ones mostly
female. Male flowers: Perianth somewhat campanulate, about
4 mm long, the segments 6, somewhat recurved, oblong-oblanceo-
late, obtuse to acute, the outer three prominently ciliate-hirsute
with spreading hairs, the inner three somewhat smaller, glabrous,
or sparingly hirsute at the base only. Stamens 3, the anthers
united, including the 0.5 mm long connectives about 2 mm in
length; pedicels ciliate-hirsute, 3 to 5 mm long. Female flowers
fewer than the males, mostly in the upper axils, sessile or nearly
so, 5-merous, the segments ciliate-hirsute, obtuse or acute, linear-
spatulate, equal, about 1 mm wide. Ovary globose, glabrous,
1 mm in diameter; style cylindric, nearly as thick as the ovary,
jointed above the ovary and falling readily, puberulent except
the somewhat cleft glabrous apex.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Cadig, near Guinayangan, Bur.
Sci. 20831 Escritor, March 7, 1913, in forests.

A species with indument characters resembling those of Glochidion
weberi C. B. Rob., but with entirely different leaves and different flowers.
It is not closely allied to any other known Philippine species.

HOMALANTHUS Jussieu
HOMALANTHIS MEGAPHYLLUS sp. nov. § Disepali.

Frutex circiter 3 m altus, glaber, foliis suborbiculari-ovatis,
submembranaceis vel chartaceis, usque ad 35 cm longis, alte
peltatis ; inflorescentiis $ circiter 40 cm longis, bracteolis biglan-
dulosis, unifloris; floribus tenuiter pedicellatis, circiter 2 mm
diametro, staminibus 30 ; sepalis 2, valde inaequalibus.

A glabrous shrub about 3 m high. Leaves broadly ovate or
suborbicular-ovate, broadly peltate, submembranaceous or char-
taceous, up to 35 cm long and nearly as wide, the base broadly
rounded, shining on both surfaces, the apex rounded or obtuse,
radiately 10-nerved, the lateral nerves above the base about 11
on each side of the midrib, prominent; petioles as long as
the lamina; stipules membranaceous, oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, sharply acuminate, deciduous, 10 cm long. Male
racemes about 40 cm long, many flowered, the flowers deciduous
from the base upward, the bracteoles oblong, rounded or truncate,
slightly cucullate, about 1 mm long, each with two round glands
about 0.5 mm in diameter, each bract subtending a solitary,
slenderly pedicelled staminate flower, the pedicels 6 mm long
below, gradually shorter upward, the buds nearly sessile. Male
flowers depressed-globose, 2 mm in diameter, greenish-yellow.

48() The Philippine Journal of Science isu

Sepals 2, unequal, the larger one reniform, about 1.5 mm wide,
1 mm long, the smaller orbicular, about 0.5 mm in diameter.
Stamens about 30 ; filaments nearly 1 mm long. Female flowers
and fruits not seen.

Mindanao, Subprovince of Bukidnon, Sumilao, Bur. Sci. 15765 Fenix,
August 5, 1912, in thickets along streams, locally known as nabugki.

A very charactei'istic species, allied to Homalanthus fashiosus and to
H. papuanus, differing from both in its very large, long-petioled leaves,
from the former also in its 1-flowered bracteoles, long-pedicelled flowers, and
from the latter in its numerous stamens, long inflorescence, long-pedicelled
flowers, and numerous other characters. The species is apparently dioecious,
for on our material there is no indication of any female flowers at or near
the base of the male inflorescence.

HOMALANTHUS ROTUNDIFOLI US sp. nov. § Monosepali.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra; foliis rotundatis, peltatis,
membranaceis, 3 ad 7 cm diametro, apice obscurissime biglan-
dulosus; racemis usque ad 12 cm longis, bracteis minutis, uni-
floris, obscure biglandulosis, floribus $ 1.2 ad 2 mm diametro,
sepalum 1, anticum, reniforme, 1 ad 1.5 mm diametro; stami-
nibus circiter 25; fructibus leviter compressis, circiter 4 mm
longis.

A shrub or small tree, 10 m high fide Ramos, entirely glabrous.
Branches stout, terete, glabrous, somewhat olivaceous, marked
with large petiolar scars, the internodes short. Leaves nearly
round, prominently peltate, membranaceous, 3 to 7 cm in diam-
eter; petioles slender 5 to 7 cm long, very obscurely biglandular
at the apex; stipules membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, deciduous, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Racemes axillary, slender,
solitary, up to 12 cm long, the female flowers few, basal, the
male flowers above, very numerous, yellowish. Male flowers:
pedicels slender, about 2 mm long, the flowers in anthesis globose,
1.5 to 2 mm in diameter; sepal 1, reniform, 1 to 1.5 mm in
diameter ; stamens about 25 ; subtending bracts small, obscurely
biglandular. Female flowers not seen. Fruits compressed, 2-
celled, about 4 mm long, 5 to 6 mm wide.

Samar, Paranas, along small streams, Phil. PL 1663 Ramos, April, 1914.

A species similar to and manifestly allied to Homalanthus macradenius
Pax & K. Hoffm. of Mindanao, differing in its obscure glands and more
numerous stamens.

HOMALANTHUS ALPINUS Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 307; Merr. in

Philp. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 357; Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreich 52

(1912) 48.

This distinct species is at present represented in the Herbarium of the

Bureau of Science by about 25 specimens. It is of wide distribution in

the northern and central parts of the Philippines, occurring on the higher

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 487

mountains mostly at altitudes above 1,000 meters, from northern Luzon
to central Negros. The duplicates of most of the material from the
early collections of the Bureau of Science were distributed as Homalanthus
populneus Pax, which is a very different species. Homalanthus alpinus
is always dioecious.

HOMALANTHUS MACRADENIUS Pax & K. Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich
52 (1912) 51.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, Elmer 10653 (type number),
Williams 2570: Province of Surigao, Ahem 513, 585.

This distinct species was written up by me as a distinct species about
ten years ago, but was never published, and the herbarium material,
not very good, was later placed with Homalanthus fastuosus F.-Vill. The
maximum size of the leaves is 15 cm in length, and Ahern's specimens
show all intergrades between this size and the smaller leaves on the
type material, which are 6 to 7 cm in diameter. The female flowers
have two very unequal sepals, both reniform, the larger one 2 mm
wide and 1 mm long, the smaller one less than 1 mm in diameter. The
stigmas are very strongly recurved.

MALLOTUS Loureiro

MALLOTUS BREVIPES sp. nov.

Arbor parva 5 ad 10 m alta ramulis junioribus inflorescen-
tiisque parce ciliato-hirsutis exceptis glabra; foliis oblongo-
obovatis, integris, usque ad 12 cm longis, axillis exceptis egland-
ulosis, acuminatis; basi angustatis, distincte cordatis, breviter
petiolatis; floribus s axillaribus, solitariis, pedicellatis ; fruc-
tibus depresso-globosis, 8 mm diametro, coccis extus dense bre-
viter echinatis, parce pubescentibus.

A small tree 5 to 10 m high, nearly glabrous. Branches
slender, terete, grayish, glabrous, the younger parts and the
pedicels sparingly ciliate-hirsute with short, spreading, white
or pale, simple hairs. Leaves opposite, chai-taceous, rather pale,
shining, and of about the same color on both surfaces when dry,
entire, oblong-obovate, 7 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, the
apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, narrowed below to a width
of from 6 to 9 mm, then distinctly cordate ; lateral nerves about
8 on each side of the midrib, rather prominent, curved-ascending,
their axils glandular, the reticulations slender ; petioles sparingly
ciliate-hirsute, becoming nearly glabrous, 2 to 4 mm long.
Flowers not seen, but pedicels of the fruits axillary, solitary,
sparingly ciliate-hirsute, slender, about 2 cm long, the per-
sistent sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, 5 mm long, two (or brac-
teoles) accrescent, somewhat ovate, 5 mm long and 3 to 3.5
mm wide. Fruits depressed-globose, about 8 mm in diameter,
composed of three dehiscent cocci, the cocci densely covered
externally with short, sharp spinelike processes which do not

129821 7

4gg The Philippine Journal of Science isu

exceed 1.5 mm in length and which are usually sparingly ciliate
especially at their apices.

Mindanao, District of Davao, between Digas and Santa Cruz, Williams
2968 (type) June 29, 1905; District of Cotabato, Glan, For. Bur. 18270
Miranda, For. Bur. H2i6 Tarrosa, May 25, 1912, all from low altitudes.

The species is a very characteristic one, but in the absence of staminate
flowers I am not at all sure that it is really referable to the genus Mallotus.
So far as the material goes, however, it agrees with Mallotus, and is hence
placed in that genus. The striking characters of Mallotus brevipes are
its very short-petioled, eglandular leaves which are pinnately nerved and
narrowed to the distinctly cordate base, and its axillary, solitary, rather
long-pedicelled, echinate fruits.

MALLOTUS SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, subglabra; foliis alternis, glabris,
oblongis, usque ad 20 cm longis, acuminatis, basi angustatis,
acutis vel obtusis, margine distanter serrulatis, eglandulosis ;
nervis lateralibus utrinque 9 vel 10, prominentibus ; petiolo usque
ad 2.5 cm longo; inflorescentiis $ axillaribus, solitariis, race-
mosis, folia subaequantibus ; floribus numerosis, glomeratis,
breviter pedicellatis, sepalis circiter 2.5 mm longis.

A shrub or small tree, subglabrous, apparently dioecious.
Branches terete, pale-grayish, glabrous, the growing tips some-
what appressed-hirsute. Leaves alternate, oblong, chartaceous,
16 to 20 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the dis-
tinctly acuminate apex and to the acute or obtuse base, the
margins distantly serrulate, brownish-olivaceous, of the same
color on both surfaces, and slightly shining when dry, eglandular ;
lateral nerves 9 or 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
curved, anastomosing, the reticulations slender, subparallel;
petioles up to 2.5 cm long. Male inflorescences racemose, axil-
lary, solitary, very slightly pubescent, as long as the leaves, the
flowers very numerous, in scattered or nearly approximate
glomerules about 5 mm in diameter, the pedicels about 1 mm long,
each glomerule with numerous, brown, ovate, acuminate, some-
what ciliate bracteoles about 1 mm in length. Sepals 3, ovate,
acute to acuminate, 2.5 mm long. Anthers very numerous ; fila-
ments 0.8 mm long, flattened.

Samar, Yabong, Bur. Sci. 17^80 Ramos, March 18, 1914, on forested
slopes.

A species characterized by its oblong, eglandular leaves and its race-
mose staminate inflorescence, the flowers in numerous, dense, scattered or
approximate glomerules, the racemes as long as the leaves. It is allied
to Mallotus ramosii Merr., differing in its longer leaves which are but
slightly and distantly serrulate and not rounded at the base, its longer
petioles, and stouter racemes which have much larger glomerules and
more numerous flowers than in M. ramosii Merr.

IX, c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 489

PHYLLANTHUS Linnaeus
PHYLLANTHUS LANCIFOLIUS sp. nov. § Paraphyllanthus.

Frutex erectus, monoicus, usque ad 1 m altus, ramulis ex-
ceptis subglaber; ramulis villosis; foliis lanceolatis, chartaceis,
1.5 ad 7 cm longis, acuminatis, basi leviter inaequilateralibus,
rotundatis vel obscure cordatulis, nitidis, supra glabris, subtus
parce villosis vel subglabris, nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter
10, tenuibus, anastomosantibus ; floribus $ 6-meris, axillaribus,
fasciculatis, breviter pedicellatis, segmentis 0.8 mm longis,
ovatis, obtusis; staminibus 3, liberis, antheris 0.4 mm longis,
longitudinaliter dehiscentibus ; floribus $ axillaribus, solitariis,
longissime pedicellatis, pedicellis usque ad 5 cm longis; ovario
3-loculare, glabro, stylis 3, liberis, patulis, furcatis.

An erect monoecious shrub about 1 m high, subglabrous except
the branches and lower surface of the leaves. Branches slender,
terete, reddish-brown, the younger ones rather prominently
villous with pale or brownish, somewhat spreading, short hairs.
Leaves alternate, distichous, exceedingly variable in size, lan-
ceolate, or the smaller ones ovate-lanceolate, chartaceous, 1.5
to 7 cm long, 0.7 to 1.8 cm wide, olivaceous or somewhat brown-
ish, of the same color and shining on both surfaces when dry,
the upper surface glabrous, the lower sparingly villous often
becoming glabrous, narrowed upward to the acuminate or merely
acute apex, the base somewhat inequilateral, rather broadly
rounded, usually slightly cordate; lateral nerves about 10 on
each side of the midrib, slender, not prominent, spreading,
anastomosing, the reticulations lax; petioles pubescent, 1 mm
long or less; stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, brown, about
1.5 mm long. Male flowers numerous, in axillary fascicles, 6-
merous, their pedicels up to 3 mm long, glabrous. Segments
0.8 mm long, ovate, rounded or obtuse. Disk-glands 6, some-
what stalked, orbicular, 0.3 mm in diameter. Stamens 3, free,
the filaments short, the anthers 0.3 mm long, longitudinally
dehiscent. Female flowers solitary, in the upper axils, with
very long and slender pedicels, the pedicels up to 5 cm in length.
Perianth segments 6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, about
1 mm long. Disk prominent, about 1 mm in diameter. Ovary
depressed-globose, glabrous, 3-celled, 0.5 mm in diameter; styles
3, spreading or appressed to the top of the ovary, free or nearly
so, each cleft about to the middle.

Samar, Bur. Sci. 171,65 Ramos, March 16, 1914 (type). SlQUMOR,
Piper 382, May 9, 1911.

This species does not closely resemble any other known Philippine

490 The Philippine Journal of Science \9u

species, and is well characterized by its lanceolate leaves which vary
greatly in size, and by its very long and slenderly pedicelled female
flowers. By Robinson's key to the Philippine species it falls next to P.
tenulpes C. B. Rob., but is not closely allied to that species.

PHYLLANTHUS SECURINEGIOIDES sp. nov.

P'rutex monoicus glaber, ramulis elongatis, tenuibus; foliis
chartaceis, oblongo-ellipticis ad lanceolatis, 7 ad 12 longis,
acutis vel acuminatis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, aequila-
teralibus, nervis utrinque circiter 8; floribus axillaribus, fas-
ciculatis, 6-meris, s numerosis, campanulatis, 2 mm longis, pedi-
cellis 2 mm longis sursum incrassatis, staminibus 3, filamentis
plus minusve connatis, antheris liberis longitudinaliter dehis-
centibus, 9 paucis, pedicellis 3 ad 6 mm longis, segmentis inae-
qualibus, interioribus paullo minoribus; ovario 3-loculare; stylis
3, patulis, furcatis; fructibus 3-coccis.

A glabrous monoecious shrub 3 to 4 m high, the branches
elongated, slender, terete, pale or brownish, the upper parts of •
the younger branchlets somewhat compressed. Leaves alternate,
distichous, equilateral, chartaceous, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate,
7 to 12 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the
acute or somewhat acuminate apex and base, pale or brownish-
olivaceous when dry, somewhat shining; lateral nerves about 8
on each side of the midrib, slender, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions lax ; petioles about 2 mm long. Flowers white, in axillary
fascicles, 6-merous, those on some branches all male, numerous,
those other branches all female, few. Male flowers: Pedicels

2 mm long, thickened upward, from stout, branched, short,
brown, somewhat hirsute axillary processes, the flowers at the
tips of the processes ; perianth 2 mm long, campanulate, the lobes
oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, subequal, rounded or obtuse.
Disk-glands evident. Stamens 3, the filaments 1 mm long, more
or less united; anthers basifixed, oblong, obtuse, 0.5 mm long,
longitudinally 2-celled. Rudimentary ovary none. Female
flowers in separate fascicles on the same plant, few, their pedicels

3 to 6 mm long, elongated in fruit, the perianth-lobes oblong-
ovate, obtuse, about 1.8 mm long, the inner three somewhat
smaller, all slightly accrescent and up to 2.7 mm long in young
fruit. Disk prominent. Ovary globose, glabrous, 3-celled ; styles
3, spreading, appressed to the ovary, about 1 mm long, free or
united only at the base, forked. Fruit a depressed-globose,
3-lobed capsule about 5 mm long, 8 mm wide, composed of three
dehiscent cocci, the pedicels up to 1 cm in length.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Guinayangan, Bur. Sci. 20725 Escritor,
March 8, 1913 (type). Here I also refer the following two specimens

IX. c, 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaceae, II 491

from the same Province: Guinatacutan, Bur. Sci. 131S8 Foxworthy d:
Ramos, March, 1911, in fruit, a form with narrow lanceolate leaves, and
Bur. Sci. 13270 Ramos, Kabibihan, March, 1911, with male flowers, referred
by the late Dr. C. B. Robinson to Securinega acutuiuatissima.

I cannot definitely refer this species to any described section of the
genus Phyllanthus. It resembles Securinega, but its 3 stamens and absence
of a rudimentary ovary in the male flowers excludes it from that genus;
it seems to come nearest to the section Gomphidium, but the styles are
scarcely united, are spreading, and prominently cleft. It is not at all
closely allied to any species of Phyllanthus familiar to me, and probably
will have to be made the type of a new .section. Its striking characters
are its 6-merous flowers, 3 stamens with filaments somewhat united,
anthers erect, free, longitudinally dehiscent, disk present in both .sexes,
ovary 3-celled, styles 3, spreading, slightly united at the base, each cleft
about half-way to the base.

SECURINEGA Jussieu

SECURINEGA FLEXUOSA Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15= (1865) 450.

Fluggea fie.xuosa Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34 (1865) 76; C. B. Rob. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 74.

Phyllanthus acuminatissimus C. B. Rob. 1. c. 3 (1908) Bot. 200.

Securinega acuminatissima C. B. Rob. 1. c. 4 (1909) Bot. 73.
After a careful examination of- a full series of specimens I can see
no good reason for considering that more than one species is represented
here. Cuming 1855, the type of Mueller's species is to me only a rather
small leaved form of the species later described by Dr. Robinson; this
form is sufficiently closely matched by some of the recently collected
material, and all intermediates occur. Additional material: Negros, For.
Bxir. 19407 Curran. Leyte, Piper 582, 604, Wenzel 67, 181, 402, Bur. Sci.
15213 Ramos. Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 21023 Darling.
Mindanao, Bur. Sci. 21498 Escritor; For. Bur. 20509 Rafael & Ponce.

The Visayan name Anislag appears on several specimens from Leyte and
on the Sorsogon specimen, the latter with the statement that the timber is
noted for its durability when used as posts.

TRAGIA Linnaeus

TRAGI A IRRITANS sp. nov. § Eutragia.

Scandens, ramis tenuibus, teretibus, glabris; foliis pilis hir-
sutis sparsis urentibus instructis, membranaceis, oblongis,
usque ad 13 cm longis, nitidis, subtus pallidis, basi alte cor-
datis, apice late acuminatis, margine integris vel supra distanter
denticulatis ; racemis tenuibus, elongatis, paucifloris; floribus 9
6- (vel 5- ?) meris, calycibus vix accrescentibus, lobis integris.

A scandent woody vine climbing in tall trees, the branches
very slender, terete, glabrous, grayish, greatly elongated, 2 mm
in diameter, the younger ones very slightly hirsute. Leaves
distant, alternate, membranaceous, oblong, 8 to 13 cm long, 3
to 6 cm wide, the base deeply cordate, the sinus narrow, lobes
broadly rounded, the apex rather broadly acuminate, sometimes

492 ^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

apiculate, the margine entire, or in the upper part with minute
teeth at the ends of the lateral veins, both surfaces shining,
the upper olivaceous, the lower paler, in age becoming quite
glabrous, when young with scattered, long, white, stiff, stinging
hairs; basal nerves usually 5; lateral nerves above the basal
ones 5 to 7 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct ; petioles
2 to 3 cm long. Racemes slender, including the peduncles 20 cm
long or more, the flowers few, scattered (not seen) ; pedicels
thickened, 2 mm long, each with a bract and two lateral brac-
teoles, the bract oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, somewhat pubes-
cent, 1.5 mm long, the bracteoles lanceolate, 1 mm long. Per-
sistent calyx-segments of the female flowers 6 (or 5), lanceolate,
acute, entire, 2 to 2.3 mm long, slightly hirsute, not accrescent.
Young fruits 3-locellate, slightly hirsute.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, altitude about 200 m, in
forests. For. Bur. 2910 Borden, March, 1905.

The species grows on large trees in forests, and the stinging hairs on
the leaves are irritating to the skin. It is undoubtedly most closely
allied to the Javan Tragia hirsuta Blume, but differs in many characters,
notably in its leaves, when adult, being quite glabrous. The genus is new
to the Philippines, the species described by Blanco as T. innocua and T.
bracteata certainly not belonging in the genus.

TRIGONOSTEMON Blume

TRIGONOSTEMON POLYANTHUS sp. nov. § Eutrigonostemon.

Frutex, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque exceptis glaber;
foliis oblongis ad late oblongo-oblanceolatis, chartaceis, usque
ad 11 cm longis, acuminatis, basi rotundatis, integris, nervis
utrinque circiter 7; petiolo 0.5 ad 2 cm longo; inflorescentiis
axillaribus, pedunculatis, usque ad 6 cm longis, corymbosis, mul-
tifloris; floribus $ circiter 5 mm longis, atropurpureis, sepalis
petalisque 5; antheris 3.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, glabrous except the younger parts
and the inflorescence. Branches slender, terete, grayish, gla-
brous, the growing branchlets rather densely hirsute with pale,
short, appressed hairs, the same type of indumentum on the
young petioles, very young leaves, and the inflorescence. Leaves
dark-brown when dry, oblong to broadly oblong-oblanceolate, 6
to 11 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, entire, narrowed upward to the
rather sharply acuminate apex, base slightly narrowed, rounded ;
lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, slender, dis-
tinct, anastomosing, curved, the reticulations obscure, lax; pe-
tioles 0.5 to 2 cm long. Inflorescences numerous, axillary, soli-
tarj', long-peduncled, corymbose, many flowered, up to 6 cm

IX. c. 5 Merrill: Philippine Euphorbiaccae, II 493

long, much branched in the upper part, pale appressed-hirsute
with short hairs. Male flowers 5-mei-ous, their pedicels 3 to 5
mm long. Sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2 to 2.5 mm long, un-
equal. Petals 5, dark-purple, glabrous, rounded, base cuneate,
4 mm long. Androphore 1 mm long; anthers 3, 0.8 mm long,
capitate at the apex of the androphore, slightly bifid at the
apex. Disk-glands 5, oblong, 0.5 mm long. Rudimentary ovary
none.

Samar, Cauayan Valley, Phil. PL I6i5 Ramos, April, 1914, in forests.

This species is manifestly closely allied to Trigonostemon wenzelii Merr.
in spite of the difference in the inflorescence. It is distinguished from that
species by its corymbose, many flowered male inflorescences; in T. wenzelii
the inflorescence is racemose, and the leaves are rounded at the base.
Perhaps the present species may prove to be only a form of T. wenzelii
with abnormal inflorescences.

[Vol. IX, No. 4, including pages 293 to 390, was issued November
25, 1914.]

^^y

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IX NOVEMBER, 1914 No. 6

SWAMP VEGETATION IN HOT SPRINGS AREAS AT LOS BAnOS,

LAGUNA, P. I.

By Frank C. Gates

{From the College of AgHculture, University of the Philippines,

Los Banos, P. I.)

Five plates

Just west of Los Banos, Laguna, P. I., extending from near
Mount Maquiling, an extinct volcano, north to Lake Bay is a
low swampy region, about 100 hectares in extent, in which
thermal areas are present near the foot of the mountain. From
the majority of the pools of hot water small streams run to
the lake for most of the year. During the latter part of the
dry season the water-table level may be so lowered that no
streams run from many of the pools, while some of the pools
maj^ even dry up.

The temperature of the hot water is always distinctly above
that of the air. In the middle of the hot season of 1913, pools
from which no streams were running had a temperature of
from 37° to 41.5° C, while at the points of emission in others
the thermometer registered between 70' and 80°. With the
advance of the rainy season, the temperature of all the pools
increases to a greater or less extent, the minimum being about
46'' and the maximum 91.2°. Most of the pools vary between
81° and 87^. After the rainy season is well established, tem-
peratures seldom exceed 87°.

The swamp region is now conveniently divided by the railroad.
The eastern part of the area will be designated the Los Baiios
hot springs, and the western part — much the larger — the Tarlac
area, from the adjacent barrio, Tarlac (or Tadlac), a fishing
village on the shore of Lake Bay. At the Los Baiios springs
the rifle range and drainage ditches interfere with the com-
pletion of the normal plant successions. The Tarlac area is

130416 495

496 '^he Philippine Journal of Science 1914

a large swamp through which the Casilihan River flows to Lake
Bay. A number of hot springs are located on the periphery
of the area.

In the Tarlac area there are no drainage ditches. The water
level is persistently higher and the liability to overflow is greater
than in the Los Bafios area. For this reason the abrupt tension
line surrounding the hot springs swings backward and forward
through a greater amplitude, coincident with the fluctuations
in the hot water level. Because of the hot springs the tem-
perature of the ground water is higher than the general average
of the region. The continued presence of this warm soil water
has not been conducive to the development of genetically high
vegetation.

THE VEGETATION

The vegetation of the two areas is very similar, although
on a much larger scale in the Tarlac area. With a few excei)-
tions the same associations occur in both places, but on account
of ditches the developmental stages are further advanced in the
Los Banos area.

The general appearance of the vegetation does not differ
greatly between the dry and wet seasons, but many of the
details show considerable variation. The associations are most
conspicuously differentiated during the rainy season as active
vegetation is then at its height. During the dry or hot season
many of the plants die down to the ground and successions
betw^een associations of herbaceous species are virtually at a
standstill. The area is noteworthy for the readiness with which
a number of strand plants occupy space in a swamp.

THE BOTTOM THERMAL ASSOCIATION

In the pools of hot water bacteria and blue-green algae
(Cyanophyceae) were found on the bottom and at the surface.
Collections made by me on December 4, have been examined by
Dr. W. R. Shaw, who reports on the material as follows:

A preliminary examination of the material from the hot springs at
Los Bafios presents the following organisms: A very slender filamentous
plant which appears to belong to Thiothrvx or to some allied genus of
the sulphur bacteria; a croococcaceous species resembling Aphanocapsa;
a number of filamentous Cyanophyceae, of which the more abundant appear
to be an Amphithrix, a Hypheothrix, and a Rividaria-Wke species; and a
large number of Bactermvi-\Sk& cylindric cells which are rounded at the
ends. These Bactermm-VikQ cells may be a gonidial stage of the Rivularia^
like species, mentioned above. This species consists of long parallel fila-
ments with thicker middle parts made up of barrel-shaped cells and

IX, c, 6 Gates: Stcamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 497

heterocysts. They taper toward both ends, and the slender ends are com-
posed of longer or shorter cylindric cells which are rounded at the tips
and are of about the same diameter as the free Bacteriiim-\ike cells.

The bottom forms nearest the hot water vents appeared as
brownish, gelatinous masses closely covering the bottom. This
mass was characterized by bacteria. Farther back from the hot
water vents blue-green algae, growing at the upper surface of
the gelatinous mass, gave color to the bottom growth. These
organisms developed in water of a temperature up to 56 \ In
June, 1914, a new vent for the hot water in the center of a
patch of these organisms resulted in the death of all those plants
within its sphere of influence until the temperature was lowered
to 56°. In the pool nearest Los Baiios, during the dry season,
a layer of bluish-green scum extends quite up to the hot water
vents. As the water becomes hotter, with the commencing rainy
season, the plants are killed for some distance from the vents
until the temperature of the water is lowered to within their
requirements. Plants were found alive in a few undrained de-
pressions which existed near the hot water vents. Investigation
disclosed the fact that these depressions were filled with rela-
tively cool water, from 44° to 50 \ while the water at the sur-
face, a few centimeters above, might be from 60' to 80'\ One
of these pools was stirred up with a stick with the result that
the temperature at the bottom rose to 65° and on the following
day all the plants in it were dead. The dead algae and other
plants in the hot water pools flocculate and form a matrix for
the deposition of salts found in the hot water.

With the very high hot water in September, 1914, thermal
organisms seemed to withstand a higher temperature for about
a month. They were very generally found in water with temper-
atures up to about 60° and in a few extreme cases even up to
62°. This condition lasted into October, but eventually all of
these forms that were in water with a temperature above 56°
succumbed.

THE SURFACE-THERMAL ASSOCIATION

Filamentous blue-green algae, some of which are attached to
the banks of the streams, were very commonly found along the
streamlets from the hot springs. The critical temperature was
52°. The mat of these algae helped to support the runners of
Bacopa which extended from the shore. Upon the establishment
of the Bacopa association, these algae densely filled the spaces
and quickly covered any Bacopa stems that sank below the sur-
face of the water.

498 T^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9h

The rise of the hot water in September, 1914, entirely de-
stroyed the vegetative parts of these algae. The algae did not
reappear until the temperature of the hot water near the shore
had fallen below 52°.

THE BACOPA-LIPPIA ASSOCIATION

Bordering the hot water pools and growing along streams and
on flood plain flats is an association of low succulent plants,
well characterized by Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst.^ This
species produces a dense carpet of bright green vegetation com-
pletely covering the ground. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Rich., a
plant of somewhat similar vegetative characteristics, is often
present, occasionally in alternation with Bacopa. Whenever
the association tends to advance into hot water, Bacopa is always
the pioneer. Often it persistently sends its runners into the
hot water and they are as persistently killed thereby'.

In the dry season diminution or drying up of the hot water
pools is not followed by a complete invasion of Bacopa. On the
contrary it also dries up on account of lack of water, due both
to the decreased supply and the higher concentration.

During the dry season of 1913, which was not severe, the
plants of Bacopa shriveled somewhat and flowered less fre-
quently than usual, but did not die down to the ground. With
the first showers of the rainy season, the vegetation reacted
with vigorous growth, most noticeable in Bacopa and Lippia.
Each of these species formed extensive mats, soon occupying the
entire stream beds. Lippia was firmly rooted close to the ground
at each node, so that when the stream became established many
plants were submerged, and thus being held under water they
were drowned. Bacopa grew rapidly upward, forming dense
mats which gradually sank into the water. The submerged
parts died, but parts above the water remained alive. Later,
as the water became hotter, the plants at and below the surface
were killed. Parts above the water, no longer supported from
below fell into the hot water and were killed. This rapidly
pushed the Bacopa back from the hot springs. In one pool
Bacopa receded more than 2 meters in less than a week. The
critical temperature is between 48"" and 52°, higher than this
being fatal. The steam, which is constantly rising from the
pool, is not injurious. It was clearly evident that at tempera-
tures slightly above the fatal point, if the upper parts of the

^ The plant indentifications were either made or verified by Mr. E. D.
Merrill, botanist of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.

IX, c, 6 Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hot Spriiigs Areas 499

plants were supported above the water, those parts could still
obtain water through the dead stems below. On such stems the
region just above the water was larger than normal, the same
as is observed in girdled stems.

During the moderately severe dry season of 1911, the pool
nearest Los Baiios dried up completely. The ground was in
addition well drained by ditches. Even with the coming of the
rainy season no hot water issued from the vents of this pool,
until the torrential rains of early September. Then a large
pool was formed in which the hot water quickly killed Bacopa.
The stream bed had been occupied by Bacopa and Lippia, but
when hot water began to flow in it, all vegetation in a channel
about 30 cm wide was killed. The sharp tension line coincided
with a temperature of 52". The hot water spread out into the
surrounding low areas and killed most of the vegetation.
Near the hot water vents everything was killed.

Associated with Bacopa and Lippia is Portulaca oUracea L. —
also a succulent plant — and, in addition, the ever-present, easy-
demanding, convolvulaceous Merremia hastata (Desr.) Hallier f.

In the area immediately around the hot springs, higher ground
seemed to be the most potent cause for succession. Such spots
were rapidly taken possession of by Fimbristylis spathacea
Roth.

In addition to the immediate vicinity of hot water vents, the
Bacopa-Lippia association occurs along streams and on low flats
at or below the water-table level during the rainy season.

Along streams this association forms a narrow zone extending
into the water. Landward the association is repeatedly broken
by clumps of Fimbristylis spathacea Roth, or by other plants.
Lippia is here much more commonly found, but it seldom sup-
plants Bacopa. Portulaca occurs in a few such places. There
are usually no additional species, although two convolvulaceous
vines, Merremia hastata Hallier f. and Jacquemontia panicnlata
Hallier f., sometimes trail out over the Bacopa.

On flats, Bacopa spreads out in all directions and forms a
luxuriant mat of vegetation. A few plants of Lippia may "be
present near the margins, but only rarely in the center of the
mat. Lippia and convolvulaceous vines are the only species
associated with Bacopa on the majority of these flats. In case
the flat is not submerged for any length of time, vines, such as
Merremia, Jacquemontia, and Cissus trifolia (L.) K. Sch., are
likely to become more abundant during the dry season. Very
shortly after the first rains, Fimbristylis spathacea Roth appears

500 ^^^'<^' Philippine Journal of Science lou

and soon develops into typical clumps. Before it has obtained
complete dominance Acrostichum aureum L, is likely to invade
the area from the edges.

The high hot water of 1914 materially extended the areas of
the flats in the vicinity of the Los Bafios springs by killing
back considerable Acrostichum. As a result of this high hot
water much of the Bacopa between the clumps of Fimhristylis
was killed, and the appearance of the area was materially trans-
formed from one of Bacopa with some Fimhristylis here and
there to an area with scattered clumps of Fimhristylis, a little
Bacopa near the edges, and a few dead ferns near the margin.
As complete, prolonged submergence of a clump of Fimhristylis
is necessary to cause death, this year's high hot water hastened
the elimination of Bacopa, while the destruction of Acrostichum
was really favorable to the extension of Fimhristylis, causing a
reversal of the normal genetic succession.

This association, represented by etiolated plants of Lippia only,
also occurs on the tension line between Typha in the water and
talahib, Saccharum spontayieum L., on the railway embank-
ment. Bacopa readily remains as a relic in succeeding associa-
tions which do not cut off too much light.

Occasionall}^ the Acrostichum association seems to invade
Bacopa directly along the banks of streams, but usually one or
more associations intervene. The same is true with respect to the
parang association. The relationships of the Bacopa-Lippia as-
sociations are best seen at the Los Baiios hot springs where
there is less fluctuation of the water level. In the Tarlac area
the high hot water each year kills back the Bacopa clear to the
shrubs, under which it cannot persist during the dry season.
During the dry season there is usually some Bacopa around most
of the hot springs in this area — especially those nearer the
margin of the swamp. Only a very little Bacopa is enabled
to persist to restock the area, due to the fact that much of it
is killed back each rainy season, and that the areas in which
the plant thrives are covered with water for a period after
the rainy season, thus preventing natural reproduction of the
plant.

This easily explains its scarcity in the Tarlac area. High
water itself usually does not kill Bacopa unless the temperature
goes above 52°, for Bacopa will grow upward with the rising
water. It partly floats on the water and partly rests against
other plants. In case the water rises very rapidly so as to
drown most of the plants of Bacopa, there are always detached
pieces of stems which float to the surface and grow there.

IX. c. 6 Gates: Sivamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 501

THE FIMBRIST\'LIS SPATHACEA ASSOCIATION

Taking advantage of inequalities in the ground in the Bacopa
association Fimbristylis spathacca Roth commences to develop.
This species soon builds up small hummocklike clumps in the
Bacopa. When these clumps are far apart, this association
appears only in very isolated patches. When near together the
spreading flower stems of Fimbristylis spathacca form a layer
or story above the Bacopa, which is growing between the clumps.
As the plants of Fimbristylis become more numerous the aggre-
gation of small and large clumps builds up a fibrous turf. This
turf may sometimes be very dense. When the hot water rises
in level, it often surrounds the clumps of Fimbristylis which,
however, do not die unless the hot water entirely covers the
center of the clump for some time.

The Fimbristylis spathacca association usually occurs in the
immediate vicinity of the hot springs, but may sometimes fonri
a narrow belt along streams where the bank is low and very flat.
Fimbristylis occupies virtually all the area in the association,
although some Lippia and Bacopa may remain; and vines, such
as Merremia hastata and Cissus trifolia, as well as invading
species, may be present.

Under exceptional conditions where flats of Fimbristylis
spathacca are burnt over, cogon, Imperata cylindrica, imme-
diately follows. Where the Fimbiistylis is merely cut or eaten
off, no cogon follows as the ground is too wet.

In the Tarlac area this association is not well represented.
This is due to the pronounced fluctuations in the water level, to
which Fimbristylis does not quickly adjust itself. At the Los
Baiios springs the presence of ditches keeps the hot water down
so that Fimbristylis does not ordinarily become submerged.

THE DIPLACHNE ASSOCIATION

The Diplachne association is semiaquatic. The plants are
rooted below the surface of the water with stems extending above
the water. This association occurs in warm water at a short
distance from the hot springs. It is thoroughly dominated by a
grass, Diplachne fusca Beauv., whose loose lax stems partly trail
over the water and with partial support become erect. Thus,
although the plants may be rooted only on the banks, the entire
centers of streams may be covered with this vegetation. The
flower stems are about 1 meter high and over them there may be
trailing vines ; such as Merremia, Cissus, and Tournefortia sar-
mentosa Lam. With these exceptions there are no secondary
species in the association.

502 ^'^^ Philippine Journal of Science lau

There was no positive evidence of the dynamic activities of
Diplachne until after the persistent high hot water following
the heavy rains of September, 1914. The high water killed con-
siderable vegetation in the vicinity of the hot water vents. Re-
invasion of plants began soon after the water cooled. Bacteria
and blue-green algae in the water and Bacopa above the water
were the pioneers. The latter was generally followed by Fim-
bristylis spathacea, but in a very few places Diplachne invaded
the Bacopa.

On the banks of streams this association readily gives way to
others, but as a rule it does not show indications of succession.
A radical lowering of the water table to below the surface of the
ground would lead to its elimination, but the mere drying up of
the streams during the dry season — a condition which is also
unfavorable for rapid advances of other vegetation — does not
materially affect it. A permanent lowering of the water makes
the habitat favorable for the reinvasion of the Bacopa-Lippia
association, represented especially by Lippia.

As a pioneer invader in two of the hot springs in the Tarlac
area this association was sparingly represented by plants of
Diplachne fitsca Beau v., rooted below the surface in lukewarm
water. This species is adapted to fluctuations in water level,
but very high water would entirely submerge it, and hot water
would kill it. Wherever it occurs the structure of the association
is very simple.

THE IPOMOEA REPTANS ASSOCIATION

This semiaquatic association in which the plants are generally
rooted in damp ground just above the water level, but with long
stems which run out over the water, was represented in the
Tarlac area in 1913 at one of the hot springs near the railroad.
Ipomoea 7'eptans Poir. rooting back of Diplachne, sends out
runners under it into the hot water. There the tips are killed
back. In this locality there were no secondary species, but
where this association occurs along ponds or along Lake Bay,
the stems catch floating aquatics and debris of all sorts.

In the high hot water of September, 1914, all of this association
in the Tarlac area was killed. The association is not present in
the vicinity of the Los Banos springs.

THE FIMBRISTYLIS MILIACEA ASSOCIATION

Occupying a limited area at water-table level in the eastern
part of the Los Banos area is a small patch of an association

IX, c, 6 Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 503

thoroughly dominated by a sedge, Fimbri^tylis miliacea Vahl.
The individual plants are about 70 cm high and usually form
a rather dense turf. The waxy green color of the stems of the
plants make this association stand out distinctly from the sur-
rounding associations. The area thus occupied is generally burnt
over during the dry season. On one side it is bordered by cogon,
which, however, does not replace Fimbristylis as the ground is
water-soaked during the greater part of the year ; this condition
precludes cogon. The presence of Acrostichum and Acacia is
indicative of succession, but very little headway is being made
on account of the dense turf and recurring fires. There are no
secondaiy species of importance.

This association replaces the F imbristylis spathacca association
by crowding Bacopa and Lippia from between the clumps of
Fimbristylis spathacca Roth and eliminates the latter species by
shading.

In the damp ground at the edge of the water behind Diplachne
in the Tarlac area there was a rather poor representation of
this association. No particular relation was noticed between
this association and the Ipomoea reptans association, although
runners of Ipomoea often passed through the Fimbristylis area
toward the open water. Sesbania replaces either Fimbristylis
or Ipomoea under favorable conditions.

THE VALLISKERIA ASSOCIATION

The Vallisneria association, an aquatic one in which the plants
are rooted beneath the surface of the water and the entire plant
remains submerged, is present in the Casilihan River in the Tarlac
area, but does not occur in the vicinity of the hot springs. The
association is represented by Vallisneria gigantea Graebn., Cera-
tophyllum. demersum L., and Potamogeton malainus Miq., none
of which is abundant. This association also occurs in Lake
Bay at the mouth of the river. Whenever any of the plants
reach the surface of the water they catch such floating aquatics
as Pistia, Lemna, and Jussieua repens L., as well as floating
debris.

This association is not present in the Los Bafios area.

THE LEMNA-PISTIA ASSOCIATION

An association of floating aquatic plants, characterized by
Lemna trisulca L., and Pistia stratiotes L., is found near the
mouth of the Casilihan River, as well as in Lake Bay. When

504 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9u

the water level is much lowered Pistia may rest on the ground
and under these conditions its roots extend into the soil. Any
other plants that become established there can easily shade Pistia
out of existence.

This association is not present in the Los Baiios area. f

THE CAST.\LIA-NYMPHAEA ASSOCIATION

The Castalia-Nijmphaea, an association of aquatic plants rooted
in mud with leaves floating on the surface of the water, is now
sparingly represented near the upper part of the swamp, rather
near some of the hot springs. Castalia pubescens Willd, was
the only species present. The appearance of the association was
entirely typical. With it were no regular secondary species.
In the Tarlac area it was often the association bordering the
Casilihan River, where it was succeeded either by Typha or by
Panic2im amplexicaiile Rudge and Payiiciim repens L.

This association does not occur in the Los Baiios area.

THE TYPHA ASSOCIATION

This marsh association, dominated by Typha aJigustifolia java-
nica Schindl., occurs in a few of the ditches in the Los Baiios
area and borders pools and streams running from the hot springs
in both areas, but does not occur in hot water. Aside from
Polygonum tomentosum Willd. and convolvulaceous vines which
may be locally present, there are seldom any secondary species.

From the front of this association a mat of Bacopa may some-
times extend out over pools of open water. In the ditches,
Typha is as a rule not replaced. The exception was in a single
pool in the Los Baiios area where eight plants of Seshania can-
nahina Pers. became established in 1913. Around pools and
along streams Typha readily gives place to Phragmites and less
readily to Acrostichum.

In the Tarlac area the high water of 1914 submerged much
of the Typha. As September is the normal resting season of
Typha, the dead leaves could not be taken to indicate that they
were killed by the high water, especially as seeds were found
germiinating without having fallen from the spike.

In the level central part of the Tarlac area, TypJia was suc-
ceeded by wide areas of Paniciim repens L. This grass is period-
ically harvested for forage, as well as pastured by carabaos, both
of which tend to retard natural succession. Elsewhere Typha
is succeeded by the Phragmites association, which is very abund-
ant and wide spread in this area.

I

IX. c. 6 Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hut Springs Areas 505

THE SCIRPUS CROSSUS ASSOCIATION

An association, dominated by Scirpus grossus L. f., a tall, stout,
rank, 3-angled sedge, common along the shore of Lake Bay, is
found in the hot springs region in but one limited area. This
is just in front of the Barrmgtonia woods where the Casilihan
River enters the swamp area. The density of the Scirpii,^ is not
sufficient to exclude secondary species, among which Polygonum
tomentosum Willd. was especially abundant. The Scirpus was
readily succeeded by Phragmiies, which formed a narrow fringe
immediately in front of the forest.

THE PHRAGMITES ASSOCIATION

A swamp association, dominated by a tall reed grass, Phrag-
mites vulgaris Trin., covers more area than any other association
in the swamp. It thoroughly dominates the central part of the
Tarlac area, bordering the stream where Typha does not. It
extends from the immediate vicinity of the hot springs nearly
to Lake Bay, as well as a considerable distance back from the
stream on both sides. When in bloom, the tall flowering stems
of Phragmites are easily the most conspicuous feature of the area.

Normally, Phragmites grows in water from a few centimeters
to a meter in depth. Although it can grow rather close to the
hot springs it is more easily killed by hot water than several
other plants. Thus, considerable Phragmites in the central part
of the Tarlac swamp was killed by the high hot water in Sep-
tember, 1914, v/ith the result that during October, in place of an
extensive area of Phragmites in flower, there was merely a
fringe at the edge of the swamp. As soon as the water cooled,
a reinvasion of Phragmites set in. Those rhizomes which had
not been killed sent up new shoots. On the surface of the water,
forming a part of the abundant debris, were many short pieces
of Phragmites stems which were sprouting as they floated. As
the water receded they cam^ nearer to the ground, with cor-
respondingly greater chances of establishment. This of course
shortened the invasion time. The setback has given the Ses-
bania a chance materially to extend its range, and this extension
has rapidly taken place.

The Phragmites association is very simple in structure, rarely
containing more than the dominant species, closely in control
of the environment. The tension lines on both sides are sharp.
In the Tarlac area, vines, such as Merremia gemella Hallier f.,
Ipomoea sp., and Cissus trifolia K. Sch. may sometimes occur
in profusion near the margin with the Sesbania association.

506 ^'^^^' Philippine Journal of Science i9u

When the vines become very dense, they may so load down the
Phragmitcs that it falls, sometimes submerging and thus destroy-
ing the vines. In the center of the association, vines are much
less common, although seldom entirely absent. In addition to
those mentioned in the Tarlac area, Merreniia hastata Hallier f.,
Ipomoea cairica Sweet, and Streptocaulon haumii Dene, are com-
mon in the Los Bahos area. In both cases the vines are so
promiscuous in distribution that they do not determine any line
of succession.

On account of drainage ditches in the Los Bahos area, the
water level is lower and here Phragmites is losing its dominance.
During the rainy season the ground is water-soaked, but in the
dry season it does not contain a great deal of water. The large
rootstocks of Phragmites build up the ground in their immediate
vicinity. The abundant aerenchyma on the roots testifies to the
usual water-soaked condition of the soil. The roots permeate
the surface soil in all directions so thoroughly that there is very
little room for other plants. The numerous culms, each about
1 cm in diameter and from 1 to 3 m high, grow close together.

In this rather intolerant species, because of crowding, the
leaves are limited to a bunch at the top. Individual plants grow-
ing in full illumination are leafy to the base. Viewed from
within, the vegetation appears like a miniature forest of leaf-
surmounted canes, and from without as a very dense mass of
broad-leaved grass. Only rarely can even etiolated plants be
found on the ground floor beneath Phragmites.

The transition into the Phragmites association is very abrupt,
as Phragmites grows higher than any other herb in the swamp.
Phragmites successfully invades Typha in standing water. The
tension line is very sharp. Phragmites is invaded by the Prem^ia
odorata consocies of the parang association. As Premna is
tolerant, especially as a seedling, its seeds can germinate under
Phragmites and send up spindling stocks through it. At the
level of the grass leaves the stems of Premna branch widely,
forming a canopy over Phragmites. Thus shaded, Phragmites
must give way.

At present a considerable part of the Los Bahos area is in
this condition. Phragmites is surely being replaced by the taller
Premna. Although the number of plants of Phragmites is so
much greater in proportion, the spreading canopies of Premna
above give the character to the general appearance from the
outside. Under cover of the shade, at the level where the dead
or dried stocks of Phragmites are bent over in the wind, a dense

ix.c.c Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 507

layer of rubbish collects. Often a layer nearly 20 cm thick is
thus formed, which entirely excludes light from the ground.

THE ACROSTICHUM ASSOCIATION

A stage of vegetation, somewhat intermediate between herbs
and shrubs, dominated by a fern, Acrostichmn aurenni L., is
present in both areas. This fern is characteristic of salt mar-
shes, but although this swamp area is a fresh-water habitat, the
hot water issuing from the hot springs contains salts. The fern
might be considered as a miniature tree fern, for the stem de-
velops upright, although seldom reaching a height of more than
30 cm. From the top of the thick stem, the leaves radiate
obliquely upward in all directions to a height of from 1 to 2 m.
When well developed the spreading leaves interlock, and from
above the vegetation appears to be a solid mass of fern. A cross
section, however, shows that the plants are well spaced, from
0.5 to 1.5 m apart, the ground between being bare of plants
and in the rainy season usually covered with water.

This association invades all the genetically lower associations
which are not too near the hot, water. Of the associations
which may succeed, the Acacia consocies of the parang associa-
tion is the more usual. Individual trees of Acacia farnesiana
Willd. occur here and there throughout much of the area domi-
nated by the fern. The first response to the presence of Acacia
is the larger size of the leaves of Acrostichvm in a circle around
the Acacia plant, even before the Acacia is as high as the fern.
The effect extends beyond the area shaded when shading begins
to take place. This better development is probably due to the
local presence of more available nitrogen associated with the
leguminous Acacia.

When Acacia becomes sufficiently numerous to give the char-
acter to the general impression as seen from the outside, the
upper story of vegetation is formed by the spreading branches
of Acacia, although, per unit area, individuals of Acrostichum
are much more numerous. The Acrostichum grows very dense
and the numerous long leaves extend up into the crown of the
Acacia. A radically different idea of the area is thus given
from the inside. Acrostichum appears almost entirely prevalent,
there being but relatively few Acacia stems. The ground is
bare.

Acrostichum shows excellently the change in size of leaves
in its roles of invader, dominant species, and relic. From in-
vader to dominant species the change is gradual, the leaves under

508 '^/^c Philippine Jonrnal of Science is»u

the latter condition being larger. The change from dominant
species to a relic is very abrupt wherever the Acacia has a sharp
boundary. Leaves of Acrostichum in Acacia may be twice as
large as those in the Acrostichum association. In nonlegumin-
ous associations in which Acrostichzim occurs it may be much
dwarfed and readily gives place under shading.

In the Tarlac area this association is poorly represented. It
occurs sparingly toward the upper and mountain side of the
area. The ferns are scattered and do not dominate the situa-
tion. Hot water readily kills this fern. By October, 1914, all
the fern outposts had been killed, the only living ferns bein:^
those near the edge of the thickets where they were not reached
by the hot water. Thus, AcrosUchum is of minor importance
in this area, hardly being able to hold its own as an association.

THE SESBANIA ASSOCIATION

The Sesbania association is common on the strand of Lake Bay,
and is also plentifully represented in the Tarlac hot springs
area. The rather open, sprawling, shrubby, very intolerant
growth of this plant would appear to make it a poor plant to
succeed in this area, where the vegetation in general is rather
dense. On the strand, Sesbania cannabina Pers. grows under
beach conditions. Its root system is submerged at least during
the rainy season. In the hot springs area it regularly grows
in water, or where the soil is very wet throughout the year.
It will grow in water 2 m in depth. Whenever the stem is
submerged for any length of time abundant aerenchyma is de-
veloped. On the main stem the aerenchyma is seldom more
than 3 mm in thickness, and by its development the epidermis
is split into long shreds. Root clusters are developed from
nodes of the stem under water, and on these roots aerenchyma
is usually exceedingly well developed. In extreme cases, 80
per cent of the diameter of a root from 6 to 9 mm thick may
be aerenchyma. On many of these root clusters there are prom-
inent root tubercles, which are developed entirely under water.
Roots that are exposed to the air dry up as the water recedes.

Sesbania invades either Phragmites or Typha, particularly
the former. When crowded, Sesbania grows higher than either.
Under the dense shade of Phragmites it appears that Sesbania
cannot start, but by taking advantage of resting periods and
of conditions less favorable to Phragmites, Sesbania. obtains a
start and often gains the upper hand on Phragmites. The kill-
ing of so much Phragmites during the high hot water of Sep-
tember, 1914, has already resulted in a marked increase in the

IX. c, 6 Gates: Sivamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 509

Seshania area. There are no secondary species with it except
the ever-present vines, Merrcmia gemella Hallier f., Ipomoea
sp., and Cissus trifolia K. Sch. The first of these is the most
noteworthy, for under the hot water swamp conditions it pos-
sesses a woody stem which may rea^h a diameter of 20 mm in
place of its normal herbaceous stem. The stem is larger above
the surface of the water than below it. When festoons of vines
entirely cover Seshania, they interfere with its development.
The tight woody coils on the stem also interrupt the development
of aerenchyma.

Seshania keeps its place in the area because of the fact that
the shrubs which would naturally succeed it do not grow in
standing water. Whenever conditions are at all favorable for
parang shrubs they readily replace Seshania.

Around certain of the hot springs in the Tarlac area there
is a zone of Panicum repens L. between the parang and Seshania.
This is due to the complex local conditions attendant upon the
fluctuations of the hot water.

Eight plants of Seshania cannahina Pers., invading Typha in
a ditch along the railroad, is the total extent of this association
in the vicinity of the Los Banos springs. The plants are poorly
developed and badly overrun with vines.

THE CYNODON ASSOCIATION

A wet-ground and strand association, dominated by a grass,
Cynodon dactylon Pers., occurs sparingly in the immediate
vicinity of the Los Banos hot springs In certain low areas
which are wet to the surface even during the greater part of
the dry season.

There are no secondary species with it. It is invaded by both
Fimhristylis spathacea Roth and Panicum repens L. When
Fhnhristylis miliacea Vahl, in vei-y wet places, is too closely
cropped by cattle or goats, Cynodon will sometimes appear and
become established.

THE PANICUM REPENS ASSOCIATION

The Panicum repens association is present in both hot-spring
areas. This wet-ground association of grasses is typical of cer-
tain parts of the strand and also develops on flat wet areas.
Along Lake Bay this association is present before Seshania and
gives place to it. Around certain of the hot springs this asso-
ciation is present as a tension-line association between the hot
springs and the parang shrubs on the dry land. There it is
fairly well developed, containing also a number of secondary

510 The Philipphie Journal of Science 1914

species, particularly Wedelia biflora DC, Cosmos caudatus HBK.,
Vernonia chicrea Less., and Eclivta alba Hassk. In the shallow
water in front of it there may be a little Sesbania, which can
withstand a greater degree of submergence than Panicum repens
L., while the latter can iJevelop on drier ground to better
advantage.

In the wet open flat area in the center of the Tarlac region,
there is a large tract of ground covered with Pa7iiciim repens L.,
mixed with Paspaliim longiflorum Roxb., Panicum amplexicaule
Rudge, Panicum (Echinochloa) crtis galli L., Panicum {Echino-
chloa) stagninum Retz., and probably other grasses, whose iden-
tity was not evident from the lack of flowers. Grass for forage
is obtained from this area, and parts of it are used for pasture.
These conditions maintain Panicum repens, whichi otherwise
would be replaced by one of the PhragwAtes, Sesbania, or Acros-
tichum associations, all of which are present in the immediate
vicinity.

In the Los Bafios area, the maintenance of a rifle range is
responsible for the continued existence of this association in
the wetter parts of the flats near the stone quarry. The Pani-
cum is rather low, seldom more than 30 cm in height. The
ground is densely carpeted, but the lax flower stems are openly
disposed. But few species are associated with Panicum; for
example, Wedelia biflora DC, Panicum {Echinochloa) colonum
L., and Commelina nitdiflora L.

The Panicum repens association tends to spread into the
Cynodon, while it may be replaced by a number of associations,
particularly as the water content of the soil is reduced. Al-
though the area may be burnt over once each year, most of it
is very low and consequently too wet for the healthy development
of cogon grasses.

THE COGON ASSOCIATION

The cogon association, a common secondary association of this
part of the world is very sparingly represented in the hot springs
area, as the ground is too wet. In small patches of higher
ground which have been burnt over, cogon, Imperata cylindrica
koenigii Benth., obtains a foothold and spreads rapidly through
the burnt area. As the dry stems of Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl
are more easily burned than others, the cogon association has
seemed more likely to follow that association.

The Imperata consocies. — The Imperata consocies is entirely
typical, consisting of a dense growth of a grass, Imperata cylin-

jx, c, 6 Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 511

drica koenigii, with no regular secondary species. The consocies
does not have a firm grip on the land and considerable evidence
of successions from it are visible. Acrostichum spreads into
it along the margins and even into the very center of the grass
area, because the wet soil is more favorable to Acrostichum
than to Jmperata. As this latter association is rather open, it
does not generally annihilate the cogon, but becomes the domi-
nant species with the cogon persisting as a relic. Either directly
or through an Acrostichum stage the cogon passes into the
parang association. Acacia farnesiana Willd. obtains a foot-
hold and develops readily. As soon as it becomes higher than
the cogon it exhibits its ability to shade the cogon out of exist-
ence. This may be entirely accomplished within a year under
favorable circumstances. If fires did not occur during the dry
season the cogon would very shortly become nonexistant, as
conditions are so much better suited for other plants.

The SaccJmrum consocies. — The Saccharum consocies, domi-
nated by talahib, Saccharum spontaneum L., hardly occurs in
the hot springs area proper, but is abundant on the ballast
of the railroad through the area. It shows no successional re-
lationship with the hot-springs vegetation, being separated from
it by sharp tension lines at the limits of the railway ballast.

THE PARANG ASSOCIATION

The normal association to succeed a number of the associa-
tions treated of above, consists of shrubs and small trees. For
the most part, in the Tarlac area, this association is on the
border of the swamp rather than in it; while at the Los Banos
springs, on account of the permanent lowering of the water
by ditches, this association is actively invading the swamp area
and radically changing its structure. In the Tarlac area, al-
though the tendencies are clearly indicated, succession is very
slow and barely taking place, on account of the pronounced
fluctuations of the water level. The wetter areas are most easily
invaded by the Acacia and the Premna consocies.

The Acacia farnesiana consocies. — Invading the water-soaked,
Acrostichum-dommated ground in the vicinity of the quarry
in the Los Baiios area, are a number of shrubs of Acacia farne-
siana Willd. which have sprung up in the spaces between the
plants of Acrostichum and, growing higher than them, are
shading them out of existence. The canopy developed by Acacia
has permitted relatively few plants to become very important
in effecting succession. In point of relative abundance, about

5;[2 ^'^^^ Philippuie Journal of Science nu

8 per cent of the individual plants are Acacia, 90 per cent are
Acrostichum, and the remaining 2 per cent are distributed
among Premna, Phyllanthus, and a few vines. Farther from
the hot springs the Acacia consocies mixes v^^ith the Premna
consocies and may even be more or less replaced by it.

In the Tarlac area a fringe of Acrostichum generally separates
Acacia from the main body of the marsh. Into this, Acacia
readily invades and obtains dominance. The appearance is not
entirely typical for other shrubs have also invaded with the
result that the area is mostly a jumble of the Acacia and Premna
consocies of the parang association with the Acrostichum and
Phragmites associations. Irregular setbacks have interrupted
and often reversed the normal trend of succession. In spite of
this fact progress in shrub invasion is evident.

The Premna consocies. — The Premna consocies represents the
highest vegetation at present in the Los Baiios area. It is a
consocies of the parang association dominated by Premna odo-
rata Blanco, associated with the usual promiscuous vines.
Nowhere is this consocies well developed as yet, as it is in a
transition stage in which the Premna is gradually assuming
dominance because of its more advantageous growth form.

In the Tarlac area Premna is following Acacia, but very slowly
on account of the frequent setbacks.

The Pithecolobium consocies. — Along the railroad in both
areas a few trees of Pithecolobium dulce Benth. serve to indi-
cate the presence of the Pithecolobium consocies of the parang
association.

The Gliricidia consocies. — Where low knolls occur in the
boundary of the hot-springs area, especially near the railroad,
the shrubby vegetation is frequently composed of thickets of
Gliricidia sepium Steud. The consocies is typically developed,
a dense growth of Gliricidia, with relatively few secondary
species. Back of it is usually cultivated land.

The general parang association. — As more and more of the
typical parang species invade and spread over an area, the more
mixed the vegetation becomes, until it is no longer possible to
distinguish consocies. The parang is then in the prime of its
development, and may be termed the general parang. In the
sv\^amp areas there are very few spots which have arrived at this
stage, although, back from the swamp areas on the adjacent dry
land, the tendencies in that direction are very obvious. A large
number of species go to make up this jungle, the most abundant
of which are here listed:

IX. c, 6 Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas 513

Species m the parang association m the srvamp area.
DOMINANT SPECIES.

Acacia famesiana (L.) Willd.
Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe.
Erythnna indica Lam.
Ficiis pseudopalma Blanco.
Ficvs ulrnifolia Lam.
Fie us spp.

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.
Glocliidion sp.

Leca aculeata Blanco.
Macaranga tanarius Muell.-Arpr.
Phyllanthus retictdatus Poir.
Pithecolobiian dulce Benth.
Premna odorata Blanco.
Psidium gnajava Linn.
Semecarpiia cuneiformis Blanco.
Tabernaemoyitana pandacaqui Poir.

HERBACEOUS SECONDARY SPECIES.

Abictilon indicum G. Don.
Achyranthes aspera Linn.-
Agcratuvi conyzoides Linn.
Aviaranthvs spivosus Linn.
Barleria prionitis Linn.
CoiJimelina nudiflora Linn.
Dactyloctenium aegyptiiim Willd.
Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn.
Heliotropium indicum Linn.
Hibiscus surratensis Linn.

Mimosa pudica Linn.
Oplismenus nndulatifolius Beauv.
Panicum {Echinocldoa) coloinan Linn.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Scleria scrobiculata Nees.
Solamiiyi nigrum Linn.
Sphaei-anthus africanus Linn.
Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn.
Triumfetta bartramia Linn.
Urena lobata Linn.

RELIC SPECIES.

Acrosticliiim aiireum Linn.
Bacopa monniera Wettst.
Phragmites vulgaris Trin.

Typha angustifolia javanica Schindl.
(Rare.)

VINES AND LIANAS.

Abrus precatorius Linn.

Cissus trifolia K. Sch.

Hewittia sublobata 0. Ktze.

Ipomoea cairica Sweet.

Ipomoea obscura Lindl.

Ipomoea sp.

Jacquemontia paniculata Hallier f.

Melothria mucronata Cogn.
Merremia gemella Hallier f.
Merremia hastata Hallier f.
Merremia vitifolia Hallier f.
Sida javensis Cav.
Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam.

THE ERYTHRINA-BARRINGTONIA ASSOCIATION

The highest vegetation of the swamp, as such, is an association
of trees, dominated by Erythrina fusca Lour, and Barringtonia
luzonensis Rolfe. In this area these trees are found in the Tarlac
swamp near the entrance of the Casilihan River. While the
association has been seriously interfered with in this region, it
appears that normally this association consists of well-spaced
trees growing in water. Small trees and shrubs may be present
in openings. Vines and lianas are generally very abundant.
At the margin, vines are particularly conspicuous. The transi-
tion from the marsh to the swamp-tree association is abrupt.

514 '^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science wu

THE BAMBUSA-PARKIA ASSOCIATION

Although not an integral part of the swamp vegetation, the
Bamhusa-Parkia association was found on dry land above the
high-water level bordering parts of the western and southern
limits of the Tarlac area. It is a very common association
along Lake Bay, where it is one of the most important back-
strand elements. It is present near, but not at, the mouth of the
Casilihan River. Along streams that run from hot springs to
Lake Bay, the Bambusa-Parkia association is not present, whereas
in the lower courses of streams coming directly from the moun-
tain the banks are always lined with bamboo, Baynhusa blumeana
Schultes.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Just west of Los Banos, Laguna, P. I., at the foot of Mount
Maquiling, is a low swampy area fed by mountain streams and
hot-water springs. The area has been under constant observa-
tion and study since September, 1912.

2. In the hot water, as it issues from the ground, there is no
vegetation. The highest temperature recorded was 91.2° C.
Bacteria and blue-green algae inhabiting the bottom of the pools
appear when the temperature of the water is lowered to 56°.
Surface algae develop in water whose temperature does not ex-
ceed 52°. Among the higher plants, only Bacopa monniera
Wettst. and Fimbristylis spathacca Roth will withstand a water
temperature as high as 48°.

3. Higher and lower hot-water levels at different times of year
are accompanied by advances and retreats of the plant associa-
tions in the immediate vicinity of the hot springs.

4. Eighteen normal swamp associations are present in the area ;
three additional associations invade on the margins where con-
ditions permit.

5. Of the eighteen swamp associations, but one is characterized
by woody species. All of the swamp associations are character-
ized by a large number of individuals of a very few species.

6. While the greater part of the swamp is vegetated with marsh
vegetation (grass and more or less grasslike, wet-ground pre-
ferring plants) the successions tend toward the development of
a swamp forest except in the immediate vicinity of the hot
springs.

7. The readiness with which normal strand plants occupy
space in the swamp is noteworthy. The presence of vines and
lianas under the most diverse conditions is a conspicuous feature
of the area.

I

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

( FhotOKi-aphs by Gates)

Plate XI

Diagram of the successions in the Los Banos area.*

Plate XII
Diagram of the successions in the Tarlac area.*

Plate XIII

Fig. 1. Looking' northwestward at the Los Baiios hot spring's, Bacopa-Lippla

and Fimbristylis spathacea as.sociations nearest the hot water.

^ Farther away are Acrostichum and Acacia farnesiana Willd. In

the extreme foreground is Typha in a ditch along the railroad.

December 16, 1912.

2. From the railroad, looking northward at the Los Baiios hot spring
near the close of the dry season. An upright stick marks one
of the hot water vents, near to which runners of Bacopa approach.
Fimhristylis spathacea Roth at the right marks the normal bound-
ary of the pool of hot water. Acrostichnm and Acacia fantesiana
Willd. are in the background. May 24, 1913.

3. The edge of a flat in the Los Baiios area. In the foreground is
Bacopa vionniera Wettst. in flower; in the background is the fern,
Acrostichum aureuvi L., and Acacia farnesiana Willd. Between
Acrostichuin and Bacopa are plants of Lippia nodifiora Gaertn.
May 24, 1913.

Plate XIV

Fig. 1. From the railroad looking over the eastern part of the Tarlac area.
Phrag mites milgaris Trin. is in flovrer. March 9, 1913.

2. From the railroad looking over the western part of the Tarlac
swamp area. Mount Maquiling is in the background and a hot
spring at the extreme right in the foreground. March 9. ]9i:j.

3. A hot spring in the western part of the Tarlac area when the high
water had partly receded. The bushes of Gliricidia sepium Steud.
on the extreme left were killed by the high hot water. Between
them and the hot water Panicum repens L. is reinvading. Dead
bushes of Sesbania cannahina Pers. are standing in hot water.
November 25, 1914.

* In Plates XI and XII for Bottom algae assoc. read Bottom thermal
assoc; for Surface algae assoc. read Surface thermal assoc.

515

516 The Philippine Journal of Science

Plate XV

Fig. 1, In the center of the Tarlac swamp after the crest of the flood. The
water is 1 m deep, while at the time of the crest it was 1.6 m deep.
The bushes are Sesbania cannabina Pers. in fruit, but illustrating
the visual very open growth. A vine, Merremia geniella, Hallier f.
is also shown. October 31, 1914.

2. A part of the stem of a plant of Sesbania showing the root clusters

and the aerenchyma developed under water during the flood.
October 31, 1914.

3. From the railroad looking into a part of the Erythrinct-Barringtonia

swamp forest. Notice the abundance of vines, both in the woods
and in the openings towards the right and in the foreground.
At the foot of the large tree, Erythrina fusea Lour., are large
aroids, Alocosia macrorrhiza Schott. March 9, 1913.

Cates: SwAMi- Vegctation in Hot Springs Areas.]

[Phil. Joi rn. Sci., IX. C. No. 6.

Hot Water

4.
BOTTOM ALGAE ASSOC.

i
SURFACE ALGaE ASSOC.

i
BACOPA-LIPPIA ASSOC.

FiMBRisryLis spatha

ASSOC. I

Fimbristylis
Assoc.

streams

I

Panicum repe
Assoc.

ACROSTICHUM ASSOC
PARANG ASSOC,

sscc. Banks
Cynodon Assoc.

Ditches
TYPHA ASSOC.

Assoc.

Diagram showing the successions between the piant associations in the Los Banos hot springs
swamp area. Laguna Province, Philippine Islands. 1914. Capital letters denote the important
associations in this area, ^^^— — ^ primary. 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 secondary, and suc-
cessions which ordinarily take place, but are not present in this area. (In place of Bottom algae
assoc. read Bottom thermal assoc. : and for Surface algae assoc. read Surface thermal assoc.)

PLATE XI.

Gates: Swamp Vkgetation in Hot Springs Areas.]

[Phil. Jolrn. Sci., IX, C, No. 6.

Hot Water
i
BOTTOM ALGAE ASSOC.

i
SURFACE ALGAE ASSOC.

Bacopa-Lippi?
Assoc. ^.

River Water

i
Vallisnerla. Assoc,

V i

L€T)ina-PiStia Assoc,

J
Castalia-N^mphoea Assoc.

. /

TYPHA ASSOC.

Diplachne Assoo,

Fiwbristyiia spa-
thacea Assoc.

FimbTistylis Riliacca Ipomoea rep-
Assoc. tans Assoc.

PAHICUVV REPENS
ASSOC.

SESBANIA ASSOC.

tichuin Assoc

Erythrina-Barr tug tenia
Swamp Forest issoc.

PARANG ASSOC

Diagram showing the successions between the plant associations in the Tarlac hot springs
swamp area, Laguna Province, Philippine Islands. 1914. Capital letters denote the important
associations in this area, primary, llllllllllll' secondary, and suc-

cessions which ordinarily take place, but are not present in this area. (In place of Bottom algae
assoc. read Bottom thermal assoc; and for Surface algae assoc. read Surface thermal assoc.)

PLATE XII.

< •/ 1

Gates: Swamp Vegetation in Hot Springs Areas.] [Phil. Joirv. Sri.. IX, C. No. 6.

Fig. 1.

r^^

Fig. 2.

YfC

Gates: Swami- \ kgetatuin in Hot Sprinos Arras.] [Phil. Jolrn. Sci.. IX. C. No. 6.

Gates: Svvami' Vkgktatuin in Hot Springs Areas.] [Phil. Journ. Sci.. IX, C, No. 6.

Fig. 1.

The Philippine Journal ok Science, C. Botany.
Vol. IX, No. 6, November, 1914.

DILLENIACEAE NOVAE

By E. D, Merrill '

{From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory,

Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

The present paper consists of the descriptions of four new
species of Dilleiiia and twelve new species of Saurauia, all Phil-
ippine. In the genus Dille^iia a recent collection from Samar
has enabled me to determine Cuming 1726, collected in that
Island in the year 1838, specimens of which have been lying in
various herbaria since 1840 determined only to the genus. It
is a very striking undescribed species of Dilleiiia with cauline
inflorescence, a character at least very unusual in the genus.
The genus Saurauia, with the present additions, becomes one
of the large genera in the Philippines as to the number of
individual species. As recently as the year 1906 but six species
of the genus were known from the Archipelago, while at pre.sent
no less than forty are known, with several additional forms
already collected but represented by inadequate specimens. The
great increase in the number of known species of Saurauia
parallels the increase in such genera as Elaeocarpus, Medinilla,
Eugenia, Psychotria, Ficus, Begonia, Cyathea, Pandanus, Frey-
cinetia, etc., and in all these genera large additions are to be
expected as botanical exploration progresses, and as opportunity
is had to study the material secured by such exploration.

DILLENIA Linnaeus
DILLENIA CAULIFLORA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 20 m alta, inflorescentiis stipulisque leviter
villosis exceptis glabra ; foliis ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis, cir-
citer 20 cm longis, coriaceis, distincte abrupte acuminatis, basi
subacutis, nervis utrinque circiter 16, subtus valde prominen-
tibus; inflorescentiis caulinis, 10 ad 12 cm longis, crassis, parce
ramosis; floribus albis, circiter 6 cm diametro; staminibus ex-
terioribus numerosis, circiter 5 mm longis, interioribus paucis,
quam exterioribus duplo longioribus; carpellis 9.

' Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines.

517

518 T}ie Philippine Journal of Science 1914

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the deciduous stipules
and the sparingly villous inflorescence. Branches terete, brown,
the ultimate ones about 5 mm in diameter, scars obscure. Leaves
elliptic or oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, about 20 cm long, 10 cm
wide, base subacute to obscurely rounded, apex abruptly and
prominently acuminate, the acumen about 1 cm long, margins
coarsely crenate-serrate ; lateral nerves about 16 on each side of
the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, the reticula-
tions very fine, faint, obsolete on the upper surface; petioles
about 3.5 cm long, those of young leaves margined by the 5 mm
wide stipules throughout their length, the stipules sparingly
villous with long hairs, deciduous. Inflorescence cauline, about
12 cm long, stout, sparingly branched, somewhat villous with
scattered, long hairs especially at the nodes, the branches 3 to 5
mm in diameter, short, few-flowered. Flowers white. Sepals
subcoriaceous, elliptic, concave, about 1.5 cm long, persistent and
enveloping the young fruit. Petals obovate, 3 to 3.5 cm long.
Stamens indefinite, the outer ones very numerous, erect, about
5 mm long, pale-yellowish when dry, the inner row about twice
as long, curved over the outer ones, purplish or reddish when dry.
Carpels 9, the styles spreading, about 6 mm long, the carpels
loosely arranged, cohering at the axils, slightly spiral, the very
young seeds with no indication of an aril.

Samar, Yabong, in damp forests, Phil. PL 1695 Ramos (type), April,
1914 Cuming 1726. Leyte, Wenzel 984, July, 1914.

A species well characterized by its cauline inflorescence. Its leaves
much resemble those of some forms of Dillenia j)hilippinensis Rolfe, but
its cauline inflorescence, and details of the flowers and fruits are entirely
different.

DILLENIA FISCHERI sp. nov. § Wormia.

Arbor circiter 20 alta, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra; foliis
coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 11 cm longis, basi acutis
ad rotundatis, apice rotundatis, margine integris vel obscure un-
dulatis, nervis utrinque circiter 8; inliorescentiis terminalibus
axillaribusque, paniculatis, paucifloris; floribus albis, circiter 6
cm diametro, sepalis extus pubescentibus, staminibus aequalibus,
carpellis 4 ad 6.

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches rather slender, terete, grayish, the younger ones red-
dish-brown. Leaves coriaceous, pale when dry, shining, oblong-
elliptic or elliptic, 6 to 11 cm long, 2.5 to 5.5 cm wide, entire
or very obscurely undulate, apex rounded, base acute to some-
what rounded ; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, curved-ascending, the reticulations distinct; petioles

IX. c, 6 Merrill: Dilleniaceae Novae 519

1 to 1.8 cm long. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, up to 10
cm long, somewhat pubescent, usually dichotomously branched,
few-flowered, the pedicels up to 4 cm in length. Flowers white,
in anthesis about 6 cm in diameter. Sepals subcoriaceous, ex-
ternally pubescent, concave, rounded, oblong to obovate, persist-
ent. Petals oblong to obovate-oblong, rounded, about 3 cm long,
1 cm wide. Stamens indefinite, all equal, about 7 mm long.
Carpels 4 to 6; styles recurved, 6 to 8 mm long. Young fruits
oblong-lanceolate, compressed, about 12 mm long, the carpels
more or less cohering axially, apparently dry and dehiscent at
maturity.

Mindanao, Butuan Subprovince, near Butuan, For. Bur. 20500 Ponce,
For. Bur. 20534. Miranda (type), September 3, 1913, in semi-open forests,
altitude about 20 meters.

Dedicated to Mr. A. F. Fischer of the Philippine Bureau of Forestry,
the specific name first being applied to a speciman collected by him on
the Island of Sibuyan; however the species represented by For. Bur. 18850
Fischer has recently been described by Mr. Elmer as Wormia sibuyavensi.f
= DiUenia sibuyanensis (Elm.) Merr. The present species diflFers from D.
sibuyanensis in its larger, quite differently shaped leaves, more ample
inflorescence, larger flowers, and fewer carpels.

DILLENIA MEGALANTHA sp. nov. § Capcllia.

Arbor alta ramulis junioribus leviter hirsutis exceptis glabra;
foliis oblongis vel oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 30 cm longis, co-
riaceis, basi rotundatis, apice breviter acuminatis, margine un-
dulato-crenatis, nervis utrinque circiter 20, prominentibus, bre-
viter petiolatis; floribus terminalibus, soltariis vel paucis, mag-
nis, flavidis, circiter 20 cm diametro ; antheris exterioribus quam
interioribus multo brevioribus; carpellis circiter 14.

A tall tree, quite glabrous except the somewhat hirsute younger
branchlets, the hairs stiflf, pale, mostly at the nodes. Branches
terete, brown when dry, the ultimate ones about 8 mm in dia-
meter, marked with rather large petiolar and stipular scars.
Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, 22 to 25 cm long, 10 to 14 cm
wide, coriaceous, rather pale when dry, shining, base broadly
rounded, apex shortly and broadly acuminate, margins coarsely
undulate-crenate ; lateral nerves about 20 on each side of the
midrib, prominent, the reticulations rather dense, more prominent
on the upper than on the lower surface; petioles stout, about 2
cm long, the stipules obovate, rounded-truncate, more or less
narrowed below, about 4 cm long and 3 cm wide, deciduous, free
from the petioles or but very slightly attached, chartaceous,
dark-brown when drj'. Flowers about 20 cm in diameter, yel-
low, terminal or in the uppermost axil, solitary, the pedicle stout,

520 l'^^'^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

about 4 cm long. Sepals 6, coriaceous, concave, broadly ovate,
up to 4 cm long, the outer ones somewhat shorter. Petals yellow,
broadly obovate, rounded, about 9 cm long. Stamens indefinite,
the very numerous outer ones about 1 cm long, the fewer inner
ones up to 3 cm in length, more or less spreading or recurved.
Carpels about 14, the styles spreading-recurved, about 2 cm long.

Samar, Ambalete, Bur. Set. 17581 Ramos, April 7, 1914, in damp forests,
said by the collector to be a tree 40 m in height, but this is probaly
exaggerated.

A very characteristic species on account of its unusually large, solitary,
yellow flowers, which, in anthesis, are about 20 cm in diameter. It appar-
ently belongs in the group designated by Blume as the genus Capellia.

DILLENIA PAPYRACEA sp. nov. § Wormia.

Arbor circiter 25 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiis-
que exceptis glabra; foliis subcoriaceis, oblongo-obovatis, usque
ad 50 cm longis, sessilibus vel breviter petiolatis, basi longe angus-
tatis, conduplicatis, apice brevissime acuminatis vel acutis, mar-
gine undulato-dentatis, nervis utrinque circiter 20; paniculis fo-
lia subaequantibus, paucifloris; floribus albis; carpellis circiter
12, dehiscentibus, seminibus arillatis.

A tree about 25 m high, glabrous except the sparingly pubes-
cent younger parts and the inflorescence. Branches stout, dark-
brown, terete, about 1 cm in diameter, marked with large petiolar
scars. Leaves subcoriaceous, pale or brownish when dry,
slightly shining, oblong-obovate, up to 50 cm long and 17 cm
wide, apex shortly acuminate or merely acute, margins
rather distantly undulate-dentate, base long-narrowed, sessile or
subsessile, the lower 7 to 8 cm conduplicate, the epidermis on
the upper surface of the folded base brown when dry, apparently
modified as absorbent tissue; lateral nerves about 20 on each
side of the midrib, prominent, reticulations subparallel, distinct,
the folded narrow base clasping the stem. Panicles in the upper-
most axils, about as long as the leaves, stout, with few branches,
few-flowered, the flowers said to be white, sessile or subsessile.
Petals and stamens not seen. Sepals coriaceous, externally some-
what appressed-pubescent, coriaceous, apparently fleshy when
fresh, obovate to oblong-obovate, rounded, concave, 5 to 5.5 cm
long, 2.5 to 3 cm wide, surrounding the young fruit. Carpels
about 12, the styles recurved, 10 to 12 mm long; immature carpels
united axially below, dehiscent, about 2.5 cm long; immature
seeds brown, about 3 mm long, surrounded at the base by a loose,
somewhat cup-shaped aril.

Basilan, Tongatong, Bur. Sci. 163S9 Reillo, September, 1912 "flowers
white," in forests. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Alimpagu, For. Bur.

IX. c, 6 Merrill: Dilleniaceae Novae 521

15226 Klemvie, September 30, 1910, forested slopes, altitude about 40 meters,
the bark very flaky, covered with large, brittle, membranaceous, dark-
brown, papery scales.

The species is manifestly allied to Wormia suffruficosa Gritf. (H'. aub-
sessilis Miq.) but with entirely different leaves.

SAURAUIA Willdenow
SAURAUIA AMPLA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque plus min-
usve f urfuraceis exceptis glabra, baud setosis ; f oliis late oblongis,
coriaceis, circiter 50 cm longis, margine distanter minute api-
culato-serrulatis, basi rotundatis, apice breviter acuminatis, ner-
vis utrinque circiter 18; inflorescentiis caulinis, paniculatis,
paniculis numerosis, fasciculatis, circiter 12 cm longis; floribus
circiter 2.5 cm diametro, sepalis glabris ; ovario 5-loculare, stylis
5, liberis.

A tree about 12 m high, glabrous except the somewhat fur-
furaceous younger parts and the inflorescence, not at all setose.
Branches stout, much wrinkled when dry, brownish, about 1 cm
in diameter, the growing tips and very young leaves more or
less furfuraceous. Leaves ample, broadly oblong or elliptic-
oblong, about 50 cm long, 22 cm wide, subcoriaceous, shining,
quite glabrous, base rounded, apex very shortly acuminate, mar-
gins distantly and minutely apiculate-serrulate. Inflorescence
from the trunk, of many flowered, numerous, rather densely
fascicled panicles about 12 cm in length, the younger parts more
or less furfuraceous, branched above the middle, the bracts
oblong-ovate, about 3 mm long. Flowers white, about 2.5 cm in
diameter v/hen spread. Sepals elliptic-ovate, glabrous, rounded,
about 7 mm long and 3 mm wide. Corolla-lobes about 9 mm long
and 7 mm v^^ide, somewhat obovate, inequilaterally retuse. An-
thers about 2.5 mm long. Ovary glabrous, 5-celled; styles 5,
free, about 6 mm long.

Samar, Cauayan Valley, Phil. PL 1694. Ramos, April, 1914, along small
streams in forests, altitude about 100 meters.

A very characteristic species easily recognized by its very large glabrous
leaves and densely fascicled, cauline panicles.

SAURAUIA BAKERI sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, foliis inflorescentiis ramulisque pro-
minente setosis; foliis chartaceis, oblongo-obovatis, usque ad 12
cm longis, utrinque setosis, acuminatis, basi angustatis, obtusis,
margine prominente setoso-ciliatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10;
inflorescentiis cymosis, paucifloris, axillaribus, solitariis, 2 ad 4
cm longis, sepalis exterioribus dense setosis, setis patulis ; floribus
1.3 cm diametro, stylis 3, basi breviter unitis.

522 The Philippine Journal of Scieyice ii>i4

A shrub or small tree, most parts prominently setose with more
or less spreading, curved, dense or scattered, 1 to 2.5 mm long,
pale-brownish setae. Branches slender, terete, grayish-brown,
glabrous, the branchlets distinctly furfuraceous and appressed
setose. Leaves oblong-obovate, firmly chartaceous, brownish
when dry, somewhat shining, 6 to 12 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide,
lower surface paler than the upper, apex rather abruptly and
sharply acuminate, base narrowed, obtuse, margins prominently
setose-ciliate, both surfaces with scattered, spreading or some-
what appressed setae especially on the midrib and lateral nerves ;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, pro-
minent, curved-anastomosing; petioles densely setose, 8 to 15
mm long. Cymes axillary, solitary, few-flowered, rather densely
setose, long peduncled, the branches few, short. Flowers white,
about 1.3 cm in diameter. Sepals ovate, about 5 mm long, obtuse,
the outer three densely setose with spreading setae 1 to 2 mm in
length, the inner two setose only on the median central part,
thinner than the outer ones, petaloid. Corolla lobes oblong-
obovate, inequilaterally retuse, about 6 mm long, 4 mm wide.
Stamens about 25; filaments and anthers each about 1.8 mm
long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; styles 3, united for the lower 0.5
mm, the arms about 3 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, near Malinao, Bur. Sci. 107 U6 Curran
(type), July, 1908, C. F. Baker- 3259, May, 1914, on forested slopes.

The species is similar to and manifestly closely allied to Saurauia de-
mentis Merr. but has much smaller flowers, while the styles are united
for only the lower 0.5 mm.

SAURAUIA CONFUSA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 4 m altus ramulis dense adpresse ferrugineo-
setosus; foliis obovatis ad elliptico-obovatis, chartaceis, usque
ad 18 cm longis, acuminatis, basi angustatis, subrotundatis, ner-
vis utrinque circiter 12, utrinque ad costa nervisque setosis; in-
florescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, pedunculatis, usque ad 5 cm
longis, setosis, cymosis ; stylis 3 vel 4, liberis, 4 ad 5 mm longis.

A shrub about 4 m high, rather prominently appressed-setose.
Branches terete, pale-brown, the branchlets densely appressed-
setose with short setae, these pale brown or somewhat ferrugin-
ous, similar ones on the petioles and inflorescence. Leaves obov-
ate to elliptic-obovate, chartaceous, 9 to 18 cm long, 4 to 8 cm
wide, acuminate, base more or less narrowed, somewhat rounded,
the margins setose-serrulate, the upper surface brown and shin-
ing when dry, with numerous, short, appressed setae on the mid-
rib and lateral nerves, fewer on the reticulations, the lower sur-

ix.c.e Merrill: Dilltniaceat Xoi'ae 523

face paler than the upper and more prominently setose; lateral
nerves about 12 on each side of the midrib, prominent; petioles
densely setose, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Cymes axillary, solitary, pe-
duncled, rather few-flowered, up to 5 cm in length, densely ap-
pressed-setose, the pedicels up to 1 cm in length, bracts apparent-
ly small, deciduous. Outer three sepals broadly ovate, densely
setose, about 6 mm long, 4 to 5 mm wide, the inner two about 7
mm long, thinner, glabrous except for the setose median part,
elliptic-ovate, petaloid. Ovary glabrous, ovoid; styles 3 or 4,
free to the base, 4 to 5 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Dahican River, Phil. PI. IJ-U Ramos (type),
September, 1912, distributed as Sanrauia altissima Zipp. : Province of
Camarines, Mount Cauayan, Bur. ScL 22181 Ramos, December, 1913.

A species manifestly allied to the Bornean Saurnuia ferox Korth., but
differing in many details, and readily distinguished by its fewer lateral
nerves; in the present species the lateral nerves are about 12 pairs, while
in Korthals' species they are about 18 pairs as indicated by his figure.

SAURAUIA ELMERI sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, ramulis foliis utrinque petiolis flori-
busque plus minusve setosis; foliis oblongo-obovatis, chartaceis,
usque ad 11 cm longis, acuminatis, basi obtusis vel subacutis,
utrinque parce setosis, nervis utrinque circiter 9 ; floribus axil-
laribus, solitariis, longe pedicellatis. circiter 1.4 cm diametro,
stylis 3, basi unitis, 3 ad 4 mm longis.

A shrub or sm.all tree, the branches glabrous, pale-brownish,
the young branchlets rather densely appressed-setose and some-
what furfuraceous. Leaves chartaceous, brown when di-y,
oblong-obovate, 8 to 11 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide, sharply acumi-
nate, base narrowed, acute to somewhat obtuse, the lower surface
paler than the upper, both with scattered setae on the midrib and
lateral nerves and fewer ones on the reticulations, the setae short,
subappressed or somewhat spreading, the margins setose-ser-
rulate ; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib, promi-
nent ; petioles setose, 8 to 14 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary,
their pedicels slender, setose, about 1.5 cm long. Sepals ovate,
obtuse to acute, 4 to 5 mm long, the outer three prominently
setose with slender, more or less spreading, brownish, 1 to 1.5
mm long setae, the inner two petaloid, glabrous except for the
slightly setose median part. Stamens 20, the anthers about 1.6
mm long. Corolla 1.6 mm in diameter, the lobes oblong-obovate.
irregularly refuse, about 6 mm long, 3 mm wide. Ovary ovoid,
glabrous; styles 3, united for the lower 1 mm, the arms about 3
mm in length.

524 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban (Mount Banajao), Elmer 9225, May
1907, distributed as Saurauia luzoniensis Merr.

A species similar to Saurauia gracilipes Merr. in many characters, but
with longer, more slender setae, and the inner petals not conspicuously
narrower than the outer ones. It is not at all closely allied to Saurauia
luzonieiisis Merr., but like .S. gracilipes Merr., is readily recognizable by
its solitary, rather long pedicelled, axillary flowers.

SAURAUIA FASCICULIFLORA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 5 m alta ramulis covsta utrinque subtus ad nervis
inflorescentiisque plus minusve adpresse setosis; foliis oblongis,
coriaceis, usque ad 15 cm longis, acutis, basi subobtusis, supra
brunneis, nitidis, nervis utrinque circiter 16 ; floribus fasciculatis,
pedicellatis, caulinis et e ramis vetustioribus junioribusque; stylis
5, basi longe unitis.

A tree about 5 m high, the branches terete, brownish, glabrous,
the branchlets rather densely appressed setose with pale or more
usually ferruginous, stout, short setae, the setae 2 mm long or
less. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, 12 to 14 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm
wide, acute, base subobtuse, margins setose-denticulate, the upper
surface shining, rather dark-brown, glabrous except the ap-
pressed-setose midrib, the lower surface paler, appressed setose
on the midrib and lateral nerves, with few shorter setae on the
reticulations ; lateral nerves about 16 on each side of the midrib,
prominent; petioles densely appressed-setose, 1 to 2 cm long.
Flowers pale-pink, fascicled, on the trunk as well as on the larger
and smaller branches, none axillary, few to many in a fascicle.
the pedicels 1.5 cm long or less, more or less appressed ferru-
ginous-setose. Sepals ovate, coriaceous, sparingly appressed-
setose, the outer two about 6 mm long, 4 mm wide, acute, the inner
three somewhat larger, about 8 mm long and 6 mm wide, rounded,
the innermost two glabrous or nearly so, thinner than the outer
ones. Corolla about 2.5 cm in diameter, the lobes obovate,
inequilaterally retuse, about 10 mm long, 7 mm wide. Stamens
20; filaments and anthers each about 2.5 mm long. Styles 5,
the free portions about 4 mm long, united for the lower 2 mm.

Palawan, Mount Capoas, Merrill 9508, on forested ridges and talus
slopes, altitude about 800 meters, April 21, 1913.

A species most closely allied to Saurauia negroscnsis Elm., differing in
its fascicled flowers which are for the most part borne on the trunk and
larger branches, not in the leaf axils, its more numerous setae, and its
styles united for the lower 2 mm, not free to the base.

SAURAUIA GRACILIPES sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva ramulis subtus foliis ad costa nervis-
que petioles pedicellis sepalisque plus minusve setosis; foliis

IX. c, 6 Merrill: Dilleniaceae Novae 525

chartaceis, oblongo-obovatis ad late oblanceolatis, usque ad 17 cm
longis, acuminatis, basi angustatis, acutis vel subacutis, nervis
utrinque circiter 8 ; floribus axillaribus, solitariis vel binis, longe
pedicellatis, sepalis exterioribus quam 2 interioribus mult/)
latioribus ; stylis 3, liberis, 5 mm longis.

A shrub or small tree, more or less appressed-setose, branches
terete, glabrous, grayish, the younger ones appressed-setose and
more or less furfuraceous as are the petioles and pedicels.
Leaves chartaceous, oblong-obovate to broadly oblanceolate, 9
to 17 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide, apex acuminate, narrowed
below to the acute or subacute base, the margins more or less
denticulate or setose-denticulate, the upper surface glabrous ex-
cept for the sparingly appressed-setose midrib, brownish-oliva-
ceous, the lower appressed-setose on the midrib and lateral
nerves with few short setae on the reticulations ; petioles 5 to 12
mm long, more or less appressed-setose. Flowers .solitary or in
pairs, axillary, their pedicels slender, appressed-setose, 1.5 to
3 cm long. Exterior three sepals broadly ovate, about 8 mm long,
7 mm wide, rather densely covered with .stout, appressed setae,
the setae up to 2 mm long, obscurely ciliate, the inner two petaloid,
narrowly oblong, glabrous, about 8 mm long and 3.5 mm wide.
Corolla-lobes about 10 mm long, 6 mm wide, oblong-obovate;
filaments and anthers each about 2.5 mm long. Ovary glabrous;
styles three, free, about 5 mm long.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 8^9, April, 1907,
and December, 1906, on Sacred Mountain, altitude about 900 meters.

This species, from its floral structure and the position of its flowers,
is allied to Saurauia sam/xrensis Merr., but is totally different in vegetative
characters; both have wide, setose outer sepals and very much narrower,
glabrous or nearly glabrous inner sepals. Cuming 1712, from Samar,
tentatively referred by Dr. Stapf ' to Saurauia ferox Korth., represents a
very closely allied form, but a critical comparison with the Mindanao
specimens presents several differences. In Cuming's specimen the lateral
nerves are about 12 on each side of the midrib instead of 8, the petioles
are somewhat longer, and the setae on the outer sepals are distinctly
spreading and minutely ciliate. Neither specimen can be referred to
Korthal's species, as the latter has peduncled, cymose inflorescences.

SAURAUIA KLEMMEI sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 4 m altus ramulis subtus foliis ad costa nervis-
que inflorescentiisque plus minusve setosis; foliis oblongo-obo-
vatis, usque ad 22 cm longis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, nitidis,
supra subolivaceis, subtus pallidis, breviter abrupte acuminatis,
basi angustatis, acutis, nervis utrinque circiter 17, prominen-

' Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: 134.

526 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

tibus; inflorescentiis e ramis vetustioribus caulinis axillaribus-
qiie, cymosis, paucifloris ; stylis 4 vel 5, basi unitis.

A shrub about 4 m high, the young branchlets, petioles, lower
surface of the leaves on the midrib and lateral nerves more or
less setose, the setae appressed or spreading, up to 3 mm long,
the cymes also pubescent and setose. Older branches glabrous,
terete, grayish-brown. Leaves oblong-obovate, chartaceous to
subcoriaceous, shining, 14 to 22 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, apex
shortly and abruptly acuminate, base narrowed, acute, the mar-
gins entire or distantly and minutely apiculate-serrulate, the
upper surface dark-olivaceous when dry, glabrous, or the younger
ones with few setae along the midrib, the lower surface pale,
prominently setose on the midrib, less so on the lateral nerves;
lateral nerves about 17 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
the reticulations prominent; petioles rather densely setose, the
setae more or less spreading, 1.5 to 4 cm long. Cymes peduncled,
axillary, on the larger branches and on the trunk, apparently
numerous, furfuraceous-pubescent and more or less setose.
Flowers about 1.7 cm in diameter, the sepals ovate to obovate,
the inner two about 7 mm long, 5 mm wide, nearly glabrous, the
outer three slightly smaller, externally slightly setose and more
or less pubescent, the setae less than 1 mm long. Corolla lobes
oblong-obovate, about 7 mm long and 5 mm wide, inequilaterally
retuse. Stamens about 25; filaments and anthers each about
2.5 mm long. Styles 4 or 5, united for the lower 1 to 1.5 mm,
the arms about 5 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, near Ilagan, For. Bur. 66iO Klemme, March,
1907, in open level forests, locally known as bahisudsud.

A species characterized by its rather long petioles, its leaves gradually
narrowed from about or from above the middle to the acute base, and its
short, cymose, solitary or somewhat fascicled inflorescences which are
borne' in the upper axils, on the branches below the leaves, and on the
trunk. The collector's note reads: "most of the flowers come directly
out of the trunk."

SAURAUIA LEYTENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 3 m altus, ramulis foliis petiolis inflorescenjtiis-
que plus minusve setosis; foliis chartaceis, oblongo-obovatis,
usque ad 25 cm longis, tenuiter acuminatis, basi subrotundatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 12; floribus axillaribus lateralibusque,
solitariis vel admodum fasciculatis, sepalis extus dense longe
setosis; ovario 3-loculare, stylis 3, liberis.

A shrub about 3 m high, all parts more or less setose, the
branchlets and petioles densely so. Branches terete, grayish-
brown, glabrous, the branchlets densely covered with appressed
sharp setae, intermingled with shorter, subfurfuraceous scales.

IX. c.« Merrill: Dilleniaceac Novae 527

Leaves chartaceous, pale when dry, slightly shining, oblong-
obovate, 12 to 25 cm long, 5 to 11 cm wide, the upper surface
with widely scattered, closely appressed setae 1 mm long or less,
the lower surface prominently setose on the midrib and lateral
nerves with longer setae, with scattered shorter ones on the
secondary nerves and reticulations, apex slenderly acuminate,
base somewhat narrowed, somewhat rounded, the margins setose-
serrulate; lateral nerves about 12 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, the reticulations prominent, the primary ones sub-
parallel; petioles 1 to 2 cm long, densely setose. Flowers ap-
parently white, axillary and lateral from the branchlets below
the leaves, solitary or in very few-flowered fascicles, the pedi-
cels densely setose, up to 1.5 cm long. Outer three sepals ovate
to oblong-ovate, obtuse, about 1 cm long, densely setose with
more or less spreading, slender, 2 to 4 mm long setae, the inner
two subpetaloid, somewhat narrower than the outer ones, with
very broad, thin, glabrous margins, setose only along the median
line in the lower part. Ovary glabrous, ovoid ; styles 3, about
4 mm long, free to the base. Seeds brown, oblong-obovoid,
subtruncate, about 1 mm long.

Leyte, Daprami, Bur. Sci 15240 Ramos (type), August, 1911; Jaro,
Weyi::el ?48, May 27, 1914, in forests, altitude about 500 meters.

The species is well characterized by its peduncled, solitary or subsolitary
flowers, the pedicels and caly^c densely setose, the bracts none or small and
early deciduous. Wenzel's specimen was, with doubt, referred to Saurauia
ferox Korth., which the present species resembles in leaf characters, but
which has an entirely different inflorescence.

SAURAUIA PALAWANENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 7 m alta foliis subtus dense cinnamomeo-pubes-
centibus, oblongis ad oblongo-oblanceolatis, crasse coriaceis,
usque ad 13 cm longis, utrinque acutis, nervis utrinque 14 ad 20,
prominentibus, reticulis subtus obsoletis, supra impressis; flor-
ibus solitariis, axillaribus, pedicellatis. bracteatis, bracetoli.s
anguste lanceolatis ; stylis 4, liberis.

A tree about 7 m high, the younger parts and the lower sur-
face of the leaves densely cinnamomeous-pubescent with very
short indistinct hairs. Branches terete, grayish, wrinkled, the
younger ones brownish. Leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong to
oblong-oblanceolate, 6 to 13 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, acute at
both ends, the margins distinctly serrulate, the upper surface
quite glabrous, dark-olivaceous, somewhat shining; lateral nerves
14 to 20 on each side of the midrib, prominent, the reticulations
on the lower surface entirely obscured by the indumentum, on
the upper surface faint, impressed; petioles 5 to 15 mm long.

528 ^^^^ Philippme Journal of Science lou

more or less puberulent and with verj'^ few scattered, appressed
scales, becoming glabrous or nearly so. Flowers white, axillary,
solitary, their pedicels about 1 cm long, more or less puberulent
and with few appressed scales, below the flower bearing one or
two lanceolate to oblanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, pubescent
bracts 5 to 9 mm in length. Sepals coriaceous, ovate, more or
less pubescent or puberulent and with very few appressed scales.
Corolla lobes oblong-ovate, about 12 mm long, 8 mm wide, retuse.
Filaments and anthers each about 3 mm long. Ovary 4-celled;
styles 4, free, about 6 mm long.

Palawan, Mount Victoria, Bur. Sci. 681 Foxworthy, March 23, 1906,
moist slopes along streams, altitude about 1,100 meters.

The species is distinguished by its thickly coriaceous leaves which are
glabrous and dark-olivaceous above and brown beneath, the lower surface
covered with a dense cinnamomeous, puberulent indumentum, and its
solitary axillary flowers. It is not at all setose. It is distinguished from
all the other Philippine forms with this type of indumentum by its solitary
axillary flowers.

SAURAUIA PANAYENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 7 m alta ramulis petiolisque furfuraceis et
parcissime setosis, inflorescentiis puberulis; foliis oblongis ad
oblongo-obovatis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, circiter 25 cm
longis, glabris, acuminatis, basi acutis vel subacutis, nervis ut-
rinque circiter 15, prominentibus ; inflorescentiis cymosis, cymis
fasciculatis, puberulis, 3 ad 4 cm longis, paucifloris, plerumque
caulinis et in ramis vetustioribus ; ovario puberulo, stylis 4 vel
5, liberis, circiter 4 mm longis.

A tree about 7 m high, glabrous except the younger branch-
lets, petioles, and inflorescence. Branches brown, striate, glab-
rous, the young branchlets furfuraceous and with very few
appressed setae as are the petioles; leaves glabrous, oblong to
oblong-obovate, firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, about 25
cm long, 8 to 9 cm wide, shortly and sharply acuminate, base
acute or subacute, sometimes slightly inequilateral, shining, the
margins distantly apiculate-serrulate ; lateral nerves about 15
on each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing, the retic-
ulations coarse, lax, prominent; petioles about 2.5 cm long.
Inflorescence cymose, puberulent, the cymes fascicled, few-
flowered, 3 to 4 cm long, cymes mostly fascicled from rather
large tubercles on the trunk and larger branches, few in the leaf
axils, the flowers white to slightly pink, the bracteoles very
small. Sepals ovate, obtuse, the outer two about 4 mm long,
somewhat puberulent, not at all setose, the inner three thinner,
rounded, about 3.5 mm wide. Ovary ovoid, puberulent; styles
4 or 5, free to the base, about 4 mm long, glabrous above, the

IX. c, 6 Merrill: Dilleniaceae Novae 529

basal parts rather densely pubescent. Seeds angular, dark-
brown, about 1 mm long.

Panay, Dumarao, Merrill 6701, March 25, 1910, in shaded ravines alonp
small streams, altitude about 100 meters.

A species probably as closely allied to Saurauia aubglabra Merr. as any
other, and greatly resembling it in vegetative characters. It differs in its
rather densely fascicled shorter cymes which are distinctly pubescent and
mostly from the trunk and larger branches, and its puberulent ovary and
pubescent style bases.

SAURAUIA PAPILLULOSA sp. nov.

Arbor 10 ad 12 m alta ramulis junioribus inflorescentiisque
furfuraceis et adpresse breviter setosis, subtus foliis plus minusve
f urf uraceo-papillulosis ; foliis oblongis ad oblongo-obovatis,
coriaceis, usque ad 14 cm longis, acutis vel obscure acuminatis,
basi acutis ad subrotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10; inflores-
centiis axillaribus, cymosis, pedunculatis, bracteatis, paucifloris,
4 ad 9 cm longis; sepalis extus furfuraceis et leviter setosis;
stylis 4 vel 5, basi unitis.

A tree 10 to 12 m high, the branches grayish or brown, the
younger ones densely furfuraceis and appressed-setose, the setae
short. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to oblong-obovate, 7 to 14
cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, acute or obscurely acuminate, base acute
to subrounded, margins apiculate-serrulate, the upper surface
pale or dark-colored when dry, with few, scattered, subfurfur-
aceous setae, the lower pale, with numerous, short, furfuraceous
papillae; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, cur^^ed, the reticulations distinct; petioles 1 to 1.5
cm long, furfuraceous and appressed-setose. Cymes axillary,
few-flowered, solitary, long-pedicelled, all parts more or less fur-
furaceous and appressed-setose, the bracts subtending the few
short branches broadly ovate, concave-navicular, 8 to 10 mm
long, about 8 mm wide, acuminate, furfuraceous and slightly
setose, apiculate-toothed, sessile or on short stalks; branches
few, 2 cm long or less and only at the upper part of the inflores-
cence, the whole inflorescence 4 to 9 cm long. Flowers white,
about 1.8 cm in diameter. Outer three sepals narrowly elliptic
to obovate-elliptic, about 6 mm long, 3 to 4.5 mm wide, more or
less furfuraceous, the inner two petaloid, broadly elliptic, about
8 mm long and 5 mm wide, glabrous except for the median line
in the lower part. Corolla-lobes free nearly to the base, broadly
elliptic to orbicular-elliptic, 8 mm long, retuse. Stamens about
20, the filaments and anthers each about 3 mm long. Styles
united for the lower 1 mm, the arms 4 or 5, about 3 mm long.

Luzon, Subprovince of Ifugao, Mount Polls, Bur. Sci. 196A0 (type),
18762 McGregor, February, 1913.

530 'i'^^^ Philipinuc Journal of Science

A species readily distinguished by its leaves being furfiiraceous-papil-
lulose on the lower surface, the papillae scattered, small, not at all
setaceous.

SAURAUIA SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m altus plus minusve pubescentibus setosis-
que; foliis chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, oblongo-obovatis, usque
ad 27 cm longis, acuminatis, basi acutis, obtusis, vel anguste
rotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter 13, supra parce breviter ad-
presse setosis, subtus submolliter hirsutis; tloribus axillaribus,
circiter 3 cm diametro, solitariis fasciculatisque, pedicellatis,
sepalis exterioribus late ovatis, dense longe setosis, interioribus
petaloideis, quam exterioribus multo angustioribus ; sty lis liberis,
3 vel 4.

A shrub 2' to 3 m high, the branches brown, terete, densely
appressed setose and pubescent, the setae somewhat ciliate as
are those on the pedicels and sepals. Leaves oblong-obovate,
16 to 27 cm long, G to 9 cm wide, chartaceous or subcoriaceous,
the apex slenderly acuminate, somewhat narrowed below to the
acute, obtuse, or narrowly rounded base, the margins apiculate-
serrulate, the upper surface brown when dry, shining, with scat-
tered, appressed, thickened setae less than 1 mm long, the lower
surface paler, uniformly and rather densely subappressed softly
hirsute ; lateral nerves about 13 on each side of the midrib, prom-
inent; petioles 1 to 2.5 cm long, densely pubescent and setose,
the setae somewhat ciliate, appressed. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary or fascicled, their pedicels 1.5 to 2 cm long, densely hirsute
and setose. Outer three sepals broadly ovate, rounded, about
1 cm long, thickly and densely setose, the setae themselves more
or less ciliate, more or less spreading, 2 to 4 mm long, pale-
brownish, the two inner sepals very different, petaloid, narrowly
oblong, as long as the outer ones but much narrower, about 3.5
mm wide, obtuse, glabrous, or the median portion below slightly
setose. Corolla white or pink, about 3 cm in diameter, the
lobes oblong, subtruncate-rounded, retuse, not narrowed at the
apex, about 10 mm long and 6 mm wide. Stamens about 20,
the filaments and the anthers each about 2.5 mm long. Ovary
glabrous; styles 3 or 4, quite free, about 3 mm long.

Samar, Yabong and Cauayan Valley, Bur. Sci. 17J^84 Ratnos (type),
Phil. PI. 1693 Raynos, March and April, 1914, in damp forests along small
streams.

The species is well characterized by its fascicled or solitary, rather
long pedicelled flowers, and its very dissimilar sepals, the inner two very
narrow, glabrous or nearly so, the outer three broadly ovate and densely
setose, the setae themselves more or less ciliate.

The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Butanv,
Vol. IX, No. 6, November, 1911.

MELIACEAE NOVAF.

By E. D. Mekrill '

(Front ihe Botanical Sectiou of (lie Biolof/ical Lnlnnniori/.

Bureau of Science, ManiUt, P. J.)

The present contribution consists ol" the description of seven
new species of Aglaia and four new species of Dijsoxijlam, all
Philippine, including a note on the identity of Mella iloilo Blanco.
In this family, as in many others, current collections, especially
those from previously little known parts of the Philippines,
consistently present new forms, especially in the two genera
mentioned above. In both genera a number of apparently un-
described forms, with fruit only, still remain to be considered
at a later date when flowering specimens shall have been col-
lected. It is confidently expected that future botanical explora-
tion will greatly increase the number of species not only in Aglaia
and Dysoxylum, but in several other genera of this family as well.

AGLAIA I,oureii-o
AGLAIA ACUMINATA sp. nov. ^ Enaglaia.

Arbor 10 ad 15 m alta, partibus junioribus petiolis inflores-
centiisque dense adpresse brunneo-lepidotis; foliis alternis, cir-
citer 30 cm longis, foliolis 9 ad 11, valde inaequilateralibus.
lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, sursum angustatis, longe
acuminatis, basi acutis vel acuminatis, junioribus dense lepidotis,
vetustioribus glaberrimis, usque ad 10 cm longis, nervis utrinque
circiter 10, obscuris; paniculis axillaribus, pyramidatis, usque
ad 16 cm longis, floribus parvis, 5-meris, sessilibus, spicatim
dispositis, tubus stamineus liber.

A tree 10 to 15 m high, the younger branchlets, panicles,
very young leaves, rachis and petioles densely appressed brown-
or cupreous-lepidote, the scales minute, not at all ciliate, the
mature leaflets entirely glabrous. Leaves alternate, 25 to 30
cm long, the rachis and petioles ultimately glabrous; leaflets 9
to 11, alternate, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, very inequi-
lateral, 6 to 11 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, subcoriaceous, oliva-

' Associate Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines.

o.-^l

532 ^'^*2 Philippine Journal of Science 1914

ceous, shining, gradually narrowed upward to the long acuminate
apex, the acumen blunt, the base acute to somewhat acuminate;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, very obscure,
the reticulations obsolete or nearly so. Panicles axillary, pyra-
midal, up to 16 cm long, branched from near the base, the
branches few, spreading, the lower ones up to 9 cm in length,
the flowers small, 5-merous, sessile, spicately disposed on the
ultimate branchlets. Calyx densely cupreous-lepidote, in bud
about 1 mm long. Petals 5, glabrous. Staminal tube (in young
buds) about 0.5 mm long, entirely free, truncate; stamens 5,
included.

Palawan, Taytay, Merrill 9306, May 31, 1913, at the borders of the
forest by a small spring, altitude about 15 m.

A species well characterized by its cupreous, or brown, appressed lepidote
scales, its glabi'ous leaflets which are narrowed upward to the long acu-
minate apex, the nerves obscure and the reticulations obsolete or nearly
so. It falls in the group with Aglaia glahrifioi a Hiern, according to C.
DeCandolIe's classification.

AGLAiA ALTERNIFOLIOLA sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescen-
tiisque adpresse lepidotis exceptis glabra; foliis aiternis, usque
ad 50 cm longis, foliolis aiternis, distantibus, utrinque 5 vel 6,
oblongis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 20 cm longis, utrinque glaber-
rimis, breviter acuminatis, basi acutis ad subtruncato-rotundatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 11; paniculis axillaribus, usque ad 30 cm
longis, pauciramosis, ramis distantibus, laxifloris; floribus race-
mose dispositis, pedicellatis, 5-meris, tubus stamineus liber.

A tree about 15 m high, the younger parts and the inflores-
cence rather densely appressed-lepidote with brownish scales.
Branches brown, rugose, terete, those 5 to 7 mm in diameter or
less more or less lepidote. Leaves alternate, up to 50 cm long,
the petioles, rachis and petiolules more or less lepidote; leaflets
5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, distant, alternate, oblong,
subcoriaceous, entirely glabrous on both surfaces, about 20 cm
long, 5.5 to 8 cm wide, base acute to subtruncate-rounded, apex
shortly and rather abruptly acuminate; lateral nerves about 11
on each side of the midrib, the reticulations slender, rather
distinct, lax. Panicles axillary, up to 30 cm long, branched from
near the base, the branches few, the lower ones up to 13 cm
long, branched and floriferous in the upper one-half, lax. Flow-
ers racemoseiy arranged on the ultimate branchlets, the buds
obovoid, narrowed below to the stout jointed pedicel, the pedicels
lepidote, 2 mm long or less. Calyx externally lepidote, 5-toothed,
the teeth 0.5 mm long. Petals 5, in bud about 2 mm long,

IX. c, 6 Merrill: Meliaceae Novae 533

glabrous. Staminal tube quite free, ovoid in bud, 1 to 1,2 mm
long, truncate. Anthers 5, included.

Basilan, Zimot, near the seashore, For. Bur. 1S996 Miranda, October
4, 1912.

Apparently more closely allied to the Bornean Aylaia laxiflora Miq.
than to any other species, but the panicles not long peduncled and much
shorter than the leaves.

AGLAIA ILOILO (Blanco) comb. nov.

Melia iloilo Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 241, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 85.

Aglaia argentea F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 44; Perk. Frag. Fl. Filip.
(1904) 32, non Blume.

Blanco's specimens were from Arayat, Province of Pampanjja, Luzon,
there known as iloilo. He describes the species as havinj? 12 pairs of
leaflets, while our material from Arayat bearing the native name iloilo
has 21 and 23 leaflets, with from 18 to 22 pairs of nerves. The species
is manifestly closely allied to Aglaia argentea Blume, differing notably
in the number of leaflets. Blume's species has at most 15 leaflets, usually
but 11 while in the typical form the leaflets present but about 16 pairs of
lateral nerves. In Aglaia iloilo the leaflets are oblong (not linear as
described by Blanco), up to 20 cm long and 6 cm wide, base cordate,
the lower surface very densely silvery lepidote. Blume's species has been
well figured and described by Koorders and Valeton Ic. Bogor. 1 (1897) 1. 13.

Aglaia iloilo is represented by the following specimens: Luzon, Province
of Pampanga, Arayat (type locality), Merrill 1361, March, 1903, For. Bur.
17715 Curran, March, 1910. Mindoro, For. Bur. 8662 Merritt, January,
1908. Mindanao, For. Bur. 11759 Whit ford, March, 1912.

Var. AMPLA var. nov.

A typo differt foliolis majoribus, usque ad 35 cm longis et 14
cm latis.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 19976 Villamil,
August, 1913.

AGLAIA LOHERI sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Frutex vel arbor, ramulis subtus foliis inflorescentiisque pro-
minente brunneo-lepidotis ; foliis 20 ad 27 cm longis, foliolis 7
ad 9, lanceolatis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, crasse chartaceis, usque
ad 9 cm longis, utrinque acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter
10, obscuris ; paniculis axillaribus, brevibus, circiter 7 cm longis,
paucifloris; floribus racemose dispositis, 5-meris, calycibus pe-
dicellisque dense brunneo-lepidotis, tubus stamineus liber; ova-
rio dense lepidoto.

A shrub or tree, the branchlets and inflorescence densely
brown-lepidote, the older branchlets pale, sparingly lepidote,
terete, about 2 mm in diameter. Leaves 20 to 27 cm long, the
rachis, petioles and petiolules more or less lepidote, often be-
coming glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, firmly chartaceous, 7 to 9 cm long, 2 to 3 cm

534 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

wide, rather pale when dry, the upper surface quite glabrous,
the lower somewhat paler, and with numerous, scattered, brown,
lepidote scales that do not cover the entire surface, subequally
narrowed to the acuminate apex and to the distinctly acuminate
base, the bases of the lower leaflets distinctly inequilateral;
hiteral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, obscure;
petiolules 7 to 10 mm long. Panicles in the upper axils, densely
brown-lepidote, up to 7 cm long, branched from near the base,
the branches few, the lower ones 2 cm long or less, the flowers
few, racemosely disposed on the primary branches. Pedicels
1.5 to 2 mm long. Calyx densely brown-lepidote, about 2 mm
long, the teeth 5, ovate, 0.7 mm long. Petals 5, glabrous, oblong-
obovate, rounded, about 2 mm long. Staminal tube obovoid,
glabrous, nearly 2 mm long, truncate. Anthers 0.5 mm long,
sessile, included. Ovary narrowly ovoid, densely brown-lepidote,
the style glabrous.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Siya Bundoc, Loher 5682, June, 1905.

A species well characterized by its small, few-flowered panicles which are
densely broAvn-lepidote. It resembles Aglaia lanceolata Merr., but is en-
tirely different in its inflorescence, while from Aglaia curranii Merr. it is
at once distinguished by its lepidote leaves.

AGLAIA MULTIFOLIOLA sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, partibus junioribus petiolis inflores-
centiisque densissime cupreo-lepidotis, folioiis subtus dense
brunneo-lepidotis, nitidis; foliis alternis, usque ad 80 cm longis,
folioiis 25 ad 29, oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, subcoriaceis,
supra glabris, usque ad 20 cm longis, acuminatis, basi cordatis,
plerumque inaequilateralibus, nervis utrinque circiter 20; pani-
culis axillaribus, pyramidatis, ad 30 cm longis; floribus 5-meris,
sessilibus, in ramulis ultimis spicatim dispositis.

A tree about 15 m high, the branchlets, petioles and rachis,
and inflorescence very densely cupreous-lepidote with closely
appressed scales. Ultimate branchlets at least 1 cm in diameter,
cupreous-brown in color, more or less marked with large petiolar
scars. Leaves alternate, up to 80 cm long, the leaflets 25 to
29, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 8 to 20 cpi long,
2 to 4.5 cm wide, apex shortly acuminate, base somewhat rounded,
distinctly cordate, often somewhat inequilateral, the upper sur-
face when dry olivaceous, slightly shining, glabrous, tha nerves
impressed, the lower surface very densely and uniformly pale
brown-lepidote, the scales shining, appressed, the midrib and
lateral nerves somewhat darker colored than the surface ; lateral
nerves about 20 on each side of the midrib, distinct, the reticula-
tions, entirely obscured by the indumentum. Panicles axillary.

JX.C.6 MerHll: Meliaceae Novae 535

up to 30 cm long, densely cupreous-lepidote, pyramidal, many
flowered, the lower branches up to 15 cm long, spreading, the
upper gradually shorter, scattered. Flowers ii-merous, sessile,
spicately disposed on the ultimate branchlets, in young panicles
somewhat crowded and subglomerate. Calyx densely cupreous-
lepidote, cup-shaped, about 1.5 mm in diameter. Petals 5, ob-
long-elliptic to elliptic-obovate, glabrous, free, about 2 mm long.
Staminal tube turbinate-obovoid. truncate, free, about 1.5 mm
in diameter; anthers 5, included, broadly ovoid, about 0.8 mm
long. Ovary densely lepidote, the scales minutely ciliate.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanjia, Port Banp;a, For. Bur. 9208 Whitford
& Hutchinson (type), January, 1908. Basilan, Hallier s. h., .January,
1904, For. Bur. 1896A Miranda, September 30, 1912.

This species grows in forests at low altitudes and is known at I'ort
Banga as bancogniau, while the name given on one of the Basilan specimens
is tocang calao. Its alliance is with Aglaia argentea Blume, from which
it is at once distinguished by its much more numerous leaflets and more
numerous nerves. It is more closely allied to the Philippine Aglaia clarkii
Merr., from which it is distinguished by its quite different indumentum,
differently shaped leaflets, and fewer lateral nerves.

AGLAIA STELLATO-TOMENTOSA sp. nov. ^ Eaaglaia 1

Arbor circiter 15 m alta partibus junioribus subtus foliolis
infloresccntiisque dense pallide stellato-tomentosis ; foliis alternis,
usque ad 1 m longis, foliolis circiter 15, oppositis vel subopositis,
chartaceis, usque ad 30 cm longis, oblongis, acuminatis, basi
rotundatis ad leviter cordatis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus
densissime stellato-tomentosis, nervis utrinque 25 ad 30, prom-
inentibus; fructibus paniculatis vel racemosis, obovoideis, usque
ad 2 cm longis, densissime stellato-tomentosis.

A tree about 15 m high, the younger parts, inflorescence, and
lower surfaces of the leaflets densely stellate-tomentose, the
indumentum pale, sometimes somewhat ferruginous on the
younger parts. Branchlets stout, the ultimate ones about 1.5
cm in diameter, ferruginous stellate-tomentose. Leaves alter-
nate, up to 1 m in length, the petioles very stout, about 20
cm long, and with the rachis, at least when young, very densely
stellate-tomentose with usually pale, rarely somewhat ferruginous
hairs. Leaflets about 15, oblong, chartaceous, opposite or sub-
opposite, 20 to 30 cm long, 6 to 10 m wide, apex rather shortly
acuminate, base broadly rounded to subcordate, the upper surface
glabrous, pale or olivaceous, shining, the lower surface densely
stellate-tomentose, pale; lateral nerves 25 to 30 on each side of
the midrib, prominent, the reticulations obscure on the upper
surface, entirely obscured by the indumentum on the lower
surface. Flowers not seen, the inflorescence axillary, solitary.

536 ^^^^ Philippine Journal of Science in*

densely stellate-tomentose, the fruiting racemes 20 cm long or
less. Fruits obovoid, up to 2 cm long (somewhat immature),
the pericarp densely stellate-tomentose with pale-brownish
indumentum, wrinkled when dry, the pedicels stout, 5 mm long
or less.

Basilan, For. Bur. 20085 Miranda (type), October, 1912, or from the
neighboring island of Malamaui. Mindanao, District of Cotabato, For.
Bur. 14917 Tarrosa, May 31, 1912. Here I also refer tentatively Hallier
s. n. from Basilan, differing from the type in having a panicled, not
racemose infructescence.

Among the Philippine species most closely allied to Aglaia bernardoi
Merr. from northern Luzon. Its true alliance, however, seems to be with
Aglaia hemsleyi Koord. of Celebes, differing from that species notably
in its pale, not ferruginous indumentum.

AGLAIA VILLA Ml LI I sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor circiter 25 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiis-
que brunneo-lepidotis ; foliis circiter 50 cm longis, foliolis 14,
oblongis, chartaceis, usque ad 15 cm longis, utrinque glabris vel
junioribus subtus parcissime lepidotis; paniculis terminalibus,
folia subaequantibus, multifloris; floribus 5-meris, in ramulis
ultimis subspicatim dispositis, confertis, tubus stamineus liber,
ovoideus ad obovoideus, ore valde contractus.

A tree about 25 m high, the younger parts and the inflores-
cence rather densely brown-lepidote, the scales on the inflor-
escence dark-brown in color. Branches terete, the ultimate ones
about 5 mm in diameter. Leaves about 50 cm long, the rachis,
petioles, and petiolules brown-lepidote. Leaflets 14, oblong,
chartaceous, 10 to 15 cm long, 4 to 5 cm wide, rather pale when
dry, the upper surface shining, glabrous, the lower surface
rather dull, glabrous, or in young leaflets sparingly lepidote in
the lower part near the midrib, the apex blunt-acuminate, the
base acute to rounded, somewhat inequilateral; lateral nerves
about 15 on each side of the midrib; petiolules about 5 mm long.
Panicles terminal, many flowered, about as long as the leaves,
the lower branches up to 14 cm in length, the upper gradually
shorter. Flowers subspicately crowded on the ultimate branch-
lets, yellow, the pedicels stout, very short. Calyx externally
densely dark-brown lepidote, short, 5-toothed, about 1.5 mm in
diameter. Petals 5, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 2.8 mm long, Stam-
inal tube ovoid to obovoid, glabrous, free, about 2.2 mm long,
1.6 mm in diameter, rounded at the apex and contracted to a
mouth about 0.3 mm in diameter. Stamens 5, wholly included,
the anthers about 1.2 mm long.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Margosatubig, For. Bur. 21866 Vil-

I

i

IX. c, 6 Merrill: Meliaccae Novae 537

la-.nil, June 8, 1914, on slopes in forests, altitude about 60 meters, locally
known as sandalo.

A veiT characteristic species, recognizable by its large, many flowered,
dark-brown lepidote panicles, its long leaves with numerous nearly or
quite glabrous leaflets, its subspicate but densely arranged flowers, and
by the staminal tubes being rounded and contracted to a minute orifice.
It belongs in the gi'oup with Aglaia glahrlftora Hiern, according to the
classification of C. DeCandolle, but is very difl'erent from the species
placed here.

AGLAIA LAGUNENSIS sp. nov. § Hearnia.

Arbor parva partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque exceptis
glabra; foliis circiter 30 cm longis, foliolis 6 vel 7, crasse char-
taceis vel subcoriaceis, oblongis ad oblongo-obovatis, usque ad
18 cm longis, acuminatis, utrinque glabris, nervis utrinque cir-
citer 10; paniculis axillaribus, pyramidatis, quam folia paulo
brevioribus, lepidotis, multifloris; floribus in ramulis ultimis
racemose dispositis, tubus stamineus liber, crenulatus.

A tree about 8 m high, the younger parts and the inflorescence
lepidote, otherwise glabrous. Branches terete, the ultimate ones
2 to 3 mm in diameter and rather densely lepidote with small,
pale-brownish scales. Leaves about 30 cm long, the rachis,
petioles and petiolules pale brownish-lepidote. Leaflets 6 or 7,
firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, oblong to oblong-obovate,
or the lower ones broadly ovate, acuminate, rather pale when
dry, slightly shining, glabrous on both surfaces, the lower sur-
face a little paler than the upper, the base acute to rounded;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib; petiolules
5 to 10 mm long. Panicles in the upper axils, pyramidal, many
flowered, rather lax, up to 25 cm in length, the branches spread-
ing, rather slender, the lower ones sometimes up to 20 cm in
length, all parts rather densely lepidote with pale-brownish,
small scales. Flowers small, yellow, racemosely and laxly dis-
posed on the ultimate branchlets, the pedicels slender, up to 2
mm in length. Calyx about 1.5 mm in diameter, 5-toothed, lepi-
dote. Petals 5, glabrous, free, obovate to oblong-obovate, obtuse,
about 1.5 mm long. Staminal tube turbinate, glabrous, shallow,
about 1.5 mm in diameter, the margins crenulate, bearing 5,
somewhat inflexed, broadly ovate, sessile, 0.3 mm long anthers
on the very margin. Fruits subglobose to ovoid, when dry 2 to
2.5 cm long, brown, glabrous, the fleshy pulp surrounding the
seeds edible.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 20497, 20586
Villamil, September, 1913, in forests, altitude about 225 meters. For. Bur.
1032U Florentivo, August, 1912 (type).

538 ^'^'^ Philippine Journal of Science mu

Among the Philippine species most closely allied to Aylaia everettii
Merr., but the lepidote scales not at all tomentose.

DYSOXYLUM Blume

DYSOXYLUM LONGI FLORU M sp. nov. § Endysoxyluvi.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus foliisque plus minusve ciliato-
hirsutis; foliis usque ad 60 cm longis, foliolis 15 ad 19, sub-
membranaceis, oblongo-obovatis, usque ad 18 cm longis, nervis
utrinque circiter 13 ; floribus circiter 2.5 cm longis, caulinis, e
tuberculis magnis, racemosis ( ?) vel fasciculatis ( ?) , petalis
cum tubo plus minusve connatis, extus in partibus superioribus
pubescentibus ; ovario dense villoso.

A tree about 7 m high, the younger parts, petioles, rachis,
midrib on the upper surface, and midrib and nerves on the
lower surface more or less ciliate-hirsute. Leaves alternate,
up to 60 cm long. Leaflets 15 to 19, submembranaceous, oblong-
obovate, subolivaceous, 12 to 18 cm long, 4 to 5 cm wide, shortly
and obtusely acuminate, base narrowed, more or less inequilat-
eral, acute to subobtuse, the margins somewhat ciliate; lateral
nerves about 13 on each side of the midrib. Flowers white,
about 2.5 cm long, fascicled or in short racemes on large woody
tubercles on the trunk, the pedicels about 1 cm long. Calyx
cylindric, 12 mm long, externally slightly pubescent, 3-lobed, the
lobes broadly ovate, about 3 mm long. Petals about 2.5 cm long,
the lower 10 mm more or less connate with the tube, about 2
mm wide, externally distinctly pubescent in the upper part.
Disk glabrous, cylindric, truncate, free, about 4.5 mm long.
Staminal tube cylindric, glabrous, about 2.5 cm long, irregularly
lobed at the apex, the anthers oblong, 1.2 mm long, inserted
near the apex of the tube. Ovary densely villous, the style
densely villous in the lower one-half, glabrous above; stigma 1
mm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Pamplona, in forests. Bur. Sci. lU^O
Ramos, March 17, 1909.

A very characteristic species on account of its unusually long flowers
which are borne on large woody tubercles on the trunk. It resembles
Dysoxylum cum'mgianum in its cauline inflorescence but it entirely different
in its floral and vegetative characters, while the petals are manifestlj-
connate with the staminal tube!

DYSOXYLUM PALAWAN ENSE sp. nov. § Endysoxylum.

Arbor 10 ad 15 m alta partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
cinereo-puberulis exceptis glabra ; foliis alternis, usque . ad 30
cm longis, foliolis 8, coriaceis, oblongis, leviter acuminatis, in
siccitate utrinque densissime verruculosis, nervis utrinque cir-

ix.c.ti Meriill: Meliaceae Novae 539

citer 10; inflorescentiis axillaribus, simplicibus, spiciformis.
usque ad 18 cm longis; fioribus 4-meris, circiter G mm longis,
fasciculatis, extus puberulis, breviter pedicellatis; tubus stami-
neus liber ; ovario puberulo.

A tree 10 to 15 m high, the younger parts and the inflorescence
cinereous-puberulent. Branches terete, wrinkled, grayish-
brown, glabrous, the growing parts densely puberulent. Leaves
alternate up to 30 cm long, glabrous, or the very young ones
more or less puberulent; leaflets usually 8, coriaceous, brittle,
in general oblong, 9 to 11 cm long, 3.5 to 4.5 cm wide, acuminate,
base mostly acute, usually more or less inequilateral, when dry
brownish, dull, both surfaces minutely and densely verruculose;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, not prominent,
the reticulations nearly obsolete. Inflorescence cinereous-puber-
ulent, spiciform, up to 18 cm long, solitary, axillary, the flowers
fascicled at the nodes, very shortly pedicellate, yellow or green-
ish-yellow. Calyx puberulent, shallow, about l.G mm in diame-
ter, shallowly 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, free, about 6 mm
long, 2 to 2.5 mm wide, externally slightly puberulent. Staminal
tube cylindric, glabrous, free, truncate, 5 mm long. Anthers
8, 1 mm long, oblong, included. Disk shallow, about 1 mm high,
1.5 mm in diameter, truncate, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 4-celled,
puberulent; style about 3 mm long, glabrous or nearly so.

Palawan, Silanga, Merrill 9608, May 24, 1913, in forests at low
altitudes.

In vegetative characters this species closely resembles Dysoxylum ver-
niculosuvi Merr., but its calyx is entirely different. It belongs in the
group with Dysoxylum vrieseanum C. DC, but is quite different from it
and the other species placed here.

DYSOXYLUM RAMOSII sp. nov. § Eadysoxyhun.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque puberulis,
foliolis subtus ad costa nervisque leviter hirsutis; foliis alternis,
usque ad 30 cm longis, foliolis plerumque 6, coriaceis, oblongo-
obovatis ad ellipticis, usque ad 11 cm longis, in siccitate olivaceis,
plus minusve verruculosis, abrupte breviter acuminatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 7; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, sim-
plicibus, racemosis, usque ad 10 cm longis; floribus circiter 7
mm longis, extus puberulis, petalis liberis, ovario puberulo.

A tree about 8 m high, the younger parts and the inflorescence
more or less cinereous-puberulent, the leaflets more or less hir-
sute on the midrib and lateral nerves beneath. Ranches sub-
terete, usually puberulent, grayish-brown in color when dry.
Leaves alternate, up to 30 cm long, the leaflets usually 6 ; leaflets
oblong-obovate to elliptic, coriaceous, brittle, olivaceous and of

540 ^^*^ Philippine Journal of Science i9i4

the same color on both surfaces when dry, dull or slightly shin-
ing, more or less verruculose, 9 to 11 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide,
the apex abruptly and shortly blunt-acuminate, base acute to
rounded ; lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, rather
prominent on the lower surface and here more or less hirsute.
Inflorescence axillary, solitary, spike-like, simple, up to 10 cm
long, the flowers more or less fascicled, their pedicels 2 mm
long or less. Flowers white, 4-merous. Calyx shallow, about
4 mm in diameter, obscurely 4-toothed, puberulent. Petals 4,
oblong, puberulent externally, about 7 mm long, 3 mm wide.
Staminal tube cylindric, glabrous, free, obscurely crenulate, about
6 mm long; anthers 1.2 mm long, oblong, included. Disk free,
glabrous, somewhat crenulate, about 2 mm long. Ovary ovoid,
4-celled, puberulent; style 4 mm long, puberulent below, nearly
glabrous upward.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 20512 Ramos (type),
March 3, 1913, in forests. Bur. Sci. 20538 Ramos, same locality and date
is probably referable to the same species, but its leaves are smaller and
very slightly hirsute or nearly glabrous beneath, while the racemes are
shorter.

This species approaches Dysoxylum wenzelii Merr. in many characters,
but it is quite different in its leaves. It is in the alliance with Dysoxylum
vrieseanum C. DC, but is entirely different from the other species placed
here.

DYSOXYLUM ROBINSON 1 1 sp. nov. § Eudysoxylum.

Arbor glabra, vel foliolis junioribus leviter pubescentibus ;
foliis alternis, usque ad 60 cm longis, foliolis circiter 15, oblongis
ad oblongo-lanceolatis, acuminatis usque ad 19 cm longis, nervis
utrinque circiter 15 ; racemis brevibus, paucifloris, caulinis, e
tuberculis magnis; floribus circiter 1.7 cm longis, 4-meris, tubus
stamineus liber, ovario dense villoso, petalis extus leviter
pubescentibus.

A tree about 8 m high, quite glabrous except the young leaflets
which are sparingly pubescent. Branches terete or somewhat
compressed, pale-brownish, the ultimate ones 5 to 7 mm in diam-
eter. Leaves alternate, up to 60 cm long. Leaflets about 15,
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, greenish or brownish
when dry, quite glabrous, 9 to 19 cm long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide,
the apex more or less acuminate, base obtuse, often somewhat
inequilateral ; lateral nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib,
in younger leaves somewhat pubescent. Racemes few flowered,
3.5 cm long or less, from large woody tubercles on the trunk,
usually but 3 or 4 flowers in each raceme. Flowers 4-m.erous,
about 1.7 cm long, their pedicels about 13 mm in length, glabrous.

IX, c, 6 Merrill: Meliaceae Novae 541

Calyx cylindric, somewhat inflated, about 10 mm long, 3-lobed,
the lobes broadly ovate, about 3 mm long, externally slightly
pubescent. Petals 4, about 1.7 cm long, 2.8 mm wide, pubescent
on the back in the upper one-half. Staminal tube cylindric,
free, glabrous, about 16 mm long, the lobes about 2 mm long:
anthers 8, oblong, 1.2 mm long, at the apex of the tube. Disk
cylindric, glabrous free, truncate, 4 mm long. Ovary densely
villous, the style villous in the lower one-half, glabrous above.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Set. 9870, 6055
Robinson, March 5, 1910, and March 8, 1911, in forests, altitude about
700 meters: Province of Tayabas, Lucban (Mount Banajao), Bur. Sci. 19510
Ramos, January, 1913 (type) .

A species in the group with Dysoxylum cumingianum C. DC, but
entirely different in its vegetative characters, more numerous, leaflets, and
especially in its few flowered racemes and very much larger flowers.

[Vol. IX, No. 5, including pages 391 to 494, was issued -January 30, 1915.]

ERRATA

Pap:e 13, line 2 from the bottom, for Jara, read Java.

56, line 2 from the top, for Panicnm moUe S\v., read Pnuirvw bar-

hinode Trin.

57, line 15 from the top, for Cynoroaux, read CynosurHs.

99, line 3 from the bottom, for adoratissima, read odoratii^si)ua.
125, line 14 from the bottom, for Paratrophia, read Parntropia.
133, line 13 from the top, for (Hallier f.),. read (Linn.).
141, line 11 from the bottom, for AGANTHACEAE, read ACANTHA-

CEAE.
162, line 1, bottom, for Diatype. read Diatrype.
185, lines 11 and 12 from the top, for CENTHOSPORA. read CEU-

THOSPORA.
236, line 2 from the top, for DENTRITICA. read DENDRITICA.
261, add X, after the last word of the title.
277, line 2 from the top, for LORANTHIS. read LORANTHUS.
130416 4 543

I

i

INDEX

[New genera, new species, and combinations published for the first time are in black-faced
type; synonyms and species mentioned incidentally in the text, are in italiea-]

Abelmoschus esculentus Moench., 111.

moschatus Medic, 111.
Abrus prccatorius L., 91, 425.
Abatilon indicum Sweet, 111.
Acacia farnesiana Willd., 86, 425, 416.
Acalypha indica L., 100.
Acanthaceae, 141.
Achras sapota L., 127.
Achyranthes aspera L., 80.
Aconiopteria obtusa Fee, 441
Acrostichum aureum Linn., 42.

gorgoneuin Kaulf., 441.
pellucido-marginattim Christ, 441.
punctatuni L., 45.
spicaiuni L., 44.
thalictroides L., 46.
viellardii Mett., 441.
Actinodothis piperis Syd., 175.
Actinostroina crassum Klotz., 236.
Actoplanes cannaeforniis K. Schum., 69.
Adelmeria bifida Ridl., 444.

oblonga Merr., 443.
paradoxa Merr., 444.
Adiantum cuneatum L. & F., 437.
kingii Copel., 5.
philippense L., 422.
Adenanthera pavonina L., 86.
Adenostemma viscosum Forst., 153.
-Adinandra acuiiiinata Korth., 318.
coriacea Mer., 317.
elliptica C. B. Rob., 320
lamponga Miq., 319.
leytensis Merr., 377.
loheri Merr., 318, 378.
macgregorii Merr., 319.
maquilingensis Merr., 317.
nigro-punctata Merr., 320.
rostrata Merr., 316.
Aecidiuni blumeae P. Henn., 159.

rhytisraoideum B. et Br., 159.
Aegiphila viburnifolia Juss., 312.
Aerua lanata Juss., 424.
Aeschynomene indica L., 90.
Aganostna apoensls Elm., 384.
AKP.ricus alliens L., 39.

arvalis Fr., 247.
boltoni Copel., 248.
campanulaius L., 251.
carbon Batsch, 251.
cepaestipea Sow., 243.
deliquescens Bull., 250.
eiivinus Alb. & Schw., 251.

Agraricus foraminuloBUS Bui., 248.
longipea Scop., 248.
luzonensis Graff., 248.
papilionaceua Fr., 261.
perfuscus Copel., 249.
jnloaellus Pers., 248.
plicalilia Curt., 251.
pulcher Pers., 251.
pumilua Pers., 247.
pusiUus Sohaeff., 247.
sviniorbicularia Bull., 248.
aemiorbicularis Vent., 247.
striatua Bull., 251
8trig08U.i Schw., 247.
tener Pers., 248.
variva Pers., 251.
Agati grandiflora Desv., 90.
Agave vivipara L., 67.
Ageratum conyzoidcs L., 152, 430.
Aglaia acuminata Merr., 531.

alteraifoliola Merr., 632.
argentea Blume, 303, 533, 535.
argenlea F.-Vill., 533.
bernardoi Merr., 302, 536.
cauliflora Koord., 304.
clarkii Merr., 535.
currarxii Merr., 534.
everetlii Merr., 538.
glabrijlora Hiern, 532, 537.
her.t&leui Koord., 536.
iloilo Merr., 633.

var. ampla Merr., 533.
lagunensis Merr., 537.
lanccolala Merr., 534.
laxiflora Miq., 533.
loheri Merr., 533.
mariannensis Merr., 99.
raultifoliola Merr., 534.
odoratissima Blume, 99.
stellato-tomentosa Merr., 535.
trunclflora Merr., 303.
villamilii Merr., 536.
Aglaomorpha buchanani Copel., 8.
hieronymi Copel., 9.
pilosa Copel.. 9.
scblechteri Copel., 9.
Agroatia indii'a L.. 66.

virginica L., 67.
Aizoaceae, 82.

Ajoi'ea malabomja Blanco, 358.
Albizzia lebbeck Benth., 86.

procera Benth., 425.
Alcinaeanthus parvifolius Merr., 461.

pliil-'pi>inenKis Merr.. 462

545

546

Index

Aldona stella nigra Rac, LSI.
Aleurites moluccana Willd., 1(H).
Aleurodcnd ron album Reinw., lilt!.
Allacanthus luzonicus F.-Vill., 42'\.
Allamanda catharlica L., 128.
Allium cepa L.. 66.

sativum L., C6.
Allophylus holophyllus Radlk.. Kifi.

limorensis lJlu)iie, Kifi.
Alocasia hidica Schott, 6'1.

macrorrhiza Schott, ()4.
Aloe hyachitlioidcx ecylcntica L., 67.
Alpinia brcvilabris Presl, 351.

wenzelii Men-., 353.
Alsophila extcnaa R. Br. 41.
haenkci Presl. 41.
Alstonia scholaris R. Br., 428.
Alternanthera sessilis R. Br., 424.

versicolor Renel, 81.
Alyscicari>us nummularifolius DC, 91.

vaginalis DC, 425.
Alyxia luzonienb'is Merr., 128.

toresiana Gaudich., 128.
Amaranthaceae, 80.
."Vinaranthus gavgeticus L., 81.

melancholicus L., 81.
oleraeetis L.. 81.
spinosus L., 80, 424.
tricolor L., 80.
viridis L., 81.
Amaryllidaceae, 67.
Ambulia iragrans Drake, 140.

indaca W. F. Wight, 140.
Ammannia coccinea Rottb., 117.
AmiHOcaUis rosea Small, 129.
Aiiiomwn zerunibet L., 69.

zingiber L., 69.
Amoora cupulifera Merr., 365.
Amorphophallus eampanulatus BI., 423.
Amphisphaeria palawanensis Syd., 166.
Anacardiaceae, 1 50.
Anacardium occidentale L., 105.
Anatvas ananas Knrst., 65.
sativus Schult., 65.
Andropotron aciculatus Retz., 53.

chioridiformis Gaudich.. 50.
citratus DC, 53.
contortus L., 53.
halepensis Brot., 53.
marianrtOK Steud., 51.
nardus SafFord 53.
propivquvs Kunth, 53.
sorghum Brot., 53.
.'\neilcma malabaricum Merr., 66.

midifiorum R. Br., 66.
Angiopteris evecta Hoffm., 46.

smithii Rac, 219.
A'lwmpanax philippirtensis Harms, 125.
Anonaceae, 83, 356.
Anona muricata L., 83.
reticulata L., 83.
squamosa L.. 83.
Anthostomella bicincta Syd., 165.
cocoina Syd., 166.
Anthraccphyllum nigriLa Kalchbr., 157.
Antidesma barboUim Presl, 463.

Antidesma bunius Spr., 426.

dementis Merr., 4 65.
cumingii Muell.-Arj?., 426, 470.
curranii Merr., 466.
cuspidatuiH MuelL-Arg., 467.
Rhesacmbilla Gaertn., 416, 426.
leptochdum Merr., 462.
lobbiaiim Mucll.-Arg., 463.
luzonicum Merr., 464.
obliquinervium Merr., 466.
palawanense Merr., 467.
pentandum Merr., 462.

var. angustifolium

Merr., 464.
var. barbatum Merr.,

463.
var. lobbianum Merr..
463.
pleuricuiii Tul., 465.
ramosii Merr., 468.
roslratuiii Tul., 426, 462.

var. barbattini Muell.-
Arg., 463.
salicifolium Presl. 462.
samarense Merr., 469.
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn., 80.
Antrophyuni plantajfineum Kaulf.. 42.
Apium potroseiinum L., 126.
Apocynaceac, 128. 384.
Aporosa alvarezii Merr., 470.

arborea Muell.-Ars., 472.
arborescens Muell.-Arg., 472.
basilanensis Merr., 471
elliptifolia Merr., 472.
frutescerts Blume, 473.
iruHcosa Muell.-Arg.. 473.
leytensis Merr., 368.
inicrocalyx Hassk., 368.
similis Merr., 472.
symplocosi folia Merr., 472.
Araceae, 64.

Arachis hypogaea L., 90, 425.
Araliaceae, 125, 329, 456.
Aralia cochleata Lam., 126.

guifoylei Cogn. & March, 126.
Arbor ovigcra Rumph., 290.
Archangioptcris. 220.
Arcyria denudata Sheldon, 159.
Arduina grandiflora E. Mey., 128.
Areca cathecu L., 63.
Arenga gamuto Merr., 63.

saccharifcra I^abill.. 63.
Argyreia tiliaefolia Wijrht, 133.
Arisacovtis chamiss^onis Schott, 65.
Aristolochiaceae, 79.
Aristolochia elegans Mast., 79.
Artemisia vulgaris L., 153.
Artocarpus communis Foi'st., 73, 269.
■incisa L. f., 73.
integrifolia L. f., 73.
viariannensis Tree, 73.
nitida Tree. 421.
ovatifolia Merr., 268.
Arvm euspidatiim Blurae, 65.
ei^culentum L., 64.
macrorrhizum L., 64.

Index

547

Arundo har/ca Ret/... .^7.
Aschersonia macularis Syd.. 187.
Asclepiadaceae, 130.
Asclepias curassavica L., 130.
Asparagus tcrtninalis L., 67.
Aspidium cuctiUatum Blume, 43.

gongylodes Schkuhr, 43.
giiiguporiamiin Wall., 229.
subac'iiiciic Rosenst., .'i.
A-iiileniuin adiantoides C. Chr., 42.
cuudatum Forst. f., 42.

var. sectum Hillebr., 439.
ct lubritiuin Christ, 229.
cookii Copel., 439.
dinKcctum Brack., 440.

var. kauaiense Hillel)..
•140.
falcatum Lam.. 42, 439.
laserpitiifolium Lam., 42.
macrophyllum Sw., 42.
inarginale Hilleb., 437.
mirabile Copel., 440.
mOTiajif/ioHiMwi MuiT. , 42.
monanthes L., 42.
nephelephyllum Cope)., 440.
nidus L., 42.
nitidum Sw., 42.
oblanceolatum Copel., 229.
polyodon Foi-st., 439.
schizophyllum C. Chr., 44(1.
sectum Copel., 439.
Asterina couei>iae P. Hc-nn., 180.
dilleniae Syd.. 181.
elmeri Syd., 181.
Elobulifera (Pat.), 1S3.
lobata Syd., 18i.
lobulifera Syd., 181.
nodulifera Syd., 180.
pemphidioides Cke.. 181.
gchroeteri. Theiss., 180.
spissa Syd., 182.
.\storinella calami Syd., 182.

palawanensis Syd., 160, 182.
ramuligera Syd., 182.
Atal-intia disticha Merr., 294, 426.

maritima Merr., 293.
Atatiwsco rosea Green, 68.
Athyrium esculentum Copel., 437.

fimbristegium Copel., 5.
kaalaanum Copel., 438.
marginale Copel., 437.
mauianum Copel., 437.
phitiafuin Copel., 5.
schwartzii Copel., 229.
Atylosia scarabacotdcs Benth., 93.
Auersiraldia derridis P. Henn., 168.
Aolacostroma palawanense Syd., 176.
AtUographum pandani Cke., 177.

intricatum Berk, et Br., 177.
Auricularia ampla Pers., 38.

anrantiaca Schum., 235.
lobata Sommerf., 3r)2.
polytrUha Sacc, 235.
reflexa Bull., 235.
rujrosissima Bres.. 352.
Averrhoa cararobola L., 95.

It

Bacopa monniera Wttt.sl., 140.
Balunophoraceae, 78.

Balanophora pentamera Van Tiesh., 78.
Balladyna melodori Syd., 160.

velutina v. Hochn.. 160.
lialivta HuavcolctiH L., 137.
Balsaminaceae, 107.
Hambox blunicatia Safford., 58.
I'.:iiiil>u.'i!i arundinaria Willd., ."jS.

blumcana Schultcs, 5S. 120, 422.
plaucescens Sieb., 58.
nana Roxb., 58.
vulgaris Schrad., 58.
Barleria cristata L., 141.
Barrinvrtonia asiatica Kurz., 120.
pterita Merr., 322.
racemosa Ro.sb., 120.
racemo.ta Blume, 322.
speciosa Forst., 120.
Bai-tramia uncinata, 41.
Bauhinia monandra Kurz., 87.

tomentosa L., 87.
Iiau7iiea nuirixcoides Gaudich., 59.
licrcariella irtnignig Ces., 236.
BeKoniaceae, 378.
BeKonia acquata A. Gray, 380.
laguneiisis Elmer, 380.
leytensis Merr., 379.
megacarpa Merr., 378.
Bfilschmioda leytensis Merr., 357.
Uclvisia spicala Mirb., 44.
Bcnincasa ccrifera Savi., 150.
hispida Coi<;n., 150.
Itiancata nappan Todaro., 89.
Bidcns tenuiilora Labiil., 154.
Bignoniaceac, 141.
BikUia mariannensis Bronjrn., 142.
Bixacejie, llu.
Bixa orellana L., 115.
Blechnum orientale L., 42.
Blechuni brownei Juss., 141.
Blumea balsamifera DC, 430.

mollis Merr., 153.
Bocoa cdulis Baill.. 91.
Boehmeria nivea Gaudich., 76.

tcnaeisKima Gaudich., 76.
Boerhaavia diflfusa L., 81.
Boerlasiodendron dementis Morr.. 329.

heterophyllum Merr., 320.
Boletus sangincus L., 3'J.
Bombycaceae, 110.
Bomhar pcntandruiu L.. 110.
Bonnaya veronicaefolia Sprenu., MO.
Bora>;inaceae, 134.
Hotor tetragonoloba O. Ktze., 94.
BouKainvillaea spectabilis Willd., 81.
Bovista aspcra Lev., 253.

lilacina Mont. & Berk., 253.
Dusilla Pers.. 253.
Bovistella aspera Lloyd, 253.
Brassica juncea Coss., 84.
napa L., 84.
oleracca L., 84.

548

Index

Creynia cernua Muell.-Arg., 426.

rhamiioides Muell.-Arg., 4i;6.
Bridelia acuminatissima Merr., 473.
Sjlduca Blume, 476.
eitpularis Bl., 426.
Bromeliaceae, 65.
Bromelia ananas L., 65.
Bruguiera conjugata Merr., 118.
eriopetala W. & A., 118.
gymnorhiza Lam., 118.
sexa-ngula Poir., 118.
Brj'ophyllum pinnatum Kurz, 85.
Buddleia asiatica Lour., 428.
Buettneria crenulata Wall., 316.
echinata Wall., 316.
Bulbophyllum guamense Ames, 13, 70.
profusuni Ames, 13, 70.
Bulbostylis barbata Kth., 423.
Burseraceae, 98, 363.
Buxaceae, 309.
Buxus loheri Merr., 311.

pachyphylla Merr., 310.
rivularis Merr., 809.
rolfci Vid., 311.

C

Cacara erosa O. Ktze., 94.
Cactaceae, 116.

Caesalpinia bonduc Ro.xb., 88.
crista L.. 88.
glabra Merr., 88.
inermis Roxb., 89.
pulcherrima Sw., 89.
sappan L., 89.
Cajanus cajan Millsp., 94.

indicus Spreng., 94.
Caladimn calocasia W. F. Wight, 64.

meyenii Benth. & Hook, f., 59.
Calanthe triplicata Ames, 12, 70.
Caldesia sagittarioides Osten., 259.
Callicarpa blancoi Kolfe, 429.

erioclona Schauer, 135.
paucinervia Merr., 134.
Calonyction album House, 131.
Calophyllum excelsum Zoll. & Mor., 115.
inophyllum L., 114.
vanoverberghii Merr., 454.
Calvatia lilacinum Graff., 253.
Canaiiga odorata Hook. f. & Th., 83.
Canangium odoratum Baill., 83.
Canarium ahernianum Merr., 365.
dementis Merr., 394.
C(ymmu7ie L., 98.
cumingii Engl., 364.
indicum Stickman, 98.
ovatunt Engl., 98.
pachyphylluvi Perk, 98.
paucinervium Merr., 364.
villosutn F.-Vill., 364.
wenzelii Merr., 363.
Canavalia ensifonnis DC, 93, 425.
lineata DC, 92, 425.
megalantha Merr., 93.
obtusifolia DC, 92.
turgida Grab, 92.

Cannaceae, 69.

Canna indica L., 69.

Cansiera pentandra Blanco, 462.

rheedii Blanco, 462.
Cantharospermurn scarabaeoides Baill, 93, 425.
Capparidaceae, 84.
Capparis cordifolia Lam., 84.
horrida L., 425.
mariana Jacq., 84.
micracantha DC., 420.
spinosa L., 84.
Capriola dactylon O. Ktze., 57.
Capsicum annuum L., 137.

frulescens L., 137.
Cardiospermum halicaeabum L., 107.
Carex densifloi-a Presl, 58.

fuirenoides Gaudich., 58.
Caricaceae, 116.
Cai-ica papaya L., 116, 427.
Carintha herbacea W. F. Wight, ,143.
Carissa grandiflora A. DC, 128.
Caryophyllus malaccensia W. F. Wight, 121.
Casearia brevipes Merr., 326.

cinerea Turcz., 329, 427.
fuliginosa Blanco, 328.
grewiaefoUa Vent., 329.
loheri Merr., 327.
pobjantha Merr., 328.
soiida Merr., 290.
subcordata Merr., 328.
truncata Bl., 329.
Cassia aiata L., 88.

candenatensis Dennst., 91.
fistula L., 88.
mimosoides L., 88.
occidentalis L., 88.
sophera L., 88.
tora L., 88.
Cassytha fiiiformis L., 84, 425.
Castanopsis glabra Merr., 354.

phiUppensis Vid., 355.
Casuavinaceae, 71.
Casuarina equisetifolia L., 71.
Caudolejeunea recurvistipula Schiffn., 40.
Ceanotkus asiaticus L., 107.
Cecropia palmata Willd., 76.
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn., 110, 427.
Celastraceae, 105, 311.
Celastrus paniculata Willd., 427
Celosia argentea L., 81.
cristala L., 81.
Cenchrus echinatus L., 56.
Centella asiatica Urban, 126.
Centotheca lappacea Desv., 58.

latifolia Trin., 58.
Cer'atophyllaceae, 82.
Ceratophyllum deniersum L., 82, 425.
Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn., 46.
Cerbera ahouai L., 129.

lactaria Ham., 129.
odollam Gaertn., 129.
oT>posilljolia Lam., 120.
peruviana- Pers., 130.
thevetia L., 129, 130.

Index

549

Cercospora liculae Syd., 188.

nicotianae Ell. et. Ev., 188.
Cercosporina helicteris Syd., 189.
Cestrum diurnum L., 138.
nocturnum L., 138.
pallidum W. F. Wight. 138.
Ceuthospora garciniae Syd., 185.
Chaetochloa glauca aurea W. F. Wight, 56.
Cheilanthes tenuifolia Sw., 43.
Chenopodiaceae, 80.
Chenopodium album L., 80.

ambrosioides L., 80.
Chionanthus ghaeri Gaertn. f., 268.
Chlorophyllum escvXentuvi, Mass., 243.
Chrysanthemum indicum L., 153.
Cissampelos pareira L., 425.
Cissus repons Lam., 427.

trifolia K. Sch., 427.
Citrullus vulgaris Schard., 429.
Citrus acida Roxb., 98.

aurantium L., 97.
aurantium decximana L., 97.
bergamina W. & A., 98.
decumana Mur., 97.
hystrix DC, 98.
hystrix acida Engl., 98.
lima Lunan, 98.
medica L., 98.
nobilis Lour., 98.
Cladium aromaticum Merr., 59.
bicolor Vent., 65.
filiforme Merr., 60.
gaudichaudii W. F. Wight, 59.
■mariaeoides F.-Vill., 59.
Clndoderris crassa Fr., 236.

dendritica Pars., 236.
elegans Fr., 350.
elcgana Fr., 236.
Cladosporium clemensiae Graflf, 40.

fasciculatuni Corda, 40.
Claoxylon mariannum Muell.-Arg., 100.
Clausena grandifolia Merr., 294.
Clavaria putio Berk.. 352.
Cleidion javanicum BL, 475.

lanceolatum Merr., 474.
Cleistanthus bridelifoJivn C. B. Rob., 476.

samarensis Merr., 475.
Clcome viscosa L., 85.
Clerodendron c^imingiamtm Schauer, 385.
commersonii Spreng., 135.
inerme W. F. Wight, 135.
minahassae T. & B., 429.
nereifoliwn Wall., 135.
wenzelli Merr., 385.
Clitoria ternatea L., 92.
Cocos nucifera L., 63.

Codiaeum cuneifolittm Pax & K Hoffm.. 477.
hirsutum Merr., 476.
luzoniciim Merr., 477.
variegatum Blume, 101.
Coelococcus amicarum W. F. Wight, 63.

carolinensis DinsL, 63.
Coelogyne guamensis Ames, 11, 71.
Coffea arabica L., 143.

liberica Miers. 143.
Coix lachrjTua-jobi L., '>0.

Coleus blumei Benti!., IDtJ.
Colletotrichum arecae Syd., 188.
Colocasia antiquoruvi Schott, 64.

esculenta Schott. 64.
CoUriehia benguetennui Murr., 2u6.
Colubrina asiatica Brongn., 107.
Combretaceae, 119.
Commelinaceao, 66.
Conimtlina axillarin L., 66.

I>enghalenais L., 66.
criatuta L., 66.
nudifloru L., 66, 423.
Composilae, 152, 430.
Conocephalus acuminatuH Tree., 356.

dlffusus Merr.. 355.
Convolvulaceae, 131.
Convolvulus batatas L., 131.

gemellus Burm., 132.
hederaceuH L., 132.
peltatus L., 133.
pennatus Desr., 133.
pes-caprae L.. 132.
reptans L., 132.
tiliaefolius Desr., 133.
Conyza jiatula Dry., 154.
Coprinus confertus Copel., 250.
deliquescens Fr., 250.
fimbriatus B. & Br., 250.
flos-lactus Graff, 250.
nebulosus ZoU., 251.
plicatilis Fr., 251.
stercorarius Fr., 251.
Cora gyrolophia Fr., 352.

pavonia Web. et Mohr., 352.
Corchorus acutangulus Lam., 109.
Cordia myxa L., 417, 429.

subcordata Lam., 134.
Cordyline hyacinthoides W. F. Wifrht, 67.

terminalis Kunth, 67.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., 153.
Coriolopsis copelandi Murr., 238.

dermatodes Murr., 239.
ntellco-flwus Murr., 239.
Coriohts clemensiae Murr., 240.
currani Murr., 240.
murinus Pal., 240.
subvemicipes Murr.. 242.
Cormigonus mariannensis W. F. Wight, 142
Cosmo.s sulphureus Cav., 153.
Cotyledon pinnala Lam., 85.
Cracca mariava O. Kt7.€., 9f>.
Crassuiaccae, 85.
Crataeva religiosa L., 425.
Cratoxylon blancoi Bl., 427.
Crescentia alata HBK., 141.
Crir.um asiaticum L., 67.
Crotalaria quinquefolia L., 8!i.
saltiana Andr., 89.
.■striata DC, 89.
Croton caudatus Geisel., 452.

colubrinoides Merr.. 451.
moluccanum L., 103.
variegatuin L., 101.
Cruciferae. 84.

Crj'ptomeria japorica D. Don. 47.
Cucumis sativus L., 151.

550

Index

Cucurbitaceae, 150. ■i'tH.
Cucurbita hispida Thunli.. 1>0.
lagenaria L., 151.
Uucantha Duch., 151.
maxima Ducli., 151.
("uptrt corymbosa DC, 150.
Curculifro orchoides Gaertn., 67.
Curcuma loriKa L., 69.
Cyanotis axillaris D. Don, 66.
cristala D. Don, CC.
Cyatheaceae, 1, 41.
Cyathpa crhiita (Hooker), -.
fusca Baker, 1.
mariauna Gaudich.. 41. ,

scabriseta Copel., 2.
woodlarkensis Cope!., 1.
Gyathus b'jf:Kis(:dus Tul., 251.
elnieri Bres., 159, 251.
niontaprnei Tul., 251.
iilUaUdus Poepp., 252.
plicatus Tul., 252.
iwciipigii Tul., 252.
sulcatum Kalch., 252.
Gycadaceae, 47.
('yeas circinalis L., 47.
Cyclophorus adnascens Desv., 43.
Cililopordhis barbatna Murr., 242.

uiicrocijclus Muir., 241.
Gyclostemon bordenii Merr., 477.
calcicola Merr., 4 78.
ellipsoideus Merr., 369. 481.
iiitindentiis Elmer, 369.
globosus Merr., 478.
maquilingensis Merr., 477.
iHirru)ih!iUuy Merr., 479.
mlndanaensis Merr., 479.
mindorensis Merr., 479.
palawanensis Merr., 480.
Cyinhopogon cilratus Stapf, 53.
Cynanchum odoratissimum Lour., 131.
Cynodon dactylon Pers., 57, 406, 422.
Cynometra bijusra Spanocrhe, 87.

raniiflora L., 87.
Cynosurus hidicutf L., 57.
Cyperaceae, 58, 264.
Cyperus comprcssus L., 59, 423.
difformis L., 59.
difl'usus Vahl, 423.
distans L., 423.
frrax Rich., 63.
flabelliformis Rottb., 59.
pctniatus Lam., 62.
radiatus Vahl, 423.
rotundus L., 59,
stuppeus Forst. f., 62.
("yrtandra rurrami Kranzl., 386.

wenzelii Merr., 385.
Cyrtosperma cliamissonis Merr., 65.

edule Scholt, 65.
CytiKux cajan L., 94.

»

Dactyloctenium aegyptium Willd., 57, 423
Daedalea flavida Lev., 349.

imponens Cesaii, 243.

J>ao(t:ilea lurida Lev., 349.

pruinosa Lev., 349.
suhconfrayosa Murr., 349.
DallierRJa condenatensis Prain, 91.

torta Grab., 91.
Danaea, 221.
Datui'a alba Nee.s, 138, 429.

fastuosa alba C. B. Clarke. 138.
Davallia decurrens, 230.

heterophylla Sm., 44
lobbia-na Moore, 230.
iiiacraeana H. & A., 441.
solida Sw., 43.
sumatrana Cope!., 230.
Deca.spei-mum frutU-Ofiuxi. Forst., 120.
paniculalum Kurz, 120.
Deerinjria baccata Moq., 424.
Delonix resria Raf., 88.
Dendrobium anxiulalum Lindl., 13.

caloponon Reichb. 1'.. 13.
comatutu Lindl., 13.
dactylodcs Reichb. f., 14.
guamense Ames., 14, 71.
hasscUii Reichb. f., 13.
scopa Lindl., 13, 71.
Derris leytensis Merr., 361.

palawanennia Elm., 301.
polyantha Perk., 425.
trifoliala Lour., 91
utif/hwsa Benth., 91.
Uesmodinm jranjieticum DC, 90.

heterophyllum DC, 90.
pulchcllum Benth., 425.
scorpiurus Desf., 425.
triflorum DC, 91. 426.
umbellatum DC, 91.
Dianella ensifolia DC, 66.
Diatrype russodes B. et Br., 162.
Dicranolejeunea recurvistipula (Gott. ), 40.
Diciyothyrlum giuanteum Syd., 178, 184.
Didymella acutata Syd., 164.

pandanicola Syd., 164.
Didymo-sphaeria minutella Penz. et Sacc, 165
Dijritaria ciliai-is Pers., 54.

coiinanciuivea Gaudich.. 54. 423.
mariannensis Merr., 54.
inlcrobachite Presl, 54.
sansjuinalis Scop., 54.
stricta Gaudich., 54.
Dilleniaceae, 321, 375, 453, 517.
Dillenia caulifiora Merr., 517.
fischeri Merr., 518.
megalantha Merr., 519.
monantha Merr., 321.
papyracea Merr., 520.
philippiiuntiis Rolfe, 518.
pulchella Gilp:, 322.
aUniyanensis Merr., 322, 519.
Dinv-ria chloridiformis K. Schum. & Lauterb.,
50, 263.
ciliata Merr., 262.
ornithopoda Trin., 51.
pitosiiiKiHia Trin., 50.
Din-.erosporina dinochloae Syd., 161.
Dioscorcaccae. 6S.

Index

551

Dioscorea Kculeatu L., 68.
alata L.. 68.
bulbifera L., 68, 42-1.
fasciculata Roxb., 68.
fasciculata lutcacens F.-Vill., 68.
iikibra Roxb., 68.
luzoncnsis Schauer, 424.
papuana K. Schum.. 68.
satifa L., 6S.
spiiKina Safford., 68.
Diospyros ajjinis Thw., 336.

fasciculiflora Men-., 334.
mirandae Merr., 335.
plicata Meir., 336.
triflora Merr., 333.
truncala Zoll. & Mor.. 334.
Diplacrum caricinuni R. Br., 60.
Diplanthera Iridcnlata Sleinh., dU.
uninei-vis A.scbers., 4!i.
Diplaziuin arborcscens S\v., 5.

bulbiferum Brack., 5.
nandtvichense Presl, 438.
sehwartzii Blume, 229.
Dischidia puberula Decne., 131.
Discocalyx cybianlhoides Mez. 127.
ladronica Mez, 127.
megacarpa Merr., 126.
Dodunaea viscosa .Tacq., 107.
Udichos ensiforDiis L., 93.
erostis L., 94.
giganteus Willd., 92.
lablab L., 94.
lineatus Thumb., 92.
lutetis Sw., 94.
scarabaeoides L., 93.
tetragoTiolobilH L., 94.
Dona.x cannaeformis Rolfe, 69.
Dracaena ev.fifolia L., 66.
Drynaria acuminata Brack., 8.
Dryopteris angusta Copel., 3.
bipinnata Copel., 2.
crinipes O. Ktze., 228.
cucullata Christ, 43.
depauperata Copel., 44.
dissectn O. Ktze., 43.
iroriKylodes O. Ktze., 43.
haenkeana O. Ktze, 43.
hallieri C. Chr., 228.
inirabilis Copel., 4.
oblanceolata Copel., 3.
paleata Copel., 228.
par:\sitica O. Ktze., 43.
yehvltzei Brause, 3.
uniauriculata Copel., ".
l>ryostach,/uin hieronyini Brause, 9.
Duranta repens L., 136.
Dysoxyluin alliarcvui Blume, 305.

cumingianum C. DC, 538.
euphlebium Merr., 305.
tiarexci lis Kicrn, 368.
floribundum Merr., 450.
fomteri C. DC, 451.
latifolium Blume, 367.
longiflorum Merr., 538.
iHucUeri Bcnth., 451

Dysoxylum palawanense Merr.. .'>o.s.
pailtHK Hiern, 368.
pallidum Merr., 366.
pyriforme Merr., 868.
ramosli Merr.. 639.
robinsonii Merr., 640.
rostratum Merr., 804.
rcriuculoHum Merr., 639.
•■rivMranum C. DC, 539, 540.
wcDzelii .Merr., .107, 540.

!•:

Ebcnacc'ue, 333.
Ecliinochloa colona Link, 65.
Ec!ii)ta alba Hassk., 153, 43'i.
Ectropoiheciuin mariannarum Broih., 41.

sraturighium .lac^.. 41.
ElaeagrnuB philippensis Perr., 427.
Elaeocarpaceac. lUS. 371.
Elaeocai-pus aflinis Merr., 372.

argcnleuK Merr., 373.
joga Merr., 108.
mollis Merr., 373.
raiuifioriiK Merr., ;i71.
I.eymnannii Koord. & \':iU'Ioti

374.
rillosiiiaculttx Warb., 374.
wenzelii Merr., 371, 372.
Elaphofflo.ssum crassicaule Copel., 440.

fauriei Cope!., 440.
Elalo.stenia calcareum Merr., 77.

/'(■(Iiincnluliiiii Forst., 7.S.
stenophyllum Merr., 76.
Eleocharis acicularis R. & S., 264.
capital!! R. Br., 60.
lilantayinea R. Br., 60.
plantajrinoidea W. F. Wiirht, 60.
Elephantopus molli.'; HBK., 153.
scaber L., 153.
spicatus Aubl., 154.
Eleusine indica Caertn., 57, 423.
Elfi'ivgia elmeri Murr., 237.
Elmeria bifida Ridl., 444.
Elmcrina cladophora Bres., 350.

setulo.sa Bres., 350.
Emilia sonchifolia DC, 430.
Endospermum bomeenar Muell.-Artr., 481.

ovatum Merr.. 481.
Enhiilus acoroides Rich., 50.
Entada phaseoloides Merr., 86.

Ki-andcns Benth., 86.
Eiiterolobium saman Prain, 85.
Epidcndrum faaciola Forst. f., 71.
EraKrostis pilosa Beauv., 57.
I'luDioxa Link, 57.
tenella Roem. & Schult., 57.
Erigcron linifolius Willd., 430.

moUe D. Don, 153.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindl., 85.
Erioncndron anjractuosum DC, 110.
Erythrina indica Lam., 92, 426.
Erythrospcriitum phytolaccoldcx (iardn.. 290.
Eutrenia clavijlora Roxb., 381.
costenoblei Merr., 123.
decidua Merr.. 121.

552

Index

Eupenia jiimbolana Lam., 428.
javanica Lam., 120.
loheri C. B. Rob., 122.
lutea C. B. Rob., 381.
nifilacccnsi.s L., 121.
palumbis Merr., 122.
puncticulata Merr., 381.
rosenbluthii C. B. Rob., 381.
thompsonii Merr., 121.
wenzelii Merr., 380.
Eulalia glabrata Brongn., 51.
Eulophia guamensis Ames., 12, 70.
macgregorii Ames., 12, 70.
sq^ialida Lindl., 12.
Euonymus philippinensis Merr., 312.
viburnifolius Merr., 312.
Euphorbiaceae, 100, 368, 451, 461.
Euphorbia atoto Forst. f., 101.

gaudichaudii Boiss., 101.
heterophylla L., 101.
hirta L., 101.
pilvlifera L., 101.
prostrata Ait., 101.
ramosissima Hook. & Arn., 101.
serrulata Reinw., 101.
sparrmannii Boiss., 101.
thymifolia L., 101.
Eutypa bambusina Penz. et Sacc, 1C2.
Eutypella rehmiana v. Hoehn., 163.
Evodia camiguinensis Merr., 296.
crassifolia Merr., 362.
laxireta Merr., 29.5.
pteleaefolia Merr., 296.
robusta Hook, f., 297.
robusta F.-Vill., 297.
subcaudata Merr., 298.
ternata Merr., 297.
triphylla DC, 297.
triphylla Merr., 297.
villamilii Merr., 296.
Excoecaria agallocha L., 101.
Exidia auricula-judae Fr., 38.

purpiirasce'.ts Jung'h., 235.
Exosporium calophylli Syd., 189.

F
Fagaceae, 354.

Favolus cucuUatus Mont., 158.
Ficus blepharostoraa Warb., 275.

camarinensls Merr., 269.

camiguinensis Merr., 276.

carolinensis Warb., 74.

carpenteriana Elm., 274.

cumingii Miq., 424.

decaisnei Steud., 75.

euphlebia Merr., 271.

jlskei Elm., 276.

forstnenii Miq., 270.

grandidens Merr., 271.

hauili Blanco, 424.

hemicardia Merr., 275.

indica L., 415, 424.

integrifolia Elm., 276.

lagunensis Merr., 273.

lineari folia Elmer, 273.

mariannensis Merr., 73.

Ficus nervosa Heyne, 424.
odoraia Merr., 276.
paucinevia Merr., 276.
philippinensis Miq., 75.
producta Merr., 270.
propimiua Merr., 273.
rivularis Merr., 272.
rubrovenia Merr., 272.
saffordii Merr., 74.
tenuistipula Merr., 75.
tinctoria Forst. f., 73, 424.
ulmifolia Lam., 271, 424.
iiidaliana Warb., 270.
villosa BI., 273.
weberi Merr., 274.
Worcester! Merr., 274.
Filices. 1, 219, 227.
Fimbristylis affinis Presl, 61.

capitulifera Merr., 265.
complanata Link, 61.
diphylla Vahl, 61.
globulosa Kunth, 61.
glomcrata Nees, 61.
junciformis Kunth, 265-
littoralis Gaudich., 61.
}iiarianva Gaudich., 61.
maxima K. Schum., 61.
miliacea Vahl, 61, 266.
vwnticola Steud., 267.
paludosa Merr., 265.
pierotii Miq., 267.
pinetorum Merr., 266.
puberula Vahl, 62.
qninqvuiigularis Kunth, 266.
schoenoides Vahl, 61.
spathacea Roth, 61, 265.
torresiana Gaudich., 61.
Flacourticeae, 115, 289, 323, 455.
Flaeourtia euplilebia Merr., 324.

integrifolia Mei-r., 115.
lanccolata Merr., 455.
montana Grab., 325.
rukam ZoU. & Mor., 455.
Flagellariaceae, 65.
Flageilaria indica L., 65.
Fleurya interrupta Gaudich., 78.

ruderalis Endl., 78.
Flucrgea flexuosa Muell.-Arg., 491.

virosa Baill., 426.
Foeniculum foeniculum Karst., 126.

vulgara Gaertn., 126.
Fomes albo-marginatus Cke., 346.
exotephrus Bres., 346.
fastuosus Cooke, 236.
kamphoevencri Fr., 38.
korthalsii Cooke, 237, 346.
lamaensis Murr., 237, 346.
lignosus Bres., 38, 347.
melanoporus Cke., 346.
viortuosus Fr., 238.
nubilus Fr., 39.
pachyphloeus Pat., 237, 347.
pectinatus Gillet, 346.
roseo-albus Bres., 238.
scabrosus Fr., 39.

Index

553

Fomes scalaris Berk., 346.
semitoslus Cke., 347.
spadiceus Cooke, 238.
subchinoneus Graff, 238.
su.bexteni>u« Sacc. & Trott., 237.
substygius B. & Br., 241.
unffuliformis Graff, 239.
velutinus microchaeta Bres., 346.
webcrianus Bres. et. P. Henn., 347
williamsii Sacc. & Trott., 237, 346.
Freycinetia mariannensis Merr., 48.

maxiwa Merr., 49.
Frullania apiculiloba Stepli., 4(i.
dapitana Steph., 40.
gaudichaudii Nees & Mart., 40.
nodulosa Nees, 40.
secundiflora Mont., 40.
Fuirena umbellata Rottb., 62.
Fuligo cinerea Morg., 159.
Funalia fur.alis Pat., 240.

pkiUppivensis Murr., 243.
Fungi, 157, 235, 345.

(i

Galearia fdiformis Pax, 482.

philippinensis Merr., 482.
wallichii Hook, f., 482.
Galera siliginea Fr., 248.
Galphimia glauca Cav.: 100.
Ganouerma amboinense Pat., 347.
australe Pat., 347.
elmeri Sacc. & Trott., 237.
ochrolaccatum Bres., 158.
subtornatum Murr., 347.
tornatum Eres.. 347.
Garcinia oligophlebia Merr., 378.

rubra Merr., 378.
Geaster capenais Thiim., 252.

hygrometricus Pers., 252.
medius Mich., 252.
mirabilis Mont.. 352.
saccatus Fr., 252.
vulgaris Corda, 252.
Geniostoma brevipes Merr., 384.

micranthum A. DC., 128.
philiiipinense Merr., 384.
Geophiia herbacea O. Ktze., 143.
reniformis D. Don, 1-^3.
Gesneriaceae, 385.
Gibberella creberx-ima Syd., 168.
Givotia rottleriformis Griff., 103.
Gleicheniaceae, 46.
Gleichenia dichotoma Hook., 46.

linearis Clarke, 46.
Gliricidia sepiura Steud., 426.
Globaria furfuracea Quel., 253.
Glochidion dolichostylum Merr., 483.

oaudichaudii Muell.-Arg., 102.
ivacrocarpum Blume, 484.
marianum Muell.-Arg., 102.
nitidum Merr., 483.
subfalcalum Elm., 484.
triandrum C. B. Rob., 426.
trichophorum Merr., 484.
ireberi C. B. Rob., 485.

Gloeoporus conchoidcs Mont., 350.
Glonium liombusinuni Syd., 184.
Glossogyne tenuifolia Cass., 154.
GlosHoaperiiium cordatum Wall.. 315.
velulinuih Wall., 315.
Glycine abrus L., 91.

labialis L. f., 92.
lucida Forst., 92.
Comphrena globosa L., 81.
Goodeniaceae, 152.
Gossypium arboreum L., lU.

barbadenae W. F. Wight, 111.
brasiliense Macf., 111.
Gramineae, 50, 257, 261.
Graplophyllum pictum Griff., 142.
Gratiola vionniera L., 140.

veronicaefolia Retz., 140.
Grewia uialococca L. f., 110.

mariannensis Merr., 109.
multiflora Juss., 110.
Guepinia ramosa Curr., 235.

spathularia Fr., 235, 352.
Guettarda speciosa L., 143.
Guilandina crista Small, 88.
glabra Mill., 88.
moringa L., 85.
Guttiferae, 114, 378, 454.
Gymnema pachyglossum Schltr., 428.
Gymnosporia nitida Merr., 311.

spinosa Merr. & Rolfe, 106, 312.
thompsonii Merr., 105.
Gynopogon torrcaianus K. Schum. & Laut.,
128.

H

Halodule uninervis Aschers., 49.
Halophila ovalis Hook., 50.

ovalis W. F". Wight, 50.
ovata Gaudich., 50.
Haplachne pilosissima Presl, 50.
Hedyotis mariannensis Merr., 144.

megralantha Merr., 143.
Hedysarum diphyllum L., 90.
gangeticiim L., 90.
heterophyllum Willd., 90.
nummularifoliutn L., 91.
trifiorum L., 91.
umbeUatum L., 91.
Heliotropium coromandelinum deprcssum A.
DC, 134.
curassavicum L., 134.
gracile depresainn Cham., 134.
indicum L., 134, 429.
ovalifolium depressum Merr..

134.
peruvianum L.. 134.
Hemigraphis colorata Hallier f., 142.
Hemionitis jAantagivea Cav., 42.
Henningsomyces philippinensis Syd., 161.

puslllimus Syd., 162.
Hepaticae, 40.

Heritiera liltoralis Dry., 113.
Hernandiaceae, 84, 290, 44G.
Hernandia ovigera L., 290.

peltata Meissn., 84, 290.
sonora L.. 290.

554

Index

Herpestis iiiounion HBK., I'lO.
Herpetica alat.a. Raf., 88.
Heterodothis leptotheca Syd., 171.
Heterospathe elata Scheffer, 64.
Hewittia sublotaUi OK., 42S.
Hexagonia apiaria Pers., 158.

bivalvis Bres., 39, 158.
cyclopliora Lev., 350.
glabra Lev., 349.
pulchelUi Lev., 39.
thwaitesii Berk., 350.
vitelUna Ces., 239.
Hibiscus ahcbiioschus L., 111.
esculeniUK L., 111.
mutabilis L., 111.
popidneus L., 112.
rosa-sinensi.s L., 112.
tiliaceus L., 112.
Hirneola aftinis Bres., 352.
ampla Fr., 38.

auricula-judae Berk., 38, 352.
polytricha Mont., 235.
porphyrea Fr., 352.
Holcus kalepcnsis L., 53.
latifolius L., 58.
sorghum L., 53.
Holostachyum Copel., 8.
Homalanthus alpinus Elm., 486.

fastvosus F.-Vill., 487.
macradenius Pax & K. Hoffm.,

487.
megaphyllus Merr., 485.
populncus Pax, 487.
rotundifolius Merr., 486.
Hornstedtia paradoxa Ridl., 444.
Hottonia indica L., 140.
Humata heterophylla Desv., 44.
intermedia C. Chr., 230.
pirinatifida Cav., 44.
Hydnocarpus cauliflora Merr., 323.
Hydrocharitaceae, 50, 259.
Hydrocot'jle asiatica L., 126.
Hydrolejeunea sordida Schiffn., 40.
Hymenocallis littoraiis Salisb., 67.
Hymenochaete amboinensis P. Henn.. 351.
attenuata Lev., 351.
crocicreas Berk., 351.
deflectens Bres. et Syd., 351.
pelliculla Berk, et Br., 351.
rheicolor Lev., 351.
subferruginea Bres. et Syd.,

351.
Bubpurjiurascens Bres., 351.
Hymenolepis spicata Presl, 44.
Hymenophyllaceae, 41.
Hypericum pentaiidruiii Blanco, 316.
Hypnum cupressiforme, 41.
delicatulum. 41.
recurvans Schwaegr. 41.
scaturiginum, 41.
Hypoxis aurea Lour., 67.
Hypoxylon chusquiae P. Henn., 167.
culmoruni Cke., 167.
marginatum Berk., 167.
subefFusum Spep., 167.

Hyptis cai)itata JacQ., 136.

c.apitata marianvaruin Bri<i., 136.

iiMrltDninnim Briq., 136.

pectinata Poir., 137.

.spicigera Lam., 137.

suaveolens Poir., 137.
Hystei-ostomella tetracerac v. Hoehn., 184.

Icacinjiceae, 312.
Icacorea, 127.

llliKera cardiophylla Merr., 292.
elliptifolia Merr., 29i.
megaptera Merr., 290.
pubescens Merr., 446.
reticulata Merr., 291.
Imijatiens balsamina L., 107.
Impcrata cylindrica Cyr., 409.

cylindrica koenigii Benth., 423
IndiyfoTera anil L., 89.

suffruticosa Mill., 89.
tinctoria L., 90.
Inocarpus edulis Forst., 91.
Intsia bijuga O. Ktze., 87.
Ipomooa alba L., 131.

batatas Poir., 131, 428.
cam panvlata L., 133.
choisyana W. F. Wight. 131.
congesta R. Br., 131.
denticulata Choisy, 131.
gracilis R. Br., 131.
hederacea Jacq., 132.
tongifiora R. Br., 131.
niariannensis Choisy, 132.
nil Roth, 132.
obscura Ker., 428.
panicuUita L., 133.
pes-caprae Roth, 132, 407, 428.
pes-tigridis L., 428.
reptans Poir., 132.
triloba L., 132, 428.
tuberosa L., 132.
li-pex flavus KL, 350.
Isachne conferta Merr., 262.
miliacea Roth, 55.
tuinutula Kunth, 55.
pauciflora Hack., 262.
Ischaemum aristatani L.. 2<i4.

choi-datum Hack., 52.
digitatum Brongn., 51.
glaucescens Merr., 263.
longisetum Merr., 52.
miirinuni Forster, 53.
polystachyum Presl, 51.
pubescens Merr., 264.
rugosum Salish., 51.
Ischnostroma merrillii Syd., 186.
Itcadaphne conjusa F.-Vill., 358.
Ixora triantha Volkens, 145.

J

Jtisminum grandiflorum L., 128.
marianum D(;., 128
multifloi-um Roth. 128.
sambac Ait., 128.

i

Index

555

Jatropha curcas L., lO'i.
vianibot L., 103.
moluccana L., 100.
multifida L., 102.
Jussiaea linifolia Vahl, 1::.';.

revens L., 428.
■lunticia nitida Jacq., 142.
picta L., 142.

K

Kunstleria philippinensis Merr., 359.
KylliriKJt brevifolia Rottb., 62.

cyperiiia Retz.. 62.

monocephala Rottb., 62.

1.

Labiatae, 1S6.

Lactaria saluhris Rumph., 130.

Lactuca saliva L., 154.

I.aRenaria lagciuiria Cockerell, 151.

leucantha Rusby, 151.
La+icrstroemia indica I..., 117.
Laouncularia purpurea Gaudich., 120.
I.,uschia calmicola P. Henn. & E. Nym.. 213

minima JunKh., 350.
I.atania loddigesii Mart., 64.
I.auraceae, 84, 357.
l.aurjts hexavdra Blanco, 358.
Lawsonia inermis L., 117.
Lecythidaceae, 120, 322.
Leea euphlebia Merr., 452.

sambucina Willd., 453.
LeKuminosae, 85, 359, 449.
Lembosia inconspicua Syd., 183.
nervisequia Syd., 183.
Lemna trisulca Hegelm., 423.
Lena phaecoloides L., 86.
Lentibulariaceae, 141.
I.entinus bavianus Pat., 157.

chaetophorus Lev., I.j7.
javanicu.s lit-v., 157.
kurzianua Berk. & Curr., 2)7.
lapunensis Graff, 246.
macgregorii Gralf, 246.
irraerigiduH Berk., 247.
striKOsus Fr., 247.
vclutinus Kr., 39.
woodii Kalchbr., 247.
Lenzites palisoti Fries, 345.

platyphylla Lev., 345.
striata Fr., 157, 345.
Lepiota Candida Copel., 244.
Candida Morg., 244.
cepaestipes Quel., 243.
chlorospora Copel., 243.
esculenta Sacc. & Syd., 243.
fusro-sfjuaiiiea Peck, 244.
manilensis Copel., 244.
pulcherrima Graff, 244.
revelata B. & Br., 244.
sulphopenita Graff, 245.
Lepirovia paluKtris Miq., 267.
Leptochilus ovatus Copel.. 229.
l.eptospermmn benniijsenianur.t Volkcns. r_'4.
Leucaena glauca Benth., 86.
Leucas javanica Benth., 429.

l-iliact-ae. 66.

LimiKiphila fragrans Seem., 140.

Kratioloides R. Br. 140.
indica Merr.. 140.
m-rrala Gaudich., 140.
seshilinora Blume, 141.
I.imovio Irifotia Burm. f.. 98.
trifoliata L.. 9«.
ncuiideiis Roxb., 302.
LitidenberKia philippi'nxis Benth.. 429.
l.itMdcruia pyridaria All., 141.
Liiidsaua acutifulia Denv.. 44.
cv.-iifolia Sw., 45.
macraeana Cupel., 441.
I.iparis guamensig Ames.. 11. 70.
Litsca Klutinosa C. B. Rob.. 425.
lu2onica K.-Vill.. 858.
wenzelii Merr., 368.
I..loydella affinis Brea., 350.
Lobelia fmtcKrcnn Mill., 152.

koeniprii W. F. Wight, 152.
Lochnera rosea Reichenb., 129.
Loiraniaceae, 128, 384.
Loranthaceae, 277, 444.
Loranthomyces sordidulus v. Hochn.. l(
Loranthus acutua Engl., 288.

alternifolius Merr., 283.
anijmH<ic<-u/i Ro.xb., 2S.'>.
raulifloruH Merr., 286.
demesae Merr., 280.
elmeri Merr., 285.
eucalyptiphyllus Merr.. 444
falcatifolius Merr., 286.
fenicis Merr., 281.
fragilis Merr.. 278.
gcminntvn Merr., 284.
haenkcanns Presl, 279, 445.
hopeae Merr., 279.
lagunensis Merr., 281.
leytensis Merr., 278.
lucidus Merr., 277.
maritimus Merr., 282.
medinillicola Merr., 287.
mrrrillii Elm.. 280.
poliUcn»ln C. B. Rob.. 288.
seriatus Merr., 285.
worcesteri Merr.. 284.
Lo.xogramnie Ulumeana Presl. 232.
brooksii Copel.. 232.
forbesii Copel., 232.
Lud(>ii>ltia glancescc it!i Willd., 58.
Luffa cylindrica Room., 151, 430.
Lulsia teretifolia Gaudich., 15, 70.
Lumnitzera littorea Voigt, 120.

prdircllata Presl, 120.
Luna.'^ia amara Blanco, 300, 301.

umara repanda Merr., 302.
macrophylla .Merr., 300.
mollis MoiT.. 299.
nigropunctata Merr., 301.
obtusifolia Merr., 300.
I.uvunga .ocandens Hamilt., 302.
Lycoperdon axperum Speg., 253.

aurantinm Bull.. 254.
borista Bolt., 253.
cepiformr Hull., 253.

556

Index

Lycoiieicion ccn-iiruni Bolt.. 27)'[.

coronaluni Plum., -'.'^.

furfuraceum Schaeff., 253.

lilacinum Speg., 253.

majzis Vail., 254.

polyviorphum Vitt., 253.

pratevse Schum., 253.

pusillum Batsch, 253.

utellatum Scop., 252.

tessulatum SchuiK., 254.

todaycnse Copel., 253.

vanderystii Bress., 352.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., 138, 429.

ly coper sicon Karst., 138.
Lycopodiaceae, 47.
Lycopodium belangeri Bory, 47.

cernuum L., 47.
marianum Willd., 47.

mirabile Willd., 47.

nudum L., 47.

phlegmaria L., 47.
Lygodium circinnatuni Sw., 46.
japonicum Sw., 422.
scandens Sw., 46.
semihastatum Desv., 46.
Lysimachia mauritiana Lam., 127.
Lythraceae, 117.

M

Maba euphlebia Men-., 333.

venosa King & Gamble, 333.
Macaranga tanarius Muell.-Arg., 426.

thompsonii Merr., 102.
Macroglossum alidae Copel., 219.

smithii Camp., 219.
Macromitrium semipellucidum D. & M., 41.

ui'ceolatum Schawegr., 41.
Maesa cumingii Mez, 428.
Malachi-a capitata L., 112.

fasciata Jacq., 112.
fasciata Unearlloba Gijrke., 112.
Mallotus brevipes Merr., 487.

moluccanus Muell.-Arg., 103, 426.
samarensis Merr., 488.
Malpighiaceae, 100.
Malvaceae, 111.
Mammea asiaiica L.. 120.
Man.gifera indica L., 105.

odorata Griff., 105.
Manihot vianihot Karst., 103.

utilissima Pohl, 103, 426.
Mapania gracilliina Kukenth., and Merr., 267.

palustris F.-Vill., 267.
Marantaceae, 69.
Maranta arundinacea L., 69.
Marasmius capilHpes Saec, 246.
erumpens Mass., 246.
nigripes Pat., 246.
patouillardi Sacc. & Syd., 246.
siccus Schw., 246.
Marattiaceae, 46.
Marattia caudata Copel., 227.
Mariscus albescens Gaudich., 62.
cyperinus Vahl, 62.
stuppeus Merr., 62, 423.

Massariopsis, 165.
Medicago denticulata Willd., 89.
Medinilla magnifica Lindl., 382.
miniata Merr., 382.
rosea Gaudich., 125.
teysmannii Miq., 38".
Meibnnia gengetica O. Ktze., 90.
triftora O. Ktze., 91.
umbellata O. Ktze., 91.
Melanomma philippinensis Syd., 167.
Melaslomataceae, 125, 382.
Melastoma marianum Naud., 125.
Meliaceae, 99, 365, 302, 450, 531.
Melia azedarach L., 100.
iloilo Blanco, 5S3.
Icoetjape Burm., 100.
Melicope nitida Merr., 362.

triphylla (Lam.) Merr., 295.
Meliola aglaiae Syd., 159.
canarii Syd., 160.
merremiae Relim, 160.
Melochia arborea Blanco, 315.
aristata A. Gray, 114
hirsutissima Merr., 113.
Indica A. Gray, 315.
odorata L., f., 113.
umbellata Merr., 315.
velutina Bedd., 316.
Me'othria guamensis Merr., 151.
mucronata Cogn., 152.
Menispermaceae, 83.
Mentha arvensis L., 137.
Merremia gemella Hallier f., 132.

hederaceae Hailier f., 132.
Merrilliopeltis calami P. Henn., 165.

parvula Syd., 164.
Merulius spathularia Schw., 235.
Mesosphaeruvi capilatmii O. Ktze., 136.

pectinatum O. Ktze., 137.
Mezoneuriim latisiliquum Merr., 426.
Microdothella culmicola Syd., 169.
Microlepia brooksii Copel., 230.
Micropeltella merrillii Syd., 178.
Microporclh'.s dealbatus Murr., 239.

subdealhalus Murr., 240.
Microsoriuni irioides Fee., 45.
Microthyriwm grande Niessl., 172.
Mimosa dulcis Roxb., 85.
entada L., 86.
farneslana L., 86.
glauca L., 86.
lebbeck L., 86.
sainan Jacq., 85.
scandens L., 86.
Miquelia cumingii Baill., 313.

reticulata Merr., 312.
Mirabilis jalapa L., 81.
Miscar.thus floridulus Warb., 51.
japonicus Hack., 51.
sinensis Andr., 423.
Mitracarpum hirtum DC, 145.

torreaianuni Cham. & Schlecht.,
145.
Mollugo pentaphylla L., 82.
stricta L., 82.

Index

557

Momordica charantia L., 152, 430.

cochinchinensis Sprenir., 430.
Momerdica ct;lindrica L., 151.
luffa L., 151.
ovata Cogn.. 430.
Motierma rtpens Beauv., 56, 58.
Monogramitia intermedia Copel., 231.
trichoidea J. Sm., 231.
Moraceae, 268, 355.
Moreiweila tnentecyli Syd., 178 li^3.
Morinda bracteata Roxb., 417, 429.
glandulosa Merr., 146.
indica L.. 145.
Moringaceae, 85.
Morin>ra oleifera Lam., 85, 425.

vioringa Millsp., 85.
Morus alba L., 73.
Mucuna Rigantea DC, 92.
pruriens DC, 92.
Muntingia calabura L., 427.
Mueaceae, 68.
Musa paradisiaca L., 68.
sapientum L., 424.
textilis Nee, 63.
Musci. 41, 199.
Mussaenda frondosa L., 147.
Myrsinaceae, 126.
Myrtaceae, 120, 380.

X

Najadaceae, 260.

Najas foveolata auriculata Ostenf., 260.
Nauclea wenzelii Merr., 386.
Naucoria pediades Fr., 247.

semiorbicularis Quel., 248.
Neckera undulata, 41.
Neckeropsis lepineana (Mont.), 41.
Nelitris paniculata Lindl., 120.
Ncoitopie'l'is nidvs J. Sm., 'i'_'.
Nepeta pectinala L., 137.
Nephrodium haenkeanuv% Presl, 43.
Nephrolepis acutifolia Christ, 44.
biserrata Schott, 422.
hirsulata Presl, 44.
Nerium divaricatuvi L., 130.
indicum Mill., 129.
odorum Soland., 129.
oleander Safford, 129.
Nervilia aragona Gaudich., 70.
Nicotiana tabacum L., 138.
Nidularia byitgisedvs Jungh., 251.

plicata Fr., 252.
Nigroporus vinosus Murr., 242.
Nipa fructicans Wurmb., 64.
Nopalea cochinelifera Salm-Dyck., 116.
Nothopanax cochleatum Miq., 126.
fruticosum Miq., 125.
ITUilfoylei Merr., 126.
Nothophoebe malabonga Merr., 358.

umbelliflora Blume, 358.
Nummularia glycyrrhiza Sacc, 167.

urceolata Rehm., 167.
Nyctaginaceae, 81.
Nyctanthea multiflora Burm. f., 128.
savjbac L., 128.

O

Ochrocarpus exceUus Vesque., 115.
nbovaJia Safford, 115.
ovalif alius Anders., ll'i.
()(•!. ni.vin horbonica Cmel., lliO.

niariannensis A. DC, 129.
oppositifolia K. Schum.. 180.
aalubria Blume, 130.
Ocimum basilicum L.. 137.
canum Sims., 137.
sanctum L., 137.
Octoblepharum albidum Hedw., 41.
Odontonema nitidum O. Ktze., 142.
Odontosoria chincnsis J. Sm., 44, 422.

retusa J. Sm., 45.
Oenotheraceae., 125.
Olacaceae., 78, 288.

Oldenlandia albido-punctata .Merr., H',
biflora L., 146.
corj-mbosa L., 14C.
paniculata L., 146.
pterila Blume, 147.
Oleaceae, 128.

Onychium siliqulosum C Chr., 422.
Operculina peltata Hallier f., 133.
tuberosa Meissn., 132.
turpethum Manso, 428.
Ophioboius licualae Syd., 165.
Ophioderma pendulum Presl, 46.
Ophioglossaceae, 46.
Ophioglossum pendulum L., 46.
aca/ndens L., 46.
Ophiurus laevis Benth., 253.

monostachyus Presl, 258.
perforatuB Trin., 258.
Oplismenus corapositus Beauv., 56.
Onv.r'tia cochinelifera Mill., 116.
Orchidaceae, 11, 70.
Orch's triplicata Willem., 12. 70.
Orixa ternata Blanco, 297.
Orophea unguiculata Elm., 357.

wenzelii Merr., 356.
Oroxylum indicum Vent., 429.
Oryza sativa L., 56, 423.
Ottelia philippinensls Ostenf., 259.
Oxalidaceae, 95.

Oxalis corniculata W. F. Wight. 95.
repcns Thunb.. 95.

Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb., 94, 426.
Palawania cocoes Syd., 172.
grandis Syd. 172.
Palmae, 63.
Panaeolu.s campanulalus Beck. 2G1.

papilionaceus Graff., 251.
Panax jruticoaum L., 125.

j.innatum Lam., 125.
Pancratium littorale Jacq., 67.
Pandanophyllum paluatre Hassk.. 2S7
Pandanaceae, 47.
Pandanus dubius Spreng., 48.

fragrans Gaudich., 48.

fragrana W. F. Wight, 47

558

Index

I'siniUinus KUanionsis Martelli. 48.
kiifu Martelli, 47.
toclorius Sol., 48, 422.
i'anKium cdule Reinw., 115.
Pnnicum anibtKUum Trin., .')5.

caudiulume Hack., 423.
colonum L., 55.
compositum L., 56.
dactylon L., 57.
dislachyum L., 55, 423.
flaruiii Nees, 56.
gaudichaudii Kunth, 54.
isachne Roth., 55.
luzoniense Presl, 55.
mhmtulum Gaudich., 55.
i-epens L., 406, 423.
sanyumalc L., 54.
I'anus riidis Fr., 157, 247.
rapualthia mariavnnc Safford, 8"..
I'aratrophis mminghma Presl, 125.
Pariti tUiaceum A. St. Hil.. 112.
Parkeriaceae, 46.

Parmularia javanica Sacc. et Syd., 184.
Parodiella grammodes Cke., 160.
Parsonsia apoensis Merr., 384.
Paspalum curtUagincurn Presl, 53.
conjuRatum Berg., 53.
dilatatum Poir., 53.
kora Willd., 53.
scrobiculatum L., 53, 423.
Pedaliaceue, 141.
Peltophoruni jcrrugi.veuin Beiith., 89.

inerme Naves, 89.
F'eniphJs acidula Forst., 117.
Peperomia guamana C. DC, 72.
pellueida HBK., 72.
saipana C. DC, 72.
I'crgularla odoratissima Sm., 131.
Pericampylu.s incanus Miers, 425.
Peroneutypella arecae Syd., 163.
cocoes Syd., 163.
graphidioides Syd.. 163.
Persea americana Mill., 84.

gTalissima Gaertn., 84.
Pestalozzia palmai-uni Cke., 3S8.
Pctroselinum petroxelinnm Karst., 126.
Phaleria cuininj?iana F.-Vill., 427.
Pharbites hcderncca Choisy. 132.
Phaseolus adenantlnis (!. W. F. Mey., 01
lunatus L., 94.
mungo W. F. Wight, 94.
radiatus L., 94.
Phellostroma hypoxyloides Syd., 185.
Phlebia rugosiKKiDta Lev., 352.
Phoenix daclyllfcra L., 64.

sylvestris Roxb., 64.
Phoma lusitanica Thiim.. 40.
Phomopsis arecae Syd., 1S4.
Phragmites karka Trin., 57.

vulgaris Lam., 406, 423.
Phreatia minutiflora Lindl., 15.

thomsonii Ames, 15, 71.
Phyllachora afzeliae Syd., 38.

apoersis Syd., 168.
connari Syd., 168.

Phj'llach«)ra infectoria Cke., 168.
japensis Syd., 168.
lagunae Rehm., 168.
luzonensis P. Henn., 168.
ochnae Pat. et. Har., 168.
pongamiae P. Henn., 168.
pongamiae Pelch., 168.
pterocarpi Syd., 168.
sporoboli PsU., 169.
tjangkorreh Rac, 169.
f'lii/llanth'us acuminalisaiiifu.i C. B. Rob., 491.
erythrotrichus C. B. Rob., 426.
lancifolius Merr., 489.
marianus Muell.-Arg., 103.
niruri L., 104.
nivoHUs Bull, 105.
reticulatus Poir.. 126.
saifordii Merr., 104.
securinegioides Merr., 490.
simplex Retz., 105.
tcnuipeif C B. Rob., 490.
urinaria L., 105.
FhyUaurea variegata W. F. Wight, 101.
I'hymatodes phymatodes Maxon, 45.
Physalis angulata L., 139.

lanceifolia Nees., 138.
minima L., 139.
Physarum bogoriense Racib.. l.">'.).
Pinaceae, 47.
Piperaceae, 71.
Piper betle Linn., 72.

guahamense C. DC, 71.
itmriannurii Opiz, 72.
potamogetonifolium Opiz, 72.
Pipturus arborescens Rob., 424.

argenteus Wedd., 78.
Pisoiiia excelsa, Blume, 82.

excelsa W. F. Wight. 82.
grandis R. Br., 82.
inermis Forst., 82.
Pistia stratiotes L., 423.
Pithecolobium dulce Benth., 85. 418, 426.

saw-on Benth., 85.
Platea latifolia Blume, 314.

philippinensis Merr., 313.
Plectronia monstrosa. Rich., 388.
i wenzelii Merr., 387.

I Plystictus callimorphus Lev., 242.
j Poa pilosa L., 57.
j ieneUa L., 57.

Poi7i('iana pnlcherriitia L., 89.

regia Boj., 88.
Polanisia viscosa DC, 425.
Polianthes tuberosus L., 67.
I Pollinia glabrata Trin., 51.

Polyathia mariannae Merr., 83.
I Polygaiaceae, 451.
I Polygala leptalea DC, 451.
' longifoHa Poir., 4151.

i Polygon aceae, 80.
Polygonum barbatum L., 80.
Polypodiaceae, 42.
Polypodium adnascens Sw., 43

brevifrons Scort., 232.
craspedosorum Copel., 233.

i

Index

559

Polypodium diploscruui Christ, 6.

diasectum. Forst. f., 43.

evectum Forst., 46.

extensum Forst. f., 41.

tiacculvm Clirisl. 7.

ETlOBSophyllum Copel., 7.

hirsutulum Forst., 44.
. lineare Burm., 46.

liupitaeforme Mett., 7.

mindanense Christ, 7.

iico-guinenae Copel., 7.

t)antsiticum L., 43.

phymatorles L., 45.

punctatum Sw., 45.

repand-ulum Mett., 232.

Kchlcchieri Brause, 9.

shawii Cope'.. 6.

yubauricalatum lil., 6.

Kvbgeniincttum Christ, 7.

subrcticulatum Copel., 6.

tenuinerve Copel., 7.

tenuissinuim Copel., 6.

tuanense Copel., 8.
Polyporus iiffinis Fries., 3U.

badius Jungh., 242.
benguetensis Graff., 236.
bicolor Junarh., 346.
caliginoKiis Berk., 23;-.
cervicornia Cooke, 239.
cervivo-gilvua Jungh..
cori-ugatus Pers., 39.
dealbatus B. & C. 239.
(lermatodea Lev., 2.'>9.
durus Jungh., 345.
ehneri Sacc. & Trott..
endapalus Berk., 238.
faatuosua L6v., 236.
fuaco-badiiLa Pers., 39.
grammo cephalus Berk., 346.
korthalaii Lev., 237.
lignosus Klot., 38.
luteo-umbrinus Romell., 345.
rnarianiius Pers., 3J-.
meleag-.-is Berk., 240.
murinvs L6v., 240.
mutabilia B. & C, 239.
niljrheriensis Mont., 34.").
occidentali'a Kl., 39.
ostreiformis Berk., 345.
peradeniac Berk. & Br., 239.
petaliforinia B. & C, 239.
polygrammua B. & C, 239.
ramosii Bre.^., 'i'\'\.
ravenelii B. & C, 239.
rhodophoeus Lev., 345.
roseo-albua Jungh., 238.
rubidus Berk., 346.
ncabroaus Pers., 39.
spadiceua Berk., 238.
ni>adiceus Jungh. , 241.
subchioneua Sacc. & Trott., 2
itnguliformia Sacc. & Trott..
zonalis Berk., 345.
Polyscias cumingiana Harms, 125.
grandifolia Volkens, 125.
130416 5

239.

243.

38.

Polyscias rumpliiana Harms, 125.
Polystictus abietinus Fr., 349.
affinia Fr., 39, 847.
atypus L^v., 348.
barbatua Sacc. & Trott., 242.
bcngueUnaii Sacc. & Trott., 236.
brunneolus Fr., 348.
cervino-gilvus Fr., 239.
cinnabarinua Fr., 09.
I'cHinisi'ac Slice. & Trott.. 240.
confundens Ccs., 348.
copclandi Sacc. & Tnit.. JSS.
cretatus Cooke, 239.
crocatus Fr., 348.
cunciii Sacc. & Troit., 240.
dealbatus Sacc, 239.
discipes Berk., 158.
flabelliformis Kl., 347.
fioccosus Fr., 249.
funalis Fr., 240.
inquinatus Lev., 240.
luteus Fr., 347.
meleagris Cooke, 240, 34o.
melleo-jlavus Sacc. & Trott., 239.
meyenii Kl., 348.
microcyclus Zipp., 241.
nw>ta-vener!a Jungh., 240, 349.
murinis Sacc, 240.
iiephelodfs Lev., 348.
occidentalis Fr., 39, 348.
pkillpimiensis Sacc. & Trott., 243.
polyzonus Pers., 348.
sanguineus Mey., 39.
spadiceua Fries, 238, 241, 348.
spadiceus barbatus Graff, 242.
squamaeformis Cke., 34S.
subdealbat Ufi Sacc. & Trott., 2li).
subdealbatua Bres., 240. 348.
subatygiun Bres., 241.
subvernicipes Sacc & Trott.. 2i2.
tabacimui Month., 241, 317, 348.
vellereus Berk., 348.
vinosus Berk., 242.
xanthopus Fr., 39, 3 H.
xerampelivua Kalchljr., 241.
Polys tomella, 173.
Poria cryptacantha Mont., 347.
Portulacaceae, 82.
Portulaca oleracea L., 82, 424.
poi'tulacaxtrum L., 82.
quadrifida L., 82.
Potamogetonaceae, 49, 260.
Potamogeton ftuitana americanu.t C. & S., 40.

angua'ifolius Bercht. & Pre^sl,
340, 341.

condylocarpua Tiiusch., 340.

crispus L., 341.

criajiua eerrulatua Schrad., 342.

cristatus Kegel & Maack, 340.

elegans Wall., 344.

fluitaitx Roth, 49.

g<iudichaudii C. & S., 49, 341.

indicus Roxb., 340.

heterocarpuM Maxim., 341

heterophylluH Ham., 339.

560

Index

Potamogreton hetcrophyUus Schreb., 340.

hyhridus Hook. f. & Th., 339.
hybridtis Makino, 340.
japonictis Franch. & Sav., 341.
javanicus Hassk., 339.
lucens L., 49, 310.
Incens Vidal, 341.
lucens floridanus A. Benii., 341.
maackianus A. Benn., 342.
malaina Miq., 341.
malainus x maackianus, 342.
mariannensis C. & S., 49.
mucronatus Presl. 60, 341.
vatans mariannensis Nolle, 49.
nipponicus Makino, 260, 342.
7iodosus Poir., 49.
occidenfalis Sieber, 341.
orientalis Hatrst., 339.
oxyphyllus Miq., 341.
parvifolia Duchenau, 339.
perversus A. Benn., 343.
philippinensis A. Benn., 342.
polygonifolius Pourr., 343.
pusillus L., 342.
robbinsii Oakes, 342.
robbinsii japonicus A. Benn.,

342.
roxburghians Roem. & Schult.,

340.
serrulafus Kegel & Maack, 342.
sumatranus Miq., 341.
tenuicauUs F. Muell., 339.
tepperi A. Benn., 340.
trichoides Cham & Schlecht., 339.
wrightii Morong, 341.
zizii W. F. Wight. 49.
zizii Mert. & Koch, 340.
Prageluria, 131.

Premna gaudichaudii Schauer, 136.
mariannarum Gaudich., 136.
nauseosa Blanco, 429.
Prockia luzonensis Presl, 323.
Procris grandis Wedd., 356.

pedunculata Wedd., 78.
Prosaptia ancestralis Copel., 232.

samicrypta Copel., 231.
Psidium guajava L., 124, 428.
Psilotaceae, 47.
Psilotum nudum Griseb., 47.
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC, 94.
Psychotria arbuscula Volkens, 148.
banahaensis Elm., 457.
bontocensis Merr., 456.
herbacea Jacq., 143.
insularis A. Gi-ay. 148.
lohtri Elm., 458.
malaspinae Merr., 148.
raariana Bartl., 148.
vanoverberghii Mei-r., 457.
viridiflora Reinw., 148.
Pteris biaurita L., 45.

brooksii Copel., 231.
furcans Baker, 230.
longifolia L., 422, 437.
Ttiarginata Bory, 45.

Pteris quadriaurita Retz., 45, 422.

tripartita Sw., 45.
rterocaulon cylindrostachyum C. U. Clarke,

430.
Pterula ))usio Bres., 352.
Punicaceae, 118.
Punica granatum L., 118.
Pycnothyrium pandani Syd., 187.
Pygeum glavdulosum Merr., 359.

parvijiorum Teysm. & Binn., 359.
pubescens Merr., 359.
ramiflorum Merr., 447.
Plirovol'jporus fojituosus Murr., 236, 23ij.
lamaoensis Murr., 237.
spadiceus Graff., 238.
nubextensu^ Murr., 237, 346.
williamsii Murr., 237.
Pyrrhantkus littoreus Jack, 120.

Q

Quamoclit pennata Boj., 133.

quanioclit Britt., 133.
Quisqualis indica L., 428.

II

Radula javanica Gott., 40.
Randia densiflora Benth., 149.
grafjei Reinike, 149.
racemosa F.-Vill., 149.
Ranunculaceae, 445.
RaTiuBCulus hirtus Banks & Sol., 446.
laxus Merr., 446.
philippinensis Merr. & Rolfe, 446.
plebeius R. Br., 446.
Raphanus sativus L., 84.
liatzeburgia, 258.
Rhamnaceae, 107, 369.
Rhamnus jujuba L., 108.
Rhaphidostegium recurvans Jaeg., 41.
Rhizophoraceae, 118.
Rhizophora candelaria DC, 118.
conjugata L., 118.
gymnorhiza L., 118.
mucronata Lam., 119.
Rhytisma lagerstroemiae Rabh., 184.
Ricinus communis L., 105, 426.
Riedleia tilia^folia DC, 315.

velutina "DC, 315.
Rivea campanidata House, 133.

tiliaefolia Choisy, 133.
Robinia grandiflora L., 90.
Roridelctia asiatica L., 150.
Rosaceae, 85, 359, 447.
Rosa indica L., 85.

damascena Mill., 85.
Rosellinia cocoes P. Henn., 166.

perusensis P. Henn., 16G.
truncata Syd., 166.
Rottboelia glandidosa Trin., 258.
repens Forst., 58.
triflora Hubbard, 258.
Rourea erecta Merr., 425.
Rubiaceae, 142, 386, 456.
Rubus vanoverberghii Merr., 448.

Index

561

li\uUia colorata Blume, 142.

frayrans Forst. f., 140.
Ruppia maritima L., 50.
Rutaceae, 97. 293, 362.
Rynchospora aurca Vahl, 62.

rubra Mai;ino, 62.
wallichiana Kunth, 62.
Ryparosa caullflora Merr., 326.

lortyipeduncuUita Boerl., 326.

Saccharum Jloridulum Labill., 51.
officinai-um L., 51.
spontaneum indicum Hack., 423.
Saccolabium guamense Ames., 15, 71.
Sadleria fauriei Copel., 488.
Sa£fordiella bennigseniana Merr.. 124.
Sayufrus yauiuto Houtt., 63.

pinnatus Wurmb., 63.
Sagus atnivarum Wendl., 63.
Sandoricum koetjape Merr., 100.

indicum Cav., 100.
Sansevieria zeylanica Wjlld., 67.
Sapindaceae, 106.
Sapotaceae, 127.
Sapota zapotitla Coville, 127.
Saurauia ampla Merr., 521.
bakeri Merr., 521.
bontocensis Merr., 453.
(U »unt:ti Merr., .522.
confusa Merr., 522.
elmeri Merr., 523.
fasciculiflora Merr., 524.
ferox Korth., 523.
gracilipes Merr., 524.
klemmei Merr., 525.
leytensis Merr., 526.
huoniensis Merr., 524.
iiiacgregorii Merr., 454.
negrosensis Elm., 524.
palawanensis Merr., 527.
panayensis Merr., 528.
papillulosa Merr., 629.
samarensis Merr., 530.
subglabra Merr., 529.
wenzelii Merr., 376.
Scaevola frutescens Krause, 102.

koenigii Vahl, 152.
Schefflera ac»minatisfrii)ta Merr., 330.
caudata Vid., 330.
caudatlfolia Merr., 331.
chartacea Merr., 456.
crassifolia Merr., 332.
demesae Merr., 330.
luzoniensis Merr., 456.
obovata Merr., 329.
odorata Merr. & Rolfe, 546.
palawanensis Merr., 546.
venulosa Harms, 547.
Schizaeaceae, 46.

SchizoloMa ensifolium J. Sm., 45.
Schizophyllum alneuvi Schrot., 39.

commune Fr., 39.
Sehizostoma exasperatum Lev., 252.
Schoenus falcatus R. Br., 268.
ruber Lour., 62.

Schychou'uska interrupla W. F. WiKhl, 78.

ruderalis W. F. WiRht. 7S.
Sciophila torresiana Gnudich., 78.
Scirpiodeiidron costatuin Kurz, 268.
ghaeri Merr., 268.
auicatum Miq., 26S.
Scirpus capilatus L., 60.

coynpanatuH Retz., 61.
corytnhoituii L., 62.
diphylltin Ri'tz.. 61.
erectus Poir., 63.
globolosiia Retz., 61.
miliarcua Linn, 61.
plantauinoidcit Rottb.. 60.
Ituberulii« Michx., 62.
Scleria iaxa R. Br., 63.

marparitifera Willd., 63.
tiiotU-iti C. B. Clarke, 353.
trigona Merr., 353.
Scleroderma auraptiutn I'ers., 254.
citrinnm Pers., 254.
si/uumatum Chev., 254.
vulgrare Fr., 254.
Scoparia dulcis L., 429.
Scorodocar pus Becc 289.
Scrophulariaceae, 140.
Securivega acuminatissima C. B. Rob., 491.

flexuosa Muell.-Artr., 491.
SelaKinellaceae, 47.
Selapinella belaniceri SprinK, 47.
Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco, 426.'
Septobasidium subolivaceum Syd., 158, 351.

Euffultum Bres., 351.
Sesamum orientale L., 141.
Sesbania cannabina Pei-s., 408, 426.

grxindiflora Pers., 90.
Sesuvium portulacastrum L., 82.
Setaria flava Kunth., 56.

glauca aurea K. Sch., 56.
Seynesia calainicola P. Henn., 172.

grandis Wint., 172.
Sida acuta Burm. f., 112, 427.
carpinifolia L., 112.
cordifolia L., 427.
glomerata Cav., 112.
indica L., 111.
maura Link., 111.
mauritinna. 111.
rhombifolia L., 112, 427.
Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook, and Am.. 127

friomeratum Volkens, 127.
Sinapis juncea L., 84.
Solanaceae, 137.
Solanum guamense Merr., 139.
lycopersicuin L., 138.
melongena L., 139.
nigrum L., 139.
verbascifoliuni L., 140.
Sophora japonica L., 450.

phllippinensis Merr.. 449.
tomentosa L., 89.
Spermacoce hirta L. 145.

hispida L., 429.
Spodiopogon chordatus Trin., 52.
Sporobolus indicus R. B., 56.

virKinicuK Kunth., 57.

562

Index

Slachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl, 136.
Stcmmodotitia biflora W. F. WikIiI, 154.

canescens W. F. Wight, 155.
Stenotaphrum subulatum Trin., 56.
Stephanotheca micromera Syd., 179.
Sterculiaceae, 11.3, 314.
Sterculia foelida L., 427.
Stereum auslrale Bres., 158.
hii-sutum Fr., 235.
mellisii Berk., 350.
notatuin Berk., 350.
puipureiim Pers., 350.
subpiii])urai;ceus Berk, el Br., 351.
Stictocai-dia campanulata Merr., 133.
tiliaefolia Hallier f., 133.
Stigrmatodothis palawanensis Syd., 173.
Stigmella manilensis Sacc, 189.

palawanensis Syd., 189.
Stilbella cinnabarina Lindau, 189.
Stizolobium giganteum Spreng., 92.

pruricns Medic, 92.
Stratiotes acoroides L., 50.
Streblus asper Lour., 424.
Streptocaulon baumii Decne., 428.
Strongylodon lucidus Sce:n., 92.
Stropharia radicata Graff, 149.
Stylocoryiie coffacoidea A. Gray, 149.
1-aceinosa Cav., 149.
sambuciua A. Gray, 150.
Symplocaceae, 382.
Symplocos fascicitlata Zoll., 383.

floridisi'ivta Brand, 383.
me^abotrys Merr., 383.
patens Presl, 383.
phanerophlebia Mei-r., 383.
Synedrella nodiflora Gaeiln., 154, 430.
Syrrhopodon revoliiliis D. & M., 41.

T

Tabemaeniontana dichotowa Roxb., 129.
divaricata R. Br., 130.
pandacaqui Poir., 428.
subKlobooa Merr., 415, 428.
Taccaceae, 68.

Tacca pinnatifida Forst., 68.
TaeniophyUum.fasciola Reichb. f., 71.
obtusum BL, 16.
zolUngeri Reiclib. f., 16.
Taetsia termhialis W. F. Wight, 67.
Tamarindus indica L., 87.
Tanghinia iactaria G. Don, 129.
Tarenna asiatica O. Ktze., 150.
grlabra Merr., 149.
zeylanica Gaevtn., 150.
Tectaria crenata Cav., 45.

elliptica Copel., 228.
gymnocarpa Copel., 4.
kingii Copel., 4.
olivacea Copel., 228.
singaporiana Copel., 229.
subaequale Copel., 5.
Tectona grandis L. f., 136.
'felosma odoratissima Coville, 131.
Tephrosia dichotoma Desf., 428.
mariana DC, 90.

Temmnus labialis Spreng., 92.
Tcrininalia catappa L., 119.

liloralis Seem., 119.
saffordil Merr., 119.
Tetracera phillppinensis Merr., 375.
Tetrastigma harmandii Planch., 427.

trifoliolatum Merr., 370.
Thalia cannaefonnis Forst., 69.
Theaceae, 316, 377.
Thelcphora dendritica Pers., 236.
dolosa Lev., 350.
hirmila Willd., 235.
mffulta Berk., et Br., 3.^1.
Themeda giganta Hack., 411, 423.
Theobi'oma cacao L., 114.
Thespesia populnea Corr., 112, 133.
Thcvetia nereifolia Juss., 130.
peruviana Merr., 130.
Ihevetia Miilsp., 130.
Thuidium plumulosum (D. & M.), 41.
Thunbergia alata Boj., 142.
Thymelaeaceae, 116.
Thy.sananthus angustifomiis Tayl., 40.
Tiiiaceae, 108, 374.
Timonius trichophorus Men-., 388.
Tinospora homosepala Diels., 83.
Torulinium ferax Ham., 63.
Tournefoi-tia argentea L., 134.

sarmentosa Lam., 429.
Tradescantla niaUibarica L., 66.
Tragia hirsula Blume, 492.
irritans Merr., 491.
Trametes aspera Bres., 349.
badia Bres., 158.
cinnabarina Fr., 349.
corrugata Bres., 39, 243, 349.
dermatodes Lev., 289.
eimeri Graff., 243.
incana Lev., 349.
muelleri Berk., 349.
paleaeea Fr., 349.
strigata Bres., 158, 349.
Trema araboinensis Bl., 424.
Tremella auricula L., 38.
Tribulus cistoides L., 95.
Trieholoma tenuis Graff., 245.
Trichomar.es adiantoides L., 42.

aphlebioides Christ, 228.
chinense L., 44.
humile Forst. f., 41.
javanicum Blume, 41.
pulcherrimum Copel., 227.
solidum Forst. f., 43.
speciosion Willd., 228.
tenuliolmm Burm. f., 43.
Trichoon roxburghii W. F. Wisht, 57.
Trichosanthes hhnalensis Clarke, 459.

vanoverberg-hii Merr., 458.
Trichospermum leytense Merr., 374.
Trigonopleura, 353.

Trigonostemon polyanthus Merr., 492.
Triphasia trifolia P. Wils., 98.

trifoliata DC, 98.
Triumfetta bnrtramia L., 427.
i fabrcana Gaudich., 110.

I ■ procumbens Forst. f., 110.

Index

563

Tx-iumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., 110.
semitriloba Jacq., 110.
tomentosa Boj., 110.
Ti-j'blidiella mindanaoensis P. Henn., IS.l.
Turraea humilis Merr., 307.

membranacea Merr., 306.
palawanensis Merr., 807.
pubescens Ilellen, 307.
puviUa Benn., 307.
Tylostoma exasperatum Mont., 252.
Typhonium cuBtidatum Decne., 65.
Tyromijccs elmcri Murr., 243.

subchioneus Murr., 238.
ungrUiformis Murr., 239.

U

Ugena semihastata Cav., 4C.
Umbellifereae, 126.
Urena lobaU L., 113.

sinuata L., 113.
Urticaceae, 76.
Urtica argentea Forst., 78.

interrupta L., 78.

nivea L., 76.

ruderalis Forst. 78.
Ustilago andropogonis-aciculati Fetch, 150.
Utraria furfuracea Quel.. 253.
Utricularia bifida L., 141.

nivea Vahl, 141.
Lvaria odorata Lam., 83.

\

Vallisneria sigantea Graebn, 405, 422.
Vandellia Crustacea Benth., 429.

pusilla Merr., 429.

pyxidaria Maxim., 141.
Vanilla fasciola Gaudich., 71.
Voluticev>s philippinensis Bi'es., 350.
Ventilago multinervia Merr., 369.
Verbenaceae, 134, 385.
Verbena indica L., 136.
\'erbe»ina alba L., 153.

argentea Gaudich., 155.

biflera L., 154.

canesrens Gaudich., 155.

nodiflora L., 154.
Vernonia chinenais less., 154.

cinerea Less., 154, 430.

patula Merr., 154.

i-aiosa W. F. Wight. 154.
Vi«na lutea A. Gray, 94 426.
sinensis Endl., 94.
rosea L., 129.
I'isenia tomentosa Miq., 315.
umbellata Houtt., 315.
Vitaceae. 370, 452.

Vitex inciaa Lam., 136.

netrundo L., 136.

parviAora Jugs., 429.

trifolia L., 136.
Vittaria elonirata Sw., 45.

sessills Copel., 231.
\'ollca)nerla coynitiergonii Poir., 135.

W

Walsura Tillamilii Merr., 308.
Waltheria amcricana L., 114, 427.
elUptica Cav., 114.
indica L., 114.
Webera. corymbosa WiJld., 150.
Wedelia argentea Merr., 166.
biflora DC., 154, 430.
canescens Merr., 155.
chaittinsonis Less., 155.
Wendlandia luzoniensis DC, 429.
Wikatroemia elliptica Merr., 116.
indica Mcy., 117.
rotundi folia Decne., 117.
WiUiamsia caudata Merr., 389.

sablanensis Merr.. 389.
Wiaenia iv.dica Gmel., 315.
Wollastonia canescens DC l.")5.

acabriuscula DC, 154.
Worcesterianthus casearioldes Merr., 288.
Wormia sibuyanensis Elm., 322, 519.
subsesirilis Miq., 522.
.ixifjruticoga Griflf., .521.
Wrightia laniti Merr., 428.

Ximenia americana L., 78.
Xiphagrostis floridula Coville, 51.
Xylocarpus ^ranatum Koen., 100.
Xylo.sma cumingii Clos., 323.

luzonensis Merr., 323.

suluensis Merr., 324.

'/j

Zca mays L., 50.
Zebrina pendula Schnizl., 66.
Zephyranthes rosea Lindl., 68.
Zingiberaceae, 69, 353, 443.
Zingiber officinale Rose, 69.

zerumbet Rose, 69.

zingiber Karst., 69.
Zizyphus jujuba Lam., 108.

jujuba Mill., 108.

niauri'Jana Lam., 108.
Zornia diphylla Pers., 90.
Zostera uninervis Forsk., 49.
Zygomenes cristata W. F. Wight, 66.
Zygophyllaceae, 95.
Zygosporium oscheoides Mont., 188.

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