UC-NRLF
Ofi?
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jfounbation
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
VOLUME III
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
40 MT. VERNON STREET, BOSTON
The Pamphlet Series was issued monthly during
the year 1913, instead of quarterly as in previous
years.
In this volume, besides the Pamphlet Series, are
included certain publications issued in the same
format and of permanent value. With the exception
of one that is closely related to an issue of the Series,
these casual publications are gathered at the end of
the volume.
Content^
The World Peace Foundation : Work in 1912
The Wounded
By Noel Buxton, M.P.
Women and War
By Mrs. M. A. [St. Clair] Stobart
Panama Canal Tolls : The Obligations of the
United States
By Hon. Elihu Root
Instructions to the American Delegates to the
Hague Conferences, 1899 and 1907
By Hon. John Hay and Hon. Elihu Root
Secretaries of State
Washington, Jefferson and Franklin on War
By Edwin D[oak] Mead
The Drain of Armaments (Revised Edition)
The Cost of Peace under Arms
By Arthur W[illiam] Allen
Organizing the Peace Work
By Edwin Ginn
"^ Internationalism among Universities
By Louis P[aul] Lochner
The Forces Warring against War
By [Henry] Havelock Ellis
To the Picked Half Million
By William T[homas] Stead
Our Duty Concerning the Panama Canal Tolls
By Thomas Raeburn White and Charlemagne Tower
SERIES NUMBER
January, No. 1
February, No. 2
March, No. 3
April, No. 4
May, No. 5
June, No. 6
July,
No. 7, Part I
July,
No. 7, Part II
August, No. 8
September, No. 9
October,
No. 10, Part I
SERIES NUMBER
The Record of The Hague October,
No. 10, Part II
Tables showing the Cases Decided and the Ratifications of
Conventions, 1899 and 1907
( Corrected to November i, 1913. )
Compiled by Denys P[eter] Myers
The Commission of Inquiry : The Wilson- November,
Bryan Peace Plan No. 11, Part I
Its Origin and Development
By Denys P[eter] Myers
Address -t»y Hon. -William J. Bryan at the Conference -of the Interparliamentary -Union at
fcemion, July 24, 1906
Suggestions for the Study of International Relations November,
By Charles H[erbert] Levermore No. 11, Part II
The World Peace Foundation : Work in 1913 December, No. 12
The American Peace Party and Its Present Aims and Duties
By Edwin D[oak] Mead
The United States and the Third Hague Conference
Address at the Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration, May 15, 1913
By Edwin D[oak] Mead
President Wilson to College Students
President Wilson on the United States and Latin America
Address before the Southern Commercial Congress at Mobile, Ala., October 27 , 1913
The Proper Attitude of the Hague Conference
toward the Laws of War
Address at the Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration, May 15, 1913
By Jackson H [arvey] Ralston
JJeace Jfounlration
$ampf)let
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
WORK IN 1912
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
29A BEACON STREET, BOSTON
January, 1913
Vol. III. No. 1
Entered as second-class matter April 18, IQII, at the post-office at Boston, Mass.,
under the Act of July 16, 1804
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
Trustees
Edwin Ginn, A. Lawrence Lowell, William H. P. Faunce, Joseph Swain,
Samuel T. Button, Sarah Louise Arnold, Edward Cummings, Samuel W.
McCall, George A. Plimpton, George W. Anderson, Samuel B. Capen,
Albert E. Pillsbury.
Directors
David Starr Jordan, Edwin D. Mead, James A. Macdonald, Hamilton
Holt, Charles R. Brown, William I. Hull, George W. Nasmyth.
Advisory Council
Miss Jane Addams
President Edwin E. Alderman
Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews
President James B. Angell
Hon. Simeon E. Baldwin
Hon. Richard Bartholdt
Prof. George H. Blakeslee
Prof. Jean C. Bracq
Prof. John C. Branner
John I. D. Bristol
President S. P. Brooks
President Elmer E. Brown
President William L. Bryan
Prof. John W. Burgess
Hon. Theodore E. Burton
President Nicholas Murray Butler
Rev. Francis E. Clark
Prof. John B. Clark
Rev. Samuel M. Crothers
James H. Cutler
Rev. Charles F. Dole
Prof. Charles T. Fagnani
Prof. Frank F. Fettev- • ;
President John Finley
Mrs. J. Malcolm Forbes
Hon. John W. Foster
Hon. Eugene Hale
President G. Stanley Hall
Rabbi Emit G. Hirsch
Prof. Jesse Holmes
Rev. Charles E. Jefferson
Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones
President Harry Pratt Judson
Hon. William Kent
Prof. George W. Kirchwey
Hon. Philander C. Knox
Prof. Edward B. Krehbid
Rev. Frederick Lynch
S. S. McClure
Theodore Marburg
Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead
Prof. Adolph C. Miller
President S. C. Mitchell
John R. Mott
Prof. P. V. N. Myers
Prof. Bliss Perry
H. C. Phillips
Hon. Jackson H. Ralston
Prof. Paul S. Reinsch
President Rush Rhees
Dean Henry Wade Rogers
Dean W. P". Rogers
Prof. Elbert Russell
Dr. James Brown Scott
President L. Clark Seelye
: Mrs. May Wright Sewall
Thorvald Solberg
Hoa. John H. Stiness
Moorfleld Storey
President Charles F. Thwing
President Charles R. Van Hise
Dr. James H. Van Sickle
President George E. Vincent
President Ethelbert D. Warfield
Dr. Booker T. Washington
Harris Weinstock
Hon. Andrew D. White
Thomas Raeburn White
Prof. George G. Wilson
Rabbi Stephen S. Wise
President Mary E. Woolley
Stanley R. Yarnall
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES OF
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION BY
THE MANAGING DIRECTOR
The Budget for 1913 is separately submitted. The 1912 appro-
priations were on the basis of an income of $50,000 from Edwin Ginn
and $825 interest on the invested fund from the bequest from the
estate of Frederick B. Ginn. The Foundation has received during
the year additional contributions of something over $600, and the
year's receipts from the sale of books will be about $800, which item
the coming year will be much increased. In 1913 the second quarter
of the amount due Ginn & Company for the books taken over from
them by the Foundation last year is to be paid, this payment being
$1,872.
Since the last annual meeting one volume has been added to the
International Library, — the important volume presenting Senator
Root's argument in the Newfoundland Fisheries Arbitration, edited
by Dr. Scott, which work has been placed in the hands of all of the
Trustees. Two other works are now in press, and will be issued in
December, — Andrew D. White's work upon "The First Hague Con-
ference," reprinted from his Autobiography, and a work upon "The
New Peace Movement," by Prof. William I. Hull, whose valuable
work upon "The Two Hague Conferences," published in our Inter-
national Library four years ago, is the most popular and useful brief
history of the Conferences which has been published. Professor
Hull's new work is an impressive survey of the varied activities which
during the period beginning with the First Hague Conference have
given to the peace movement throughout the world an entirely new
character. Dr. White's account of the First Hague Conference is of
unique interest and value, as the journal written day by day by the
head of our American delegation, performing an office in many respects
like that of Madison's journal for our Constitutional Convention
of 1787.
Our pamphlet series has been strengthened during the year by many
new issues, all of which have successively been sent to the Trustees.
These pamphlets, which have been circulated in editions of from 10,000
to 20,000, have been prepared with reference to the international exi-
278258
4 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
gencies of the year and the needs of the various classes in the commu-
nity among whom respectively they have been chiefly circulated, —
educational, religious, commercial, agricultural, and other groups.
Several of these pamphlets were prepared for special service in the
campaign last winter in behalf of the arbitration treaties with Great
Britain and France; and two of these were prepared by our own
Trustees: the discussion of the legal aspects of the treaties by Mr.
Pillsbury and the pamphlet upon "Arbitration and our Religious
Duty" by Mr. Cummings. I may here say that no pamphlet in
our series has aroused deeper interest or wider demand than the last
issue, the address upon "Foreign Missions and World Peace," by Mr.
Capen of our Board of Trustees.
The campaign for the arbitration treaties was the most strenuous
and, perhaps, the most important single effort of the year on the part
of the Foundation as well as of the other peace forces of the country.
Besides constant work for the treaties through our pamphlet service
and the press, Dr. Jordan, Dr. Scott, Dr. Brown, Mr. Holt and the
writer, among our Directors, gave numerous addresses in many parts
of the country; and the services of Mr. Pillsbury, Mr. Cummings,
Mr. Capen, Professor Dutton and President Swain, among our Trus-
tees, were hardly less constant. No man in Congress served the cause
more persistently or more effectively than Mr. McCall, whose un-
tiring service in our behalf, and especially his cooperation with the
writer during his visits to Washington in behalf of the peace interests,
make him always one of the most valuable members of our Board
of Trustees. Although the treaties in the complete form submitted
by President Taft failed to pass the Senate, they are, even as modi-
fied, an advance upon our existing treaties, and will undoubtedly be
concluded by the President before the close of his administration, as
the alternative would be the renewal of the existing treaties, which
are of more limited scope. Whatever the particular conclusion of this
matter, the indirect service of the long and earnest campaign was
invaluable. No other campaign for our cause was ever so broadly
conceived or so well conducted. There was no class to which our
message was not carried; there was hardly any class whose influen-
tial representatives did not somehow declare themselves in behalf
of the broadest possible provisions for arbitration; many new organ-
izations were established which will endure; and vital impulses were
given in a thousand places which will continue to operate until treaties
of the broad scope proposed by Mr. Taft are ratified between all the
great nations.
Hardly second in importance to the campaign for the treaties was
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 5
the movement to secure the noteworthy success for our cause which
was achieved through the meeting in Boston in September of the
International Congress of Chambers of Commerce; and in this
the Foundation took a much more creative and responsible part.
We have constantly recognized the fundamental necessity of securing
the cooperation for our cause of the leaders of the business world and
especially of our American commercial organizations; and many of
our publications have been addressed expressly to this end. Three
years ago we saw how much might be accomplished if the Interna-
tional Congress of Chambers of Commerce could be brought to the
United States for its biennial session the present year; and it was
through our initiative and prompting that the invitation for this
was presented to the London Congress of 1910 by representatives of
our Boston Chamber of Commerce, which undertook the provision
for the Congress in the United States. The result is well known, as
the Boston Congress in September was not only the most important
commercial gathering ever held, but proved in many ways the most
impressive peace demonstration ever seen. For three years, through
correspondence with every important Chamber of Commerce and
Board of Trade in the country, and the careful circulation among them
of our pamphlets and other literature, and latterly through the activ-
ity of the writer as a member of the Program Committee of the Con-
gress, we did everything in our power during the period of prepara-
tion to strengthen the sentiment most favorable for the broadest
influence of the Congress in the promotion of international good
understanding and good will in the business world; and the Founda-
tion devoted to the work during three years not less than $8,000. At
the Congress itself Mr. Ginn, Mr. Capen and the writer presented
the special claims of the peace movement. The Congress was by
far the largest and most important which has been held by this great
organization, the most influential and representative commercial
organization in the world. Over forty foreign countries were repre-
sented by more than 500 delegates, 300 American delegates also being
present. The Congress was in session at the Hotel Copley-Plaza
during four days, September 24-27; and the foreign delegates were
then taken by special trains upon a tour to the leading commercial
cities of the country as far west as Chicago, concluding their stay in
America with a great meeting in New York.
The Congress was a great peace congress and a wonderful witness
to the profound and pervasive conviction of the world's commercial
leaders that the imperative interests of trade and industry to-day
demand decisive action for the supplanting of the present system of
6 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
war and monstrous armaments by international courts and the judi-
cial settlement of disputes between nations as between men. It
took no other action which aroused such deep interest or such great
enthusiasm as its endorsement unanimously of the effort to establish
the International Court of Arbitral Justice and the united endeavor
of the nations to prevent the atrocities of war. The resolution making
this declaration of the sentiment of the Congress was offered by the
President of the Congress himself, M. Canon-Legrand, in an eloquent
address. The resolution was supported in earnest speeches by Sir
John E. Bingham, former member of the British Parliament, repre-
senting the London Chamber of Commerce, and several other mem-
bers of the Congress, and the scene of its adoption was the most stir-
ring and impressive scene of the Congress. At the great banquet
in the evening following this memorable demonstration President
Taft, amidst prolonged and enthusiastic cheering, closed his impres-
sive address with the following words: —
"I wish to speak of the influence upon the world by the coming
of these delegates and these chambers of commerce to meet us and
our meeting them. You come here for trade, to promote trade; and
trade is peace. And if trade had no other good thing connected with
it, the motive, the selfish motive in love of trade that keeps off war
in order that trade may continue, is a sufficient thing to keep up trade
for. I believe that we must have some escape in the future from the
burden that is imposed by this increasing armament of nations. And
you will never have the solution until you have furnished some means
of certainly and honorably settling every international controversy,
whether of honor or vital interest, by a court upon which all nations
may rely. And if, as I believe, meetings like this stimulate the de-
sire and the determination to reach some such result, I hope they may
continue year after year until the dawn of permanent peace shall be
with us."
The promotion of the cooperation and friendship of the great com-
mercial bodies of all nations, the advancement throughout the world
of industry and trade of honor, integrity, high standards, good under-
standing, and good will, — these are the things which make these great
international commercial congresses so beneficent and powerful. It
is a good thing for the captains of industry and merchants of the
world to get together to simplify and unify and make more intelligent
their usages] about checks and bills of lading and calendars and
systems of statistics; but far deeper than these things, and the sure
guarantee that all these will be rightly and wisely settled in due time,
is the feeling of mutual trust and common purpose and reciprocal
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 7
service strengthened by such great gatherings as that which made
that September week memorable in Boston and throughout the com-
mercial world. Mr. Ginn feels, as does the writer, and as all of us
must feel, that the Foundation has rendered no single service more
distinctive and far-reaching in its probable consequences than in its
initiative of this Boston Congress and its long and generous work in
preparation for it and in helping toward its signal success; and from
our own point of view few things in connection with it are more hope-
ful than the large number of important connections which were es-
tablished through it with influential leaders in England and other
countries, whose cooperation in our work in the years immediately
ahead of us will be of peculiar service. I hope that the day is not
distant when we may see in England, with perhaps similar results
afterwards elsewhere, a Foundation essentially like our own, inde-
pendent, yet working in close and hearty cooperation with us; and, if
this desirable organization is ever established, I believe it will be
largely through the efforts of strong English commercial men who
took part in this great Boston Congress.
It should in this connection be repeated that, by his express de-
sire, the name of the founder is in no formal or public way ever
associated with the Foundation by the administration. His strong-
est wish is that the work which he has begun will so approve itself
that other able men will take as deep an interest in it as himself, in-
creasing its resources commensurately with its growing demands and
great opportunities, and especially ensuring affiliated Foundations in
the other great countries of the world.
The work with our American Chambers of Commerce, almost all
of which are in sincere sympathy with our movement, will be sys-
tematically continued. Many of these bodies, at their occasional
banquets and other meetings, give prominent place to addresses in
behalf of our cause. Mr. Albert G. Bryant, who comes to us from
California early next year, with warm commendations, to act as our
business agent, to promote our general financial interests and push
the sale of our publications, will look particularly after this work,
and may be regarded as the head of our commercial department.
Let me here say, with reference to our International Library and
other publications, that the taking over of all of these by the Founda-
tion from Ginn & Company, who had heretofore published them for us,
while imposing upon us a great increase of detail duty, will, I believe,
in the end be a distinct advantage. This will be true, however, only
if we push the sale of our books as they have never yet been pushed,
with booksellers and with libraries; and to do this will be one of Mr.
8 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
Bryant's special duties. While our desire always is to give many
books away, as one of the best forms of propaganda, there is no reason
why, with the rapidly growing interest in the peace movement, every
new issue in our International Library should not, with proper busi-
ness enterprise, be made to pay for itself.
Attention was called in an earlier report to the deep interest in
the peace cause manifested by the National Grange and other or-
ganizations of our American farmers. The National Grange has
for several years had a special committee upon the peace cause; and
the resolutions of its conventions have been most pronounced in our
behalf. I ask special attention to our pamphlet on "The Grange
and Peace." This interest has been manifested especially during
the campaign for the treaties; and there is now a strong desire that
the peace cause shall be regularly presented to the different Granges
in connection with their annual courses of lectures. The Grange is
in many of our farming communities the place where the people meet
most frequently and most freely together; and it offers an educational
opportunity which has not been adequately utilized. One of the
leading members of the American Forestry Association, whose prac-
tical services in the great movement which that organization repre-
sents have not been second in importance to those of any other Ameri-
can, has profoundly at heart the enlistment of the Granges in the
peace cause, especially in connection with our Foundation, of which
he has long been a warm and useful friend. If the work in this di-
rection proves as large and successful as I hope it will, I may later
suggest to the Trustees an invitation to him to become a member
of our Board of Directors. There is perhaps no interest in the world
to-day which is better organized internationally than the agricultural
interest. The International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, with
experts from over forty nations constantly at work in its bureau in
standardizing and making uniform the crop reports of the world,
with the issue of monthly bulletins in several languages sent to all
countries, is rendering an incalculable service. The fact of its
conception and founding by an American citizen, David Lubin, is
something of which Americans may well be proud; and President
Taft has just emphasized by his broad and earnest message the neces-
sity of our farmers learning from other nations of the rural credit
system, whose operations, especially in Germany and France, are
so beneficent. The central aim in the founding of the International
Institute of Agriculture was to bring the farmers of the world into
closer, more intelligent, and more efficient cooperation; and the In-
stitute in its activity, as was conspicuously true of its original motive,
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 9
is a great peace agency. So important is this broad interest that
the wise establishment, as soon as it can be well done, of an agricul-
tural department of the Foundation is something to be carefully worked
for; and in this I hope for much help from the best men in the field.
No less important is the establishment, as soon as it can be de-
liberately and well done, of a department devoting itself systemati-
cally to enlisting and utilizing the interest of our workingmen. The
workingmen of the world are in essential sympathy with the peace
movement. Where they are not in sympathy with it, it is usually
not their fault. The great Social Democratic parties of Germany
and other European countries, made up almost entirely of working-
men, are everywhere anti-military parties, so earnest and active for
peace that more than once in recent times their demonstrations in
critical exigencies have had a clear and perhaps determining in-
fluence on governments; and the workingmen's organizations of this
country have declared themselves repeatedly and emphatically for
the peace and arbitration cause. These men are voters. They will
largely determine the issues of our politics at home and abroad. We
are at last securing their proper participation in our peace congresses;
and a broad and systematic work of education in this field is one of
the cardinal necessities of our movement. With individual leaders
in the labor organizations I have long been in close touch, constantly
placing our literature in their hands.
The National Federation of Women's Clubs, including a million
women, which two years ago at its Cincinnati convention first gave
our cause a place upon its program, has the present year, at its con-
vention in San Francisco, committed itself definitely to work for our
movement, creating a special committee to promote its interests,
prepare programs for the clubs throughout the country, and carry
on in its great membership a systematic work of peace education.
This gives new importance and new opportunities for our own depart-
ment of women's organizations, which, under the able and earnest
management of Mrs. Duryea, has during the present year greatly
increased its activity and its usefulness. Mrs. Duryea's report of
her year's work will be separately submitted. Through the additions
made by the late national election, in nine of our states women now
have full suffrage; and this new political status gives new importance
and urgency to work in this great field.
No other influence in behalf of our cause among the women's or-
ganizations of the country has during the year been more inspiring
than that of the Baroness von Suttner, who came here from Austria
in June and will return next month after a six months' campaign,
10 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
in which she has delivered nearly 150 addresses throughout the country
from Boston to San Francisco. Her first address indeed was at the
great convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs at
San Francisco, immediately after which she spoke at the convention
of the National Education Association at Chicago. In the preceding
two years we had had visits from Baron d'Estournelles de Constant
and Count Apponyi, both of whom rendered our cause most signi-
ficant service; but the longer campaign of the Baroness von Suttner
has perhaps been even more fruitful. She came upon the invitation
of an earnest group of women in the Chicago Woman's Club, who
worked indefatigably for the success of her campaign during its
whole period. They asked our cooperation at the start, and it was
warmly given. The Foundation met the expenses of the Baroness
and her companion from Austria to New York ($500), and has con-
tributed otherwise to her campaign. The American Association for
International Conciliation contributed $1,000. The Baroness's New
England engagements were entirely arranged at our Boston head-
quarters; and throughout her stay we have cooperated in every way
in our power to ensure for her work the fullest measure of success.
The work of Miss Anna B. Eckstein in the circulation of her World
Petition in behalf of International Arbitration, which petition is to
be presented to the Third Hague Conference, has been carried on un-
tiringly throughout the year with the same zeal which Miss Eckstein
had shown in the previous two years. She has spent the whole year
in Europe, and has added millions of signatures to her great petition.
This work, which is sustained by the Foundation, was earnestly sup-
ported by Mr. Ginn, and is carried on by the Foundation in fulfilment
of his engagement with Miss Eckstein, because he felt that, aside from
whatever direct influence the petition might have with the coming
Hague Conference in the advancement of its immediate end, the agi-
tation for it would have a pervasive indirect influence as a means of
popular education, accompanied as it has been by innumerable en-
thusiastic meetings, and focusing the minds of the millions of signers,
for the moment at least, upon the peace and arbitration effort, in so
many cases also prompting them to definite reading and study con-
cerning the cause. Miss Eckstein's report of her year's work will be
submitted to the Trustees.
The work of Dr. Jordan, Dr. Macdonald, and Mr. Nasmyth during
the year is so fully covered by their special reports presented herewith
that it is hardly necessary to add anything to what they say.
Dr. Jordan has probably given a hundred important addresses
during the year, before bodies of every character. His work through
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES II
\
the press has been constant and often of peculiar timeliness and value;
and the results of his summer investigations in the South are sure to
furnish a significant additional chapter to his impressive work upon
"The Blood of the Nation." The Foundation is fortunate that it
seems possible for him to devote the entire last half of the coming
year to work in Europe and Asia, whence many invitations have come
for him to speak. I wish to express particularly my sense of the value
of the Syllabus of Lectures on International Conciliation, given at
Stanford University by President Jordan and Professor Krehbiel,
which Syllabus has just been issued in a volume of 180 pages by our
Foundation. Nothing of the sort so thorough or so useful as this
Syllabus has ever before been prepared. It covers with remarkable
grasp and suggestiveness every aspect of our movement; and the
Foundation will endeavor to secure its introduction into every uni-
versity in the country as well as into other countries. Happily atten-
tion to our cause in the higher institutions of learning is spreading
and deepening as never before; and this timely outline of study will
meet the needs not only of university professors, but of lecturers and
teachers everywhere.
Dr. Macdonald is one of the most stirring speakers upon the Ameri-
can platform. His address at Carnegie Hall in New York upon
"William T. Stead and his Peace Message," given on the Sunday
evening following the sinking of the Titanic, on which Mr. Stead was
coming to New York to speak at this very meeting upon the world's
peace, which address has been published in our pamphlet series and
sent to the Trustees, is an illustration of the eloquence, pregnancy
and force with which he is speaking before great assemblies all over
the United States and Canada throughout the year. His position as
editor of the Toronto Globe, the leading paper in Canada and preem-
inent in the service of international progress, gives him peculiarly
auspicious ground for influence with the press; and he is no less in-
fluential with the religious world, being more constantly in demand
for the great conventions of the churches than almost any other man
among us. Important as Dr. Macdonald's journalistic services are,
it is undoubtedly on the platform that he most helps our cause; and
it is to his platform services that his accompanying report chiefly
relates.
With respect to the regular presentation of our cause through the
press of America and Europe, we count ourselves singularly fortunate
in being able to expect to have with us from next summer on Mr.
Norman Angell Lane, whose newspaper work in London and Paris
in recent years has been no less valuable for our cause than the service
12 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
rendered by his noteworthy book, "The Great Illusion." Mr. Lane
lived for many years in the United States, being here at the tune that
he prepared his first important book, "Patriotism under Three Flags " ;
and it is hoped that his experimental year with us will result in a
permanent engagement.
Mr. Myers's service in our publicity department during the last
year, which is summarized in the brief report which he submits, has
been marked by the same intelligence, devotion, talent for research,
and indefatigable industry which I have before had occasion to praise.
The pamphlets in our series prepared by him, as well as the various
bulletins of information which from time to time we are sending out,
attest the quality of his work.
The extent of our publicity work altogether during the year is indi-
cated by the fact that, besides circulating 200,000 copies of our various
pamphlets, we have circulated also 200,000 copies of various broad-
sides and leaflets, many of them of course in editorial offices. Our
publicity work is directed not only to the United States and Europe,
but ever increasingly to South America, Australia and New Zealand,
China and Japan.
Mr. Arthur W. Allen, the treasurer of the Foundation and the
faithful manager of its business affairs, supplements his business ser-
vices by constant contributions to the statistical information required
by the Foundation; and no exhibit of the cost of war and the prepara-
tions for war has ever been made in brief more striking or more useful
than that in Mr. Allen's pamphlet upon "The Drain of Armaments."
I wish here to pay tribute to the young women associated with the
work of the bureau, Miss Fraser, Miss MacDonald, and Miss Cord,
whose interest in the cause and faithfulness in then: duties contribute
so largely to the efficiency of the work.
In my pamphlet upon "The Present Activities of the World Peace
Foundation," issued soon after our last annual meeting, I outlined
the remarkably hopeful and inspiring services of Mr. George W.
Nasmyth in the German universities. His survey of his present
year's work, which is submitted herewith, shows what he has accom-
plished during the year. It is a noteworthy work, and in a field which
seems to me more fruitful and promising than almost any other.
The International Students* Clubs, which Mr. Nasmyth organized
last year in Berlin and Leipsic, have been reinforced this year by
similar clubs in Munich and Gottingen, with others already in sight
at Heidelberg, Marburg and Bonn; and the work in the British
universities and in southeastern Europe is outlined in Mr. Nasmyth's
report. The relations which he has succeeded in establishing with
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 13
student bodies in the Balkan States will prove especially valuable
with regard to the closer general relations which it is incumbent upon
international workers to establish with those nations as they now
enter upon a period of such vastly greater influence. I have urged
the directors of the important annual conferences at Clark University
upon inter-racial fraternity — with which conferences the Foundation
has earnestly cooperated, recognizing them as an integral and cardinal
factor in the work for international good understanding and peace
— to devote their conference next autumn to the peoples of the Balkan
States. The revolutionary movements in the Balkans and in China
during the present year enforce anew the peculiar importance of
attention on our part to the student world, and emphasize especially
the exceptional opportunity and power of this country for inter-
national progress. The young statesmen who first organized self-
government in Bulgaria just a generation ago were educated at
Robert College in Constantinople, like so many others of the young
men who are to-day shaping public opinion and policy in the Balkan
States. The revolution in China has been a revolution wrought
mainly by scholars, largely by young Chinese scholars who have
studied in American colleges and universities; and Dr. Sun Yat
Sen, their leader, has publicly declared his ambition and purpose to
be the establishment in China of a federal republic like the republic
of the United States. One of the most flourishing Cosmopolitan
Clubs organized by Mr. Nasymth during his campaign last spring
in the Near East was at Robert College, which is indeed itself a Cos-
mopolitan Club; and the influence which will radiate from these
multiplying clubs is incalculable. One of Mr. Nasmyth's young
Berlin associates, Dr. Hans Vogel, a student in the university and an
officer in the Berlin International Club, is about to visit all the uni-
versities in Spain and Portugal to prompt the establishment there of
Cosmopolitan Clubs and secure delegations for the International
Students' Congress at Cornell University in September. The Cos-
mopolitan Club movement in the United States itself has, during the
year, grown steadily in strength. We had hoped that the general
secretary, Mr. Louis P. Lochner, of the University of Wisconsin,
would this year enter regularly the service of the Foundation for the
student work, to which during the past two years, through provision
by the Foundation, he had devoted half of his time. His duties
at the university have made this for the present impossible; but in
connection with those duties he still acts as secretary of the American
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs and editor of its magazine; and
he is secretary this year of the International Association, as Mr.
14 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
Nasmyth is its president, it being a provision of the international
organization that its executive officers for the year shall belong to the
country where that year's Congress is to meet.* There are not in
the whole student world two other young scholars who, to my think-
ing, are accomplishing so much for the cause of international peace
and progress as Mr. Nasmyth and Mr. Lochner; and I trust that
ultimately we may be able to secure their devotion exclusively to the
work of the World Peace Foundation. I have no right to ask our
Trustees to read too much; but if any of them should desire to see,
in addition to Mr. Nasmyth's general survey of his service during the
year, herewith submitted, his inspiring letters dealing particularly
with his work in Germany, England and the Near East, copies of
either or all of these special reports will be gladly furnished.
The chief need of the Foundation at the present moment is a
strong man to take charge of the details of our general work in the
colleges and universities, the proper organization of which, peculiarly
imperative and peculiarly incumbent upon us, we have too long neg-
lected; and I think that this need may in the near future be satis-
factorily met.
Dr. Jordan, Dr. Macdonald and myself are the only regularly paid
Directors of the Foundation. Mr. Holt serves as one of our paid
lecturers, having during the year given ten lectures for us in colleges
and universities. This, however, is but a slight part of his invaluable
service for our cause. No speaker in the peace movement is in more
constant demand, and he has given scores of addresses during the year,
under various auspices; while the Independent, which has now come
entirely into his hands, has long been the best weekly organ of our
cause in the country. Dr. Brown, in his position as dean of the Yale
Divinity School, is a most influential force in our American religious
education, reaching hundreds of young men all over the country
preparing for the ministry; and it is unnecessary to say that no man
in our pulpit — and he is preaching every Sunday in New York or
elsewhere — keeps our commanding cause more forcibly or more con-
stantly at the front. Dr. Scott's regular activity is, of course, through
the great Carnegie Peace Endowment, of which he is the secretary;
but he keeps in close and helpful touch with the Foundation, and at
this moment he is preparing for publication by us an English trans-
lation of the chapter from Prof. Otto Seeck's impressive history
* If any of pur Trustees or any influential friends of our cause could secure a contribution of
$5,000 to place in our hands to promote the larger success of this coming International Students'
Congress, thus facilitating the coming of representatives of various student bodies in European
and other countries, who could not otherwise be present, it would do more for our interest than
almost any other equal expenditure.
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 15
of "The Downfall of the Ancient World," to which Dr. Jordan makes
such a strong appeal for confirmation of the central thesis of his
"Blood of the Nation." Mr. Mott is untiringly devoted to his great
work of inspiring the Young Men's Christian Associations of the
world to constructive international service, working at this moment
in Europe. The World's Student Christian Federation, of which he
is the leading spirit, holds its next year's convention at Mohonk.
The various peace conventions of 1913 will altogether be of excep-
tional importance, and I bespeak for them your earnest interest. The
International Peace Congress will meet at The Hague, which will
be throughout the summer the central point of interest for our cause
by reason of the dedication of the completed Temple of Peace. It is
to be hoped that our American delegation at the International Con-
gress may be large and representative. In no other country in the
world has the organized peace movement made such strides in the
last five years as in our own; yet our representation in the annual
International Peace Congresses has been in no way commensurate
with our activities, our importance, our responsibilities, or the expec-
tations of our European associates. If any of our Trustees, or any
friends of the peace cause in their respective circles, are to be in Europe
the coming summer, we should be glad at the headquarters of the
Foundation to confer with them with reference to the possibility of
their attendance at the International Peace Congress at The Hague.
We must none of us forget that the Third Hague Conference itself
is approaching, will undoubtedly be called for the summer of 1915.
In that case the committee for the preparation of the program will
be created by the various governments next year; and it is the strong
effort of the friends of our cause here to create vital interest and a
right public opinion which will alone ensure for the United States the
position of influential leadership in the Conference and in the prepa-
rations for it which it is her duty to take.
My own duties during the year have been chiefly those of the gen-
eral administration and editorship; but I have written constantly
for the press in behalf of our cause and given more than fifty ad-
dresses before conventions, schools, colleges, churches and gatherings
of every character.
Our work for the public schools has been carried on this year as
heretofore through the American School Peace League, to which this
year we have contributed $2,500. The League raises about three
times that amount otherwise, but our cooperation secures the League's
affiliation with us and the best instrumentality at present available for
our influence in the schools, which furnish a field second surely to no
16 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
other in importance. The work of the League has been broadly ex-
tended during the year, now reaching not only thirty-seven states in
the Union, with branches well organized by the leading educators in
those states, but awakening much interest in Europe, where Mrs. Fan-
nie Fern Andrews, the efficient secretary, has spent the entire autumn.
The British School Peace League is already doing admirable work,
under the presidency of the Bishop of Hereford; and an International
Council is now being created as a bond of union for the whole work,
with such influential European leaders as Baron d'Estournelles, Count
Apponyi and the Baroness von Suttner active in its interest. Copies
of the last annual report of the School Peace League will be sent to
all of the Trustees, as illustrating the public school work in which we
are cooperating. It is not wise to create new machinery for any great
department of the general work where there is good existing ma-
chinery which can be utilized and strengthened. A primary need
in the whole peace work is that of economy and the prevention of
duplication and waste; and to this end the various agencies should
keep in close touch with each other, recognize clearly the fields which
each can best occupy, and always cordially cooperate. Both Dr.
James H. Van Sickle, the president of the League, and Mrs. An-
drews, the secretary, are members of our Advisory Council. The
secretary of the League is in constant touch with the Founda-
tion's central bureau; and we supplement the League's efforts
through the circulation of thousands of our pamphlets at its conven-
tions and other meetings, and by mail among teachers and school
superintendents. Dr. Claxton, our present national Commissioner
of Education, is an indefatigable worker for the League, and has
cooperated in the circulation of thousands of documents in its interest.
Dr. Jordan, who is the president of the California branch of the League,
presented its special claims, as well as the general claims of peace
education, at the conventions of the National Education Association
at Chicago and of the American Institute of Instruction at North
Conway, in July; and the writer did the same at the conventions of
the New Hampshire State Teachers' Association at Manchester and
of the Rhode Island State Teachers' Association at Providence, this
autumn.
With the American Peace Society, the Mohonk Conference, and the
other peace agencies of the country the Foundation also constantly
and heartily cooperates, several of its Directors and Trustees being
officially identified with several of them. Mr. Ginn, Dr. Jordan, Dr.
Brown, Dr. Scott and the writer are all vice-presidents of the Ameri-
can Peace Society, and Mr. McCall, Mr. Capen, and Professor Dutton
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 17
are among its directors. Mr. Capen is president of the Massachusetts
Peace Society, and the writer is one of its directors; and, with offices
immediately adjoining, the Society and our own Foundation are able
to cooperate in very much here in Boston and New England to great
mutual advantage. I gave addresses at the public meetings at both
Manchester and Portland by which the new New Hampshire and
Maine Peace Societies were inaugurated in February. In the new
quarters which the Foundation is at the moment seeking, in the
necessity of vacating its present rooms by reason of the growing needs
of Messrs. Ginn & Company, I hope that accommodations may also
be found for the Massachusetts Peace Society and the American
School Peace League, thus bringing the various Boston agencies
together in one Peace Building. To all the Peace Societies in the
country, and to many in other countries, we are regularly sending
our books and pamphlets, glad, in making our material available to
them, and in knowing how largely they do avail themselves of it, to
believe that we are serving the interests of our sister organizations
at the same time that we are serving the interests of our own
Foundation and our common cause.
EDWIN D. MEAD.
NOVEMBER 20, 1912.
NOTE. — The pamphlet upon "The Present Activities of the World Peace Foundation," issued
early in 191 2, briefly reviews the steps leading to the establishment of the Foundation, and more
fully the work of 191 1 ; and this pamphlet will be sent to any person applying for it. Complete lists
of the publications of the Foundation are given in the pages at the end of the present report.
l8 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
REPORT OF DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN
On returning from Japan in October, I spent the months of Novem-
ber and December in the field, giving lectures on "The Fight against
War" and similar topics at Milwaukee (2), Racine, Rockford (2),
Grand Rapids, Woodstock (Vt.), Worcester, Boston, Hingham,
Salem, Buffalo (3), Yale University, Smith College, Montclair
(N.J.), Swarthmore College, Washington, Atlantic City, Manhattan
(Kansas), and Denver (2). The sum of $500 was received from Mr.
Frank A. Miller, of Riverside, to aid in this campaign, and $25 from
Dr. Webster Butterfield, of Pasadena.
Later, after my return to the University, lectures were given at
Palo Alto, Berkeley, San Francisco, Watsonville, Oakland, San Jose,
Fresno, Alameda, Los Angeles, and Pasadena. In the second semester
1911-12 a second course of forty lectures was given by Prof. Ed-
ward B. Krehbiel and myself on International Conciliation to about
eighty of the advanced students of Stanford University. The Sylla-
bus of this course of lectures has been published by the World Peace
Foundation, as a basis for similar courses of lectures elsewhere.
In the winter of 1912 I wrote a book on the finances of war, pub-
lished in June by the American Unitarian Association under the
title of "The Unseen Empire." Several magazine articles and
letters to newspapers were also printed, the most important being
"Concerning Sea Power" in the Independent, "Foreclosing the Mort-
gage on War," "The Perennial Bogey of War," and "The RisingCost
of Living," in the World's Work, and the "Relations of Japan and
the United States" in the Popular Science Monthly.
In the summer vacation of 1912 I undertook, with the assistance
of Dr. Edward B. Krehbiel, Dr. Harvey E. Jordan of the University
of Virginia, and Mr. Laurence L. Hill, an investigation of the effects
of the Civil War on the people of the South fifty years after.
This investigation is a very difficult one, especially on the most
important side, the biological. It also very much needs doing, and
a few years hence it will be too late. Intensive studies, covering
almost the entire population, were made of Cobb County in Georgia,
on the line of Sherman's march, and of Rockbridge, a typical county
of Virginia. Studies less complete were made in Spottsylvania,
Dinwiddie and Henrico Counties in Virginia, Wake County in North
Carolina, Knox County in Tennessee, and Clark County in Ken-
tucky.
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 19
It is evident that in the South the reversed selection, the destruction
of the strong by war, cutting off a large part of the best from parent-
hood, has been a large factor in retarding the progress of the genera-
tions after the war. While nothing sensational is developed and
while no numerical estimates of general application are possible, the
costliness of " human sacrifices" in political matters is greatly em-
phasized by these studies, the results of which will be duly published.
In the summer vacation, besides this work in the South, Pro-
fessor Krehbiel gave a course of lectures on International Concil-
iation at Columbia University.
Lectures on subjects relating to Peace and War were given by
me at : —
Monterey. Erie. San Jose".
St. Helena. Chicago, 3. San Francisco.
Portland, Ore., 2. Culver, Ind. Topeka.
Seattle. Raleigh. Lawrence.
Prescott, Ariz., 2. Knoxville, 2. Kansas City.
Indianapolis. St. Paul. Albuquerque.
Louisville, Ky., 2. Minneapolis. Quincy, Cal.
North Conway, N.H., 2. Salt Lake City, 3. Buena Vista, Va.
Chautauqua. Pacific Grove, 2.
Jamestown, N.Y. Sacramento.
For the current year I shall remain at the University with only
brief absences. I am planning, however, to give the summer of 1913
and the first half of the coming academic year entirely to this work.
I have been asked to give lectures in Scotland and in England, and
especially to visit Persia, in the interest of the future welfare of
that country. I believe that I can spend the time from July, 1913,
to February, 1914, to better advantage in Europe and Asia than
at home. The effectiveness of our propaganda is greatly increased
by first-hand knowledge of foreign conditions.
NOVEMBER i, 1912.
REPORT OF DR. JAMES A. MACDONALD
The past year has been for me in the work of the World Peace
Foundation a time of exceptional opportunity and activity. The re-
sults, I feel confident, justify, and in the future will justify still more
largely, both the time and the effort.
My efforts have been devoted mainly to awakening, organizing and
20 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
directing public opinion in Canada and in the United States on the
peace problem. I have deemed it best to take an independent course
and to work not as a professional peace society agent, but as a pub-
licist.
Apart from the constant opportunities offered through the Toronto
Globe, I have been in close relations with the leading journalists and
press associations, and took advantage of every occasion to stimulate
interest in the international problem. Notwithstanding the reaction
in political bitterness through the reciprocity campaign and the deter-
mination that Canada shall take over from Britain the maintenance
of naval defense on the North Atlantic and the North Pacific, there is
growing up in the press of Canada an intelligent and positive opinion
against the military spirit and against the burdening of industry by
the impositions of the war syndicates. In this regard, however, a
good deal remains to be done, as the subject is new and tradition is
against reform.
The most useful instruments, I find, are the churches, the great edu-
cational institutions, the conventions of industrial, commercial, finan-
cial, social, and religious organizations, and other gatherings of strong
and representative people. Invitations to address these important
gatherings are many times more numerous than can be accepted.
During the past year I have had opportunities to address the very
largest and most influential national and international conventions
held either in Canada or in the United States. Except during July
and August, I made from three to five addresses every week, but on
an average I had to decline two hundred invitations per month. Be-
tween October i and May i I declined 1,356 invitations from outside
of Toronto.
The range and character of these activities may be judged from my
program for the past ten days. On Friday night I addressed the
Canadian Club of St. Thomas, Ontario, with its membership com-
posed, as such clubs always are, of the most important men in the life
of the city. Saturday night was given to the annual banquet of the
Canadian Society of Chicago, and Sunday afternoon to a mass meet-
ing of Chicago Baptist laymen. On Monday night I addressed 700
Detroit laymen at their annual dinner of the Laymen's Missionary
Movement. Tuesday I spent at the University of Michigan. On
Wednesday night and at noon on Thursday I addressed the Fifth
National Convention of the Brotherhood of the United Presbyterian
Church at their great meetings, 1,500 strong, in Pittsburg, and on
Thursday night spoke for an hour at a banquet of the Canadian So-
ciety of Pittsburg. On Saturday night I addressed the Alma Mater
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 21
Society of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, and again on Sun-
day afternoon spoke to more than a thousand students and professors,
and on Sunday night to a crowded congregation in the largest church
in the city. On Monday noon I was the speaker at the Canadian Club
of Montreal, and in the afternoon addressed the students of McGill
University. On each one of these occasions the problem of war and
peace was the essence of my theme, and in one way and another I
pressed it home on the particular organization under whose auspices
the meeting was held.
My discussions of these themes have been organized around such
lecture subjects as " Some International Fundamentals," "Canada's
Place among the Nations/' "Shall it be War or Peace?" "The World
Too Small for War," "University Men and the World Problem,"
"The Responsibility of the Church for Good Will among the Nations,"
"For the Brotherhood of the World," "War and the Human Breed,"
"The Christmas Evangel and the Christian Church," "The Frater-
nity of the Nations," "Anglo-American Fraternity."
During the year I addressed many Y. M. C. A. conventions as far
separated as Roanoke, Va., and Winnipeg, Man. In connection with
the Conservation Congress of the Men and Religion Forward Move-
ment in New York in April, I spoke with Hon. W. J. Bryan on
"Christianity and Governments" — that address has been widely
published — and on "William T. Stead and his Peace Message." I
also addressed five hundred clergymen in New York and the Baptist
Social Union of Brooklyn. In May I attended the International
Convention of the Advertising Clubs of America in Dallas, Tex.,
and gave a dozen addresses, all touching international problems. I
also gave the Fourth of July address at Northfield on "The Anglo-
American Fraternity." On both sides of the line I have addressed
banquets of Boards of Trade and of Chambers of Commerce.
The prospects for the coming year are even more inviting. My
time, as much of it as can possibly be spared from office work, is mort-
gaged in advance for significant occasions at strategic points. More
and more the subject possesses me, and for its sake other things are
sacrificed. A hard fight is on, but time and right and the currents
of life are on the side of those who fight for peace.
NOVEMBER 20, 1912.
22 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
REPORT OF MR. GEORGE W. NASMYTH
Since my return to Europe at the beginning of the year, I have
concentrated a large part of my energy upon the organization of the
international movement among the students of the German uni-
versities. In this I have been impelled by the same reasons which
first led me to begin the work in Berlin. I believe Germany to be
the strategic position of the peace problem of Europe, and I believe
that the critical hour of the peace movement in Germany is at hand.
Many indications point to the coming transfer of the power of gov-
ernment from the ultra-conservatives, who have been in control
since 1878, into the hands of the liberal and progressive forces.
Within the last two years the currents of international thought,
as shown by the increase of international organizations and institu-
tions in Germany, have made remarkable progress. If the force of
these currents can be brought to bear upon the students in the Ger-
man universities, if they can be taught to understand the ideals and
the problems of other nations, to study international progress and to
look upon the nations of the world as cooperating units of a larger
whole instead . of natural enemies or destructive competitors, the
result of their later participation in public life will be of deep sig-
nificance for the future of the world's peace movement.
Briefly summarized, the results of the work in Germany this year
have been the strengthening of the international clubs which had been
already established at Berlin and Leipsic universities, the founding
of two new clubs at Munich and Gottingen, and the formation of an
association of the international clubs of the German universities, the
"Verband der Internationalen Studenten-Vereine an Deutschen
Hochschulen," which held its first annual congress in Gottingen at the
end of last July. This union of the international student forces of
Germany was of special significance, not only on account of the
strengthening of the existing movement which it produced, but also
on account of the extensive plans for propaganda to which it gave rise
and which are now being executed. The first number of the inter-
national student publication which was planned at this congress
has been printed in an edition of 10,000 copies and distributed among
the students of the German universities. Two new international
clubs are in process of formation at the important university centers
of Bonn and Heidelberg, and the definite plans for the future exten-
sion of the movement include not only the other universities of Ger-
many, but also those of Switzerland and Austria.
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 23
I wish here to express the thanks due to Professor Muensterberg,
of the Harvard Cosmopolitan Club, to whom belongs a large part of
the credit for the remarkable growth of the international student
movement in Germany which this publication of the "Verband"
reveals. He was at Berlin as exchange professor at the time of the
formation of the first club, in February, 1911, and was of the greatest
service both there and at Leipsic.
One of the most encouraging aspects of the movement is the num-
ber of international student workers — organizers, editors, writers,
and effective speakers — which it has already trained up or called
into the service of the ideal of international understanding, friend-
ship, and progress.
Although the active membership of the four international clubs
does not exceed 500, their influence extends to a far wider and a
rapidly growing circle. The international club at Gottingen, for ex-
ample, which is the smallest of the four universities, has an active
membership of only 95, but the average attendance at the six public
meetings which were held last term was between 150 and 200. At the
meeting of the Munich Club at which Professor Brentano discussed
"The International Character of Modern Political Economy" the
attendance was between 600 and 700, and the lecture by Professor
Quidde in the same club on "The International Organization of Politi-
cal Life " was also largely attended. Through their literature, which
is distributed as widely as their financial resources will permit, as well
as through the largely attended lectures which they arrange, the
international clubs stimulate a discussion of international movements
and an interest in the civilization and problems of foreign countries
and in international subjects among a large proportion of the German
students.
All four of the international clubs have made excellent beginnings
this fall, and have outlined extensive programs for the work of the
year. The next congress of the movement will be held at Leipsic,
May 8-1 o, 1913, and by that time, from present indications, the
number of international clubs, which increased "from two to four last
year, will again have doubled, Bonn, Heidelberg, Zurich and pos-
sibly Marburg sending their delegates to join forces with the inter-
national student workers of Gottingen, Munich, Leipsic, and Berlin.
During the vacation of the German universities I have devoted
all the time which I could spare from my work in Germany to the
organization or strengthening of the international movement among
the students of other lands. With this object I have made at various
times during the past ten months three visits to England, one to
24 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
France, two to Holland, a long tour to the universities of south-
eastern Europe, — Austria, Hungary, Roumania, Constantinople,
Greece, and Italy, — and a trip to America to assist Mr. Lochner and
the Cornell committee in the preparations for the approaching Inter-
national Congress of Students.
In England I have addressed student meetings at Oxford, Cam-
bridge, and London on the international student movement, and have
visited other universities to confer with the officers of various student
organizations concerning plans for international activities. At Ox-
ford I assisted in the reorganization of the Cosmopolitan Club, and at
Cambridge I addressed the East and West Society. I came into espe-
cially close contact with the British student movement which has
been started by Norman Angell in the form of a War and Peace Society
at Cambridge and an International Polity Club at Glasgow for the
study of international questions along the lines of the thesis of "The
Great Illusion.'* It is probable that these organizations will spread
to all the British universities within a few years, as Mr. Angell is
devoting special attention to the student field. He is very much
interested in the German universities also, and at an interview which
I had with him in London tentative plans were worked out for coop-
eration between the international student movements in England
and Germany which give promise of fruitful practical results.
At the close of an address which I made at Robert College in Con-
stantinople last April a Cosmopolitan Club of forty members from
ten nationalities was formed. This club showed a remarkable activ-
ity during the remainder of the year, and was in the direction of other
strong movements making for a cooperation of all the progressive
forces of the Turkish Empire, in spite of racial and religious differences,
in the cause of unity, civilization and humanity. Plans had already
been made to spread the movement to Beirut and other educational
centers, and I hope to keep in touch with the development of this
movement after peace is restored upon what, I hope, will be a perma-
nent basis in the Near East. In this connection it is interesting to
note that the Italian students have already begun, sincerely and ear-
nestly, the reconstruction of their peace movement upon a more secure
and lasting foundation.
My chief work in the other countries I have mentioned has been
to interest leading students in international organization, to build
up the organization of the International Federation of Students, or
"Corda Fratres" movement, which is now the most important inter-
national student organization in the world, with the exception of the
World's Student Christian Federation, and to secure delegates for the
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 25
International Congress of Students next year. The International Fed-
eration of Students includes student organizations in twelve countries
of Europe and America, North and South, and is apparently entering
upon a period of rapid expansion in its history. Negotiations are in
progress with student organizations in the South American countries
not yet in the movement, in Roumania and Bulgaria, and with the
recently formed World's Chinese Student Federation, which has its
headquarters at Shanghai. At the coming International Student
Congress which the "Corda Fratres" movement is arranging for the
end of next August at Ithaca, N.Y., it is planned to enlarge this move-
ment to what will be in effect a confederation of all student organiza-
tions in the world for the purpose of cooperation in encouraging mutual
understanding and international friendship, by means of international
congresses, exchanges of visits, correspondence, and the establishment
of an international student magazine.
It is a noteworthy indication of the growth of the international
spirit in the universities that three international student congresses
will be held next summer. The World's Student Christian Federa-
tion will hold its tenth biennial International Conference at Lake
Mohonk, June 2-8. The International Federation of Students, or
" Corda Fratres," as it is known from its device, " Corda sunt Fratres,"
will hold its eighth biennial International Congress at Ithaca, with
visits, receptions, etc., at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Wash-
ington. Finally, the Dutch students are arranging an International
Reunion of Students, probably about the ist of September, 1913, in
connection with the International Peace Congress at The Hague,
to celebrate the opening of the Temple of Peace.
HEIDELBERG, November 15, 1912.
REPORT OF MR. DENYS P. MYERS
In submitting my annual report, I would say that my researches
and my publicity work have been mainly directed to gathering and
imparting information touching the economic evils of war and the
development of the legal solution of international problems. The
peace worker to-day must base his efforts upon complete and accurate
information and a proper appreciation of both facts and results.
The policy of bringing together the necessary books connected with
the movement, with the purpose of establishing at the Foundation's
26 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
headquarters a valuable reference library, has continued, with special
attention paid to the preservation of fleeting material. Books or
pamphlets to the number of some 250 have been purchased or made
up by binding. A proportion of these has been secured for definite
uses at particular times, but the bulk of them has been bought be-
cause they were such books as were of permanent value in our work.
A conservative policy has been followed in this regard, and purchases
have not been made as a rule unless the book was an evident neces-
sity or such a one as could not be secured in the Boston libraries.
Periodicals relating to the movement itself have been received
during the year, and will be preserved in permanent form. By pur-
chase from the American Peace Society we have secured 220 back
numbers of the Advocate of Peace , completing the set for about ten
years, with many volumes partially complete. We are also fortunate
enough to possess a practically complete set of the early Friend of
Peace. Our own publications have been collected and bound in
annual record copies for office use, and a title-page permitting the
binding of them by libraries and others has proved very popular.
Effort has been made to complete sets of the peace publications of
other organizations, and a number of volumes of these has been made,
including publications of the American Peace Society, the American
School Peace League, National Peace Council, The Hague Court,
American Association for International Conciliation, and Conciliation
International, Lake Mohonk reports, the Berne Bureau publications,
and sets of all the peace publications issued within the past year.
A representative list of newspapers, eight in number, has been read
daily, and material relative to our work taken therefrom for filing.
Last year about 25,000 clippings were filed: this year probably 20,000
have been filed. The bulk of these is necessarily large, because their
value consists in the completeness of the set on a given subject, and,
while a single clipping may be of very small value in itself, it is fre-
quently of great value when used with others on the same subject.
The Congressional Record is being received, and our files contain the
portions of it relating to such questions as the arbitration treaties of
1911, the Panama Canal, the Army and Navy Appropriation Bills,
and minor questions relating to our work. This material piles up
very rapidly, and a policy is followed of indexing and binding the
excerpts on a particular subject, when the subject itself is among
those in which we are permanently interested.
It is along these general lines that information for the use of the
office has been collected, and the success of the efforts made has been
very gratifying, in that office inquiries both from our own staff
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 27
and from outside inquirers have invariably, been answered expe-
ditiously.
Aside from the considerable amount of work done in connection
with the International Congress of Chambers of Commerce and nu-
merous articles and letters to various papers during the year, my public
work has consisted of issuing accurate information of general interest
or in reply to definite inquiries. Letters asking for definite facts or
general assistance have averaged two or three a week during the year.
Some of these have been notable in character, and a number of such
letters have come from military and naval men who desired to be
accurately informed on technical points. It has been our policy to
provide the public with accurate information, and the present revised
list of arbitration treaties and the bulletins tabulating The Hague
cases, analyzing the convention ratifications and tabulating the same,
illustrate this type of work. These have been distributed to profes-
sors of political science for use in their classes, and their appreciation
of this phase of the Foundation work is very gratifying. They are
also being sent to those newspapers with reference departments, so
that it is hoped that our work along these lines will be successful in
increasing the accuracy of all of those having to do with such
matters.
During the year I have acted as the American agent of the Office
Central, and I am preparing an article advocating the centralization
of official international organs for its publication, La Vie Interna-
tionale. During the year an extensive study of the extinction of
treaties has been made, the publication of which is being arranged.
It is hoped that the conclusions of this study, which is based on his-
torical facts and a study of technical conditions, will enable negotia-
tors to appreciate the value of including in treaties definite articles
relative to their periodicity.
In Morocco since 1906 there was in operation an internationalized
control centered in the diplomatic corps of Tangier. This international
regime was the result of Germany's intervention and the Algeciras
Conference of 1906. Its failure by reason of Germany's own action
in the Agadir incident constitutes one of the strikingly notable de-
velopments hi international politics, with many lessons for the paci-
fist. I have made a study of the Moroccan question in this period,
and am negotiating its publication as a book. This sort of work is
both slow and laborious, but such of it as has practical application to
the peace problem is certainly well worth doing.
NOVEMBER 20, 1912.
28 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
REPORT OF MRS. ANNA S. DURYEA
My work this year has consisted as usual in sending out literature,
corresponding with those interested and those not interested, in talk-
ing with individuals and lecturing to women's organizations, churches,
high schools, normal schools, colleges, and college and university clubs.
All the work except the lecturing has continued through the entire
year. While popular lecturers, like Professor Zueblin, tell me they
cannot extend their lecture season beyond the ist of April, I carried
mine up to the middle of June and did some lecturing during the sum-
mer. I spoke from the ist of October till June 15 on an average every
other day, but my dates were often crowded in at the rate of one or
sometimes two a day for certain periods.
The organizations which call upon my services are as above men-
tioned, and I have reached this year many which were inaccessible
last year, the Colonial Dames and Women Lawyers, and am on the
way, with the help of Bishop Greer, to the women of the Episcopal
Church.
My actual lecture work has been confined to New England and the
eastern part of the Middle States. I have been obliged to refuse many
Western engagements. I addressed the Vermont State Federation
at Montpelier, and while there received an invitation from officers of
the Vermont Peace Society to address them this winter while the legis-
lature was in session. I have been as far south as Philadelphia in my
work. I took a trip of some days into Maine, as far north as Bangor,
addressing women's clubs and college clubs. Interest in our cause is
growing, as shown by the fact that clubs which two years ago felt that
they had done it justice by having one lecture in several years now
realize it to be a subject of study and are to put it on their platforms
at least once a year, which interest will of course be helped by the
recent action of the National Federation of Women's Clubs. I am
in close touch with the chairman of the Peace and Arbitration Com-
mittee of the National Federation, which now numbers over a million
women. I am frequently asked to return and speak this year to clubs
addressed last year, and especially on the "gentlemen's night." I
always take literature with me when I speak, and often have to send
more after my return. I never send it indiscriminately, but to special
persons, in connection with letters and conversations, and accomplish
much in this way in creating an intelligent interest in our subject.
In ten days last winter our girls sent out, under my direction, forty-
one thousand pieces of literature.
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 29
Because the Foundation has felt its interests to be centered more
particularly in the educational field, I have devoted especial attention
this year to high schools, normal schools, colleges, college clubs, and
teachers' organizations, though this is a wide extension of my province.
I could devote all my time profitably to this work. A high school of
two thousand pupils, where I spoke four times last year, taking the
pupils in sections of five hundred, has asked me for additional lec-
tures this year. I have just sent out to schools about six hundred
lecture announcements, accompanied by letters of commendation from
Dr. Snedden, of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and Dr.,
Claxton, the United States Commissioner, and my mail is immedi-
ately crowded with answers. I have now engagements to speak to
the women's colleges at Brown University and Columbia University,
and have been invited to speak at Wells College in New York.
I have sent to the large Catholic schools and colleges a letter and
my lecture announcements, accompanied by the slips giving the Pope's
letter and Cardinal Gibbons's address on the arbitration treaties, and
have just received my first invitation to speak at a Catholic college.
Dr. Dyer, our new Boston Superintendent of Schools, promises me
his written endorsement for my work. This is valuable, as all teachers
are not yet alive to the commanding interest of our subject. A prin-
cipal in Philadelphia recently refused our services because she consid-
ered the subject inappropriate for school -girls, — I am inaugurating
a campaign of education with her. I meet much of this ignorance,
though I have many letters of appreciation and gratitude from the
most intelligent principals and teachers. There is an unlimited field
among schools and colleges and teachers* organizations, and all efforts
in this direction yield most satisfactory results.
I have given over a hundred lectures the expenses of which ranged
from nothing to $50; and these expenses, met by the societies, amount-
ing to perhaps $700, were their contribution to the cause. I have
just returned from lectures in Wallingford and New Haven, Conn,
(where I spoke in the house of the Lieutenant Governor), when
I received enough to pay all expenses and the expense besides of a
trip to New York for the cause, besides putting $15 into the treasury,
to which I have turned in during the year something over $200 in
fees. I have paid all expenses of a week in New York, several days in
Maine, and a trip to Philadelphia, so that the financial contribution
of the department to the work this year has fallen little short of $1,000.
I mention this to show that, while so much of the work is mission-
ary work and must be free, the clubs are already waking to its im-
portance and beginning to cooperate financially.
30 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
I hear repeatedly on all sides expressions of warm appreciation of
the work the Foundation is doing. The encouraging expressions
which people are generous enough to give me for my own work are
very gratifying, and bring me great satisfaction in the work which
I am permitted to do.
NOVEMBER 20, 1912.
REPORT OF MISS ANNA B. ECKSTEIN
The work for the World Petition has been continued by me, as
in previous years, along three lines: (i) by lectures in public meetings,
before societies, colleges, etc., at all of which petition forms were dis-
tributed to co-workers, signed, and collected; (2) by personal in-
terviews with men of science, members of parliaments, teachers,
editors, business men, leaders of social and religious organizations,
etc.; (3) by letters of information in response to requests from in-
dividuals and organizations of different countries, and by writing
articles for publication. Some of these were published in The Chris-
tian Commonwealth, London, The Woman Teachers1 World, London,
and Friedens-W arte.
While in 1910 my work was chiefly concentrated upon Germany,
and in 1911 upon Great Britain and Ireland, most of my efforts in
1912 were devoted to France, although the work was carried on in
other countries as well. In November, 1911, 1 gave addresses in the
south of Germany, one at the large public meeting at Heilbronn in
connection with the annual meeting of the peace societies of Wiirtem-
berg. An invitation to speak at a public meeting in London organ-
ized by the Women's Committee in Support of the International Ar-
bitration Treaties, and presided over by Lady Courtney, and other
engagements took me to London hi December, 1911. (Among other
accounts see that in the Westminster Gazette, December 22, 1911.)
In January and part of February I lectured in Germany, Holland
and Belgium. The principal cities were Konigsberg, the city of
Immanuel Kant, Nuremberg, Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam,
Antwerp, and Brussels. In some places several public meetings were
arranged, often brilliant gatherings socially and intellectually, with
instructive debates; also drawing-room meetings, as at the homes of
Mr. and Mrs. C. Bekker van Bosse in Scheveningen and Baron and
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 31
Baroness de Laveleye in Brussels. Interesting is the fact that a
number of these meetings were arranged by organizations other than
peace societies: in Nuremberg it was a commercial organization.
One of the Amsterdam meetings was under the joint auspices of the
Dutch Peace Society and the Society of Liberal Christianity; another,
under the joint auspices of the Dutch Society of Rectors of Schools
and of two Teachers' Associations. At one of the Brussels meetings
I had again the pleasure, as in the previous year, of sharing the time
of the programme with Senator Henri LaFontaine, the president of
the International Peace Bureau. At The Hague some prominent
members of parliament signed the petition in the Peace Palace built
by Mr. Carnegie, a visit to it having been granted as an exceptional
favor to the organization committee of the fine Hague meeting and
to myself; and arrangements were made that those who are engaged
in building the Peace Palace shall be asked to sign the petition.
Excellency Asser, one of the delegates of the Dutch Government at
the two Hague Peace Conferences, gave me valuable information.
From the latter part of February to the middle of June I worked in
France. My campaign there was under the auspices of the French
Peace Societies, the "Association de la Paix par le Droit," whose
president is Professor Ruyssen, and the "Societe Franchise pour
P Arbitrage entre Nations," whose president is Prof. Charles Richet.
These societies were aided by "La Societe de PEducation Pacifiste,"
by many teachers' societies and other organizations. Baron d'Es-
tournelles de Constant, president of the European branch of the Car-
negie Endowment, kincLly placed the Paris office at my disposal for
headquarters of my campaign in France. Much of my tune was
spent in Paris. (See La Paix par le Droit, March 10, 1912, article by
Dr. J. Prudhommeaux, general secretary of the European branch of
the Carnegie Endowment.) Other French cities where I gave lect-
ures are Guise, Clermont, Ferrand, Lyons, Nimes, Montauban,
Nantes, Parthenay, La Rochelle, Beauvais, Rouen, Bourges, Bor-
deaux, Limoges, etc. The local organization committees and the
chairmen of the meetings were everywhere representative men and
women; and the audiences, composed of various elements of society,
were almost always inspiring. It was especially pleasant that the
first public meeting of my French campaign outside of Paris was
arranged under the auspices of the Peace Society of the Familistere
at Guise. The Familistere of Guise being — thanks to the wisdom and
generosity of the noble millionaire, J. B. Andre Godin — a model of
perfect adjustment of the interests of capital and labor, it represents
the complete and happy realization of a lofty ideal. The mayor of
32 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
Guise presided, Dr. J. Prudhommeaux also addressed the meeting,
and many new coworkers joined our ranks.
One of the very brilliant French meetings was that at Lyons. The
large and beautiful hall of the Palais de la Bourse was so crowded that
many gentlemen and ladies were obliged to stand throughout the
whole evening. Mr. Vanderpol, the founder of the Catholic Peace
League, presided. In several other cases, leaders of the peace move-
ment added to the success of the meetings by eloquent addresses.
Professor Ruyssen, of the University of Bordeaux, delivered lectures
jointly with me at Pau, Angouleme, and Bordeaux. In Clermont, at
the University Hall, Professor Desdevises du Dezert presided; and
in Paris, at the City Hall, Prof. C. Bougie, the sociologist from the
Sorbonne, presided. In Limoges, at the new Examination Hall of
the Prefecture, M. Crevelier, inspecteur de I'academie of the Dep. La
Haute Vienne, presided, and Professor Allegret and the American con-
sul, E. L. Belisle, of Worcester, Mass., were members of the local organ-
ization committee. At La Rochelle, in the large, fine Huguenot Ora-
toire, the American consul, Mr. Jackson, also from Massachusetts, was
a delightful chairman. There would be much of interest and encour-
agement to report of every meeting, especially of addresses at colleges
and teachers' meetings. Detailed reports of a number of the meetings
were given in the fortnightly review, La Paix par le Droit, and in many
of the French daily papers. In spite of the high wave of jingoism
that prevailed, the daily press has been exceedingly sympathetic
throughout: it has helped the cause of the World Petition very much
by publishing clear and often full accounts of the meetings and
lectures.
At the end of the French campaign there was a violent attack made
upon the World Petition. The attempt was made to prevent individ-
uals and societies from signing the petition, on the pretext that it
stood for a rigid fixation of the boundaries of the nations. The fact
that this attack came from two or three "pacifists" was a source of
deep distress to our great and lamented Frederic Passy, as well as to
other leaders and friends of the peace movement in France. For
the sake of conciliation I agreed to a slight verbal change of the text
of the petition for France, the sense remaining unaltered. The con-
flict cost a vexatious waste of time, money, and strength, so sorely
needed for positive work. However, the polemics served to strengthen
convictions in favor of the World Petition; and a further conse-
quence is the realization of the necessity of defining "vital interests"
and of finding satisfactory means for their protection. The hostilities
thus resulted in education, and in giving evidence of what able and
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 33
stanch friends the World Petition has in France. My French cam-
paign has filled me with deeper respect, affection, and gratitude than
ever towards our French peace friends and the French people, and
has inspired me with new courage and a firmer faith that the World
Petition will attain its ends.
From France I returned to Germany. Here a lecture of far-reach-
ing importance was one I gave in the University Extension Courses
at Jena, where I had spoken previously, in 1911. This year the
courses were attended by 746 students, many from all parts of Europe
and from America; and those familiar with conditions in Germany
will appreciate what a hopeful sign it is that a peace worker is ac-
cepted among the lecturers of these courses. In the debate which
followed my lecture, Professor Weinel, the eminent liberal theologian,
again supported the World Petition with the full weight of his deep
thought and convincing eloquence, as he had done on previous occa-
sions; and the hall was so crowded that many people were unable to
find place. The evening was rich in results, as was the whole fort-
night of my work in Jena.
I addressed at Magdeburg, by invitation, the large opening meeting
of the national conference of the Monistenbund, at which its president,
Professor Ostwald, of Leipsic, who has succeeded Professor Haeckel,
joined me with warm and inspiring words in support of the World
Petition. Here at Magdeburg also hundreds of petition forms found
men and women who made it their duty to have them filled with signa-
tures. My next lecture was again in French, at Lausanne, Switzer-
land, a public meeting having been arranged by the Peace Society of
the Canton of Vaud. In September and October I attended three
peace congresses: the Universal Peace Congress at Geneva, at which
I represented the World Peace Foundation; the first Congress of the
Verband fur internationale Verstandigung (German Association for
International Conciliation) at Heidelberg; and the annual conference
of the German Peace Society at Berlin. At Geneva Rev. Frank
Thomas was among those who advanced the cause of the World Peti-
tion in an effectual way, the renowned preacher reading from his
pulpit in the magnificent Victoria Hall the text of the petition, and
urging his congregation to sign the forms distributed in the vestibule
and to obtain the signatures and co-operation of their friends.
The committee of the International Peace Bureau, at its Geneva
meeting on September 27, 1912, in order to clear up misunderstand-
ings concerning the World Petition, passed a resolution declaring
that the texts at present being circulated in the different countries
nowise conflict with the principles of pacifist doctrine, since all these
34 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
texts recognize, either by implication or explicitly, that changes
affecting the independence and territorial possessions of States ought
not to be brought about by war, but by treaties to be concluded with
the free consent of the nations and peoples concerned, — this without
in any way excluding arbitration treaties. Furthermore, it again
requested the friends of peace to engage without delay in propaganda in
favor of these petitions, so that the signatures may be laid before the
International Committee instructed to draw up the program of the
next Peace Conference, as soon as it meets.
One of the fruits of the Berlin Congress is the co-operation of the
editor of the Ethische Rundschau, and his request for 2,000 copies of
the World Petition for distribution. At the Heidelberg Conference,
which was inaugurated by Professor Nippold, and attended — among
other prominent personalities, like Baron d'Estournelles de Constant —
by seventeen leading men in international law, such as Professor
Zorn, German delegate at both of The Hague Peace Conferences,
Professor Niemeyer of Kiel University, Professors Schiicking, Piloty,
etc., the acquisition of signatures to the World Petition and of new
co-workers was in quality remarkable.
Some time ago President Taft's and Mr. Knox's approval of and
pleasure in the World Petition were expressed in letters signed by them
and sent to an English gentleman in reply to his letter and a World
Petition form with the signatures of seventeen members of the British
Parliament. French students devoted their Easter vacation to ad-
dressing meetings in order to collect signatures for the World Petition.
An Austrian inspector of schools has collected 1,462 signatures; a
German gentleman, 1,035; an Alsatian lady recently wrote me that
she regretted not to have been able to quite complete the second
thousand; an English family sent in 4,575 signatures.
In spite of the Morocco crisis, the actual wars, and a mad jingoism
everywhere, the signs of active interest in the World Petition continue
to increase. Steadily the World Petition is making its way to the
attention, the respect, and the cooperation not only of the masses,
but also of the men of authority in science and politics. All signs
indicate that the World Petition is bound to attain its ends, and that
it will bring honor and joy to the World Peace Foundation and its
noble founder.
COBUILG, GERMANY, Nov. 20, 1912.
No. 2. Part I.
Part II.
No. 3. Part I.
Part II.
Part III
Part IV.
PartV.
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
(Formerly the International School of Peace)
PAMPHLET SERIES
April, 1911
No. 1. Parti. THE RESULTS OF THE TWO HAGUE CONFERENCES AND
THE DEMANDS UPON THE THIRD CONFERENCE. By EDWIN
D. MEAD
Part II. SIR EDWARD GREY ON UNION FOR WORLD PEACE. Speech
in House of Commons, March 13. ion
Part III. THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION. By EDWIN GINN
Part IV. THE INTERNATIONAL DUTY OF THE UNITED STATES AND
GREAT BRITAIN. By EDWIN D. MEAD
July, l()ir
See No. 6, Part V
SOME SUPPOSED JUST CAUSES OF WAR. By Hon. JACKSON H.
RALSTON
Part III. SYNDICATES FOR WAR. London Correspondence of the New York
Evening Post
October, 1911
WHY THE ARBITRATION TREATIES SHOULD STAND. Pre-
pared by DENYS P. MYERS
WAR NOT INEVITABLE. By Hon. JOHN W. FOSTER
PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT AND THE INTERPARLIA-
MENTARY UNION. By Dr. CHRISTIAN L. LANGE
CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE FOR ARBITRATION
THE MISSION OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CAUSE OF
PEACE. By Hon. DAVID J. BREWER
January, 2912
No. 4. Parti. CONCERNING SEA POWER. By DAVID STARR JORDAN
Part II. HEROES OF PEACE. By EDWIN D. MEAD
Part III. INTERNATIONAL GOOD WILL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR
ARMIES AND NAVIES. By WILLIAM C. GANNETT
April, 1912
No. 5. Part I. THE DRAIN OF ARMAMENTS. By ARTHUR W. ALLEN
Part II. THE TRUTH ABOUT JAPAN. By JOHN H. DE FOREST
Part III. THE COSMIC ROOTS OF LOVE. By HENRY M. SIMMONS
Part IV. WORLD SCOUTS. By ALBERT JAY NOCK
Part V. THE RIGHT AND WRONG OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE. By
CHARLES F. DOLE
July, 1912
No. 6. Part I. THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION: ITS PRESENT ACTIVITIES
Part II. NEUTRALIZATION: AMERICA'S OPPORTUNITY. By EKVING
WlNSLOW
Part III. WILLIAM T. STEAD AND HIS PEACE MESSAGE. By JAMES A.
MACDONALD
Part IV. EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING INTER-
NATIONAL FRIENDSHIP. By LUCIA AMES MEAD
PartV. REVISED LIST OF ARBITRATION TREATIES. Compiled by
DENYS P. MYERS
October, 1912
No. 7. Part I. HEROES OF THE SEA. By W. M. THACKERAY
Part II. THE FORCES THAT MAKE FOR PEACE. By Hon. WILLIAM J.
BRYAN
Part III. FOREIGN MISSIONS AND WORLD PEACE. By SAMUEL B. CAPEN
Part IV. THE LITERATURE OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT. By EDWIN D.
MEAD
Part V. THE WASTE OF MILITARISM. From the Report of the Massachu-
setts Commission on the Cost of Living
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Vol. III. No. 3
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under the Act of August 24, 1912
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
PAMPHLET SERIES
Volume I
April 1911
No. 1. Part I. THE RESULTS OF THE TWO HAGUE CONFERENCES AND THE
DEMANDS UPON THE THIRD CONFERENCE. By EDWIN D.
MEAD
Part II. SIR EDWARD GREY ON UNION FOR WORLD PEACE. Speech
in House of Commons, March 13, IQII
Part III. THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION. By EDWIN GINN
Part IV. THE INTERNATIONAL DUTY OF THE UNITED STATES AND
GREAT BRITAIN. By EDWIN D. MEAD
July
No. 2. Part I.
Part II.
See No. 6, Part V.
SOME SUPPOSED JUST CAUSES OF WAR. By Hon. JACKSON H.
RALSTON
Part III. SYNDICATES FOR WAR. London Correspondence of the New York
Evening Post
October
No. 3. Parti.
Part II.
Part III.
Part IV.
PartV.
January
No. 4. Parti.
Part II.
Part III.
April
No. 5.
Parti.
Part II.
Part III.
Part IV.
Part V.
July
No. 6. Part I.
Part II.
Part III.
Part IV.
Part V.
October
No. 7.
Parti.
Part II.
Part III.
Part IV.
Part V.
January, No. 1.
February, No. 2.
March, No. 3.
WHY THE ARBITRATION TREATIES SHOULD STAND. Prepared
by DENYS P. MYERS
WAR NOT INEVITABLE. By Hon. JOHN W. FOSTER
PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT AND THE INTERPARLIA-
MENTARY UNION. By Dr. CHRISTIAN L. LANGE
CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE FOR ARBITRATION
THE MISSION OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CAUSE
OF PEACE. By Hon. DAVID J. BREWER
Volume 1 1
1912
CONCERNING SEA POWER. By DAVID STARR JORDAN
HEROES OF PEACE. By EDWIN D. MEAD
INTERNATIONAL GOOD WILL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR ARMIES
AND NAVIES. By WILLIAM C. GANNETT
THE DRAIN OF ARMAMENTS. By ARTHUR W. ALLEN
THE TRUTH ABOUT JAPAN. By JOHN H. DE FOREST
THE COSMIC ROOTS OF LOVE. By HENRY M. SIMMONS
WORLD SCOUTS. By ALBERT JAY NOCK
THE RIGHT AND WRONG OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE. By
CHARLES F. DOLE
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION: ITS PRESENT ACTIVITIES
NEUTRALIZATION: AMERICA'S OPPORTUNITY. By ERVING
WlNSLOW
WILLIAM T. STEAD AND HIS PEACE MESSAGE. By JAMES
A. MACDONALD
EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL
FRIENDSHIP. By LUCIA AMES MEAD
REVISED LIST OF ARBITRATION TREATIES. Compiled by
DENYS P. MYERS
HEROES OF THE SEA. By W. M. THACKERAY
THE FORCES THAT MAKE FOR PEACE. By Hon. WILLIAM J. BRYAN
FOREIGN MISSIONS AND WORLD PEACE. BY SAMUEL B. CAPEN
THE LITERATURE OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT. By EDWIN D. MEAD
THE WASTE OF MILITARISM. From the Report of the Massachu-
setts Commission on the Cost of Living
Volume I II
1913
WORK IN 1912
5 THE WOUNDED. By NOEL BUXTON, M.P.
I WOMEN AND WAR. By M. A. STOBART
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS. By Hon. ELIHU ROOT
Single copies free. Price in quantities, $3.00 per hundred copies
Volume title-pages for binding furnished on request
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
40 Mt. Vernon Street
Boston, Mass.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE UNITED
STATES AS TO PANAMA
CANAL TOLLS.
BY HON. ELIHU ROOT.
SPEECH IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE, JANUARY 21, 1913.
Mr. ROOT. Mr. President, in the late days of last summer, after
nearly nine months of continuous session, Congress enacted, in the
bill to provide for the administration of the Panama Canal, a provi-
sion making a discrimination between the tolls to be charged upon
foreign vessels and the tolls to be charged upon American vessels
engaged in coastwise trade. . . . The provision has been the cause of
great regret to a multitude of our fellow-citizens, whose good opinion
we all desire and whose leadership of opinion in the country makes
their approval of the course of our Congress an important element
in maintaining that confidence in government which is so essential
to its success. The provision has caused a painful impression
throughout the world that the United States has departed from its
often-announced rule of equality of opportunity in the use of the
Panama Canal, and is seeking a special advantage for itself in what
is believed to be a violation of the obligations of a treaty. Mr. Presi-
dent, that opinion of the civilized world is something which we may
not lightly disregard. " A decent respect to the opinions of mankind "
was one of the motives stated for the people of these colonies in the
great Declaration of American Independence.
The effect of the provision has thus been doubly unfortunate, and
I ask the Senate to listen to me while I endeavor to state the situa-
tion in which we find ourselves, — to state the case which is made
against the action that we have taken, in order that I may present
to the Senate the question whether we should not either submit to an
impartial tribunal the question whether we are right, so that, if we
are right, we may be vindicated in the eyes of all the world, or whether
we should not, by a repeal of the provision, retire from the position
which we have taken.
4 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
In the year 1850, Mr. President, there were two great powers in
possession of the North American Continent to the north of the Rio
Grande. The United States had but just come to its full stature.
By the Webster- Ashburton treaty of 1842 our north-eastern boundary *
had been settled, leaving to Great Britain that tremendous stretch
of seacoast including Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland,
Labrador, and the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, now forming
the Province of Quebec. In 1846 the Oregon boundary had been-
settled, assuring to the United States a title to that vast region which
now constitutes the States of Washington, Oregon and Idaho. In
1848 the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo had given to us that great
empire wrested from Mexico as a result of the Mexican War, which
now spreads along the coast of the Pacific as the State of California
and the great region between California and Texas.
Inspired by the manifest requirements of this new empire, the
United States turned its attention to the possibility of realizing the
dream of centuries and connecting its two coasts — its old coast upon
the Atlantic and its new coast upon the Pacific — by a ship canal
through the Isthmus; but, when it turned its attention in that direc-
tion, it found the other empire holding the place of advantage. Great
Britain had also her coast upon the Atlantic and her coast upon the
Pacific, to be joined by a canal. Further than that, Great Britain
was a Caribbean power. She had Bermuda and the Bahamas; she
had Jamaica and Trinidad; she had the Windward Islands and the
Leeward Islands; she had British Guiana and British Honduras;
she had, moreover, a protectorate over the Mosquito coast, a great
stretch of territory upon the eastern shore of Central America, which
included the river San Juan and the valley and harbor of San Juan
de Nicaragua, or Greytown. All men's minds then were concentrated
upon the Nicaragua Canal route, as they were until after the treaty
of 1901 was made.
And thus, when the United States turned its attention toward
joining these two coasts by a canal through the Isthmus, it found
Great Britain in possession of the eastern end of the route, which men
generally believed would be the most available route for the canal.
Accordingly, the United States sought a treaty with Great Britain
by which Great Britain should renounce the advantage which she
had and admit the United States to equal participation with her in
the control and the protection of a canal across the Isthmus. From v
that came the Clayton-Bulwer treaty.
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 5
Let me repeat that this treaty was sought not by England but by
the United States. Mr. Clayton, who was Secretary of State at the
time, sent our minister to France, Mr. Rives, to London for the pur-
pose of urging upon Lord Palmerston the making of the treaty.
The treaty was made by Great Britain as a concession to the urgent
demands of the United States.
I should have said, in speaking about the urgency with which the
United States sought the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, that there were
two treaties made with Nicaragua, one by Mr. Heis and one by Mr.
Squire, both representatives of the United States. Each gave, so
far as Nicaragua could, great powers to the United States in regard
to the construction of a canal, but they were made without authoriza-
tion from the United States, and they were not approved by the
Government of the United States and were never sent to the Senate.
Mr. Clayton, however, held those treaties in abeyance as a means of
inducing Great Britain to enter into the Clayton-Bulwer treaty.
He held them practically as a whip over the British negotiators,
and, having accomplished the purpose, they were thrown into the
waste-basket.
By that treaty Great Britain agreed with the United States that
neither Government should "ever obtain or maintain for itself any
exclusive control over the ship canal"; that neither would "make
use of any protection" which either afforded to a canal "or any
alliance which either" might have "with any State or people for the
purpose of erecting or maintaining any fortifications, or of occupying,
fortifying or colonizing Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito coast
or any part of Central America, or of assuming or exercising dominion
over the same," and that neither would " take advantage of any inti-
macy, or use any alliance, connection or influence that either" might
"possess with any State or Government through whose territory the
said canal may pass, for the purpose of acquiring or holding, directly
or indirectly, for the citizens or subjects of the one, any rights or ad-
vantages in regard to commerce or navigation through the said canal
which shall not be offered on the same terms to the citizens or sub-
jects of the other."
You will observe, Mr. President, that under these provisions the
United States gave up nothing that it then had. Its obligations
were entirely looking to the future; and Great Britain gave up its
rights under the protectorate over the Mosquito coast, gave up its
rights to what was supposed to be the eastern terminus of the canal.
6 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
And let me say without recurring to it again, under this treaty,
after much discussion which ensued as to the meaning of its terms,
Great Britain did surrender her rights to the Mosquito coast, so that
the position of the United States and Great Britain became a posi-
tion of absolute equality. Under this treaty also both parties agreed
that each should " enter into treaty stipulations with such of the
Central American States as they" might "deem advisable for the
purpose/' — I now quote the words of the treaty, — "for the purpose
of more effectually carrying out the great design of this convention,
namely, that of constructing and maintaining the said canal as a
ship communication between the two oceans for the benefit of man-
kind, on equal terms to all, and of protecting the same."
That declaration, Mr. President, is the corner-stone of the rights
of the United States upon the Isthmus of Panama, — rights having their
origin in a solemn declaration that there should be constructed and
maintained a ship canal "between the two oceans for the benefit of
mankind, on equal terms to all."
In the eighth article of that treaty the parties agreed: —
The Governments of the United States and Great Britain having not only de-
sired, in entering into this convention, to accomplish a particular object, but also
to establish a general principle, they hereby agree to extend their protection, by
treaty stipulations, to any other practicable communications, whether by canal or
railway, across the isthmus which connects North and South America, and especially
to the interoceanic communications, should the same prove to be practicable,
whether by canal or railway, which are now proposed to be established by the
way of Tehuantepec or Panama. In granting, however, their joint protection
to any such canals or railways as are by this article specified, it is always understood
by the United States and Great Britain that the parties constructing or owning the
same shall impose no other charges or conditions of traffic thereupon than the
aforesaid Governments shall approve of as just and equitable; and that the same
canals or railways, being open to the citizens and subjects of the United States
and Great Britain on equal terms, shall also be open on like terms to the citizens
and subjects of every other State which is willing to grant thereto such protection
as the United States and Great Britain engage to afford.
There, Mr. President, is the explicit agreement for equality of
treatment to the citizens of the United States and to the citizens of
Great Britain in any canal, wherever it may be constructed, across
the Isthmus. That was the fundamental principle embodied in the
treaty of 1850. And we are not without an authoritative construc-
tion as to the scope and requirements of an agreement of that descrip-
tion, because we have another treaty with Great Britain, — a treaty
which formed one of the great landmarks in the diplomatic history
of the world and one of the great steps in the progress of civilization, —
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 7
the treaty of Washington of 187 launder which the Alabama claims
were submitted to arbitration. Under that treaty there were provi-
sions for the use of the American canals along the waterway of the
Great Lakes, and the Canadian canals along the same line of com-
munication, upon equal terms to the citizens of the two countries.
Some years after the treaty, Canada undertook to do something
quite similar to what we have undertaken to do in this law about the
Panama Canal. It provided that, while nominally a toll of 20 cents
a ton should be charged upon the merchandise both of Canada and
of the United States, there should be a rebate of 18 cents for all mer-
chandise which went to Montreal or beyond, leaving a toll of but 2
cents a ton for that merchandise. The United States objected; and
I beg your indulgence while I read from the message of President
Cleveland upon that subject, sent to the Congress August 23, 1888.
He says:
By article 27 of the treaty of 1871 provision was made to secure to the citizens
of the United States the use of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and other canals in the
Dominion of Canada on terms of equality with the inhabitants of the Dominion,
and to also secure to the subjects of Great Britain the use of the St. Clair Flats
Canal on terms of equality with the inhabitants of the United States.
The equality with the inhabitants of the Dominion which we were promised in
the use of the canals of Canada did not secure to us freedom from tolls in their
navigation, but we had a right to expect that we, being Americans, and interested
in American commerce, would be no more burdened in regard to the same than
Canadians engaged in their own trade; and the whole spirit of the concession
made was, or should have been, that merchandise and property transported to an
American market through these canals should not be enhanced in its cost by tolls
many times higher than such as were carried to an adjoining Canadian market.
All our citizens, producers and consumers as well as vessel owners, were to enjoy
the equality promised.
And yet evidence has for some time been before the Congress, furnished by the
Secretary of the Treasury, showing that while the tolls charged in the first in-
stance are the same to all, such vessels and cargoes as are destined to certain Cana-
dian ports —
their coastwise trade —
are allowed a refund of nearly the entire tolls, while those bound for American
ports are not allowed any such advantage.
To promise equality and then in practice make it conditional upon our vessels
doing Canadian business instead of their own, is to fulfill a promise with the
shadow of performance.
Upon the representations of the United States embodying that
view, Canada retired from the position which she had taken, rescinded
the provision for differential tolls, and put American trade going to
American markets on the same basis of tolls as Canadian trade going
8 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
to Canadian markets. She did not base her action upon any idea
that there was no competition between trade to American ports and
trade to Canadian ports, but she recognized the law of equality in
good faith and honor; and to this day that law is being accorded to
us and by each great Nation to the other.
I have said, Mr. President, that the Clayton-Bui wer treaty was
sought by us. In seeking it, we declared to Great Britain what it
was that we sought. I ask the Senate to listen to the declaration
that we made to induce Great Britain to enter into that treaty, — to
listen to it because it is the declaration by which we are in honor
bound as truly as if it were signed and sealed.
Here I will read the report made to the Senate on the 5th day of
April, 1900, by Senator Cushman K. Davis, then chairman of the
Committee on Foreign Relations. So you will perceive that this is
no new matter to the Senate of the United States and that I am not
proceeding upon my own authority in thinking it worthy of your
attention.
Mr. Rives was instructed to say and did say to Lord Palmerston,
in urging upon him the making of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, this:
The United States sought no exclusive privilege or preferential right of any kind
in regard to the proposed communication, and their sincere wish, if it should be
found practicable, was to see it dedicated to the common use of all nations on the
most liberal terms and a footing of perfect equality for all.
That the United States would not, if they could, obtain any exclusive right or
privilege in a great highway which naturally belonged to all mankind.
That, sir, was the spirit of the Clayton-Bulwer convention. That
was what the United States asked Great Britain to agree upon. That
self-denying declaration underlaid and permeated and found ex-
pression in the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer convention. And upon
that representation Great Britain in that convention relinquished her
coign of vantage which she herself had for the benefit of her great North
American empire for the control of the canal across the Isthmus.
Mr. CUMMINS. The Senator has stated that at the time of the
Clayton-Bulwer treaty we were excluded from the Mosquito coast
by the protectorate exercised by Great Britain over that coast. My
question is this: Had we not at that time a treaty with New Granada
that gave us equal or greater rights upon the Isthmus of Panama
than were claimed even by Great Britain over the Mosquito coast?
Mr. ROOT. Mr. President, we had the treaty of 1846 with New
Granada, under which we undertook to protect any railway or canal
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 9
across the Isthmus. But that did not apply to the Nicaragua route,
which was then supposed to be the most available route for a canal.
Mr. CUMMINS. I quite agree with the Senator about that. I
only wanted it to appear in the course of the argument that we were
then under no disability so far as concerned building a canal across
the Isthmus of Panama.
Mr. ROOT. We were under a disability so far as concerned build-
ing a canal by the Nicaragua route, which was regarded as the avail-
able route until the discussion in the Senate after 1901, in which
Senator Spooner and Senator Hanna practically changed the judg-
ment of the Senate with regard to what was the proper route to take.
And in the treaty of 1850, so anxious were we to secure freedom from
the claims of Great Britain on the eastern end of the Nicaragua route
that, as I have read, we agreed that the same contract should apply
not merely to the Nicaragua route, but to the whole of the Isthmus.
So that from that time on the whole Isthmus was impressed by the
same obligations which were impressed upon the Nicaragua route,
and whatever rights we had under our treaty of 1846 with New
Granada we were thenceforth bound to exercise with due regard and
subordination to the provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty.
Mr. President, after the lapse of some thirty years, during the -
early part of which we were strenuously insisting upon the observance
by Great Britain of her obligations under the Clayton-Bulwer treaty
and during the latter part of which we were beginning to be restive
under our obligations by reason of that treaty, we undertook to secure
a modification of it from Great Britain. In the course of that under-
taking there was much discussion and some difference of opinion as
to the continued obligations of the treaty. But I think that was
finally put at rest by the decision of Secretary Olney in the memo-
randum upon the subject made by him in the year 1896. In that
memorandum he said:
Under these circumstances, upon every principle which governs the relation
to each other, either of nations or of individuals, the United States is completely
estopped from denying that the treaty is in full force and vigor.
If changed conditions now make stipulations, which were once deemed advan- -
tageous, either inapplicable or injurious, the true remedy is not in ingenious at-
tempts to deny the existence of the treaty or to explain away its provisions, but
in a direct and straightforward application to Great Britain for a reconsideration
of the whole matter.
We did apply to Great Britain for a reconsideration of the whole ^
matter, and the result of the application was the Hay-Pauncefote
10 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
treaty. That treaty came before the Senate in two forms: first,
in the form of an instrument signed on the 5th of February, 1900,
which was amended by the Senate; and, second, in the form of an
instrument signed on the i8th of November, 1901, which continued
the greater part of the provisions of the earlier instrument, but some-
what modified or varied the amendments which had been made by the
Senate to that earlier instrument.
It is really but one process by which the paper sent to the Senate
in February, 1900, passed through a course of amendment, — first at
the hands of the Senate, and then at the hands of the negotiators be-
tween Great Britain and the United States, with the subsequent
approval of the Senate. In both the first form and the last of this
treaty the preamble provides for preserving the provisions of article
8 of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. Both forms provide for the con-
struction of the canal under the auspices of the United States alone
instead of its construction under the auspices of both countries.
Both forms of that treaty provide that the canal might be —
constructed under the auspices of the Government of the United States, either
directly at its own cost or by gift or loan of money to individuals or corporations
or through subscription to or purchase of stock or shares, —
that being substituted for the provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer
treaty under which both countries were to be patrons of the enterprise.
Under both forms it was further provided that —
Subject to the provisions of the present convention, the said Government —
the United States-
shall have and enjoy all the rights incident to such construction, as well as the
exclusive right of providing for the regulation and management of the canal.
That provision, however, for the exclusive patronage of the United
States was subject to the initial provision that the modification or
change from the Clayton-Bulwer treaty was to be for the construction
of such canal under the auspices of the Government of the United
States, without impairing the general principle of neutralization es-
tablished in article 8 of that convention.
Then the treaty as it was finally agreed to provides that the United
States "adopt, as the basis of such neutralization of such ship canal,"
the following rules, substantially as embodied in the convention "of
Constantinople, signed the 29th of October, 1888," for the free navi-
gation of the Suez Maritime Canal; that is to say:
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS II
„, "
First. The canal shall be free and open ... to the vessels of com-
merce and of war of all nations, "observing these rules on terms of
entire equality, so that there shall be no discrimination against any
nation or its citizens or subjects in respect to the conditions or charges
of traffic, or otherwise." Such conditions and charges of traffic shall
be just and equitable.
Then follow rules relating to blockade and vessels of war, the em-
barkation and disembarkation of troops, and the extension of the
provisions to the waters adjacent to the canal.
Now, Mr. President, that rule must of course be read in connec-
tion with the provision for the preservation of the principle of neu-
tralization established in article 8 of the Clayton-Bulwer convention.
Let me take your minds back again to article 8 of the Clayton-
Bulwer convention, consistently with which we are bound to construe
the rule established by the Hay-Pauncefote convention. The prin- .
ciple of neutralization provided for by the eighth article is neutraliza-
tion upon terms of absolute equality both between the United States
and Great Britain and between the United States and all other powers.
It is always understood —
says the eighth article —
by the United States and Great Britain that the parties constructing or owning
the same —
that is, the canal —
shall impose no other charges or conditions of traffic thereupon than the aforesaid
Governments shall approve of as just and equitable, and that the same canals
or railways, being open to the citizens and subjects of the United States and Great
Britain on equal terms, shall also be open on like terms to the citizens and subjects
of every other State which is willing to grant thereto such protection as the United
States and Great Britain engage to afford.
Now we are not at liberty to put any construction upon the Hay-
Pauncefote treaty which violates that controlling declaration of abso-
lute equality between the citizens and subjects of Great Britain and
the United States.
Mr. President, when the Hay-Pauncefote convention was ratified
by the Senate, it was in full view of this controlling principle, in accord-
ance with which their act must be construed, for Senator Davis, in
his report from the Committee on Foreign Relations, to which I have
already referred —
Mr. McCuMBER. On the treaty in its first form.
12 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
Mr. ROOT. Yes, the report on the treaty in its first form. Mr.
Davis said, after referring to the Suez convention of 1888:
The United States cannot take an attitude of opposition to the principles of
the great act of October 22, 1888, without discrediting the official declarations
of our Government for 50 years on the neutrality of an Isthmian canal and its equal
use by all nations without discrimination.
To set up the selfish motive of gain by establishing a monopoly of a highway
that must derive its income from the patronage of all maritime countries would
be unworthy of the United States if we owned the country through which the canal
is to be built.
But the location of the canal belongs to other governments, from whom we
must obtain any right to construct a canal on their territory, and it is not unreason-
able, if the question was new and was not involved in a subsisting treaty with
Great Britain, that she should question the right of even Nicaragua and Costa
Rica to grant to our ships of commerce and of war extraordinary privileges of tran-
sits through the canal.
I shall revert to that principle declared by Senator Davis. I con-
tinue the quotation:
It is not reasonable to suppose that Nicaragua and Costa Rica would grant
to the United States the exclusive control of a canal through those States on terms
less generous to the other maritime nations than those prescribed in the great
act of October 22, 1888, or if we could compel them to give us such advantages
over other nations it would not be creditable to our country to accept them.
That our Government or our people will furnish the money to build the canal
presents the single question whether it is profitable to do so. If the canal, as
property, is worth more than its cost, we are not called on to divide the profits
with other nations. If it is worth less and we are compelled by national necessi-
ties to build the canal, we have no right to call on other nations to make up the
loss to us. In any view, it is a venture that we will enter upon if it is to our inter-
est, and, if it is otherwise, we will withdraw from its further consideration.
The Suez Canal makes no discrimination in its tolls in favor of its stockholders,
and, taking its profits or the half of them as our basis of calculation, we will never
find it necessary to differentiate our rates of toll in favor of our own people in
order to secure a very great profit on the investment.
Mr. President, in view of that declaration of principle, in the face
of that declaration, the United States cannot afford to take a position
at variance with the rule of universal equality established in the Suez
Canal convention, — equality as to every stockholder and all non-
stockholders, equality as to every nation whether in possession or
out of possession. In the face of that declaration the United States
cannot afford to take any other position than upon the rule of uni-
versal equality of the Suez Canal convention, and upon the further
declaration that the country owning the territory through which this
canal was to be built would not and ought not to give any special
advantage or preference to the United States as compared with all
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 13
the other nations of the earth. In view of that report the Senate
rejected the amendment which was offered by Senator Bard of Cali- '
fornia providing for preference to the coastwise trade of the United
States. This is the amendment which was proposed:
The United States reserves the right in the regulation and management of the
canal to discriminate in respect of the charges of traffic in favor of vessels of its
own citizens engaged in the coastwise trade.
I say, the Senate rejected that amendment upon this report, which
declared the rule of universal equality without any preference or dis-
crimination in favor of the United States as being the meaning of the
treaty and the necessary meaning of the treaty.
There was still more before the Senate, there was still more before
the country, to fix the meaning of the treaty. I have read the repre-
sentations that were made, the solemn declarations made by the
United States to Great Britain establishing the rule of absolute equal-
ity without discrimination in favor of the United States or its citizens
to induce Great Britain to enter into the Clayton-Bulwer treaty.
Now let me read the declaration made to Great Britain to induce
her to modify the Clayton-Bulwer treaty and give up her right to
joint control of the canal and put in our hands the sole power to con-
struct it or patronize it or control it.
Mr. Blaine said in his instructions to Mr. Lowell on June 24, 1881,
directing Mr. Lowell to propose to Great Britain the modification of
the Clayton-Bulwer treaty.
I read his words:
The United States recognizes a proper guarantee of neutrality as essential to -
the construction and successful operation of any highway across the Isthmus
of Panama, and in the last generation every step was taken by this Government
that is deemed requisite in the premises. The necessity was foreseen and abun-
dantly provided for long in advance of any possible call for the actual exercise
of power. . . . Nor, in time of peace, does the United States seek to have any exclu-
sive privileges accorded to American ships in respect to precedence or tolls through an
inter oceanic canal any more than it has sought like privileges for American goods in
transit over the Panama Railway, under the exclusive control of an American corpora-
tion. The extent of the privileges of American citizens and ships is measurable
under the treaty of 1846 by those of Colombian citizens and ships. It would
be our earnest desire and expectation to see the world's peaceful commerce enjoy the
same just, liberal and rational treatment.
Again he said to Great Britain:
The United States, as I have before had occasion to assure your Lordship,
demand no exclusive privileges in these passages, but will always exert their influ-
ence to secure their free and unrestricted benefits, both in peace and war, to the commerce
of the world.
14 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
Mr. President, it was upon that declaration, upon that self-denying '
declaration, upon that solemn assurance, that the United States
sought not and would not have any preference for its own citizens over
the subjects and citizens of other countries that Great Britain aban-
doned her rights under the Clayton-Bulwer treaty and entered into
the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, with the clause continuing the principles
of clause 8, which embodied these same declarations, and the clause
establishing the rule of equality taken from the Suez Canal conven-
tion. We are not at liberty to give any other construction to the
Hay-Pauncefote treaty than the construction which is consistent
with that declaration.
Mr. President, these declarations, made specifically and directly
to secure the making of these treaties, do not stand alone. For a
longer period than the oldest Senator has lived the United States has
been from time to time making open and public declarations of her
disinterestedness, her altruism, her purposes for the benefit of man-
kind, her freedom from desire or willingness to secure special and
peculiar advantage in respect of transit across the Isthmus. In 1826
Mr. Clay, then Secretary of State in the Cabinet of John Quincy
Adams, said, in his instructions to the delegates to the Panama Con-
gress of that year:
If a canal across the Isthmus be opened "so as to admit of the passage of sea
vessels from ocean to ocean, the benefit of it ought not to be exclusively appro-
priated to any one nation, but should be extended to all parts of the globe upon
the payment of a just compensation for reasonable tolls."
Mr. Cleveland, in his annual message of 1885, said:
The lapse of years has abundantly confirmed the wisdom and foresight of those
earlier administrations which, long before the conditions of maritime intercourse
were changed and enlarged by the progress of the age, proclaimed the vital need
of interoceanic transit across the American Isthmus and consecrated it in advance
to the common use of mankind by their positive declarations and through the
formal obligations of treaties. Toward such realization the efforts of my adminis-
tration will be applied, ever bearing in mind the principles on which it must rest
and which were declared in no uncertain tones by Mr. Cass, who, while Secretary
of State in 1858, announced that "What the United States want in Central Amer-
ica next to the happiness of its people is the security and neutrality of the inter-
oceanic routes which lead through it."
By public declarations, by the solemn asseverations of our treaties
with Colombia in 1846, with Great Britain in 1850, our treaties with
Nicaragua, our treaty with Great Britain in 1901, our treaty with
Panama in 1903, we have presented to the world the most unequivocal
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS i$
guaranty of disinterested action for the common benefit of mankind
and not for our selfish advantage.
In the message which was sent to Congress by President Roosevelt
on the 4th of January, 1904, explaining the course of this Government
regarding the revolution in Panama and the making of the treaty by
which we acquired all the title that we have upon the Isthmus, Presi-
dent Roosevelt said:
If ever a Government could be said to have received a mandate from civiliza-
tion to effect an object the accomplishment of which was demanded in the interest
of mankind, the United States holds that position with regard to the interoceanic
canal.
Mr. President, there has been much discussion for many years
among authorities upon international law as to whether artificial
canals for the convenience of commerce did not partake of the charac-
ter of natural passageways to such a degree that, by the rules of in-
ternational law, equality must be observed in the treatment of man-
kind by the nation which has possession and control. Many very
high authorities have asserted that that rule applies to the Panama
Canal even without a treaty. We base our title upon the right of
mankind in the Isthmus, treaty or no treaty. We have long asserted,
beginning with Secretary Cass, that the nations of Central America
had no right to debar the world from its right of passage across the
Isthmus. Upon that view, in the words which I have quoted from
President Roosevelt's message to Congress, we base the justice of our
entire action upon the Isthmus which resulted in our having the Canal
Zone. We could not have taken it for our selfish interest; we could
not have taken it for the purpose of securing an advantage to the
people of the United States over the other peoples of the world; it
was only because civilization had its rights to passage across the
Isthmus and because we made ourselves the mandatory of civilization
to assert those rights that we are entitled to be there at all. On the
principles which underlie our action and upon all the declarations
that we have made for more than half a century, as well as upon the
express and positive stipulations of our treaties, we are forbidden to
say we have taken the custody of the Canal Zone to give ourselves
any right of preference over the other civilized nations of the world
beyond those rights which go to the owner of a canal to have the tolls
that are charged for passage.
Well, Mr. President, asserting that we were acting for the common
benefit of mankind, willing to accept no preferential right of our own,
16 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
just as we asserted it to secure the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, just as we
asserted it to secure the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, when we had recog-
nized the Republic of Panama, we made a treaty with her on the i8th
of November, 1903. I ask your attention now to the provisions of
that treaty. In that treaty both Panama and the United States
recognize the fact that the United States was acting, not for its own
special and selfish interest, but in the interest of mankind.
The suggestion has been made that we are relieved from the obliga-
tions of our treaties with Great Britain because the Canal Zone is our
territory. It is said that, because it has become ours, we are entitled
to build the canal on our own territory and do what we please with it.
Nothing can be further from the fact. It is not our territory, except l
in trust. Article 2 of the treaty with Panama provides:
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in perpetuity the use,
occupation and control of a zone of land and land under water for the construc-
tion, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of said canal —
and for no other purpose —
of the width of 10 miles extending to the distance of 5 miles on each side of the
center line of the route of the canal to be constructed.
The Republic of Panama further grants to the United States in perpetuity the
use, occupation and control of any other lands and waters outside of the zone
above described which may be necessary and convenient for the construction,
maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said canal or of any
auxiliary canals or other works necessary and convenient ^ for the construction,
maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said enterprise.
Article 3 provides:
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all the rights, power and
authority within the zone mentioned and described in article 2 of this agreement —
from which I have just read —
and within the limits of all auxiliary lands and waters mentioned and described
in said, article 2 which the United States would possess and exercise if it were the
sovereign of the territory within which said lands and waters are located to the
entire exclusion of the exercise by the Republic of Panama of any such sovereign
rights, power or authority.
Article 5 provides:
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in perpetuity a monopoly
for the construction, maintenance and operation of any system of communication
by means of canal or railroad across its territory between the Caribbean Sea and the
Pacific Ocean.
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 17
I now read from article 18:
The canal, when constructed, and the entrances thereto shall be neutral in per-
petuity, and shall be opened upon the terms provided for by section i of article
3 of, and in conformity with all the stipulations of, the treaty entered into by the
Governments of the United States and Great Britain on November 18, 1901.
So, Mr. President, far from our being relieved of the obligations of
the treaty with Great Britain by reason of the title that we have ob-
tained to the Canal Zone, we have taken that title impressed with a
solemn trust. We have taken it for no purpose except the construc-
tion and maintenance of a canal in accordance with all the stipula-
tions of our treaty with Great Britain. We cannot be false to those
stipulations without adding to the breach of contract a breach of the
trust which we have assumed, according to our own declarations, for
the benefit of mankind as the mandatory of civilization.
In anticipation of the plainly-to-be-foreseen contingency of our
having to acquire some kind of title in order to construct the canal, ,
the Hay-Pauncefote treaty provided expressly in article 4:
It is agreed that no change of territorial sovereignty or of international relations
of the country or countries traversed by the before-mentioned canal shall affect
the general principle of neutralization or the obligation of the high contracting
parties under the present treaty.
W
So you will see that the treaty with Great Britain expressly pro-
vides that its obligations shall continue, no matter what title we get
to the Canal Zone; and the treaty by which we get the title expressly
impresses upon it as a trust the obligations of the treaty with Great
Britain. How idle it is to say that because the Canal Zone is ours
we can do with it what we please!
There is another suggestion made regarding the obligations of this
treaty, and that is that matters relating to the coasting trade are
matters of special domestic concern, and that nobody else has any
right to say anything about them. We did not think so when we
were dealing with the Canadian canals. But that may not be con-
clusive as to rights under this treaty. But examine it for a moment.
It is rather poverty of language than a genius for definition which
leads us to call a voyage from New York to San Francisco, passing
along countries thousands of miles away from our territory, "coasting
trade," or to call a voyage from New York to Manila, on the other
side of the world, "coasting trade." When we use the term "coast-
ing trade, " what we really mean is that under our navigation laws
18 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
a voyage which begins and ends at an American port has certain
privileges and immunities and rights, and it is necessarily in that
sense that the term is used in this statute. It must be construed in
accordance with our statutes.
Sir, I do not for a moment dispute that ordinary coasting trade is
a special kind of trade that is entitled to be treated differently from
trade to or from distant foreign points. It is ordinarily neighborhood
trade, from port to port, by which the people of a country carry on
their intercommunication, often by small vessels, poor vessels, carry-
ing cargoes of slight value. It would be quite impracticable to im-
pose upon trade of that kind the same kind of burdens which great
ocean-going steamers, trading to the farthest parts of the earth, can
well bear. We make that distinction. Indeed, Great Britain her-
self makes it, although Great Britain admits all the world to her
coasting trade. But it is by quite a different basis of classification —
that is, the statutory basis — that we call a voyage from the eastern
coast of the United States to the Orient a coasting voyage, because
it begins and ends in an American port.
This is a special, peculiar kind of trade which passes through the
Panama Canal. You may call it "coasting trade," but it is unlike
any other coasting trade. It is special and peculiar to itself.
Grant that we are entitled to fix a different rate of tolls for that
class of trade from that which would be fixed for other classes of
trade. Ah! yes; but Great Britain has her coasting trade through
the canal under the same definition, and Mexico has her coasting
trade, and Germany has her coasting trade, and Colombia has her
coasting trade, in the same sense that we have. You are not at lib-
erty to discriminate in fixing tolls between a voyage from Portland,
Me., to Portland, Ore., by an American ship, and a voyage from
Halifax to Victoria in a British ship, or a voyage from Vera Cruz to
Acapulco in a Mexican ship, because, when you do so, you discrimi-
nate, not between coasting trade and other trade, but between Ameri-
can ships and British ships, Mexican ships or Colombian ships.
That is a violation of the rule of equality which we have solemnly
adopted, and asserted and reasserted, and to which we are bound by
every consideration of honor and good faith. Whatever this treaty
means, it means for that kind of trade as well as for any other kind
of trade. •
The suggestion has been made, also, that we should not consider
that the provision in this treaty about equality as to tolls really
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 19
means what it says, because it is not to be supposed that the United
States would give up the right to defend itself, to protect its own
territory, to land its own troops, and to send through the canal as
it pleases its own ships of war. That is disposed of by the considera-
tions which were presented to the Senate in the Davis report, to which
I have already referred, in regard to the Suez convention.
The Suez convention, from which these rules of the Hay-Pauncefote
treaty were taken almost — though not quite — textually, contained
other provisions which reserved to Turkey and to Egypt, as sover-
eigns of the territory through which the canal passed, — Egypt as
the sovereign and Turkey as the suzerain over Egypt, — all of the rights
that pertained to sovereigns for the protection of their own territory.
As when the Hay-Pauncefote treaty was made neither party to the
treaty had any title to the region which would be traversed by the
canal, no such clauses could be introduced. But, as was pointed out,
the rules which were taken from the Suez Canal for the control of
the canal management would necessarily be subject to these rights
of sovereignty which were still to be secured from the countries own-
ing the territory. That is recognized by the British Government in
the note which has been sent to us and has been laid before the Sen-
ate, or is in the possession of the Senate, from the British foreign
office.
In Sir Edward Grey's note of November 14, 1912, he says what I
am about to read. This is an explicit disclaimer of any contention
that the provisions of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty exclude us from the
same rights of protection of territory which Nicaragua or Colombia
or Panama would have had as sovereigns, and which we succeed to,
pro tanto, by virtue of the Panama Canal treaty.
Sir Edward Grey says:
I notice that in the course of the debate in the Senate on the Panama Canal
bill the argument was used by one of the speakers that the third, fourth and fifth
rules embodied in article 3 of the treaty show that the words "all nations" cannot
include the United States, because, if the United States were at war, it is impossible
to believe that it could be intended to be debarred by the treaty from using its own
territory for revictualling its warships or landing troops.
The same point may strike others who read nothing but the text of the Hay-
Pauncefote treaty itself, and I think it is therefore worth while that I should briefly
show that this argument is not well founded.
I read this not as an argument, but because it is a formal, official
disclaimer which is binding.
Sir Edward Grey proceeds:
20 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
The Hay-Pauncefote treaty of 1901 aimed at carrying out the principle of the
neutralization of the Panama Canal by subjecting it to the same regime as the Suez
Canal. Rules 3, 4 and 5 of article 3 of the treaty are taken almost textually from
articles 4, 5 and 6 of the Suez Canal Convention of 1888. At the date of the
signature of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty the territory on which the Isthmian Canal
was to be constructed did not belong to the United States, consequently there was
no need to insert in the draft treaty provisions corresponding to those in articles
10 and 13 of the Suez Canal Convention, which preserve the sovereign rights of
Turkey and of Egypt, and stipulate that articles 4 and 5 shall not affect the right
of Turkey, as the local sovereign and of Egypt, within the measure of her autonomy,
to take such measures as may be necessary for securing the defense of Egypt and
the maintenance of public order, and, in the case of Turkey, the defense of her pos-
sessions on the Red Sea.
Now that the United States has become the practical sovereign of the canal, His
Majesty's Government do not question its title to exercise belligerent rights for its
protection.
Mr. President, Great Britain has asserted the construction of the
Hay-Pauncefote treaty of 1901, the arguments for which I have been
stating to the Senate. I realize, sir, that I may be wrong. I have
often been wrong. I realize that the gentlemen who have taken a
different view regarding the meaning of this treaty may be right.
I do not think so. But their ability and fairness of mind would make
it idle for me not to entertain the possibility that they are right and
I am wrong. Yet, Mr. President, the question whether they are
right and I am wrong depends upon the interpretation of the treaty.
It depends upon the interpretation of the treaty in the light of all
the declarations that have been made by the parties tp it, in the light
of the nature of the subject-matter with which it deals.
Gentlemen say the question of imposing tolls or not imposing tolls
upon our coastwise commerce is a matter of our concern. Ah! we
have made a treaty about it. If the interpretation of the treaty is
as England claims, then it is not a matter of our concern: it is a mat-
ter of treaty rights and duties. But, sir, it is not a question as to
our rights to remit tolls to our commerce. It is a question whether
we can impose tolls upon British commerce when we have remitted
them from our own. That is the question. Nobody disputes our
right to allow our own ships to go through the canal without paying
tolls. What is disputed is our right to charge tolls against other
ships when we do not charge them against our own. That is, pure
and simple, a question of international right and duty, and depends
upon the interpretation of the treaty.
Sir, we have another treaty, made between the United States and
Great Britain on the 4th of April, 1908, in which the two nations have
agreed as follows: —
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 21
Differences which may arise of a legal nature or relating to the interpretation of
treaties existing between the two contracting parties and which it may not have
been possible to settle by diplomacy, shall be referred to the Permanent Court of
Arbitration established at The Hague by the convention of the 2pth of July, 1899,
provided, nevertheless, that they do not affect the vital interests, the independence
or the honor of the two contracting States, and do not concern the interests of third
parties.
Of course, the question of the rate of tolls on the Panama Canal
does not affect any nation's vital interests. It does not affect the
independence or the honor of either of these contracting States. We
have a difference relating to the interpretation of this treaty, and
that is all there is to it. We are bound, by this treaty of arbitration,
not to stand with arrogant assertion upon our own Government's
opinion as to the interpretation of the treaty, not to require that Great
Britain shall suffer what she deems injustice by violation of the treaty,
or else go to war. We are bound to say, " We keep the faith of our
treaty of arbitration, and we will submit the question as to what this
treaty means to an impartial tribunal of arbitration."
Mr. President, if we stand in the position of arrogant refusal to
submit the questions arising upon the interpretation of this treaty
to arbitration, we shall not only violate our solemn obligation, but
we shall be false to all the principles that we have asserted to the
world and that we have urged upon mankind. We have been urging
it upon the other civilized nations. Presidents, Secretaries of State,
ambassadors and ministers — aye, Congresses, the Senate and the
House, all branches of our Government, have committed the United
States to the principle of arbitration irrevocably, unequivocally, and
we have urged it in season and out of season on the rest of mankind.
Sir, I cannot detain the Senate by more than beginning upon the
expressions that have come from our Government upon this subject,
but I will ask your indulgence while I call your attention to a few
selected from the others.
On the 9th of June, 1874, the Senate Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions reported and the Senate adopted this resolution:
Resolved, That the United States having at heart the cause of peace everywhere,
and hoping to help its permanent establishment between nations, hereby recom-
mend the adoption of arbitration as a great and practical method for the determina-
tion of international difference, to be maintained sincerely and in good faith, so that
war may cease to be regarded as a proper form of trial between nations.
On the i yth of June, 1874, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of
the House adopted this resolution:
22 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
Whereas war is at all times destructive of the material interests of a people,
demoralizing in its tendencies, and at variance with an enlightened public senti-
ment; and whereas differences between nations should in the interests of humanity
and fraternity be adjusted, if possible, by international arbitration, — therefore,
Resolved, That the people of the United States being devoted to the policy of
peace with all mankind, enjoining its blessings and hoping for its permanence and
its universal adoption, hereby through their representatives in Congress recommend
such arbitration as a rational substitute for war; and they further recommend to
the treaty-making power of the Government to provide, if practicable, that here-
after in treaties made between the United States and foreign powers war shall
not be declared by either of the contracting parties against the other until efforts
shall have been made to adjust all alleged cause of difference by impartial arbitra-
tion.
On the same i7th of June, 1874, the Senate adopted this resolu-
tion:
Resolved, etc., That the President of the United States is hereby authorized and
requested to negotiate with all civilized powers who may be willing to enter into
such negotiations for the establishment of an international system whereby matters
in dispute between different Governments agreeing thereto may be adjusted by
arbitration, and, if possible, without recourse to war.
On the i4th of June, 1888, and again on the i4th of February,
1890, the Senate and the House adopted a concurrent resolution in
the words which I now read:
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the Presi-
dent be, and is hereby, requested to invite, from time to time, as fit occasions may
arise, negotiations with any Government with which the United States has, or may
have, diplomatic relations, to the end that any differences or disputes arising be-
tween the two Governments which cannot be adjusted by diplomatic agency may
be referred to arbitration and be peaceably adjusted by such means.
This was concurred in by the House on the 3d of April, 1890.
Mr. President, in pursuance of those declarations by both Houses
of Congress the Presidents and the Secretaries of State and the diplo-
matic agents of the United States, doing their bounden duty, have
been urging arbitration upon the people of the world. Our repre-
sentatives in The Hague conference of 1899, and in The Hague con-
ference of 1907, and in the Pan American conference in Washington,
and in the Pan American conference in Mexico, and in the Pan
American conference in Rio de Janeiro were instructed to urge and
did urge and pledge the United States in the most unequivocal and
urgent terms to support the principle of arbitration upon all questions
capable of being submitted to a tribunal for a decision.
Under those instructions Mr. Hay addressed the people of the entire
civilized world with the request to come into treaties of arbitration
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 23
with the United States. Here was his letter. After quoting from
the resolutions and from expressions by the President, he said : —
Moved by these views, the President has charged me to instruct you to ascertain
whether the Government to which you are accredited, which he has reason to believe
is equally desirous of advancing the principle of international arbitration, is willing
to conclude with the Government of the United States an arbitration treaty of like
tenor to the arrangement concluded between France and Great Britain on October
14, 1903.
That was the origin of this treaty. The treaties made by Mr.
Hay were not satisfactory to the Senate because of the question
about the participation of the Senate in the make-up of the special
agreement of submission. Mr. Hay's successor modified that on
conference with the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate,
and secured the assent of the other countries of the world to the
treaty with that modification. We have made twenty-five of these
treaties of arbitration, covering the greater part of the world, under
the direction of the Senate of the United States and the House of
Representatives of the United States and in accordance with the
traditional policy of the United States, holding up to the world the
principle of peaceful arbitration.
One of these treaties is here, and under it Great Britain is demand-
ing that the question as to what the true interpretation of our treaty
about the canal is shall be submitted to decision, and not be made
the subject of war or of submission to what she deems injustice to
avoid war.
In response to the last resolution which I have read, the concurrent
resolution passed by the Senate and the House requesting the Presi-
dent to enter into the negotiations which resulted in these treaties
of arbitration, the British House of Commons passed a resolution
accepting the overture. On the i6th of July, 1893, the House of
Commons adopted this resolution: —
Resolved, That this house has learnt with satisfaction that both Houses of the
United States Congress have, by resolution, requested the President to invite from
time to time, as fit occasions may arise, negotiations with any government with
which the United States have or may have diplomatic relations, to the end that any
differences or disputes arising between the two governments which cannot be ad-
justed by diplomatic agency may be referred to arbitration and peaceably adjusted
by such means, and that this house, cordially sympathizing with the purpose in
view, expresses the hope that Her Majesty's Government will lend their ready co-
operation to the Government of the United States upon the basis of the foregoing
resolution.
Her Majesty's Government did, and thence came this treaty.
24 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
Mr. President, what revolting hypocrisy we convict ourselves of,
if after all this, the first time there comes up a question in which we
have an interest, the first time there comes up a question of difference
about the meaning of a treaty as to which we fear we may be beaten
in an arbitration, we refuse to keep our agreement! Where will be
our self-respect if we do that? Where will be that respect to which
a great nation is entitled from the other nations of the earth?
I have read from what Congress has said.
Let me read something from President Grant's annual message of
December 4, 1871. He is commenting upon the arbitration provi-
sions of the treaty of 1871, in which Great Britain submitted to arbi-
tration our claims against her, known as the Alabama claims, in
which Great Britain submitted those claims where she stood possibly to
lose, but not possibly to gain anything, and submitted them against
the most earnest and violent protest of many of her own citizens.
General Grant said:
The year has been an eventful one in witnessing two great nations speaking
one language and having one lineage, settling by peaceful arbitration disputes of
long standing and liable at any time to bring those nations into costly and bloody
conflict. An example has been set which, if successful in its final issue, may be
followed by other civilized nations and finally be the means of returning to produc-
tive industry millions of men now maintained to settle the disputes of nations by
the bayonet and by broadside.
Under the authority of these resolutions our delegates in the first v
Pan American conference at Washington secured the adoption of
this resolution April 18, 1890:
ARTICLE i. The Republics of North, Central and South America hereby adopt
arbitration as a principle of American international law for the settlement of the
differences, disputes or controversies that may arise between two or more of them.
And this:
The International American Conference resolves that this conference, having
recommended arbitration for the settlement of disputes among the Republics
of America, begs leave to express the wish that controversies between them and the
nations of Europe may be settled in the same friendly manner.
It is further recommended that the Government of each nation herein repre-
sented communicate this wish to all friendly powers.
Upon that Mr. Blaine, that most vigorous and virile American, in
his address as the presiding officer of that first Pan American confer-
ence in Washington said:
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 25
If, in this closing hour, the conference had but one deed to celebrate we should
dare call the world's attention to the deliberate, confident, solemn dedication of
two great continents to peace and to the prosperity which has peace for its foun-
dation. We hold up this new Magna Charta, which abolishes war and substitutes
arbitration between the American Republics, as the first and great fruit of the
International American Conference. That noblest of Americans, the aged poet
and philanthropist, Whittier, is the first to send his salutation and his benedic-
tion, declaring, "If in the spirit of peace the American conference agrees upon a
rule of arbitration which shall make war in this hemisphere well-nigh impossible,
its sessions will prove one of the most important events in the history of the
world."
President Arthur in his annual message of December 4, 1882, said,
in discussing the proposition for a Pan American conference:
I am unwilling to dismiss this subject without assuring you of my support
of any measure the wisdom of Congress may devise for the promotion of peace
on this continent and throughout the world, and I trust the time is nigh when,
with the universal assent of civilized peoples, all international differences shall
be determined without resort to arms by the benignant processes of arbitration.
President Harrison in his message of December 3, 1889, said con-
cerning the Pan American conference:
But while the commercial results which it is hoped will follow this conference
are worthy of pursuit and of the great interests they have excited, it is believed
that the crowning benefit will be found in the better securities which may be
devised for the maintenance of peace among all American nations and the settlement
of all contentions by methods that a Christian civilization can approve.
President Cleveland in his message of December 4, 1893, said
concerning the resolution of the British Parliament of July 16, 1893,
which I have already read, and commenting on the concurrent resolu-
tion of February 14 and April 18, 1890:
It affords me signal pleasure to lay this parliamentary resolution before the
Congress and to express my sincere gratification that the sentiment of two great
kindred nations is thus authoritatively manifested in favor of the rational and
peaceable settlement of international quarrels by honorable resort to arbitration.
President McKinley in his message of December 6, 1897, said:
International arbitration cannot be omitted from the list of subjects claiming
our consideration. Events have only served to strengthen the general views on
this question expressed in my inaugural address. The best sentiment of the
civilized world is moving toward the settlement of differences between nations
without resorting to the horrors of war. Treaties embodying these humane
principles on broad lines without in any way imperiling our interests or our honor
shall have my constant encouragement.
26 PANAMA CANAL TOLLS
President Roosevelt in his message of December 3, 1905, said:
I earnestly hope that the conference —
the second Hague conference —
may be able to devise some way to make arbitration between nations the customary
way of settling international disputes in all save a few classes of cases, which
should themselves be sharply defined and rigidly limited as the present govern-
mental and social development of the world will permit. If possible, there should
be a general arbitration treaty negotiated among all nations represented at the
conference.
Oh, Mr. President, are we Pharisees? Have we been insincere and
false? Have we been pretending in all these long years of resolution
and declaration and proposal and urgency fof arbitration? Are we
ready now to admit that our country, that its Congresses and its
Presidents, have all been guilty of false pretense, of humbug, of talk-
ing to the galleries, of fine words to secure applause, and that the
instant we have an interest we are ready to falsify every declaration,
every promise and every principle? But we must do that if we arro-
gantly insist that we alone will determine upon the interpretation of
this treaty and will refuse to abide by the agreement of our treaty of
arbitration.
Mr. President, what is all this for? Is the game worth the candle?
Is it worth while to put ourselves in a position and to remain in a
position to maintain which we may be driven to repudiate our prin-
ciples, our professions and our agreements for the purpose of con-
ferring a money benefit, — not very great, not very important, but a
money benefit, — at the expense of the Treasury of the United States,
upon the most highly and absolutely protected special industry in
the United States? Is it worth while? We refuse to help our foreign
shipping, which is in competition with the lower wages and the lower
standard of living of foreign countries, and we are proposing to do
this for a part of our coastwise shipping which has now by law the
absolute protection of a statutory monopoly and which needs no
help.
Mr. President, there is but one alternative consistent with self-
respect. We must arbitrate the interpretation of this treaty or we
must retire from the position we have taken.
O Senators, consider for a moment what it is that we are doing.
We all love our country; we are all proud of its history; we are all
full of hope and courage for its future; we love its good name; we
PANAMA CANAL TOLLS 27
desire for it that power among the nations of the earth which will
enable it to accomplish still greater things for civilization than it has
accomplished in its noble past. Shall we make ourselves in the minds
of the world like unto the man who in his own community is marked
as astute and cunning to get out of his obligations? Shall we make
ourselves like unto the man who is known to be false to his agree-
ments, false to his pledged word? Shall we have it understood the
whole world over that "you must look out for the United States or
she will get the advantage of you"; that we are clever and cunning
to get the better of the other party to an agreement, and that at the
end —
Mr. BRANDEGEE. "Slippery" would be a better word.
Mr. ROOT. Yes; I thank the Senator for the suggestion — "slip-
pery." Shall we in our generation add to those claims to honor and
respect that our fathers have established for our country good cause
that we shall be considered slippery?
It is worth while, Mr. President, to be a citizen of a great country,
but size alone is not enough to make a country great. A country
must be great in its ideals; it must be great-hearted; it must be noble;
it must despise and reject all smallness and meanness; it must be
faithful to its word; it must keep the faith of treaties; it must be
faithful to its mission of civilization in order that it shall be truly
great. It is because we believe that of our country that we are proud,
aye, that the alien with the first step of his foot upon our soil is proud
to be a part of this great democracy.
Let us put aside the idea of small, petty advantage; let us treat
this situation and these obligations in our relation to this canal in
that large way which befits a great nation.
Mr. President, how sad it would be if we were to dim the splendor
of that great achievement by drawing across it the mark of petty
selfishness; if we were to diminish and reduce for generations to
come the power and influence of this free Republic for the uplifting
and the progress of mankind by destroying the respect of mankind
for us! How sad it would be if you and I, Senators, were to make
ourselves responsible for destroying that bright and inspiring ideal
which has enabled free America to lead the world in progress toward
liberty and justice!
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SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
BY
CHARLES H. LEVERMORE
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
40 MT VERNON STREET, BOSTON
November, 1913
Vol. III. No. 11. Part II
Entered as second-class matter January 5, 1913, at the post-office at Boston, Mass.,
under the Act of August 24, 1912
INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY
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THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTER-
NATIONAL RELATIONS.
SUGGESTIONS FOR A COURSE OF LECTURES.
The purpose of these pages is to help, if possible, students and
teachers of history and political science in the study of international
relations. The phrase "international relations" presupposes among
States a certain amount of organization for common purposes. There
are many such organizations in existence, some public, or official,
and more private, or unconnected with official administration. The
last issue of the Annuaire de la Vie Internationale, which appeared for
the years 1910-11 from the Office Central des Associations Interna-
tionales at Brussels, shows just how many ties of both classes, public
and private, are now binding together the daily life, thought and action
of the present world-family of States and nations. This huge work,
giving in 2660 pages an account of 510 international organizations,
cannot be adequately even summarized here. The next Annuaire,*
for the years 1912-13, will doubtless show 600 or more of these tissues
of international life that cross all national boundaries and are rapidly
creating a common acquaintance and solidarity of sentiment through-
out the enlightened world. Out of this great number are selected
here the principal national and international forces that are working
to secure the substitution of peaceful, judicial methods of settling
international disputes for the method of warfare. In connection
with this list of associations will be found the essential statistical
information concerning their publications, and also concerning other
publications that deal with the same subject.
It should not be overlooked that the chancelleries of the enlight-
ened world and the incumbents of chief executive chairs, whether
royal or presidential, have now become almost universally eager and
active friends of permanent peace. If philanthropic and religious
motives have not impelled them to take this attitude, economic and
financial conditions have compelled it. The empire of credit and the
4 THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
vast expenditures in the mad race of armaments have together
forced the rulers of the great powers to dread nothing more than the
danger of using those armaments in the arbitrament of war.
In addition, these pages contain the outline of a course of at least
six possible lectures on the organization of the world for peace with
justice. The topics thus named will readily suggest many others.
Under each subject is a brief list of references from which the material
for a lecture or lectures can be derived. Classified among these
references will be found the principal publications of the various
organizations which promote world peace. The resources of local
libraries are not always adequate for the preparation of addresses
upon international relations. Persons interested hi the subject may
be pleased to learn from these pages how many valuable publications
may be obtained for a moderate outlay and how much may be had
merely for the asking. Some of the books mentioned in these lists
are now out of print and are so designated, but they have been retained
here because they are sometimes found in the markets and are useful
to the student.
Although a main purpose of this work is to present a comprehen-
sive view of the peace movement and to demonstrate inferentially
that existing international relations must broaden into international
peace and order, among the references all kinds of scholarly opinion
are represented. The chief defenders of the theory that war is in-
'evitable or even beneficial are entitled to their day in court, and
General von Bernhardi and Admiral Mahan are placed here by the
side of Norman Angell and Mr. and Mrs. Mead. The cause of World
Peace with Justice under Law is sure to profit by the complete com-
parison of argument.
THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS CLOSELY CONCERNED
WITH THE PROGRESS OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS.
American Association for International Conciliation, 1906. Dr.
Frederick P. Keppel, secretary, 407 West nyth Street, Sub-
station 84, New York City. This association is the American
branch of Conciliation Internationale, q. v. There are also
English, French and German branches. Pamphlet publications,
beginning in April, 1907, are distributed free up to the limit of
editions printed.
American Peace Society, founded 1815-1828. Secretary, Dr. Ben-
jamin F. Trueblood; executive director, Mr. Arthur Deerin Call,
Colorado Building, Washington, D.C. The Advocate of Peace, a
monthly publication, is the organ of the society. The subscrip-
tion price is $i per year. From this society also may be ob-
tained the Proceedings of the National Peace Congresses of 1907,
1909, 1911 and 1913. Each volume is sold for 75 cents. The
society publishes the report of the i3th Universal Peace Congress,
held in Boston in 1904, a volume of 350 pages, price 10 cents.
American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International
Disputes, founded in 1910. Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary,
2 Jackson Place, Washington, D.C. The annual conferences of
this society began in 1910. Volumes of proceedings are sent
free to members. Pamphlet publications, now issued quarterly,
are sent free to any address. Applications for them may be
made to the assistant secretary, Tunstall Smith, The Preston,
Baltimore, Md.
American Society of International Law, founded in 1905. Dr.
James Brown Scott, secretary, 2 Jackson Place, Washington,
D.C. Since 1907 the society has published quarterly the Amer-
ican Journal of International Law, $5 per annum.
Association de la Paix par le Droit, founded 1887. M. Jules
Prudhommeaux, secretary, 10 rue Monjardin, Nimes (Card),
France. Bimonthly organ, La Paix par le Droit. See also
Societe Franqaise pour V Arbitrage entre Nations.
6 THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, a league of students in colleges
and universities in the United States. Mr. Albert F. Coutant,
secretary, Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, Ithaca, N.Y. The first
Cosmopolitan Club was founded at Cornell University in 1904
by Modesto Quiroga, a student from Argentina. In the pre-
ceding year an International Club had been founded at the
University of Wisconsin by a Japanese student, K. K. Kawakami.
This club later became a member of the association. The organ
of the association, The Cosmopolitan Student, is published
monthly at the Cosmopolitan Club of the University of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor. The Cosmopolitan clubs are now affiliated with
European and South American student organizations in the
Corda Fratres, Federation Internationale des Etudiants.
Of the central committee of this federation the president
is Dr. John Mez, "Die Bruecke," Schwindstrasse 30,
Munich, Bavaria. The secretary is Mr. Miguel A. Munoz,
P.O. Box 1 1 12, San Juan, Porto Rico. The American
members of the committee are Mr. Louis P. Lochner
and Dr. G. W. Nasmyth, director of the International
Bureau of Students, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass.
Bureau International Permanent de la Paix, Berne, Switzerland.
See below, International Peace Bureau.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Dr. James
Brown Scott, secretary, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D.C. Its
Year Books, first issued in 1911, are sent free to any address.
Its European Bureau is at 24 rue Pierre Curie, Paris.
Conciliation Internationale, founded in 1905 by Baron d'Estour-
nelles de Constant. Secretarial office, 78 bis Avenue Henri Mar-
tin (16°), Paris, France.
"Corda Fratres," Federation Internationale des Etudiants. See
above, Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.
Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft, founded 1892. 86 branches and
5 affiliated societies. Dr. Arthur Westphal, secretary, Neck-
arstrasse 69a, Stuttgart, Germany. This society publishes
monthly Volker-Friede, subscription one mark per annum.
Federation Universelle des Etudiants Chretiens. See World's
Student Christian Federation.
Garton Foundation. An endowment for the study of international
relations with especial reference to the teachings of the book
THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 7
"The Great Illusion," by Norman Angell, who is one of the
prime movers in the foundation. Capt. the Hon. Maurice V.
Brett, secretary, Whitehall House, Whitehall, London," S.W.,
England. The Carton Foundation has several allied societies,
and not less than 31 Study Clubs have been formed under its
auspices. Its organ is War and Peace, published monthly from
October, 1913, and sold for 3^.
Institut de Droit International, founded in 1873, is now closely
associated with the Carnegie Endowment. The address of the
secretary-general is n rue Savaen, Ghent, Belgium. The In-
stitut publishes a valuable Annuaire, price 6 francs.
Institut International de la Paix. Gabriel Chavet, secretary, 4
rue de Greffuhle, Paris, VIII. Founded by Prince Albert of
Monaco in 1903, to publish documents important for the study
of international relations. It has published a voluminous bibli-
ography of Peace and Arbitration, prepared by Henri La Fontaine,
under the title "Bibliographic de la Paix et de PArbitrage Inter-
national." Vol. I, "The Peace Movement," appeared at Brus-
sels in 1904, price 5 francs. It includes publications prior to
May i, 1893. Its other publications are numerous.
Institutions Internationales, Office Central des, 3 bis rue de la
Regence, Palais des Beaux Arts, Brussels, Belgium. Directors,
Henri La Fontaine and Paul Otlet. This executive bureau,
founded in 1907, is the organ of the World Congresses of Inter-
national Associations, comprising nearly 600 organizations that
are international in character and influence. It is supported by
various governments, by the Institut International, and by the
Carnegie Endowment. It publishes (i) the reports of the Con-
gresses, (2) L' Annuaire de la Vie Internationale, which was founded
by Dr. Alfred H. Fried in 1905, and now appears in alternate
years (price varying; vol. for 1910-11, unbound, 40 francs)
and (3) La Revue de la Vie Internationale, monthly, price per
annum 25 francs, or $5.
International Arbitration and Peace Association. Mr. J. Fred-
erick Green, secretary, 40-41 Outer Temple, Strand, London,
W.C., England. The organ of this association is Concord, pub-
lished monthly, subscription is. 6d. per annum.
International Arbitration League. Mr. F. Maddison, secretary,
183 St. Stephen's House, Victoria Embankment, London, S.W.,
England. The organ of the league, the Arbitrator, is published
monthly, 2$. 6d. per annum.
8 THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Law Association, founded in 1873. 28 conferences.
Secretary's office, i Mitre Court Buildings, Temple, London, E.G.
International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de
la Paix). Dr. Albert Gobat, director, M. Henri Golay, secre-
tary, Kanonenweg 12, Berne, Switzerland. Organ, The Peace
Movement, published at least monthly in French, German and
English. Price, 10 francs per annum; for subscribers to peace
papers, 5 francs. The bureau publishes also an "Annuaire du
Mouvement Pacifiste," which covers with admirable thorough-
ness nearly the same ground as the "Peace Year Book," pub-
lished by the English National Peace Council.
Interparliamentary Union. Dr. Christian L. Lange, secretary,
251 Avenue du Longchamps, Uccle-Brussels, Belgium. The
union has published since 1911 an "Annuaire de 1'Union Inter-
parlementaire," price 5 francs. It also publishes a series of
"Documents Interparlementaires," beginning in 1910, i franc
each.
National Peace Council. Mr. Carl Heath, secretary, 167 St.
Stephen's House, Westminster, S.W., London. A central body,
representing 1 80 organizations. Publications: "The Peace Year
Book," beginning 1910, price i shilling; Monthly Circular, price
is. 2d. ; and many pamphlets.
Navy League of Great Britain, n Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.,
London. Publishes "The Navy League Annual," a complete
i review and critical study of naval conditions throughout the
world, seventh year, 1913, 2s. 6d.
Nobel Institut, Drammensvei 19, Kristiania, Norway. Librarian and
secretary of the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament,
M. Ragnvald Moe. The library of the institute, founded in
1904, has been divided into four sections; viz., The Peace Move-
ment, International Law, Political and Diplomatic History, and
Social Sciences (Political Economy and Sociology). The insti-
tute has published a volume entitled " Bibliographic du Mouve-
ment de la Paix," and a similar bibliography of international
law is announced for 1913.
Pan-American Union (formerly International Bureau of American
Republics). Hon. John Barrett, director-general, Washington,
D.C. This organization is charged with the business of the
quadrennial Pan-American Conferences (the last one at Buenos
Aires in 1910), and it publishes a monthly Bulletin in English,
Spanish, Portuguese and French, price of English edition per
THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 9
annum $2, single copies 25 cents. The Union also publishes
books, pamphlets and maps upon Latin-American topics.
Peace Society, The, of England, founded in 1816. Dr. W. Evans
Darby, secretary, 47 New Broad Street, London, E.G. 34
branches and affiliated societies. This society publishes monthly
The Herald of Peace and International Arbitration, subscription
per annum is. 6d.
Societa Internazionale per la Pace — Unione Lombarda. Signor
Doro Rosetti, secretary, Portici Settentrionali 21, Milan, Italy.
This society publishes bimonthly La Vita Internazionale, sub-
scription 12.50 lire.
Societe Fransaise pour P Arbitrage entre Nations, founded in
1867. M. le Dr. J. L. Peuch, secretary, 24 rue Pierre Curie,
Paris. Monthly publication, La Paix par le Droit, 3 francs 75
per annum.
Verband fur Internationalea Verstandigung, German branch of
Conciliation Internationale, but autonomous. Secretariate,
Oberursel bei Frankfurt a. M., Liebfrauenstrasse 22. This so-
ciety publishes " Mitteilungen des Verbandes fur Internationale
Verstandigung." Fee for membership, 3 marks.
World Peace Foundation, founded by Edwin Ginn of Boston in
1909 as the International School of Peace, reorganized and in-
corporated under the present name in 1910. Chief director,
Edwin D. Mead, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. This
Foundation publishes a series of pamphlets, and in addition the
volumes of an International Library. The lists of these publi-
cations down to date will be sent to any address, and single
copies of the pamphlet issues may be obtained gratuitously.
World's Student Christian Federation (Federation Universelle
des fitudiants Chretiens), the outgrowth of the international
activities of the Y. M. C. A. The moving spirit is Dr. John R.
Mott, and the central office is in the Y. M. C. A. Building at
124 East 28th Street, New York. Organ, The Student World,
quarterly, per annum 25 cents. Dr. Mott is also president of
the "continuation committee" of the World Missionary Con-
ference of All Protestant Churches, office 100 Princes Street,
Edinburgh, which publishes quarterly The International Review of
Missions.
World's Young Women's Christian Association. Office of general
secretary, 26 George Street, Hanover Square, London. Organ,
The World's Y. W. C. A. Quarterly, subscription per annum 6d.
10 THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
In addition to the publications referred to in the foregoing list
the inquirer may be interested to note the following: —
Australia: Pax, the organ of the New South Wales Peace Society.
Monthly, 25. 6d. per annum. Foy's Chambers, i Bond Street,
Sydney, N.S.W.
The Commonweal, monthly, 35. $d. per annum. Australian
Church, Flinders Street, Melbourne, Victoria.
Denmark: Fredsbladet, monthly, subscription per annum 50 ore,
Falledvej 14, Copenhagen. Organ of the Danish Peace Society.
England: The Peacemaker. Organ of the British section of the
Associated Councils of the Churches. 42 Parliament Street,
London, S.W.
France : Bulletin de la Ligue des Catholiques Franqais pour la Paix
(formerly the Society Gratry for advocating international peace).
Organ of the French section of the International League of
Catholic Pacifists. There are also Belgian, English, Spanish and
Swiss sections. Quarterly, free to members of the society, 40
rue Franklin, Lyon.
Le Courrier de l'£cole de la Paix, 28 Boulevard St. Marcel,
Paris. Occasional issues, each 15 centimes.
Revue Generate de Droit International Public, founded 1893,
conducted by M. Paul Fauchille, published by A. Pedone, 13
rue Soufflot, Paris, 6 numbers yearly, price 20 francs.
Germany : Die Friedenswarte, monthly, 6m. 60 per annum. Edited
by Dr. Alfred H. Fried, Widerhofergasse 5, Vienna; published
by Pass & Garleb, Berlin, W 57.
Holland : Vrede door Recht. Organ of La Ligue Generale Neerland-
aise, monthly, i florin per annum. Prinsessegracht 6, The
Hague.
Italy: Rivista di Diritto Internazionale, conducted by Prof. D.
Anzilotti, 8 via Bartolomeo Eustachio, Rome. Quarterly, per
annum 16 lire.
Sweden: Fredsfanan. Organ of the Swedish Society of Peace and
Arbitration. Regeringsgatan 74, Stockholm. Monthly, per
annum 2k. 50.
Switzerland : Les Etats Unis d' Europe. Journal of La Ligue Inter-
nationale de la Paix et de la Liberte. Lausenstrasse 43, Berne.
Monthly, price per annum 4 francs.
THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1 1
Der Friede. Organ of the Swiss Peace Society. B. Geering-
Christ, Baumleingasse 10, Bale. Monthly, subscription 3 francs
60 per annum.
United States : The Army and Navy Journal, 20 Vesey Street, New
York City, $6 per annum. A journal which represents the senti-
ment of military and naval officers. Advocates of peace and
students of international relations who read this publication will
know the militarist point of view.
The student of international relations will occasionally need to use
one or all of the following works of reference : —
Almanach de Gotha. Edited by Dr. Wendelmuth. A Year Book of Genea-
logical, Diplomatic and Statistical Information. Gotha: Justus Perthes,
1 5 ist year of publication. $3.
The Statesman's Year Book. London and New York: Macmillan. $3.
A work giving special prominence to the British Empire. Issued since 1863.
The American Statesman's Year Book. New York: McBride, Nast & Com-
pany. $4.
The American Year Book. Begun in 1910. New York: Appleton. $3.50.
Hazell's Annual Cyclopedia. Begun in 1885. New York: Scribner (impor-
ter). $1.50.
Contains an admirable account of all the important events of each year in each coun-
try on the globe, with summaries of political information and illustrative material.
Annuaire du Mouvement Pacifiste. Published by the International Peacfr
Bureau at Berne, Switzerland.
Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols and Agreements between
the United States of America and Other Powers, 1776-1909. Com-
piled by William M. Malloy. 2 vols. Washington: Government Print-
ing Office, 1910. $2.50.
There is also a supplementary volume, covering the years 1909-1913,
compiled by Garfield Charles (Sen. Doc. 1063, 626. Cong., 3d Session).
Navy Year Book. Compilation of Annual Naval Appropriation Laws from
1883 to date. Issued annually. Washington: Government Printing
Office. The volume for 1913 is U.S. Senate Doc. No. 955, 626. Congress,
3d Session.
The Naval Annual. By J. A. Brassey. Portsmouth, England: J. Griffin
& Company; London agents, Simpkin, Marshall & Company; imported
by Scribner. $5.
This work is the most complete and scholarly presentation of naval conditions that
is published in English.
12 THE RELATION OF WAR TO CIVILIZATION
Lecture I.
THE RELATION OF WAR TO CIVILIZATION IN ITS
VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT.
1. War as an historical institution. Progress from Fist-Right to
Law-Right; the right of private war is no longer recognized.
2. War as an arbiter: a test of strength, not of justice.
3. War now always wasteful and injurious, to the victors as well
as to the vanquished.
4. Biological results of warfare, the survival of the unfit.
5. The influence of warfare upon morals, public and private.
6. Preventives of warfare and substitutes for it:
1. Good offices and mediation.
2. Arbitration.
3. Commissions of inquiry — the Bryan peace plan.
4. Neutralization of territory.
5. Refusal of financial support. Isolation and non-inter-
course.
6. Proposed establishment of a Court of Arbitral Justice.
Cf. publications of the A. S. J. S. I. D.1
Allen, Arthur W. The Drain of Armaments. P., * W. P. F. Free.
AngeD, Norman. The Great Illusion; a study of the relation of military
power to national advantage. Latest edition, revised and enlarged.
London: Heinemann, 1912. 2$. 6d. American edition published by
Putnam, New York, 1913. $i.
. War and the Essential Realities. London: Watts & Company, gd.
. Peace Theories and the Balkan War. London: Horace Marshall
& Son, 1912, paper, 15.
Bloch, Jean de. The Future of War. W. P. F. 65 cents.
A translation of the more popular portion of the encyclopedic original work, "La
Guerre," which was published in six volumes.
'The following abbreviations are used. —
P. indicates pamphlet issues.
A. A. I. C. = American Association for International Conciliation; address, 407 West iirth Street,
Sub-station 84, New York City.
A. S. J. S. I. D.=American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes;
address, Tunstall Smith, The Preston, Baltimore, Md.
W. P. F.= World Peace Foundation; address, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass.
THE RELATION OF WAR TO CIVILIZATION 13
Butler, Charles H. Disarmament on the Great Lakes. P., W. P. F., 1910.
Free.
Chittenden, Gen. Henry M. War or Peace, a Present Duty and a Future
Hope. Chicago: McClurg, 1911. $i.
A discussion of war by an army officer.
Ellis, Havelock. The Forces Warring against War. P., W. P. F., 1913.
Free.
Foster, John W. War not Inevitable. P., W. P. F., 1911. Free.
Hayward, Charles W. War, Conscription, Armaments and Sanity. P.
Lonclon: Sherratt & Hughes, 1913. 6d.
A bitter attack upon Lord Roberts's plea for compulsory military service.
Hirst, F. W. The Six Panics and Other Essays. London: Methuen & Com-
pany, 1913. 35. 6d.
Contains an excellent analysis of six militarist panics in England since 1847.
How War reaches into your Pocket. P., W. P. F. Free.
Analysis of freight rates as affected by war.
James, William. The Moral Equivalent of War.1 P., A. A. I. C., 1910. Pub-
lished also in a volume of essays, "Memories and Studies." Longmans,
1911, $1.75; and printed in McClure's Magazine, August, 1910, vol. 35.
Jefferson, Charles E. The Delusion of Militarism. P., A. A. I. C., 1909.
Free.
Jordan, David Starr. Unseen Empire. Boston: American Unitarian As-
sociation. $1.25.
— . Concerning Sea Power. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
— . What shall We Say? Comments on War and Waste. P., W. P/F.
35 cents.
— . The Blood of the Nation. P., W. P. F. 15 cents.
— . The Human Harvest. Boston: American Unitarian Association,
1907. fi.
An enlargement of the pamphlet, "The Blood of the Nation."
— . War and Waste. A collection of essays. New York: Doubleday,
Page & Company, 1913. $1.25.
— and Krehbiel, Edward B. Syllabus of Lectures on International
Conciliation, Lectures II.-XV., XXVIII.-XXXI. P., W. P. F., 1912.
75 cents.
Kirkpatrick, George R. War,— What for? Published by the author at
West Lafayette, Ohio. 1910. $1.20.
A violent attack upon militarism from the Socialist standpoint.
Krehbiel, Edward B. Syllabus of Lectures on International Conciliation, in
collaboration with Jordan, David Starr, q. v. passim.
The Sixty-seven Reasons of the Navy League. P., W. P. F., 1913.
Free.
1 Out of print.
14 THE RELATION OF WAR TO CIVILIZATION
Mahan, Admiral Alfred Thayer. A defender of military establishments and
expenditures. Of this author's voluminous works, the most significant
in connection with our topics are the following: —
— . The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. $4.
— . The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Em-
pire. 2 vols. $6.
. The Influence of Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812
2 vols. $8.
. The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future. $2.
. The Interest of America in International Relations. $1.50.
. Some Neglected Aspects of War. $2.
— . The Problem of Asia and its Effect upon International Relations. $2.
— . Lessons of the War with Spain, and other articles. $2.
All of these books are published in Boston by Little, Brown & Company.
Massachusetts Commission on Cost of Living. The Waste of Militarism.
P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
Mead, Edwin D., ed. Shall Great Britain, Germany and the United States
now unite for the Limitation of Naval Armament? Contains also
excerpts from W. J. Bryan, N. M. Butler and others. P., W. P. F.
Free.
Mr. Bryan's Peace Plan. P., W. P. F. Free. Address at the conference
of the Interparliamentary Union, July 24, 1906, annotated.
Myers, Denys P. The Commission of Inquiry: The Wilson-Bryan Peace Plan.
P., W. P. F. 1913. Free.
Novikov, Jacques. War and its Alleged Benefits. London: Heinemann,
1912. 25. 6d. American edition published by Holt, New York, 1911. $i.
Penis, George Herbert. A Short History of War and Peace. London:
Williams & Norgate, 1911. American edition published by Holt. 50
cents.
A review of historical facts from the earliest times, with many suggestive generaliza-
tions.
Ralston, Jackson H. Some Supposed Just Causes of War. P., W. P. F.,
1911. Free.
Root, Elihu. Causes of War. P., A. A. I. C., 1909. Free.
Stratton, Geo. M. The Control of the Fighting Instinct. P., A. A. I. C.,
1913. Free.
What does Militarism mean to the Business Man? P., W. P. F. Free.
Wilkinson, Henry Spenser. War and Policy. New York: Dodd, Mead &
Company. $3.50.
. The Nation's Awakening. Dodd, Mead & Company. $1.50.
A defender of the military system.
THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY 15
Lecture II.
THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEALS IN INTER-
NATIONAL RELATIONS AND IN THE SETTLEMENT
OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROVERSIES.
1. The principles of popular sovereignty and human fraternity.
Ideals of public service.
2. Efficient organs of Public Opinion; the sovereign power in
Democracy.
3. The federal principle as an ideal of government; its bearing
upon questions of war and peace.
4. Attitude of organized Labor and of organized Capital.
5. Influence of Socialism.
Addams, Jane. Newer Ideals of Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1907.
$1.25.
Brewer, David J. The Mission of the United States in the Cause of Peace.
P., W. P. F.. 1911. Free.
Butler, Nicholas Murray. The International Mind. P., A. A. I. C., 1912.
Free.
— . The International Mind. New York: Scribner, 1912. 75 cents.
The volume contains Dr. Butler's addresses at the Lake Mohonk Conferences.
Gary, Edward. Journalism and International Affairs. P., A. A. I. C., 1909.
Free.
Coolidge, Archibald Gary. The United States as a World Power. Mac-
millan, 1908. 50 cents.
Croly, Herbert. The Promise of American Life. New York: Macmillan,
1911. $2.
Cunningham, W. An Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects;
Medieval and Modern Times. Cambridge: University Press, 1900.
$1.10.
Deming, William C. The Opportunity and Duty of the Press in Relation
to World Peace. P., A. A. I. C., 1913. Free.
Egerton, Hugh E. Federations and Unions within the British Empire.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911. 8s. 6d.
Begins with the New England Confederation of 1643 and ends with the South African
Act of Union, 1909.
1 6 THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY
Fiske, John. American Political Ideas. Houghton Mifflin Company. $1.50.
Freeman, Edward A. History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy.
Edited by J. B. Bury. 2d edition. Macmillan, 1893. $3.75.
Gould, F. J. Brave Citizens. London: Watts & Company, 1911. is.
Grange, The, and Peace. Committee Report adopted by the National
Grange, 1907. P., W. P. F., 1911. Free.
Hart, Albert Bushnell. National Ideals. New York: Harper. $2.
In American Nation Series.
Herv6, G. My Country, Right or Wrong. Translated by G. Bowman.
London: Fifield, 1910. 35. 6d.
Jordan, David Starr. America's Conquest of Europe. Boston: American
Unitarian Association, 1913. 60 cents.
Kelly, Myra. The American Public School as a Factor in International Con-
ciliation. P., A. A. I. C., 1909. Free.
Kirkpatrick, George R. War,— What for? Cf. Lecture I.
Kraus, Herbert. Die Monroedoktrin, in ihren Beziehungen zur Amerikan-
ischen Diplomatie und zum Volkerrecht. Berlin: J. Guttentag. Un-
bound, 9m.; bound, lom.
Latane, J. H. America a World Power. New York: Harper. $2.
In American Nation Series, edited by A. B. Hart.
Low, A. Maurice. The American People. Vol. I, The Planting of a Nation;
Vol. II, The Harvesting of a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Com-
pany. $2.25.
Mead, Edwin D. Washington, Jefferson and Franklin on War. P., W. P. F.,
1913. Free.
— . Heroes of Peace. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
Mead, Lucia Ames. Patriotism and the New Internationalism. P., W. P. F.
20 cents.
Moore, John Bassett. American Diplomacy: its Spirit and Achievements.
New York: Harper, 1905. $2.
— . Four Phases of American Development: Federalism, Democracy,
Imperialism, Expansion. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1912. $2.
Moritzen, Julius. The Peace Movement of America. New York: Putnam,
1912. $3.
A wide-ranging account of forces and personalities.
Neill, Charles P. Interest of the Wage-earner in the Peace Movement.
P., A. A. I. C., 1913. Free.
Novikov, J. La Critique du Darwinisme Social. Paris: Felix Alcan, 1910.
7 francs 50.
THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION 17
Penis, George Herbert. Pax Britannica, a Study of the History of British
Pacification. New York: Macmillan, 1913. 55.
Reinsch, Paul S. American Love of Peace and European Skepticism. P.,
A. A. I. C., 1913. Free.
Ross, Edward A. Social Control. A Survey of the Foundation of Order.
New York: Macmillan. $1.25.
In Citizen's Library.
Schaffle, A. Impossibility of Social Democracy. New York: Scribner,
$1.25.
— . Quintessence of Socialism. New York: Scribner. $i.
Keenly critical discussions of Socialist doctrines.
Smith, J. A. The Spirit of American Government. New York: Macmillan.
$1.25.
In Citizen's Library.
Snow, Alpheus H. Development of the American Doctrine of the Jurisdic-
tion of Courts over States. P., A. S. J. S. I. D., 1911. Free.
Sunnier, Charles. Addresses on War. W. P. F. 60 cents.
Trueblood, Benjamin F. The Federation of the World. 3d edition. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1908. $i.
Walling, William English. Socialism as it is; a survey of the world-wide revo-
lutionary movement. New York: Macmillan. $2.
A book by one of the most thoughtful Socialist leaders.
Weyl, Walter E. The New Democracy. New York: Macmillan, 1912. $2.
Written from the Progressive standpoint.
Wilson, Woodrow. The New Freedom. New York: Doubleday, Page &
Company, 1913. $i.
Wylie, F. J. Cecil Rhodes and his Scholars as Factors in International Con-
ciliation. P., A. A. I. C., 1909. Free.
Lecture III.
INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE OF RELIGION, IN THEORY
AND IN PRACTICE.
1. Principles of ethics for individuals and for nations.
2. Progress from physical to spiritual force.
3. "Am I my brother's keeper? " What principles caused the
"Wars of Religion"?
1 8 THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION
4. Duty of Christian nations with reference to the injunctions in
Matt. v. 9 and Luke v. 27.
5. The significance and influence of Christian missions.
Barr, James. Christianity and War. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1903.
15. 6d.
Capen, Samuel B. Foreign Missions and World Peace. P., W. P. F., 1912.
Free.
Channing, William E. Discourses on War. Boston: W. P. F. 60 cents.
Churches and the Peace Movement, The. P., W. P. F. Free.
Dodge, David L. War Inconsistent with the Religion of Jesus Christ. P.,
W. P. F. 60 cents.
Essays towards Peace. By John M. Robertson, Edward Westermarck, Nor-
man Angell and S. H. Swinny, with an introduction by Hypatia Brad-
laugh Bonner. Published by the Rationalist Peace Society. London:
Watts & Company, gd.
Grane, Canon William Leighton. The Passing of War. New York: Mac-
millan, 1912. $2.50.
Kellogg, Vernon Lyman. Beyond War. A chapter in the natural history of
man. New York: Holt, 1912. $i.
Lawrence, T. J. The Church's Duty in furthering International Peace.
London: 167 St. Stephen's House, Westminster, S.W., National Peace
Council, id.
Mead, Edwin D. Heroes of Peace. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
Mott, John R. Religious Forces in the Universities of the World. Report
to the Conference of the Federation of Christian Students, 1913. New
York: Y. M. C. A. Building, 124 E. 28th Street.
Myers, Philip Van Ness. History as Past Ethics. An Introduction to the
History of Morals. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1913. $1.50.
Rauschenbusch, Walter. Christianity and the Social Crisis. New York:
Macmillan. $1.50.
. Christianizing the Social Order. New York: Macmillan. $1.50.
Simmons, Henry M. The Cosmic Roots of Love. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
Stratton, George M. The Double Standard in regard to Fighting. P.,
A. A. I. C. Free.
Sumner, William G. War and Other Essays. New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1911. $2.25.
Walsh, Walter. The Moral Damage of War. W. P. F. 90 cents.
A searching analysis with illustrations derived from the war between England and the
Boers.
Warner, Horace Edward. The Ethics of Force. W. P. F. 55 cents.
DISCUSSION OF ARBITRATION 19
Lecture IV.
HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF ARBITRA-
TION, THE FACT AND THE FORMS.
1. Arbitration in its broadest sense is a plan for settling a dispute
by obtaining and abiding by the judgment of a selected person or
persons instead of taking the dispute to the national courts or to
the battlefield.
2. Historical review of arbitration.
a. Influence of industrial and commercial arbitration, recog-
nized in the Roman law, Pandects, Bk. IV, sec. 8,
in the medieval Law Merchant, in the common law
of Great Britain, and in voluntary and compulsory
arbitration laws of modern times.
b. Public arbitration, a usage familiar among the cities of
ancient Greece and in the Roman republic, in the
Middle Ages usually a function of high ecclesiastical
dignitaries, and of such monarchs as Louis IX of
France.
1 7th century arbitration agreements were made between
England, France, Holland and other powers; cf.
Darby, International Tribunals, pp. 240-270.
i8th century, 6 arbitrations; igth century, 471 arbitra-
tions. Since 1900 about 150 arbitrations; cf.
Myers, Revised List of Arbitration Treaties, notes.
3. Arbitrations in which the United States has been a party.
Disputes about boundary lines. The Geneva arbitration.
4. Should considerations of "national honor and vital interests"
prevent recourse to arbitration?
5. Arbitrations under: —
1. Mutual agreements.
2. Clauses in commercial and political treaties; arbitration
treaties.
3. The Hague conventions, by the Hague Tribunal, in
operation since 1902.
4. Constitutional requirements, Brazil, Venezuela, San
Domingo, Portugal.
Baty, T. International Law. New York: Longmans, 1909. $2.25.
A misleading title. This is really a study of/the progress of international relations
from conditions of Independence toward conditions of Interdependence.
20 DISCUSSION OF ARBITRATION
Bourne) Randolph S. Arbitration and International Politics. P., A. A. I. C.,
1913. Free.
Darby, W. Evans. International Tribunals. 4th edition. London: J. M.
Dent & Company, 1904. $3.50.
An historical review with reprints of important documents.
Fitzpatrick, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles. International Arbitration. P., A. A. I. C.,
1911. Free.
Gibbons, James Cardinal. Arbitration between Great Britain and the
United States. P., A. A. I. C., 1911. Free.
Hay, John, and Root, Elihu. Instructions to the American Delegates to the
Hague Conferences, 1899 and 1907. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
Hyde, Charles Cheney. Legal Problems Capable of Settlement by Arbitra-
tion. P., A. S. J. S. I. D., 1910. Free.
Jordan, David Starr, and Krehbiel, Edward B. Syllabus of Lectures on In-
ternational Conciliation. P., W. P. F., 1912. 75 cents.
Especially Lectures XXI.-XXIII.
La Fontaine, Henri. Pasicrisie Internationale. Berne: Staempfli & Com-
pany, 1902. 40 francs.
A documentary history of international arbitrations since Jay's treaty, 1794.
Lammasch, Heinrich, and Ralston, Jackson H. The Anglo-American Arbi-
tration Treaties, and Forces making for International Conciliation and
Peace. P., A. A. I. C., 1911. Free.
Mahan, Admiral A. T. Armaments and Arbitration, or the Place of Force in
the International Relations of States. New York: Harper, 1912. $1.40.
A study of arbitration from the militarist point of view.
Mead, Edwin D. The International Duty of the United States and Great
Britain. P., W. P. F., 1911. Free.
Moore, John Bassett. History and Digest of the International Arbitrations
to which the United States has been a Party. Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1898. Out of print. 6 vols. 1-2, History; 3-4, Digest;
5, Domestic Commissions, Notes and Treaties; 6, Maps.
A new edition is being prepared, and will be published by the Carnegie Endowment .
The new edition will include all arbitrations between all nations.
Morris, Robert C. International Arbitration and Procedure. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1911. $1.45.
From the tune of Herodotus to the Hague Conferences.
Myers, Denys Peter. Revised List of Arbitration Treaties. P., W. P. F.,
1912. Free.
Oppenheim, Lassa. The Panama Canal Conflict between Great Britain and
the United States of America. 2d edition. Cambridge: University
Press. 75 cents.
Phillipson, Coleman. The International JLaw and Custom of Ancient Greece
and Rome. 2 vols. Londdn: Macmillan, 1911. $6.50.
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 21
Pillsbury, Albert E. The Arbitration Treaties. P., W. P. F. Free. An
examination of the majority report of the Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations.
Pius X, His Holiness the Pope. Letters to the Apostolic Delegate to the
United States of America. P., A. A. I. C., 1911. Free.
Raeder, A. L' Arbitrage international chez les Hellenes. Kristiania:
Nobel Institut, 1912.
The best work on this subject yet written.
Ralston, Jackson H. International Arbitral Law and Procedure. W. P. F.,
I9IO. $2.20.
An exhaustive digest of arbitral procedure. See also under Lammasch and Ralston,
"The Anglo-American Arbitration Treaties."
Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, together with the Views of
the Minority upon the General Arbitration Treaties with Great Britain
and France, signed on August 3, 1911. With Appendices. Sen. Doc.
No. 98, 62d Cong., ist Session. Washington, 1911.
Root, Elihu. Panama Canal Tolls: The Obligations of the United States.
P., W. P. F., 1913. Free.
See also under Hay, John.
The General Arbitration Treaties of 1911. P., A. A. I. C., 1911. Free.
Tod, Marcus Niebuhr. International Arbitration amongst the Greeks.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913. 85. 6d.
A learned essay with a review of the epigraphical evidence.
Lecture V.
EXISTING INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND AS-
SOCIATIONS. THE WORK OF THE HAGUE CONFER-
ENCES AND COURT.
1. Modern business is international, ignores political boundary
lines. The "Unseen Empire" of Finance.
2. Scope of the work of the Central Office of International Associ-
ations at Brussels.
a. International organizations not connected with any gov-
ernmental activities. Among about 450 such associa-
tions there are: —
41 international associations concerning labor, chiefly
organizations of artisans;
93 international associations of persons interested in the
applications of scientific knowledge, as in medicine
22 WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
and hygiene, chemistry, physics, engineering and
agriculture ;
no international associations of persons interested in
scientific research and education;
77 international associations of persons interested in
philosophy, morals, religion and law.
b. Public international associations in which governments are
represented, about 50 in number.
Hague Conferences; Pan-American and Central American Con-
gresses; international conferences or committees for conservation,
police administration, protection and promotion of commercial and
business interests (as the International Institute of Agriculture at
Rome, founded in 1905, includes representatives of 48 countries);
for scientific, educational and judicial purposes, and for the improve-
ment of conditions of transportation and communication (as the
Universal Postal Union).
3. "The Concert of Europe" as an international influence. Is
there such a thing as Pan-Americanism? The Pan-American Union.
The Central American Congresses (yearly since 1909). The Central
American Court of Justice at San Jose, Costa Rica. The Inter-
parliamentary Union.
4. The First Hague Conference, May 18, 1899. 26 states repre-
sented. Conventions: —
1. Concerning the pacific settlement of international disputes.
a. Mediation. Cf. President Roosevelt and the Ports-
mouth Treaty between Russia and Japan.
b. International Commissions of Inquiry. Cf. the Dog-
ger Bank affair and the Bryan peace plan.
c. The Permanent Tribunal of Arbitration, organized
1901. First case between Mexico and the United
States, 1902. A dozen cases have been tried and
decided.
2. Concerning the laws and customs of war on land. A code
of Articles of War, based on the Lieber Code, restricting
warfare in the interests of humanity and health.
3. Concerning the adaptation to maritime warfare of the
principles of the Geneva Convention of August 22, 1864
(the Red Cross rules).
•
The Conference also adopted three declarations, which prohibited
the throwing of projectiles from balloons or other analogous means
WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 23
of transportation (adopted for a term of five years) ; the use of pro-
jectiles having as their sole object the diffusion of asphyxiating or
deleterious gases; and the use of bullets which expand or flatten easily
in the human body.
5. The Second Hague Conference, 1907. 44 states represented.
Conventions: —
1. Concerning the pacific settlement of international disputes.
Rules of international procedure codified.
2. Concerning the limitation of the use of force for the
recovery of contractual debts. Adoption of the Porter-
Drago doctrine.
3. 4. Concerning rules of war. There must be a declaration
of war before hostilities begin; areas of warfare defined
and restricted.
5, 13. Rights and duties of neutral powers and persons de-
fined so as to increase the protection of neutrals.
6-i i. Rules for maritime warfare; unfortified places must
not be bombarded; inviolability of neutral property fa-
vored, but subject deferred for the sake of England.
12. An International Prize Court agreed upon (cf. Declaration
of London in 1908-1909).
The Conference also adopted a declaration prohibiting the launch-
ing of explosives from balloons and air-craft "until the end of the
next conference."
The Conference also adopted a Draft Convention containing the
constitution of a Court of Arbitral Justice, and called the attention
of the powers to the advisability of adopting it.
The Final Act of the Conference recommends the assembly of a
third Peace Conference and the preparation of a program for it.
35 of the 44 nations voted for a general treaty of obligatory arbi-
tration.
6. Agenda for the Third Hague Conference. The question of ex-
penditures for armaments. Significance of the Peace Palace at The
Hague, opened August 29, 1913.
Annuaire du Mouvement Pacifiste. Published at Berne, Switzerland, by the
International Peace Bureau.
Annuaire de la Vie Internationale. Published at Brussels, Belgium, by the
Office Central des Institutions Internationales (1910-11). 40 francs.
Choate, Joseph H. The Two Hague Conferences. Princeton: University
Press, 1913. $i.
24 WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Foster, John W. Arbitration and the Hague Court. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1904. $i.
Discusses the events which led to the First Conference.
Hay, John, and Root, Elihu. Instructions to the American Delegates to the
Hague Conferences, 1899 and 1907. P., W. P. F. Free.
Heath, Carl. The Peace Year Book. (Issued since 1910.) London: The
National Peace Council, 167 St. Stephen's House, Westminster, S.W. is.
The Work of the Hague Tribunal. P. London: National Peace
Council, id.
— . Cost of the War System to the British People for Fifty Years. P.
London: National Peace Council, id.
Rolls, Frederick W. The Peace Conference at The Hague and its Bearings
on International Law and Policy. New York: Macmillan. $2.25.
Hull, William I. The Two Hague Conferences. W. P. F. $1.65.
— . The New Peace Movement. W. P. F. $i.
Jordan, David Starr, and Krehbiel, Edward B. Syllabus of Lectures on
International Conciliation, especially Lectures XXIV.-XXVII. P.,
W. P. F., 1912. 75 cents.
Lange, Christian L. Parliamentary Government and the Interparliamentary
Union. P., W. P. F., 1911. Free.
— . The Interparliamentary Union. P., A. A. I. C., 1913. Free.
Lawrence, Thomas J. International Problems and Hague Conferences.
London: J. M. Dent & Company, 1908. 35. 6d.
Mead, Edwin D. The Results of the Two Hague Conferences and the De-
mands upon the Third Conference. P., W. P. F. Free.
The United States and the Third Hague Conference. P., W. P. F.
Free.
Myers, Denys P. The Record of The Hague. Tables showing cases de-
cided and Conventions ratified to November i, 1913. P., W. P. F. Free.
— . Twelve Years of the Hague Tribunal. P., W. P. F., 1913. Free.
Politis, N. The Work of the Hague Court. P., A. S. J. S. I. D., 1911. Free.
Reinsch, Paul S. Public International Unions, their Work and Organization.
W. P. F., 1911. $1.65.
Scott, James Brown. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. Bal-
timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1909. 2 vols. $5.
Contains full text of conventions.
Scott, James Brown, Editor. Texts of the Peace Conferences at The Hague.
W. P. F. $2.20.
— . American Addresses at the Second Hague Conference. W. P. F.
$1.65.
Tryon, James L. The Hague Peace System in Operation. P., Massachusetts
Peace Society.
HOW CAN A WORLD-ORGANIZATION SECURE PEACE? 25
Whelpley, James D. The Trade of the World. New York: The Century
Company, 1913. $2.
White, Andrew D. The First Hague Conference. W. P. F. 55 cents.
A diary, written during the Conference.
Wilson, George G. International Justice. American Baptist Publication
Society, 1911. 10 cents.
Lecture VI.
HOW CAN A WORLD-ORGANIZATION SECURE AND
INSURE PEACE WITH JUSTICE?
1. Problems of racial differences and antagonisms.
2. Problems of conflicting political and economic ambitions.
3. Problems of disarmament.
4. Rivalries in commerce and industry.
5. Common fundamental purposes and ideals.
6. Foundations of co-operation. The international State.
Andrews, C. M. The Historical Development of Modern Europe, 1815-
1897. Students' Edition. 2 vols. in i. Putnam. $2.75.
Angell, Norman. Peace Theories and the Balkan War. London: Horace
Marshall & Son. is.
Baldwin, Simeon E. The New Era of International Courts. P., A. S. J. S.
I. D., 1910. Free.
Barclay, Sir Thomas. The Turco-Italian War and its Problems. With a
chapter on Moslem Feeling by Rt. Hon. Ameer Ali, and appendices
containing a full documentary history. London: Constable & Com-
pany, 1912. 55.
Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von. Germany and the Next War. London:
Edward Arnold, 1912. los.
The work of a sincere defender of warfare.
Bingham, Hiram. The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1913. $1.15.
Bishop, Joseph B. The Panama Gateway. New York: Scribner, 1913.
$2.50.
Bridgman, Raymond L. World Organization. W. P. F., 1905. 60 cents.
— . The First Book of World Law. W. P. F. $1.65.
Bryce, James. The Relations of the Advanced and Backward Races of Man-
kind. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902. 70 cents.
26 HOW CAN A WORLD-ORGANIZATION SECURE PEACE?
China Year Book, The. 1912 and 1913. London: Routledge; New York:
E. P. Dutton & Company. ios.
A complete analysis of Chinese conditions during the change from empire to republic
with translations of original documents.
DeForest, John H. The Truth about Japan. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
Dole, Charles F. The Right and Wrong of the Monroe Doctrine. P., W. P. F.,
1912. Free.
Eliot, Charles William. Japanese Characteristics. P., A. A. I. C., 1913.
Free.
. Some Roads towards Peace. A Report to the Trustees of the Endow-
ment on Observations made in China and Japan in 1912. P., Carnegie En-
dowment for International Peace. Free.
Finot, Jean. Race Prejudice. Translated by Florence Wade-Evans. Lon-
don: Constable, 1906; New York: Dutton, importer. $3.
• Fish, G. M. International Commercial Policies. New York: Macmillan.
$1.25.
In Citizen's Library.
Fullerton, William Morton. Problems of Power. A study of international
politics from Sadowa to Kirk-Kilisse. London: Constable, 1913. 7$. 6J.
The work of a journalist who fears the ambitions of German statesmen.
» Gannett, William C. International Good-will as a Substitute for Armies
and Navies. P., W. P. F., 1912. Free.
» Haldane, Viscount, of Cloan. Higher Nationality. A study in law and
ethics. P., A. A. I. C., 1913. Free.
Also reprinted complete in a special bulletin.
* Hill, David Jayne. World Organization as affected by the Nature of the
Modern State. New York: Columbia University Press, 1911. $1.50.
» Hirst, Francis W. The Logic of International Co-operation. P., A. A. I. C.,
1909. Free.
Hobson, John Atkinson. Psychology of Jingoism.1 London: A. Moring &
Company. 25. 6d.
. Imperialism. A study.1 London: Constable. 2s. 6d.
. International Trade.1 An explication of Economic Theory. Lon-
don: Methuen & Company. 25. 6d.
Hull, William I. The International Grand Jury. P., A. S. J. S. I. D., 1912.
Free.
International Conciliation in the Far East. Papers by five different authori-
ties. P., A. A. I. C., 1910. Free.
Johnston, Sir Harry. Common Sense in Foreign Policy. London: Smith,
Elder & Company, 1913. 23. 6d.
A pragmatic study of present conditions in the British Empire.
•Out of print.
HOW CAN A WORLD-ORGANIZATION SECURE PEACE? 27
Jordan, David Starr, and Krehbiel, Edward B. Syllabus of Lectures on In- *
ternational Conciliation. Especially lectures XXXII.-XXXVIL W. P.
F. 75 cents.
Kraus, Herbert. Die Monroedoktrin. See Lecture II.
La Fontaine, Henri. Existing Elements of a Constitution of the United States
of the World. P., A. A. I. C., 1911. Free.
Lange, Christian L. Parliamentary Government and the Interparliamentary \
Union. P., W. P. F., 1911. Free.
Loria, Achille. Les Bases ficonomiques de la Justice International. Kris-
tiania: Nobel Institut.
Lorimer, James. The Institutes of the Law of Nations. 2 vols. Edinburgh: *
Blackwood, 1884. $6.
Especially Book V. in Vol. II., "The Ultimate Problem of International Jurispru-
dence," pp. 183-299.
Lowell, A. Lawrence. Governments and Parties in Continental Europe.
2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1896-97. $5.
Macfarland, Henry B. F. The Supreme Court of the World. P., A. S. J. S. •
I. D., November, 1913. Free.
Mead, Edwin D. The International Duty of the United States and Great
Britain. P., W. P. F., 1911. Free.
Mead, Lucia Ames. Swords and Ploughshares. New York: Putnam, 1912.
$1.50.
Nabuco, Joaquim. The Approach of the Two Americas. P., A. A. I. C.,
1908. Free.
Novikov, Jacques. La F6d6ration de 1'Europe. Paris: Felix Alcan, 1901.
3 francs, 50.
There is an Italian edition, Milan, Verri, 1895, and a German edition, edited by
Dr. A. H. Fried. Berlin and Berne, Edelheim, 1901. A careful consideration of the
helps and hindrances and of the possibilities of realization.
Osborne, John Ball. Influence of Commerce in the Promotion of Interna- •
tional Peace. P., A. A. I. C., 1909. Free.
Pratt, Sereno S., and four others. Finance and Commerce, their Relation •
to International Good- will. P.T A. A. I. C., 1912. Free.
Reinsch, Paul S. International Political Currents in the Far East. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911. $2.
. World Politics as influenced by the Oriental Situation. New York:
Macmillan, 1900. $1.25.
Reprints: from the London Economist, "Profit and Patriotism"; from the
New York Evening Post, "Money-making and War." P., A. A. I. C.,
1913. Free.
Only the first article is commended to the student.
Rowe, Leo S. Possibilities of Intellectual Co-operation between North and
South America. New York: A. A. I. C., 1908. Free.
28 HOW CAN A WORLD-ORGANIZATION SECURE PEACE?
Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German Problem. London and New York:
Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1912. is.
Written to prove that Imperialism is the enemy of World Peace, and especially
German Imperialism.
Spiller, Gustav. Inter-racial Problems. W. P. F. $2.40. Papers com-
municated to the first Universal Races Congress, London, 1911.
Stunner, William G. Folkways. Boston: Ginn & Company. $3.00.
Tryon, James L. The Proposed High Court of Nations. P., American Peace
Society, 1910. Free.
Usher, Roland G. Pan- Germanism. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company,
1913. $1.75.
A study of recent international politics.
Wilson, President. On the United States and Latin America. P., W. P. F.
1913. Free. Speech at the Southern Commercial Congress.
Among the pamphlet publications of the A. A. I. C. the following additional
items may be here particularly noted: —
Cole, Percival R. The United States and Australia, 1910. Free.
Douglas, James. The United States and Mexico, 1910. Free.
Hume, Martin. The United States and Spain, 1909. Free.
Ladd, George T. The United States and Japan, 1908. Free.
Von Lewinski, Karl. The United States and Germany, 1910. Free.
Wendell, Barrett. The United States and France, 1908. Free.
Willison, J. S. The United States and Canada, 1908. Free.
Yen, Wei-Ching. The United States and China, 1909. Free.
Charles Scribner's Sons publish a series of volumes upon the fhistory of
our South American neighbors. Each volume costs $3. The following are
either ready or in press: —
Dalton, L. V. Venezuela.
Dennis, Pierre. Brazil.
Eder, P. J. Colombia.
Elliott, G. F. S. Chile.
Enock, C. R. Mexico.
" " Peru.
Hardy, M. R. Paraguay.
Hirst, W. A. Argentina.
Redway, James. Guiana, British, French and Dutch.
Jfounbation
IDnmpfjlet
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
U
WORK IN 1913
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
40 MT. VERNON STREET, BOSTON
December, 1913
Vol. III. No. 12
Entered as second-class matter January 15, 1913, at the post-office at Boston, Mass,
under the Act of August 24, 1912
THE MONROE DOCTRINE. By
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
PAMPHLET SERIES
Volume I was issued quarterly from April to October, igii, and sets as complete as possible
may be had on request for binding. Pamphlets in the volume include: —
THE RESULTS OF THE TWO HAGUE CONFERENCES AND THE DEMANDS
UPON THE THIRD CONFERENCE, by EDWIN D. MEAD; SIR EDWARD GREY ON
UNION FOR WORLD PEACE, speech in House of Commons, March 13, 1911; THE WORLD
PEACE FOUNDATION, by EDWIN GINN; THE INTERNATIONAL DUTY OF THE
UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN, by EDWIN D. MEAD; SOME SUPPOSED
JUST CAUSES OF WAR, by Hon. JACKSON H. RALSTON; SYNDICATES FOR WAR (Lon-
don correspondence of the New York Evening Post); WAR NOT INEVITABLE, by Hon. JOHN
W. FOSTER; PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT AND THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY
UNION, by Dr. CHRISTIAN L. LANGE; CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE FOR ARBITRA-
TION; and THE MISSION OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CAUSE OF PEACE ,
by Hon. DAVID J. BREWER.
January Volume II, 1912 (Quarterly)
No. 4. Part I. CONCERNING SEA POWER. By DAVID STARR JORDAN
Part II. HEROES OF PEACE. By EDWIN D. MEAD
Part III. INTERNATIONAL GOOD WILL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR ARMIES
AND NAVIES. By WILLIAM C. GANNETT
Parti. See Volume III, No. 6
Part II. THE TRUTH ABOUT JAPAN. By JOHN H. DE FOREST
Part III. THE COSMIC ROOTS OF LOVE. By HENRY M. SIMMONS
Part IV. WORLD SCOUTS. By ALBERT JAY NOCK
PartV. THE RIGHT AND WRONG OF
CHARLES F. DOLE
Part I. THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION: ITS PRESENT ACTIVITIES
Part II. NEUTRALIZATION: AMERICA'S OPPORTUNITY. By IRVING
WlNSLOW
Part III. WILLIAM T. STEAD AND HIS PEACE MESSAGE. By JAMES
A. MACDONALD
Part IV. EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL
FRIENDSHIP. By LUCIA AMES MEAD
PartV. REVISED LIST OF ARBITRATION TREATIES. Compiled by
October DENYS p- MYERS
No. 7. Parti. HEROES OF THE SEA. By W. M. THACKERAY
Part II. THE FORCES THAT MAKE FOR PEACE. By Hon. WILLIAM J. BRYAN
Part III. FOREIGN MISSIONS AND WORLD PEACE. By SAMUEL B. CAPEN
Part IV. THE LITERATURE OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT. By EDWIN D. MEAD
Part V. THE WASTE OF MILITARISM. From the Report of the Massachusetts
Commission on the Cost of Living
Volume III, 1913 (Monthly)
January, No. 1. WORK IN 1912
p,h *r o J THE WOUNDED. By NOEL BUXTON, M.P.
February, No. 2. j WOMEN AND WAR> By M. A. STOBART
March, No. 3. PANAMA CANAL TOLLS. By Hon. ELIHU ROOT
April, No. 4. INSTRUCTIONS TO AMERICAN HAGUE DELEGATES, 1899 and 1907
May, No. 5. Parti. WASHINGTON, JEFFERSON AND FRANKLIN ON WAR. By
EDWIN D. MEAD
Part II. THE INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY
June, No. 6. THE DRAIN OF ARMAMENTS. By ARTHUR W. ALLEN
July, No. 7. Part I. ORGANIZING THE PEACE WORK. By EDWIN GINN
Part II. INTERNATIONALISM AMONG UNIVERSITIES. By Louis
P. LOCHNER
August, No. 8. THE FORCES WARRING AGAINST WAR. By HAVELOCK ELLIS
September, No 9. TO THE PICKED HALF MILLION. By WILLIAM T STEAD
October, No. 10. OUR DUTY CONCERNING THE PANAMA CANAL TOLLS. By
April
No. 5.
July
No. 6.
November
No. 11. Parti.
THOMAS RAEBURN WHITE and CHARLEMAGNE TOWER
THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY: THE WILSON-BRYAN PEACE
PLAN. By DENYS P. MYERS
[PartH. SUGGESTIONS FOR LECTURES ON INTERNATIONAL RELA-
TIONS. By CHARLES H. LEVERMORE
December, No. 12. WORK IN 1913
Volume IV, 1914
January, No. 1. AMERICAN LEADERSHIP FOR PEACE AND ARBITRATION. By
CARL SCHURZ
Single copies free. Price in quantities on application
Volume title-pages for binding furnished on request
WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
40 Mt. Vernon Street
Boston, Mass.
We have before us a task that few comprehend. It is for us not
only to institute the measures necessary to curtail this awful waste
of life and property, but to bring conviction to the masses that this
question cannot be handled successfully by a few people. It is a
work for the whole world. We must do our part towards bringing
the subject so forcefully before each and every one that all will feel
that it is necessary to take a hand in it. We go about our vocations
of every kind, giving ninety-nine per cent, of our time and money
to them, with hardly a thought or a dollar to the greatest of all needs,
and expect these terrible evils of war will be done away with, — that
in some way the powers of the earth or the heavens will remove them.
Great changes in the established order of things do not come about
in this way. The All-wise Power has no hands or voices but ours.
He must work through His creatures; and, if we fail to take up His
commands, the work will have to wait. Latent feeling must be
transformed into action. The peace leaders have not impressed the
people sufficiently with the idea that this is a work that must be under-
taken by the people as a whole in a large way if any great change is
to be made, and that it will never succeed with an indefinite and un-
certain source of supply. We must place responsibility as broadly
as possible upon the people, and ask each to take a hand in contribu-
tions of both money and time. It is not enough for the minister in
the pulpit to devote one Sunday in the year to a peace sermon; nor
for the teacher in the school to give one day in the year to peace
lessons; nor the newspaper one editorial in the year; nor for the men
of business and finance to have a convention once a year to talk over
these matters. All must be awakened to the necessity of taking a
vital hand in this work. The future of our cause depends especially
upon the co-operation of vigorous young men who wish to devote
their whole lives to carrying it forward; and to such our schools and
colleges and churches and the press should earnestly appeal.
EDWIN GINN.
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
Trustees
Edwin Ginn, president; A. Lawrence Lowell, William H. P. Faunce, Joseph
Swain, Samuel T. Dutton, Sarah Louise Arnold, Edward Cummings, Samuel
W. McCall, George A. Plimpton, George W. Anderson, Samuel B. Capen,
Albert E. Pillsbury.
Directors
Edwin D. Mead, chief director; David Starr Jordan, James A. Macdonald,
Hamilton Holt, Charles R. Brown, William I. Hull, George W. Nasmyth,
Charles H. Levermore, Albert G. Bryant.
Treasurer
Arthur W. Allen, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston
Advisory Council
Miss Jane Addams
President Edwin A. Alderman
Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews
Ex-president James B. Angell
Hon. Simeon E. Baldwin
Hon. Richard Bartholdt
Prof. George H. Blakeslee
Prof. Jean C. Bracq
Prof. John C. Brainier
John I. D. Bristol
President S. P. Brooks
President Elmer E. Brown
President William L. Bryan
Prof. John W. Burgess
Hon. Theodore E. Burton
President Nicholas Murray Butler
Rev. Francis E. Clark
Prof. John B. Clark
Rev. Samuel M. Crothers
James H. Cutler
Rev. Charles F. Dole
Prof. Charles T. Fagnani
Prof. Frank A. Fetter
Dr. John H. Finley
Mrs. J. Malcolm Forbes
Hon. John W. Foster
Hon. Eugene Hale
President G. Stanley Hall
Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch
Prof. Jesse Holmes
Rev. Charles E. Jefferson
Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones
President Harry Pratt Judson
Hon. William Kent
Prof. George W. Kirchwey
Hon. Philander C. Knox
Prof. Edward B. Krehbiel
Rev. Frederick Lynch
*S. S.McClure
Theodore Marburg
Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead
Prof. Adolph C. Miller
President S. C. Mitchell
'John R. Mott
Prof. P. V. N. Myers
Prof. Bliss Perry
H. C. Phillips
Hon. Jackson H. Ralston
Prof. Paul S. Reinsch
President Rush Rhees
Judge Henry Wade Rogers
Dean W. P. Rogers
Prof. Elbert Russell
Dr. James Brown Scott
President L. Clark Seelye
Mrs. May Wright Sewall
Thorvald Solberg
Hon. John H. Stiness
Moorfield Storey
President Charles F. Thwing
President Charles R. Van Hise
Dr. James H. Van Sickle
President George E. Vincent
President Ethelbert D. Warfield
Dr. Booker T. Washington
Harris Weinstock
Hon. Andrew D. White
Thomas Raeburn White
Prof. George G. Wilson
Rabbi Stephen S. Wise
President Mary E. Woolley
Stanley R. Yarnall
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES OF
THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION BY
THE CHIEF DIRECTOR
Early in 1913 the headquarters of the World Peace Foundation
were removed from 29 Beacon Street, Boston, to 40 Mt. Vernon
Street, at the corner of Walnut Street, where they are likely to re- S
main for a long period. The new quarters are commodious and
most satisfactory. The building, bought by Mr. Ginn, is the fine
old mansion so long occupied by Mrs. Mary Hemenway. The
Foundation occupies the first two floors of the house, and the upper
floors, together with the whole of the adjoining house, the two being
treated together, will be rented for office and residential purposes.
The floors occupied by the Foundation furnish ample office and
storage room, with good opportunity for expansion when necessary,
and an admirable conference room, which well meets our multiply-
ing educational and public needs. The Foundation takes satisfac-
tion in the noble traditions of the house which now becomes its
home. Mary Hemenway was the generous giver who secured the
saving of the Old South Meeting-house for Boston and also founder
of the Old South work for promoting attention to American history
and good citizenship among the Boston young people. This was but
one of her many inspiring and generous activities in behalf of edu-
cation and patriotism. Her home was a temple of public spirit, and
in the peace cause itself and in all that pertained to international
progress she was profoundly interested. It would be an occasion of
satisfaction to her that our sacred cause finds its home in her old
home, as it is a satisfaction to us that the rooms where our work
now goes on inherit the consecration of her spirit. ,
Provided thus with a new and permanent home, the Foundation
has during the year largely added to its regular force of workers.
Prof. Charles H. Levermore, for the five years preceding 1893 pro-
fessor of history in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and
since then the president of Adelphi College in Brooklyn, came to us
in April to take charge of our department of work in colleges and
universities. Dr. George W. Nasmyth, who for two years had been
6 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
devoting a large part of his time to our service in the German uni-
versities and elsewhere in the student field in Europe, and who served
as president of the International Students' Congress which met at
Cornell University at the end of August, came in September to join
the regular office force in Boston, taking charge especially of the
Foundation's work among the student bodies of the world. Mr.
Albert G. Bryant of California, whose engagement was announced
in my last annual report, who has so long been devoted to the peace
cause, and who was highly commended by Dr. Jordan, came to us
also in September, to work particularly among commercial organiza-
tions and to devote himself as well to the general business interests
of the Foundation.
I spoke in the last annual report of our expectation that Mr.
Norman Angell would become regularly attached to the Foundation
some tune during the present year. This expectation also has been
partially realized. Mr. Angell will not spend his entire time with
us in the United States, the development of the work during the
last year having made it more than ever important that he should
carry on his activities largely in London and Paris; but he will
spend a portion of his time with us each year, being now numbered
as a member of our staff, and his London headquarters will serve
in many ways as our London headquarters. He spent the greater
part of May and June with us here, giving many addresses in the
/ United States and Canada, and he will return for an extended lect-
•' ure tour early in 1914, under the joint auspices of the World Peace
Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment.
Two volumes have been added to our International Library during
the year, — Andrew D. White's work upon "The First Hague Con-
ference" and Prof. William I. Hull's work upon "The New Peace
Movement." We have now in press Immanuel Kant's "Eternal
Peace and Other International Essays," continuing our work, begun
with the publication of "The Great Design of Henry IV," of making
the classics of the peace movement available to students and to the
public; and we have in preparation a volume of the collected peace
^"essays and addresses of Rev. Charles E. Jefferson, making a pecu-
liarly strong appeal to the churches, and a volume containing many
of the prize essays upon various aspects of the movement, prepared
in the last few years by students in our colleges, accompanied by an
introduction by Prof. S. F. Weston, the secretary of the Intercol-
legiate Peace Association, detailing the remarkable recent progress
of our cause in this important field.
Among the pamphlets which have been added to our pamphlet
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 7
series during the year have been: Hon. Elihu Root's speech upon
the Panama Canal Tolls; Instructions to the American Delegates
to the Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907, by Secretary Hay and
Secretary Root; address at the Mohonk Conference of 1913 upon
"Organizing the Peace Work," by Edwin Ginn; "Washington,
Jefferson and Franklin on War," by Edwin D. Mead; "Interna-
tionalism among Universities/' by Louis P. Lochner; "To the
Picked Half Million," by William T. Stead; "The Forces Warring
against War," by Havelock Ellis; "Outline of Lessons on War
and Peace," by Lucia Ames Mead; and "The Record of The Hague,"
compiled by Denys P. Myers. In one pamphlet drawing lessons
from the wars in the Balkans were included Noel Buxton's report
upon "The Wounded" and Mrs. Stobart's paper upon "Women
and War." Other pamphlets, not in the regular series, issued to
meet various exigencies, have been: "The American Peace Party
and its Present Aims and Duties" and "The United States and
the Third Hague Conference," by Edwin D. Mead; "The Proper
Attitude of the Hague Conference toward the Laws of War," by
Jackson H. Ralston; "Mr. Bryan's Peace Plan"; "The Militia
Pay Bill," by Hon. James L. Slayden; "After the Battle," a scene
from Mrs. Trask's "In the Vanguard"; President Wilson's address
to college students at Swarthmore; and his address at Mobile upon
the relations of the United States to Latin America. Earlier issues
of the regular pamphlet series, like "The Drain of Armaments " and
the "List of Arbitration Treaties," have been revised and brought
up to date, and large new editions of many of the earlier pamphlets
have been demanded. Twenty thousand copies of many issues are
necessary to meet the constantly growing needs. The pamphlets
are prepared for many special classes, for schools, colleges, women's
organizations, business men and political workers, as well as for
the general public. It will be recognized that three of the n
pamphlets mentioned, those by Mr. Stead and Mr. Lochner and
President Wilson's Swarthmore address, were to meet the great
demand of this year in the college field.
In addition to its pamphlet service the Foundation carries on a
large and growing service through leaflets, broadsides, and slips of
various kinds, generally prepared to meet immediate and pressing
needs, and sent out largely to the press, to Congress, to conventions,
to the peace organizations, and to various societies, to supply the
information needed at the moment for agitation and for education.
A score of such leaflets have been sent out in large numbers during
the year.
8 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
Our relations to the southern American republics, kept constantly
before us by the Mexican situation and the discussions prompted
by the approaching opening of the Panama Canal, have persistently
demanded much attention from us, through newspaper channels as
well as through our leaflet service. The Conference upon Latin
America at Clark University in November, giving to this great field
the most thorough attention which it has ever received among us,
had the Foundation's heartiest co-operation; and we are taking an
earnest interest, in this case a responsible interest, in the plans for
the next International Students' Congress, which is to be held in
1915 at Montevideo.
The strong agitation in England, still going on so widely and
urgently, for international action for the joint limitation of the pres-
ent monstrous naval armaments and expenditures is another com-
manding interest of the time which has prompted us to large activity
in our leaflet service and our general publicity work. The declara-
tion of Mr. Asquith in his Leeds address of November 27 that this
portentous problem must be met by international action on the part
of the governments having behind them the strong demands of the
peoples is one of the many recent declarations in high places which call
the American people especially, in their peculiarly auspicious posi-
tion for leadership, to resolute and decisive action; and here every
peace organization should make itself felt, as the Foundation con-
stantly endeavors to do.
It will also be recognized, by a glance at its recent publications,
that it endeavors to make itself felt no less with reference to the ini-
tiative to the Third Hague Conference and the timely and thorough
preparation of the program for it, to insure for the Conference the
broad and radical influence for which the whole world calls.
It was our government that not only took the initiative for the
Second Hague Conference, which went so far to determine that these
Conferences should be regular, but also, through its delegation at the
Second Conference, secured the provision that a Third Conference
should meet in or about 1915, with an international committee
created two years before to prepare its program. The United States
thus made doubly certain the regularity of these official international
Peace Conferences. Our obligation is therefore paramount to see
to it that the provisions made by the nations at our instance are
observed efficiently. Our government is in a peculiarly propitious
position to take the initiative for the Third Conference; and the In-
ternational Peace Congress at The Hague in August last properly
urged the American peace organizations to move in the matter. The
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 9
World Peace Foundation has already done so; but there should
now be concerted demand for action, which is the more incumbent
as there are intimations of an effort in influential European quarters
to delay the Conference. Any such delay, unless for reasons not
apparent, would be most prejudicial to the great interests which the
Hague Conferences serve; and the peace party of America and of the
world should unite to press action and especially to promote the most
intelligent preparation for the Conference. With a view to this
we have recently sent out to many quarters our collection of pam-
phlets relating to the Hague Conferences, with a statement as to the
urgent importance of attention to the approaching Conference, and
called renewed attention to the volumes in our International Library
relating to the Conferences, including "The Texts of the Hague
Conferences" and "American Addresses at the Second Hague Con-
ference," both edited by Dr. James Brown Scott, "The First Hague
Conference," by Andrew D. White, and "The Two Hague Confer-
ences," by Professor Hull. The influential co-operation in this
matter of all who are associated with the Foundation is earnestly
asked for.
The four points which the American peace party should press at
this tune are: (i) international action for the joint limitation of
armaments, with firm opposition meantime to any increase of our
own naval program, (2) immediate and thorough preparation for the
Third Hague Conference, (3) the prompt renewal in their original
or an improved form of our arbitration treaties with Great Britain
and other countries, which have expired, and (4) the repeal of the
exemption of American coastwise shipping from tolls at the Panama
Canal. As respects this last, the Foundation co-operated earnestly
in the agitation so well organized by the committee in New York
last spring; and, in addition to promoting the wide circulation of
Senator Root's address upon the subject, we are now adding to our
pamphlet series another powerful presentation of the issue, by Thomas
Raeburn White, the able international jurist, president of the Penn-
sylvania Arbitration and Peace Society, and by Charlemagne Tower,
our former ambassador to Germany. It must not be forgotten
that the renewal of our expiring arbitration treaty with Great Britain
last summer was prevented by a group of senators whose motive was
the distinct and discreditable desire to make the reference of the
Panama tolls issue to arbitration more difficult.
All of these questions and others are being considered in a series of
fortnightly "Peace Conferences for Peace Workers" now being held
in the conference room of the Foundation. These conferences were
10 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
arranged primarily in response to the increasing need for the better
information and education of leaders for societies and classes study-
ing the international movement, groups in churches, schools, women's
clubs, granges, patriotic societies, and other organizations; but it is
hoped that they will lead the way and furnish the program for similar
conferences in all the influential centers of the country. The pres-
ent conferences are conducted in turn by members of the Foundation's
own staff and other leading Boston peace workers; and the topics
studied include the Nature of War, Common Fallacies about War and
Peace, National Dangers and National Defense, the Modern War
System and its Cost, the Great Illusion, Early History of the Peace
Movement, the Two Hague Conferences, Arbitration and a World
Congress, Various Ways of Preventing War, Patriotism and Inter-
nationalism, Education and the Peace Movement, the Moral Dam-
age of War, and New Peace Agencies. The attendance is so large
and the interest so deep as to show that this is a form of activity
which can profitably be taken up in a hundred places; and it is ear-
nestly commended to the attention of the peace organizations every-
where.
The point should again be emphasized that the World Peace Foun-
dation will always render its best service, among the various peace
agencies of the country, by clearly denning its own purpose and pro-
gram, by working in intelligent co-operation with the other impor-
tant agencies, and by maintaining such mutual understanding as shall
prevent duplication and waste. The Carnegie Peace Endowment,
,with its great resources, is discharging with breadth and thorough-
ness certain lines of duties which we therefore are relieved from the
>ligation to undertake; the American Peace Society and its branches
iare the natural agencies for other activities, and it is for us to
strengthen these in every way in our power; and other organizations
Lfil their defined functions. While therefore there are certain
influences which all the peace organizations must exercise alike, and
while perhaps the cause distinctly gains from mutual reinforcement
upon certain margins, the Foundation, like each of the other impor-
tant agencies, should lay the emphasis upon its own special task.
That task in our case is the educational work both in its broader and
"' its stricter aspects, the work of informing and enlightening the gen-
eral public, and the carrying of peace instruction and peace principles
into the schools and colleges. Our own most satisfying advance
during the last year has been in the great improvement of our facili-
ties for this latter office.
Professor Levermore brings to the conduct of our department of
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES II
work in colleges and universities a broad knowledge of history and
politics, a large and varied experience in the work of education, un-
usual acquaintance with the college and university men of the coun-
try, administrative and organizing ability, and deep devotion to the
peace cause. I ask careful attention to his own report and sugges-
tions, which will be printed with this statement. The critical analy-
sis which he has made, through a thorough study of their catalogues,
of the courses of study in all the important colleges and universities
of the country, their courses especially in history and politics, is in
some respects most encouraging. In many places, in entire inde-
pendence of any distinct influence through peace agencies, simply
in obedience to the new international spirit of the age affecting edu-
cation as it affects our whole life, attention to world relations and the
evolution of world organization is markedly manifest in the historical
and political courses, and more or less considerable study of inter-
national law is recognized as a part of general culture. The colleges
and universities are everywhere hospitable to us, and ready to ar-
range for addresses upon the cause where they have not yet resources
to make regular provision for the study and teaching of international
relations. Such regular provision in the curriculum is the thing
everywhere to be desired and worked for. Professorships on inter-
national relations will only gradually come; but lectureships could be
established immediately and universally if there were adequate
financial resources for it; and one of our college presidents has re-
cently emphasized the important results which we should see in
every college where provision could be made for ten lectures each
year on peace topics by a scholar of recognized ability and distinc-
tion, with the course open to all students and the public. The num-
ber of professors in some of our universities who, occupying different
chairs, are conspicuous and influential workers for international
friendship is large; and men like Professor Reinsch of the University
of Wisconsin have made their chairs such true professorships of in-
ternational relations that their influence has been widely felt. I spoke
in my last annual report of the important course on international
relations arranged at Stanford University by Dr. Jordan and Pro-
fessor Krehbiel; and the syllabus of this course prepared by them
and published by the Foundation has been of great service in many
quarters during the past year. It is regular and systematic work that
Professor Levermore will commend to our colleges and universities;
and from the results of multiplying courses upon international rela-
tions we have much to hope. I unite with Professor Levermore in
feeling that our pamphlet service should be vastly extended among
12 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
our college students. Indeed, there are few fields where it might
not be most profitably extended, the limits of useful service here being
simply limits of our resources. In a multitude of cases, where we
now circulate twenty thousand pamphlets we could profitably cir-
,^culate a hundred thousand.
v/\ Dr. Nasmyth's work is with the student bodies in our universities,
x \as Professor Levermore's is mainly with the teaching force. Dr.
Nasmyth remained in Europe until midsummer, chiefly continuing
his work in the gerjpan universities along the lines detailed in last
year's report, but doing important work also in Switzerland and Eng-
land, besides visiting important student groups in the Scandinavian
countries and in Russia, receiving there the impressions of great
opportunities for the peace movement which he reports in his state-
ment which will be printed herewith. For the important campaign
of Norman Angell among the German universities last winter, Mr.
Nasmyth chiefly made the arrangements. Throughout the year he
was directing preparations for the International Students' Congress
at Cornell University at the end of August, he having been elected
president of that Congress at the session at Rome in 1911. To him
in great measure was due the success of the Congress at Cornell,
by far the most important Congress yet held in this international
series. I leave to him further remarks upon it; but, having been
present at the Congress as one of its speakers, I wish to express the
profound impression which I derived of the significance and poten-
tiality of this great student movement, the promotion of which in
every aspect becomes now so important a part of the Foundation's
work under Dr. Nasmyth's direction. It was a satisfaction to hear at
Cornell his tribute to the Foundation for its continuous and decisive
part in the promotion of the Congress; and I think that I may rightly
say, as he said, that, but for the service of the Foundation at each
critical stage in the preparation for it, its great success would have been
impossible. I ask the attention of our Trustees, as well as of all who
have at heart the progress of the peace movement in our universities,
to the carefully prepared and richly illustrated handbook upon "The
Students of the World and International Conciliation," published for
the International Congress at Cornell and placed in the hands of all
the delegates; and I ask special attention to the outline there given
of work for the proposed International Students' Bureau, which
important and inspiring program Dr. Nasmyth comes to the Founda-
tion to carry out. I spoke at length in last year's report of the Cos-
mopolitan Club movement in our universities, with which for four
\ years the Foundation has kept in such close connection; and I only
\~~^
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 13
need to add that I have addressed several of these clubs during the
year, and that Dr. Nasmyth will constantly serve them in every way,
having himself formerly been the president of the American Asso-
ciation of Cosmopolitan Clubs.
Mr. Nasmyth 's return from Europe imposes the duty of careful
thought for the future of the student field there, in which he has
worked with such encouraging results. We have secured the ser-
vices of Mr. Edmond Privat, an able and devoted young Swiss
scholar, for certain important work among the Paris students. In
London important provisions will be made by Norman Angell and
other friends; but we should have a good worker at Berlin associ-
ated with the Foundation, to follow up systematically the work
among the students of the German universities which Mr. Nasmyth
has so well begun.
While the Foundation does not stanjlJa-responmble*feIation tcf
Intercol]£giate-JBea€e--A99eeiation, I wish to commend the work o\
thatlmportant organization most earnestly to all of our friends am1
helpers, because it promotes precisely the kind of education am
inspiration with which the Foundation is primarily concerned. Moi
than a hundred colleges and universities of the West are now united
in this Association, and nearly four hundred college students pre-
pared peace orations during the last year in connection with the
competitions for prizes. The high order of some of the prize orations
will appear when the collection of them which we have in prepara-
tion is published. The organization should be extended to include
every college and university in the country. Its financial resources
are utterly inadequate to its great opportunities and even for the
limited work which it is doing at this hour; and there are few lines
of work which I commend so earnestly for the financial assistance
of generous friends of the peace cause, or which I could wish were
more closely affiliated with the Foundation itself at this time of the
large extension of its influence in the college and university field. I
trust that the volume which we are about to publish will accomplish
much in making this great work better understood.
But we must never forget that not one in ten of the pupils in our
high schools enters college at all, and that hardly one in twenty of
the pupils in the lower schools enters the high school. This shows
us the stupendous importance of peace education in the public schools,
if we are to affect the- immense majority of the rising generation.
This fact brings home to us the peculiar importance of the work of
the American School Peace League, with which the Foundation is
responsibly associated. We have from the beginning appreciated not
14 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
only the urgency of the field which the work of the League covers,
but the fortunate character of its organization. It is most favorable
to devotion and to efficiency that this organization for work in the
^public schools of the country should be in the hands of the public
/school leaders themselves, with Dr. Claxton, the National Commis-
V sioner of Education, co-operating in the work with such untiring
zeal. The presidency of the League, until a year ago held by Super-
intendent Van Sickle of Springfield, is now held by Superintendent
Condon of Cincinnati; while among the vice-presidents and coun-
cillors are such men as President Jordan, Professor Hull and the
writer, of our own directors, President Swain and Professor Button,
of our trustees, and such prominent school superintendents as Max-
well of New York, Dyer of Boston, Brumbaugh of Philadelphia,
Blewett of St. Louis, Chadsey of Detroit, Emerson of Buffalo, Jordan
of Minneapolis, Greenwood of Kansas City, Francis of Los Angeles,
and Mrs. Young of Chicago. Its treasurer is Superintendent Spauld-
ing of Newton, Mass.; and the secretary from the beginning has
been Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews of Boston, to whose broad outlook,
devotion and organizing power too high tribute cannot be paid,
ranches of the League are now established in 37 of our 48 States.
The annual conventions of the League are held regularly at the same
time and place as the annual conventions of the National Education
Association, which latter organization has so warmly indorsed the
work and co-operates so cordially with it. The League's great meet-
ings at Salt Lake City last summer were, as is always the case, among
the most impressive of the convention week. The valuable program
pamphlet prepared by the secretary of the League for the use of
the schools of the country in their Peace Day celebrations, May 18,
was published by the National Bureau of Education, which itself
distributed 7,500 copies, and altogether nearly 60,000 copies were
used by teachers. The annual report of the League covering the
work of the present year will be sent to our trustees next month,
and they are asked to consider it as supplementary to this state-
ment, as it is through the School Peace League that our own work
in the public schools is so largely done. This great organization of
our public school leaders themselves must remain the great agency
for work in this broad field, and I cannot emphasize too strongly my
feeling that there is no field more important. I am glad to say that
the receipts of the League for the year have been about $14,000,
more than $5,000 above the receipts of the preceding year; but this
is a most inadequate income for this immense field of work, for which
the organization furnishes such admirable machinery. Here, as
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 15
elsewhere, there should be no duplication of machinery where there
is now efficiency; and all the peace agencies of the country should
reinforce the League in every possible way. I wish that our own
annual contribution of $2,500 might be greater, as with additions to._>-
our resources may be possible. The present affiliation is of large
mutual benefit, bringing us into close and influential touch with the
great body of public school leaders, enabling us to make suggestions
which, I trust, are as useful as they always seem welcome, and open-
ing wide and varied avenues for our literature to places where it is
calculated to render the best possible service. I spoke last year of
the extension of the work to Great Britain, and this British League
is steadily growing in influence, while the earnest attention of the
educational public in many of the European countries has been
enlisted.
Distinctly educational is the Foundation's work among women's
organizations of the country, carried on under the efficient direction
of MrsJkwye^, whose report will be printed with this. During
the present year that work has been greatly broadened. The Na-
tional Federation of Women's Clubs, which last year made the peace-^
cause one of its own regular causes, has, through its standing Peace
Committee, warmly supported by the president of the Federation,
Mrs. Pennybacker^a devoted friend of our cause and an impressive '
speaker in its behalf, done much to enlist the attention of the local
clubs in systematic study of the cause. The Foundation has pub-
lished a pamphlet, prepared by Mrs. Mead, entitled "Club Women
and the Peace Movement," officially approved by the Federation,
with, many useful suggestions for that study, which has been sup-
plemented by important sections of her later and larger "Outline of
Lessons on War and Peace." These reinforce Mrs. Duryea in her lect-
ures and work in a hundred places; and from all places to which she
goes warm reports come here. Although she has been to Chautauqua
and to various conventions, her work has necessarily been mainly in
New England, New York, Philadelphia and Washington; although
she deals as she can with the large correspondence from the West —
and, if there were two of her, one could be kept hard at work in
Chicago. We must not forget that the National Federation alone
includes a million women, and that the organized women of the
country are becoming a force in the creation of public opinion such
as we have never seen before in this country or in the world. The
girls' schools and colleges are more and more asking for peace ad-
dresses, and, in addition to her work with women's organizations
during the year, Mrs. Duryea has spoken to a score of schools. The
16 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
State Federations of Women's Clubs are now making regular place
for the presentation of the cause in the programs of their annual
conventions. There has been no more impressive peace meeting in
Boston during the year than the great meeting in Tremont Temple
last spring, arranged by the Massachusetts Federation, for the suc-
cess of which Mrs. Duryea and the Foundation earnestly co-operated;
and it was to us a pleasing coincidence, although an undesigned one,
that the three speakers at this stirring meeting were a trustee and
a director of the Foundation and a member of its Advisory Council,
Hon. Samuel W. McCall, Rev. Charles R. Brown and Prof. George
H. Blakeslee, its presiding officer being Mrs. Mulligan, the president
of the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs.
Miss Eckstein, although at one time breaking down as a result
of too close application, has carried on indefatigably in Europe dur-
ing the year her zealous campaign in securing the millions of signa-
tures to the petition to be presented to the next Hague Conference
in behalf of international arbitration, to which work she has already
consecrated long years of effort, — effort of no more significance in its
possible direct results than in securing the distinct personal attention
of so many persons to the cause and leading them to reading and
study concerning it.
I cannot praise too highly the work of Mr. Myers of our publicity
department. I wish to express anew my constant obligation to him
and my personal gratitude for the thoroughness, accuracy and un-
tiring industry with which he does his work. He is a repository of
knowledge upon which we all constantly draw, and he has a genius
for research. His long journalistic experience stands him in stead
in his present work, and few men follow more closely the utterances
of the American and European press concerning whatever touches
the international problems. His masses of carefully classified clip-
pings, as well as the Foundation's library, are at the service of all
students of the cause as freely as at the service of our own force; and
there are few places where knowledge of all that is going on in the
international field is more exact or more available than in the corner
which Mr. Myers occupies.
The work of Mr. Albert G. Bryant, our new business director,
Awhile primarily concerned with local organizing and the promotion
of our financial and general business interests, will also at many
points have to do with educational activities. For the varied ser-
vices which Mr. Bryant is called to perform for the Foundation he
has had a peculiarly propitious preparation, for his life hitherto has
been associated both with business and with the pulpit. His work
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 17
as a preacher has made him a warm and ready speaker, and in busi-
ness he has achieved success. From this success he comes to us
through his great devotion to the peace cause. He has already,
during the brief period of his association with the Foundation, dem-
onstrated unusual organizing capacity, which promises much for the
future. Beginning in Colorado, he has visited a dozen states, bring-
ing together in conference at their chief centers leaders in education,
in politics and in business, often the governors of states and the
mayors of cities, to create from such groups the beginnings of strong
state commissions, to co-operate in their respective places in the
Foundation's various activities and in the better organization of the
peace cause. Commercial leaders, men of affairs, will take especially
conspicuous part in these organized groups, which, it is hoped, will
gradually contribute distinctly to the larger resources of the work.
While developing these local centers of activity, Mr. Bryant also
establishes connections with leading booksellers in various cities to
extend the sale of the Foundation's books, promotes closer relations
with the press, the churches, the educational institutions, the women's
clubs, and other organizations in the centers which he visits, and
does whatever seems most practical and promising to fertilize the
fields in which the Foundation's various departments work. He will,
in due course, cover all sections of the country by his visitations,
while doing everything in his power at the central office, by corre-
spondence and otherwise, to keep the whole field vitalized.
On certain business sides the work of Mr. Bryant will touch the
work of our treasurer and accountant, Mr. Arthur W. Allen; but
their provinces are distinct. Mr. Allen is the Foundation's faithful
housekeeper, supervising the endless business details at headquarters
with an accuracy and care which make us all his debtors. A scholar
as well as a business man, competent and ready upon occasion to
prepare pamphlets as well as to balance books, he furnishes steadily
much of the mortar which holds our bricks together. Nor must I
fail, in this survey of our office force, to name every one of our other
helpers, — Miss Fraser, Miss Macdonald, Miss Cord, — for my per-
sonal obligations to every one are constant. All are devoted, all
are efficient, all loyal to our great cause, and all work harmoni-
ously together in the place to which all come together each day
with enthusiasm and joy.
Dr. Jordan, during his last year, has entered into a new relation
with Stanford University, of which he has been president from the
beginning. A new office, that of chancellor, has been created for
him by the university, while Dr. Branner succeeds him in the active
18 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
duties of president. The university will continue his former salary,
while allowing him one-half of the year for whatever public service
he elects, recognizing that the country and the world have proper
claims upon him, and that in such public service he truly serves the
high interests of the university itself. This public-spirited action is
deserving of public recognition and public gratitude. Dr. Jordan is
the type of scholar and of publicist in honoring whom by such pro-
vision of freedom for largest service our universities honor them-
selves. President Eliot is pre-eminently such a man, and such is
President Butler of Columbia. There is not in the world to-day any
man who is rendering the peace cause larger service by voice and
pen than President Jordan. It is not simply the scholar's service,
although it is emphatically that, but the service of the prophet and
of the hot hater of injustice, ignorance and the wild waste of the
precious resources of men. To the peace cause, therefore, under
the auspices of the World Peace Foundation and as one of its direc-
tors, Dr. Jordan will continue to devote substantially all the time
which he is free to take from the university, upon most generous
conditions, the Foundation simply providing for his expenses in such
service. How large and varied that service has been during the
year, both in the United States and in Europe, his own statement,
which will be printed with this report, indicates. The Foundation
has published during the year a collection of his peace papers, en-
titled "What shall We Say?" many of which papers are included
likewise in his later volume entitled " War and Waste." He has also
lately published another little peace volume, "America's Conquest of
Europe," uniform with his "Unseen Empire" and earlier books.
If Dr. Jordan has, in "The Blood of the Nation" and "The Human
Harvest," shown more convincingly than any other that war, with
"the fighting edge," so far from being the great gymnasium for a
nation and the promoter of its virility, as is recklessly asserted and
often believed, has really been the chief occasion of national drain
and rum, Norman Angell has brought home to serious men more
powerfully than any other the fact that, in the transformed modern
world, where industries, commerce and investments are ever more
international and peoples ever more interdependent, war can no
longer bring any material gain even to the victor, comparable with the
loss arising from the catastrophes involved. "The Great Illusion"
is the most significant and most beneficent arraignment of the war
system since Bloch's" The Future of War "; and it has been followed
up by numberless essays and addresses by its author, now supple-
mented by a special journal, "War and Peace," devoted to its doctrine,
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 19
which constitute a distinct new factor in the peace movement.
Mr. AngelPs identification with the Foundation has been noted; and
in connection with this report will be printed a statement by him
indicating something of his more recent activities in Europe. In
addition to other expenses in connection with his work, the Founda-
tion provides for a secretary in his London office, where our publica-
tions will always be available; and in every possible way we co-operate
with him, as he co-operates with us. We met a portion of the ex-
penses of one of his London helpers, Mr. Langdon-Davies, on a visit
to this country during the autumn, in which he has given many ad-
dresses both in the United States and Canada, primarily to make the
arguments of "The Great Illusion" better known and to prepare for
Norman Angell's own coming here early in 1914.
Dr. Macdonald, although suffering from a serious accident a few
months ago, has done splendid service for the Foundation through-
out the year by his stirring addresses to religious and educational
conventions and gatherings of every character, which work is de-
tailed in his own report. Mr. Holt, in addition to many lectures ^^
otherwise arranged and to his constant service for the cause in the
pages of the Independent, has given a dozen addresses before colleges
and universities under the auspices of the Foundation. Dean Brown
is always serving the cause in the pulpit and with great student bodies
as influentially as any man in the American Church. He was the
moderator of the recent National Congregational Council at Kansas\
City, at which Rev. Charles E. Jefferson was also present, which r
passed strong resolutions pledging the churches of that great body to I
earnest activity in behalf of the peace cause; and it may here bey
noted that the National Unitarian Conference, at its session in Buffalo
at almost the same time, took similar action. The activities of Pro-
fessor Hull, of our board of directors, and of President Swain, of our
board of trustees, always keep Swarthmore College at the front in
the peace movement. We have just published for our student work
the recent address of President Wilson at the Swarthmore celebration.
Professor Hull is the secretary of the Pennsylvania Peace and Arbi-
tration Society. Our recent publication of his volume upon "The
New Peace Movement" has already been noticed; and there is no
other brief history of the two Hague Conferences so good as that by
him, previously published by the Foundation.
The services of many of our trustees in behalf of the peace cause are
almost as constant as those of our directors. Mr. Ginn gave an ad-
mirable address at the Mohonk Conference in May upon "Organiz-
ing the Peace Work," which we have widely circulated. President
20 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
Faunce returned from what may be called his Sabbatical year abroad,
f as Dr. Jefferson returned shortly before, with a deepened sense of the
wickedness and waste of militarism and the war system, to which
\ feeling he has given repeated powerful expression; and he is always
the earnest peace advocate. Professor Button, in addition to his
regular services as director of the New York department of the Ameri-
can Peace Society and his constant devotion to the Foundation's
interests, was a member of the commission recently sent by the
Carnegie Peace Endowment to investigate the causes and conse-
quences of the Balkan wars. Mr. Capen is now upon a tour around
the world in the interest of foreign missions, as president of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The Foun-
dation utilized this mission to enlist his special activity during it,
also in behalf of the peace cause, which he has already strongly pre-
sented in Rome, Cairo and elsewhere. To say that Mr. Cummings
faithfully sustains in Dr. Hale's pulpit its great traditions affecting
our cause is to say that he is one of the most devoted of American
preachers of peace. Mr. Pillsbury has lately written most whole-
somely upon our relations with South America. I have spoken of
Mr. McCall's address at the great Tremont Temple meeting of the
Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs. He was also the chief
speaker at the peace session of the Massachusetts State Grange at its
recent annual convention at Faneuil Hall.
I spoke last year of the deepening interest of our American Granges
in the peace cause, which they had already had at heart for several
years, the National Grange maintaining its standing Peace Commit-
tee. The interest in the cause in the Massachusetts State Grange is
conspicuous, the master of the Massachusetts Grange, Charles M.
Gardner, being a devoted friend of the peace movement. Provision
was made at a dozen of the large field meetings of the Granges in
Massachusetts last summer for presenting the peace cause; and the
speakers were furnished by our Foundation upon request from the
State Grange. We were also requested to arrange for speakers for
the afternoon session of the State Grange's annual convention at
Faneuil Hall in October, as above mentioned, Mr. McCall and Mr.
Tryon kindly accepting invitations to address the meeting, which was
a large and enthusiastic one, and which followed their addresses by
adopting strong resolutions condemning the present inordinate arma-
ments and expenditures and calling upon our government to lead in a
policy of limitation. I was invited to address the annual convention
of the National Grange at Manchester, N.H., in November; and my
address there was followed by equally strong peace resolutions. The
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 21
Peace Committee of the National Grange has asked the Foundation
for regular assistance in its work; and the co-operation of this great
organization of a million farmers in behalf of our cause may be steadily
counted on. In hundreds of places the Grange is the place where the
people of our rural communities come together most regularly and in
largest numbers; and the desire on the part of many of their leaders
to give conspicuous place to the peace cause in the larger educational
work which they contemplate for the Granges is most hopeful.
The American Federation of Labor, at its recent convention in
Seattle, expressed itself upon no subject more strongly than upon
international peace. It adopted resolutions sharply condemning
any thought of armed intervention in Mexico and urging international
action for the limitation of naval armaments. "It is not lack of love
of country," it declared, "which prompts the toiler to protest against
international fratricide, but they are unwilling to be exploited or
killed for the promotion of selfish ends. The constantly growing
system of the international acceptance and recognition of trade union
cards is another influence that is quietly and surely creating a fra-
ternal spirit among workers of all lands. Labor organizations the
world over have committed themselves to the policy of interna-
tional peace." I wish in this connection to express my obligations
to Mr. James Duncan, the Massachusetts vice-president of the
American Federation of Labor, with whom I keep in useful touch,
supplying him and others in the organization with our literature, and
always finding them most friendly and co-operative. Mr. Duncan's
last letter to me, a month ago, speaks warmly of the devotion to the
peace cause which obtains among the Labor Unions of Massachusetts,
and of the work in its behalf which is being done among them; and
I believe that this is representative of the general spirit of organized
labor in all our states. I emphasize anew my deep sense of the im-
portance of this great body to the influence and success of our cause.
We must never overlook, while utilizing in fullest measure the
platform and the pamphlet, the varied popular educational methods
which apr^aLto^thgJiearts and theeyes of the people. In the anti-
slavery conflict "Uncle Tom's CaEin7^Wd5 as puteiit~as Garrison
or Phillips. Story and song and drama and picture are coming to
our service also. Verestchagin preaches as forcibly as Bloch. The
Baroness von Suttner's "Lay down your Arms" has been called the
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" of our own. struggle; and who can overesti-
mate the influence in the present year of "The Human Slaughter
House" and "Pride of War"? Mrs. Trask's drama, "In the Van-
guard," is rendering as great service through being read aloud to
22 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
popular audiences as it renders through individual reading at the fire-
side. Mayor Lunn of Schenectady has read it with deep effect to a
dozen Sunday congregations; and the Foundation recently arranged
for half a dozen readings of the drama by Mr. Alfred H. Brown,
head of the dramatic department of the Brooklyn Institute, before
audiences of various kinds in Boston. The effect of the reacting be-
fore 600 girls of the Girls' High School was so profound that he was
persuaded to return the next day to read it to 600 more; and I wish
that it might be read before hundreds of schools and churches
throughout the country.
The possibilities of pageantry to enforce our lessons are no less,
and we have not utilized them enough. For the recent Columbus
Day parade in Boston the World Peace Foundation and the Massa-
chusetts Peace Society united to contribute two of the picturesque
floats. Our own, with the motto "Forty- four Nations at The
Hague," presented that number of bright Boy Scouts, each waving
the flag of a different nation; and the other, with the motto "Law
replaces War," contrasted by striking figures the old method and
\the new. Few floats in all the long parade attracted more notice,
and none certainly enforced more salutary lessons.
Of my personal activities for the year it is not necessary to speak in
great detail. They have consisted largely in the general direction
and correlation of the activities of the Foundation here outlined. I
have perhaps devoted more attention to writing and general publicity
work than to any other particular activity, preparing large numbers
of newspaper and other articles, often editorial articles, and leaflets
and broadsides for newspaper use, in addition to the Foundation's
general editorial work; but I have also given a hundred or more
addresses. My longest trip took me as far as Omaha and Lincoln,
Neb., twenty-five addresses being given during the three weeks, before
universities, chambers of commerce, churches and other organiza-
tions. Mrs. Mead and I have campaigned together in New Hamp-
shire, Vermont and Buffalo, in Buffalo addressing eight meetings.
Affairs at Washington have commanded much of my effort, espe-
cially in this latest time. I gave two addresses at the National Peace
Congress at St. Louis, addressed the Mohonk Conference and the
International Students' Congress. I was chairman of the Boston
committee which received the German delegation which spent a
week here on its way to the Congress; and I was chairman of the
Boston committee that received the British delegation which came
to the United States last spring for the conference to prepare for the
approaching centennial of peace. I represented the Foundation at
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 23
the recent conference in Richmond, Va., upon the centennial program.
My duties as a director of the American Peace Society, as a director
of the Massachusetts Peace Society and as one of the American
members of the International Peace Bureau at Berne, have claimed
time and attention; but all of these services, like my more regular
duties for the World Peace Foundation, are parts of one and the same
service, of promoting by all means the peace and better organization
of the world. A matter to which I attach significance is my care-
ful proposal to the president of the Berne Bureau last summer for
the creation of a regular standing International Committee of the
ablest men, commanding universal confidence, to investigate every
threatening international situation thoroughly and betimes and sub-
mit its conclusions to the world while it is yet possible for en-
lightened public opinion to exert influence.
The year which is closing has enforced, like few years in recent
history, the solemn lessons of the futility of war as a means to the
settlement of the disputes of peoples, the growing burden and menace
of armaments, the clangers which continually beset the world while
its organization is yet so imperfect, and the urgency of broader efforts
to establish the principles of international order. Three hundred
thousand men, the flower of youth, have been swept to death or ruin
in the Balkans, no man to-day knows for what end. The heritage
is not only unexampled rivalry and hatred between all the nations
directly involved, but unexampled increase of armaments, of taxa-
tion, and of distrust among the greater European powers. The
chronic disorders in Mexico not only paralyze that most unhappy
country, but burden and alarm the whole family of American repub-
lics. Surely there is a more excellent way than this for the world;
and surely the sum total of intelligence and of conscience in the world
must be sufficient to find it and prescribe it, if it will. The Third
Hague Conference offers the greatest opportunity in the immediate
future for united action. It is for the world's peace party and peace
agencies to rise to the occasion.
EDWIN D. MEAD.
DECEMBER 10, 1913.
24 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
REPORT OF DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN
Permit me to present the following as my annual report in behalf
of the activities fostered by the World Peace Foundation. For the
first half of the year, until the first of June, I was engaged in my duties
as president of Stanford University. On August i, 1913, the duties
of the president of the university were divided between the presi-
dent and the chancellor. I was appointed to the latter position,
with freedom from desk work at the university, and was granted
leave of absence until September i, 1914. This period of absence
on leave I have given thus far to the study of conditions in Europe
as related to problems of war and peace and of social economics as
affecting these problems.
In April I attended the National Peace Congress in St. Louis.
In July I was present at the World's Peace Congress at The Hague,
acting there as a member of the Berne Bureau, and being elected
as vice-president of the World's Congress, representing the United
States. In September I attended the gathering of the coworkers
with Norman Angell, called at Le Touquet in France, under the au-
spices of the Carton Foundation. In October I was present at the
Congress of the German Friedensfreunde at Nuremberg. I was
present also at the Congress of Liberal Religions in Paris, speaking
there on the " Federation of Europe," and at the Congress of Directors
of Education at Brussels and Ghent, speaking at Ghent on the sig-
nificance of the Treaty of Ghent. I have also made, with the valu-
able aid of Prof. Albert Leon Guerard, of the Rice Institute of Texas,
a somewhat extended study of the actual conditions in Alsace and
Lorraine and their relation to the peace of Europe. I have also made
a visit to Montenegro and Albania. Later it is my purpose to visit
Bulgaria, Servia and Rumania, with a view to the study of the later
effects of war.
During the year I have written about forty editorial articles, pub-
lished in various papers of America, Europe and Asia, under the
heading of " What shall We Say? " I have prepared for the Atlantic
Monthly an article on "The Spirit of Alsace-Lorraine"; one for Holt's
new review on "The Machinery for Peace"; one for the Norman
Angell journal, War and Peace, on the "Eugenics of War"; and
one (in French), in the Vie Internationale at Brussels, on "What
America may teach Europe" (Ce que VAmerique pent enseigner d
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 2$
V Europe). I have also written an article for the World's Work on the
"Interlocking Syndicate" in its relation to international disputes.
I have prepared for the Bulgarian press an article on "Bulgaria, as
seen by Europe." Other articles have been published in Harper's
Weekly, the Independent and Life. Several of these essays, addresses
and editorials have been gathered together in a volume called "War
and Waste," published by Doubleday, Page & Company. The Uni-
tarian Association has in press a volume on "America's Duty
toward Europe." In conjunction with Prof. Harvey E. Jordan,
of the University of Virginia, I have ready for the press a volume
called "War's Aftermath," a study of the effects of the Civil War in
Virginia, fifty years after. A Phi Beta Kappa poem at Stanford
University has been published under the title "In the Wilderness."
I have spoken, when favorable opportunity offered, in behalf of
World Peace and International Co-operation. Since my last report
I have given addresses, mostly before university audiences or before
chambers of commerce, in the following towns: —
Topeka, Kansas City, Lawrence (2), Albuquerque, San Fran-
cisco (6), Oakland, Berkeley, Palo Alto, Omaha, Salt Lake City (3),
Provo, Denver, Greeley (3), Klamath Falls, Valley City, St. Louis (3),
Fargo, Grand Forks, Casselton, Morehead, Winnipeg, Lincoln (2),
Ghent, Paris, Wiesbaden, Frankfort-am-Main, London (3).
I propose to give the time from November 9 to the middle of Decem-
ber to lectures on different phases of the problems of peace. At
the present time I have engagements before university or other au-
diences in the following towns: London (4), Cambridge (2), Oxford,
Brighton (2), Hastings, Lewes, Birmingham (2), Edinburgh, Dundee,
St. Andrews, Aberdeen, Glasgow (3), Darlington, Manchester (3),
Liverpool, Stuttgart and Munich. In this work, I shall have the
invaluable help as secretary and assistant of Dr. John Mez of Frei-
burg, in Breisgau, president of the Corda Fratres, or International
Association of University Cosmopolitan Clubs.
The primary purpose of these lectures is to test for my own in-
struction the feelings of the people in different regions, with a view
to making my own work and perhaps that of my colleagues in America
more effective. The United States, free from the burdens of aris-
tocratic domination and relieved from its traditions, must take a
leading part in the peace work of the world. As this work is mainly
educational, the formation of sound public opinion and the undoing
of the perverted teachings of history, morals and patriotism fostered
by the war system, it is necessary that it should be well grounded in
actual knowledge. Our antipathy to war is primarily a moral one,
26 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
but there is no moral issue that is not at bottom and to an equal
degree an intellectual or scientific issue also.
In January I intend to sail for Australia, returning by way of
China and Siberia to Europe. I have various invitations to lecture
in these regions, and, so far as time and strength permit, I shall accept
these.
WIESBADEN, GERMANY, November 6, 1913.
REPORT OF PROF. CHARLES H. LEVERMORE
Entering the service of the World Peace Foundation in April,
1913, I was requested to study the ways and means of developing
close and fruitful relations between the Foundation and members
of the faculties of colleges and universities throughout the country.
At that time the office possessed little information of value concern-
ing collegiate instruction in subjects related to our work. There
are in the United States about 750 colleges and universities, 596
of which are listed in the latest report of the United States Commis-
sioner of Education (191 2). In Canada and Newfoundland there are
57 more, many of which are subordinate members of McGill Uni-
versity, Toronto University, and especially of L'Universite Laval.
With the latter are affiliated also 15 seminaries, which do some col-
legiate work.
My first action was to send for the official publications of the 750
institutions of higher education in this country and for all the impor-
tant ones in British America. Time and repeated effort have been
necessary to secure returns in many cases, but at the present date
600 of the 750 have communicated with us. The missing ones are all
obscure and small, but their reports are still coming in, and eventually
we shall obtain practically every one that has anything more than
a paper existence. As these documents were received, a careful
study of them was made in order to discover:—
First, What is the character and extent of all instruction offered
in International Law and Politics and the History of Diplomacy?
Second, What courses are offered in the departments of History and
Political Science (including Economics and Sociology) that are likely
to kindle and direct student interest in international relations — any
courses in Comparative Government, Comparative Politics, Asiatic
and South American History and Politics, and Current Problems
and Events, being particularly noted?
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 27
Third, What courses are offered in connection with the study of
Psychology and Education, Religious History, Missions and Social
Ethics, that will be likely to develop "the international mind"?
Fourth, Who are the chief executive officers of each institution,
who are the responsible instructors in the departments named, and
especially any members of the faculties who by official utterances in
the announcements of their courses, or otherwise, reveal their opin-
ion of the cause in which we are engaged?
The results of this analysis have been recorded upon a card cata-
logue containing now, in round numbers, 2,500 names of members
of college faculties. The only states of our Union in which there is
no evidence of positive collegiate instruction in the field of Interna-
tional Law and Relations are Arizona and Delaware. In the former
there is but one degree-granting institution: in the latter there are
two. 195 colleges and universities maintain one or more courses
in International Law. 44 of these fortify their instruction in Inter-
national Law with one or more courses in the History of Diplomacy.
Eight other institutions offer courses in the History of Diplomacy
and, although International Law is not mentioned, it must inevitably
be included to a considerable extent in the historical study. It
appears, therefore, that in 203 of our institutions of higher educa-
tion the students may obtain instruction in the legal or diplomatic
phases of international relations. It should be remembered that
in four-fifths of these institutions these studies are elective, so that
only a fraction of the total number of students in the larger institu-
tions are likely to avail themselves of this instruction. In the small
colleges the study is more often required. In this scrutiny no attempt
has been made to include law schools not connected with colleges or
universities, although several important schools of that sort offer
instruction in International Law, as their circulars testify.
Eighty-eight out of the 600 colleges and universities in the United
States offer courses or maintain departments which are devoted to
some form of world politics, and which might fairly be called courses in
International Relations, 57 of the 88 having courses especially adapted
to evoke "the international mind". Of this number 26 offer no
instruction in International Law or Diplomacy, so that the total
number of our colleges and universities which now maintain, in one
form or another, at least the nucleus of a department of International
Relations is 229, a little more than one-third of all that have come
under scrutiny.
It should be noted that 102 of these institutions offer courses in
the comparative study of the governments and political systems of
28 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
Europe and America, courses in which the books of President Lowell
and James Bryce are usually mentioned among the guides. Al-
though these courses do not directly deal with International Rela-
tions, they are obviously most valuable auxiliaries to such studies.
All but 28 of the 102 are among those that give instruction in Inter-
national Law or Diplomacy. Of the 229 institutions that direct their
students to the study of International Relations in some form, there
are no fewer than 86 in which one or more of the instructors pay
especial attention to the organization of the world for peace with
justice under law; and in 48 cases formal reference is made to this
movement in the official outlines of courses offered. Of course these
figures give no idea of the number of the friends of our cause among
the teachers in our colleges and universities. These figures relate
to institutions, but my belief is that nearly all of the professors whose
work touches our subject are either actively or potentially in sym-
pathy with us.
Of the 57 colleges and universities in Canada, returns have been
received from 33. Eleven of these offer courses in International Law,
six of them only in their law schools. In addition, Queen's Uni-
versity in the province of Ontario offers a course in Comparative
Government, and Toronto University offers courses in Comparative
Politics and in International Trade. McGill University at Montreal
offers a course in Recent Political Problems and Arbitration, and the
far-away University of Saskatchewan presents a course in Inter-
national Relations. Three-fourths of the catalogues on file in our
office give the complete post-office addresses of all students as well
as instructors, and more than one-fourth of them contain complete
directories of all graduates.
Without considering the latter class, it is evident that we have
here a correct mailing list for more than 150,000 young men and
women whom we could reach with our literature whenever we please.
It is a great privilege to address at will so many young people, and I
believe that three or four of our pamphlet issues should be sent
annually to some or all of this great college audience.
The surest method of arresting attention is by the picture. I
believe that we should be prepared to offer lectures illustrated with
well-chosen lantern-slides, and that films containing pictures that
preach our gospel should be prepared and placed in every moving-
picture show. That is a language universally understood in every
country. In the belief that such lantern-slides and films could derive
effective material from the cartoons that have appeared from time to
time in the public press, I have made an exhaustive examination
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 29
of the files of London Punch and New York Life. The former
journal yielded but nine suitable cartoons, but the latter publication
was a mine. The incomplete files in the Boston Public Library
showed in 14 years no less than 30 cartoons upon our subject, many
of them admirable for any use that we may wish to put them to.
And these are but two of many files to which we could go.
My scrutiny of the courses of study in our colleges and universi-
ties has convinced me that we must direct our energies toward the
stimulation, expansion and perfection of the study of International
Relations. As my figures show, of the 229 institutions that offer
instruction in some aspect of International Relations there are only
88 that aim more or less directly at the center of that subject.
In general, the collegiate instruction! upon which we base our
hopes consists of fragments from several departments. The courses
now offered in Current Problems and Events, International Politics,
Law and Diplomacy, Colonization and Social Ethics need to be
grouped together in a Department of International Relations or In-
ternational Sociology. Perhaps the department of International Civ-
ilization would be a fairly descriptive title. Text-books for the
work of such a department are already provided except in the cen-
tral subject of International Relations. We should have a text-
book there, presenting a sympathetic analysis of the needs, duties
and ideals of the great races, proceeding to a comparison of their
mutual influence in politics, religion and the arts, and of their various
associations for common action since the French Revolution, con-
cluding with a study of the gradual emergence of various forms of
world-organization, of the peace movement and of the financial,
commercial and industrial developments that have already provided
the world organism with a single, sensitive, nervous system.
I have sketched the outline of such a text, have invited a famous
scholar and publicist to prepare the book, and am now awaiting his
answer. In any event we shall need to accompany such a volume
with a book of " Readings," containing the essential "Sources." An
important chapter of such a text-book, or an indispensable adjunct to
it, will be a carefully studied, modern bibliography of International
Relations. This bibliography I have already outlined, and have
made some progress in its preparation.
Such a work will consume much time. As a preliminary step, I
have made ready the manuscript of a pamphlet containing the out-
line of a half-dozen lectures on the Foundations of International
Relations, with suitable references, largely drawn from the publica-
tions of the American Association for International Conciliation, the
30 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Dis-
putes and the World Peace Foundation. With these I have joined
some pages giving a sort of bird's-eye view of the peace movement
and of its periodical literature. This pamphlet has been prepared
in the hope that it may be useful in the 500 colleges and universities
in our country that are not now offering any instruction in this sub-
ject, and perhaps also in the 141 institutions that give courses in
International Law or Diplomacy, but make no further incursion into
the international field. It is hoped that the course of lectures thus
outlined may awaken interest, be adopted for immediate use, and
prove an entering wedge for a later, more formal and systematic study.
It seems reasonable to hope that this pamphlet invitation to the
study of International Relations may also be fruitful in the hands
of the professors of history and politics in many of our normal schools
and colleges. I have already communicated with 277 of these insti-
tutions, which have enrolled 90,000 students. Up to this date 190
of them have responded. It is scarcely necessary to emphasize the
importance of bringing the "international" message into these pro-
fessional schools, where the great army of our public school teachers
is trained for its life-work.
The virtual completion of our collection of official information
concerning colleges and universities in this country and Canada, and
the study of the possibilities involved therein, not only for my own
work, but for that of Dr. Nasmyth, have convinced me that the
Foundation should justify its title by securing similar knowledge of
the institutions for higher education throughout the world. I have,
therefore, initiated a correspondence with every such institution in
the British Empire, and also with the ministries of education in ,all
other countries. I expect these inquiries to result in the acquisition
of a complete file of official returns, which should hereafter come to
us every year.
During the summer I secured the consent of 28 able speakers to
appear as advocates of the peace movement under the auspices of
this Foundation. Information concerning these speakers, the sub-
jects on which they will speak, and the rates of compensation will
be sent promptly to any inquirer. I have corresponded about them
extensively with various Chautauqua managers and lecture bureaus,
and could undoubtedly send many speakers to such platforms if we
were ready to assume all or a large part of the expense.
I have also come into touch with all the institutions that partici-
pate in the competitions conducted under the auspices of the
Intercollegiate Peace Association. The principal result of this effort
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 31
thus far is the placing of our literature in the libraries and reading-
rooms of many institutions that were not previously familiar with it.
The college world in this country is undoubtedly ripe for our
propaganda. Wherever sentiment has been formulated, it is usually
favorable. We do not so much need to convert opponents as to
convince indifferent friends that something can be done, and to put
into their hands the tools for the performance.
DECEMBER 9, 1913.
REPORT OF DR. GEORGE W. NASMYTH
The universities of Germany, so important for the triumph of the
peace movement in the world, have been the chief field of my work
for peace in the past year, as in the two previous years. In addition
to the important work in Germany, I have been able to establish
a strong International Club in Switzerland, and to make a tour of
propaganda through the universities of Scandinavia and Russia,
conferring with student leaders, writing articles for the student
magazines, giving addresses on peace, and establishing valuable con-
nections for future work. The organization of a study tour of 35
German students to the United States in connection with the Inter-
national Congress of Students, and the preparation and work of the
Congress itself, have also claimed a large share of my time and energy
during the past year.
The results of the work in Germany have been most encouraging.
The International Student Clubs, which last year increased from two
to four, have again been doubled in number. To the clubs at the
strategic centers of Berlin, Leipsic, Munich and Goettingen have
been added strong organizations at the important universities of
Heidelberg, Bonn, Freiburg and Zurich. The Association of Inter-
national Clubs formed last year has grown in strength and activities.
Two publications have been maintained, and a powerful propaganda
has made its influence felt in every corner of the university field.
The movement, after occupying the most important university centers
in Germany, has spread to those of Switzerland, and a beginning
has been made toward the establishment of similar centers of activity
in the Austrian universities.
Lectures, personal conferences with student leaders and writing
articles for student publications have each claimed a portion of my
time; but the greater part of my energy has been devoted to organiza-
tion. This is by far the most effective form of propaganda, because,
32 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
when it is thoroughly done, the organization multiplies many times
the activity of the individual, and continues to spread its influence
and make new converts after the organizer has gone on to establish
other centers of activity.
The remarkable activity maintained by the eight international
clubs, the formation of which marked the first entrance of modern
international and peace ideals into the German universities, is shown
by the detailed reports of all the clubs published in the propaganda
organ Zur Internationalen Kultur-Beivegung, which is distributed in
an edition of 12,000 copies to the students of the German universi-
ties at the beginning of each semester. The clubs have also created
a monthly organ, Vaterland und Welt, which serves as a bond of
unity and a stimulus to all the members of the individual clubs.
The mental horizon of thousands has been widened, chauvinism has
been replaced in many cases by the international mind, and a better
understanding of the people and civilizations of foreign countries has
been spread among the German students by hundreds of " National
Evenings," and lectures on international subjects, by debates and
discussions, prize competitions and literature, and by the national
conventions of the movement.
One of the most important events of the year was the lecture tour
through the largest German universities which I arranged for Norman
Angell hi February. In connection with this tour a great stimulus
was given to the study of international problems by the distribution
of 40,000 copies of an "Open Letter to the German Students," plead-
ing for a scientific study of international relations along the lines
laid down in "The Great Illusion." This "Open Letter" of fifteen
pages contained the essential arguments of "The Great Illusion,"
and was sent to every student and member of the Faculty in the
Universities of Berlin, Leipsic, Munich, Goettingen, Wurzburg and
Heidelberg, together with an invitation to attend a meeting of the
International Club at which Norman Angell would speak. This
literature and the lecture tour produced a great intellectual ferment
all over Germany. 20,000 copies of the German edition of "The
Great Illusion" were sold within a month; and practically every
important German work on war which has appeared since this cam-
paign shows the influence of this attack on the current axioms and
fallacies concerning war. Prizes have been offered for essays on the
economic and financial interdependence of nations, open to students
in the German universities both inside and outside the International
Clubs, and a new interest has been awakened in the economic sig-
nificance of the peace movement among business men and the
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 33
universities of Germany, which is leading to a re-examination of inter-
national relationships and the old axioms and theories of war and
peace in the light of modern facts.
The annual conventions of the International Clubs are growing in
importance and attendance, and furnish a most promising beginning
for what may develop into international congresses of European
students as soon as funds become available for the necessary ex-
penses. The last convention, held at Leipsic May 14-18, 1913, was
attended by 70 representatives from the eight German International
Clubs, and by delegates from English, Swiss and Austrian student
organizations as well. The approaching third annual convention at
Munich, June 4-6, 1914, will be still more international in scope.
With my own return from the German field, my longing has in-
creased to see the work, begun with such promise and so pregnant
with results for the peace movement of the world, continued through
the critical years of the immediate future in Germany. "Send us
another like yourself in your place," were the last words I heard, as
I said farewell to a group of the leaders of the movement at the
station after the convention in Leipsic. The greatest need of the
German movement, if it is to reach its fullest development and take
advantage of the opportunities before it of bringing the great cur-
rents of international thought to bear upon the present generation
of German students, is a paid secretary who can devote a large share
of his time to the work of organization and the strengthening of the
whole German movement. The international peace work must be
internationally done, and we must develop a powerful peace mis-
sionary spirit, and use the resources of countries like America, where
the movement is strong, to establish new centers of activity and
strengthen the peace movement in countries like Germany where it
most needs development.
In no country in the world can limited funds accomplish so much
directly for the educational work for peace as in Germany in the
student field. For $750 a year a devoted worker and a permanent
center of international activity could be maintained at the important
University of Berlin, with its 10,000 German students and 1,500
foreign students. A part-time or full-time secretary could greatly
strengthen the Berlin International Club and permeate the whole
student field with the modern international and peace ideas by
means of literature, lectures by prominent men, discussions and
prize essay competitions, and at the same time could act as general
secretary for the whole German movement and be a source of strength
to all the other clubs. For $250 enough publicity could be secured
34 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
for the annual conventions to make them representative pan-Euro-
pean student congresses, and thus contribute greatly to the move-
ment toward international conciliation and understanding which is
beginning to lessen the strained relations of the European countries.
A small amount for traveling expenses and international literature,
placed at the disposal of the president of the International Federa-
tion of Students, one of the splendid German peace leaders who has
been trained up in the work of the International Clubs, would enable
him to spread the new international and peace ideas among the stu-
dents of all the neighboring countries.
Although Germany is the center of gravity of the international
peace movement at the present time, Russia, with its 165,000,000
people, immense area and rapidly developing natural resources, is
still more important for the future. My experience in the Russian
universities has convinced me that a great opportunity awaits the
international student movement in this country, so important for the
future peace of the world. At the universities of St. Petersburg,
Moscow and Warsaw, where I addressed various groups of students and
conferred with some of the leaders, I met with a most sympathetic
and enthusiastic response. The Russian students, shut out from
political activity, and from religious work on account of the supersti-
tion and the alliance of the Russian Church with the political forces
of reaction, are seeking an outlet for the idealism of their nature, and
are ready to throw themselves without reserve into a great movement,
such as the peace cause, fraught with so much promise for the future
of humanity. Great changes are impending in Russia, and this stu-
dent field should be the center of concentration for some of our most
earnest efforts within the next few years. The thousands of Russian
students who are compelled to seek an education in the universities
of other countries can be reached in part through the international
student movement in Germany, Switzerland and other countries,
and I am in correspondence with a score of Russian student leaders,
both inside and outside Russia, who are trying to spread the modern
international ideas among their comrades. As soon as opportunity
offers, student peace workers should be sent to St. Petersburg and
other great university centers, in order that the powerful currents of
international thought and the modern peace ideals may be brought
to bear upon the new generation in Russia.
In Great Britain most effective work is being done in the student
field by the International Polity Clubs and War and Peace Societies
established by the Garton Foundation for the study of the economic
facts concerning the futility of armed aggression on which Norman
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 35
Angell has focused attention in "The Great Illusion." The relation
between this British student movement and the German Interna-
tional Clubs has been increasingly intimate during the past year.
Members of the War and Peace Societies of Cambridge and Manches-
ter have arranged study tours of English students to Germany, and
delegates from the Garton Foundation, which is in such close rela-
tions with the World Peace Foundation, have taken a leading part
in the conventions of the German movement. In return the Garton
Foundation has been the host of the German students on the study
tour arranged by the International Student Clubs in co-operation
with other German student organizations. The president of the
International Federation, Dr. John Mez of Munich, is now prepar-
ing for a lecture tour of all the British student organizations, and plans
for more effective co-operation in the future are being outlined.
The success of the Eighth International Congress of Students,
held at Ithaca, N.Y., August 29 to September 3, was made possible
by the strong support of Mr. Mead and the World Peace Founda-
tion and the American Association for International Conciliation.
It was by far the largest Congress ever held by the International
Federation of Students, and was attended by 200 represen-
tatives of student organizations from 30 countries. The Chinese,
South American and German delegations were especially large, and
a striking feature of the gathering was the presence of nearly every
student leader of the world who has made important contributions
to the cause of international friendship and understanding. The
time of the Congress was chiefly taken up with constructive plans
for strengthening the organization of the international student move-
ment in the countries in which it already exists, and extending it
to new countries. Notable addresses, which made a deep impres-
sion upon the members of the Congress, were those made by Mr.
Edwin D. Mead, by the Commissioner of Education, Philander P.
Claxton, by President Thwing, Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt and Dr.
John R. Mott at Ithaca; by President Wilson and Secretary of
State Bryan at Washington; and by Hamilton Holt in New York.
The contributions made by students already enlisted in the peace
cause were exceptional, and many members of the Congress who had
not before come into direct contact with the peace movement were
brought to realize its importance for civilization and humanity.
This was especially true of the German delegates, several of whom
have told me that they were returning as converts to work with new
energy for the peace cause in Germany. One of the most gratify-
ing results of the Congress was the election of Dr. John Mez, the
36 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
founder of the International Student Club at Freiburg and now
president of the International Student Club at Munich and a devoted
worker in all branches of the international and peace movements, as
the president of the Central Committee of the International Feder-
ation.
As a result of the Congress, there will be a great stimulus to the
international student movement which has already been started
with such great promise in South America. It was decided to hold
the next International Congress of Students, August 15-30, 1915, at
Montevideo, Uruguay; and a Latin- American student in close sym-
pathy with both South American and North American feeling, Mr.
Miguel A. Mufioz of Porto Rico, was elected secretary of the Central
Committee. In connection with the Congress two important publi-
cations have been issued: "The Students of the World and Interna-
tional Conciliation," which gives the most comprehensive survey of
the history of the international student movement which has yet
been published; and the "Proceedings of the Eighth International
Congress of Students."
Another important action of the Congress was the decision to
establish an International Bureau of Students for the purpose of
strengthening the international organization of the Federation and
bringing the new international influences to bear upon all parts of
the world's student field. The objects are: to unite student move-
ments and organizations throughout the world, and to promote
among them closer international contact, mutual understanding and
friendship; to encourage the study of international relations and
problems in the universities and colleges; to encourage the study
of the culture, problems and intellectual currents of other nations,
and to facilitate foreign study and increase its value and effective-
ness. The Bureau seeks to co-operate with all organizations having
similar objects in all countries. Mr. Lochner and I were elected
secretary and director, respectively, of this Bureau, and as rapidly
as the funds can be raised the various activities of the Bureau will
be entered upon. The opportunities open to it are unlimited, and
with the establishment of the International Student review, which
the Congress authorized the Bureau to publish, it will become a
center of international effort from which powerful influences will go
out to carry the new international ideals into every part of the student
field.
At present, in connection with my work for the Foundation, I am
carrying on special studies and research in economics and international
relations in the graduate school of Harvard University, laying the
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 37
foundations for the new science of international relations which is
slowly taking form, and preparing for the increased demand for ex-
perts which the scientific trend of the modern peace movement is
making upon all workers in the cause.
For the immediate future, besides serving the International Student
movement in other countries and building up the activities of the
International Bureau, I expect to devote a large part of my time to
the peace work in American universities and colleges. Wherever
possible, I shall strengthen the existing Cosmopolitan Clubs and the
Cosmopolitan Movement, which has already achieved notable results
in breaking down race prejudice and creating a new sense of the unity
of the world and a devotion to the ideal of humanity among American
as well as foreign students. In other places I hope to co-operate
with peace workers among the faculty and students in building up
study groups and clubs for the intensive study of modern inter-
national relations. The student field is so important for the future
of the peace movement that an effective program for reaching every
student in the United States within the next three or four years
should be outlined. With the co-operation of all the peace agencies,
the chambers of commerce and business men, the churches and
every person interested in the peace cause and international concilia-
tion, a thorough campaign should be carried through in one state
after another. Literature in the form of a plea for the study of mod-
ern international relations and giving the essential facts of the peace
cause should be sent to every student in each university, together
with an invitation to attend a meeting to be addressed by a noted
speaker and followed by the organization of a study circle or Inter-
national Polity Club. The study circles or clubs should be strength-
ened by traveling libraries and by a well-planned series of booklets
exposing the common fallacies of militarism and dealing scientifically
with various aspects of the peace movement. On the foundations
thus broadly laid and the interest created, lectures on the economic
interdependence of nations, international law and other aspects of
international relations should be arranged, thus greatly stimulating
the demand for regular university instruction in these subjects.
Then at the apex of a broadly conceived educational policy should
come the prize competitions for essays and for orations, such as those
of the Mohonk Conference, the Intercollegiate Peace Association, and
Oratorical League.
Since in the student field we are dealing with the sources of power,
a comprehensive plan such as this, placing in the hands of every
student a statement of the ideals and the essential facts of the peace
38 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
movement, followed up by organization and the more intensive work
of study and propaganda, would weave the peace ideal into the men-
tal tissue of the new generation, and assure in the future a public
opinion which can be relied upon to settle every international ques-
tion in the right way, the way of justice, and which would make the
United States the leader and the most powerful force in the move-
ment for the organization of the world.
REPORT OF MR. DENYS P. MYERS
During the year since my last report my energies have been de-
voted to five fields of work: (i) the office routine activities in my
particular province; (2) studies and investigations with the general
purpose of broadening the basis of our movement; (3) purely
technical studies to promote advance along our lines, the results of
which are being communicated to those able to act officially; (4) a
service of information through which serious students may obtain
material for their own work; (5) actual propaganda.
i. The office routine for which I am responsible is described some-
what at length in my previous report (Work in 1912, p. 25), and its
earlier features have been continued in practically the same form.
Additions to our working collections of printed matter naturally
divide into two sections, general publications of many types neces-
sary for the work and the publications of organizations similar to
our own. Owing to the richness of the libraries of this vicinity, it
has not been the policy of the Foundation to attempt a complete
collection of the publications of service in our work, because so large
a number of them are of infrequent use, and it has been felt that casual
consultation of many series can be satisfactorily made in the general
libraries. Our aim is to make our own collection supplement in a
specialized sense the general libraries. It is significant that, even
with this restricted purpose, it has been necessary to add some 250
books. Pamphlets, brochures, unbound publications of govern-
ments, etc., have been added to the number of 950, a large part of
which have been obtained by exchanges, through personal connections
or at the nominal government prices. The result in the year is that
the library, though small, is now remarkably serviceable; and, as
it now contains a large proportion of the older works necessary to
our use, the future increases will have, to a greater extent, only to
keep abreast of current publications.
The policy regarding strictly peace publications has been very
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 39
different. It is the desire to have our collection in respect to these
as complete as possible. The co-operative interchange between or-
ganizations throughout the world provides us with most of this
material, as it provides them with ours. It is desirable that this
co-operation should be even more efficient and much more rapid, in
order to avoid, so far as possible, duplication of work and effort. This
can be secured by establishing a central mailing office for each coun-
try; and correspondence to this end has been initiated. Some suc-
cess has attended the completing of the sets of peace organization
issues by securing back numbers.
The principal basis of our propaganda work must remain the daily
journal, whose reports of events affecting our work are at once quicker
and fuller than those from other sources. All material relating di-
rectly or indirectly to our work as reported in a representative se-
lection of newspapers is filed, and constantly proves its value in
affording detailed information for all phases of our activity. The
work connected with these activities requires much of the time de-
voted to routine, and much is given to the direction of the sending
out of our publications. Requests are ordinarily of a very general
character, and hundreds necessitate time and thought to determine
what the writer really wants. Since it is generally my office to put
our publications through the press, the requisite detailed knowledge
of their contents is naturally acquired; and many requests that are
not clear are referred to me for elaboration of the writer's wants. In
order to encourage the making of requests by title, pamphlet lists
are issued; and now a list of the miscellaneous publications has been
prepared, to bring these also to the wider knowledge of the public.
The decision to print all miscellaneous broadsides, etc., on a standard
size will increase their influence by making them more easily kept for
reference.
The Pamphlet Series title-pages have made it possible for libraries
to bind these varied and valuable publications, and thus to make their
influence permanent. Over goo sets are bound in the libraries of
this and other countries. A quadrennial or quinquennial index
would enhance their use in this permanent form. Almost daily
evidence indicates that libraries appreciate and desire the volumes
of pamphlets.
As the office force has increased, the number of requests for in-
formation has risen. Almost daily conferences with others regarding
such information have now become the rule, and frequently special
investigations are undertaken for results not otherwise available.
2. In my responsibility for the advance of the peace movement in
40 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
relation to our own Foundation, I come most directly into contact
with the world's body of facts. Unless these are interpreted in our own
terms, their value to us is lost. There are, of course, many phases of
the work that he who runs may read; but even these require accuracy.
The not uncommon old opinion that the peace movement smacks
of impracticality is of course rapidly changing; and certainly it is
daily belied by all in this office. It is my own pleasure and duty
to add to its practicality by doing what is possible not only to make
our material absolutely accurate from our own point of view, but
from every point of view. It is of little purpose to draw facts and
figures from economics and point a moral that the economist would
not recognize or accept. There is waste of effort if we use military
material with conclusions that an auditor or a strategist must, from
specialized knowledge, reject. In dealing with military and naval
budgets, for instance, one must not only recognize totals, but take
account of expenditures that are illogically charged to such accounts,
American rivers and harbors construction being an illustration.
Multiply such technicalities for each nation, and some conception
of the labor involved may be obtained. Mr. Arthur W. Allen, the
treasurer of the Foundation, has done much of this work with the
same care that I always aim to exercise, and the illustration here
given comes from his study. See his pamphlet upon "The Drain of
Armaments." It may be said with satisfaction that no capital errors
have ever been called to our attention. It is also notable that the
statistical support of the peace movement becomes steadily stronger,
the deeper one goes into it.
A very valuable portion of our work consists not simply in in-
creasing the accuracy of information, but in broadening the bases of
the movement and widening the field of its attack. Such work in-
volves the making precise what has been hazy. An analysis of Black
Sea freight rates during a normal period and a period of war, making
a direct appeal to the shipper in his own language, is a case in point.
Another investigation, covering months, has strongly fortified the
general conclusion that a modern war really involves the neutral
world as truly as the two belligerents. The neutral has heretofore
been too much considered a passive and negative factor, but the
evidence to the contrary now rapidly accumulates. To interpret
this condition to the public and secure action is one most important
means of broadening the bases of the peace movement. On this
line I have written several articles for general publication, and am
continuing the study. A third such investigation has been partly
completed from the point of view of the total investment in military
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 41
and naval establishments, as distinguished from annual budgets. A
fourth concerns the responsibility for declaring war in all countries.
Still another now under way will make clear the extent of the foreign
financial stake in various portions of the world; while one just begun
compares existing arbitration treaties respecting the extent of their
terms of reference.
Mention was made in my last report of a study of the extinction of
treaties. It was decided to make this work complete, and during
the year much new material has been added, though the actual com-
pletion of the study has not yet been reached. The other study
mentioned, on the Moroccan problem and its international crises,
has advanced rapidly and is approaching completion.
We are constantly halted in our advance by encountering obsolete
conceptions of statecraft in both official and popular quarters. Mr.
Angell has very forcibly called attention to this. More could and
should be done, for, when the people in general see public questions in
terms of interdependence, as do we in our work, the ideals and results
for which the peace movement stands will gradually determine the
people's attitude. History itself should be made a diagnosis rather
than an autopsy. Wars receive exceptionally rapid historical at-
tention, but it is almost useless to expect an authentic history of a
war in less than ten years after its close. Wars themselves often
have not half the potency for creating bad feeling that the crises of
foreign policy have through which almost all nations pass, and an
instance of which occurs every year or so. Usually, public opinion
on such crises is based on what information the periodical press has
been able to give. Opinions thus built up from day to day are sure
to become distorted, and the origin of many a traditional national
enmity can be traced to such distorted opinions. The actual history
of international crises is invariably written long after the lessons are
directly applicable to current affairs. If provision were made at a
university like Harvard or Yale or Columbia for an annual series of
lectures on some topic of international politics resulting in a crisis,
and if these lectures were regularly published in book form, the prog-
ress toward sanity in international relations would be greatly accele-
rated. Such subjects as the Agadir crisis, the concert of Europe and
the Balkans, the Mexican problem, the Persian problem and the
foreign relations of the Chinese Republic would, under such provi-
sion, be diagnosed at a time when other patients might at least
be saved thereby.
3. The result of some of the studies outlined above are being
prepared both for general propaganda work and for submission in
42 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
quarters capable of acting upon them directly. During the year I have
published in La Vie Internationale a project of a convention on the
" Concentration of Public International Organs," providing for the
consolidation of some thirty-five administrative organs conducted
by the governments themselves. The French text of the project is
now with the various ministries of foreign affairs and with many
publicists.
One of the phenomena of the present time is the break-up of
sovereign states into articulate though connected parts. The self-
governing dominions of the British Empire show the highest form of
this development; and Great Britain has pledged herself to these
dominions to consult them before action in any international diplo-
matic conference. In international administrative organs it is cus-
tomary to give colonies autonomous membership. All of this is a
direct attack upon the sovereign-state idea that is now the basis of
international relations. The prospect of the movement increasing
rapidly is great, and its significance for the peace movement in its
official phases can scarcely be exaggerated. For these reasons I have
studied "Non-sovereign Representation in Public International
Organs " in a somewhat lengthy paper contributed to the proceedings
of the Deuxieme Congres monolial des Associations internationales
(Actes, pp. 753-802), which has since been published in pamphlet
form.
Every ministry of foreign affairs should in these days of the in-
creasing interdependence of nations and multiplying international
conferences have a bureau qualified to deal with those special rela-
tions. International conference technique is extensive, and the very
number of such meetings held annually should warrant special pro-
vision for handling official business connected with them. Such a
provision would be of great service in encouraging the development
of such institutions. Studies along this line are being made for sub-
mission to the governments, France already having such a sub-
bureau.
4. One of the most interesting and, I hope, a valuable feature of my
work consists in answering inquirers definitely interested in phases of
the peace movement, in which I like to include all activities making
for better international relations. Care is taken, of course, not to do
their work for contestants in prize competitions. To indicate the
nature of these questions, I note a few which have been answered: —
Will you please send me a list of the bills pending in Congress which favor or
endanger the cause of peace?
What is being done to arbitrate between Persia and Russia?
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 43
What was the opinion of the negotiators of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty on
the question of free Panama Canal privileges for American vessels?
Has the Senate ratified the Hague Convention for an International Prize Court?
and, if not, why?
What is the extent of international co-operation?
Is there a federal law against dissuading men from enlisting in the army?
Can you direct me to publications setting forth how the laws of war were ob-
served by belligerents in the various wars in which the United States has been
engaged?
The samples could be extended to several hundred for the year, but
the questions quoted will show the range of inquiries. Such ques-
tions originate from outside the office, but information required by
us within the Foundation is equally diverse.
5. Though routine and the broader phases of work already dealt
with occupy much space in the relation, I never lose sight of the fact
that the essential purpose of our Foundation is to reach the people
with our message. The activities outlined indeed have for the most
part been undertaken to insure that our message should be not only
vital, but accurate, not only good propaganda for the moment, but
for all time. The spirit of our whole office is a responsible one, and
the frequent office conferences have enabled us all to exchange ideas
and to avoid errors.
During the year I have put through the press practically all of our
publications, and have used all possible care, not only in matters of
typography, but in regard to questions of fact and clear statement.
From time to time material on public events has been prepared and
circulated, many special bulletins being issued on the underlying
conditions of the Balkan War, the advances made in arbitration, the
Hague machinery for international justice, etc.; and on numerous
occasions I have prepared material of special appeal to newspapers.
A lecture has been prepared for presentation with lantern-slides
which is intended for the convenience of those organizations which
desire entertainment without the necessity of securing or bearing the
expense of an outside speaker. The lecture covers the peace move-
ment and its principles, and copies of it will be loaned for local deliv-
ery, organizations bearing the expense of transporting slides. I have
myself during the year had occasion to accept several invitations to
speak.
DECEMBER 10, 1913.
44 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
REPORT OF MR. ALBERT G. BRYANT
Having been actively connected with the Foundation only since
September i, it may be that the most valuable feature of this report
will consist in the statement of a few general impressions which have
been the source of encouraging promise and the inspiration of sev-
eral suggestions which I modestly propose, being aware that I make
them to men who have made a longer study of the peace movement
and whose devotion and ability have been so strongly demonstrated.
During the past two years I have been increasingly confident that
the securing of a basis of justice and friendliness in international
relations offers one of the widest fields of service for humanity;
and for this conviction I am in a large degree indebted to Dr. David
Starr Jordan. It is a source of deepening satisfaction that any
effort of mine in this direction is to be in connection with this or-
ganization; for I believe that no man has had a larger vision or been
prompted by a more unselfish purpose than is expressed in the gift
of Mr. Ginn and also in his well-formulated ideas of the methods by
which that international understanding is to be secured. My faith
in the contribution to the peace movement rendered by the Founda-
tion has been strengthened by my association with Mr. Mead, and
I am happy that this enterprise is being directed by so able a man
and one who is given to the work with such consecration. It will be
a constant joy to work with him in such entire harmony.
The general departments and activities of the office clearly in-
dicate the character of the service rendered in the propaganda of
the peace work and the creation of a wide-spread right sentiment.
Through its various efforts the education of the general public has
been advanced, and a more intelligent understanding of international
affairs promoted. The work done by each person on our staff in
his particular line has been valuable and efficient, and, now that
the force is increased, much good would result from regular and
frequent conferences, so that each might be informed with reference
to what the others were doing and the work of each dovetail into
and supplement that of the others. By such close touch we might
keep steadily and definitely in mind exactly what is proposed in each
department, and the efforts of the entire force would be united and
systematized.
With reference to outside organization, it would be well to have
committees appointed in connection with commercial bodies in as
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 45
many large cities as possible; for our business men are alive to the
situation, and through organization they can do much to create an
active sentiment in their various localities, can arrange for lectures,
and be of assistance to us in countless ways. Such committees I
have already created in seventeen cities, and they should be mul-
tiplied as fast as possible. We are also taking steps to organize the
Granges and to introduce into their programs a stereopticon lecture
prepared in this office and delivered by members of the Grange
throughout the state. The warmest support is promised by this
order.
While these things and many similar activities are important, my
journey from California to Boston and my recent trip of five weeks
through the South and West have served to strengthen my con-
viction that we need to aim at a much more comprehensive organiza-
tion, through which the Foundation may become a greater power
in the nation and the world at large. We can bring to our support
the interest and influence of the most representative men of every
state in the nation. On account of the long habits of party politics
these men have been so segregated that they have supported their
own administrations respectively in all state and national issues.
Because of this very division into parties, there has been no adequate
way in which the strong men who make our national policies could
give expression to their views and convictions as to how our inter-
national relations should be determined. When we leave our own
shores, party lines disappear, and we who are devoted to the work
of international peace must secure and retain the organized support
of these men, regardless of politics, in all our endeavors to influence
the national administration to adopt the foreign policies in which
we believe. To this end it is necessary to select from 25 to 50 of the
strongest and most influential men in every state, to be connected
with our office, and to whom may be referred all propositions which
we think ought to be advanced for the consideration of the admin-
istration; and, so far as possible, we should seek to have the same
carefully considered and reported upon, so that the result of such
reference may be expressive of the best judgment of the leaders of
the people.
By each state board there should also be appointed a board of lect-
urers, five or seven of the most trusty speakers, who shall, with the
approval of this office and the authority of the state board, speak
throughout the state on the various aspects of the international
situation. In such a manner we shall have throughout the country,
instead of the few whom we are now able to send out, a large number
46 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
of voices proclaiming world peace and the evils of the present gigan-
tic waste. Each state would be responsible for its own lectures and
expenses.
With these and other functions in mind, I endeavored to ascertain
the possibility of such organizations when on my way through the
South and West. On a rapidly planned trip I was able to stop for
only one or two days in each place, and was compelled to introduce
the idea after my arrival, which should rather be done prior to the
visit. In each of the following states I was fortunate in meeting men
who made it possible for me to meet and speak to a group of the
most representative men, through whom there was started the
organization of state boards: Louisiana, Alabama, Tennessee, Ken-
tucky, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska and Iowa,
eleven in all. These boards are composed of members of the supreme
bench, presidents of the leading colleges and universities, state officials,
editors, attorneys, clergymen, business men and bankers. In all of
the states but two I went in company with a committee of these men
appointed at the meetings to confer with the governor, before whom
we laid our plans. In every instance he was not only interested
in, and in support of, the proposition, but frequently was a member
of the committee to select the state board. In each state the gov-
ernor was requested and agreed to appoint the board from his office
and advise the gentlemen that they were invited to serve for his
state on the Board of Commissioners of the World Peace Foundation.
In each state there is selected a chairman, who becomes by virtue
of this appointment a member of the national board of commissioners
of this office, and through whom we can keep in touch with each
state board. This national board should be made a part of our
organization and so recognized. The most encouraging sign evident
on this trip was the fact that these men who count so largely in our
national life are so heartily with us, and are ready to accept responsi-
bility and to unite their influence for the carrying out of those prin-
ciples for which this Peace Foundation exists. Through these men,
who have been tried and have been recognized by their fellows, we
can do much to mold the future foreign policy of this country; for
they are the men who control our national life. It will require time
and careful consideration to perfect the organization of these boards ;
for, in order to appeal to this class of men, our message must be virile,
and they must be persuaded that there is a worthy work for them to
do, and that in these world affairs our office stands for the highest
type of efficiency. When such a national organization is completed,
it may not be too much to hope that we shall exert a growing influence
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 47
in the determination of the foreign policies of this country and in
encouraging our administration in taking the initiative in much-
needed world reforms.
Since October I have traveled 6,300 miles, spoken at the Southern
Commercial Congress in Mobile, and introduced there a peace resolu-
tion following the President's address, which was unanimously
passed by the congress and the women's auxiliary, delivered 40 ad-
dresses, 20 of which were before colleges and universities, interviewed
9 governors, started the organization of n state boards and 14 local
committees. The organization of other states should be pushed
with the greatest possible speed; for the forces back of the old war
system and armaments are too strong to be greatly affected or modi-
fied by anything but this combined effort of our strongest leaders in
the country, whose expressed will may ultimately become the law
governing our foreign relations.
DECEMBER 10, 1913.
REPORT OF MRS. ANNA S. DURYEA
The Department of Women's Organizations has during the year sent
out letters of information and advice by thousands, and pamphlets
by tens of thousands, and arranged a lecture for every alternate day
of the entire lecture season, refusing many opportunities to speak
on account of distance and conflicting dates. I have at present on
my calendar lecture engagements which extend my season to June i.
While the work of the department, being confined essentially to New
England and the Eastern Middle States, has kept my hands full, we
are steadily drawn to extend our borders, and are constantly doing
so in the matter of giving assistance and advice and sending litera-
ture. Sooner or later we should have another worker in this de-
partment in the West. My earlier efforts were devoted largely to
New England, but the past year I have given more attention to
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and their vicinities.
Three different periods were spent in these localities, giving lectures,
stimulating interest and planning future work. One of my regrets
was in my inability to accept an invitation from Mrs. Owen, president
of the Woman's Auxiliary of the Southern Commercial Congress,
which met at Mobile in October. As head of this department, I was
invited to speak at one of the sessions of the Congress and "plant"
48 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
a peace flag. Fortunately, Mr. Bryant was to represent the Founda-
tion at the Congress, and was at my suggestion invited to present
the flag. In this, as in many other cases, we have had only to let
the purpose of our work be known to meet with a cordial response.
Through the effective operation of the many peace influences, as
well as through those of this department, understanding of our work
and active interest in it are steadily increasing among the women's
organizations of the country. Owing to the large demand for infor-
mation regarding the purpose and development of peace work and
because of plans made by many organizations for definite study of
the subject, the character of our own efforts this year has been some-
what varied from that of previous years. We are more and more
giving suggestions and advice, directing and helping all sorts of
organizations in the systematic study of the movement. Since the
purpose of this department is to act mainly through already existing
channels, we are not required to spend much time in organizing work
itself, but devote ourselves to getting into closer and more in-
fluential touch with those bodies of women, multiplying so rapidly,
which adopt and advance peace work as one of their appropriate and
regular interests. The women of the country are now so thoroughly
organized in national, state, and local bodies that we are directly
provided with numerous and effective channels for furthering our
efforts. We find a cordial spirit of co-operation in all quarters
where our purposes are understood, and we are working constantly
through the National and State Federations of Women's Clubs and
the local clubs, through church and patriotic organizations, prepara-
tory and normal schools, Parent-Teachers Associations, women's col-
leges, college and university clubs, the Association of Collegiate
Alumnae, these organizations reaching altogether several millions of
the representative women of this country.
The publication by the Foundation of the pamphlet of "Lessons
on War and Peace," prepared by Mrs. Mead, has greatly simplified
and fortified my own work; and we are now sending it with a letter
of explanation and suggestion to several thousand clubs. Mrs.
Mead's pamphlet upon "Club Women and the Peace Movement"
has also been of distinct sendee. The great growth of interest and
of opportunity for the department shows itself in the rapidly increas-
ing number of calls for advice, for literature and lectures, from large
central organizations and those as well in remote country towns, and
in the fact that our lecture season begins earlier and continues later
every year. We find encouragement in the fact that many organi-
zations are having more frequent lectures for the purpose of keeping
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 49
abreast of the subject, many are doing more definite and continu-
ous work, and more are planning to pay for what they get. We
realize the growth of work among women when we receive an appeal
from an officer of the Congress of Women's Clubs of Western Penn-
sylvania, who has secured an affiliated membership of 1,600 women
devoted to the peace cause, the purpose of the organization being to
introduce our subject into every woman's club, public and private
school in the district. To show how far our service reaches, let me
say that we are in cordial co-operation with the able chairman and
five district chairmen of the Peace Committee of the State Federa-
tion of California, and are providing them with material for study
and offering them our continued help. The organizations through
which we work are not, of course, officially connected with us, and
are not under obligation to report their activities to us; but every
day shows the results of the work. The constant question which
follows lectures and letters, "What can we do?" is answered by a
list of specific things that can be done in the home, school, club,
church and community and through influence on legislation; and we
receive continuous assurances of many forms of definite achieve-
ment. We are continually realizing, however, how wide-spread is
the ignorance of the real meaning and purpose of our movement, and
how persistent and sustained must be the effort to bring even the
intelligent and educated public to a thorough understanding of the
subject.
The department owes especial thanks for hearty co-operation in
various ways to Mrs. Stanley Plummer of Maine, the Eastern mem-
ber of the Arbitration and Peace Committee of the General Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs, to Mrs. Arthur W. Lane, chairman for
Massachusetts, and to Mrs. Charles H. Bond, vice-president-general
from Massachusetts of the National Association of Daughters of the
American Revolution. Our thanks are also due to those who have
helped us in emergencies with lectures, — besides Mr. Myers and Mr.
Nasmyth of the Foundation's own staff, Mr. Moorfield Storey, Rev.
Charles F. Dole, Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole and Miss Lucile Gulliver.
I have myself given about 80 lectures during the year, and ar-
ranged for 20 by others. Among my lecture subjects oftenest called
for by the clubs are "Women and the International Movement,"
"World Peace through World Union," "What the Hague Confer-
ences have Done," "The World Peace Foundation," "The Story of
Baroness von Suttner," "The Economics of Internationalism," and
"Recent Advances in the Peace Cause."
The decision of the General Federation of Women's Clubs last
50 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
year to make the peace cause one of its own regular interests, and to
urge attention to it upon all the clubs of the country was of the
highest moment to this department. The creation of the special
national committee for the work, with Mrs. J. E. Cowles of Cali-
fornia at its head, was the guarantee of systematic care for the in-
terest; and all peace workers feel a constant sense of gratitude to
Mrs. Pennybacker, the president of the Federation, for her warm
personal interest in the cause.
It is never to be forgotten that the peace cause has from the be-
ginning been one of the leading interests of the International Coun-
cil of Women. The meeting of the peace department at The Hague
last spring to plan for its part at the quinquennial convention of the
Council at Rome next May was presided over by its head, our veteran
American peace worker, Mrs. May Wright Sewall; and Mrs. Proudfoot,
another American worker, acted as its secretary. The meetings in
Rome should be of distinct importance in promoting devotion to the
cause among the women of all nations.
DECEMBER 10, 1913.
REPORT OF DR. JAMES A. MACDONALD
The past year presented features of exceptional significance in the
world-peace program all over the world. In America the reflex
of the wars in Europe was more distinct and more effective than that
of any similar experience in past history. In my journeyings over
Canada and the United States, both in the East and in the West, I
found the average man growingly intelligent and more thoughtful con-
cerning the bearing of foreign international complications, — the war
between Italy and Turkey and the wars among the Balkan States, —
upon the financial and industrial situation in America, than would
have been possible even a few years ago. This experience has made
clear and emphatic to the man in the street the fact of the growing
interdependence of all the nations. The withdrawal of thousands
of Europeans, upon whose work on great constructive undertakings
and industrial operations the people of the United States and Canada
had come to rely, brought home the fact and the burden of -those
European wars to thousands in America who formerly thought of
war as something remote from the average American's life. The
money stringency resulting from the drain of European wars and war-
scares on the money markets of the world has been a wholesome
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 51
lesson to many Americans who thought of themselves and their in-
terests as isolated and free from the burdens and the barbarisms of
Europe and the world.
The past year afforded many timely and useful opportunities for
interpreting to the American people these world events. On all
hands I found the people not only interested hi world affairs, but eager
to have some clue to the confusions and the complications of home inci-
dents with world currents. I found it easier than ever before to corre-
late world events into a world-wide social movement in which is
involved all that is progressive hi science and education and religion
and industry and finance. As never before, the world is beginning to
see itself as one great social organism in which all the members suffer
or rejoice together. The growing socialization of the nations is the
idea taking shape in the common mind the world round.
During the year, at great conventions under various auspices,
educational, political, social, religious, I had opportunities to present
the international idea in its essential relations to the great human
interests. At great anniversary celebrations, like Washington's
Birthday and the centennial of events in the War of 1812, the unity
and fraternity of the English-speaking peoples was utilized to crowd
out and to cancel the hoary falsifications of history on both sides of
past conflicts. Great assemblies and representative conventions of
religious denominations and other convocations, in Toronto, in At-
lanta, in Los Angeles, in Portland, Ore., in Kansas City, in New
York, in Chicago and other centers, through the most prominent
places in their programs afforded large opportunities for creating
and organizing public opinion on questions fundamental to inter-
national good relations.
During the year two things, two currents from opposite directions,
the two sides of a struggle in which the issue is clearly joined, have
greatly impressed me. On the one hand is this responsiveness of the
great body of the people to the international appeal, this growing
horror of war and hatred of war ideals. On the other hand, the
militarists and the military interests are unusually active and loud,
as though they had begun really to fear that their craft is in danger.
The attempt is made with new vigor to capture the schools, to seduce
the Boy Scouts movement to the military ideals and purposes of the
Big Army and Big Navy agitators. The struggle is on, but the
activity of the military-minded is a tribute to the effectiveness of the
peace argument.
Educationists as never before are beginning to face the question of
the educational effect of guns and cartridges and military uniforms,
52 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
and all the accompaniments of the cadet movement on the minds and
characters of boys who in a democracy are supposed to be trained in
public schools for peaceful and constructive citizenship, and not for
suspicion and strife. If the law of suggestion plays any part in edu-
cation, the military features in the public school program in the
United States and Canada contradict and tend to subvert the most
distinctive characteristics and the most hopeful purposes of true
democracy. This question is now raised. It cannot be evaded or
frowned down or bluffed out of countenance. Once raised, it will
not down.
TORONTO, December 10, 1913.
REPORT OF MR. NORMAN ANGELL
The work of educating public opinion in Europe upon the question
of War and Armaments, so far as it has been affected by my recent
activities and those of my associates here, may be summarized as
follows: —
Great Britain. About forty International Polity Clubs and Study
Circles have been formed for promoting the study of the relation-
ships between nations, which have, I believe, really been effective in
bringing the whole question of whether war is worth while, of the
armament business and whether it cannot be stopped in Europe,
before groups that would not otherwise have asked themselves such
questions at all. These organizations have sprung up all over the
country, especially in academic centers and in great commercial
towns. The members of them have shown great interest in the
subject, and many of them are doing useful work. The Manchester
Norman Angell League, which was founded by the president of the
Chamber of Commerce, the lord mayor and other leading citizens,
and the Cambridge University War and Peace Society, which in-
cludes the keenest men in the university, are particularly active;
while the A. R. U. I. I. (Association for the Right Understanding of
International Interests) is doing valuable propaganda work of a
more popular character than that undertaken by the Garton Foun-
dation.
The lecture courses, which have been given under the aegis of the
Garton Foundation, have in many cases been followed by the forma-
tion of permanent bodies for further study of the subject. Many
other lectures are also being arranged by the various organizations,
and I personally receive many applications for lectures, which I am
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES S3
enabled to fill by sending one of the men associated with me in the
work. Lectures are being arranged for teachers.
A number of influential men have been induced to offer prizes for
essays and examinations on subjects bearing upon our thesis, and it
is hoped by this means to awake what may prove a permanent inter-
est in the subject in many intelligent young men.
Several of the societies have produced booklets, pamphlets and
leaflets of a useful nature.
Germany. In Germany prizes are being offered to students at the
universities for essays on subjects connected with international rela-
tionships and the interdependence of nations through the Verband fiir
internationale Verstandigung, which has been induced to undertake
the management of the scheme. These prizes are about to be an-
nounced, eminent professors have been induced to act as judges,
and it is confidently believed that the result will be very greatly
to stimulate the study of these subjects by the best minds of the
German universities. At some of the universities study clubs have
been founded on the lines of those already at work in England. The
funds for the prize scheme have been voted by the Garton Founda-
tion.
France. In France we are getting into working order a somewhat
similar plan of prizes among university students to that arranged
for Germany. We are hoping also to start a lecture scheme by
which men of the standing of Lord Esher and Mr. Balfour will give
a lecture in Paris and Berlin on some international subject, and some
eminent Frenchman, like Anatole France, will deliver a similar lecture
at London or Cambridge or Oxford. Funds for this scheme have
been offered by an Englishman.
The whole organization of these societies, the teaching of lecturers,
the co-ordinating of the literature published, need linking up; and
it has fallen to me to undertake a large share of this work.
Conference at Le Touquet. The first step toward the co-ordination
of the whole of the work in Great Britain (both within and without
the sphere of the Garton Foundation's activities), in Germany and
in France was taken by the holding of a Conference at Le Touquet,
near Boulogne, which was a European equivalent of the Lake Mohonk
Conference. This inaugural Conference was attended by about sixty
guests, who included Prof. David Starr Jordan, Professor Sieper
of Munich, M. Prudhommeaux, M. Dumas, Sir John and Lady
Barlow, Sir John Bingham, Sir Richard Garton, Captain Brett (the
secretary of the Garton Foundation), Mr. Arnold Rowntree, M.P.,
Sir Herbert Raphael, M.P., Professor Sarolea, Principal Graham
54 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES
of Manchester, Mr. E. D. Morel, Sir Robert Hadfield, Professor
Guerard, and others, whose names appear in the little printed report.
The Conference was really most successful, and I believe it has
given a very valuable stimulus to the work.
Professor Guerard writes concerning it: "I have never attended any
meeting that seemed to me so earnest, so practical, so whole-heartedly
devoted to a high ideal."
M. Dumas says: "During the twenty-five years that I have been
present at assemblies of this kind, I have never seen one so marvel-
lously organized. Each person and each thing were in their place and
remained there. Neither bore nor windbag nor blauffeur, but a gath-
ering of men which, though including extreme differences of opinion,
were able to agree together in the service of a common cause. Never
surely was there such a choice of speakers of the first order and of
business men of great capacity gathered together in a pacifist meet-
ing. A statistician present estimated that Norman AngelPs guests
represented £20,000,000 sterling of money; but their wealth was not
the outstanding feature, — that was the talent and goodwill which
they all showed. . . . There was disposed of in forty-eight hours a
program much heavier than the average program of a congress of
six or eight days; and, while in the average congress the most essen-
tial points are sometimes ignored and the best speakers condemned
to silence, at Le Touquet all the questions were debated and no one
could complain that he had not an opportunity of contributing to the
debate."
I may perhaps add that among the most cordial of the letters of
regret written by those who were unable to be present were those
from Lord Esher, Lord Weardale, Sir William Mather and the
Bishop of Oxford. In the addresses of Captain Brett and Mr. John
Hilton there was given a summary of what is being done by the
Garton Foundation and the allied bodies, and in the speech of Dr.
Warden an outline of the plan upon which we propose to proceed in
France. But the whole proceedings were of peculiar interest, as show-
ing the attitude taken up by this very diverse group of people toward
the common object.
Monthly Review. Since the holding of the Conference at Le Tou-
quet a monthly review, entitled War and Peace, has been produced
by a group of Cambridge men interested in the movement, and it
has had what hi the circumstances is a really extraordinary success.
Within a week of its publication they had booked subscriptions paid
in advance for about 800 copies; and, although they printed 10,000
copies, they have since had to print more. It looks as though this
ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES 55
would be a commercial success on its own merits, and it will have
great propaganda value as a means of linking up the various
organizations.
What is mainly needed now is help in organization, in such mat-
ters as keeping in touch with the various societies and their activities,
keeping them in touch with one another, seeing that their work does
not overlap, seeing that their literature is suitable, seeing that they
are pushing the distribution of literature that we or you may pro-
duce, arranging that then* lecturers are efficient, and so on. Part
of this work is done by the Carton Foundation, but a large part of
it has to be done by me personally, because it does not fall within the
scope of the Foundation's work. For the present this kind of work
must be done by my own assistants. In the mean time all this work
of organization delays original book work and articles for the gen-
eral press, etc., the phase perhaps in which I can do the most good.
The school text-book, which I have so much at heart, has to wait.
Yet this organization work is most necessary. England is a great
place for debating clubs, mutual improvement societies, mock par-
liaments, lectures in small towns, etc. This body of agencies is the
natural and most easily available medium for the dissemination of
ideas, but to use it means just that sort of detailed organization
which I have indicated. To see that lectures are properly reported,
that the propositions at debates are properly presented by the right
men, and that our case gets the chance of a good statement instead
of a weak one easily demolished, is a work of organization as difficult
as the running of a great department store; and at present we are
trying to do it with an inadequate although enthusiastic little force.
The additional assistance which the Foundation is now to provide
will here be an immense help.
LONDON, October, 1913.
INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY
Edited by EDWIN D. MEAD
PUBLISHED BY THE WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
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